+e Yb ne water AT aD ag! 7 i. 4 ON a " 14 iJ ts ) i Velen tiv ia) vit r) A) wh ' WA he a RAK KE A ATR, fy MAR Be) age ate 9 ‘ae \ A t, i iy Ye ¥ dete ve Rare ier * 5 et rs} Natires ies A TETANY, ¢ ii ‘ iWon ty + eb ? LA, +n oa * Gab Cee eu) auth aria § mA LT a 14 ah) DAP Laas x ht Hq sar habe beta + pa AN a iy, KAD ROL 4%" Phe > ia Wy im 3 em) OR Fibatare: algae ai *% tral eae bie AY : ; a), 4 ‘ina Potedasy 4 Dees as MM A ua STON xP lh frit aetna ange } cel : ») sed oer Face he Geto torh Ws Me eines pe! ‘e Wet HAG vine \ i Teh ¥ * Seah fie! ein eas chet Neve ak se ® ya. YS aN Rat, , ‘ sae WW rahe Sol BT Oe ie iin Seg pete Ser Ko eR MRK ¥ 23! BSB? Ns See oe tay eee ana ‘ 4 (is De “ (> = — 20a 0a0 Pat pee a CT a en ————=_ —- ~=~=—F SSS ogee - fig? GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING & FENCING WIRE at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. iam CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. 49 CANNON STREET, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGH. By Special Appointment to his Majesty the Ring. , Telephone Nos.— Edinburgh, Central 2674. » 4) 2675. Glasgow, Argyle, 2336 National. London, 2117, P.O. Hampstead. MACKENZIE & MONCUR, HOTHOUSE BUILDERS, LTD. Heating, Ventilating, and Electrical Engineers, and Iron Founders. . EOINBURGH: Registered Office—Balcarres Street. Telegrams— ‘Hothouse, Edinburgh.’’ ‘*Tron, Edinburgh.” ‘‘Treibhaus, London.” + Works— Balcarres Street. 5 Foundry—Slateford Road. LONDON: 8 Camden Road, N.W. GLASGOW: 121 St Vincent Street. Bed Beeston me at verdiasdile Hall, Darlington HOTHOUSE BUILDING. —Hothouses of every description designed and erected in any part of the country, with improved Ventilation, Gearing, Staging, and Heating Apparatus complete. HEATING.—Churches, Public Buildings of all kinds, Schools, Mansions, Villas, &c., heated efficiently by Low Pressure, Hot Water, or by Steam. Also by **Barker’s” Cable System of Hfot Water Low Pressure Heating, with small bore pipes and no sunk stokeholes. LIGHTING.—Complete Installations for Lighting by Electricity fitted up in any part of the country. Petrol Gas Lighting Apparatus fitted up complete on approved lines. FOUNDRY. Architectural Ironwork of all kinds, Stable and Cow-House Fittings, Sanitary Castings, Manhole Covers, Ventilators, Gratings, &c. PLANS AND ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION. a DAVID W. THOMSON’S FOREST TREES. An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees, comprising SCOTS FIR, LARCH FIR (Native and Japanese), SPRUCE FIR, SILVER FIR, ABIES DOUGLASII, LARICIO and AUSTRIACA, and other trees in great variety, and in good condition for Removal. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS ano TREES ww att sizes. Rhododendrons, Ponticums, and Hybrids, ALSO FINEST NAMED SORTS. HOLLIES, YEWS, LAURELS, PRiV eae and other Game-Cover Plants all recently transplanted. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. CHOIGE VEGETABLE SEEDS AND CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS. See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1908, Post Free on application. HWurseries— WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD and BOSWALL ROAD. Seed Warebouse-— 113 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegraphic Address- ‘LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College FORESTRY DEPARTMENT. Day and Evening Classes are held in the College for the purpose of preparing Students for the Certificate of the College, for the Certificate in Forestry of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Examinations in connection with the Surveyor’s Institute. A Special Month’s Course of Instruction for Foresters is given in October of each year. Subjects of Instruction :— Forestry, : i . W.F. A. Hupson, M.A., P.A.S.I. Soils and Manures, . Professor WRIGHT. Forest Entomology, . James J. F. X. Kine, F.E:S. Chemistry and Physics, Professor BERRY. Prospectus of the Day and Evening Classes and of the Special Class for Foresters may be had on application to the Secretary. A. & G. PATERSON, LIMITED. HEAD OFFICE:. ST ROLLOX, GLASGOW. Branches at ABERDEEN, BANCHORY, INVERGORDON, etc. Buyers of Scotch Growing Woods. Sellers of Larch Fencing of all descriptions. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, =m LUARBERT, N.B. All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &c. ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & CO. asnusvo..e, ADVERTISING AGENTS, 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS inserted in the Edinburgh, London, and Provincial Newspapers and Periodicals; also in all Colonial and Foreign Publications. A single copy of an Advertisement sent to Keith & Co. ensures immediate insertion, without further trouble to the Advertiser, in any number of newspapers, and at an expense not greater than would have been incurred if the Advertisement or Notice had been forwarded to each Newspaper direct. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, GRASS PARKS, MANSION HOUSES, &c., to Let, ESTATES for SALE, TIMBER for SALE, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, &c.; and Messrs J. M. Munro, Lrp., having been appointed Official Advertising Agents to the SCOTTISH ESTATE FACTORS’ SOCIETY, and to the HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, Agents and Factors can have every confidence in placing their Advertising in the hands of the firm. REGISTRY for Servants (Male and Female) of all Classes. KEITH & CQ., 43 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegrams—** PROMOTE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone No. 316. ADVERTISEMENTS. DOUGLAS § FOULIS BOOKSELLERS anv LIBRARIANS —___ —__. ee — -- STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY Kept in Stock. An extensive Stock of New Books in all Classes of Literature at the usual Discount Prices also Books for Presentation in handsome Bindings Catalogues of Surplus Library Books at greatly Reduced Prices issued at Intervals, Gratis and Post free to any address 9 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH Forest, Fruit 372.4 Trees & Plants. BHVERGREENS, ROSES, DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. Herbaceous Plants. STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS, SEEDS ror FARM anp GARDEN, JOHN DOWNIE, 75 AND 77 SHANDWICK PLACE, KX DINBURGH. Nurseries: Beechhill, Murrayfield, and Belgrave Park, Corstorphine. Telegraphic Address—‘‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2155. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegrams : Telephones . “ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” National; No. 1378 PARTICK. Corporation, No. W333. ROBINSON, DUNN & CO, Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. > Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. Creosoting Works at TEMPLE. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and GARDEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, 13 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. The CenrraL CLAsses in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AericuttuRK AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Prospectus may be had on application to W. Scorr STEVENSON, Secy. ADVERTISEMENTS. THE Country GENTLEMEN’S ASSOCIATION LIMITED, Popularly known as the ‘“C.G.A.,” is a society of Landowners, Land Agents, Farmers, and others interested in the land, numbering many thousands, and residing in all parts of the kingdom. Its work is divided into the following departments :— The Country Club. Expert Advice and Assistance. Management of Estates. Sale and Letting of Estates and Farms. Sale of Live Stock, Timber, and other Produce. Purchase and Supply of Estate Requisites. Employment Register. Publishing. The Country Gentlemen's Estate Book (annually) and The Hstate Magazine (monthly) form the official publications of the **C.G.A.” Membership. The subscription for Membership is 21s. per annum, which includes the official publications and all Members’ privileges with the exception of the Club. There is no further liability. Members may also become shareholders with limited liability. Application for Membership and all correspondence should be addressed to— WM. BROOMHALL, Managing Director, 127 St Vincent Street, Glasgow, and 24 and 25 St James’ Street, London, S.W. ADVERTISEMENTS. FOREST AND HEDGE PLANTS MILLIONS IN STOCK, VERY CHEAP. Douglas Fir, European and Japanese Larch, Thorn for Hedges, etc., etc., a Speciality. Also Apple and Pear Stocks, Briars, and other Nursery Stock, pro 1000 and 100,000. All from sandy soil. with excellent roots; special prices for larger quantities. Best Shipping facilities v2 Hamburg at lowest freight, and Guarantee for safe arrival. Catalogues free. The Largest Nurseries in Germany. Shipments of 150 Millions of Plants annual y. J. HEINS’ SONS, Halstenbek, No. 6, near Hamburg, GERMANY. M’FARLANE & ERSKINE, Lithographers, Letterpress, and Chree-Colour Printers. - = = Black and Coloured Plates for Scientific Works. Plans of Estates, etc. Coloured Illustrations for Seedsmen. Books, Magazines, Catalogues, Price Lists, Circulars, and Every Description of Printed Forms. ST JAMES WORKS, M‘DONALD ROAD, - - EDINBURGH. - - Notices to Members. SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR 1908. Members are reminded that their Subscriptions are payable on Ist January. SYLLABUS. The Syllabus of Subjects for Essays will be found at end of this Part. ROBERT GALLOWAY S330 Secretary and Treasurer. 5 St ANDREW SQUARE, EDINBURGH. Roval Scottish Arboricultural Society. INSTITUTED 1854. Patron—HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. Permission to assume the title ‘* Royal” was yranted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in 1887. 1854-56. JAMES Brown, Wood Commissioner to the 1879- Earl of Seafield. 1857. The Right Hon. Tue EArt oF Ductr. 1858. The Right Hon. Par EArt or Sratr. 1859. Sir Joun Hatt, Bart. of Dunglass. 1860. His Grace THe DuKE oF ATHOLL. 1861. Jonn I. Cuatmers of Aldbar. 1862. The Right Hon. THE EARL oF AIRLIE. 1863. The Right Hon. T. F. Kennepy. 1864-71. Ropert Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. 1872-73. Hugs CiecHorn, M_D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1874-75. Joun Hurron Batrour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS.L. & E., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1876-78. The Right Hon. W. P. Anam of Blair- adam, M.P. shaws. JOHN W. M‘HATTIE, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. JOHN ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Dr A. W. BORTHWICK, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. JAMES JOHNSTONE, F.S.I., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. GEORGE LEVEN, Forester, Auchincruive, St Quivox, Ayr. JOHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. JOHN SCRIMGEOUR, Overseer, Doune Lodge, Doune. DAVID W. THOMSON, Nurseryman, 113 George Street, Edinburgh. JOHN BOYD, Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws, Glasgow. A. T. GILLANDERS, F.E.S., Forester, Alnwick Castle, Nor- thumberland. W. H. MASSIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. | | FORMER PRESIDENTS. 81. The Most Hon. LOTHIAN, K.T. THE MARQUIS OF OFFICE-BEARERS FOR President. Str KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. 1882 ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1883-85. HuegH CLEGHORN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1886-87. The Right Hon. Sir Hersrrr EusTack MAXWELL, Bart. of Monreith. 1888-89. The Most Hon. Tor Marquis oF LINLITHGOW. 1890-938. Isaac BAynty BanFrour, M.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., LL.D., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1894-97. R. C. Munro Fercuson, M.P. 1898. Colonel F. Bariery, R.E. 1899-02. The Right Hon. Tar Hart or MANSFIELD. | 1903-06. W. SrevarT ForHRINGHAM of Murthly. 1907. Vice=Presidents. sin JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollok-;D. F. MACKENZIE, F.S.1., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Mid- lothian. Sir THOMAS GIBSON CARMICHAEL, Bart. of Castle Craig, Malleny House, Balerno. | w. STEUART FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. Council. JOHN D. CROZIER, Forester, Durris Estate, Aberdeenshire. W. A. RAE, Factor, Murthly, Perthshire, JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. ROBERT ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. JAMES COOK, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge. ROBERT FORBES, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. SIMON MACBEAN, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. G. U. MACDONALD, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. GEORGE MACKINNON, Overseer, Melville, Lasswade. ADAM SEIEES) Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edin- burgh. Drumoak, Hon. Editor. Lreut.-CoLtonEL F, BAILEY, F.R:S.E., 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. Auditor. JOHN T. WATSON, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Hon. Secretary. R. C. MUNRO FERGUSON, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House, Kirkcaldy. Secretary and Treasurer, ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. 9 Membership. J bas Roll contains the names of 1200 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :-— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention ; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions aftermentioned. School of Forestry. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided m Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of £584, 3S. 10d. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been 3 delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland which might serve the above-named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in_ their Report the Committee have recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government has recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire ; and this, it is hoped, may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. The Society has now submitted to the Government a Resolution urging the further provision of a more accessibly situated tract carrying a fair proportion of growing woods, which may fulfil the objects for which a State Demonstration Forest has so long been needed. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. Excursions. During the past twenty-nine years, well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, and Ireland. In 1895, a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, and during the summer of 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. 4 The Society’s Transactions. The Transactions of the Society, which extend to twenty volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the following Honorary Officials appointed by the Society. Consulting Botanist.—ISAAC BAYLEY BALFouR, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Regius Keeper, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ALEXANDER LAUDER, D.Sc., 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. BorTHWICK, D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.— ROBERT STEWART MacDouGatt, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., 13 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geological Labora- tory, University of Edinburgh. Consulting Meteorologist.— a 5 is # Local Branches. The Society, at a recent Meeting, approved of the formation of Local Branches in suitable districts, and Local Branches have now been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. The President of the Aberdeen Branch is Alex. M. Gordon of Newton, and the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer is Robert Scott, Solicitor, 230 Union Street, Aberdeen. ‘The President of the Inver- ness Branch is J. Grant Thomson, Wood Manager on the Seafield Estates, Grantown, and the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer is Alex. Fraser, Solicitor, Church Street, Inverness. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. Counties. Aberdeen, 3 Argyle, . . Ayr, : 5 Berwick, - Bute, : : Clackmannan,. Dumbarton, . Dumfries, c East Lothian, . Fife, c : Forfar, . ; Inverness , Kincardine, Kinross, : Lanark, . : Moray, . Perth, . ‘ Renfrew, : Ross, ‘ i Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, : LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland, JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. JouN Micutr, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. JOHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Pacn, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Rogertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Wo. Mine, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Ineuis, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAmeEsS Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. Ropert Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Rosert Brown, Forester, Boiden, Luss, D. Crasse, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. JoHN Hayes, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie. W.S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wm. Gincuristr, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. Epmunp Sane, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRrABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES RoBERTSON, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. JAMES A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JOHN HAkxt, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir Blairadam. JoHn Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. James WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. JOHN Brypbon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. W. Harrower, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy. JOHN ScrimGEouR, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBuan, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. Joun J. R. Merxiesoun, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMy Frances YuLE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JOHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso. Donatp Roserrson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES HocarrH, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. Waker, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. Counties. Beds, Berks, Cheshire, Devon, Durham, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, 6 England. FrANcIS MircueE.L, Forester, Woburn. W. Sroriz, Whitway House, Newbury. Wm. A. Forsrrr, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. James BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. JouNn F. ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. THOMAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowrer, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. HAmriuton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES MARTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havenock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. JoHN ALEXANDER, 50 Warwick Gardens, Kensington, London, W. Professor BouLcEr, London, 8S. W. 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, Northumberland,JoHN Davipson, Secretary, Royal English Arboricultural Notts, yalop, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, York, Dublin, ; Galway, « Kilkenny, King’s County, Tipperary, Society, Haydon-Bridge-on-Tyne, Wm. Exper, Thoresby, Allerton, Newark. W. Micuikg, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson Tomurnson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. Frank Hutt, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport. ANnDkEW Boa, Agent, Skates Hill, Glemsford. GrorGE HANNAH, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. ANDREW PEEBLES, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford. A. D. Curistie, Marriage Hill Farm, Bidford. D. Tair, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Treland. A. C. Forses, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILSON, B.Se., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Anco. E. Morran, Palmerston House, Portumna. THomAS Ropertson, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Auex. M‘RaAn, Forester, Castlecomer. Wan. Henperson, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, Davib G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, §5.8.C., SHCRETARY, Arboricultural Society, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. full Name, Designation, Degrees, etc., Candidates 4 Address, Life, or Ordinary Member, Signature, . -—— OO ’ | Signature Proposer’ s Address, Signature, . Seconder’s Address, Royal Scottish [CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over, CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— I. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually : . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed £500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, and others, subscribing annually . . ‘ : . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, and others, sub- scribing annually : ; : : . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually : : : - . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's Subscription is due on the day of election. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zransactions. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for three years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till all his arrears are paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a ZLzfe Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, ‘ . £16 10) 9 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, and Nc: : 5 5 0 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, and others, . : tae ere) VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zzfe Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by zew Life Members. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made on the Form provided for the purpose, which must be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the next meeting of the Council. The Proposal shall lie on the table till the following meeting of the Council, when it shall be accepted or otherwise dealt with, as the Council may deem best in the interests of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. Con ren ls: The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements Io. ir. I2. 13. 14. 15. or views expressed by the authors of papers. . Heredity and Forestry. By William Somerville, M.A., D.Sc., D.CEc., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford, . The Mountain Pine (with Five Plates). By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., . Soil: its Origin and Nature. By Professor James Geikie, PED. DC L., F.R:S. (continued. from Vol.) XX puts2:)) LL, 5 - ‘ ; . The Inverliever State Forest. By R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., . State Afforestation in Scotland. By Lieut.-Colonel F. Bailey, . The Douglas Fir as a Commercial Timber-Tree (with Two Plates). By John D. Crozier, . The Nursery Treatment of the Western or Californian Hemlock Spruce. By J. M. Murray, . The Cultivation of Hardwoods. By J. Boyd, . The Cultivation of Osiers. By Robert Sinclair, An Attack by Sawfly Larve (with Plate). By Fred. Moon, : : ; : 5 ‘ : Forest Nurseries and Gardens—Some Suggestions. By Lieut.-Colonel F. Bailey, The Afforestation Conference, A Forest Tramway (with Plate). By Fred. Moon, Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden, . Notes on the Forestry Exhibition at the Lincoln Show of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, held June 25th to 29th, 1907. By A Correspondent, . : : PAGE, Io 16 22 i] CONTENTS. 16. Report on the Society’s Forestry Exhibition held in the High- land and Agricultural Society's Showyard, Prestonfield, Edinburgh, gth-12th July 1907. By A Correspondent, 17. The Thirtieth Annual Excursion, August 1907 (with Plate), Notes and Queries:—The Forestry Committee (1902) and Training in Forestry—First Steps at Inverliever—Note on Damage to a Young Coniferous Plantation by Water- Voles—An Irish Forestry Committee—Rural Employment in Ireland and Re-Afforestation—Publication of Indian Departmental Literature—The Albert or Hemlock Spruce at Loganbank—Appointments by the Department of Woods—Two Exceptional Trees—Plantations at Inver- liever—Erratum, Obituary :—Sir Dietrich Brandis, K.C.1LE., F.R.S.— M. Lucien Boppe, C.I.E., F Reviews:—Forest Mensuration. By H. S. Graves, M.A. New York, John Wiley & Sons; London, Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1906, : : : Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. IV., ‘‘ Forest Pro- tection,” 2nd ed., by W.R. Fisher. Bradbury, Agnew, and Co., London, : , ; - ; Quarterly Journal of Forestry published for the Royal English Arboricultural Society. Vol. I. No. 4, Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society 1907—continued. Syliabus of Competitions—1908. PAGE, go 95 102 Ii2 117 I20 120 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1. Heredity and Forestry.! By WILLIAM SOMERVILLE, M.A., D.Sc., D.CEc., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford. Perhaps the title of this short address does not quite clearly express the scope of the few remarks that I have to make, so I may at once explain that I do not intend to attempt to deal in detail with the transmission of the characters of a tree to its offspring, but merely to bring to your notice the results of some interesting, and, I think, suggestive experiments that have been conducted in Switzerland and Austria on behalf of the Depart- ments of Forestry of the respective countries. I have had the opportunity of inspecting the Austrian work, which was initiated and is still being conducted by Dr Cieslar, and I have discussed in detail with Professor Engler the scheme and results of the Swiss work. I therefore speak, to some extent, from personal acquaintance with the results, and the fact that such acquaintance made a considerable impression on me has induced me to bring the matter before this Society, in the hope that it may stimulate your interest, and perhaps induce some of you to make experiments in the same direction. Both in Austria and in Switzerland the spruce and larch (especially the former) have received most attention, in Austria some work has also been done with the Scots pine, while in Switzerland the silver fir and sycamore have also been experimented with. The silver fir, however, has not been found to give any information of value, while the results with the Scots pine are scarcely complete enough to make it necessary to discuss them on the present occasion. We will therefore confine our attention to the spruce, larch, and 1 Read before the Society at the General Meeting on 11th July, 1907. VOL. XXI. PART I. A 2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. sycamore, three trees well known in this country, and widely distributed throughout Europe. First of all, taking up the spruce, let us see what the Swiss results have to show. TABLE I. Swiss Experiments with Common Spruce Seed (Crop 1898) sowed at Adlisberg (Zurich). se See nsorted, Seed Sorted, sown 1g00. sown 1899.| ey 5-Year Old ~ Plants Plants. 2 2-Year Old Seedlings. Seed produced at— a a a ea a || Large Seed| Medium |SmallSeed. Seed. > oo . Sie) . - . J = 2 a g 2/58! 3 |38| S88] 2 88) & | Be Hae MR Ha Ro Eta = Jb ss 3 o Seg) Fate es| see] = | = |=" | Ft. Ins. | Oz. | In. | Oz. | Ins. | Oz. | Ins. | Oz Ins Ins Lbs Winterthur, . . 1800 | 5°3| 25 | 4°2| 29 | 3°8| 25 | 3°4| 26 | 11°8 18 15 | Adlisberp, 2 5) < 2200) (4501120) - <2) \|) ee0 ill seerg|) ceed Coen Cee Oe 14 fe) } | | Palatiss ss aeen 3300 | 3°7| 16 | 4°1 | 34 35 19 | 3°3| 16) 87 14 ite) Granbuuden;) ~ y. |/5L00) |): 251'|°13)|2°2:| 135) 2e0 | Pr | a7 On asa 10 1. 6 | Engadine, . . . 5950 | 2°0 | TOn| 2 Kale 9 10 | Urey |eaioy || 7) Oh 15 ' | | The general scheme of the experiments has consisted in procuring seed from trees of approximately equal age situated at different elevations. A careful study has been made of the size and colour of the cones, of the shape and dimensions of the trees and their foliage, and of the size and germinating capacity of the seed. The seed has been sown in two nurseries, the one (Adlisberg, near Ziirich) at an altitude of some 2200 feet, and the other (Stanserhorn) at an altitude of some 6200 feet. The latter is situated at so high an elevation that any results obtained there can have but a modified interest for us, so I propose to confine our attention to the work at the lower elevation, which, though much above the limits of successful tree-growth in this country, presents conditions analogous to those found at a height, say, of about 500 feet in Scotland. I do not, however, HEREDITY AND FORESTRY. 8 wish to suggest that the results obtained either in Switzerland or Austria can be immediately applied to our own conditions. My whole object in bringing the work to your notice is to stimulate interest, and to suggest that there is room for further research along similar lines, which, however, shall have strict regard to our peculiar insular conditions. The examination of the seed showed that there was a gradual, though by no means regular, reduction in size according as it was obtained from low or high elevations, 1000 seeds usually weighing more than 6 grammes when obtained from an altitude under 3000 feet, and less than 6 grammes when the altitude was 3000 to 6ooo feet. The percentage germination followed the same order, being about 70 to 80 for lower altitudes, 50 to 60 for higher altitudes. When the seed was kept over from year to year, the germinating capacity, of course, in every case declined; but the reduction in germinating power was much more marked in the case of high-grown seed than in the case of seed from low elevations. As a rule, seed from a high elevation did not germinate at all six years after being gathered, whereas seed from a low elevation would still germinate about 20 per cent. When the seedlings had reached an age of two years, many were lifted and subjected to examination in various ways, when it was found, amongst other things, that the proportion of root to stem was greater in the case of plants from high-grown seed than where the seed had been procured at a low elevation. This character has doubtless been acquired by trees at a high altitude in order better to resist the violent gales to which they are subjected, and it is a character that has been transmitted through the seed. But by far the most important result of these experiments is that which is concerned with the relationship between the rate of growth of the seedlings and the elevation at which the seed was gathered. Up to a certain altitude above sea-level trees grow as well as they do lower down; but as one gets higher a point is reached when the height-growth begins to be affected, and at the upper reaches of growth for any particular species, the trees are more or less stunted. Now, this reduction in the Stature of trees is a character that is inherited ; that is to say, it is transmitted to the progeny. It has already been mentioned that the seed of the spruce is smaller in size at high than at 4 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. low elevations ; and that large seed produces large plants may be at once admitted. Table I. shows that when the seed was passed through sieves and sorted out into “large,” “medium,” and “small” grains, the resultant plants, when two years old, were always slightly tallest and heaviest when the largest seed had been used, and shortest and lightest when the smallest seed had been sown. But this does not explain why seed from a high elevation, when sown at a lower level, produces com- paratively small plants; for the same result is got when seed has been sorted, and when the comparison is with grains of exactly equal size. The Table shows that in the case of unsorted seed, gathered at altitudes varying from 1800 to 5950 feet, and sown in 1899, the two-year-old seedlings averaged 5:3 inches in height, and weighed 25 oz. per 1000 when the seed came from mother-trees growing at the lower level, but only 2 inches and 10 oz. when the mother-trees had stood nearly 6000 feet above the sea. The Table also shows a gradual transition from the big to the little seedlings, according to the elevation of the seed-trees, but in inverse proportion, that is to say, the higher the elevation of the seed-trees the shorter and lighter the resulting plants. The character, it will be seen, is preserved by the seedlings when they are five years old—at that age the plants from Winterthur seed being 18 inches high, and 15 lbs. in weight per 100; whereas plants raised from Engadine seed were at that age only g inches high and 5 lbs. per roo in weight. The more important results of the Austrian experiments with spruce are brought together in Tables IJ. and III. In the former of these Tables figures are shown dealing with seed from three different localities, and from three different altitudes in each locality. This seed was gathered in the autumn of 1890, and was sown in 1891 ina nursery in the Wienerwald, near Vienna, at an altitude of 1650 feet. When sufficiently large the plants were set out in the forest, and the measurements for 1905, shown in the Table, refer, of course, to the fifteen-year-old plants. Here, as in the Swiss experiments, seed from high elevations usually produced plants whose growth is slow, so that from seed gathered at Kiarnten, at an altitude of 1700 feet, the plants were 53 inches high, whereas when the seed came from 5200 feet in the same district, the fifteen-year-old plants were only 30 inches high. Similarly for the seed from South Tyrol and the south of France, except that in the case of seed from the middle altitude in the HEREDITY AND FORESTRY. 5 latter case the resultant plants were slightly taller than from the lower altitude. In the same Table the average growth-in-height for the year 1905 is also shown, that is to say, the average length of the last shoot. Fifteen years after sowing the seed the slower growth of plants from seed harvested at a high altitude is still as conspicuous as ever, and it seems probable that this characteristic will be maintained throughout the life of the tree. The poor growth, on the whole, during 1905 is accounted for by the extraordinary intensity of the drought of 1904, which was con- tinued with but little modification throughout 1905. TABLE II. Austrian Experiments with Spruce (Crop 1890) in the Wienerwald (1650 feet). Origin of Seed. | Altitude. Ga ae in | Ft. ; Ins. Ins. Karnten, | 1700 4°2 53 2 3400 2°9 40 29 5200 2°4 | 30 South Tyrol, : : : 3300 3°6 39 25 : ; : 5500 2A | 28 BA 2 : 5 5800 1‘6 21 South France, : ; ‘ 3000 2°6 30 5 ; 3 F 4900 22 32 5 : ; ; 5100 2°0 24 Central Sweden, . F ‘ 1000 I°3 12 In the lowest line of the above Table (II.) figures are shown which relate to plants grown from Swedish seed, and it will be seen how very poorly such plants have grown in Central Austria, Table III. also deals with Austrian experiments on spruce, the seed in this case being of the crop of 1894. ‘This seed, from three altitudes in Silesia, has produced plants of exactly the same character as the others already discussed. The leading shoot in 6 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1906 (the twelfth year from the seed) averaged 8-6 inches in length when the seed came from an altitude of 1700 feet, whereas it was only 2°3 inches long in the case of the plants raised from seed produced at an elevation of 3750 feet. TABLE III. Austrian Experiments with Spruce (Crop 1894) in the Wienerwald. Origin of Seed. Altitude. | Gove ance | pees Ft. \ Ins. qi Ins. Silesia, ; , : =) 1700 86 47 | +L eee mauris Tr ekco™ 1 6"0 38 Es aS a 3750 2°3 23 Central Sweden, . : : ? 3°4 18 | = a Panes Austrian Experiments with Larch. Origin of Seed. Beene ans Ft Ins. Silesia, . : : : : P ; F P 6 8 Alps, . : : - : . - : : 5 2 In this Table, as in the last, the poor growth in Austria of Swedish spruce is strikingly emphasised. So much for spruce. Now let us turn to the principal results obtained with larch. The lower part of Table III. shows the height to which eight- year-old larches had attained when raised from seed produced respectively in Silesia and the Alps. Not only were the alpine larches shorter, but they were also less straight, and even at eight years of age they showed a tendency to produce buttress-like outgrowths or ribs. This lack of straightness, and the tendency to throw out buttresses, is thoroughly characteristic of the larch when grown in high alpine localities, and there can be no doubt, from the Austrian experiments, that these characters are also transmitted from the parent tree to its offspring. HEREDITY AND FORESTRY. 7 The Swiss Forest Department has also experimented with larch (crop 1900), and the main results are brought together in Table IV. In the first place, attention may be called to the general tendency for high-grown seed to produce short plants, though it must also be noted that this result was not observable until the parent trees had stood at an altitude of some 6000 feet. TABLE IV. Swiss Experiments with Larch Seed (Crop 1900) in Nursery at Adlisberg (2200 feet). 4-Year-Old Plants. Origin of Seed. Altitude. Height Leaves Stopped fi Appeared. Growing. Ft. ns; ac ae Bonaduz,* . : : 2350 26 April 8 | August 18 Untervaz,* . ‘ ; 3700 27 as re 6 S. Maria, . ‘ : 5600 25 April 3 eG Avers,* : . : 6300 9 March 29 | June 27 Engadine,* . ‘ ‘ 6900 15 si July 2 * Several trees. Besides this character of high-grown seed, the Table also shows that the four-year-old larches varied to some extent as regards the date when they came into leaf, the plants from high-grown seed becoming green some days before the others. But much more striking was the period when growth ceased for the season, this occurring in the end of June or early in July for the plants raised from high-grown seed, but not till well into August in the case of the plants from low-grown seed. The growing season was thus a month to six weeks shorter in the former case than in the latter. Needless to say, these results have an important bearing on the liability of plants to be affected by late and early frosts, a form of injury to which the larch is specially subject. Finally, a few of the results obtained with the sycamore in the Swiss experiments have been brought together in Table V. These plants were raised from seed sown in 1go1, and when 8 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. three years old they showed the average heights stated in the Table. When seed was taken from trees situated at elevations ranging up to 3600 feet, the resulting plants showed but little difference in size, the advantage being rather in favour of the higher-grown seed. But in the case of seed produced above 5000 feet, the plants were distinctly shorter, agreeing in this respect with the results obtained with spruce and larch. When the dates of coming into leaf are examined, it is seen that plants from high-grown seed are somewhat later than the others, whereas they show a tendency to stop growing sooner, and they certainly shed their leaves earlier. TABLE V. Swiss Experiments with Sycamore (Crop 1900) in Nursery at Adlisberg (2200 feet). | 3-Year-Old Plants | Origin of Seed. Altitude. oy Ri Height, | ,Lesves, | Stonmet| iag _ je ei =a | Adlisberg, . . : sae Be | May 5 | July 31 | Nov. 12 | ? | < Hasenriten, . : : 3150 26 | » 10 | 5, 25am Kalcherli, . : S500 27) LO | » 3i | Gp OE | Wiesenberg, . | 3600 31 | 5, LO | 3 2c er | Platti, ; : 2 | 5200 22 EF | eros A 15] Geena | Alp Drusen, . ; - 5300 16 »» 16 |, aes Oct. 13 { As previously stated, it would be most unsafe to apply these Austrian and Swiss results to the conditions prevailing in Scotland ; but in the countries referred to there is no doubt that where plantations of spruce and larch are being formed at low or moderate altitudes, care should be taken to secure seed from similar localities. In the experimental plantations near Vienna, one finds that an area stocked with plants from low-grown seed is in close canopy with all ground-herbage suppressed, when on an adjoining area the young trees, raised from high-grown seed, are far from touching each other. It is perfectly evident that in the one case the profits of forestry will HEREDITY AND FORESTRY, 9 be much larger than in the other, in fact, there may at the end of the rotation be all the difference between a satisfactory profit and a dead loss. Although I have not troubled you with figures for plants raised at what, on the Continent, would be called a high altitude, I may mention that whereas seed from a low or moderate elevation is clearly indicated as the best for cultiva- tion at such elevations, this class of seed produced plants that throve badly at high altitudes. For use at high altitudes, seed from similar altitudes must be obtained, and it seems to be not unlikely that in Scotland we might cultivate woods at greater heights than we do if we made a point of securing high-grown coniferous seed for the purpose. I am aware that Scots pines from home-grown seed are much more highly valued than so-called ‘“German-Scotch,” and I have not a doubt that the prejudice against foreign Scots pine plants is thoroughly well founded. But the home supplies of Scots pine seed are often insufficient to meet requirements, and, in any case, we want to have extensive experiments set a-going to see whether any foreign locality can furnish as good Scots pines as we grow at home. While we are probably sound in our belief with regard to Scots pine, I fear we know but little as to where we should turn for the best supplies of spruce and larch, and some other important trees. If larches that possess crooked and buttressed stems can produce plants having similar characters, the question naturally arises, can the tendency to disease be similarly transmitted? The tendency to injury from frost can certainly be transmitted, as we have just seen in the case of the Swiss experiments, and it is possible that some cases of want of success with this tree are due to the unsuitability of the source of supply of the seed. Similarly in the case of the spruce. How often do we see young spruces almost standing still in their growth, with foliage yellow, and branches covered with galls! These are exactly the symptoms that characterise some of the experimental plantations in Austria, and it may well be that our spruces also have sprung from seed ill-adapted to our peculiar conditions. Pending the production of reliable experi- mental results in this country, we cannot do better than take care to obtain our seed from well-grown healthy trees situated in the district where the woods are to be grown, or in a district of similar character. oe IO TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2. The Mountain Pine. (With Five Plates.) By Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. The Editor has asked me to contribute some notes on this species, which certainly deserves the attention of any forester who has to bring poor, high and exposed ground under forest. The classification of the Mountain Pine is still incomplete, and presents difficulties into which these notes will not enter. The botanical nomenclature will also be avoided, as it is in a state of confusion, and presents more varieties than the tree itself. From the forester’s point of view there are three well-marked varieties of the Mountain Pine, which I will call Upright, Intermediate, and Dwarf. These are not mere sports, but constant varieties, hailing from different countries, coming true from seed, and, in fact, not less distinct than the Corsican, Austrian, and Pyrenean varieties of Pinus Laricio. 1. The Upright Mountain Pine, known in France as Pin @ Crochets from its hooked cone scales (Fig. 1), is a slender, erect-growing tree with a single stem, which, under favourable conditions, attains a height of 60 feet or more. It is the ruling species in large forests at elevations of 4000 to 7000 feet in the Pyrenees and in the French Alps near Briangon. It is also found in small colonies in the Engadine and on the moors of Southern Bohemia.! 2. The Intermediate form is a many-stemmed tree, which does not grow more than hait the height of the Upright variety. Its shape is due tg the rapid development of the side branches, which turn upwards and grow as fast as the leader. This is the variety commonly found in the mountains of Central Europe and on the Bavarian moors. 3. The Dwarf form is a creeping shrub not more than 6 feet high. Its branches tend to lie flat on the ground, only turning upwards at the extremities, and it has no leader. ‘This variety forms vast thickets in the Carpathians, and on the Erz and Riesen mountains, which divide Bohemia from Saxony. It has no silvicultural interest, and need not concern us further. 'P. E. Miiller, 77dsshvift for Skovbrug, Copenhagen, 1887. Pramne li. [Photo by Lady Mary Percy. Fic, 1.—Cones of Upright Mountain Pine, Pyrénées Orientales; Natural Size. [Zo face page 10. THE MOUNTAIN PINE. II The Mountain Pine is one of the least exacting of trees, whether as regards soil, or aspect, or climate, and its require- ments decrease with its stature. No doubt the humbler types, and their frugal character, are the outcome of the miserable homes to which the species has been for generations reduced. The present distribution of the three varieties, and perhaps also their origin, depends mainly on the encroachment of other species. Even in this, its noblest form, the Mountain Pine can thrive at altitudes where it has nothing to fear from the Scots pine or silver fir. But the hardy spruce is a more dangerous rival. Where it is present, the Mountain Pine is. driven to higher ground. In such situations, too inclement for the Upright variety, the Mountain Pine is only found in the many-stemmed Intermediate form. Farther east, according to Miiller,!) the Mountain Pine, even in this form, finds a serious rival in Pinus Cembra, and it is only the Dwarf variety that can scrape a living on the wind-swept tops to which Pinus Cembra does not mount. In the Alps the Upright variety is found only where the spruce is absent. The spruce appears to avoid the Briangonnais because it is too dry. Here, in the region above the Scots pine and silver fir, the Mountain Pine has no rival but the larch, with which it lives on friendly terms, germinating freely under the larch’s light shade, and taking full advantage later of its broken canopy. In the Pyrenees the conditions are still more favourable to the Mountain Pine. There the spruce is, for some unexplained reason, a scarce tree, found sparsely mixed with the silver fir, but never as a ruling species. The larch is altogether absent. The Mountain Pine consequently reigns supreme and almost alone in vast tracts of forest; for where it can thrive in its Upright form (and it is found in the Pyrenees in no other), it has nothing to fear from the encroachments of Pinus Cembra, the only other conifer of this high region. The Mountain Pine forests are found on the Spanish as well as the French side of the frontier. Their aspect is sombre, but very beautiful. Mile after mile they mount over ground rough with boulders, and still plentifully streaked with snow in the last days of May. The grey stems are so straight and cylindrical, and the crowns so narrow, that you seem to be in a larch forest which has exchanged its gay, deciduous foliage for this deep perennial verdure. The finest 1p. E. Miiller, 77zdsskrift for Skovbrug, Copenhagen, 1887. I2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. groves are the least accessible, which it has never paid to fell. They were hopelessly out of reach at the time of my pilgrimage. The forest officers said they knew specimens 100 feet high and g feet in circumference. If the reader wishes to verify these figures, he can only do so in July or August. In the lower Mountain Pine forests it is possible to work four months in the year. Here a system of Jardinage is practised, under which no trees reach the age of too. Figs. 2 and 3 show a fine group in the Forét Communal de Matemale, at a turn of the road between Mont Louis and Fourmiguéres. These trees, judging by. the stumps of some lately cut, are about 70 years old. They are 55 feet high, and average 3 feet in girth breast high. The largest measured 4 feet. The photographs, being taken from lower ground, do injustice to the stems, which are remarkably cylindrical. Fig. 4 is a group of Mountain Pines in the Forét de la Matte, near Fourmiguéres. Part of this forest is of Scots pine, and in places the two:species are mixed, The reader may care to know how their growths compare here and in the French Alps, where the two species also meet. Up to 4o their growth in height is about equal. At Briangon it scarcely exceeds 4o feet for either species. But in that time the Scots pine, if it has escaped injury from snow, has invariably made more timber than its neighbour, measuring on an average 2 ft. 3 ins. in girth breast high, while the Mountain Pine only measures 1 ft. 8} ins. On the buttresses of Mont Canigou, where the Mountain Pine is mixed with stunted silver fir, the growth is nearly double that above described. After the age of 4o there is usually a marked falling off in the height-growth of the Mountain Pine. Up to that age it is a singularly regular and slender tree (Figs. 6 and 7), never branch- ing into gaps like the Scots pine. After 40 the stem swells, the crown gets rounder, and the branches hang down, but the tree seldom loses its narrow, columnar habit. a o.4 '™~ Matemale, Pyrénées Orie —Upright Mountain Pine, ey 3 O years old, Forét de 7 Matemale, Pyrénées Orientales. Fic, 2, —Upright Mountain Pine, Prank site > = Sy on D > o o S Pu S § = — < —_—_ a. oo y Py renées Orientales. VPé > &?. CL 5 -Upright Mountain Pine, Forét de la Matte, 4. IG. THE MOUNTAIN PINE. 1 neighbours, might sing with the Psalmist, “‘They are brought down and fallen: but we are risen, and stand upright.” The recovery of the Mountain Pine from snow is one of the marvels of these woods. Even where trees of twenty years’ growth have been bowed to the ground (as in Figs. 5 and 8), their wonderful toughness and elasticity enable them to stand up again in spring little the worse. The Mountain Pine cleans its stem less readily than the Scots pine, being distinctly less impatient of shade. It also retains its needles longer, often eight and even nine years in the young state, as against four or five for the Scots pine. It is perhaps for this reason that new plantations of Mountain Pine make such slow progress for several years on poor soils. In one, for instance (Fig. 9), in the Clairée valley near Briangon, on a poor gravel almost destitute of vegetation, the Mountain Pine had taken fourteen years to reach the height of 6 feet. During that time hardly a vestige of humus can have been formed. During the last eight years the progress has been much more rapid, and the gravel is now hidden under 3 inches of dark humus-soil, which bears a plentiful crop of seedlings. In spite of its persistent foliage, the crown of the Upright Mountain Pine is never dense, because the growth of the side branches is slow, and consists, for the most part, of a simple extension of the main axis without side shoots. For the afforestation of poor soils, as in the Cevennes or Montagne Noir, or in plantations for the restraint of torrents in the higher valleys of the Alps and Pyrenees, the Mountain Pine has quite replaced the Scots pine in the estima- tion of French foresters. At Briangon, for instance, Scots pine is no longer grown in the nurseries. At Mont Louis the French government have a seed-drying establishment on a large scale, with store-rooms, and ovens and threshing machinery, which is mainly devoted to the seed of the Upright Mountain Pine. The same work is carried on at Briancon. The Upright Mountain Pine yields a good timber, with red heart-wood, tough, resinous and durable. In the barrack buildings at Mont Louis, it survives in good condition from the seventeenth century. The specific gravity, as tested in Denmark, is higher than that of Scots pine, but lower than that of larch. The timber is highly esteemed for building. It is well adapted, on account of the abundance of resin, for the manu- facture of charcoal, tar, and ligneous acid, but, not for the same I4 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. reason, of cellulose.! In the Pyrenees the expense of transit is so great that the timber is disposed of locally so far as possible. The price is there slightly below that of Scots pine, as the local demand is for the wood more easily worked. In Denmark the Mountain Pine, in its Intermediate form, has played an important part in the afforestation of the heaths and dunes of Jutland. It was introduced into Denmark from Eisenach in 1798. It did not come into prominence until the middle of the nineteenth century, when the wholesale destruction of the plantations of Scots and Austrian pine by Lophodermium Pinastri induced the Danish foresters to turn their attention to a species which had escaped that pest. The plantations of Mountain Pine now cover more than 15,000 acres. It is only since 1886 that the Upright variety has been planted on a large scale. It promises well, but is found rather more exacting as regards soil than the Intermediate form, and rather more subject to Lophodermium Pinastri. Specimens forty to forty-five years old prove that the tree maintains its erect habit in Denmark.! On the Danish heaths the Mountain Pine displays a wonderful power of resistance to humic acid, and is found to improve heath soil for other species in a manner which is described by Danish writers as “remarkable and partly unexplainable.”! It does not appear certain that the Upright variety shares this valuable quality. If it does, it cannot fail to be of value in Scotland. Danish foresters assert that the Intermediate variety can make its good influence felt among spruce when it is in the low proportion of one to four. In the Pyrenees the Upright variety has the reputation of succeeding well on peat and in swampy places, but a plantation on soil of this character in the Forét de Barrés, near Mont Louis, does not look particularly happy; it is, however, on an undrained snipe bog, such as the most sanguine Scot would shrink from planting. It is a pity that the Upright variety of Mountain Pine is so little known in this country. It will be seen from the few illustrations given that it is absurd to dismiss this species as a mere bush, as most British writers do. No one would advocate its employment where more valuable kinds would thrive, but it appears to have the merit of living and making good timber where other kinds fail. An admirable description Haandbog i Skovbrug, Haach & Oppermann, Copenhagen, 1898-1902. [To face page 14. Gq near -Young growth of 7. FIG, ght Mountain Pine, Pyrénées Orienta les. rowth of Upri oO db? 6.—Youn EG, Fic. 8.—Upright Mountain Pine, newly released from snow, Foret de Barres, Mont Louis. Fic. 9.—Plantation of Upright Mountain Pine, Vallée de Clairée, near Briancon. THE MOUNTAIN PINE, 15 of the Mountain Pine will be found in Sketches in Spain by Capt. S. E. Cook (Widdrington), 1834. Loudon follows it in his Arboretum. Numerous French writers, including Boppe, Matthieu, Demontzey, etc., give fairly adequate accounts of the tree, as well as Willkomm, and several Danish writers. The seed of the Intermediate variety can be obtained from Rafn of Copenhagen. For the seed of the Upright variety it is better to apply to the French Department des Eaux et Foréts. Application must be made through the British Embassy in Paris. Both seeds are cheap, and can be relied on to germinate well if treated in the same manner as Scots pine. THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE, By Marion I. NEwsicin, D.Sc. This subject is admittedly difficult, one great source of difficulty being that the growth-forms of the tree do not altogether corre- spond to the cone-forms, which are fairly well defined. A useful summary of the various classifications proposed is given in Lebensgeschichte d. Blitenpflanzen Mitteleuropas, by Kirchner, Loew and Schroéter, with a suggested classification, on which the follow- ing notes are based. If we examine the cones only we find that Pzus montana may be split up into three well-defined subspecies—(1) wscznata, (2) pumilio, and (3) mughus. Upright and intermediate forms only occur in the first, which is therefore the only one which directly interests the forester. In this subspecies the cones are markedly unsymmetrical, have an excentric stalk, and are narrowed at the base. The scale- shields (apophyses) are better developed on the free side of the cone than on that turned to the stalk, and are raised so as to form a cap or pyramid. In this subspecies two varieties occur. In (1) P. montana uncinata var. rostrata the shield is strongly hooked, and the pyramid forming the hook is as high or higher than itis broad. The pyramid is well shown in the lower left-hand cone in the plate. This variety is especially western, occurring naturally in Spain, the Pyrenees, the western Alps and western Switzerland. It is typically upright, but under very unfavourable conditions sports into the dwarf form. Such dwarf sports will, however, apparently give seeds which reproduce the upright form. In (2) P. montana uncinata var. rotundata the hook is less well marked, the pyramid, if present, is not so high as it is broad, and may be represented only by a cap in the upper part of the shield. This variety is more widely spread than the other, occurring through- out the Alps except to the west. It is cultivated in Denmark and Germany, and occurs especially in the intermediate form, but is sometimes dwarf. The dwarf forms come true from seed. In brief, the true upright form is P. montana uncinata var. rostrata, the true intermediate P. montana uncinata yar. rotundata, but ‘both of these may also occur in the dwarf form. The dwarf forms of these two varieties are either (1) sports, or (2) constant races. 16 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3. Soil: its Origin and Nature. By Professor JAMES GEIKIE, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. (Continued from Vol. XX. p. 182.) 1 Soils are usually classified by agriculturists as (a) Sedentary and (4) Transported. These terms, however, are true only of subsoils. All soils, properly so-called, may be said to be sedentary, inasmuch as they are formed out of the immediately underlying subsoils. To a geologist ‘soil” and “subsoil,” no matter how intimately related, are nevertheless distinct things. Subsoil is an aggregate of disintegrated and decomposing rock- material, while soil consists of similar materials, with the addition of a varying amount of organic matter. ‘True soil rarely exceeds one foot in thickness, and is usually thinner; but subsoil may vary in depth from a few inches up to hundreds of feet. For this country a more suitable classification of soils would be (a) Bed-rock Soils and (6) Drift Soils. Under the former head would be included all soils overlying subsoils which are in process of being derived from the breaking-up and dis- integration of the bed-rock. ‘The latter term, on the other hand, would embrace all soils formed upon the surface of superficial formations of every kind. These “superficial formations” overlie and conceal the bed-rock, and are of very unequal thickness and varied origin—the soils yielded by them differing, it may be, entirely from the subsoils and soils which the con- cealed bed-rocks themselves would have supplied. 1 2 = - 7 4 ei _ 1 Si ‘ ; ' i —— ; ; : £ “¥ ae ; a oy SIs ray: 5 y ory Pratre VI. DOUGLAS FIR DOUGLAS FIR NORWAY SPRUCE. (Colorado Variety). (Oregon Variety). Specimens from seven years old plantation—from date of planting. The Colorado Variety and the Norway Spruce were five years old when planted, and the Oregon Variety three years old. Their respective heights are now: Colorado Variety, 8 ft. 10 ins.; Oregon Variety, 15 ft. 6 ins.; Norway Spruce, 10 ft, 11 ins. To fuce page 33 THE DOUGLAS FIR AS A COMMERCIAL TIMBER-TREE. 33 difference in their cones, as may be seen from the accompanying photograph. (Fig. 3 Plate VII.) On the estate of Durris, Kincardineshire, the Deeside property of Henry Robert Baird, Esq., the Douglas fir was first planted about seventy-two years ago, and since that date it has been reared and planted out on a more extensive scale than on any other estate in Britain. The original tree has now reached a height of 114 feet, girths 12 feet 6 inches at 5 feet above ground-level, and contains over 300 cubic feet of timber. It is, of course, of the green or Oregon variety. The Colorado tree was not introduced until about thirty to thirty-five years later, but about that date considerable numbers were planted in admixture with Scots pine and spruce in various parts of the estate. It has not, however, proved a success as a timber-tree, being considerably slower in growth than either of the species with which it had been mixed, and in many cases it has been quite suppressed before reaching its thirtieth year. These results are being verified by later experiments, but its suppression seems destined to take place at an even earlier age. As a commercial tree, it is of no account in our climate, but it is capable of withstanding severe exposure, transplants well, and is quite frost-hardy. Its principal uses will probably be found in the formation of shelter-belts, and for planting in those positions where it is not desirable to see trees of large stature. In the Douglas fir of Oregon, however, we have a tree of a totally different character, and one which, after an extended trial, has proved its suitability for all practical purposes. On the estate already mentioned, occupying the northern slope of the eastern extremities of the Grampian Hills, the plantations rise from too feet to goo feet elevation, but these are backed up, towards the western part of the estate, by a still higher range of hills, which in a measure tends to break the severity of the gales which blow from that direction. The soil alternates from a light loam overlying gravel, in the valley of the Dee, to a gritty boulder clay, in parts mixed with peat, at the higher elevations, and overlies gneiss, the principal geological forma- tion of the locality. The Douglas fir has been tested on all classes of soil, and at elevations varying from the lowest up to the highest point, and in no case has it failed to make satis- factory headway. At an altitude of 850 feet, it may be seen, VOL, XXI, PART I. ; Cc 34 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, accompanied by Picea sitchensis only, racing away from larch, spruce, and Scots pine. While averse to moisture in the soil, a considerable amount of humidity in the atmosphere is certainly beneficial to the tree. The average annual rainfall on the low ground amounts to 35 inches, and the aspect being northerly, the air is cool and moist; but a very considerable increase in the amount of rainfall above stated would, I feel convinced, give a correspondingly good result on the growth of the tree. On good forest soil it is no infrequent occurrence to see trees in the pole stage making growths of 4 feet and upwards in the course of a single season. This rapid growth, however, is not maintained for long; but under favourable conditions an average annual growth of about 2 feet would seem to be well within the possibilities of the tree up to its sixtieth year. In North America the timber is known as Oregon and Columbian pine, and exported under those names. According to the author of Zhe Forests of Canada, it is used for almost every purpose, from wharf- and ship-building down to the manufacture of household furniture, and, owing to its great durability when air is excluded, it is especially valuable for pile work in the building of bridges. The average cut per acre is calculated at 50,000 cubic feet, and as all trees above 5 feet diameter and below 2 feet are not included in the cut, it would be interesting to know the limit of production. Whether under cultivation in this country it will ever approach either the volume or the value attained in its native habitat, is a question frequently asked, but which it would be idle to speculate upon. In the first place, the requirements of our home trade do not demand a heavy class of timber, and secondly, no one would consider a rotation based on the period required to bring those trees to their matured state within the limits of practical forestry. Any comparison, however, between the quality of the home-grown and foreign Douglas fir must, in the meantime, be greatly to the disadvantage of the former, as while the oldest trees in Britain are still in an immature state, the imported timber usually is the product of several centuries growth. In appearance the timber of home growth resembles larch, but in a young state it is not possessed of the density and toughness of fibre of that timber. For standing in contact THE DOUGLAS FIR AS A COMMERCIAL TIMBER-TREE, 35 with soil, and for such purposes as gate-making, fencing, etc., where the ability to stand tear and wear is a desideratum, it is inferior to larch, but there are many other purposes for which it is infinitely superior, and for the supply of which a much greater volume of timber is required. For constructive purposes of all kinds it is especially suited, and, owing to the beauty of its grain and the ease with which it can be worked, it is valuable for the finished work of interiors. The timber stains well, and, when varnished, takes on and retains a beautiful gloss. Outlying and badly grown trees, when sawn up, are liable to warp, but this defect is not apparent when dealing with trees of clean straight growth, and with home timber more freedom may be used in regard to nailing. In a younger state the timber has been tried and found useful as curing- barrel staves and heading, and for box wood, for which, in this locality, there is an unlimited demand. What the most profitable length of rotation may be is a question which will have to be determined by trade demands, but to provide timber of a class, fitted for house construction, any period short of one hundred years need not, I feel convinced, be contemplated, and on deep rich soils probably other ten or twenty years will require to be added to that period. No doubt trees of sufficient size to produce beams and scantlings of any size desired may be grown in fifty to sixty years, but it would be nonsensical to speak of timber of that age as matured, and, judging by the vigorous state of the oldest trees in the country, the prospects are that a long rotation may yield better financial returns than a short one. For simple high-forest, pure cropping will be found in every way the most practical system. In mixed plantations an even height cannot possibly be maintained, owing to the dominating character of the Douglas fir, and the canopy, which in its case is always necessary to check the growth of the persistent side branches, cannot be kept intact. Formerly the high price of seeds and plants was a sufficient bar to pure planting on an extensive scale, but now that seedling Douglas fir may be purchased at prices not greatly in excess of those ruling for other coniferous forest trees, pure planting is quite defensible on economic grounds, and at any rate, any saving effected in the planting, by mixing with other trees, will be more than lost sight of in the cost of pruning, which at a subsequent date will 36 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. become necessary. Another advantage gained in pure planta- tions is, that the danger of loss or deflection of the leading shoot by winds, frequently noticeable in mixed plantations on exposed sites, is nowhere apparent when dealing with the tree planted and cultivated on common-sense principles. It would be matter for surprise, indeed, were any result other than that of disappointment to follow the directions frequently laid down for the planting of the Douglas fir in a mixture of other trees; but should a mixed plantation for any reason be decided upon, and the Douglas fir still be regarded as the permanent crop, a distance of more than 6 feet apart should not be contemplated, and the interspaces should be filled up to 3 feet over all with Norway spruce, which seems about the only tree suitable for the purpose. In that case, 1210 Douglas firs would be required per acre as standard trees, and with the matrix composed of 3630 Norway spruce, the cost of planting, where the plants had been purchased of a size sufficiently large to enable them to be put directly out to the forest, would be considerably lessened. As no area of pure Douglas fir in this country has yet reached maturity, statements purporting to show the volume and value of pure crops must be regarded as somewhat hypo- thetical. There can be no doubt, however, that yield tables dealing with the ordinary coniferous forest trees help us but little in arriving at a true estimate of its productive capacity. As a result of measurements taken in various parts of the estate, and under varying conditions, I found that the increase over spruce in cubical contents was never less than 50 per cent., frequently 75 per cent., and in some cases as high as 120 per cent.—the higher percentage showing at the higher altitudes. As regards Scots pine, the increase was more pronounced, varying from 150 per cent. to 200 per cent. Those figures represent the mean of a number of measurements taken in each plantation, and the trees selected were as nearly as possible an average of their kinds. The Douglas fir plantation at Taymount is perhaps the oldest pure wood of the species in this country, and it has at different periods been dealt with by forestry experts. In 1888, the plantation then being only 28 years of age, Dr Schlich esti- mated the volume at 2956 cubic feet per acre, quarter-girth measurement. In the winter of 1899 and spring of 1900 THE DOUGLAS FIR AS A COMMERCIAL TIMBER-TREE, 37 Dr Nisbet shows in Our Woods and Forests, page 208, that the plantation had increased to 4850 cubic feet per acre; while in 1903, or after only three years’ growth, Dr Somerville in the Transactions, Vol. XVII. page 273, calculates the contents per acre to have reached the enormous total of 7977 cubic feet. Either Dr Somerville’s estimate would appear too high or Dr Nisbet’s too low, as, judging by the rate of increment between the years 1888 and rgoo, the three years between 1900 and 1903 could hardly have been responsible for an addition of 3127 cubic feet per acre. As a pit-wood tree the Douglas fir is well adapted, and is deserving of consideration wherever crops cultivated for that purpose are found to pay. Crowded together in pure plantation, by the time they have reached their thirtieth year they will be found capable of yielding an amount of pit-wood almost incredible to those who have not seen the tree so grown. For this purpose the planting should be done at not more than 3 feet apart, as otherwise a gross basal growth and a too branching stem will certainly follow. While not a suitable tree for mixing with other species of even age, the Douglas fir may with great advantage be introduced as an under-crop in older oak and larch plantations. In this respect it has no rival amongst conifers, taking into considera- tion the value and volume of the timber it is capable of pro- ducing under the shade of other trees. As the result of experiments conducted on this estate, now of thirty years standing, its superiority over spruce and silver fir has been abundantly proved. Where both of those species have failed, either as the result of attack by aphis or too dense shading, the Douglas fir has grown into useful timber. In comparison with beech as the shade-bearer, the latter probably is preferable, owing to the greater amount of organic matter it is capable of depositing on the ground, but as beech timber is of compara- tively little value, better financial results may be anticipated from the planting of the former. Excellent examples of the beneficial results obtained by underplanting larch with both beech and Douglas fir may here be seen, but no apparent advantage has been gained by the use of the former over the latter. The soil in both cases has been greatly improved, and the over- head larches have increased in volume over the parts not so treated to an almost incredible extent. 38 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Underplanting larch woods with Douglas fir should not preferably be delayed beyond the thirtieth year, as the danger of too long delay may be experienced in the unlooked for decay of the larches before the Douglas firs have reached a marketable size. All the suppressed and weakly stems should have been previously removed, and from 500 to 600 standards will be sufficient to leave per acre. The size of the Douglas plants to be used in the operation must be determined by local conditions, but if no danger is to be apprehended from ground game, 2- or 3-year-old seedlings may be used and planted by the dibbling-iron, a cheap and efficient process. April we find by experience to be the most favourable month for planting, and for general use 2-year seedlings 1-year trans- planted give the best results. These may be planted either by pitting or notching, but the latter method, in our moist climate, and when carefully done, is quite satisfactory. The distance at which they are put in is usually from 3 to 34 feet. In ground covered with a rank growth of bracken, pits are opened at 4 feet apart, and a larger class of plant used. With a little attention for the first two years after planting, the Douglas firs rapidly assert themselves, and in a few years are capable of suppressing the rankest growth. When thinning operations become necessary they must be conducted with a light hand, the aim being always to keep the ground as heavily stocked as possible, without endangering the health of the plantation, until it has reached its maximum of height-growth, in order to promote branch-shedding and to guard against damage by gales. As regards the reproductive capacity of the Douglas fir, it leaves little to be desired. Indeed, its early reproductive features were regarded by some as a sure sign of early decay, but this belief has now been dissipated. Trees of about 15 years of age, if occupying an open, sunny position, may be depended upon to produce a supply of good seed, but from 30 to 50 years may be regarded as the most fertile period. As an illustration of this fertility, I had the produce of an outlying specimen tree 40 years of age counted, and found that the total number of cones amounted to Over 15,000. ‘The tree was branched to the ground, and even the lowest tier was thickly covered with cones. ‘There is no rule by which a good seed-harvest may be foretold. The bloom, which THE DOUGLAS FIR AS A COMMERCIAL TIMBER-TREE. 39 shows itself somewhat precociously in our climate, is frequently nipped by late frosts, otherwise every second or third year might be depended upon for a supply. Like the larch, there is a red and a white flowered variety, but whether there is an accompany- ing variation in the quality of the timber, I have not been able to ascertain. The white variety may be distinguished by the lighter colour of its leaves and its more spreading habit. As a timber-tree it is inferior to the red variety, but it is also less common. ‘The cones ripen in the beginning of October, and they should then be collected without delay, as in presence of drying winds the scales open and the seed is shed. After storage in a dry loft during the winter, the cones, if the quantity is not too large, may be exposed to sun-heat, and the seeds extracted in that way. In the beginning of May the seeds should be sown out in well-prepared beds 3 or 34 feet in width, 1 Ib. of seed being allowed to every 8 or ro lineal yards. Much depends, however, on the quality of the seed, and in purchasing, a guarantee as to the germinative capacity and the source from which it has originated should be demanded. It has been the practice of some seed firms in the eastern States of America to supply seeds of the Colorado variety when the other had not been specially mentioned, and this, not from dishonest motives, but because the glaucous variety is in those parts regarded as of the two much the hardier and more reliable tree. Where the col- lection of the seed is under control, much may be accomplished in the improvement of the type of the tree commercially. The tendency to sport as regards shape of bole, branch formation, and shade of colour, is a specially noticeable feature of the tree. Two trees may be seen growing closely together in the planta- tion, the one possessed of a mast-like stem and practically devoid of branches, while the other, whose branches may shoot out at an upward angle, is still clothed to the ground, and as a timber- tree presents a most forbidding appearance. Obviously the seeds of such trees as the latter type should not be collected, but may be left as fit food for the squirrels, which are specially fond of them. ‘That seedlings inherit to a certain extent the charac- teristics of the parent is an admitted fact, and, as a result of this knowledge, no one would willingly select trees with a badly developed stem, or which possessed other undesirable features, as the standard or mother-tree for natural reproduction. If this careful selection, then, is necessary in the one case it is no less 40 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, so in the other, and especially as regards the Douglas fir in its present unfixed type. While the horticulturist has by persistent endeavour, from his point of view, improved the standard of almost every plant under his charge, comparatively little has been done in an endeavour to improve the type of our timber- trees, or even to preserve their best features. To attack by insects and fungi the tree is not immune, although less subject than our native and longer introduced trees. In the nursery, Botrytis Douglasi? is responsible for the killing back of a few young shoots, and Phoma Douglasit at a later stage occasion- ally attacks the stems of the tree, but the real damage to be guarded against is that caused by Agaricus melleus and Trametes radiciperda, which attack the trees after being planted out in the forest. On old clearings, or when underplanted in old hardwood plantations, they are likely to be most destructive. Another fungus, Aecidium coruscans, which I believe has not previously been observed in this country, or mentioned in scientific literature as attacking the Douglas fir, I found in a few young plants in the nursery some time ago. It is a species of rust-fungus, and is stated by Hartig to be common on the spruce in Sweden and Finland. (See Fig. 2 Plate VII.) As regards insect pests, the pine weevil, Aylobius abietis, seems to be the only cause of damage to the tree, but with proper precautions injury from this source can be easily avoided. Megastigmus spermotrophus, a species of the Cynipide or Gall wasps, is occasionally destructive to the seeds, but its life- history is still under investigation, and it is to be hoped that some means of overcoming its attack may be devised. The practical experience gained of the Douglas fir in this country points it out as one of the most valuable timber-trees ever introduced, and when its suitability for commercial purposes has been fully realised, there can be no doubt it will be one of the most largely planted of all our timber-trees. AVAL PLATE ‘paxeyar puv palasxa alow sjoviq s}i sey pue ‘]worUCD ATUSAS a1OW puUe JaT]VUIS st (amSy jo yaed aaddn aas) azaw4oy ayy Jo auoo ayy ‘ald SVINNOd AHL AO SHLLaINVA NODAYO GNV OGVNOIOD FHL AO SANOD *€ “91g ‘SOPIS MO] WAY) []w UO vIpioae svaq pue ‘Aysay puv JOYS d1v Sava] ay} aaoqe ayy ‘A];eu10U padojaaap aaey yor}je jo yutod mojaq sayouviq pue saave] ou, ‘((NAWIOddS GAINC) WIA SVINNOG NO SNVOSNYOD WAIdIDaY To face page 40. =~ TREATMENT OF WESTERN OR CALIFORNIAN HEMLOCK SPRUCE, 41 7. The Nursery Treatment of the Western or Californian Hemlock Spruce. By J. M. Murray, The Western Hemlock Spruce (Zsuga mertensiana, Carr) has hitherto been looked upon only as one of our finest ornamental species, but, judging from its habit and rate of growth, it may also come into consideration as being likely to form a valuable forest-tree in Britain. The only objection that can be fairly urged against the general and liberal use of this tree for planting, is the exorbitant price asked by nurserymen for the plants. This price is no doubt determined to a great extent by the scarcity and dearness of seed. Along with this, there is the difficulty experienced in rearing the plants. But the scarcity of seed is not likely to be long continued, since we have now in this country trees which bear seed freely. As a proof of the fertility of these seeds when in a favourable situation, thousands of natural-grown seedlings may be seen springing up. Also, judging by experience, it is reasonable to believe that plants produced from home-grown seed will be better adapted to our climate than those of foreign origin. While employed on an estate in Perthshire, I had considerable experience in rearing the Western Hemlock spruce, more popularly known to arboriculturists as PINE SCOTS ON YOUNG > > re < ”n AT WORK SPRAYER THE face page 0 [Z ™ Jit) : hop inet Mila say iyeie Me ie? Helier . bess All tie eS i a lo Ty . iD 2. : Per? ide i rt ee. ae Pere On ew i ry AN ATTACK BY SAWFLY LARV. 53 cular case spraying was most effective, still one could readily understand that heavy showers of rain following the spraying Operation would be apt to wash the Paris green off. In spite of our efforts a large number of the larve passed into the cocoon stage about the 2oth of July. Some which I kept in captivity emerged from the cocoons towards the end of August, when I noticed for the first time that the saw-fly was not the common form Lophyrus pini, and I suspected LZ. rufus. This suspicion was confirmed on my sending specimens for identifi- cation to Dr MacDougall, who informed me that the species was believed to have only one generation in the year, and that the eggs laid by the flies which emerged in early autumn pass the winter as eggs. This has proved to be the case. Hatching began on the 15th of May 1907, and continued till the beginning of June. On the first signs of hatching I sent two men with hedge gloves to crush the young broods. This was fairly easily done, as at this stage the insects do not exceed an eighth part of an inch in length, and are in compact broods on individual needles of the plants instead of being scattered over the shoot as is the case when they grow larger and more voracious. The plantation has been gone over four times this year, and while I should not care to maintain that every larva has been killed, still, I think few have escaped. Last year £2, 14s. 9d. was spent in combating the attack. ‘This year the figure has run up to £9. The damage was severe last year, but is compara- tively trifling this year, not because there were fewer insects but because they were dealt with as they hatched out and never reached their most voracious stage. It is to be noticed that Z. rufus is at all stages rather smaller than Z. pint. When first hatched out the larve of the former are about one-eighth inch long, with glossy black heads and dull grey-black bodies. When full-fed they are about three quarters of an inch long, with glossy jet black heads and dull grey-green bodies. ‘There is a lighter longitudinal stripe down the back, and a broken black line above the abdominal and thoracic feet and legs. The body narrows from the thorax to the rear extremity, which is grey-black in colour. The thoracic feet have light and black bands alternately. There are 16 prolegs and 6 thoracic legs. In common with other sawfly larve, ZL. rufus when disturbed takes the characteristic S shape. 54 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 11. Forest Nurseries and Gardens—Some Suggestions. By Lieut.-Colonel F. BAILEY. I. In a previous issue of the Zransactions I drew attention to the recommendations made by the Forestry Committee (1902) in regard to State Demonstration Forests and Example Plots or Forest Gardens. The Committee’s suggestion was that an area of from roo to 200 acres, to be used as a garden, should be provided at each educational centre. The purpose of the garden is thus stated in pars. 15, 20, and 36 of the Report :!— “‘ Even where access may be had to private woods, it is exceed- ingly desirable that collegiate instruction in forestry should be illustrated by means of example plots. These are a considerable feature of the teaching in the University of Giessen and else- where on the Continent, and they have been reproduced on a small scale at Coopers Hill and on the Northumberland Demonstration Farm.” ““We have stated that we consider it necessary to have ‘ Ex- ample Plots’ in connection with the universities and other centres of instruction, as well as two large State Demonstration Areas ; and it may be well to explain here why both are required. The Example Plots should embrace a comparatively small area, and comprise an arboretum or collection of specimen trees, and also an area devoted to the experimental planting and growth of trees in masses “pf fo a certain age.» Such an area cannot, from the very nature of the objects aimed at, be expected to yield a proft.2. . . Forest students from the universities and others would spend a week or two at a time, or longer, in the Demon- stration Forest ; but they and the lecturer also require an area close at hand,” to which resort can be more frequently made.” Referring to the above extracts, I observed that their perusal left no doubt that the Committee desired each teaching centre to have its own “Example Plots” or Forest Gardens (as I prefer to call them), and that they intended these gardens to be “close at hand,” so that frequent visits to them might be made. It is, indeed, essential that lectures should be “ illustrated” by means of such gardens, because in regard to most of the subjects ' “Example Plots or Forest Gardens,” Vol. XIX. p. 317. * The italics are. mine.—F. B. FOREST NURSERIES AND GARDENS—SOME SUGGESTIONS. 55 dealt with by the lecturer, clear and abiding ideas cannot be imparted by means of class-room lectures alone, nor otherwise than by frequent visits with the lecturer (or without him in any spare time the students may find) to some place where practical illustrations may be seen. Students must make themselves thoroughly familiar with the appearance at different seasons of the year, and with the rate and manner of development in crown and root of the various species up to the age at which they are to be found in the garden. ‘They must also be familiar with the behaviour during youth of the various species when grown in mixture, and with their effect on each other. They should also do nursery work, planting and direct sowing, with their own hands. The students have very little time at their disposal for excursions, and it is evident that unless the Forest Garden be “close at hand,” effectual practical instruction in elementary forest work cannot be given. If a Demonstration Forest were so situated, there would evidently be no need to provide a Forest Garden ; for in the former would be seen all that it could be desired to show in the latter, and a great deal more in addition. But there is no hope that a large forest can be established in the immediate vicinity of any of the present teaching centres, and hence arises the necessity for each such centre possessing its own Forest Garden, in which the evolution of a forest crop up to a certain stage in its development can be practically illustrated. If the Forest Garden is not near enough to the lecture-room to serve this purpose, it would be sheer waste of money to establish it. I would rather take a small area suitably located than a larger one situated at a distance which would render it very much less useful to me. It is beyond doubt that the Committee intended the garden to be an adjunct to the lecture-room, provided to enable the lecturer to illustrate his teaching; and it cannot serve this purpose unless it be placed under the control of the teacher, who should be given a free hand in all details of its management. It is of course necessary to provide a nursery, and a part of the garden must be devoted to this use; but on account of the difficulty of obtaining so large an area as 100 to 200 acres near to the lecture-room, it may be necessary to rest content with a nursery so situated, leaving the garden to be formed on the nearest suitable site that may be available. The nursery and the garden will therefore be considered separately. 56 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. II. THe Forest NURSERY. In the second volume of his W/anual of Sylviculture, Dr Schlich deals with 32 species of trees, of which 21 are ‘‘ hardwoods” and the remaining 11 are conifers. ‘To these may be added some 8 or 10 exotic conifers, which it is desired to study with a view to their use as forest-trees in this country; so that provision should be made for the raising in the nursery of at least 40 species, of which one-half may be conifers. If one-twentieth of an acre be allotted to each species, each may occupy a plot of ground 15 yards square, with 17 square yards over for seed-beds and minor paths. In the case of conifers, seed-beds showing both one-year-old and two-year-old seedlings are required ; and the nursery lines must show transplants that have stood in them (whether shifted or not) for one year and for two years. The plot of 15 by 15 yards may therefore be subdivided into two equal portions, each measuring 15 by 74 yards. If the nursery lines are drawn at, on an average, g-inch intervals, and if the plants are set at 3 inches apart within them, there will be, in each subdivision, 30 such lines, each 45 feet long, and containing 180 plants. The total number of plants will therefore be 5400. ‘To keep the nursery going, this number of seedlings will be required annually, and they can be raised on a pair of seed-beds each covering 4 or 5 square yards. The whole plot will carry some 10,000 or 11,000 plants. In the case of “hardwoods,” the nursery lines may be on an average 18 inches apart, and the plants may be placed at 4-inch intervals within the lines. On the plot of 15 by 15 yards there will thus be 30 such lines, each 45 feet in length and carrying 135 plants, the total number of plants being about 4000. In addition to the two acres required to raise the 4o species above referred to, provision must be made for other species, which it may, later on, be desired to show in the nursery, and the area must be increased by one-third to allow of periodic green-crop manuring. Space must also be available for the carrying out of such special experiments as it may be necessary to undertake. On a part of the ground young trees will be allowed to grow beyond nursery age, and space will be required for buildings and roads, so that a total area of at least 4 acres is necessary. FOREST NURSERIES AND GARDENS—SOME SUGGESTIONS. 57 In addition to its use for the ordinary work of raising young trees, the nursery will form an important section of the laboratory of the teacher of forestry in connection with the following, among other subjects of special study, viz.:—The germinative capacity of seeds of various species; intervals of time elapsing between sowing and germination; methods of treatment to hasten germination ; methods of protecting sown seeds against the depredations of birds, mice, etc. ; methods of storing seed ; methods of husking and cleaning seed ; weighment of seeds, with comparison of the results obtained by sowing relatively heavy and relatively light seed of various species ; depth of soil-covering best suited to each species; root and stem development of the several species at various ages; preservation of root fungi pro- moting growth; green crop and chemical or other manure best suited for nursery work. Observations on the above and other subjects will no doubt be regularly made and recorded by the teacher of forestry, much of whose time will be thus occupied ; and on this account, as well as to enable students to pay frequent visits to it, the nursery should be situated as near as possible to the class-room. It should be rectangular in shape. The soil should consist of light loam, and water must be obtainable on the ground. In conclusion, it may be added that all ordinary nursery work must be conducted on business lines, with a view to the production of the best possible plants at the smallest possible cost. Expenditure in connection with the subjects of special study above referred to would not form a fair charge against the nursery, as it would be incurred for in- structional purposes, and it should be charged separately. III. Forest GARDEN OR EXAMPLE PLOTS. Unlike the Demonstration Forest, in which crops will be grown to full size, the Forest Garden will exhibit them up to a certain age only, and this for the obvious reason that on the smaller area there will be no room to show all stages in the growth of the numerous species that will appear there. Any attempt to treat the garden as a Demonstration Forest, by per- mitting a desire for direct profit to influence its management, would greatly impair its capacity to fulfil its legitimate purpose. In common with the forest nursery, the garden is an adjunct of the lecture-room, and it should, as regards all details of 58 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. management, be at the disposal of the lecturer, who cannot otherwise ensure that it will suitably illustrate his lectures. Again, as the courses of lectures at the various educational centres cannot be modified in accordance with the silvicultural conditions of the surrounding locality, it follows that neither can the management of the garden be so modified without serious impairment of its usefulness. Most of the species it will be desired to grow in any garden will probably grow fairly well up to a certain age on any ground that might be selected for the purpose; and the further study of all species alike must be carried on in the Demonstration Forest; for the success or failure of the various species, as full-grown forest crops, cannot be proved in the garden. If, however, owing to unsuitable environment, any selected species should fail to serve its pur- pose in the garden, its cultivation there would be dropped. The elevation of the ground selected for the garden should not much exceed 800 feet. The site should have a moderate slope, with good natural drainage, and should not be much exposed to cold or to strong winds. The soil, which should be sufficiently deep, should possess a fair degree of fertility, judged by the forester’s standard ; and the area should lie in a single compact block, with as wide a range of altitude as may be compatible with this condition. Suppose an area of 200 acres to be available. A commence- ment might be made by stocking a compact block of 25 acres in 1-acre plots of the following species, viz. :— Flardwoods. Contfers. English elm. Silver fir. Scotch elm. Spruce. Sweet chestnut. Larch. Pedunculate oak. Austrian pine. Sessile oak. Weymouth pine. Beech. Scots pine. Norway maple. Corsican pine. Sycamore. Douglas fir (Oregon). Ash. Douglas fir (Colorado). Common alder. Hemlock spruce. Hornbeam. Sitka spruce. Black poplar. Japanese larch. Thuya sp. FOREST NURSERIES AND GARDENS—SOME SUGGESTIONS. 59 Some others might be added later, such as Aodinia, willow (sp.), Cembran pine, Mountain pine, Adzes grandis, A. nobilis, Siberian larch, and Lawson’s cypress. After successive intervals of say eight or ten years, these crops might be repeated on half-acre plots, so as to illustrate the development of the various species at intervals up to the age of 30, 40, or even 50 years, as might hereafter be desired in the case of each. After reserving space for this purpose, and a small plot of say 3 or 4 acres as an arboretum to exhibit specimen trees of full age, the remainder of the ground would be available for experimental work, as, for example, for mixtures illustrating various com- binations of species, arranged in differing proportions and in various ways; and also in connection with the other matters enumerated below. Ground not required immediately for the above purposes might in the meantime be devoted to agriculture ; but if unsuited to that use, part of it might be stocked with a quick-growing species of tree, which would yield some revenue when the ground it occupies is otherwise required. On the plots thus established the following, among other matters, will be specially studied:—The botanical characteristics of the several species; their appearance at different seasons of the year; their characteristic development in height and shape; the pruning of hardwoods; treatment of attack by insects, fungi, or adverse atmospheric influences ; direct sowing ; method and density of planting, and size of seedlings or transplants to be employed; uses of various manures; measurement of individual trees and of growing stock, with yield under various conditions. It will probably be possible to underplant some of the light- crowned species, such as larch, before they have reached the age limit of the garden. If the ground selected carries growing woods, these can be made use of temporarily for instruction in the measurement of trees and crops, until the space they occupy is required for other purposes, when they will, in most cases, be removed. It need hardly be said that if a nursery be provided separately, it need not be duplicated within the garden area. 60 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 12. The Afforestation Conference. On the joint invitation of the Board of Agriculture and the Local Government Board, a Conference on the subject of Afforestation assembled in London on the 25th June 1907, under the presidency of the Right Hon. the Earl Carrington, President of the Board of Agriculture, who was supported by the Right Hon. John Burns, President of the Local Government Board. The Conference was called together in consequence of the receipt of the following resolution from the Association of Municipal Corporations :— “That this Council expresses its opinion that the time has now arrived when the question of afforestation should be seriously considered by the Government, and that it should be referred to the Law Committee to take steps for urging upon the Government the necessity for initiating afforestation schemes.” It was attended by a large number of persons interested in the subject of afforestation, and a verbatim report of the speeches and papers will be found in the official Report (No. 98), printed at His Majesty’s Stationery Office, price 6d. This efort occupies 49 pages, and we here give a short summary of its contents, for the convenience of those among our readers who may be prevented by lack of time or opportunity from reading the original. After a short speech by Lord Carrington, stating that the object of the Conference was to examine the proposals of the Association of Municipal Corporations, and to elicit opinion as to the course which should be adopted both by the Govern- ment and by local authorities to carry out the desired objects, Mr John Burns made a sympathetic speech on behalf of the Local Government Board, in the course of which he gave it as his opinion that afforestation had been too optimistically regarded as a means of giving immediate occupation to the unemployed, while at the same time he believed that ultimately, by the establishment and encouragement of rural industries, it might prove of great value in this respect. He further stated that, as an individual, he was greatly in favour of the establish- ment of a School of Forestry. A sentence or two may be here quoted from the Report :— “J think,’ said Mr Burns, “the time has arrived either when the State or the municipality, or both combined, might give free THE AFFORESTATION CONFERENCE, 61 expert advice to municipalities and private owners for planting their catchment-areas and their woodlands or potential woodland possessions. . . . I should be only too pleased to consider possible loans for afforestation, and would favourably con- sider the practicability of loans that were applied for for the afforestation of land” (/efort, p. 8). These introductory speeches were followed by a number of others. For our purpose it may be well to consider their contents under two heads:—A/7rst, those which dealt with definite facts, due to observation or experiment, or both; and Second, those whose object was to bring forward suggestions, recommendations, or criticisms. Not a few speeches fall under both headings, but it is convenient to summarise first the facts brought out during the Conference, before considering the deductions made from these or other facts by the speakers. The actual business was begun with a paper by Dr Schlich, F.R.S., who, by special invitation of Lord Carrington, spoke on “Forestry as an Investment.” Dr Schlich pointed out that com- plete data, in regard to British woods, are not easy to get, because, for the most part, they have not hitherto been managed purely as business concerns; but he gave four examples of woods which have yielded a fair margin of profit, and concluded by saying that in his opinion the afforestation of surplus land in this country will pay, provided the lands are not situated above a certain height, which varies with latitude; that the right species are selected in each case, according to the condition of the locality; that the planting is done efficiently; above all, that the woods are properly tended, the chief art of the forester consisting in thinning his woods at the proper time and in the right way; and finally, that the work is done economically. MrS. Margerison of Leeds followed by reading a paper dealing with the ‘“ Comparative Qualities of British and Foreign Timber.” He stated that in his opinion the natural conditions in Britain are such as to permit the growing of timber, of the species mostly required, of equal quality with that of other countries in similar latitudes, provided the culture is done on sound lines. As regards, first, the broad-leaved trees, he said that it is no empty boast to say that there is no oak superior to British oak, and that much of the foreign oak is vastly inferior to it. Best English ash has no rival which can compete with it in price and 62 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. quality combined, while British beech, sycamore, alder, and birch are equal to and often better than the imported material. As to conifers, much inquiry and observation have convinced Mr Margerison that there is no reason why we should not grow them of equal quality and in as large crops as those of Continental production, provided the system of cultivation is similar, English spruce, Scots pine, and even larch, where the disease is not too prevalent, form profitable crops, and the product is as good or better than that of Continental origin. These are the principal trees which, in the author’s opinion, it is at present worth growing, and where the conditions are favour- able, their cultivation will yield a fair profit. Where forestry does not pay in this country, this is often owing to injudicious planting and faulty methods of management—‘“‘a bold, con- tinuous, well-planned policy zw7//7 pay.” Mr Margerison concluded with some observation on forestry and the unemployed, to which we shall return later. Another paper dealing primarily with facts was that delivered by Mr Joseph Parry of Liverpool, who gave an account of the work done by the Liverpool Corporation at Vyrmwy and_ Rivington. The Corporation commenced systematic planting operations in the Vyrnwy area in 1896, but it was not until 1903 that much progress was made. Between the years 1897 and 1907 they have planted 1,034,056 trees, and the work is now being continued at the rate of 300,000 trees per annum. ‘The total area selected for planting on the watershed is 1202 acres, and when planting is completed the total number of trees put out will be about 4,000,000. The trees here planted are chiefly larch, spruce, Douglas fir, silver fir, Corsican pine, alder, oak, and ash. The expenditure on planting has been at the rate of £6, 15s. 3d. per acre, but this includes the cost of clearance, which will not have to be incurred again; it also includes a large outlay for plants, which will in future be supplied from the Corporation nurseries at a much lower rate. As regards the Rivington area, operations were undertaken in 1904, when to begin with an area of 5714 acres was selected, which was afterwards increased to 1243 acres. In the period of three years which has since elapsed, 349 acres have been planted, and the total number of trees on the area is now 1,291,295. The species are chiefly beech, ash, oak, sycamore, spruce, alder, THE AFFORESTATION CONFERENCE, 63 and some willows. A good deal of this expenditure is excep- tional and will not be repeated. A recent plantation has been made at an average cost for planting, including the purchase of plants, of £2, 8s. gd. per acre, and it is estimated that in future the cost of planting in the Rivington watershed will not exceed £3 per acre, this estimate including a certain proportion of bought plants. The Corporation are of opinion that ultimately the afforestation works will yield an asset of high value to the community. Alderman Sir Bosden Leech gave a short account of what is being done by the Corporation of Manchester in the catch- ment-area of its waterworks. They have planted about 500 acres of land, and during the last six years have been planting at the rate of about 50 acres per annum. During the last two years 75 acres have been planted each year, 100,000 plants having been put out last year. Mr Lees gave some account of the planting operations carried on by the Corporation in the Birmingham catchment-area. Work was commenced in this area in 1go2, and 410 acres have been planted, at a total average cost per acre of £7, 6s. 6d., of which sum the actual planting cost £4, 2s. 8d. per acre, the remainder being accounted for by the expenses of clearing, fencing, etc. The above summary may be regarded as containing the more essential facts brought to the notice of the Conference, and in considering the suggestions, criticisms, etc., put forward, it is important to note that the object of the Conference was to consider methods of forwarding afforestation by the Government or by local authorities. In this connection Mr E. J. Elwes, F.R.S., President of the English Arboricultural Society, pointed out that the possibility of profit in forestry depended greatly upon the price of the land, and that ‘‘ municipalities always, and the Government generally, buy land a good deal too dear.” Further, he emphasised the fact that for successful forestry a great deal of local knowledge is required, and that the commercial value of timber depends so much upon the proximity of a market, that forestry can never be anything but highly speculative—‘ the most distinct gambling in futures that can be imagined.” ‘The landowner’s profit, which is not so large as has been supposed, is, Mr Elwes says, rather indirect, in increasing the amenity and thus augmenting the value of his land, than directly commercial. 64 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr Harmood-Banner, M.P., and Mr C. H. Scott Plummer, of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, both gave it as their opinion that private owners are not likely to do more for afforestation in the future than in the past, but rather less. Again, a number of speeches and papers seem to make it clear that large corporations, holding extensive tracts of land for public purposes, notably in connection with water-supplies, but also in connection with methods of sewage disposal, are almost necessarily committed to afforestation work of some kind. We have given above some facts in regard to the work actually being done by certain corporations, but some of the papers are important in their clear statement of the reasons which make it probable that the necessity for afforestation work will be increasingly recognised by the larger corporations. For instance, Mr Margerison pointed out that an increasing body of expert opinion is in favour of reducing or diminishing agricultural operations on water-catchment areas. ‘This means a considerable loss of revenue to the community unless some other source of profit can be found. That afforestation is likely to be found desirable is further indicated by the fact that such areas are not infrequently, in the case of large towns, within reach of an industrial community where the demand for timber is likely to be great. Again, the actual effect of forest on the collection, conservation, and purity of the water-supply is of great import- ance. It may be said, in brief, that ‘forests cause an immense reduction in evaporation from the ground and reservoirs; they promote percolation and filtration through the ground to the shales and consequent water-springs; they reduce the surface- flow of the precipitated rain, and, by promotion of ground percolation towards the shales, promote an increase of spring- water, and at the same time conserve the flood-water and help to let it down more gradually to the reservoirs for times of scarcity; they prevent or reduce enormous quantities of silt being carried into the reservoirs; and lastly, the balance of evidence is in favour of the theory that they promote pre- cipitation of moisture” (2eport,' p. 18). The subject of municipal action was discussed by Alderman Burgess, of Liverpool, to a similar effect. On the other hand, Mr G. Trevelyan Lee, the Town-Clerk of Derby, pointed 1 In the Report a line has been omitted, but we are authorised to state that the sentence should read as above. —HOon. ED, THE AFFORESTATION CONFERENCE. 65 out that the smaller municipalities, and those which do not possess tracts of land which cannot be used for agricultural purposes, are in quite a different position, and that such municipalities could not undertake any form of afforestation whatever under existing conditions, that is, without some direct assistance from the State. The problem then, as it presents itself to municipalities, may be stated thus:—What kind of Government aid would enable those municipalities which have already begun afforestation on a small scale to extend their opera- tions, and would at the same time afford encouragement to the smaller bodies to make a beginning. Before outlining the chief suggestions put forward by representatives of local authorities, it may be well to note that the problem is considerably complicated by the fact that it is closely connected with the unemployed question—first, because afforestation has been strongly supported by some as one, among other, means of providing work for the “unemployed”; and second, because some of the larger municipalities, notably Leeds, have been making experiments in this direction. The Resort indicates a consensus of opinion that afforestation cannot be regarded as an immediate and radical cure for unemployment, and that the use of the unemployed for the purpose of planting, or even of clearing the land, is fraught with many difficulties. The following remarks by Councillor Ogden, Chairman of the Leeds Waterworks Com- mittee, appear to represent a considerable body of opinion :— “Tf afforestation is complicated by being associated with the necessity for finding employment for the unemployed, the prospects of a profit absolutely disappear” (Aefort, p. 42). A speech by Mr A. C. Forbes, Forestry Expert, Irish Department, states concisely the chief objections which have been found in practice to any considerable use of the un- employed in an afforestation scheme, and may be summarised as follows:—The first difficulty is in connection with the acquisi- tion of suitable land. Near large industrial centres, such land is not usually obtainable except at a heavy outlay, and if the land be at some distance from the town, the difficulties connected with transport are very great. If the men have to be accommodated on the spot, a very heavy expenditure for huts or sheds is incurred, in view of the short period during which these huts are likely to be utilised. Again, a large number of the unemployed are found to be casual labourers, VOL, XXI. PART I. E 66 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. unfitted alike by habit and physique for the laborious toil which forestry entails. Further, the need for temporary employment usually arises suddenly, and cannot be anticipated many weeks in advance, while forestry work is not of a kind which can be taken up and dropped at a moment’s notice, but entails anticipation by months. The absence of the necessary experience in the unemployed, and the fact that relief work is required at a period of the year when work in the open is unpleasant, were points also emphasised by Mr Elwes, who opposed the utilisation of the unemployed for forestry purposes, as did various other speakers. On the other hand, as was pointed out by Mr Thomas Shaw of Sheffield, a// large corporations are faced with the fact that reltef work has to be found not only for the unemployed, but also at certain seasons for members of the corporation staff, some of whom are thoroughly accustomed to open-air work, but for whom tt ts difficult to find sufficient employment during the winter season. As these men have to be employed, they are frequently put to stone-breaking or other useless work, which could be done much cheaper by other methods. Even, therefore, if tree-planting ts not directly profitable, it might be found that the loss tn it was much less than tn some other methods of relief, while there is always a possibility of ultimate profit. For thts reason, if for no other, tt would be worth while for the Government to encourage local authorities to undertake afforesta- tion work. Another point was emphasised by several speakers—granted that afforestation cannot be looked upon as an immediate and commercially profitable cure for unemployment, it is important not to forget its potential value in reducing the causes which lead to unemployment. It may be granted that to turn a large body of unselected men—who, for the most part, do not desire anything but temporary employment—out on a hillside to engage in forestry operations is to court disaster; but, on the other hand, as Mr A. C. Forbes pointed out, many of the difficulties can be avoided by “associating afforestation, not with the temporary provision of employment, but by attaching it to a carefully thought-out scheme of a more permanent and pro- gressive character” (Report, p. 48). Mr Forbes brought forward the suggestion previously made by Dr Schlich in a lecture delivered at the Carpenters’ Hall, that an effort should be made to build up a permanent staff on afforestation areas with THE AFFORESTATION CONFERENCE, 67 the casuals of large towns in such a way that the men might cease to be casuals, and would become permanent rural labourers. -Mr Margerison and others emphasised a similar point of view—that afforestation work in connection with unemployment must be regarded rather as educative than as immediately remedial, and that the men employed should be carefully selected as suitable for the purpose. Others, such as Alderman Burgess, emphasised also the possibility of minor rural industries springing up in the vicinity of the planted areas, and thus helping to retain*the population on the land. It may thus be said that the result of the Conference was to show that certain local authorities are already committed to forestry operations on a moderate scale, and that, in the opinion of many, it is desirable that this scale should be enlarged, on the one hand because of the possibility of ultimately producing woods which will form valuable commercial assets, and secondly, because of the need of attaching more of the popula- tion to the land, and therefore diminishing the number of casual unemployed who constitute so serious a charge on the authorities of the larger towns. We may now sum up the suggestions made as to the best methods of encouraging the work. Taking the more general points first, it may be noted that, as stated above, Mr John Burns favoured the establishment of a School of Forestry, and the giving of expert advice by the Government. Several speakers spoke of the need of some system whereby expert advice could be given to municipalities by a Government department, if possible free of charge. This was especially emphasised by Mr Parry, who spoke of the great importance of expert guidance ; by Alderman Sir Bosden Leech, who thought that schools of forestry or experimental farms should be established with the object of giving advice, especially in regard to plant diseases; by Councillor Ogden, who thought that careful statistics, based on British forestry, should be collected by the Board of Agriculture for the guidance of municipalities; and by Mr Richard Johnson, who thought that the Department of Woods and Forests should give advice on the subject to local authorities. Again, Sir J. Rolleston recommended that the effort to promote afforestation should be national rather than local, and urged that the Board of Agriculture should give a grant for the purpose of commencing operations; and Mr Trevelyan Lee 68 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. gave it as his opinion that if afforestation was left entirely to the municipalities, “ practically nothing will be done except in the case of large municipalities who at present own land which is not profitable” (Report, p. 44). On the other hand, the Com- missioner of Woods and Forests, Mr E. Stafford Howard, C.B., thought that municipalities should be encouraged to take action in the matter. The remaining speakers were in many cases representatives of municipalities already engaged in afforestation schemes, and we have to consider the detailed suggestions which they put forward as to the amount of Government assistance which they desired. Mr Margerison suggested that the Local Government Board should assist by an extension of the Leeds experiment, “by making annual grants on labour account to meet the expenditure of municipalities on the other costs of afforestation” (p. 19). Similar suggestions, that the Government should make grants. or that the special outlay in connection with the engagement of the unemployed in afforestation work should be defrayed by Government, were made by several speakers. Others, notably Mr Lees of Birmingham, spoke more in detail as to the diffi- culties which municipalities experience in regard to the question of the account to which the sums expended on afforestation should be charged. Mr Lees said: “ We have had calculations given as to the amount that may be anticipated after so many years—thirty or forty years,—but clearly no prudent accountant would venture to charge the interest and the sinking fund on the sums invested to any account but revenue account; and so, although the yield may come eventually, the effect upon our revenues for the time being, and during the period of growth, is an absolutely dead charge, and it is those who will come after us, if the crops turn out to be as successful as has been prognosticated, who will get not only the net profit, but the whole of the gross yield, because everything that has been spent in the meanwhile in the way of interest and maintenance charges must, under any prudent system of book-keeping, be debited straight away to revenue, and paid for out and out. One dare not suggest—it would be altogether too imprudent—that there should be any method of capitalising these charges, but in the absence of such method it seems to me inevitable that the prospect of providing for the future is entirely discounted by the necessity of heavy charges in the present. If afforestation is to be carried out to any large extent, that is an aspect of the THE AFFORESTATION CONFERENCE. 69 question that must be faced. While we are dealing with com- paratively small areas, such as those we have been speaking about, the afforestation is comparatively a small one, and does not hurt any of us, but if carried out to a large extent, the question will be a most important one” (Aeport, pp. 41, 42). Dealing with the same question, Councillor Ogden thought that, for the purpose of loans, afforestation should be deemed to be a sewage or waterwork’s question, and should be subject to the same rules. Mr Richard Johnson thought that the Local Government Board should not only give grants, but should also “lend money for a long term, and practically without interest, until the scheme became profit-bearing.” This would get over Mr Lees’ difficulty. Mr Trevelyan Lee gave it as his opinion that since in other departments, such as education, it was clearly understood that where the local bodies performed a function regarded as national, they should be assisted by the Government, so in respect of afforestation, as the profit would be national rather than local, the Government should bear the expense. Another point, emphasised especially by Mr Harmood-Banner, dealt with the question of rates. This speaker, along with some others, brought to notice the check to municipal effort given by the increased rates which are put on as soon as the local authority begins to develop land which has hitherto been waste. Mr Harmood-Banner proposed that municipalities “should be relieved from the payment of rates as regards those particular districts to which afforestation had been applied, as well as regards the sums which had been set aside for the Distress Committee” (p. 23). Other points which were emphasised by certain speakers concerned difficulties which municipalities have in acquiring powers to enclose common land for afforestation purposes, and as regards ground game, but these are for the most part minor points, less important as regards the general question of municipal and national work than those named above. FORESTRY AND THE UNEMPLOYED. In connection with the above, we may note that on 31st August the Zimes gave some account of the afforestation work carried on in Leeds by the unemployed during the past year. According to this account, which is based upon the report of the 7O TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Leeds Distress Committee, the following work was done in connection with the planting of Washburn Valley. The work lasted from 19th November 1906 to 8th June 1907, and 199 men were employed, the period of employment ranging from one day to sixteen weeks. The total number of trees planted was 953,500, fresh unskilled men planting from 200 to 300 trees per day, experienced men an average of 816 trees in one day. On Beecroft’s Moor 230,500 trees were planted, 3250 yards of wire netting fixed, and 4oo yards of drains opened; on Bray’s allotment 291,000 trees were planted, 3000 yards of wire netting fixed, and 400 yards of drains opened ; on Swinsty Moor 39,000 trees were planted, and at Gill Beck Nursery 393,000 seedlings were planted, 200 loads of stone dug, and 1700 square yards of road formed. Three hundred acres have been planted, leaving 550 acres to be dealt with. In a letter to the Zzmes, commenting on this report, published on 12th September 1907, Dr Schlich says :— “As I was the first to propose the afforestation of surplus lands as an auxiliary in dealing with the case of the unemployed, it is a source of great satisfaction to me that the Corporation of Leeds has been so successful in its afforestation work by means of the unemployed. My proposals have on several occasions been called unpractical, because first attempts, made more or less in the direction indicated by me, were not successful. But, then, Rome was not built in a day. The system of em- ploying these men requires a little development ; and I feel sure that a few years hence the initial difficulties will have been overcome, if an earnest attempt is made to do so. It is essential that there should be a small permanent staff of men on the area, the members of which will act as foremen when the unemployed come during the winter time, while they will find ample work during summer on nursery work. “TJ sincerely trust that the Corporation of Leeds will continue the experiment, and thus prove that the unemployed can be successfully utilised on a work which is likely to lead to tangible results, whereas this is not the case of so many other kinds of work done by them. “The price of timber has slowly but steadily risen since 1895, owing to the increasing difficulty of meeting demands; and there is little doubt, if any, that any surplus areas now planted will give quite satisfactory financial results, if the work is done systematically and in the right way.” A FOREST TRAMWAY. [2s 13. A Forest Tramway. (With Plate.) By FrebD. Moon. The wood roads, serving the principal wooded area on the Roxburghe Estates, being at all times bad and occasionally impassable, the question of how to improve them became imperative, in order that the annual fellings might be conveyed to the saw-mill at a reasonable cost. It was first decided to metal the existing rides, but as stones had to be hauled a distance of five miles, the cost for such a large undertaking promised to become prohibitive. The writer then suggested a forest tramway, and, after full consideration, this was sanctioned. A brief comparison of the two systems of metalled road and tramway is as follows :—A substantial metalled road for heavy traffic is expensive to make and maintain, especially when good stone cannot be got on the spot. The road is a permanent structure which can only command a limited area, and in the case of a wood road is only used periodically, and deteriorates during the periods of disuse. A light railway is less expensive to lay and maintain, requires less power to haul over, and, above all, is port- able, and commands a circular area with its own length as radius. SPECIFICATION AND Cost OF MATERIAL AND LABOUR. 1300 yds. light railway material, 24 ins. gauge, consisting of :— (1) 520 flat bottom steel rails, 14 lbs.’ per ydi; anise sections, complete with fish plates, bolts, and nue (2) 1300 single corrugated steel sleepers, 30 ins. long, 34 ins. wide x + in. thick, complete with their necessary bolts and nuts for laying 3 ft. apart, with rivetted clip for 14 lbs. flat bottom steel rails, with clutch bolts 4? ins. x $ in., and with nuts and washers. The above at per yard. of line, 25.0d., 4 : i : - 17S, Bye Two sets points, £3, - : 6 0 oO Four sets each of two bogies a deans screw brakes, swivel bolsters, chains, jacks, and all the necessary fittings complete, : : 54 16 0 1300 creosoted Scots intermediate sleepers, 3 ft. x 5 ins. x 14 ins., : : 3 TE 14" © Labour on laying track and tarring raiis, : 350010) 0 4286 5 0 or about 4s. 5d. per yard. 72 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The intermediate wood sleepers sawn out of tops were, on account of the soft nature of the ground, used to supplement the steel sleepers, with a view of easing the strain on the rails. The track was laid in the dead of winter, during the shortest days, and with snow and frost to contend with. Had it been possible to do this in summer, the labour bill would have been reduced by one-third, as the men are paid at the same rate in summer as in winter. The convenience, however, of doing the work at that season outweighed all other considerations, and the advance in the price of iron subsequent to purchase probably makes the difference more apparent than real. The bogies are hauled from the saw-mill to the felling area by horse. The cuts, mostly ro ft. and 18 ft., are hauled to the railway side, the heavier ones with their butts on a sledge and the lighter ones in the usual way. They are then loaded on to the bogies by skids, secured by chains and jacks, and returned to the saw-mill, one-third of the way by horse haulage and the remaining two-thirds down a declivity under control of the brakes and a rope. The two sets of points are in use, one at the felling area to form a spur, and the other at the foot of the declivity and near the saw-mill, as runaway points, to automatically switch the loaded bogies, in case of accident, into a sawdust heap, On the average, it costs 3s. per 1oo quarter-girth cubic feet to bring timber from the felling area to the saw-mill by tramway. ‘To cart the same quantity costs 6s. 3d. One horse alone cannot keep the mill supplied by cart haulage, but by tramway one horse can easily do this in three days of éach week. ‘This leaves the horse available for other jobs on the remaining three days, which, taken by itself, is a great economy and convenience, Prag, UX: A FOREST TRAMWAY-—HAULING. A FOREST TRAMWAY —APPLYING THE BRAKE, | To face page 72. CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 1/3 14. Continental Notes—France. By A. G. HoBART-HAMPDEN. For those who desire to know how Forestry is progressing in France, a perusal of the Revue des Eaux et Foréts is to be recommended. There is a constantly increasing number of forest societies in France, like the Society of ‘‘Franche Comté et Belfort” and the ‘Touring Club,” each no doubt with their own Magazine, or at least Transactions, but the Revue is the service magazine par excellence of the French Forest Department, and its contributors are the most likely to be “at the front of the march of ideas,” in the expressive French phrase, besides, probably, being more likely to have access to the official forest publications than the private forest owners and others who chiefly make up the other societies. In Germany, we believe, every national schoolboy learns something about forests, and now the French Minister of Public Instruction appears to be taking up the subject. It is a most encouraging sign that the French generally (apart from the State, which is, of course, a large forest proprietor) should be thus awaking to the importance of Forestry in France, as we are doing athome. There is plenty of scope, for M. Paul Descombes states that France has over 1534 million acres of uncultivated land, on which, as a rule, forestry would pay better than anything else. Like us, the French encounter difficulties, but often of a somewhat different kind. One of their aims is to get communes to afforest their waste lands, and there they meet with the apathy of the peasant population and also the active hostility of the grazing interest, whereas we are mostly concerned with private property ; and whatever the obstacles to the afforestation of private property, at least the owner is not, as a rule, hampered with the necessity of providing for the rights of other persons. Not but that it would, of course, be eminently satisfactory if the English Government were to become, as in other countries, a large forest owner. In the case of the present Crown forests, no doubt there often is, as in France and India and elsewhere, the irritating drawback of having to deal with rightholders, but in any additions that were made to the Govern- ment forests there would be as perfect freedom of action as in the case of private owners. All Continental nations, and some of our dependencies, make a good thing of their forests,—India 74 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. is beginning to look to its forests to in some sort make up for the loss of its salt and opium revenues. We, on the other hand, pay 430,000,000 (which to-morrow will be forty, and the day after fifty, millions) to outsiders—in many cases to potential enemies, who will use our money to build ironclads wherewith to threaten us. Not only do we pay all this for timber or timber products, but in doing so we leave in foreign countries the money spent in forest work and many forest industries, instead of keeping it within our own shores, and, incidentally, establishing colonies of wood-working people out in the country. It is said, “ Yes, but the Governments who make their forests pay have found their forests ready-established and already in bearing ; and where, we should like to know, are we to find the money to buy up land and grow our forests?” Well, there must be a beginning some time, and at least the Government could let itself off taxes. The shooting rents, too, would be a direct source of revenue. If the unemployed were put on the work, with a patient, but rigorous, thinning out of the un- employables, the labour would be found, for a certain pro- portion of this class is no doubt deserving. ‘This, we know, is an aspect of the matter which appeals to Government, quite apart from any question of finance. If ody they would put a tax on foreign wood, and with the proceeds form a fund for buying up waste lands and planting and working them, the money difficulty would disappear; but this is politics, and I suppose we must not enter on that here. There is a good deal that readers could skip in the Revue des Eaux et Koréts. As we are only concerned with the forest part, we could leave out the articles on fisheries, although these are not without importance. All the part directly concerned with the personnel of the French Forest Department will only interest those who have friends in that keen and enthusiastic service. There is much about forest law cases, which is perhaps rather boring,—moreover, we have no special forest law. Once indeed we had one, and of the severest, but it seems to have become merged in the common law. Were a really large Government forest domain to be formed a Forest Code might become a desideratum, and it might advantageously contain a section (as in the Indian Forest Code) allowing private owners to place their woodlands under its provisions. Finally, a glance at the Budget discussions, reported in the Revue, will generally suffice. CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 75 In this connection it is satisfactory to see that the Chamber of Deputies is alive to the great necessity of afforesting the catch- ment areas of the great rivers, and the late tremendous floods will, we think, do much to force this matter still further to the front. The afforestation of mountains was, unless I am mis- taken, begun in 1856, and several laws have been passed about it. British foresters desiring to see a really most interesting and magnificent work could scarcely do better than to visit some of the “ perimétres de reboisement” in the French Alps, and elsewhere in France. We do not, indeed, suffer much here from erosion on hill-sides or from the silting up of rivers (as in the case of the Loire, or the Volga in Russia), but floods are not unknown to us, and afforestation generally — more especially the rewooding of hills—vwill always be of direct interest to us. I suppose if the State were to launch out into a real forest policy it would be principally in the hills of Scot- land and Wales that the forests would be formed. Incidentally, I should like to mention that the French have an excellent plan of taking photographs, repeated at intervals of years, from fixed bench-marks, thus clearly showing the progress that has been made. This can be done, of course, not only with afforested hill-sides, but with forest operations generally, as, for example, at the period when an area has been just felled for, say, a seed- felling, and again five, ten, fifteen, etc., years after. The writer is himself doing this in Buckinghamshire, and looks forward to interesting results. The great difficulty is to get clear, sharp- cut pictures of forest growth; pretty pictures are easy enough, but that is not what one wants. One sees from the Revue that the stripping of oak bark has become as unremunerative in France as it has with us. M.M. Truchot and Mélard have articles on this subject. What has killed the industry in France is chiefly the importation of Spanish chestnut and Quebracho wood for working up into extract. One wonders, speaking without expert knowledge, why, if direct tanning from the bark is unsuitable, it should not do to make extract from oak bark. One would have thought that when there is a considerable fall of oak it would pay to send the bark to the extract factories. Surely the same machinery would do for dealing with the bark as with the imported materials. Of course rail charges in Britain are unusually high, and bark is bulky. In point of fact, where 76 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. there is plenty of room for storage and labour is cheap, tanners appear to prefer bark (of a good quality) to extract. At any rate that was the impression made on my mind when, a few years ago, I was on special duty in this connection at Cawnpore in India. Cawnpore is a large tanning centre, with several big tanneries, where some 60,000 tons of bark (nearly the whole being Babul bark, Acacta arabica) are annually used, and the country for a hundred miles along the railways is ransacked for this bark, for which about ts. 4d. to 1s. 6d. a maund (82 lbs.) is paid. M. Mélard thinks that the present depreciation of oak bark may not last; the chestnut forests are probably being destroyed, and as for Quebracho, that species is a native of the Argentine, where there does not appear to be forest protection, without which the largest forest area will in time be destroyed, and that far quicker than is generally realised. Moreover, Quebracho wood is suitable for sleepers, and the great development of the Argentine will connote a great extension of railways. Also the influx of immigrants will go far towards the destruction of the forests. There are, however, some slight compensations to be had for the fall in the sale of the oak bark. The tendency to grow oak as coppice will decrease, and it is a sin not to grow such a timber-tree as oak to large dimensions, and with long boles fit for beams, in high forest. Also the necessity for felling the tree only when the sap is rising disappears. M.M. Gallois and Buffault write on the difficulties of fire conservancy in the Maures et I’Estorel, in the south of France, where the fires are bad, the same difficulties applying to the pine forests of Gascony. They speak chiefly of the inertness of private proprietors in protecting their woods, which are mostly either cork-oak, or pine. The fact is the proprietors fear the expense of making fire-lines, and, when it is a case of completely clearing the lines of all trees, the direct loss. There is a law of 1893 which forbids fires being lit within 200 metres of the woods during the summer; permits a proprietor to make a border fire-line, cleared of all brushwood and all resinous trees, and then to force his neighbour to do the same; obliges all railways which traverse a wood to keep up similar cleared lines ; and grants a certain subvention for constructing roads across the woods. In Britain, most fortunately, we are not greatly troubled with fire, but danger sometimes occurs from burning CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 77 heather on the borders of a wood, and also from railway engine sparks. In the former case, a relatively narrow line along the edge of the heath should generally suffice for protection, except, perhaps, in the case of species like Scots pine. The upkeep of a broad cleared line in such a case would be expensive, and it would probably be wise to thin the pine and underplant the strip with Spanish chestnut, or to completely substitute an edging of broad-leaved trees for the pine. M. Gallois is against the complete clearance of all resinous trees from lines bordering pure resinous woods. To say nothing of the loss of the land thus put out of forest cultivation, the upkeep of such a line—always liable to become again covered with inflam- mable brushwood—is very onerous. He quotes the method adopted in the Prussian State Forests where railways traverse pine forests, and as we believe a Bill to deal with this matter is shortly to be brought before Parliament, perhaps it may be useful to consider it. The plan is to clear the trees for 17} metres (about 58 feet) from the rails, while for 13 metres (say 40 feet) they thin and prune the lower branches of the pines and remove the undergrowth. In reality, though M. Gallois does not mention it, we believe there is in addition, at a little distance, a path or road parallel to the railway, and also transverse paths. Forstmeister Dr Kienitz,! proposes to clear of trees 12 to 15 metres only, cutting this belt across with alleys and ditches, and to thin and prune the trees, and clear the ground of brushwood, for another 18 metres. This, says M. Gallois, may suffice to catch the stray sparks of a railway engine, but the protection- belt should be 180 to 200 feet wide where a real automatic fire- line, to keep fire out, is wanted. One wishes it were possible in our Indian forests to rely on a row of spark-catching trees, and to save the loss of completely cleared lines, but, unfortunately, most trees there, including the pines, drop their leaves in the hot weather, thus completely covering with very inflammable material any lines burnt under the shade of trees. It may interest readers to know that they use telephones to connect the Forest Officers’ houses with the Forest Guards’ lodges in the south of France, and this, too, is done in the Forest of Dean. M. De Gail writes of the progress of the insect invasion of the fir forests in the Vosges, near Gérardmer. The insects are 1 See Vol. XVII. p. 198.—Hon. Eb. 78 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Bostrychus typographus, B. chalcographus and B. curvidens, and one of the Pissodes. The invasion, which has been something intense, appears happily to be passing away. The damage of 1904 was the worst, but the number of trees which had to be felled by reason of the attack of the first two of the above-mentioned insects is alone given, viz., 14,603. In tg05—for all the insects—15,701 trees were felled, while in 1906 only 4433 trees were attacked. M. Hickel has a note to the effect that the approach of a good beech-mast year can be foreseen in the preceding autumn from the occurrence of swelled buds destined to bear fruit. These are some 8 millimetres in diameter, whereas the leaf-buds are only 3 or 4 millimetres thick; the former are generally shorter and always more obtuse, besides being thicker. Mathieu, the celebrated botanist, mentions this, and it is probably well known already to many. ‘The following interesting quotation, from Mathieu, is also given by M. Hickel concerning these flower-buds: ‘Their abundance, their rarity, or their complete lack determines, nearly certainly, from the month of August the kind of mast of the following year. ‘Thus the irregularity in the fructification of this species cannot be explained by the action of spring frosts alone. It is evident that the temperature of the year in which the buds are formed plays a preponderating part in the fructification.” M. Hickel adds that, although a good acorn year cannot be prognosticated in a similar way, yet the fact that good beech and oak mast years have a way of coinciding renders it possible to tell to some extent when a good acorn year may be hoped for. M. Emile Mer gives the results—in a number of tables and in a variety of ways—of the comparison of two nearly similarly situated plots of hornbeam coppice, the one thinned of its small shoots and the other unthinned. The thinning was made in 1891, but for certain reasons it was not possible to begin the measurements till ten years later. ‘They were accordingly made in rgo1 and 1906, and M. Mer shows that as a rule the coppice- shoots grew the more in diameter and height as there were fewer shoots on the stool; and that (in the case in point) the maximum volume and maximum value were attained with stools having four shoots. The figure would, of course, differ according to species and other factors, and the actual value of thinning an oak coppice would be less than thinning a coppice of a species which stands CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE, 79 shade, since the weaker shoots would, in the former case, die off of themselves. In the case of the hornbeam the figures very definitely showed that the operation resulted, not only in pro- ducing better ¢divzdual stool-shoots, but also that the volume, and, more still, the value, of the thinned //o¢ was the greater. M. Berthon complains that the rules in vogue for dealing with Selection-worked forests of spruce and silver fir are the same for the two species, and consist in seeking regeneration by more or less evenly thinning the wood throughout. Though this produces silver fir seedlings it does not result in spruce regenera- tion till several repetitions of the operation have sufficiently opened the cover, while in the meantime the stems remaining have suffered through not being retained in close crop, which is essential for spruce. Consequently he suggests that re- generation fellings for spruce should be made in gaps, the remainder of the crop being only lightly thinned where there is actual congestion. The soil should be wounded in these gaps. This sounds rational, and it seems to show that the French are beginning to see the beauties of the Group system, a system of which, at anyrate twenty-five years ago, one never heard in France. I think this system will more and more come to the front, for broad-leaved species as well as conifers. The one danger, for conifers in the hills, is wind, but probably if the gaps are sufficiently far apart, and not too pronounced, there need be no fear. Then one of the worst drawbacks of the Selection method, viz., the necessity for felling trees on the top of smaller ones, will disappear, and the irregularity of growth found in selection-grown timber will also disappear. With the Group method one is not tied down to a fixed and restricted coupe, but, working over a relatively larger area, one can seek out spots showing the first signs of young growth, and there remove the overhead crop. For species difficult to regenerate the Group method has much to recommend it. Broadly speak- ing, it enables one to follow the young growth (for there are nearly always some signs of it to be met with somewhere throughout the length and breadth of a wood), instead of making holes in the canopy to produce a problematical one. The Algerian forests appear to be doing well. I believe that the French have had much trouble there in the past, and can well imagine that some of their methods have not been under- stood by the indigenous population: forest administration on 80 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. correct lines is something altogether beyond the native mind. However, they seem to be doing well now. Whereas before 1898 the annual revenue was less than £40,000, it was well over £120,000 in 1904, and for 1905 the Budget estimate was nearly £177,000. But new avenues appear also to be opening out, as, for example, in the direction of resin-tapping. It is estimated that there are in Algeria at least 20,000,000 pine trees (Pin ad’ Alep) capable of producing annually £240,000 gross revenue. Incidentally the writer of the article mentions the Pin de Masson, in Tonquin, as a suitable tree for tapping. The world’s demand for resin and turpentine has certainly greatly expanded of late, so this seems a promising direction for forest enterprise ; but it should be remembered, as is perhaps not always sufficiently done, that although resin-tapping does not seem to adversely affect the quality of the wood, the timber, as used for planks or scantlings, is of course damaged at the points where the tapping has actually occurred. To tap a tree shortly before felling does not matter perhaps, for the wounds are only made in the sapwood, but tapping at intervals through- out the life of a tree must damage the timber permanently. It is interesting to note that 20,000 cubic metres of cedar (C. atlantica I suppose) is to be put on the market. It appears that during the five years, 1902 to rg06, the Algerian Forest Department has built 176 forest lodges (mostly for sub- ordinates, no doubt), made 3910 kilometres of roads and 2000 kilometres of fire-lines, besides reforesting 5000 acres and stripping 600,000 cork-oaks. A good record! Reference has been made previously to the increase of interest among landowners in connection with French Forestry matters, but an article by M. Pardé, quoting M. Ména, Conservator at Troyes, shows that this is not altogether a new thing, for since about 1860 a number of private persons, acting independently, and entirely without extraneous assistance, have been afforesting waste lands in the department of the Aube, in a very extensive manner. ‘The Aube is watered by the Seine and several of its tributaries. Here and there—almost throughout the region— this work has been going on, and in particular in one chalk region, with very thin soil, some 30,000 to 40,000 acres have been planted, chiefly with Scots pine. Most unfortunately, these patriotic gentlemen appear not to have taken expert advice, and this pine has proved to be most unsuited to the CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 81 locality, and, having very little vitality, it has succumbed to the Lasicampa pint and other troubles, At the same time, it has regenerated itself very vigorously, At some few places they . have used the Austrian pine, with very good results, but inas- much as there is a prejudice against this pine, it being supposed, quite wrongly as some think, to be little good and almost unsaleable, its extended use has not caught on. As a small plant it suffers much from the rabbit, but when it has reached 14 foot high its thick lower branches save it from this pest. This is explained by the fact that it has been planted as much as 2 metres apart. With all the drawbacks to such wide planting, there is just this to be said, that as the layer of soil is so thin the roots have sought their nourishment laterally, and so have given vigour to the plants. It is most interesting to find, in quite a different article by M. Pardé, that the: Austrian pine has elsewhere again come to the rescue. M. Pardé found it used at a place in Austria, where every sort of difficulty had to be encountered—a limestone rock with scarcely any soil, but many stones, a short rainfall, but heavy snow, bad frosts, and especially late ones, and finally, the ‘“ Bora,” a violent N.E. wind, which dries the surface. Yet the pine was growing well, and at 26 to 28 years had begun to seed well. Normally this species only seeds well after 30 years, and earlier seeding is not perhaps a good sign. As to the perishing Scots pines in the Aube, they, too, have been indirectly valuable, for the population uses them as firewood. Had this source of supply not been available the peasants would have fallen back on cowdung cakes, after the manner of the Indian yor. M. Schlumberger enters once more on the old, old quarrel as to the respective merits of the Selection Method and that known as Shelterwood Compartment, or Uniform, or Successive fellings. In the course of this article he declares his adherence to possi- bility by area, instead of possibility by volume, in agreement with so many others nowadays. It would, however, be too lengthy a business to enter here on a consideration of these vexed questions. M. Huffel calls attention to an ingenious invention by Friedrich, the well-known Director of the Research Station at Mariabrunn, in Austria. This is called the “Grimpeur,” and by its means the tallest trees are safely climbed. It would be useful for measuring diameters at different heights for exact VOL. XXI. PART I. F 82 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. dendrometric purposes, or no doubt for pruning very high branches, etc. It is described as consisting of two pieces, 1} metres long, sliding along one another. Each piece has a sort of seat at its top, with a strong, but flexible, steel ribbon fixed at one end to it, the other end being free to be passed round the tree and then fastened to the seat, holding very securely to the tree. After the apparatus has been placed against the tree and attached to it, the second piece is pulled up its full length by a special, easily worked, contrivance, and is then fixed by its steel ribbon to the bole. The first piece is then unfastened and pulled up, and so on. It is claimed that a man can work himself up, without labour, 30 feet in five minutes. There is also a notice of the American method of felling trees by electricity and a platinum wire, which is said to burn its way through a tree, with scarcely any smoke, as easily as a knife cuts through butter. If this is really so it seems a most useful invention. Attention is drawn to a Circular of the Prussian Government, which has been so struck with the success of the Douglas fir that it intends to extend its cultivation largely in that kingdom. The Revue often has interesting reviews of forest publications —not only French forest works. For example, we find a long account of Professor Graves’ (Yale) new book on Forest Mensuration. Of French books that have appeared lately, probably the most important is M. Huffel’s Economie Soresttére, in three volumes. This book is probably destined to become a classic. FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT THE LINCOLN SHOW, 83 15.:Notes on the Forestry Exhibition at the Lincoln Show of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, held June 25th to 29th, 1907. By A CORRESPONDENT, This section was organised by the Royal Agricultural Society in conjunction with the Royal English Arboricultural Society, Mr George Marshall, Mr A. T. Gillanders, and Mr W. B. Havelock being responsible. This is the fourth time that such an exhibition has been held, and there can be no doubt that it was the largest, the most interesting and best educational display of British Forestry ever seen in England. It was decided by the Royal Agricultural Society to offer this year special medals for boards, gates, creosoted fencing, examples of damage by insects, squirrels, voles, of abnormal growths, etc., in addition to the usual Exhibition classes of previous years. The result was most satisfactory, as there were numerous entries in nearly every class, hailing from Northumberland in the north to Kent and Wiltshire in the south. The success of the Exhibition was largely due to the interest displayed in it by the President, the Earl of Yarborough, who contributed largely from his Lincolnshire estates. The following is a list of the principal awards in the competition classes :— Ciass I.—Specimens of Oak, Elm, and Ash Timber grown in Great Britain and Ireland, two boards, 6 feet long, of each. (5 entries.) Silver Medal: The Duke of Wellington, Strathfield Saye. Bronze Medal: The Marquis of Exeter, Burghley House. Flighly Commended: The Earl of Yarborough, Brocklesby Park. These boards were very good indeed, particularly the English Elm. Cuass II.—Boards of Larch, Spruce, and Scots Pine, (4 entries.) Silver Medal: The Earl of Carnarvon, High Clere Castle. Bronze Medal: The Earl of Yarborough. The Larch and 84 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Scots Pine shown by Lord Carnarvon were perfect specimens of what such timber should be; the Spruce was rather knotty, but sound and white. Crass III.—Boards of any other sorts of Hardwood or Broad-leaved Timber. (3 entries.) Silver Medal: The Earl of Yarborough, who showed beautiful boards of Spanish Chestnut, Wych Elm, Sycamore, Hornbeam, Lime, Acacia, Walnut, Scarlet Oak, Beech and Plane. The Lime, Scarlet Oak, Walnut and Hornbeam were especially good. Commended: The Duke of Wellington, who sent Beech, Sycamore and Spanish Chestnut. Crass IV.—Boards of any other Coniferous Timber. (2 entries.) Silver Medal: The Earl of Yarborough, who showed 7 kinds, including very fine Cedar of Lebanon and Douglas Fir. Bronze Medal: The Earl of Carnarvon, who sent Weymouth Pine, Silver Fir, and very fine Corsican Pine, 2 feet wide. Ciass V.—Specimens of Insect Pests injurious to Forest Trees. (4 entries.) Silver Medal: South-Eastern Agricultural College, Kent. This was really a museum in miniature, and well deserved the first place, but no forester could be expected to compete with the resources at the disposal of a college. Bronze Medal: Mr A. T. Gillanders, Alnwick Park. Great credit is due to Mr Gillanders for this valuable exhibit. Commended: The Earl of Yarborough. Damage by Tortrix Moth (Zortrix buoliana) to Scots, Austrian and Corsican Pines, with specimens of the insect in its three stages. Cxiass VI.—Specimens showing comparative Quality of Larch Timber grown on different Soils and Situations. (1 entry.) Silver Medal: Lord Burton, Burton-on-Trent, who was the only exhibitor. The difference in quality of timber from various soils was well marked. Class VII.—Specimens showing comparative Quality of any Timber—other than Larch—grown on different Soils and Situations. (No entry.) FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT THE LINCOLN SHOW. 85 Ciass VIII.—Specimens of pruning Forest Trees. (3 entries.) Silver Medal; The Duke of Northumberland. Commended: Sir Montague A. R. Cholmeley, Bart. There were only three entries in this class, and, though interesting, they were not worthy of special mention. Crass IX.—Specimens of Stems illustrating the effects of Dense and Thin Crops in Branch Suppression and Quality of the Timber. (4 entries.) Silver Medal: The Marquis of Exeter. Highly Commended: The Earl of Yarborough. Commended: The Duke of Northum- berland. This was one of the most useful sections of the show, especially to persons interested in the growing of first- rate timber. The methods of the exhibitors varied, and it would be as well on a future occasion if some definite system could be decided upon. It is obviously difficult to show trees as they grow in a forest, as was done by the winner of the medal, who sent Ash and Larch trees 45 feet long. Lord Yarborough’s exhibit comprised stems 6 feet long, and boards cut therefrom, of Austrian, Scots and Corsican Pines, Larch, Douglas, Silver and Spruce Firs: and the difference between clean and coarse timber was well marked. The Duke of Northumberland sent Scots Pine and Spruce, in 4 feet lengths, from thin and dense crops, accompanied by valuable ex- planatory notes as to the number of trees per acre in each case, also the volume per acre from an unthinned crop 45 years old. Cass X.—Examples of the Damage done by Squirrels, Voles, etc., and Abnormal Growths. (2 entries.) Silver Medal: The Earl of Yarborough. This exhibit may be said to be unique, containing as it did specimens of fifteen kinds of Witches’ Brooms, several of which have never been recorded before, and thirteen kinds of Burrs. Many of the former, such as the broom on the elder, oak, and chestnut, are very rare. The burrs also were remarkable, especially the polished specimens from the oak and English elm. Trees and tree-tops of several kinds damaged by voles and squirrels were also included, and a curious root-growth on the trunk of a beech, following damage done by fire to the bark. 86 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ciass XI.—Gate for Farm or Estate Use, manufactured from Oak Timber, to be hung and shown in working order with fastening, unpainted. Prices, including the posts and ironwork, were attached to each gate, and are here given. (5 entries.) Silver Medal: The Earl of Yarborough, 41s. tod. Bronze Medal: The Marquis of Exeter, 34s. Highly Commended: Sir A. R. Cholmeley, Bart., 35s. Commended: The Earl Fitz- william, 41s. The first prize gate was fitted—as were all Lord Yarborough’s gates—with wooden swing-fasteners and wooden catches, and hung on good oak posts; the ironwork was simple, the top-band clasping the top bar 18 inches, and the top crook reaching through the post with a nut at the back. If all persons who are responsible for the gates on estates had themselves to open them on horseback, there would soon be an end to all the various sorts of iron spring-fasteners so much in vogue. No fastener is so easily adjusted, and*so easy to open on horseback, as the swing wooden ones so generally used in parts of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. The Marquis of Exeter also showed a gate made of riven oak, which attracted much attention. Crass XII.—Farm Gate made from any other Home-grown Wood, unpainted. (6 entries.) Silver Medal: The Earl of Yarborough, Larch gate hung on creosoted Spruce posts, 24s. 9d. Bronze Medal: The Marquis of Exeter, Larch gate, 36s. Aighly Commended: The Earl of Carnarvon, Larch gate, 28s. The first prize gate was similar in design and fittings to the gate in the previous class, but a special feature was the creosoted spruce posts, which reduced the cost of the exhibit considerably, as well as showing the utilisation of comparatively worthless timber. The larch of which Lord Carnarvon’s gate was made was of extra good quality, and without a knot. Some judges would have given it the second place. Crass XIII.—Wicket or Hunting Gate, self-closing, made of Home-grown Timber, to be hung and shown in working order, unpainted. (5 entries.) Silver Medal: The Earl of Yarborough, Spanish Chestnut gate on Oak posts, 24s. 6d. Highly Commended: The Marquis aoe FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT THE LINCOLN SHOW. 87 of Exeter, Larch gate, 29s.; the Duke of Wellington, Folding Hunting gate, 20s. (excluding posts). Commended: The Earl Fitzwilliam, Larch gate on Oak posts, 30s. 6d. The folding hunting gate shown by the Duke of Wellington was so arranged that the upper half, on drawing a handle, falls down against the lower part, and though forming no obstacle to huntsmen, the remaining half is sufficiently high to prevent rabbits getting into enclosed young plantations. It is a very ingenious arrange- ment, but rather too complicated to be serviceable. Mr W. Forbes, Shotwick Park, exhibited a so-called Hingeless Gate, 16s. 6d., but as a matter of fact it had hinges of a sort. The bottom of the back-head works on a coarse-threaded worm, which lifts up the gate as it opens, and the weight of the descending gate closes it again. It has a lift-up catch, which a rider would find rather difficult to open. Crass XIV.—Specimens of Home-grown Timber suitable for Estate purposes, manufactured or otherwise, showing the advantage of applying Creosote or any other preservative. (2 entries.) Siluer Medal: The Earl of Yarborough, who showed eight kinds of creosoted fencing used on the Brocklesby Park Estate, also creosoted Spruce gate-posts, and creosoted Larch and Oak poles with branches g inches long left on for climbing plants. The last-named were shown with roses in full bloom and other climbing plants trained to them, and were most effective. If the posts are allowed to dry for a time before using, no harm is done to the plants by the creosote, and the life of the post is trebled. Lord Fitzwilliam, the only other exhibitor, showed some creosoted fencing made of Scots Pine. ARTICLES FOR EXHIBITION ONLY. Mr Fraser Story, of the University College of North Wales, Bangor, had a large exhibit, comprising planks, boards, and transverse sections of Larch, Douglas Fir, and Zhuza gigantea: hand-specimens of sixty different species of European woods, abnormal growths, damage done by squirrels to larch and birch, photographs demonstrating Continental forestry, specimens of damage done by various insects and diseases, etc., etc. Included was a large well-hearted plank of Douglas Fir, 2 feet across, showing rapid growth but coarse quality. It was 88 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. grown on the Earl of Powis’s estate, in a very thin wood, at an elevation of 1000 feet. The Earl of Yarborough showed a splendid collection of boards 7 feet long, of 80 different species, grown on his estates, with photo-micrographs of transverse sections, at a magnification of ro diameters, showing structure of the timbers. These were much admired, as such a collection from one estate had not been attempted at any previous Exhibition. Also hand- specimens of 167 different species of home-grown woods, all polished and labelled; 49 photographs of the Brocklesby Woods, illustrating the evolution of forestry from the nurseries through the woods, and back to the creosoting plant; lists of trees planted during the past 121 years, amounting to a total of 23,828,316 trees; particulars and specimens of different tests, showing absorption of creosote oil by 27 and 56 kinds respectively, of home-grown woods, in the round and in scantling, and the loss of weight in seasoning. Also samples of creosoted and uncreosoted fencing, which had been in use II years, on sandy, clayey, and chalky soils, demonstrating the remarkable preservative effect of creosote on Spruce and other low-priced timbers. This part of the exhibit was most valuable to all owners of woods, demonstrating as it did the practicability of using at home for estate purposes all immature and rough timber, and selling only the best kinds. Included were also cast-iron date-pillars for young plantations ; galvanised number nails for driving into timbers, to fix the date of creosoting or erection ; a selection of forestry tools, etc. Messrs Wm. Barron & Son, Elvaston Nurseries, had on view one of their tree-transplanting machines, which are now so well known. Mr W. Forbes, of Shotwick Park, exhibited a timber book, timber table, .etc., which are useful to foresters. Messrs Richardson & Son, of Stamford, sent 13 fine photo- graphs (framed in brown oak) of some noted oak trees which they had sold, and the recorded prices of the same; and also a superb piece of brown oak veneer, highly polished, showing the grain of the timber to perfection. A very interesting exhibit, to the younger generation, was that of Messrs John Wisden & Co., London, showing six stages of the cricket bat, from the rough willow-timber to the finished article. FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT THE LINCOLN SHOW. 89 A collection of Willows, etc., suitable for basket-making, was sent by Sir Montague A. R. Cholmeley, Bart. Mr Geo. Marshall exhibited specimens of common and Japanese Larches, which made out that the latter grew the quicker in its earlier stages. Adjoining the Exhibition, several of our leading nurserymen had large spaces planted with’ conifers and ornamental trees and shrubs. There has seldom been seen at any Show a wider variety of plants, more tasteful grouping, and more striking and beautiful foliage. The chief exhibitors were Messrs Little & Ballantyne, Carlisle; Messrs Fisher, Son & Sibray, Ltd., Sheffield; Messrs James Backhouse & Son, Ltd., York; Messrs Kent & Brydon, Darlington; and Messrs Pennell and Sons, Lincoln. It need only be added that the Exhibition was worthy of the place and the occasion, and should awaken a greater interest in the cause of British Forestry. Thousands visited this Section during the five days, and evinced an uncommon appreciation of it. Professor Somerville, of Oxford University, acted as judge, and his decisions were received with practical unanimity. 90 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 16. Report on the Forestry Exhibition held in the Highland and Agricultural Society's Showyard, Prestonfield, Edinburgh, 9th-12th July 1907. By A CORRESPONDENT. The Society’s seventh Annual Exhibition of Forestry, which was this year held in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Showyard at Prestonfield, may be fairly claimed to have been the best of its kind that has yet taken place. There were altogether 19 competitions for which prizes were offered, and, in addition, the usual invitation was extended to members and others to send articles for Exhibition only. In the competitive department there was only one section in which there was no entry ; in eight there was only one entry; but in all the others there were several entries. The Directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society, as in previous years, kindly voted the sum of £20 for prizes to be awarded for home-grown timber, and the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society offered a large number of medals as prizes in the other competitions, besides authorising the Judges to recommend medals or other awards for interesting exhibits not sent for competition. The prizes offered for timber were distributed over 4 competitions, in which there were 16 entries. The competitors were the Duke of Roxburghe, the Earl of Mansfield, Captain Stirling of Keir, Mr J. A. Stirling of Kippendavie, Mr Bryce Allan of Aros, Sir Duncan E. Hay, Bart. of Smithfield and Haystoun, and Mr H. J. Younger of Benmore. The timber exhibited in all the competitions was exceptionally good, and was generally admitted to have been the best yet shown at any of the Exhibitions. The Scots pine, larch and spruce planks that were awarded the first prize in the first competition were unique in quality and dimensions, but all the lots were of a very high standard. ‘The second competition, which was for planks of three coniferous timber-trees other than those in Competition L., embraced planks of silver fir, Menzies spruce and Douglas spruce from Scone, and of Adzes nobilis, Abies amabilis and Pinus insignis from Benmore. All the boards were fine specimens, but those in the second lot were specially attractive on account of their novelty. In the third competition for ash, oak and elm, the oak in the lots which were awarded the first and second prizes was FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT EDINBURGH. gt very fine. The feature of Competition IV., which embraced the other hardwood timbers, was the excellence of the beech in the lot which obtained the first prize, while the birch in the lot which was placed third was unusually good. In the competition for specimens of the fruits of trees, a very interesting collection of mounted specimens was sent by Mr John Patten, jun., Hulne Park, Alnwick. Mr Fred Moon, Forester to the Duke of Roxburghe, sent an instructive exhibit of the damage done by the pine saw-fly, an unusual feature of the exhibit being the live specimens at work. The Duke of Roxburghe, the Earl of Mansfield, and Captain Stirling of Keir sent farm gates; and Mr Fothringham of Murthly, the Duke of Roxburghe, Mr Alex. Pollock, Tarbolton, and the Earl of Mansfield sent self-closing wicket gates manufactured from home-grown timber. ‘The first prizes in these competitions were awarded to the Karl of Mansfield, both of whose gates were much admired, though it was generally remarked that the cost indicated upon them appeared to be too moderate. Mr Fothringham’s wicket gate had also many admirers. Mr Alex. Pollock exhibited along with his wicket gate a full sized section of a rustic fence made from larch thinnings. In the competition for specimens showing the comparative quality of larch timber grown on different soils and situations, and the respective ages at which it reached marketable size and maturity, interesting specimens were sent by Captain Stirling of Keir and the Duke of Roxburghe. The latter also sent similar specimens of Scots pine, ash and spruce, which were well set up for inspection. The specimens of larch exhibited by Captain Stirling showed remarkable growth. In the competition for specimens illustrating the beneficial effects of pruning when well done and its injurious effects when badly done, the Duke of Northumberland’s exhibits were exceed- ingly well chosen, well labelled with descriptive accounts, and attracted a great deal of attention. The Duke of Roxburghe and the Duke of Northumberland were also competitors with stems illustrating the effects of dense and of thin crops in branch suppression and quality of timber. The Duke of Roxburghe’s specimens consisted of two samples of spruce, one with foliage down to the ground and the other showing a long clean stem. The Duke of Northumberland’s exhibit included a specimen of Scots pine, taken from a wood 92 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISHZARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. planted 4 feet apart, showing side branches much developed, which would be expected to produce knotty timber like a sample exhibited; and a similar tree taken from a plantation where the plants had been put in 3 feet apart, showing side branches with small development, which would be expected to yield in course of time clean timber similar to a board exhibited. These two specimens were further illustrated by diagrams of cross sections showing the strong branches projecting a long way into the timber from the centre in the one case and a very short distance in the other. Examples of the damage caused by too heavy thinning were also exhibited in this section by the Duke of Northumberland. Mr Alex. Pollock, Tarbolton, sent a set of rustic chairs made from small oak-wood grown on the banks of the Ayr, and the Earl of Mansfield an interesting exhibit of turnery, which was entered under the competition for the best methods of utilising home-grown small wood. Both exhibitors, however, omitted to send samples of the round wood from which the exhibits were manufactured.—Mr Alex. Murray, Forester, Murthly, showed a collection of fungi injurious to forest trees and shrubs; while the Duke of Roxburghe sent samples of young trees damaged by squirrels and voles, with stuffed specimens of these pests.—The photographs of a forest tramway exhibited by the Duke of Roxburghe, which were accompanied by a descriptive report, were very interesting and instructive to practical foresters, wood merchants and others connected with the transport of timber.— In the general competition for any approved article either wholly or mainly made of wood, Mr Willian Sinton, jun., exhibited a neat plant-tub made from Jed Forest oak, and Mr Alex. Pollock a rustic seat made from home-grown oak. In the non-competitive section of the Exhibition, Dr Borthwick, the Society’s Honorary Cryptogamist, had an extensive collection of twigs and cones of conifers; and he also exhibited three newly-discovered fungi, of which he was kind enough to give an account at the General Meeting of the Society. (See note in the Proceedings of the General Meeting.)—The Society’s collection of sections of British timber and photo-micrograph slides were again on view; and Mr James A. Weale, timber merchant, Liverpool, was kind enough to lend the _ photo- micrographs which were exhibited at Peebles last year, and were then awarded the Society’s gold medal. Mr Weale’s FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT EDINBURGH, 93 collection this year included several new photographs.—Captain Stirling of Keir exhibited three large photographs of historical trees.—Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., sent plants from his nursery at Novar, showing the good effects of transplanting when well done and the bad effects when badly done.—Mr James R. Barton, factor, 61 Frederick Street, Edinburgh, exhibited, in a neat case, specimens of the pine saw-fly and of the willow-moth in their various stages, along with the parts of the Scots pine and willow damaged.—Mr Alex. Murray, forester, Murthly, sent a very fine collection of 167 different varieties of tree-seeds well displayed for exhibition, with a descriptive report as to the best methods of collection and extraction.—Messrs Dicksons & Co., nurserymen, Edinburgh, exhibited a valuable set of tools used in forestry, a collection of cones, and a large number of transverse and longitudinal sections of timber of the principal forest trees illustrating the appearance of the wood.—The Earl of Mansfield had on view a large number of very fine planks of both coniferous and hardwood timbers, and also cross sections of various conifers grown on his estates, suitably labelled with particulars as to the age, volume per acre, and rate of growth. He also sent a set of tools and implements used in forestry operations, and a hunting wicket-gate made of split oak.— Mr Gillanders, forester to the Duke of Northumberland, had an instructive exhibit of turf and soil illustrating the advantages of pasturing woodland or waste land by stock previous to planting. The turf was in two divisions, one showing the rough heather previous to being pastured, and the other the grass from which the heather has almost disappeared after having been pastured for two years. He also sent a number of cases containing insects injurious to forest trees, with samples of the damage caused by them. A feature of this collection was the excellent way in which the specimens were labelled and described.—Lady Fowler, Inverbroom, Garve, sent a portion of a log of beech timber removed from the foundations of the choir of Winchester Cathedral in 1907, during the process of underpinning and the insertion of a new sub-foundation, rendered necessary in con- sequence of the subsidence of the structure. The logs were found to be laid horizontally and not driven as piles, at a depth of about 12 feet in a bed of chalky marl, fully charged with water, and overlying a peat-bed some few feet below. The logs were supporting the foundations of the main walls and piers of 94 ‘TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the structure erected by Godfrey de Lucy (bishop, 1189-1204) in the reign of King John, and must therefore have been in position some seven hundred years. A framed plan of the foundations of the choir was also on view.—Mr John Methven, Edinburgh, showed a small piece of oak taken from the stern- post of H.M.S. “ Victory,” and a small piece of Scots pine taken from Ballochbuie forest—Mr Adam Spiers, timber merchant, Edinburgh, exhibited a remarkably fine plank of brown oak from the old Caledonian Forest, Dalkeith; a white beam of unusual size; a plank of sycamore of excellent quality ; a very large plank of beech; a plank of Siberian larch; and a large larch tree grown on Yester estate, containing over roo cubic feet of timber, and r1o years old.—Messrs Mackenzie and Moncur, Ltd., exhibited a plank of larch imported from Northern Russia, which was much admired. This timber is now being experimented with as a substitute for red wood in hothouse building—Mr David W. Thomson, nurseryman, Edinburgh, was good enough to send the fine collection of ornamental trees and shrubs which decorated the Society’s enclosure. The Exhibition attracted a large number of visitors each day, and on the Thursday afternoon the Society was honoured by a visit to the Exhibition from H.R.H. the Prince of Wales and his suite, including the Duke of Buccleuch, Lord Tullibardine, Lord Rosebery, Lord Lovat, and other members of the Society. Mr John Methven, who had been presented on the previous day, received His Royal Highness, and presented the secretary, Mr Robert Galloway, S.S.C., who had the honour of explaining the principal exhibits to the Prince. His Royal Highness showed great interest in all the objects brought under his notice, and expressed himself as much pleased with what he had seen. Mr Methven thanked the Prince for his visit. The thanks of the Society are due to Messrs Broom, Crozier, and Macbean, the judges, for the expeditious and satisfactory manner in which they carried out their difficult duties, and to the committee for the trouble taken by them in connection with the arrangements. Special thanks are due to Mr M‘Hattie, convener of the committee, for providing the attendants, and to Mr Spiers, who was present not only during the whole of the Exhibition, but also before it opened and after it closed, in connection with the staging and removal of the exhibits. THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL EXCURSION. 95 17. The Thirtieth Annual Excursion, August 1907. (With Plate.) The Thirtieth Annual Excursion of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was held on 6th, 7th, 8th and gth August 1907, in the district of Speyside, permission to visit estates there having been kindly granted by the Dowager Countess of Seafield, His Grace the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart. of Ballindalloch, Mr J. W. Wharton Duff of Orton, and Mr John R. Findlay of Aberlour, Elgin was the headquarters of the Society during the tour. FIRST DAY.—SraFIELp Estates (CASTLE GRANT DISTRICT). A special train conveyed the members to Grantown, where they were welcomed on Lady Seafield’s behalf by Mr J. Grant Thomson, wood manager on the estates, who put into fhe hands of the members a printed programme for the day, which he had very kindly prepared for their use. One of the most noteworthy features in Strathspey forestry being the extent to which natural regeneration is carried on, the programme included visits to woods raised by that method. In a Scots pine wood of 16 acres, and about roo years of age, beside the Highland Railway Station at Grantown, the first stage of regeneration was seen. This wood was recently enclosed, and young natural plants are now appearing among the heather, the presence of which indicates that the conditions are suitable for the natural growth of Scots pine. In certain parts the turf had been upturned, so that the exposed soil might catch the falling seed, and offer it a germinating bed. But the cold and backward weather of the present year having delayed the opening of the cones, fewer young plants were visible than would have appeared in an average year, though on several of the exposed surfaces young seedlings of this year’s growth were observed. The party then drove to Kylintra Saw-mill, and walked along the public road which intersects woods of about 70 acres in extent. On the left was a thriving young crop of natural Scots pine, growing between and below the old parent trees; on the right, where the old trees had nearly all been cleared away, was a dense natural crop about 70 years old. 96 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. After driving through Grantown village, the members saw on their left Lynmacgregor Wood, which consists of a mixture of larch and Scots pine about 50 years of age. This was originally a planted wood, and the larches still survive, but the pines were eaten by rabbits and beetles. A natural crop of pines then came up, and the ground is now excellently covered by them. Farther north, Lynmoor Wood, which was enclosed in 1877, and consists of a natural crop of larch and Scots pine, was visited. Unfortunately, time prevented more than a passing look at this thriving wood. ; Returning, the party drove to Castle Grant, which, by the kindness of Lady Seafield, who personally welcomed them, they were permitted to visit. Milton Wood, extending to about 38 acres, was next visited. It is said to have been originally planted with young natural trees carted from Abernethy forest, and is believed to be now between 150 and 200 years old. It affords a view, probably unequalled, of lofty valuable Scots pine trees. Spruce, as well as Scots pine and larch, grows naturally in Strathspey, and two groups of spruce thus raised were seen from the carriages on the way back to Grantown. On reaching Grantown the visitors were hospitably entertained to lunch by Lady Seafield ; after this the Scots pine woods of Drumindunan and Anagach were inspected. The former, which is said to be the oldest planted wood on the estate, exhibits various stages of the growth of the pine, from the largest timber-trees down to naturally sown seedlings. |The wood of Anagach also contains an extensive and thriving crop of natural trees. Over two hoars were devoted to the inspection of these woods. In the evening the members dined together in the Grand Hotel, and afterwards an informal discussion, opened by Dr Borthwick, took place on the effects of smoke on trees, SECOND DAY. The programme for this day included visits to Mr Wiseman’s nurseries and to the estates of Orton and Gordon Castle. WISEMAN’S NURSERIES. The party left Elgin in the morning, driving to Mr Edward Wiseman’s extensive nurseries, where an enormous quantity of young trees of various species, in which the Scots pine and the i i ao - - . ; | . : | nin Vid — we . : a ies | : << - ; | ee , L ' ‘ 7 ; | | = \ | | i cs rs Itc. 1.—In Curr Wood, Seafield Estates, Strathspey. John Smith, J. Grant Smith, Rev. Wm. J. Grant Thomson, Factor, Factor, Thomson, B.D., Wood Manager, Grantown. “Elgin. Grantown. Grantown. ic. 2.—Grig Wood, Orton. Probable date of planting, 1780-85. To face pa "le O7. | THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL EXCURSION. 97 larch predominate, are raised. The nurseries, which give employment to a large number of men and women, are beauti- fully kept, and the whole stock appeared to be in a very healthy and vigorous condition. After spending about two hours in the nurseries, the party drove on to ORTON, where they were met by Mr and Mrs Wharton Duff of Orton, who had very kindly drawn up a programme for the visit. Mrs Wharton Duff, who is a daughter of the late Mr John Ord Mackenzie, one of the founders of the Society, is keenly in- terested in arboriculture, and personally conducted the party over several of the woods on the estate. The district, which contains many interesting features, presents a marked contrast to the Seafield estate visited on the previous day. The Darnot Hill Wood, composed of a mixture of Scots pine and larch, was pianted about 1770, and contains some magnificent timber. The trees are of great height and girth, and rise straight and smooth as telegraph poles for a considerable proportion of their height. On the north-east and more exposed side of the wood there were signs of larch canker, and so much damage was done by rabbits and squirrels that it had to be replanted at different times. Professor Somerville, in the course of a few remarks addressed on the spot to the members, said that the trees had practically overcome the disease, and that they were now likely to grow into valuable timber. The Grig Wood, planted about 1780, also contained some very fine trees of pine, larch, spruce, beech and other species (see Plate X. Fig. 2). Mr and Mrs Wharton Duff kindly entertained the party to luncheon in the Mansion House, and afterwards the members drove to GoRDON CASTLE, where they were met by Mr Muirhead, the Duke of Richmond and Gordon’s commissioner, Mr Cunningham, factor, and Mr Webster, forester and gardener. The deer-park was first inspected, several very fine specimens of Scots pine and larch attracting particular attention. Some of the larches showed a girth of 12 feet. An enjoyable walk down the Glen by Wishartstown brought the party to the Castle, near which the Duchess tree and several large specimens of yew and lime VOL. XXI. PART I. G 98 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. trees were measured. After tea, which was kindly provided by the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, the members were shown round the gardens, which were greatly admired. The Annual Excursion Dinner was held in the Grand Hotel. The President, Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, was chairman, and Mr Fothringham, vice-president, was croupier. The guests of the evening included Bailies Davie, Wilson and Gordon, Mr Hugh Stuart, Town Clerk, and Mr J. Grant Smith, factor, Elgin. THIRD DAY.—BALLINDALLOCH. The party at Ballindalloch Station were received by Mr John Macpherson Grant, Younger, of Ballindalloch. Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., received his guests at the end of the bridge over the river Avon, and gave them a most hearty welcome. The members then passed along the avenue, which is lined on both sides with magnificent larch and other trees. A splendid specimen of Adzes nobilis attracted great attention. At 5 feet from the ground it girthed 9 feet 114 inches, and its height was estimated at 94 or 95 feet. This specimen was con- sidered by the company to be the largest in girth in the kingdom, the only one approaching it being found at Murthly,—this girths only 7 feet 11 inches, but it is said to be a little over roo feet in height. Sir George informed the company that this tree was planted in 1859 or 1860. A Douglas fir, with great outspreading branches, a number of which trailed on the ground, girthed 12 feet 8 inches, and was about go feet high. Sir George stated that it was planted in 1846. There were a number of excellent hardwoods—ash, limes, beeches and chestnuts—which were considered to be the finest the members had seen since they came north. The company were hospitably entertained to luncheon by Sir George. ABERLOUR. An enjoyable drive along the banks of the Spey brought the Excursionists to Aberlour House, where they were entertained by Mr and Mrs J. R. Findlay. A brief visit was made to the policies and beautifully laid out gardens, many notable trees being inspected in the policies. The home farm was also visited. The members then returned to Elgin. THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL EXCURSION, 99 FOURTH DAY.—SgEaFie_p Estate, ABERNETHY. The party started early for Cromdale Station, where they were again met by Mr Grant Thomson and other estate officials. As in the case of the first day’s excursion, Mr Thomson had kindly prepared a programme. Tominourd, a long hill about two miles north from Cromdale Station, rising to about 800 feet above the level of the Spey and about 1400 feet above sea-level, was first visited. An area of 1030 acres was planted in 1826, the plantation being about seven miles in circumference. It was enclosed in 1865 for the purpose of being naturally regenerated, and it now carries an exceptionally thriving young crop of larch and Scots pine. Parent trees are still standing from the base to the summit, but in course of time, as the seedlings grow up, these will be removed. Seedlings were seen of a year or two’s growth, their heads just appearing above the heather, while others were a foot or two higher; but there were numbers of acres carrying trees which had reached a height of from 8 to 15 feet. They were all looking vigorous and healthy. When the wood was first thinned to allow the seedlings to spring up, sheep were allowed to pasture on the hill. Trees will not thrive under such conditions. When snow covers the hills and the herbage is scarce, the sheep are obliged to eat their tender shoots, with the result that the leaders disappear. In time new leaders appear, but valuable years are thus lost; and as it is acknowledged that sheep must be banished in order to ensure healthy and vigorous trees, about six years ago sheep were excluded from this hill. The effects of the nipping off the tops are still seen, particularly in the larch, but the greater proportion of the young pine trees have got their new leaders, and the older larches have quite reasserted themselves. There were many spots of con- siderable area where no seedlings were visible, but it was said that time only was required to clothe the whole hill from top to bottom with a forest of trees as thick as they could possibly grow. After leaving Tominourd the party drove about nine miles up the banks of the river Spey to see the natural woods of Skye and Curr. The former was merely examined from the road, as there was no time to make a more careful inspection of it. Curr plantation (see Plate X. Fig. 1) was, however, carefully examined. It extends to 250 acres, and was enclosed in 1874. It contains I00 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. a natural crop of Scots pine, and also some larches produced by natural regeneration. The ground is so well covered that the soil and climate must be exceptionally favourable. No thinning has been done, though dead stems have been removed for fire- wood, and no thinning will be made until it becomes com- mercially profitable, Nature, which raises the crop, being left to do the thinning, the strong plants in course of time smothering the weak. M. Boppe visited this forest amongst others in 1881, and in the course of his report said: “It is easy in Scotland to perpetuate a forest by natural means, and of this a practical proof was given us in two forests which we visited, one near Grantown in Strathspey, the other at Beauly. In these the results obtained under the skilful and intelligent direction of the gentlemen who manage these forests for their employers form a striking example of what may be done in the way of reproducing forests by natural means. In fact, nothing had been neglected which even the most critical forester could desire ; the gradation of age was here complete, and the reservation of specially vigorous trees of known pedigree, duly carried out” (see Zvrans- actions, Vol. XI. p. 202). The large majority of the members had not had an opportunity of seeing natural regeneration before as carried out in the north of Scotland, and few were aware that such perfect examples as they had had the privilege of inspecting that day existed in the country. After leaving Curr, Balgowan Wood was inspected. This wood was enclosed about seven years ago, and contains a natural crop of Scots pine seedlings, in vigorous condition, which will soon quite cover the ground. On reaching the nursery they partook of lunch, kindly provided by Lady Seafield. After inspecting the nursery, the party drove through part of the old Abernethy forest, which is a very extensive area of Scots pine of all ages. The part of the forest passed through was once devastated by fire, but is now all covered with a vigorous natural crop, though a few of the old trees which survived the fire are still visible. It was estimated that some of the older trees were over 300 years of age. The party then drove to Nethy Bridge Station, where they took train for the south. The following is a list of the members who took part in the Excursion :—Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, Bart., President; Robert THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL EXCURSION, Iol Allan, Polkemmet; Dr Borthwick, Edinburgh; John Boyd, Pollok ; John Broom, Bathgate; Charles Brown, Kerse, Falkirk ; Gilbert Brown, Kiltarlity, Beauly; Thomas Bryden, Ayr; Charles Buchanan, Penicuik, Convener; H. M. Cadell of Grange, Bo'ness ; Thomas Christie, Forres ; William Christie, Fochabers ; Robert Cowan, Erchless, Strathglass ; R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne; Alfred G. Crabbe, Craigo, Montrose; John D. Crozier, Durris, Drumoak; W. S. Curr, Ninewar, Prestonkirk ; Evan J. Cuthbertson, Edinburgh; William Dick, Hamilton ; Walter Elgar, Hillside, Sittingbourne ; James Forbes, Overtoun, Dumbarton; Robert Forbes, Kennet, Alloa; W. Steuart Fothringham of Murthly; Alex. Fraser, Inverness; Robert A. Fraser, Edinburgh ; Robert Galloway, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, Secretary; Arthur P. Grenfell, London; George Halliday, Rothesay; James S. Keir, Raith, Kirkaldy; Robert Laird, Edinburgh ; George Leven, Auchincruive ; A. Lockhart, Huntly ; Rev. J. S. Loutit, Foveran, Aberdeen; S. Macbean, Erskine, Bishopton; G. U. Macdonald, Haystoun, Peebles; Gilbert R. M‘Garva, Innes, Elgin; J. W. MacHattie, Edinburgh; James Mackenzie, Inverness; John M‘Kerchar, London; Donald M‘Laren, Sundrum, Ayr; W. H. Massie, Edinburgh; Alex. Milne, Edinburgh; Alex. Morgan, Crieff; Andrew Morrison, Brodie, Forres; Alex. J. Munro, Edinburgh; George A. Munro, Edinburgh; A. D. Page, Culzean, Ayr; James Porteous of Turfhills, Kinross; W. M. Price, Minto, Hawick; W. Ralph, Corstorphine ; John Rule, Huntly; H. Rutherfurd of Fairnington, Roxburgh; David T. Samson, Grantown; Thos. Sharpe, Mon- reith, Port William; James Shiel, Abbey St Bathans, Grant’s House; Professor William Somerville, Oxford; Adam Spiers, Edinburgh ; W. J. Stalker, Nairn; James Stoddart, Bonnyrigg ; Robert Taylor, Broomhill, Charlestown; J. Grant Thomson, Grantown ; James W. Watt, Carlisle; John Williamson, Grange- mouth; David Wilson, Troon; Edward Wiseman, Elgin; George Wolfe, Bathgate; E. M. Worsfold, Dover; William M‘Nae, Munches, Dalbeattie; Arthur M. Sleight, Brighton ; Rev. W. B. Sleight, Northampton; F. Simmonds, M.V.O., Kensington; James Tait, Penicuik; D. Macmillan, Keir, Dunblane; W. Ramsay of Longmorn, Elgin; Daniel Scott, Darnaway, Forres; Alex. Robson, Aberdeen; William Mackenzie, Novar. 102 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. NORES ‘AND ‘OU ERTES THE FORESTRY COMMITTEE (1902) AND TRAINING IN FORESTRY. The Forestry Committee (1902) contemplated that the training in forestry of persons requiring it would be arranged as follows :— 1. Future Owners and Agents, to be Trained at Universities and Provincial Colleges ——The Committee considered that the scope and character of the instruction then given at the Edinburgh University was the least that should be aimed at, though it might with advantage be carried considerably further; and that better instructional facilities, including a Forest Garden, should be provided. Since the Committee’s report was written, a Degree in Forestry! has been instituted at the Edinburgh University, with an advanced course in Forestry, and with new special courses in Forest Botany, Forest Entomology, and Forest Engineering. This involves two years’ study at the University, and a third year occupied in practical work abroad. It may be confidently anticipated that when work at Inver- liever and in the Highland and Lowland State Demonstration Forests is fairly started, the financial potentialities of scientific forestry will become more generally recognised than they are at present; and that as soon as Bachelors of Science in Forestry have gained sufficient practical experience to be entrusted with a responsible charge, the owners of large estates will, when filling vacancies on their staff of factors or wood-managers, give them a preference, and will be willing to offer salaries sufficient to attract such men into their service. When this comes about, there will be no lack of candidates for the Degree, a further inducement to take which will be found in the better prospect it will secure of highly paid colonial employment. 2. Men who propose to take up Land Agency as a profession, but who cannot afford to spend Three Years at a University.—This class to be trained at Agricultural Colleges, by courses similar to those at the Universities. In this connection the Committee say: “Inasmuch as Land-Agents are entrusted with the manage- ment of large estates, which usually comprise a certain area under ! For further information regarding the Degree, see 7vansactions, Vol. XX. p. 248. NOTES AND QUERIES. 103 wood, it is cleagly requisite that they should know how to turn that area, as well as the land under other crops, to the best account.” The ordinary, or lower, course in Forestry, as given at the University of Edinburgh, which will include practical instruction in the Forest Nursery and the Forest Garden, when these necessary adjuncts have been provided, now forms part of the curriculum of the College of Agriculture. It is this year attended by 13 students, of whom 5 are from the College. That course, taken together with other relative courses at the University or the College of Agriculture, and with six months spent in a State Demonstration Forest, will meet the case of candidates for Land-Agencies who may be unable to enter a University. And it may safely be predicted that the day is not far distant when the proprietors of even moderate-sized estates will require both their Factors and their newly-appointed Head Foresters to possess at least the above qualification. Orthodox views on the subject of forest management are spreading with remarkable rapidity; and it may be expected that, even without the prospect of an immediate rise in the salary and position of the Head Forester, a considerable number of candidates for that office will before long come forward to follow the curriculum above indicated. But men who have passed creditably through it will certainly be found worthy of improved positions, and their employers will find it to their own advantage to offer them better prospects than they have at present. 3. Young Working Foresters and Woodmen.—The training of this class to be provided for in one or other of the following ways :— (a) Selected students to receive two years’ training at a school to be established within a State Demonstration Forest, where they will receive regular wages and perform manual work, supplemented by theoretical study. Outsiders to be admitted on payment of a small fee. (6) Men unable to leave their posts to take the above, or whose prospective salaries do not justify their attendance for any length of time at Universities or Colleges, to be offered short courses, suited to their needs, by the Agricultural Colleges. A short course of evening lectures is now given at the East of Scotland College of Agriculture, and is being followed during the current year by 27 students, among whom are numbered 104 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. young men from factors’ offices who are in trgining for land- agencies. The average attendance during the past three years has been 28. This course is in every way suited for the class of men indicated under this head by the Forestry Committee. It serves as a valuable introduction to the higher courses referred to above. (c) For the benefit of men who may not be able to attend either of the above courses, lectures to be given, under the auspices of County Councils, in neighbourhoods where woods are numerous; scholarships and bursaries being offered in these counties to enable men who attend the lectures to enter for higher courses of instruction. Such lectures have, for the past three years, been given at various centres, the average annual total number of students having been 115. The classes have included factors, head foresters, assistant foresters, gardeners, and others interested in the subject. F. BAILEY. First Steps AT INVERLIEVER. Many questions are being asked as to the future of Inver- liever, but the problem is one that may be summed up quite tersely. The first step is to put the whole organisation of the 12,000 acres under the most competent forest officer that can be found. This functionary should visit Inverliever at least quarterly. The second is to appoint a competent Advisory Board of four or five level-headed timber-growers or managers,—not to assume any responsibility, but to advise on the practical application of the plan to local conditions, and to offer suggestions for its modification or improvement for the consideration of the forest officer as occasion may arise. They might possibly have some authority delegated to them, but their chief function would be to keep the expert in touch with practical necessities, so that he would have all information before him on which to make his decisions. The third step is to appoint a local foreman, who is likely to plant at the lowest effective expenditure and with the fewest deaths, and could be relied upon to carry out intelligently the directions he receives. NOTES AND QUERIES. 105 NV.B.—This foreman should either be a first-rate nurseryman, or he should have a first-rate nurseryman under him, for the financial success of the undertaking will depend mainly on efficient nursery work in the first instance, and on the economical transfer of the plants from the nursery to the new plantations. R. C. Munro FErcuson. NOTE ON DAMAGE TO A YOUNG CONIFEROUS PLANTATION BY WATER-VOLES. The attack occurred in April and May of 1907 in a five-year- old plantation of Scots pine, spruce, and larch, with an ad- mixture of hardwoods, on the Broxmouth Estate of His Grace the Duke of Roxburghe, and was brought to my notice by my assistant on that property. A burn flows through the plantation. Recognising at once the work of voles, I instructed my assistant to at once set traps in their underground runs, and to try poisoned bait set in drain tiles; and as I was returning home that day, I desired him to send me a specimen of his catch. I was agreeably surprised the following morning when a water-vole (Arvicola amphibius) arrived by post. A couple of dozen Scots pine and several spruce and larch plants were damaged, the damage consisting in the smaller roots of these plants being entirely eaten, and the bark stripped off the larger roots and underground part of the stem up to the collum. The underground runs of the water-vole are about two and a half inches in diameter, and close to the surface of the ground. A curious point in this case is in regard to the means taken by these animals to dispose of the excavations from so large a hole, as no trace of these could be found. The voles are very fond of sunning themselves on a warm day, and may at these times be surprised and killed by an active man with a stick. As already mentioned, the plans adopted to destroy the animals were poisoned bait set in drain tiles and steel traps. The former was not a success, possibly owing to the bait used being bread. Had grain been used instead, better results by poisoning would probably have been obtained. Trapping, however, was so successful, that poisoning was 106 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. abandoned in favour of that mode of destruction. The procedure was to set ordinary steel rabbit traps in the bottom of the underground runs, blinding the traps with: chopped grass, and covering over with a sod the hole made in the roof of the run to admit the trap. This served the double purpose of excluding the light and marking the positions of the traps. Up to August about forty voles were trapped, about half of them being gravid females. In addition to these, the forester’s spaniel has killed several. The infested area, where the damage was detected, is a small piece of haugh land lying between the burn on one side and a steep brae with a terrace on the top. At first the catches were at the rate of two or three each day; gradually this rate decreased, and at the date of writing (August), while there are still voles in the plantation, they have been driven from their original haunt in the haugh to the higher ground, and are not now easily trapped. No damage to the plants has been done since the end of May. Next year, should we experience a recurrence of the attack, I intend trying bait treated with “ Danysz Virus” and set in their underground runs, in addition to harrying them with traps. What I particularly wish to emphasise, however, is not the trifling amount of damage done, but the prompt and successful action of my colleague, which has prevented what might have been a serious attack by these destructive rodents. FreD Moon. An IrRIsH FORESTRY COMMITTEE. The Vice-President of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland has appointed a committee to inquire into and report upon certain matters relating to the im- provement of forestry in Ireland. ‘The committee consists of the following members :—Mr Thomas Patrick Gill, secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ire- land (chairman); Lord Castletown; Mr William Redmond, M.P.; the Most Rev. Dennis Kelly, Lord Bishop of Ross, member of the Agricultural Board ; Mr Hugh de Fellenburg Montgomery, member of the Agricultural Board; Mr William Frederick Bailey, one of the Estates Commissioners; Mr William Rogers Fisher, M.A., delegate for instruction in forestry at the Univer- NOTES AND QUERIES. 107 sity of Oxford; Professor John Rich Campbell, assistant secretary in respect of agriculture of the Department of Agricul- ture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. The terms of reference are to inquire into and report upon the following matters relating to the improvement of forestry in Ireland—viz., (1) the present provision for State aid to forestry in Ireland ; (2) the means whereby, in connection with the operation of the Land Purchase Acts, existing woods may be preserved, and land suitable for forestry acquired for public purposes; and (3) the financial and other provisions necessary for a comprehensive scheme of afforestation in Ireland. The committee began its sittings in October. RURAL EMPLOYMENT IN IRELAND AND RE-AFFORESTATION. A writer in the Zimber Trades Journal calls attention to some points in regard to the condition of the forests of Ireland which are of great importance. The existing forests of that country are, owing to a variety of causes, being destroyed at an alarming rate, and there is little hope that this state of affairs will be remedied by private effort. In the first place, the woods in many parts are being ruthlessly destroyed by the prevalence of temporary businesses in the shape of portable saw-mills, which, as a rule, belong to English firms, and which are not undertaken with the idea of establishing a permanent industry which may benefit the locality. Again, the tenant farmers who become owners under the Land Commission in many cases sell out the timber immediately on taking possession of the land, and this without having any intention of replanting. An increasingly widespread interest is, however, now manifest in the country, and this is mainly due to the disinterested and strenuous action of the Irish Forestry Society. They have succeeded in rousing the interest of the Agricultural Department to the possibilities of re-afforestation, but as yet no adequate steps have been officially taken towards the realisation of these ideas. It is rightly felt that in Ireland, owing to the state of the Land Question, the matter rests almost entirely in the hands of those particular bodies responsible for the buying out of the lands from the present owners, that is, such bodies as the Estates Commissioners and the Congested Districts Board. No amount of private 108 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. enterprise, no matter how enthusiastic or whole-hearted, could raise the large capital required for carrying out a scheme of afforestation extensive enough to be of benefit to the country as a whole. The great need over large tracts in Ireland is for rural employment; and if fairly extensive tracts of land were acquired in different parts of the country by a Forestry Board under State control, a remunerative livelihood for a large number of able-bodied young men would be established in the draining, fencing, and general preparation of the land, and in the tending of the trees after they were planted. Coniferous building timbers are yearly increasing in price, owing to the exhaustion of foreign and colonial timbers near the sea-board, and it is time that the critical position of our whole timber-supply was realised. Ireland, with its bogs, its plains, and its hill-sides lying dormant and crying aloud for exploitation, stands ready for a scheme of afforestation that shall fulfil the purposes of giving employment where it is needed, of supplying a demand for timber that will be badly wanted, and of securing a good return for invested capital. Smaller and poorer countries have their profitable State forests. They have borne the brunt of the experimental stage, and the British Government can now step into line and reap the benefit of others’ experience. In connection with this article, the announcement, quoted above, of the appointment of an Irish Forestry Committee is of great importance. PUBLICATION OF INDIAN DEPARTMENTAL LITERATURE. The constitution of a Forest Research Institute, and the development of scientific investigation in the Forest Department, have shown the necessity of placing Indian Forest literature on a more satisfactory footing than heretofore, and the Government of India have sanctioned a proposal by which publications con- taining important information will remain available for per- manent reference, and will be issued in a form both acceptable to the scientific world, and convenient for economic purposes. In future, therefore, the /xdian Forest Records will be devoted to the publication of papers giving the results of the local investigations of the Research Institute staff, or of others, whether members of the Department or not; together with any short notes on pre- NOTES AND QUERIES. 109g liminary research, the publication of which may be considered of advantage in aiding others to carry out further observations on the same subject. Notes and observations supplied by forest officers on such matters as the effects of exceptional seasons on forest growth, the seeding of the valuable species of trees, sudden attacks of serious pests, etc., will find a place in the Records. The ecords will deal strictly with professional matters, and should form a valuable current exposition of the work of the Department, which will be of interest and utility alike to the members of the service and to scientists and those interested in forestry throughout the world. The Jndian Forest Memoirs will only appear when monographs suitable for reproduction in this form are received. They will be devoted to the publication of complete and important mono- graphs on particular subjects. For example, memoirs dealing with careful research made into the silviculture of a particular species of tree, or with a family or genus of insect or fungus pests or the description of new species ; researches into the for- mation, growth and economic uses of a particular gum, dye, tannin, etc. The Memoirs will be kept strictly technical, and will be open to the papers of all authors, having a scientific or economic bearing upon Indian forestry. The pages of the above publications will be open to all who desire to secure for their researches a permanent place in Indian forest literature, whence it will be available to all those interested in the science of forestry. THe ALBERT OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE AT LOGANBANK. By invitation of Mr A. W. Inglis, and in company with Dr A. W. Borthwick, I recently examined the Albert spruces at Loganbank, Midlothian, where trees about 40 years old have attained a height of 80 feet, or, in other words, show an average annual height-increment of about 2 feet. They have a very healthy appearance, and have by no means done growing. A group of these trees standing in an old stone-quarry have developed straight cylindrical stems, on which the dead side- branches persist after the manner of those of the silver fir and Norway spruce. The species can stand much shade, for we saw a bed of young plants which for the last four years have Il1O0 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. been, and still are, standing under the crown of a beech tree, and are further incommoded by a considerable amount of lateral shade; they were not developing rapidly, but had an otherwise healthy appearance. The young trees are found to suffer from frost, as do many other shade-bearing species, such as silver fir and beech. The tree grows well on wet soil, and suffered but little from the sulphur fumes which, a few years ago, caused great damage to the woods of Loganbank. We were shown a fence-stob, made from the timber of this species, which, its point having been dipped in coal-tar, had stood in the ground for twelve years. It was as sound as on the day the fence was set up, the sawn point still showing its clean-cut surface and edges. Ey.B. APPOINTMENTS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF WoobDs. The Deputy-Surveyorship of the Forest of Dean, vacant through the death of the late Mr Philip Baylis, has been filled by the appointment of Mr V. F. Leese, a qualified land agent. We are authorised to state that Mr E. P. Popert, formerly of the Indian Forest Service, who has for some years past acted as assistant to Mr Baylis in the Forest of Dean, has been appointed Special Forestry Adviser to the Commissioners of Woods in respect of all the Crown Forests and Woodlands. He will arrange for the collection of data regarding their rate of develop- ment and other matters which form the basis of a rational management. He will personally superintend the working of the Forest of Dean and the Highmeadows Woods, keeping up the Control books and the records of the experimental plots, and submitting annually to the Commissioners, through the Deputy- Surveyor, a report on the work done in those woods, with pro- posals for their future management. He will also superintend the Government Forest School established in the Forest of Dean. The appointment of Mr Popert appears to secure adequate and long-needed professional control over the working of the Govern- ment forest estates. Two EXcEPTIONAL TREES. On Newgate Bank, by the side of the road leading through Lord Feversham’s splendid larch woods into Bilsdale, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, there stands a holly tree of uncom- NOTES AND QUERIES. II! mon size. The measurements of the bole are 2 feet long by 10 feet 8 inches circumference, and there are two limbs 3 feet by 7 feet 8 inches, and 4 feet by 6 feet 2 inches respectively. The tree has a large spreading top, and appears to be fairly healthy. Is not this a record size? In Yarm-on-Tees, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, there may be seen a good specimen of the Californian Redwood (Seguota sempervirens), trained as a wall-tree over the gable end of a building, and completely covering the whole wall from top to bottom. ‘The total height is about 4o feet, and the tree is in a very healthy condition, and certainly has a splendid appear- ance. Doany of your readers know of a similar case? W. B. HAveELock. PLANTATIONS AT INVERLIEVER. The following statement in regard to the timber crops now growing on the Inverliever estate have been supplied to us by Colonel Malcolm :— Name. Position | Date of Planting. | Acreage. | Torran, . .| East of farm _ buildings, between road to Inver- | liever and Loch Awe,. . 1894, 6 acres, | Island,. . . | South-west of the junction of the Liever with Loch Awe, 1877, 154 acres. | Arichamish, . | North side of road at Inver- liever boathouse, . . . 1877, 16 acres. | Ford, . . .j| Above Gray’s Holding,. . No record, g4 acres. New York, .| West of Pier, . . . . .| Supposed tobe | 43% acres. about 1863, Total, | 90} acres. | POLTALLOCH ESTATE OFFICE, 27th November 1907. ERRATUM. Mr Fisher informs us that a somewhat important error occurs in his article on the Forest of Retz, in Vol. XVIII. (1905) of our Zransactions, an error which he has only noticed recently. On p. 99, under the heading REVENUE, the first sentence should read, “The average annual yield of the whole forest from 1898 to 1900 was 2,684,430 cubic feet (solid), realising £24,613,” in place of “684,430 cubic feet” as in the text. II12 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. OBITUARY Srr DietricH BRANDIS, K.C.I.E., F.R.S.} By the death of Sir Dietrich Brandis, which occurred at Bonn on 28th May, a man of world-wide renown has been removed. Brandis was born on ist April 1824, at Bonn, being the son of Dr Christian Brandis, professor of philosophy in Bonn University. As a boy he followed his father to Greece, where he spent several years. On his return to Germany he was educated at the universities of Copenhagen, Gottingen, and Bonn. He became, in 1849, lecturer (Privat-docent) on Botany at Bonn. In 1854 he married a daughter of Dr Marshman, of Bengal. This happened to be the turning-point in his career. After the occupation of the province of Pegu in Burma, Lord Dalhousie was looking for a man to take charge of the important teak forests of that province, when his attention was directed to Brandis by the latter’s brother-in-law, General Sir Henry Havelock. Lord Dalhousie wrote to Brandis that if he would come to India he would be appointed superintendent of the Pegu teak forests. The offer was accepted, and Brandis landed at Calcutta in 1856. He explained his views to Lord Dalhousie, who, in taking leave of him, said: “ Dr Brandis, if you carry out the scheme which you have explained to me, you will confer a great benefit upon this country.” Brandis never saw Lord Dalhousie again, but his parting words remained with him throughout his service. Brandis set to work to save the Burma teak forests, in which endeavour he had the full support of Major (afterwards Sir Arthur) Phayre. After a long- continued struggle the forests were placed under systematic management, and they, with the forests of Upper Burma, are now the chief supply of teak timber to the world. In 1862 Brandis was called to Simla, at the suggestion, it is believed, of Dr Cleghorn, one of the principal pioneers of forest conservancy in India, to advise the Government of India on forest matters in other provinces, and in 1864 he was appointed the first Inspector-General of Forests to the 1 Reprinted by kind permission of the Editor of Vazure. OBITUARY. iy Government of India. He then set to work to introduce systematic forest management throughout India. A regular department was established and a forest law passed. Brandis travelled from one end of the Bengal Presidency to the other, advising and organising the department. He also visited Bombay twice, and spent two years (1881-83) in Madras. The department thus created has grown until it has now under its management an area of 239,000 square miles, equal to twice the area of Great Britain and Ireland. When Brandis first started operations he had to do with what staff he could lay his hands on; but he determined to obtain one fit to deal with the requirements of the case. In 1866, while on sick leave in England, he obtained the sanction of the late Lord Salisbury, then Secretary of State for India, to train young Englishmen in Continental forest schools, and under this scheme a number of highly-qualified foresters have been sent to India. The training at Continental forest schools was subsequently supplanted by that at Coopers Hill College, and now at the University of Oxford. But Brandis went a step further. In 1878 he started a forest school at Dehra Dun for the training of natives of India, which has now been raised to the rank of “The Imperial Indian Forest College,” and sends annually from forty to fifty trained executive officers into the service. By these means a trained staff of 200 Englishmen have been obtained, who control the operations of the Forest Department, assisted by about 11,000 native officials of various grades. The results are most gratifying. The supply of timber, fire- wood, grass, and other produce from the teeming millions of India has been placed on a satisfactory footing, while the net revenue from the forests has risen from £40,000 in 1864 to £660,000 in 1904, although produce valued at a similar sum is given free to the people of the country. During his career in India Brandis wrote an endless number of reports, and in 1874 he brought out the Aorest Flora of North- west and Central India, a work which was so highly thought of by Sir Joseph Hooker and others, that he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875. It may not be generally known that Brandis was the first who compiled a rainfall map of India; it has been improved since, but as regards the main points it holds good to this day. VOL. XXI. PART I. H II4. TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Brandis retired from the Indian service in 1883, at the age of fifty-nine years; but he continued to devote himself to the advancement of forest conservancy in India, by articles and letters of advice to his friends in India. From 1888 to 1896 he superintended the practical instruction in Germany of the Coopers Hill forest students. The last eight years of his life he devoted to the writing of a general Indian forest flora, which he published in 1906 under the title of /zdzan Trees, a monumental work which is likely to be the standing book of reference on the subject for another generation. Scarcely had he completed this when he fell ill, and he never rose from his sick-bed. He was made a C.I.E. in 1876 and a K.C.1.E. in 1887. It should not be omitted to mention that Brandis had a great share in the development of forest conservancy in the United States. He guided the studies of quite a number of young Americans, who have since established a great depart- ment in the United States. His influence in this respect has been so great that President Roosevelt presented him with his picture and the following dedication:—“To Sir Dietrich Brandis in high appreciation of his services to forestry in the United States, from Theodore Roosevelt.” Apart from India and the United States, Brandis’s action has been felt in almost all parts of the British Empire, including these islands. He has left his mark upon every continent of the earth; at any rate, his name will go to posterity as the father of systematic forest management in the British Empire. W. SeCHLiIcH. M. Lucien Bopper, C.I.E.! On the a2rst of last May, the Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Foréts \ost its Honorary Director, M. Lucien Boppe, who had been Professor there since 1881, and Director from 1893 to 1898. 3orn at Nancy on 3rd July 1834, first Garde Générale at St Dié and at Vézelize, Sous-/nspecteur first at Moutiers and then in the Department of Meuse, M. Boppe was called in 1868 to Nancy as Sous-/nspecteur, to take part in the administration of the forest attached to the School of Forestry. Retained in this ! Translated from the French, OBITUARY. 115 position after his nomination to the grade of /uspecteur in 1878, he acquired a most perfect knowledge of French broad-leaved forests, and was a past master in the conduct of those delicate operations which concern the conversion of coppice-with- standards into high forest. Nevertheless, being a born forester, M. Boppe fully appreciated the fact that the forests of the east of France are not the only existing type, and that such conversions are not the whole of forestry. In consequence, when, in 1881, he was appointed to a professorship in Forestal Sciences at the National School, before beginning to teach, he undertook a tour through the forest regions of France. During this tour he took cognisance of all the varied types of French forests, and studied on the ground the methods of treatment and of exploitation, the utilisation of the wood and of the accessory products. It is to his studies during this long tour that we owe the publication of the two most remarkable works of M. Boppe, his Cours de Technologie Forestitre (1886), a book which was originally written by M. Nanquette, but to which M. Boppe added some valuable information, previously unpublished, on methods of conversion and utilisation of forest products; and his Zrazté de Sylvicul- ture (1889). In this book, after setting forth in the clearest and most instructive manner the French methods of treatment, he strove to render justice to other methods which up to this time had been perhaps too much disregarded, such as selection fell- ings in beech coppice, and similar practices, justified by local conditions, and only requiring a little regulation to be rendered quite acceptable by French foresters. His desire to study forest conditions on the spot, and to obtain first-hand information from those actually in charge, in the most diverse localities, led M. Boppe often beyond the confines of France. Of these tours he has left us some interesting narratives. I always re-read, with the greatest pleasure, his papers on—Zes Foréts de la Grande Bretagne (1881); Za Forét de Spessart (1881, in collaboration with M. Reuss); Z’ Enseignement Forestiere en Baviere et en Autriche FHfongrie (1886, in collaboration with M. Reuss); ZL’ Organisation Forestitre en Bavicre et en Autriche (1887, in collaboration with M. Reuss). In rg00 I had the honour of collaborating with M. Boppe in the publication of his silvicultural treatise Zes Aoréts (1900). Soon after, unfortunately, his health gave cause for anxiety— 116. TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. anxiety which was, alas! only too well justified—and this summer we had the grief of seeing our loved and honoured chief pass away. In him we lost a forester as devoted to his subject as he was learned and experienced. A. JOLYET. The writer of the above notice succeeded the late M. Boppe as Professor of Silviculture in the National Forest School at Nancy. ; M. Boppe was Sous-Directeur of the school when [ was in charge of the British students there, from 1884 until the India Office in 1886 ceased to train its men at Nancy. His high pro- fessional attainments, and his kindly, courteous manner, secured for him the respectful affection of our young countrymen. At this time I formed with him an intimate friendship, which was maintained until the day of his lamented death. It was my almost daily privilege to accompany him to his room after the delivery of his lecture, and there, greatly to my advantage, to discuss with him the subjects he had just treated of during his address to his class. In recognition of his eminent services in connection with the training of candidates for the Indian Forest Service, M. Boppe was made a Companion of the Indian Empire, a distinction which he prized very highly. FB: REVIEWS. 117 REV De Wisa. Forest Mensuration. By H. S. Graves, M.A. New York, John Wiley & Sons; London, Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 19006. In the Preface Mr Graves tells us that the urgent need of a reference book on Forest Mensuration for class work at the Yale Forest School induced him to publish his lectures given during the last year, with such additions as were necessary to present the material in the form of a book. The work contains 436 pages, which is a very liberal allowance for one of the many branches of forest science. To give our readers an idea of the scope of the book, we give a short account of the contents :— Chapter I. gives a definition of Forest Mensuration, and discusses the importance of its study, the Literature of the Subject, and the Units of Measurement. Chapters II. and III. deal with Board Measure and Log Rules. What Mr Graves tells us of board measure and log rules proves that the system of measurement as yet followed in the United States is hardly in accordance with the general develop- ment of the country. There are some 43 different log rules, which lead to widely different results. Taking, for instance, the example on pages 24, 25, we find that the board measure for a log 16 feet long is given for diameters ranging from 6 to 40 inches, according to 43 different log rules. For a diameter of 30 inches, the board measure of the same log ranges from 942 feet down to 427 feet, according to the method followed. No wonder the author says (page 15): ‘One is inclined to advocate the abolishment of the board foot as a unit of measuring round logs.” Chapter IV. is devoted to Log Rules based on Standards. A standard log of specified dimensions is used as a unit of volume. For instance (page 54), the unit is a log 13 feet long and 1g inches in diameter at the small end inside the bark. Other logs are compared with this, according to their diameter at the small end and their length; thus a 10 inch log, 13 feet long, contains 0-28 standards. Standard measure is commonly converted into broad measure by multiplying the volume of a given log in standards by a constant. Mr Graves then shows that this is not correct. There are a number of other log rules 118 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL:SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. with different standards. It is hardly possible to imagine a more barbarous method. Why not take the ton (or 50 cubic feet), or simply the cubic foot, as the standard measure? Chapter V. deals with the Methods of Scaling Logs; that is to say, the instruments for scaling, methods of measuring the diameters and lengths, allowance for defects, and the rules for scaling used in Forest Reserves. Chapter VI. brings us at last to the Determination of the Contents of Logs in Cubic Feet. We were glad to be informed that the cubic foot is already used extensively in the United States, but even then the volume is finally expressed in board feet or other units common in commerce. What use the cubic foot is, under these circumstances, is difficult to see. The chapter goes into the minutest details of the case, showing how logs should be measured, the instruments used, formule for de- termining the cubic contents in quite a variety of ways, including the full volume in the round, the quarter-girth method, and others. Chapter VII. deals with the Cubic Contents of Squared Logs. Chapter VIII. brings the Measurement of Cord Wood, Stacked, and the Solid Contents in a Stacked Cord. Chapter IX. deals with the Contents of Entire Felled Trees, or a combination of what has gone before. Chapter X. deals with the Determination of the Height of Standing Trees. Here we leave American soil, and go for a promenade to Germany, France, England, Austria, and Switzerland. The instruments dealt with in detail are those of Faustmann, Weise, Christen, Klausner, Winckler, Brandis, Gaulier, Abney and others. All these have been described in various European books. When we come to the “choice” of a height-measure, we were not a little surprised to find that Mr Graves considers Klausner’s height-measurer the best of the small instruments for accurate scientific work, and Faustmann’s measurer for general forest work. When it is considered that Klausner’s instrument either necessitates a stand or must be screwed into a tree, and that, moreover, the clumsy sighting rule is quite unnecessary (since the ray from the eye is much straighter than a metal rule), we can only come to the conclusion that Mr Graves cannot have used the instru- ment in the field on an extensive scale. As to Faustmann’s measurer, its theory is perfect, but the instrument is very delicate for work in the forest, and we certainly prefer Weise’s instrument REVIEWS, 119 to it. On the general question, we have no hesitation in saying that Brandis’s instrument is the most useful all round, and Christen’s for trees not exceeding 100 feet in height. Chapters XI., XII., and XIII. deal with the Determination of the Contents of Standing Trees, by the eye, Volume Tables, Farm Factors, etc. Here we are still chiefly on European ground. Chapter XIV. treats of the Determination of the Contents of Stands or Whole Woods. It is a combination of German methods with American practice. There is the estimate by the eye “en bloc,” or by tree; by Stand Tables and by Valuation Surveys (that is to say, the measurement of sample plots, which may take the shape of a strip or other form). Then comes the measurement of the trees; the recording; the methods by felled sample trees, such as the mean sample-tree method, the arbitrary Group method, Draudt’s, Urich’s and Hartig’s methods, the method of form factors, and others, as described in European forest literature. Chapter XV. brings the Determination of the Age of Trees and Stands in the well-known orthodox style. Chapter XVI. deals at considerable detail with the Growth of Trees and Stands, that is to say, with the Diameter, Height, and Volume Increment. Chapter XVII. is devoted to Yield-Tables, which is followed by a final chapter on Graphic Methods used in Forest Mensuration. The Appendix deals with Legislation regarding the Measure- ment of Logs in the United States; a list of the most important works dealing with Forest Mensuration; tables showing the Contents of Logs; volume tables for standing trees, and tables for form factors; tables of growth and yield of spruce, beech, and Scots pine in Germany; again, yield-tables of American trees, such as white (or Weymouth) pine, Adirondack spruce, loblolly pine, chestnut, red cedar, red oak, and pitch pine, and miscellaneous tables. It will be observed that the book is very complete, but it is also very big, and it contains a good many things which will hardly be of use in the United States for some time to come. Still, the book contains, in addition to the German methods of forest mensuration, original ideas, and we have no doubt that it will mark another step in advance in the development ot scientific and systematic forestry in the United States, 120 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. 1V., ‘ Forest Protection,” 2nd ed., by W. R. FISHER. Xxiil.+ 712 pp. Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., London. 12s. net. In the new edition, the number of pages has been increased by 119, which include an Index not found in the first edition. The number of plates has also been increased from 259 to 300. The author says in the Preface that he had been urged to write an original book on ‘ Forest Protection,” but that it would have been impossible for him to do so without borrowing largely from German authors, and that it therefore appeared preferable to continue his former plan of translating the best German work on the subject,—that by Dr Hess. The present volume is not, however, merely a translation of that book ; Professor Fisher has added matter that he considered important for British and Indian foresters, and has omitted other matter as being of comparatively small interest to them. We may remind our readers that this work deals with injuries to forests done by man, quadrupeds, birds, insects, weeds, fungi, atmospheric influences (such as frost, wind, snow, etc.), fire, flood, and shifting sand; also against certain diseases and the effects of acid fumes from furnaces. It is very complete, and should be in the hands of all working foresters and others interested in wood management. Quarterly Journal of Forestry published for the Royal English Arboricultural Society. Vol. 1. No. 4. i The October number of the above Journal maintains the high standard of excellence of former issues. It is made up of current topics and short notes on various subjects connected with forestry, obituary notices, two original articles, three reprints, and a number of reviews and notices of books. A report of the Afforestation Conference held in London on 25th June completes the number. The original article, on the “ Variation of Sa/¢x alba,” by E. R. Pratt, is a well worked out and beautifully illustrated paper, which deals with a very difficult subject. The current topics and short notes are very well chosen, and certainly cannot fail to keep the members posted up in the forestry happenings of the day, while the carefully written reviews and notices of books keep one in touch with the current literature, TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. MOL: XXI:— PAR ie July 1908. Linur.-CoLtonen F. BAILEY, P.R.S-E., HONORARY EDITOR, . } ROBERT GALLOWAY, S:S:C.; " : SECRETARY AND TREASURER. EDEN BUG PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. Price to Non-Members, 3/-= NEW YORK bo eee Nee GARDEN A. &J. MAIN & 6°» L*®: MANUFACTURERS OF HAY & GRAIN SHEDS. | : In this SHED the HAY i\\ — or GRAIN can be stored UW NI to within a few Inches of ROOF. FOLD YARD COVERINCS, STEEL AND IRON SS BUILDINGS, Design No. 661. of every Description. CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING, IRON & WIRE FENCING, WROUCHT IRON RAILINGS, GATES, HURDLES, frat PALE FENCING, TREEGUARDS, {7 Ei Etc., Etc. sete te v Roofing and Fencing Catalogues on Application. THRONES sone at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. 49 CANNON STREET, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGH. Bv Special Appointment to this Majesty the ing. Telephone Nos.— Edinburgh, Central 2674, 2675, and 4665. Glasgow, Argyle, 2336 National. ») ay g AOE Tay London, 2117, Fe 2) P.O. Hampstead. MACKENZIE & MONCUR, HOTHOUSE BUILDERS, LTD. Heating, Ventilating, and Electrical Engineers, and Iron Founders. EDINBURGH: Registered Office—Balcarres Street. oP Works— Balcarres Street. “ Foundry—Slateford Road. GLASGOW: 121 St Vincent Street. LONDON: 8 Camden Road, N.W. Telegrams— ‘Hothouse, Edinburgh.” ‘‘Tron, Edinburgh.” ‘‘Treibhaus, London.” Erected at Sleaford House, Ayr. HOTHOUSE BUILDING. —Hothouses of every description designed and erected in any part of the country, with improved Ventilation, Gearing, Staging, and Heating Apparatus complete. ; HEATING.—Churches, Public Buildings of all kinds, Schools, Mansions, Villas &c., heated efficiently by Low Pressure, Hot Water, or by Steam. Also by ‘*Barker’s” Cable System of Hot Water Low Pressure Heating, with small bore pipes and no sunk stokeholes. f LIGHTING.—Complete Installations for Lighting by Electricity fitted up in any part of the country. Petrol Gas Light’ag Apparatus fitted up complete on approved lines. FOUNDRY. —Architectural Ironwork of all kinds, Stable and Cow-House Fittings, Sanitary Castings, Manhole Covers, Ventilators, Gratings, &c. : PLANS AND ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION. a* ADVERTISEMENTS. DAVID W. THOMSON’S FOREST TREES. An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest ‘Trees, comprising SCOTS FIR, LARCH FIR (Native and Japanese), SPRUCE FIR, SILVER FIR, ABIES DOUGLASII, LARICIO and AUSTRIACA, and other trees in great variety, and in good condition for Removal. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS anv TREES wn Att sizes. Rhododendrons, Ponticums, and Hybrids, ALSO FINEST NAMED SORTS. HOLLIES, YEWS, LAURELS, PRiVea and other Game-Cover Plants all recently transplanted. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. CHOIGE VEGETABLE SEEDS AND CHOIGE FLOWER SEEDS. See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1908, Post Free on application. hurseries— WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD and BOSWALL ROAD. Seed Warebouse— 113 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegraphic Address— ‘‘ LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, 6 BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW. FORESTRY DEPARTMENT. Day and Evening Classes are held in the College for the purpose of preparing Students for the Certificate of the College, for the Certificate in Forestry of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Examinations in connection with the Surveyor’s Institute, A Special Month’s Course of Instruction for Foresters is given in October of each year. Subjects of Instruction :— Forestry, : . W.F. A. Hupson; McA, PVA .s 1 Soils and Manures, . Professor WRIGHT. Forest Entomology, .. JAmEs' J.. Fo xX. Kine} EES: Chemistry and Physics, Professor BERRY. Prospectus of the Day and Evening Classes and of the Special Class for Foresters may be had on application to the Secretary. A. & G. PATERSON, LIMITED. HEAD OFFICE: ST ROLLOX, GLASGOW. Branches at ABERDEEN, BANCHORY, INVERGORDON, etc. Buyers of Scotch Growing Woods. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, ===mm LARBERT, N.B. All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &c. ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & CO. (J. M. MUNRO, Ltd.), ADVERTISING AGENTS, 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS inserted in the Edinburgh, London, and Provincial Newspapers and Periodicals; also in all Colonial and Foreign Publications. A single copy of an Advertisement sent to Keith & Co. ensures immediate insertion, without further trouble to the Advertiser, in any number of newspapers, and at an expense not greater than would have been incurred if the Advertisement or Notice had been forwarded to each Newspaper direct. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, GRASS PARKS, MANSION HOUSES, &., to Let, ESTATES for SALE, TIMBER for SALE, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, &c.; and Messrs J. M. Munro, Lrp., having been appointed Official Advertising Agents to the SCOTTISH ESTATE FACTORS’ SOCIETY, and to the HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, Agents and Factors can have every confidence in placing their Advertising in the hands of the firm. REGISTRY for Servants (Male and Female) of all Classes. KEITH & CO., 43 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone No. 316. ADVERTISEMENTS. M°FARLANE & ERSKINE, Lithoqraphers, Cetterpress, and Chree-Colour Prinfers. = = = Black and Coloured Plates for Scientific Works. Plans of Estates, etc. Coloured Illustrations for Seedsmen. Books, Magazines, Catalogues, Price Lists, Circulars, and Every Description of Printed Forms. ST JAMES WORKS, M‘DONALD ROAD, 2 - EDINBURGH] = Forest, Fruit 32.4" Trees & Plants. BHVERGREENS, ROSES, DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. Herbaceous Plants. STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS, SEEDS ror FARM anp GARDEN. JOHN DOWNIE, faesND // SHANDWICK PLACE EDINBURGH. Nurseries: Beechhill, Murrayfield, and Belgrave Park, Corstorphine. Telegraphic Address—‘‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.”’ Telephone, 2155. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegrams : Telephones . ‘“ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” Se No. 1378 PARTICK. Corporation, No. W333. ROBINSON, DUNN & CO, Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. = tines Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. Creosoting Works at TEMPLE. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forrest, Farm, and GarveEn. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, 138 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. The Cenrrat Crasses in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AGRICULTURE AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Prospectus may be had on application to W. Scorr Stevenson, Secy. ADVERTISEMENTS, THe CouNtRY GENTLEMEN’S ASSOCIATION LIMITED, Popularly known as the “C.G.A.,” is a society of Landowners, Land Agents, Farmers, and_ others interested in the land, numbering many thousands, and residing in all parts of the kingdom. Its work is divided into the following departments :— The Country Club. Expert Advice and Assistance. Management of Estates. Sale and Letting of Estates and Farms. Sale of Live Stock, Timber, and other Produce. Purchase and Supply of Estate Requisites. Employment Register. Publishing. The Country Gentlemen’s Estate Book (annually) and The Estate Magazine (monthly) form the official publications of the ‘‘C.G.A.” Membership. The subscription for Membership is 21s. per annum, which includes the official publications and all Members’ privileges with the exception of the Club. There is no further liability. Members may also become shareholders with limited liability. Application for Membership and all correspondence should be addressed to— WM. BROOMHALL, Managing Director, 127 St Vincent Street, Glasgow, and 24 and 25 St James’ Street, London, S.W. ADVERTISEMENTS. MILLIONS IN STOCK, VERY CHEAP. Douglas Fir, European and Japanese Larch, Thorn for Hedges, etc., etc., a Speciality. Also Apple and Pear Stocks, Briars, and other Nursery Stock, pro 1000 and 100,000. All from sandy soil. with excellent roots; special prices for larger quantities. Best Shipping facilities oa Hamburg at lowest freight, and Guarantee for safe arrival. Catalogues free. The Largest Nurseries in Germany. Shipments of 150 Millions of Plants annually. J. HEINS’ SONS, Halstenbek, No. 6, near Hamburg, GERMANY. Notice to Members. CHANGE OF THE SOCIETY’S ADDRESS. Members will please note that the Society’s official address is now 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH, where all communications should be sent. A room has been secured there for the accommodation of the Society’s books and papers; and donations of books on forestry subjects for the Library will be gladly received and acknowledged by the Secretary. Members having books on loan will oblige by returning them to the above address. ROBERT GALLOWAY, SSC Secretary and Treasurer. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. INSTITUTED 1854, Patron—HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. Permission to assume the title ‘‘ Royal’ was granted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in 1887. FORMER PRESIDENTS. . JAMES Brown, Wood Commissioner to the Earl of Seafield. 1854-56 1857. The Right Hon. Tue Kart or Ducte. 1858. The Right Hon. THe Kart oF Sratr. 1859. Sir Joun HAL1, Bart. of Dunglass. 1860. His Grace THE DUKE oF ATHOLL. 1861. Joun I. CHatmers of Aldbar. 1862. The Right Hon. Tur EARL OF AIRLIE. 1863. The Right Hon. T. F. Kennepy. 1864-71. Ropert Hurcnuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. 1872-73. HugH CLecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1874-75. Joun Hutron Batrovr, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS.L. & E., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1876-78. The Right Hon. W. P. Apam of Blair- adam, M.P. 1879-81. The Most Hon. Tur MArQuIS OF LoTHIAN, K.T. 1882. ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1883-85. Hucu CLecHorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1886-87. The Right Hon. Sir Hersprrr Eustace MAXWELL, Bart. of Monreith. 1888-89. The Most Hon. THE Marquis OF LINLITHGOW. 1890-93. IsAAc BAyiEY Batrour, M.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., LL.D., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1894-97. R. C. Munro Fercuson, M.P. 1898. Colonel F. Bartry, R.E. 1899-02. The Right Hon. THE Eart or MANSFIELD. 1903-06. W. SrEvaRT ForHRINGHAM of Murthly. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1908. President. Sir KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Vice=Presidents., D. F. MACKENZIE, F.S.I., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Mid- lothian. Sin THOMAS GIBSON CARMICHAEL, Bart. of Castle Craig, Malleny House, Balerno. ’ W. STEUART FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. Cou JOHN BOYD, Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws, Glasgow. A. T. GILLANDERS, F.E.S., Forester, Alnwick Castle, Nor- thumberland. i W. H. MASSIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. JOHN D. CROZIER, Forester, Durris Estate, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. W. A. RAE, Factor, Murthly, Perthshire. ; JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. : ROBERT ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. JAMES COOK, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge. ROBERT FORBES, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. SIMON MACBEAN, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. . G. U. MACDONALD, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. |Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollok- shaws. JOHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. JAMES JOHNSTONE, F.S.I., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. ncil. GEORGE MACKINNON, Overseer, Melville, Lasswade. a SETEnS: Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edin- burgh. DR na ue BORTHWICK, Royal Botanic Garden, Edin- urgh, | GEORGE LEVEN, Forester, Auchincruive, St Quivox, Ayr. | JOHN BROOM, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. ‘SYDNEY J. GAMMELL of Drumtochy, House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. JOHN W. M‘HATTIE, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. EARL OF MANSFIELD, Scone Palace, Perth. JOHN ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Countesswells Hon. Editor. Lrevt.-Cotonet F, BAILEY, F.R.S.E., 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. Auditor. JOHN T. WATSON, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Hon, Secretary. R. C. MUNRO FERGUSON, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House, Kirkcaldy. Secretary and Treasurer, ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. h* 2 Membership. HE Roll contains the names of 1200 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times. when business requires attention; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in’ Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions aftermentioned. School of Forestry, Afforestation, Etc. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided in Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of £,584, 3S. 10d. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and 3 Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland which might serve the above-named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in_ their Report the Committee have recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government has recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire ; and this, it is hoped, may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. The Society has now submitted to the Government a Resolution urging the further provision of a more accessibly situated tract carrying a fair proportion of growing woods, which may fulfil the objects for which a State Demonstration Forest has so long been needed. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. The Society’s Resolution also asks for Example Plots or Forest Gardens in connection with the various centres of Forestry instruction and other educational facilities, and further, recom- mends that a Board of Forestry for Scotland, or a Commission under the Board of Agriculture, should be established to foster and promote State and Private Afforestation in the country, with special power to survey and indicate all land suitable for afforesta- tion, and should be provided with sufficient funds to carry on its work efficiently. Excursions. During the past twenty-nine years, well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, and Ireland. In 1895 a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, and during the summer of 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also 4 offered for Special Exhibits. In addition to the Annual Exhibition before referred to, a large and important Forestry Section organised by this Society is included in the Scottish National Exhibition which is being held in Edinburgh this year. The Society’s Transactions. The Transactions of the Society, which extend to twenty-one volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as © well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the following Honorary Officials appointed by the Society. Consulting Botanist.—IsAAC BAYLEY BAL¥FouR, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ALEXANDER LAUDER, D.Sc., 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. BORTHWICK, D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—ROBERT STEWART MacDoucGatt, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., 13 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist,—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geological Labora- tory, University of Edinburgh. Consulting Meteorologist. ANDREW WATT, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. Local Branches. The Society, at a recent Meeting, approved of the formation of Local Branches in suitable districts, and Local Branches have now been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. The President of the Aberdeen Branch is Alex. M. Gordon of Newton, and the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer is Robert Scott, Solicitor, 230 Union Street, Aberdeen. The President of the Inver- ness Branch is J. Grant Thomson, Wood Manager on the Seafield Estates, Grantown, and the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer is Alex. Fraser, Solicitor, Church Street, Inverness. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. Counties. Aberdeen, Argyle, . Ayr, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan,. Dumbarton, Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Perth, Renfrew, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland, JoHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. ~JoHN Micuik, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. JoHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Pace, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Wo. MILne, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Inetts, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. RosBerT Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Rosert Brown, Forester, Boiden, Luss, D. CrabBse, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. JoHN Hayes, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wo. Gitcurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville St Andrews. EpMUND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. JAMES A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JoHN Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. JoHN Davinson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. JOHN Brypon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. W. Harrower, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy. JoHN ScrimGEouR, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. Joun J. R. MEIKLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMy Frances YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JOHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick, R. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso. DonaLp RosBERTSON, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES HoGArtH, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. WALKER, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. Counties. Beds, Berks, Cheshire, Devon, . Durham, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesea:, Notts, Salop, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, York, Dublin, , Galway, . Kings County, Tipperary, England. FRANCIS MITCHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Storie, Whitway House, Newbury. Wm. A. ForsrEr, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. JOHN F, ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES Barton, Forester, Hatfield. THOMAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowresr, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. HAmItton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES MARTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havenock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. JoHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens, Surrey. Professor BouLGER, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S. W. Wo. Exper, Thoresby, Allerton, Newark. W. Micuiz, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Winson ToMLINson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. Frank Hott, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport. AnDkEW Boa, Agent, Skates Hill, Glemsford. Grorck HANNAH, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. ANDREW PEEBLES, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford. A. D. Curisriz, 16 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birmingham. D. Tait, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Ireland, A. C, Forses, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILSON, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Arcu. E. Morran, Palmerston House, Portumna. THOMAS RoBERTSON, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wm. HENpDERSON, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davip G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.8.C., SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Full Name, Designation, Degrees, etc., Candidate's 4 Address, | Life, or Ordinary Member, Signature, . he eis A cisetee Proposer’s Address, [ Stgnature, . Seconder’s | Address, [CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over, CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— 1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually ; . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed 4500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . . Half-a-Guinea. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, subscribing annually é : . Six Shillings. 1S) 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually : : , ‘ . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member’s Subscription is due on the day of election unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first Subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zvransactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the meetings of the Society. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Life Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, : c . £1010 oO 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Mer- chants, and others, : , 5 : : 5 Se 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, : . . . : ; : 3° 3)0 VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zi/e Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a xew Life Member. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each Proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed. CONTENTS: The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. PAGE 18. Trees of Western America. By F. R. S. Balfour, . an) lat 19, Soil: its Origin and Nature. By Professor James Geikie, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. (concluded from p. 21), . nich: 20. A Scheme for Establishing a National Industry of Forestry. By a Correspondent, . 3 : ; : 3 eG 21. Root Disease in Scots Pine on Farm Lands (with Two Plates). By Bert. Ribbentrop, C.I.E., 5 ; LAS 22. The Cultivation of Hardwoods. By J. Boyd (continued from Pp. 49), é : : ; 5 . 150 23. Impressions of Forestry in the Schwarzwald (with Two Plates). By J. F. Annand, . ; : ; - 2159 24. Notes of Silvicultural Interest. By Thomas Hall, . 76 25. Continental Notes—Germany. By Bert. Ribbentrop, C.I.E., 180 26. The Selection and Training of Probationers for the Imperial Forest Service of India. By J. Nisbet, D.€&c., formerly Conservator of Forests, Burma, IgI 27. The Larch Shoot Moth (Argyresthia (Tinea) laevigatella) (with Plate). By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc., 195 28. Underplanting. By Lieut.-Colonel F. Bailey, ‘ » 198 29. Experiments on the Relative Value of certain Timber Preservatives, . : : ; : ‘ Zor 30. The Northern Branch of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society—Visit to the Lovat and Novar Estates, . 4, 205 31. The Aberdeen Branch—Excursion to Durris, . A i 2E 32. Forestry Section in the Scottish National Exhibition, Edin- burgh, 1908, organised by the Royal Scottish Arbori- cultural Society, ist May to 31st October, . ; ee eL/ il CONTENTS. Notes and Queries :—Arboriculture and Arable Land—The Ardgoil Estate—Afforestation of Surplus Lands—Forest Preservation in the United States—Afforestation of Re- claimed Lands—Basic Slag on Seed-Beds (with Plate)— Working-Plan for the Ardross Woods—Forestry at the West of Scotland Agricultural College—Forestry at the University of Edinburgh—Chair of Forestry at Cambridge — Forestry Appointment at Inverliever—Wood: its Botanical and Technical Aspect—The Cost of Fencing— Experimental Study of Larch Canker—The Foresters’ and Gardeners’ Society of Argyll—Some recent Forestry Books, Reviews and Notices of Books :—Forest Entomology. By A. T. Gillanders, F.E.S., Wood Manager to the Duke of Northumberland. xxii+422 pp., including Index. 351 Illustrations. Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, 1908. Price I5s., 5 : 3 : Trees and their Life-Histories. By Percy Groom. London: Cassell & Co. Price 25s. net. With 512 Illustrations, . ‘ : ‘ ; Webster’s Foresters’ Pocket Diary (Sixth Edition) for 1908, for the use of Foresters, Estate Agents, Nursery- men. 2s. 6d. net. London: William Rider & Son, Ltd., Laws of the Society. Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1908, with Appendices. List of Members. PAGE 222 238 239 240 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 18. Trees of Western America.! By F. R. S. BALFour. My wife and I have recently made a trip to the Pacific coast, and perhaps our chief object in so doing was to see the trees of that region, the richest belt of coniferous timber in the world. I have twice lived for eighteen months at a time in Washington, Oregon, and California, and have made a good many shooting and fishing expeditions into the western moun- tains, but never before has my sole object in such expeditions been to see the best of the timber. I hope to have something to say of our wanderings which will be of interest to those Members of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society who are here to-day ; but I wish it to be understood that I can merely tell you of the observations of a lover of trees, who has little intimate know- ledge of botany. We sailed in July to Quebec, and crossed the continent by the C.P.R. We stayed for a few days at the Lake Louise Hotel at Laggan in the Rockies, about 6000 feet above sea- level, and g60 miles west of Winnipeg. The hotel lies at the north end of Lake Louise, six miles from the railway, and 1000 feet above it. Soon after leaving Calgary, the youngest and one of the most prosperous towns on the continent, the train begins to wind its way up the Bow River, with the towering Rockies to the north and south. The first tree we have seen for over a thousand miles is the ubiquitous Pinus contorta, springing up thick and straight in all directions. No tree in America covers such an area—from Alaska to Colorado. It is well called the lodge pole pine by the Indians. 1 Lecture delivered, with lantern slides, to the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society at their Annual Meeting, 5th February 1908. VOL. XXI. PART II. I I22 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. It was a mild rainy day when we arrived, and after reaching the hotel it did not take me many minutes to recognise, with my glasses, the light green of the Lyall larch, growing at timber- level—7zo0o to 8000 feet. I started through the thick under- growth of azalea and blaeberry, and was soon thoroughly drenched. The Pinus contorta had been left behind before Lake Louise was reached, and the timber here is Pzcea Engelmannt and Adies lasiocarpa solely. Both were covered with cones— even trees only 6 feet high—and indeed the two are much alike, but for the red drooping cones of the /vcea and the black erect ones of the Adzes. After a good deal stiffer climb than 1 expected, I reached the first of the Larix Lyaliiz, and managed to get some photographs taken while the rain was falling. The tree was first discovered by David Lyall, a Scotsman who accompanied the expedition which settled the International Boundary in 1857. It never exceeds 85 feet in height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. The woolly tomentum which covers the twigs and buds makes it easily recognisable. As far as I am aware, it has never before been brought to this country, but I arranged with a Chinaman to get me later on a supply of the seed and about a dozen plants which I have growing at Dawyck. The seeds ripen and are shed in the first three weeks of September; they do not remain in the cones as with our larch. I hope I may raise some plants and keep those I have got. This larch is so purely Alpine in its habit, that I have no expectation that it would ever be a useful tree in this country. Its great kinsman, Larix occidentalis, however, is perhaps better worth growing as a timber-tree in Great Britain than any other exotic. This tree, which unfortunately did not seed last season, does not grow so high up or extend so far north as Lyadli#, and covers a much wider area throughout Eastern Oregon and Washington, parts of Montana and Idaho, and the Kootenay County of British Columbia. A splendid tree, it often grows to 200 feet high; the largest specimen I know of is 24 feet round, 6 feet from the ground; this tree is in the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon. This larch is incomparably the grandest variety of larch in the world. Throughout this country there is a thick undergrowth of azalea covered with lemon coloured blossom, not the azalea of the West, but one with small waxy bell-like flowers. We made an expedition on horseback to the glacier which discharges into the south end of TREES OF WESTERN AMERICA. 123 the lake, and also to two small lakes a thousand feet higher up than the hotel, where we left the timber-line behind, and found Lyall’s larch growing pure. The trees of this region have their branches very short from base to top, owing to the immense weight of snow and ice which covers them for so much of the year. I shall say little of our journey from the Rockies, across the Selkirks and Coast Mountains, to the Fraser River Cajion. Suffice to say that four miles west of Laggan the line crosses the continental divide through the Kicking-horse Pass, and almost at once the timber begins to grow western in its character. Douglas fir and 7hwja gigantea are seen for the first time as we drop down into the valley of the Upper Columbia River. Then when we have crossed the river and begin to climb up the precipitous Beaver Caiion of the Selkirks, we see splendid 7suga Albertiana, Pinus monticola, Picea Engelmannt and Pinus contorta giving way gradually to Zhuja gigantea and Douglas. The day’s run from Laggan to Revelstoke is through as splendid mountain scenery as exists anywhere ; doubtless many here have made that journey, and stayed in the delightful hotels provided by the C.P.R. In the lower Fraser River valley grows that finest of all birches—Lezula occidentalis,—a tree practically unknown here, though there is no reason why it should not thrive in our climate, so like its own of British Columbia. Our objective point was Tacoma, in the State of Washington, on Puget Sound. In the valleys of Northern Washington through which our line—the Northern Pacific—ran, we saw Douglas and Zhuja gigantea growing as only they do grow on the mild sea-board of the North Pacific. Terrible burnt areas too we passed, where not a seedling was to be seen, and only bracken and willow-herb springing up among the blackened stumps. Happily this destruction by fire has been reduced about 85 per cent. during the past season, owing to the excellent arrangements, regulations, and active supervision of the officers of the United States Timber Reservations. We saw large specimens of the greatest of American maples (Acer macrophyllum) growing among the tangles of the vine maple (Acer circinnatum) in all the river bottoms. Here and there was an occasional Picea Menziesii—it never occurs over thirty miles from the sea, and we were now well within that distance of Puget Sound. I24 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, The luxuriance of all this western timber, its size, the freedom with which it seeds itself, and its rapidity of growth, render these forests quite unlike anything to be seen east of the Coast Mountains. It is the land, too, of flowering and berried shrubs, Spirea, Berberris of several kinds (including our well-known B. aquifolium), Ribes, numerous Rubus, Gaultheria shalon, some- times a tree 20 feet high—the Sal-lal of the Indians,—that most striking of arbuti, the Madrojiia tree, the lovely western dogwood (Cornus nuttallit), two beautiful elders, one red and one blue- berried (Sambucus arborescens and S. glauca), several Rhamnus, and five great blaeberries or Vaccinium, some red and some blue-berried, but all, as a rule, 6 feet high. There is a range of mountains still almost entirely unexplored, occupying the triangle of land which forms the portion of the State of Washington that overlaps the south end of Vancouver Island. A couple of days after reaching Tacoma, we set out for these Olympic Mountains, crossing Puget Sound, and driving for two days over nearly impossible roads through as fine Douglas and Adlbertzana forest as I have ever seen. The summer climate of those parts is quite delightful, never too warm, with cloudless skies and only occasional showery days. Our first resting-place was the little log hotel on Lake Cushman, surrounded by Douglas fir and Zhuja gigantea. Seven years ago I made a small expedition after black bears across the mountains at the head of this lake, and then found at snow-level whole gardens of lovely flowers, /7itillaria, Brodiwa, Calochortus, orchids, and, most charming of all, the beautiful Calypso borealis, but that was in June. The river which feeds the lake, for a couple of miles of its course, flows through alluvial land well sheltered by the surrounding mountains from the winds of the Pacific, and here we found a grove of extraordinarily tall Acer macrophyllum, intermingled with Populus tricocarpa, Alnus Oregona, and Thuja gigantea. Their branches are _ thickly clothed with dense growth of yellow moss and ferns: the height of the trees I judged to be rather over 150 feet. The poplar of this region commonly grows to nearly 200 feet, and is the largest deciduous tree west of the Rockies—or, I believe, on the continent—and this great maple is second to it. I here, too, saw the largest Thuja gigantea I ever came across ; it measured just 40 feet round, breast high, and was about 300 feet high. This is, however, by no means the record. Throughout the valleys TREES OF WESTERN AMERICA. 125 of this range the Douglas fir must average about 250 feet, and the Zsuga little short of it. I stepped the trees in this photograph, and found they measured 210 feet before the first branch was reached. A guide whom I had taken with me when last in these mountains told us that a party of prospectors had cut a trail up the South Fork of the Skokomish River (the North Fork was the river flowing out of Lake Cushman, up which we had come). We determined to follow this trail for a few days’ fishing and exploring. We were well repaid. ‘The first day out, with four horses and our two men, we reached the river, and camped in a clump of aspen poplars (Populus tremuloides), sleeping on beds of Zhuja gigantea boughs. Most of our day’s march was through dense anil ; rae id ‘ (h- ae “i ¢ = i ge 0 a oot n 2 ae : > we =, “a | rs a abel . hin vt | ; ih A a -- & n ,* = yy = z ' 7 ran » all i . i = a | aa | nh a a ne "8 - ‘ : b — y a = ter Fs - 3 : a. 7 2 ‘ - 1 ; S&S} i - ir = "ye mA = ay a . 4 ipa oe eee [> a ‘a ia” 1) 4 ; ; "h | ‘3 ®t =| ad . | | ae Ms i 7 ' at 4) >" ; ow) 7 ry Pe oe Piate XII. ROOT DISEASE IN SCOTS PINE, (lor explanation see Text. ) To face page 149. ROOT DISEASE IN SCOTS PINE ON FARM LANDS. 149 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. The accompanying Plates, which are drawn from Photographs, show Scots pine roots grown on old farm lands. Figs. 1 and 8. Roots of trees growing in close portions of otherwise severely attacked afforestations—55 and 60 years old. Neither of these roots systems shows any traces of the disease, and they are almost normal in their development. They represent exceptions. Fig. 2. Roots of a 50 year old tree left on a large blank—its foliage was still normal, but height-growth had almost ceased for some years, The tree was, however, still struggling with the disease. Fig. 3. Roots of a 45 year old tree, in a heavily diseased area, still living but doomed; the foliage was thin and off colour. The shape and development of the root system are quite typical of those of farm- land grown Scots pine. Fig. 4. Typical formation of roots of a tree that has got over the disease after a severe struggle. The tap-root was dead, but had been replaced by numerous deep-reaching branch roots. The crown develop- ment, also typical, showed by its rounded formation that for a considerable time no growth in height had taken place, but a vigorous shoot growing out of it proved that the crisis was over. Figs. 5 and 6. Roots of trees 45 and 50 years old, which had passed the crisis and were convalescent. The regeneration of the root system had established itself, and growth in height had recom- menced. Fig. 7. Roots of a dying tree, 4o years old. A severe struggle for life was evidenced by the formation of a second large root, after the first had died. I50 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 22. The Cultivation of Hardwoods.! By J. Boyp. Te It is my intention, in continuing this subject, to express briefly my opinions regarding the formation and cultivation of hardwood crops, the method of treating the subject being to begin by making some general remarks; then to refer to the principal broad-leaved trees individually, with a short reference to the tending of woods composed entirely of these; and lastly, to mention some cases where it may be permissible, or even advisable, to have a mixture of conifers with hardwoods. Trees in general—hardwoods included—may be cultivated either in “‘pure woods” or in ‘‘mixed woods,” and the latter may be either ‘‘even-aged” or “‘uneven-aged.” Although these terms are now more or less familiar, it may be advisable to state briefly what they imply, and what is the object of having mixtures. A pure wood is one composed of one species of tree; there may be stray trees of other species throughout the area, but they are ignored in the management, the whole being treated as if there was one species. On the other hand, a mixed wood is one composed of two or more species of trees, and, as already stated, it may be even-aged or uneven-aged. (a) EvEN-AGED Woops. In this case there are four different methods of mixing, any one of which may be adopted, according to circumstances :— (1) by single plants; (2) by alternate lines of different species ; (3) by strips—or several lines—of each species ; (4) by groups. 1. In the case of a mixture by single plants, the mixture should be composed of two kinds of trees—and two only—or at least two kinds only should grow together on any given area of a wood, ¢.g., oak and beech might be the principal crop in a wood ; but if it were desirable to introduce, in suitable places, such trees as ash or elm, they should not be mixed with the oak and beech, but should be planted, instead of the oak, along with the beech. This method of mixing is suited only to soils which are more or less regular in character, and on which 1 Continued from page 49. THE CULTIVATION OF HARDWOODS. I51 the oak will have a good chance of holding its own with the beech; otherwise the latter will tend to suppress it, and to prevent this in a situation which favoured the development of the beech would be a well-nigh hopeless task. 2. A mixture by single lines should, like the former, be composed of two species of trees planted in alternate lines, and is only suited to situations which will favour the growth of the light-demanding species. The advantages of this system over the former are—(r1) that the planting is simpler, and (2) that the trees are more easily tended in youth. 3. A mixture by strips, which is a modification of (2), is composed of several instead of single lines of each species planted alternately. It is suited to a soil and situation which will be likely to favour the development of the shade-bearing species ; because in this method the light-demanding plants can be more easily fostered by checking the growth of the other. 4. Mixture by Groups.—A mixture by groups is one composed of groups of various kinds of trees, or, in other words, an aggregation of miniature pure woods, a proportion of which must be good soil preservers, these being so arranged that they may be of the greatest advantage in maintaining the fertility of the soil throughout the wood. Such a mixture may be com- posed of as many kinds of trees as the nature of the soil and situation will accommodate or necessitate, and is preferable for a variable soil; but in the formation of such woods great care and judgment are required to ensure success. In some of our best hardwood-growing localities, it will frequently be found that within the area of an ordinary sized wood such vagaries are met with in the soil that the adoption of the group system on certain parts will be most advantageous. In such cases it may be not only permissible, but advisable, to combine this system with any or all of the preceding ones. (2) UNEVEN-AGED Woops. In this country uneven-aged mixtures are not very common, but as time goes on they may become more so where heavy timber is required. Such mixtures will, as a rule, be started as pure woods, or as mixtures of light-demanding trees, and will be cultivated as such until about middle life, when they will be gradually thinned out to a certain number of trees per I52 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. acre, and underplanted with a good shade-bearing and soil- preserving species. THE OpjyEcT OF MIXTURES. The object of having mixed woods in preference to pure woods in the case of hardwoods is twofold—(1) to preserve the fertility of the soil; (2) to improve the quality and outcome of the timber. 1. Some trees are capable of maintaining or improving the fertility of the soil, whereas others are absolutely incapable of doing either; indeed, under a crop of such the soil is certain to deteriorate, and it is a notable fact that the most valuable of our hardwood timber-trees belong to this class: therefore in forming a mixture, one of the species of trees must of necessity be one which will be capable of preserving the fertility of the soil. 2. Certain trees, and very notably oak, if grown in pure woods, are apt, in middle and later life, and particularly after a heavy thinning, to develop, from dormant buds in the stems, a crop of shoots which are a very serious objection, insomuch that they do incalculable harm by reducing the quality, and therefore the value, of the timber,! and it is most essential that such a state of affairs should be prevented. All situations and localities are not alike subject to this evil; the danger, other conditions of management being equal, seems to be in inverse proportion to the suitability of the soil for the development of the trees. If by any chance, however, a crop is allowed to get into a bad state with side-shoots, there is practically no cure. Therefore, as already mentioned, the plan is to prevent the evil, and this can only be attained by having such trees properly mixed with shade-bearers. The proportion of shade-bearers required to prevent this will depend largely on the nature of the soil, fewer being necessary on a deep fertile soil than on a poor shallow one. Of course it is quite possible to grow a crop of hardwoods of light-demanding species on a _ soil of high quality without any risk of injury from the cause referred to; but if the preservation of the soil be considered as well, it will be found that under such a crop, with a long rotation, the soil will have deteriorated. ‘There is therefore 1 And by tending to render the timber ‘‘ stag-headed.”—Hon. Ep. THE CULTIVATION OF HARDWOODS. 153 only one conclusion to be arrived at if the two objects of mixtures be considered conjointly, and that is, that for the proper cultivation of the most valuable hardwoods a mixture with shade-bearers is absolutely necessary. INDIVIDUAL TREES. Oak.—In speaking of mixtures, a good deal has been said regarding oak, indicating at least its characteristics, but as it is considered the premier tree among our hardwoods, a little repetition may be pardoned. It stands high in its demands on the locality, requiring for its proper development a soil of good quality and depth. It is decidedly a light-demanding tree, being even sensitive to side shade, and after early life is about the worst soil-preserver of all trees. When young, that is until it has passed the pole stage, it will protect the soil to some extent, but afterwards it Opens up very rapidly, and the light penetrating the open canopy encourages an undergrowth of grass and other weeds which utilise the humus on the surface of the ground, thus depriving the trees of much nutriment. As the wood gets older, there is added to this the worse evil of the loss of humus through the wind blowing the leaves either out of the wood altogether or into ditches, hollows, or depressions, thus robbing some parts, if not the whole wood, of its natural fertiliser. The leaves of oak are slow in decomposing, and are thus very subject to being blown away, so much so that the leaves of the previous year may be found blowing about in late spring. To cultivate oak on a successful basis, means must be taken to counteract these tendencies, or the certain result will be deterioration of the soil, and consequent loss of annual increment, and this can only be averted by mixing it with another species which will supply the necessary density and protection to counterbalance the deficiencies enumerated. Beech is the tree which, by all authorities, is considered the most suitable for this purpose. Beech.—Like oak, beech requires a soil of good quality, although it is not so exacting as to depth. It is decidedly a shade-bearing tree, having a dense crown which at all stages of life forms a canopy sufficiently dense to keep down any undergrowth which would be detrimental to the soil. It also VOL. XXI. PART II. i 154 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. makes a good wind-break, thus reducing the chance of loss of humus through blowing of the leaves, which are very abundant, and form a rich and plentiful supply of humus. Beech leaves are quite as slow of decomposition as those of oak, but they lie more closely to the ground, so that, apart from their being better protected, they are in themselves less liable to be blown by the wind. This combination of qualities possessed by the beech enables it not only to protect, but even to improve the fertility of the soil, and in it, therefore, are found the qualities which are deficient in the oak, thus making it a_ suitable companion for that tree. It is scarcely necessary to add that, if desired, beech may be grown in pure woods ; but if it has its proper place in the cultivation of oak, there is not much chance of it being necessary to cultivate it thus, excepting under circumstances where it will be more profitable to have it grown alone. ffornbeam.—In situations where beech is apt to suffer from frost, hornbeam is recommended as a suitable companion for oak. It possesses all the qualities of the beech in a lesser degree, and should only be substituted for it when the climatic conditions necessitate its use. Ash.—From a commercial point of view, ash as a timber-tree stands on about a level with oak. Its requirements as to soil and light are also somewhat similar, except that it requires a little more moisture in the soil. Its capabilities as a soil-preserver are, however, considerably higher than those of the oak ; this is partly due to the fact that it has rather heavier foliage, and partly because the leaves decompose more quickly, and for this reason are much less liable to be blown away ; but apart from all this, the compound form of the leaves render them less liable to be blown than the simple leaves of its confréres. Yet, with all these advantages, it cannot be recommended as a suitable tree for general planting in a mixed wood, it being, as a rule, better adapted for growing on suitable spots along the sides of streams, on the sides or in the bottoms of glens, or in fresh hollows. In such places it may be mixed with beech, but, for. the reasons enumerated above, there is not the same occasion for this mixture unless the suitable areas are large; in ordinary cases, the best results are likely to be got by growing it in pure groups throughout the wood in such situations as have been referred to. THE CULTIVATION OF HARDWOODS. 155 Elm, Sycamore and Maple.—These three trees may be classed together, as the same treatment may be applied to all of them. Commercially, the sycamore is the most valuable of the three, and in large sizes it is probably the most valuable timber- tree grown. Like the sycamore, the maple is valuable in large sizes, whereas the elm is at its best as ordinary sized timber. In their soil requirements these trees are somewhat similar to ash, except that sycamore and maple do not require the same degree of moisture. In their light requirements they may be termed middle class, none of them being very exacting in their demands. They all form a fairly dense canopy, their leaves are rapidly decomposed, and not very liable to be badly blown ; thus they may be ranked as fazy, but not as good preservers of the fertility of the soil, and they are therefore not suitable for growing in large areas as pure woods. To cultivate them successfully, they should be treated in the manner recommended for ash, if their timber is likely to be in demand; or where the demand is not so great, by planting single trees throughout, or round the margin of, woods. Birch.—The birch, in this country, is more frequently treated as a weed than as a timber-producing tree; yet consider- able quantities of birch wood are used in various industries,! and if the proper variety of birch were grown, there is no reason why it might not become a more profitable tree, as it grows rapidly and comes to maturity at an early age. It makes small demands on the fertility of the soil, and will even flourish in a poor dry soil, but will do much better on a good and fairly humid one. It is essentially a light-demanding tree, and after youth affords poor protection to the soil. Little can be said from experience as to its cultivation, but presumably from its very rapid growth in youth, and from its tendency to lash and destroy the tops of adjoining trees with its whip-like twigs when subjected to even a moderate breeze, it should be grown pure at first, and underplanted with a shade-bearer when it has reached a suitable stage. Some varieties of American birch may yet prove to be useful trees in this country, and are certainly worthy of a fair trial. There are several other broad-leaved trees which are timber producers; some of these, viz., sweet chestnut, horse-chestnut 1 Considerable quantities of clean birch logs are imported from the Baltic and other northern ports.—Hown, Eb. 156 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and lime, need not be treated of, as they are usually planted more from an esthetic point of view than anything else, whilst others—poplars and willows—are more worthy of passing note. Poplars.—The black Italian and Canadian poplars—excepting the balsam varieties of the latter—are the best timber producers in this genus. They require a moderately deep and fertile soil, with a fair degree of humidity—but no stagnant water—for their proper development. They are rather above middle class in their light requirements, and afford a fair amount of protection to the soil. Their soft leaves decompose quickly, and do not blow readily, consequently they maintain the fertility of the soil fairly well. They should be cultivated in groups in suitable situations, never as single trees throughout a wood, because they grow so much more rapidly than any other trees. A crop of good sized marketable timber may be produced by these trees in a period of thirty-five to forty years, a feat which no other tree can equal. Willow.—The characteristics and requirements of the tree willows are very much the same as those of poplars. They will stand a little more moisture in the soil, afford less protection to it, and be rather more exacting in their light requirements. The method of cultivation should be the same as has been recommended for poplars. TENDING OF Woops. It is claimed that if hardwoods—or broad-leaved trees—were cultivated on the principle advocated, the management would be simplicity itself compared with that of a compound mixture of conifers with hardwoods. In the early stages the usual precautions against weeds will have to be taken. Afterwards, when the trees have become established, and have developed into the thicket stage, care will have to be taken, when dealing with mixtures, that the shade-bearing trees do not overtop the others. When the Society visited the French forests a few years ago, a very good object-lesson for the prevention of this danger was brought before their notice in the forests near Nancy. If the hornbeam or beech were threatening to crush out the oak, the forest guards went round with long-handled bill-hooks, and wherever a good oak sapling was being threatened, he simply slashed off the tops of the offending trees, thus giving the oak ample head room, and still maintaining a complete canopy for THE CULTIVATION OF HARDWOODS. 157 the protection of the soil. This method of procedure is an admirable one, and well worth copying, and is altogether pre- ferable to the method usually practised in this country, viz., cutting out the offending tree or trees, which, besides encouraging lateral-growth at the expense of height-growth, destroys the canopy of the wood. Another point in favour of cultivating hardwoods as recommended, is that, in tending the crop, the necessity for having to resort to pruning in extensive woods is obviated to a great extent. When the ground is stocked with a limited number of trees per acre, pruning is almost always necessary, in order to ensure a final crop of good trees. Whereas, if the ground is fully stocked with the trees which are to form the permanent crop, either as a pure wood or as a mixture, pruning will rarely be necessary after they have reached the thicket stage, because in such woods there will always be found a sufficient number of good stems. When thin- ning becomes necessary, great care should be exercised in con- ducting this operation, overthinning, in all cases, being guarded against. The first thinnings should be limited to a removal of dead and dying stems, and the succeeding ones should be con- ducted with the object of encouraging the development of the best stems, regardless of returns from thinnings. With regard to thinning, a practice was noticed in the treatment of oak and beech woods in France, which is well worth mentioning. In passing through a middle-aged forest near Nancy, it was very noticeable that a great many small, and what appeared to be useless beech had been left growing under the oaks, whose stems were frequently surrounded by them, and the Excursionists were informed that these had been spared purposely with the object of keeping the light off the oak-stems, and thus preventing the development of side-shoots. This plan serves the purpose well, and could be put into practice in this country with advantageous results. In connection with the cultivation of hardwoods, the old proverb that “the exception proves the rule” holds good, as there is a possibility of having a mixture of hardwoods with conifers giving successful results. In the case of underplanting oak or other light-demanding hardwoods in localities where beech would be unmarketable, some shade-bearing species of conifer might be substituted with advantage to the financial returns, ¢.g., if the hardwoods are very open, Douglas fir— 158 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. on suitable soil—might be substituted. Probably the most notable example of the successful cultivation of a mixture of hardwoods and conifers is that of larch with beech, but in this case the mixture is for the benefit of the conifer and not of the hardwood. CONCLUSION. It can scarcely be expected that all readers will agree with the opinions recorded here, but it is hoped that the expression of them may be the means of causing reflection on the subject, and that it may be found that there is something to be said in favour of the statement that, generally speaking, hard- woods, or rather broad-leaved trees, should be cultivated by themselves, and conifers likewise, and not mixed one with the other. IMPRESSIONS OF FORESTRY IN THE SCHWARZWALD. 159 23. Impressions of Forestry in the Schwarzwald. (With Two Plates.) By J. F. ANNAND. The writer of the following notes, having been fortunate enough, through the kind recommendations of Dr Schlich and Dr Somerville, to obtain admission to an admirable course of lectures under Herr Oberforster Philipp of Sulzburg, Baden, had subsequently the privilege of spending a part of last summer in the forest, under the tuition of that distinguished forest officer. Herr Karl Philipp’s name is well known to many American foresters and British colonial forest officers, who have received much of their practical training under him. In addition to some German forestry students, the party receiving instruction last summer included two forest conservators from British colonies and the present writer. The comprehensive scheme of study taken up under Herr Philipp’s guidance embraced such special subjects as methods of forest valuation, the construction of yield-tables, the preparation of working-plans, etc., but it is not proposed here to trouble the readers of the Zransactions with minute particulars of such matters. Rather is it the writer’s aim to give only such details of the silviculture, and such of his general impressions of the forestry systems practised in South Germany, as are likely to be of special interest to those con- cerned with the forestry problems of this country. SYSTEMS OF SILVICULTURE. More than a third of the whole area of the Duchy of Baden is covered with forest, largely State property, but partly owned also by communes or townships, and partly by private individuals. The tree most largely cultivated is the silver fir, along with which there is in some regions a proportion of beech. The latter, however, in the higher altitudes, gives place to spruce. On the lower mountain slopes, in good deep soils with a considerable proportion of lime in their composition, oak and beech are cultivated. But as the better soils are, as a rule, more profitably used for agricultural (or viticultural) rather than for forestal purposes, the area under broad-leaved species is now small, and is not likely to increase. On the plains in the Rhine Valley, coppice and coppice-with- 160 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. standards are still to be met with in small quantity, but these are being as rapidly as possible re-converted into high-forest. Under all the systems practised in the high-forest of Baden, Nature does the planting or regenerating, except where large areas have been damaged by windfall, where thinnings have been neglected or mismanaged in such a way as to introduce bad soil conditions, or where the parent stems are too old to produce sufficient seed-crops to restock the ground. In districts with very steep mountain land, one finds in the Black Forest irregular-aged crops (“femel wald”), which are managed under what is described in the English forestry text- books as the “selection” system. Of all systems this is the nearest approach to natural virgin forest. All age-classes are mixed together either as individual stems, or better, in very small groups. By this system the ground is always covered with tree-growth, and soil denudation, even in the steepest land, is entirely prevented. The “selection” forests are usually found at altitudes of from 1000 to 3000 feet. The yield of good timber is much higher than one would at first anticipate. Measurements of numerous sample-plots have proved the current annual increment to be as high, very often, as 8 cubic metres per hectare, or about 112 cubic feet per acre. According to Herr Philipp,' the growing stock in most of these irregular woods is made up of the following species, and, in ¢.g., the valley of the Kinzig, in the following proportions :— Silver fir, .. : , : . 60 per cent Sprcey : ; : .' 30 pehicent Beech, : ; d 5 . 8 percents Pine, : : : : 2 per cent with sometimes a little oak in the lower ground. ‘The propor- tions of the different species vary, however, in different localities. The silver fir is by far the best coniferous tree for selection crops. It endures a great amount of shade and has great recuperative power when set free after having been overshadowed and suppressed for a long period. Its wounds heal rapidly, and the damaged part does not decay as in the case of spruce. Amongst other advantages, the silver fir has good seed-years at short intervals. It is very wind-firm, and, as regards density ! Irregular Woods in the Black Forest, by Karl Philipp—reprint from American Forester. IMPRESSIONS OF FORESTRY IN THE SCHWARZWALD. 161 of growing stock, it is unsurpassed by any other conifer, so that it is an excellent soil-protector. The stems approach very near to the cylindrical, the form factor being higher than for any other coniferous species. In the Black Forest, also, silver fir is only very slightly affected by injurious insects. From an altitude of 2000 feet and upwards the spruce gets more numerous in the mixture, and at 2500 feet, where there is greater humidity of soil and atmosphere, it is the prevailing species. The spruce is not wind-firm like the silver fir, and, owing to its liability to damage from gales, it does not lend itself so freely to natural regeneration on the flat moist ground as silver fir, but higher up in the mountains, in the rocky soils, the roots get better anchorage, and with cautious thinning, natural regenera- tion is not only possible but is successfully practised. In the low ground, however, the spruce is planted amongst the naturally regenerated silver firs. The pine is not used to any extent on soils in good condition. Where it is used its growth is satisfactory in the Black Forest, and it almost equals spruce as regards shape of stem, whereas, as is pointed out by Herr Philipp, the pines in the hot valleys of the Rhine are frequently crooked. They are often thinly crowned and poor in quality, thus showing that /ocadity has often a good deal to do with the fixing of the value as timber of any par- ticular species. Turning again to Herr Philipp’s article, we find it stated that “the timber-market of the Rhine prescribes a minimum diameter without bark at breast-height, for different classes of timber, as follows :— “Class IV., 14 centimetres at the length of 8 metres.! ”? OO 17 bb} ” 16 ” ” LE 22 bP) » 18 9 ” bb) ie 30 PP) ” 18 ” And “the average prices during the last few years in the Black Forest were :— “13 marks for one cubic metre of the IVth Class. 16 ” ” ” IIIrd ” 18 ” ” IInd ” 20 ” ” ” Ist ante 1 Centimetre = about *39 inch. Metre = 39 inches. Cubic metre = 35 cubic feet. 162 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. According to investigations carried out by Herr Philipp, a silver fir, in order to belong to the first class, must have the following proportions (diameter measured at breast-height) :— “A minimum diameter of 55 centimetres if 30 metres high. bb] ” 53 23 31 PP) 9? PP) 5° bb) 33 ” + ~ 48 5 34 Ok: Stems which have reached the prescribed diameter for a given height would after that only have a quantity increment, whereas those under that diameter of the same height would have not only a quantity increment but a quality increment as well, and in such cases as these the discriminating powers of the skilful forester in regard to thinning might be exercised with the most valuable results. Though apparently simple, a “selection” system, in order to obtain the best financial results, really requires more skill on the part of the forester than any other. Theoretically no part of the forest is ever at rest—a system of felling and regenerating is going on continually all over the area, but in practice the forest is worked by compartments. Healthy growing trees are considered mature when they attain to the dimensions of Class I. stems. This financial maturity is reached between the age of too and rq4o years, the general average rotation being 120 years. In order to maintain proper forest conditions and keep up the irregular character of the crops, a normal growing stock has to be maintained, corresponding to the normal mean annual incre- ment, with age-classes also normally distributed. Working-plans are renewed every ten years, when the volume of timber in each compartment of forest is measured in diameter classes, the amount of sound timber being separately reckoned from what is faulty. Besides the regular cuttings, confined to prescribed compart- ments, accidental fellings—the result of snow-break, windfall, etc.—are continually taking place under good management, and these accidental fellings amount to as much as from 20 to 30 per cent. of the whole. Where there is no good system of roads, much of the accidental fall is not fully utilised. 3eech is less encouraged in the silver fir forests than formerly. Its chief use is for fuel, but as the silver fir is a sufficiently good soil-protector, the beech is less required than in woods of oak IMPRESSIONS OF FORESTRY IN THE SCHWARZWALD. 163 and pine. The cultivation of oak, however, is never attempted without the help of beech. In every range in the Black Forest there is a proportion of “selection” woods, but the largest proportion of them are worked on the SHELTER-Woop COMPARTMENT SYSTEM, or in some cases on a modification of this, namely, the SHELTER- Woop Strip SYSTEM. The greater part of the Sulzburg range (chiefly silver fir with a little beech and a very little spruce) is worked on the shelter-wood compartment system. This method is so well known that it is not necessary to describe it in detail here. In this range, as in most others, there are forests belonging to communes and forests belonging to the State. All these are placed under one Oberforster, who controls the working of the whole. A share of his salary is paid by the communes, who have, however, the right, under certain restrictions, of prescribing the details of the working-plans for their forests. As has been already stated, under normal conditions Nature does the restocking, but where windfall occurs, or where there are blanks from other causes, the ground is artificially planted up without loss of time. As a matter of fact, ‘repair plantings ” or “cultures ” are, under good management, constantly going on. Formerly planting was not so much resorted to, but with the value of forest produce constantly rising, and with increasing facilities for transport in the shape of new roads in the forest, the system is really becoming more and more intense, and if Nature is not, for some reason, likely to perform the work sufficiently well and in time, planting is resorted to without hesitation. In some cases nurseries are formed on the spot, but as the ground to be planted is usually scattered in small patches over huge areas, it is a common practice for an Oberforster to purchase his planting stock direct from nurserymen. The cost of labour, and consequently the cost of planting, is high, but as the planting has to be done only on a very small percentage of the whole area, this is of less consequence, and the forest manager can afford to make a judicious outlay in this respect. In the Sulzburg range the species most commonly used for “repair” plantings are common spruce, Sitka spruce, Douglas fir and white pine (Pzzus strobus); occasionally larch and Scots pine are used. Very dense planting is not resorted 164 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. to in Baden. Formerly 10,000 plants per hectare’ were used, now 6000 is considered ample stocking; but it must be kept in mind that with the hot summers of South Germany the energy of growth in height is probably much greater ‘than with us, so that it does not necessarily follow that what would be sufficient for South Germany would be equally so for us. It has further to be remembered that in those forests the timber of finest quality will be had from the naturally regenerated stands with a very dense young growth. Consequently it is not so highly important to have very dense artificial cultures. The average rotation period for the silver fir worked on the shelter-wood compartment system is 120 years, and natural regeneration requires from 30 to 40 years to complete. Experi- ence has recently proved, however, that the average age of 100 years would probably make a more profitable rotation period in the lower reaches, and the tendency now appears to be to aim at working into this rotation. As regards actual money returns from the silver fir forests, it will readily be understood that with areas so vast and with con- ditions so variable in the matter of soils, altitudes, etc., the financial results must also vary. In some stands where the situation is exceptionally favourable, the net returns appear to work out as high as about £3 per acre per annum, but, exclud- ing poor and unproductive sections at extreme heights, 30s. an acre would probably be nearer an average money return. Even this very favourable result would not be possible without very skilful management and the help of natural regeneration. It has to be kept in mind also that all timber, small and great, has a market value, while the market for high-class timber is very good indeed. On a forest range near Baden-Baden, where the forests occur at an altitude of from 1000 to 3300 feet, the average annual increment, over 80 per cent. of the range, worked on the shelter- wood compartment system, amounts to about g2 cubic feet per acre. On the very high reaches the production is of course less, and the limit of profitable production is reached somewhere about 3000 feet. One thing which strikes even the casual visitor from our own country is the extraordinarily successful results obtained in natural regeneration. In some of the compartments of the 1 One hectare =2°47 acres. | 2 Na be OO [Photo by J. F. A. NATURAL REGENERATION OF SILVER FIR (Shelter-wood Compartment System). Dense young growth, 3 to 5 feet high. Large proportion of ‘* mother ” trees removed, [Photo by J. F. A. ADVANCED STAGE OF NATURAL REGENERATION. Most of ‘‘ mother” trees have been removed. [Zo face page 164. y Ne IMPRESSIONS OF FORESTRY IN THE SCHWARZWALD. 165 Sulzburg range, under the skilful management obtaining there, the natural regeneration is as near perfection as one could well imagine. If the advantages and disadvantages of the “selection” system and the shelter-wood compartment system are com- pared, it can be claimed in favour of the former, that there is a complete protection of the soil and less liability to damage from storms. These are very important matters in high altitudes on the steep mountain sides where the system is chiefly practised. On the other hand, the “selection ” system is one which requires a greater amount of skill than any other, not only on the part of the forest officer but on that of every grade in the service. Another objection to the system is that there is a greater per- centage of rough branchy timber than under the shelter-wood compartment system; but this disadvantage is less pronounced when regeneration proceeds by means of small groups or hursts, in preference to that by means of individual trees, and experience in Baden has shown that the financial results are at anyrate as good as under any other system. The shelter-wood compartment system also provides for good soil-protection, and is productive of a much larger percent- age of clean timber of high technical value. There would, however, be a somewhat greater liability to damage from storms than under the “selection” system. Natural regeneration is usually very complete under this system also, and it is the preferable one at the lower altitudes where the better class soils are more abundant. When the time for regeneration comes round, if there is a mixture of beech trees in the silver fir stands, the former are cut away almost entirely, otherwise there would be too much beech in the young crop, and there would be a danger of the silver fir being suppressed unless expensive cleanings were resorted to. Two or three good beech seed trees per hectare are usually considered sufficient to leave at the seeding stage, but old suppressed beech trees not likely to produce seed are left for a time to protect the soil and the young growth. Later on, when no longer required, those suppressed beeches are cut away. By means such as these, almost perfect regeneration of the silver fir can be effected. The oak forests do not occupy a large percentage of the whole. They occupy the lower slopes with limestone soils of better quality. Their area has been much curtailed by the 166 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. encroachments of the vine-grower. They do not present any exceptional features of cultivation. There is usually maintained a sufficient quantity of beech to seed the ground under the oak for soil-protection, but where this condition is absent beeches removed from thickets elsewhere are planted in the open parts. This is usually done when the oaks attain the age of 40 to 50 years, and, when the undergrowth is sufficiently established to prevent the growth of epicormic shoots or “water sprouts,” a regular and free system of thinning is commenced. MopERN SYSTEM OF THINNING PRACTISED IN BADEN. One of the practices in our so-called system of forestry in Great Britain, which has deservedly met with severe criticism on the part of those who have been accustomed to the scientific methods of the Continent, is that insane one of thinning out young woods immediately they enter, or even before they have entered, the thicket stage. The practice is one which cannot be too strongly condemned where the production of commercial timber is the main object in view. At the same time, it is just possible that in the building up of the more rational systems which are at present slowly taking shape in this country, we may err in rushing to the opposite extreme by following too rigidly what may now be described as the o/d Continental method of thinning, that is to say, the method which in practice consisted in the removing of very little more than the suppressed trees. It may not be without interest, there- fore, to follow from its origin the past history of the old method of procedure, and also to examine the results as one finds them in various regions of the Black Forest, where the effects of the old method are still apparent in some regions. In the beginning of last century pasturage by cattle and other stock was general throughout the forests of Germany. This had the effect of retarding natural regeneration. The forest would get more and more open, grasses and other weeds would have free scope for development, the quality of the forest soil would gradually become deteriorated owing to the open condition of the canopy, and ultimately the forest would become incapable of restocking itself. At anyrate, this appears to have been a common condition of matters about a century ago in the silver fir forests of Baden. By and by rights of pasturage appear IMPRESSIONS OF FORESTRY IN THE SCHWARZWALD. 167 gradually to have been bought out, and now in some States pasturage in the forest is prohibited by law. In order to bring the soil back into fertile condition, the German forester, recognising that the openness of the canopy was the cause of the deterioration, set about remedying matters by once more introducing close order, and with a view to hastening this, the thinnings were restricted to the removal of suppressed trees. At anyrate, theoretically, this was the system adopted. Now if there had been no disease, no windfall, no insect attacks, no accidents of any sort to the standing trees composing the forest, probably this system would have had very highly satisfactory results. But unfortunately there was and is windfall, cankerous diseases are by no means rare, in particular that caused by -£cidium elatinum. The mistletoe also is common, and produces bad defects in the timber. The method of thinning out then took no account of dominant trees which might be affected by cankerous growths or which might have other defects. These would in course of time get broken off by the wind, and large gaps would be caused in the canopy. This system then, carried to extremes, had to a certain extent the effect of defeating the very objects for which it was chiefly intended, namely, the preservation of good soil conditions and the natural regeneration of the forest. Further, the omission to cut defective trees, such as those with wide spreading branchy crowns, if they happened to be in the dominant class, had often the effect of prejudicing the growth of probably several sur- rounding smaller but much finer stems. Now, however, the younger German foresters are practically unanimous in upholding the more modern system, which, by the way, does not seem to have originated in Germany, but rather in Denmark or France. Now it is being adopted in some parts of Germany in a more thoroughly scientific manner perhaps than either in Denmark or in France. It has been given various names. It might be called the “Danish” or the “ French” system or the “free thinning” system. It should not be con- founded, however, with the very free system which had, until recently, come to be considered the correct one in Great Britain during, at least, the latter half of last century. Thinning should properly only begin when the larger part of the height-growth has taken place; whereas under our arbori- cultural method even the thicket stage was never permitted to 168 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. exist. ‘Free thinning” permits this, but later on takes more account of the thinning of the crowns, the best 500 or 600 stems per hectare being always favoured. Dominant faulty trees are freely removed. In the silver fir forests those with cankerous growths are worst. Others may be spoiled by having broken tops or frost cracks, or mistletoe growths. Others again have forked growth, or are rough branching trees with low spreading crowns—called by the Germans “wolf” trees, etc. Then again, the suppressed or over- shadowed trees (other than dead or sickly ones), instead of being cut out are purposely retained, not only to protect the soil but also to retard natural regeneration until the proper time —often a very necessary precaution. Overshadowed beeches are found excellent for this purpose when they occur in mixture with the silver fir. They seldom produce any seed, and they serve the purpose of soil-protection admirably. When the proper time for natural seeding is reached they are gradually cut away. Under the “free thinning ” system, the proportion of thinnings to final yield is very much larger than it was under the old regime, and in the case of light-demanding species like the oak, the proportion may be as high as 150 per cent. As regards total production under the two systems, the yield . of timber would, at least, be as high under the new system as under the old, and the financial outcome would be much better, because the quality of timber would be better, and the forest could be worked with less locked up capital. It is certainly due to this vigorous method of “improvement” thinnings that such excellent results in natural regeneration are obtained in various forest ranges in Baden, but the method is, of course, applicable to all forest species and under every silvi- cultural system. The question is often asked, ‘‘ How is it possible to carry out the felling of the mature timber during the various stages of the natural regeneration, without destroying the young growth?” The work certainly requires a large amount of skill on the part of the woodmen. But it should be remembered, in the first place, that there is no desire to grow trees of excessively large diameter. Tall, straight, cylindrical boles of sufficient but not extra large diameter are most numerous. ‘Then, secondly, trees of the largest dimensions are always removed IMPRESSIONS OF FORESTRY IN THE SCHWARZWALD. 169 first, after the initial seeding stage is past. Thirdly, regeneration is completed and the balance of the overhead protection trees removed as speedily as possible. Nevertheless it often happens that large trees have to be felled after there is a considerable covering on the ground of fairly advanced young growth. When this is the case, the woodmen very often do a thing which seems at first sight to be the worst possible practice. They fell the old trees, not on the comparatively bare ground with few seedlings, but right into the very thickest and best of the young growth. The reason for this is that in these thickets there are perhaps 50 per cent. more young trees than are necessary for a crop, so that it is no disadvantage at all if a considerable number are destroyed. On the other hand, there may be no young trees to spare at all in the thinly stocked parts. Sometimes it is necessary to lop the branches of the heavy crowned old trees previous to felling, in order to prevent damage, but if the felling is promptly and skilfully pressed on through the various seedling stages, little harm results to young growth. The tree cutters are very clever workmen, and they speak somewhat contemptuously of the unskilled “ tree-killers” who do the felling in the plains, where the clear-felling system is practised. The tree felling is done with the axe and the saw, almost precisely in the same way as we find it done in Scotland. TREE DISEASES AND INSECT ENEMIES. The disease of most practical importance in the silver fir forests is that causing the cankerous growths and swellings on the stems, that, namely, due to “£czdium (Peridermium) elatinum. Owing to a too rigid adherence to the system of thinning, by which suppressed trees only were removed, this very objectionable disease has got a considerable hold and does a great deal of harm. Its effects are apparent in two ways. In the first place, it reduces the value of the timber, which is absolutely useless at the affected parts except for fuel; and secondly, when the cankerous growths entirely encircle the stems, the trees are constantly being broken over at the affected parts whenever gales occur. The canopy thus gets much interrupted, weeds gain an entrance, there is a loss of increment, VOL. XXI. PART II. M I70 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and natural regeneration is interfered with. The most obvious remedy, and the most practical one, is to diligently remove affected stems in the course of the thinnings. This is now being done in the Black Forest. The disease is quite a common one on silver fir in some parts of Ireland and in the south-west of Scotland. It used to be regarded by Scottish foresters as a “freak” growth. Another plant (not regarded quite as a true parasite) which causes defects in silver fir timber in the Black Forest, almost as bad as those produced by the -4czdium, is the common mistletoe (Viscum album). It is very prevalent, and owing to its easy distribution by birds, it is difficult to stamp out. Next to trees with cankerous growths, those having mistletoe plants on them are the most favoured for removal in the course of thinnings under the modern system. Insect enemies are not particularly numerous, and in any case they are always kept well in hand. Tomticus curvidens is to be found on the silver fir on dry slopes in unthinned stands where there are weakly trees. This beetle may also in course of time attack healthy trees, but it prefers weakly ones. According to Herr Philipp, there may be two or three broods in the course of a season. The remedy is to fell weakly or diseased trees, bark them and burn the rubbish. Mr Gillanders says the beetle has not been recorded in this country. Tomicus (Trypodendron) lineatum is another beetle found in the silver fir and spruce stands. Owing to an excellent rule, strictly adhered to, which requires all coniferous trees felled and left lying in the forest to be at once barked, serious insect attacks are really non-existent. The species of Chermes which attacks the silver fir in this country with such fatal results, is certainly present in the Black Forest, but the natural constitutional vigour of the trees there is such that any bad effects are not apparent. Everybody can walk at pleasure through the roads and paths in the forest, and yet not one single instance of wilful damage, either by old or young, ever came under the observation of the writer during the whole of his stay in Baden. A line of conduct such as this must have taken time to develop like the forestry systems themselves. How very different often is the state of matters with us! XIV. PLATE , awe eT re re tp ae = q? e. r ————— Ff Fale Years. | Photo by 55 Lee Average Ag Ik. ER OF SILV STAND WELL-THINNED J. M. | Photo by EFFE( “TS TRIOUS SHOWING PIMBER *“SINKER” FIR SILVER Ol PIECES INJt MISTLETOE, OF ROOTS OF O. ‘ [To face page 1 ° IMPRESSIONS OF FORESTRY IN THE SCHWARZWALD. I7I Town WaTER SUPPLIES FROM THE FOREST. Modern sewage systems and water supplies are gradually being developed in the towns and villages of the valleys and plains. All new water supplies are being taken from the forest. Generally (but not necessarily) the supply for any particular town or commune is taken from the range of forest belonging to it. These water supplies have their source where there may be said to be absolutely no contamination either from human habitations or from the grazing of live stock. While we are still debating (somewhat senselessly, perhaps) whether or not a pure water supply could be got from forest land, the question has been settled very effectively and in a very different way in Baden. The forests have been developed first of all, and now without exception the towns look to the forest for a pure water supply. Further, the forests themselves often provide the necessary capital for the laying down of the water supplies. As a rule, for various reasons there are large surplus stocks of standing timber in the forests, and when a commune or town requires extra money for such purposes as road construction or water supplies, it can very often be provided by means of one or more extraordinary fellings of surplus timber, and that without in any way interfering with the normal growing stock of the forest. RoaD MAKING. One of the many works of improvement going on in the forests at the present time is the building in some ranges of a very complete system of mountain roads. These new roads are broad, well built and thoroughly macadamised. They are made with easy gradients, and are preferred to tramways. Ultimately they will entirely displace timber slides and other somewhat primitive methods of transport in the Black Forest. One chief result of the making of these roads is that an enhanced price can always be obtained for the timber, and they make it possible for the smaller timber merchants to penetrate farther into the forests for their supplies. RuRAL LIFE AND Forest LABOUR SUPPLY. The rate of wages for workmen is much higher in Baden than in North Germany. Forest workers earn from 4 to 5 marks I72 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. (shillings) a day. They are, however, an extremely hard- working set of people. They walk or cycle long distances to their work, and they have much longer hours than British workmen. Most of those workmen are either small-holders themselves or they are the relatives of small-holders, and generally, but not always, they are the owners of their little farms. The average size of such a holding is about 12 acres. In limestone soils on the slopes, the vine is one of the chief crops, and it requires a large amount of hand labour during the summer season. The cattle, which do a great deal of the carting work in the forest, are all stall fed. The grass is mowed for hay at least twice during a season. The farmyard manure is used chiefly for the vines, and much artificial manure is also required both for the vines and for the ordinary field and market garden crops. The system of cultivation of these holdings has therefore of necessity to be of an intensive character. There is no waste land in the sense in which we use the term. Practically every yard of soil is utilised. Large farms are also to be met with, but they are not so numerous as the small holdings. The whole of the valleys present a charming and varied picture, made up of cultivated farms, grass meadows and vineyards. Here and there in the lower hills the oak and beech forests obtrude themselves, while higher up in the mountains, where cultivation is no longer possible, an intense system of forestry, with the silver fir as its main element, prevails. The towering mountains, the apparently irregular character of the forest, the deep valleys, the clear running streams, all add a variety and a charm to the scenery which is entirely absent in localties having what may be called a more artificial system of forestry. Probably no patriotic Briton would willingly admit that the scenery is equal to our own, but surely not even the most fastidious lover of the beautiful in nature could take any excep- tion, from the esthetic point of view, to such a system of forestry as prevails in Baden. But to return to the question of labour supply. ‘The small- holder, living in the village or town in the valley, is very fully employed during spring and summer on his own farm or on his vineyard, but during late autumn and winter he has very little to occupy his time, and he generally turns to the forest for employ- ment. This is an arrangement which works admirably. It IMPRESSIONS OF FORESTRY IN THE SCHWARZWALD. 173 provides the regular skilled workman, so necessary for the proper conduct of work in a forest where the operations consist so largely of zmprovement fellings, and where so much damage might be done by unskilled workmen to young growth, which must receive specially careful treatment during at least one- fourth of the whole period of the rotation. Without this abundant supply of skilled labour it would be impossible to attain to the highly successful results which one finds in the Black Forest. On the other hand, if the small-holder does not actually depend on the forest work for his very existence, at anyrate it ameliorates his condition and provides him with a more com- fortable living. The two systems have grown up together more or less, and one might say they are inseparable. The small-holder, or the large farmer, very often also does the carrying of the timber (either with oxen or horses) from the forest to the timber merchant’s saw-mills in the towns in the valleys. Many industries in the towns also depend on the forest for their existence. CoNCLUDING NOTE. In putting together the foregoing notes, the writer had no intention of suggesting that the systems of forestry practised in Baden could be adopted wholesale in this country, or that the whole of the Highlands say, or the southern uplands of Scotland, or the North of England fells, might be converted into “one horrid forest.” Nor is the preposterous idea put forward that large farms could be successfully broken up in a wholesale fashion into small holdings. The economic conditions of the two countries are in many ways totally different. On the other hand, there are many points of resemblance. There is first the question of the necessary forest labour. Wages in our country are usually high, and it is a good thing they are high, but this does not make the question of planting any simpler. There is a desire for cheapness, and it is a necessary condition of profitable forestry to have the ground stocked at a cheap rate. Workmen’s wages in Baden are also high, and here again it is a good thing that they are high, and probably the position of a workman in South Germany is much better than that of a workman in North Germany. 174 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. In Baden the labour question is settled by making nature do a large proportion of the stocking. Artificial planting is certainly resorted to, and now more promptly, and to a much greater extent than formerly; and very extensive nursery establishments are carried on in South Germany ; but if the percentage of trees planted over the whole vast area of forests in Baden were reckoned up, it would be found very small indeed. It is the large amount of natural seeding of the forest which makes it possible to carry on the very necessary artificial cultures with profit. A large amount of labour is provided in the forest, but it is largely labour which gives a good immediate return. For example, thinnings proper (there may be cleanings before) are not commenced until a net surplus is obtainable. The systems of forestry which obtain in Baden have taken a century and more to build up, and they are still being improved upon. It will probably take little less than a century to perfect any similar system in this country. It is not suggested that any system built up exactly on the Baden pattern could be established here. We could not, for example, grow the silver fir, for it seems perfectly certain that we have got beyond the northern limit for the profitable growth of this tree. But there are other species which, no doubt, will be found suitable to take the place of the silver fir. The silvicultural characters of the few forest species chiefly cultivated in Germany have been thoroughly studied and are well understood, so far as they apply to German climatic con- ditions. It is by no means the case that we are so thoroughly conversant with the silvicultural characters even of common suitable species, as applied to our conditions and climate, and these ought to be the subject of further investigation and study. The principles involved are, however, the same. It seems to the writer, therefore, that when and wherever forests are to be established in this country on anything like an extensive scale, the system should be built on such a foundation as to provide first for the permanency of the forest. Species should be selected which (always assuming they are suitable timber species) could reasonably be expected to reproduce their kind from seed, naturally, to a more or less perfect extent, so as not in the future to have to depend entirely for their renewal on artificial planting. This of course could only be accomplished in IMPRESSIONS OF FORESTRY IN THE SCHWARZWALD. 175 the future, and it is to the work of the public or private nursery- man alone which we must look in the first instance. Second, a sufficient supply of skilled labour is necessary. In building up the forest, permanent provision should be made, by pro- viding holdings or otherwise, for keeping skilled forest workers on the land. With such objects in view, the combination of small farms and forest, as one finds it in Baden, appears worthy, to some extent at any rate, of imitation. During a century the price of timber in Germany has risen more or less steadily at the rate of 1 per cent. perannum. That is to say, it has doubled itself in one hundred years. The steadily rising price of timber, and its increasing scarcity all over the world, is a matter of great moment in an industrial country like our own. So far, anything of consequence which has been done for forestry in this country has been done by private individuals. Under present conditions they could not reasonably be expected to do very much more than they are doing. The position of munici- palities, up to the present, with regard to forestry has not been such as to encourage the hope that they could deal effectively with the question. It seems quite obvious, therefore, that any large scheme of forestry to be effective could best be undertaken by Government, or at anyrate should be under its help or guidance. Will any British Government ever take up seriously the question of reforesting suitable parts of the country on a large scale? 176 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 24. Notes of Silvicultural Interest. By THomas HALL, Overthinning of Woods——The much-discussed method of raising forest crops by natural regeneration or direct sowing can hardly be called practicable in this country under existing circumstances, owing to the fact that most private estates are overrun by game, and more especially by the kinds most injurious to young forest crops, such as rabbits and hares. It is easy to understand, under such circumstances, why woods are so much thinned and never underplanted with forest trees, as even the undercover usually planted in a game preserve, such as privet, laurel, and rhododendron, will not thrive under a really close canopy, such as would be formed by a crop of timber grown on purely silvicultural lines. That undercover of this kind could be largely dispensed with in our game preserves has not as yet been realised by the majority of landed proprietors or their agents, who go on from year to year cutting down trees which in all probability would not have reached their highest value for the next fifty years, under the pretence, perhaps, that the timber is required for estate purposes, but in reality to save the undercover from being exterminated. The forester, even though he be of the new school, has to submit to the inevitable, the keeper’s advice being generally considered of more value than his where game is preserved on an estate. Underplanting Game Covers with Forest Trees —Highwoods are rarely underplanted in this country, owing principally to the expense which would be entailed by the enclosing of woods of large extent with a fence sufficient to protect them until they would be safe from the attacks of ground game. A simple plan whereby this expense may be greatly reduced, may there- fore prove of interest to many who contemplate such an undertaking. We will suppose that a wood of 8 or 10 acres, composed principally of oak, and about seventy years old, has become bare at the bottom and useless as a game cover, and it is only the expense of protecting the whole area which hinders its underplanting. The underplanting of the whole area may, however, be success- NOTES OF SILVICULTURAL INTEREST. 177 fully carried out with very little expenditure, by enclosing (with a rabbit-proof fence) say 2 acres of the most open part of the wood, and planting this with 1-2 year seedlings of spruce, silver and Douglas fir, at 2} to 3 feet apart, 13,000 trees or more, sufficient to plant the whole area at 5 to 6 feet apart when the trees are old enough to withstand the attacks of ground game. When the trees have attained a height of 3 to 4 feet, they can be thinned out by transplanting with balls of earth attached to their roots. The pits having been previously made, the trees should be carried on hand-barrows, constructed with a frame (two-thirds the height of the trees) all round them, one end being detachable, so that the plants can be put in and taken out more easily. The frame keeps the plants in an upright position, which is of great importance, as were the plants allowed to fall over sideways, the ball of earth, being much heavier than the tree, would be broken and become detached from the root, taking with it the small fibrous roots on which the success of the operation entirely depends. The trees should be planted in the open spaces between the old stems at 5 feet apart, the largest and strongest being left standing on the enclosed part at the same distance. It will be found an advantage to have the enclosure on the most exposed side of the plantation, so that when the final transplanting takes place the newly removed trees will have the benefit of the shelter from the firmly established ones remaining. Woods underplanted in this manner would repay the cost if it were for nothing else than the benefit to the older trees by having their stems cleaned of side branches.1 It would also form a better game cover, and hold pheasants better than privet, which, from its dampness, is rarely resorted to. Regeneration of Beech by Natural Seedlings.—In a good seed- year a very simple plan for stocking a nursery break with beech may be carried out in the following manner very successfully. A piece of ground is selected, and enclosed with 1 inch mesh wire netting, under one or two good seed-bearing trees. The ground inside this enclosure is dug over roughly to a depth of several inches in September or October before the seed begins to fall. After the seed has fallen, the ground is lightly prodded on the surface, and levelled with an ordinary garden fork to 1 To secure this object the underplanting should be done earlier, say at the ages of 30 to 50 years. HON. Eb. I 78 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. cover the seed, and finally given a light rolling to imbed the seed more firmly in the ground. Pigeons and squirrels should be kept off during winter by shooting, else they will devour large quantities of seed which may not have been properly covered. If mice are numerous, poison should be laid in drain pipes so that other animals cannot reach it. Rats will be kept off by the 1 inch mesh netting. When the seedlings are two years old they should be lifted with balls of earth by means of an ordinary garden trowel, and carried on hand-barrows (with a raised edge 4 inches deep all round) to the nursery, where they are laid out in lines 15 inches apart, with 4 inches between each plant. The garden trowel is again used in this operation, the ground having been prepared to the necessary width, and the line set at 15 inches from the last row. Small holes at 4 inches apart are then cut the exact size of the ball attached to the root of the plant, the plant and ball are inserted and the earth firmed round it with the hand. No treading with the foot is allowed, as this would break the ball of earth round the plant and otherwise injure the roots. The great advantage of this method is that the young seed- lings have the shelter of the parent tree for the first two years, which of course would be denied them if the seed were gathered in the usual way and sown in the nursery beds. Preventing Frost Lifting in Seed-Beds.—Sowing tree seeds in rows instead of broadcast has lately come more into practice in the nursery, and although this in itself is some protection against frost lifting, it may be found necessary, in some localities, to give the young seedlings some artificial protection for the winter months. I discovered the beneficial effects of mulching or bedding between the rows by accident two years ago. The leaves from a beech tree, which were shed over the wall into the nursery, got drifted by the wind into a sheltered corner where four beds of Menzies’ spruce were sown. Two of the beds were covered with the leaves, and owing to pressure of other work at the time they were not removed. The result was that the other two beds were lifted by a black frost in February, and they had all to be gone over and pricked in again, and the ground firmed about them, while not a plant was stirred in the two beds covered by the leaves. NOTES OF SILVICULTURAL INTEREST. 179 I have since then found it much better to bed between the rows with spruce needles, as they are not readily shifted by wind, and do not require to be raked off in the spring. Leaving them on the bed keeps down weeds, and reduces the danger of drought to a minimum. Mulching to prevent Sunbaking and save Watering.—Mulching seed-beds with moss or cut grass to prevent sunbaking, and to Save watering, especially where a large quantity of seed is sown, has been the practice of many foresters for a number of years, but great care must be taken when this material is used in removing it when the young plants come above ground, as much injury may be done to their tender heads, by tearing away the seed casing, before it has dropped off in the natural way. A much simpler plan, and one that will be found to answer the purpose quite as well, is to cut spruce boughs with healthy green foliage, where they can be spared, and lay them on the beds with their butt ends stuck in the paths between the beds. When the seed germinates, the inner ends of the boughs should be raised and propped up with a forked twig stuck in the bed between the rows of seeds. An occasional watering over the boughs keeps the beds nice and cool, and the ground will never get crusted, as would be the case with continual watering without any protection. Mulching between the rows of transplants will also be found beneficial to their growth, and, what is of more importance, to the formation of fibrous roots. A good dressing of half-rotten leaf mould between the rows will answer this purpose best, and this should be kept continually stirred with the hoe along with a portion of the surface soil. The fine particles of soil and mould will keep the moisture always near the surface. (Zo be continued.) 180 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 25. Continental Notes—Germany. By Bert. RIBBENTROP, C.I.E. At present, when the training of foresters in England has become a national and imperial question, it may probably interest your readers to know what is happening in this respect in Germany, where a controversy regarding the education and training of officers for the higher grades of the forest services has, throughout the past year, excited considerable interest in professional circles. The contending parties agree that a pro- longed course of practical forest work, in addition to mere excursions, must, at one period or other, form an essential part of the training; but whereas one of the opposing parties advocates an entire university education, the other is in favour of retaining the instruction in sciences and technical subjects at the existing forest academies, to be preceded by a year’s lectures at a university in political economy, law, and other subjects not so fully taught at the technical high schools. In the beginning of 1907 the fight threatened to become a heated one. A number of letters, professedly from Prussia, till now considered the stronghold of the forest-academical party, had appeared in the Forst und Jagd Zeitung and in some other of the newer technical publications, criticising the existing departmental education at the forest high schools, and calling for radical changes. The letters were anonymous, and eventually led to a very angry retort in the interest of Eberswalde. However, the heat evaporated, and all further discussions were conducted with the dignity that the importance of the subject demands. The first official meeting of the rival parties took place in Berlin during the twelfth sitting of the Council of Forest Management (Forst-Wirthschaft-Rath) in February 1907. The meeting was attended by forty-five official members of the committee, drawn from all parts of Germany, and by special delegates deputed by the State forest administrations of Prussia and most of the other important States of the empire, clearly indicating that the question under discussion was considered to be one of vital importance. The leaders of the rival camps were Professor Dr Enders CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 181 (Munich) and Oberforstmeister Riebel (Munden). The theses of the former were :— 1. The forest academies, in their present condition as isolated technical schools of forestry, can no longer be considered to be suitable educational institutes for probationers of the upper forest services. 2. At least half of the practical business of an officer in the upper grades of the forest department consists of purely administrative affairs, which demand a thorough knowledge of law, land revenue, political economy, etc., and this alone would be sufficient reason for an amalgamation of forest education with university teaching. There are, however, other reasons which render this necessary. (a) The scientific and social intercourse, with professors and scholars of other scientific professions, forms both for the teachers and the probationers of the forest service, a rich source of new impressions, stimulates to new exertions, serves to widen their intellectual field of perception, and prevents the growth of professional one- sidedness. (4) A university offers the teacher ample and suitable means for original research, and gives the students opportunities of acquiring knowledge beyond and above that strictly required by their profession. (c) A complete social and official equality between the higher forest officials and similar officers of other departments can only be attained if the standard of education and training is equal in every respect. 3. The university course should extend over four years. 4. The utility of an initial practical course, preceding the teaching at a university, is out of proportion to the time thus consumed. 5. The combination of forest education with agricultural academies is indefensible. 6. It is very desirable that the number of universities in which forest science is to be taught should not exceed three to four for the whole empire. The leader of the forest high school party, Mr Riebel (Munden), late director at Eberswalde, opposed in the following Lermns):— 1. The necessity for transferring the higher forestry educa- tion exclusively to universities cannot be admitted. It is more to the point to teach the auxiliary sciences on which forestry is based, and forest science itself, at technical high schools, 182 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. which have been specially constituted for this purpose, and which are, moreover, intimately connected with forests avail- able for purposes of instruction. 2. Sufficient means for original scientific research should be placed at the disposal of the professors of such academies, and their grading and pay should be made proportionate to their positions. Special steps should be taken as regards the training of future teachers. 3. In the advanced state of science, a minimum of four years’ study is required for an education sufficient for the demands of the present time. Three of these four years should be devoted to studies at a technical high school. The complete course of training, Riebel proposes to regulate in the following manner :—(a@) Preliminary—A certificate of having passed the final examination from a classical or modern school of the first class. (6) A winter half year of practical apprenticeship, during which a diary has to be kept. (c) A year at a university—law, land revenue, general administra- tion, political economy, finance, and history of administration to be compulsory subjects. (@) One year military service. (6, c, and @ may be arranged in any sequence desired, but must be completed previously to the course at the technical high school.) (e) Three years’ study at the high school, including the first or scientific examination. This examina- tion is conducted in two parts: the first, taken at the end of the third or fourth half year, embraces auxiliary science, law, and theoretical and practical administration ; the second part, taken at the end of the academical studies, includes survey- ing, all branches of technical forest science, and forest policy. Comprehensive independent work is to be demanded in this section of the scientific examination, and the examiners are to be the academical professors. (/) Two years practical work in the duties of the executive staff, the administrative staff, and on working-plans. (g) Final examination (S¢aats-Examen). The speeches of the two eminent leaders, based on their respective theses, were followed by an animated discussion, and it became at once evident, that even in Prussia opinion —not excluding that of many present and former teachers at high schools—leaned strongly towards a university education. However, no formal resolutions were submitted at the first reading. CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 183 At the next sitting of the Council, which took place in Strass- burg in September 1907, Dr Enders (Munich) submitted his theses No. 1 and 2 as a resolution. Mr Riebel (Munden) opposed, and recommended that no resolution whatever should be put, because the question of forest education was not a national one. It had no effect beyond the boundaries of each individual State, and was therefore one which each government had to decide for itself; a resolution passed by a general German forest committee could consequently have no practical result. The directors of three other high schools also spoke in favour of the retention of high schools, and desired a declaration to the effect that none of the existing methods of forest education could be considered as unjustifiable. The high school party had, however, but few friends beside their directorial champions, and the following amendment to the original proposal was finally accepted:—“The entire higher forest education should be given at a university, and should be arranged for a minimum period of four years.” On the following day the subject was once more brought up before the general German Forest Conference, also assembled at Strassburg. An attempt was made to interest the profession in a proposal to raise the standard of the technical schools, so as to render them entirely independent of university teaching. The proposal, however, collapsed when it was pointed out that this would only mean the creation of new small universities, unable to compete with the existing large scientific centres. In conclusion, the resolution, as accepted by the Forest Council, was approved by a great majority. This is how the question of higher forest education stands at present in Germany. It is evident that professional opinion is, even in Prussia, almost entirely in favour of an exclusive university education. The posi- tion the various governments will take in regard to this problem lies, however, on the knees of the gods, and the extremely diplomatic statement made by a high official, delegated by the Prussian Government, sheds but a scanty light on the question. It is to be noted that all parties agree that instruction forests in the immediate vicinity of centres of instruction, so to say for daily use, are essential, but that they need not be school forests, such as are attached to the Prussian academies.} 1 This statement may be noted in connection with practical instruction in Scotland.—Hown. Eb. 184 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, Since writing the above we find that the Prussian Government have, by a preliminary resolution, settled the question for the time being, by raising the length of the theoretical course at the academies from two years to three. A year’s study at a university follows as before. So something tangible has been gained by the agitation, and the end is not yet. The Prussian academies are justly proud of their school forests. Germany contains many other forests fully as well managed, and, from a silvicultural point of view, perhaps even more instructive, than the plains forests of Eberswalde; but none have, we venture to think, such a complete and detailed record of their management and of the gradual growth of their working-plans. These records represent a typical example of the working-plan development in Prussia, and are therefore doubly interesting. They were originally compiled for the St Louis Exhibition, and published in the form of a popular pamphlet. They are now re-edited, for professional foresters, in the Forst und Jagd Zeitung. It is not generally known that Frederic the Great took a personal interest in forest management. Even before the Seven Years’ War he asked for a survey of the Prussian forests, and a settled policy as regards their treatment. In 1764 he ordered, in a personal resolution, the division of every forest into 70 sections, and the gradual abandonment of selection fellings. The first survey of the present school forest, at the time known as the Biesenthal Forest, was begun in 1755, but war intervened, and the maps were not finished till 1769. The forest was divided into 70 equal compartments, to be worked in annual sequence. The forest was then in a bad state owing to years of spoliation by rightholders and thieves, and it was evident that a literal adherence to the royal order spelt ruin. To meet the difficulty, each block containing 70 compartments was divided into two parts, each containing 70 sections, half the size of the original ones. This, with the prescription that no forest which had not already attained the age of 70 years was to be worked during the first period of 70 years, would have secured a 140 years’ rotation; but during the king’s life- time the subterfuge failed, and till 1786 the forest had to yield 10,000 to 20,000 cubic metres per annum. However, though the provisions, so cleverly thought out, had no effect till 1786, they saved the situation during the revision CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 185 which took place in 1787. An elaborated method, known as Hennert’s system, was introduced, but proved to be of no practical value, and deserves no further description. As a matter of fact, it provided in itself no security for continuity, and when the period check was applied, the output became obviously too small. The revision resulted in a compromise, under which the previous output was reduced by 50 per cent. ; Hennert’s method thus became a system based on volume, pure and simple. Remarkable progress was made during the next decennium : the maps produced in 1795-96 contained for the first time not only the local distribution of species, but of age-classes as well. Nobody but a practical forester can realise the difficulties and tedious labour involved in the production of this the first analytical map of a forest, till then worked by an irregular selection. It was a splendid achievement, and marked the change from a general to an individual forest treatment. The special summary of the composition of the existing forest was elaborated with the same care, the estimated cubic contents of the various species being separated, even as regards quality. The rotation was reduced to 120 years, and the annual output was fixed ata still lower figure. Volume continued to be the basis of the working-plan. The next periodical revision took place in 1818. Both maps and proposals are, at present, considered to have been of a somewhat retrogressive character. Though doubtless the differentiation of soils, species, age-classes, etc., can be too detailed, and become an obstacle rather than a help to a sufficiently broad treatment, the revision of 1818 went too far, and demanded, in order to secure equality within whole compartments, sacrifices in the felling age which were not justifiable. The proposals were at once considerably modified, but the principle of securing such equality at some sacrifice has been maintained till quite recent times. It may be harmless in forests situated like those in Eberswalde, but on more exposed areas other methods must surely prevail. A consider- able accumulation of mature and maturing wood was found to exist, thanks to the extremely conservative working since 1786; but, on the other hand, an insect attack of some magnitude had lowered the productive value of the older Scots pine forests. Ever since 1798, all regeneration had been assisted by artificial VOL. XXI. PART II. N 186 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. cultivation on a large scale, and the younger forests were described as very fine. During the revision of 1818, the first practical foundation was laid to the present financial theory, by reducing the rotation of the Scots pine on bad soil. The income in 1818 amounted to about £1500. The revision was still based on volume (Hartig’s method) ; the output was raised by nearly 4o per cent., and as gradual growth of the yield was foreseen, it was provided that any surplus above the average estimate might be utilised. These accumula- tions amounted during the next twelve years to about 20 per cent. of the original estimate, and fears were entertained that the forest might be worked above its constant productiveness. An intermediate revision was therefore ordered in 1831. This was to be based on the summary of average increments, a method which, at that time, had taken the fancy of the authorities, and was employed in all Prussian State forests, under the name “‘ Superficielle.” The annual output was again reduced to the original estimate of 1818, and this was maintained till 1838. The next regular revision took place in 1838-39, and was this time based on a combination of volume and area. The annual output was again slightly reduced for a time, because the area of fully ripe forest then in evidence seemed insufficient. The next regular revision of 1858-59 moved on the same lines as the last one; the annual outturn was not increased, because it was at that time considered to be the duty of the State to grow timber of large dimensions, even at a sacrifice of money. The forest school at Eberswalde was founded in 1830, and the maps produced with the revision of 1850 were based on detail surveys made by the academy. The next regular revision of the working-plan (1878-79) was conducted by Dr Dankelmann, the then director of the academy, and Oberforster-Candidate Riebel, a future director. This revision was marked by far-reaching changes. The administrative management of the Biesenthal Forest had, in consequence of the increasing intensity of the treatment of individual areas, outgrown the capacity of one officer, and the forest was therefore split up into two divisions (Eberswalde and Biesenthal). The forest, with the exception of certain areas in the vicinity of the academy, was divided into regular high- forest blocks, each being subdivided into 120 compartments, of, as far as conditions of soil, forest growth, etc., permitted, equal CONTINENTAL NOTES—-GERMANY. I 87 sizes. The area check, originally introduced by Frederic the Great, was once more accepted as the simplest and safest basis for the forest management of the future, after four other more or less complicated methods had been experimented with for ninety years. The material available in the compartments falling into the first period of twenty years was ascertained, and it was prescribed that the annual exploitation should not exceed one-twentieth of such amount. This, however, was and is subject to the general prescription, that any accumulation of surplus material found to exist at the end of three years may be felled. It was further laid down, that thinnings were to return over the same area every ten years. The excised areas, near Eberswalde, were divided into three sections, to be known as the Park-blocks; they were divided into 10 compartments each, one of which was to be exploited each year under a selection treatment, with a felling age estimated at 120 years. This treatment was adopted partly in order to have a forest area available for independent experiments, trials with exotics, and for educational purposes, partly to beautify the surroundings of the forest school. These Park-blocks, originally a mixed forest of Scots pine and beech, contain now a large variety of different species. The preliminary work in connection with this revision was, for purposes of instruction, carried out in a, for ordinary purposes, unnecessarily detailed and complicated manner. In 1888 a short control revision took place, but no changes were made. The periodical revision of 1898 showed again that no changes were required in the management of the Biesenthal division. In the Eberswalde division, however, considerable areas of Scots pine, planted on old fields, had been attacked by Polymorphus annosus, and had died at an age of from 50 to 60 years. This necessitated a rearrangement. The attacked areas had, for the time at least, to be treated by selection, and were for this purpose formed into four special blocks. The total outturn from Eberswalde alone now amounts to some 18,500 cubic metres, and the net annual income to nearly #2 per hectare. The gross income of the whole area com- prised in the old Bisenthal forest has risen from £1500 in 1818 to £18,000 in 1906. Many, and often serious and costly, disappointments have so far attended the attempts to afforest old farmlands, heather areas 188 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and other wastes in the north of Germany, but the Prussian Government have in no way relaxed their efforts to re-establish forests where forests once existed. The question is doubtless surrounded by considerable difficulties, many of which were not recognised when the discussion arose in the middle of last century in regard to the afforestation of low-grade farmlands and inferior pastures, or were under-estimated and not sufficiently studied. Little by little it is discovered that similar failures in the afforestation with Scots pine were observed here and there soon after the Thirty Years’ War, but of course no regular records were kept. One of the most interesting problems of the present time is the afforestation of the extensive waste lands in the old Polish provinces. The forests which once existed in these parts were devastated under the Polish régime by fire and axe; large areas were burned down to create new pastures, and timber was con- sidered common property. Even the Prussian Government alienated, in time of wars and scarcity, large areas of State forests by sale, and finally sacrificed others, when money was scarce, in order to free the remnant from rights of user. During the last thirty years, however, efforts were made to reacquire these wastes for afforestation, and some 100,000 acres were bought in West Prussia alone. The soil is chiefly a somewhat poor, fine sand. Up to 1906 nearly 40,000 acres had been cultivated, partly by sowing, partly by planting, but unfortunately almost entirely with pure Scots pine. A large number of young plants were dug up in various localities, with the whole root system, and placed before the Forest Conference at Dantzig in 1906, in order to show the influence of the various methods of culture. The root development was, in every instance, confined to the surface soil, and was therefore an abnormal one for Scots pine. A root disease was not observed, and any shortcoming was ascribed to severe competition amongst the wide-spreading side-roots. A serious opening out of a thirty years old afforesta- tion with Scots pine on old farmlands was, however, noticed in the same vicinity, a sure sign that some serious disease must have established itself; though its existence was not recognised at the time. The afforestation of dunes forms another important part of CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 189 the general afforestation scheme in the north-east of Prussia ; and one of the most interesting of the numerous works carried out in this direction is probably the reclamation of the wind- and sand-swept land-tongue (known as the “ Frische Nehrung”) which separates the Baltic from the bay to the east of Dantzig. At one time the whole of this peninsula, about fifty miles long, was covered with a mixed forest, and contained several flourishing villages. Its disforestation began during the Thirty Years’ War, and was completed in the beginning of the nineteenth century. Dunes took the place of the forest, and all life was gradually covered by moving sands, which have encroached on the bay itself at the rate of some 12 feet per annum, threaten- ing the very existence of this important waterway. Towards the end of last century the State bought the “ Frische Nehrung ” from its former owners, the town of Dantzig, who all this time had done practically nothing to mend matters, and in 1890 a beginning was made with a systematic reclamation of the peninsula, both from the sea and bay side. Numerous stone spurs were built on the inner side, and plantations of willows and reeds were established between them. An alluvium is rapidly forming, and was some 20 feet broad in 1906. The defence on the sea-side was begun with the establishment of an outer dune, a protection wall preventing the waves from reaching the foot of the natural dunes. Several parallel lines of bushy hurdles, with intervals of some 6 feet between them, were firmly planted in a continuous stretch about roo feet from the foot of the natural dune formation. These intervals soon sanded up, and the sand-wall thus formed was again sur- mounted by further parallel lines of hurdles, which raised the wall in a very short time to the desired height. The work was started in early spring and continued to autumn, when the wall was planted with Ammophila arundinacea and Zlymus arenarius. ‘The establishment and fixation of such an outwork takes two years. When protection was thus secured against any fresh attacks from the rear, the treatment of the moving dunes was started. The head of these dunes was levelled down, and the sand smoothed to a certain extent, and protected against the wind by a network of fir branches stuck into the ground. In autumn plant-holes were made 3 feet apart, and filled with dredgings from the bay, a loamy silt, rich in humus. It is indispensable that I90 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. this should be done in autumn, as the silt must be exposed to a winter frost. The actual planting took place in spring following, the intervals between=the plants being protected by bushes and reeds. Naturally an afforestation of this sort is expensive, and hardly to be undertaken where no other interests exist but the pro- duction of wood. The estimate for the “ Frische Nehrung” alone amounts to nearly £100,000, spread over thirty years. The planting material used in the afforestation consists almost entirely of one-year-old Scots pine plants. In some places, where old soil cropped out, oak has done well. Similar reclamation works are going on in many places along the coast, but where less money is available than is required for such intensive working as that on the “ Frische Nehrung,” culti- vation is started with Pinus uncinata, a variety of P. montana, which covers and protects the ground much earlier and more effectively than Scots pine, but which grows more slowly after- wards and yields less produce. The amount spent on cultural operations in the Prussian State forests has again been raised by 1,591,500 marks (about 4£,79,000) in the budget for 1908, and now amounts to 6,842,000 marks (about £342,000). In the other German States a con- siderable increase has also taken place of late years in the amount dedicated to the future in the shape of cultural forest operations. Austria is proceeding vigorously with the afforesta- tion of the Karst, an undertaking of great difficulty owing to the scarcity of water, which rushes down the denuded hill-sides. The regulation of the water supply represents here, as in the French Alps, the main difficulty. It is only the richest country in the world which hesitates to put its hand into its pocket for posterity, though it would have all the advantage of the experience gained by other countries, and often dearly bought. TRAINING OF PROBATIONERS FOR FOREST SERVICE OF INDIA. 191 26. The Selection and Training of Probationers for the Imperial Forest Service of India.! By J. Nisper, D.(ic., formerly Conservator of Forests, Burma. I am of opinion that with the forestry, mainly Continental or its direct offshoot, now taught at several universities and at most agricultural colleges, the Forest Department could satisfactorily and quite as easily be recruited with fairly well- equipped students of estate (including woodland) management, as is found to be the case for the recruitment of the Public Works, the Educational, and other scientific departments, under a system of selection from among properly qualified candidates. But at the same time I think it is very desirable, from more than one point of view, that Indian Forest probationers should be selected by a competitive examination held by the Civil Service Commissioners in Forestry and the cognate sciences, and then be given one year’s specialised training in Indian Forestry, Indian vernacular languages, and one branch of science at Oxford and Cambridge, combined with extensive tours in such European forests as may be specially instructive from the Indian point of view. Such an examination should supply not only the Indian Forest requirements, but also all the growing Colonial needs. The Malay States, Ceylon, Cape Colony, Natal, Nigeria, the Gold Coast, the East African Protectorate, Egypt, and Cyprus now all require forest officers; and it can only be a question of time before Canada, Australia, and New Zealand must also introduce some rational system of Forest Conservation based on our Indian experience, and will then require a large number -of men. And all Colonial systems of forestry must be based on the Indian system, not on European models. Such a test would, I feel convinced, secure the best men, who are likely to be attracted by the pay and pension offered by the Indian Forest Service, after having gone through a university or other collegiate course with a view to adopting the profession of land agency or estate management. And just as open competitive examinations are now held annually in July for the Home, Indian, and Colonial Civil Services, so, too, should a competitive examination in forestry apply simul- 1 Extracted from an article in 7he Calcutta Review. I92 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. taneously to the selection of probationers for the Indian and Colonial Forest Services. The examination should be open to all those between 20 and 23 years of age who have obtained either— (1) The B.Sc. degree in Forestry from Edinburgh University, the Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, or the University of North Wales, Bangor; or (2) The Diploma in Forestry at Oxford! or Cambridge; or (3) The Diploma of one of the Agricultural Colleges at Cirencester, Down- ton, Aspatria, or Wye; or (4) The Diploma of Professional Associate of the Surveyors’ Institution, London. Such competitive examination should take place in the following subjects :— ; = } \ OBLIGATORY SUBJECTS. I. Forestry. | Marks. II. Cognate Sciences. Marks. —| pase I. Silviculture, . ; . | 600 | 1. Geology and Mineralogy, | 400 | 2, Management and Valua- 600 | 2: Chemistry(chiefly Organic),| 400 tion, sh | 3. Botany, . : ; - | 400 Be Protection, ~. : aul) Cos | 4. Zoology, : : || 400 4. Utilisation, . 5 | 600 5. Surveying and Ele- an | mentary Engineering, 4 OPTIONAL SUBJECTS. | French Conversation, 200 German Conversation, 5 | 200 The training of probationers after the competitive examination in forestry and the cognate sciences should therefore not exceed twelve months, as in the case of the Civil Service probationers ; and it should be specialised to meet Indian requirements so far as possible. Also it should be given both at Oxford and at 1 To supply qualified students Oxford would then require to provide its own forestry instruction—just as Cambridge, Edinburgh, and the other Universities do—without special India Office support. TRAINING OF PROBATIONERS FOR FOREST SERVICE OF INDIA. 193 Cambridge, as might easily be arranged through the Boards of Indian Studies without further cost to the Government of India than is at present incurred in the “ Delegation of Forestry Students” to Oxford, one Professor of Indian Forestry (and Adviser to India Office) being henceforth delegated to Oxford with a salary of £700 a year, and another to Cambridge with a salary of £500 a year. The specialised course should then embrace the following curriculum (the probationers being previously assigned to provinces, as is the case with Civil Service probationers), after which the selection and the seniority of candidates should be determined by an examination in the subjects of study, to be held annually in June, on the completion of the academic year at Oxford and Cambridge :— : : Marks. | I. Zndian Forestry (the lectures being freely illustrated with a limelight illustrations) — 1. History of Indian Forest Department; Silviculture, Management, Protection, and Utilisation, as practised 400 in the various provinces of India, 2. Indian Forest Code of Procedure, Office Work, _and Accounts, 402 3. Indian Forest Law (India, Madras, and Burma Forest Acts), \ bl and the Rules and Regulations issued thereunder, | Seal Il. Vernacular Languages— I. Hindustani (colloquial and elementary, in Persian char- acter only), 2. Chief Vernacular Language of the Province to which the Probationer is assigned (including the Nagari character, and also a more advanced study where Hindustani alone is prescribed), . ; : : : i | 400 400 | III. Cognate Scéences, not more than one of the following sub- | jects :— | . Botany, ; : , : : | | (1) Plant Physiology, or ; : whl (2) Fungoid Diseases of Forest Trees, ; : 400 Zoology; Forest Entomology, : : : ‘ Chemistry of Soil and Plant, : : : sat} Physical Geography and Meteorology, By Selected candidates who pass this examination and are otherwise favourably reported on should be appointed to the Indian Forest Service, and should receive (like the Civil Service probationers) a grant of #150 for the, year of pro- bation, with passage-money of £37, 10s. to Bombay, Madras, 194 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. or Calcutta, and £43 to Rangoon. And seniority in the service should be given according to the results of this final examination. During the Easter vacation at the University the probationers should be taken, at Government expense, for a tour in the Alpes Maritimes, the Pyrenees, and Gascony; and after the final examination, the selected candidates should, in July and August, be taken to visit the forests of the Vosges, the Black Forest, the forests of the Bavarian plateau and the Bavarian Alps, the Swiss mountain forests, and the spruce, beech, oak, and pine forests of Hanover,—these being undoubtedly the European woodlands that are by far the most instructive to the Indian forester. If, after their year of probation, selected candidates appointed to the Indian Forest Service could conveniently, immediately on their arrival in India in November, be taken from Dehra for an extensive tour in the lower Tiri-Gharwal, Kamaon (Himalayan) and Siwalik forests and in Oudh, it would cer- tainly be very useful in introducing them to practical work in India, in accustoming them to camp life, and in getting them into touch with their new surroundings under the most favourable circumstances. And even if such a tour only lasted for about four or five weeks, say from about 15th November till near Christmas, it would help to prepare the young officers for entering on their duties in the New Year with a far better knowledge of, and preparation for, them than were ever enjoyed by their predecessors, the men who have, during these last forty years, made the Forest Department a well-organised and efficient branch of our Administration in India. THE LARCH SHOOT MOTH. 195 27. The Larch Shoot Moth! (A7gyresthia (Tinea) laevigatella). (With Plate.) By R. Stewart MacDouGALt, M.A., D.Sc. Still another enemy of the larch in Britain falls to be recorded in the tiny moth, Argyresthia laevigatella. This moth is not to be found in the British lists. Professor Somerville, in sending me some material showing the work of the caterpillar, in the month of May, wrote: “This is a very serious enemy in the neighbourhood of Oxford, and, I believe, has not hitherto been recorded in Britain.” From this material I bred out five moths. I have also received from Colonel Bailey examples of the damage done by the caterpillars in Bagley Woods, Oxford. Professor Somerville records, in the Quarterly Journal of Forestry,” that in the district round Oxford larches up to twenty years of age have been much injured during the past autumn and spring; and in the same number of the Quarterly Journal of Forestry, Mr John Bennet records the caterpillars as destruc- tive on young larch near Basingtoke in Hampshire. Aregyresthia laevigatella is one of the Micro-Lepidoptera, some of which, belonging to the genera Retinia, Tortrix, and Coleophora, are already well known as harmful forest insects very troublesome to combat. It belongs to the family Z7merde and the genus Argyresthia. Of this genus there are more than twenty recorded species in Britain. Generally it may be said that Argyresthia caterpillars feed in buds, shoots, or fruits. Amongst trees, one or other species of Avgyresthia has been found infesting birch, alder, hazel, oak, beech, goat willow, horse-chestnut, apple, cherry, sloe, juniper, and now to these in Britain we must add the species on larch. A. laevigatella must be considered a very harmful enemy, both because it attacks young larches and because a single caterpillar is able to accomplish the destruction of a whole year’s shoot. 1 Reproduced from the Journal of the Board of Agriculture for October 1907, by kind permission of the Controller of His Majesty’s Stationery Office. 2 Quarterly Journal of Forestry, vol. i., No. 3, July 1907. 196 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. DESCRIPTION OF INSECT. Moth.—The moth is very small, measuring only 4 to 5 milli- metres (less than one-fifth of an inch) in length and 10 to 12 millimetres in spread of wings. The forewings are silver-grey and silky, with a gloss like lead; the fore-edges are somewhat darker; the fringes of these forewings are grey or brownish- grey. The hind wings are dark grey and not so glossy. The face is white ; the base of the antenne is white, and the rest of the antenne dark and light-ringed. There is a tuft of hairs on the head ; the colour of the hair is given differently by different Continental authorities, in my own specimens the colour is yellow. The abdomen of the moth is dark grey. Caterpillar.—The larva is pale yellow when young, but later is pale grey, with a dash of red, and is dark striped towards the hind end of the back. The head and the three front pairs of legs are black. The length is 6 to 7 millimetres. Pupa.—The pupa is dark brown, with a black head ; its hind end is distinctly pointed. Distribution.—The moth is native to Eastern Germany, the Alps, and Holland. Life-History.—The moths issue, through an already prepared flight-hole in the twig, at the end of May and the first part of June. The eggs are laid then on the lower part of the shoot of the year, one egg being laid for each shoot chosen. The egg soon hatches. At the time the caterpillar hatches out and starts feeding, by boring below the epidermis, the new larch branch is still developing, and the feeding of the caterpillar at this early stage is not sufficient to prevent the shoot reaching its normal length. As the year goes on, the damage is greater, owing to the increased size of the caterpillar and its more extended feeding. Winter overtakes the caterpillar before it is full grown, and hibernation takes place in the boring it has made. The borings or galleries are partly filled with black excrement and bore-meal. In late March or in the month of April the caterpillar starts feeding again, destroying right to the wood and ringing the shoot to an extent—in the longitudinal direction—of four-fifths of an inch. The twig dies above this place of ringing. The caterpillar is full-fed in May, and previous to its pupation PTA Sey. yaed Fic. 1.—The Larch Shoot Moth. LARCH SHOOTS ATTACKED BY CATERPILLAR. (a) Place of entry of young Caterpillar ; (4) the work of the Caterpillar; (c, @, e) the borings made by the Caterpillar, Fic. 2.—Larch Shoot (half natural causing the death of the twig; (/) shoot size), with upper portion dead broken by wind at place of attack (after as result of infestation. Eckstein, slightly reduced). | To Sac e page 196. THE LARCH SHOOT MOTH. 197 it bites a hole through the bark that will serve as a place of exit for the adult moth when pupation is over. ‘This flight- hole is very small. After making the hole the larva spins a light web, which covers over the little hole and pupates. The moths issue in May and June—my own specimens issued early in June. ; The empty pupal covering does not, as is the case with some moths whose caterpillars are branch-borers, show itself pro- jecting from the flight-hole, but the moth itself when ready works or pushes its way through the web covering the flight- hole, and so to the outside. Result of Damage and Signs of Attack.—In the spring of the second year the attacked shoot fails to develop its buds, and remains brown and withered and without needles. Occasionally the dwarf shoot just above the flight-hole may produce under- sized needles. As the shoot is most markedly eaten in the neighbourhood of the flight-hole, breaking takes place here easily, and these broken, bent-over shoots mark the infestation. Treatment.—The treatment that follows from a review of the life-history is to break off the shoots and destroy them before the escape of the moths. Unfortunately no outflow of resin or appearance of excrement at the exterior is noticeable at the place of infestation (marks which in other insect enemies of trees serve to call timely attention to the fact that they are at work), and the first sign that anything is wrong may only be observed after the moth has flown. Where the moth has already been at work the damage may be expected to repeat itself, and this suggests special observation. It will be interesting, now that attention has been directed to this moth, to find to what extent it has obtained a footing in Britain. 198 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 28. Underplanting. By Lieut.-Colonel F. BAILEY. When a young crop of trees of any species has completely closed in over the ground, it will, provided it be of proper density, afford effectual shelter to the soil, conserving moisture, yielding some humus, and keeping down noxious weed growth. But a time comes when the individual trees of such a crop demand more room. The more vigorous of them then begin to crowd out their weaker associates, with the result that the number of healthy stems becomes so much lessened that the density of the canopy formed by the mass of crowns is impaired, and, in the case of light-crowned species, the sun’s rays penetrate to the humus layer, while air currents sweep over the soil. Evidence of this is soon afforded by the springing up of grass and other light-loving weeds. Later on, when “thinning out” has proceeded farther, brackens, heather, whins, broom, or other herbs and shrubs appear; and the layer of decaying vegetable matter on the ground, which is essential to the continued prosperity of the crop, becoming too rapidly oxidised, ultimately disappears. But before this advanced stage has been reached, careful observation, supported by accurate periodic measurements, would have demonstrated that the rate of growth of the remaining, and apparently still healthy, trees had begun to fall off; and the deterioration of the stock may be carried to a disastrous extent. All species do not behave identically in this matter, those which suffer most under the natural process of “thinning out” being the species which carry light, shallow crowns, like the oak, the ash, the larch, and the Scots pine. These species begin to “thin out” earlier than do those having deep, dense crowns, like the spruce, the beech, and the silver fir. The following are the approximate ages at which the process described may be expected to commence :— Larch, : ; . 15-20 years. Scots pine, . : : ~) 120-40) ae Oak, } ; Po . 40-60 FF One way of dealing with the difficulty is to cut down the crop before serious injury to the soil has resulted; but larch, Scots pine, and oak do not attain the dimensions which are UNDERPLANTING. 199 usually most profitable at the above ages, and consequently the crop cannot, generally speaking, be so dealt with without incurring serious loss. Fortunately, however, another course may be successfully followed. This consists in establishing, under the gradually lightening canopy, a new crop of young trees which may make good its shelter-giving deficiencies. The “ under-crop” must of course consist of “shade-bearing” species, such as beech, hornbeam, silver fir, or spruce, otherwise it could not establish itself under the canopy of the “over-crop”; but even then, if “underplanting” is to be undertaken early enough to do good, some thinning of the over-crop, by the removal of the worst of the trees, is usually needed to afford sufficient light for the development of the new under-crop. Such underplanting, if done before the over-crop is too old, and before the impoverishment of the soil has gone too far, will enable crops of oak, larch, and other light-crowned species to maintain a satisfactory rate of growth up to a profitable age, and it may even suffice to restore vigour to a crop which has begun to decline from the causes under discussion, provided the evil has not gone too far. The two crops grow on together; the trees of the over-crop are removed gradually as they attain the desired girth or interfere too much with the due development of the under-crop, and the latter may then be either cleared off or allowed to stand for a further period to increase its dimensions, as may at the time seem best. From the above it will be seen that underplanting is done entirely in the interest of the over-crop. The under-crop is of quite secondary importance; and it would never, for its own sake, be planted or sown as such, for the simple reason that the over-crop standing among and over it is not only of no use to it, but after a comparatively short number of years becomes a distinct impediment to its development, by depriving it of light and of the benefit of light rainfall: The under- crop will, no doubt, have some value; but the object in view is not the realisation of this value, as the under-crop yields its profit indirectly, through® the favourable influence which it exercises on the development of the more valuable over-crop. A crop of dense-crowned species such as beech, spruce, or silver fir cannot, of course, be underplanted at all, and it is 200 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. quite useless to underplant a crop of the light-crowned species unless the following conditions exist :— 1. The species of which the crop consists must yield timber of high commercial value, which increases with the girth of the trees. 2. The trees must be of good shape, so that they may, when felling time arrives, cut up well. 3. The trees must be sound, and they must be young enough to be capable of further vigorous development under the treat- ment applied. To underplant a crop which does not fulfil these conditions is a mere waste of time and of money. It will not be benefited to a remunerative extent, while the development of the crop established beneath it will be impeded by it. Unpromising crops, even of valuable species, which have no future, should be removed as soon as other circumstances may permit, and the ground should then be restocked. If a species be susceptible in youth to frost or drought, shelter for it can be provided in other and better ways than by planting it under the shade of a valuable over-crop, which must stand over it, to its detriment, much longer than is necessary for its protection. But a crop which does not fulfil the above conditions may be used as a ‘femporary shelter- wood for tender species, the old trees being removed as soon as the new crop no longer needs their shelter. EXPERIMENTS ON RELATIVE VALUE OF TIMBER PRESERVATIVES. 201 29. Experiments on the Relative Value of certain Timber Preservatives.! Professor Henry has recently carried out a series of experi- ments on the relative value of certain antiseptics recommended by various authors as means of protecting timber from the attacks of fungi, or wood-destroying insects, and from the injuri- ous effect of the soil, and we summarise below his chief results, as set forth in his pamphlet. The object of the experiments was purely practical, for they had as aim the investigation of the question as to the’ best preservatives to be used by private individuals, or others unable to set up costly plant. Professor Henry points out that a good preservative should fulfil the follow- ing conditions :—the substance should be unalterable, and should not only destroy pre-existing germs of destructive organisms, but should prevent—indefinitely if possible—the access of new germs from the exterior ; it should not alter the force of resistance, the hardness, elasticity, and other qualities of the wood, but should either leave these in their original state or improve them; it should penetrate easily to all parts of the wood, and fix itself permanently within the elements; it should not be poisonous or dangerous ; it should be of constant and definite composition ; if possible, it should not have a strong or disagreeable odour, and it should not change the colour of the wood ; finally, it should be of a sufficiently low price to make it worth while to use it in preference to replacing the damaged wood. Eight preservatives were chosen as subjects for experiment, the selection being made from among those which previous experi- ments seemed to point to as having considerable value. These eight were as follows :—(1) Avenarius’ patent carbolineum ; (2) carbolineum, Lion brand; (3) gas-tar; (4) microsol; (5) antinon- nine; (6) antigermine; (7) lysol; (8) hydrofluoric acid. Car- bolineum is a commercial term for an extract of coal-tar contain- ing creosote. The brand invented by Avenarius is distinguished by its high density and viscosity, while the Lion brand is less dense and less viscous. The tar employed was obtained from the gas-works of Nancy. Microsol is a pasty mass soluble in water, formed of copper sulphate united to some organic matter. 1 Preservation des Bots contre la Pourriture par le sol, les Champignons et les Insectes, pax E. Henry, Professeur a l’école nationale des eaux et foréts. Berger-Levrault et Cie, Nancy. To be obtained from the author. Price 4 francs. 1907. VOL. XXI. PART II. O 202 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Antinonnine is a dinitro-cresylate of potassium, which has been highly praised by some experimenters. It colours the wood a strong yellow. Antigermine is a green mixture, which, like antinonnine and lysol, is a derivative of creosote. Lysol is a solution of cresylol in soap, and is completely soluble in water. The hydrofluoric acid used was the ordinary commercial product. The woods used for the purpose of experiment were silver fir (Abies pectinata), Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), oak (Quercus robur), beech (Fagus sylvatica), poplar (Populus). Three speci- mens were experimented with in each case. The specimens were cut green, were dried first in the air, then in a stove, and were then immersed in the solutions, the conditions being identi- cal in all experiments. The immersion lasted for twenty-four hours, and the solutions were heated over a water-bath to 140° F. Although this uniformity of procedure was adopted to ensure a fair trial, yet in point of fact there are great differences in the rate of impregnation of different woods, and the time can in many cases be much shortened. The author gives full details of a series of subsidiary experiments having for their object the determination of the rate of impregnation of different woods, but for these reference must be made to the original pamphlet. After treatment with the antiseptics, the samples of timber were placed under two sets of conditions. One set were exposed in the open air in a garden where they were almost buried in leaf- mould or manure, the free end being fully exposed to the influ- ence of snow, rain, and sun. ‘The other series were placed in the galleries of the iron-mines of Lorraine. These galleries run at about 33 feet below the surface, have a constant temperature of 50-54 F., and are completely protected from rain and sun. Though adequately ventilated, the air in them is only slowly renewed, and all the conditions are thus favourable to the development of wood-destroying fungi, notably dry-rot, which is very prevalent. Some of the specimen cubes were in actual contact with infected planks. The experiments lasted three years, and seem to have been conducted with the greatest care. The method of immersion practised allowed both the varieties of carbolineum to penetrate to the centre of the poplar, the beech, and the fir, while in the case of the oak and Aleppo pine the whole of the sap-wood was impregnated and parts of the hard- wood. ‘This shows that with this preservative it is not necessary to have recourse to vapour or to impregnation under pressure. The degree of impregnation is indicated by the brown colour EXPERIMENTS ON RELATIVE VALUE OF TIMBER PRESERVATIVES, 203 | produced by the reagent. Microsol has equal penetrative power, but the degree can only be demonstrated by testing for copper. Taking first the specimens exposed in the open, the following results were obtained. Of the “control” specimens left in the open without any preservative, the fir was the best preserved, and after it the Aleppo pine. The specimens of oak, beech, and poplar not treated were at the end of three years so decomposed that their replacement would be necessary in actual use. But the specimens treated with lysol, antinonnine, and hydrofluoric acid were equally or more decomposed. On the other hand, the specimens of oak, Aleppo pine, beech, poplar, and fir treated with either of the brands of carbolineum, with coal-tar, or with microsol, remained unaltered, and were as serviceable as at the outset of the experiment. The second series, the specimens placed in the mine galleries, showed the following results. First as to the controls; after the poplar the fir was the most altered, whereas in the open the fir is the most resistant; the beech was also much altered, while the heart of the oak remained sound, The specimens impregnated with the two brands of carbolineum, with gas-tar, and with microsol remained intact, and this is true of all the five species experimented with. ‘Thus these four preservatives proved them- selves equally valuable in the case of timber in the open and timber under shelter. The least certain of the four is, however, the tar, so that the contest for the first place is limited to the two carbolineums and the microsol. Antinonnine and hydrofluoric acid had a favourable effect on the specimens placed in the mine galleries, which is in marked contrast to their absence of preservative action on timber placed in the open. ‘The specimen of fir treated with antinonnine and placed in the mine galleries was perfectly preserved, while, as already mentioned, the control specimen was much altered. The hydrofluoric acid also had a preservative effect upon the sap-wood of oak. As to the lysol, it had no preservative effect, and is to be rejected alike for timber under shelter and in the open. The experiments with antigermine were less elaborate than with the others, but they showed that this substance does not prevent the development of fungus mycelia in the wood of beech, while it has a preservative effect on fir. The result of the series of experiments then is to emphasise the value of carbolineum and of microsol. The question as to which should be employed can only be solved by a consideration 204 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of the special conditions in each case. ‘The following considera- tions are important in forming a decision. Carbolineum imparts to the timber treated by it a persistent odour which many find disagreeable, and which might possibly taint food, etc., placed in closed cellars, sheds, etc., whose wood had been treated with it. Again, it soils to a considerable extent both the clothes and the hands of the workmen using it, and precautions have to be taken to protect the skin and eyes against its irritating effects, this being especially true when it is employed hot and within closed spaces. Further, timber treated with carbolineum cannot be painted, for, even after a long period of drying, the preserva- tive diffuses through and alters the paint, producing long brown marks. In the case of skirting-boards and wainscoting, it is, however, sufficient if the side in contact with the wall is painted with carbolineum, and if this is not done until after the front face has been painted, and has thoroughly dried, the paint will not be affected. If, however, it is desired to leave the wood in its natural colour, microsol is indicated. This product has no smell, does not produce irritating vapours, does not prevent the wood being painted, and seems generally to be indicated for wood in the interior of buildings, while carbolineum should be reserved for that to be exposed in the open. In a final section the author discusses the damage done to wood by various destructive insects, the means of recognising the more important of these, and methods of prevention or of cure. Thus he gives an illustrated account of ylotrupes bajalus, which attacks all the useful conifers, and is extremely destructive. A characteristic which renders it especially de- structive, is that it may go on breeding for many successive generations without the perfect insects ever appearing at the surface, and thus the beams, etc., attacked, may be completely destroyed internally before the presence of the beetle is sus- pected. A simple and efficient preventive measure is to paint the surface once or twice with hot carbolineum. The same antiseptic can be applied to wood already attacked, and will prevent further damage. Similar treatment will prevent the attacks of Zermes lucifugus, which is becoming more and more common in south-west France. The author also discusses at some length the ravages of the common wood-borers Anobium, Ptilinus, etc. Here again one of the antiseptics named above, especially carbolineum or microsol; is the remedy indicated. Marion I. NEwBsIGIN. EXCURSION TO THE LOVAT ESTATES. 205 30. The Northern Branch of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Visit to the Lovat Estates. The Members of the Northern Branch of the Scottish Arbori- cultural Society held their first excursion, which was to the Lovat Estates, on Saturday, 13th July 1907. The party, numbering about forty, were met on arrival at Beauly by Mr J. T. Garrioch, on behalf of Lord Lovat, and Mr Gilbert Brown, forester on the Lovat Estates. Maps and notes concerning the origin and future management of the woods to be visited were handed to each of the party. Balblair Wood was first visited. This wood, extending to about 130 acres, owes its existence entirely to natural regeneration. Within its area 104 acres have trees about 55 years of age, while 26 acres carry trees of about 35 years of age. It was agreed that Balblair Wood was one of the best examples of natural regeneration in this country. From Balblair the party drove to Beaufort Castle, where they were entertained to luncheon by Lord Lovat. The party then inspected other woods. In Lonbuie Wood, the matured timber was cut in 1902, and the replanted area amounts to about 19 acres. As the condition of the soil differs in certain parts, four different species have been planted, namely, larch, spruce, Scots fir, and some Douglas firs. The nursery contains 4 acres, where the young plants are reared from seeds sown. Great interest was taken in the nursery, the fine condition of the beds and young plants being specially admired. Sawmill Wood extends to 1 acre, one-fourth of which was planted in 1898 with Japanese larch and spruce, alternately, 4 feet apart, the remaining three-fourths being planted in 1900 with Douglas fir. The strip (especially the Japanese larch) was greatly admired, these trees being in most cases about 25 feet high. Alder, extending to 20 acres, is being used for the experimental plots. A great many of these plots are made up of larch planted in different ways, some pure, others mixed with beech and sycamore, the idea being to note exactly if there is any difference in the incidence of disease on the larch planted under different systems. Dunballoch and Cononbank Woods extend to 120 and 130 acres respectively. The former was planted with Scots fir twenty 206 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. years ago, and the latter with Scots fir twenty-five years ago. In connection with these woods, which are good specimens of closely planted woods, the opinion was generally expressed that it would be unnecessary to do any thinning out, with the excep- tion of the removal of dead and suppressed trees, for a number of years yet. MEETING OF 28TH SEPTEMBER 1907. A meeting of the Society was held in the Town Council Chamber, Inverness, on 28th September. Mr J. Grant Thomson, Grantown- on-Spey, President of the Branch, occupied the chair. Mr J. Grant Thomson then addressed the meeting, his subject being “‘ Forestry, Past and Present.”. Mr Thomson said: “ Brodie of Brodie and Gentlemen, you have conferred an honour upon me that I never coveted, never expected, and I fear never merited ; but since you have elected me as the first President of this Branch of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, I will hope for your sympathy and kindly support. I can only assure you of my high appreciation of so signal a mark of your good opinion. No doubt there may be some difficulties to overcome, but with prudence, patience, and hearty co-operation, I trust this Branch may be a benefit, not only locally, but to the country at large, and especially to the Highlands. You are all aware of the object we have in view, namely, to assist and encourage afforestation. I need not dwell on that subject. Gentlemen, I can now look back over nearly sixty years of active work, and can remember many changes that have taken place. Few can say that their connec- tion with forestry is so lengthened as mine has been, and I daresay fewer still can say that they have served for the length of time that I have done under the same family. And here I cannot but pay the grateful tribute of saying that there never were more considerate proprietors than the noble family of Seafield, or any that I know of so much interested in arboriculture and every- thing connected therewith, By their generous consideration and indulgence, I have been permitted to visit other estates, and you will pardon me for mentioning that there is scarcely a county in Scotland, from Berwick to Sutherland and from the island of Mull to Aberdeen, where I have not been employed; and while I hope I was of some benefit to those who asked my advice, I also was benefited myself, and saw some things that could not be seen in one locality. In these wanderings I have come across EXCURSION TO THE LOVAT ESTATES. 207 some plantations that have been exceedingly well managed, some that have been fairly well cared for, and others on which I would rather not make remark. Sometimes I have been asked as to the best method of managing woods, but more frequently my advice has been sought about how to get money out of woods, or how to use them for game cover. But, gentlemen, I am not going to give a history of myself or of what I have seen or done. I will confine the few remarks I am to make to the extent and cost of forest operations fifty years ago as compared with the present time, and to the prospects of forestry in the Highlands in present circumstances. A RETROSPECT AND COMPARISON. “Notwithstanding all the Arboricultural Society has done to increase an interest in forestry since it was inaugurated in 1854 (and that is not little), my belief is that there is not nearly the same extent of ground being put under trees at the present day as was the case fifty years ago. It is impossible to find out the areas exactly; nurserymen naturally enough hesitate to state what number of forest trees are grown now as compared with the date I refer to, but nearly all of them say that there is now less ground under trees in nurseries than formerly, and, as a consequence, there must be fewer trees grown in plantations. This is no fault of the nurserymen: given a market for the plants, nurserymen will grow them to supply any demand. I would like to mention some reasons for this shortage of planting. Now, gentlemen, bear with me; I am not a politician, and I hope nothing of that nature will ever enter into this Society; but if there is a shortage in planting now, there must be a cause or causes for it, and to my mind some of the following are the reasons. Fifty or sixty years ago there was a heavy tax on all timber imported from foreign countries, and prices of home timber were high in proportion. Besides, proprietors now are handicapped very much by death-duties and other taxation that did not exist in my younger days. Many a proprietor, when he comes into possession, finds heavy burdens on his estate that must be wiped off, and by the time this is done little may be left to expend on planting. It must always be borne in mind that, unless under exceptional circumstances, very few who plant can get much return for their outlay in their own lifetime. Still another reason for less planting being done is the value of game, 208 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. which brings in ready money, and many proprietors, however willing to make improvements, are glad of a quick return. The last reason which I will mention is the increased expense of planting. I have got information from a very reliable source of the cost of fencing, draining, and planting a plantation of very nearly rooo acres, now nearly 50 years old. The plants used consisted of Scots fir, larch, and a few spruce, all three years old, in the proportion of two Scots firs to one larch. ‘The total cost (including everything save superintendence) was as nearly as possible thirty shillings per acre. This sounds to me, and I am sure to you, a very low figure, but I am confident my information is quite correct. Another plantation I have heard of, now about 80 years old, was planted at ten shillings the acre. I am certain this could not be done now for anything like the same price. The price of labour has increased, the price of plants has also risen enormously. About the year 1860 one-year seedling Scots firs could be purchased at £4 per hundred thousand, two-year seedlings at £5, and one-year one-year transplants at £12 per hundred thousand. A catalogue of a most respectable firm of nurserymen for the year 1906-1907 is before me. The prices given in it are—one-year seedlings, 4s. per thousand ; two- year seedlings, ros. to r2s.; and one-year one-year transplants, 14s. to 16s. per thousand—at least five times the previous prices. This is an exceptional year, but I am quite con- vinced that it will be a long time before we see the above- quoted low figures again. Then as to the price of labour. I remember in the year 1843 that in the South of Scotland men’s wages were 7S. a week in summer and 6s. in winter. We all know what has to be paid nowadays. On the other hand, almost the only circumstances I can mention as having tended to in- crease the value of woodlands are the improvements in the manufacture of timber from the old sawpits to machinery of the finest possible kind, and the improvements in inland transport, from horse-haulage and river-floating to traction-engines, steam lorries, and railways. But though this has certainly tended to make woods more valuable, and in remote districts more saleable, it can hardly lead to increased planting in the case of proprietors who are in lack of ready money, and anxious for a speedy interest on their outlays. I remember that at one of the early meetings of the Society in Edinburgh, a very worthy forester, one held in estimation all over the country, rose and said: ‘I have a letter EXCURSION TO THE LOVAT ESTATES. 209 from a friend in America, assuring me that the forests there are being cleared with such rapidity that they will soon be all cut down, and home-grown timber will rise in price by leaps and bounds.’ This was fifty years ago; and I must say I have not yet seen such a tendency to the extent that was foretold. But that a rise in price will come some day there can be no doubt. Foreign supplies are getting farther inland, and I hear of little being done to reproduce. In Ireland, whence great supplies have come in the past, especially to the West Coast, little or no planting is being made. And in this country, if more ground is being cleared than is being put under young crop, the end will come. “Now, what is to be done? Is our country to become more and more denuded of trees? Can nothing be done to secure to the Highlands of Scotland some of that increased outlay of money that will be spent in purchasing timber in future years? ‘That there is plenty of waste land in the Highlands capable of growing timber to profit, I think no one will call in question. It would be a source of revenue to the country if even a portion of the money paid for foreign supplies could be spent at home; and I see no reason why it should not, if proper measures be adopted for this end. I do not see how individual proprietors (unless in exceptional cases) can accomplish much, though I know there are some proprietors in the country who have forethought and capital enough to go on planting. In the case of most proprietors the loss of grazing and shooting rents would be a serious consideration to begin with, and the capital needed would be difficult to provide; but much could be done if Government gave assistance, either by advancing capital at a low rate of interest, or by getting possession of large tracts suitable for planting, paying full compensation to the present owners. As to the actual extent of suitable ground, I have no accurate con- ception. I have heard it estimated at ten million acres, even twenty million acres. I fear that many who pass through the Highlands by train or steamboat, looking at the _hill-sides, frequently say, ‘What suitable ground for planting that is,’ yet if it were walked over, and closely examined, large tracts might be found unsuitable, where it would be a waste of money to plant a single tree. I am convinced, however, that there are large tracts in the Highlands well adapted for the remunerative growth of timber. Let me here say that the larger the area 210 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. enclosed, the less the outlay per acre for fencing, and if huts or tents have to be built for workmen, it is better to do this for 10,000 or more acres than for smaller areas. “But the first question to be considered is, what is the actual extent of ground available and suitable for the purpose aimed at ? Perhaps the best way to obtain this information would be to get a Government Commission appointed, as was done in the case of deer forests, and let them ascertain and schedule the different areas in the various Highland counties. Then, as I said before, let full justice be given to the proprietors. Let them sustain no injury or loss. If Government were willing in this way to purchase and plant the suitable areas, it is possible, and I think highly probable, that terms might be arranged in such a fashion, that while proprietors would be benefited, there would be no loss but a gain to the country and the Government. Apart from the ultimate money value of the woods (and, I may add, their artistic value in imparting an attractive character to the landscape), the employment created by afforestation on an adequate scale would be enormous. Hundreds of thousands of pounds would be spent in planting, fencing, etc.; and one can hardly imagine the amount of money that would be circulated when the crop came to be manufactured. It takes on an average as much money to manufacture a lot of timber as it costs to purchase it. In conclusion, I would say that I hope someone here—yes, many a one—will live to see the day when vast tracts of our Highland hill-sides will be clothed with thriving timber. Then there would be employment for a large population resident in the country, whose incomes would be secure, and whose con- tentment, because of comfortable homes and steady wages, would keep them at home in the Northern Counties, and prevent emigration to overcrowded cities or to distant countries. I thank you for the honour you have done me, and for the patient hearing you have given to these remarks. I trust that this Inverness Branch of the Society will be prosperous and useful. I was born in Inverness-shire, and though my home for the past forty-nine years has been chiefly in a neighbouring county, a large part of my work has been in Inverness-shire. If my advice or assistance can benefit this Branch in any way whatever, it is freely at your service.” A discussion followed, in which Brodie of Brodie, Mr Scott, Darnaway, Mr Alexander Fraser, and others took part. EXCURSION TO THE LOVAT ESTATES. 211 Visir TO INVERNESS NURSERIES. On the invitation of Bailie Gossip, the Members of the Club and their friends visited Messrs Howden & Co.’s nurseries, through which they were conducted by the Bailie. He showed them a large quantity of first-rate plants of various ages, some grown from seed here, others purchased. The home-grown plants had the best appearance of any. Interesting experiments of transplanting at unusual periods were also viewed. One lot shown was transplanted in July 1906, and it looked quite healthy. The deduction was that these young plants made no root- growth until they had ceased their branch- and bud-growth. The Members also visited one of the numerous annexes of the nurseries, and saw several acres of seedling coniferous plants, of which a large proportion looked remarkably well, considering the extremely backward season. Bailie Gossip gave some interesting figures as to the quantities of seeds used in the various beds, each of which should produce 105,000 plants. There was some talk as to the testing of the seeds for germination purposes, and the view was expressed by practical men that there was little to be gained from such tests. The true test was the weight of the seed per bushel. Scots fir averaged 34 lbs. per bushel. The best results were always got from heavy seeds. Large seeds produced large plants, and small seeds small plants. The visitors were hospitably entertained by Bailie and Mrs Gossip, who, on the motion of Brodie of Brodie, were warmly thanked for their kindness. Visit to Novar Woods. On Saturday, r9th October, the Members of the Branch paid a visit to the Novar Woodlands. ‘There was a large party. The whole forest area here is practically immune from rabbits, but the result of their former depredations was seen in the scraggy appearance of many otherwise well-developed trees. Black game is now the great scourge. The damage they do to young plantations is extensive. The scheme of management is high-forest, and a rotation of crop of from 80 or 100 years; but owing to storms, the indiscriminate cutting down of wood in former years, and other causes, it will not come into full operation for many years to come. As soon as the last of the older woods have been felled, there will be a cessation of 212 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. felling till the oldest of the younger woods reach maturity, which will be in a period of from 36 to 40 years after the final fellings. During the interval there will be plenty of work in the thinning and in the tending of the younger plantations. Arriving at Novar railway station, the visitors proceeded to Evanton Wood, and made a rapid survey of the mixed crop of Scots fir, larch, spruce, Douglas fir, and beech of various ages. The larch and Scots fir were largely of spontaneous growth, the other varieties having been planted to fill up blanks, and to suit different conditions of soil and exposure. Douglas fir is largely used to fill up blanks, as it makes rapid head- way in the shade. Both the natural and the planted crops gave indications of healthy and vigorous growth. On the hill, which extends from the village for about two miles, is planted a mixed crop of larch, Scots fir, Douglas fir, with mountain pine at the summit, all of which are making excellent growth A crop of Douglas fir on the edge of the Black Rock was greatly admired. The outstanding features of the plants were their healthy appearance and their remarkable development. Natural regeneration is encouraged, because, barring accidents, a care- fully trained natural crop usually gives excellent results. To produce a natural crop, the method employed all over the estate is that, when an old wood is being felled, ‘standards ”—that is, solitary trees which are scattered over the whole area of the wood—are left standing to restock the ground by natural means. When the young plantations reach a certain height, the “standards” are cut down. The blanks are then filled up with shade-bearing plants, chiefly Douglas fir. No material damage is done to the surrounding plantation by the felling. Crossing the Black Rock, the lower belt at Assynt was next visited. The age of this plantation is about 19 or 20 years, and it is composed of Scots fir, larch, and spruce, with a few hardwoods. Chief interest centred in the Scots fir, which appeared to want thinning. Here the scheme seemed to be the survival of the fittest, and, in comparison with the whole, the badly-developed and dead trees were in a very small minority. A brief inspection was made of the Assynt west belt, which was composed of larch, Scots fir, and spruce planted pure, the age of which was 19 years. ‘The spruce plot was greatly admired, and, it was thought, would give better results than the preceding one. The Black Rock Wood, with its stock of Scots EXCURSION TO THE LOVAT ESTATES. 213 fir and larch, aged roo years, was visited next. Not only here, but throughout the whole route, magnificent specimens of old timber were inspected. Assynt Hill was rapidly gone over. The crop here was larch, Scots fir, and Douglas fir, from 20 to 23 years old. Some few years ago larch disease was rampant in the larch plantations, but the cutting out of diseased stems, and underplanting with such valuable conifers as Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Lawson’s cypress, Hemlock spruce, Thuja gigantea, Abies grandis and silver fir, seem to be putting a stop to the ravages of the disease. When the crop had been thinned and underplanted, it presented a magnificent appearance. The Grandis seemed to be in a more flourishing condition than the Sitka, but the Hemlocks were the best of the lot. The Sitka, however, were planted later than the others, and they do not get on well in a damp soil. A break of silver fir which was planted in among the larch seemed to be doing well, but in the open silver fir makes no great headway. The ages of the young underplanted plots ranged from 1 to 4 years. Several patches of the larch plantation were left unthinned— they will be thinned in time—and they presented a very scraggy appearance. The diseased stems were seen at a glance, and the ground was rank with coarse grass, whins and brackens. Plots of spruce were forging ahead, and were much better in every way than the larch. A plot of Zhuja gigantea, which was planted last spring, appeared to be doing very well in the shade. ‘The larch in the centre of the plantation was not nearly so good as that on the outskirts. This was perhaps due to the quality of the seeds. The following will give an indication of the revenue derived from the thinnings. The smaller posts or stakes are sold at 2s. a dozen, the middle-sized ones at 3s. 6d. a dozen, and the large ones at 4s. a dozen, or 4d. each. The cost of dressing them is 2d., 3d., and 1s. per dozen respectively. Much damage is being done to the young larch and Scots fir plantations on the Meannchnoc by black game. About two years ago a plot was planted with strong, healthy firs, and another with smaller ones. The first got away beyond the reach of the black game all right, but the latter plot was attacked, and the plants are stunted and bushy. This was merely tried as an experiment, but the expense was rather heavy. On the Broomhill and the Old Nursery the Douglas firs were making great headway ; so, too, were the other conifers. 214 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. THE Novar NURSERIES. The party then visited the nurseries, which are from 8 to g acres in extent. Here they saw a vast array of all kinds of plants in various stages of development. The nurseries were in excellent condition, and were kept remarkably clean. Plants of all descriptions and of all ages were in the healthiest condition. Seed-beds planted in the shade of the apple-trees in the garden were also visited, but there seemed to be no difference in their growth from the beds in the nurseries. The curiosities in the museum having been inspected, the visitors had a walk through the experimental plots in the Dalzheal. Here have been carried on experiments in planting certain crops, some pure and others mixed, by notching and by pitting. ‘There seemed to be not much difference between the results of the notching and the pitting, as all the plots appeared to be in a flourishing condition. The notching, however, is done at half the cost of pitting, while dibbling, again, is done at half the cost of notching. The Cross- hills was the last of the plantations visited. The crop was composed of larch and spruce, the age of the larch being 21 years and the older spruce 16 years. Part of the larch crop was thinned and underplanted in 1899 with spruce, silver fir, and Sitka spruce. The remainder was thinned in 1903, and underplanted with Hemlock spruce, Zhuja gigantea and Douglas fir. Here, as in Assynt Hill, larch disease was at one time very prevalent. The plantation is now an excellent one all round, and, as regards underplanting and the combating of the larch disease, the best results have been obtained in this section. The Sitkas, which were planted some nine years ago, ranged from ro to 16 feet in height, but the Hemlocks made the best show. ‘They were planted five years ago, made rapid headway, till now their height is from 6 to 8 feet. The objection to this underplanting that many put forth—and it was the only one—was the difficulty that would be experienced in thinning and hauling out the trees without doing extensive damage. The chief difficulty, it was contended, would be in hauling the trees out from the centre of the plantation. There is not much in this objection. The plantations are intersected by “rides,” and the distance from the centre of a plot to a “ride” is not great. An instructive and enjoyable day terminated with a visit to the creosoting plant. The visitors were entertained to luncheon by Mr, Mrs and Miss Meiklejohn at the Dalzheal. EXCURSION TO DURRIS. 215 31. The Aberdeen Branch. Excursion to Durris. The third excursion of the Aberdeen Branch of the Society took place on Saturday, 29th June 1907, when, by the kind permission of H. R. Baird, Esq., a visit was paid to his beautiful estate of Durris. The party were received on arrival by Mr Braid, the factor on the estate, and Mr Crozier, head forester. They first passed along the main road to inspect a number of young Douglas firs planted in the form of a road-side belt among a sprinkling of old trees, larches, Scots firs, etc.; these demonstrated how well the Douglas fir thrives under partial shade. Passing the old historic mansion, the company found its way to the estate nursery, which, without question, is among the best laid out and cultivated place of the kind to be met with on any private estate. Here were to be seen large brakes of plants compris- ing samples of all the imported trees which abound on the estate, particularly Douglas fir, Menzies (Sitka) spruce, varieties of the silver fir, Albert (Hemlock) spruce, etc. All these are from the north-western parts of America, and have proved themselves to be the trees best adapted to succeed in this country. ‘These imported species have now been so long on Durris, that nearly all the seed used can be gathered off carefully selected trees on the estate. The party’s next move was to visit the experiment with Menzies spruce at Strathgyle. Strathgyle is a plantation of some 80 to go acres, planted twenty-nine years ago. The altitude is goo feet, and the exposure north-easterly. Here, on a peaty soil resting on boulder clay, are to be seen Menzies (Sitka) spruces grouped alter- nately with other spruces, Scots firand larch. The Menzies spruce is, however, at least three times bigger than its ally the Norway spruce of the same age, while the Scots fir and larch are comparative failures ; even a sprinkling of Douglas fir, planted by way of ex- periment, seems to hold its own better than the two last named, notwithstanding the altitude and exposure. Afterwards a business meeting of the Society washeld, when, onthe motion of Mr Hart, Cowie Mains, Mr Braid was called to the chair. After the meeting the company broke up into groups and visited many parts of the extensive policies, especially the den where are to be found many of the fine old oaks and larches said to have been planted during the Duke of Gordon’s proprietorship. Some of the larches measure over 100 feet high and from 8 to 104 feet 216 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. in circumference at 5 feet up. Here also, as in other parts of the grounds, were to be seen growing in forest form many imported trees, such as Douglas firs, silvers, Menzies spruce, and even Albert spruces, Cypresses, Wellingtonias, all making fine clean shapely stems like any ordinary forest-tree. The west avenue, the JVods/is avenue, and many other note- worthy objects in this home of rare trees, were also inspected. Among the trees specially noted were the following—a fine old ** Douglas” now about 70 years of age, 112 feet high, 12 ft. 6 ins. circumference at 5 feet up; the pendulous branchletted spruce, a rare and beautiful variety of the Norway spruce; an Adies magnifica 85 feet high, and 7 feet in circumference at 5 feet up, said to be the largest of its kind in the United Kingdom. At the saw-mill several large planks of Douglas firand Menzies spruce were shown partly planed. The Douglas had a fine reddish appearance, and ex-Provost Fleming, whose opinion, from his extensive connection with the timber-trade, must be respected, expressed himself to the effect that the Douglas fir lent itself to a high polish and finish, and was therefore well adapted for house construction, etc. ‘The Menzies spruce was whiter, and otherwise not so suitable for highly finished work. When all this had been seen, a re-union was again effected at Durris Cottage, the beautiful home of Mr and Mrs Braid, where a sumptuous tea and other refreshments were set out on the lawn by Mrs Braid. Before mounting the conveyances, Mr Gammell of Drumtochty proposed thanks to Mr and Mrs Braid for their substantial remembrance of the Society’s human needs. If any- thing could attain to pleasure and profit alike, it was this visit of the Arboricultural Society to Durris. The former is unquestioned, while, at the same time, many practical lessons were to be learned by the student of forestry. I am sure that those of us who have some practical knowledge of forestry can, from our observations at Durris, added to former experience, unhesitatingly assure even the most cautious of our landed proprietors and others interested, that a profitable invest- ment can be obtained by planting as forest-trees some of the newer conifers, such as Douglas fir, Menzies spruce, ete. Durris, by its nearness to the city and the many object-lessons it affords, will no doubt be highly appreciated by Mr Dawson, the recently appointed lecturer at Aberdeen University, and his students. Joun Rute, Forester, Huntly. FORESTRY SECTION IN SCOTTISH NATIONAL EXHIBITION. 217 32. Forestry Section in the Scottish National Exhibi- tion, Edinburgh, 1908, organised by the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, Ist May to 31st October. As soon as it was definitely known that a Scottish National Exhibition was to be held in Saughton Park, Edinburgh, the Council of the Society arranged that an Exhibit of Forestry should be included in it. A suitable space in the North Garden, facing the main avenue, was allotted free of charge to the Society, on part of which a Pavilion, hired for the occasion from Mr John M‘Manus, London, was erected to receive such of the Exhibits as required to be kept under lock and key; on another part a shed has been put up to protect the timber boards from the weather, and the remainder of the space is occupied by Exhibits which do not require special protection. It is intended that a detailed report of the Society’s Exhibit be published in a future issue. Meanwhile we give a list of the names of those who have been good enough to respond to the Society’s invitation to enter Exhibits under the headings given below, viz. :— Specimens illustrating the Rate of Growth of Trees. W. Steuart Fothringham, Esq. of Murthly. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. The Right Hon. The Earl of Strathmore. R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq. of Raith and Novar, M.P. His Grace The Duke of Atholl, K.T. . Cameron of Lochiel. Specimens of different Kinds of Timber. W. Steuart Fothringham, Esq. of Murthly. The Most Hon. The Marquis of Zetland, K.T. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. A. W. Inglis, Esq. of Glencorse, Midlothian. The Right Hon. The Earl of Strathmore. R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., M.P. His Grace The Duke of Atholl, K.T. VOL. XXI. PART II. P 218 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The Most Hon. The Marquis of Breadalbane. Henry R. Baird, Esq. of Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. His Grace The Duke of Wellington, Heckfield, Winchfield, Hants, per Mr W. R. Brown, Forester. The Right Hon. The Earl of Carnarvon, Highclere Castle, Newbury, Berks, per Mr W. Storie, Forester. The Right Hon. Viscount Powerscourt, Ireland. David W. Thomson, Esq., Nurseryman, Edinburgh. Messrs A. & R. Brownlie, Timber Merchants, Earlston. Mr Alex. Pollock, Royal Rustic Builder, Tarbolton. Adam Spiers, Esq., Timber Merchant, Edinburgh. James Whitton, Esq., City Chambers, Glasgow. George Cadell, Esq. (iate Indian Forest Department), 20 Murrayfield Avenue, Edinburgh. Messrs James Jones & Sons, Ltd., Larbert Saw-Mills. H. J. Younger, Esq. of Benmore, Argyllshire. The Right Hon. The Earl of Rosse, Birr Castle, King’s County. Sir Duncan E. Hay, Bart. of Smithfield and Haystoun, Peebles. Messrs Alex. Jack & Co., Ltd., Maybole. F. R. S. Balfour, Esq., Dawyck, Peebles. Messrs J. & M. Smith, Peebles. Specimens showing the Comparative Quality of Timber grown on different Sotls and Situations, and the respective Ages at which each reaches Marketable Size and Maturity. His Grace The Duke of Roxburghe, K.T. His Grace The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle. Gates, Fencing Material, Railway Timber. W. Steuart Fothringham, Esq. of Murthly. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. His Grace The Duke of Roxburghe, K.T. R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., M.P. The Economic Fencing Co., Ltd., Billiter House, London, E.C. Mr James Kay, Barone, Rothesay. Colonel F. Bailey, Lecturer on _ Forestry, Edinburgh University. H. J. Younger, Esq. of Benmore, Argyllshire. FORESTRY SECTION IN SCOTTISH NATIONAL EXHIBITION. 219 Specimens of Stems illustrating the effects of Dense and Thin Crops in Branch Suppression and Quality of Timber. His Grace The Duke of Northumberland, K.G. Specimens of Timber Preserved by various Methods. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. His Grace The Duke of Roxburghe, K.T. R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., M.P. Messrs Major & Co., Ltd., Huil. The Economic Fencing Co., Ltd. Mr George Leven, The Cottage, St Quivox, Ayr. Specimens showing the Beneficial Effects of Pruning when well done, and Injurtous Effects when badly done. His Grace The Duke of Northumberland, K.G. Specimens of Abnormal Growth. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. The Right Hon. The Earl of Strathmore. R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., M.P. The Right Hon. Lord Leith of Fyvie. Mr James Kay, Barone, Rothesay. Plants, Trees, and Timber damaged by Storms, Frosts, Insects, Animals, Birds, or other Causes, and Specimens of the Insects, Animals, Birds, or Fungi which caused the damage. Dr Stewart MacDougall, Hon. Entomologist to the Society. Dr A. W. Borthwick, Hon. Cryptogamist to the Society. W. Steuart Fothringham, Esq. of Murthly. Mr George Anderson, Braehead, Cumbernauld. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. Captain W. B. Rankin of Cleddans, etc. R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., M.P. Young Trees showing various Methods of Transplanting. R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., M.P. 220 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Specimens illustrating Forest Botany. Dr A. W. Borthwick, Hon. Cryptogamist to the Society. W. Steuart Fothringham, Esq. of Murthly. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. F. R. S. Balfour, Esq., Dawyck. Tools, Instruments, and Implements—Home and Foreign—used in various Operations connected with Forestry. Messrs Robert Sorby & Sons, Ltd., Sheffield. R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., M.P. Mr James Kay, Barone, Rothesay. Colonel F. Bailey. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. Working-Plans, Maps, etc. R. Campbell, Esq., B.Sc., Hon. Geologist to the Society. Dr Schlich, C.J.E., F.R.S., Professor of Forestry, (@xand University. Colonel F. Bailey. Sydney J. Gammell, Esq. of Drumtochty. J. G. Bartholomew, Esq., The Geographical Institute, Edinburgh. Specimens of Rustic Work. Mr Alex. Pollock, Royal Rustic Builder, Tarbolton. Pictures and Photographs in connection with Forestry. Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. His Grace The Duke of Roxburghe, K.T. R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., M.P. Instruments for Measuring Height and Diameter of Trees, etc. Messrs J. & M. Smith, Peebles. Colonel F. Bailey. Mr James Kay, Barone, Rothesay. Tanning and Dyeing Substances derived from Forest Produce. The British Dyewood & Chemical Co., Ltd., 53 Bothwell Street, Glasgow. FORESTRY SECTION IN SCOTTISH NATIONAL EXHIBITION. 221 Wood Pulp and other Materials for Paper Manufacture. Messrs Thomas Tait & Sons, Ltd., Inverurie Mills, Inverurie. Other Objects of Interest relating to Forestry. W. Steuart Fothringham, Esq. of Murthly. A. W. Inglis, Esq. of Glencorse. The Right Hon. The Earl of Mansfield. His Grace The Duke of Atholl, K.T. Mr James Rodger, Estate Office, Leinster Street, Athy, Co. Kildare. Mr John Thomson, Gormaddie, Balmoral, Ballater. Messrs J. & M. Smith, Cabinetmakers, Peebles. Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. H. J. Younger, Esq. of Benmore. F. R. S. Balfour, Esq., Dawyck. Mr Adam Spiers, Timber Merchant, Edinburgh, has supplied the flagstaff, and Messrs Dicksons & Co. and Mr David W. Thomson, Nurserymen, Edinburgh, have sent the decorative plants and shrubs. The Society’s attendant is Mr Alexander M‘Rae, lately Forester at Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny, who has made and fitted up the benches in the Pavilion, erected the shed for the timber, laid out the ground, and staged the Exhibits. 222 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. NOES, ANDOU Eas: ARBORICULTURE AND ARABLE LAND. If it be true that nothing is more beautiful than the hedgerow timber and the scattered oaks and elms of the English Midlands, it is equally true that nothing is more destructive to agriculture than much of our “ornamental” timber in Scotland. A great deal could be done both to increase the value of arable land and to beautify the landscape, through a gradual process of change in the allocation of trees and in the varieties used. A really good tree, wherever situated, is worth some sacrifice to keep, and the » general effect of the whole landscape should always be held in view. Subject to these considerations, much might be done in Scotland both for the adornment of the countryside and to increase the value and utility of our timber. Trees planted round farm and other houses for shelter frequently exclude light, and spoil the gardens or roofs—whereas vacant spaces could be utilised, and real shelter provided in lieu of the original plantations, which, in many cases, serve only to create a draught instead of a “ bield.” The “scrunty” elm, often an eyesore, at the roadside should disappear, along with the obnoxious weeds which flourish beneath its fostering shade; so also with the battered beech which lingers on to spoil the hedge or ruin the neighbouring crop. No tree should be left in an arable field that is not a fine tree and a feature of the landscape. Such trees are rarely necessary, as in the south of England, to shelter stock on the pasture lands. Shelter-strips should always run north and south to protect the crops from prevailing winds, and to give every field its fair share of the sunshine. Hedgerow timber should consist mainly of oak, Lombardy poplar, birch, Scots fir, etc., and other varieties which throw least shade and therefore do the minimum of harm to hedge and crop. Probably the ideal border for a road is a beech hedge with oak standards, but a thorn hedge with Lombardy poplar and similar combinations is not to be NOTES AND QUERIES. 223 despised. For house and garden shelter, the gean, mountain ash, laburnum, and oval-leaved privet are among the species insufficiently employed. Chestnuts, black Italian poplars and Acers will soon make a show on unutilised spots of bare land— and much of arable Scotland remains very bare—and will serve for shelter or for ornament. Beech, elm and ash should be clumped or grown in two or three close lines for avenues, else they will rarely become ornamental timber. Corners where fields meet can often be planted with a clump of trees to the great advantage of the landscape. The willow, and especially its scarlet variety, too rarely gives colour to the margin of our streams and pools. Nor is the toom or ashpit often enough secluded by a diadem of fetimospora or other ornamental species. Apart altogether from large plantations, were landowners to take a more active interest in the disposition of ornamental timber, outside their policies, this would have a considerable effect upon the comfort and welfare of their tenants and their employees—whilst by removing the eyesores of stunted, hidebound, ill-grown standards, and by covering bare and ugly pieces of ground with shelter clumps for man and beast, the splendid natural scenery of Scotland would be further enhanced. R. M. FERGUSON. THe ARDGOIL ESTATE. The development and utilisation of the above estate, lately presented to the city of Glasgow by Mr Cameron Corbett, M.P., is of considerable interest from a forestry point of view. The estate is situated in the parishes of Lochgoilhead and Kilmorich, and consists of 14,650 acres, the majority of the area being rough hill pasture land. The greatest elevation is found on the summit of Ben Ime, which attains a height of 3318 feet, while five other hills of over 2000 feet in height occur on the estate. Very few estates present such a minimum proportion of level arable ground. The purpose for which the gift was made was to provide a place of resort for the citizens of Glasgow; and all revenues from the estate are to be devoted to the upkeep of the estate, and to rendering it more accessible to the inhabitants of 224 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the city. A large proportion of the area is probably suitable for growing coniferous timber, and that this would be a profitable course to adopt seems to be indicated by the fact that at present probably only twenty families gain a livelihood from the land. It is the firm conviction of Mr James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow (on whose report this article is largely based), that crofting, except to a very limited extent, would be a failure. The problem is therefore the same as that which exists over a large proportion of Scotland, that is, by what method can land of this description be utilised so that an increased number of persons may obtain a reasonable living wage from the soil? The land in the Eberswalde district of Germany may be com- pared, in some respects, to the Ardgoil Estate, inasmuch as only small areas here and there are of agricultural value. The main distinction between the two is that the rainfall on the Ardgoil Estate is sufficient to produce a soil-covering of rough hill pasture even on the more barren portions, whereas at Eberswalde the soil is porous and the rainfall small. The woods on the Eberswalde district may be described as analogous to the rough hill pasture in Scotland. It is a significant fact that while in Scotland the annual rental of land capable of growing grass is, in the case of hill pasture, often not more than a few pence per acre, in Germany an annual sum of about ten shillings per acre is realised for a planted area, most of which could not produce pasture. There is some doubt as to the effect of a possible influx of visitors on the farms of the Ardgoil Estate, with the consequent disturbance of stock. The official report draws attention to the fact that “the afforestation... of a considerable area of the estate, merely to afford shelter, would enhance the value of the farms as grazing subjects, and would be an advantage. There is, however, the larger question of creating a source of revenue for the future... by the planting of trees.” That the estate is capable of growing most of the common timber-trees, both hardwoods and conifers, is without question, and there is reason to believe that in former times woods covered a large portion of this estate. It is encouraging to find that a considerable amount of planting is likely to be undertaken, and that it will be done in a systematic manner. W.. Fo Alaa NOTES AND QUERIES. 225 AFFORESTATION OF SURPLUS LANDS. The following letter from Dr Schlich appeared in the Z7mes of toth April 1908 :— Twenty-two years ago I urged extended afforestation of surplus or waste lands in these islands. These suggestions I have repeated on many occasions since, and I particularly pointed out that such afforestation might be found an auxiliary in solving the Irish land question and the great problem of the unemployed. The reasons for my action were, in the first place, the desirability of increased afforestation, so as to increase home production; and secondly, my conviction that the operations would ultimately pay a fair interest on the outlay, provided they were conducted in an economic and business-like manner. The study of the forest conditions in various parts of the earth had shown me that a scarcity, or at any rate a considerable rise in the price, of timber must come within a limited period of time, so that woods planted in this country would benefit by that increase. My proposals remained unheeded for a considerable period of time ; indeed, they were even characterised as ‘‘wild gambling in futures.” Of late, however, the matter has been more seriously considered, and I have read with great interest the four articles on ‘ British Forestry” published by you during the last two months. A Committee on Irish Afforestation is just completing its labours, and I have reason to believe that proposals made by me in January 1886 have been seriously considered. I also see that the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion has been enlarged, and is now considering “whether it is desirable to make an experiment in afforestation as a means of increasing employment during periods of depression in the labour market.” These are all hopeful signs towards the inauguration of extended action, especially as recent experience has shown the correctness of my forecast as regards the financial aspect of the undertaking. Our supplies of timber come chiefly from the countries around the Baltic and from North America, in the proportion of about five and a half to three million tons. It stands to reason, therefore, that any rise in price in North America must affect prices in these islands. This morning I received a statement issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, entitled «“ Wholesale Lumber Prices, 1886-1908,” on the markets of New 226 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. York, Baltimore, Buffalo and San Francisco, from which I trust you will permit my giving the following extract :— The increase in prices during the last ten years has been as follows, in dollars per tooo feet board measure : | | | Per cent. of | Species. | 1899. | 1908. | Increase in | to Years. I—- New York—White Ash, : - 5) 34 60 77 5 Birch, : : é 5. || 35 54 54 36 White Oak, . ‘ on 55 82 49 “ Yellow Poplar, . ‘ . 25 46 84 35 Hemlock, . : , - | II°50 22 | QI fe Spruce, : : : ot 21 | 39°50 88 Buffalo— Hickory, . : : : cz 48 59°50 24 x3 White Pine, . ; ; aa 44 79 80 | San Francisco—Redwood, . : j 17 35 106 Yellow Pine generally, . : : : 16 24 50 These increases must have produced a rise in prices in the United Kingdom. As a matter of fact, as I showed at a conference held last year at the invitation of Lord Carrington, the average increase all round since 1895 amounts to about 20 per cent., the increase not coming suddenly, but quite steadily year by year. As the United States must call more and more upon the timber resources of Canada, and as the population of the latter country is rapidly increasing, there cannot be a shadow of a doubt that the export of timber from North America to these islands must decrease, leading to a further increase in prices. In how far the countries round the Baltic can counteract that effect may be considered as problematic ; at any rate, until now they have not been able to do so, These countries have also to meet the ever- increasing requirements of many other countries, such as Germany, Belgium, France, Holland, and many others. These things prove that we have a fair field before us for increased afforestation of surplus lands, even if looked at from a financial point of view. I hope that the Commission on Land Erosion and the Committee on Irish Forestry will see their way to formulate practical proposals dealing with the subject on broad lines. I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, W. SCHLICH. OXFORD, 6th April. NOTES AND QUERIES. 227 FoREST PRESERVATION IN THE UNITED STATES. A despatch in the Zzmes of 12th May gives some account of the work which has been done by Mr Roosevelt’s Administration in connection with the preservation of the timber resources of the United States. In the first place, experts have been for some time drawing attention to the effects produced by the reckless destruction of the forests. Thousands of acres of arable land, stretching from hill-sides and river banks, have been deprived of the protecting trees which regulate the periodic floods of the rivers. In consequence, the lands are being swamped by the overflowing streams, the courses of the rivers being in turn clogged with the rich soil stripped and washed from the land. This effect of deforestation demands costly dredging of the streams, and endangers the efficiency of works designed to facilitate navigation. ‘The storage of flood waters also becomes a necessity, and reclamation schemes, in addition to being directed to arid lands, have also to be applied to once useful fertile areas over which the flood waters have ruinously spread through ruthless tree felling. One instance among several is the reduction of the amount of forest cover on the White Mountain watershed. Thereby the water-power in the New England streams has become insufficient to run the mills, and 95 per cent. of the water-power factories have had to use steam at certain periods of the year or else stop running. Mr Roosevelt’s crusade for the preservation of the remaining portions of the public domain not at the mercy of the squander- ing methods of private owners, has taken a form that will be enduring as far as it goes with the means at hand. In the West an over-abundance of land and a meagre population once en- couraged a lavish distribution of the public domain for agri- culture, timber, water, fuel, and minerals. Now it is recognised that these resources are not inexhaustible, and that their abuse must be stopped. A brilliant lieutenant of the President’s, Mr Gilbert Pinchot, chief of the forestry service, has for some time been conducting a vigorous campaign against the further mono- poly of the public lands, the benefit of which has accrued to a few individuals, who have ousted the dona fide home-steader. Considerable forest reserves have now been established in the West, and portions of the coal supplies and mineral fields have been conserved. 228 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The conservation of water-power, upon which in turn depend the forests, is quite as grave a question as that of the coal, to which considerable attention is now being devoted. It is said that water-power is becoming exhausted at the rate of millions of tons annually through the absence of forest control by the State. The snows and water in the great mountain ranges of the West, Mr Garfield says, contain enough’ power to turn millions of wheels, to irrigate millions of acres, and to furnish water supply to hundreds of cities. To this unused power com- mercial interests are naturally turning. But mindful of the spendthrift and monopolistic policy which has marked the con- trol of the forest and mineral areas by the “interests,” the Administration has sternly set its face against the granting of further franchises for the use of a natural agent that it conceives to be a public utility, not a private privilege. The President has warned Congress that he will veto Bills which grant such privileges to private monopolies. As a part of the Administration’s policies, this determination to thwart the creation of vested interests in water-power, to check further forest exploitation, and weaken the grip of illegitimate owner- ship of the forest and mineral areas, is certain to meet with bitter opposition in Congress, when in due time it takes the form of proposed legislation. But the whole situation calls for laws prescribing some intelligent system of national conservation, similar to that followed in European countries, aided by uniform laws in all the States. Linked with Mr Roosevelt’s plans for this conservation is his scheme for the improvement of inland waterways —a _ vital question daily becoming of more urgency. Far-reaching measures have been proposed by the Commission he appointed. In a weighty report submitted to Congress, the Commission re- commended that hereafter plans for the commercial development of inland waterways should “take account of the purification of the waters, the development of power, the control of floods, the reclamation of lands by irrigation and drainage, and all other use of the waters or benefits to be derived from their control.” Here is indicated the wonderful network of public interests bound up with the Administration’s concern for the conservation and control of the national estate of the Republic. PrAain Xavier To face page 220. NOTES AND QUERIES. 229 AFFORESTATION OF RECLAIMED LANDS. In connection with the subject of afforestation, the following official notice is of interest :— “The King has been pleased to enlarge the terms of reference to the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion, and to direct them to inquire whether, in connection with reclaimed lands or otherwise, it is desirable to make an experiment in afforestation as a means of increasing employment during periods of depression in the labour market, and if so, by what authority, and under what conditions, such experiment should be conducted; and to add to the Commission the following new members:—Mr John Galvin, Mr E. Stafford Howard, C.B., Mr H. C. Monro, C.B., Dr W. Somerville, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., Mr Fraser Story, and Mr John Ward, M.P.” Basic SLAG ON SEED-BEDs. (With Plate.) The value of basic slag as a fertiliser has been demonstrated and proved in many ways; but as I am not aware of its having been tested on seed-beds—in this country at least—I am sending the accompanying photograph, along with table of measurements and explanation. | ! Reference to Plate. Age in Years. Beran | Total Height. pene Inche Inches Inches No. 1—A, . 3 I75 133 10 ” B, . 3 I 123 9 No. 2—A, . 4 5 “11g 63 - B.. 4 12 124 6 | These measurements illustrate the rate of growth of two lots of Scots pine, the specimens measured and photographed being average sized plants of their respective lots. Those illustrated by No. 1 were raised at Pollok, the seed having been sown in beds prepared in the usual way, and a light dressing of well-matured farmyard manure dug in; but, before covering the seed, basic slag was sown on the beds at the rate of about 12 cwts. per acre. This was the only special attention they received, except that during a spell of 230 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. very dry weather they were watered several times. The follow- ing spring a number of the seedlings were lined out on the Corrour estate nursery at Fersit, and, at the same time, those illustrated by No. 2 were bought as two-years’ seedlings, and lined out alongside of them, both lots receiving identical treat- ment then and since. The specimens in both cases were taken from a plot of selected seedlings. Both lots of plants are very regular in size all over, but, if anything, there is less variation in the three-year-old plants than in the others. The No. 1 seedlings, however, have all along had a much better colour—quite noticeable even at a considerable distance—than the No. 2 lot; but it has yet to be seen which lot of plants will succeed better when planted out. Nevertheless, it is very apparent that the application of slag on the seed- beds has had a marked effect on the constitution of the young plants. Even allowing that the seedlings were raised in different localities, there could scarcely have been such a difference in health and vigour had not the slag been used. J. Boyp. WoRKING-PLAN FOR THE ARDROSS Woops.! A working-plan for the above woods, which are the property of Mr C. W. Dyson Perrins, has just been drawn up by Dr Schlich and Mr R. S. Pearson. It contains valuable sug- gestions, most of which are applicable to other Highland estates; and it should be studied by all Scottish landowners, factors, and foresters. Special attention may be directed to what the authors say regarding the treatment of larch, in view of the prevalence of the destructive Larch Blister, and regarding the exotic species which they suggest for trial as forest-trees in this country. Among other matters may be mentioned their recommendation of the vertical notching-spade for the planting out of young seedling trees. Boe FORESTRY AT THE WEST OF SCOTLAND AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. A scheme calculated to afford a complete course of theoretical and practical instruction in Forestry has recently been devised 1 London: Bradbury, Agnew & Co., 1907. Price 6d. NOTES AND QUERIES. 231 by the West of Scotland Agricultural College, and owing to the kindness of certain proprietors, and the efforts of the Lorn District Committee of the County Council of Argyll, a most promising start has already been made. The Lorn District Committee has promised to pay the class fees of six Forestry students, who are in the first instance to be apprenticed for eighteen months on certain estates, and are subsequently to attend a winter session at the Agricultural College in Glasgow. The scheme includes the further advantage, that the methods of Forestry practised upon the properties where the students are engaged are made available to the College for the purposes of experiment and research, Lord Strathcona, Mr Macalpine Downie, Mr Nelson and Mr Macdonald have all consented to a working arrangement of this kind with the College. The conditions under which the students are appointed may be summarised as follows :— The course is for working men and youths only. It will extend over a period of two years, during which time the students will be required to spend six months in Glasgow, taking classes of forestry, botany, chemistry, soils and manures, zoology, book-keeping, and surveying at the West of Scotland Agricultural College. The Forestry Experimental Station of the College at Kilmarnock will also be visited. Students will further be required to spend eighteen months on an estate where they will (1) perform the duties of a working forester; (2) keep a journal recording full details and costs of the work done each day (these journals will be taken into account in all examina- tions); and (3) attend such lectures and examinations as the College may decide to hold. The intention is to give weekly lectures at the local centres for a certain period of the year. For the present, the number of students to be admitted in any one year is limited to ten. Wages will be paid to the students during their work on the estates, their College fees will also be paid during their work in Glasgow, and assistance given towards their other expenses in Glasgow. It is also hoped that special bursaries may be established. Periodical examinations will be held in Oban and other centres, and at the end of the course certificates will be given to those who suceeed in satisfying the examiners. Applications for admission should be sent to 232 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr John D. Sutherland, Royal Bank of Scotland, Oban, and should be received before 30th September in any year. W. EF Ae FORESTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. The University Court has established three additional lecture- ships in connection with the degree of B.Sc. in Forestry. Dr R. S. MacDougall will lecture on Forest Entomology, and Dr A. W. Borthwick on Forest Botany, while Mr Hudson Beare, Professor of Engineering, has consented to conduct the course in Forest Engineering, pending the appointment of a lecturer in that subject. CHAIR OF FORESTRY AT CAMBRIDGE. Mr Augustine Henry, M.A., F.L.S., a native of Derry, in Ireland, has been appointed Reader in Forestry at Cambridge. Mr Henry studied for two years at the Forestry School at Nancy, and has travelled extensively, having visited the forests of China, Japan, North America, France, Spain, Corsica, as well as those of Great Britain. He has also been associated with Mr H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., in the authorship of The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland. FORESTRY APPOINTMENT AT INVERLIEVER. The Commissioners of Woods and Forests have selected Mr John Boyd, Head Forester to Sir John Stirling-Maxwell on the Pollok Estate, as Resident Forester in the newly-acquired Government Forest of Inverliever. Mr Boyd is to be con- gratulated on his appointment to this important office, for which he is well qualified. On Friday, 19th June, a presentation was made to Mr Boyd on the occasion of his leaving the Pollok Estate. The presenta- tion took place at the Agricultural College in Glasgow, Principal Wright being in the chair. An Exhibition in connection with Forestry was held at the same time. NOTES AND QUERIES. 233 Woop: Irs BoTANICAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECT. A lecture with the above title was delivered by Professor Wm. Somerville, M.A., D.Sc., at the Royal Institution, London, on 20th February. The lecture was illustrated by a series of diagrams of wood and of tables showing comparative growths of different species of timber-trees. THE Cost oF FENCING. In connection with the subject of outlay on afforestation, one often reads or hears that planting costs so much per acre, and that some additional named sum, or some proportion of the planting charge, must be added to provide for fencing. Persons who give such rates doubtless quote from their own experience in fencing particular tracts, where the cost was actually as stated. But it is evident that such figures, however accurate they may be, cannot be generally applied, all fencing estimates given in the form of a constant rate per acre, or in that of a constant proportion to the planting charge, being fallacious. The cost per acre of planting is not much affected by an increase or a decrease of the area stocked. If a contractor be employed, he charges a rate per acre which does not greatly vary with the area. But the cost of fencing works out very differently, as may be seen from what follows. Assuming the side of a square plot of ground covering one acre to be 70 yards, the length of a fence enclosing it will be (4 x 70) 280 yards, and the cost at 1s. a yard will be £14—that is, £14 per acre. Take a second square plot covering 4 acres, and it is clear that while the area has been increased four-fold, the length of the fence has only been doubled. And if the calculation be carried a little further, we arrive at the following results :— Cost. Sues aca Length of Fence. = =a ae ; . Total. Per Acre. Acres Yards. fe eared: I 4X70= 280 14 LA OVO 4 8x70= 560 28 7 OnsO 16 | 16x 7O— 1120 56 310870 64 32 X 70=2240 112 15) 0 256 64 x 70=4480 224 Onl 710 1024 128 x 70= 8960 448 if o 8 9 VOn. XXI. PART Il, Q 234 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and so on. A pretty wide range! Even at the rates found near the bottom of the table the burden of providing fences is heavy enough; but if the blocks of forest are large ones, it is not so heavy as it is often represented to be. If, however, the blocks are of irregular outline, or are elongated into the form of strips or shelter-belts, the cost of fencing will be much higher than that stated above, which has reference to square blocks only. Indeed, if the blocks be sufficiently irregular or elongated, the cost may be almost infinitely expanded. It may therefore be assumed that, having regard to the bill for fencing, large, regularly shaped, and approximately square blocks are much to be preferred. And large blocks have the further great advantage that, as indicated by the proportionally shorter length of the fence required to enclose them, they carry a smaller proportion of ill-shapen, branchy, marginal trees ; while the larger the area, the more do the conditions of moisture, temperature, and air-stillness in the interior approach those of a natural forest, and thus promote the healthy development of the crop. Again, in the case of large areas, work, being more concentrated, can be more efficiently supervised and more economically done; fewer roads for the removal of timber have to be kept up, while labour-saving mechanical means of transport may be more successfully employed; and, finally, the market can be better served, to the enhancement of sale prices. On most estates woods are required for game coverts; and they answer this purpose better if they are not too large, and if they are more or less elongated rather than compact in shape. But on some estates, at least, it may be possible, after duly providing for sporting requirements, to devote con- siderable areas to the practice of systematic forestry, with profit as the object of management; and such areas should, as far as practicable, be laid out in large and compact blocks. BB: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LARCH CANKER. Mr E. R. Burdon, of the Botany School, Cambridge, proposes to organise an experiment on a large scale to test the theory that the Chermes bug is responsible for the majority of cases of Larch canker. In outline the experiment is as follows :— It is proposed to start in different parts of England and Scotland NOTES AND QUERIES. 235 about a dozen plantations, each consisting of fifty Larix europea and fifty Larix leptolepis. The plantations are to be established in the vicinity of other larch plantations already infected with canker, but are to be formed of young larches free alike from canker and from Chermes. Each plantation is to be divided into three parts : of these one will be kept free from Chermes by spraying, one will be artificially infected with Chermes, the third will be left without interference. The plantations are then to be carefully studied, and it is hoped that the results in ten years’ time will yieldsome valuableinformation on the connection between Chermes and canker. A number of proprietors have already favourably received the suggestion that plantations should be started on their lands for the purposes of the experiment, but the constant periodical inspection which the experiment necessitates will involve a heavy outlay. Members of the Society who are interested in the subject are requested to communicate with Mr Burdon. Tue ForeESTERS’ AND GARDENERS’ SOCIETY OF ARGYLL. This Society has been established to stimulate and encourage the study and practice of Forestry and Gardening by regular meetings for discussion, and by such other means as may from time to time suggest themselves, and to assist members and their families as occasion may arise. It is composed of Honorary Members and Ordinary Members, consisting of (a) Proprietors, Factors, and others, (4) Foresters and Gardeners. A meeting of members is held once a month during six months of the year, a syllabus of subjects for discussion and lectures being drawn up by the committee. At least two outside excursions are also arranged during the year to woods and gardens in the district or elsewhere. SOME RECENT FORESTRY Books.! ANNESLEY, Eart, Beautiful and Rare Trees and Plants. 70 Illustrations from Photographs taken at Castlewellan. Net 42s. Newnes, 1903. 1 See ‘* Note on Modern Works on Forestry ” in the Zransactions, Vol. XV. The books in this additional list are also obtainable from Messrs Douglas and Foulis, 9 Castle’Street, Edinburgh. 236 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. BRANDIS, DieTRICH, /udian Trees: An Account of Trees, Shrubs, Climbers, Bamboos, etc., indigenous or commonly cultivated in the British Indian Empire. Net 16s. Constable, 1906. Brown, J. PINKNEY, Practical Arboriculture: How to Plant and Grow Forest Trees which may be Grown in our Generation to a FProfit. TText-Book for Railway Engineers. 100 Illustrations (Connersville Arboriculture). Net 12s. 6d. Dawson, 1906. CHARPENTIER, P., Timber: Comprehensive Study of Wood in all its Aspects, Commercial and Botanical. Translation from French by J. Kennell. Illustrated. Net 12s. 6d. Scott and Greenwood, 1902. Cote, Vicat, British Trees Drawn and Described. 2 Vols. Net 34s. Hutchinson, 1907. Cook, E. T., Trees and Shrubs for English Gardens. Ml\lustrated. Net 12s. 6d. Newnes, 1902. Cox, G. C., Royal Forests of England. Illustrated. Net 7s. 6d. Methuen, 1905. Curtis, C. E., Practical Forestry and its Bearing on the Improve- ment of Estates, Third Edition. Net 3s. 6d. Lockwood, 1907. Dang, L. L., and Brooks, H., Handbook of Trees of New England, with ranges through the U.S. and Canada. Plates. Net 7s. 6d. (Boston), 1902. Ewes, H. J., and Henry, A., The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland. 5 Vols. Illustrated. Net £15, 15s. Quaritch, 1907. Forses, A. C., English Estate Forestry. Net 12s. 6d. Arnold, 1904. Gant, A., Seaside Planting of Trees and Shrubs. Illustrated. Net 5s. Newnes, 1907. GILLanpeRS, A. T., Forest Entomology. Illustrated. Net 155. Blackwood, 1908. GREEN, S. B., Professor of Forestry, University of Minnesota. Principles of American Forestry. Net 6s. 6d. Chapman and Hall. Groom, Percy, Zrees and their Life-Histories. Illustrated. Net 25s. Cassells, 1907. NisBet, JOHN, Zhe. Forester: A Practical Treatise on British Forestry and Arboriculture for Landowners, Land Agents, and Foresters. In 2 volumes. Net 42s. Blackwood, 1905. NOTES AND QUERIES, 237 SaRGENT, C. S., Manual of Trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico). Net 25s. Constable, 1905. ScHLICH, Professor, Forestry in the United Kingdom. (A Lecture.) Net 2s. Bradbury, 1904. Scuuicu, Dr, Manual of Forestry. Vol. 1., “Forest Policy in the British Empire.” 3rd Edition revised. Net 6s. Bradbury, 1906. Vol. II., “Sylviculture.” 3rd Edition revised. Net 8s. 1904. Vol. III., “‘ Forest Management.” 3rd Edition revised. Net 9s. 1905. Vol. IV., “ Forest Protection,” by W. R. FIsHER. 2nd Edition. Net 12s. 1907. ScuHwappacH, Dr, Primer of Forestry. Translated by FRASER Story. Net 1s. Dent, 1904. Simpson, J., Game and Game Coverts. Illustrated. Net 15s. Country Gentlemen’s Association, 1906. Srmpson, John, Zhe New Forestry, or the Continental System adapted to British Woodlands and Game Preservation. Illustrated. Net 15s. Pawson & Brailsford, 1907. Strep, E., Wayside and Woodland Trees: Pocket Guide to British Sylva. Illustrated. 6s. Warne, 1904. STONE, HERBERT, Zhe Timbers of Commerce and their Identifica- tion. Illustrated with 186 Photo-Micrographs. Net 7s. 6d. Rider, 1904. Trees and Shrubs grown in the Kew Arboretum, excluding Conifere. Hand List. Net 1s. 3d. Kew Gardens, 1903. Unwin, A. Haroip, Future Forest Trees, or the Importance of the German Experiments in the Introduction of North American Trees. Net 7s. 6d. Unwin, 1905. Warp, H. MarsHati, 77vees: Handbook of Forest Botany for Woodlands and Laboratory, Vol. I., “Buds and Twigs.” Vol. II., “Leaves.” Vol. III., “Flowers and Inflorescences.” Each net 4s. 6d. Cambridge University Press, 1904-5. 238 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS forest Entomology. By ) the advantages of soil-protection accruing from density of crop; (c) the improvement to the soil arising from mixing the main crop with various classes of shade bearing trees. (A Medal.) XVII. The best collection of ten short Notes of silvicultural interest based on personal observation. (A Medal.) XVIII. An approved Essay or Report on any other subject connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) 4 Crass IIJ.—For Assistant FORESTERS ONLY. I. Details of the Measures successfully practised by the writer to exterminate any important Insect Pest, or to mitigate the Damage done by it. (A Jleda/.) II. The best collection of five Notes of silvicultural interest based on personal observation. (A Medal.) III. An approved Essay or Report, based on _ personal experience, on any practical work connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) ROBERT GALLOWAY, Secretary. 5 Sr ANDREW SQuaRgE, EDINBURGH, October 1907. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Instituted 16th February 1854. Patron—HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING. PAWS OF THE SOGCIn im 1. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS. I, The name of the Society shall be the “ Roya ScoTTIsH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.” II. The objects of the Society are,—the advancement of Forestry in all its branches; including the institution of Schools of Forestry and Demonstration Areas, and the dissemination of a knowledge of such branches of Science and Arts as are connected with Forestry. These objects are proposed to be attained— 1. By holding meetings for discussion and the interchange of information ; also for the reading of papers and abstracts or reviews of works bearing upon the objects of the Society. 2. By publishing annually, or oftener, Zransactions and Proceedings, and an Abstract of the Accounts and Funds of the Society; also by publishing or circulating periodical or other literature containing information regarding Forestry. 3. By contributing to the formation, in Edinburgh or elsewhere in Scotland, of a Museum of British and Foreign Woods, of Forest Produce, and of objects relating to the science and practice of Forestry; also of a Forest Library. a 2 4. By encouraging the cultivation of all trees and shrubs which are suitable for the climate of Britain, with the view of facilitating the study of their uses and habits, and their climatic and other requirements. 5. By authorising, directing, assisting, and encouraging excursions, exhibitions, experiments, and investigations con- nected with Forestry or kindred sciences, to be undertaken in any part of Britain or abroad. 6. By appointing Correspondents residing abroad ; and by appointing Local Secretaries in suitable home districts from amongst the Members of the Society, to co-operate with the Secretary and Officials in Edinburgh in the interests of the Society. 7. By advising and consulting with, or assisting financially or otherwise, any organised body giving instruction in Forestry on an approved method; by taking an active interest in examinations in Forestry, and by offering in competition bursaries to Forestry Students. 8. By establishing, in such centres as the Council may approve, Local Branches for the purpose of promoting the objects of the Society, upon such conditions as to Membership and otherwise as the Council may from time to time deter- mine. g. By keeping a Register of men qualified in Forestry, or in forest and estate Management, and by introducing such to employers. to. By any other means that the Council may deem necessary or expedient from time to time. III. The Society shall consist of three Orders, viz.: Honorary Members, Ordinary Members, and Honorary Associate Members. Any person interested in Forestry, and. desirous of promoting the objects of the Society, is eligible 3 for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— I. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually . One Guinea, 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does mot exceed 4500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant-Farmers, and others, subscribing annually . . . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, subscribing annually : : : . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the Ist of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's subscription is due on the day of election, unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zvransactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the Meetings of the Society. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Zz/e Member of the Society, on payment, according to Class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, ; »),\ |LenGdOR TON aS 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, : : : 5 : ee Set S eo 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, . : ; C ° : sees EO VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid ive Annual Subscriptions, may become a Life Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a new Life Member. VIII. All Annual Subscriptions and payments for Life Membership shall be paid direct to the Treasurer. 4 IX. The Society may, on the recommendation of the Council, elect Zzvelve British Honorary Members (including Indian and Colonial) and Twenty Foreign Honorary Members, —persons who have acquired eminence in Forestry at home or abroad, or who are otherwise deemed worthy. The Society may also, on the recommendation of the Council, elect Honorary Associate Members; but an Honorary Member or an Honorary Associate Member, who has not been elected from the list of Zzfe or Ordinary Members of the Society, shall not be eligible for election as an Office-Bearer in the Society, and shall not vote at any of its meetings. X. The Society may accept, from time to time, donations to its Property and Funds, Library and Museum, also Premiums to be awarded for the furtherance of any of its objects. XI. The Funds of the Society shall, with the concurrence of the Council for the time being, be invested in such Trust security or securities as they shall approve, and shall be held in the names of three Trustees for behoof of the Society. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. ‘The Proposer and Seconder shall be respon- sible for payment of the new Member's first Subscription. The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed. XIII. The Council, by a two-thirds majority, and with the approval of the President, shall have power to expel any Member for any cause which shall appear to a meeting of the Council to require such action; it shall not be necessary for the Council to assign any reason for such expulsion, and all persons so expelled shall thereupon cease to be Members, and to have any interest in the Society or its concerns. 5 XIV. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a President, six Vice-Presidents and twenty-one Councillors, with Secretary, Treasurer, and Auditor; provided always that nothing herein contained shall prevent the same person being appointed both Secretary and Treasurer. The President, Two Senior Vice-Presidents, Seven Senior Councillors, Secretary, Treasurer, and Auditor shall retire annually; but the President, one of the retiring Vice- Presidents, and four of the retiring Councillors, the Secre- tary, Treasurer, and Auditor shall be eligible for re-election. The other vacancies shall be filled by the election of eligible Members of the Society. Every member who has filled the office of President shall be eligible for election by the Council as an Honorary Life Member of the Council. XV. The Annual Business Meeting of the Society shall be held at such time and place as the Council may determine, for the election of Office-Bearers, the hearing of the Secre- tary’s, Treasurer’s, and Auditor’s Reports, and the transaction of other appropriate business. At this Meeting the following Honorary officials may be elected, viz., Honorary Secretary, Honorary Editor, Honorary Consulting Botanist, Honorary Consulting Chemist, Honorary Consulting Cryptogamist, Honorary Consulting Entomologist, Honorary Consulting Geologist, and Honorary Consulting Meteorologist. The Honorary Secretary and the Honorary Editor shall be members of the Council ex officio. XVI. A General Meeting of the Society shall also be held in the course of each year—the time and place to be fixed by the Council—at which necessary business shall be transacted, and Subjects approved by the Council may be discussed. It shall be in the power of the President, or in his absence of the Senior Vice-President, to convene a Special General Meeting of the Society at any time, and the Council shall have power to call other General Meetings from time to time as occasion may require. 6 XVII. An Extraordinary General Meeting of the Society may be called at any time, upon ten days’ notice, by authority of the Council, on the requisition of Forty Members of the Society, who shall state precisely the objects for which they wish such Meeting to be summoned. The Special Business to be brought up shall be stated in the billet calling the Meeting, and it shall not be competent to introduce or discuss any other subject or business at such Meeting. Such Special Business shall not be considered as approved by the Society until the same shall have been confirmed by a two-thirds majority of the Members present and voting at the next Annual Business or General Meeting. XVIII. The Council shall have the right at any time to claim a vote of the entire Membership of the Society on any subject brought before any Meeting of the Society. XIX. At Meetings of the Society, no Motion or Proposal (except of mere form or courtesy) shall be entertained for immediate consideration, unless notice thereof has been given fourteen days previously to the Council; without prejudice, however, to the competency of proposing to remit such Motion or Proposal to the Council for considera- tion, with a view to its being disposed of at a future Meeting. XX. The Council may appoint Correspondents residing abroad, and Local Secretaries in suitable home districts, but such appointments must be confirmed at the first General Meeting of the Society held thereafter. These appointments shall not confer a right to vote at any Meeting of the Society or Council. X XI. Any proposal or motion for the alteration or amend- ment of the existing Fundamental Laws, or for the enactment of new Laws, shall be intimated in writing at the Annual Business Meeting, or at the General Meeting, but shall lie over for discussion till the next Meeting, which may be held not less than three months after such notice has been given as aforesaid. It shall then be decided on by a 7 majority of at least two-thirds of the votes of Zzfe and Ordinary Members present, provided at least thirty Members are present and vote. Such motion shall be clearly stated in the billet calling the Meeting at which it is to be discussed. XXII. The Council shall have power to make such Rules, Regulations, or By-Laws as they may deem _ necessary or useful for the regulation of the affairs of the Society; and, from time to time, to vary, alter, or revoke such By-Laws; provided that no By-Law hereafter to be made, and no alteration or repeal of any By-Law, shall be considered to have passed and be binding on the Society until it has been adopted or confirmed, with or without modification, at a Meeting of the Society. 2. BY-LAWS. I. At any Meeting of the Society the Chair shall be taken by the President, but in his absence one of the Vice-Presidents or the Senior Member of Council present shall preside. Thirty Members shall form a quorum. II. The Chairman shall have a deliberative and a casting vote. III. The voting, upon all occasions, except as specially provided for in Laws XVII. and XXI., shall be, in the option of the Chairman, either by a show of hands or numeratim, t.é., the Chairman shall ascertain the majority of the votes of Zzfe and Ordinary Members present. IV. In electing Office-Bearers, the Council shall recommend to the Annual Business Meeting the names of Members eligible to fill the vacancies. Such names shall be intimated to each Member in the billet calling the Meeting. It shall, however, be in the option of any Member present, to propose to substitute 8 any other name or names, in lieu of any of those recom- mended. In the event of this being done, and a seconder to the new proposal being found, the vote shall be taken, as between the name or names thus proposed, and those proposed by the Council. V. Any casual vacancy occurring in the list of Office- Bearers may be filled up by the Council, and the Office-Bearer thus elected shall take the place in the list, of the Office- Bearer whose vacancy he fills, and shall retire at the time that the latter would have done. Ax Office-Bearer who shall not have attended a Meeting of the Council for one year —unless prevented by ill-health—shall be held to have vacated office. Office-Bearers may obtain, on request, repayment of third class railway fares paid by them in attending Council Meetings. VI. The Council shall have power to make conditions and regulations in connection with Competitions, Exhibitions, Experiments, Investigations, and all other matters undertaken with the view of promoting the objects of the Society; and also power to appoint Committees, Judges, or other Officials in connection therewith, except where otherwise specially provided. VII. The Council, by a two-thirds majority of its Members present at the Meeting, and with the approval of the President, shall have power to limit the numbers who may attend the Excursions, and to reject any application for admission to these Excursions, without assigning any reason therefor. VIII. The Judges of essays and other subjects proposed for competition are, during their term of Office, debarred from themselves competing. IX. Intimation of all papers intended to be brought before the Meetings of the Society must be given to the Secretary, for the approval of the Council, at least one month previous to the Meeting at which they are to be read. Essays and 2 Reports intended for competition, and Specimens, Implements, or other Articles intended for Competition, Exhibition, or Approval, must be submitted to the Society, in such manner and within such time as the Council may from time to time determine. X. Any Member may transmit to the Secretary papers and communications, which, if approved of by the Council, may be read by the author, or, in his absence, by the President, Secretary, or other official at any Ordinary Meet- ing of the Society. XI. Any Member who may be awarded a Medal or Premium by the Society shall have it in his option to receive the value in money or plate; and in the event of his selecting any other article than a Medal, it shall be competent for him to adopt and use upon it the inscription which would have been engraved on the Medal. XII. The converted values of the Society’s Premiums shall be—Gold Medal, Five Pounds; No. 1 Silver Medal, Three Pounds; No. 2 Silver Medal, Two Pounds; No. 3 Silver Medal, One Pound; Bronze Medal, Ten Shillings. XIII. Local Secretaries shall act in the interests of the Society in their respective districts in securing new Members, and in disseminating information regarding the Society, for which purposes they shall correspond with the Secretary and Officials in Edinburgh; but they shall not be called on to collect the Subscriptions of Members. XIV. Every Member of the Society shall have the privilege of bringing with him to the Annual Business Meeting of the Society two friends, as Visitors, who shall, however, not be entitled to take any part in the business of the Meeting. EDINBURGH, 5th February 1908. 4 Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON. HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PROCEEDINGS IN 1908. THE ANNUAL MEETING. The Fifty-fifth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was held in the Goold Hall, 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, on Wednesday, 5th February 1908, at 3 P.M. Sir KennetH J. Mackenzir, Bart. of Gairloch, President, pre- sided over a large attendance of Members. APOLOGIES. Apologies for absence were intimated from Sir John Stirling- Maxwell, Bart., Vice-President; Colonel Bailey, Hon. Editor ; Mr Sydney J. Gammell of Drumtochty, Vice-President of the Aberdeen Branch; Messrs Robert Allan, James Whitton, John Boyd, J. D. Crozier, Members of Council ; and Messrs John D. Sutherland, Oban; J. H. Milne-Home, Irvine House, Canonbie ; and Alex. Milne, Nurseryman, Edinburgh, MINUTES. The CHAIRMAN mentioned that the Minutes of the last Meeting had already been printed and issued to the Members, along with 6 Z the Transactions, and on his suggestion they were held as read and approved of. Laws. The CHAtRMAN said that a proof of the revised Laws had been before the Members for a year. One or two suggestions had been submitted to the Council regarding them, and had been carefully considered. He now moved, on behalf of the Council, that the revised Laws and By-Laws, as sent in proof to all Members of the Society, be approved and adopted in place of the existing Laws and By-Laws, subject to the following alterations, viz.:—That Clause 7 on page 2, which refers to the acquisition of lands and buildings, should be deleted ; that the words “including lands and buildings,” in Law XI. page 4, be deleted; and that the word “Trust” be inserted in Law XI. page 4, between “such” and “ security,” so as to put it beyond doubt that the Society must invest its funds in Trust securities only. Mr M‘Harrie seconded the motion, which was unani- mously adopted. REPORT BY THE COUNCIL. The Secretary then read the following Report by the Council, V1Z.:— Membership. The Membership of the Society has been well maintained during the year, although considerable loss has been sustained, as usual, through deaths, resignations, and lapses. Four Honorary Members have died, viz.:—Sir Dietrich Brandis, Professor Gayer, Sir Charles B. Logan, and General Michael. Amongst other Members who have died during the year the following may be mentioned :—Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart. ; Lieutenant-Colonel Innes of Learney; Captain Brodie of Lethen; Mr William Leigh, of Woodchester Park ; Mr William Allaway, Edinburgh; Mr Walter Haddon, Hawick; Mr John Horne, Mauritius; Mr W. P. Edwards, S.S.C.; Mr Archibald Lockhart, Huntly; and Dr Buchan, Edinburgh. The total Membership reported at last Annual Meeting was 1159. Since then 132 new Members have been elected (including two Honorary Members), but 79 names have been deleted 5 Po) from the list owing to the causes mentioned above. The Membership at this time is therefore 1212, made up as follows :— Honorary Members, . ; : 19 Honorary Associate Members, . 7 Life Members, . ; 3) 323 Ordinary Members, _. : : 1863 [212 Syllabus and Prizes. The Syllabus of Competitions for 1907 was issued along with the Zyransactions at the end of December 1906. It included 20 subjects for Essays, for several of which valuable money prizes were offered. Five Essays were received, all of which obtained awards; but it is to be regretted that none of the valuable prizes were competed for. The prizes awarded were—One No. 1 Silver Medal, two No. 2 Silver Medals, and two Bronze Medals. The Syllabus for 1908 was issued along with the Transactions at the end of the year. Donors. The thanks of the Society are again due to Mr W. H. Massig, Mr Davin W. THomson, and Mr Joun METHVEN, for renewing their offers of prizes for subjects in the present year’s Syllabus, and to the Directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society for renewing their grant of £20 for home-grown timber to be exhibited in the Forestry Exhibition in their Showyard at Aberdeen. Editorial Work. A misunderstanding having arisen between the Honorary Editor and the Assistant Editor regarding the method of carrying on the Editorial work, a special Committee of the Council was appointed to inquire into and report on the matter. The Committee found it necessary to define the duties of the Honorary Editor, the Assistant Editor, and the Secretary, with regard to the Zyansactions, and copies of their allocation of the work was sent to the officials mentioned. Unfortunately the Assistant Editor found himself unable to carry on the duties under the conditions laid down by the Committee, and his resignation was accepted with much regret. A temporary arrangement was then made, under which the allowance, at the rate of £25 per annum, previously paid to the Assistant 4 Editor, was continued to the Honorary Editor, to enable him to receive assistance, and as this arrangement has worked satisfactorily, the Council propose to maintain it. An annual grant of £10 has also been placed at the disposal of the Honorary Editor, to be used, when necessary, to obtain the “Continental Notes,” formerly contributed gratuitously by Dr Nisbet, who, the Council regret to report, has found it impossible to continue this work for the Society. Local Branches. The Aberdeen Branch, recently established, continues to carry on its work in an efficient manner, and it will this year have to undertake most of the responsibility connected with the Society’s Exhibition at Aberdeen. A Report from the Branch will be submitted in the course of these proceedings. As was reported at the General Meeting in July, a Branch of the Society was established at Inverness on 4th May last. This Branch is to be known as the Northern Branch, and its laws have been submitted to and approved by the Council. A Report from this Branch will also be submitted later, from which it will be seen that it is in a very active and flourishing condition. The question of the representation of these Branches upon the Council of the Society was raised at last Annual Meeting, and the Council, after carefully considering the matter, decided that at the close of each year the Branches should be asked to send in names to the Secretary, which, with the names submitted by individual members of the Council, would be considered by the Council in making their recommendations of eligible Members to fill the vacancies for the ensuing year. ‘This procedure was followed on the present occasion, and it is hoped that it will work satisfactorily. Forestry Exhibition. The Annual Forestry Exhibition was last year held in Edinburgh, and was visited by His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, and by a large number of the general public. The Judges’ Report, as usual, was printed in full in the proceedings of the General Meeting held at Edinburgh in the course of the Show week, and a Report of the Exhibition will be found on page go of Vol. XXI. of the Zyansactions. All the money prizes offered by the Highland Society were awarded, with the exception of the third prize of £1 in Competition No. II. In addition to the money prizes, the following Medals were awarded, viz. :— one Gold Medal, seven No. 1 Silver Medals, eight No. 2 Silver 5 Medals, and four Bronze Medals. A few of those to whom Medals were awarded exercised their option of claiming their converted value in money. The Exhibition is to be held in Aberdeen this year. The revised Schedules have been issued to the Members, and from these it will be seen that Competitions I., II., III., and IV. for Timber Exhibits have been divided into Open and Local Sections. ‘The Local Section is confined to timber grown within the area of the Show, viz.,—Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine. The prizes, amounting to £20, in the Open Section are provided by the Highland and Agricultural Society ; and those, amounting to £9, in the Local Section are offered by this Society. ‘The Members of the Committee are— Mr GamMELL of Drumtochty; Mr Joun D. Crozier, Durris ; Mr Joun Criark, Haddo House; Mr CHarves FRANCE, Aber- deen; Mr G. U. Macponatp, Peebles; and Mr Apam SPIERS, Edinburgh. General Meeting. The General Meeting was held in the Highland and Agri- cultural Society’s Showyard at Prestonfield, Edinburgh, in the course of the Exhibition week, when the Judges’ Reports on the Exhibition and Essays were submitted, and other business transacted. An address on “ Heredity and Forestry” by Dr Somer- ville, was, in his unavoidable absence, read by Dr Borthwick. A full report of the proceedings was, as usual, printed and bound up with the last part of the Zransactzons. Annual Excursion. The Annual Excursion, which was well attended, was held in the Strathspey district on the 6th of August and three suc- ceeding days, Elgin being the headquarters. The estates visited were the Seafield Estates (Castle Grant and Abernethy districts), Ballindalloch, Aberlour, Orton, and Gordon Castle. Mr Wiseman’s Nurseries at Elgin were also visited. A report of the proceedings was published in the last part of the Zvansactions. A photograph of the party was taken at Gordon Castle, of which a copy was presented to each Member who contributed to the common purse. On the return of the party, the thanks of the , Society were formally conveyed to the proprietors for the privilege of visiting their estates, and for their generous hospitality to the Members. The intimation of the death of Sir George Macpherson Grant was heard with great regret by all the Members of the Society, but especially by those who had taken part in the Excursion, and who had been so kindly received and entertained by him at Ballindalloch. A message 6 of condolence was sent to his family, and a wreath was forwarded to be laid on his grave. At the General Meeting in July, it was decided that next Excursion should be confined to the Edinburgh district, in view of the fact that the Scottish National Exhibition is to be held in Edinburgh this year. No arrangements have yet been made as to the estates to be visited, but an invitation has been received from Messrs Dickson & Co. to visit their nurseries at Craigmillar. A discussion took place with regard to the date usually fixed for the Excursion, and it was decided that Members should send their suggestions on the subject to the Secretary. Scottish National Exhibition. The Council has arranged that the Society shall have an exhibit of Forestry in this Exhibition, which is to be held in Saughton Park, Edinburgh, from May to October. A suitable space in the North Garden has been allotted to the Society free of charge. On part of it a small pavilion will be erected to receive such of the exhibits as require to be under cover, and the remainder of the space will be available for outside exhibits. An invitation was sent to the Members on 22nd June last asking offers of exhibits, and this invitation has been repeated in the circular calling this Meeting. A number of offers have already been received by the Committee, and they hope that Members will now heartily respond to their appeal. Entry forms may be obtained at this meeting, or on applica- tion to the Secretary. The Society's Flag. In connection with the Annual Exhibition, the Council considered it advisable that a flag should be secured for the Society. Designs were submitted by Mr William Calder, Leith, and a red flag with the Society’s emblem in the centre was ultimately fixed on, and was used at the Edinburgh Exhibition for the first time. It was also used at the Headquarters in Elgin during the Society’s Excursion. Library and Museum. A list of additions to the Library since last Annual Meeting is appended to this Report. (See Appendix H.) An interesting addition to the Museum has been made by Mr James N. B. M‘Donald, formerly of Powerscourt and now Uh of Point Grey, Vancouver, B.C., consisting of a Siwash or Indian hammer or mallet, axe and chisel and spear point, found near Fraser River, Vancouver. The question of a room for the accommodation of the Society’s books, papers, etc., is still under the consideration of the Council, and it is hoped that before another year a satisfactory arrange- ment will have been made with regard to this matter. Register of Foresters. Members are reminded that this Register is now in operation. It is hoped that greater use may be made of the Register by both proprietors and estate men. The Laws. The revised Laws, which were sent in proof to Members previous to last Annual Meeting, have been passed by the Society at this Meeting, and are therefore in operation. It is proposed that a copy of these Laws shall be included in next part of the Zyansactions, and be thus available to all the Members. Resolutign. The Resolution which was passed at last Annual Meeting, with the reasons adduced in support of it, were duly forwarded by the President to the Secretary for Scotland, and acknowledged by him. inne then the Government has purchased the estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire, and on receiving official information regarding this purchase, the Council forwarded the Resolution mentioned below to the Prime Minister, the Secretary for Scotland, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the President of the Board of Agriculture, and Mr Stafford Howard, Com- missioner of Woods, etc., who all sent the usual formal acknowledgments. The Council now begs to submit, for the approval of the Society, the following Resolution passed at their Meeting held to-day, namely:—‘‘The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, in Annual Meeting assembled, hereby homologates the Resolution passed by the Council of the Society on 15th October 1907, as follows: ‘The Council, while feeling gratified that a beginning in State Afforestation in the Highlands had been made, a policy which they think should be rapidly developed, would reassert their views as to the 8 pressing need for a Demonstration Forest, and would earnestly repeat their request that the Government should purchase a suitable area, with sufficient timber on it, as indicated in the Departmental Committee’s Report, and that this, together with Example Plots in connection with the various centres of forestry instruction, and other educational facilities, should be provided without further delay.’ The Society further recommends that a-Board of Forestry for Scotland, or a Commission under the Board of Agriculture, should be established to foster and promote State and private afforestation in the country, with special power to survey and indicate all land suitable for afforestation, and should be provided with sufficent funds to carry on its work efficiently.” Luncheon. As in recent years the attendance at the Annual Dinner has considerably decreased, the Council this year decided to arrange for a luncheon instead of a dinner. ‘The attendance at the luncheon to-day would seem to indicate that the change has been a welcome one, and the Council propose, with the approval of the Members, that it should be continued. ACCOUNTS. The Abstract of Accounts was submitted by Mr METHVEN, Convener of the Finance Committee, who read the Auditor’s docquet, and mentioned that the finances of the Society were in a very healthy condition. (See Appendix A.) DuNN MEMORIAL FUND. Mr MetHven also submitted the Account of the Dunn Memorial Fund, which showed a balance of £15, 15s. 6d. in hand. (See Appendix B.) Excursion Funp Account. The SECRETARY submitted the Account in connection with this Fund for the past year, which, according to the Auditor’s docquet, showed a balance in hand of £32, 6s. 4d. (See Appendix C.) 9 REPORTS FROM LocaL BRANCHES. The Reports received from the Aberdeen and Northern Branches were afterwards read by the Secretary. (See Appen- dices D, E, and F.) CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS. The CuarrMaN said he had great pleasure indeed in moving the adoption of the various Reports, from which it was evident that the Society was in a prosperous condition. They had increased their Membership by 54, and their income had also been increased by about £50. He thought that was a very satisfactory state of affairs; he hoped that this progress would be maintained, and that the Society would become a still more powerful body than it was at present. The Reports were adopted. f The PREsIDENT further moved that the Resolution embodied in the Council’s Report should be sent in the usual way to the Ministers mentioned above, and this was unanimously agreed to. OFFICE-BEARERS. On the motion of Mr Munro FEeErcuson, Sir KENNETH MACKENZIE was re-elected President for another year. Sir JoHN STIRLING-MAXxwELL was re-elected a Vice-President ; and Mr JoHN MetuHven, Nurseryman, Edinburgh, and Mr James JoHNSTONE, Alloway Cottage, Ayr, were elected new Vice-Presidents. Dr Bortuwick, Mr Leven, and Mr ANNAND were re-elected to the Council, and the new Councillors elected were :—Lord MANSFIELD, Mr SypNey J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty, Mr Broom, Wood Merchant, Bathgate, and Mr J. W. M‘Harriz, The following were re-elected:—Mr Munro FeErcuson, Honorary Secretary; Mr R. Gatioway, S.S.C., Secretary and Treasurer ; Colonel BartrEy, Honorary Editor; and Mr Joun T. Watson, Auditor. Mr ANnpREw Wart, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society, was elected Honorary Consulting Meteorologist in succession to Mr R. C. Mossman, resigned; and the other Honorary Consulting Officials and IO the Local Secretaries were re-elected. (For detailed list of Office-Bearers and others see Appendix G.) ANNUAL EXCURSION. Mr Cuar_tes BUCHANAN, Convener of the Excursion Com- mittee, said that as the Headquarters this year would be Edinburgh, there were a number of places in the neighbourhood which might be visited, such as Dalkeith, Newbattle, Arniston, Rosebery, Hopetoun, Dundas, Hawthornden, Roslin, and Penicuik, while Whittinghame and Gosford were also within easy reach. A day might also be spent in the public parks and nurseries, and another in the Scottish National Exhibition. The CuHarRMAN said he had no doubt that the meeting would be very pleased to leave the matter in the capable hands of Mr Buchanan and his Committee. FORESTRY EXHIBITION IN ABERDEEN. Mr Apam Spiers reminded the Meeting that Schedules in connection with the Society’s usual Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, which was this year to be held in Aberdeen, had been issued to the Members along with the notice calling the Meeting. He had no doubt the Aberdeen Branch would take the matter up very heartily, and, considering the additional inducements offered this year by providing prizes confined to local competitors, he believed the Exhibition would prove as attractive as any that had yet been held. ScoTttTisH NATIONAL EXHIBITION. Mr Massikz, Convener of the Committee in charge of the Society's arrangements for an exhibit of Forestry in this Exhibition, said that very good progress was being made with the arrangements. They had an enthusiastic Committee who were doing excellent work, and he hoped the Members would also give an enthusiastic response to the appeal which had been made for offers of exhibits. They were, however, short of funds, but he was sure he had only to mention that At they had opened a Guarantee Fund, to which they might all be subscribers, to ensure a speedy end to their financial troubles. This concluded the business part of the proceedings, and on the motion of Mr JoHN METHVEN, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Sir Kenneth Mackenzie for presiding. Mr Batrour’s ADDRESS. An address was then delivered by Mr F. R. S. Batrour, Dawyck, Peeblesshire, on the “Trees of Western America,” with lantern illustrations, in the course of which he described and showed views of a large number of trees seen by him during an expedition to Alberta and the States of Washington and Oregon last year. At the close of the lecture, the PRESIDENT said that they had listened to an exceedingly interesting and valuable address, which he had no doubt would be reported in the Zransactions. On his motion a hearty vote of thanks was accorded Mr Balfour. es i . 0 O BL ‘SeTqaod 9% poztqryxXe Loq tty, WMOIS-ULO FT 0 Gl 696F IO} popleme sazitq OJ ‘Ajoroog [vangpno “IBY puv puUeLSiF] oy} WO WOO ssa7 9 ST 6F hcg aan ee Z “J06T 104 G . Connaraa’s ‘ . 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ABSTRACT OF ACCOUNTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE Matcotm DuNN MEMORIAL FUND, 1907. RECEIPTS. Balance in Bank at close of last Account, L¥2 138%6 Dividend on £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation, payable at Whit- sunday and Martinmas 1907, £3, ess Tax 35., 2 17h we #15 15 6 PAYMENTS. Nil. Balance carried forward, being sum in National Bank of Scotland on Account Current, A15 1556 Note.—The Capital belonging to the Fund con- sists of £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation. EDINBURGH, 20¢2 /anuary 1908.—Examined and found correct. The Certificate by the Bank of above balance, and Edinburgh Corporation Stock Certificate, have been exhibited. Joun T. WaTsoN, Auditor. 15 , APPENDIX C. EXCURSION ACCOUNT. Abstract of Accounts—January 1907. Balance brought from last Account, . 430°. 905 Received for Photographs—Lambton Park, 1906, A 1670 Deduct— 235 ihe Paid to Mr A. D. Richardson sum collected for Photographs, 44 16)0 Auditor's Fee (John T.Watson) 1906, 2 2 o Excursion to Strathspey. RECEIPTS. Contributions to Common Purse, £ 206, ts., less repayments of 5 deposits of 10s., £203 I1 o PAYMENTS. Grand Hotel, etc., Elgin, and driving to Orton, . : LO een Driving— Ballindalloch and Aber- lour, . epee) 6) Grantown and Abernethy (two days), : 24 10 Oo Railways: Local Journeys— Highland, . : E3QFouo Great North of Scotland, 14) Uj 12 Photographs— Gordon Castle Group, . 14 2 0o Printing, . A 329 Gratuities and Sundry Out- lays, . ‘ : (One Vow 199 E2) 1 SSS 3, 1S) mt Balance carried forward to next Account, —— being sum in National Bank of Scotland, Ltd., on Account Current, . ; , LE 32a ope EDINBURGH, 24¢h January 1908,—Examined with Vouchers and Memor- andum Book and found correct. Bank Certificate of above balance of £32, 6s. 4d. also exhibited. Joun T. Watson, Auditor. 16 APPENDIX D. Roya ScotrisH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY (ABERDEEN BRANCH). Report by the Committee of the Proceedings of the Branch to the Second Annual General Meeting, held at Aberdeen on Saturday, 7th December 1907. The Membership of the Branch has been slightly increased during the past year, but the Committee wishes to impress on all Members of the parent Society resident in the district, their duty to join the Local Branch of the Society. One Excursion was held during the summer, on 29th June, to Durris, a report of which will be submitted by Mr Rule. It was considered advisable to hold only this one Excursion, in respect that the Annual Excursion of the Society was this year held partly in the area of the Branch. The Committee offered prizes to assistant foresters for Essays on forestry subjects, but no advantage has been taken of the offer. In view of the forthcoming Highland Society's Show at Aberdeen in 1908, the Committee has had under consideration how it could best assist the Forestry Department, and encourage Members to put forward exhibits. With this object the Com- mittee has asked the Council of the parent Society to allocate prizes for exhibits, such as timber, to be confined to specimens from the area of the Show. The Branch was invited to nominate Members to serve on the Council of the parent Society, and the Committee un- animously recommended Mr Sydney J. Gammell of Drumtochty. The Committee has decided by ballot that the order of retiral from the Committee should be as follows :— Those who retire this year—Messrs Crozier, Braid, France, and Michie. These gentlemen are eligible for re-election. Those who retire next year—Messrs Rule, Bell, Robson, and Duthie. Those who retire the following year—Messrs Clark, Greig, Hart, and Allan. The newly-elected Members to be placed at the foot of the list. Since the last Annual Meeting some of the Members have ‘ 17 been removed by death, and it is with feelings of deep regret that the Committee have to record the death of Lieut.- Colonel F. N. Innes of Learney, one of the Vice-Presidents, whose great interest in the affairs of the Branch and Forestry in general will not soon be forgotten. Mr Archibald Lockhart, Huntly, has also passed away, and those Members who took part in the Excursion to Huntly last year, must have many happy recollections of his kindness when visiting his firm’s saw-mills. Although not so well known to some of the Members, but still a prominent member of his profession in Aberdeen, the name of Mr George Philip, superintendent of Stewart Park, must be added to the death roll of the Branch ; and only this week the newspapers have recorded the death of Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart. of Ballindalloch. The financial statement of the Branch shows an income of £12, ros. gd., including the grant of £5 from the parent Society, and an expenditure of £3, 12s. 7d., leaving a credit balance of £7, 14s. 2d. on the General Account, and a balance of 4d. at the credit of the Excursion to Durris, which, with a balance of £1, 4s. at the credit of the Excursion Fund, makes the total credit balance of the Branch £8, 18s. 6d., and this sum is placed with the Aberdeen Savings Bank. 18 6 o1 c17 0) (iC Oye st 6 o1 za1¢ ao O70) 5 OF oc *JOVIISQY 0} palsvd jIpaio ye oouryeq ‘‘ ‘anbayo s.A¥Mo[ey Ap UO adreyo pred yseg “ * eat ay} 10J sasejsod pred yseg * * Gayutig ‘yon, ‘wy pred yseg z ob by “OD ® 49ISqa\\ ‘O *M pled yseg “ * “HOS WF 1Ox[VAA “WA pred yseg oF “AYNLIGNAdX4a ‘yoog yurg sed ysosajUuy YURg sSutavg yseg “* : : * ‘Aya100g yuared woy yuery yseg ‘ © Z O * ‘go6I 10J paataoar suoNdiosqng yseg o ¢ Oo * ‘go61 ‘suondriuosqng jo sreamry yse9 ‘ (0) (ope (0) * uapisoig wo uoneuog yse9 ‘ oy wee : : : ; * “yore ‘SI ye saquiayy 6F wos suonduosqng yse9 Ag z b bF* ‘yUNODDY Js] JO asojO 7e pas ye aouLeg @) Ay a ‘pun J UOIsINOXY Jo JIpesd yw aour[rg gi) tezse ‘yUNODIW [v1IVUay JO JIpaio Jw aduL]Teg “AWOONI ‘LO6T ‘SLNONOOOV JO LNAWALVLS “HONVYG NYAGYaHaY—ALAINOS ‘IVANLTINOIMOIAY HSILLOOG TVAOY ‘a XIGNAddV 19 “ojmpaAP ‘IMVH NHOfL ‘gouadxis pue sdur[tys usajysie spunod jysrq 07 Sutunowy ‘ywak ay} JO pua ayy ye AjaI0G ay} JO [pas 9y} Ye soURTeq oy] ‘payonoa Any pue pazejs A[JOo1I09 auUIes ay} PuNoy avy pUe ‘AJaID0G [eAN][NOLOGIY YsHI0Ig [eAoY ay} Jo YyoUIg UsepIEqy eq) jo Lo61 avak 10; syunod.y jo JuaWa}v}Ig Sulosa10j ay} pouttuexs savy [—*LobI agmuavq y/S ‘NAAVHANOLS ‘SNIVJ AIMOD 9 81 sf Ve ei p : ‘pung uoIsimnoxy Jo peso ye souveg =“ Ge ape = & * Gunosoy [e19Uay Jo yIpas0 ye 9oULTe_ Sulog ( 89 a ‘ON picod sst¥q yUeg sSutavg usepsaqy Jed sv) 9 31 gf ‘yourig JO Wpaso je vourleg Va alee vo oO : ‘UOISINOX| SUANCT JO Wparo yw souLeg Vy OnsO @ gl oF unos y [v1quar) JO JIpaio ye souReg Oh de Nye ‘“LOVULsaV oO f1 +¥ Omenyy v2 (Oy €) : ovsqy 0} pated ypeso ye voureg “* (Oy) : : : * 98pug yreg 3 [TOL pred yseg ‘* © O1 Zz ‘Kwapvoy Sutpry usepreqy pred yseg “ @) {2 (6) 4 (2) (0) : : : ett) aoe) 3 peaysiery pred yseg ‘‘ Q fi (y Sse : : D c ‘yova ‘pil 0) -G) 897 ye soyouny 6£ 10j uoyaddeyy *N “L pled ysep oy “AYNLIGNAdXA4 ‘LO6T HNOL W660 NO SIHUNG OL ‘yurg sdulavg usepreqy oy) ur paytsodap st : * ‘suunq 0} UOIsINOX| JO Wpsso yw soul ‘9061 1OFJ JIpssd ye VoUR[eg ‘dqNOW NOISdONOxXH . . . . . “sf yaquayy I wo ysed * ‘yowa ‘sz Je youN’yT 10j sloquayy 11 Woy ysed . . . . . . ‘yova ‘SP ye Suu pue youny 10j staquay Li woy yseg 4g “AWOONI NOISY NOX APPENDIX F. ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY (NORTHERN BRANCH). Report by the Committee of the Proceedings of the Branch to 31st December 1907. The Branch was inaugurated on the 4th day of May 1907, at a meeting of the Society held in the Station Hotel, Inverness, presided over by the President, Sir Kenneth J. Mackenzie, Bart. of Gairloch. Since its inauguration the Branch has held three meetings, consisting of an Excursion to Beaufort on 13th July, an Ordinary Meeting on 28th September, when the President delivered an address, after which the Members visited the Nurseries of Messrs Howden & Co., and an Excursion to Novar on rgth October. Both Excursions were well attended by the Members, and Reports upon them are appended to this minute for the informa- tion of the Council of the Society. The Branch was fortunate enough to receive the permission of the Magistrates and Town Council of Inverness for the use of a room in the Town Hall Building for its meetings, and the thanks of the Branch are due to the Corporation of Inverness for this privilege. In the District comprising the Branch, consisting of the Counties of Inverness, Elgin, Nairn, Ross and Cromarty, Sutherland and Caithness, there are 76 Members of the Society, and of these 44 have affiliated themselves to the Branch, and several new Members have been elected for the Society, the total Membership of the Branch at the date of the Report being 68. The Committee hopes that all Members of the parent body resident in the district will become Members before the next Annual Meeting. The income of the Branch to date is £8, 8s., including a grant of £5 from the parent Society, but as by the Constitution and By-Laws of the Branch the first Election of Office-Bearers 21 under the Rules will not take place till December 1908, a full year’s working cannot at the present moment be reported. With reference to the costs of the Excursions, the Committee desire to record their appreciation of the kindness of the Right Hon. Lord Lovat and of Mr Munro Ferguson of Novar, who so kindly entertained the Members at Beaufort and Novar on their visit to the woods on these estates. On behalf of the Committee of the Northern Branch of the Society. ALEX. FRASER, Secretary and Treasurer. 22 APPENDIX G. Oftice-Bearers for 1908 :— PRESIDENT. Sir Kennetru J. MAcKENzIz, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. VICE-PRESIDENTS. D. F. Mackenzik, F.S.1., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Midlothian. Sir THoMAS GrBson CARMICHAEL, Bart. of Castle Craig, Malleny House, Balerno. W. Srevart ForHrinGHamM of Murthly, Perthshire. Sir JoHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. JoHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. JAMES JOHNSTONE, F.S.I., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. COUNCIL. JoHN Boyp, Forester, Inverliever, Ford, Lochgilphead. A. T. GILLANDERS, F.E.S., Forester, Alnwick Castle, Northumberland. W. H. Massiz, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. Joun D. Crozimr, Forester, Durris Estate, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. W. A. Raz, Factor, Murthly, Perthshire. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. Rosperr ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. JAMES Cook, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge. Rosert ForBeEs, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. Simon Macsean, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. G. U. MacponaLp, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. GEORGE MACKINNON, Overseer, Melville, Lasswade. AbAM Spiers, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-Mills, Edinburgh. Dr A. W. Borruwick, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. GEORGE LEVEN, Forester, Auchincruive, St Quivox, Ayr. JoHN Broom, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. SypNEY J. GAmMELL of Drumtochty, Countesswells House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. Joun W. M‘Harriz, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. EARL OF MANSFIELD, Scone Palace, Perth. JoHn ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. HON. SECRETARY. k. C. Munro Frreuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House, Kirkcaldy, SECRETARY AND TREASURER. Ropertr GALLOWAY, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, 23 HON. EDITOR. Colonel F. Bartey, R.E., University Lecturer on Forestry, 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. AUDITOR. Joun T. Watson, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. TRUSTEES. R. C. Munro FrEreuson, M.P., W. Srevartr ForHRINGHAM of Murthly, and Sir JoHN SrirLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok. HONORARY CONSULTING OFFICIALS. Consulting Botanist.—Isaac BAYLEY BAL¥Four, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Regius Keeper, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.— ALEXANDER LAuDER, D.Sc., F.C.S., 18 George Square, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. Bortuwick, D.Se., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—RoBERT STEWART MacDoveatn, M.A., D.Se., Professor of Entomology, etc., 13 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geological Labora- tory, University of Edinburgh. Consulting Meteorologist.—ANDREW WATT, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary, Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. JUDGES AND TRANSACTIONS COMMITTEE. Colonel F. BarLEy, Lecturer on Forestry, University of Edinburgh (Convener). D. F. Mackenzis, F.S.I., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Midlothian. JoHN ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle- on-Tyne. A. T. GILLANDERS, F.E.S., Forester, Alnwick Castle, Northumberland. Dr A. W. Bortuwick, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh ; and The SECRETARY. PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST. A. D. Ricuarpson, 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. Counties. Aberdeen, Argyle, . “Ayr, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan, . Dumbarton, Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Perth, - J Renfrew, Loss, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, 24 ~ LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland. JoHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. JoHN Micuik, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. JOHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Pace, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Wo. MILNzE, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Ineuts, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. RoserT Forsess, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. RoserT Brown, Forester, Boiden, Luss. D. Crabse, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. JoHN Hayes, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wm. Giicurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. EpMuND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. James A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JoHn Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. JoHN Davinson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. JoHN Brypon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. W. Harrower, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy. JoHun ScrimcEour, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. Joun J. R. Merkixsoun, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMy Frances YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. Joun LeIsHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. Rk. V. Marner, Nurseryman, Kelso. Downaup Roperrson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. James Hoaarrs, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. Wauker, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. Counties. Beds, Berks, Cheshire, Devon, Durham, Hants, Herts Ent Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesea:, Notts, Salop, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, York, Dublin, . Galway, . King’s County, Tipperary, England. FRANCIS MITcHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Storrx, Whitway House, Newbury. Wm. A. ForsrEr, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. Joun F,. ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. THOMAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. OC. Hamitton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JamMEs Martin, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. JoHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens, Surrey. Professor BovuLecER, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, 8. W. Wo. Exper, Thoresby, Allerton, Newark. W. Micuis, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson Tomurnson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. FRANK HULL, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport. Anpkrw Boa, Agent, Skates Hill, Glemsford. Grorcr Hannau, The Folly, Ampton Park, Edmunds. x ANDREW PEEBLES, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford. A. D. Curistrg, 16 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birmingham. D. Tarr, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. sury St Ireland. A. C. Forsrs, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILson, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Arcu. EK. Morran, Palmerston House, Portumna. THoMAS Rosertson, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wm. Henperson, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. -Davip G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. 26 APPENDIX H. Presentations to the Society’s Library since the publication of last List in Volume XX. Part 2. Or ON oon ed 10. 1B 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. Wie 18. 19; 20. 21. 22. . Calendar for 1907-08 of Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Books. . Trees and their Life-History. By Percy Groom, D.Sc. Wald und Forstwirtschaft. By Dr Adam Schwappach. . Kew Gardens. Bulletin 1907. . Country Gentlemen’s Estate Book, 1907. The New Zealand Official Year-Book, 1906 and 1907. Societies’ Reports, TRANSACTIONS, ETc. . Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1905-1906. . Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society, vol. xix., 1907. . Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, vol. \xvii. . The 85th Report of Commissioners of Woods and Forests, London, June 1907. Report of the Superintendent of Forestry of Canada, 1906. Report of the Chief Conservator of Forests, Cape of Good Hope, September 1906. Report of State Forest Administration, South Australia, 1906-07. Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry for 1905 and 1906. Transactions of the Royal English Arboricultural Society, vol. vii., part 1, 1907. Report of the Survey Department, New Zealand, 1906-07. Report of the Department of Lands, New Zealand, 1906-07. Reports of Experimental Farms for 1906, Canada. Transactions and Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, vol. iv., parts 3 and 4, 1905-7. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow, vol. Vii., parts 2 and 3, 1908-5. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. ix. Economic Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. i., parts 9, 10, and 11. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. xi., Nos. 13-20, 1907. Transactions of Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1906, part 2, and 1907, part 1. Journal of Royal Horticultural Society, vol. xxxii. Agriculture. eth emai. Loe 24, 25. 26. Bile 28. 29. 30. 31. 32, 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42, 43, 44, 45. 46. 47. 48, 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 27 Reprints, Etc. Working-Plan for Ardross Woods. By Dr Schlich and R. S. Pearson. Forest Garden Guide, Cirenchester, 1906. By F. C. M‘Clellan. A Note on the Duki Fig Tree Borer of Baluchistan. By E. P. Stebbing, F.L.S. Bush Fruits. Bulletin No. 56 Department of Agriculture, Canada. Bulletin No. 9. Reproduction Series No. 5 of the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati. Mycological Notes, Nos. 24, 25, and 26. By C. G. Lloyd, The Nidulariacee or Birds’ Nest Fungi. By C. G. Lloyd. The Phalloids of Australasia. By C. G. Lloyd. Quarterly Journal of the Institute of Commercial Research in the Tropics, 1907. The Commercial Possibilities of West Africa. By Viscount Mountmorres. Catalogue, Ohio State University, 1907. Prospectus of Department of Forestry, Yale University, 1907-08. Board of Agriculture Returns and Leaflets. Crategus of Southern Michigan. By C. S. Sargent, 1907. Quarterly Journal of Forestry. London. Forestry Quarterly. New York. Forestry and Irrigation, Washington. Journal of the Board of Agriculture of Ireland. Journal of the Board of Agriculture. London. Skogsvardsféreningens Tidskrift. Stockholm. Tidskrift for Skogbrug. Timber Trades Journal. London. Journal da Commerce des Bois. Paris. Timber News. London. Estate Magazine. Tropical Life. Monthly. Agricultural Economist. London. The Indian Forester. Allahabad. Revue des Eaux et Foréts. Paris. (By purchase. ) Allgemeine Forst- und Jagd-Zeitung. ( 55 ) Zeitschrift fiir Forst- und Jagdwesen. ( * ) Museum. Siwash or Coast Indian Hammer or Mallet. Axe and Chisel. Spear Point. All found near Frazer River, Point Grey. Presented by Mr J. N. B. M‘Donald, Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. (INSTITUTED 16th FEBRUARY 1854, Pot OF MEMBERS, &e: YEAR. 1854-56. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864-71. 1872-73. 1874-75. 1876-78. 1879-81. 1882. 1883-85. 1886-87. 1888-89. 1890-93. 1894-97. 1898.. 1899-02. 1903-06 As at 20th June 1908. HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. ee a ee ee ae PRESIDENT. Sir KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch. FORMER PRESIDENTS. Deputy-Surveyor of the Royal Forest of Dean. Jamus Brown, Wood Commissioner to the Earl of Seafield. The Right Hon. Tur Earu or Ducin. The Right Hon. THe EArt or Srarr. Sir Joun Hatt, Bart. of Dunglass. His Grace THE DUKE of ATHOLL. JouNn I. CHAtmers of Aldbar. The Right Hon. Tur Ear or AIRLIE. The Right Hon. T. F. Kennepy. Rosperr Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. Hueu CLecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. Joun Hurron Batrour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS. L. & E., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. The Right Hon. W. P. Apam of Blairadam, M.P. The Most Hon. THE MArQugEss oF LoTHIAN, K.T. ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. Hueu CiecHorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. The Right Hon. Sir Herpert Eustace MAXweELuL, Bart. of Monreith. The Right Hon. THe MArquess oF LINLITHGOW, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry. Isaac BayLEy Batrour, M.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. R. C. Munro Frereuson, M.P. Colonel F. Bartry, R.E. The Right Hon. Tor EArt oF MANSFIELD, . W. Stevart ForurincHam of Murthly. Date of Election. 1886. 1904. 1907. 1901. 1905. 1886. 1886. 1904. 1907. 1904. 1907. 1903. 1889. 1889. 1895. 1907. 1904. 1886. 1904. Date of bo HONORARY MEMBERS: Avesury, The Right Hon. Baron, D.C.L., High Elms, Down, Kent. BarLey, Colonel F., R.E., F.R.S.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University, 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1887.) CastLErown, Right Hon. Lord, of Upper Ossory, K.P., C.M.G., Granston Manor, Abbeyleix, Ireland. GamBiz, J. Sykes, C.I.E., F.R.S., M.A., ex-Director of the Indian Forest School, Highfield, East Liss, Hants. Henry, Auguste Edmond, Professor of Natural Science, etc., National Forest School, Nancy, France. Hooker, Sir Joseph D., O.M., M.D., K.C.S.1., The Camp, Sunning- dale, Berks. Jonors, The Maharajah of, Johore, Malay Peninsula. Kay, James, Wood Manager, Bute Estate, Rothesay, Bute. (Elected Ordinary Member in 1867.) Kumi, Kinya, Chief of the Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Tokio, Japan. Mackenzi&, Donald F., F.S.I., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Edinburgh. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1872.) Mayr, Heinrich, Dr. Philos. et D.(c., Professor of Forestry, Munich. Nitson, Jigmiistare Elis, Forestindare for Kolleberga skogsskola Ljungbyhed, Sweden. SARGENT, Professor C. 8., Director ofthe Arnold Arboretum, Harvard College, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Scuticn, Dr William, Professor of Forestry, Oxford University. Scuwappacu, Dr Adam, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia. Simmonps, Frederick, M.V.O., 16 Abingdon Court, Kensington West. SomERVILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Sce., D.Cic., F.R.S.E., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1889.) TaxeEl, Morimasa, 58 Mikumicho, Ushima, 'Tokio, Japan. THOMSON, John Grant, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1855. ) HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS, Election, 1903. 1901. 1901. 1902. 1902. 1901. i901. BarriscomBe, Edward, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Nigeri via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. 3nucH, William, College of Agriculture, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Crompiez, T. Alexander, Forester, Estate Office, Longhirst, Morpeth, Gitgert, W. Matthews, The Scotsman Office, Edinburgh. Smrru, Fred., Highfield Mount, Brook Street, Macclesfield. Srory, Fraser, Lectureron Forestry, University of North Wales, Bangor. Usuner, Thomas, Courthill, Hawick. LIFE AND ORDINARY MEMBERS. * Indicates Life Member. Italics indicates that present Address is unknown, Law V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Transactions, Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have heen paid up. Date of Election. 1895. ABBor, Thomas, Forester, Neidpath Castle, Peebles. *1906. ABERCROMBY, Sir George William, Forglen, Turriff. 1904, Abernethy, Thomas, Assistant Forester, White Deer Lodge, Welbeck Park, Worksop. 1902, AcLAND, Sir Charles Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.A., D.1., ete., Killerton, Exeter. *1900, Aparr, David Rattray, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. *1907. ADAIR, John Downie, Nurseryman, 75 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh. *1883. ADAM, Sir Charles Elphinstone, Bart. of Blairadam, 5 New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C, *1904. ApAms, Joseph Wm. Atkin, Resident Agent, Mill Hill, Middlesex. 1906. ApAmson, John, Assistant Forester, Chatsworth, Pilsley, Bakewell. *1874. AppINGTON, The Right Hon. Lord, Addington Manor, Winslow, Bucks, *1904. AanEw, Sir Andrew, Bart., Lochnaw Castle, Stranraer, 1903. Ar~sA, The Marquess of, Culzean Castle, Maybole. 1906. AINsLIB, John, Factor, Stobo, Peeblesshire. 1902. AINSLIE, Thomas, Glenesk, Penicuik. 1902. Arrcuison, William, Assistant Forester, Weirburn Cottage, Grant’s House. 1907. AITKEN, James, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. 1907. ALDRIDGE, Arthur, Assistant Forester, No. 1 Arch Grove Villa, Long Ashton, near Bristol. 1905. ALEXANDER, Henry, Head Forester, Grimstone Estate, Gilling East, York. *1883. ALEXANDER, John, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens, Surrey. 1903. ALLAN, James, Wood Merchant, Bucksburn. 1905. ALLAN, James, Forester, Lyde Green, Rotherwick, Winchfield, Hants, *1903. ALLAN, Robert, Factor, Halfway House, Polkemmet, Whitburn. 1905. Anderson, Duncan, Assistant Forester, Pierremont Nurseries, Darlington. 1905. Anderson, George, Forester, Bawdsey Manor, Woodbridge, Suffolk. 1907. ANDERSON, James, Foreman Forester, Woodlawn, Co, Galway, Ireland, *1901. ANDERSON, Robert, Bailiff, Phoenix Park, Dublin. 1906. ANDERSON, Robert, Assistant Forester, Fairnington, Roxburgh. 1887. ANNAND, John F,, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Date of Election 1903. 1903. *1906. 1898. 1904. *1883. 1860. *1887. *1906. *1896. 1903. 1908. *1908. *1884. *1900. *1886. 1906. *1877. 1892. *1904. 1897. 1900. 1903. 1907. *1866. *1895. 1907. *1889. *1877. 1874. 1904. 1908. *1903. 1899. 1904. *1897. *1883. ANSTRUTHER, Sir Ralph, Bart. of Balcaskie, Pittenweem. ARCHIBALD, John Clark, Head Forester, Eden Hall, Langwathby R.S.O., Cumberland. ARDWALL, The Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., 14 Moray Place, Edinburgh. ARMSTRONG, Thos. J. A., Factor, Glenborrodale, Salen, Fort William. ArnotrT, William, Foreman Forester, Old Scone, Perth. ATHOLL, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. AusTIN & M‘AstAn, Nurserymen, 89 Mitchell Street, Glasgow. BatLey, Colonel F., R.E., F.R.S.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University, 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. Barrp, Henry Robert, D.L., J.P., Durris House, Drumoak, Aberdeen. Barrp, J. G. A., of Adamton, 89 Eaton Square, London, 8. W. Barro, William Arthur, of Erskine, Glasgow. Baker, Guy S., Assistant Conservator of Forests, British East Africa. BatcaRrres, Lord, M.P., Balcarres, Fife. BaLFrour OF BuRLEIGH, The Right Hon. Lord, K.T., Kennet House, Alloa. BALFour, Charles B., of Newton Don, Kelso. Baurour, Edward, of Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. Bautrour, Frederick Robert Stephen, J.P., Dawyck, Stobo, Peeblesshire. Batrour, Isaac Bayley, LL.D., Sc.D., M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. BALLINGALL, Niel, Sweet Bank, Markinch, Fife. Barsour, George Freeland, of Bonskeid, Pitlochry. Barciay, Robert Leatham, Banker, 54 Lombard Street, London, E.C. Barker, Arthur, Forester, Limekiln Farm, Coddenham, near Ipswich. Barnes, Nicholas F., Head Gardener, Eaton Hall, Chester. Barr, John, Assistant Factor, Erskine, Bishopton. BaARRIE, James, Forester, Stevenstone, Torrington, North Devon. Barrie, James Alexander, Forester, Harlestone, Northampton. 3ARRON, Colin Campbell, Wood and Grain Merchant, Nairn Mills, Nairn. Barron, John, Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby. Barry, John W., of Fyling Hall, Fylingdales, Scarborough, Yorks. Barton, James, Forester, Hatfield House, Herts. Barron, James Robert, Factor, 61 Frederick Street, Edinburgh. Baxter, James, Gardener, Gorddinog, Llanfairfechan, Carnarvon- shire. Baz.ey, Gardner Sebastian, Hatherof Castle, Fairford, Gloucestershire. Beatson, David J., 68 Southgrove Road, Sheffield. Braumont, Robert, Assistant Forester, c/o Mr Brown, Colliers End, North Ware, Herts. Bree, James, Rosslyne, Culter, by Aberdeen. Bei, Andrew, Forester, Forglen, Turiff, Aberdeenshire. Date of Election. 1898. 1907. 1907. 1900, 1898. 1900. llfey(ale 1895. 1905. 1903. 1904. 1889. 1903. 1907. 1903. *1897. 1908. 1904. 1908. 1903. 1872. ANS. 1892. *1895. *1898. 1898. 1887. 1906. 1883. 1897. *1899, *1902. 1907. 1907. *1900. 1905. *1900. 1904. 1905. Bewu, David, Seed Merchant, Coburg Street, Leith. Bei, David, Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire. BELL, James, Assistant Forester, Abbeyleix, Queen’s County, Ireland. Bett, Robert, Land Steward, Baronscourt, Newtown-Stewart, Ireland. BELL, R. Fitzroy, of Temple Hall, Coldingham. BELL, William, Forester, Balthayock, Perth. BEtL, William, of Gribdae, 181 Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. Bennett, J. B., C.E., A.M.I., 42 Frederick Street, Edinburgh. BENNETT, John, Forester and Acting Sub-Agent, Town’s End, Wolverton, Basingstoke. BenTINCK, Lord Henry, M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. Berry, Charles Walter, B.A., 11 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh. BERRY, Francis, Forester, Minto, Hawick. BEVERIDGE, Erskine, LL.D., of Brucefield, St Leonard’s Hill, Dun- fermline. BEVERIDGE, James, Assistant Forester, Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Newark, Notts. BrnyninG, The Lord, Mellerstain, Kelso. Back, Alexander, The Gardens, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare. Buack, Florence William, of Kailzie, Peeblesshire. Buack, John, Factor, Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir. Buiarr, Charles, Glenfoot, Tillicoultry. Buair, Thomas, Farmer, Hoprig Mains, Gladsmuir. Boa, Andrew, Estate Agent, Skates Hill, Glemsford, Suffolk. BoutcKxow, C. F. H., of Brackenhoe, Marton Hall, Marton R.S.O., Yorks. Bonp, Thomas, Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham. Boorp, W. Bertram, Land Agent, Bewerley, Pateley Bridge, Yorks. Bortuwick, Albert W., D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. BorTHWICK, Francis J. G., W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh. BouuceER, Professor, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S. W. Bowman, John, Assistant Forester, Kincluny, Durris, Aberdeen. Boyp, John, Forester, Inverliever, Ford, Lochgilphead. Brarp, J. B., Forester, Witley Court, Great Witley, Worcester. Bratp, Thomas, Factor, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. Brat, William Wilson, Tossville, 12 Milton Road, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh. BREADALBANE, Marchioness of, Black Mount, Bridge of Orchy, Argyleshire. Bropik, Ian, of Brodie, Brodie Castle, Forres. Broom, John, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. Brown, Alexander Shannon, Assistant Forester, 17 Henrietta Street, Kilmarnock. Brown, Charles, Factor, Kerse, Falkirk. Brown, George, Timber Merchant, Buckhaven Saw-mills, Buckhaven. Brown, George H., Foreman Forester, Liverpool Corporation, Brinscall, Chorley, Lancashire. Date of Election. 1900. 1878. 1899. 1893. *1896. 1895. 1900. 1905. 1907. 1901. *1895. *1867. 1904. 1907. 1897. *1873. *1879. *1879. 1906. 1899. 1904, 1906. 1902. 1903. 1906. 1905. 1901. 1907. 1900. 1902. 1908. *1899. 1904. 1907. 1895. 1899. 1908. 1902. 1904. Brown, Gilbert, Forester, Kiltarlity, Beauly. Brown, J. A. Harvie-, of Quarter, Dunipace House, Larbert. Brown, John, Forester and Ground Officer, Craighall, Rattray, Perthshire. Brown, Robert, Forester, Boiden, Luss. Brown, Rey. W. Wallace, Minister of Alness, Ross-shire. Brown, Walter R., Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, near Winch- field, Hants. Brown, William, Forester, Lissadell, Sligo, Ireland. Bruce, Alexander, Timber Merchant, 53 Bothwell Street, Glasgow. Bruce, Charles, Assistant Forester, Harewood, Leeds. Bruce, David, Forester, The Square, Dunnottar, Stonehaven. Bruce, Peter, Manager, Achnacloich, Culnadalloch, by Connel. Brucr, Thomas Rae, Old Garroch, New Galloway. Brunton, John, Foreman Forester, Woodville Cottage, Birr. BryDEN, Thomas, Nurseryman, Dennison Nurseries, Ayr. Brypon, John, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Darlington, Co. Durham. Brypon, John, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. Buccieucn, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Dalkeith Palace, Dalkeith. BucHANAN, Charles, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. BukNETT, Sir Thomas, Bart., Crathes Castle, Crathes, N.B. Burn-Murpocu, John, of Gartinecaber, Doune. BuriLer, Robert, Forester, Chestnut House, Cockerton, near Dar- lington. BurLer, Walter James, Assistant Forester, Mainhouse, Kelso. CapELL, Henry Moubray, of Grange and Banton, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.A.S., J.P., etc., Grange, Bo'ness. Carrns, Thomas, Forester, Lissduff House, Errill, Ballybrophy, Queen’s County. CALDERHEAD, William, Overseer, Eredine, Port Sonachan, Argyleshire. CALLANDER, Gavin, Wood Merchant, Newton Stewart, Wigtownshire. CAMERON, Alex., Land Steward, Caledon Demesne, Caledon, Tyrone. CAMERON, Donald Walter, of Lochiel, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. CaMmeRON, Dr James, The Fountain, Loanhead. CAMERON, Ewan, of Rutherford, West Linton. CAMERON, John, Forester, Isel Hall, Cockermouth, Cumberland. CAMERON, John J., Norwood, Hamilton. CAMERON, Robert, Assistant Forester, The Mains, Dundas Castle, South Queensferry. CAmMMACK, John, Hedger, Muirhouse, Falkirk. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Land Steward, Rosemill Cottage, Strathmartin, by Dundee. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Tullymully, Dunkeld. CAMPBELL, A. C. Carter, of Possil, Fascadale, Ardrishaig. CAMPBELL, Buchanan, W.S., 7 Lansdowne Crescent, Edinburgh. CAMPBELL, David S., Forester, Wilton Castle, Redcar, Yorks. ae ee es 4.60 - Date of si Election. 1905. *1897. 1900. 1906. 1908. 1901. 1908. 1903. *1903. *1896. 1906. 1907, 1903. *1898. 1907. 1904. 1904. 1904. *1906. 1897. 1898. 1904. 1892. 1892. 1908. 1906. 1897. *1882. 1884. 1906. 1906. *1883. 1908. 1890. 1902. 1891. CaMPBELL, Hugh A., Coachman and Gardener, Cunmont, by Dundee. CAMPBELL, James Arthur, Arduaine, Lochgilphead, Argyleshire. CAMPBELL, James S., Forester, Ginsboro Hall, Ginsboro, Yorks, CAMPBELL, John, Land Steward, Forss Estates, Westfield, Thurso. CAMPBELL, Patrick William, of Auchairne, W.S., 25 Moray Place, Edinburgh. CAMPBELL, Peter Purdie, Factor, Lee and Carnwath Estates Office, Cartland, Lanark. CAMPBELL, Robert, B.Se., Geological Laboratory, Edinburgh University. Cancu, Thomas Richard, B.Sc., P.A.S.I., 15 Riselaw Road, Morningside, Edinburgh. CAPEL, James Carnegy, 34 Roland Gardens, London, S.W. CARMICHAEL, Sir Thos. D. Gibson, Bart. of Castlecraig, Malleny House, Balerno. CARNEGIE, James, of Stronvar, Balquhidder. CARNEGIE, Robert, Assistant Forester, Craigo, by Montrose. CARRUTHERS, Major Francis Jobn, of Dormont, Lockerbie. Carson, David Simpson, C.A., 209 West George Street, Glasgow. CassELLs, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Bandon, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. Carucart, Sir Reginald Gordon, Bart., Cluny Castle, Aberdeenshire. Cavers, A. R. S., Estate Office, Benmore, Kilmun. CHADWICK, Robert, Findhorn House, Forres. CHALCRAFT, George Barker, C.E., M.Inst.C.E., Swafield House, near North Walsham, Norfolk. CHALMERS, James, Overseer, Gask, Auchterarder, Perthshire. CHALMERS, James, Forester, Estate Office, Killin, Perthshire. CHALMERS, Robert W., Assistant Forester, Auchencrash Cottage, Glenapp Castle, Ballantrae. CHAPMAN, Andrew, Factor, Dinwoodie Lodge, Lockerbie, Dumfries- shire. CHAPMAN, Mungo, Torbrix Nurseries, St Ninians, Stirling. CHERNSIDE, Sir Herbert, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham. CuisHotm, Alexander M‘Kenzie, Clerk of Works, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. CHISHOLM, Colin, Forester, Lundin and Montrave Estates, Hattonlaw, Lundin Links. CHowLeER, Christopher, Gamekeeper, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. Curistigz, Alex. D., 16 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birmingham. CuRIsTIE, Charles, Factor, Estate Office, Strathdon. CurIsTIE, Thomas, Nurseryman, Rosefield Nurseries, Forres. Curisti£, William, Nurseryman, Fochabers. CurystaL, Robert, Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. CLARK, Charles, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn. Ciark, Francis Ion, Estate Office, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Ciark, John, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Date of Election 1906. 1892. 1902. *1872. *1902. 1906. *1898. 1904. 1896. 1906. *1904. 1906. 1906. 1900. 1907. alisyAsh 1908. 1908. 1907. 1905. 1895. *1887. 1906. 1904. *1897. 1908. *1908. *1876. *1892. 1858. 1899. *1901. *1874. *1904. *1904. 1900. 1875. 1867. 1904. *1901. *1875. CLiark, John, Forester, Almond Dell, Old Clapperton Hall, Midcalder. CLARK, William, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. CiarkK, William, Assistant Factor, Raith, Kirkcaldy. CLERK, Sir George D., Bart. of Penicuik, Midlothian. Curnton, The Right Hon. Lord, Fettercairn House, Fettercairn. Ciynz, James, Engineer, Knappach, Banchory. Coats, Sir Thomas Glen, Bart., Ferguslie Park, Paisley. Coss, Herbert Mansfield, Land Agent, Higham, Rochester, Kent. Cockburn, Alex. K., Assistant Forester, 51 High Street, Peebles. CockER, Alexander Morrison, Nurseryman, Sunnypark Nursery, Aberdeen. Coxr, Hon. Richard, Holkham, Norfolk. CoLEBROOKE, Lord, Glengonnar, Abington, Lanarkshire. Coss, Walter G., Engineer, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. Coit, Alexander, Head Forester, Cholmondeley, Malpas, Cheshire. CoLLier, James, Assistant Forester, Estate Yard, Woodlawn, Co. Galway. Colquhoun, Andrew, 75 Buchanan Street, Glasgow. Cotston, William G., Estate Clerk, Rossie Estate Office, Inchture. CottMAN, William Hew, J.P., B.A., Barrister, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire. Comrik, Patrick, Land Agent, Waterside, Dalry, Ayrshire. Comrir, William Lewis, Factor, Cally Estates Office, Gatehouse. Connor, George A., Factor, Craigielaw, Longniddry. Cook, James, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Cook, Melville Anderson, Assistant Forester, Glamis, Forfarshire. Coupar, Charles, Assistant Forester, Rose Cottage, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. Coupar, Wm., Overseer, Balgowan, Perthshire. Coutts, Wm., Forester, Gardener, and Ground Officer, Learney, Torphins, Aberdeen. Cowan, Alexander, Valleyfield, Penicuik. Cowan, Charles W., of Logan House, Valleyfield, Penicuik. Cowan, George, 1 Gillsland Road, Edinburgh. Cowan, James, Forester, Bridgend, Islay, Argyleshire. Cowan, Robert, Chisholm Estates Office, Erchless, Strathglass. Cowan, Robert Craig, Craigiebield, Penicuik. Cowper, R. W., Gortanore, Sittingbourne, Kent. Cox, Albert E., of Dungarthill, Dunkeld. Cox, William Henry, of Snaigow, Murthly. Crapper, Alfred, Forester, Craigo, Montrose (c/o Mrs Muirden, The Gardens). CraBee, David, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, Dumfriesshire. Crapee, James, Forester, Glamis Castle, Forfarshire. Craic, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Glamis. Oraic, Sir James H. Gibson, Bart. of Ricearton, Currie. Craia, Wm.,M.D., C.M., F.R.S.E.,71 Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh. Date of Election 1903. 1899. 1898. 1907. 1903, 1898, *1900. *1865. *1895. 1907. 1906, 1900. 1906. *1901. 1898. *1893. *1884. 1907. 1907. *1867. *1906. *1900. 1908. 1901. *1906. 1904. 1901. 1905. 1905. 1908. 1904. 1892. *1892. 1901. 1904. 1906. *1908. CRrANSTOUN, Charles Joseph Edmondstoune, of Corehouse, Lanark. Crerar, David, Land Steward, Methven Castle, Perth. Cricuron, William, Manager, Castle Ward, Downpatrick. CrircuLey, Edgar Godsell, Solicitor, 29 High Street, Inverness. Cro, John, of D. & W. Croll, Nurseryman, Dundee. CromBik, James, Forester, c/o Mrs Goulder, Fawley, near Henley-on- Thames, Crooks, James, Timber Merchant, Woodlands, Eccleston Park, Prescot. Cross, David G., Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh, Ireland. CroziEr, John D., Forester, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeen. CRUICKSHANK, James, Farmer and Hotelkeeper, Port Erroll, Aberdeenshire. CUMMING, James, Manager, Glen Grant, Rothes, CumMInG, John H., Overseer, Royal Dublin Society, Ball’s Bridge, Dublin. CuMMING, William, Nursery Foreman, Burnside Nurseries, Aberdeen. CUNNINGHAM, Captain John, Leithen Lodge, Innerleithen. CUNNINGHAM, George, Advocate, 30 Queen’s Gate Terrace, London, S.W. Curr, W. S., Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Currig, Sir Donald, K.C.M.G., M.P., of Garth Castle, Aberfeldy ; 4 Hyde Park Place, London, W. CuTHBERTSON, Evan James, W.S., 3 Cumin Place, Edinburgh. DALE, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. DateetsH, John G., of Ardnamurchan, Brankston Grange, Stirling. DALeLeIsH, Sir William Ogilvie, Bart., Errol Park, Errol. DaHousi£, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Brechin Castle, Forfarshire, DALKEITH, The Earl of, Eildon Hall, St Boswells. DatryMPLe, Hon. Hew H., Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire, DatryMe.Ls, Lord, M.P., Lochinch, Stranraer. DatryMPLE, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, Bart. of Newhailes, Musselburgh. DauzieL, Henry, Assistant Forester, Cormiston-Towers, Biggar. Davin, Albert E., Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire. Davip, William J., Assistant Forester, Turgisgreen, Shewfield-on- Lodden, Basingstoke. Davipson, David, Assistant Forester, Indian Head, Sask, Canada. Davinson, James, 12 South Charlotte Street, Edinburgh. Davinson, John, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. Davipson, William, Forester, Margam Park, Port Talbot, Wales. Davis, George, Overseer, Balruddery Gardens, near Dundee. Davis, Thomas, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Blair, Main Street, Cum- bernauld, Glasgow. Dawson, Herbert Thompson, The Nurseries, Knowsley. Dawson, William, M.A., B.Se.(Agr.), Lecturer on Forestry, Marischal College, Aberdeen. 10 Date of Election. 1904. DENHOLM, John, Timber Merchant, Bo'ness. 1907. DENron, Edward George, Assistant Forester, Heckfield, Swallowtield, Berks. 1906. Denton, Sydney, Assistant Forester, Bowood, near Calne, Wilts. 1906. Dewar, Alex., Factor, Fasque Estates Office, Fettercairn. 1902. Dewar, H. R., Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly. *1901. Dewar, John A., M.P., Perth. 1905. Dewar, William, Assistant Forester, Fauldsley, Halliburton, Coupar- Angus. 1904. Dick, William, Timber Merchant, Hamilton. 1998. Dickson, John, Nurseryman, Dalkeith. *1898. Dicspy, The Right Hon. Baron, Minterne, Cerne, Dorsetshire. 1904. Dopps, Thomas, Cashier, Pollok Estate Office, 216 West George Street, Glasgow. *1908. Don, Alex., Namitomba Estate, Zomba, British Central Africa. 1901. Donald, James Alexander, Assistant Forester, Cluny Square, Car- denden, Fife. 1893. DonALpson, James, Timber Merchant, Tayport, Fife. 1907. Donne, Cyril Henry, Land Agent, Moor Park Estate Office, Rick- mansworth, Herts. *1896. Dovue.as, Alex., Abbey Gardens, Wykeham R.S.0., Yorks. 1882. Dovueuas, Captain Palmer, of Cavers, Hawick. 1904. Dovexas, James A., Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip. 1887. Dove.as, Robert, 64 Princes Street, Edinburgh. 1903. DoucLas, William G., Forester, Ingleborough Estate, Clapham, Yorks. 1903. Dow, Alexander, Forester, Bretby Park, Burton-on-Trent. 1898. Dow, Thomas, Forester, Wakefield Lawn, Stony Stratford, Bucks. 1904. Drummie, Alexander, Assistant Forester, clo Mr I. Embleton, Linolds Wood Cottage, Hexham, Northumberland. 1900. DrumMMonp, Dudley W., Commissioner, Cawdor Estate Office, Car- marthen, South Wales. 1904. DrumMmonp, William, Forester, West Grange, East Grange Station, Dunfermline. 1862. DrumMmonp & Sons, William, Nurserymen, Stirling. 1907. Durr, John Wharton Wharton, of Orton and Barmuchity, Moray- shire, 1903. Durr, Mrs M. M. Wharton-, of Orton, Morayshire. 1907. Durr, Thomas Gordon, of Drummuir and Park, Banffshire. 1907. DuGurip, Charles, Head Forester, Philorth, Fraserburgh. *1883. DunpaAs, Sir Charles Henry, Bart. of Dunira, Crieff. “1872. Dunpas, Sir Robert, Bart. of Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian. *1895. Dunpas, Lieut.-Colonel Robert, Yr. of Arniston, Kirkhill, Gore- bridge. 1907. Dunewass, Lord, Springhill, Coldstream. 1907. Dun Lop, George, W.S., 82 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. 1905. Dunsran, M. I. R., Principal of South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. Date of ig | Election. *1902. 1873. 1900. 1898. 1885. 1906. 1898. 1904. 1899. 1893. 1903. 1902. *1899. *1904. 1901. 1901. 1898. 1873. 1904, 1906. 1906. 1905. *1894. 1899. 1900. 1904. 1903. 1908. *1900. *1888. 1899. 1880. 1908. *1'907. *1901. 1893. 1893. 1907. 1869. DurxHAM, Right Hon. the Earl of, Lambton Castle, Durham. Durwakrp, Robert, Estate Manager, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire. Duruik, James A., of Benjamin Reid & Co., Nurserymen, Aberdeen. Eapson, Thomas G., Forester, Whaley, Mansfield. EDDINGTON, Francis, Overseer, Monk Coniston Park, Lancashire. Epear, James, Factor, Poltalloch Estate Office, Lochgilphead. Epminson, Wm. D., Tweed View, Berwick-on-T weed. EpMmonp, James, Assistant, Wemyss Castle Estate Office, Hast Wemyss, Fife. Epwarps, Alex. W. B., Forester, Thirlmere Estate, via Grasmere. Exper, William, Forester, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark, Notts. Enear, Walter Robinson, Land Agent, Hill House, Sittingbourne. Exiicr, Captain Edward Charles, Invergarry. Euison, Francis B., Bragleenbeg, Kilninver, Oban. ELPHINSTONE, The Lord, Carberry Tower, Musselburgh. Exwes, Henry John, F.R.S., of Colesborne, Cheltenham. Erskine, Richard Brittain, Oaklands, Trinity, Edinburgh. Ewan, Peter, Assistant Forester, Wood Cottage, Newland Park, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks. Ewrnec, David, Forester, Strichen House, Aberdeen. Ewina, Guy, Edenbridge, Kent. FAIcHNEY, John, Assistant Forester, Blythswood, Renfrew. FArRBArrN, John, Assistant Forester, Softlaw, Kelso. Faraco, Adalbert, Forest Nurseries and Seed Establishment to His Majesty the Emperor, Zalaegerszeg, Hungary. FARQUHARSON, James, Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip. Fawcett, Thos. G., Land Agent, Yarm-on-Tees. Freaks, Matthew, Forester, Benmore, Kilmun. FENwick, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Kinnaird Mill, Brechin. Fenwick, William, Factor, Darnaway Castle Estates Office, Earls- mill, Forres. Frereuson, Donald, Joiner and Timber Merchant, Quarry Lane, Lennoxtown. Fercuson, James Alex., Ardnith, Partickhill, Glasgow. Fereuson, R. C. Munro, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith, Fife. Fercuson, Sir J. E. Johnson, Bart. of Springkell, Ecclefechan. Frrcusson, Sir James Ranken, Bart., Spitalhaugh, West Linton. Ferniz, Alexander, Head Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. Frrriz, Thomas Young, Timber Merchant, 69 Buchanan Street, Glasgow. Finpuay, John Ritchie, of Aberlour, Aberlour House, Aberlour. FInuayson, Alexander, Ancrum Bridge, Jedburgh. FINLAYSON, Malcolm, Solicitor, Crieff, Perthshire. Fisu, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. FisHer, William, Estate Agent, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, York- shire, Date of Election. 1899. FisHer, W. R., Assistant Professor of Forestry, 6 Linton Road, Oxford. *1902. FirzwiLtiam, Right Hon. the Earl of, Wentworth, Rotherham. 1899. Fieminc, John, Timber Merchant, Albert Saw-mills, Aberdeen. *1906. FLercHER, J. Douglas, of Rosehaugh, Avoch, Ross-shire. 1890. Forses, Arthur C., Department of Agriculture, Dublin. 1898. Forpes, James, Factor, Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. *1896. Fores, James, The Gardens, Overtoun, Dumbartonshire. *1878, Forses, Robert, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. 1904. Forses, Robert Guthrie, Forester, Cliff House, Gulworthy, Tavistock, Devon. *1873. Forses, William, Consulting Forester and Wood Surveyor, Lea Park, Blairgowrie. 1892. ForGAN, James, Sunnybraes, Largo, Fife. *1869. ForGaAn, James, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry, Perthshire. 1889. Forster, William A., Forester, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. 1904. Fosrrr, Henry, Assistant Forester, Glenalmond, Methven. 1898. Foster, James, jun., Kennet Village, Alloa. *1897. ForHrINGHAM, W. Steuart, of Murthly, Perthshire. *1866. FRANCE, Charles S., 13 Cairnfield Place, Aberdeen. *1901. Frasgr, Alexander, Solicitor and Factor, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Northern Branch, 63 Church Street, Inverness. *1892. Fraser, George, Factor, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. *1902. Fraser, George M., Estancia ‘‘La Selmira,” Gualeguaychu, Argentine. 1898. Fraser, James, Assistant Forester, 10 Woodside Walk, : Hamilton. *1899. Fraser, James, Home Steward, Tregothnan, Truro. 1895. Frassr, J. C., Nurseryman, Comely Bank, Edinburgh. 1905. Fraser, John, Forester, The Little Hill, Leighton, Ironbridge R.S.O., Salop. 1901. Fraser, John M‘Laren, of Invermay, Forgandenny, Perthshire. 1904. FRAsER, Peter, Land Steward, Dalguise, Dunkeld. 1904. Fraser, Robert A., Cab Proprietor, 3 Sunbury Street, Edinburgh. 1907. Fraser, Robert S., Bunchrew House, Bunchrew, Inverness; Ivy House, Comshall, Surrey. *1892. Fraser, Simon, Land Agent, Hutton in the Forest, Penrith. *1907. Fraser, Sweton, Forester, Gallovie, Kingussie. 1896. Frarer, John, Foreman Forester, Ardross Mains, ‘Alness, Ross-shire. 1902. Frater, John, Head Forester, Ardross Castle, Alness, Ross-shire. 1907. Fyre, Harry Lessels, Assistant Forester, 10 Lilyhill Terrace, Edin- burgh. 1906. Fyfe, Robert, Assistant Gardener, Durris, Drumoak. 1907. Fyrre, Robert Bullett, Factor, Aden Estates Office, Old Deer. 1899, Fysue, Peter, Newtonlees, Dunbar. 1904. GALLowAy, George, (Juarrymaster, Roseangle, Wellbank, by Dundee. *1893. GALLOWAY, Robert, 8.8.C., Secretary, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. 13 Date of Election. 1896. GAMMELL, Sydney James, of Drumtochty, Countesswells House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. *1899. GarriocH, John K., Factor, Lovat Estates, Beauly. *1907. Garson, James, W.S., Albyn Place, Edinburgh. *1903. GascoIGNE, Lieut.-Col. Richard French, D.S.O., Craignish Castle, Ardfern, Argyleshire. 1898. GauLp, William, Forester, Coombe Abbey, Binley, Coventry. 1902. Gavin, George, Factor, Falkland Estate, Falkland. 1900. GELLATLY, John, Forester, Newhall, by Penicuik. 1897. GeLLATLY, Thomas, Forester, Hallyburton, Coupar Angus. 1906. GrBson, Harry, Assistant Forester, Chatsworth, Pilsley, Bakewell. 1903. Gipson, William, Assistant Forester, Carcary Hill, Farnell, Brechin. 1905. GitBERT, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Dalgety House, Donibristle, Aberdour. *1881. GincHRist, Wm., Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. 1897. GILLANDERS, A. T., F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick, ; Northumberland. *1904. GinLEspif£, David, Advocate, of Mountquhanie, Cupar, Fife. 1894. GILLESPIE, James, Forester, Blairmore, Braco. 1894. Ginmour, Major Robert Gordon, of Craigmillar, The Inch, Mid- lothian. j *1900. GLADSTONE, Sir John R., Bart. of Fasyue, Laurencekirk. 1906. Guass, James, Forester, Parkhead, Falkirk. *1901. GopMAN, Hubert, Land Agent, Ginsborough, Yorkshire. 1903. Goup, William, Forester, Dellavaird, Auchinblae. 1903. Goopatr, James Stewart, Assistant Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun. 1906. Gorpon, Alex. M., J.P., D.L., of Newton, by Insch. 1904. Gordon, Frank, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. 1907. Gorpon, John, Shipowner, Nairn. 1900. Gorpon, Thomas, County Buildings, Edinburgh. 1907. GorMAN, Alfred W., Timber Merchant’s Clerk, 126 Woodlands Road, Glasgow. *1868. Gossip, James A., of Howden & Co., The Nurseries, Inverness, *1897. Gouau, Reginald, Forester, Wykeham, York. 1897. Gow, Peter, Land Steward, Laggan, Ballantrae, Ayrshire. 1897. Gow, Peter Douglas, Farmer, Bonaly, Colinton, Midlothian. 1905. Gow, Robert, Head Forester, Appin House, Argyleshire. *1904. GraHAM, Anthony George Maxtone, of Cultoquhey, Crieff. 1906. GraHam, David A., Teacher, 19 St Fillan’s Terrace, Edinburgh. 1907. GraHAm, Hugh Meldrum, Solicitor, Inverness. 1908. GRAHAM, James, Marquis of, Brodick Castle, Arran. *1884. GraHAM, Wm., 6 Royal Crescent, W., Glasgow. 1905. GraHAm, William, Assistant Forester, The Bothy, Invertrossachs, Callander. 1887. Grant, Alexander, Forester, Rothie- Norman, Aberdeenshire. 1867. Grant, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch, Banffshire. 1908. Grant, Donald, Forester, Fersit, Tulloch, Inverness-shire. Date of 14 Election. 1904, *1874 1893 1907. 1908. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1907. 1903. 1901. 1902. 1902. 1908. 1906. 1898. 1908. 1903. *1905. 1879. *1900. 1905. 1906. 1904. 1897. 1901. 1907. *1882. “1899; 1897. 1904. 1892. 1903. 1905. Grant, Ewan S., Foreman Forester, Chatsworth Estate, Bellsy, Rowsley, Derbyshire. Grant, John, Overseer, Daldowie, Tollcross, Glasgow. Grant, John B., Forester, Downan House, Drumin, Glenlivet. Grant, Robert, Muckrach Lodge, Dulnain Bridge, Inverness-shire. GRANT, Sir John Macpherson, Bart., Ballindalloch Castle, Ballin- dalloch. GrassicK, William Henderson, Land Steward, Daviot Branch Asylum, Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire. Gray, Alexander Reith, Merchant, Garthdee House, Cults. Gray, David, Wheelwright, 270 Great Western Road, Aberdeen. Gray, George, Foreman Forester, Brounshill, Colstoun Estate, Haddington. Gray, Hon. Morton G. Stuart, of Kinfauns, Perth. Gray, Major William Anstruther-. of Kilmany, Cupar, Fife. Gray, Robert, Timber Merchant, Fraserburgh. Gray, Walter Oliver, Foreman Woodman, Ladykirk, Berwickshire. Gray, William, Assistant Forester, Pitfour Estates, Mintlaw Station, Aberdeenshire. GreEIG, Robert Blyth, F.H.A.S., F.R.S.E., Marischal College, Aberdeen. Grey, The Right Hon. Sir Edward, Bart., M.P., of Falloden, Chathill, Northumberland. GRIEVE, J. W. A., Indian Forest Service, Branxholm Park, Hawick. GRIFFITHS, Sir Richard Waldie, of Hendersyde Park, Kelso. GurNrEY, Eustace, Sprowston Hall, Norwich. Happineron, The Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T., Tyninghame, Prestonkirk. HALDANE, William S., of Foswell, W.S., 55 Melville Street, Edinburgh. HAL, Thomas, Forester, Moore Abbey, Monasterevan, Co. Kildare. Hau, William, Head Forester, Tockwith, near York. HA.ueEy, John Y. (of Garvie & Syme), lronmonger, etc., Perth. HALLIDAY, Geo., Timber Merchant, Rothesay. Hauuipay, John, Timber Merchant, Rothesay. Hamiuron, Andrew, Naval Architect, 124 Shiel Road, Liverpool. Hami.ron, Donald C., Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. Hamitron, The Right Hon. Baron, of Dalzell, Dalzell House, Motherwell. Hamiuron-Ocinvy, H. T. M., of Beil, Prestonkirk, East Lothian. Hancock, Charles, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Firlands, Grayshott, Hants; 125 Queen’s Gate, London, S. W. HANNAH, George, Overseer, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Hannah, Thomas, Forester, Rendelsham Park, Woodbridge, Suffolk. Hanson, Clarence Oldham, Deputy Conservator, Indian Forest Department, Latimer Lodge, Littledean Hill, Newnham, Glouces- tershire, 15 Date of Election, 1907. Harsen, Henry Andrade, J.P., Newland Park, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks. 1907. HarsorrLe, William, Assistant Forester, Harewood, Leeds. *1903. Harpies, David, Factor, Errol Park, Errol. 1903. Hardy, Marcel Edgard, Assistant for Botany, University College, *1880. 1908. *1896. 1905. 1897, 1897, *1880. 1905. 1892. 1904, 1906. 1905. 1896. 1889. 1869. 1902. 1906. 1907. *1908. 1901. 1893. 1893. *1906. 1898. 1908. *1901. *1874. *1884. 1907. 1895. 1904, *1904. Dundee. Hare, Colonel, Blairlogie, Stirling. HARLAND, Henry, Park Forester, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. Hartey, Andrew M., Forester, 19 Great Quebec Street, Marble Arch, London, W. Harrow, R. L., Head Gardener, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Harrower, William, Forester, Garth, Aberfeldy, Perthshire. Hart, John, Factor, Mains of Cowie, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, Havetock, W. B., The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire. Hay, Henry Ferguson, Assistant Forester, Cannon Hill Park, Birmingham. Hay, John, Overseer, Dollars Estate Office, 8 Rennie Street, Kilmarnock. Hay, Sir Duncan Edwyn, Bart. of Haystoun, 42 Egerton Gardens, London, S. W. Hay, Thomas, Head Gardener, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry. Hay, William Black, Assistant Forester, Nursery, Knowsley, Prescot. Hay, Wm. P., Merchant, Rosebank, Loanhead, Midlothian. Hayes, John, Overseer, Dormont, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire. HayMan, John, Glentarff, Ringford, Kirkeudbrightshire. Haynes, Edwin, Editor Timber Trades Journal, 164 Aldersgate Street, London. HENDERSON, Henry, Overseer, Bantaskin, Falkirk. Henperson, John, Assistant Forester, Gateside, Balbirnie, Markinch. HENDERSON, John G. B., W.S., Nether Parkley, Linlithgow. HENDERSON, Peter, Factor, Ballindalloch. HeEnpERSON, R., 4 High Street, Penicuik, Midlothian. HENDERSON, William, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s County. HeEnpRICK, James, B.Sc., F.1.C., Marischal College, Aberdeen. Henpry, James, 5 Thistle Street, Edinburgh. Henry, Augustine, M.A., etc., Reader in Forestry, 23 Chesterton Road, Cambridge. Hepsurn, Sir Archibald Buchan-, Bart. of Smeaton-Hepburn, Prestonkirk. Hersert, H. A., of Muckross, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Heywoop, Arthur, Glevering Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. Hitz, Aaron Wylie, of Lemlair, Dingwall. Hit, Claude, of Messrs John Hill & Sons, Spot Acre Nurseries, Stone, Staffordshire. Hit, George, Assistant Forester, Fothringham, Forfar, Hitt, J. Smith, The Agricultural College, Aspatria. 16 Date of Election. *1903. HiLL, Robert Wylie, of Balthayock, Perthshire. *1905. Hitirer, Edwin L., F.R.H.S., Nurseryman and Landscape Gardener, Culross, Winchester. *1902. Hrnckes, Ralph Tichborne, J.P., D.L., Foxley, Hereford 1907. Hinpbs, John, Forester, Stockeld Park, Wetherby, Yorks. 1906. Histor, Robert, Assistant Forester, Chatsworth, Pilsley, Bakewell. 1895. Hoare, Sir Henry Hugh Arthur, Bart. of Stourhead, Bath. 1903. Hopson, Richard Edmund, Land Agent, Coolfadda House, Bandon, Co. Cork. 1866. Hocarru, James, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer, Wigtownshire. 1908. Hoac, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Nibbetstane, Durris, Drumoak. 1905. Hoae, Richard, Estate Overseer, Glenapp, Ballantrae, Ayrshire. *1905. Hous, John A., Formaken, Erskine, Renfrewshire. *1902. Hoop, Thomas, jun., Land Agent, Bogend, Duns. *1871. Horn, H. W., of Luffness, Drem, Haddingtonshire. 1907. Hopkinson, James Garland, Factor, Drumtochty Estates Office, lla Dee Street, Aberdeen. *1876. HorspurGcH, John, Aberdour House, Aberdour, Fife. 1902. Howe, John Arnold, Assistant Forester, Kippendavie, Dunblane. *1905. Hupson, W. F. A., M.A., Lecturer on Forestry, Agricultural College, Glasgow. 1876. Huut, Frank, Forester, Lilleshall, Newport, Salop. 1905. Hurron, George Kerse, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Wigtown- shire. 1906. Hurron, James, Head Forester, Glendye, Banchory. 1905. Imris, Charles, Assistant Forester, The Nursery, Knowsley, Prescot. 1901. Imrte, James, Assistant Forester, Knowsley, Prescot, Lancashire. *1884. Inglis, Alex., Greenlaw Dean, Greenlaw, Berwickshire. *1908. Ineris, Alexander Wood, of Glencorse, Loganbank, Milton Bridge. *1904. IneLIs, David, Accountant, National Bank, Allanmore, Abbotshall Road, Kirkcaldy. 1897. Ineuis, George Erskine, Estate Agent, Campbeltown, Argyleshire. 1891. Incuis, William, Forester, Brodick, Isle of Arran. 1895. Innes, Alexander, Forester, Drummuir, Keith. 1904. Innes, Alexander Berowald, of Raemoir and Dunnottar, Raemoir House, Banchory. 1901. Innes, George, Cothall, Altyre, Forres. 1906. INNES, James, Wood Merchant, Sundayswells Saw-mills, Torphins. *1906. Irvine, Alexander Forbes, J.P., B.A.(Oxon.), Drum Castle, Aberdeen. 1904. Irvine, Cosmo Gifford, Assistant Forester, Hollycombe Estate, c/o Mrs Luckins, Wardley Marsh, Liphook, Hants. 1901. Irvine, John, Assistant Forester, Colesborne, Cheltenham, Glouces- tershire. 1906. Irvinc, James Rae Anderson, Foreman Forester, Dalzell Farm Motherwell. pe kevet- Wee se tS Date of 17 Election. 1907. 1893. *1906. 1895. 1898. 1896. 1907. 1904. 1901. 1899. *1901. *1883. 1907. *1907. 1900. *1882. 1902. 1903. 1888. 1893. 1867. 1907. 1904. 1904. 1896. 1906. *1901. *1890. 1906. 1899. 1904, 1906. 1901. *1892. 1896. 1907. 1894. *1908. 1879. 1900. Jack, David, Assistant Forester, Camis Eskan, Helensburgh. Jack, George, 8.8S.C., Dalkeith, Midlothian. Jackson, George Erskine, B.A.(Oxon.), W.S., Kirkbuddo, Forfar. JAMIESON, Andrew, Overseer, Carnbroe, Bellshill. JAMIESON, James, Forester, Ynyslas, Llanarthney R.S.O., Car- marthenshire. JARDINE, Sir R. W. B., Bart. of Castlemilk, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire. JERVOISE, Francis Henry Tristram, J.P., Herriard Park, Basingstoke. JOANNIDES, Pericles, Student of Forestry, Willesden, Sporting Club Station, Ramlek, Egypt; and 4 Merchiston Place, Edinburgh. Johnston, Andrew Reid, Assistant Forester, clo Mrs Vickers, Pilsley, Bakewell. JouNSTON, Edward, Forester, Dalquharran, Dailly, Ayrshire. JouHNSTON, James, F.S.I., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. JOHNSTON, Robert, Forester, Bon Ryl Estate, Duns, Berwickshire. JOHNSTON, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. JOHNSTONE, Richard, Forester, The Glen, Innerleithen. JOHNSTONE, William, Head Forester, Beil, Prestonkirk. Jonas, Henry, Land Agent and Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London, S.W. Jonas, Robert Collier, Land Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London. Jones, Ireton Arthur, of Kennick & Co., Delgany Nurseries, Co. Wicklow. Jones, James, Wood Merchant, Larbert, Stirlingshire. JONES, Thomas Bruce, Wood Merchant, Larbert. Kay, James, Wood Manager, Bute Estates, Rothesay. Kay, James, Nursery Station, Indian Head, Sask, Canada, Kay, William, Grain Merchant, Lasswade. Kerr, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Seafield Cottage, St Davids, Inverkeithing. Keir, David, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld. Kerr, James, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. Kennepy, Frederick D. C.-Shaw-, Dyroch, Maybole. KENNEDY, James, Doonholm, Ayr. KENNEDY, Stewart Winter, Assistant Forester, Glamis. KENNEDY, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham. KENNEDY, Colonel Watson, Wiveton Hall, Cley, Norfolk. KENNEDY, William Gorman, Timber Merchant, 48 West Regent Street, Glasgow. KENT, William, Forester, Burnfoot, Barskimming, Mauchline. Kerr, John, Farmer, Barney Mains, Haddington. KeErrTLEs, Robert, Assistant Forester, Craigend, Perth. Kipp, John, Assistant Forester, Heckfield, Winchfield, Hants. Kipp, Wm., Forester, Harewood, Leeds. KrmMEtt, John, Forester, The Lodge,Glenstriven, Toward, Argyleshire. KINCAIRNEY, The Hon. Lord, 6 Heriot Row, Edinburgh. Kine, David, Nurseryman, Osborne Nurseries, Murrayfield. / Date of 18 Election. *1906. 1901. *1903. 1906. 1905. *1898. *1902. 1898. 1907. 1907. 1898. 1907. *1896. *1901. *1894. S992 *1905. *1906. S96" 1906. 1901. 1897. 1906. 1902. 1904. 1905. *1876. 1880. 1908. *1868. *1893. *1881. 1898. 1907. 1879. 1907. 1905. Kinuocu, Charles Y., of Gourdie, by Murthly. Krnxtocu, Sir John G. §8., of Kinloch, Meigle. KinnatrD, The Hon. Douglas A., Master of Kinnaird, 10 St James Square, London. KInNEAR, Alexander T., Wood Manager and Forester, Jeaniebank House, Old Scone, Perth. Kinross, D. A., Farmer, Hillend, Clackmannan. Kinross, John, Architect, 2 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. Kieren, William James, Advocate, B.A., LL.B., Westerton, Balloch, Dumbartonshire. Kytiacuy, The Hon. Lord, of Kyllachy, 6 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. Larne, John, Wood Merchant, Inverness. Larrp, Charles, Assistant Forester, Home Farm, Dalzell, Motherwell. Larrp, James W., Nurseryman, Monifieth. LairD, John, Forester, Powerscourt, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow. LArrD, Robert, Nurseryman, 17a South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. Lamp, Alexander, Overseer, Freeland, Forgandenny. LAMINGTON, The Hon. Lord, G.C.M.G., Lamington, Lanarkshire. Lamonp, Alexander, Forester, Freeland, Forgandenny. Lamont, Norman, M.P., of Knockdow, Toward, Argyleshire. LANGLANDS, James H., Cunmont House, by Dundee. LANSDOWNE, The Most Hon. the Marquess of, K.G., 54 Berkeley Square, London, S. W. Lauper, Alexander, D.Sc., Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Lauper, William, Steward, Summerhill House, Enfield, Co. Meath. LAURISTON, John, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Pickering, Holbeck, Woodhouse, Welbeck, Worksop, Notts. Lawson, William, Assistant Factor, Cromartie Estates, Kildary, Ross-shire. LraArmont, John, Nurseryman, Larchfield Nurseries, Dumfries. Less, D., of Pitscottie, Cupar, Fife. Lees, Ernest A. G., Assistant Factor, Durris Estate, by Aberdeen. Leicester, The Right Hon. the Earlof, Holkham Hall, Wells, Norfolk. LEISHMAN, John, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick, Roxburghshire. Lesiiz, Archibald Stewart, W.S., Factor to Colonel A. G. Leslie of Kininvie, etc., 33 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Lesuiz, Charles P., of Castle-Leslie, Glaslough, Ireland. LreveEN, George, Forester, Auchincruive, Ayr. LEYLAND, Christopher, Haggerston Castle, Beal, Northumberland. Leys, Wm. B., Forester, Colstoun Old Mill, Gifford, East Lothian, LinpsAy, Hugh, Head Forester, Torwoodlee Estate, Galashiels. LinpsAy, Robert, Kaimes Lodge, Murrayfield, Midlothian. Linpsay, William, of Messrs J. & H. Lindsay, Ltd., Tourist Agents, 18 St Andrew Street, Edinburgh. Locan, David, Factor, Saltoun, Pencaitland. a Date of Election. 1908. *1883. 1906. *1881. 1908. 1907. *1898. *1880. *1875. 1898. *1900. 1906. *1891. 1900. *1875. *1900. *1907. 1906. 1902. 1907. *1892. 1896. 1908. 1894, 1903. 1898. *1901. 1904. *1870. 1893. 1899. 1900. 1904. 1907. 1908. 1902. 19 Locur, Hugh, Forester, Knockdow, Toward, Argyleshire, Loney, Peter, Estate Agent, 6 Carlton Street, Edinburgh. Lonemurr, Alexander Law, Assistant Forester, Denhead, Fern, Brechin. LonspDALE, Claud, Rose Hill, Carlisle. Lovupon, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Indian Head, Sask, Canada. Loutit, Rey. John Smeaton, Minister of Foveran, Manse of Foveran, Aberdeen. Lovar, The Right Hon. Lord, C.B., D.S.O., Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness. Love, J. W., clo Mrs Boyce, Byron Street, St Kilda, Victoria, South Australia. ‘ LovetacE, The Right Hon. the Earl of, East Horsley Towers, Woking, Surrey. Low, James, Forester, Innes Estate, Elgin. Low, William, B.Sc., Tighnamuirn, Monifieth. LuMSDEN, David, Assistant Forester, Pitkellony Lodge, Muthill, Perthshire. LumspDEN, Hugh Gordon, of Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. LumsbEN, Robert, jun., 11 Morningside Terrace, Edinburgh. LuTTRELL, George F., of Dunster Castle, Taunton, Somersetshire. LYELL, Sir Leonard, Bart. of Kinnordy, Kirriemuir. M‘ArnsH, Duncan, Wood Merchant, Crieff. MACALPINE-LENY, Major R. L., of Dalswinton, Dumfriesshire. MacArthur, William, Assistant Forester, Queen Street, Waddesdon, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. M‘Batn, William, Forester, Estates Office, Drumnadrochit. MacsEAN, Simon, Land Steward, Erskine, Bishopton. M‘Bearu, David, Forester, Brinscall, Chorley, Lancashire. M‘Catutum, Alexander, Assistant Forester, East Lodge, Dunira, Comrie, Perthshire. M‘Catium, Edward, Overseer, Kerse Estate, Falkirk. M‘Catium, Hugh, Forester, Annandale Estates, Lockerbie. M‘Cautivum, James, Forester, Canford, Wimborne, Dorset. M‘Cauium, Thomas W., Retired Ground Officer, Dailly, Ayrshire, M‘CLELLAN, Frank C., Zanzibar Government Service, Pemba, via Zanzibar, East Africa. M‘Corquopatez, D. A., Bank of Scotland, Carnoustie, Forfarshire. M‘Covsriz, M. S., Land Steward, Tullamore, King’s County, Treland. M‘Driarmip, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Courtworth Lane, Wentworth, Rotherham, MacprarmipD, Hugh, Factor, Island House, Tiree, Oban. Macponatp, Alexander, Factor, Meggernie, Aberfeldy. MacDonatp, Alexander, Farmer, Rhives, Delny. M‘Donatp, Donald, Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh, Macdonald, Donald M‘Intosh, Assistant Forester, Budby, Ollerton, Newark, Notts. Date of Election. 1901. Macponap, Mrs Eleanor E., The Manse, Swinton. 18938. MacponaLp, George U., Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. *1900. MacponaLp, Harry L., of Dunach, Oban. *1894. MAcDONALD, James, Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin. 1897. M‘DonaLp, James N. B., Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Sask, Canada. 1903. MacponaLp, James Farquharson, 8.S.C. and N.P., Kilmuir, Linlithgow. 1895. Macponatp, John, Forester, Skibo, Dornoch. 1908. M‘Donaup, John, Foreman Forester, Culzean Estate, Maybole. 1907. M‘Donaup, Robert Gregor, 3 Mill Road, Nairn. 1907. Macponatp, T. Martin, of Barguillean, Taynuilt. 1906. Macponatp, William Kid, Windmill House, Arbroath. 1904. M‘Donatp, William Yeats, of Auquharney, Hatton, Aberdeenshire. 1894. M‘DoveaLt, Alex., Forester, Tuncombe Park, Helmsley R.S.O., Yorks. 1907. MaAcpouGALL, James, Assistant Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws. 1902. MacpnovGALL, John, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. *1895. MacDovuGALL, Professor Robert Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., 13 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. *1884. Macpurr, Alex., of Bonhard, Perth. 1906. M‘Ewan, James, Assistant Forester, Glamis. 1904, M‘Ewan, James, Assistant Forester, Abercairney, Crieff. 1904. M‘Ewan, Wm., Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. 1901. MacEwen, Alexander, Overseer, Castle Lachlan, Strachur, Inveraray. 1898. Macrapyen, Donald, Assistant Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill, 1907. MacrarLANe, Archibald, Timber Merchant, Harbour Saw-mills, Paisley. *1904. MAcrik, John William, of Dreghorn, Rowton Hall, Chester. *1901. M‘Garva, Gilbert Ramsay, Factor, Estate Office, Innes, Elgin. 1901. M‘Guik, John, Overseer, Kelburne Estate, Fairlie. *1901. M‘Gipgon, Donald, Forester, Rossie Estate, Inchture. 1904. M‘Grpzon, R., Forester, Wentworth, Rotherham. *1902. MacGrecor, Alasdair Ronald, Edinchip, Lochearnhead. 1890. M‘Grecor, Alex., Jackson Street, Penicuik, Midlothian. 1902. M‘Grecor, Alexander, Forester, Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co, 1896. M‘Grecor, Angus, Forester, Craigton, Butterstone, Dunkeld. 1899. M‘Grucor, Archibald, Forester, Airthrey Castle, Bridge of Allan. *1906. MacGrecor, Evan Malcolm, Factor, Ard Choille, Perth. 1904, M‘Harrig, John A., Saw-mill Manager, 31 Windle Street, St Helens, Lancashire. 1899. M‘Harpy, Alexander, The Castle, Inverness. 1905. M‘Harpy, James, Forester, Rosehaugh Estate, Avoch R.S.O., Ross-shire. 1906. M‘Harpy, Peter, Seedsman, 30 Guild Street, Aberdeen. 1904. M‘Harpy. William, Forester, Chancefield, Falkland, Fife. 1901. M‘Harrie, John W., City Gardener, City Chambers, Edinburgh, Date of Election. 1894. 1907. 1905. *1895. *1879. 1904, *1885. 1901. 1905. 1907. 1898. 1892. 1865. 1899. 1908. 1887. 1907. 1900. 1891. 1867. 1904, 1907. 1901. 1901. P1s72. 1904. *1893. 1899, 1897. 1907. 1900. 1908. 1908. 1907. 1907. 1896. M‘Inwrairn, Wm., Forester, Riddell, Lilliesleaf, Roxburghshire. M‘Innes, William, Assistant Forester, Advie, Strathspey. M‘Inrosu, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Parkhead, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. MacintrosH, D. L., The Gardens, Stronvar, Lochearnhead. M‘Inrosu, Dr W. C., Professor of Natural History, University of St Andrews, 2 Abbotsford Crescent, St Andrews. M‘Intosu, Robert, Forester, Cullentragh Cottage, Rathdrum, Co. Wicklow. MaclIntosn, William, Fife Estates Office, Banff. Macrinrosu, William, Forester, New Chapel, Boncath R.S.O., South Wales. M‘Intyre, Archibald, Timber Merchant, Glenlee, Cardross. M‘Intyre, Charles, Forester, Inver, Dunkeld. Mackay, Aineas J. G., LL.D., Advocate, 2 Albyn Place, Edin- burgh. M‘Kay, Allan, c/o Park & Co,, Ltd., Timber Merchants, Fraser- burgh. Mackay, John, Lauderdale Estate Office, Wyndhead, Lauder. M‘Kay, John, Forester, Newe Estates, Strathdon. M‘Kay, Murdo, Forester, Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. Mackay, Peter, Forester and Overseer, Bargany Mains, Dailly, Ayr- shire. Mackay, William, Factor, Chisholm Estates, 19 Union Street, Inverness, M‘Kecunis, Angus, Assistant Forester, Walkergate, Alnwick, MACKENDRICK, James, Forester, Estate Office, Pallas, Loughrea, Co. Galway. ; Mackenzik, Alex., Warriston Nursery, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh. MacKkEnzi®£, Sir Alexander Muir, Bart. of Delvine, c/o Messrs Condie, Mackenzie & Co., W.S., Perth. Mackenzig, Sir Arthur, Bart. of Coul, Strathpeffer. MACKENZIE, Charles, Factor, Clunes, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. M‘Kenzix, Daniel, Forester, Wynyard Estate, Stockton-on-Tees. Mackenzin, Donald F., F.S.I., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Edin- burgh. MACKENZI£, Major E. Walter Blunt, Castle Leod, Strathpeffer. MACKENZIE, James, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen, M‘Kenziz, James, Wood Merchant, Carr Bridge, Inverness-shire, MackeEnzi£, John, Forester, Holmhead, Daljarrock, Ayrshire, MACKENZIE, John, jun., Factor, Dunvegan, Skye. Mackenzig, Sir Kenneth John, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. MackeEnzi£, Nigel Banks, Factor, Fort William. Mackenzib, Nigel Blair, Assistant Factor, Fort William. MACKENZIE, Colonel Stewart, of Seaforth, Brahan Castle, Dingwall. MACKENZIE, W. Dalziel, of Farr, Inverness. MACKENzIE, Win., Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. Lo bo Date of Election. 1905. M‘Krercuar, John, Commercial Traveller and Seedsman, 35 Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N. *1897. M‘Kerrow, Robert, Manager, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare. 1907. MacKerzzack, George Ross, of Ardgye, Elgin. *1898. MacKinnon, A., The Gardens, Scone Palace, Perth. 1883. MacKrynon, George, The Gardens, Melville Castle, Lasswade. 1902. MacKinnon, John, Gardener, Terregles, Dumfries. 1907. Mackinnon, Robert, Forester, Smithton, Culloden. 1878. Macxintosu, The, of Mackintosh, Moy Hall, Inverness. *1905. Macxinrosu, W. E., Yr. of Kyllachy, 28 Royal Circus, Edinburgh. *1895. MAcLACHLAN, John, of Maclachlan, 12 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. 1904. Mactaccan, George C. R., Forester, Munday Cottages, Aberdalgie. 1903. Mactaccan, John G., Overseer, Lethendy Cottage, Glenalmond, Perthshire. 1901. M‘Laren, Donald, Overseer, Sundrum, by Ayr. 1908. M‘Laren, James, Sub-Agent, Haggerston, Beal, Northumberland. *1879. M‘Laren, John, 12 Findhorn Place, Edinburgh. *1898. MacLean, Archibald Douglas, J.P., Harmony, Balerno. 1906. M‘Lran, James Smith, Assistant Forester, Douglas, Lanarkshire. 1902. MacLEAN, Peter, Forester, Invergarry. 1898. M‘LENNAN, John, TheGardens, Castle Boro, Enniscorthy, Co, Wexford. 1901. M‘Lxop, Peter, Nurseryman, Perth. 1903. M‘Mixxian, Duncan H., Assistant Forester, Houston, Renfrewshire. 1895. MacmILLAN, John D., Steward, The Farm, Ganston Manor, Abbey- leix, Queen’s Co. *1904. M‘Nas, David Borrie, Solicitor, Clydesdale Bank, Bothwell. 1903. M‘Navcuron, George, Assistant Forester, Duncrub Park, Dunning, Perth. 1903. M‘NavuGurTon, John, Forester, Auchterarder House, Perth. 1906. MacNicou., David Greenhill, Assistant Forester, Glamis. 1906. MacNicou1, Frank, Assistant Forester, Glamis. 1902. M‘Omisu, John, Nurseryman, Crieff. 1907. Macruerson, C. J. B., of Balavil, Kingussie. 1901. MacrHerson, Duncan, Assistant Forester, Hawkhill Cottage, Alloa Park, Alloa, 1890. M‘Rax, Alexander, Forester, Buckhill Cottages, Calne, Wilts. *1899. Macrak-GitsTraP, Major Jolin, of Ballimore, Otter Ferry, Argyle- shire. 1900. M‘Rag, Henry, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Todd, Harewood Estate, Leeds. 1908. M‘Rax, John, Assistant Forester, Goddards Green, Mortimer, Berks. 1908. Macrag, Sir Colin G., W.S., 45 Moray Place, Edinburgh. 1906. Macrak, John, Forester, Highfield, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire. 1907. M‘Raw, Donald, Manager, Strathgarve, Garve R.S.O. *1879. MacRircuie, David, C.A., 4 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. 1895. M‘Tavisu, John, Assistant Forester, The Glen, Skelbo, Sutherland. 1905. M‘ Vinnie, Samuel, Forester, Skeagarvie, Rossmore Park, Monaghan. 1884, Main, Adain, Forester, Loftus R.S.O., Yorkshire. 23 Date of Election. *1905 Mair.anp, A. D. Steel, of Sauchie, etc., Sauchieburn, Stirling. *1880. Matcoim, Lieut.-Col. E.D., R.E., Achnamara, Lochgilphead. 1907. MALKIN, Herbert C., J.P., 46 Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, W. *1895. Mann, Charles, Merchant, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. *1898. MANSFIELD, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Scone Palace, Perth. 1896. Mar AND Ke iz, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Alloa House, Alloa. *1895. MARGERISON, Samuel, English Timber Merchant, Calverley, near Leeds. *1901. MarsHALL, Archd, M‘Lean, Crogen, Corwen, North Wales. 1902, MarsHALL, George, Broadwater, Godalming, Surrey. *1905. MarsHALL, Henry Brown, of Rachan, Broughton. | 1899. MarsHALL, John, Timber Merchant, etc., Maybole. 1893. MarsHALL, J. Z., Timber Merchant, 2 Dean Terrace, Bo’ness, '1907. MarsHati, William, Assistant Forester, Harewood, Leeds. *1876. Martin, James, Forester, Knipton, Grantham, Lincolnshire. *1884. Massig, W. H., of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. 1907. Masson, William, Forester, Hamilton Lodge, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire. 1906. Masrerton, James, Wood Merchant, 4 Windsor Street, Edinburgh. 1893. Maruer, R. V., of Laing & Mather, Nurserymen, Kelso. 1901. Marruews, Robert, Land Steward, Duncrub Park, Dunning. *1894. Maucuan, John, Estate Agent, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham R.S.0., Yorks. 1907. Maw, Percival Trentham, Professor of Forestry, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. 1907. Maxrone, James, Overseer, Strathallan, Machany, Perthshire. 1896. MaxtTong, John, Forester, Duff House, Banff. *1904. MaxweE.t, Aymer, Yr. of Monreith, Wigtownshire, Lieutenant, Grena- dier Guards. 1891. MaxweELL, James, Forester and Overseer, Ruglen, Maybole. *1893. MAXWELL, Sir John Stirling-, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. 1886. Maxwe.tL, The Right Hon. Sir Herbert E., Bart. of Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. 1905. Maxwett, William Jardine Herries, of Munches, Dalbeattie. 1907. Meacuer, Sydney George, Land Agent, Marlee, Blairgowrie. 1896. MEIKLEJOHN, John J. R., Factor, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. 1906. Mretprum, Thomas C., Nurseryman, Forfar. 1899. Menvitie, David, The Gardens, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. 1901. Mrnzizs, James, Assistant Forester, Dollardstown Nursery, Wageney, Carlow. *1908. Menzies, William Dudgeon Graham, J.P., Hallyburton, Coupar Angus. *1880. MesHAM, Captain, Pontryffydd, Bodvari, Rhyl, Denbighshire. 1906. Meston, William, Assistant Forester, Tower Cottage, Durris, Aberdeen. 1877. MeTHvEN, Henry, of Thomas Methven & Sons, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. 1869. Meruven, John, of Thomas Methven & Sons, Leith Walk Nurseries, Edinburgh. Date of Election, 1892. METHVEN, John, The Gardens, Blythswood, Renfrewshire. *1881. Micurg, John, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater, Aberdeenshire. 1893. MicuiE, William, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop, Notts. *1893. MippLemass, Archibald, Forester, Tulliallan, Kincardine-on-Forth. 1905. MippLEToN, James, Factor, Braehead House, Kilmarnock. *1905. Mitiar, John, Timber Merchant, Greenhaugh Saw-mills, Govan. 1905. Mixer, Lewis, of Corriegour, Inverness-shire, and Timber Merchant, Benochie, Crieff. 1882. Mine, Alex., of James Dickson & Sons, 46 Hanover Street, Edinburgh. 1899. MitneE, Alexander, Factor, Urie Estate Office, Stonehaven. 1902. Mitne, Alexander, Forester, Charboro’ Park, Wareham, Dorset. 1903. Mitne, Colonel George, of Logie, Aberdeenshire. 1904. Mitne, Frederick, Assistant Forester, Nursery Cottage, Tarbrax, by Forfar, 1895. Mine, James, Land Steward, Carstairs House, Carstairs. 1906. Mine, John, Assistant Forester, Woodlands, Durris, Aberdeen. 1899. Miinz, Ritchie, Assistant, Annandale Estate Office, Hillside, Lockerbie. *1898. MiLNne, Robert P., Spittal Mains, Berwick-on-Tweed. 1890. Mitne, William, Farmer, Foulden, Berwick-on-Tweed. 1902. Mrtnz, William, Forester, Huntly Hill, Stracathro, Brechin. 1906. Mitne, William, Nurseryman (Wm. Fell & Co., Ltd.), Hexham. 1901. Mitnr-Home, David William, of Wedderburn, Caldra, Duns. *1897. Mitne-Homg, J. Hepburn, Irvine House, Canonbie. 1894. Mitsom, Isaac, Gardener and Steward, Claydon Park, Winslow, Bucks. 1904. MircHEt, Alexander, Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh. 1898. MircHELL, David, Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun. *1882. MircHE.t., Francis, Forester, Woburn, Beds. 1904. MircHELL, James, Organising Secretary for Technical Education to Fife County Council, County Buildings, Cupar, Fife. “1902. Mircuexi, John, jun., Timber Merchant, Leith Walk Saw-mills, Leith. 1904. MircHELL, John Irvine, M.A., Teacher, 3 Grange Road, Edin- burgh. 1901. MircHE.y, William Geddes, Estate Agent, Doneraile, Co. Cork. 1908. Morran, Archibald E., Land Agent, etc., Palmerston House, Portumna, Co. Galway. 1902. Morrat, John, Forester, Blackwood, Lesmahagow. 1908. Morr, William Mortimer, Forester and Gardener, The Gardens, Rosehaugh, Avoch, Ross-shire. *1908. Motsmr, Cyril, P.A.S.1I., Heworth Grange, York. *1895. MoncreiFrre, Sir Robert D., Bart. of Moncreiffe, Perth. 1897. Moon, Frederick, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. *1906. Moon, John Laurence, Forest Ranger, Forestry Department, Nairobi, British East Africa. 1907. Moors, Frederick G., Assistant Forester, Estate Office, Colwyn Bay. *1897. Morcan, Alex., Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire. *1899. MorGan, Andrew, Assistant Factor, Glamis. Date of Election. *1895. 1907. 1895. 1903. 1905. 1905. 1907. 1906. 1906. 1890. 1901. 1904. 1903. 1895. 1906. 1902. 1905. *1902. 1907. 1907. *1892. 1904. 1901. 1906. 1900. 1905. 1902. 1900. 1904. 1900. *1896. *1899. 1904. 1907. eL9O5: 1894. 1893. *1908. 1907. 1893. MorGan, Malcolm, Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire. Morrison, Andrew, Estate Manager, Brodie Mains, Forres. Morrison, Hew, LL.D., Librarian, Edinburgh Public Library. Morrison, William, Manufacturer, 80 Park Road, Glasgow. Morton, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Liverpool Corporation, Brinseall, Chorley, Lancashire. MoTHERWELL, A. B., Writer, Airdrie. Movutrri£, James, Assistant Forester, Star, Balbirnie, Markinch. Mowat, John, Overseer, Hazelhead Estate, Aberdeen. Murr, William, Estate Clerk, Broomlands, Kelso. MurrHeEaD, George, F.R.S.E., Commissioner, Speybank, Fochabers. Mu.uin, John, Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine. Munro, Alexander, Overseer, Invereshie, Kineraig. Munro, Alexander J., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Muwro, Donald, Assistant Forester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk. Munro, Donald, Wood Merchant, Ravenswood, Banchory. Munro, George A., 8.S8.C., 6 Rutland Square, Edinburgh. Monro, Sir Hector, Bart. of Foulis Castle, Evanton, Ross-shire. Muwro, Hugh Thomas, Lindertis, Kirriemuir. Munro, John, Assistant Forester, Craigo, by Montrose. Munro, John, Land Steward aud Forester, The Lodge, Tarland, Aberdeenshire. Murray, Alexander, Forester, Murthly, Perthshire. Murray, Charles A., of Taymount, Stanley. Murray, David, Gardener, Culzean Gardens, Maybole. Murray, David, Assistant Forester, Windsor Cottage, Fern, by Brechin. Murray, George J. B., Forester, Garthgwynion Hall, Machyneleth, North Wales. Murray, James, Farmer, Outerston, Gorebridge. Murray, Bailie John, J.P., 9 Strathearn Road, Edinburgh. Murray, John C., F.S.1., Factor and Commissioner, Haggs Castle, Glasgow. Murray, John M., Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Murray, William, of Murraythwaite, Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire. Murray, William Hugh, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Nairn, Sir Michael B., Bart. of Rankeillour, Manufacturer, Kirkcaldy. Naren, Robert, Forester, Rowallan, Kilmarnock. Nasu, William, Assistant Forester, Airdsmill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. Nasmytx, Norman, of Glenfarg, Glenfarg Lodge, Abernethy. Nei, Archibald, Forester, Warkton, Kettering, Northamptonshire. Netson, Robert, Assistant Forester, Hannahgate Cottage, Kinmount Estate, Cummertrees, Dumfriesshire. Newson, Thomas Arthur, of Achnacloich, Connel, Uavieshixe NicHouson, Daniel, Forester, Erskine, Bishepton! Nicou, James, Forester, Aird’s Mill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. Date of Election. 1895. Nicox, James, Forester, Croxteth, Liverpool. 1906. Nico, William, Forester, Cluny Castle, Ordhead, Aberdeenshire. *1903. Nico, William Edward, D.L., J.P., of Ballogie, Aboyne. 1901. Nicoxz, William Peter, Assistant Forester, Kippo, Kingsbarns, Fife. *1901. Nicotson, Edward Badenach, Advocate, 12 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh. 1893. Nisset, J., D.Ce., Royal Societies’ Club, 63 St James Street, London, S. W. *1902. Nisbet, Robert C., Farmer, Kingsknowe, Slateford. *1899. Noss, Eric Arthur, B.Sc., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town. 1899. NosueE, Charles, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour. 1904. Nopie, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Aldowrie Estate Office, Dores, Inverness, 1906. OciLviz, Thomas, D.L., J.P., Kepplestone, Aberdeen. 1900. OLIPHANT, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Quarterbank, A bercairney, Crieff. “1894. OrKNEY, William C., Surveyor’s Office, Montrose Royal Asylum, “1899. Orr-Ew1ne, Sir Archibald Ernest, Bart., Ballikinrain Castle, Balfron. *1906. Orr, George W., Cowdenhall, Neilston. 1906. Orr, Harry D., Timber Merchant, 73 Saltergate, Chesterfield. 1907. OswaLp, Major Julian, Kindar Lodge, New Abbey, Dumfries. 1902. OswaLp, Richard Alexander, of Auchincruive, Ayr. 1906. OWEN, Harry, Assistant Forester, Chatsworth, Pilsley, Bakewell. 1875. Pace, Andrew Duncan, Land Steward, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. 1908. Park, Robert, Contractor, Hamilton Street, Motherwell. 1900. Parerson, George, Timber Merchant, 64 Queen’s Road, Aberdeen. *1879. Paron, Hugh, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. *1898. Patron, Robert Johnston, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock. *1902. Paron, Tom W., Nurseryman, Kilmarnock. 1898. PAatrERsON, Thomas L., Nisbet, Pentcaitland, East Lothian. 1897. PEARSON, James, Forester, Sessay, Thirsk, Yorks. 1899. PEARSON, James, Assistant Factor, The Cottage, Airdrie. 1869. PEEBLES, Andrew, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford, Surrey. *1900. Perrins, C. W. Dyson, of Ardross, Ardross Castle, Alness. 1904. Perers, William, Assistant Forester, Gateside, Markinch, Fifeshire. *1897. Puriip, Alexander, Solicitor, Brechin, Forfarshire. *1895. Puiip, William Watt, Factor, Estate Office, Gigha, Argyleshire, *1896. Puiip, Henry, jun., Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline. *1896. Puitp, John, Timber Merchant, Campbel! Street, Dunfermline. 1907. Pittay, M. Nagalingom, Banker and Estate Agent, Meenakshipuram, Nagercoil, South India. 1903. Pirriz, John, Sawmaker, Giles Street, Leith. 1896. Pirman, Archibald Robert Craufurd, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. 1902. PrumMeEr, C. H. Scott, of Sunderland Hall, Selkirk. 1901. Potiock, Alexander, Rustic Builder, Tarbolton, Ayrshire. 1897. Pootz, Wm., Corn Exchange Buildings, Edinburgh. 1902. Poprerr, E. P., Assistant Surveyor, Forest of Dean, Coleford, Glouces- tershire. Date of Election. 1899. Porrrous, George, Kenmore, Broomieknowe, Lasswade. 1899. Porrgovs, Colonel James, of Turfhills, Kinross, *1856. PorrsmourH, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Eggesford, North Devon. 1896. Prentice, George, Strathore, Kirkcaldy, Fife. 1899. Pricr, Aaron W., Forester, Bolstone, Ross-on-Wye. *1898. Pricr, W. M., Factor, Minto, Hawick. 1908. PrircHarp, Henry A., Professor of Estate Management and Forestry, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. 1908. Procror, John, Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. *1878. PuncHARD, Frederick, Underley Estate Office, Kirkby Lonsdale, West- moreland. 1907. Purvis, George, Assistant Forester, Doune Lodge, Doune. 1907. Rag, Frederick S., Assistant Forester, Dalzell Farm, Motherwell. 1907. Rag, Louis, Assistant Forester, Dalzell Estate, Motherwell. *1876. Raz, William A., Factor, Murthly Castle, Perthshire. 1901. Ra¥rFran, Alexander, Forester, Fairburn, Ross-shire. 1898. RAFFAN, James, Estate Steward, Fota Farm, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork. 1899. RaFn, Johannes, Tree-Seed Merchant, Skovfrokontoret, Copenhagen, F. 1902. Raupu, William, I.S.O., Forrester Road, Corstorphine. 1897. Ratsron, A. Agnew, Factor, Philipstoun House, West Lothian. 1907, Ratsron, Charles W., Chamberlain on Dukedom of Queensberry, Dabton, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. *1908. Rausron, Claude, Factor, Estates Office, Glamis. 1904. Ratsron, Gavin W., M.A., Advocate, 6 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. 1907, Ramsay, William, J.P., Longmorn House, Longmorn k.S.0. *1855. RAMSDEN, Sir John, Bart., Byram Hall, Ferrybridge, Normanton. 1870. Rarrray, Thos., Forester, Westonbirt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire. 1908. Repparu, James, Forester, Athelstaneford, Drem. 1908. Reppatu, John, Forester, Paxton, Berwick-on-Tweed. 1905. Rem, Alexander T., Assistant Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. 1905. Rerp, Andrew, The Gardens, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. 1901. Rerp, Hugh, Forester, Ashton Court, Long Ashton, near Bristol. 1894. Rep, James S., Forester, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. 1900. Rip, John, Estate Overseer, The Mains, Lochgelly. 1907. Reip, John, Assistant Forester, Doune Lodge, Doune. 1906. Rerp, Richard, Assistant Forester, Sunlaws Hill, Roxburgh. 1905. Rerp, Robert, Overseer, Kincairney, Dunkeld. 1903. Retry, Robert Matelé, Druimneil, Appin, Argyleshire. 1901. RENNIE, Joseph, Overseer, Hillend, Possil, Maryhill. *1873. Ricuarpson, Adam D., 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. 1907. Rinu1e, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Douglas, Lanarkshire. 1892. Rircure, Alexander, Overseer, Brucehill, Cardross Estate, Port of Menteith. *1908. Rircu1e, Charles Ronald, Law Apprentice, 37 Royal Terrace, Edin- burgh. *1876. Rircuie, William, Hope Lodge, Moffat. 1898. RircHiz, Wm., Assistant Forester, Moss-side Cottage, Lynedoch, Perth. Date of Election. 1906. Rircuiz, William Hamilton, of Dunnottar, Dunnottar House, Stonehaven. 1906. Ross, Archibald, Riverslea, Rothes. 1900. Ross, John, Road Surveyor, County Buildings, Edinburgh. 1907. Rogerrs, James, Assistant Forester, Goldsborough Mill, Knares- borough, Yorks. 1904. Roprerrson, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Meikledams, Durris. “1897. Ropertson, A. Barnett, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. 1897. Rosperrson, Andrew N., Forester, Glenferness, Dunphail. 1899. Ropertson, Charles, Forester, Colstoun Old Mill, Gifford. *1879. RospEertson, Donald, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. *1907. Ropertson, Edward Hercules, B.A., Advocate, Burnside, Forfar. 1896. RoBERTSON, George, Forester, Ponsbourne Park Estate, near Hertford. 1900. RoBERTSoN, James, Assistant Forester, Garth, Fortingall, Aberfeldy. 1904. RoBERTSON, James, Assistant Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws. *1866. Roperrson, Jas., Wood Manager, Panmure, Carnoustie, Forfarshire. *1905. RoBertson, James Morton, of Cowieslinn, Portmore House, Eddleston. 1905. RospErrson, James W., Head Gardener, Letham Grange and Fern, Arbroath. 1907. Rogprrtson, J. P., Forester, Edensor, Bakewell. *1905. Roperrson, John, Factor, Panmure Estates Oftice, Carnoustie. 1896. Roperrson, John, Forester, Altyre, Forres. 1902. Ropertson, R. A., M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer on Botany, University, 119 South Street, St Andrews. 1906. Robertson, Robert Mackenzie, Assistant Forester, Chatsworth, Pilsley, Bakewell. 1895. Rospertson, Thomas, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn, Co. Galway. 1907. Rozerrson, Thomas, Forester, Vogrie, Gorebridge. 1883. Roperrson, William, Assistant Forester, Ringwood, Birnam, Perth. 1902. Roprnson, Stewart, Lynhales, Kington, Herefordshire. “1890. Ropinson, William, Gravetye Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex. _ 1899. Rosson, Alex., of Smith & Son, 18 Market Street, Aberdeen. 1901. Rosson, Alexander, Head Gamekeeper, The Kennels, Culzean, Maybole. “1897. Rogson, Charles Durie, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. 1900. Rogson, John, Assistant Forester, Baronscourt, Co. Tyrone. 1893. RopeEr, James, Forester, Leinster Street, Athy, Co. Kildare. “1883. Rotto, The Hon. Wm. Chas. Wordsworth, Master of Rollo, Duncrub Park, Dunning, Perthshire. 1893. Romanss, James, C.A., Fordel, Melrose. “1872. Rosrepery, The Right Hon. the Earl of, K.G., K.'T., Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh. 1898. Ross, Charles D. M., Factor, Abercairney, Crieff. 1887. Ross, John, Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry, Linlithgowshire. 1905. Ross, John S., Factor’s Clerk, Monreith Estate Office, Wigtownshire. 1907. Ross, Colonel Walter C., Cromarty. “1906. RoxpurGHE, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Floors Castle, Kelso. 1903. RuLe, John, Forester, Huntly. Date of Election. 1893. RurHerrorD, JamesA., Land Agent, Highclere Park, Newbury, Berks. 1870. RurHERFoRD, John, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh, Roxburgh- shire. 1904. RurHerrurp, Henry, Barrister-at-Law, Fairnington, Roxburgh. 1901. Ryan, Thomas, The Gardens, Castlewellan, Co. Down. 1894. Samson, David T., Seafield Estates Office, Grantown, Strathspey. 1875. Sane, Edmund, of E. Sang & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy. *1906. Sane, J. H., LL.B., W.S., Westbrook, Balerno. 1904. SanesTER, Alexander, The Mall, Montrose, c/o Bourlos Land Co., Belceas, Egypt. 1903. ScHorr, Dr Peter Carl, Nursery and Seed Establishments, Knittels- heim, Palatinate, Germany. *1867. Scorr, Daniel, Wood Manager, Darnaway, Forres. 1892. Scorr, David, Overseer, Dumfries House, Cumnock, Ayrshire. 1901. Scorr, Frank, Forester, Comlongon Castle, Ruthwell. 1881. Scorr, James, Forester, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. *1907. Scorr, James Cospatrick, P.A.S.I., Yarrow Cottage, Poynder Place, Kelso. 1903. Scorr, John, Forester, Annfield, Hartrigge, Jedburgh. 1908. Scorr, John A., Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. 1890. Scorr, John D., Land Steward, Estate Office, Brushford, Dulverton, Somerset. *1906. Scorr, John Henry Francis Kinnaird, of Gala, Gala House, Galashiels. 1906. Scorr, Robert, Solicitor, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Aberdeen Branch, 230 Union Street, Aberdeen. *1902. Scrimceour, James, Gardener, Manor House, Donaghadee. *1890. ScrimcEourR, John, Overseer, Doune Lodge, Doune. 1897, SHARPE, Thomas, Forester, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. 1893. SHaw, Andrew, Victoria Saw-mills, Perth. 1904. SHaw, John, Overseer, The Glen Cottage, Cardross. *1896. SHaw-Srewart, Sir Hugh, Bart., M.P., of Ardgowan, Greenock. *1904, SHELLEY, Sir John Courtown Edward, Bart., Avington, Alresford, Hants. *1898, SHEPPARD, Rev. H. A. Graham-, of Rednock, Port of Menteith, Stirling. *1907. Suracu, Gordon Reid, L.D.S., ete., Ardgilzean, Elgin. *1903. SHIEL, James, Overseer, Abbey St Bathans, Grant’s House. 1905. SuiELps, James, Farmer, Longniddry. 1907. SuiEts, George Henry, Forester, Lethen, Nairn, 1905. Sim, John, Forester, Fernybrae, Cornhill, Banffshire. 1903. Simon, Thomas, jun., Assistant Forester, Montrave, Leven. 1906. Srycuarr, Robert, Factor for North Harris, Harris, by Portree. 1900. SincER, John G., Forester, Culzean, Ayr. 1907. SxrrvineG, Robert, D.L., J.P., of Cobairdy, Huntly, Aberdeenshire. 1868. SLATER, Andrew, Estate Office, Durrington, Salisbury, Wilts. 1899. SLEIGH, Charles W., M.A., Factor, Blackwood Estate Office, Lesma- hagow. Date of Election. 1902. 1901. *1893. 1906. 1904. 1908. 1873. 1901. 1908. 1908. 1906. 1907. 1895. 1907. *1907. 1901. 1901. 1901. *1895, 1896. 1899. *1896. “1907: *1882. 1906. 1907. 1906. 1906. *1889. 1904. 1898. PS99: *1883. 1899. 1903. 1907. 1904. 1902. 1899, 30 Smart, John, Merchant, 18 Leith Street, Edinburgh. SmiTH, Allan, Land Steward, Dunira, Comrie. SmirH, Charles G., Factor, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Smiru, Douglas, P.A.S.I., Land Agent, Estate Office, Stanage Park, Brampton Bryan, Herefordshire, Smiru, D. D., Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, St Catherine’s Street, Cupar, Fife. Smiru, Edwin Hedley, B.L., Factor, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk. Smirn, G. B., Wire Fence Manufacturer, Phoenix Ironworks, Govan. Smit, James, Forester, 1 Oxmantown Mall, Birr, King’s County. SmrrH, James, Nurseryman, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock. Smirn, James, Assistant, Jeaniebank, Old Scone, Perth. SmirH, James Fraser, F.R.H.S., late Gardener, Barons Hotel, Auchnagatt. SmirH, Right Hon. James Parker, P.C., Jordanhill, Glasgow, SmiruH, John, Cabinetmaker, 1 Eastgate, Peebles. SmirH, John, Factor, Inverallan, Grantown-on-Spey. Smiru, J. Grant, Factor for Glenurquhart, Seafield Estates Office, Elgin. SmirH, Matthew, Manager for Dyer & Co., Peebles. Situ, Sydney, Factor, Drummuir Estates Office, Keith, SmitH, Thomas, Factor, The Castle, Maybole. SmirH, Thomas, Overseer, The Nursery, Tring Park, Wiggington, Tring, Herts. Smiru, William, Forester, Camperdown, Dundee. SmitH, William, Overseer, Fairnalee, Clovenfords, Galashiels. Smiru, William G., B.Sc., Ph.D., Lecturer on Botany, University of Leeds. Smiruson, Harry S. C., of Inverernie, Daviot, Highland R.S.0O. SmyvtHeE, David M., of Methven Castle, Perth. Smyrne, George Henderson, late Gardener, Balcarres Hotel, Echt, Aberdeenshire. Somerset, His Grace the Duke of, Maiden Bradley, Bath; 35 Grosvenor Square, W. SoMERVILLE, Hugh Christopher, 2 Fairhaven, Dalkeith. SoMERVILLE, Robert Anderson, Eastwoodbrae, Dalkeith. SomERVILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Sc., D.(ic., F.R.S.E., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford, Sourar, William, Forester, The Farm, Titsey Place, Limpsfield, Surrey. Spence, William, Forester, Strathenery, Leslie. Spiers, Adam, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edinburgh. Spror, Major Alexander, of Garnkirk, Chryston, Glasgow. SraLKER, Wm. J., Nurseryman, Nairn. SrerueN, Alfred, Assistant Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun. SrepHEN, John, Forester, Dell Nursery, Nethy Bridge. Steven, William, Builder, Muirpark, Dalkeith. SrEvENSON, Allan, Architect, 14 Cathcart Street, Ayr. Stewart, Alex., Forester, Shadwell Court, Thetford. 31 Date of Election. 1905. Srrwart, Alexander, Box 72, Holland, Manitoba, Canada. 1901. Stewart, Alistair D., Camperdown Estates Office, Dryburgh, Lochee. 1897. Stewart, Charles, Forester, Castle Menzies, Aberfeldy. 1907. Stewart, David, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden. *1899. Stewart, Duncan D., Factor, Rossie Estate, Inchture. 1901. SrewartT, James, Forester, Letham and Fern Estates, Fern, near Brechin. 1908. Srrewakt, John, Forester, Cavens, Kirkbean, Dumfries. 1901. Stewart, John M., Forester, Grigorhill, Kinsteary, Nairn. *1892. Stewart, Sir Mark J. M‘Taggart, Bart. of Southwick, Kirkcud- brightshire. 1908. Srewarrt, Colonel R. K., of Murdostoun, Murdostoun Castle, Lanark- shire. 1876. STEWART, Robert, Forester, Stonefield, Tarbert, Lochfyne, N.B. 1899. Srewart, William, Land Steward, Dalhousie Castle, Lasswade. 1906. Stewart, William Maitland, Factor, 5 Inverleith Terrace, Edin- burgh. *1904. SrirtinG, Archibald, of Keir, Dunblane. 1907. Sriruine, John Alexander, of Kippendavie, Dunblane. 1904. Srogo, Robert W., Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Luckins, Wardley Marsh, Liphook, Hants. 1897. SropparRtT, James, Builder, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian. 1906. Sroppart, James, jun., Joiner, Norwood, Bonnyrigg. 1902. Sronn, Alfred William, Clerk of Works, Ashton Court Estate, Bower, Ashton, Bristol. 1893. Srorin, W., Whitway House, Newbury, Berks. 1906. SrracHAN, James, Gardener, Cruickshank Botanic Garden, Old Aberdeen. *1908. SrRATHMORE AND KINGHORNE, The Earl of, Glamis Castle, Glamis, 1906. SruarT, Peter, Brewer, Glen Grant, Rothes. 1902. Stunt, Walter Charles, Lorenden, Ospringe, Kent. *1880. SUTHERLAND, Evan C., Highland Club, Inverness. 1907. SUTHERLAND, George, Assistant Forester and Saw-miller, Doune Lodge, Doune. *1883. SUTHERLAND, His Grace the Duke of, K.G., Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. 1892. SuTHERLAND, John D., Solicitor and Estate Agent, Oban, Argyle, 1906. Swankie, Frank Murray, Assistant Forester, Vayne, Fern, Brechin. 1869. Tair, David, Overseer, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorkshire. *1892. Tair, James, Builder, Penicuik, Midlothian. *1900. Tart, James, jun., Woodsbank, Penicuik. 1898. Tarr, William, Seedsman, 75 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh. 1895. Tait, Wm. A., 13 Brandon Terrace, Edinburgh. 1902. Taytor, John, Forester, Glentulchan, Glenalmond, Perthshire. 1904. Taytor, Robert, Assistant Forester, Chapelhill, Logiealmond, Methven. Date of Election. 1905. Taytor, Robert, Forester, Broomhall Estate, Charlestown, Fife. 1897. Taytor, William, Forester, Sandside, Kirkcudbright. 1905. TELFER, John, Assistant Forester, Heckfield, Winchfield, Hants. *1891, TENNANT, Sir Edward P., Bart. of The Glen; 31 Lennox Gardens, London, S. W. *1877. Terris, James, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam, Kinross-shire. 1904. THompson, Dugald, Forester, Drimsynie, Lochgoilhead. 1893. THomson, David W., Nurseryman, 113 George Street, Edinburgh. 1903. THomson, John Burnside, Estate Manager, Calderwood Castle, High Blantyre. *1855. THomson, John Grant, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey. *1902. THomson, Peter Murray, 8.S.C., Cockbridge, Mealsgate, Cumberland. 1903. THomson, Robert, Foreman Forester, Park Hill, Ampthill, Bedford- shire. *1901. THomson, Spencer Campbell, of Eilean Shona, 10 Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh. 1904. THREIPLAND, Captain W. Murray, Dryburgh Abbey, St Boswells, 1906. TrnDAL, Robert, Forester, Bellspool Cottages, Stobo. 1901. TrvENDALE, William D., Head Forester to Duke of Portland, Burnhouse, Galston. *1871. TomMLINsoN, Wilson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop, Notts. 1906. Tosu, Hendry, Assistant Forester, Bridgend, Inverkip, Greenock. *1906. Trait, James William Helenus, A.M., M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in University of Aberdeen, 71 High Street, Old Aberdeen. *1902. Trorrer, A. E. C., of Bush, Milton Bridge, Midlothian. *1903. TULLIBARDINE, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, D.S.O., Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. 1900. TuRNBULL, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Picktree, Chester-le-Street, Co. Durham. 1903. TuRNBULL, John, Forester, Arbigland, Dumfries House Station, Cumnock. 1898. TwreEpir, Alexander, Forester, Faskally, Pitlochry. 1883. UnpErwoop, Henry E., Fornham, St Martin, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. *1903. Unwin, Arthur Harold, D.dic., Town House, Haslemere, Surrey. *1908. Urquuart, Angus, Assistant Nursery and Seedsman, Inverness. *1872. Urqunart, B. C., of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire. *1902. Urquuart, Farquhar, Nurseryman, Inverness, 1907. Urneunart, Colonel Robert, Town Clerk, Forres. *1908. Usner, Sir Robert, Bart. of Norton and Wells, Norton, Ratho Station, Midlothian. 1903. Usuer, Thomas, Factor, Courthill, Hawick, 1903. Veircu, John, Factor, Fasnacloich, 1903. Waker, Captain George Lawrie, of Crawfordton, Thornhill. 1894. Waxker, Henry H., Factor, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. *1878. WaxKer, Colonel I. Campbell, Newlands, Camberley, Surrey. 33 Date of Election. *1907. WALKER, James, Wood Merchant, Inverness. *1906. Waker, John Steven, Yard Foreman, Saw-mills, Hurlford, Ayrshire. *1906. WALKER, Robert Williamson, C.E., Factor and Land Surveyor, 3 Golden Square, Aberdeen. 1870. Watt, G. Y., Land Agent, Grange House, Darlington, Durham. 1903. WaLtAcr, Andrew, Saw-miller, Gateside, Balbirnie, Markinch. 1898. WaLLAcE, David P., Forester, The Saw-mills, Filleigh, Molton, S. Devon. *1897. Wa.LAcr, Jobn A. A., of Lochryan, Cairnryan, Stranraer. 1893. Wattacr, Robert B. P., Timber Merchant, 12 Danube Street, Edinburgh. *1905. Waxuacr, Thomas Douglas, F.S.1., Callendar Estate Office, Callendar Park, Falkirk. 1899. WANDEsFoRDE, R. H. Prior, of Castlecomer, Co, Kilkenny. *1900. Warwick, Charles, 19 Woodfield Road, Tonbridge, Kent. 1901. Wason, Right Hon. Eugene, M.P., of Blair, Dailly, Ayrshire; 8 Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, London. 1903. Watson, Hugh, Forester, Sunnyside Cottages, Maybole. 1901. Warson, James, Manager, Moy Hall, Inverness-shire. 1898. Watson, John, Timber Merchant, Annandale Street, Edinburgh, *1893. Watson, John T., 6 Bruntsfield Gardens, Edinburgh. 1872. Wart, James, J.P., of Little & Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle. 1893. Watt, James W., Knowefield Nurseries, Carlisle. 1889. Watters, Dennis, Forester, Wester Elchies, Carron, Strathspey. 1904. WEALE, James A., Timber Merchant, Boundary Place, Liverpool. 1906. WersgstER, Charles, Gardener and Forester, The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers. : *1891. WetsH, James, of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. *1871. Wemyss, Randolph Gordon Erskine, of Wemyss and Torrie, Fife. 1904. WentwortH-Firz WILLIAM, George Charles, of Milton, Peterborough. 1902. WHELLENS, Henry, Forester, Gregynog, near Newtown, Montgomery- shire. 1905. Wuirsr, Andrew, Forester, Portmore, Eddleston. *1898. WuivsE, J. Martin, Balruddery, near Dundee. 1895. Wuire, William, Farmer, Gortonlee, Lasswade. 1905. Wuirrincuam, Edwin, Contractor, St Mary’s, Newport, Salop. *1884. Wuirron, James, Superintendent of Parks, 249 George Street, Glasgow. *1899, Wuyte, John D. B., Factor, Estate Office, Elveden, Suffolk. 1901. Wuyrock, James, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith. 1895. Wicut, Alexander, Overseer, Thurston, Innerwick. *1869. WixLp, Albert Edward (Conservator of Forests, Darjeeling, India), c/o Henry 8. King & Co., 65 Cornhill, London, E.C. 1883. WiLKI£, Charles, Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington. 1891. WiLkI£, G., Architect, Hayfield, Peebles. 1904. WiLkInson, Henry Bevis, Factor, Holmhead, Corsock, Dalbeattie. 1902. WiILKINSON, John, Factor, The Grange, Kirkcudbright. 1903. WiLL, George, Manager, Crichton Royal Institution Farm, Dumfries. h 54 Date of Election. 1895. WiLiIAMmson, John, Bank Agent, Loanhead, Midlothian. *1907. WILLIAMsoN, John, Joiner and Builder, Grangemouth. 1907. Wiison, Adam Frank, C.D.A.(Edin.), Reedieleys, Auchtermuchty. 1907. Witson, Andrew Robertson, M.A., M.D., Hopewell, Tarland, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. *1898. Witson, David, Timber Merchant, Troon, Ayrshire. *1889. Wixson, David, jun., of Carbeth, Killearn, Glasgow. 1908. Witson, Edward Arthur, Rockingham, Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham. 1907. Wriuson, Ian Hall, Saw-mill Manager, Brodie Cottage, Brodie. 1896. Winson, James, M.A., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Stephens Green East, Dublin. 1900. Witson, James, jun., Nurseryman, St Andrews. 1907. Witson, James G., Assistant, Dalzell Estates Office, Motherwell. 1904.’ WiLson, James Watt, Seedsman and Nurseryman, Perth. 1902. Witson, Sir John, Bart. of Airdrie. 1901. Witson, John Currie, Factor, Tulliallan Estate Office, Kincardine- on-Forth. 1897. Witson, John H., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Lecturer on Agriculture and Rural Economy, The University, St Andrews. 1903. Writson, Thomas, Head Gardener, Glamis Castle, Glamis. 1899. Wixson, William, Timber Merchant, Auchenleck, Ayrshire. *1904. Wink, John, Solicitor, High Street, Elgin. 1893. WisEMAN, Edward, Nurseryman, Elgin. 1895. WisEMAN, William, Nurseryman, Forres. 1906. Wo.rn, George, sen., J.P., Shovel Manufacturer, Millburn, Bathgate. 1904. Woop, James, Forester, Marr Doncaster, Yorkshire. 1907. Woop, Thomas, Forester, Pitfour, Aberdeenshire. 1907. Wootrorp, Albert, Assistant Forester, Ragmore, Heckfield, Winchfield. 1904. WorsroLp, Edward Mowll, Land Agent, Christ Church Villas, Priory Road, Dover. 1904. WorHeErspoon, George, Factor, Cromartie Estate Office, Kildary, Ross-shire, 1904. Wricut, Robert Patrick, F.H.A.S., F.R.S.E., Principal of West of Scotland Agricultural College, Blythswood Square, Glasgow. 1906. Wyuam, Ralph J., Assistant Forester, Chester Lodge, Lambton Park, via Chester-le-Street. 1868. Wy.uir, George, Ballogie, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. 1906. Wyuuiz, William, Seedsman, 18 Market Street, Aberdeen. 1897. Yeats, Alexander, Talbot Stettler, Alberta, Canada. 1904, Yoou, Thomas, Factor, Menzies Estates Office, Aberfeldy. 1905. Youne, John, Hedger, West Lodge, Corehouse, Lanark. 1908. Younc, John, Hedger and Assistant Forester, Muirhouse, Falkirk, 1907. Youna, John U., Cart Craigs, Pollokshaws. 1875. Youna, William, Forester, Morriston Cottage, Earlston, Berwickshire. *1898. YounGcEr, Henry J., of Benmore and Kilmun, Greenock. "1899. Yun, Miss Amy Frances, L.A., Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. TRANSACTIONS OF THE he Mt Acs SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. img CoLnonkn EF. BAILEY, F.R-Sake HONORARY EDITOR. ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. WOU. xX XI BE DE NEB UE Gere: ed ND Oued LonemoO Cl eT Y. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. 1909 CONTE Ns. The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. PAGE 1. The Forest Resources of the United Kingdom. Report of Address to the Society by Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., BERESr . ‘ ‘ : ‘ : ; : I 2 A Scheme for Establishing a National Industry of Forestry, 8 (1) Some Criticisms by Mr R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P. (2) Our Correspondents Reply. 3. The Loganburn Smoke Case. By Alex. Lauder, DSc, . 15 4. Demonstration Forests for Scotland. By F. L. C. Cowley- Brown, Indian Forest Service, : : ; : 20 5. The Report of the Departmental Committee on Irish Forestry, 1908. ‘By J. S. Gamble, C.1E,F.RS., . : 26 6. The Ziirich Woods. By Fraser Story, ; 2 : 34 7 Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart Hampden, Indian Forest Service, : : : : ; 46 8. The Royal English Arboricultural Society’s Tour in Denmark, 1908. By Fraser Story, . : ; : 56 9. Note on Working-Plan for the Chopwell Woods. By W.S., 61 10. The Ardross Working-Plan and Larch Canker. By A. D. Richardson, ‘ ‘ F ; : ; 64 i1. Notes of Silvicultural Interest. By Thomas Hall, . : 67 12. Report of the Annual Excursion, August 1908 (with Plate), . : ‘ : ; : : 5 71 13 Detailed Report on the Forestry Section in the Scottish National Exhibition, Edinburgh, organised by the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1st May to 31st October 1908 (with Plate), : ; : : : : 77 14. The Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society's Showyard at Aberdeen. By a Correspondent, 89 IV CONTENTS. 15. The Forestry Exhibition at the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Show of the Royal Agricultural Society of ae a By a Correspondent, . : : 5 16 British Forestry, . Notes and Queries :—Silvicultural Notes—The Silver Fir— The Appin Woods—Coniferous versus Broad-leaved Forests—Re-afforestation in Italy—Railway Fires Act, 1905—The Douglas Fir in Germany—Remains of Ancient Forests in Scottish Peat Mosses—Larch Disease in Ireland—Sir Walter Scott on Thinning—Appointment, Reviews and Notices of Books:—Sylvia: A Discourse on Forest Trees. By John Evelyn, F.R.S., with an Essay on the Life and Works of the Author by John Nisbet, D.CEc. A Reprint of the Fourth Edition in two Volumes. cxv. + 620 pp., with two Illustrations, including Portrait of John Evelyn. Arthur Doubleday & Co., Ltd., London. 2s. net; - : : . : - : Wald und Forstwirtschaft. Vom Kgl.-Forstmeister Dr. A. Schwappach. Deutsche Verlagshaus Bong u. Co., Berlin. With Map and many beautiful Illustrations, Neudammer Forster-Lehrbuch. By Several Authors. J. Neumann, Neudamm. Third Edition, 1907. Price 10 marks. 203 Illustrations, including 6 Coloured Plates, Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. V. ‘‘Forest Util- isation.” By W. R. Fisher, M.A. 2nd Edition. xxii. + 833 pp., with numerous Illustrations and an Index. Bradbury, Agnew & Co. I2s., net, Obituary:—John Booth, 17. Forestry in Some of its Economic Aspects. By Professor William Somerville, M.A., D.Sc., 18. The State in Relation to Forestry. By Dr. W. Schlich, Cie bes. : : : : ; 19. Afforestation and Timber - Planting in Great Britain and Ireland. By Dr. J. Nisbet, 20. Afforestation. By Lord Lovat, . 21. Afforestation. By R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., 22. The Royal Commission on Afforestation: their German and English Critics and remarks thereon. By Bert. Ribbentrop, C.I.E., : PAGE 92 97 104 115 Irs 118 119 120 I21I 132 139 156 169 180 CONTENTS. 23. Report of the Royal Commission on Afforestation. By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., : : 24. The Erosion and Afforestation Royal Commission Report. By J. F. Annand, 25. Deputation from the Society to the Chancellor of the Exchequer on National Afforestation, : 26. Afforestation of Waste Lands in Denmark, Holland, France, Belgium, and Germany, 27. The Aberdeen Branch of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society—Excursion to Forglen and Hatton, 28. The Trees of California. By F. R. S. Balfour, 29. The Glencorse Smoke Case. By Marion I. Newbigin, D.Sc., 30. Continental Notes—Germany (with Two Plates). By Bert. Ribbentrop, C.I.E., : : Notes and Queries :—Forestry Museum: Murthly Estate, Reviews and Notices of Books :—Illustrations of Conifers. By H. Clinton Baker. Vol. 1. 12+75 pp., with 66 beautifully executed full-page plates showing foliage and cones. Printed privately by Simson. Hertford, 1909, Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. V. ‘‘ Forest Utilisation.” By W. R. Fisher, M.A. 2nd Edition, Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1909, with Appendices. 200 207 211 213 221 227 237 239 240 a - : we 7 ve b 4 TRANSACTIONS OF 'THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. VOI STi BAe ak January 1909. ~~ Ligut.-CotonEL F. BAILEY, F.R.S.E., HONORARY EDITOR, ROBERT GALLOWAY, 8.8.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR..{.THH SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. A. &J. MAIN & C°> L®- MANUFACTURERS OF HAY & GRAIN SHEDS. In this SHED the HAY or GRAIN can be stored to within a few Inches of ROOF. / f WH HL AAA Hl ill HH lh \ } 4 i} i] uu Yi " YMA, i MN MM YAY WWE WWW Yj WOU {HH i | GY, MZ MY | FOLD YARD COVERINGS, STEEL AND IRON BUILDINGS, ~ Design Non G6t of every Description. CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING, IRON & WIRE FENCING, WROUCHT IRON RAILINGS, GATES, HURDLES, A PALE FENCING, TREE GUARDS, / Etc., Etc. cad Roofing and Fencing Catalogues on Application. GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING & FENCING WIRE at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, — POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. 49 CANNON STREET, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGH. By Special Appointment to his Majesty the Ring. Telephone Nos.— Edinburgh, Central 2674, 2675, and 4665. Glasgow, Argyle, “ : 7 $ f 2336 National. Treibhaus, London. SPIES London, 2117, P.O. Hampstead. MACKENZIE & MONCUR. HOTHOUSE BUILDERS, LTD. Heating, Ventilating, and Electrical Engineers, and Iron Founders. EDINBURGH: Registered Office—Balcarres Street. a Works— Balcarres Street. - Foundry—Slateford Road. GLASGOW: 121 St Vincent Street. LONDON: 8 Camden Road, N.W. Telegrams— “Hothouse, Edinburgh.” ‘*Tron, Edinburgh.” A ls ans as wg WL Saas BY 2a Erected at Aystree, Broughty Ferry. HOTHOUSE BUILDING. —Hothouses of every description designed and erected in any part of the country, with improved Ventilation, Gearing, Staging, and Heating Apparatus complete. HEATING,.—Churches, Public Buildings of all kinds, Schools, Mansions, Villas, &c., heated efficiently by Low Pressure, Hot Water, or by Steam. Also by ** Barker's” Cable System of Hot Water Low Pressure Heating, with small bore pipes and no sunk stokeholes. : LIGHTING.—Complete Installations for Lighting by Electricity fitted up in any part of the country. Petrol Gas Lighting Apparatus fitted up complete .on approved lines. FOUNDRY. — Architectural Ironwork of all kinds, Stable and Cow-House Fittings, Sanitary Castings, Manhole Covers, Ventilators, Gratings, &c. PLANS AND ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION. a*® ADVERTISEMENTS, DAVID W. THOMSON’S FOREST TREES. An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees, comprising SCOTS FIR, LARCH FIR (Native and Japanese), SPRUCE FIR, SILVER FIR, ABIES DOUGLASII, LARICIO and AUSTRIACA, and other trees in great variety, and in good condition for Removal. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS ano TREES In ALL SIzEs. Rhododendrons, Ponticums, and Hybrids, ALSO FINEST NAMED SORTS. HOLLIES, YEWS, LAURELS; PRIS and other Game-Cover Plants all recently transplanted. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. CHOIGE VEGETABLE SEEDS AND CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS. See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1909, Post Free on application. Hurseries— WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD and BOSWALL ROAD. Seed Warebouse— 113 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegraphic Address— ‘‘ LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, 6 BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW. FORESTRY DEPARTMENT. Day and Evening Classes are held in the College for the purpose of preparing Students for the Certificate of the College, for the Certificate in Forestry of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Examinations in connection with the Surveyor’s Institute. A Special Month’s Course of Instruction for Foresters is given in October of each year. Subjects of Instruction :— Forestry, : : . Joun Nisset, D.CEc. Soils and Manures, . Professor WRIGHT. Forest Entomology, . James J. F. X. Kine, F.E.S. Chemistry and Physics, Professor BERRY. Prospectus of the Day and Evening Classes and of the Special Class for Foresters may be had on application to the Secretary. Seed of PINUS BANKSIANA. Plants of LARIX OCCIDENTALIS. MOST FAMOUS OF ALL TREES FOR FORESTRY PLANTING COLLECTED, GROWN, AND FOR SALE BY EVERGREEN NURSERY COMPANY, STURGEON BAY, WIS., U.S.A. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, /== LARBERT, N.B. All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &c. ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & CO. (DALROSS, Ltd.), ADVERTISING AGENTS, 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS inserted in the Edinburgh, London, and Provincial Newspapers and Periodicals; also in all Colonial and Foreign Publications. A single copy of an Advertisement sent to Keith & Co. ensures 7mmediate insertion, without further trouble to the Advertiser, in any number of newspapers, and at an expense not greater than would have been incurred if the Advertisement or Notice had been forwarded to each Newspaper direct. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, GRASS PARKS, MANSION HOUSES, &c., to Let, ESTATES for SALE, TIMBER for SALE, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, &c. Official Advertising Agents to the SCOTTISH ESTATE FACTORS’ SOCIETY, and to the HIGHLAND & AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. KEITH & CO., 43 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone No. 316. ADVERTISEMENTS. DOUGLAS 8 FOULIS BOOKSELLERS snp LIBRARIANS SS=so—- STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY Kept in Stock An extensive Stock of New Books in all Classes of Literature at the usual Discount Prices also Books for Presentation in handsome Bindings Catalogues of Surplus Library Books at greatly Reduced Prices issued at intervals. Gratis and Post free to any address 9 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH Forest, Fruit 32.4" Trees & Plants. EVERGREENS, ROSES, DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. Herbaceous Plants. STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS, SEEDS ror FARM anp GARDEN, JOHN DOWNIE, meeAND 77 SHANDWICK PEACE EDINBURGH. Nurseries: Beechhill, Murrayfield, and Belgrave Park, Corstorphine. Telegraphic Address—‘‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2155. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegrams : Telephones : ‘“ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” National, No. 1378 PARTICK. Corporation, No. W333. ROBINSON, DUNN & GO, Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. ——~<+— Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. Creosoting Works at TEMPLE. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and GARDEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, 13 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. The Cenrrat Crasses in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AGRICULTURE AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Prospectus may be had on application to W. Scorr STEVENSON, Secy. AW” T Sv Woval CHarrant. i=] 2 gt FIRST-CLASS ei INTERNATIONAL GOLD FORESTRY EXHIBITION MEDAL EDINBURCH THOMAS METHVEN & SONS, Rurserymen, Secdsimen, & Florists TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING, er the attention of intending Planters to their large Stock of Seedling and Transplanted Forest and other Trees and Shrubs. They are this season in a healthy and. vigorous condition, and well suited for successful transplanting. Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs. Shrubs for Game Covert, and Underwood. Trees and Shrubs for Sea-Side Planting. Thorn and other Hedge Plants. SPECIMEN ORNAMENTAL TREES FOR LAWNS & AVENUES. RHODODENDRONS— ali the Best Varieties. FRUIT TREES of the Best Kinds. - - - ROSES— all sorts worthy of cultivation.- - Samples on Application. Special Prices for Large Quantities. Tuomas Mrruven & Sons undertake Landscape Gardening and Forest and Covert Planting of every description in any part of the Kingdom, also the Laying Out of Parks, Gardens, etc. Plans, Estimates, and Specifications will be forwarded on Application. Seed Warehouses: 15 PRINCES STREET & LEITH WALK. Nurseries: LEITH WALK, WARRISTON, INVERLEITH, and BANGHOLM. EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS. FOREST AND HEDGE, PLANTS Douglas Fir, European and Japanese Larch, Thorn for Hedges, ete., etc., a Speciality. Also Apple and Pear Stocks, Briars, and other Nursery Stock, pro 1000 and ¢ 100,000. All from sandy soil, with excellent roots; special prices for larger quantities. Best Shipping facilities v/a Hamburg at lowest freight, and Guarantee for safe arrival. Catalogues free. The Largest Nurseries in Germany. Shipments of 150 Millions of Plants annually. J. HEINS’ SONS, Halstenbek, No. 6, near Hamburg, GERMANY. a Notice to Members. CHANGE OF THE SOCIETY’S ADDRESS. $$ EYRE DSS Members will please note that the Society’s official address is now 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH, where all communications should be sent. A room has been secured there for the accommodation of the Society’s books and papers; and donations of books on forestry subjects for the Library will be gladly received and acknowledged by the Secretary. Members having books on loan will oblige by returning them to the above address. ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C,, Secretary and Treasurer. > j opal Scottish Arboricultural Society. INSTITUTED 1854. Permission to assume the tit Queen Patron—HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. le ‘* Royal” was granted by Her Majesty Victoria in 1887. FORMER PRESIDENTS. 1854-56. JaAmEsS Brown, Wood Commissioner to the | Earl of Seafield. 1857. The Right Hon. Tue EArt or Ductn. 1858. The Right Hon. THe Hart or Srair. 1859. Sir Joun HAut, Bart. of Dunglass. 1860. His Grace THE DUKE oF ATHOLL. 1861. JoHN I. CHALMERS of Aldbar. 1862. The Right Hon. Tue Kart or AIRiiz. 1863. The Right Hon. T. F. Kennepy. 1864-71. Ropert Hutcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. 1872-73. HucH CLEcHORN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1874-75. JoHN Hurron Baurour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS.L. & E., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1876-78. The Right Hon. W. P. Apam of Blair- adam, M.P. 1879-81. The Most Hon. OF LoTHiaANn, K.T. THe Marquis 1882. ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1883-85. Hueu CuecHorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1886-87. The Right Hon. Sir Herpert EvusTacr MAXWELL, Bart. of Monreith. 1888-89. The Most Hon. THe Marquis oF LINLITHGOW. 1890-93. Isaac BayitEy Batrour, M.D., Sce.D., F.R.S., LL.D., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1894-97. R. C. Munro FEercuson, M.P. 1898. Colonel F. Barney, R.E. 1899-02. The Right Hon. Tar Fart or MANSFIELD. 1903-06. W. StEvART ForHrineHAM of Murthly. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1908. President. Sir KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Vice=Presidents, D. F. MACKENZIE, F.S.I., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Mid- lothian. Str THOMAS GIBSON CARMICHAEL, Bart. of Castle Craig, Malleny House, Balerno. W. STEUART FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. Cou JOHN BOYD, Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws, Glasgow. A. T. GILLANDERS, F.E.S., Forester, Alnwick Castle, Nor- thumberland. W. H. MASSIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. JOHN D. CROZIER, Forester, Durris Estate, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. W. A. RABE, Factor, Murthly, Perthshire. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City | Chambers, Glasgow. ROBERT ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. JAMES COOK, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge. ROBERT FORBES, Overseer; Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. SIMON MACBEAN, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. G. U. MACDONALD, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine | Cottage, Peebles. Audi JOHN T. WATSON, 16 St Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollok- shaws. JOHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. JAMES JOHNSTONE, F.S.1., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. neil. GEORGE MACKINNON, Overseer, Melville, Lasswade. ADAM SPrENS Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edin- burgh. Dr hen We BORTHWICK, Royal Botanic Garden, Edin- urgh. GEORGE LEVEN, Forester, Auchincruive, St Quivox, Ayr. JOHN BROOM, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. SYDNEY J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty, Countesswells House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. JOHN W. M‘HATTIE, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. ; EARL OF MANSFIELD, Scone Palace, Perth. JOHN ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Hon. Editor. LiEuT.-CoLtoneL F, BAILEY, F.R.S. E., 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. tor. Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Hon, Secretary. R. C. MUNRO FERGUSON, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House, Kirkcaldy. Secretary and Treasurer, ABERDEEN BRANCH. President—A.Ex. M. Gorpon of Newton, by Insch. Hon. Secy.—Rosert Scort, 230 Union Street, Aberdeen. ROBERT GALLOWAY, §.8.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. NORTHERN BRANCH. President—J. GRANT THOMSON, Grantown, Strathspey. Hon. Secy.— ALEX. FRASER, Solicitor, 63 Church St., Inverness. * 2 Membership. HE Roll contains the names of over 1250 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions aftermentioned. School of Forestry, Afforestation, Etc. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided in Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of £584, 3s. rod. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical 3 training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland which might serve the above-named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in _ their Report the Committee have recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government has recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire ; and this, it is hoped, may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. The Society has now submitted to the Government a Resolution urging the further provision of a more accessibly situated tract carrying a fair proportion of growing woods, which may fulfil the objects for which a State Demonstration Forest has so long been needed. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. The Society’s Resolution also asks for Example Plots or Forest Gardens in connection with the various centres of Forestry instruction and other educational facilities, and further, recom- mends that a Board of Forestry for Scotland, or a Commission under the Board of Agriculture, should be established to foster and promote State and Private Afforestation in the country, with special power to survey and indicate all land suitable for afforesta- tion, and should be provided with sufficient funds to carry on its work efficiently. Excursions. During the past twenty-nine years, well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, and Ireland. In 1895 a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, and during the summer of 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of 4 wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. In addition to the Annual Exhibition before referred to, a large and important Forestry Section organised by this Society was included in the Scottish National Exhibition which was held in Edinburgh during the past year. The Society’s Transactions. The Zransactions of the Society, which extend to twenty-one volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the following Honorary Officials appointed by the Society. Consulting Botanist.—IsAAc BAYLEY BALFouR, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ALEXANDER LAUDER, D.Sc., 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. BorTHWICK, D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—ROBERT STEWART MacDouGa.., M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., 13 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geological Labora- tory, University of Edinburgh. Consulting Meteorologist. ANDREW WATT, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. Local Branches. The Society, at a recent Meeting, approved of the formation of Local Branches in suitable districts, and Local Branches have now been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. Counties. Aberdeen, Argyle, . Ayr, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan,. Dumbarton, Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Perth, . Renfrew, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland, JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Joun Micuiz, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. JOHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Pace, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Wo. MILNE, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Inetts, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. RogBErT Fores, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. RosBert Brown, Forester, Boiden, Luss. D. Crasse, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. Joun Hayes, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wo. Giucurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. Epmunpd Sane, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. JamEs A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JOHN Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. JOHN Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. JOHN Brypon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. W. Harrower, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy, JOHN ScRIMGEOUR, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. JoHN J. R. MEIKLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton, Miss AMy Frances YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JOHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso. Donatp RoBertson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES HocartH, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. Waker, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. Counties. Beds, Berks, Cheshire, Devon, Durham, Hants, Herts, Kent; . Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Notts ’ Salop, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, . Galway, . King’s County, Tipperary, England. FRANCIS MITCHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Storie, Whitway House, Newbury. Wma. A. Forster, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. JOHN F, ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. THOMAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowrsr, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. Hamitton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES MARTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor Bouncer, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S. W. Wo. Exper, Thoresby, Allerton, Newark. W. Micuim, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson Tomurnson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. FRANK Hutt, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport. GEORGE HANNAH, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. JOHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. ANDREW PEEBLES, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford. A. D. CuristTi£, 16 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birmingham. AnpREW Boa, Land Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. D. Tart, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Treland, “A. C. Forses, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILSON, B.Se., Royal College of Science, Dublin, Arcu. E. MozRAN, Palmerston House, Portumna. THomaAs Rosertson, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wo. Henverson, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. Avex. M‘Ran, Forester, Dundrum. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, §.8.C., SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Full Name, Designation, Degrees, etc., Candidate's 4 Address, are or Ordinary Deeb i... aaiccxsninntonstenmecnnetnnnceener Weer ee ee ee Signature, MP iietote cc sccnancntccuacasestseonr>>--s-estcsasneen joc cccneudaeuconaseden scons: Saat t ERT ETT ET Ee | SEGMALUIE one eesennnsneeceesnsneeesennnsececesnnnessecssnncsenensnuncessnnaserennaneseenannvssesaninercennnnesseneninans Proposer’s Adadres. S, Gg cetesteseeseaseaceacseeaeasistsseasuaesnsesnesacesenacnseneanensenanassensanenasensnseasenenssneesnnnssesaecese Seconder’s [CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— 1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually - . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed £500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, subscribing annually - : . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually : - : - . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's Subscription is due on the day of election unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first Subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Transactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the meetings of the Society. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Life Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, : : . £10 toad 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Mer- chants, and others, ; : : : “ 5 5 4e 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, . . . . . . . 3 3a VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Life Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a ew Life Member. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each Proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed. CON TENES: The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. PAGE 1. The Forest Resources of the United Kingdom. Report of Address to the sical by Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., F.R-S., ; i 5 : : : I 2. A Scheme for Establishing a National Industry of Forestry, 8 (1) Some Criticisms by Mr R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P. (2) Our Correspondent’s Reply. 3. The Loganburn Smoke Case. By Alex. Lauder, D.Sc., . 15 4. Demonstration Forests for Scotland. By F. L. C. Cowley- Brown, Indian Forest Service, ; ; ; 2 20 5. The Report of the Departmental Committee on Irish Forestry, 1908. By J. S. Gamble, C.I.E., F.R.S., ; 26 6. The Ziirich Woods. By Fraser Story, : : : 34 7. Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden, “Indian Forest Service, : ; : ‘ i 2 246 8. The Royal English Arboricultural Society's Tour in Denmark, 1908. By Fraser Story, . : ; 5é 9. Note on Working-Plan for the Chopwell Woods. By W.S., 61 10. The Ardross Working-Plan and Larch Canker, By A. D. Richardson, : : : : 4 : é 64 tr. Notes of Silvicultural Interest. By Thomas Hall, . : 67 12. Report of the Annual Excursion, August 1908 (with Plate), . 4 : : 3 : ‘ : 71 13. Detailed Report on the Forestry Section in the Scottish National Exhibition, Edinburgh, organised by the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1st May to 31st October 1908 (with Plate), ° . ; “ : : 77 14. The Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Showyard at Aberdeen. By a Correspondent, 89 G li CONTENTS. 15. The Forestry Exhibition at the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Show of the Royal Agricultural Society of mae By a Correspondent, . : : : : 16. British Forestry, . Notes and Queries:—Silvicultural Notes—The Silver Fir— The Appin Woods—Coniferous versus Broad-leaved Forests—Reafforestation in Italy—Railway Fires Act, 1905—The Douglas Fir in Germany—Remains of Ancient Forests in Scottish Peat-Mosses—Larch Disease in Ireland—Sir Walter Scott on Thinning—Appointment, Reviews and Notices of Books:—Sylva: A Discourse on Forest Trees. By John Evelyn, F.R.S., with an Essay on the Life and Works of the Author by John Nisbet, D.Céc. A Reprint of the Fourth Edition in two Volumes. cxv + 620 pp., with two Illustrations, including Portrait of John Evelyn. Arthur Doubleday & Co., Ltd., London. 2Is. net, : : . : : : Wald und Forstwirtschaft. Vom Kgl.-Forstmeister Dr A. Schwappach. Deutsche Verlagshaus Bong u. Co., Berlin. With Map and many beautiful Illustrations, Neudammer Forster-Lehrbuch. By Several Authors. J. Neumann, Neudamm. Third Edition, 1907. Price 10 marks. 203 Illustrations, including 6 Coloured Plates, . Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. V. ‘‘Forest Util- isation.” By W.R. Fisher, M.A. 2nd Edition. xxii + 833 pp., with numerous Illustrations and an Index. Bradbury, Agnew & Co. 12s. net, Obituary :—John Booth, . : ; : ‘ ‘ PAGE 104 II5 118 118 119 120 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1. The Forest Resources of the United Kingdom.! In beginning his address, Sir Herbert Maxwell said he felt that, in undertaking to lay before them, in the space of an hour, a view of the present condition and an estimate of the capabilities of British woodland, he was attempting to get a gallon into a quart pot. The utmost he could hope to do was to convince them of the great loss incurred by the State and private owners by their neglect of sound principles of forestry, and the urgent need for a speedy reform in the management of our woods. The urgency of the matter arose from three causes, namely— (1) The rapidly increasing demand for timber in the United A. QuantTitiEs oF Woop AND TIMBER IMPORTED. Wood and Timber. 1886. 1905. Increase. ee ure HEwN— Loads. Loads. Loads. | Loads. Himes. . > ||| 1,308,279 | 2,590,078 |-1,20735600 AAs 86°9 Wakevewert ss). 95,178 145,663 50,485 aie 53°0 Galore Tels! s 40,895 60,976 20,081 ee 49°I Unenumerated, . 58,411 53,934 as 4,577 7°8 SAWN or SPLIT— Fir, . . . . « | 3,554,769 | 5,797,922 | 2,243,153 | -.. 63°1 Unenumerated, . 231,017 188,604 aah 42,413] 18°3 SAWISSE 0. ew ls 130,717 119,182 Ac Rls a5 88 FURNITURE Woops— Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Mahogany, . . . |. 48,732 95,548 46,816 nee 96°0 Unenumerated, . 50,717 197,111 146, 394 ate 288°6 WoopD-PULP, .. . 117,683 578,012 460, 349 nee 301 °2 Dye-woods, tanning material, wood-pulp boards, and some other forest products are not included in this return. 1 Report of a Lecture delivered to the Society in Edinburgh on 5th August 1908, by the Right Hon. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart. VOL. XXII. PART I. A 2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. B. DEcLARED VALUE OF Woop AND TIMBER IMPORTS. | Wood and Timber. 1886. 1905. pes be es | HEwN— £ & & ate ose oiwre 2,191,254 3,495,523 1,304,269} 59°5 Oak a anit 540,242 875,875 335,033] 62°1 Deak re! 6 fe)! i 498,257 876,654 378,397] 75°9 Unenumerated, . 192,483 2255753 335270) ely SAWN OR SPLIT— Biren tre ane ets 7,813,046] 14,469,574 6,656,528} 85'1 Unenumerated, . 392,446 785,756 393,310] 100°2 STAVES S) me6.4! ise fs 532,117 553,092 20,975 3°9 Woop-PULP, .. . 724,955 2,759,627 2,034,672] 280°6 FURNITURE Woops— Mahogany, . . . 402,935 820,995 418,060] 103°7 Unenumerated, . 407,562 1,170,785 763,236 | 187°2 Total, . . . |£13,695,297 | £26,033,647 | £12,338,350| 9o°0 Kingdom; (2) a corresponding increase in the consumption of timber in certain other countries; and (3) a serious diminution in the available timber supply in all accessible parts of the world. As to the increase in British consumption, he exhibited Tables A and B, compiled from the Statistical Abstract, showing the increase in the quantity and value of our timber imports during the last twenty years. Much of the timber, he pointed out, was quite capable of being grown in the United Kingdom. The Table showed that there had been a large increase in the quantity of the imports of every class of wood product, except unenumerated hewn wood, unenumerated sawn wood, and staves. But even where there had been a fall in the total quantity imported, the enhanced price had swelled the total amount paid. Thus :— | Decrease in Increase in Quantity. Total Price. Se Pee ee =| | Loads. Per cent. Unenumerated Hewn Woods, . ; 4,577 yy Unenumerated Sawn Woods, . ; 42,413 18°3 Staves, ’ ; ; : ; 5 11,585 8°8 THE FOREST RESOURCES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 3 The lecturer went on to say that it happened that the article of greatest consumption—sawn fir—was one that could be most readily produced in this country. We had neglected to grow it, and consequently had not only sacrificed, as producers, the profit which we might have secured by timely foresight, but we had to pay far more dearly as consumers. COMPETITION OF FOREIGN CONSUMERS. If anybody thought that there was no cause for anxiety, that it did not matter where we got our timber so long as we were able to pay for it, let him lay to heart the warning uttered by the Departmental Committee on Forestry, who reported in 1902 :—‘“ The world is rapidly approaching a shortage, if not an actual dearth, in its supply of coniferous timber, which con- stitutes between 80 and go per cent. of the total British timber imports.” Coniferous timber rose 22 per cent. in price during the twenty years from 1885 to 1905. — Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. Creosoting Works at TEMPLE. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and GARDEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, 138 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. +08 The Crenrrat Criasses in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AGRICULTURE AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Prospectus may be had on application to W. Scorr STEVENSON, Secy. 1 qr wy S00 pM MALI 7 Sa ey, Bu Roval WAarrant. JT. METHYEN & SONS, EDINBURGH, FIRST-CLASS UNTERNATIONAL GOLD FORESTRY, EXHIBITION < EDINBURGH MEDAL > 1984. International Forestry Exhibition, Edinburgh, 1884. THOMAS METHVEN & SONS. Rurseryinen, Seedsmen, § Florists TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING, NVITE the attention of intending Planters to their large Stock of Seedling and Transplanted Forest and other Trees and Shrubs. They are this season in a healthy and vigorous condition, and well suited for successful transplanting. Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs. Shrubs for Game Covert, and Underwood. Trees and Shrubs for Sea=Side Planting. Thorn and other Hedge Plants. SPECIMEN ORNAMENTAL TREES FOR LAWNS & AVENUES. RHODODENDRONS— all the Best Varieties. FRUIT TREES of the Best Kinds. - - - ROSES —all sorts worthy of cultivation.- - Samples on Application. Special Prices for Large Quantities. THomas Meruven & Sons undertake Landscape Gardening and Forest and Covert Planting of every description in any part of the Kingdom, also the Laying Out of Parks, Gardens, ete. Plans, Estimates, and Specifications will be forwarded on Application. Seed Warehouses: 15 PRINCES STREET & LEITH WALK. Nurseries: LEITH WALK, WARRISTON, INVERLEITH, and BANGHOLM. EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS, Notice to Members. CHANGE OF THE SOCIETY’S ADDRESS. Members will please note that the Society’s official address is now 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH, where all communications should be sent. A room has been secured there for the accommodation of the Society’s books and papers; and donations of books on forestry subjects for the Library will be gladly received and acknowledged by the Secretary. Members having books on loan will oblige by returning them to the above address. ROBERT GALLOWAY S34 Secretary and Treasurer, Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. - INSTITUTED 1854. Patron—HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. Permission to assume the title ‘‘ Royal” was granted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in 1887. FORMER PRESIDENTS. 1854-56. JAMES Brown, Wood Commissioner to the 1879-81. The Most Hon. Tue Marquis OF Earl of Seafield. | LOTHIAN, K.T. 1857. The Right Hon. Tur EArt or Ducte. 1882. ALEXANDER Dicxson, M.D.. F.R.S.E., of 858. The Right Hon. THE EArt oF Sratr,. Hartree, Professor of Botany in the 1859. Sir Jonn Haut, Bart. of Dunglass. University of Edinburgh. 1860. His Grace THE DUKE oF ATHOLL. 1883-85. HugH Cuecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., 861. JoHn I, CHALMERS of Aldbar. of Stravithie. 862. The Right Hon. Tue EArt or AIRLIE | 1886-87. The Right Hon. Sir Herprerr Eustace 1863. The Right Hon. T. F. Kennepy. MAXweELL, Bart. of Monreith. 1864-71. Robert HuTcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. | 1888-89. The Most Hon. Tar Marquis oF i8/2-73. HucH CiecHoRN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., LINLITHGOW. of Stravithie. - | 1890-98. Isaac Bayley Baurour, M.D.. Sc.D., 1874-75. JoHN Hurron Baurour, M.D., M.A.,, | F.R.S., LL.D., Professor of Botany in F.R.SS.L. & E., Professor of Botany in | the University of Edinburgh. the University of Edinburgh. 1894-97. R. C. Munro FEereuson, M.P. 1876-78. The Right Hon. W. P. ApaAm of Blair-/1898. | Colonel F. Batnry, R.E. adam, M.P. | 1899-02. The Right Hon. THE Ear or MANSFIELD. 1903-06. W. SrrvarT ForHRINcHAM of Murthly. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1909. President. Stir KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Vice=Presidents. . STEUART FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshiie. JAMES JOHNSTONE, F-.S.I., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. rR JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollok- MACLACHLAN of Maclachlan, 12 Abercromby Place, Edin- shaws. burgh. DHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, 15 PrincesStreet, Edinburgh. W. H. MASSIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Council. OBERT ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. JOHN W. M‘HATTIE, Superintendent of City Parks, City AMES COOK, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge. , Chambers, Edinburgh. OBERT FORBES, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. EARL OF MANSFIELD, Scone Palace, Perth. MON MACBEAN, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. JOHN F,. ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, . : r Ret Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Fereee Pesan. Pee youn Eevate, Woodbine CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. EORGE MACKINNON, Overseer, Melville, Lasswade. A. etter ey F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Aln- DAM SPIERS, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edin. JOHN. D CROZIER, Forester, Durris Estate, Drumoak, burgh. 7 3 : Aberdeenshire. R A. W. BORTHWICK, Royal Botanic Garden, Edin- jays WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City burgh. 2 ; p Chambers, Glasgow. FEORGE LEVEN, Forester, Auchincruive, St Quivox, Ayr. p. F. MACKENZIE, F-.S.I., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Mid- (OHN BROOM, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. lothian. YDNEY J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty, Countesswells W.S. HALDANE, of Foswell, 44 Melville Street, Edinburgh. House, Bieldside, Aberdeen FRED MOON, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh, Hon. Editor. CotoneL F. BAILEY, F-R.S.E., 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. Auditor. ‘ * JOHN T. WATSON, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Hon. Secretary. R. C. MUNRO FERGUSON, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House, Kirkcaldy. Secretary and Treasurer, ROBERT GALLOWAY, 8.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. ABERDEEN BRANCH. NORTHERN BRANCH. *vesident—SyDNEY J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty. President—Lorp LoyatT. ¢ Ton. Secy.—RogseErRt Scorr, 230 Union Street, Aberdeen. Hon. Secy.—A.xEx. FRASER, Solicitor, 63 Church St., Inverness. b* 92 = Membership. ) | (HE Roll contains the names of over 1300 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction - of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions aftermentioned. School of Forestry, Afforestation, Etc. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided in Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of £534, 38. 1od. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the 3o0ard of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only 3 for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland which might serve the above-named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in their Report the Committee have recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government has recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire ; and this, it is hoped, may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. The Society has now submitted to the Government a Resolution urging the further provision of a more accessibly situated tract carrying a fair proportion of growing woods, which may fulfil the objects for which a State Demonstration Forest has so long been needed. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. The Society’s Resolution also asks for Example Plots or Forest Gardens in connection with the various centres of Forestry instruction and other educational facilities, and further, recom- mends that a Board of Forestry for Scotland, or a Commission under the Board of Agriculture, should be established to foster and promote State and Private Afforestation in the country, with special power to survey and indicate all land suitable for afforesta- tion, and should be provided with sufficient funds to carry on its work efficiently. Excursions. During Ahe past thrity years, well-organised Excursions, numer- ously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, and Ireland. In 1895 a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Your extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, during the summer of 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited, and during the present summer a visit is to be undertaken to the Bavarian Forests. ‘These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited + specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, inséct pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. In addition to the Annual Exhibition before referred to, a large and important Forestry Section organised by this Society was included in the Scottish National Exhibition which was held in Edinburgh during the past year. The Society’s Transactions. The Transactions of the Society, which extend to twenty-two volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and . other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the following Honorary Officials appointed by the Society. Consulting Botanist.—ISAAC BAYLEY BALFourR, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ALEXANDER LAUDER, D.Sc., 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. BoRTHWICK,. D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—ROBERT STEWART MacDoucatt, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., 13 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geological Labora- tory, University of Edinburgh. ; Consulting Meteorologist. ANDREW WATT, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. Local Branches. The Society, at a recent Meeting, approved of the formation of Local Branches in suitable districts, and Local Branches have now been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. Counties. Aberdeen, Argyle, . Ayr, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan,. Dumbarton, Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Perth, Renfrew, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland. JoHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. JouN Micutg, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. JoHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Pace, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Wm. Mine, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Ineuts, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. RosBerT Fores, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. RozserT Brown, Forester, Boiden, Luss, D. CrasBeE, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. W.S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wm. Gitcurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. EpMUND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Barnhill, Broughty Ferry. James A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JoHN Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. JouN Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. JOHN Brypon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. D. Scort, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. W. Harrower, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy. JoHN ScrrmcGEouR, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. Joun J. R. MEIKLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMy Frances YuLE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. Joun LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. Matuer, Nurseryman, Kelso. Donatp RoBerrson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie, JAMES HocGarrH, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. WaukeEr, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill, Counties. Beds, Berks, Cheshire, Devon, Durham, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Notts, Salop, Suffolk, . Surrey, « Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, . Galway, . Kings County, Tipperary, England. FRANCIS MITCHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Storie, Whitway House, Newbury. Wma. A. Forster, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. JoHN F. ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle upon-Tyne. W. R. Browy, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. Tuomas SmitTH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. HAMILTON, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES Martin, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor Bouncer, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S. W. Wm. Exper, Thoresby, Allerton, Newark. W. Micuie, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson Tomurnson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. Frank Hutt, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport. GEoRGE HANNAH, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. JoHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. A. D. CuristTI£, 16 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birmingham. ANDREW Boa, Land Agent, The Avenue, Trowbridge. D. Tarr, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Glenmore, Treland. A. C. ForseEs, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILsoN, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Arcu. E. Morran, Palmerston House, Portumna. THuomMAS RoBeRTsSON, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wm. Henperson, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. AuLEex. M‘Rar, Forester, Dundrum. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, §.8.C., SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Full Name, Designation, Degrees, etc., Candidate's 4 Address, Life, or Ordinary Member, Signature, . ( Signature Proposer’s ~ Address, Signature, . Seconder’s | Address, {CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— 1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually : . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed 4500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . . Half-a-Guinea. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, subscribing annually : ¢ . Six Shillings. Gs 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually : 2 : ‘ . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's Subscription is due on the day of election unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first Subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zvamsactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the meetings of the Society. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Life Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, : - + E4IO MONO 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Mer- chants, and others, : : 4 : : 5 Boe 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, 5 : : : . : . 3) Sse VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zi/e Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a xew Life Member. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each Proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. ‘The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed. CONTENTS The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. PAGE 17. Forestry in Some of its Economic Aspects. By Professor William Somerville, M.A., D.Sc, . : : Sera 18. The State in Relation to Forestry. By Dr. W. Schlich, (GC olBs5 UglseSiq : : : : ; 3 132 19 Afforestation and Timber - Planting in Great Britain and Ireland. By Dr. J. Nisbet, . : ; : . 139 20. Afforestation. By Lord Lovat, . F : é 5 ust) 21. Afforestation. By R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., . = 169 22. The Royal Commission on Afforestation: their German and English Critics and remarks thereon. By Bert. Ribbentrop, C.1.E., ; : . 180 23. Report of the Royal Commission on Afforestation. By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., é 4 ‘ . 186 24. The Erosion and Afforestation Royal Commission Report. By J. F. Annand, : : : : : . 188 25. Deputation from the Society to the Chancellor of the Exchequer on National Afforestation, “ : . 200 26. Afforestation of Waste Lands in Denmark, Holland, France, Belgium, and Germany, : : 3 5 . 207 27. The Aberdeen Branch of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society Excursion to Forglen and Hatton, 3) 211 28. The Trees of California. By F. R S. Balfour, : 5 ARG 29. TheGlencorse Smoke Case By MarionI Newbigin, D.Sc, 221 30. Continental Notes—Germany (with Two Plates). By Bert. Ribbentrop, C IE., . : : : : > 227 Notes and Queries :—Forestry Museum: Murthly Estate, 2 237, Reviews and Notices of Books :—Illustrations of Conifers. By H. Clinton Baker. Vol. 1. 12+75 pp., with 66 beautifully executed full-page plates showing foliage and cones. Printed privately by Simson. Hertford, 1909, é e230 Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. V. ‘‘ Forest Utilisation.” By W. R. Fisher, M.A. 2nd Edition : : . 240 Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1909, with Appendices. * ba bs * ae TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 17. Forestry in Some of its Economic Aspects. ! By PROFESSOR WILLIAM SOMERVILLE, M.A., D.Sc. After summarising the recommendations made by the Select Committee of 1885, and the Departmental Committees of 1902 and 1907 (Ireland), with their results, Dr Somerville proceeds :— “Lastly, there remains to be mentioned the inquiry that has recently been concluded by the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion and Afforestation in terms of the reference ‘ Whether in connection with reclaimed lands or otherwise, it is desirable to make an experiment in afforestation as a means of increasing employment during periods of depression in the labour market, and if so, by what authority and under what conditions such experiment should be conducted.’ In their Report the Commisson recommend that Forest Commissioners be appointed to determine the specific areas that may with advantage be afforested — amounting, it is estimated, to 9,000,000 acres—and that the work should proceed at the rate of 150,000 acres annually, at a cost for land, labour, and material, of £2,000,000 a year. Seeing that this is a re- productive work it is recommended that it should be financed by loan, the annual interest, together with administrative charges, amounting in the first year to £90,000, and rising to over 3,000,000 in the fortieth year, after which, till the eightieth 1 Condensed from a paper read by the author before the Royal Statistical Society, 16th February 1909. . VOL. XXII. PART II. I I22 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. year, the woods would be more than self-supporting. Thereafter there would be a clear revenue of over 21,000,000, which would represent about 3? per cent. on the whole of the charges of creation and maintenance accumulated till the eightieth year at 3 per cent. compound interest, less the intermediate returns similarly accumulated. It is suggested that land be acquired by voluntary negotiation where possible, but that compulsory powers be obtained and exercised if necessary. Owners of land falling within a statutory definition of “ suitability” would be exempted from the operations of the Act, provided they were prepared to afforest the area within a reasonable time, and ina manner satisfactory to the Forestry Commissioners. Afforesta- tion on the scale contemplated would mean the employment during the winter months of some 18,oo0 men, who, it is suggested, should be selected on their merits, and not from eleemosynary considerations. Afforestation is thus no panacea for unemployment, though, to the extent indicated, it would react on the general situation. ‘A subject that has received such a large amount of official attention during recent years, and which has been so favourably reported on by one Select and two Departmental Committees, and by a Royal Commission, must have merits that are intrinsically attractive ; and I therefore propose to discuss very shortly some of the social and economic aspects in which forestry, in its widest sense, may be regarded.” : After stating the extent and percentage of wooded area in certain European countries, the author shows that :— “Should 9,000,000 acres be afforested, as recommended by the Royal Commission, the percentage of wooded area in the United Kingdom would be raised from 4 to 15°6, placing this country above Denmark, the Netherlands, and Italy, though still below all the other important countries of Europe. In Scotland, where, it is suggested, two-thirds of the total area would be situated, the percentage would be raised from 4°6 to 35°4, which would make that country one of the best-wooded in Europe.” He then discusses at some length the quantity and money value of our present timber production, comparing these with the returns derived from certain State forests in Germany. He estimates the net amount of our annual payments for imported timber at £26,000,000, exclusive of those made for certain FORESTRY IN SOME OF ITS ECONOMIC ASPECTS. 123 imported wood products which amount to nearly 417,000,000 ; and observes that, although we, of all nations, are the most dependent on foreign supplies to meet our timber requirements, several other countries are also large importers of this commodity, the largest being Germany, the United States, France, Belgium, and Italy, while the largest exporters are the United States, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Canada. Dr Somerville disclaims any intention of showing, or even suggesting, by means of the figures given in his tables, that we, in this country, could ever hope to become self-supporting in the matter of timber and timber products. He continues :— ‘A large proportion of our imports reach us from tropical and sub-tropical climates, but, on the other hand, the bulk of our supplies have been produced in temperate countries. If we exclude the United States, which sends to us, amongst other woods, pitch pine, a tree that demands for its growth a higher range of temperature than these Islands can show, and confine ourselves to countries which for the most part have a climate not unlike our own, we find that from such countries we draw about two-thirds (8,500,000 loads) of our timber imports, paying for them roughly about 420,000,000 annually. On the assumption of an annual increment of about one load per acre, it would take some 9,000,000 acres of forest to give a sustained yield of this amount, and if the recommendations of the Royal Commission are given effect to I do not doubt that eighty years hence we should be producing this yield. Whether the area be 9,000,000 or whether the alternative scheme, involving 6,000,000 acres, be adopted, the land has got to be found, and it is evident that no such area of “waste” ground exists in this country. Clearly, extension of silviculture in this country must be associated with displacement of food and with disturbance of population. As regards the former, it may be said that even the most enthusiastic advocate of extended silviculture does not suggest that good arable land should be planted. Woods, as is well known, show good growth on land of low agricultural and pastoral value, provided the altitude be not too great. This is due to two reasons; the first, that wood removes from the soil relatively little plant food, and the second, that many trees thrive well, in fact some thrive best, where the rainfall is so heavy as to make tillage farming impossible, and even pastoral farming difficult. 124 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. “Taste V.—Amount of the more important constituents of plant food removed from an acre of land by the annual produce of certain crops and trees. “*(From Warington’s Chemzstry of the Farm, 15th ed., pp. 72-74, except as to the nitrogen in Scots pine, which is taken from Ebermayer’s Physzolo- gtsche Pfhlanzenchemie, p. 67.) Amount Removed in a Year's Growth. x Weight per =< : : — = | C208: Acre (dry). | Nitrogen. Phosp. Acid. Potash. | Ibs Ibs. Ibs. Ibs | Wheat, . : . 4183 50 20st 28°8 | } | Meadow hay, . 5 2822 49 13} 50°9 | | Mangolds, . : : 7508 149 52°9 300°7 | Beech, : : : 2822 10 | 5 4°2 Scots pine, . re 2884 Gele || rig) 2°3 “* Not only do trees require but little plant food, but they have special powers of collecting even that little, inasmuch as their root range is immensely greater than that of grass or of farm crops. ‘Thus it comes about that one may find a crop of timber of maximum quantity and quality on land of a rental value of a few pence per acre, and in support of this statement there is abundant evidence in the volumes of the proceedings of the various public inquiries which have been held. “Speaking generally, and with very few exceptions, the land that it is suggested may with advantage be afforested is at present grazed by mountain sheep. Even below the upper limit of profitable tree-growth in this country—1500 feet—it is seldom that such land can support throughout the year more than one sheep to two acres. The tangible produce that finds its way to market is the four months’ old lambs, minus such female lambs as are necessary to maintain the flock at its numerical strength, plus a proportion of the ewes—the “draft” or “cast” ewes. In addition to this meat there is the yield of wool, of which the annual supply for the class of sheep in question may be put at 4 lbs. per head, or 2 lbs. per acre. “The Royal Commission that have recently reported went in considerable detail into the relationship of afforestation to meat FORESTRY IN SOME OF ITS ECONOMIC ASPECTS, 125 production, and they arrived at the conclusion that the weight of meat, calculated as mutton, that would be displaced by the extensive planting of the class of land indicated, would amount at most to 15 lbs. per acre per annum.! The weight of meat that would be displaced by the afforestation of 9,000,000 acres would therefore aggregate 60,o00 tons per annum; and, utilising the figures of the Milk and Meat Committee of this Society,” the Commission pointed out that the meat displaced would amount to 4°81 per cent. of our total home-grown produce, or 2°67 per cent. of our annual consumption. ** While there would be some displacement of meat there would be no displacement, though there would be some disturbance, of population as a consequence of extended afforestation, so long as the work was confined to pastoral areas. In the absence of tillage a very small staff of shepherds suffices to work a grazing farm of the character of those which embrace the hill districts of Scotland, and the north and west of England. The number of sheep placed in the charge of a man varies to some extent with the breed and with the character of the ground, but chiefly with the character of the stock, that is to say, whether it is a ewe or wedder stock. A breeding stock requires most attention, and the usual number allocated to a shepherd—the ‘“hirsel” as it is called all over Scotland—is 500. Wedder stocks— which, however, are hardly known outside the higher ground of Wales and the north of England and the Highlands of Scotland—are shepherded at the rate of as many as 2000, but as the grazing ground of such flocks, for the most part, lies above the planting limit, they may in this connection be disregarded. If two acres be allowed to each ewe, it means that one shepherd is employed on a thousand acres, and this figure has been accepted in both the recent English inquiries. “The question then arises: How many men can find constant employment per unit of area—say, 1000 acres—in a forest worked upon a definite rotation? The answer will obviously depend upon various considerations: The species of tree, the length of the rotation, the character of the ground, the method of working—whether stocking is accomplished by natural or artificial means, and, if the latter, whether by sowing or planting —whether the trees are sold standing or are first felled, whether 1 Report, sect. 78-79. 2 Journal of the Royal Statistical Soczety, vol. \xvii., p. 380. 126 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the timber is disposed of “in the rough ” or is partially converted, and so on. The census reports for rg01 show that 16,395 persons in the United Kingdom were returned as woodmen, and if this figure be used as a divisor for the number of acres under wood, 3,075,773, we get 187 as the number of acres allotted to each man. But, interesting as this figure is, it is obvious that it cannot be applied to our present purpose. A very large proportion of our wooded area is held in such small portions— say under 50 acres—that the owner does not keep a woodman, while in the under-wood districts of England—chiefly the south- east—the woods are often let to the agricultural tenants, who do the cutting with ordinary farm labour. One gets a better idea of the labour that land under wood can absorb, by ascertaining the number of the forest staff on estates with a large area of woodland. But in this country even this method of inquiry will yield a figure that is not quite satisfactory, inasmuch as the growing stock of timber in our woodlands is almost invariably lower than it would be under good manage- ment, and consequently the staff required is also somewhat below the normal. “The most reliable data as regards labour are undoubtedly furnished by the great State forests of France and Germany, and there it is found that forest work, up to and including the felling of the timber, requires the services or provides the remuneration of one man to 75 to 100 acres. If these figures be adopted, as they have been adopted in recent inquiries,! it means that pastoral land converted to silviculture can maintain a population ten to thirteen times as dense as that which formerly occupied the ground. And this, of course, takes no account of the further labour that is required for hauling the timber, and for manipulating it in the sawmill, pulp factory, or elsewhere. ‘“‘T have indicated what is, approximately, the density of the population that forest land can permanently maintain; but where the forests are first to create, a more immediate question is: What amount of labour will be required during the stage of sowing and planting ? The answer to this question also depends on a variety of circumstances—the kind of ground, the species of tree, the size of plant, the method of planting, and others— | Report of Royal Commission, sect. 62-65. Report of Committee of 1902, sect. 9. FORESTRY iN SOME OF ITS ECONOMIC ASPECTS. 127 but, taking a broad average, it is probable that the afforestation of roo acres will require the services of twelve men during six months. While the general operations of forestry extend throughout the year, the actual work of planting is confined to the period between the middle of October and the middle of March. This is the time of year when labour is most abundant, and it is also the time when work on farms is least pressing. Forestry, therefore, fits in well with our rural social conditions. While the Royal Commission fail to see in afforestation any solution for the problem of unemployment, they point out that it is better fitted than any rural industry to retain population on the land, while it also harmonises well with the development of small holdings. On the Continent most of the winter work in the forests is performed by men who, during summer, are engaged in agricultural operations, generally on their own holdings. It was given in evidence that in Scotland crofters found it an immense advantage to have woods in their neighbourhood, in which they could find remunerative employ- ment at a time when they could be readily spared from their holdings. “ A subject that has long interested those who have given their attention to the world’s trade in timber is the question of the maintenance of supplies. With few, if any, exceptions those who have examined the situation have come to the conclusion that exports cannot be maintained at their present level, and at no time has the probability of a timber famine been more insisted on than at present.” After discussing this question generally, Dr Somerville proceeds as follows :— “The Royal Commission on Coast Erosion and Afforestation took much evidence on the subject of the trend of prices and quality of timber, and the Report! and volume of evidence prove conclusively that while prices have been steadily rising during the past twenty years, and markedly so during the past ten, the quality has been persistently falling. A rise therefore of 20 percent. in the price, for instance, of first quality Baltic yellow deal is, in itself, sufficiently serious, but the aspect of the case becomes still more serious when it is found that timber classed as “Grade I.” to-day, would some ten years ago, have been classed no higher than “ Grade III.” ! Section 25. 128 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. “Of the four countries on which we chiefly depend for our timber imports, it would appear that we cannot cherish the expectation that either the United States or Canada can long maintain their supplies. While there is uncertainty about Russia (including Siberia) the probability would seem to be favourable to that country maintaining her exports for a long period.! As regards the fourth of these countries, Sweden, we have it on the authority of the Central Bureau of Statistics that, in 1900, 106,000,000 cubic feet were annually being withdrawn from her forests beyond what is annually produced.? If this be so it would appear that a curtailment of supplies from that country must soon be expected. Time does not permit of the subject being pursued further, though the fact is not overlooked that relief may, to some extent, be found in the direction of the displacement of wood by concrete, iron, and similar substitutes. Much may also be done to prevent and control forest fires, which in the past have perhaps consumed as much timber as has fallen to the woodman’s axe. ‘Then, again, nations that have hitherto recklessly exploited their forests are now taking some steps to secure regeneration, and, in the course of time, such action will have its effect on supplies. ‘“‘ Tf material extension of afforestation is to take place in this, or, in fact, in any country, it can only be through the direct agency of the State. The planting of trees has appealed with great force to individuals, who have formed or extended wood- lands to give shelter, afford sport, and improve the amenities of their estates. As often as not woods have been formed to gratify a taste of much the same character as that which induces a man of means to buy pictures, or establish a herd of pedigree shorthorns. The timber that private woodlands yield is of service in the upkeep of the estate, and the revenue resulting from the sale may be substantial as well as attractive. Few landowners care to see woodland reverting to rough pasture, so that one may say that it is seldom that the proportion of woodland on an estate is not maintained. But substantial extension of afforestation on an estate is comparatively rare. Of course there are exceptions, as in the case of the witness who came before the Committee of 1902, and testified that he 1 Schwappach, Forstliche Retsebilder aus Russland, Zett. fiir Forst und JSagdwesen, 1902. * Sweden, edited by G. Sundbiirg, 1904, p. 620. FORESTRY IN SOME OF ITS ECONOMIC ASPECTS. 129 himself had extended his woodlands by 12,000 acres.! But afforestation can never appeal to the individual as a purely commercial undertaking. ‘This, it seems to me, is inherent in the circumstances of the case, for when a scheme of planting is comtemplated the landowner has to face two considerations, either of which may make him pause, and both of which will almost certainly make him stop. In the first place, the necessary -land has to be withdrawn from some other form of utilisation, and this means the loss of immediate income. In the second place, capital has to be found for the silvicultural operations, and this must be accompanied by suspension of interest, or it must entail the payment of interest on borrowed capital. The individual may be quite convinced of the soundness of the investment, and of the ultimately remunerative character of the undertaking, but present necessities are much more potent than future advantages, and especially is this the case where the advantages are quite certain to be reaped by some other individual. In the case of the State, however, the matter appears in an entirely different light. An undertaking whose returns may be deferred for even a century need not deter her from taking action. A century, where an individual is concerned, is overwhelming ; a century in the life of a nation is insignificant. To what depths of pessimism must a nation have descended if it dare not postulate an existence of a hundred years! In point of fact, a crop of certain kinds of timber may be reaped in half this time, but even this restricted period has no attraction for the individual. On account, therefore, of the necessarily deferred character of the returns of forestry, the State is pre- eminently qualified to undertakethe work. But on other grounds also the State makes an excellent forester. Continuity of management, comprehensive working-plans, and maintenance of supplies at a steady level can only be satisfactorily secured in State forests. Whether large extension of afforestation in this country is desirable or not is open to argument, but if the desirability of such extension be admitted, the conclusion, it seems to me, cannot be avoided, that the State alone can accomplish the result.” = @x625: 130 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY: 18. The State in Relation to Forestry.! By Dr W. ScHLICcH, C.I.E., F.R.S. As forests occupy a part of the land, their position must, in the first instance, be considered from the point of view of political economy. We understand by the latter:—‘‘That branch of philosophy which discusses the sources and methods of material wealth and prosperity in a nation.” Applied to forests, we arrive at Forest Policy, which in- quires :—‘“ Whether and in how far forests need be maintained in a country, whether the State as such should hold the forests, or whether the maintenance of them may be left to private enterprise.” It is evident that, to answer this question, the general utility of forests, in the economy of man and nature, must be ascertained. ‘That utility is of a direct and indirect nature. Taking the latter first, it must suffice to state that — (1) Forests reduce the temperature of soil and air to a moderate extent, and render the climate more equable. (2) They increase the relative humidity of the air and reduce evaporation. (3) They tend to increase the precipitation of moisture in the shape of rain, snow, and dew. (4) They help to regulate the water supply, produce a more sustained feeding of springs, tend to reduce violent floods, and render the flow of water in rivers more continuous. (5) They assist in preventing erosion, landslips, avalanches, the silting up of rivers and low lands, and arrest shifting sands. (6) They reduce the velocity of air currents, protect ad- joining fields against cold or dry winds, and afford shelter to cattle, game, and useful birds. (7) They may improve the healthiness of a country. (8) They increase the artistic beauty of a country, and thus exercise a beneficial influence upon man. The direct utility of forests is due to the produce which they yield, the capital which they represent, and the labour which ' Paper read before the Scottish Society of Economists at Edinburgh, on 18th March 1909. THE STATE IN RELATION TO FORESTRY. Toy they provide if established on surplus lands. ‘The last point is of special importance, if the industries of the country are not sufficient to give enough occupation for the population. It is only too well known that this is the case in the United Kingdom. Whether, and in how far, these effects are produced in a particular country depends on its special conditions. In this respect should be mentioned :— (1) The position of the country, its communications with other countries, and the control it exercises over other countries, such as colonies. (2) The quantity and quality of substitutes for forest produce available in a country, such as iron, coal, and peat. (3) The value of land and labour, and the returns which land yields if used for other purposes, such as agriculture. (4) The density of population. (5) The presence or absence of waste land. (6) The amount of capital available for investment. (7) The climate and configuration of the country. These considerations show that no general rule can be laid down showing whether forests are required in a country, or what percentage of the land should be so used. The question must be answered for each country separately. Thus, in European countries, we find that the percentage of land under forest, ranges from 48 to 4 per cent., these Islands and Portugal being last on the list. As far as Great Britain and Ireland are concerned, their climate depends on other and more powerful agencies than that of forests. On the other hand, erosion has taken place and is now going on in various places, though not yet on a disastrous scale. When we cometothe economic question, we find that these Islands import at least 75 per cent. of the timber which they require. Of the imported timber, 87 per cent. consists of coniferous wood. Much has been written and said as to the sustained supply of this timber (about 10,000,000 tons), and I consider that it is by no means secure. At any rate, I feel sure that prices will continue to rise, as they have done ever since 1894, owing to the gradual exhaustion of the more accessible forests in the exporting countries, and the increasing demand on all sides. Assuming this to be a correct view of the case, the question arises :—How can this prospective decrease in supplies and increase in prices be met? 132 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. I have on various occasions pointed out that sufficient waste and mountain land is available to produce, at any rate, all the coniferous timber which we now import. The difficulty is to decide who is to doit. And this brings me to the main question with which I have to deal Every civilised State has various duties to perform. It must make laws which limit the action of the individual, with the object of securing their rights to all citizens, of protecting them against illegal interference of any kind, and it must maintain such laws. On this point we are, I think, all agreed. The State should, however, do more than this, Its action should also be directed to furthering the welfare of the people, in all cases where the power of the individual is not sufficient to attain objects which are essential for social and economic de- velopment ; more particularly, when the advantages to be derived are not sufficient to induce private individuals to take up the task, or where free action on the part of the individual endangers the interests of the community as a whole, or when it is preferable that the State should guard the interests of the community. ‘This occurs when permanent institutions must be made independent of momentary personal fancies or wishes; in such cases, the State alone affords sufficient guarantee for continuity of action in a given direction. It will thus be seen that, while it is desirable in all civilised States to leave matters to the free activity of the individual, whenever this can safely be done, there are cases of special interest, which are better kept under the care and management of the State. The limits between the two classes are not easy to draw, nor can they be fixed once and for ever; they depend on the degree of civilisation of the people, as well as on the industrial condition of the country. The question before us is, whether afforestation comes under that class of undertakings which should be taken up by the State. It is so considered in nearly all European states, in India, the United States of America, and in several of our Colonies. As to these Islands, I may offer the following remarks :— (1) We require large quantities of timber, the supply of which from outside sources in the future is more than doubtful. (2) A falling-off in the supply of timber would have the most serious effect on our national life. THE STATE IN RELATION TO FORESTRY. 133 (3) Sufficient land is available for extended afforestation. (4) We have a surplus population, leading to an ever in- creasing army of unemployed, more particularly in times when trade is slack. Afforestation would lead to the retention of more people in the country, and would thus be an auxiliary in reducing the number of unemployed in the towns, apart from the fact that it would have a most beneficial effect upon the physique of the people. (5) The land which it is proposed to afforest gives now very low returns, whereas it can be made to yield a considerably higher income if placed under forest ; hence, any comprehensive scheme of afforestation would certainly not lead to financial loss. The following different methods for carrying out the work of afforestation present themselves :— (1) To let private owners afforest their surplus land. In the case of owners who are willing to do so but are in want of pecuniary assistance, advances could be given by Government at cost price, on proper security. (2) Joint action by the proprietor of the land and the State, the former contributing the land and the latter the funds for planting, administration, etc. In this case, it is essential that the State should keep the manage. ment entirely in its own hands, the net receipts being divided in the proportion of the capital contributed by each party. (3) The State may acquire the land and bring it under forest. When I began, twenty-three years.ago, to urge extended afforestation in these Islands, I proposed that all these methods should be put into operation, but the results are very small. A limited number of private proprietors have planted com- paratively small areas, and the State, on behalf of the Crown, has bought an estate of some 12,000 acres in Scotland, and a few thousand acres in Wales, the sum total being disappointing. As a result, the idea has got abroad that the State must do the work alone. The Committee on Irish Afforestation, which reported last year, proposed that the State and County Councils should acquire 700,000 acres of unplanted land as well as a con- siderable portion of the 300,000 acres of existing woods; while 134 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion and Afforestation pro- poses, practically, to buy, if necessary by compulsion, 9,000,000 acres of land, including 500,000 acres in Ireland, and to afforest them. It is added, in the latter Report, in a somewhat half- hearted way, that present proprietors may be allowed to do the planting themselves, provided it is done to the satisfaction of the State officials. Before discussing the question whether these gigantic proposals are justified by facts, let us see what is the state of affairs in the principal European countries. The percentage of forests belonging to the State and the Crown is as follows :— In the United Kingdom 3 per cent., Italy 4 per cent., Belgium 5 per cent., Austria 7 per cent., France 12 perm@cemm Hungary 15 per cent., Denmark 24 per cent., Norway 29 per cent., Sweden 33 per cent., Germany 34 per cent, Finland 35 per cent., and European Russia 66 per cent. No doubt, in several of these countries the forests belonging to Communes and other Corporations are also under State control. For instance, in France such areas cover 23 per cent. of the forest area, bringing the total area under State control up to 35 per cent. of the whole forest area; while in Germany the communal forests amount to Ig per cent., making a total controlled area of 53 per cent. ‘These two countries may be considered as those in which systematic forest management has been brought to the highest perfection. If they can produce highly satisfactory results, the one with a properly controlled area amounting to 35 per cent., and the other with 53 per cent., why can we not do the same in this country ? The answer is perhaps not far to seek: We have never given a fair chance to private proprietors, and hence they have not participated to the destred degree in the scheme of Afforestation. To begin with, until comparatively recent years, adequate instruction in the Science and Practice of Systematic Forest Management was not available. The former is now being rapidly supplied; but where are as yet the experimental areas so frequently asked for? In this case the State has delayed too long in taking the necessary action. I do not overlook the fact that the Commissioners of Woods have placed some of the Crown woods under the operation of systematic working- plans, but trees do not grow in a day, and much time has been lost. If steps had been taken when the subject was first THE STATE IN RELATION TO FORESTRY. 135 brought forward, we should now be well on the road to obtain useful information for future guidance. The present system of levying rates and taxes is, to say the least of it, unreasonable, if not unjust. Taxes should be assessed according to the yield-capacity of the property, but what actually takes place? As soon as a piece of waste land has been planted, in many cases the assessment is raised, although no income can be expected for many years to come. On the contrary, additional expenses have to be incurred, until, some twenty or thirty years later, the thinnings commence. Surely, such a procedure is unreasonable ! Then, there are the unfair railway rates. Imported timber is carried to the places of consumption at lower rates than that from British forests, even if the length of haulage is less in the latter case. Cannot Parliament do something to remove such an anomaly ? We have only too often seen cases in the papers in which payment for damage to public roads was not only demanded but actually given by the Courts, although the forest land had paid rates and taxes for many years without using the public roads at all. The last, but by no means the least, burden placed on forest property results from the death duties. Indeed, they form one of the chief reasons why afforestation has made such poor progress of late years. Cases are known in which these duties had to be paid twice within a few years. The duty has to be paid on the value of the standing crop, which should not be looked at as Capital in the ordinary sense, but as an accumulated income which the proprietor draws in one lot instead of taking it out annually as in other concerns. Moreover, the woodlands have only too frequently to pay the death duties of the whole estate ! For all these reasons, I maintain that in the past woodlands have not been given a fair chance, and if the now existing heavy burdens were lightened, there seems to me_ every probability that private proprietors would participate on a liberal scale in the work of afforestation, rather than see their land expro- priated ; this would considerably reduce the enormous outlay proposed by the Royal Commission. Unquestionable evidence is available to show that there is no necessity for the State to hold a// forest lands ina country. This is of the utmost im- portance, as it is clear that Parliament will think twice before it 136 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. sanctions an expenditure which will amount to more than £ 400,000,000 by the end of eighty years, and that the forcible expropriation of some g,o00,000 acres of land would create a storm, which no Government in this country could weather, be it Liberal or Conservative ! Practical politics clearly indicate that the State, private proprietors, and Corporations must co-operate in this scheme, and the proposed law should be shaped accordingly. In the- first instance, the proprietor should have the chance of doing the work himself; next he should have the opportunity of joint action with the State by contributing the land; and then the State should acquire the land necessary to make up the area which it is proposed to afforest annually. This should be done, whenever possible, by private treaty, but compulsory powers may be required, so as to secure the lands which are necessary for the benefit of the community as a whole. As indicated above, the State must take certain matters under its own management, but it should never go beyond what is absolutely necessary. If, in our case, the State were ultimately to hold half the total forest-area, this would suffice to secure all the timber required by the country. I now come to the question of areas. The Royal Com- missioners give (apart from material which cannot be grown in this country) close on 9,000,000 tons as the quantity annually imported of late years, and they propose to provide all that timber at home, by the afforestation of an additional area of 9,000,000, acres. Nobody, however, ever suggested that the whole of the present imports would fall away; what has been predicted was that a serious reduction in the imports would come as time went on, and especially in the larger sizes and better qualities, owing to the gradual reduction of the amount of such timber available for export in foreign countries. Of the smaller sizes there will, in all probability, always be a con- siderable import; hence there is no necessity to afforest so large an area as 9,000,000 acres. The utmost area which I suggested in previous publications was 6,000,000 acres, and probably 5,000,000 would meet the case. If, nevertheless, the Commissioners proposed the larger area, they did so because they thought it would provide more labour. While they thus strengthened their case in one direction, they weakened it in another. THE STATE IN RELATION TO FORESTRY. Wey] On reference to the details of the Report, it will be seen that the proposed area includes something like 2,000,000 acres of tillage land. To convert these into forest means a reduction of labour, as well as of the food supply of the country. Such a procedure I have never suggested, nor shall I support it now. All my proposals referred to surplus, and not to cultivated land. The Commissioners propose to work so large an area as 3,000,000 acres under a rotation of forty years for the pro- duction of some 3,000,000 tons of pit and pulp wood. I fear that I, for one, cannot approve of this. The proposal enables the Commissioners to show that, probably, the Treasury will at the end of forty years be relieved of paying some £3,000,000 by way of interest on the borrowed capital; but, on the other hand, we should in all probability overstock the market with material of the class of timber produced under so short a rotation. The remaining 6,000,000 acres would produce at least another 2,000,000 tons of such timber, making 5,000,000 tons in all. We receive now, and are likely always to receive some 600,000 tons from the west coast of France, being the produce of the thinnings made in the extensive maritime-pine forests of the Landes, to which the imports from the Baltic must be added. In my opinion, the financial forecast should have been based on the assumption that the bulk of the area will be worked under a rotation long enough to produce large timber, and counting on the necessary pit and pulp wood being provided by the thinnings. Moreover, such a short rotation as forty years is possible only on land of some substance, the proportion of which is small in the case of the land here under consideration. Although the Commissioners appreciated my evidence on the great importance of combining field with forest work, they overlooked the fact that for this very reason afforestation by private proprietors should as much as possible be encouraged. The ideal solution of the problem is, not the creation of large extents of forests in one place, which would lead to a separation of field from forest work, but the establishment of fair-sized blocks scattered over the country. As long as each block is large enough to justify the employment of a man in charge, economic management is possible just as well as, if not better than, on large continuous areas. ‘The labourers who work VOL. XXII. PART II. K 138 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. in the fields in summer can do the forest work in winter, without leaving their homes. In the other case, they have to emigrate to forest colonies or whatever they are called. More- over, by a proper distribution of the forest-areas amongst cultivated lands, a local market for the smaller dimensions of timber and for firewood would be created, whereas much of such produce would be of little or no value in large con- centrated blocks of forest, owing to the cost of haulage. As to the financial aspect of the scheme, into the details of which I cannot enter on this occasion, I gave it as my opinion that 3 per cent. on the capital outlay might be expected, if the maximum price of the land did not exceed £10 an acre, and provided that the scheme were conducted on rational and economic lines. It will not suffice to have experts at London, Edinburgh, and Dublin; an essential point is that there shall be thoroughly competent managers on the spot in the field. Unless this is attended to, the estimated returns will not be realised. There is a strong feeling in the country that something substantial in the way of afforestation should be done, and it is to be hoped that people will not be frightened by the gigantic scheme of the Royal Commission. After all, it is easy to cut it down to the proportions required by the wants of the country. Indeed, the Commissioners seem to have felt that themselves, as they append an alternative scheme for 6,000,000 acres; the more pity that they did not start with it. They were, apparently, led away by the desire to provide as much labour as possible for the unemployed. Although afforestation can be made a useful auxiliary in the solution of the question of the unemployed in the immediate future, its principal value in this respect lies in the fact that it will gradually reduce the stream of population towards the towns, by making it worth while to remain in the country. If afforesta- tion achieves that, and I believe it will, then the State can well afford to devote a large sum of money to making it a reality, though we need not go so far as £400,000,000. One-fourth of that sum, invested during the next sixty or eighty years, will suffice. AFFORESTATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 139 19. Afforestation and Timber-Planting in Great Britain and Ireland.} By Dr J. NIsBer. During the last twenty-five years, four Committees and Commissions have been appointed by Government to deal with the question of Forestry in the United Kingdom, and with what is now, by rather a lax use of the term, spoken of as Afforestation, when timber-planting is really meant. In 1887, a Select Committee of the House of Commons recommended the establishment of a Forest Board and Forest Schools in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and pointed out that, ‘apart from any immediate pecuniary benefits there would be considerable social and economical advantages in an extensive system of planting in many parts of the kingdom, especially on the west side of Ireland and in the Highlands of Scotland. This subject is one of great importance, and well worthy of early consideration.” No action was taken in the specific directions recommended by this Committee. The second inquiry was made in 1902, when a Departmental Committee of the Board of Agriculture was appointed “to inquire into and report as to the present position and future prospects of forestry, and the planting and management of woodlands in Great Britain.” Reporting in 1903, they urged “immediate and effective provision for bringing systematised instruction within the reach of owners, agents, foresters, and woodmen . . . as the first requisite in any project for the improvement of forestry,” and recommended that “ additional facilities for instruction be afforded,” and also that “ assistance should be looked for from local authorities, societies, and individuals interested in forestry and technical education.” And they also made another very important recommendation, that Government ‘should take steps to compile a statement of areas presumably suitable for afforestation in Great Britain.” But though they took note of ‘‘the great area of waste land in these islands which might be afforested,” they expressly refrained from advocating ‘“‘any general scheme of State forests under present circumstances,” . . . and merely remarked that *“Once adequate provision for training is made and the 1 Reproduced, by permission, from the /owr7a/ of the Society of Arts. 140 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY consequent improvement of our present woodlands becomes manifest, it will then be opportune to raise the subject either of loans or of State forests.” The drawbacks to private planting were dealt with as ‘‘ Minor Considerations”; and while the Committee were not prepared to make any recommendation regarding the incidence of local rates on plantations and the assessed valuation of woodlands, they thought that the claims for “extraordinary traffic” made by local authorities against timber merchants (and therefore ultimately paid by the timber- grower) were unjust and “unreasonable” ; that the estate duties needed ‘immediate revision” as being “peculiarly unfair to the poorer districts,” because ‘“‘the pressure of such a death duty on timber must both act as a bar to afforestation in districts most needing it, and compel the realisation of immature timber, thus preventing the practice of sound forestry”; that security was needed against fires from railway sparks (since very inadequately provided up to a maximum compensation of £100 under the Railway Fires Act, 1905); and that ‘‘in the public interest the owner of plantations, who himself keeps down ground-game, should have the right to recover compensation for damage caused by hares and rabbits from adjoining property,” so ruinous are these to systematic forestry and natural regeneration. Very little action was taken upon this Report. Many of the most important recommendations have been tacitly ignored, and especially that recommending the detailed inspection and scheduling of land suitable for profitable planting, which must of course be a step taken before any practical scheme of very extensive planting can be properly considered. By not carrying out the recommendations of the Committees of 1887 and 1902 much valuable time has been lost. The third inquiry was that which took place when, in October 1907, a Committee was appointed by the Department of Agriculture in Ireland to advise regarding an extensive scheme of forestry operations. Previous to this, however, while the Land Purchase Act of 1904 was under consideration, certain preliminary inquiries had been made as to the extent of waste and poor land which might probably be plantable with a reasonable prospect of direct profit, and the late Mr Parnell’s estate (Avondale, Co. Wicklow) had been acquired in 1903 and equipped as a school for the training of practical AFFORESTATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. I4! foresters. In April 1908, this Committee’s Report was issued. It is by far the most business-like and practical afforestation and timber-planting scheme that has as yet been suggested for any of the four countries forming the United Kingdom. It recommended the acquisition of sufficient land (including some of the existing 300,000 acres of woodland) to provide for the formation of about 700,000 acres of woods and plantations, of which about 200,000 acres or more should be State forests in large blocks, while about 500,000 acres of smaller areas should be under County Councils or in private ownership. The weakest point in this scheme is, it seems to me, that it is not intended to confine planting operations to waste land and really poor grazing tracts worth only about a shilling an acre, but it recommends the afforestation of grazing land worth about 3s. 6d. per acre on the average, and usually capable of improvement. Anyhow, what is of vast practical importance, it very plainly indicates how, in the Committee’s opinion, the money for carrying out this Irish afforestation scheme should be obtained. These proposals are still under consideration, though over a year has now gone by without any pronouncement having as yet been made on the subject by Government. . The fourth and last inquiry was that instituted after the Association of Municipal Corporations had (in 1907) pressed upon the notice of Government “its opinion that the time has now arrived when the question of afforestation should be seriously considered,” through the enlargement of the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion to report whether ‘‘it is desirable to make an experiment in afforestation as a means of increasing employment during periods of depression in the labour market, and, if so, by what authority, and under what conditions, such experiments should be conducted.” Its Report, submitted on 4th January 1909, went far beyond the terms of reference as regards ‘“‘an experiment in afforestation,’ and recommended the afforestation and planting of 9,000,000 acres, mostly grazing land at present, within the next sixty years, at a rate of 150,000 acres a year, and at a cost of £13, 6s. 8d. per acre, £6, 13s. 4d. being-for the freehold and £6, 13s. 4d. for the expenses of afforestation, or £2,000,000 annually— though it also outlined a smaller scheme for afforesting and planting 75,000 acres annually at a total cost of £1,000,000 I42 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. a year. With regard to the question of afforestation as providing suitable work for the unemployed, the Commission has reported that “They have no hesitation in asserting that there are in the United Kingdom at any time, and especially in winter, thousands of men out of work for longer or shorter periods, who are quite ready and able to perform this or the higher class of labour.” Here, however, their opinion is diametrically opposed to that of the Irish Forestry Committee, who were unanimous in stating that afforestation would not prove a direct remedy for the chronic state of unemployment from which Ireland has for years been suffering, though they pointed out that any extensive scheme of planting must indirectly help to ameliorate the condition of the working- classes. The exact terms in which this clear Irish statement was made are as follows :— The question of promoting forestry as one of the means of dealing with what is called the problem of unemployment, having been brought to our notice, we think it right to state our opinion on this question. It is, emphatically, that forestry cannot be considered as a specific for curing the evil which is commonly understood when this problem is spoken of, that of the chronic disemployment, especially in large cities, of large numbers of people belonging to different trades or callings. That the promotion of forestry on an adequate scale will provide a great deal of employment is unquestionable, and that is one of its principal advantages to a country. But such employment would be employment naturally forthcoming from the plantations and woods for the agricultural population in their vicinity, and it would be employment for an industrial population, more or less rural, forthcoming from the industries and commerce which may be developed in connection with the conversion and handling of the forest produce. This sort of employment cannot be provided on a large scale at once. It must be developed with steadiness and system, and above all it must be on sound economic lines. Our planting season is from autumn to spring; and while the formation, tending, and harvesting of timber-crops will increase the amount of employment given to the rural population, it seems hardly reasonable to expect that planting work on wind-swept waste lands in autumn and spring can be suitable for the elderly, the weakly, and the least skilful and energetic, who must always be the first to be thrown out of work, and the last to become re-employed in our large industrial centres. But as a practical commentary on what the second city in the British Isles thinks of this remedy for the unemployed it is noteworthy that on 23rd February 1909, AFFORESTATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 143 the Glasgow Distress Committee resolved that it should zof be represented at any interview with the Secretary for Scotland regarding a national scheme of afforestation. On the average a 60-year old wood should yield about Ioo tons weight of timber per acre; and the felling, logging, transport, conversion, and distribution of woodland produce will, of course, add directly and largely to the total amount of wages that would then be payable to labourers and workmen in this country, in place of being sent to foreign countries, as is at present the case. Indeed, there is hardly any branch of industry which would not benefit largely by our having extensive woodlands, and this obvious advantage is surely great enough to commend rational proposals for timber-planting to our national business instincts. The Royal Commission’s vast scheme of afforestation is supported by financial calculations showing that timber- planting will prove a very profitable investment for the nation eighty years hence. These actuarial calculations have no practical value, for they deal with conditions and timber-crops which do not exist. They are little better than the usual prospectuses issued by vendors of concessions when floating speculative companies. If such calculations based upon vague data always came true there would never be insolvent joint-stock companies or bankrupt tradesmen, for reasonable business men only embark on ventures that give fair promise of being profitable; and the nation will be unwise to risk an investment of either one or two millions every year for the next sixty years merely upon the hope of having very profitable money returns from eighty years hence onwards. It is indisputable that timber-planting is desirable to the utmost extent possible; but a great national scheme of afforestation should rest upon a broader and surer economic basis than subtle calculations (based mainly upon German data as to yield) that may easily be partially upset by heavy gales like those which wrecked the Tay Bridge, at Christmas 1879, blew down millions of trees in Perthshire in November 1893, and did a vast amount of damage to weodlands in Ireland, in February 1903—to say nothing of epidemic fungous diseases, such as the larch canker, to the development and spread of which our comparatively mild, humid, and equable climate is even more favourable than it undoubtedly is also to the growth I44 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of timber-trees. Unquestionably, extensive plantations would give work to the rural population, and would bring great and almost immediate advantage to agriculture, especially to stock- raising, on wind-swept moors and hillsides; and _ ultimately the handling of the timber-crops' and the timber itself, as a raw material for many industries, would circulate a very large total amount of money throughout the British Isles. It is on these firmer economic realities, rather than on_ unreliable forecasts and calculations, that any national scheme of afforestation must be based; and there can be little doubt that with the world’s constantly increasing demand for wood, and constantly decreasing supply, well-formed plantations ought to prove a sound and remunerative investment if made prudently, and on a large scale. The Commission has quoted many examples of profitable forestry in Britain; but mention of dead failures seems to have been deliberately suppressed. What of the Knockboy plantations in Connemara, where £10,000 was lost utterly on a site upon which the planting experiment was foredoomed to failure ? It may be urged that these calculations as to profit eighty years hence are based upon German data; but this presumes that German physical and economic conditions are analogous to our own, which is wot the case.! In Germany most of the vast woodland tracts have been under forest from time immemorial, have been under prudent management for generations, and have for at least during the last sixty or seventy years been worked with a scientific skill that we cannot hope to attain at once. Moreover to plant bare, denuded 1 About one-third of all the wood grown in Germany is required as fuel; and on all wood imported into any part of the empire there is an impost duty varying from about 3d. a cubic foot (true contents) on wood of any kind in the rough, up to 34d. a cubic foot, or 10s. per dozen pieces, for wrought and manufactured wood. Now, even a 4d. a cubic foot for rough poles and logs means about £10, 8s. 4d. an acre for an average 60-year old conifer crop, besides also enabling thinnings to become profitable at an earlier age than can possibly be the case in Britain. And 34d. a cubic foot, or 10s. per dozen pieces, for wrought and manufactured wood, encourages all timber working, transporting, and distributing industries in a way that is impossible in Britain. And a saving of £4, 5s. 4d. an acre on the average cost of planting waste land in Prussia, capitalised to 60 years, also gives an enormous further advantage to the German results. AFFORESTATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 145 waste lands with timber is quite a different matter from merely improving the management of great natural forests. To create new woodlands on bare, impoverished, and often water-logged land involves a great capital outlay, with all the risks and disappointments attendant on a vast scheme of creating supplies of raw material for the establishment of new industries in the British Isles. And if German results be appealed to for guidance in this particular business, then it is not to Saxony that one should look, but to Prussia, which has much greater resemblance to Britain so far as regards its northern climate, its partial sea-board, and its great stretches of poor moor and heatherland, with a scanty population—although Prussia, too, has large areas of splendid spruce forests (Harz) and rich oak and beech (Solling, Ems, Weser, etc.). During the four quinquennial periods from 1877 to 1896 the average net income per acre per annum for the Prussian State forests was 3°7, 4°I, 4°9, and 5'r shillings ; and though it is larger now than then, it does not necessarily follow that British plantations on waste lands and poor grazing tracts will either equal or surpass in net income the profit earned in Prussia from twelve to seventeen years ago. But as the reclamation and planting of waste land has been going on in Prussia continuously for over fifty-five years, it would have been of special value to have had definite and unprejudiced evidence as to ‘the actual material and monetary results now accruing from these plantations. So far as their Report shows, the Royal Commission does not appear to have attempted to obtain any information on this most important point. Certain data referring to afforestation and planting, I can give you now, however, which will of themselves prove most emphatically that the physical and economic conditions throughout the waste-land tracts of Prussia are entirely different from those obtaining in our waste-land areas and poor pastures. Between rst October 1904 and 3oth September 1907, the Prussian State Forest Department acquired by purchase 46,346 acres of waste land, and planted 33,998 acres with timber-trees of various kinds, mostly conifers, at an average cost of 48s. per acre. But, besides that, village communes and corporations, and other bodies have likewise been carrying out planting operations, towards the expenditure on which the State also makes a partial contribution. The Prussian Forest Department, to 146 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, whose courtesy I owe these details, unfortunately did not state the cost of the land acquired; but the planting at £2, 8s. per acre is very different from the average of £6, 13s. 4d. an acre, which the Royal Commission considers necessary (see footnote on page 144). The serious position of Britain with regard to timber is perhaps hardly as yet realised generally. Apart from all other timber, in 1907 our imports of rough-hewn pitwood came to 2,627,209 loads, valued at £3,049,484, while those of wood- pulp came to 672,499 tons, valued at 43,312,347. These two items alone amounted to £6,361,831, and exceeded in value the similar imports of any previous year. To supply these demands alone, without making’ any provision for future increase with increasing population, would need the annual fall from about 3,000,000 acres of conifer and other wood- lands—that is to say, an annual cut of about 60,000 acres of woods worked with a 5o0-years’ rotation, or of 50,000 acres of woods worked on a 6o-years’ rotation. The satisfaction of the future demands for pitwood is surely one of the most important matters connected with afforestation in the United Kingdom. It is probably only a question of time before the large pitwood imports from the French State forests near Bordeaux to Britain must fall off, owing to the increasing demand for and the decreasing supplies of suitable wood for the collieries in the interior of France. In coming years the supply of pitwood to British coal mines is likely to cost more ; and whatever tends thus to raise the price of working coal must at the same time influence all our industries dependent on coal as part of their raw material for producing commercial articles. The wood-pulp industry (hardly existing in Britain, and only on foreign wood) is capable of enormous expansion, given sufficient supplies of softwood; and it is an industry that would spring up in rural districts wherever such raw material could be supplied in large enough quantities. In 1904 mechanical wood-pulp cost in Britain 85s. a ton, in 1908 it rose to 120s. In America its price has been trebled in the last ten years, and everywhere its value is bound to increase greatly in the near future. Pulpwood thus differs from pitwood, for even now fairly large supplies of wood that might well be used in coal mines have little or no value 7” stu owing to the cost of transport to the mining districts. AFFORESTATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 147 And last year, a year of great commercial depression, our imports of pitwood and wood-pulp were far larger than ever before, increasing respectively by £530,000 and £313,000, or £843,000 in all, over the previous highest record in 1907. Year. Loads. Value. Hewn Pitprops or Pitwood, . 1906 2,451,665 £2,713,005 r %» r) - 1907 2,627,209 3,049,484 % %9 .9 - 1908 3,041,440 — 3,579,355 Year. Tons. Value. Wood-pulp,. : : . 1906 606,811 £2,915,209 - : 3 : 7 LOOT 672,499 a a2.s47 5 : : ; . 1988 748,419 3,025,803 . : Wear Value. Combined value of Pitwood and | re06 Waclonsias Wood-pulp alone, ; : +) » pen ts % 1907 6, 361,831 %» % » 1908 7,205,158 The total value of our wood and timber imports was 427;507,410 in 1906, £27,093,054 in 1907, and £ 24,306,059 in the depressed year of 1908. Of this total £18,534,958 in 1906, £17,146,823 in 1907, and 414,515,433 in 1908, were for wood “sawn or split, planed or dressed,” and at least one-third of this amount represents wages paid to foreign workmen (in addition to the ordinary cost of extraction from the forests), a great part of which might be retained for our own industrial classes if we had the necessary raw material to operate upon. If our waste lands and poor pastures are at all plantable with profit, it will be in coniferous and softwood crops for pitwood and pulp that the best returns must be sought. Such crops are the most likely to thrive on poor land, cost least to establish, and give the quickest returns. It may be safely taken that 3,000,000 acres of woodlands (chiefly conifer) are the minimum that should be provided either by the State on its own responsibility or in co-operation with County Councils and private landowners. To carry out a vast scheme of afforestation, such as the 9,000,000 acres of planting which the Royal Commission 148 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. recommends, three main points have to be taken into consideration :— 1. Money. 2. Land. 3. Labour and Supervision. 1. Money.—With regard to providing funds no suggestion whatever has been made. With an enormous deficit to face, the Treasury cannot possibly grant funds for such a vast and not immediately profitable investment. Probably the only way in which money can be raised as required will be to form a “National Afforestation Fund” by issuing guaranteed 2? per cent. stock for the amount needed during each of the next sixty years while planting continues. But why not here look towards Prussia for light and guidance? Parts of the Grunewald Forest, near Berlin, have risen greatly in value, and portions of this are being sold, in order to buy big stretches of waste land for afforesting and planting. Now, the £561,000 a year at present being raked into the coffers of the Commissioners of Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues of the Crown are mainly obtained from London house and office property; and as the hundred- year leases are now falling in, these most valuable properties can easily be sold to provide many millions of pounds sterling for the afforestation and planting of waste lands and poor pastures, if the Treasury approve and authorise such a course being taken. 2. Land.—The Commission estimated that 6,000,000 acres of suitable land are obtainable in Scotland, 2,500,000 acres in England and Wales, and at least 500,000 acres in Ireland, making 9,000,000 acres in all. But the land area of Scotland is only 19,069,770 acres, while that of Ireland is 20,327,947 acres; and to suppose that there is about twelve times as much plantable land in Scotland as in Ireland is incorrect, while it is equally wrong to imagine that nearly one-third of the total area of Scotland is plantable with profit. Over 34 million acres are above the 1500 feet contour; and to assert that nearly two-fifths of all the rest is waste land or poor pasture plantable with profit must seem strange to those well acquainted with the Scottish hills and moors. Even in the most favoured localities timber-growing can seldom prove profitable as high as rooo feet; and if all the land above that elevation be subtracted, then it will probably be found that AFFORESTATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 149 6,000,000 acres represent quite an irrational proportion of the remaining land less suitable for agricultural occupation than for forestry. And as most of the hill land below 1000 to 1200 feet forms winter pasture for sheep stocks, if that be taken for alforestation the whole grazing industry will become dislocated, and the whole of the Highland sheep-farmers will be in a state of political revolt. But even more amazing than the extent of land considered suitable for profitable planting is the manner in which it is pro- posed to be acquired. No attempt is to be made to assist and encourage landowners willing to plant, and this is a very weak point in the scheme ; because, although under existing conditions and laws the State is the only landowner that can afford to create large compact blocks of woodland without desiring quick returns, yet a vast State monopoly of timber-growing can only be justified after the failure of fair attempts at assisting and encouraging private landowners by means of money loans and legislative amendments (e.g., as to settled estates, law of entail, rating and valuation, succession and estate duty, lands improve- ment, railway fires, damage by ground game, railway and road - charges, and various other matters affecting land, crops and finance). Under the existing conditions, my own personal opinion (stated on page 93 of vol. i. of Zhe Forester, in 1905) coincides with that expressed by the Commission, and is as follows :— The necessity for State assistance is a chronic drawback to planting for profit. Early in the last century this was just as much the case as it now is. Even then, althoughall the timber, bark, and small material from the copse- woods was easily sold at good prices, want of funds prevented extensive planting of waste lands. ‘‘Such lands, it must be owned, are sufficiently abundant, but the great expense and slow returns of planting are inconvenient to the majority of land proprietors. . . . The expense of planting is immediate and certain, the profit distant and precarious” (Quarterly Review, 1813, vol. 5% JO @h)) This is precisely what the recent Committee on Forestry, 1902, has reiterated. The main drawback to planting is, and has always been, and probably always will be, want of funds ; all the other obstacles can far more easily be removed. But even if substantial inducements could be offered by Government to private landowners, it would not necessarily follow that the plantations thereafter formed would be managed upon more business-like principles than are the existing woods and plantations’ The State is the only possible landowner that can be expected to create large compact blocks of woodlands in the United Kingdom, to be managed on silvicultural principles, with the I50 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. twofold object of providing supplies of timber in the future, and of fostering and encouraging rural and wood-consuming industries. If this be a duty atall, it is the duty of the State, and not of the private landowner. The State is the only landowner that never dies nor is called upon to pay estate and succession duty, and it is the only landowner that can make large investments without being compelled to desire quick returns in the shape of income; hence the State is the only landowner that can be sure of remaining free from the temptation to thin timber-crops at an early age, and to a great extent—or, in short, that can afford to grow the best classes of timber upon rational principles. Private timber-planting has hitherto failed from want of funds, oppressive legislation and financial burdens, want of systematic management, and overpreservation of game (especi- ally ground game). But these drawbacks can be remedied ; and till private landowners have been found unwilling to agree to reasonable proposals when made by Government there seems no justification for the compulsory expropriation of nearly one- third of the whole of Scotland, as thus recommended by the Commission :— It will be necessary at an early stage, for the State to acquire suitable land, and at once the alternatives arise of acquisition by negotiation or by compulsion . . . we, therefore, recommend that compulsory powers be obtained by legislative enactment, and that a general survey should be made with a view to ascertaining what lands are available for the purposes of State afforestation. These lands should be purchased from time to time as required, the owner receiving in compensation their full value in all the circumstances of each particular case, following the precedent of the Small Holdings Act, 1907, so far as it is applicable. Compensation should be paid also to sitting tenants. During the last five months my professional advice has been asked regarding timber-planting on several Argyllshire estates, and in each case I have advised the landowner, before committ- ing himself to any such investment, to ascertain from Govern- ment what financial and other assistance and encouragement they are prepared to give inthis direction. But the recommenda- tion of the Commission is dead against any such assistance :— “‘In no circumstances do your Commissioners suggest that the State should be expected to finance schemes of private afforesta- tion, by way of loan or otherwise. The security would not, in their opinion, in such cases, be of a sufficiently substantial kind to warrant such action.” Here again, however, on this most important point, the Irish AFFORESTATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, ISI Forestry Committee gave a different, and a far more common- sense recommendation in the following words :— For the . . . larger landed proprietor, the inducement must be of a nature that would relieve him to some extent from the immediate lock-up of capital incurred in planting operations, and at the same time provide a guarantee that the outlay would prove, so far as the holding is concerned, a sound investment. Easy loans, with deferred interest, absolute security of tenure in respect of the lands coming under the scheme, and free advice in all branches of forestry, are the chief means which seem to us best calculated to meet this case. When it seems to suit their purposes, the Commission quote German and French forestry statistics, though they ignore other very relevant data. In both France and Germany the great bulk of the woodlands is in private or corporate ownership :— France. Germany. Acres. Acres. Woodland area, : i . 23,400,000 34,730,000 Percentage of woodlands owned by :— Per cent. Per cent. State and Crown, . : : II 33 Private landowners, ; , ; 66} 47% Church lands and other endowments, municipalities, village communals, and corporations, : : ‘ 224 tgt Although both of these countries are devoting large sums annually to the acquisition and planting of waste lands, yet private planting is encouraged, and compulsory acquisition is only resorted to in extreme cases (e.g., mountain-planting in the Pyrenees) ; and even then the planted land can be subsequently reacquired by the original owner at its actual cost after the reboisement has been carried out. Why should not reasonable endeavours be made in this direction in Great Britain? The Irish Forestry Committee’s Report of April 1908, is much more common sense in this respect when it advocates the planting of 200,000 acres of State forests in large blocks, and of 500,000 acres by County Councils and private landowners in smaller blocks. And, further, the class of land acquired for planting should certainly not be that having a freehold value anything like so high as £6, 13s. 4d. an acre, for many hundred thousands of acres can easily be acquired at about £2 an I52 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. acre, plus sheep acclimatisation value of about other 5s. per acre, or £2, 5s. in all. 3. Labour and Supervision.—Even supposing that the £,2,000,000 a year recommended by the Commission to be spent on acquiring and planting land could be provided, it could not be economically spent at present owing to the Committees’ recommendations in 1887 and 1902 not having been acted on. Within the last five years small schools for practical foresters have been formed at the Forest of Dean for England and Wales, and at Avondale (Co. Wicklow), for Ireland; but as yet no such school has been established in Scotland, and the only places where more or less systematic outdoor instruction in woodland work is there given are private estates such as Scone and Murthly, in Perthshire. In this respect Scotland is deeply indebted to landowners like the Earl of Mansfield, Mr Steuart Fothringham, Mr Munro Ferguson, and some others, who have done much to advance the education of forest apprentices. But for a great national scheme of planting a large number of well-trained practical foresters will be required, and such training has not yet been organised to meet the demand that would then be made for men of this class. And the labour difficulty will be enormous. Already, in Argyllshire, planters and nursery hands receive 3s. 4d. a day, and suitable men are exceedingly scarce. Special arrangements would have to be made for planting colonies, while the men engaged would need extra close supervision. No class of work can more readily lend itself to scamping than planting; and if the planting be badly done, then the Commission’s sanguine financial forecast becomes utterly impossible of realisation. Nothing is yet known as to the intentions of Government with regard to either the Irish scheme, or that recommended for Great Britain. In the House of Commons, on 17th February 1909, Mr Burns, President of the Local Government Board, said concerning the latter that — One of the reasons why the Government did not include afforestation in the King’s Speech was, that the Report was only just submitted to them, and was to be read in connection with the Report of the Poor Law, It was a subject that did not require legislation of an elaborate sort, but it did require a great deal of money, and the Government were not justified in including any proposals in the King’s Speech in regard to it until they knew what money the Chancellor of the Exchequer would be able to place at their dis- AFFORESTATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 153 posal. The thing, however, had passed from an experimental stage, and the Government were seriously considering it with a view to action. This last official statement was immediately contradicted by Mr Munro Ferguson, who maintained that— The right hon. gentleman was entirely wrong in telling the House that afforestation had passed beyond the experimental stage. There had been a few experiments by a few scattered landowners, but the State itself had done absolutely nothing. The State had not only kept its own forests in a most disgraceful state, but it had failed, in spite of every kind of pressure, to provide any training whatever either for its own servants or those of the private adventurer. We must at least have two Schools of Forestry, and the Government would want about £100,000 to start with. Now, all that has been done experimentally by Government was thus summed up by Mr Pease, Junior Lord of the Treasury, on 11th February 1908 :— The amount spent by the Commissioners on Woods and Forests during the last ten years, in England and Wales, on afforestation, by which term is meant planting new areas, not previously under timber, as distinguished from re-planting old woods, is about £5000, The cost of land, in England and Wales, bought during the same period for afforestation, is about £1200. There has been no expenditure on planting new areas in Scotland or Ireland, but £25,000 has recently been spent in buying land in Scotland for afforesta- tion. Since then no planting has yet been done on this Crown estate of Inverliever Argyllshire (bought for £25,000); but planting is to begin this autumn, and only 150 acres a year are to be planted for the next twelve years. And Mr Burns’s statement, that anything like a great national scheme of afforestation is “a subject that did not require legislation of an elaborate sort,” is quite wrong, and simply shows that apparently Government have as yet no proper idea of this subject at all. Very numerous legislative amendments will have to be made in existing Acts (e.g., rights of owner in possession under law of entail in Scotland, and various other Acts previously referred to), which are bound to have far- reaching consequences. And the proposal to expropriate for afforestation about one-third of the land of Scotland, must either result in the fall of any Government that is foolish enough to propose it, or, if carried, will mark the first and the greatest step towards an era of Socialism in Britain. And if land is to be forcibly nationalised for forestry, then, the ancient royal VOL. XXII. PART II. ete 154 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. forests must be the first areas dealt with by the State and expropriated from the Crown. ' With both the Irish. Forestry Committee’s and the Royal Commission’s contradictory reports before them, it may probably be expected that the Government will desire more detailed information regarding separate schemes for England, Scotland, and Wales. The best way of formulating really sound and practicable schemes is, perhaps, first of all to determine to what Department of Government afforestation work in each country shall be entrusted ; and then in each of these three countries to appoint a National Forestry Board or Afforestation Committee, consisting of representatives of (1) Government; (2) County Councils; and (3) Landowners, Land Agents and Sheep Farmers, to consider and report, whilst simultaneously collect- ing reliable local data, county by county, regarding the amount of plantable land probably obtainable on reasonable terms, and the existing conditions with regard to the supply of labour suit- able for planting-work. And if, as should certainly be the case, it be desired to assist and encourage landowners to plant (e.g., by granting loans at 3 per cent. under proper conditions as to security and systematic planting and management, and by lightening the burdens on land put under timber), then such Boards or Committees will have many knotty points to consider. Thus, with regard to rating, it will not be sufficient merely to exempt the land from rates till the timber-crops give good returns, for that would mean throwing an additional burden on the whole of the rest of the rateable land in the county; and the only way of removing a difficulty of this sort will be for Government to give an annual bonus equal to the amount of the rate paid until returns are obtainable from the timber-crop. The Royal Commission has not given sufficient consideration to the great practical difficulties connected with hill planting on a large scale. . Probably they had no evidence before them as to the immense jungle of long grasses and weeds that springs up when the sheep are taken off and the area is fenced and planted ; and late frosts in spring have done much damage in many recent plantations. Confining my remarks merely to Argyllshire, which contains much suitable land, an enormous amount of drainage will be needed, for in many parts the average rainfall is near or over roo inches. And throughout the greater part of Scotland land- AFFORESTATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 155 owners, factors, foresters, and labourers will all have to be educated up to the point of seeing how pernicious on stiff or peaty soil is the now long-practised, irrational system of notch- planting, unsuitable for any except a very light soil, though it is certainly the cheapest method of planting, ‘“‘ Profitable crops have been raised thus in the past, and why not now?” they ask; or else unfavourable criticism of this method is met with a cold and rather contemptuous silence. It will take years to educate the local labour up to this point, and it is hardly con- ceivable that casual labour will meanwhile be obtainable either in sufficient quantity or with the necessary skill for this particular kind of out-door work. Sometimes, also, the objection has been raised that extensive planting would increase the rainfall, impair the climate, and affect the national character. Such fears are unfounded. It is not on local and interior conditions that our damp insular climate is mainly dependent, and by which it is regulated, because the chief factors are the Great Atlantic Gulf Stream to which our mild, equable climate is due, and the moist Atlantic winds coming from the south-west, which prevail throughout the greater part of the year. Large woodland tracts would hardly, if at all, increase the rainfall perceptibly, though their influence would certainly tend to increase the relative humidity of the atmosphere in the vicinity of the forests; but any draw- back which might possibly thus arise (and this it would be difficult to estimate beforehand) would certainly be far out- weighed by the additional shelter they would provide for grazing stock, and by the water-storing capacity of the wood- lands and the immunity against inundations that this tends to provide. The heaviest annual rainfall in the British Isles is in Cumberland (Styhead Pass), but is the character of Cumberland men therefore impaired on that account? Or has that in the slightest degree dulled their natural shrewdness or their business instincts and capacity ? In conclusion, it has often been asserted that extensive planting would interfere greatly with sport. If the bare Scottish deer forests were covered with woods the character of the sport would certainly be changed; but it is far more likely that the sport would be improved than deteriorated thereby. Any closer consideration of this particular point, however, would only unnecessarily extend this already long paper. 156 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 20. Afforestation. By Lorp Lovar. During the course of the 1908 Session, in one of the Houses of Parliament, that ever-green topic, the horse supply of the United Kingdom in its relation to war mobilisation, was debated at some length. As is usual on such occasions, the front benches, the Board of Agriculture authority, numerous under-secretaries, and others, who—by their own account at all events—had given the subject their special attention, poured forth a medley of knowledge of a highly technical and sufficiently convincing order. The possibilities of lime- stone soil and of line breeding, the theories of Mendel and Weismann, Telegony—the connection between Garage and *‘ Harras ”—and other arguments less or more to the point were put forward, some with adroitness, all at considerable length. The debate had reached its height and both sides had proved their point to their own, if not to their opponents’ satisfaction, when a douche of cold water was poured from the back benches and it became evident even to the more heated of the disputants that, through the incorrect reading of a JVola bene in a Board of Agriculture return, the main statement on which the whole argument turned was founded on an initial error roughly estimated at two million horses ! The would-be student of State afforestation starts his inquiry from a not less uneasy base. The same welter of semi-digested information, the same eagerness in the presentation of theory, the same _ light- heartedness in the production of schemes, the same absence of “ home-grown” statistics and bed rock facts, make confusion worse confounded in either case. There is, however, one important difference in the two inquiries, viz., that while the investigator of the horse supply problem finds the Board of Agriculture with its correspondents in the country and its machinery at a central office, capable of providing the necessary data, were it so minded, the arboriculturist in search of information has no such organised body to which to turn. It would seem a suggestion too self-evident to be seriously put forward—if the successive findings of Forestry Commissions AFFORESTATION. 157 and the indifference of succeeding Ministries did not teach otherwise—that, if only as a preliminary measure to decide whether or not State afforestation were within the bounds of practical politics, a Forestry Board should be appointed to prepare properly tabulated and ordered information on British silviculture, and above all to settle finally (1) what is the total acreage of poor ‘‘mountain and heath land” in Great Britain that will grow trees, and (2) what portion of that area it is advisable in the interests of the general community shall be afforested by the State. It is necessary to emphasise the importance of this double line of inquiry, involving considerations from two separate standpoints which in previous inquiries have not been clearly defined. Of the land on which trees can be grown to a marketable size, the practical forester is obviously the best judge. The extent of that area that it is advisable to afforest lies equally surely in the province of the economist. In the former case suitability of soil, exposure, climatic conditions, aspect, drain- age, etc., are the governing factors. In the latter the test or standard must be (1) whether the economic subject, of which the land to be planted forms part, can by afforestation permanently maintain a larger and more prosperous population on the soil, and (2) whether the subject so taken caf® be worked at a profit, or at all events without great loss, to the State. Of the extent of ground in Great Britain which will produce sizeable trees, we have had some interesting opinions which may, but equally well may not, be correct. To ask a business nation to believe, however, that the pious opinions of individuals who have experimented with a few ten thousands of trees in a single county can be accepted as affording material certainty as to whether 150,000 acres, that is to say 600 million trees a year, can be planted in the whole of Great Britain and Ireland and that for an 80-year period, is to imagine that a contractor, asked to put in a tender for the removal of the sand from the Sahara, could base his calculations on the observations of the first statistically-minded of Cook’s Egyptian tourists. It may be argued that the total acreage that will produce trees is a question of minor importance, it being only a question of degree involving a 158 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH. ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. larger or smaller scheme. From the purely silvicultural standpoint this is no doubt true, but .unfortunately in dealing with particular areas there are other factors which require consideration. It is probably a reasonable statement to make that a large proportion of ‘‘the subjects” available for afforestation (deer forests, sheep runs, grouse grounds, common grazing, and crofter ‘‘summing”) are composed partly of low ground which can be planted, and partly of high, wet, or unsuitable land, on which experience has’ shown silviculture on a commercial basis to be impossible. It will also be allowed that the planting of any subject will interfere not only with the exact area which is taken for tree growing, but also with the residue of the unsuitable land thrown out of gear by the reduction of what is technically known as “ wintering.” It is therefore a fair deduction to make—except where the land severed can otherwise be profitably employed—that in any area the proportion of plantable low land to unplantable “hinterland” will be the determining factor whether that area can be planted with economic success or with economic loss. Let me put this in a concrete form. A sheep farm of 5000 acres with 500 acres of plantable valley ground might maintain some 2000 sheep including 800 breeding ewes. If the 500 acres of wintering were curtailed by a planting scheme involving the acquisition of say too acres of low-lying land per annum, the reduction would be one-fifth, not one-fiftieth, of the value of the farm. It might therefore be argued that, by the end of the second year of planting, when the ground capable of wintering the ewe stock had been very considerably reduced, the farmer would ask for and would _ receive compensation based on the valuation of the whole of the sheep stock and not on the two-fiftieths of the same, as the Erosion Report would lead one to suppose. It does not require a profound knowledge of sheep valuations to realise that in a case of this sort the sum allowed (6s. per acre) would represent a very small fraction of the compensation that might have to be paid for every acre of land planted. Take again the case of the typical deer forest of 10,000 acres with 2000 acres of wintering. It is conceivable, by careful management and by planting over an extended period AFFORESTATION, 159 with due regard both to the sporting and silvicultural interests, that a portion of the low ground might in time be planted without materially damaging the forest as a whole, and that in consequence compensation might be kept within reasonable bounds. On the other hand, on a sporting estate with a small area of wintering, five successive years’ planting without knowledge of local conditions or care of existing values, might conceivably reduce the monetary yield by 50 per cent., and the initial expenditure in compensation might make the afforestation of the area economically impossible. But it is not to the economic side only that we must look in examining the case for afforestation. It is necessary to show the prospect of permanent employment, if not for more, at all events for the existing number of the rural population in any locality. In considering, therefore, whether the million acres of “poor tillage land”—suggested by Colonel Dudgeon and accepted by the Erosion Commission—are suitable for afforestation, it must be proved not only that these acres will grow trees and, after all claims for severance and valuations have been settled, grow them to a profit, but also that the small farmers, farm labourers, cottars, etc., dispossessed by the destruction of the old industry, can be replaced by a not less large population permanently employed in the new one. The same principle holds good in the case of common grazing or “summing.” Here the arable areas are usually small, and the individual interests depend absolutely on the hill ground for the maintenance of their live stock Before taking such lands away from small holders, it would have to be shown not only that the scheme was economically sound, but also that in the altered conditions at least as large and well-doing a population could be maintained there. There is a further economic question upon which the Erosion Commission appear to have hardly touched, and which affects not only tenant and landlord, but also each and every dweller in the country-side. I mean the question of rates. In Scotland, where nine-tenths of the afforestation area is situated, the rates in the poorer districts where “ rough mountain and heath land” predominate, run from 4s. to 14s. in the pound, In many parishes, and notably in the Highlands, the sporting subjects are responsible for 45 per cent., and the sheep- farms for a further 20 per cent., of the local rates. 160 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Now on the Commission’s own showing, it is clearly set out that in the first forty years of afforestation there can be little or no annual return from the woods on which rates can be levied, and furthermore, that during these forty years the rateable value of a very large number of sheep farms and sporting properties will be adversely affected. With the present incidence of local taxation, is it an exaggerated estimate to make that in certain ‘‘ favoured” parishes the public burdens for owner and occupier might reach 15s. to 20s. in the pound? The bald statement made in the Erosion Commission’s Report that rates had not been gone into, as it was expected they would be more than met by sporting rents, may satisfy the paper enthusiast ; but it can hardly be regarded with equal com- placency by the average ratepayer. The feeling of anxiety will not be diminished when the following naive confession is considered :—‘“ But their (the Commissioners) chief concern is not with the permanent employment offered by long-established forests, but with the temporary occupation that is associated with the establishment of forests” (Erosion Commission Report, Paragraph 68). I bring these facts forward in their nakedness not simply for destructive criticism—I yield to no man in my belief in a well-thought-out scheme of afforestation as a check to rural depopulation—but rather to demonstrate that difficulties do exist, and that they are not got over by merely avoiding them. Enthusiasts in their optimism have wrecked many an admirable scheme by looking only at the attractive side of the picture, and timely criticism may sometimes obviate subsequent opposition. If the facts I have put forward are correct, two general principles directly follow: (1) That the plantable area of poor “mountain and heath land” under tooo or 1500 feet is not necessarily co-terminous with the area that it is advisable, in the interests of the body politic, to afforest; (2) That even of that area of poor ‘‘mountain and heath land” that will “ stand ” planting, a considerable portion, probably the greater, lies on the border line between possible success and _ prospective economic failure, and that it is only by the best management, by the closest study of local conditions, and by a reduction of the initial expenditure to a minimum, that satisfactory results can be obtained. It is with these inherent difficulties in view AFFORESTATION. 161 that I would urge the examination of the schemes set out by the Erosion Commission Report, and the letter of Mr Munro Ferguson and your anonymous correspondent (R.S.A.S. Transactions, Vols. XXI., p. 135, and XXII., p. 8), in order to consider not only the merits of each and how far they are mutually supplementary, but also more particularly—for therein lies the solution—to which class of land each is best applied. AFFORESTATION BY THE STATE. It is a curious fact that all discoverers of the new republic start their Utopia from fabula rasa either by blindness, more or less assumed, to existing facts, or by an imaginary transfer to the islands of the blest. The modern silviculturist collectivist, as represented by the Erosion Commission, and in a limited sense by Mr Munro Ferguson, is not less callous, or shall we say optimistic? ‘The interests of: the evicted farmers are dis- missed with the curt phrase: ‘The tenants will probably find holdings elsewhere” (Erosion Report). The rural population is given the scant comfort that it is not with permanent employ- ment for the countryman, but rather with the wastrels of the towns that the Erosion Commission is mainly concerned. Mansion-houses, according to Mr Munro Ferguson, are to be bought and sold, apparently without reference to the feelings of owners or occupiers, provided only that no loss will accrue to the State. Farms and villages according to the same authority are to change hands, and if there is any signification in the phrase, ‘Where also the State and _ local authorities could well conduct to the best advantage popular (sic) experiments in small holdings,” the era of the State nationalisation of land is to commence. As far as can be gathered from the Erosion Commission’s Report—though here, Mr Munro Ferguson, with his knowledge of silviculture and great practical experience, holds very different views—the pathway of progress to 9,000,000 acres afforested is to be simple and straightforward. In the ‘Golden Age” time is not of moment; Boards will grow like mushrooms, and trained “ Forstmeisters” blossom forth before the foundation of training colleg@s are laid. Vast areas will be controlled before experience, built up on hard years of administrative work, is acquired. No rabbit so bold as to eat his way through a paper regulation; no squirrel so 162 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. abandoned as to reduce the value of a 70-years’ rotation to less than £195 odd per acre. Now this is charming, but is it practical? Can we reasonably expect that a scheme, equalling in magnitude the operations of the centuries-old German forest department, can be started ab ovo without Board, experience, or foresters, and avoid failures on an equally comprehensive scale? Can it be argued from what we know of municipal trading that this, the most difficult of all communal undertakings, can be carried on without certain waste, even if the cruder forms of leakage are prevented ? Again, before Parliamentary powers are obtained, before plans and surveys have been made, before the training colleges have not only been built but also begun to produce foresters, how many years must elapse? Our one afforestation experience is no happy augury. It has taken ten years’ agitation to purchase the Government’s ewe lamb—Inverliever. It is a significant fact that after two years’ occupation not a tree has been planted, and the only overt departmental act has been the removal of the one crofter inhabitant, and the giving of notice to sheep farmers that their leases are to be terminated. To build up an industry requires brain, application, thought ; to destroy one, a little wind in Parliament and the stroke of the permanent official pen suffice. While the difficulties in the way of a State Afforestation scheme are enormous, let it at once be admitted, that there is much the State can do, and do better than the individual entrepreneur. As a broad generalisation, all that appertains to pure forestry—if I may use the term—readily falls into the province of a State department; and equally certainly all that may be classed as local forestry (estates, surplus land, etc.) is better left to the enterprise of the individual—aided by the State if occasion demands. In order to obtain the all-important advantages of continuity of management over woodland areas, and so far as possible benefit the State, probably all practical men would agree that the procedure must be on the following lines, viz... — (1) The formation of a Central Forestry Board, without which n@ forest scheme, or even a plan for the making of a forest scheme, is possible. (2) The acquisition of experimental and demonstration areas—not like the poverty-stricken Inverliever, where AFFORESTATION. 163 the trees have yet to grow before demonstration can begin—but centrally situated, well-wooded estates with plantations of various ages (not over-thinned) containing suitable land for planting and_ timber limits due for felling, sufficient in size to give ex- perience and education in administrative work, and with large enough woodlands to combine practical - demonstration of approved methods with experiments in new ones. (3) The establishment of a school, or schools, for foresters at, or in, the vicinity of the demonstration areas, capable of turning out a supply of uniformly trained foresters in sufficient numbers to control the State forests’ areas as they are planted. (4) The survey of mountain and heath lands of Great Britain and Ireland, the formation of schemes, division into districts, and the appointment of inspectors. (5) And finally, the scheduling and gradual afforestation of such blocks of poor “mountain and heath lands” as can be planted to profit by the State, and in which the unplantable area left on the hands of the Commissioners does not represent an important proportion of the whole subject taken. It cannot be too strongly urged that until an Administrative Department, necessarily selected for silvicultural knowledge, has had experience in dealing with estate work and the many and varied interests connected with land, the simpler the proposition undertaken, and the less ‘‘ moiling” with the affairs of tenants, improvements, shootings, way-goings, etc., the greater the probability of success. There is no royal road to successful forestry, and only individual attention and unremitting care can give the return the Erosion Commissioners so confidently anti- cipate. CO-OPERATION OF STATE AND LANDOWNER. While in general agreement with the scheme of your anony- mous correspondent (R.S.A.S. Zransactions, Vol. XXI., p. 135) as a necessary supplement to any plan of State afforestation, I consider that there are certain relations in the work of co-operation between State and landowner which require further definition, 164 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and for the sake of clearness I beg to put forward the following ‘ suggestions :— (1) That the State should provide the money necessary for the establishment of forests at a low rate of interest. (2) That the landlord should provide the land, and should be credited in the joint account with its unimproved capitalised value, at the same rate of interest. (3) That the work of afforestation should be done by the local expert (the landlord or his forester) supervised by the Departmental expert—the Government Forest Inspector. (4) That the landlord should retain the “‘ solum” and sporting rights, but should he exercise the latter to the detriment of the woods, the Government would have the power (a) to interfere and effectually control the game, (d) to charge wanton damage against the landlord’s account and share of eventual profits. (5) That parallel columns, profit and loss account, should be kept fortheexpenditure by State and landlord ; that credit should be given for any money spent by either party and for the interest due thereon. That at the first felling a balance should be struck and profits divided pro rata, according to the aggregate disbursements made. (6) That at any period the landlord should have the power to buy out the State—(a) By repayment of the capital sum expended and interest due; (6) By repayment of an additional bonus at the time of final felling, this bonus to be a percentage on the “ present value” of the State’s prospective profit, calculated at the time the sale was concluded. (7) Should the landlord exercise his option of purchase he should be bound under a penalty (subject to certain reservations) to replant and maintain as woodlands, under proper silvicultural conditions, all land on which public money had been expended. The modus operandi would be as follows:—A scheme for State-aided Forestry would be laid before the Central Board, + As the option of buying out the State lies with the landowner, it is necessary to exact a bonus in cases of repurchase, in order to cover any losses to the State which might occur in plantation failures, when the optional powers would obviously not be exercised. AFFORESTATION. 165 who would consider the price of land, the compensations due to tenants for severance, sheep valuations and disturbance, the suitability of the soil, the prospective yield, the probable number of men to be permanently employed, and the injury done to existing industries. If the scheme were considered practicable the Board would proceed to call for tenders for planting, specifying the age, the species of plants, the method of plant- ing, and the number required per acre. Provisional contracts would also be made for fencing, draining, killing beetles, switching bracken, removal of timber, etc. Arrangements for “bushing up,” rabbit killing, vermin destruction, fire breaks, etc., would be made and penalties agreed upon. After the Board had satisfied itself not only that compensation claims and initial outlay generally would leave a fair margin ot profit, but also that the forest work could be carried on at a reasonable cost, it would sanction the scheme, and the work would be begun. The principal argument raised against State aid to the private owner is that it implies a certain measure of dual owner- ship and control. ‘This alone in the eyes of the more “ phrase- ridden” is enough to condemn it as something necessarily vicious, vaguely—but by some subconscious mental process dificult to arrive at—inseparably connected with agrarian crime and misrule in Ireland. It is worth while inquiring if this is a very enlightened view. Dual control may be, and often is, a hard necessity, never- theless it is a permanent factor in our everyday life, and to ignore it is not to face facts as they are. Every business, every farm, every estate that is run on borrowed money, every contract, every delegation of command by a central authority, implies a measure of dual control, and in some cases of dual ownership also. Yet it must be allowed that the path of progress is towards decentralisation and extension of local responsibility, and that in finance the tendency is towards the increase of turnover by expansion built up to the limit of borrowing powers. Is this consistent with the inherent evil suggested ? A little straight thinking will show that the evil of dual control is not ‘of itself” but in its application. Dual control with dual ownership is possible where there is unity-of purpose, it is smoothly successful where there is in addition, similarity of method, but it is unworkable where there is a divergency of 166 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. objective between the principals concerned. It is this similarity of objective which has made the Crofter Act workable in the Highlands, and the Irish Land Billimpossible in Ireland ; which in Army affairs, in spite of prophets of evil, made the Company system, as opposed to the Adjutant or Regimental system, the high toad to military efficiency. It is community of purpose, taken in conjunction with similarity, or divergence of method, which is responsible on the one hand for the smoothness of working between the “‘sound company” and the bank financing it; or on the other, for the friendly but standing feud between the “ go ahead branch,” and the central office, or the little rubs between the Railway Directors and the Board of Trade. The question therefore of importance in any State-aided scheme is not the measure of dual control, but whether the purposes and methods of the two contracting parties are identical. Is this likely to be the case? The answer is surely yes! The objective is the same—well-grown woods under the best silvi- cultural conditions, and at the least possible cost. “As to method, there may at first be differences, but even these will tend to disappear as silvicultural education becomes standardised and experience of the administration of wide areas is acquired. As has been pointed out afforestation work will be mainly conducted by contract, with specifications clearly laid down before hand, and it is difficult to see why trees should not be dibbled in 4000 to the acre with the same accuracy and satisfaction to both parties, as when a crofter contracts to build a dry dyke or Lucas and Aird erect a Barrage on the Nile. Another argument that is used against State-aided A ffores- tation is that the landlord might get too high a return for his land. ‘There is no reason this should be the case. Should the landlord wish to buy out the State, it is proposed that, apart from the return of the whole money advanced by the State, a further bonus should be paid, the exact amount of this bonus depending on the ultimate prospective profit, and the increment of wood added during the State’s period of investment. While there is no reason why this bonus should be fixed so low that the landlord would make too large a profit, it is advisable in the general interest that the purchase clause should be made sufficiently inviting to make sales the rule not the exception. It must never be forgotten that funds for afforestation will be always hardly won from a reluctant Treasury ; also that there AFFORESTATION. 167 are fixed limits beyond which it is dangerous for even a Govern- ment department to expand. If afforestation is to be really effectual as a check to rural depopulation, it must be on a scale so extensive that any factor tending to reduce expenditure, or broaden responsibility, must be viewed with favour. Under the purchase clause every sale by the Government sets free money for new forestry schemes, and the risk to the State is pro tanto diminished, while at the same time the central idea “‘ more woods at less cost” is kept in view by the servitude binding the landlord to keep under forest all lands on which public money has been expended. If the objections to State-aided forestry are considerable the advantages gained are not small. In the first place, by co-operation much land will be afforested which could not be planted with economic success if the State were acting alone. In the interference with the two great values — agricultural and sporting —and the substitution of a new enterprise, forestry, there must of necessity arise a gradual but far-reaching rearrangement of landholders, boundaries, interests, and a re-adjustment of equipment (farm buildings, lodges, etc.), and a temporary dislocation of trade requirements. It is very obvious that such a work of re-organisation can be best done by those who are conversant with estate manage- ment, rather than by a central body primarily selected for quite other work. Compensation in kind for land taken, re-grouping of farms, and of lands perhaps outside the scheduled area, temporary grazing rights, can all be arranged with less friction and at less cost by private individuals than by the State. Again the ‘‘surplus land” question can be more easily tackled by the landowner. It seems hardly realised that if the State alone secured three million plantable acres in the High- lands, the lairds of the North would be administering a few thousand acres of arable land on the Coast, while the Forestry Board would be saddled with a total area to be reckoned om millions of acres, including the unletable blocks of hinterland of most if not all the deer forests in Scotland. But there are other arguments equally weighty. Under the co-operative scheme no purchase money would be paid out for land. Taking the Erosion Commission’s figures as correct, this would at once double the area that any given sum supplied by Treasury would afforest. Again, there would be a great saving 163 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of time if full use were made of existing organisations. There would be no necessity to wait for the army of State foresters, administrators, surveyors, etc. Once a Central Board had been appointed each scheme proposed could be considered on its own merits, and contracts made and work proceeded with under the local forester. Apart from the reduction of the initial cost there would be a considerable saving of expenditure in actually carrying out the executive work, Local control would ensure efficient labour, while past experience would secure cheap rates of planting and suitable plants. Finally there is the question of game in its double capacity ‘of “revenue producer ” and “ tree destroyer.” From both stand- points the game question is more easily handled by the landlord acting with the State, than by the State alone. The keeper in the permanent pay of the landlord will do better work at less cost than the hired trapper, whose main object is but too often to leave “stock” sufficient to ensure his services being required another year. In maintaining the rents for game and thereby limiting compensation claims, the advice of those who have made the matter a life study cannot be altogether devoid of value. There is nothing the forester is more apt to forget than that 4 per acre sacrificed in initial expenditure (compensation for loss of rent, etc.) represents £10, 12s. at the final felling, while the sacrifice of a few trees by opening woods to deer say at twelve instead of twenty years, or the partial injury to a few half acres for pheasants’ rises, represents no such great loss. CONCLUSION. State Afforestation has been for many years before the public. It has its regular cycle of interest, enthusiasm, and apathy. It has its recognised opponents who doggedly resist its every move, and it hasits votaries who are enthusiastic, often it must be confessed by their very narrowness, only to destroy. There is reason to suppose that the present moment is one in which the public might be persuaded to act — over-crowding in the towns, unemployment, and the report of the Erosion Commission have all tended to focus public opinion—the opportunity if lost may not occur again. AFFORESTATION. 169 Though there may be difference of opinion as to method, the general line of action is clear:—(1) The Forestry Board and an official survey. (2) Experimental areas. (3) Afforestation, whether State-aided or not, set about tentatively and in care- fully selected areas. So may success silence the critics, and experience, gradually but systematically gained, pave the way for enterprise on a larger and ever-increasing scale. 21. Afforestation.! By R. C. Munro FErRGuson, M.P. It will become me, and suit my audience also, perhaps, if we discuss British Silviculture in its practical aspects. We succeed best in this country by grappling with actual facts, rather than by foreshadowing ideal possibilities, or constructing highly detailed technical schemes. It is perhaps the very defect of this quality which has blighted British silviculture, for a crop which takes 80 to 200 years to mature, necessitates a long look into the future, and a good deal more planning than a field of wurzel. I am, unhappily, no trained expert, but having associated with experts and foresters through that part of my life which I have been able to give to forestry, my private conviction is that to secure success the expert and the practical forester must work together. Progress is slow whilst they revolve in different spheres, and a certain aloofness between the man with the pen and the man with the tool is the origin of weakness in more than one industrial sphere, for when skilled pen or tongue fancies itself superior to skilled hand and eye, the feel- ing is cordially reciprocated, and progress is nil. Everything is sO easy on paper,—Trees grow; the unemployed plant; towns are depleted of surplus population; profits pour in; the rural population increases in numbers and accumulates wealth. A couple of hours steady writing does the thing. But the practical man scoffs and recalls the last drawing of that great wit, artist, and thinker, Caran d’ Ache, in whicha “ French Volunteer ” in a wonderful get-up informs a Pomeranian Grenadier ‘“ Que 1 An address delivered at the National Liberal Club, in London, on 22nd April 1909, VOL, XXII. PART II. M 170 YRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. nous sommes déja au fusil a pensée,’ and the Pomeranian replies, “Ach! pour nous, nous sommes encore au fusil a balle.” It is comparatively recently that the politician and the writer have taken up forestry, and meanwhile something has been actually done to bring theoretical and practical silviculture into closer combination. And it was time, because public attention is at length drawn to afforestation, and there is a danger of its future being compromised by its transformation from a highly skilled economic industry to a form of relief for the unemployed. With a few scattered exceptions, it cannot be said that we have as yet any organised silviculture—meaning systematic growth of the largest possible quantity of the best and most profitable timber upon any given area. Our present position is that we have 4,000,000 acres or so of woodland worked over all ata dead loss. A few landowners and their foresters have shown what our soil and climate can do when properly utilised. The State has remained inactive. Crown woods are still for the most part models of what they should not be. The State has provided, sometimes lavishly, for almost every kind of training: it has done next to nothing for silviculture, in spite of the fact that this industry makes the greatest demands on training. The Government of India trains its forest officers at Oxford, but sends them abroad for their practical course. We cannot supply that training, nor are we in fit condition to emulate forth- with our European neighbours and adopt a large plan of national afforestation. We have not reached the stage of training, or attained the standard, in silviculture, that we have in agriculture. A farmer who left his roots unthinned, or allowed his corn to stand until shaken out, would excite notice, unfavourable comment, and possibly active restraint, but the forest owner committing equivalent absurdities escapes detection. One disadvantage from which private ownership suffers is that it cannot secure continuous good management throughout the growth of the crop, partly for want of trained foresters, and partly because the legislature has so far removed the control of the dead hand that no forest plan can be made permanent ; and without continuous good management and a settled policy there can be no silviculture. There is no track laid by usage and tradition which the average unenlightened owner and forester may follow mechanically. Until quite recently they have not had any facilities for acquiring knowledge, while AFFORESTATION, I7I even now facilities for theoretical training are few and superficial, and there are no object-lessons in silviculture, save those due to individual experiments. We have to set up a true standard of excellence in silviculture before we can either improve existing woodlands by State or private enterprise, or rightly afforest the waste partially-utilised land suited to timber. Until we have such a standard we need not expect to have any successful silviculture carried on by owner, corporation, or State. In my country there ought probably to be the same area under silviculture as under agriculture, or about 44 million acres, but without a survey the areas available in that or any other part of the United Kingdom are mere guess work. All that is certain is, that several million acres in the United Kingdom now under heather or rough pasture are eminently suited to afforestation, and that there is no reason why our silviculture should not, like our agriculture, be the finest in Europe instead of the worst. Actual facts suggest action on a large scale by the State. It is to be noted, however, that eminent authorities maintain either that afforestation, like any other business, is best left entirely to private enterprise, or else that it could best be developed by State loan, applied under State supervision and control, the owner pooling his land, and the State the costs of stocking, the profits being allocated so as to remunerate both parties. Purely State Afforestation is objected to on the grounds that the Nation is embarking on an immense speculation, with which it is traditionally and other- wise unfitted to cope ; that State employees would be immensely increased, and that they have given rise to enough trouble and corruption already in many constituencies; that the position in France to-day, in this respect, is not one to emulate. To the nationalisation of many undertakings these objections would apply, but the advantages the State has in dealing with silviculture are wholly exceptional, and sufficient to outweigh the disadvantages. The State can provide a management that never dies over operations covering a century or even two. It can afford to have its capital locked up for this lengthy period ; while on the other hand, the area to be dealt with is so large that it must be developed on right lines, and under one general scheme, so as ultimately to secure a definite and certain supply of timber in view of a probable shortage in the world’s output. From the commercial point of view, a patch of one kind of timber I72 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. here and another there, a large supply at one moment and practically none at another, is useless. To secure a market the product must be of equal quality and quantity continuously supplied. In forestry finance the State (or the Corporation) has advantages over the individual, in addition to the considerable one of being able to borrow money at a low rate. It pays no death duties, which by their inequality operate injuriously on private forests. Timber on a rich estate will pay no death duty, whilst on a poor one the full duty exigible may fall with crushing effect upon the timber, and this tends to bring forests prematurely to the axe. This at least is certain :—either the State must itself extend the timber area, or else it must advance the costs of stocking, to responsible individuals or corporations, and provide the management to safeguard its investment. The latter course involves divided responsibility, always a doubtful expedient— especially in forestry, where ground game and squirrels, wind and fire, disease and neglect, may ruin any plantation in a few hours, weeks, or years. If I hazard a suggestion at the present stage it would be that the State should take the main part of the work in hand; that the initiative of the private owners should be encouraged; while it may even be found expedient to indulge in a certain measure of combination between the State and the individual,—once, that is, we have an established Board of Forestry with its recognised standards of good practice,—for the problem of severance and the liability for claims becomes so serious in dealing with small areas that this special difficulty alone may require circumven- tion. Co-partnery proposals present great difficulties, whether to the State or the individual, but should not be absolutely ruled out as an accessory to the main effort. As a matter of fact we need not tie ourselves down to any particular dogma, if only because there is plenty of time to think over these three lines of action. The immediate requirements are :—adequate provision for thorough training; a survey of available land; a general scheme based upon ascertained facts, the whole interests of forestry being centred in a responsible Department. In Germany, whose woods are, along with those of Switzer- land, perhaps the best managed over all, the ownership is divided amongst landowners, corporations, and States. The AFFORESTATION. [73 governments make provision of every kind to stimulate and protect silviculture, the result being that some 4 millions of the population exist by it and its attendant industries, and land worth 3s. an acre per annum in the Sachsenwald becomes worth 50s. an acre in producing spruce for wood pulp, an industry so perfected that a tree growing at 5 a.M. has been sold in the street in the form of newspapers by to o'clock, 5 hours later. In Germany there is no hard and fast system of tenure or procedure. Some private forests are under the control of State Forest Officers, others are not; in certain cases owners are under the obligation to restock felled areas. The advice of State officials is often given free, plants may be provided gratis, or taxation remitted. No aspiring forester lacks facility for training in school and college, forest school, or university. Twenty years ago there were 7 Chairs of Forestry in the one University of Munich. As a result, we find everywhere the most rigid teutonic habits of continuous good management, regular clean fellings, and uniform annual income, so beneficial alike to producer and consumer. German timber is largely of the coniferous varieties, which constitute 87 per cent. of our own imports, and in which the world’s shortage is most imminent. In France there is a more centralised organisation, with its magnificent School at Nancy. A larger proportion of her forests are hardwood, often managed on the selection system, so well suited to English proclivities and to Indian necessities. There may be greater inequalities in French administration, but here, as in most other European countries, there are admirable results. Natural woods are fast disappearing. In Scandinavia the saw-mills are rather too good for the silviculture. Russia, with the chief reserve of European coniferous timber, has so prodigious a domestic consumption, that the balance exported from the Baltic must diminish. Meanwhile the wastage in the U.S. A. and Canada, and in Australia, was and is incalculable. Mr Roosevelt inaugurated a serious conservation policy, much of it necessarily of a superficial character ; and in the far and lively West a forest officers main recommendation sometimes consists in being a dead shot. Our own supplies are drawn almost entirely from abroad, our home grown timber being limited in quantity, and through 174 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. neglect and ignorance inferior in quality. We import about 430,000,000 worth, and evidence is practically conclusive that we could well produce the bulk of it at home—an objective worth pursuit. Timber is a permanent need. It is true that some substitute continually supplants it for certain purposes, but some new demand arises even more frequently. We could produce all our own wood pulp, but we produce none. Whole populations amongst the western nations of the new and old worlds live in wooden houses—which are not only suited to small holdings—for which the cost of an English model cottage is too great a burden—but also afford the best accommodation at lowest cost, even in severe climates. It is significant that Dr Schlich has reviewed somewhat pessimistically the question of the world’s supply and demand, and in that connection we ask ourselves what is the home area, and what crop can it raise ? Protection we may once more set aside, for timber duties were about the last to go, and did nothing to stimulate the infant industry. We have had three official Forestry reports in less than 25 years, besides one or two for India, and many unofficial views have been expressed—reports and opinions of various values, but received until to-day with obvious indifference by the public and its rulers. The report of the Commission on Coast Erosion deviated somehow into Afforestation, and created an artificial connection between it and urban unemployment. Its recommendations are calculated to erect an elaborate super- structure on inadequate foundations,—and though that has not rendered it the less effective in bringing afforestation into favour, it makes it all the more necessary to take the immediate steps, long since officially recommended, to provide for organisation, survey, training, planning, co-ordination, and negotiation for purchase. We must create a working machine which will provide scientific economic control for the main operation. Even to organise a large landed estate on sound lines is not a matter to trifle with, and national afforestation is not only a tremendous undertaking, but one for which straw has yet to be gathered to make the bricks. To attempt to afforest without staff, organisation, training, experiment, and survey would be sheer folly. Even our experts cannot be trusted, for their sphere of practical experience in this country has been so limited as to render their guidance of only partial reliability. To avoid disaster and the disappointments we practical planters AFFORESTATION. 175 have experienced, there must be a properly constituted State authority. This should be either a branch of the Board of Agriculture, or better still, a separate Department under the Treasury. It should take over such provision for training as now exists under the Board of Agriculture, the Woods and Forests Department, or the Education Departments, and develop it into a complete system. The Board or Department should set up two, or perhaps three, Forest Schools. It should acquire several large well-timbered areas to serve as Demon- stration Forests, where, as well as in Forest Gardens and in combination with private scientifically-conducted woods, experi- ments of all kinds would be carried on. These would embrace nursery work, methods of planting, mixing varieties, thinning, under-planting, transport, and marketing. In these schools and forests, foresters of all grades would get technical training. There also working-plans would be drafted and some of them applied. Staffs would be selected and organised, as experience was gained, for the larger operations to follow. The expert and the working forester would rub shoulders together, as they set about bringing 100,000 acres or more of Demonstration Forest into full bearing and proper rotation. Eight or ten years must elapse before this side of the Board’s work is sufficiently advanced to enable it to advise Parliament as to a general scheme, or to carry out a scheme without loss or failure. Parliament can then take its final decision in comparative confidence, and leave the enlightened Forest Board to lay down and carry out the work of National Afforestation. Meanwhile the Board of Forestry will have trained skilled wood managers for woods privately owned and worked. It will have set up a standard of silviculture to which all will endeavour to conform, and which would render co-operation between the State and the individual less hazardous than it would be to-day. Broadly stated, it should be able to rely on private enterprise to cope with the improvement of the 4 million acres of existing woodland, and even a larger area, with State co-operation. There might be in Scotland, perhaps, 14 million acres under private or communal ownership (municipal catchment areas should be afforested), leaving possibly three millions to be nationalised at probably much the same cost as Inverliever, say £2 anacre. £5 an acre should cover purchase and stocking. This expenditure of #5 should make a return eventually of atleast £50. Indeed, under Larch, land worth 3os, 176 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. may, with the underplanting, yield a crop worth £150 anacre. A forester is required for every roo acres (instead of a shepherd or gamekeeper for every 1,000 or 2,000), not to speak of the eventual attendant industries under private management which should employ two or three times as many skilled hands. No British accounts can be produced to prove this, because until recently no books have been kept—and such accounts as we have mostly show a loss; but this at any rate is quite a fair anticipation, from home and foreign data, to justify the action proposed. Hardwood plantations are more costly to stock, and all parts of a forest are not equally remunerative ; we should begin with the cheaper, more easily stocked soils over large acreages, which afford the surest prospect of financial and social success. The Survey would estimate the area best suited to private initiative, and experience would show how far the State and the individual could actively co-operate, what area the State itself must deal with, and what are its probable liabilities and prospects in so doing ; how far common rights in England and Wales should yield to afforestation, and how far out-runs to farms can be curtailed without disaster to agriculture, and without unduly rousing agricultural opposition. In Ireland public opinion cannot be counted on to favour afforestation, even when under the popular auspices of County Councils, whose plants, I under- stand, have been removed by an unsympathetic public. Else- where grave obstacles must be met and dealt with. Forest plans will be prepared to lay out the lands and arrange for an annual average yield, so as to insure steady income and employment either on a clean-cutting compartment system, or on the selection system, z.e., felling ripe trees in forests stocked with those of all ages. These plans would show the order in which land should be acquired, the areas to be stocked annually, and how. The work of survey and preparation of plans must take years. In the Highlands, where great areas can be most easily acquired with fewest complications in transfer, there will be two main difficulties—the effect of afforesting winter grazings (plus the future utilisation of what remains) ; and the bearing of these operations on the incidence of local taxation. Admit that—great as is the revenue derived from sport, and beneficial as is usually its expenditure—society would be on a sounder footing had the Highlands never drawn a shooting rent, since reliance on sporting values has discouraged solid industrial enterprise, yet the hard AFFORESTATION. 177 fact remains that many Highland parishes, and some counties to a large extent, are dependent in the main on sporting assessments for local revenue, especially where there are many crofts which under the Crofters’ Act are rated, where crofters have made their own improvements, on the low scale of their land alone. Highland rates being already sometimes well over 1os. in the pound, the financial consequences of general afforestation of those winter grazings, which contain the most profitable silvicultural area, might conceivably render a 20s. rate inadequate for local government requirements. This is quite a possible contingency, unless the Chancellor of the Exchequer redistributes grants in aid according to the recommendations of the Minority Reports on the incidence of local taxation; for rates on plantations, as on crofters, rule low, and a disappearance of the sporting and sheep farm rents from some assessment rolls (these being the values on which the normal rates are mainly levied) would in many instances at once provoke a financial crisis. It will be a delicate matter to withdraw from existing holdings the land really required for afforestation, and to re-allocate the portions unsuited to silviculture ; for the great economic problem of the Highlands is winter keep, and this is found below the 1000 ft. level, which is as a rule the upper limit for profitable silviculture. Above that line most of the area would be most profitably allocated to sport. Where the Crofter Acts operate, little can be done for silviculture, and elsewhere the problem of re-allocation being serious, the afforestation of small areas is better left to the individual. ‘The best sphere for the State lies in the purchase by agreement and compulsion of large grazings or whole estates, thereby minimising claims for severance damages. What is not wanted for afforestation can then be re-allocated for sport, or in the case of arable land for small holdings, which fit in well with silviculture. What is certain is that any hap-hazard scheme, arbitrarily applied, would meet with united opposition in the Highlands or anywhere else. What is, and what is not, practicable will be made apparent by the survey. This once settled, we can concentrate on the respective capabilities of scheduled lands, and get reliable figures as to the cost of stocking respective areas. ‘This varies from 4os. an acre on the heathery slope to “10 an acre for ordinary English hardwood plantations. ‘The supply of local labour and its quality will be ascertained, and the cost—in the absence of 178 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. local or efficient workmen—of settling Forest Colonies. We shall learnalso what, if any, openings can be found for temporary or casual employment, as to which no forester is sanguine. The fact is that as silviculture extends it creates a sphere for local skilled employment, which remains practically closed to the urban unemployed. Silviculture will keep people on the land— it will not provide for surplus urban unskilled casual labour in times of emergency. It is one of the most highly skilled amongst rural industries. Every detail from the nursery to the saw bench requires skill, while the actual planting should only be undertaken by experienced hands. Any of these operations if bungled may mean all the difference between profit or loss on the crop, and, indeed, the want cf skill in our profes- sional foresters accounts in some measure for the economic failure of their industry, Ignorance and game are the ruin of British woodlands. Abroad the damage done by deer in Germany and by hares in France is often serious, but is mitigated by professional capacity. Surely if the ignorance of the best of us is a stumbling-block, the inevitable consequence of letting loose upon the State Forests the temporary clients of Urban Distress Committees would be to add enormously to the dis- advantages under which Forestry has hitherto laboured. It is a proposal which no forester can understand ; for to combine silviculture with relief works spells certain failure, unless indeed such labour is restricted to piece work on roads in summer, and that is obviously the last operation to be taken in hand. The divorce between our urban population and the soil is a national calamity. The cure seems to me to lie in the extension of intensive cultivation round:populous centres, adjacent to the urban home, and in surroundings to which people are accustomed. If you rarely attract the townsman to the land, you will as rarely fail to keep the countryman upon it if you give him openings for self and family, and the Nursery work provides splendid training and employment for many boys. One of my gardeners came to Novar entirely because he had a large family of sons, and knew that they would all find employ- ment leading on to skilled occupations. This is just the type of family that usually drifts into the towns. Silviculture gives an even more steady employment than does agriculture, and it is these regular employments which our present day social system lacks. The necessity for fostering them AFFORESTATION. 179 is the great truth that lies behind the cry of back to the land. It may be that legislation following upon the Poor Law Inquiry will, either through labour colonies or classification of the unemployed, alter present conditions.: Meanwhile we have to proceed on ordinary commercial lines, getting the best men available to do the work. We have to treat afforestation, in short, as the development of a neglected branch of our social economy, as a matter of ordinary business, and to follow the lines of least resistance, so far as they are effective. Any question as between land nationalisation and private ownership will solve itself in the light of experience. There is general concurrence that large areas should be nationalised for silviculture, and that is sufficient for believers in State forestry. All depends on the preparatory work done in the next decade, and this cannot be too soon begun. We start, fortunately, at a time when those blessed, if wearisome, words ‘“ co-ordination ” and “organisation” begin to influence our methods, and assuredly these are the watchwords for Silviculture. My aim is to invite suggestion, not to lay down the law; I know enough to avoid that. If in so doing I have given elasticity to some of my previous contentions when urging some one line of action as against another, it is to ensure that no contribution of any value shall be kept out of the pool,—for nothing should be lost or neglected which can help us to realise our great end, viz., the full utilisation of the poorer soils adapted to silviculture, and the ample development of all natural resources, with a view to providing full employment for our people. 180 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 22. The Royal Commission on Afforestation: their German and English Critics and remarks thereon. By Bert. RIBBENTROP, C.I.E. The Royal Commissioners held fifty sittings, examined eighty witnesses, and have recommended a truly gigantic plan. By it they have once more convincingly brought before the public the vital importance of large and conservatively managed forests, and their beneficial effect on the economic development of any country, and have proved that the creation of such forests in these Islands must be made a national undertaking.. In Germany this result is fully recognised and highly praised. The form of the Report (evidently both of the two parts are referred to) is somewhat severely handled by the German critic Dr Moeller, who condemns it as vague, badly arranged, fatiguing on account of its numerous repetitions, and generally purposeless. He evidently does not appreciate the drift of the Commissioners, and excuses the unnecessary elaboration of the Report by the supposition that it was meant for an assembly more or less ignorant of forestry, as understood in Germany, and in which an interest in real silviculture had still to be awakened ; for, he continues, “ with as yet few but in- creasing exceptions, the Briton though an excellent arbori- culturist is not a forester.” Dr Moeller, in comparing the existing state of forest conditions in Germany and England, writes : ‘In Germany a large proportion of the original natural forests was, owing to the political and economic development of the country, saved from destruction, and was in most instances brought under conservative management before the forest soil had deteriorated. On considerable, though com- paratively small areas, the forests were destroyed and the character of the forest soil was lost, leaving no option but reafforestation, for though a considerable percentage of the country is forest-clad, a further large increase in the forest area is recognised to be a matter of national importance. England has lost its compact forest areas and the Commissioners Report conclusively shows that, under existing circumstances, an amelioration on a sufficiently large scale cannot be expected, unless the State intervenes.” ‘They now,” the critic con- THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON AFFORESTATION. 181 tinues, ‘‘desire to create in that country, under the political, social, legal, and economic conditions of the twentieth century, in the course of sixty years, results similar to those which Germany owes to many centuries of historical development—a veritable labour of Hercules !” The Commissioners’ estimates for afforestation are considered excessively high, amounting to double the actual cost in Germany of similar operations with hole planting, under the most difficult and expensive conditions, and including the cost of planting material. The costliness of the work is ascribed to the proposal to utilise the labour of the unemployed, which, for all cultural operations is condemned as unsuitable and unnecessarily expensive in Germany, where women and boys are employed on the actual planting, and where one foreman is employed to twenty or thirty labourers. It is‘noted that the Commissioners’ scheme extends only to such areas as have been actually acquired by the State, and that it contains no final proposals for encouraging private parties to participate in the national undertaking. This is unfavourably compared with the action of the Prussian Govern- ment, who undertake the supervision of all village, communal, corporation, and institution forests gratis, and grant considerable sums to poor communities for the afforestation of their waste lands in hilly regions. The success of the scheme, both from a silvicultural and financial point of view (land and money being forthcoming) is fully accepted, but it is considered prob- lematical whether, even under such _ circumstances, the arguments of the Royal Commission, collected with great industry, will be sufficient to move the English Parliament. All the British daily papers have commented on _ the afforestation scheme evolved by the Royal Commission, but the most valuable and only real criticism I have read is contained in a paper read by Dr Nisbet at the fifteenth ordinary meeting of the Royal Society of Arts. It is a well considered and practical article; still I fail to see why, with reasonable deductions for unexpected disasters, estimates should not be framed as regards future silvicultural and financial possibilities for periods sixty or eighty years ahead. As a matter of fact, Dr Nisbet does this himself in the paragraph pre- ceding that in which he criticises the actuarial calculations, as he calls them, by saying that on an average a 60-year-old 182 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. wood should yield about roo tons (5000 c. ft.) of timber per acre. Personally, I see no reason for questioning Dr Schlich’s estimates, though I prefer to make, at the outset, some deduction for possible disasters. Dr Nisbet accuses the Commissioners of, whilst quoting many examples of profitable forestry in Britain, deliberately suppressing all mention of dead failures, a charge which, however, is hardly substantiated by facts, for, in paragraph 21 of the Report, failures in abundance are acknowledged; and a study of the evidence which the Commissioners had before them shows that such failures were in many instances due to avoidable causes, such as attempting to cultivate trees in lands unfit for any forestry work, the faulty selection of species or wrong methods of cultivation, and I consider that they were right in basing their calculations of future possibilities on successes only. The (doubtlessly reliable) data, regarding the financial success of forest management in various German states, which the Commissioners quote as an additional base of their forecasts, are, as Dr Nisbet points out, not applicable in this respect, not because social, climatic, or geological conditions would render such comparisons unjustifiable, but because they refer to large forest areas of which afforested waste lands form but a small part. Dr Nisbet suggests that a comparison with the results of the extensive afforestation schemes carried out in Prussia since the middle of last century would be more to the point. I do not agree with this, for these figures would embrace the numerous and heavy losses incurred during the prolonged period of successive failures, and thereby give the impression that the afforestation of waste lands is under all circumstances an unprofitable undertaking. That this, however, is by no means the opinion in Prussia, is evidenced by the fact that the Government bought 213,710 acres of waste land in the twenty years 1883-1903, and 59,058 acres in the following five years, and cultivated 237,574 acres during these twenty-five years. They still own some 64,000 acres of waste land fit for afforestation, and their working-scheme provides for an annual afforestation of from 10,000 to 12,000 acres, with the purchase of similar areas for an indefinite period Afforestation of waste lands by private owners and village communities is, at the same time, actively encouraged. Associations with this end in view are formed under the patronage of Government, and THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON AFFORESTATION, 183 the members (on subscribing to the conditions of not exploiting without permission the areas entered by them in the records of the association, for pastures, leaf-manure or wood) receive free advice, free supervision, free seed, free plants, cultural instruments and technical instruction, and, in the case of poor communities, financial help. In Prussia the afforestation with conifers of heaths, abandoned fields, and other waste lands, was started on a large scale without the necessary experience, for the few records which existed of similar works carried out after the thirty-years’--war were brought to light only after the mischief had been done. No German forester dreamt of the dangers which thereafter threatened their cultures, and afforestation works were started all over the country with a light heart and in full expectation of the best results,—expectations, which in most instances, however, were not realised. We in these Islands are in a much more favourable position than they were in Prussia sixty years ago, for, in the first instance, we can profit by the experience gained abroad at great cost during more than half a century, without paying for it, beyond the expense of studying reasons and results on the spot. We now know from experience, gathered both here and on the Continent, that (1) the method of cultivation adopted exercises a lasting influence on the growth and future of the forest ; that (2) coniferous forests owing their origin to any description of notch planting, exist always at a considerable disadvantage ; and that (3) even where, under specially favourable conditions, they may have produced profitable crops, they have but a fraction of the power of resisting storms. possessed by more rationally grown ones. We have much less to fear from drought in our afforestation of waste lands than on the Continent, and the initial failures in cultural operations should be much less. Altogether the conditions for arborivegetation are, generally speaking, superior in the British Islands to those of Germany, and if we, nevertheless, produce inferior coniferous or other timber, this is not due to the action of nature but solely to the acts of man. All the same, the Royal Commissioners made, as Dr Nisbet points out, a great mistake in not ascertaining the silvicultural and financial facts and data regarding the extensive afforesta- tion of waste lands in Prussia, and especially the position that 184 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Government takes up in the face of the numerous original failures. Many other practical questions of vital importance were pressed into the background by the desire to produce a scheme that would greatly help to solve the problem of un- employment. The witnesses were examined, cross-examined, and re-examined on this point to a tedious extent, evidently in the hope of gathering sufficient support for the preconceived purpose. The Commissioners have, at a cost of much valuable time and labour, succeeded to a certain extent, and by the very magnitude of their proposals, in throwing sand into the eyes of even such a paper as the Zzmes, which hails the scheme as providing employment for many of the men who are at present without work in the towns, and says that even the more feeble and unskilled workers could be remuneratively employed in planting. Dr Nisbet makes a very telling remark on this subject, and I may mention that, in order to secure an experienced staff of labourers for cultural operations, a scheme has been introduced in Germany under which work-people, both men and women, who have been employed for three years, obtain an increase in their daily wages of nearly to per cent. and a further similar advance after the sixth year. This scheme gains more support daily, and has, in the hope that it will tend to check immigration towards the towns, been extended to all other forest work, even when done under contract. Even during the period of afforestation, however, a considerable number of country people, men, women and youths, living in the vicinity of such cultural work, will find employment, year after year, during periods when other work is scarce. Now though it may be unhesitatingly accepted that afforesta- tion of properly selected land, costing even up to #10 an acre, would be a safe, and under some conditions even a very profitable investment, I feel inclined to believe that some more rational way of effecting this could be found than by the whole- sale expropriation proposed by the Royal Commission, a step which would only be defensible after all other means had been tried and failed. Paragraph 93 of the Report sketches out a plan on the lines of which a feasible scheme might be built up with reasonable hopes of success. Prima facie it seems un- objectionable that the proprietors should give the land, the State providing the cost of afforestation, management, and THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON AFFORESTATION. 185 exploitation, and that the profits should be divided fro rata ; but there are many other points to be considered before a practical working-scheme can be formed. It is essential that the Government should have full power of control over the management of such property through such agency as they may appoint, but as a co-proprietor the State should naturally become fro rata responsible for rates, taxes, and death duties. A most reasonable concession, and one which should go a long way to solving the problem, would be that no assessment should be levied until the property begins to yield, and that no death duties should be payable on immature crops; also that when either payment becomes due, the proprietor and the State should pay it pro rata. In cases where the proprietor desires to pay the cost of afforestation and management himself, similar concessions might reasonably be made, should he elect to work his property in accordance with a plan laid down by the forest authorities appointed for this purpose, and under their control. The difficulty as regards shooting in both classes of forests exists, but might be overcome. The almost entire absence from the list of witnesses before the Royal Commission of the class of men most vitally interested in the land, shows that, from the outset, it was never intended to consider the question from their point of view, and that the suggestions made in paragraph 93 of the Report were nothing but a sop offered to them. The neglect of the land- owner was the most fatal mistake the Commissioners could have made, for the country would never stand such wholesale inter- ference with private rights unless the necessity for doing so were proved up tothe hilt. It is not at all necessary that the State should, as the Royal Commissioners propose, hold the whole or even the greater part of the forest area of the country ; but it is essential that it should show the way in practical work on a large scale, and I can see no reason why suitable land should not at once be acquired by private treaty, and why practical afforestation should not be begun forthwith, for the Com- mission have made out a good case showing that this would - be a safe investment to which no Treasury need object. It is not necessary that such areas should be in large compact blocks, so long as the aggregate in one locality is sufficiently extensive to give prospects of profitable local conversion of the timber produced, as the railways carry all VOL. XXIJ. PART II. N 186 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. scantling at the same rate, independently of its origin. I con- sider that the plan of afforesting 9,000,000 acres in sixty years is unnecessarily ambitious, and that the afforestation of 6,000,000 acres with conifers, by the combined efforts of the State and others, should meet every reasonable demand. As yet the landowners, large and small, have not had a fair chance, and until such a chance has been given and refused, it is too early to talk of expropriation on a large scale. I cannot agree to the proposal to work a third of the area to be afforested on a short rotation, for this is an inadvisable makeshift and far too speculative as regards the probabilities of market for small timber. 23. Report of the Royal Commission on Afforestation. By SiR JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, BART. The editor has asked me to contribute a note on the Report of the Erosion Commission from the point of view of a landowner. A document which has directed so much attention to silviculture must from that point of view be heartily welcomed, in spite of some inaccuracies and some rather wild proposals. If the Treasury quails (as well it may) before the part assigned to it by the Commissioners, it will be relieved to learn that the area suitable for forest-is probably much less than the nine million acres of the Report, and that there is no reason why the State should bear the whole expense and risk of planting it. At levels above 1000 feet trees will not thrive (as I know to my cost) except in good soils and sheltered aspects, and it is doubtful whether even in choice places they can be made to pay. Even from the moorlands below tooo feet large deductions must be made for:—(1) areas of peat moss, etc., which are not worth planting ; (2) land that is more profitably employed as pasture or grouse ground; and (3) sheltered places now devoted to wintering sheep or deer, which cannot be planted without rendering large tracts of adjacent high ground perfectly useless. Dr Schlich’s six million acres is undoubtedly much nearer the mark than the nine million of the Report. _The scheme proposed by Mr Grant and his colleagues is heroic, but heroic methods scarcely suit a difficult and risky REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON AFFORESTATION. 187 enterprise, especially one for which no machinery exists at present. Even if the State has to do all the work, it ought to begin cautiously. But with reasonable encouragement I believe that landowners would undertake a great deal of the work at their own risk. By reasonable encouragement I mean— (1) A survey of the areas really suitable for silviculture ; (2) The creation of State forests (at least six for each of the three kingdoms), each forest to be a complete “‘economic unit” where scientific silviculture and its dependent industries could be studied, and where foresters could be trained ; (3) The appointment of forest experts (one perhaps attached to each forest) whose duty it would be to advise landowners on their plantations, and provide working- plans at a reasonable fee ; (4) Relief of plantations from rates and taxes during the periods when they yield no income. I believe that these inducements (slight though they may seem) would lead many landowners to plant on a large scale. They would greatly reduce the risk of failure, which is at present nearly always due to ignorance. Taken in conjunction with the growing interest in forestry, and the extraordinary hold this pursuit keeps on those who once take it up, they would in my opinion work a great change. That change would of course be hastened by the rise in the price of timber which the Report prophesies with so much confidence. Much of the money now spent on elaborate and often un- interesting gardens, unsuccessful home-farms, pheasant-rearing, and other overdone accessories of a country place, would be diverted by intelligent landowners into this more useful and profitable industry. Their friends on Sunday afternoons would find the nurseries and plantations less tedious than the green- house and ribbon-border, and a welcome change from the pheasant coops and shorthorns. I have said nothing about loans from the State to intending planters. They do not seem practicable unless the State makes itself responsible for the management of the forest. To meet this difficulty Lord Lovat devised the scheme of partnership, or dual ownership, between the landowner and the State, which he laid before the Commission, but the proposal does not seem tempting from the point of view of either partner. 188 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 24. The Erosion and Afforestation Royal Commission Report. By J. F. ANNAND. The whole question of forestry has been brought before the public in a very forcible manner by the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion and Afforestation, in their recently issued Report dealing with the possible development of forestry as an industry, with a view to mitigating the evils of unemployment and keeping people permanently on the land; probably nothing has previously done so much to arouse a general interest in the subject. Perhaps what strikes one most about the forestry proposals of the Commission is their magnitude, ‘To put 9,000,000 acres of bare land under forest—land presumably comprising a variety of geological formations, of climates, and of local peculiarities, exceeding anything to be found anywhere within a similar area on the Continent of Europe—is certainly no light task. It is indeed greater than anything yet attempted by any of the European States with the best forestry traditions of a century and a half behind them. For the Continental forester has had to deal mostly with the improvement of existing forests, and has had comparatively little to do with the formation of new ones. If this great scheme is to be brought to a successful issue— even if the smaller scheme of afforesting 6,000,000 acres (which by the way would seem to be ample) is to be carried out, it will, in my opinion, most certainly require the united efforts of the State, the landowners, and every one else connected with the management of land. The Commissioners say that it is a task for the State, and no doubt this is to a great extent true. The want of continuity of management has been a serious drawback to the success of all forestry operations hitherto undertaken in this country by private owners, and there has been too much haphazard work at all times. But has the State done any better? The small extent of our Crown lands under forest, managed as they have been under various Acts of Parliament for a variety of purposes and according to traditions of a sort, have not always proved an unqualified success from the timber-grower’s point of view; and some still maintain that the State is likely to do no better, if entrusted with the management of millions of acres, than it has done in the past in the management of thousands. EROSION AND AFFORESTATION ROYAL COMMISSION REPORT. 189 With a changed national sentiment, however, with proper professional training, and a better and fuller conception of the true aims and objects of forestry, it is not likely that the mistakes and errors of the past century will be repeated in the future. Still it is well to remember, when summing up what has been done for forestry by the State and by the private owner respectively, that the really good and successful work must be placed almost entirely to the credit of the latter. THE SUGGESTED TIMBER FAMINE. As far back as 1830, we find writers on forestry matters deploring the reckless methods of exploitation employed in America and Northern Europe, and prophesying an almost immediate timber famine. One Cruickshank, who was forester to the then Earl of Fife, and who published, about the year 1828, a useful book on planting, wrote in this strain. He pointed out that we were then importing timber to the value of about one and a half million pounds sterling. The natural forests were being destroyed, and he considered that we were then nearing a shortage, if not a famine, in timber. Many things have happened since then, and one can only smile when one realises how far this man’s views have been falsified. Nevertheless, if planting on an extensive scale had been carried out eighty years ago, as he suggested, though we might not now have had extensive forests of first-class timber, we certainly might have had a foundation to work from, which would have much simplified the present-day task of afforestation. At fairly regular intervals throughout the whole of last century, various writers (some interested, some disinterested) wrote in a similar strain about a timber famine, but people get callous when they hear the same story repeated again and again, without anything very dreadful happening; and until quite recently, very little attention has been paid to what many considered to be a question of merely academic interest. The value of our annual imports of timber, etc., now considerably exceeds £ 30,000,000 sterling. We certainly have not yet reached the famine stage, but prices are steadily rising, while the quality is as steadily going down. All the best natural stands of coniferous timber in accessible parts, both in Northern Europe and America, are being swept away; and we have now reached the stage when timber Ig0 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. everywhere will cost something to produce. A certain rise in values must, as a consequence, result, with much better chances of paying crops of timber being produced at home. Wuat CLassEs OF TIMBER WILL BE SCARCE IN THE FUTURE, AND TO WHAT EXTENT MAY WE SAFELY AFFOREST ? Assuming that 9,000,000 acres of plantable land are available for planting, is it necessary to make this enormous addition to the present forest area of the country? Our chief imports are of coniferous timber, or the product (wood-pulp, etc.) of coniferous timber. It is quite true that timber merchants have now to pay from 30 to 35 per cent. more for, say, Scandinavian red or white deal (Scots pine or sprucé) than they paid twenty years ago, and that they receive timber younger and of poorer quality than formerly; but, so far, they have experienced no difficulty whatever in getting their supplies. How long these conditions may be continued it is difficult to ascertain with accuracy, but it seems quite certain that trans- port expenses are getting heavier, that younger timber is being cut, and that the tendency generally is for the best qualities to rise in price. “ Memel,” the finest brand of red deal, which formerly used to be quite plentiful, is gone for ever. The same remark will apply very soon to many other of the finer brands of pine timber, which have taken a century and a half or more to grow All the best qualities and sizes are getting scarcer and dearer, as the market for them extends more and more. But it is not at all likely that the export of timber from Northern Europe will entirely cease. The foresting of so large an area as 9,000,000 acres is evidently intended to cover the total extinction of imports, unless it is anticipated that new industries will arise, and that new uses for timber will be found; and this latter eventuality is not improbable. But in ‘both Norway and Sweden energetic measures are being taken to conserve the forests and to regulate the output of timber. Owing to their geographical position, and the climatological peculiarities resulting therefrom, neither of these countries is capable of industrial development to the same extent as those situated further south. For this reason the production of coniferous timber will probably always constitute one of their EROSION AND AFFORESTATION ROYAL COMMISSION REPORT. I9QI chief industries, and we may safely reckon on always getting a certain amount of timber from them, although we may have to compete for it in the market with other Continental countries advancing industrially at quite as rapid a rate as ourselves. The matter is very different however in the case of America and Canada. The best sources of supply both in the States and in Canada have already been tapped. There are no new sources of supply of the finest brands of timber, and with rapid industrial development in both countries, it seems quite certain that the exports of timber from both will very soon entirely cease. On the other hand, our present forest area will no doubt become more and more productive as State-example and im- proved methods of forestry begin to have effect, and when a great deal of the land at present only nominally covered with timber becomes fully stocked. When everything is taken into account, therefore, it would seem that, unless greatly extended markets for timber and many new industries are developed, the smaller scheme embracing an ultimate extension of 6,000,000 acres of forest should be sufficient ; but at all events there is no question whatever but that some considerable extension of our present forest area is highly desirable as a matter of national policy. Of timber almost certain to command a ready market in large quantities in the future, if it is produced in a regular and steady manner, tall, straight, well-hearted Scots pine, grown in dense stands, will probably head the list. In certain localities of limited extent, species like Douglas fir or Corsican pine will probably produce a larger bulk of timber of a similar quality, although not quite equal to Scots pine. These should also command a ready sale, and in these exceptional localities will probably yield more remunerative crops than the Scots pine. When the present high value of larch timber and the correspondingly low value of Scots pine are alone taken into account, the soundness of this view may well be questioned. It is quite true that at the present moment the larch, per unit of bulk, is the most valuable of all our coniferous timbers. It is stronger and more durable than any other, but its tendency to warp and twist makes it less suitable than pine for a great variety of purposes, e.g., for building construction. The market for larch is therefore comparatively limited, and if the area of the larch crops were very much increased there would no doubt be a corresponding depreciation in price. It has, 192 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. however, one great advantage over all other sorts, namely, the entire absence of competition from abroad. The Siberian larch timber, which has lately been shipped to our ports in considerable quantities, is very poor material indeed when com- pared with the well-grown home product, and, so far as quality of timber is concerned, the two species (Larix europea and L. siberica) differ widely. Our own larch will no doubt, therefore, continue to command a fair price at all times if the market is not glutted by over-production; but in any great national scheme there should be less striving after the growing of larch crops in (often) unsuitable lands than has been the custom in the past. The great temptation to grow larch lies in the fact that early returns are obtained, but the reasons which prompt the private owner to grow it wherever he can should apply with less force where the State is the owner. On the other hand, it is quite true that in the past Scots pine timber has been as difficult, as larch has been easy, to sell. But the reasons for this are not far to seek. Firstly, our Scots pine timber (and the same applies to spruce) is not properly grown. It is often immature, openly grown, and generally of very poor quality. Secondly, it is not produced in sufficient quantity, nor with sufficient regularity, to create or to keep a market. If the timber merchant cannot obtain a regular supply, he cannot of course satisfy his customers, and the result is that both the merchant and the ultimate purchaser probably go elsewhere. The supply of larch has been steadier and it has always been sufficient. With a regular supply of well-grown mature first- class pine timber the case would be different, and the prices of well-grown pine timber and larch would no doubt approach each other much more closely than at present. A rotation much under ninety years would probably not be suitable for Scots pine, as quality increment as well as quantity increment would have to be taken into account in fixing a rotation for the production of timber of this description, and probably a sufficient development of heart-wood could not be obtained much sooner. Spruce does not produce timber so freely with us as on the Continent, but in certain moist localities both the common and the Sitka spruce, if grown in sufficiently dense masses, will produce a good useful quality of timber, and a great deal more of it than could be obtained from either larch or Scots pine. EROSION AND AFFORESTATION ROYAL COMMISSION REPORT. 193 Several other species are on trial, and a few may prove useful, but more experiments must be made before they can be brought into general use. Amongst. broad-leaved species, oak and ash are the two most important timbers. Ash timber is already getting scarce, and when the hickory and ash supplies from America fail, as they are likely to do soon, home-grown ash timber will again be more in demand. ‘There will always be a market for good oak timber. Beech must always be grown to a certain extent where oak and ash are produced, and a better quality of beech than is usually grown at present could no doubt be sold at a profit. The present woodland areas, however, if fully stocked, would no doubt supply the greater part of the hardwood timber needed, and there is probably less need and certainly less room for extend- ing the area of hardwoods than that of first-class coniferous timber trees, The growing of crops of pit timber on short rotations does not present an attractive field, with railway rates at their present figure. The imports of small mining timber, supplied and used in the round, do not show any signs of falling off in quantity. The only observable variation is that prices, still low, are rather stiffer than formerly. Small pit timber is a class of material which can always be readily put on the market by the Scandinavian peasant-owner, and there is far more likelihood that future markets will become over-stocked with it than with well- grown matured timber, Except in the immediate neighbour- hood of mines it does not seem desirable, therefore, to specially devote land to the growth of crops of pit timber, and with rather denser stocking at the outset, sufficient supplies of pit timber could probably be had from thinnings in the high-forest to be grown to the age of 80 or go years. The case would be different with timber for pulp, because wherever the material could be grown in sufficient quantity, pulp mills could be set up; but here again thinnings, and the lighter material from the final cuttings of the mature crops, would supply large quantities of pulp-wood, just as is the case at present in forest districts on the Continent of Europe and in America. If the production of high-class timber, which will probably be scarcest in the future, is made the ultimate goal, supplies of wood-pulp material and mining timber, from thinnings, etc., will fall in as a natural consequence. I94 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. PLANTING WORK AND UNEMPLOYMENT. The question how far afforestation would provide a remedy for unemployment has been much discussed. Once forests are established, there can be no two opinions about their providing winter employment for a large number of people, and the figure has been put as high as one man for every roo acres of fully-stocked forest. In addition, there is the work of hauling, sawmilling, etc., which would provide for as many more. Be this as it may, forestry combined with small farms or holdings such as one finds, for example, in the Black Forest, does certainly provide for the maintenance of a larger rural population than would be possible where large tracts of poor land are found associated with comparatively small areas of land suitable for the cultivation of field crops. By this combination, rural depopulation and the overcrowding of the cities with men in search of a livelihood might to some extent be diminished. The combination of forest and small farm provides per- manently a preventive measure against unemployment, and one which is certainly much easier of application than any other which might be attempted. But the formation of forests takes time, and the pressing and more immediate question is whether the unemployed in the cities can to any extent be relieved by being put to work in planting operations. One great drawback to the employment of city men out of work is that planting has usually to be done at far too great a distance from the homes of the people who need work. And then, planting, if it is to be successful, has to be done by men who are skilled in the work. During the planting season also the weather is very uncertain, and it is not unusual in some parts of Scotland to have snow- storms, and to find the ground covered with snow for weeks at a time, during which out-door work on the bare hills and moors would be completely at a standstill. ‘ Broken” time would often be excessive, and in such a contingency the problem of providing for large numbers of men far away from home would be a serious one. The question of housing would also, in many cases, present difficulties if the planting ground were far away from any villages or centres of population. It is quite true that portable wooden houses could be provided, but this would add to the cost of planting, and a more important drawback is that EROSION AND AFFORESTATION ROYAL COMMISSION REPORT. 195 the city-bred man would be little able to “rough-it” under such conditions. It is the present custom on many wooded estates, where exten- sive planting is done year after year, to employ extra hands during the planting season. These extra hands are drawn of necessity from the temporarily unemployed. The writer of this note has employed casual labour of this sort for several successive seasons in two widely different parts of Scotland, and the results in both cases were quite satisfactory. In one case the men were drawn from a small manufacturing town, but in both cases they had had a rural training. They had never used the actual tools required for planting, but they had used similar ones, and with a week’s training and a little extra supervision, they did quite good work when stiffened, as it were, by the regular estate hands. The extra men went back to their ordinary occupations again at the end of the planting season. There were no housing difficulties in these cases, for the men could walk to their own homes, or find quarters in the houses of the permanent estate men. The case would be rather different with city-bred men, and only from the best types of the city unemployed could one hope to draw a suitable class of workers; but even the best of them would need far more training and supervision than country- bred men. If due allowance were made, however, for the extra cost which would be incurred by the employment of such men, there seems no reason why they might not be tried in certain localities at any rate. And in any case, if work were thus given during the winter months to men in rural districts who otherwise could find no employment, the present tendency for such men to flock to the towns would be very much checked, and in the long run the effect must be to improve the congested condition of the labour market in the large cities. FINANCE. The financial proposals of the Royal Commission have been subjected to a great deal of adverse criticism ; but probably this is because they have been, to a certain extent, mis- understood. The figures of the Commissioners’ Report have obviously been intended to give a general indication of what the financial outcome might reasonably be expected to be, and must not be regarded as absolutely correct in every detail and 196 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. under all local conditions. Practically all the data on which reliable calculations of this sort could be based are awanting with us. There is not a single completed record of the financial outcome of any tract of forest land in the country. And besides, the results must vary greatly, no matter how good or how uniform themanagement may, be over sovast a tract as nine millions, or even six millions, of acres in a country like our own. Accidents such as gales, snow-break, fires, insect attacks, and fungous diseases, have all to be reckoned with; but witha rising and extending market there seems no reason to doubt that paying crops of timber can now be grown in the country, and as a general indication of the final outcome the Commissioners’ figures are no doubt quite sufficient. What must have the greatest influence on the final financial result will be the selection of the correct species for each locality, and the adoption of the most economical method of efficiently stocking the ground. In any case, asa question of national policy, the promotion of afforestation would seem to be desirable, even though the financial outcome should prove to be much less favourable than that anticipated. When railways are made through new parts of the country, or through new territories, the promoters and chief shareholders of such concerns seldom look for, and as seldom get, any large dividends on the money they invest in the undertaking. But very often the shareholders have an indirect interest in the success of the railways; they often hold, or have an interest in, the surrounding lands. If new industries are created and fostered by means of better transport facilities, and if the land becomes more valuable in consequence, they reap considerable indirect benefit. In the same way, if the State, by promoting and fostering afforestation, assists to start new industries, and thus to increase and ameliorate the condition of the rural population, then the benefit both to the State and to the community generally is at least equal in importance to any direct pecuniary gain which may accrue from the working of the forests. WHAT THE STATE MIGHT DO, AND WHAT MIGHT BE DONE BY THE PRIVATE OWNER. We may assume that a Forestry Board, or some suitably constituted and responsible authority, will be created to supervise EROSION AND AFFORESTATION ROYAL COMMISSION REPORT. 197 whatever new schemes of afforestation may ultimately be decided upon, to extend and improve facilities for instruction, and generally to foster and encourage afforestation throughout the country. The first steps necessary would no doubt be :— (2) To make an inspection and survey, by fully qualified men, of the plantable land throughout the country ; and (4) To ascertain what proportion of this land would be reasonably available in the near future without unduly interfering with existing interests. This would enable the land to be duly classified. For example, existing leases of pasture lands, and the rights of tenants to which they are subject, would have to be reckoned with ; and many similar local matters would have to be adjusted, whether the State or the private individual were the. owner. Then the next important and really urgent matter would be the provision of Example or Demonstration forests. This is clearly a matter for the State. The Demonstration forests ought to serve as examples of good management for all time to come, and experimental work should also be undertaken in them. They should be situated in as many different parts of the country as possible, and should also constitute a nucleus round which the woodlands might extend. Such extensions might ultimately have to be made partly by the State, but there is every likelihood that extensive afforestation by private owners would result from the State example. It is improbable that whole estates suitable for afforestation could be obtained by purchase in suitable localities, but this would be no drawback so long as the estates bought were worth the money paid for them. In fact, it would be an advantage, because the better land could be put to more profitable use for tillage, either as small or comparatively large holdings according to circumstances, and the necessary forest labour could be drawn from such holdings. Many of the Crown woods in England have now been put under systematic management by H.M. Commissioners of Woods, and by and by these will constitute valuable Example forests in the districts where they lie, but they are few in number. The estate of Inverliever will also ultimately provide an example of forest management under continuous treatment, but it will only serve for the western part of the 198 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. country where it is situated, and where the climatic conditions are quite exceptional. Strong objections have been raised to the afforestation of land by the State, on the ground that the State would compete with, and would probably injure, the markets of the private owner. No doubt there would be solid grounds for this fear if the large scheme proposed were carried out in its entirety, and by the State alone; but a moderate extension in the form of Example forests, spread over as many districts as possible, would have just the opposite effect. One great dis- advantage in the home-timber market at present is that there is no continuous supply. ? ) the advantages of soil-protection accruing from density of crop; (c) the improvement to the soil arising from mixing the main crop with various classes of shade-bearing trees. (A Medal.) XVII. For an approved Essay on the best method of | Planting at high altitudes and in exposed situations, together with the best Species of Trees to plant there for procuring (a) shelter for stock, and (4) a profitable timber-crop. (A Medal.) e 4 XVIII. Report on the comparative Durability and Suitability of various kinds of Timber for Fencing after being creosoted in open tank. (A Medal.) XIX. The best collection of ten short Notes of silvicultural interest based on personal observation. (A Medal.) XX. An approved Essay or Report on any other subject connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) Cuass II].—For Assistant FoRESTERS ONLY. I. Details of the Measures successfully practised by the writer to exterminate any important Insect Pest, or to mitigate the Damage done by it. (A Medal.) II. The best collection of five Notes of silvicultural interest based on personal observation. (A Medal.) III. An approved Essay or Report, based on _ personal experience, on any practical work connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) he ROBERT GALLOWAY, Secretary. 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH, October 1908. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. — Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PROCEEDINGS IN 1909. THE ANNUAL MEETING. The Pifty-sixth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was held in the Goold Hall, 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, on Friday, 5th February 1909, at 2 P.M. Sir KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, President, in the Chair. SIR HERBERT MAXWELL ON FORESTRY AND SMALL HOLDINGS. Before beginning the business of the Meeting, the CHAIRMAN said that to meet the convenience of several of the Members, and especially of Sir Herbert Maxwell, who was deeply interested in afforestation, he proposed, with the consent of the Meeting, to alter the order of business so as to admit of Sir Herbert making some remarks then, instead of at a later stage, and he called upon Sir Herbert to speak. Sir HERBERT MAXWELL expressed satisfaction that there seemed at last to be a prospect of practical action being taken by the State with regard to forestry. On the recommendations of the Commission on Coast Erosion there might be some divergence of opinion, but the general trend of the Report must, he thought, be regarded as satisfactory. There was one point upon which he would wish to say a word, because, in the present state of a 2 public opinion, it was one to which their attention might be profitably directed—the connection, as pointed out in the Report, between the occupation of land in small holdings and the em- ployment of woodmen. Inthe Report it was stated that in a great part of the German Empire the majority of the woodmen employed had each small holdings, on which they were occupied during the summer months, and that in winter, when the work was most active in the forest and most inactive on the land, they obtained regular employment. Our Government had directed their attention, and had made several proposals, with the view of establishing a class of small holdings. One result, as far as it had gone, of the old age pension scheme, had been to show the futility of expecting a family to be maintained in decent circumstances upon a very small area of ground. The number of Highland crofters who had received pensions under the scheme showed that their means of living derived from the crofts alone ; were very inadequate. But it became a totally different matter when the industry of the crofters was supplemented by regular employment during half or more than half of the year; and the point he wished to submit particularly for consideration was how far the afforestation industry, once it was started, would not only help to keep people on the land, but would enable them to live on the land in comfortable circumstances ? The CuarrMAN thanked Sir Herbert Maxwell for his remarks. MINUTES. The Minutes of the General Meeting, which was held in the Exhibition on 5th August 1908, and which have been printed and issued along with the Zvansactions, were held as read and approved. REPORT BY THE COUNCIL. The Secrerary then read the Report by the Council, as follows :— Membership. At last Annual Meeting the Membership of the Society was 1212. Inthe course of the year 204 new Members have been elected, but 103 have either died, resigned, or lapsed, leaving a total Membership at this time of 1313. Amongst those who have been removed by death may be mentioned, the Marquis of Linlithgow, a former President of the Society; The Earl of Leicester; Major Chadwick; Mr Gordon Wemyss of Torrie; 3 Mr John Booth, Berlin; Mr J. Burn-Murdoch of Gartencaber ; Sir James Gibson Craig of Riccarton; Sir Charles Dundas of Dunira ; and Mr Thomas Braid, Factor, Durris. Syllabus and Prizes. The Syllabus of Competitions for 1908 was issued along with the January part of the Zransactions of that year. It included 21 subjects for Essays, but only 3 Essays were received in com- petition, and none of them were for the more valuable prizes offered. The awards given were—one No. 2 Silver Medal and two Bronze Medals. The Syllabus for 1909 was included in the January part of the Zransactions recently issued to Members. Donors. The thanks of the Society are due to the Directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society for renewing their grant of 420 for home-grown timber to be exhibited in the Forestry Exhibition in the Show-yard at Stirling, and to the Executive Committee of the Scottish National Exhibition for granting free space to the Society for their exhibit of Forestry in that Exhibition during the past year. Thanks are also due to Messrs Massir, THomson, and METHVEN, for again renewing their offers of prizes for subjects in the present year’s Syllabus. / Transactions. The Council feel that the Honorary Editor and the Transactions Comntittee are to be congratulated upon the punctuality with which the Zvansactions now appear on the due date, and they believe that the work of the Honorary Editor and his Committee is much appreciated by the Members. Local Branches. The Aberdeen and Northern Branches continue to do excellent work, as will be seen from the reports to be submitted to the Meeting at a later stage. Forestry Exhibition. The Annual Forestry Exhibition was last year held at Aberdeen. The Judges on that occasion were Messrs GILLANDERS, ANNAND, and Munro, and their report was, as usual, printed in full in the proceedings of the General Meeting, which was held in Edinburgh on 5th August. A report of the Exhibition will also be found on page 8g of Vol. XXII. of the Zvransactions. There were fewer entries than usual under the exhibits of timber; and only £14 of the £20 offered by the Highland and 4 Agricultural Society, and £4 of the £9 offered by the Society, were awarded. In addition to the money prizes, the following Medals were awarded, namely :—four No. 1 Silver Medals and seven No. 2 Silver Medals. The Exhibition is to be held in Stirling this year, and the revised Schedules detailing, as last year, Open and Local Sections in the Timber Exhibitions, are now in the hands of Members. The Local Section is again confined to timber grown within the area of the Show. The prizes for the timber exhibits are £20, offered by the Highland Society in the Open Section; and £9, offered by this Society in the Local Section. Medals are also offered for other exhibits. General Meeting. The General Meeting was held, by courtesy of the Executive Committee of the Scottish National Exhibition, within the Concert Hall of the Exhibition, Saughton Park, Edinburgh, on Wednesday, 5th August. A full report of the proceedings was, as usual, printed and bound up with the last part of the Transactions. Sir Herbert Maxwell delivered an interesting address on “The Forest Resources of the United Kingdom,” which was illustrated by lantern views. An interesting dis- cussion, which was taken part in by a considerable number of Members, followed the lecture. A full report of the lecture will be found in the Zvansactions. Annual Excursion. The Annual Excursion waslast year held in the district surround- ing Edinburgh, on the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th August—the Carlton Hotel, North Bridge, being the headquarters for the time. The estates visited were Dalkeith, Newbattle, Dalhousie, Arniston, The Inch, Melville, Hawthornden, Roslin, and Penicuik, in Midlothian; and Raith, Donibristle, and Fordell, in Fifeshire. The Edinburgh Parks, Messrs Dicksons & Co.’s Nurseries at Craigmillar, and the Scottish National Exhibition, were also visited. A report of the Excursion will be found in the Transactions. On the return of the party, the thanks of the Society were, as usual, formally conveyed to the proprietors for the privilege of visiting their estates, and for their hospitality to the Members. It has been decided by the Council that in the course of the summer an Excursion shall be made to Bavaria, and the necessary arrangements are being proceeded with. Members who wish to get further particulars regarding this Excursion are requested to send their names and addresses to the Secretary, on the postcard which was issued with the billet calling this Meeting. With regard to this Excursion, the Council has passed the following resolution, namely :—‘“ The programme of the 5 Excursion to Bavaria, next summer, shall be confined strictly to Forestry matters, with the exception of two days, viz :— Saturday and Sunday, when in Munich, which shall be con- sidered off days at the disposal of Members. In joining the Excursion, Members must undertake to adhere to the official programme as prepared by the Committee. Any Member who fails to observe this condition shall, in the option of the Committee, at once forfeit his interest in the Excursion.” Scottish National Exhibition. Two reports of this Exhibition have already appeared in the Transactions, on page 217 Vol. XXI., and page 77, Vol. XXII., and without going further into the details dealt with in these reports, it may be mentioned, that the total sum expended by the Society to date does not exceed the estimate. It is gratifying to be able to report that it will be unnecessary to make a call on those Members who so generously guaranteed the balance of the expense, and the Council propose now to make a formal intimation to them to that effect In connection with the Exhibition, the Committee thought it a suitable time,to make a special effort to add to the Member- ship of the Society. An appeal, signed by the President, was accordingly gent to about 1500 landowners, who were not then Members of the Society. A copy was also issued to Members, along with the Zyansactions, in July last. The Council are glad to say that the response to this appeal has been very encouraging. In the course of the Exhibition, which was open from May to October inclusive, the Society’s pavilion was visited by many distinguished visitors, including His Grace the Lord High Commissioner, and the Secretary for Scotland, and by large. and interesting crowds of spectators from all parts of the country. Library and Museum. A list of the additions to the Library since last Annual Meeting is appended to this Report. The Council would take this opportunity of reminding Members that the Society is now renting a room at 1g Castle Street, Edinburgh, for the accommodation of the Society’s books and papers, and that gifts of books on forestry subjects will be gladly received and acknowledged by the Secretary. Members having books on loan will oblige by returning them to that address. Register of Foresters. Members are reminded that the Register is in operation, and it is hoped that greater use will be made of it by both proprietors and estate men. 6 Access to Mountains Bill. A representation was sent by the Council to the Secretary for Scotland in connection with this Bill, and certain information as to forest fires, kindly supplied by Members, was sent to Members of Parliament who were on the Committee dealing with the Bill. The Bill was ultimately withdrawn, but the Council thought it advisable to continue their Committee in view of the possibility of other proposals, dangerous to forestry, being brought forward. Probationers for Indian Forest Service. On the suggestion of Dr Nisbet, the Council forwarded a letter to the Indian Office urging that probationers for this service should be chosen from young men of liberal education, such as can only be obtained after two or three years of collegiate study, and who hold either the B.Sc. degree or a University diploma. Correspondents. The Council have delegated to the Z7ansactions Committee power to appoint correspondents of the Society for one year, who will be entitled to receive the Zramsactions free of charge. Such appointments require to be confirmed by the Society, in terms of the laws. So far no appointments have yet been made. Resolution. The Resolution which was reported at last Annual Meeting was sent to the Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Secretary for Scotland, the President of the Board of Agriculture, the Lord Advocate, and the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, and duly acknowledged by them. At their meeting, on 5th December last, the Council revised and amended the Resolution, which now reads as follows :—‘‘ The Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society would again urge the Government to give effect to the Report of the Departmental Committee on Forestry, so far as regards Scotland, by providing suitable Demonstration Areas, Example Plots, and other Educational facilities. They would also again specially press for the creation of a Board of Forestry for Scotland, or a Commission under the Board of Agriculture, with an adequate annual grant, for the purpose of fostering and promoting State and private afforestation throughout the country, by surveying and indicating all land suitable for afforestation ; by purchasing and afforesting from time to time suitable areas of such land as may become available; by giving advice and financial assistance on suitable terms to landowners ~ / to enable them to afforest their lands; and by such other means as are consistent with sound silvicultural principles.” This Resolution has also been sent to the Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the President of the Board of Agriculture, and the Secretary for Scotland. The Council also resolved to suggest to the Annual Meeting that a deputation should be appointed to press this Resolution upon the attention of the Government. In view, however, of altered circumstances, caused by the publication of the Report of the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion, the Council felt that a deputation should be appointed to press a further motion, which will be submitted in place of the Resolution of 5th December. Luncheon. A Luncheon has been again held this year, instead of a dinner, and has been well attended. The Report was approved. FINANCES. Mr JoHN METHVEN, Convener of the Finance Committee, submitted the financial Reports on the Society’s General Accounts, the Dunn Memorial Fund and the Excursion Fund. (See Appendices A, B, and C.) He pointed out that in spite of the heavy expenditure, the funds had been increased by £272, which he thought was very satisfactory. The amount of revenue at the credit of the Dunn Memorial Fund was now £18, tras. 6d. and of the Excursion Fund Account £35, 18s. 11d. The Accounts were adopted. ABERDEEN AND NORTHERN BRANCHES, The Reports and Financial Statements received from these Branches were also read by the Secretary, and on the motion of Mr J. W. M‘Hatrtie were adopted. (See Appendices D-G.) CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS. The CHAIRMAN, in the course of his remarks, referred to the Report of the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion, which was published about the middle of January. He said there were some points in the Report with which they might not agree; but the Society could heartily endorse the main objects and suggestions of the Commission, which were that a national system of State Forestry should be entered upon. The Society 8 had been advocating that policy for many years, and in view of that Report the Council thought it judicious to pass a Resolution on somewhat different lines from that passed on 5th December, and referred to in their Report. The Resolution he would now submit was in the following terms:—‘‘The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society heartily recognises the impetus given to afforestation by the Report of the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion ; it would again urge the Government, as an essential preliminary to any great scheme of national afforestation, to create a Board or Commission of Forestry in order that a survey may be made forthwith of lands suitable for silviculture; that large Demonstration areas be purchased and other facilities provided for a regular system of silvicultural training and research.” He moved that this Resolution be adopted, and the following deputation be appointed to wait upon the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and other Ministers, namely :—The President, the Hon. Secretary, Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Sir Hugh Shaw Stewart, Sir Herbert Maxwell, Mr W. Steuart Fothringham, Mr A. T. Gillanders, Mr John Michie, Mr John Crozier, Dr Borthwick, Mr Grant Thomson, Mr G. U. Macdonald, Mr Adam Spiers, Mr D, F. Mackenzie, and the Presidents of the Aberdeen and Northern Branches. Mr D. F. Mackenzi£ seconded the Resolution. Mr Munro Fercuson, speaking in support of the Resolution, said there were two objects it was well to bear in mind—to secure combination between the practical forester and the expert, and between the State and the private owner. Whether as foresters or as experts, they always had a “guid conceit 0’ themselves ””—sometimes better, perhaps, than they had of one another. The expert and the practical forester had to be blended in order to do their part in carrying out any great system of afforestation. So also with the private owner and the State, who would have to combine in one scheme for the national interests. They must look before they leap in that matter, and while they were very grateful to the Coast Erosion Commission for the interest their Report had excited, before that huge undertaking could be set about they must have the machinery by which it might be made a success. At the present moment it would be unwise to set off at once, because whatever had been done in Scotland was the result of private initiative. Even in England, he thought, many of their foresters would be 9 ashamed of what had been done if they had been responsible for the condition of the State forests, as these were seen a few years ago. Private owners in Scotland had experimented in testing the various kinds of plantation. In this the State would find guidance, and by attending to these object lessons it could only hope to make its own undertaking a success. Therefore, the State might be fairly called upon, and would do well in its own interest to encourage the work of the owners of private woodlands, so that while it was getting its own machinery into order, it would better understand, from an examination of that work, what was required of it in the large operations which lay in the future. He believed that it was in new areas that the State would find its chief sphere of action, and in order to ascertain what lay before it, it would have to survey all land in Scotland suited to silviculture, and to draft some forest plan. ‘The State could provide the continuous good management which was necessary for working large areas upon fixed lines, whilst the private owner would be more fertile in individual expedients. Dr Nispet said he agreed with everything that had been stated by the Chairman, and with most that Mr Munro Ferguson had said. He did not think that although the money suggested by the Royal Commission was granted they were meantime in a position to utilise it. The system of technical instruction avail- able was not what it ought to be, or what it might have been had the authorities carried out the recommendations of the first Forestry Commission, or even of the 1903 one, of which Mr Munro Ferguson was chairman. ‘They had lost time, and it was important that the deputation should press this matter upon the Secretary of State. Already they had a Forestry school in England, and there was also a very good one in Ireland, but in Scotland they had nothing of the sort. They would never get it unless they kept agitating. Inverliever had been mentioned, but he was not sure that it was suitable for the purpose. Inverliever swarmed with black cock, and the black cock was particularly fond of larch buds and silver fir. Mr MacDonald of Dunach, in November last, shot a black cock returning from the feeding grounds, and while the crop no doubt contained a good many heather tips, it also contained a great number of larch buds and silver fir buds. It was a mistake to assume that all the well- managed forests of Germany and France were State owned. A great many of them—indeed the largest part—were owned by ie) private owners. He thought the deputation should urge that a Departmental Committee should be appointed to consider the whole matter as affecting Scotland. Nothing really useful could be done until they had a survey of the whole country, county by county, to see exactly*what land was available. In making such a survey, County Councils should be represented as well as the Government and the private landowners. Mr CappeE tt of Grange said it was not only desirable to have a survey of land available, but to know what land was suitable for afforestation and what was not. The Geological Survey might be made of great use to them in this connection. They knew the formations of the different parts of the country. From personal experience, he knew that some classes of land were not suitable for growing trees. The Resolution was adopted and the deputation approved. OFFICE-BEARERS. On the motion of Mr BucHANAN, Sir KENNETH MACKENZIE was unanimously re-elected President. On the motion of Mr JoHNsTONE, the following appointments were made, namely :— Vice-Presidents—JoHN MAcLACHLAN of Maclachlan and W. H. Massi£z. Councillors—CHARLES BUCHANAN, A. T. GILLANDERS, Joun D. Crozier, JamMes Wuitron, D. F. MAckEnziz, W. S. HALDANE of Foswell, and FRep Moon. The Hon. Secretary, the Secretary and Treasurer, the Hon. Editor, the Auditor, and the Honorary Consulting Officials and Local Secretaries were re-elected. (For list of Office-Bearers for 1909 see Appendix H.) EXCURSION. Mr Bucuanan, Convener of the Excursion Committee, said that Members would no doubt have read in the circular calling the Meeting about the proposed Excursion to Bavaria next summer There was difficulty in fixing the exact date, but the Council had decided that on the whole it would be more con- venient that the tour should begin about the 29th or 30th July, and should last for above a fortnight. He mentioned that a consider- able number of Members had already sent their names to the Secretary, and he hoped that others, who desired to get particulars of the trip, would send their names without delay, as particulars would only be furnished to those who sent their names for that purpose. Tel FORESTRY EXHIBITION IN THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SocIETY’s SHOW. Mr Apam Spiers drew attention to the Schedules which had been issued to the Members with regard to this Show, and expressed the hope that as Stirling occupied a central position there might be a large number of entries for the prizes offered. ScotrisH NATIONAL EXHIBITION. Mr W. H. Massie, Convener of the Society’s Committee in connection with this Exhibition, reminded the Members that the question of the expenses had caused some of them considerable anxiety at the beginning, but at that time he had expressed the view that it had only to be mentioned to be overcome, and he was glad to say that they had been well supported in every way. Many had sent valuable exhibits at considerable expense to themselves, some had sent donations towards the expenses, and others had sent guarantees. The Committee felt that the Exhibition had been an excellent lesson, and that they had been educating a number of people who, perhaps, had not before had their attention drawn to forestry. On behalf of the Committee, he thanked all who had assisted them in any way. The PRESIDENT said that he had taken a great deal of interest personally in this Exhibition, and was satisfied that it had excited a great deal of interest in the subject, and, on his motion, the Committee were heartily thanked for their services. A cordial vote of thanks to the Chairman closed the business part of the Proceedings. Mr Batrour’s LECTURE. Mr F. R. S. Batrour, Dawyck, then delivered a lecture on the “Trees of California.” The lecture, which was a continuation of the one given by him at last Annual Meeting, was illustrated by excellent views, and was highly interesting and instructive. A report of the lecture will be published in the Zransactions. On the motion of the PresipENT, Mr Balfour was accorded a very hearty vote of thanks for his lecture. 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SolF eve ath : * ‘sfvyqng Aapung pur ‘souvansuy 6 61 SL ; ‘1 : R * Surquitg ES Ge a ee 0) 10S * [RIVAL PIO AOJ ssa'7 po Olg, “oy ‘soyousg “poyg 0 6 IP . . . . . ‘sant AA 9 0 SPF E 5 . * “HorAud Jo yuoY sy tn Gan : * “LOMFIQIXG [VUOIWN YStQJ00g av sostodxm “PF Se YG rome 0 Gl? ; : ‘sastadxm saspu 0 8 @ : * Y : ‘sant AA 9 6L§ * “ora ‘syoey SUNQRL Bax Tas i : : ' Sursqateapy QO PL 6F ? : ; : ‘SUIUII —toapLog y ye “oOLIqiyxXG Aaysoatoyq *e Sr LaGL aha a oe | ; ; : * ‘Kqa100g [VanyMOUSy pus puvpystpy] oy wos ssa7z *OOLL00 WAY} PUNOJ VAVTL puv “ous UL ST odo” ayy ‘HOUNANIAY Il IL 8osF | 9 SLO ‘spuvt, Stormsvory, Ut ting | Coop: ; ‘popruy'y | ‘putyoog jo yurg [VPUOTVN YIM Juatainy JUnOdDY JO JPost ye tung 0° 0) Sere * ‘paqruyy ‘puryjoog «jo yueg [vuonvN Jo ydiodeyy yisodeq ur ung —Jo SuTysisuoy Sh LAR e & 0 96 : QF Slcr © * SAoqe sev autoouy Jo oour[eg * Saoqe su [eydug jo vouvpeg—‘a70A7 0 CLG - : : : : ‘palaaoooy XU, aUODUY “9 LE OES : : : : ‘pos “04a ‘sworj9nsun4y, °C 8 bP FS : : q : ‘qsoloqyuy PUB SPUOPIAT(, “p . . . . . . 6 S296k - ‘yeqiduy WoL] paldajsuvty SUOdOSqUg Saaqmuoepl ei] Jo uoysodoig “Ee 9 SL COVE 9 LI 8Z = Gl Gh. i ‘SO6L 104 -Wada(T ISTE Jw sival.y O St SlF °* S06 L taquta0e(] ISLE YB 9[GVAVAOIALAT SU | YO uezjlIM 10 paTjeour”D . ——aee ; —791 14 APPENDIX B. ABSTRACT OF ACCOUNTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE Matcotm DuNN MEmoRIAL FUND, 1908. RECEIPTS. Balance in Bank at close of last Account, . . ATSSUSmme Dividend on £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation, payable at Whit- sunday and Martinmas 1908, £3, /ess Tax 3s., 20170 eo Lise PAYMENTS. Mil. Balance carried forward, being sum in National Bank of Scotland on Account Current, i : : : : . £18 memo NVote.—The Capital belonging to the Fund con- sists of £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation. EDINBURGH, 20¢4 /anuary 1909,—Examined and found correct. The Certificate by the Bank of above balance, and Edinburgh Corporation Stock Certificate, have been exhibited, JoHN T. WATSON, Auditor. 15 APPENDIX C. EXCURSION ACCOUNT. Abstract of Accounts—Year 1908. Balance brought from last Year, Deduct— Auditor’s Fee, 1907, Lxcurston to Midlothian and Fife. RECEIPTS. Contributions to Common Purse, PAYMENTS. Carlton Hotel, Edin- burgh, Pao Driving — Midlothian (three days), 22 Raith and Donibristle, 14 Railway fare to Thornton, 6 Tea at Inverkeithing, 2 Scottish National Exhibi- tion: 62 week tickets, abi2S., 6 Printing, : ; : Gratuities and Sundry Out- lays, . 4 Balance carried forward being sum in National Current, 432 6 4 A © £30 EAnz6) 10 10 2S 5) © ome) ° Io Oo 4 Tats 2 6 T2005 875 oar 5. Ea LOMNEXt Account, ~———= Bank on Account £35 18°10 EDINBURGH, 20¢h January 1909.—Examined with Vouchers and Memor- andum Book and found correct. 435, 18s. 11d. also exhibited. Bank Certificate of above balance of JouN T. Watson, Auditor. 16 APPENDIX D. Roya ScoTrisH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY (ABERDEEN BRANCH). REPORT 1908, The Committee beg to submit the Third Annual Report of the Branch. During the year, interest in the Society’s work in the area comprised in the Branch has been well sustained, and increased interest in Forestry has been manifested among all branches in the community. During the year, two meetings of the Branch have been held, one on 23rd May, when a paper was read by Mr William Dawson, M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer on Forestry in the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Agricultural College, on ‘German Forestry”; and the other on 23rd July, at the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show in Aberdeen, when a paper was read by Mr Gillanders, Forester, Alnwick Castle, Northumber- land, on ‘The Educational and Economic Value of Forestry Exhibitions.” One Excursion was also held to the Estates of Forglen and Hatton. A report of the Excursion will be submitted to this meeting by Mr C. S. France. A most successful Exhibition, under the auspices of the Society, was held in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show at Aberdeen in July. The number of exhibits was not so large as the Committee had hoped, but this may be fully accounted for by the Forestry Pavilion maintained by the Society during the Scottish National Exhibition in Edinburgh. ‘lhe arrangements for the Exhibition at Aberdeen were carried out under a Committee of the parent Society, consisting chiefly of Members of the Branch. The thanks of the Branch are especially due to Mr C. S. France, for the efficient way in which he looked after the arrival, arrangement, and despatch of the exhibits. The number of Members of the parent Society resident in the counties of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff is at present 108. Of these the number who are actual Members of the Branch is 57. The subscriptions of some Members—who cannot for this 17 reason be counted in the number as stated above—are in arrear, and the Committee wish to impress upon those Members the duty they owe to the Branch to remit their subscriptions as soon as asked, so as to save needless trouble and expense, and to further point out that all Members of the parent Society resident in these Counties—of whatever class—are equally eligible for the Membership of the Branch, and would urge all Members who have not already done so, to definitely become Members of the Branch so as to strengthen the hands of the officials, and to help forward the cause of Forestry in this locality. During the year, 24 new Members have joined the parent Society, and 1o the Branch. The Committee will be glad to see both these figures still further increased. The Committee wish to record their sense of the loss the Branch and the parent Society have both sustained by the death of Mr Thomas Braid, Factor, Durris, who had been a Member of Committee of the Branch since its inception, and was a valued and respected colleague and friend of many of the Members. They also wish to express the thanks of the Branch to Professor James H. Trail and the University Authorities, for the use they have so willingly given of the Botany class-room for the meetings of the Branch; and to Messrs William Smith & Sons, Seedsmen, for accommodation for the Committee at their meetings. SYDNEY J. GAMMELL. b “oupne ‘TAVH NHOL ‘yurg ssuraeg usapieaqy ayi YIM payisodap sr ‘axuedmoy puv sBuryrys om} spunod usaiyy, 0} Sununowe ‘ayep sty} ye youeig ay] Jo paso ay} ye voureq AY, = *payonoa Aq]Ny puv pares A]}9a1109 awes ayy puNoj aavy J *AJaIOOG [eanyNOWOGIY YsNI0Ig [esoy ayy Jo youLIg usaplaqy Ay} Jo sjuNODdW Jo JUNWAIVIG Sulosa10J ay} pautwexa savy [—‘gObI GO NI _ Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. v.—Forest Utilisation. 2nd Edition. By Professor Fisher. . Mosses and Liverworts. By T. H. Russell, F.E.S. . Country Gentlemen's Estate Book, 1908. The New Zealand Official Year-Book, 1908. . Our Forestsand Woodlands. Newand revised Edition. By Dr Nisbet. . The Practice of Forestry; concerning also the Financial Aspect of Afforestation. By Percival T. Maw. . Kew Gardens. Bulletin 1908. SocieviEs’ Reports, TRANSACTIONS, Etc. Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society, vol. xx., 1908. . The 86th Report of the Commissioners of Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues, London, 1908. . Transactions and Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, vol. iv., part 5, 1907-08. . Transactions and Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Glasgow, vol. viil., part 1, 1905-06. . Annals of the Andersonian Naturalists Society, vol. iii. . Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. xxxiii., part 2, and vol. xxxiv., parts 1 and 2. . Journal of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1907, part 2, and 1908, part 1. . Journal of the Department of Agriculture, etc., for Ireland, No. 4, vol. viii., July 1908. . Report of the Chief Conservator of Forests, Cape of Good Hope, to December 1907. . Economic Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. i., parts 12-15. . Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. xi., Nos. 21-30 inclusive, (5 26 . Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. ix., Nos. 7-9. . Report of the Department of Lands, New Zealand, 1907-08, . Report of the Survey Operations of New Zealand, 1907-08. . Report on State Nurseries and Plantations of New Zealand, 1907-08. . The Factors’ Magazine, part 4, vol. viii., and part 1, vol. ix. . Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, vol. xi., parts 3 and 4, vol. xii., part 1. Memoirs of the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, 1908. . Transactions wnd Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxili., part 3. . Various Bulletins from the Centra] Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. . Various Bulletins from Pennsylvania State College. . Indian Forest Records, vol. i., parts 2 and 3. . Indian Forest Memoirs. Part 1—Chemistry Series. Part 1—Forest Series. Vol. i. . 9th Report of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, 1908. BULLETINS OF THE BuREAU OF Forestry, U.S.A. . The Timber Pines of Southern United States, 1897. . The Western Hemlock, 1902. . Conservative Lumbering in Sewanee, Tennessee, 1903. . A New Method of Turpentine Orcharding, 1903. . Seasoning of Timber, 1903. . The Woodlot, 1903. . Timber, 1895. . Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States, 1898. . Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks. . A Short Account of the Big Trees of California, 1900. . A Forest Working-Plan for Township 40, Hamilton Co., New York State Forest Reserve, 1901. Notes on the Red Cedar, 1901. . A Working-Plan for Forest Lands near Pine Bluff, Arkansas, 1902. . A History of the Lumber Industry in the State of New York, 1902. . A Working-Plan for Forest Lands in Hampton and Beaufort Counties, South Carolina, 1903. . The Diminished Flow of the Rock River in Wisconsin and Illinois, and its Relation to the Surrounding Forests, 1903. 52. The Redwood, 1903. ou — C bo for) or er Or Or or ~ Nn OV © oc or . Forest Planting in Western Kansas, 1904. . Forest Resources of Texas, 1904. The Forests of the Hawatian Islands, 1904. . The Timber of the Edwards Plateau of Texas, 1904. . Oross-Vie Forms and Nail Fastenings, with Special Reference to Treated Timbers, 1904. 58. Chestnut in South Maryland, 1904. 59. The Luquillo Forest Reserve, Porto Rico, 1905. 73. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 27 . Timber Physics. Part 2—Results of Investigations on Long-Leaf Pine, 1893. . Federal and State Forest Laws, 1904. . Forest Conditions of Northern New Hampshire, 1905. . A Working-Plan for Forest Lands in Berkeley Co., South Carolina, 1905. . The Maple Sugar Industry, 1905. . Report on the Examination of a Forest Tract in Western North Carolina, 1905. . Terms used in Forestry and Logging, 1905. . Grazing on the Public Lands, 1905. . The Natural Replacement of White Pine on Old Fields in New England, 1905. . Loblolly Pine in Eastern Texas, 1905. . Forest Belts of Western Kansas and Nebraska, 1905. . A Working-Plan for Forest Lands in Central Alabama, 1905. . The Red Gum, 1906. Sugar Pine and Western Yellow Pine in California, 1906. . Advice for Forest Planters in Oklahoma, 1906. . Effect of Moisture upon the Strength and Stiffness of Wood, 1906. . Rules and Specifications for the Grading of Lumber, 1906. Wolves in Relation to Stock, Game, and the National Forest Reserves, 1907. . Grades and Amount of Lumber sawed from Yellow Poplar, Yellow Birch, Sugar Maple, and Beech, 1906. Forest Products of the United States in 1905, ee os 35 1906. Circulars of the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, including ‘‘ Douglas Fir, a Study of the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain Forms,” ete. Reprints, Erc. Crategus in Southern Ontario. By C. S. Sargent, 1908. Crategus in Missouri. By C. 8. Sargent, 1908. Some Additions to the Flora of Western New York. By C. S. Sargent, 1908. Bulletin No. 10. Reproduction Series No. 6 of the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati. Working- Plan of Chopwell Woods. By J. F. Anunand, 1908. General Description of the Woods on the Oban Estates. By J. D. Sutherland, Oban, 1908. Catalogue of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agri- culture, 1908-09. Catalogue of Armstrong College, 1908-09. 3 », West of Scotland Agricultural College, 1908-09. a », Ohio State University, 1908. Various Bulletins of Ohio State University, 1908. Report and Proceedings of Ohio State University, 1907. N) “e* 94. 96. 28 Proceedings of the 48th Annual Commencement of the Pennsylvania State College, vol. ii., No. 4, 1908. . Catalogue of the 48th Annual Commencement of the Pennsylvania State College, vol. i., No. 4, 1907-08. Indian Forest Pamphlets :— (1) Note on the Utilisation of Khair Forests in Eastern Bengal and Assam, 1906. (2) The Bark-Boring Beetle Attack in the Coniferous Forests in the Simla Catchment Area, 1908. (3) Glossary of Technical Terms for Use in Indian Forestry, 1908. . Report of the Departmental Committee on Irish Forestry. Appendix to Indian Forester, July 1908. . Quarterly Journal of Forestry. London. . Forestry Quarterly. New York. . Forestry and Irrigation. Washington. . Journal of the Board of Agriculture for Ireland. . Journal of the Board of Agriculture. London. . Skogsvardsforeningens Tidsskrift. Stockholm. . Tidsskrift for Skogbrug. Kristiania. . Timber Trades Journal. London. . Journal da Commerce des Bois. Paris. . Timber News, London. . Estate Magazine. Tropical Life. Monthly. Agricultural Economist. London. . Indian Forester. Allahabad. . TL Alpe. Bologno, October 1908. . Revue des Eaux et Foréts. Paris. (By purchase. ) . Allgemeine Forst- und Jagd-Zeitung. ( +3 ) . Leitschrift fiir Forst- und Jagdwesen. ( “5 ) are q iT; i iW fh bm aa sy 7 = — Tien! ii 4019 ie pel en : . ; thn : rar ees i of * < bas: , Ki ‘. : here if uN ake f / ( eva th Ke ( . "ty aac eens