HARVARD UNIVERSITY. VIBRAKY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. em Ode AS \Ao\ oa Y = WH NOX TRANSACTIONS A N ) PROCEEDINGS ae ae cae Ie OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA. — a= - <— re VOL. XXV. [With Five Puates. ] EDITED BY WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G:S. "Adelaide : W. C. RIGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET. Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed ‘‘per W. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co., 35, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.” Royal Society of South Australia. — Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY LORD TENNYSON. GD ee Ths Sha hy gd Sisal mag [ELECTED OcToBER, 1901.] president : PROFESSOR E. H. RENNIE, D.Sc., F.C.S. Vice=Presidents : Ww. L. CLELAND, M.B. WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G.S. (Kepresentative Governor). Bon. Creasurer - Bon. Secretary : WALTER RUTT, C.K. G."G. MAYO; CAE. Members of Council: EDWIN ASHBY A. M: MORGAN, M.B., Cu.B. REV. THOS. BLACKBURN, B.A. W. B. POOLE SAMUEL DIXON W. H. SELWAY Auditor : a, Ss. uLOX DD: FEB 28 1902 COpeTE NTS. PART I. (Issued August, 1900). HowcuHin, WALTER: Suggestions on the Origin of the Salt Tageens of Southern Yorke Peninsula - : f HowcHin, WALTER: Preliminary Note on the Existence of Glacial Beds of Cambrian Age in South Australia - - “ GoyprErR, G. A.: A South Australian Meteorite (Plates I. and Ia.) - BLACKBURN, Rev. T.: Buenee mors on fuse an EO op irs (XXVIII.) . - CuHEWwINGS, Cuas. : Notes on Glacial ede of Comen Age in Far North of South Australia - = 2 DENNANT, J.: Description of New Species of Corals from the Aus- tralian Tertiaries (Plate II.) - : : : : HowcHin, WaLtTER: Notes on the ex tinge Volcanoes a Mount Camiier and Mount Schank > é PART II. (Issued December, 1901). Lower, OswaLp B. : Description of New Australian Lepidoptera - BLAcKBuURN, Rev. T.: Further Notes on Australian Coleoptera (XXIX.) - : - - - : : . ASHBY, Epwin: A List of Birds Collected in Western Australia - Asuspy, Epwiyx, and Torr, W. G.: Fossil Polyplacophora from Eocene Beds of Victoria - BasEDOW, HERBERT : On the Occurrence of Miocene Limestones at Kdithburgh and their Stratigraphical Relationship to the Eocene of Wool Bay, with Descripiion of a play pbecies by Prof. R. Tate (Plate III.) - ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS ANNUAL REPORT - = BALANCE SHEET - PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS - - - - - : DONATIONS TO LIBRARY List oF FELLOWS 2 : E Z é = PROCEEDINGS, ANNUAL REPORT, AND BALANCE-SHEET OF THE FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION ~— - - - - . - PAGE 132 145 AGO GU dogtteely ol ‘ rn (Ac, ! P| vit) mya pY MEHL ie ‘ q cae a e a . . . Bia . ¢ . 4 yt ght Cdvatie Io opmdaled ot) UCR aenl iG 0a ti IT ae eee * ec Lee aos 0) A ae ie; 4 (08 Seg AT cemeg AD ot ciate Rane chess, 2. ’ i : - 7 p ? 5! * spate Oh? “T ‘ but: a wees {io ae y Tei: vee , fee : ni isk Ky at ta selpi sr { ways . pay Ere: fe5 ‘ r y cabs ated «1 , b Ngee aay TE SHITE ' 5 4 . Ae eoeit'® }' F ' f da Le x ‘ t i cy merit : ’ idy 'f 4 xls A ae | 610 1 a (i V, } Pew ie, a ‘ ‘a oles ri ‘ ! rn -- A: l man i 4 - i gy } ? DAP LARA) - h/ na - Att . Pout aa) 4 ; ; ie Lid ‘ 4.4 “ | , 11th? i eo 2 ¥ at Ue i i ie at iu ; M 4 “39 x Aras a , > eee. ae : Xt See eerag ease errs : F i al . . : ‘ ‘ ‘ # ry ¥ ‘s 3 t Z e ‘ o A cig j ‘ . ™ ‘ . ‘ . * 4 nf ae iy ve tes ‘ ae | hie , ‘ :" 2 ‘ 5 ie ena x x ey AOE OCT 20 1901 a TRANSACTIONS on tex ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUT: AUSTR ALTA. bd eVOL. 2XV.. Part 1, ? EDITED BY PROFESSOR RALPH TATE. ISSUED AUGUST, 1901. “adelaide : W. C. RIGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET. Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed “OPEE W. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co.,; 35, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.” OCT 22 1901 SUGGESTIONS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SALT LAGOONS OF SOUTHERN YORKE PENIN- SULA. By Wa.tterR Howcuin, F.GS. [Read December 4, 1900.] INTRODUCTORY. The physical features of the country forming the “foot,” or southern portions of Yorke Peninsula, are very singular and interesting. Taking the latitude of Stansbury as a northern limit, the district includes the Hundreds of Dalrymple, Melville, Moorowie, Parawurlie, Coonarie, Carribie, and Warrenben, extending about forty miles by twenty miles, or an area of 800 square miles. Throughout this considerable extent of country there are no rivers or running streams, and, consequently, the drainage of the land finds no outlet to the sea. Under such conditions it follows, as a matter of course, that the inland centres of drainage become the repositories of saline deposits from the concen- trated mineral substances in the waters, but there are special features pertaining to the physiography and geology of the country which makes the origin of the lagoons a subject of considerable interest. | The unusual feature of hundreds of saucer-shaped de- pressions, irregularly scattered over most of the country named, have to be accounted for. The official maps, on a scale of one inch to the mile, record no less than 200 within the district, but the maps do not include a vast number of minor depressions which are frequently met with in travelling through the country, and which may or may not contain saline deposits. In a recent visit to the locality I observed many such areas, which do not rank as lagoons; they receive but little drainage, and the bottom, instead of being a lake, support a saliferous flora. Whatever may have caused these remarkable superficial depressions, it is evident they have had a common origin, and the agency that has produced these results must have operated over a wide extent of country. Tue Satt Lacoons not oF MaRINE ORIGIN. It would be an easy solution of the difficulty if we could explain these scattered saline areas as the remnants of a re- treating sea, and some of the phenomena under observation are 2 not unfavorable to such a supposition to a limited extent. There are, for example, indisputable proofs that since the close of the ‘'ertiary period the land has risen several feet, and this elevatory movement has led to the retreat of the sea from a low-lying belt of country, running north and south, uniting Hardwicke Bay and Sturt Bay. These evidences of recent geological change were noted by Professor Tate in a paper read before this Society in 1890. It must be observed, however, that the physical features of this raised sea bed are distinctly different from the lagoon country which occupies somewhat higher ground. The erstwhile narrow strait which has become dry land is known as the “Great Salt Marsh.” Its bed is comparatively level, and, whilst stretches of water occur at intervals along its course, it lacks the features of the circular lagoons on the higher ground, and does not deposit salt to anything like the same extent as many of the lagoons. The physical features of the Great Salt Marsh are per- fectly consistent with those of a raised sea bed, but the cir- cular salt lagoons are not. No form of marine erosion can produce saucer-shaped depressions below the normal level. Various Origins oF LAKE BASINs. The origin of lake basins can usually be referred to one or other of three agencies : — (a) Ice action, in which a rock basin may be formed by the eroding power of land ice; or, otherwise, morainic material thrown across a line of drainage, may dam back the waters, and thereby form a lake. (6) Wind acting on the surface of bared silt or clay may scoop out hollows, the axis of erosion being in the direction of the prevailing strong winds. | (c) Chemical solvents acting upon rocks, in situ, and by removal of material in solution, produce superficial depres- sions of greater or lesser extent. [It is not necessary to refer here to such minor causes of lakes as marginal lagoons, impounded by blown sand along some coasts, or crater lakes ‘of extinct volcanoes, as they are local features, and their origin is generally sufficiently mani- fest. 61 the three principal agents, mentioned above, which may give rise to lakes, ze is out of the question in explaining the lagoon phenomena of Yorke Peninsula, for, whilst the district carries abundant evidences of an extinct ice field, the glaciation was long anterior to the formation of the present surface features, and there is nothing in the physical char- acteristics of the lakes to suggest either rock basins or 3 morainic obstructions to drainage. The only alternatives* are to assume the action of either wind erosion or chemical solution, and 1 am disposed to think that both these agents have played their part in producing the unique physical fea- ‘tures of the district. GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE DISTRICT. In a previous paper} the present writer has described some of the geological characteristics of the country under considera- tion. The geological formations occur, as shown in the follow- ing table :— Recent—Blewn sands. Dolomitic travertine. Saline de- posits. Post Tertiary—Calciterous shelly sands (raised sea bed). Natural whiting. Pliocene ar Miocene-—Mottled and variegated clays. (Dry land conditions). Focene.—Fossiliferous limestone (marine). Pre-Tertiary.—Glacial sands, till, and boulders showing ice action. Archaean.—Metamorphic and granitic. — The highly metamorphic and granitic rocks are visible only at certain points on the coast, and form the prominent head lands. The geology of the zn/and portions of the district 13 ‘Lmited to such formations as shown in the table, which overlie the Archaean, and each member of these newer formations bear evidence of extensive waste. Thus, on the west side of Troubridge Hill, on the south coast, and at Point Turton, on the north coast, the Eocene limestones occur between the glacial beds and the Travertine limestone of the district, but at many points on the coast, as well as over the greater part of the inland country, the Eocene is absent, and the recent travertine beds rest directly on the glacial deposits. That the Eocene beds at one time covered most, if not all, the southern portion of the Peninsula, may be inferred from the number of outliers of this formation, which can be noted scattered over the area. The following occurrences of the Eocene beds were either directly observed by the writer or given on information re- ceived from trustworthy sources :— * The advocates of marine erosion might assume that the lagoons were originally coastal bays that, on the retreat of the sea, became converted into lakes through sand bars being thrown across their outlets. But this is inadmissible; first, because no marine shore banks exist in such situa- tions, and, further, the physical features of the lagoons are entirely opposed to such a theory. + Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., vol. XXIV. (1900), p. 71. + (a) Sea cliffs on eastern coast line both north and south of. Stansbury. (6) Small local occurrence in sea cliff west of Troubridge Hill, on south coast. (c) At Corney Point a three feet bed of Eocene limestone, in a very limited lateral extension, rests immediately upon the metamorphic rocks. (d) At Point Turton, in Hardwicke Bay, occurs the most important exposure of these beds in the district. (e) At Brutus Castle, Sec. No. 74, Hund. of Parawurlie, an. inland cliff of Eocene can be seen not far from the coast. (f) Hund. of Coonarie, Sec. No. 205, about three miles south- east from Warooka and one mile east of Presey Trig., a considerable exposure of limestone of this age occu- pies the slope of the hill near the public road. (g) Inland cliff about four or five miles from coast at Sturt Bay. (i) Another exposure in the same Hundred, in or near Sec- tion 75, about one mile from the coast. (cz) Hundred of Melville, Sec. No. 254, near seven road ends, between Yorketown and Edithburg. (7) In the same Hundred, a well-sinking in Section No. 265 E., proved the Eocene limestone at a depth of 60 ft. from the surface. In another sinking, on the adjoining section, No. 264, and situated on the other side ot the public road, the lhmestone was also met with at about the same depth. As the outcrops above mentioned have but a limited local extension, and the limestone is but very rarely met with in sinking wells, it is evident that the Eocene beds in the dis- trict must be regarded as widely scattered outliers that are the remnants of what originally was a continuous formation. REMOVAL OF MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL SOLUTION. The removal of the Eocene limestone from so large an area- is a notable fact, and one that cannot be accounted for on the assumption of sub-erial erosion, for no such mechanical agent of transportation as running water exists throughout the district to-day, nor is there any indication in the physical contour of the ground, or in the alluvial deposits, that it has operated to any great extent in post Eocene times. All’ the facts that are available seem to point to chemical solution as the probable agent of removal. That extensive chemical change and reconstruction have been effected over the area in question is apparent from many distinct lines of proof. At Point Turton and elsewhere the ~ 9) fossiliterous limestone has become more or less altered by solution and redeposition, which in some cases have entirely obliterated the organic features of the rock. Over the coun- try from which the Eocene limestones have disappeared there aiso occur important secondary deposits which have ap- parently been formed by the destructive chemical agents operat- ing on the older limestones; these secondary deposits are mainly dolomitic travertine, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, and gypsum. SeconpaRy Deposits RESULTING FROM CHEMICAL SOLUTION. Dolomitic travertine, in varying thickness, 1s very generally distributed over the district, and in many instances rests directly on the glacial clay. It is improbable that the tra- vertine limestones have been formed by the segregation of car- bonate ot lime from the glacial beds which underlie them, as the latter seem to be singularly destitute of calcareous matter. The thickness of these beds, in some cases, amount to no less than twenty feet, which demands a very considerable reposi- tory of calcium carbonate in the subsoil to produce so thick a travertine crust. It is not improbable that the Eocene limestones have been entirely substituted over a great extent of the country under review, passing by solution and recon- struction into the dolomitic and other equivalents which have formed in close proximity to the original limestone beds. Much of the calcium carbonate, when in a state of solution, would doubtless be carried some distance from its source by subterranean waters, so that an area that is by this means losing its rock material will naturally exhibit irregularities of surface, including saucer-shaped depressions. In most lime- stone districts loss of material by solution leads to the forma- tion, not only of subterranean caves, but superficial depres- sions popularly known as “crab holes,’ “swallow holes,” or “Bay of Biscay country.” The existence, therefore, of rumerous sunken areas in Southern Yorke Peninsula can be naturally correlated with the disappearance of the Tertiary limestones from much of the lagoon country. In some parts of the Great Salt Marsh, and along the West Coast, as well as behind Cape Spencer, there is a remarkable deposit of almost pure carbonate of lime, perfectly white, and with the physical features of whiting. It is undoubtedly a secondary depost of calcareous material that has accumulated, not from solution, but from mechanical waste. I was not able to visit the localities where it occurs, but I am informed by residents of the district that it exists in very pure deposits up to seven feet in thickness, or even more. In 1889* *Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., vol. XIII. (1889-90), p. 113. 6 Prof. R. Tate drew the attention of the Society to the exis- tence of this interesting formation, and referred its origin to- “the accumulation of exfoliated shell substance, washed out. of the incoherent shell banks.” This seems a plausible ex-. planation of its origin, and, as such, does not fit in to the phenomena with which we are dealing in this paper. The natural whiting forms by a rearrangement of recent shelly material, and not from solution of the older Tertiary lime- stones as in the case of the travertine deposits. The chemical action which has led to the disappearance of the Eocene limestones can be easily determined. Practically all the rain that falls in the district 1s retained in the land or in the subsoil, therefore the whole of the carbon dioxide in solution (H,CO.) becomes locally available in setting up the initial chemical change. During the wet months of the year the porous limestones would become saturated with rain water, and a certain portion of the calcium and magnesium carbonates would pass into solution when attacked by the free carbonic acid in the water. The dry months of summer cause a desiccation of the superficial stratum, and the mineral- charged waters are, in consequence, drawn towards the surface, and at a point where evaporation becomes possible the free carbonic acid escapes, leaving a calcareo-magnesian carbonate, oc dolomitic limestone, as a crust. If such a process of change is continuous (and it must be so as long as the climatic condi- tions remain as at present), it is only a question of time when the marine limestones will suffer a complete reconstruction under new chemical combinations. The few scattered outliers of this formation which occur in the district, and their vary- ing thickness, mark the differential degrees in which this work of chemical change is being effected at respective points. It is a slow process, and the amount of material that has been removed is very great, but is not greater than has been achieved by the same acidic solvent in other parts of the world. In addition to this secondary deposit of dolomitic traver- tine we have to account for the considerable deposits of sodium chloride and gypsum, which are also characteristic of this country. Common salt, scraped from the beds of the lagoons is exported annually from the district to the extent of 35,000 tons*; and in most of the lakes gypsum forms in the saliferous layer which extends to a tew feet from the sur- face. The more soluble sodium chloride assumes the solid and liquid conditions alternately’ with: the dry and wet: sea- ——S * The export of salt during the ten years, 1890-1899, has risen from 5,598: tons to 35,053 tons. land ‘ sons of the year. The existence of the lagoons, as sunken areas, 1s an advantage of the greatest practical importance under present conditions; indeed, nothing less than the salva- tion of the country. By their existence the concentration and localization of the saline substances become possible, and by this means the higher lands are drained of their salt, and rendered sweet. A flood in this country is an event greatly to be dreaded. If the waters rise above their normal level and empty themselves into the numerous cul de sacs which tne configuration of the country supphes, the sweet herbage is killed up to the level of the storm waters, and a new flora, of a salsolaceous type, takes its place. Several examples of this deterioration of the soil, caused by a flood that occurred a few years ago, were pointed out to me in my journey. Good dark soil that had previously grown heavy crops was now bare except for a few plants whose habits of growth fitted them for a saline soil; the white crystals of salt could be easily recognised as glistening particles on the background of the dark soil. In one situation affected in this way a farmer showed me a well that was filled by the waters of the flood— before the inundation the water was comparatively sweet, and was used for farm purposes, but since the flood referred to the water in the well is like brine, and quite useless. Fine examples of gypsum crystals can usually be obtained by digging in the silt of the lagoons. The gypseous layer com- mences about a foot from the surface of the lake deposit. Some interesting examples, exhibiting complex twinning are obtained in the Cape Spencer locality, but I had not time to visit the spot. On the southern side of Lake Fowler (the largest of the lagoons), a very remarkable deposit of granular gypsum lines the shores of the lake in a range of hills 80 feet high. The hills consist almost entirely of pure gypsum in the form of small crystals the size of coarse sand. In places the gypsum partakes of the character of a white powder, resembling flour, and the deposit, as a whole, is so pure that it is simply shovelled into sacks and carted away to the mill for commercial purposes. How such a clean deposit could have been formed, and in solid mass, so high above the present level of the lake, are questions not easy to answer. The association of gypsum and rock salt with dolomitic limestones is so general an occurrence as to suggest com- munity of origin. This subject has been dealt with very fully by Dr. Sterry Hunt in his “Chemical and Geological Essays,” and throws considerable ight upon our present en- quiries. In the Murray districts and elsewhere in South 8 Australia the lower Tertiary limestones are associated with considerable saline and gypseous ingredients, but the condi- tions in Yorke Peninsula are much more favorable for the conservation of these minerals, because there is practically no outward drainage for the waters of the district. The distri- bution of sulphur is very general in the organic, as well as inorganic, world, and, therefore, offers no difficulty in account- ing for the presence of gypsum under the conditions named. Sulphate of magnesia is easily soluble, and would react on the calcium carbonate that haa passed into solution by excess of carbonic acid, forming the resultants, sulphate of lime and bicarbonate of magnesia; the former crystallising out as selenite, and the latter, uniting with calcium carbonate, form- ing the dolomitic travertine. IMPORTANCE OF THE GLACIAL CLAY IN THE PuHysiIcaAL FEATURES. One of the chief determining factors in the physical features of Southern Yorke Peninsula 1s, undoubtedly, the glacial clay, which, as described in a previous paper, seems to underlie most of the district. At Point Turton, on the north coast, and in the sea cliffs a little west of Troubridge Hill, on the south coast, the Eocene limestone is seen to rest directly on the glacial clay. This formation of compact clay supplies the base—the impervious floor, on which for the most part the newer formations of the district rest. Had no such im- pervious barrier existed, the superficial drainage would no doubt have found its way to greater depths, and carried the soluble minerals beneath the surface. As it is, at present the chemical reactions have largely taken place above this floor line, and have become intensified by evaporation and concentration carried on through a very prolonged period. The depth of the lagoon floors below the normal level varies from a few feet up to probably forty feet. At the outer rim of the depression the ground usually has a gentle slope towards the lake, with steep or nearly vertical cliffs near the water's edge. As some of these basin-shaped hollows have been excavated in glacial sands and clay, jt is certain that, in some cases, other agents besides chemical solution have been responsible for their excavation in part. It is noticeable that the cliffs surrounding the lagoons are often lower or more sloping on the north-east side than the opposite. As the prevailing winds are from the south-west, it will be seen that in such instances the lower banks are in the windward direction. The beds of the lagoons are for the most part dry for a con- siderable part of the year, and when in this condition they expose a level surface of fine silt that might easily be carried by the wind. If a crust of salt forms over the mud flats 9 when the water evaporates, this, of course, counteracts the action of the wind, and conserves the fluviatile material of the lake bed; but it is difficult to imagine how these shallow depressions can be scooped out of sedimentary deposits ex- cept by the wind, and as there seems to be evidence that the banks show a tendency to sheer jn the windward direction, it lends plausibility to the assumption. FAUNA OF THE LAGOONS. The existence of foraminiferal shells in the silt of the Yorketown Lagoon was brought under my notice by Mr. Matthews, of Yorketown. I was unable to visit the lagoon in question, but Mr. Matthews kindly placed some of the material in my hand for examination. I found a consider- able number of dead shells of Polystomella striato-punctata, and P. macella. These forms are characteristically estuarine in habitat, and the individuals found in the lagoon were small, starved varieties of the species, giving evidence that their lot has been one of struggle for existence under adverse conditions. With the foraminiferal remains there also occur a few ostracoda and the gastropod, Coxiella confusa. The last-named may be regarded as_ ubiqui- tous in its distribution over the marginal maritime belt of Southern Australia, under brackish water conditions, as well as in many of the isolated lagoons in inland positions. No organic remains (so far as I know) occur in the circular lagoons that would indicate a distinctively marine fauna, and the presence of foraminifera in the Yorketown lagoon may probably be explained as a sporadic colony, introduced at some period by sea birds carrying foraminiferal spawn on their legs, the introduced forms maintaining a precarious existence until either the increasing salinity of the water, or the temporary drying up of the lagoon, led to the extinction of the colony. ANALOGOUS FEATURES IN KancGaroo ISLAND. It may be regarded as a corroboration of the theory advo- cated in this paper that in Kangaroo Island several lagoons of the same type as those on the Peninsula occur in the north- east portion of the island, and under similar geological con- ditions. There are the same outliers of Eocene limestone separated by areas from which the limestone has disappeared. The glacial clay underlies the Tertiary limestones, and forms the retentive floors for the drainage. The lagoons also are 2x- cavated in this clay with exposure of erratics on their flanks, as has been described in the case of Yorke Peninsula. 10 PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE EXISTENCE OF GLACIAL BEDS OF CAMBRIAN AGE IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. By Watter Howcuin, F.G.S. [Read April 2, 19U1.] It has recently been my good fortune to discover in our local rocks a glacial “‘till” of very remote geological age, and of great extent in its stratigraphical outcrop. As the forma- tion in question has been proved at intervals over a line of strike that exceeds 200 miles, considerable time will be in- volved in making the detailed observations requisite for a full treatment of the subject. I have, therefore, concluded it was best to place before this society, at the earliest oppor- tunity, a preliminary note giving the outlines of this interest- ing discovery. During the past year I have paid several visits to the valley of the Sturt River, about seven miles from Adelaide, where the formation referred to first attracted my attention. The Sturt crosses the Adelaide main road near the Flagstaff Hotel, at the base of Tapley’s Hill. About a mile up stream from this point the glacial beds are exposed, and for a con- siderable distance occupy the bed and banks of the river. The outcrop is about a mile and three-quarters wide, and include cuttings on the Hills railway line, as well as the quarry of the Metropolitan Brick Works Company, on its eastern limits. The glacial beds rise from beneath the thick banded shales of Tapley’s Hill, and are underlain by the shales and quartzites of the Mitcham and Glen Osmond series. The lithological features of the beds are very distinctive, and when once observed can be easily recognised, even in small fragments. Asa rule the formation exhibits an unstratified mass, with a mudstone base, and carries stones from the size of small grit, up to erratics several feet in diameter. These are distributed through the mass without order, and at all angles, frequently producing a local contortion in the finer sediment immediately adjacent to them. In places the mud- stone is replaced with irregular and unstratified masses of sandstones or coarse grits. It is often impossible to trace the line of junction between the mudstones and _ these Tl arenaceous masses, and no lines of bedding can be found show- ing planes of deposition. These arenaceous masses may or may not contain erratics within their limits, as they vary in this particular. The mudstones show a_ characteristic weathering, splitting up into large slabs with a flakey ex- foliation of the mass. At first these divisional lines might be mistaken tor bedding planes; but they are evidently pro- duced by arough form of cleavage, and are ata high angle. This manner ot weathering tends to produce sharp serrated edges along their lines of outcrop. The true “till” beds are in places intercalated with laminated shales, grits, and thin dolomitic limestones, which do not contain erratics, and are regularly bedded. It is by these regularly stratified beds intercalated with the “till” beds that. the true dip of the series can be obtained. My first sight of this remarkable formation was sufficient to convince me that I stood face to face with a true glacial deposit, but repeated searching in the Valley of the Sturt failed to produce any indisputable evidence of glacial wear on the faces of the included boulders.* The shape of many of these boulders was often suggestive of ice action, but con- firmation was needed to place the question beyond doubt. Such negative results may, perhaps, be explained from the fact that the included igneous rocks are generally much de- composed ; whilst others, less liable to atmospheric influences, as quartz and quartzites, are frequently covered with a shaly skin, left by the matrix, which effectually hides the striation of the surface if existing on the stone. I ascertained from several sources that ‘boulder beds” were seen in outcrop to the north or Adelaide, and, in search of fuller proofs of glacial action (if such were obtainable), I paid a visit, at the close of last year, to the neighborhoods of Jamestown, Petersburg, and Oodla Wirra, nearly 200 miles north of Adelaide, and obtained very definite confirmatory evi- dence. The glacial beds in *hese northern districts appear to have a very wide, if intermittent, spread. At the Mount Grainger mine, seven miles north from Oodla Wirra, two rather thin “till” beds occur, intercalated with regularly bedded formations. At Petersburg, about 23 miles to the south-west of Oodla Wirra, there is a very ex tensive development of the glacial beds. The line of strike takes these beds close to the township, and can be seen in a wide belt of outcrop extending for many miles in the direc- tion of the strike. To the northward of the town they form *Since this was written good examples of glaciated boulder hove been obtained. 12 a leading geological feature in the Petersburg Ranges, along which I followed their outcrop for a distance of sixteen miles. In some places fine mural exposures of the “till” were met with, and large boulders of quartzite, granite and other kinds of igneous rocks, weathered out from the “till,” le strewn upon the surface. Jamestown is situated about twenty-one miles to the south- west of Petersburg. In the Belalie Creek, about one mile east of the town, the junction of the “till” beds with the overlying “ribbon,” or banded, shales of the Tapley’s Hill for- mation is well seen. The outcrop can be traced across the railway line, and occupies the rises on its northern side. On the cultivated land the farmers of the neighborhood have been at much trouble to clear the ground of the erratics, which are in great numbers, and in places the task has been too much to attempt, so that the stony ground is left in a state of nature. In one spot, near the boundaries of Mooreland’s Farm, a fine field of erratics can be seen strewing the ground of all sizes up to nine feet in diameter. The northern exposures of the “till” beds differ in one im- portant particular from those of the Sturt Valley. In the latter locality but few boulders are found lying on the sur- face of the outcrops, whilst in the north such free erratics are extremely plentiful, probably arising from the more rapid weathering of the beds. This extensive weathering is a feature of great importance, as it permitted a freer examina- tion of the erratics than is possible in the formation near Adelaide. The crowning result of these observations in the northera districts, and one that has placed the question of the glaciai origin of the beds beyond all doubt, was the discovery of glaciated stones of the most distinct and characteristic types. A large limestone boulder and several quartzites have been obtained which show glacial facets as well as groves and strie. I have ventured to refer the glacial beds described in this preliminary note to Cambrian age. At present this is only a matter of inference, but the weight of evidence seems to point in that direction. I do not think they can be regarded as newer than the Cambrian, as they underlie a thick series of shales and lime- stones, so little altered that, had the latter been of more recent date than the Cambrian, they might reasonably have been expected to carry some paleontological evidence of their age; but, with the exception of Radiolaria, they have given negative results after repeated searchings. Further, the “till” 13 beds have a dip which, if persistent, would bring them under undoubted Cambrian beds at a few miles distance. At the same time, I can scarcely see how the beds in ques- tion can be referred to a Pre-Cambrian age, as the inclusions of sedimentary rocks, such as quartzites, metamorphic shales, and limestones among the erratics, demands a pre-existing sedi- mentary series from which they have been derived, and which may be assumed to be of Archean age. This discovery marks, so far as 1 am aware, the first observation of a Cambrian gla- cial age in the Southern Hemisphere, and is probably the most extensive exposure of its kind in any part of the world. I have to express my great indebtedness to Mr. John Heithersay, who, from his intimate knowledge of the country around Mount Grainger and Petersburg, gave me very valuable assistance in carrying out my observations in that district. 14 A SOUTH AUSTRALIAN METEORITE. Puate I. By G. A. Goyprr, F.C.S. [Read April 2, 1601.] This siderite was brought to the School of Mines for de- termination by Mr. H. W. Payne, of Rhine Villa, who states that it was found on the surface partly covered with soil, and that there were no other stones of a similar nature to be seen about the surface except one or two little flakey pieces which appeared to have fallen off the one sent. These pieces were lost in digging to try and find more large pieces. He also states that no one had seen a meteor fall in that locality. The meteorite, when received, had been a good deal knocked about with a hammer, and some of the prominences on it thus flattened; on the untouched surfaces it carries a thin coating of oxide, but does not show any wavy lines of flow. The photographic representation herewith of natural size shows the general contour and thumb-like depressions. The weight is 3, 325 gms. (74 lbs.) Specific gravity, 7.693. A piece was sawn off, ground, polished, and etched with dilute nitric acid, which brought out the Widmanstatten figures very prominently, as seen in the accompanying drawing. Twinning lamelle (Neumann lines) could also be seen on parts of the section, especially with a magnifying glass, but hardly in the photograph representation. This siderite appears to consist principally of kamacite, with thin plates of taenite be- tween the kamacite blades, small veins and also grains of trovlite are sparsely scattered through the section and from the quantity of phosphorus found by the analysis, schrezbersite 1s also probably present. ANALYSIS BY Mr. W. S. CHAPMAN. Insoluble in aqua regia ... ee ... 008 feones (eet a Pez oe sz ie. SO:8o Nickel cae ae J. bbe i SOE Cobalt 5% Bx ue ae ... 0.34 Sulphur Ae ar Ped re a CORRS Phosphorus ... a uae se 2 O2g 15 FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. By the Rev. T. Biacksurn, B.A. KOXCVIELT: [Read April 2nd, 1901.] Through the obliging mediation of my good friend Dr. Horn of Berlin I have been brought into communication with Professor Kolbe of the Royal Museum at Berlin, who has done me the dis- tinguished favor of entrusting to my hands for examination the type specimens of a number of the Tasmanian Coleoptera -described by Erichson in 1842. This generous loan has enabled me to clear up some of the enigmas of the Australian fauna and to assign to their proper places various species which in former papers I have been obliged to pass over as incapable of certain identification, especially in the genus Heteronyx and the family Curculionide. The results of my studies of the above-mentioned types will be found in the following pages. CICINDELID4. CICINDELA. ‘C. Jungi, sp. nov. Modice elongata, sat parallela; viridis vel cuprea, labro mandibulis (his apicem versus nigricantibus) elytrisque albidis (his macula viridi communi elongata, basin attingenti, longe ante apicem desinenti, ad latera apicemque varie sinuata, ornatis); capite inter oculos (his valde prominulis) fortiter convexo, clypeo dense niveo-piloso, vertice antice longitudinaliter subtiliter strigato postice subtiliter rugulose punctulato ; prothorace sat transverso, niveo-piloso, antice posticeque transversim sulcato, longitud- inaliter canaliculato, subtiliter confertim rugulose punctu- lato, lateribus sat arcuatis; elytris vix perspicue punctulatis, margine postice haud denticulato; corpore subtus (meta- sterni coxarum posticarum abdominisque parte mediana excepta) antennarum articulis basalibus 4 pedibusque sat dense niveo-pilosis. Maris tarsis anticis modice dilatatis ; feminz labro 3-dentato. Long., 5—53 1; lat., 14—2 1. The elytra have no markings whatever except the one common green blotch which extends from the base hindward to about the 16 beginning of the apical one-third of the elytra. This blotch is deeply bi-emarginate on its lateral margins and also emarginate on its hindmargin. The emargination of the hindmargin is in some specimens not deeper than those of the lateral margins, but in other examples is very much deeper (in one even becoming a long cleft extending two-thirds of the distance up the middle of the blotch towards its front margin). This species differs from C’. upsilon as follows: form evidently more elongate and parallel ; elytral markings quite different; clypeus and basal part of antenne densely pilose; prethorax much more pilose and with less straight sides ; head considerably more convex between the eyes ; elytra much less distinctly punctured ; labrum of female tri-dentate in front. The female examples before me have the apex of the suture distinctly spiniform, but in the unique male there is no trace of a spine; perhaps this is an abnormal speci- men. S. Australia ; Yorke Peninsula (taken by Mr. Jung). CARABIDZ. GIGADEMA. G. rugaticolle, sp. nov. Fem. Elongatum ; parallelum; minus nitidum ; piceum, corpore subtus pedibusque rufescentibus ; capite modico, pone oculos modive angustato, sat sparsim subfortiter punctulato et transversim perspicue rugato ; labro sat elongato ; prothorace sat cordiformi, quam longiori fere sesquilatiori, canaliculato, in disco toto sat squaliter sat fortiter transversim strigato, in partibus marginalibus omnibus sat fortiter minus sparsim punctulato, lateribus late deplanatis, basi bisinuata; elytris striatis, striis punc- tulatis, interstitiis nullo modo convexis, subtiliter (ut striz) punctulatis, puncturis in interstitiis nonnullis triseriatis ; femoribus anticis ad basin subtus obtuse angulatim dilatatis ; ligula planata, parte media leviter concava. Long., 16 ].; lat., 54 1. This species is distinguishable among its allies by the abso- lutely flat interstices of its elytra (the puncturation of which is very fine and runs partly in two, partly in three, longitudinal rows) and the strong uniform transverse wrinkling of the disc of its pronotum. Compared with G. longipenne, Germ., of same sex, it is of somewhat similar, but a little wider form; its labrum is much more obtuse at the apex ; its head does not differ much except in the upper surface being conspicuously strigate transversely ; its ligula is of entirely different form; its pro- thorax does not differ much in outline except in the middle part of the front margin being more prominent ; the marginal flatten- ing of the pronotum is much wider and better defined (even more ALES so than in G. Bostocki); the disc of the pronotum is strongly strigate and therefore opaque; the elytral interstices are quite flat and are more finely punctured, the punctures not running in two regular series on each interstice but on the greater part of most of the interstices in three rows; the basal part of the front femora is obtusely and widely angular beneath (in longipenne there is a small sharp tooth). I do not know G@. Froggatti, Macl., or atrum, Macl., but it is evident from the descriptions that this present insect is very distinct from them,—the former having the ‘“‘whole prothorax coarsely punctured” and its elytral inter- stices being called ‘“‘ridges;” while the latter is described as having inter alia its ‘head without punctures” and the apical joint of its maxillary palpi triangular. N.W. Australia. DIABATICUS. D. australis, Er. Some time ago I took an example of Diabaticus on the Dividing Range, Victoria, which appears to me to be a variety of the Tasmanian D. australis. It differs from the type in the front one-third part of its elytra being of the same ferruginous colour as the prothorax. The interstices of its elytra being more absolutely flat than those of australis suggest the possibility of specific distinctness, which however could only be decided by examination of numerous specimens. I do not think the insect has hitherto been recorded as occurring on the mainland of Australia. D. (2) tumidiceps, Blackb. and minor, Blackb. In Tr. R.S., S.A., 1889, p. 133, I very doubtfully attributed these species to Diabaticus provisionally. In Pr. L.8., N.8.W., 1898, p. 494, Mr. Sloane says that they cannot in his opinion stand in Diabaticus but require a new generic name. I take this opportunity of saying that I agree with him. As he is, I believe, at present working on the Lebiides I leave to him the task of dealing more satisfactorily with their generic position. SILPHOMORPHA. S. difficilis, sp. nov. Lata; sat nitida; supra fere tota piceo- nigra, corpore subtus antennis palpis pedibusque rufis ; fere levis, punctura magna in utroque elytro prope scutellum impressa ; capite prothoraceque fere equalibus; elytris obsolete interrupte substriatis, interstitiis vix omnino planis, apice subsinuata anguste rufescenti, lateribus_ leviter deplanatis. Long., 43 1.; lat., 23 1. This species is notable among its immediate allies by the large puncture on each elytron placed very near to, and about on a level with the hind apex of, the scutellum. The elytra are dis- B 18 tinctly less evidently striate than those of S. fal/ax, Westw., and more evidently than those of 8. decipiens, Westw. The prothorax is not at all explanate on the sides, the elytra broadly so, but very indefinedly, much less definedly than in fallax. 8S. levis, Cast., is perhaps the species to which the present one is nearest, but it is too briefly described for any clear idea of it to be formed without seeing the type. It seems however to be differ- ently colored having a ‘reddish lateral margin to the thorax and elytra” (there is no trace of such coloring in the present species) and having the “thorax bi-impressed on the posterior part” (the present species has no inequalities that can be called distinct impressions); moreover it is from a very distant locality (tropical Queensland) ; the probabilities therefore are decidedly against identity. N.S. Wales (Tweed R. district). ADELOTOPUS. A. micans, sp. nov. Angustus, elongatus (quam A. filiformis, Cast., parum latior; nitidus; glaber; antennis palpis pedibus pronoti lateribus elytrorum apice corporeque subtus plus minusve piceis vel rufescentibus; capite sat levi; pro- thorace quam longior sesquilatiori, antice parum (quam A. hemorrhoidalis, Er., multo minus fortiter) angustato, sparsim manifeste (quam A. filiformis, Cast., multo minus crebre) punctulato, lateribus quam A. filiformis, Cast., paullo minus rectis paullo magis late recurvis; elytris ut prothorax (sed apicem versus magis crebre) punctulatis, nullo modo striatis, sutura prope apicem vix subcarinata ; prosterno haud carinato. Long., 3 1.; lat., 14 1. Resembles A. filiformis, Cast., and aphodioides, Westw., in its pronotum and elytra being very much more distinctly punctured than those of dytiscoides, Newm., hydrobioides, Westw., nemosomoides, Westw., hemorrhoidalis, Er., &c. From aphodioides it differs inter alia by its puncturation being much less close and the sides of its prothorax straighter and very much less strongly recurved. S.A. (Quorn). A. Tasmani, sp. nov. Angustus, elongatus (ut A. filiformis, Cast.); nitidus; glaber; ut A. micans coloratus; supra haud punctulatus; prothorace (puncturis carentibus exceptis) fere ut precedentis A. micantis sed lateribus etiam magis anguste recurvis; elytris (puncturis carentibus exceptis) fere ut precedentis, sed sutura haud carinata ; prosterno fortiter carinato. Long., 24 1; lat., 11. A very narrow species, of the form of A. filiformis, Cast., but differing from that species inter alia by its upper surface being 19 devoid of distinct puncturation even under a strong lens. A. hemorrhoidalis, Er., is much less narrow in form, with the sides of its prothorax very much more strongly narrowed towards the apex. 10 Victoria (Dividing Range). CRYPTORRHYNCHUS. I have before me the types of two species which Erichson referred to this genus. As Mr. Lea is at present engaged on a Revision of the Cryptorrhynchides it would be inopportune for me at the present moment to propose any new names for members of that group. I therefore merely supply the following notes. C. solidus, Er. A new generic name will be required for this species (and another in my collection evidently congeneric with it). Its very short metasternum inter alia multa is inconsistent with its standing in Cryptorrhynchus. Its generic characters are as follows:—Pectoral canal ending in the mesosternum and cavernous at apex ; pronotum not distinct from the flanks of the prosternum ; scape of antenne reaching (or very nearly so) the ‘front of the eye; tibiz unarmed externally; hind femora not abnormally dilated ; third tarsal joint dilated and bilobed; meta- sternum very short, its episterna distinct; second ventral seg- ment a little shorter than third and fourth together; scutellum very well defined ; first ventral suture enfeebled in the middle ; femora feebly toothed beneath. Its specific characters are well described by its author. C. infulatus, Er. Distinct from Cryptorrhynchus by inter alia its short pectoral canal, which does not reach back so far as to the level of the front of the intermediate cox. Its structural characters are as follows :—Similar to the preceding (C. solidus) in respect of the first six characters attributed (above) to it :— metasternum moderately elongate, about same length as the basal ventral segment ; claw joint not clothed with large erect scales ; tibie not longitudinally ribbed (as they are in Zyrtwosus) ; femora not (or but feebly) sulcate beneath; eyes strongly and not particularly finely granulate; pectoral canal comparatively short and wide; all the femora armed beneath with a single tooth, which is placed at or about the middle ; under surface of all the femora much depressed though scarcely sulcate; elytra tuberculate and fasciculate ; rostrum considerably flattened above in all its length; second ventral segment much shorter than the first and shorter than the third and fourth together. Erichson’s description of the specific characters is a good one. ol ACALLES. A. rubetra, Er. The type of this species differs from European species of Acalles (e.g., roboris, Curtis) inter alia by its hind femora being very strongly and suddenly claviform in their apical portion, the dilatation entirely on the upper outline. Its general characters are as follows :—Similar to Crypt. solidus in respect of the first four characters attributed above to that species—third tarsal joint dilated and bilobed; metasterum very short, its epimera not distinctly visible ; femora unarmed, somewhat sulcate or at least flattened beneath (not evenly convex as in Poropterus) ; the basal two ventral segments with a strong common longitudinal median sulcus in which the first ventral suture is effaced; pectoral canal not quite reaching back to the level of the front part of the intermediate coxe ; elytra tuberculate ; scutellum invisible. ANTHRIBIDA. CACEPHATUS. C. sericeus, Blackb. This species was taken in Victoria. The record of the place of capture was omitted when the insect was described (T.R.S8., S.A., 1900, p. 152). TROPIDERES. ._7T. musivus, Er. I have the type of this species before me- ‘There is no need to add anything to its author’s excellent descrip. tion from a specific point of view. I do not think, however, that it can stand as a T'ropideres, inter alia on account of its antenne so long as to reach the base of the elytra and its small widely separated eyes. In my tabulation of the genera of Australian Anthribide (Tr. B.S., S.A., 1900, p. 143) it stands beside Cacephatus,—its antenne however being scarcely longer than the head and prothorax together. I cannot, however, refer it to that genus on account of its depressed form, its anterior cox quite widely separated from each other, its eyes comparatively small and widely separated from each other, and its much longer and narrower rostrum not forming with the head a continuous plane surface. Its depressed form and style of markings are very suggestive of my Hntromus dorsoplagiatus with which (loc. cit.) I conjectured that it might be congeneric ; but enter alia multa its entirely different antenne and rostral scrobes show that con- jecture to have been very wide of the mark. I regard it as the type of an undescribed genus. LONGICORNES. PHACODES, P. medicus, sp. nov. Subelongatus; sat robustus ; obscure fer- rugineus, piceo - variegatus, antennis (articulorum apice 32 excepto) palpis coxis pedibusque rufescentibus ; pube grisea et fusca intermixta vestitus; prothorace quam longior vix latiori, crebre aspere punctulato, carina longitudinali mediana interrupta et tuberculis opacis discoidalibus non- nullis instructo, antice quam postice haud angustiori, lateri- bus leviter arcuatis ; elytris inzequaliter punctulatis, sparsim granuliferis (granulis a basi retrorsum gradatim minoribus), ad apicem fortiter emarginatis ; antennarum articulis 3°—5° ad apicem breviter spiniferis, 3° quam 1" manifeste (quam 4°° multo) longiori. Maris antennis quam corpus vix (femine manifeste) breviori- bus.. Long., 8—91.; lat., 22 1. The pubescence of the head and pronotum is of a somewhat uniform fuscous color with a tendency to be paler on the sides. and tubercles of the latter. The derm itself of the elytra is variegated being in general dull reddish but with an interrupted blackish vitta on a wide feebly elevated longitudinal space traversing the disc. The blackish parts of the elytra are glabrous or nearly so; the reddish parts are clothed (neither very closely nor very evenly) with pale brownish pubescence ; the evenness of the pubescence is also much interrupted by the granules and punctures of the elytra. The punctures of the elytra vary greatly in size some of them being very large and coarse. The previously described species of Phacodes having the apex of the elytra emarginate are bella, Blackb., and tenuztarsis, Pasc.; of these the former inter alia has the basal part of the elytra very much more strongly and closely granuliferous ; the latter is much smaller, with joints 3 and 4 of the antenne almost equal. N.W. Australia (Masters). NOTOCERESIUM (gen. nov. Callidiopsidarum ?) Mas. Palpi maxillares sat elongati, articulo ultimo sat elongato vix triangulari; palpi labiales brevissimi; caput transversum subrotundatum, antice sat fortiter declive, pone oculos subite angustatum ; antennz quam corpus multo longiores, articulis 1° 5° que inter se sat equalibus, 3° quam 5" et 4° quam 3° paullo brevioribus ; oculi fortiter granulati, intus sat fortiter emarginati, inter se latissime remoti; prothorax fortiter transversus, supra equalis, antice et postice sat eequaliter angustatus, lateribus ad medium angulatis et tuberculo minuto armatis (hine antice et postice recte con- vergentibus) ; scutellum modicum ; elytra valde elongata sat parallela, postice inermia ; pedes sat elongati, femoribus sat compressis leviter clavatis (posticis abdomivis apicem nullo modo attingentibus), tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam 2"* 3"° que conjuncti paullo longiori; coxe antice 33 contigue prominentes, ad latera paullo angulate ; mesosterni epimeris coxas intermedias haud attingentibus; corpus elongatum sat parallelum, sat glabrum. This is one of the most anomalous Longicorns I have seen. It will not fit into any of M. Lacordaire’s ‘‘ Groupe’s ” satisfactorily but I think it is best regarded as an aberrant Callidiopsid. It is certainly a “Cerambycid vrai” (according to Lacordaire’s classification) and its strongly granulated eyes place it in the first “section” of that aggregate. The epimera of its meso- sternum not nearly reaching the intermediate cox, its very short head widely transverse and as broad as the prothorax, non- spinose antenne, non carinate tibie, the even surface of its elytra, and its very inconspicuous antenniferous tubercles refer it, without any hesitation, in the tabulation of that aggregate, to the groupe Callidiopsides ; but the form of its front coxe is very different from the form of those organs in any previously described Callidiopsid known to me. It 1s true that Lacordaire mentions a tendency to abnormal prominence of the front coxz in Diatomocephala, &c., which he nevertheless places in the ‘‘oroupe” in question, but in the present insect the coxe are much more prominent than in Diatomocephala and moreover are contiguous. NV. impressiceps, sp. nov. Mas. LEHlongatum, sat angustum, parallelum ; sat nitidum; testaceo-brunneum, elytris non- nihil obscurioribus; sat glabrum, capite quam prothorax haud angustiori, inter oculos lato sat plano, linea longi- tudinali mediana fortiter impresso, sparsim leviter sed vix subtiliter punctulato, clypeo a fronte sutura manifesta diviso; pronoto ut caput punctulato, equali; elytris quam prothorax parum latioribus, puncturis sat parvis crebre fortiter impressis ; corpore subtus sparsim inequaliter punc- tulato. Long., 2—31.; lat., 3—2 1 Tasmania (Lake District). OPSIDOTA. O. sculpticollis, sp. nov. WRufo-fusca, pilis griseis (in elytris pedibusque sparsim, in ceteris partibus sat dense) vestita ; capite quam O. albipilosw, Pasc., paullo minus brevi, sat inequali, crebrius subtilius punctulato; antennis quam corpus paullo longioribus, articulis (basalibus 2 exceptis) manifeste compressis apicali appendiculato; prothorace leviter transverso, supra vermiculato-ruguloso sed areis minus concinne definitis subconvexis levibus nitidis ornatis, lateribus subrectis, latitudine majori prope apicem sita ;° elytris lineis vix elevatis 2 minus perspicue instructis, basin versus crebre subrugulose sat fortiter (hinc retrorsum. C o4 gradatim minus fortiter minus rugulose,—apicem versus sub- levibus) punctulatis; tarsis sat latis (ut O. albipilose, Pasc.). Long., 9—1141.; lat., 21—24 1. The basal joint of the antenne is quite as strongly arched as in O. albipilosa, the first, third, and fourth joints about equal in length, the following joints Jonger. The nitid spaces on the pronotum are a wide median continuous vitta, a round spot on either side close to the front, and a basal fascia (ill developed) which is conspicuously produced forward and obliquely outward to the front margin but becoming ill-developed in front. This species can be at once distinguished from all the previously described Opsidote by, inter alia, the large and conspicuous nitid spaces on its pronotum. I am uncertain of the sex of the two specimens before me but I judge them to be males from the strong appendiculation of the apical joint of their antenne and the shortness of their apical ventral segment. The antenne are less strongly compressed than in the male of albipilosa and the head is not quite so short as in that species, but it is very much shorter than in Strongylurus. N. Queensland (Port Mackay; sent by Mr. French). PROSOPLUS. P. (Niphona) torosa, Pasc. There is a specimen from N.W. Australia in the 8S. Australian Museum agreeing so well with the description of this species that I cannot doubt its identity. Mr. Pascoe gives ‘‘S. Australia” as the habitat. I have never, however, seen an example taken in 8.A., nor do I know of any Coleoptera (except some well-known to be found all over Aus- tralia) common to S.A. and N.W.A. I suspect therefore that Pascoe’s statement of habitat is incorrect unless it designates “the Northern Territory” under the term “South Australia.” ANCITA, A. dispar, sp. nov. Picea, tomento cinereo ochraceo et fusco variegata, labro antennis pedibusque plus minusve rufe- scentibus ; capite prothoraceque dense subgranulose punc- tulatis; hoc ante medium transversim sulcato, utrinque in dorso sat fortiter gibboso et ad latus tuberculo magno acuto armato, linea mediana plus minusve impressa et granulis magnis nitidis nonnullis instructo; elytris costulis diseoidali- bus binis tuberculis binis parvis anticis (his oblique paullo pone basin positis) et tuberculis 4 vel 5 posticis (his trans- versim sat longe pone medium positis) ornatis, fortiter sat crebre punctulatis ; antennis 11-articulatis. Maris antennis quam corpus sat longioribus, femine elytrorum apicem vix attingentibus. Long., 53—611.; lat., 24—3 1. This species is easily recognisable by the arrangement of the 35 tubercles on its elytra. A small conical and very conspicuous tubercle stands just within and behind the humeral callus, and there is another similar to it between it and the suture but further from the base of the elytra. At the summit of the hind declivity of each elytron is a transverse row of four or five tubercles, which in the two females before me (one of which I regard as the type of the species) are similar to the subbasal tubercles, but in the unique male (attributable I think to this species) are much smaller. The disposition of the variegated pubescence is very intricate and difficult to describe. It produces the following arrangement of colors ;—the head is dark fuscous with the cheeks and a broad stripe down the middle whitish; the pronotum is of a more or less pale brown with on either side of the middle line a large dark brown subbasal blotch edged externally by some very pale pubescence. The elytra in the two females are intricately mottled with dark and pale brown,—the latter in one of them very pale, in the other strongly ochraceous. In the male example the external portions of the elytra are mottled as in the female while the rest of their surface is almost entirely ochraceous. The undersurface and legs are of ashy color thickly peppered with small black spots. Joints 3—7 of the antenne are whitish except near the apex (much more conspicuously in the male than in the female), and the close and somewhat elongate hairs fringing the antenne beneath are of the color of the pubescence from which they spring. It is just possible that this insect is A. crossotoides, Thoms., but the description under that name is too slight for confident identification, and moreover (even such as it is) does not agree with the present species. It describes the elytra as having four fascie of black pilosity and also some black tubercles. If these four fascie be taken as “two on each elytron” their number would seem to suggest the idea of their referring to the series of tubercles mentioned above as present in this insect, but in that case their color does not agree, nor can I find any way of count- ing the tubercles so as to make four transverse rows and some tubercles besides. N.W. Australia. A, didyma, sp. nov, Nigricans, tomento griseo ochraceo et nigricanti variegata, labro testaceo, antennis pedibusque picescentibus; capite prothoraceque dense subgranulose punctulatis ; hoc ante medium transversim sulcato, utrinque in dorso sat fortiter gibboso et ad latus tuberculo magno acuto armato; elytris inequalibus (sc. puncturarum inter- stitiis irregulariter elevatis, certo adspectu lineas varie -dispositas formantibus), basin versus cristas binas (altera 36 oblique, altera sat transversim, posita) pone medium lineam: fortiter contortam (hac quam line ceterze magis perspicua): ferentibus, fortiter sat crebre punctulatis; antennis 12- articulatis. Maris antennis quam corpus multo (feminz paullo) longioribus. Long., 5—7 1.; lat., 2—3 1. Distinct from previously described species by inter alia the rugulosities of the elytra. These organs present an unusually coarse appearance owing to the interstices of the punctures being much raised and here and there running together into transverse or oblique wrinkles among which the longitudinal costule (usual in the genus) are little apparent. Within and behind the humeral callus is an oblique crest; close to it but not touching. it (and nearer to the suture) is another similar one placed more transversely. These crests are not pilose and have a sharply carina-like contour. About the summit of the posterior declivity an elevated line leaves the suture and runs obliquely forward and away from the suture till it reaches the inner one of the longitudinal costule where it turns at a sharp angle and runs obliquely hindward a short distance and then turning again runs: obliquely forward to the external one of the longitudinal in which it loses itself. These crests and lines are blackish and form the darkest part of the elytra. There are no defined pubescent markings on the upper surface, pale and dark pubescence (with a preponderance of the latter) shading off into each other in a variable manner. The under-surface and legs are piceous more or less reticulated with pale pubescence. Joints 3—12 of the antenne are cinereo- pubescent at the base with the apex dark (successively less widely dark, joint by joint). N.W. Australia. ZYGOCERA. Z. concinna, sp. nov. Nigro-picea, labro palpisque testaceis ;. pube cinerea nigraque variegata, hac fasciam postmedianam flexuosam formanti; capite cinereo-villoso, postice nigro-4- maculato ; antennis quam corpus multo longioribus, articulo 3° quam 1% 2 que conjuncti paullo longiori, articulis 3° ad apicem et 4°—11° ad basin apicemque albidis; oculorum lobo inferiori fere ut 7. bifasciate, Pasc. (i.e., sat magno sat late ovali minus oblique posito) sed paullo magis subtiliter granu- lato; prothorace transversim trisulcato, haud_ nigro-lineato sed maculis nonnullis nigris ornato, fortiter transverso,. utrinque ante basin tuberculo sat conspicuo et ad latus tuberculo magno acuto (quam Z. bifasciate majori magis- acuto) armato; elytris ad basin tuberculo sat magno nigro armatis, in disco manifeste bicostulatis, ad apicem emargin- atis et bispinosis, cinereo-pubescentibus, pube nigra macu- Q7 a4 latim vix seriatim (et pone medium fasciatim) variegatis ; pedibus cinereo-pubdescentibus, nigro variegatis (preesertim posticis); sternis ut 7%. bifasciate conformatis; segmentis ventralibus cinereo-pubescentibus, in medio et utrinque maculatim nudis. Long., 6 1.; lat., 22 1. 2 This species differs inter alia from those previously described as follows; from metallica, Westw., and pruinosa, Boisd., by the presence of transverse impressed lines on the pronotum, from bifasciata, Pasc., by the presence of basal tubercles on the elytra, from /uctuosa, Pasc., and glumifera, Pasc., by the elytral tubercles not being clothed with long soft pale pilosity, from lugubris, Pasc., cuneata, Pasc., and Mastersi, Pasc., by the presence of dorsal tubercles on the pronotum, from pentheoides, Pasc., by the emargination of the apex of the elytra, from pumila, Pasc., by the very large and acute lateral tubercles of its prothorax. Z. canosa, Er., is very differently colored, and has very different markings (if I am right in my identification of 7. canosa with a species I collected in Tasmania it differs also in structure,—e.g., the form of the prosternum). I have not seen the description of Z. niveosignata, Jord., but the name would be an impossible one for the present species, which has no white markings on either its upper or under surface. As I am not certain of my identification of some of Pascoe’s species being correct I have not mentioned, in distinguishing the present species from them, any of their characters that are not mentioned in their descriptions. I am doubtful as to the sex of the type. I may mention here that valuable specific characters in the Zygocere (not mentioned by Pasc.) are to be found in the structure of the eyes and of the -sterna. N.W. Australia; sent to me by Mr. Masters. Z. bifasciata, Pasc. Mr. Masters has sent me a specimen taken in N. Queensland in which the ante-median dark fascia of the elytra is wanting, but which in other respects seems to be identical with Z. difasciata. PENTHEA. P. tigrina, sp.nov. Fem. Robusta; pube albida ochraceaque maculatim et vermiculatim variegata; capite supra sat con- vexo-elevato, subtilius sparsissime punctulato, longitudinali- ter impresso, clypeo antice lato truncato; tuberibus antennarlis (ut P. sannionis, Newm.) magnis prominulis subapproximatis ; antennis quam corporis dimidium paullo longioribus, subtus disperse ciliatis, articulis 3°—9° basin versus niveo-pubescentibus, articulo 3° quam 1"* et quam 4" parum longiori; oculis ut P. sannionis granulatised multo minoribus ; prothorace fortiter (quam P. samnionis multo magis) transverso, fortiter granulatim et transversim 38 ruguloso, ad latera 4-gibbosis (gibbis medianis 2 quam ceterz multo majoribus); elytris 3-costatis (costis plus minusve granula conjuncta simulantibus), inter costas granulis (his inter se magnitudine valde diversis) in parte basali dimidia ornatis, ad apicem rotundatis vel vix subtruncatis. Long., 11—124 1.; lat., 4—44 1. The pubescence of the upper surface is almost identical with that of P. Saundersi, Pasc., except in nearly all the pubescent patches being (instead of entirely white) white variegated with bright ochraceous colour, and there being an irregular space behind the middle on which there is very little pubescence, so that an ill defined dark fascia (interrupted or nearly so at the suture) can be traced. The under surface and legs are very uniformly mottled with black and white much as in P. intricata, Pasc., but with the black spaces larger and more conspicuous. This species differs from those resembling it in colour, size and style of marking as follows, inter alia ,—from costata, Pasc. (according to description,—I am not sure that I know the insect), by the ochreous colour of the markings of the upper surface and by the markings on the elytra being vermiculate (as in Sawnderst, Pasc.) in form,—no continuous pubescence along the sides or elsewhere ;—from Saundersi by its differently coloured pubescence and non-rugulose head ;—from intricata, Pasc., by its antennal tubers much larger and more prominent and placed nearer to each other and by the very much larger and more numerous: granules of its elytra,—from solida, Pasc., by the granulate character of its elytral coste,—from vermicularia, Don., by the ochreous colour of its pubescence, the very much stronger promi- nences on its prothoracic lateral outline, &c., We. W. Australia (Coolgardie; Mr. French). SYMPHYLETES. S. lentws, sp. nov. Sat elongatus, sat parallelus; piceus; pube pallide fulva dense vestitus, hac pube magis ochracea vix perspicue marmorata, pube latera versus plus minusve dilutiori, pedibus antennisque pube pallida indistincte variegata ; capite haud convexo-elevato, linea longitudinali subtili impresso, clypeo antice sinuato ; oculis modicis (quam S. nodosi, Newm., paullo magis convexis paullo magis fortiter granulatis); antennis quam corpus paullo breviori- bus (maris quam femine parum magis elongatis), subtus modice ciliatis; prothorace sat fortiter transverso, tuberculis parvis 2 medianis in disco transversim positis (his inter se sat remotis) et 2 basin versus inter se approxunatis instructo, margine laterali inzequali (quasi 2 vel 3 tuberculato) ; elytris- sat equalibus, longitudinaliter 3-seriatim granulatis (serie- bus, externa ultra medium continua, ceteris gradatim brevi- oribus), ad apicem rotundato-subtruncatis et dense pilosis.. 39 Maris segmento ventrali 2° antice area transversim parallela. segmentum medium haud attingenti dense pilosa instructo. Long., 7—9 1.; lat., 24—3 1. An extremely uniformly coloured species appearing to a casual glance of a continuous pale fulvous tone everywhere except that the elytra are gradually and more or less distinctly paler towards the sides (in one example almost whitish at the palest part), the pale colouring being usually somewhat dilated inward in a sub- triangular form slightly in front of the middle. The pubescence is extremely close entirely concealing the derm everywhere and when closely examined is seen to be closely mottled with two slightly different shades,—one nearly pure brown, the other more reddish. Distinctive characters are (a) the tubercles,—or rather granules scarcely larger than those of the elytra,—on the pronotum (two widely separated and placed transversely on the middle of the disc and two similar ones placed transversely close together considerably behind the other pair, also several on the lateral outline); (6) the regular longitudinal rows of granules on the elytra,—the subsutural row very short, the next longer, the external row passing the middle of the elytra,—these granules being glabrous ; (c) the antennz shorter than the body in both sexes ; (¢d) the unusual form of the pubescent area on the (appa- rently) second ventral segment of the male which appears like a mere transverse band of pilosity not nearly reaching the middle of the segment,—its hind margin straight. The apex of the elytra is so densely pilose that it is difficult to be sure of its shape; and from one point of view it seems to be rounded, from another feebly truncate. I cannot make this species fit the description of any of Mr. Pascoe’s species of Symphyletes, but they are so brief and vague that certainty is scarcely possible. The species that seem to be most like it, however, have elytra either crested or spinose at the base, or at the apex very different from those of the present insect. N.W. Australia (in S.A. Museum; also sent by Mr. Masters). S. fasciatus, sp. nov. Sat robustus; piceus, pube cinerea et ochrea sat dense (sed in elytrorum partibus basalibus et apicali- bus sparsim maculatim) vestitus, pedibus rufis; capite haud convexo-elevato, linea nigra longitudinali impresso, sparsim punctulato, clypeo antice truncato ; oculis sat magnis (quam S. nodosi, Newm., perspicue majoribus); antennis subtus sat dense ciliatis ; prothorace inzequali (pone apicem transversim late concavo, in disco medio tuberculis parvis 2—his linea subtili connexis—et postice inque lateribus tuberculis sub- obsoletis nonnullis munito) ; elytris in parte dimidia antica subseriatim granuliferis sed haud cristatis, sat crebre minus 40 fortiter punctulatis, ad apicem fortiter emarginatis et bispinosis. Maris antennis quam corpus sublongioribus, articulo apicali curvato-appendiculato ; segmento ventrali basali ad apicem et segmenti 2' area angusta basali subparallela (hac segmen- tum medium haud attingenti) dense ochreo-pilosis. Femine antennis quam corpus brevioribus, articulo ultimo vix appendiculato. Long., 121; lat., 41. Over the whole surface except the elytra there is an even clothing of ashy pubescence vazuely intermingled with ochreous. The antenne are clothed with ashy fine pubescence the joints beyond the second having their apices (successively less widely) glabrous. The elytra are pubescent across the base to about the distance of the apex of the scutellum ; then comes a nearly glab- rous zone bearing only a few small pubescent spots and reaching back to about the apex of the basal one-fifth of the elytra ; the next zone is densely pubescent (nitid granules however, protrud- ing through the pubescence and a somewhat triangular subglab- rous space interrupting the pubescence on the lateral margin), jits front margin being nearly straight, its hind margin strongly concave ; the apical zone (not much less in length than half the elytra measured on the suture, and about one-third measured on the lateral margin) is sparsely studded with small pubescent spots on the almost glabrous derm. The pubescent variegation of the elytra is much like that in S. cinnamomeus, Pasc., and Rhytiphora latifasciatus, Pase.,— from the first of which this species differs inter alia by the elytra not being crested at the base and from the other—independently of generic characters—by the deeply emarginate and biapiculate apex of each elytron. If I am correct in my identification of the two species just mentioned they also differ from S. fasciatus in their sexual characters. N. Queensland ; sent by Mr. French from Port Mackay. RHYTIPHORA. S. wniformis, sp. nov. Fem. Minus elongata; sat parallela ; picea plus minusve rufescens, antennis palpis pedibusque manifeste rufescentibus; pube albido-cinerea dense vestita, hac (?exemplis abrasis) in partibus nonnullis carenti sicut macule glabre apparent ; capite sparsim subtilius punctulato, supra sat elevato-convexo (fere ut &. latifusciate, Pasc.), linea longitudinali impresso, clypeo antice angusto triangu- lariter emarginato; oculis modicis sat fortiter granulatis (fere ut R. latifasciate) ; antennis quam corpus sublongiori- bus, plus minusve pube albida subtili vestitis, subtus pilis sat elongatis sat dense fimbriatis, articulo 3° quam 1* fere 41 duplo longiori; prothorace sat cylindrico, ut caput punctulato, subtiliter transversim rugato, lateribus apicem versus tuber- culo armatis; elytris ad apicem truncatis, antice granulis sat numerosis instructis, postice puncturis sparsis impressis. Long., 83—9 1.; lat., 22 1. I have two specimens of this insect before me. It is distinguish- able from most of its congeners by its pubescent clothing being all but entirely of a pale ashy colour (the only variegation consist- ing in a faintly ochreous tone on some parts of the sterna). Probably in a perfectly fresh specimen this pubescence covers the derm everywhere except where it is interrupted by small granules and small sparse punctures. In both the examples before me, however, the humeral region of the elytra and some blotches somewhat behind the middle of the elytra are more or less denuded, but I suspect that this is due to abrasion. Another very distinctive character consists in the form of the clypeus the front of which is much narrowed, its apex being less than half the width of the interval between the lower lobes of the eyes, and being triangularly emarginate,—the sides of the emargina- tion acute. I do not think there is any other intelligibly described species combining the characters of Ahytiphora (e.g., head strongly convex above the antennal tubers, eyes not finely granulated) with a clypeus of the form just specified, the basal part of the elytra (as in &. latifasciata, Pasc.) without any basal crest or other conspicuous elevation, vestiture of a uniform colour and antenne strongly and thickly (even more so than in Rk. Argus, Pasc.) fringed beneath with pilosity. N.W. Australia. R. Simsoni, sp. nov. Robusta; ferruginea vel rufopicea, anten- nis (articulo basali excepto) obscurioribus; pube cinerea fulvaque variegata ; capite sparsim subobsolete punctulato (sed juxta oculorum lobum superiorem puncturis nonnullis profundis impresso), linea mediana longitudinali impresso, supra sat elevato-convexo (fere ut 2. latifasciate, Pasc.), clypeo antice lato truncato; oculis modice granulatis (quam R. latifasccate minus fortiter); antennis (articulo basali excepto) pube nigra albidaque variegatis, subtus pilis sub- tilibus sparsis fimbriatis, articulo 3° quam 1"* 2° que con- juncti parum longiori; prothorace quam longior ut 4? ad 4 latiori, sat cylindrico, vix:manifeste punctulato, sat fortiter transversim (et pone mediuin confuse) rugato, lateribus fere inermibus ; elytris longitudinaliter late leviter bisulcatis, in partibus anticis tribus costis brevibus obliquis vel transversis granulisque nitidis inordinatim instructis, sparsim minus fortiter punctulatis, ad apicem subtruncatis. Maris antennis quam corpus vix brevioribus ; segmenti 2' ven- 42 tralis parte antica dimidia ad latera pilis elongatis pallidis dense vestita. Femine antennis manifeste brevioribus, segmento 2° ventrali normali. Long., 8—10:1.; lat., 28—41 1. In a perfectly fresh specimen the upper surface is covered with a very fine grey pubescence scarcely noticeable by the naked eye. On this, markings are formed by longer and denser pubescence of intermingled whitish and ochreous colour, presenting on the head variable spots and lines, on the pronotum numerous small specks, on the elytra a kind of network of spots and blotches which arrange themselves most conspicuously behind the scutellum, on the lateral margin behind the shoulder, in a flexvous fascia behind the middle, and in an aggregate filling up the apex. The markings however are little to be relied upon as they are variable and very easily rubbed off and an even slightly rubbed example does not look as if its markings had ever been as described above. The species, however, is easily recognisable by structural charac- ters,—especially its head almost punctureless but having a few very deep punctures close to the inner margin of the upper lobe of the eye,—its elytra each with two very wide shallow longi- tudinal impressions not nearly reaching either the base or apex (best seen in abraded specimens),-—its elytra studded on the whole front three quarters of their area with strong and somewhat coarse shiny granules and short ridges (not unlike those on the front part of the elytra of Penthea sannio, Newm.) which are not at all concealed by the pubescence,—and the male characters on the second ventral segment. These consist of a space on each side extending along the front margin of the segment from the lateral margin nearly to the middle and limited hindward by a curved line joining the extremities of the front of the space and reaching hindward to about the middle of the segment,—the part of the segment not occupied by this space being pubescent and marked uniformly with the other segments, but the space itself being densely clothed with long soft pale hairs. This insect is very likely to be the Rhytiphora referred to by Mr. Gahan (Tr. E.S., Lond., 1893) as possibly identical with caprina, Newm., or mista, Newm., neither of which is intelligibly described,—or (judged by Mr. Gahan’s remarks) recognisable by comparison with the types. The former seems to be much smaller than the smallest specimen I have seen of the present insect and is described as having “dentiform tubercles near the base of the elytra’ (very different from the sculpture of the present species), and the latter I take to be an allied but very distinct species widely distributed in Southern Australia of which I have seen many examples. Tasmania; given to me by Mr. Simson. It is found on Casuarina. 43 CORRHENES. C. pauxilla, sp. nov. Picea plus minusve rufescens ; pilis subtili- bus erectis sat crebre instructa et pube grisea vestita, hac pube fusca et albida intermixta; antennis minus robustis, quam corpus vix brevioribus, articulis singulis pube pallide fusca albidaque confuse variegatis, articulo 3° quam 1™ sat longiori; oculis sat fortiter granulatis; prothorace parvum transverso, supra sat quali (longitudinaliter obsolete carinato), lateribus antice dente perspicuo armatis ; elytris sat crebre sat fortiter punctulatis, ad apicem rotundatis. Long., 42 1.; lat., 12 1. This species differs in some structural characters from C. pauila, Germ. (the type of Corrhenes), but I cannot ascertain that any other genus has been founded in which it could be placed and its divergence from Corrhenes is scarcely sufficient to justify making it the type of a new genus. Its antenne are evidently less robust than those of C. paulla, its eyes are more strongly granulate, and the lateral tubercles of its prothorax (though similarly situated) are notably better defined. Unfortunately the descriptions of nearly all the Australian species attributed to Corrhenes are of the slightest and most un- satisfactory kind and there is comparatively little in them except loose diagnoses of colour and markings. As, however, these seem to be but little subject to variety (judged by C. paulla, Germ.,— the only Corrhenes of which I have seen numerous examples) it is perhaps fairly safe to assume that a Corrhenes differing mar- kedly in these respects from all previous descriptions is a good new species. The present insect is covered on the upper surface with close and somewhat coarse pale brown pubescence variegated with dark brown and whitish. The dark brown pubescence forms a line running backward from the inner margin of each eye and con- tinued on the pronotum to akout its middle, the two lines being curved in such fashion as almost to meet on the front margin of the pronotum ; the dark pubescence also forms a large ill-defined common blotch behind the scutellum. The whitish pubescence is chiefly along the base of the elytra, along the middle part of the suture, and (somewhat behind the middle) on the disc of the elytra where it forms a somewhat wide fascia (with its front and hind margins strongly zigzagged) running obliquely forward from the lateral margin but not reaching the suture. This fascia is much more sharply defined in some examples than in others. The under surface is uniformly covered with pubescence of a whitish brown colour. The antennez femora tibie and tarsi are variegated with dark and light brown pubescence. at Compared with C. paulla, Germ., the form is a trifle shorter and more robust, the antenne are less robust and the separate joints are mottled (or spotted) with light and dark brown (the apical part of each chiefly dark brown), the eyes are a trifle larger and distinctly more strongly granulate, the sides of the prothorax are tubercled near the front almost as in a Micracantha, and the general arrangement of colours differs considerably. The prosternum and mesosternum subtruncate on their opposite faces and the upper surface clothed with long erect soft hairs are generic characters. N.W. Australia (sent by Mr. Masters). NOTES ON GLACIAL BEDS OF CAMBRIAN AGE IN FAR NORTH OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. By Cuaas. CuEwines, Ph.D., F.G.S. [Communicated by Pror. TaTE. | [Read May 7, 1901.] The Note on the Glacial Beds of Cambrian Age in South Australia, read by Mr. Walter Howchin, F.G.S., before the Royal Society of South Australia, has greatly interested me for the following, amongst other, reasons :—While in the service of the Umberatana Trust, in July, 1899, I visited the Worturpa gold discovery, and saw in that neighbourhood a very extensive rock formation that resembles so closely the description Mr. Howchin gives—as published in the Register of April 3rd—that I do not hesitate to say that a rock formation identical in character has a very extensive development in the Flinders Ranges, much farther North than Mr. Howchin has had an opportunity of seeing. I may here state that, through having other duties to attend to, it was not possible for me to make more than a casual and very hurried examination of the beds I refer to, and I had to leave the district, much to my regret, without making the close investigation I had promised myself ; and no opportunity has presented itself to me to visit the locality since. I hesitated, in the absence of strie markings, &c., which I had not seen, to call the beds other than Conglomerate, because (1) Cambrian glacial “till” is not seen every day, and (2) the discovery of such had not been made, to my knowledge, in the Southern Hemisphere at that time; (3) the boulders in places were rounded off, and (4) to classify the beds as glacial till of Cambrian age, without being sure, was premature. I may say that from the fossils found near Beltana, and lithological and stratigraphical characteristics generally, and also failing to find any trace of fossils, I supposed the beds to be of Cambrian age. It is quite certain they are not younger than the old Paleozoics. I congratulate Mr. Howchin on being the first to discover indis- putable evidence of ice action. Worturpa lies 60 to 70 miles easterly from Leigh’s Creek Railway Station. Hereabouts is one of the roughest parts of the Flinders Ranges. Benbonyathe, the highest point, is not far off. In most directions the country is rough and rugged in the 46 extreme. Bold mountain tops rise here and there. Serrated ridges, with precipitous and over-hanging escarpments, form impassable barriers for miles. The rough boulder-bestrewn creek channels, full of teatree thickets, are about the only possible ways of entrance into this wilderness of hills. Of such is the district where perhaps the grandest developments of this interest- ing rock formation may be seen. Fortunately, for the investigation of these beds, fairly acces- sible places exist. One is in the Balcanoona Creek, two or three miles S.E. of the Stone Hut. The bridle-track from Balcanoona Station to Stone Hut runs right across the outcrop, as does also the creek, in which is a permanent running stream of fresh water. The strata stand vertically, and near to that, at this place, which is one of the best exposures I saw. The outcropping edges would be—speaking from memory—one to two miles across. The strike of the beds is N.E. to N.N.E., and the till, or conglomerate, bands of rock form the core of this range, which we may, for distinctive purposes, call the Mt. McTaggart Range, as a moun- tain so designated is a conspicuous landmark in it a few miles farther north. I should say that the beds rise eight, ten, and fifteen hundred feet above the plain. On the 8.E. side of the beds, the erratics—which in places would weigh many tons— decrease in numbers, and graduate off until the rock is sand- stone, quartzite, and farther afield, limestone and mudstone. On the N.W. side the beds are backed up by slate and massive mag- nesian-limestone bands. In this direction a great development of crystalline limestone occurs of several square miles in extent. This limestone appears as a local and distinctive feature. Away to the south, banded and blue limestone of considerable extent is seen in the south branch of the John Creek, but it bears slight resemblance to the Worturpa white crystalline limestone. I may here state that cupriferous veins occur in all the rocks men- tioned. Ironstone blows, with crystals of magnetite, are also seen; and extensive areas of rock are stained black with manganese. This latter is particularly the case in another place, where the beds have a very extensive development, viz., going north and following the Italowie Creek from the Italowie Gap towards Worturpa. The bridle-track leads over miles of this rock, here composed for the most part of red sandstone and quartzite, filled with erratics. Many of the erratics have been sheared through by earth movements as clean as has the matrix in which they are embedded. The “till” is first seen close to the gorge entrance, and continues for three or four miles. The high hills on either side, and the gorge, are wholly of the same rock formation. From Balcanoona Creek to this exposure is seven or eight miles, and 47 the same geological conditions continue from the one exposure to the other along the Mount McTaggart Range, and for several miles farther north to the mount of that name. West of the mount, along the bridle-track to the Reward Gold Claim, exten- sive exposures are seen. It is also probable that the mount itself, and the range that extends farther north, had a similar origin. The same formation quite likely extends to the Arkaroola Creek, and even beyond that. I saw a conglomerate-quartzite west of the Mount Fitton South Mine. It is not within my personal knowledge that beds identical in character do extend away to the south from those exposures I have mentioned, but from what I saw and heard I suspect that the same will be found to exist at intervals right through to Mr. Howchin’s “farthest North” point. The Flinders Ranges have been so often described that a repe- tition is not necessary here, but I may say that the “till” band or bands herein noticed form a part of the primary rock formations in that range, and were subjected at a distant geological date— earlier than the Cretaceous period—to tremendous earth move- ments. In the instances under notice the effects of disturbance are everywhere apparent, and it is more than probable—seeing on how vast a scale the rocks have been thrown about, and also how dependent such formations are on the contour of the country during their formation—that the recognisable outcrops will by no means follow a straight course, nor be continuous throughout. The Worturpa exposures, however, to my mind, practically extend the known area over which glacial action obtained in Cambrian times to more than double the longitudinal distance shown by Mr. Howchin, and to have occupied—in general terms —the entire length of the Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges. The elevated area of land on which the incap rested, and from which the material was derived to build up the till at Worturpa —judging from the dip of the strata over a considerable area— lay to the North, West, and South-West ; but this must only be regarded as a suggestion. That such an interesting and prominent, and I may say his- torically important, feature should have remained so long undis- covered, shows how little is really known, and how necessary a detailed examination and geological mapping of the State has become. 48 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF CORALS FROM THE AUSTRALIAN TERTIARIES. By J. Dennant, F.G.S. [Read May 7, 1901. ] Part ITT. Plate IT. In the present paper I remark further upon the genus Trematotrochus, and describe three additional species belonging to it. In Part I. of this series of articles I placed the genus Tremato- trochus amongst the EKupsammide, in the section Madreporaria Perforata, because both in Tenison Woods’ type species, 7. Senestratus, and in 7. Clarkii, the new one described, there are intercostal pores in the wall. thf Ming eae a te _ [Wrrn’Two Pxates. ] EDITED BY WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G:S. Be gt Oe, Ok etn EPO Ee eet ee ee ee S < Aya > tL ? ‘ ‘ : ISSUED DECEMBER, 1901. Be ae Se Bbeluioe: WW. ©. RIGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET. SP eS eS me : Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed 3 je Ber W. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co., pe 35, Milk cbeits Cheapside, London. 33 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA. By Oswatp B. Lower, F.E.S., Lond., &c. [Read October 1, 1901.] BOMBYCINA. OIKETICUS ERIONOTA, 0. Sp. Male, 30 mm. MHead, thorax, abdomen, and legs whitish, densely clothed, face black, collar orange, anterior tibie, and tarsi blackish, middle and posterior pair ochreous. Antenne black. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa faintly sinuate, termen gently bowed, oblique; light greyish fuscous, darker along costa and towards base; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings with termen rounded ; colour and cilia as in forewings. Under. side of both wings with costa darker than above. This species is remarkable for the densely haired abdomen and thorax, above and below. Broken Hill, New South Wales; one specimen, at light, in May. ZEUZERA COSCINOPA, N. sp. Male, 34 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, legs, and abdomen ashy-grey-whitish, thorax darker in middle. Antenne dull - ochreous, pectinations at greatest length 4. Forewings elon- gate, moderate, costa nearly straight, termen gently rounded, very oblique ; dull whitish, evenly reticulated throughout, with fine black strigule; median third of wing becoming dark fuscous from base of costa to termen below apex, darkest on anterior half; cilia fuscous—whitish, strongly mixed with blackish. Hindwings with termen gently rounded; whitish, semi-hyaline, more or less finely reticulated with blackish styri- gule, more pronounced at apex and along inner margin; cilia as in forewings. Nearest neurozantha, Lower ; but easily distinguished from that species by the absence of yellow veins and darker colour- ing. Roeburne, Western Australia; one imen. Type in Coll. Lyell). ciags me 64 GEOMETRINA. MOoNoOcTENIAD. EPIDESMIA OPHIOSEMA, 0. sp. Female, 30 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, legs, and thorax grey-whitish, palpi 24, blackish beneath and on sides, thorax with two longitudinal lateral black stripes. Abdomen greyish. Forewings elongate, triangular, costa nearly straight, faintly sinuate beyond middle, termen nearly straight, hardly oblique ; grey-whitish, with well-defined black markings ; costa narrowly dark fuscous from base to very near apex, attenuated. auteriorly ; a moderate, somewhat semi-ovate spot in middle of wing, nearer to costa than inner margin ; a very thick streak from immediately before base, continued along inner margin to anal angle, thence continued parallel along termen to very near apex, with a very large deep sinuation below semi-ovate spot, and deeply sinuate posteriorly above inner margin, caus- ing it to appear somewhat triangular above anal angle, and leaving a streak of ground color on inner margin throughout ; an obscure fuscous line along termen; cilia greyish. Hind- wings with termen nearly straight, apex somewhat prominent ; fight fuscous; a dark fuscous discal dot; cilia as in fore- wings. Not very near any other, but very distinct by the thick black markings. Perth, Western Australia; two specimens received from Mr. S. Angel, and taken in November. SELIDOSEMID. AMELORA HETEROPA, D. Sp. Male and female, 30mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and antennz: reddish fuscous, in female grey-whitish, antennal pectinations 4, face with a moderate conical projection. Legs and abdomen greyish. Forewings elongate, triangular, costa slightly arched at base, thence straight; termen obliquely rounded; reddish fuscous, sprinkled with fine black scales, sometimes grey- whitish in female ; a curved transverse series of 3 reddish spots. at one-fourth ; a large reddish discal spot; a waved transverse line of reddish spots, edged posteriorly in reddish specimens, with a fine line of greyish, from five-sixths costa to just before anal angle, moderately dentate at and above middle; cilia ‘reddish fuscous, sometimes grey-whitish. Hindwings with termen faintly waved ; greyish fuscous, lighter towards base , an obscure fuscous discal spot; a curved sub-median series of fuscous dots, more pronounced on underside; cilia grev- whitish. 65 Allied to the following species, but differs by the absence of the median band; the grey-whitish female is an abnormal locking variety, but is unquestionably referable to this species. Broken Hill, New South Wales; three specimens (at light), during April and May. AMELORA PLATYDESMA, DN. sp. Male and Female, 28-30 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and abdomen silvery-grey, in female fuscous tinged, antennal pec- tinations 4, face with moderate horny projection, abdomen ochreous tinged. Legs greyish. Forewings shaped as in “heteropa ;”’ silvery grey, irrorated with afew scattered fuscous scales; a broad dull reddish transverse median fascia, con- stricted on lower’ half, and edged obscurely with blackish, ante- rior edge strongly sinuate inwards, from costa at one-fourth to inner margin at one-fourth ; posterior edge irregularly dentate throughout, projections more pronounced on upper half, from costa at five-sixths to immediately before anal angle; a large blackish discal spot; some _ blackish scales along termen, hardly forming definite markings; cilia silvery-whitish. Hindwings with termen faintly waved; grey-whitish, darker in female, but becoming lighter towards base in both sexes; an obscure transverse sub- median series of moderate fuscous dots, more pronounced on underside, obscure in female; a faint fuscous discal dot; cilia asin forewings. This may prove to be a variety of the above, as the markings approach very closely in both species. Should it be the case the present species 1s well worth a name, as it is such a dis- tinct looking insect. Broken Hill, New South Wales; two specimens taken at hight in April. JI have seen a specimen from Birchip, Victoria, taken in May. CHLENIAS HETEROMORPHA, N. sp. Male and female, 27-32 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax cinere- ous-grey, face with a median horny projecting plate, entire, apex acute. Antenne ochreous, pectinations 4. Abdomen ochre- ous. Legs cinereous-whitish, posterior pair blackish. Fore- wings very elongate, triangular, somewhat narrower in female, termen obliquely rounded ; fuscous, mixed with dark fuscous and whitish, so as to appear ashy-grey-whitish, lighter in female and mixed with ochreous and whitish; base ochreous in both sexes ; veins irregularly outlined with blackish ; a short oblique blackish streak from costa near base; a second, indicating first line, just beyond and parallel; costal space between whitish ; second line similar to first, from one-third of costa; 66 subterminal dentate, blackish, scarcely perceptible, from costa at five-sixths to just before anal angle ; a suffused fuscous spot above anal angle; veins towards termen shortly out- lined with black, less pronounced in female; a fine black line along termen; cilia cinereous-grey. Hindwings with termen rounded ; faintly sinuate below apex ; whitish grey, somewhat darker along termen; a fuscous line along termen; cilia whitish. Closely allied to arietaria, Gn., but differs by the much narrower forewings, which are not half as wide as forewings, the different shaped horny projection of head, which in arie- taria is emarginate, and especially by the much shorter an- tennal pectinations. Broken Hill, New South Wales; several specimens, mostly at light, in April. I have seen a specimen from Birchip, Vic- toria. . GEOMETRIDE. KUCHLORIS TETRASPILA, 1. Sp. Male, 24 mm. Head and thorax green, face green, fillet white. Antenne and palpi ochreous-white. Abdomen greenish, whitish on sides and beneath. Legs ochreous, ante- rior pair light crimson. Forewings elongate—triangular ; costa moderately arched, termen nearly straight, oblique ; bright green; costal edge light crimson throughout, becoming darker and broader towards base, especially beneath ; first line absent ; a dark ferruginous discal spot; second line formed by an ob- lique transverse series of small white dots, from beneath costa at three-fourths to inner margin before two-thirds; cilia green, terminal half pale fleshy pink. Hindwings with termen angu- lated on vein 4; 3 and 4 short stalked; color, discal dot and second line as in forewings; cilia as in forewings. Nearest cadmaria, Gn., but differs especially by the colour of palpi, antenne and cilia, which in that species are crimson. Kelso, Tasmania; one specimen in March. (Type in Coll. Lyell.) EMMILTIS COSMADELPHA, 0. sp. Male and female, 14-18 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish, face ochreous. Abdomen ochreous. Legs whitish, anterior pair fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, termen gently bowed ; whitish, faintly ochreous-tinged ; a fus- cous basal patch, outer edge faintly curved, bounded by a fine fuscous line, from one-fourth costa to one-fourth inner margin; a fine waved transverse line from _ costa before two-thirds to middle of inner margin, followed by a broad parallel light fuscous fascia, posterior edge 67 irregularly waved, and nearly reaching termen, and only separated from it by a moderate streak of ground color; cilia light fuscous. Hindwings pale yellow; cilia grey. Allied to trissodesma, Lower, but immediately separable by the different colored hindwings, especially the female, which in that species are fuscous. Broken Hill, New South Wales; two specimens in September (at light). PYRALIDINA. SCOPARIA ANISOPHRAGMA, Nl. sp. Male, 16 mm.; female, 20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax cinereous-grey, patagia white, palpi beneath blackish. Antenne and legs blackish, irrorated with whitish, posterior legs greyish, tibia suffusedly banded with blackish. Abdomen greyish-fuscous, anterior segment dull ochreous. Forewings elongate triangular, costa almost straight, termen oblique, hardly bowed ; cinereous-grey ; markings reddish-ferruginous ; a moderately broad fascia from one-fourth costa to one- fourth inner margin, with a strong projection outwards in middle; a similar fascia from five-sixths to two-thirds of inner margin, indented beneath costa and_ strongly curved inwards in middle, angles rounded; a short oblique dash just before apex; a blackish patch above anal angle; some blackish scales before termen; cilia grey, becoming cine- reous at base, with a fuscous subterminal line. Hindwings with termen faintly sinuate below apex; grey on basal half, becoming broadly ight fuscous along termen; cilia grey with a fuscous basal line. Allied to the following, but very distinct by the transverse fascie and clearness of markings. Broken Hill, New South Wales; two specimens in August. ECLIPsiIoDES CRYPSERYTHRA, Ni. Sp. Male, 20 mm. Head, palpi and thorax grey-whitish, some. what mixed with reddish, palpi beneath white. Antennz fus- cous, spotted with white, abdomen grevish-ochreous, second seg- * ment orange-red. Legs whitish, tarsi irregularly banded and fuscous. Forewings shaped as in anisophragma ; grey-whitish, more or less suffusedly irrorated with fuscous and with some reddish scales; markings fuscous, obscurely defined; a small spot at base; a narrow, slightly oblique fascia, from one- quarter costa to beyond one-quarter of inner margin; ground color between base and fascia tinged with reddish; a similar fascia from costa at five-sixths to inner margin at ‘tw o-thirds, slightly dentate and with a rounded projection above middle ; 68 a short oblique dash just before apex; a moderate, straight, longitudinal dull ochreous or reddish streak above middle, from base direct to projection of second fascia, attenuated an- teriorly and dilated posteriorly ; a similar streak along fold ; veins towards termen outlined in similar color; a moderately clear streak of ground color before termen; a few blackish scales along termen; cilia greyish, with a well-defined row of black spots at base and a fuscous subterminal line. Hind- wings with termen rounded, faintly sinuate below apex; very pale ochreous, becoming broadly light fuscous around termen, but leaving a moderate streak AS ground color along termen ; cilia light greyish-ochreous, with a fuscous basal line. Alhed to the preceding but easily distinguished by the longitudinal streak, spotted cilia of forewings, palpi being white beneath and the pale ochreous hindwings. The streak of ground color before termen on both wings is a curious cha- racter ; this and the spotted cilia of forewings are better dis- cerned beneath. : Broken Hill, New South Wales; nine specimens in July and August. EROMENE OCELLEA, Haw. T have recently captured specimens of this European species at Broken Hill, New South Wales, in August, and have also received specimens from Roeburne, Western Australia. Some years ago I gave the late Mr. E. Guest, of Balhannah, South Australia, a specimen of what I believe was this species, and later Mr. Meyrick stated that he received a specimen from that gentleman, who took it at Mount Lofty, S.A. How- ever, there can be no doubt about the present specimens, and: it can now be added to the Australian fauna. TORTRICINA. LOMASCHIZA, N. g. Thorax with dense bifid posterior crest. Antenne of maie serrate, very shortly ciliated at joints. Palpi very short, por- rected, second joint triangularly scaled, terminal joint nearly concealed. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa of male w ith a swollen membranous ridge “beyond middle ; termen obliquely rounded; 7, 8, and 9 closely approximated at base, 7 to termen, 2 from lower angle of cell, remote from 3; 3 and 4 closely approximated at base, 10 and 11 strongly curved, 11 running along lower edge of ridge. Hindwings broader than forewings, costa strongly arched in middle, termen in male strongly emarginate below apex (causing apex to appear very prominent), and indented on vein 1; 6 aud 7 somewhat ap- proximated at base, 3 and 4 from a point, 5 approximated to 4 69 at base; in the female the wing is normal, 2.e., with the ter- men rounded. A remarkable genus, not near any other known to me. The curious ridge on costa of male and aborted hindwings make it a conspicuous genus. LOMASCHIZA PHYSOPHORA, N. sp. Male and female, 10-14. Head, thorax, antenne, and ab- domen ochreous-fuscous. Palpi whitish, beneath fuscous. Face whitish. Legs fuscous, anterior coxe dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa faintly sinuate in middle, termen obliquely rounded ; ochreous-fuscous; 3 leaden-metai- lic spots on inner margin, first at one-sixth from base reaching half across wing, preceded by a waved narrow oblique dark fuscous line from costa near base to inner margin at one- sixth ; second before middle, somewhat triangular, reaching more than half across wing, anterior edge dentate, dentation filled with blackish and preceded by an oblique clear whitish line ; a similar line along posterior edge of spot; third small, erect, elongate, just before anal angle; a sharply defined ob- lique black streak from costa beyond middle to middle of wing, posteriorly edged with leaden-metallic, becoming sin- uate outwards at termination, sinuation filled in with black, sometimes continued as a fine whitish line to anterior edge of third leaden spot; ground color between streak and triangular spot on inner margin more ochreous; a very large space of light fuscous between sinuation and termen, en- circled by a whitish-ochreous ring, which almost touches a similar blackish centred very small ring just below apex; 7 pairs of whitish costal strigule, first two pairs just above trian- gular patch ; cilia ochreous-fuscous. Hindwings with termen in male strongly sinuate in middle, in female rounded ; grey- whitish, very thinly scaled in male, dark fuscous in female. Cooktown, Queensland ; three specimensin June. I have seen a specimen from Mackay. Pyreotis (7) CALLIZYGA, n. sp. Female, 20 mm. Head, thorax, antenne, and abdomen dark fuscous, patagia ochreous-yellowish. | Palpi ochreous- fuscous. Legs ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa rather strongly arched, termen obliquelv rounded, sin- uate beneath apex, hardly produced; ochreous-yellow, with dark fuscous markings; a broad basal fascia, continued along inner margin to median fascia, with a projection above inner margin at one-fourth, leaving a spot of ground color at base; median fascia moderately broad, oblique, somewhat dilated on costa, from costa in middle to posterior extremity 70 of streak along inner margin; a moderate triangular spot on costa at three-quarters; an erect fascia from anal angle reaching two-thirds across wing, apex irregular; a fuscous blotch just above inner margin, connecting median and last- mentioned fascie; an elongate fuscous spot on upper half oi termen, more or less continued to apex ; cilia yellowish, on upper half fuscous with whitish tooth at apex. Hindwings with termen rounded, faintly sinuate beneath apex; 3 and 4 remote, 5 very widely remote, midway between 4 and 6; dark bronzy-fuscous, faintly spotted with darker ; cilia light fuscous, with a darker basal line. Underside of hindwings yellowish, spotted with fuscous. Doubtfully referable to Pyrgotis; it approaches Acropolvtes somewhat, but appears distinct from either of these genera by the curious neuration of hindwings. I would have formed a new genus for its reception, but in the absence of the male it seems wiser to defer doing so for the present. Mount Gambier, South Australia; one specimen in Novem- ber. SYNTOZYGA, Nn. g. Thorax with a small posterior crest. Antenne in male strongly biserrate, shortly ciliated. Palpi moderate, some- what arched, thickened with appressed scales, terminal joint short, exposed, about one-third of second. Forewings elon- gate, moderate, slightly narrower than hindwings, surface somewhat roughened; costa simple, nearly straight, termen obliquely rounded, secondary cell very small, distinct, all veins separate, 7 to termen, vein 1 furcate at base, 3 from angle, remote from 4, 6 and 7 widely remote. Hindwings with 3 and 4 somewhat connate, 5 curved, remote from 4, 6 and 7 long stalked. Somewhat allied to Palaeotoma, but: differs by the crested thorax, biserrate antenne, short terminal joint of palpi, separation of veins 7 and 8 of forewings and well marked secondary cell. This latter character is not of much value. SYNTOZYGA PSAMMETALLA, Nh. Sp. Male, 10 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, legs, and antenne ochreous, second joint of palpi very short. Abdomen greyish- ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa nearly straight, termen obliquely rounded ; ochreous, finely and trans- versely strigulated with ferruginous; costa shortly and ob- liquely strigulated with ferruginous ; outer edge of basal patch limited by a narrow ferruginous fascia, from one-third costa to one-fourth inner margin, angulated outward. in middle ; median patch moderately broad, nearly straight, from middle 71 of costa to beyond middle of inner margin, edges obscurely defined ; some leaden-metallic scales between fascia and patch ; some similar scales in posterior edge of fascia near costa, anil more or less continued to inner margin before anal augle, where it becomes blotch-like and edged posteriorly with ferru- ginous; an irregularly curved ferruginous streak, from costa just beyond posterior edge of median patch to below middle of termen, dilated in middle; a small triangular ferruginous spot at apex, with a darker: spot at its lower extremity; cilia ochreous, base darker. Hindwings with the termen rounded, faintly sinuate beneath apex; greyish ; cilia as in forewings. Cooktown, Queensland ; two specimens in January. POLYLOPHA, n. g. Thorax smooth. Antenne in male somewhat dentate, thickened, very shortly ciliated. Palpi moderate, straight, porrected, second joint triangularly scaled, terminal joint ex- posed, short. Forewings elongate, moderate, rather narrow, surface with raised tufts of scales, costa simple, arched at base, termen oblique, nearly straight; 2 from beyond two-thirds, 3 and 4 from angle, closely approximated, 7 and 8 separate, 7 to costa. Hindwings broader than forewings, termen faintly sinuate beneath apex; 3 and 4 from a point, 6 and 7 separate. Differs from Palaeotoma, to which genus it is not very near, by the separation of veins 6 and 7 of hindwings and vein 7 of forewings running to costa. POLYLOPHA EPIDESMA, 0. sp. Male, 16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax cinerous-grey, second joint of palpi beneath white, with some black spots at apex. Antenne fuscous. Legs whitish, anterior tarsi banded with blackish. Abdomen greyish-fuscous. Fore- wings moderate, costa arched at base, thence nearly straight. termen faintly sinuate beneath apex, oblique, nearly straight ; ashy-grey-whitish, mixed with greenish-leaden, and strewn with numerous tufts of ashy-grey-scales, which become blackish posteriorly ; a short oblique blackish streak at base, not reach- ing costa; an oblique fuscous streak from costa at one- fourth, reaching fold; a tuft of scales immediately between ; a suffused fuscous spot on costa, indicating commencement of second fascia; a narrow longitudinal black line along fold, from base to termen above anal angle, becoming dot-like on anterior half; a broad suffused black transverse fascia, from costa at three-fourths to extremity of longitudinal streak, be- coming dilated on lower half, sometimes obsolete on upper half; 4 or 5 blackish dots on costa between anterior extremity of last fascia and apex; some fine black scales on middle of 72 termen.; cilia ashy-grey-whitish, with some blackish scales at base. Hindwings with termen rounded; sinuate beneath apex, apex prominent; dark fuscous, lighter on basal half; cilia dark fuscous, with a fuscous subterminal line, basal line greyish. The black longitudinal streak recalls Palaeotoma sty phelena,. Meyr. Mackay, Queensland ; two specimens in April. TEMNOLOPHA, Nn. g. Thorax with dense posterior bifid crest. Antennz in mate somewhat serrate, shortly ciliated. Palpi rather long, por- rected, second joint triangularly scaled, terminal joint short, distinct. Posterior tibize thickened in male. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa simple in male, gently and evenly arched, termen nearly straight. Hindwings broader than forewings. Forewings with secondary cell distinct, 7 and 8 separate, 7 to termen, 3 and 4 remote at base, 3 somewhat curved. Hindwings with 3 and 4 from a point, 5 approxi-. mated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 separate. Somewhat allied to Arotrophora, Meyr., but differs essen- tially by the crested thorax, absence of costal fold and shorter: ciliations of antenne. TEMNOLOPHA MOSAICA, Nl. Sp. Male and female, 15-22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-grey, mixed with reddish, thorax with a dense reddish bifid posterior crest, palpi beneath whitish. Antenne and abdomen fuscous-grey, beneath whitish. Legs whitish, tars suffusedly banded with blackish. Forewings elongate, mode- rate, costa gently arched, termen hardly oblique, nearly straight; dull olive-greenish, sometimes strongly mixed with ferruginous, except beneath costa; costa shortly and obliquely strigulated with ferruginous and whitish ; outer edge of basal patch represented on lower half by an irregular oblique wedge- shaped dark ferruginous patch, apex reaching to one-quarter in middle on inner marginal edge is a tuft of somewhat raised scales; a broad fuscous-greenish post-median fascia, not near reaching costa, anterior edge from beyond middle, with a rounded projection on upper angle, thence deeply sinuate and irregularly continued round to anal angle, where it touches a small erect fuscous patch, which indicates posterior extremity of fascia ; a greenish-fuscous somewhat lunate mark just above the erect patch, faintly edged above with whitish; ground color between this and anal angle fleshy white ; asmall blackish spot at apex; a few black scales along termen; cilia olive- greenish mixed with fuscous, becoming grey-whitish around 73 anal angle. Hindwings dark fuscous, somewhat bronzy; cilla fuscous, with a darker subbasal line. Mackay, Cooktown, and Townsville, Queensland ; three spe- cimens in January and February. TEMNOLOPHA METALLOTA, Nn. sp. Male, 18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax purplish, thorax with a dense reddish-fuscous posterior crest. Antenne ochreous. Legs greyish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen cbliquely rounded, veins 7, 8, 9 are closely approximated at base, 8 and 9 are almost from a point from angle, in mosaica 9 is from well beyond the angle; dull bluish-purple ; costa obiquely strigulated with fine short fus- cous and white strigule ; a fine fuscous line from costa at one- third to inner margin at one-third, evenly curved outwardly on upper three-fourths, and with an indentation just above inner margin, ground color between this and base finely and trans- versely strigulated with waved fuscous lines; an irregular trans- verse ferruginous patch, from costa beyond middle to inner margin. beyond middle, much narrowed on lower half, contain- ing a few blackish scales just above inner margin; two mode- rate irregular transverse ferruginous fascie, first from five- sixth costa to anal angle, containing two short fine longitudinal black streaks above anal angle; second from apex to middle of termen, leaving one or two whitish teeth on termen; a fine fuscous line along upper half of termen ; cilia fuscous, on lower half grey-whitish, separation distinct. | Hindwings with ter- men rounded, faintly sinuate beneath apex ; ochreous-fuscous ; cilia greyish, with a fuscous line near base. At first sight not unlike Carpocapsa pomonella. Lin. Cooktown, Queensland ; two specimens in June. SOROLOPHA, N. g. Thorax. with a dense posterior crest, not bifid. Antenne serrate, very shortly ciliated. Palpi short recurved, oppressed to face. terminal joint very short, nearly concealed. Abdomen in male densely haired, and with a moderately erect tuft of hairs on anterior segment, tibiz in male broadly dilated, coxe with an expansible tuft of hairs at base. Forewings and hind- wings with neuration as in Zemnolopha; termen obliquely rounded. Differs from Temnolopha only by the crest on anterior seg- ment of abdomen, different palpi, ciliations of antenne, which are hardly perceptible, different crest of thorax and especially by the large tuft of hairs on posterior legs. It at first. consi- dered these characters specific only, bub it seems desirable on reconsideration to form a new genus for the reception of the fol- lowing species. 74 SOROLOPHA CYCLOTOMA, 0. gp. Male and female, 17-22 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax deep reddish-fuscous, thorax with a dense deep reddish posterior crest. Abdomen deep ochreous-fuscous, in male den- sely haired with golden ochreous, especially on anterior seg- ments. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen rounded, oblique; deep olive-greenish mixed with fleshy-pink ; costa shortly strigulated throughout with fus- cous ; outer edge of basal patch represented by an erect trian- gular blackish patch on inner margin at one-fourth, reaching two-thirds across wing, edged posteriorly by a fine line of fleshy-white; ground color between apex of patch and costa fleshy-pink ; posterior edge of median patch well defined, edged throughout by a fine fleshy-white line, from costa beyond middle direct to anal angle, faintly sinuate above middle: ground color between this and triangular patch deep olive- green, becoming broadly mixed with flesh color above inner margin; ground color between posterior edge of median patcu ana apex fleshy pink, mixed with purplish and containing a large round fuscous reddish patch above middle, lower edge suffused ; a deep purplish line along upper half of termen, be- coming forked at apex; cilia fuscous purpie, mixed with fus- cous on upper two-thirds. Hindwings with termen rounded , dark golden-ochreous, lighter towards base; cilia ochreous-fus- cous, with a darker subbasal line. The ochreous coloring of hindwings is more pronounced beneath. Mackay, Queensland ; four specimens in January. CAPUA LEPTOSPILA, 0. sp. Male, 18 mm. Head and palpi whitish, palpi beneath in- fuscated. Abdomen greyish. Antenne and thorax fuscous, -antenne obscurely spotted with whitish. Legs fuscous, middle and posterior pair whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa nearly straight, termen oblique, gently rounded ; whitish-ochreous, spotted throughout with fuscous ; markings dark fuscous; costa shortly strigulated throughout with fuscous; outer edge of basal patch from one-fifth costa to one-eighth inner margin, upper half oblique, with a fine pro- jection on fold, thence inwardly oblique and rapidly attenuated to inner margin; an elongate quadrate spot lying on inner margin at one-fourth; median fascia oblique, from before middle of costa to anal angle, becoming much dilated on inner margin, anterior edge nearly straight, with a moderate sinua- tion below fold; posterior edge with a moderate sinuation about middle, thence irregular; an elongate streak from pos- terior extremity of median patch to above middle of termen, leaving a strip of ground color along termen ; a moderate triau- 75 gular patch on costa at three-fourths, containing two pairs of short white strigule, and 3 darker fuscous equidistant dots on. costa; a spot at apex; cilia greyish, barred with fuscous on basal half. Hindwings with termen rounded ; greyish, spotted with fuscous, so as taappear greyish-fuscous ; a fine fuscous line along uyper half of termen ; cilia greyish, with a darker basal line. Distinct and clearly marked ; perhaps nearest Sordidatana, Meyr. Broken Hill, New South Wales; one specimen in May CAPUA PENTAZONA, D. sp. Female, 16 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax dark fuscous, palpi beneath white, sharply defined, antenne ob scurely annulated with whitish, thorax with a whitish spot on posterior extremity, patagia whitish. Legs whitish, all tars: black, ringed with whitish. Forewings elongate, triangular, costa moderately arched, termen oblique, rounded beneath ; dark fuscous, more or less sprinkled with whitish ; five trans- verse black fasciz, all finely inorated with greenish white ; first, indicating edge of basal fascia, from one-sixth costa to: one-fourth inner margin, gently curved outwards; second slightly curved outwards beneath costa, from costaatone-fourtin to before middle of inner margin; ground color between first and second fasciz strongly irrorated with whitish ; third near] straight. from just before middle of costa to before middle of inner margin; fourth parallel, just beyond; fifth parallel, from costa at three-fourths to anal angle; the last two fascie are interrupted by a well-defined broad oblique whitish fascia, from im mediately beyond third fascia to anal angle, cutting fourth fascia in middle; three oblique whitish spots on costa between posterior edge of white fascia and apex; a black streak, strongly irrorated with whitish along termen; cilia fuscous, mixed with blackish. Hindwings with termen rounded, faintly sinuate beneath apex ; fuscous, spotted with darker fuscous ; cilia ereyish, with a fuscous subbasal line. Nearest decolorana, Walk, but immediately distinguished by the fuscous hindwings. The description of Asthenoptycha con- junctana, Walk., would seemingly indicate an insect of similar appearance, but the palpi of this species would alone remove it from that genus. CAPUA PANXANTHA, N. Sp. Female, 16-20 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and ab- domen yellow-ochreous. Legs somewhat paler. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa strongly arched, termen gentlv bowed, oblique, faintly sinuate beneath apex; yellowish- 76 ochreous, finely strigulated throughout with darker ochreous. mostly arranged in transverse series; outer edge of basal patch hardly perceptible, except on margins; median patch narrow, oblique; dull ferruginous, from costa before middle to just before anal angle; an obscure oblique dul! ferruginous fascia from costa at five-sixths to middle of termen ; cilia pale ochre- ous. Hindwings with termen rounded; 5 remote from 4; ochreous-yellow; cilia as in forewings. Allied to melichroa, Lower; but apart from its much smal- ler size, it may be at once distinguished by the ochreous hind- wings. Cooktown, Queensland ; several specimens in. November. DICHELOPA, N. g. Thorax smooth. Antenne in male thickened, somewhat dentate ; shortly ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected, second joint triangularly scaled, terminal joint hardy concealed. Fore- wings elongate-oblong, costa in male simple, gently and evenly arched, termen rounded oblique, 1 furcate at base, 3 and 4 short stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to immediately above apex. Hindwings with 7 veins, termen faintly sinuate beneath apex ; 4 absent, coincided with 3, 3 rather approximated to 5, 6 and 7 tolerably remote at origin. Not near any other Australian genus known to me, the neu- ration of forewings, and absence of vein 4 of hindwings are dis- tinctive characters; a similar character cccurs in the European genus Cheimatoplila, Stph. Its resemblance to Dichela is superficial only. DICHELOPA DICHROA, Nl. sp. Male and female, 14-16 mm. Head, palpi, antenne and thorax ochreous-ferruginous. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath ochreous. Anterior and middle legs ochreous-fuscous, pos- terior pair ochreous, tarsi with fuscous rings. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen oblique, rounded; deep ochreous, with irregular transverse rows of leaden-metallic spots ; markings reddish-fuscous ; a basal patch, strongly suffused with ground color at base and on inner margin, outer edge from costa at one-fifth to inner margin cu one-fourth, with a slight projection in middle; a broad streak along costa, from just beyond one-third to three-fourths of wing, thence becoming confluent with a large apical patch, ending on termen at three-fourths, enclosing on costal edge 4 well defined spots of ground color, anterior large, posterior 3 close together near apex ; a large spot on inner margin at anal angle, reaching half acroys wing, separated from costal streak by a streak of ground color ; a row of about 6 suffused ochreous spots along termen, posteriorly edged by minute leaden-metallic wi spots; cilia ochreous, becoming fuscous around anal angle. Hindwings with termen rounded ; dark fuscous; cilia fuscous ; with, a darker fuscous subbasal line. Goolwa and Port Victor, South Australia; six specimens in November. ByYRSOPTERA, 0. &. Thorax with a very small posterior bifid crest. Antenne in male serrate, shortly ciliated. Palpi short, porrected ; second joint triangularly rough scaled, terminal joint almost concealed. Forewings moderate, elongate, costa in male simple, hardly arched, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 separate, 7 to ter- men, secondary cell distinct, vein 10 strongly curved in middle. Hindwings slightly broader than forewings, costa very strongly arched in middle, termen faintly sinuate; 3 and 4 from a point, 5 widely remote, parallel to 4, 6 and 7 separate. In the neighborhood of Dipterina, but the antenne and separation of veins 6 and 7 of hindwings are distinct from that genus. BYRSOPTERA XYLISTIS, n.sp. Male and female, 8-l0mm. Head whitish-ochreous, thorax. palpi, and antenne light fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs fuscous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa hardly arched, termen obliquely rounded; light fuscous, finely irror- ated with darker fuscous; costa shortly strigulated with fus- cous; 3 moderately oblique fuscous fascie, first close to base. not reaching inner margin; second at one-fourth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, continued to inner margin below middle as a fine line; third entire, from middle of costa to beyond middle of inner margin, with a strong projection outwards in middle; an erect fuscous triangular spot on inner margin at anal angle, indicating pos- terior extremity of a fourth fascia ; a short oblique fuscous spot at anal angle ; a small fuscous subapical spot; afinefuscous line along upper half of termen; cilia greyish-fuscous, at base ochreous fuscous. Hindwings with costa strongly arched in middle; pale greyish, thinly scaled; cilia light fuscous. A neatly marked insect and easily recognised. Cooktown, Queensland ; three specimens in November. I have also seen specimens from Mackay and Townsville; Qneensland. TINEINA. GELECHIADZ. DoRYCNOPA, n. g. Head smooth. Palpi moderate, second joint somewhat triangularly scaled, terminal joint erect, as long as second, 78 thickened with appressed scales. Antenne strongly serrate, shortly ciliated in male, hardly 1. Forewings lanceolate- linear, apex pointed, costa faintly sinuate in middle; 3, 4, 5 and 6 widely remote at origin, parallel, equidistant; 7 and 8 out of 6; 9 separate. Hindwings almost 1. Termen strongly emarginate, apex produced ; 3 from before angle, 4 from angle, 5 widely remote, parallel to 4, equidistant between 4 and 6, 6 closely approximated to 7 at base. Differs from Yaltodora, Meyr., by veins 4 and 5 of forewings. being widely remote at base (in that genus they are remote, but not near so widely), the relatively broadly forewings, sin- uate costa, and approximation of veins 6 and 7 of hindwings. DoRYCNOPA ACROXANTHA, 0. sp. Male, 14mm. Head, thorax, palpi, antenne legs and abdo- men reddish ochreous, thorax with a large whitish posterior spot, second joint of palpi internally white, antenne annu- lated with whitish, posterior legs greyish-ochreous. Fore- wings elongate-lanceolate, costa faintly sinuate in middle, apex pointed; -reddish-ochreous; a narrow transverse oblique ochreous fascia, from costa at one-fourth towards inner margin but not reaching it; ground color between base and fascia darker and appearing raised on edge of fascia; a similar fascia, slightly inwards curved and containing a fine black mark in middle, from costa at four-fifths to before anal angle, ground color darker between posterior extremity and termen; an ob- scure suffused blackish streak below middle, preceding anterior edge of last fascia; an obscure blackish dot placed on a small spot of hghter ground color midway between the two fasciz ; cilia ochreous-reddish, mixed with fuscous and dark fuscous, becoming wholly ochreous around anal angle. Hindwings with termen emarginate, apex produced; light fuscous; cilia two and a half, ochreous, becoming greyish on terminal third. Exeter, South Australia; three specimens in December. STENOPHERNA, DN. g. Head smooth. Palpi somewhat porrected, roughened with scales, terminal joint one-third of second, acute Antenne somewhat dentate, ciliations hardly one-half in male. Poste- rior tibia clothed with short hairs. Forewings elongate-lan- ceolate, apex pointed; 3 and 4 widely remote at base, nearly equidistant with 5 and 6, 6 separate, 7, and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings narrower than forewings ; elongate-trapezoidal, apex pointed, produced, termen emarginate; 3, 4, and 5 approxi- mated at base’; cilia 3. Also somewhat allied to Paltodora, Meyr., but differs bv the very short terminal joint of} palpi, shorter ciliations of antennz and separation of veins 6 and 7 of hindwings. 79 STENOPHERNA CHIONOCEPHALA, Nl. gp. Male and female, 8-ll mm. Head white. Antenne one- half, fuscous-whitish, palpi fuscous, terminal joint white. Legs fuscous, irrorated with white, tarsi black, ringed with white. Thorax white, somewhat infuscated. Abdomen fus- cous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, apex pointed; dull white, markings fuscous; a basal patch, outer edge nearly straight, from one-sixth costa to one-sixth inner margin; an irregular quadrate spot on inner margin at one-fourth; an irregular trapezoid blotch on costa before middle, reaching three-fourths across wing ; an irregular blotch just before apex, reaching across wing to anal angle, sometimes separated into. 2 spots by a streak of ground color ; some black scales at apex ; cilia whitish, finely inorated with black points, especially at: base and extremities. Hindwings elongate-trapezoidal, nar- rower than forewings, apex pointed, produced, termen emar- ginate; light grey; cilia 1, greyish-ochreous. Broken Hill, New South Wales; several specimens in Octo- ber ; usually taken at light. BACTROLOPHA, Nh. g. Head smooth. Antenne serrate, ciliations nearly 1. Palpi moderate, nearly straight, densely rough scaled above and below, terminal joint hardly recurved, almost as long as second, roughly scaled above and __ below. Pos- terior tibiz clothed with long hairs. Forewings elongate, lanceolate, narrow, pointed; 4 and 5 connate or short stalked ; 7 and 8 out of 6,9 out of 8 near base, 7 and 8 long- stalked, both to costa (vein 8 is not well developed). Hund- wings almost 1, elongate-trapezoidal, termen emarginate, apex pointed, produced ; 3 and 4 approximated at base, 4, 5, and 6 remote at base, nearly parallel; cilia 3. BACTROLOPHA ORTHODESMA, Ni. Sp. Male and female, 8-12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white, palpi externally ochreous-tinged. Antenne three-fourths, white, annulated’ with fuscous; ciliationsnearly 1. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, more ochreous on basal segments; in male black. Legs white, tibie and tarsi ochreous, terminal tarsi fuscous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, narrow, pointed ; white; three moderately broad suffused pale ochreous equi- distant fasciz, irregularly edged; first from one-sixth costa to one-sixth inner margin; second before middle of costa to before middle of inner margin; third from five-sixths costa to two-thirds of inner margin ; a suffused pale ochreous line along termen ; cilia white, sprinkled with fine black scales. Hind- wings narrower than forewings, elongate-trapezoidal, termen 80 emarginate, apex pointed, produced; grey-whitish; in male blackish ; cilia white. The variation of color of abdomen and hindwings of male is noticeable. Broken Hill, New South Wales; four specimens in October. PYCNOBATHRA, n. ¢. Head smooth. Antenne dentate, nearly three-fourths, cilia- tions 1. Palpi moderate, second joint more or less dilated with long rough spreading hairs beneath, terminal jointas long as second, recurved, apex acute. Posterior tibie somewhat rough haired. Forewings elongate, somewhat lanceolate, apex pointed ; 7 and 8 stalked, both to costa, 2 from beyond three- fourths, 3 from angle, 4 widely remote from 3, parallel. Hind- wings as broad as forewings; elongate-trapezoidal, apex acute, produced, termen strongly sinuate; cilia over 1; 3 and 4 somewhat approximated at base, 5, 6, and 7 widely remote, parallel. The dense tuft on the second joint of palpi is very notice- able. PYCNOBATHRA ACHROA, 0. Sp. Male and female, 9-11 mm. Head yellowish ochreous. Thorax ochreous-fuscous, patagia ochreous. Abdomen blackish, anal tuft greyish. Antenne fuscous. Palpi ochre- ous-whitish, second joint fuscous laterally and beneath. Legs blackish, posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings elon- gate-lanceolate, apex pointed; ochreous, sometimes fuscous tinged ; a narrow whitish costal streak, attenuated at extremi- ties from base to beyond middle, in pale specimens lost in gene- ral ground color; a small ferruginous spot in middle, .at one- third from base; a second below and beyond, both usually obsolete ; a few fuscous scales towards anal angle; cilia ochre- ous. Hindwings elongate trapezoidal, apex acute, produced , greyish fuscous ; cilia as in forewings, but becoming darker to- wards base. Broken Hill, New South Wales; not uncommon in October and November. ASTHALISTIS EUCHROA, Lower (Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., p. 47. 1900). I have recently seen specimens of this species from Towns- ville, Queensland,, in which the ground color of forewings is greenish, the markings are, however, identical. YPSOLOPHUS OCHROLOMA, N. sp. Female,14mm. Head and palpi white, second joint of palpi fuscous beneath. Thorax fuscous-whitish, patagia ochreous. 81 Antenne and legs fuscous, club of antennz white beneath. Ab- domen. greyish-fuscous, two anterior segments yellow. Fore- wings elongate, moderate, costa nearly straight, apex pointed ; dark fuscous, suffusedly irrorated with white; markings dark fuscous ; a fine streak along lower edge of cell, from near base to posterior extremity, somewhat interrupted before middle; a short ochreous dash beneath anterior extremity; a streak oi ochreous before termen from near apex to anal angle, contatn- ing 2 black spots near apex, and edged anteriorly throughout by an obscure line of fine blackish scales; veins more or iess out- lined with fuscous; cilia light fuscous, with median and ter- minal white lines, more pronounced towards and around apex. Hindwings with termen emarginate, apex pointed; lght- fuscous ; cilia greyish-fuscous, becoming ochreous at base. Allied to trichombrous, Lower, but differs by fuscous lines of forewings, and especially by the ochreous streak before the ter. men, a character not shared by any of its allies, and which d's- tinguishes it at once. Broken Hill, New South Wales; eight specimens in August and September. YPSOLOPHUS ARGONOTA, N. sp. Male and female, 10-12 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, legs and antenne white, antenne mixed with fuscous on terminal half. Abdomen whitish, two anterior segments pale ochreous. Fore wings elongate, moderate, costa nearly straight, apex pointed ; 7 and 8 out of 6; white, very minutely irrorated with blackisn throughout, leaving costal edge obscurely white ; cilia ochreous- whitish, with a few blackish scales at base. Hindwings with termen emarginate, apex pointed, produced; lght fuscous ; cilia greyish-ochreous. Known from its allies by the absence of any definite markings and whitish coloring. It is nearest cycnoptera, Lower, but differs in its smaller size and absence of longitudinal white median streak. Broken Hill, New South Wales; three specimens in October I formerly regarded this species, and its allies as species cf Paltodora, Meyr., but Mr. Meyrick referred them to the pre- sent genus, and although the characters do not agree with those given in his ‘“Handbook of British Lepidoptera,’ I place them here until the group is revised. All those I have re- cently examined from this region have veins 7 and 8 out of 6, and 2 and 3 widely remote at base; the hindwings (which are emarginate) having 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated to 4, and 6 and7 stalked. This latter character would sepa- rate them from Paltodora. The following species 4s very different in appearance, and the neuration is quite different, 2.e., 2 and 3 and 7 and 8 of forewings are stalked, and hind- 82 wings are trapezoidal with termen hardly sinuate, but the neu- ration is similar to those previously described of similar ap- pearance. YPSOLOPHUS THANATOPSIS, N. sp. Male, 12mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and antenne- ochreous grey; palpi paler internally, second joint black ex- ternally, antenne spotted with blackish. Legs blackish, pos- terior pair mixed with grey. Forewings elongate, moderate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, termen ob- liquely rounded; 2 and 3 stalked; greyish-fuscous, slightly paler along costa, minutely dotted with darker fuscous dots,. 3 arranged in a longitudinal series on fold at one-fourth, before and beyond middle, more conspicuous; a row of small black dots along termen; cilia greyish-fuscous. Hindwings with termen hardly sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia as in forewings. _ Closely allied to dryina, Lower, but differs by its muck smaller size, dots along termen and color of hindwings. Cooktown, Queensland ; two specimens in February. XYLORYCTIDZE. MAROGA PARAGYPSA, 1. sp. Male, 40 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and antenne creamy- white, terminal joint of palpi less than one-half of second. Abdomen orange, darker on posterior segments, white beneath. Legs ochreous-whitish, middle and posterior tibiz orange, tarsi of anterior legs blackish. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa slightly arched towardgs base, termen rather obliquely rounded : 7 to apex, 3 from just before angle; creamy-white, sparsely irrorated with some minute blackish scales, which become some- what ochreous towards base; cilia white. Hindwings and. cilia creamy white, basal and inner marginal areas clothed with long yellowish hairs. Between setiotricha, Meyr., and untpunctana, Don, but not very near either. Roeburne, Western Australia ; one specimen. (Type in Cold. Lyell). | CRYPTOPHAGA HYALINOPA, 0. sp. Male, 30 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and legs fleshy-ochre- ous, head somewhat pinkish tinged, tarsi ringed with blackish. Antenne blackish, pectinations 2. . Abdomen blackish, second segmentorange-red. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa nearly straight, termen obliquely rounded; fleshy-ochreous, darker on basal third ; a fine black dot in disc at one-third, a second at posterior extremity of cell, and a third obliquely below and be- fore ; two others on fold beyond middle ; an obscure row of fine blackish dots along termen to anal angle, not reaching apex. 83 ‘Hindwings semi-hyaline, basal two-thirds black ; cilia whitish becoming fuscous around anal angle. Underside of both wings with basal two-thirds densely black. Nearest balteata, Walk., but very distinct by the curious semi-hyaline hindwings. I received this species from the late Mr. G. Barnard as sarcinota, Meyr., but having now received that species I find that there is a very great difference between ‘the two. Duaringa, Queensland; one specimen in October. CRYPTOPHAGA PANLEUCA, N. Sp. Male, 34 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, legs, thorax, and abdomen white, antenne pectinations 4, second segment of ab- domen orange red, remainder of segment narrowly orange. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa gently arched, termen rounded, oblique; 2 from considerably before the angle ; white, without markings; cilia shining white. Hindwings shining snow white; a row of black dots along termen; cilia ‘snow white. Similar in appearance to epadelpha, Meyr., but the white hindw1iizs separate it at once from that species. Cooktown, Queensland ; one specimen (? taken in October). XYLORYCTA PENTACHROA, Nh. Sp. Male, 34 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax whitish, ‘thorax with a broad black longitudinal stripe. . Antennal -ciliations 1. Palpi and legs ochreous. Palpi very short. Abdomen blackish, segmental margins dull ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen obliquely rounded ; 2 from three-fourths ; fleshy-ochre- ous, markings orange suffusedly edged with blackish scales; a moderate spot in disc at one-third from base; a second, elon- gate, obliquely below and beyond, and 2 others moderately, obliquely placed beyond posterior extremity of cell; some fine blackish scales on area of makings; 3 and 4 stalked; 6 and @ stalked ; cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings yellow, becoming darker towards termen; cilia dark fuscous. The markings of this species are similar to those on Black- burnvi, Lower, but the coloring is very different. The very “short palpi recalls neomorpha, Turner. Broken Hill, New South Wales; one specimen in December. XYLORYCTA CEPHALOCHRA, LowEr. I have received a specimen from Cooktown, Queensland, in which veins 7 and 8 of forewings are coincident, a curious variation. 84 LIcHENAULA OMBRALOTA, 0. Sp. Female, 24 mm. Head and thorax snow-white (palpi broken). Antenne fuscous. Legs whitish. Abdomen, greyish, beneath whitish, segmental margins, narrowly duil orange. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched,. apex round pointed, termen sinuate beneath apex, hardly rounded; 2 from two-thirds, 7 to apex; dark fuscous, suf- fusedly mixed with whitish and black scales; a broad white costal streak from base to apex, attenuated at extremities and. broadly interrupted by ground, color at two-thirds ; a somewhat dot-like fuscous streak, from posterior extremity of ground color interrupted along costa to apex and continued as a fine line along termen to anal angle; veins towards termen outlined in black and edged with whitish; a suffused ferru- ginous spot on fold at one-third, edged posteriorly by a similar-- sized white spot; a similar white spot beyond extremity of cell; cilia whitish, light fuscous on basal half, and with a very distinct blackish terminal line around apical portion. Hind- wings fuscous; cilia as in forewings. Nearest undulatella, Walk. Bairnsdale, Victoria; one specimen, in January. XYLORYCTA TETRAZONA, DL. Sp. Female, 30mm. Head and palpi orange-yellow. Antenne fuscous, basal joint yellow. Thorax white, with a moderately broad anterior fuscous band, and a fuscous posterior spot. Legs and abdomen orange-yellow. Forewings elongate, mode- rate, costa gentty arched, termen gently rounded, oblique; 2 trom three-fourths ; white, markings fuscous; a narrow streak along costa from base to before third fascia; four moderately broad nearly equidistant fascie, first near base, narrowest in: middle; second, somewhat curved inwardly from middle of costa to inner margin; third from costa at five-sixths to just before anal angle; nearly straight; fourth along termen ; between the third and fourth are 2 fuscous spots on costa; am irregular suffused streak on inner margin between second and third fascie ; cilia whitish (imperfect). | Hindwings with ter- men rounded, sinuate beneath apex, apex faintly produced ; orange-yellow, becoming broadly fuscous from apex to beyond: middle of termen, finely attenuated posteriorly ; cilia orange- yellow. Apparently nearly allied to ophioyramma, Meyr., but imme- diately separated by the extra fascia (in the former species there are but three), and the yellow hindwings. Stawell, Victoria; one specimen taken in November. 85 CEcoPpHORIDZ. CRYPSYNARTHRA, Nl. g. Head with appressed hairs. Antenne moderate, in male with long fine ciliations, 3, shorter towards apex, without pec- ten, or with one or two fugitive hair scales. Palpi moderate, recurved, ascending, second joint thickened with dense scales, hardly reaching base of antenne, terminal joint nearly as lonz as second, acute. Abdomen moderate. Posterior tibize thickened, clothed with dense hairs. Forewings elongate oblong, termen oblique rounded, with 11 veins (normal veins 7 and 8 being coincident), 7 to costa, 2 from considerably before angle of cell, 4 and 5 somewhat approximated at base. Hindwings with termen rounded ; neuration normal. Mostly allied to Atelosticha, Meyr., but the long fine cilia- tions of antenne and oblique termen are reliable characters. CRYPSYNARTHRA CHRYSIAS, 0. sp. Male, 24mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and antenne reddish- fuseous, second joint of palpi somewhat whitish internally and reddish externally. Abdomen ochreous. Legs fuscous, pos terior tibie clothed with yellow hairs, anterior and middle pair irregularly banded with whitish. Forewings elongate, mode- rate, costa gently arched, apex round pointed, termen obli- quely rounded; reddish-fuscous, minutely irrorated with blackish ; a suffused blackish mark on costa before middle, continued irregularly and obliquely to inner margin, but not reaching it; a small blackish spot at end of cell; cilia blackish. Hindwings with termen rounded; orange-yellow; cilia as in forewings. Forewings beneath yellowish-orange, costal edge dark fuscous. Recalls species of Helvocausta. Duaringa, Queensland ; one specimen in December. HopLitica PSEUDOTA, Nn. sp. Male,22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fleshy-fuscous, palpi beneath whitish, somewhat fuscous on sides. Antenne fus- cous, obscurely annulated with whitish, ciliations (2). Ab- domen greyish-ochreous, anterior legs dark fuscous, middle and posterior pair silvery white, tibie and tarsi fuscous tinged above. Forewings elongate, rather br oad, costa gently arched, termen obliquely rounded; 7 to apex; dull fleshy-ochreous ; costal edge obscurely whitish from base to three-fourths; : markings dull purplish; some scales around cell and along fold, hardly forming definite markings; two spots in cell, one in middle and one at posterior extremity; a suffused spot beyond middle of inner margin; an outward curved line cf 86 obscure scales from beneath costa to inner margin at anal angle; cilia ochreous, flesh colored at base. Hindwings greyish-ochreous, fuscous tinged around apex; cilia ochreous- fuscous, with an ochreous basal line. Allied to carnea, Z., to which it is very similar in appear- ance, but the absence of dots along termen, white legs, and longer antennal ciliations are distinctive. Duaringa, Queensland ; one specimen in December. TRACHYNTIS ARGOCENTRA, D. sp. Male and female, 22-25 mm. Head and palpi fuscous- whitish, second joint of palpi dark fuscous on basal half, espe- cially internally. Thorax and antenne fuscous. Abdomen greyish, faintly suffused with ferruginous. Legs fuscous, pos- terior pair greyish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen oblicuely rounded; fuscous, sparsely mixed with greyish ; an elongate streak of dull whitish in cell, sometimes absent, with spot of fuscous at extremities; a row of more or less connected fuscous spots along termen and apical fourth of costa; cilia fuscous. Hindwings greyish- fuscous; cilia greyish-fuscous, faintly ochreous tinged at base. Broken Hill, New South Wales; three specimens in April. GOMPHOSCOPA, n. g. Head rather loosely haired. Antenne in male bidentate, especially on terminal half, ciliations (1), vasal joint short, without pecten. Labial palpi extremely long, second joint considerably exceeding base of antennz, clothed with ap- pressed scales, somewhat loose beneath, terminal joint slender, one-half of second recurved. Forewings elongate; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 2 from before angle of cell, 3 from angle, 1 furcate at base. Hindwings over 1, elongate-ovate; cilia one-third; 3 and 4 connate, 5 widely remote from 4, nearer to 6. Not very near any other genus known to me. The absence of pecten, extremely long palpi, termination of vein 7 in apex, and elongate markings would appear to have some relationship to @nochroa, Meyr., yet the affinity is not clear. The genus is formed for the reception of Pachycera cat- oryctopsis, Lower (Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., 184 (1893). The venus was rot defined at the time of writing, and as the nace, Pachycera, is probably preoccupied, I adopt the above in place of it. LINOSTICHA EUADELPHA, Nl. Sp. Male, 14 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne reddish-fuscous ; second joint of palpi rather thinly scaled. Thorax dark fus- cous, patagia reddish-fuscous. ~ Abdomen greyish. Legs fus- 87 cous, posterior pair greyish-ochreous, middle and posterior tarsi suffusedly ringed with whitish. Forewings elongate, mode- rate, costa gently arched, termen obliquely rounded ; reddish- -ochreous, finely irrorated with dark fuscous scales; a black spot, usually double, at one-third from base in middle; a simi- lar spot at end of cell, slightly oblique; a strongly curved transverse line of fine blackish scaleg from five-sixths of costa to anal angle, indented beneath costa; a suffused blackish line of scales along termen; cilia ochreous-reddish, mixed with a few blackish scales. Hindwings light fuscous; cilia greyish- ochreous, reddish tinged at base. Closely allied to cremnodisema, Lower, but separable by the narrower wings, more slender palpi and transverse line before termen. These characters are very constant. Brokn Hill, New South Wales; several specimens in June. CYCLOGONA, n. g. Head with appressed scales. Antennz serrate, in male moderate, evenly ciliated (13), basal joint moderate without pecten. Palpi moderate, second joint reaching base of an- tenne, thickened with appressed scales, slightly rough beneath, terminal joint almost as long as second, slender, recurved. Thorax smooth. Forewings elongate, moderate, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded. Hindwings elongate-ovate, nearly one, cilia one-half. (Posterior tibie broken.) Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 2 and 3 on a curved stalk from before angle of cell. Hindwings with 3 ana 4 slightly remote at base. Intermediate in character between AHulechria, Meyr., and Phloeopola, Meyr., but in my judgment mostly allied to the former. It, however, differs from both the above genera by the stalking of veins 2 and 3 of forewings, a character shared only by Guestia, Meyr., and the allied genera, in which, however, vein 7 terminates on costa. The absence of basal pecten of antenne is similar to Phloeopola, Meyr. CYCLOGONA ORTHOPTILA, 0. Sp. Male, 25 mm. Head and palpi white, second joint of palp dark fuscous on basal half externally. Thorax, legs, and an- tennz fuscous-whitish, patagia ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen greyish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen very obliquely rounded; white, with dark fuscous ‘markings ; a short, narrow, elongate:spot beneath costa at base ; -a moderate spot above middle before one-third, a second just below and before, a third in middle of cell, a fourth at posterior extremity of cell, a fifth on costa just above fourth, the last two more or less connected by an ochreous shade; an outward 88 curved series of elongate spots from costa at four-fifths to anal’ angle, strongly indented beneath costa; cilia ochreous-whitish,. more of less barred with ochreous-fuscous. Hindwings grey, cilia greyish-white. Melbourne, Victoria ; one specimen in December. NEPHOGENES CENTROTHERMA, Nl. Sp. Male.18mm. Head and palpi light fleshy-red, palpi darker beneath. Antenne and thorax dark fuscous, thorax with a moderate fleshy-red posterior spot. Abdomen and legs greyish- ochreous, anterior and middle pair fuscous beneath. Fore- wings elongate, moderate, costa hardly arched, termen obli- quely rounded ; dark fuscous; markings fleshy-red; a mode- rate spot at base of costa; a short elongate streak along inner -margin at base; a moderate spot at one-third from base in middle, a second, similar before two-thirds, in middle, both edged with a few prominent black scales; an interrupted nar- row streak along fold anteriorly, somewhat obscured; cilia greyish, mixed with blackish and fuscous scales, especially to- wards base. Hindwings fuscous; cilia as in forewings. Somewhat allied to pyrocentra, Lower, but differs from its- smaller size, different colored head, palpi and forewings. pyrocentra varies considerably ; the type specimen represented. an extreme form, as most of the specimens have fleshy-red fore- wings, not dark fuscous, and very few markings. The des- cription of that species, therefore, requires broadening. NEPHOGENY PERIGYPSA, 0. sp. Male, 20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax snow-white. An- tenne and legs fuscous, base of antenne whitish, posterior legs greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa faintly arched. termen very obliquely rounded ; white ; costa narrowly fuscous from base to one-third; a moderate, suffused light fuscous streak from middle of base to costa at two-thirds, ground color above snow-white; a similar streak along fold’ from base to two-third, somewhat spot-like at posterior extre- mity and confluent with first streak on base third ; a well de- fined oblique ochreous-fuscous streak before termen, from be- neath apex to before anal angle; cilia white, mixed with fus- cous scales in middle. Hindwings and cilia very pale ochreous. Closely allied to olympias, Lower, but separable by the dif- ferent ground color of forewings and white head ; it approaches melanthes, Lower, also, but in addition to the characters given. above it may be distinguished from that species by the very pale hindwings and markings of forewings. Broken Hill, New South Wales; two specimens in October. 89 NEPHOGENES PETRINODES, Nn. Sp. Male, 34 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax grey. Palpi grey-whitish. Legs and abdomen ereyish-fuscous. Fore- wings elongate, moderate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, termen obliquely rounded; grey-whitish; a fuscous spot at base of inner margin; a fuscous spot in disc at one-third from base, a second just below and slightly beyond, a third, double at extremity of cell, and a fourth on upper margin of cell midway between first and third ; a curved suf- fused fuscous streak, from costa before apex to anal angle, in- dented beneath costa; a row of black dots along termen ; cilia grey. Hindwings greyish-fuscous, cilia grey-whitish, with 2 faint fuscous lines. Nearest atrisignis, Lower, but immediately separated by the color of forewings and paucity and clearness of markings. Broken Hill, New South Wales; one specimen in June. NEPHOGENES XIPHOLEUCA, 0. Sp. Male and female, 18-22 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and an- tenne white, thorax and patagia slightly infuscated, secona joint of palpi beneath hght fuscous, apex white, antenne ob- scurely spotted with fuscous. Legs whitish, somewhat infus- cated. Abdomen greyish-ochreous, segmental margins whitish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen obliquely rounded ; light ochreous-fuscous : a narrow white streak along costa, from base to three- fourths, ‘attenuated at extremities; all veins neatly outlined with white; ground color between veins towards termen darker; a small fuscous spot in middle at one-third from base, a second immediately below, and a third at end of cell, these spots are generally obso- lete ; a few fuscous scales along termen ; cilia greyish-ochreous. Hindwings elongate-ovate; light fuscous; cilia as in fore- wings. Not very near any other; the neatness and clearness of markings is particularly noticeable. Broken Hill, New South Wales; six specimens in Aprii; also from Birchip, Victoria. HETEROBATHRA, 0. g. Head with appressed scales. Antenne without pecten (%), ciliations of male (?). Palpi very long, recurved, second joint very long, considerably exceeding base of antenna, densely clothed with appressed scales, especially at apex, terminal joint slender, acute, about one-fourth of second. Abdomen mode- rate. Posterior tibie clothed with long fine hairs. Fore- wings elongate, moderate, termen very obliquely rounded, 7 and "8 stalked, 7 to immediately above apex, 2 and 3 strongly 90 curved downwards, 2 from before angle of cell. Hindwings over 1, elongate-ovate, termen rounded, cilia one-third. ‘Somewhat allied to Vephogenes, Meyr., but the curious palpi, absence of pecten (?), and termination of vein of above apex are distinctive characters. HerTEROBATHRA XIPHOSEMA, Nl. Sp. Female, 22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax cinereous grey. Abdomen greyish. Legs cinereousfuscous, posterior pair whitish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen very obliquely rounded ; ashy-grey-whitish ; a slightly curved moderate black longitudinal streak above middle, from base of costa to just above apex of wing, thickest om basal third ; a black spot at one-third from base; a second, similar, at end of cell, both touching longitudinal streak ; cilia grev- whitish. Hindwings with termen rounded; grey-whitish ; cilia grey-whitish. The longitudinal black streak is very conspicuous. A similar color and marking occurs in Scoparia meso- gramma, Lower, one of the Pyralidina. Broken Hill, New South Wales; two specimens in August. HETEROBATHRA BIMACULA, DN. Sp. Female, 12 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and antenne dark fuscous, second joint of palpi sprinkled with white beneath. Legs fuscous, sprinkled with whitish, anterior coxe white. Abdomen greyish-ochreous, segmental margins silvery-grey. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen obliquely rounded; dark fuscous, mixed with blackish ; a dis- tinct black dot encircled with white in middle of dise before middle; a second, similar, below and slightly beyond; an ob- scure Y-shaped blackish mark from base, just reaching first en- circling ring; veins towards termen more or less out- lined with black; a well-defined row of blackish dots along termen, continued to anal angle; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings with termen rounded; dull fuscous; cilia greyish- fuscous. Broken Hill. New South Wales; two specimens in August. HETEROBATHRA (?) SEMNOSTOLA, N. Sp. Male, 18mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and antenne cinereous- grey, palpi imperfect, second joint whitish beneath, antenne with moderate pecten, ciliations 1. Legs fuscous, posterior pair greyish. Abdomen ochreous-grey, strongly margined on posterior two-thirds with fuscous. Forewings elongate, mode- rate, costa gently arched, termen obliquely rounded; ashy- grey-fuscous, lighter on dorsal half; a moderately thick black 91 longitudinal median streak, from near base to apex, attenuated posteriorly and nearly connected with costa at base by 4 narrow fuscous shade; streak edged below in middle by a fine white line, which becomes dot-like at posterior extremity ;— a fine short black line along fold towards base; a small black spot below commencement of white streak ; a row of black elongate spots along termen; cilia cinereous- vrey, becoming blackish at base and on streak. Hindwings clongate-ovate ; termen rounded; light fuscous; cilia greyish fuscous, becoming greyish-ochreous at base. This species, which resembles zzphosema very closely, 1s doubtfully referable to this genus. The palpi are unfortu- nately broken, with the exception of the second joint, which agrees in structure with the genus, but the well-developed pecten of the antennz is discordant, as in both the previous species examined it is absent, although the material at my command is scanty, so that) I cannot insist on the point. Should it ultimately prove to be correctly located, then the characters of the genus will have to be altered so as to read: Antenne with moderate pecten, basal joint moderate, ciliations (1). The present species differs chiefly from ziphosema by the narrower forewings, elongate dots along termen and fuscous hindwings. Broken Hill, New South Wales; one specimen in August. PsoROSTICHA, Nn. g. Head with appressed scales. Thorax strongly crested posteriorly. Antenne dentate, shortly ciliated, with pecten. Palpi moderate, recurved, second joint hardly exceeding base of antenn, densely and roughly clothed with appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than second, thickened with rough scales at two-thirds, apex acute. Abdomen rather broad. Pos terior tibie clothed with long hairs. Forewings elongate, moderate, termen obliquely bowed, surface’ with tufts of scales; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to just above apex. Hindwings elongate-ovate, 3 and 4 from a point, 5 approxi- mated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 parallel, cilia over one-third. Not very near any other Australian genus known to me. Its nearest ally appears to be Vrachypepla, Meyr., but the gap is rather considerable on account of the stalking of veins 2 and 3 of forewings and short antennal ciliations. In structure it more nearly approaches the European genus Hzaeretia, Stt., differing principally by the termination of vein 7 on costa, and raised scales on forewings. The species here described has the facies of a Gelechia. 92 PsOROSTICHA ACROLOPHA, Hh. sp. Male, 16 mm. Head and thorax blackish, face whitish, patagia fleshy-ochreous anteriorly. . Second joint of palpi fuscous, internally somewhat whitish, terminal joint fleshy- ochreous, with a broad blackish median band. Antenne and abdomen greyish-fuscous. Legs fuscous, suffusedly and irre- gularly banded with greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate- oblong, hardly dilated, termen bowed, oblique; greyish- ochreous, fuscous tinged; a short black basal fascia, with a tuft of scales at extreme base; costa irregularly spotted with blackish scales ; an oblique transverse row of three small tufts of scales; anterior edge blackish, first on costa at one-fourth, third on fold at one-third, second between. first and third ; two similar tufts, first on a small triangular black spot on costa at about two-thirds, second obliquely below and beyond ; a mode- rate, irregular triangular blackish spot on costa at apex, con- taining a suppressed tuft of scales on its lower edge; 2 or 3 minute black spots immediately below; 4 minute black spots along termen; cilia ochreous-fuscous. Hindwings with ter- men rounded; greyish-fuscous, darker round termen and towards apex ; cilia greyish-ochreous, with fuscous subbasal and subterminal lines. Readily recognised by the black basal fascia. Cooktown, Queensland ; one specimen in January. CoMPSOTROPHIA SELENIAS, Meyr. (Proc. Linn. Soc., New South Wales. cophoride Xi., p. 46.) I have received a specimen, taken in December, from Tasmania, which I consider the female of this species. The forewings are exactly as in the male, but the hindwings are not yellow, but black, and the size (16 mm.) is much smaller. I would have named the species as new, but, taking into con- sideration the slight deviation in the hindwings of strophiella, Meyr., it appears desirable to refrain from doing so at pre- sent, as further observation is needed to definitely decide the point, although I have little doubt but what my identification is correct. PELTOPHORA PHAEDROPA, Nl. Sp. Male,20 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax very dark fuscous, posterior portion of patagia yellow, antennal ciliatious 3. Legs and abdomen blackish, posterior legs orange, abdo- men ringed with orange, anal tuft orange. Forewings elon- gate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen oblique, nearly straight; blackish, with yellow markings, a very narrow sub- costal streak from base to one-third, posteriorly attenuated ; 93 four moderately broad transverse fascia, first not near reach- ing costa, at one-fourth from base, faintly produced along fold, and just reaching inner margin; second not near reach- ing either miargin, somewhat quadrate, placed exactly in middle of wing; third from just beneath costa to anal angle, oblique, and with a rounded sinuation in middle; fourth just before apex, triangular, a few yellowish scales along termen ; cilia blackish. Hindwings very dark fuscous; cilia orange, becoming blackish above middle and at base. I am inclined to place this insect in the genus Linosticha, Meyr., but the termination of vein 7 is just below the apex ; the rather short palpi and antennal ciliations would certainiy seem to indicate that genus as being its proper position. The apex of both wings on the underside is orange; a curious form of markings. Perth, Western Australia; one specimen received from Mr. S$. Angel, taken in November. PHILOBOTA ISOZONA, N. Sp. Female, 20 mm. Head orange. Palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous, palpi internally orange, second joint with suffused apical and subapical orange rings, terminal joint yellowish, thorax with a yellow posterior spot, antennze faintly annulated with yellow. Legs orange-yellow, anterior and middle tibie and tarsi spotted above with fuscous. Fore- wings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen obli- quely rounded ; dark fuscous, with five yellowish blotches, first on inner margin near base, somewhat triangular, reaching nearly to costa; second cuneiform, on costa before middle , third similar, on costa at three-fourths; fourth irregular quad- rate on inner margin beyond middle, reaching half across wing, only separated from third by a streak of ground color ; fifth suffused, irregular, just before termen in middle; cilia dark fuscous, becoming yellowish in middle and at anal angle. Hindwings bronzy-fuscous, becoming orange on basal half ; cilia fuscous. Perhaps nearest /wnata, Turner, but very differently colored, although the markings are somewhat similar on forewings. Derby, Western Australia ; one specimen in December. CSYRA MILTOZONA, Nn. sp. Male, 10 mm. Head orange. Palpi yellow, second joint fuscous beneath. Antenne and thorax dark purplish-fuscous. Legs fuscous, posterior pair ochreous. Abdomen greyish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen obliquely rounded ; bright yellow, with bright red markings ; 94 a basal fascia, from one-third costa to one-third inner margin ;. a similar fascia from costa at three-fourths to anal angle, with a: rounded projection on each side in middle, and leaving a spot of ground color on fasciz between; a moderate line along termen ; cilia yellow, becoming grey on lower half. In the neighborhood of personata, Meyr. Derby, Western Australia; one specimen in: October. ACOMPSIA EPILEUCA, 1. Sp. Female, 16 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, and thorax fus- cous, second joint of palpi with whitish subapical band, an- tenne with pecten, abdomen yellow. Legs ochreous, anterior and middle tibiz and tarsi banded with fuscous. Forewings. elongate, moderate, costa hardly arched, termen oblique, hardly rounded, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 2 and 3 separate ; fuscous, suffusedly mixed with whitish, especially along costa and posterior half cf wing;,a dark fuscous spot on costa ati one-third, a second, larger, on middle of costa; a longitudinal series of 3 ovate, blackish white edged spots in middle of wing; 3 suffused blackish costal spots, between three-fourths and apex; a small blackish patch on termen above anal angle ; cilia greyish, with a row of blackish spots at base, which are continued right around apex to costal cilia. Hindwings fuscous, becoming ochreous-tinged at base; 3 and 4 connate, 5 very closely approximated to 4 at base; cilia light fuscous, ochreous tinged at base. The neuration of hindwings 1s. curlous. Duaringa, Queensland ; one specimen in January. CECOPHORA IODES, Nn. sp. Female, 20 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and antenne deep fuscous, somewhat purplish tinged, second joint of palpi with a blackish subapical ring, apex grey-whitish, antenne without pecten. Anterior and middle legs fuscous, tarsi obscurely banded with white, posterior pair grey. Abdomen grey- whitish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, termen very obliquely rounded; 2 and 3 separate ; dull purplish-fuscous; an irregular suffused black streak in middle of wing from base to posterior extremity of cell; a suf- fused blackish spot on inner margin near base; a row of blackish dots along termen, continued around apex to costa, where they become more elongate; . cilia fuscous-purplish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate; grey, faintly fuscous tinged at apex; cilia grey. Not very near any other known to me, but somewhat like Guestia uniformis, Meyr., but the separation of veins 2 and 3 95 ot forewings and absence of pecten are reliable points of dis- tinction. The genus Gcophora, Latr., as now restricted by Mr. Meyrick in his “Handbook of British Lepidoptera,” pos- sesses the characters of this species, 7.¢., absence of antennal pecten, vein 7 to costa, 2 and 3 separate. Hindwings with 3 and connate or stalked. Blackwood and Parkside, South Australia; two specimens in August. GUESTIA ACTINIPHA, 0. Sp. Female, 22 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and antenne whitish, faintly fuscous tinged, second joint of palpi beneath ~ light fuscous, except apex, antenne with moderate pecten. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs white, posterior pair ochreous tinged. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, termen obliquely rounded ; light cinerous-grey ; costal edge narrowly whitish from one-third to apex ; a moderately broad longitudinal white streak lying in middle of cell; cell outlined more or less with fuscous on lower edge, and con- tinued to posterior extremity, where it is spot-like and more sharply defined ; a suffused fuscous spot in disc above middle at one-third ; a similar but more suffused spot just below and beyond, almost resting on, and indicating commencement of line along cell; a somewhat suffused elongate whitish streak above middle, between posterior extremity of cell and ter- men; a suffused fuscous line along termen; cilia erey-whitish. Hindwings grey ; cilia light ochreousgrey. The white longitudinal streak and different ground color easily separate this from the other described species. Broken Hill, New South Wales; one specimen in May. GUESTIA PELADELPHA, Lower. I have a specimen of this insect, taken at Roeburne, Western Australia, in which vein 6 of the forewings is long-stalked, in addition to the usual neuration. It is a curious deformity, occurring in one wing only. PAURONOTA, DN. g. Head moderately smooth. Antenne in male moderately ciliated (1), basal joint moderate, with pecten. Labial palpi short, recurved, second joint not reaching base of antenne, with appressed scales, somewhat loose beneath, terminal one- half of second, acute. Thorax smooth. Posterior tibiz clothed with long hairs above. Forewings with vein 1 furcate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 2 and 3 rising on a curved stalk out of 4 near origin. Hindwings ovate-lanceolate, cilia 1; 3 and 4 connate, 6 and 7 parallel. 96 Allied to G'uestia, Meyr., but differs by the very short palpi, shape of hindwings and longer cilia. PAURONOTA THERMALOMA, Nl. Sp. Male, 18 mm. MHead reddish-fuscous. Palpi, antenne, and thorax fuscous, patagia reddish-fuscous. Legs fuscous, posterior pair grey-whitish, all tibie and tarsi obscurely ringed with whitish. Abdomen greyish-ochreous, anal tuft ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa hardly arched, apex somewhat pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; fuscous; all veins more or less outlined with darker fuscous ; a small dark fuscous line on inner margin near base ; a suffused line of dark fuscous scales along termen; cilia fus- cous, becoming distinctly light reddish on basal half, and with a few blackish scales at base. Hindwings grey; cilia grey, ochreous tinged on basal half. Broken Hill, New South Wales; one specimen in July. MACROBATHRA DROSERA, N. Sp. Male,16mm. Head and palpi greyish-fuscous, dusted with whitish. Antenne and legs dark fuscous. Abdomen fus- cous, segmental margins silvery-grey. Forewings elongate- lanceolate ; blackish; markings dull whitish, finely irrorated with fuscous; 3 equidistant, somewhat flattened triangular spots at one-sixth, before middle and before apex, the latter one almost reaching dorsal streak ; a moderately broad dorsal streak, from base to anal angle, broadest on basal half, and with a slight sinuation on upper edge beyond middle; cilia greyish- fuscous, mixed with whitish and blackish scales at base. Hindwings fuscous; cilia greyish-ochreous. Not very near any other; easily recognised by the markings not being white or yellow, which colors are predominant in this group. Broken Hill, New South Wales; one specimen in October. Mimopoxa, n. g. Head smooth. Antenne in male slender, moderately and evenly ciliated, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Palpi moderately long, second joint not nearly reaching base of an- tenne, with appressed scales, moderately smooth beneath, ter- minal joint as long as second, slender recurved. Thorax smooth. Forewings elongate-lanceolate. Hindwing: as broad as forewings, broadly-lanceolate; cilia one and a half. Abdomen somewhat flattened. Posterior tibie clothed with long hairs above. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 2 from considerably before angle of cell, 3 from angle, 97 lower fork of vein 1 hardly obsoete towards base. Hind- wings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 absent, coincident with 4. Allied to Jlacrobathra, Meyr., but differs by neuration of hindwings. The absence of vein 5 is unusual in the Ycovho- ride; but Mr. Meyrick, to whom a specimen was submitted, placed it in this family. MIMODOXA DRYINA, 0. Sp. Male, 9-10 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous-whitish, ‘second joint palpi internally blackish, and with an obscure whitish apical ring. Antenne fuscous, irregularly annulated with white, basal joint black, with an obscure whitish ring at apex. Abdomen greyish, strongly margined with fuscous. Legs whitish, irregularly banded with fuscous, posterior pair greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate ; fuscous- whitish ; becoming darker at base; markings black ; a narrow strongly oblique fascia from costa near base to inner margin at: one-sixth ; a second similar fascia, more obscure, from one- third of costa to inner margin in middle, hardly reaching inner margin; a third, thicker and irregular from five-sixths costa to anal angle, broadest on costa; a more or less well-ce- fined narrow longitudinal median streak from base to apex, suffused at apex; cilia dark fuscous, mixed with whitish. Hindwings lanceolate, thinly scaled; pale grey; fuscous to- wards apex; cilia ochreous-grey. Broken Hill, New South Wales; three specimens in October. EUCRYPTOGONA, n. &g. Head somewhat rough haired. Antenne serrate, with tufts of long ciliations at joints, about 5, without pecten, or with one or two fugitive hair scales. Palpi porrect, terminal joint concealed, second dilated towards apex, clothed with long rough hairs above and beneath. Posterior tibize with long fine hairs. Forewings elongate, moderate, termen ob- lique; all veins separate, secondary cell distinct, 1 furcate ati base, 2 from before angle, 6 and 7 remote at base, 7 to ter- men. Hindwings as broad as forewings, termen obliquely round; 3 and 4 widely remote at base, 5 and 6 parallel to 4, 6 to termen. A very singular genus, which, I think, should be referred ‘o the Plutellide, as the separation of all veins when present is a character which does not occur in the Wcophoriaw. The long ciliations of antenne and haired tibie of hindlegs are characters which are discordant in the former family, yet the curious palpi would appear to indicate some relationship to the latter family, especially in the genus Pleurota. Ub. 98 EUCRYPTOGONA TRICHOBATHRA, MN. Sp. Male, 20 mm. MHead, palpi, and thorax reddish-fuscous,. thorax with 2 reddish porrected tufts of hair on anterior edge. Antenne fuscous; ciliations nearly 5. Legs fuscous, posterior pair ochreous-grey, tibiz clothed with long ochreous hairs, all tarsi ringed with ochreous. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings- elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, termen obliquely rounded; greyish-fuscous, strongly mixed with ferruginous, reddish, and black scales; markings blackish, obscure; a. suffused streak beneath costa, from base to middle; a. streak on fold from base to cell; a spot at end of cell; a mark in middle of cell; a suffused spot on inner margin near base ; an interrupted streak along termen, edged posteriorly by fuscous-reddish ; cilia greyish, mixed with blackish scales. Hindwings elongate-ovate, fuscous; cilla greyish, becoming dark fuscous at base. Broken Hill, New South Wales; three specimens in May. ao ‘FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. By the Rev. T. Buacksurn, B.A. XXIX., [Read October 1], 1901. ] CARABID A. GIGADEMA. It is extremely difficult to identify the species of this genus ‘that have been described in the section that have the disc of the pronotum smooth or at any rate non-punctulate. The difficulty arises chiefly from the insufficiency of the descriptions, —more \particularly their reliance upon prothoracic characters (which vary sexually as well as specifically) in most cases without note -of the sex of the specimen referred to. Signor Gestro furnished some valuable notes and numerous figures relating to the species of De Castelnau’s collection but I am afraid his figures are not reliable (Ann. Mus. Gen., 1875). His figure of the prothorax -of G. longipenne, Germ. (sex not specified, but it is evidently the female), makes that segment scarcely wider than long (as seven to six), but the width of the prothorax in Jongipenne (female) is .as seven to four and a quarter. I am quite confident as to my identification of this species as I have examples from Germar’s Jocality, and I have no doubt either but that Gestro’s notes refer to the true longipenne,—the fault is in the drawing of the figure. Ten species appertaining to this section of Gigadema have been described (disregarding noctis, Newm., which seems to be a mere name). - Of these ten I myself described three and longipenne, Germ., is well known to me. Bostocki, Cast. (from W.A.), I have identified with tolerable certainty by the aid of Dr. Gestro’s notes. The remaining five are from Eastern Australia (Queens- land and N.S. Wales). I have before me two species from that region which, however, I am not able to identify with certainty, and also a species from Victoria which is not unlikely to be one -of those described from N.S. Wales. G. atrum, Macl., is not before me ; it is a very isolated species by the form of its palpi as well as by its sculpture and seems from the description unlikely to be a true Gigadema. One of my three species mentioned above {from N. Queensland) is almost certainly grande, Macl. (female, 100 the type appears from the description to have been a male, but- my specimen agrees with Gestro’s figure of the female); the other two are not unlikely to be two of intermedia, Gestro, titanum, Thoms., and politul/um, Macl., but I cannot ideatify them confi- fidently. I have also before me two species from Central and one from Western Australia which are aJl certainly undescribed, and of which I furnish descriptions below. I also furnish, below, a tabulation showing the prominent characters of all the species. of this section of the genus (except zntermedium, titanum, and politulum, which JT am quite confident are not identical with any of the species characterised in the tabulation, but which I am not able to tabulate from the descriptions). In this genus the form of the ligula is very diverse, but appears to be constant in individuals of the same species ; at any rate it is constant in specimens of G. longipenne, Germ.,—the only Gigadema of which I have been able to examine a fairly long series,—and also in such few specimens as I have seen of other species. The form and proportions of the prothorax also furnish. reliable specific characters so long as the fact is allowed for that in nearly (if not quite) all the species the front outline of that segment presents sexwal characters. Further valuable assistance in the identification of species may be found in the puncturation of the elytra, which (so far as I can judge) is but little affected by sex. The sexes in this genus are not very readily determined. by external characters; I do not find any constant sexual character on the ventral segments, and the anterior tarsi are- scarcely dilated in the males; in some specimens however the- front tarsi bear some sucker-like papillz on their under surface, and I have assumed this to be a male character. G.dux,sp.nov. Mas. Robustum; nigrum; capite inequali, sparsim: irregulariter sat fortiter punctulato; ligula pernitida punc- turis paucis impressa, in parte mediana depressa, ad latera elevata (antice obtuse, postice sat anguste); prothorace quam longiori ut 10 ad 6 latiori, fere ut G. longipenne, Germ. maris conformato (7.e. laterum arcu, margine antico, et angulis similibus) sed Jateribus ad basin magis parallelis (his in parte dimidia postica obtuse crenulatis), disco toto- fortiter crebre transversim strigato; elytris striatis, inter- stitiis sat planis (7° nullo modo cariniformi) creberrime nec- seriatim rugulosis (sed apicem versus interstitiorum externo- rum puncture nonnihil biseriatim impresse apparent). Long., 17 1.; lat., 54.1. A very large and deep black species. The non-seriate sculpture- of its elytral interstices (except in the apical portion near the lateral margins) and the very strong close transverse wrinkling 101 of the disc of its pronotum at once separate it from all its described congeners. W. Australia; sent to me by Mr. Jung. G. longius, sp. nov. Fem. Minus robustum; piceum; capite minus inzquali sat crebre subfortiter punctulato, pone oculos haud tumido ; ligula in parte mediana depressa sat opace coriacea et sat crebre punctulata, ad latera_ elevata (antice obtuse, postice sat anguste) obsolete sat crebre punctulata, partibus elevatis quoque grosse_ seriatim punctulatis; prothorace quam longiori ut 10 ad 7 latiori, fere ut G. longipennis, Germ. maris conformato (sed marginis antici parte mediana paullo magis prominenti), lateribus totis crebre acute crenulatis, disco leviter trans- versim rugato (partibus ceteris sat grosse,—quam G. longipennis, Germ., multo magis fortiter,—punctulatis) ; elytris striatis, interstitiis subplanis (7° leviter carinato) biseriatim subtilius (4°, 6°, %°, 9° que vix seriatim, quam cetera magis crebre) punctulatis. Long., 18 1.; lat., 6 1. Not unlike G. lonyipennis, Germ., but very much larger, the ligula totally different, the sides of the head not tumid behind the eyes, the sides of the prothorax strongly crenulate, the punc- turation of the head and pronotum much stronger, the interstices of the elytra flatter, and their puncturation though scarcely finer decidedly closer,—especially on the fourth, sixth, eighth, and ninth interstices. Central Australia (McDonnell Ranges). G. longicolle, sp. nov. Fem. Minus robustum ; piceum ; capite minus inzquali sat crebre subfortiter punctulato, pone oculos vix tumido; ligula fere ut preecedentis (G. longioris), sed in parte mediana minus crebre punctulata ; prothorace quam longiori ut 10 ad 7? latiori, postice sat fortiter angus- tato, sat fortiter subcrebre punctulato (disco levi excepto), lateribus sat fortiter arcuatis minus fortiter sinuatis in parte postica dimidia leviter crenulatis, margine antico in medio modice prominenti, angulis anticis rotundatis posticis. leviter obtusis; elytris striatis, interstitiis sat planis (7° manifeste carinato excepto) regulariter sat fortiter biseriatim punctulatis. Long., 17 1.; lat. 6 1. The prothorax of this species is notably less strongly trans- verse than that of any other Gigadema known to me and its sides are less strongly sinuate in approaching the base. The punctures of the elytral interstices are as strong as in the species which I take to be G. Bostocki, Cast., but they are placed more regularly in rows and considerably more closely than in that species. Central Australia (Oodnadatta). 102 TABULATION. A. Disc of pronotum smooth or transversely strigate (not punctured). B Liguls strongly convex ... ... longipennis, Germ. BB. Ligula not of uniformly convex form. C. Ligula extremely nitid and punctureless, except having a few distant punctures... rugaticolle, Blackb. CC. Ligula not like that of » ugatirolle. D. Seventh interstice of elytra not carinate. KE. Sides of head strongly tumid behind the eyes eremita, Blackb. EE. Sides of head not “tumid behind the eyes ... . duc, Blackb. DD. Seventh interstice of elytra carinate,_- — at least near the hase. E. The interstices become near apex convex and very closely punctured — grande, Macl. (?). EE. The interstices not as in grande (?). F. More than two rows of punctures on fourth and sixth interstices .. longius, Blackb. FF. Interstices four and six with only two rows of punctures. G. Prothorax strongly transverse. H. Puncturation of interstices nor- mal (about as in longipennis). mandibuwlaris, Blackb. HH. Puncturation of interstices much more sparse and strong Bostocki, Cast. (?). GG. Prothorax notably less strongly transverse.. longicolle, Blackb. AA. Dise of pronotum closely and ‘rugulosely punctured Eels ... sulcatum, Macl., and others forming a distinct section of the genus. N.B.—tThe following described species are omitted from the above tabulation owing to uncertainty in my identification of them, viz., G. «intermedium, Gestro, politulum, Macl., and titanum, Thoms. XANTHOPHGA. X. concinna, sp. nov. Elongata; sat nitida; rufo-testacea, elytris pallidioribus singulis vittis binis nigris (altera sutu- rali, altera submarginali) integris ornatis; oculis modicis, crebre minus leviter granulatis; prothorace quam longiori ut 21 ad 2 latiori, supra transversim subfortiter strigato et leviter punctulato, parte marginali late deplanata et leviter recurva, lateribus leviter arcuatis poustice modice sinuatis, angulis posticis acutis sat fortiter extrorsum directis ; elytris striatis, interstitiis sat planis minus crebre punctulatis (3° postice punctura setigera unica impresso). Long., 4 1.; lat., 12 1. The sutural vitta of the elytra covers the sutural and second interstices; the lateral vitta covers the sixth, seventh, and eighth interstices on each elytron al! the vitte are entire and very sharply defined. 103 Differs from X. grandis, Chaud, and suturata, Newm., by the much stronger and closer granulation of its eyes. From the | other (except possibly several which are unknown to me but are certainly quite distinct) species having the sides of the pronotum widely dilated it is readily distinguished by (in combination) its fifth elytral interstice devoid of setigerous punctures, its third elytral interstice with only one setigerous puncture, and its elytral interstices not particularly closely punctured (much less closely than in X. vittata, Dej.). N.S. Wales (Blue Mountains). X. cylindricollis, sp. nov. Elongata, angusta (quam latior fere quater longior), sat convexa ; nitida; glabra; rufa, elytrorum apice antennis pedibusque dilutioribus ; capite pone oculos fortiter tumido; oculis magnis, vix manifeste granulatis ; prothorace quam caput manifeste angustiori, quam latiori ut 4 ad 3 longiori, subcylindrico, postice quam antice vix latiori, fere levi, longitudinaliter profunde canaliculato, canali integro), parte laterali minus late sulcata, lateribus © ante medium leviter arcuatis pone medium leviter sinuatis, angulis posticis minus acutis leviter extrorsum directis ; elytris profunde striatis, striis crenulatis, interstitiis con- vexis subtiliter sparsissime punctulatis (3° puncturas seti- geras 3 ferenti). Long., 3 1.; lat., £ 1. (vix). It is with some hesitation that I refer this species to AXanthophea. It certainly does not look congeneric with X. grandis, vittata, and their allies. But it is much more like (in respect of facies) the species that Chaudoir placed in Xanthophea under the name ferruginea, with which it might well be con- generic. However, as Mr. Sloane has recently proposed an arrangement of the Australian genera of Lebiides (Pr. L&., N.S.W., 1898) which seems to me satisfactory (at any rate pro- visionally) and intelligible, that for me settles the matter, and I think it well for workers on Australian Carabide to follow as much as possible his definitions of genera and so leave him a free hand to improve his work himself if in some instances he should tind that his generic definitions‘are of too wide a character. Mr. Sloane’s essential characters for Xanthophaa are ‘4th joint of tarsi bilobed, antenne inserted considerably in front of the eyes, tarsi setose on the upper surface,” all of which are characters of the present species. He includes in Xanthophea all the Aus- tralian species that have hitherto been referred to Demetrias. The nearest ally known to me of this species is the insect dis- cussed below under the name X. (Demetrias) longicollis, Macl., from which it differs inter alia by its narrower and more convex form, longer prothorax, and especially the well-marked dilatation (behind the eyes) of the sides of its head. The last-mentioned 104 character SttOMa IOS ES os )20e Ol re MOIWOaQ .SISIPVNyeN, PLLA iG 5G wa sbi ays "* -qQRoTeqUT ,, ——pTe-Ul-SyUeI sf) ,, tt 6st -—---— Oe a ee 06 CT is son ¢, VlTRagsNy De Ss. a a ry ensoTRyeVO Yynog Jo vuney T8807 ,, SulqeIYS] IT DH etkhe es oe, + Surpulg is E-é¢s° ; 7 ALeUlpro —Ayeiqr’y ,, —SsqURIX) JUBWUIDAOY ,, Ole L Aro001981§ pue ‘aseqsog ‘Buyuug ,, |g [fT ZL ——— 00€ on “+ JayBJoIeQ—soseAA ,, O= Ga =" “ai UWO0T4DaQg [BoIsopooRTe Olt tt --— Or Gest” Seer OOS AISI SnaeN Pion OSC RVA se Xe ee surysttqnd o* Gi-a8 Be + Agatoog yehoy Bice Gt ‘ i. Sulzwaqsny|y —suondriosqng ,, Peni -09 oe ey ‘BuarqUItg 0:°G SFI a: a Sa oR Sa oT, —suorqorsuery, Jo yoy Ag ‘O06T ST 19q079900 Pp 8 ns SPASe SS c@) Spee Ta Das “ad VWITVELSOV HLNOS AO ALYIOOS TVAOU WHEL HALIM ENQOODIV NI YHYOSVEUL WHEL 157 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. By Proressor HE, H. Renniz, M.A., D.Sc. [Read October 1, 1901.] At the close of another year we, as Fellows of the Royal Society of South Australia, have cause both for regret and satis- faction. We must all feel a sense of loss this evening, meeting as we do without one distinguished member who for many years worked enthusiastically in the interests of this Society. Professor Tate was an almost constant attendant at our meetings till illness prevented him, and he contributed very largely to their success by the original and interesting matters he brought forward. For a long time he edited carefully our ‘‘ Proceedings,” which contain a long record of his own patient and laborious work in that department of paleontology with which he was specially familiar, work which has been recognised far beyond the limits of this State as of great and permanent value to the scientific world. The Society and the State is much the poorer by his removal from amongst us, and for a long time to come the blank caused by his death will be felt by us at our meetings here. On the other hand, we have cause for satisfaction, because work of more than usual importance has been accomplished during the year. I refer, of course, more particularly to the discoveries recently made by Mr. Howchin, and confirmea in all respects by Professor David and Mr. Pittman. The details we hope to hear from Mr. Howchin himself at a later date, but in the meantime we congratulate him heartily upon a discovery which is of so much interest and importance. Apart from this special discovery, our ‘‘ Proceedings” contain the records of solid work done in various departments of science, a record of which we have no reason to be ashamed. in casting about for a subject on which to address you, it occurred to me that, at what I might venture to call a critical period in the agricultural history of this State, it would be of some interest to give some account of scientific development in connection with agriculture generally, and with special reference to the requirements of this State, and, with that as a text, to refer to other subjects in which there is a crying need for accurate scientific investigation, such investigation being necessary, not merely to elucidate scientific theories, but to improve our material condition. 158 Commencing then with matters agricultural, or rather agri- culturally chemical, it has become apparent in recent years that many old ideas must be discarded. The vague notion that it is. only necessary to supply to the soil in any fashion the chemical constituents which go to make up the plant has been of necessity abandoned, and 1t has been found that almost as much care and attention must be bestowed on feeding plants as on feeding animals, not only with respect to the nature of the food supplied, but also with reference to the manner of its administration andi the conditions under which the food becomes assimilable. Every schoolboy knows that nitrogen must be supplied to plants, but nothing has caused more discussion and given rise to more experiments than the questions whence and how plants. obtain their supply of this substance. It has been known from time immemorial that such substances as stable manure, sewage, &c., which when exposed to air decompose, and give off ammonia, are capable when added to the soil of yielding a supply of nitrogen to plants, but till comparatively recently it was not known by what series of processes the nitrogen is made available for use. It became known, however, that all fertile soils contain: nitrates, and further, that nitrates are formed in soil under certain conditions, from such substances as I have already re- ferred to, stable manure, sewage, 4c. With these data as a starting point investigations were undertaken, which led to remarkable and interesting results. Ina paper published in the journal of the Chemical Society of London for 1891, Warington, who was associated as chemist with Gilbert and Lawes, in their world-famed experiments at Rothamstad, in England, summarises. the results of experiments carried out chiefly by himself, the principal of which are these :— 1. There are present in fertile soils minute organisms of a bacterial nature, which convert ammonia into nitrates. 2. These organisms are erobic, and are not found at depths greater than about 6 ft., or perhaps less. 3. The ammonia is first converted into nitrates by a special organism (nitrosomonas), which, how- ever, is incapable of converting nitrites into nitrates, or of directly converting ammonia into nitrates. 4. The growth of this organism, and therefore its activity, is promoted by the presence of carbonic acid, sodium bi-carbonate, and some other substances containing carbon, the carbon being apparently neces- sary to provide for its growth and multiplication. Ordinary sodium carbonate, however, greatly hinders the action of this organism. 5. There is another organism in fertile soil (nitro- bacter), which is capable of energetically converting nitrites into nitrates, but is not capable of directly converting ammonia into. nitrites or nitrates. 6. The growth of this organism is also, as ee | um eS ee 159 in the case of nitrosomonas, promoted by the addition of a moderate quantity of sodium bi-carbonate, but is hindered by sodium carbonate. It is also hindered by a large amount of ammonia. Hence, if a large amount of ammonia is present it must first be converted almost entirely into nitrites before nitrates can be formed. The importance of these results is obvious. They place at once upon a sound scientific basis the practice of adding manures containing ammonia, nitrites or nitrates, the ultimate product being always nitrates, provided that the conditions necessary for the life of the working organisms are present. But these results also tell us that there may be conditions, such as, for instance, the absence of either or both of the organisms, or the presence of sodium carbonate, which will either entirely stop or, toa great extent, hinder these necessary processes. Under such conditions, plant life will not flourish. Recent investigations show, too, that water may play a more important part than has been generally supposed. It is a recog- nised fact that nitrification takes place more readily in light soils than in strong ones, and this is generally attributed to the more easy penetration of air into the former, air being necessary for the life and work of the bacteria. Schloesing, in a paper published in the ‘Comptes Rendus” (vol. 125), points out that in strong soils, the particles of which are extremely fine, the thickness of the layer of water surrounding each particle is less than the thickness of that surrounding each particle in a light soil (containing the same amount of water), the particles of which are larger, because the total surface in the former case is greater than in the latter. In a series of experiments he showed that by slightly increasing the quantity of water soils in which nitrification took place imperfectly became immensely improved in that respect, nitrification taking place completely. He draws the conclusion that the action of the organism is in some way connected with the thickness of the layer of water surround- ing the particles of the soil, but it is impossible in the small space of an address such as this to explain his reasoning fully. Warington, in his researches, found that the bacteria to which reference has been made would not grow on gelatine or agar- agar; in other words, such nitrogenous substances as these are not affected by these organisms, and therefore such substances are not directly available for plant food. But it has lately been shown that if along with the nitrifying bacteria another is added which is capable of breaking up the gelatine or agar-agar with formation of ammonia, then the former grow and flourish, and these substances then break down completely, and yield their nitrogen ultimately in the form of nitrates ; 7.¢., in the form suit- 160 able for plant food. Thus three distinct organisms are necessary to make the nitrogen of complex nitrogenous substances available for plants. This association of various organisms in bringing about important results I shall refer to later; it is one of the most interesting phenomena which modern science has revealed. Now these various organisms may be deficient in soils in par- ticular cases, and attempts have been made to supply them arti- ficially. For this purpose the bacteria have been cultivated in certain media, and sold under the name of “ nitragin.” Experi- ments have been made with this material in Germany and else- where, but with very variable results. In some cases great benefit is said to have resulted, in others little or none. More experi- ments are required before any definite conclusions can be drawn. It is obvious that such a material might fail owing to improper preparation, or that it might appear to fail, not from any want of virtue in itself, but because the soil to which it is added already contains the organisms in sufficient numbers, their activity perhaps being hindered by unfavorable conditions. But there are many other organisms present in soil besides those already referred to, and among these are usually to be found some which have a directly opposite effect, that is, they break up nitrates into nitrites, or may go still further, and destroy them altogether, with liberation and consequent loss of free nitrogen. They are hence known as denitrifying bacteria. Obviously great com- plexity is here introduced, and the question has to be considered whether these denitrifying organisms can cause serious loss of nitrogen from the soil, and if so under what conditions. It is practically agreed that in some cases excessive quantities of fresh horse or cattle manure exercise an injurious rather than a bene- ficial effect, and especially that they lessen the effect of nitrogen- ous manures, such as sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda, and it has further been shown that manure of this kind fre- quently contains these denitrifying bacteria in large numbers. The conclusion was drawn, apparently too hastily, that it is the yresence of numbers of these organisms in the excreta of horses and cattle wkich causes the deleterious effect. Recent investiga- tions, however, have thrown considerable doubt on this conclusion. It has been shown that the denitrifying bacteria are already present, at least usually, in the soil, and it is asserted that the mere addition of a larger number will not account for the pheno- mena. A large number of experiments have been made to elucidate this question, the results of which have been to show that certain substances—starch, for instance—greatly increase the activity cf these bacteria, doubtless because they are particu- larly suited for food for the organisms, and it has been asserted that some of these food substances are always present in the ee gee Ne ee 161 ‘straw mixed with the manure, and therefore exercise their stimulating effect. This view, however, is controverted by others, who hold that the stable manure acts simply by interfering in ‘some way with the activity of the nitrifying organisms, and that in actual practice there is no appreciable loss of nitrogen, even although in experiments on the small scale in the laboratory such loss of nitrogen has been proved to occur. These different ‘opinions are not altogether inconsistent with one another, and they may all be in a measure true, but much patient and difficult investigation is yet required. The question still remains whether plants are able to obtain a supply of nitrogen from any other source than nitrogenous com- pounds contained in or supplied to the soil. Can they utilise the vast stores of free nitrogen contained in the atmosphere? The answer is not simple, and controversy on this point has raged for many years, and is still raging. It has been proved that some plants can assimilate nitrogen and grow, even although they be planted in soils absolutely free from nitrogen. These are leguminous plants, and certain lower algee—perhaps mixed with bacteria. But this assimilation or fixation of nitrogen takes place, in the case of Jeguminous plants at any rate, only under fixed conditions. They must be “infected” with certain organ- isms (provisionally termed bacteroids, because their nature is uncertain), and unless these bacteroids are present the plants will not grow in the absence of nitrogenous matter in the soil. It is well known that connected with the roots of leguminous plants there are almost always to be found small nodules, like galls in general appearance. When these are examined microscopically they are found to contain enormous numbers of these bacteroids, which can be grown in ordinary media, such as gelatine, and behave in many respects like bacteria. In any soil, containing the other necessary constituents of plant food, but devoid of nitrogen, leguminous plants will grow provided these organisms be added. Experiments have been conducted in such a way as to show that the nitrogen taken up by the plants in these cases can only come from the free nitrogen of the air. But this being granted, the important question is where and how is this nitrogen fixed? There are several possibilities, all of which are ably dis- cussed by Professor H. Marshall Ward in an article published in «“Nature” in 1894, 1. The gaseous nitrogen might be directly fixed by the plant, that is absorbed by the cells and converted into the complex nitrogenous constituents of the plant, just as carbon dioxide is absorbed and goes to build up the plant tissues. The weight of evidence, however, is against this view. It is apparently true, as already stated, that certain lower alge “fix” nitrogen in soils 162 _ devoid of nitrogen, but it is doubtful whether they do this with- out the aid of other lower organisms. In fact, it is stated in one of the most recent papers on the subject by some German scientists that experiments made with certain specified alga prove that these plants do not fix nitrogen except by the aid of certain bacteria, and that this is probably true in all cases. In this connection it may be stated that Berthelot claims to have proved that certain bacteria can fix nitrogen, and so enrich the soil in nitrogen compounds. 2. This leads to the second view that nitrogen is fixed in the soil by means of bacteria, bacteroids, &c., and is by them con- verted in the soil into some kind of nitrogenous matter, which is then absorbed by green plants in the ordinary way. 3. A third view is, to quote Professor Ward’s own words,. that ‘‘the fixation of the atmospheric nitrogen can be conceived of as a powerful act of the machinery of the leguminous plant, urged tothe necessary expenditure of energy by the stimulating action of the organism in its roots.” An opinion as to the correctness of this view might perhaps be arrived at easily if we could determine where the nitrogen is absorbed ; that is, whether by the leaves and stems or by the roots. If by the leaves and stems, then the hypothesis just quoted would seem to be a very probable one. This is a matter extremely difh- cult to deal with experimentally. Professor Ward points out, however, that microscopic examination of the nodules on the raots of leguminous plants indicates, by various signs, that they are the seat of intense physiological activity, and that therefore in all probability they are the seat of the fixation of nitrogen. 4. The fourth and last theory is. that the root organisms act merely as accumulators of nitrogenous material which has been fixed in the soil by their means, and that the leguminous plant benefits by ‘‘devouring” the bacteroids eventually, and profiting by their stores of nitrogenous material. In this case the bacteroids may be really more parasitic than is represented by the third view of their functions; that is, they may use the root to supply themselves with nutriment, and tien by their vital processes to store up nitrogen. It it evident that a vast amount of careful and difficult experimental work is necessary to decide this question, a ques- tion which, however, to use Professor Ward’s words, ‘ pro- mises to be of more importance to agriculture in the future than any legislation as to prices, &c., that we can conceive ; for if it turns out that the acquisition of free nitrogen by the jand, or what is the same thing, the plants growing on it, can 163 be economically promoted, the farmer and forester may have the control of sources of real wealth not yet dreamt of.” It follows from what has been said, that if leguminous plants, such as peas, are planted as a crop, they will absorb nitrogen from the air and store it up partly in their leaves, partly in their roots. If, therefore, peas are grown as a crop they should in- crease the total nitrogen in the soil, especially if they be all ploughed in. This has been found to be the case, hence the use -of peas for this purpose. You will not have failed to notice in what has been said the association of organisms in bringing about certain results. This phenomenon, under the name of symbiosis, is attracting great attention in the scientific world, and is proving to be of far- reaching importance. In its widest sense the term may be applied to almost any association of living beings whereby im- portant results are brought about; for instance, the association of the plague bacillus with rats, the bacillus of malarial fever with mosquitos, &c. In the narrower sense, however, the term is used of the co-operation of two or more associated organisms for their mutual benefit. Professor Marshall Ward, in a paper read before the British Association in 1899, brings out the salient points in recent results on this subject, and to this paper | am chiefly indebted for the facts to be brought under your notice. Several instances are now known in which different kinds of bacteria can, when associated, complete processes which no one kind can complete by itself; witness, for instance, the process of nitrification already referred to. Another remarkable instance is quoted by Winogradsky, who has shown that an anzrobic bacterium, Clostridium pastewrianum, is able, if supplied with sufficient glucose, and protected from oxygen, to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Now such conditions are not easy to bring about artificially, but when Clostridium pasteurianum is active, it is found to be always working in the meshes of a network of zrobic, that is, of oxygen consuming bacteria, the latter render- ing possible the activity of the former. Similar phenomena have been observed with fungi. The Japanese drink, saki, or rice wine, is made by infecting the steamed rice with a fungus known as Aspergulus oryze. This converts the rice starch into sugar, which then undergoes fermentation by the influence of a variety -of yeast fungus. So closely is this yeast associated with the Aspergillus that for some time a controversy existed as to whether the former was not really a part of the life history of the latter. It is now recognised, however, that we have herea striking case of symbiosis. Every gardener is aware that whereas certain plants, roses, for example, can be transplanted without difficulty, others are 164 extremely difficult to transplant. It has been shown that in cases of the latter kind—the ericas, for example—there are inti- mately associated with the roots of the plant fungi, without which the plant will not grow. Unless the greatest care is. taken to carry with the plant, in the act of transplanting, a sufficient quantity of the associated fungus in a living condition the operation is a failure. In some cases it appears that a plant can make use of other but similar fungi to those to which it is. ordinarily accustomed. This seems to apply to some forest trees, and in that case transplantation can be accomplished without so much difficulty, provided that the necessary fungus is to be found in the soil to which the tree is transplanted. In what way these organisms help one another is not easy to: decide. It may be that in many cases, as already suggested with the leguminose, the lower organism in some way stimulates the higher, perhaps by producing substances which act as stimu- lants, Ge it has been shown that certain organic and inorganic: poisons can act as plant stimulants if administered in suitabie doses, although they may be fatal in large quantities. Orit may be that of two organisms, A and B, B may use up and destroy some substances produced by A, which, if allowed to accumulate beyond a certain limit, would destroy the activity of A. Many cases are known in which an organism produces by its activity a substance which either destroys or greatly hinders its own growth. For example, yeast produces alcohol from sugar, but yeast ceases to act if too much alcohol is present. Whatever be the explanation it is becoming increasingly evident that we are here dealing with a far-reaching principle of nature. Now, the question naturally arises whether any light is. thrown by all this upon results in this country, or whether the- investigation of the phenomena to which I directed your atten- tion is “likely to be of any importance in connection with the future development of agriculture in South Australia. Reply might be made that if in the opinion of eminent authorities the pursuit of such investigations is likely to be of the highest im- portance to agriculture generally then as a matter of course they will be of importance here. But certain results have been ob- tained in this State which deserve special attention. Professor Lowrie has shown as the result of experiments at Roseworthy that nitrogenous manures when added to phosphatic manures in that and similar districts do not produce anything like so much additional effect as they do in Europe, though in some experi- ments at Millicent he informs us that he got a much greater effect. He states that very probably the difference between the two cases may be due to the fact that in Europe (and this. applies also to Millicent in comparison with Roseworthy) with a 165 heavier rainfal] and greater sub-drainage, nitrates are washed out of the soil much more rapidly, and that it therefore becomes rapidly comparatively poor in nitrates, and responds more vigorously to a dose of nitrogenous manure. But it still remains to be explained how it comes about that at Roseworthy, after taking off the land good crops of wheat, &c., which must neces- sarily remove quantities of nitrogen from the soil, it is still possible, without the addition of nitrogenous manure, to obtain further good crops of a similar kind. Is there such a super- abundance of nitrates or other nitrogen compounds in the soil as to be practically inexhaustible for a leng period of time, or is there some process, and if so what, by which the stock of nitrogen is replenished? I am not aware whether any data are available as to the total nitrogen supply, but it is improbable that there is any excessive quantity. Whence then does the nitrogen come ! The answer is, according to Professor Lowrie, that it comes during the fallowing process, and probably owing to the influence of minute organisms of some kind, which operate during the process. Observers in other countries have more than once noticed the occurrence on the surface of the soil of minute alge, such as have already been referred to, and which, you will re- member, have been proved to have the power of fixing nitrogen from the air, though probably they effect this only in association with bacteria. Professor Lowrie informs me that he has a strong suspicion that in this country something similar occurs, from ap- pearances which he himself has frequently noticed on the soil. If that be so, the operation of fallowing becomes one of immense importance, and one to the proper carrying out of which great attention should be given. Clearly that involves a careful series of investigations as to the best time and the best manner of carrying it out. It is not known at present, certainly not in this country, under what conditions of moisture, temperature, and physical condition of the soil these organisms do their best work. It may be stated with confidence, therefore, that a series of careful systematic observations are necessary, involving extensive chemical and biological experiments, to decide upon the best method of fallowing, but at present no satisfactory provision is made for such work. I have dwelt at some length on the supply of nitrogen to plants because it is 2 question of more general scientific interest than others, such as the supply of phosphates, potash, &c. It must not be supposed, however, that everything is known about these other questions. You are aware that in recent years super- phosphate has been used in larger quantities in preference to other forms of calcium phosphate, such as bonedust, &c. In the manu- 166 facture of superphosphate the phosphoric acid is converted into a soluble form. Yet it does not by any means follow that it is absorbed by the plant in this form. In fact, it is recognised that in certain “sour” soils, deficient in lime, superphosphates may not only do no good, but may do harm. In ordinary soils con- taining a due proportion of ‘lime, the soluble superphosphate is readily and thoroughly distributed through the soil by rain, but that being so distributed it at once gets neutralised by the lime and converted again into a less soluble phosphate. Even though thus changed, however, into a less soluble form, it is more readily available for the plant than if administered as bonedust, because it has become so thoroughly distributed that all the fine root hairs get ready access to it. It may be also that, although in a less soluble form than the original superphosphate, it is yet in a | more soluble form than in bonedust; but that is a point not easy to decide. There are other questions about the use of phosphates, such as the conditions under which bonedust becomes the proper manure to use, upon which I have no time to dwell. As to the function of the phosphates, it has been pointed out by Professor Lowrie, in an address read before the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science at its last meeting, but not yet published, that they not only supply the phosphorus neccessary for the plant, but that they act indirectly in several important ways. They encourage the vigorous action of the soil ferments, they hasten maturity, and they enable cereals to build up tissues and develop grain with less transpiration of water. The im- portance of the latter effect in a country subject to droughts as this is, you will readily understand. It is well known that, acting upon these principles, Professor Lowrie has persistently advocated the use of superphosphates in this State, having him- self proved experimentally that a liberal application of this manure always leads, other things being equal, to a largely in- creased yield, and his persistence has been justified by the result, I understand that Sir John Quick has tabled a motion in the Federal Parliament in which it is proposed to establish a central institution such as that in Washington, in which systematic chemical, biological, and other investigations bearing on agri- culture can be effectively carried out. These are indications of a move in the right direction. It is absurd to expect that any one man can do efficiently all the things which the principal of the Agricultural College has been expected to do in this State. One man cannot be principal of the college, take part in the teaching, travel round the country giving lectures and addresses, manage the farm on economical lines, and at the same time carry on scientific experiments, that is to say, he cannot do all these things as they 167 ought to be done, and as he would like todo them, if he be a man with his heart in his work. Let us by all means have a fully-equipped Agricultural College (and I may say here that I deeply regret to hear that it is proposed to reduce the salary which has hitherto been offered to the principal of Roseworthy College), but in addition to that, we want a thoroughly trained scientific staff to deal with the problems which face the agriculturist. Such a staff is at present maintained by the New South Wales Government, and one only needs to glance through the pages of the New South Wales ‘“ Agricultural Gazette” to see what mag- nificent work is being done there. But the conditions as to -climate and soil which exist in New South Wales do not exist here, and if the resources of this State are to be developed to their utmost extent, we must have similar work done here. Can anyone doubt that had there been a trained scientific staff to report on the conditions which would be likely to prevail at Renmark many failures and the loss of much money, with its consequent distress, would have been prevented? Professor Lowrie in his report on the condition of things at Renmark is, as becomes a Scotchman, sutficiently cautious, but it is perfectly obvious that, although with the data at present at our disposal, all failures are not explained, yet a very large percentage of them were due partly to a deficiency of nitrogen and phosphates in the soil, and partly to the deleterious action of the alkaline residues left by the evaporation of the irrigation water upon the roots of the trees. Had a thorough examination been made boforehand the experiments would either never have been made or would have been made under totally different conditions as to drainage and the supply of manure to the soil. Besides the more purely chemical and biological questions to which I have given prominence, there are others of equal import- -ance which need attention. Entomology, the original pathology of plant diseases, the diseases of wine, the relation of birds to insect life, and rural engineering are all urgently claiming atten- tion. Some of you will remember a matter brought under the notice of the Society by Mr. Tepper a short time ago. He stated that in his boyhood galls were exceedingly scarce on our wattles and forest trees, whereas now it is a matter of difficulty to find a tree unaffected. He said, moreover, that he had found that parrots in captivity were exceedingly fond of these galls, pre- sumably for the insects they contain, and he drew the conclusion that the destruction and driving away of the parrots is respon- sible for the enormous increase of the galls. Possibly the evidence is not sufficient to establish the correctness of his -deduction, but at any rate the fact is beyond dispute that the wattles and forest trees are hecoming largely affected, and it is 168 not tao great a stretch of the imagination to suppose that at no- very distant date our wattle bark industry may be seriously affected by a stunted condition of the trees, due to. a large in- crease of galls. Whether Mr. Tepper’s explanation is the correct one or not, matters not for my purpose. I have used it as an illustration for the desirability, I might say the necessity, for careful observation of the habits of our native birds in relation to insect life. If we knew more about these we should be in a much better position to advise remedial measures for insect pests. with some hope of success. Before concluding I should lixe to draw your attention to another matter totally unconnected with agriculture, in which I take some personal interest, and which is also of great importance to the material prosperity of Australia. I refer to the fisheries. question. There can be no doubt that in many places fish are much scarcer than they used to be. Are there any remedies? I venture to say, yes. In the first place the habits of the various fish need to be carefully studied by trained observers, and that is the only way to obtain reliable information. Com- missions of untrained men, however qualified they may be in other respects, who travel from place to place, and examine a. few fishermen here and there, will never do any real good. In an article in the “Contemporary” for July of this year, under the name of Mathias Dunn, the writer refers to the enormous. numbers of eggs laid by a mature fish, and toa belief which exists in some minds that only a small proportion of these eggs are ever hatched out. He says that by actual observation in some cases, he has proved that the vast majority of the eggs do hatch out (and it is reasonable to suppose that this is true in other cases) but that enormous numbers are destroyed while in a young and helpless condition. He instances the case of the turbot, which lays from t-vo to twelve millions of eggs, according to the maturity of the parent. These fish leave the deep sea and spawn from three to five miles from the shore. The young fish make their way to the surface of the water to within about 100 yards of the shore, where they spend the first twelve months of their life. The mortality in passing over this narrow strip of sea is tremendous. They are attacked by birds from above and fish from below, and but a small proportion ever reach their destination. During a recent visit to Encounter Bay I was informed by the fishermen that a short time ago, when the barracoota were abundant on the coast, they had observed enormous numbers of minute fish (of what kind they did not know) near the surface of the water. They were being devoured in myriads both by gulls and barra- coota, the latter being full of them. Something, therefore, 169 similar to what is described by the author of the article re- ferred to seems to take place on our own coasts. Now, what is being done in America? Chad on the Pacific coast and cod on the Atlantic coasts are being hatched out in places in which the young fish are specially protected from destruction, and in which they are kept till able to look after themselves. Then they are turned out into the ocean. The result is an enormous increase of these fish in the places named, an im- mense supply of chad having become available, and a profitable cod fishery having been established in places where cod have never previously been found within the memory of man. The author also draws attention tothe necessity for preserving estuaries of all kinds as natural spawning places, and for pro- tecting the fish in such localities from indiscriminate destruc- tion by nets, It has already been found necessary in some places in this State to place restrictions on net-fishing, and I am convinced that such restrictions should be extended to all places, such as, for instance, the Port River, which may be regarded as natural spawning places, and as suitable for the growth and protection of young. fish. Necessarily such measures would cause temporary hardship .to some fishermen, but that can scarcely be considered a serious objection in view of the serious issues involved. It is obvious that one might include in an address such as this subjects of equal if not greater importance than those which I have briefly alluded to, such as, for example, the diseases of stock, and, in fact, the whole range of sanitary science ; but I think I have said enough to indicate the value of scientific enquiry as a means of advancing the material wealth of the country. Its importance, in my opinion, can scarcely be over-estimated. I am not pleading here, be it understood, for the pursuit of science for science sake, though it could be shown by many examples that such a pursuit has led over and over again to results of inestimable value; I am pleading for scientific investigation which will inevitably yield almost immediately results of great practical value, and the sooner its importance is recognised the better will it be for South Australia. 170 DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY For the Year 1900-1901. TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, AND REPORTS. Presented by the respective Editors, Societies, and Governments. AUSTRIA AND GERMANY. Berlin.—- Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde, Band XXXV, Nos. 1 to 6 inclusive; Band XXXVI, No. 1. ——— — Verhandlungen ditto, Band XXVII., Nos. 5 to 10 inclusive; Band XX VIII, Nos. | to 3 inclusive. Sitzungsberichte der K. Preussischen. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Nos. 39 to 53, 1900; Nos. ¥ to 38, 1901. ——_——-— Abhand. der Konig. Preuss. Meterologischen Instituts, Ergeb. der Beobacht. an der Stationem, 2 and 3 ordnung im Jahres (1899 und 1900). Heft 1, Ergeb. der Gewirtter Beobachtungen im jahre 1897. Bericht uber die Thatigkeil im jahre 1898; Ergeb. der Niederschlags Beobacht., heft 3, 1895. —__———-~- Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, 32nd Annual Report, heft 5 and 6 (1900) ; 33rd ditto., heft 1 and 2 (1901). —_—_———— Zoologischen Sammlung der Museums fiir Naturkunde. “Mitteilungen, Band I, heft 1. Giessen—Oberhessischen Gesellschaft fiir Natur.- und Heilkunde Bericht 30th and 32nd. Goéttingen—Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissen- schaften u. d. Georg.-August. Universitat. Math.- Phys. Klasse, heft 2, 3, 4 (1900) ; heft 1 (1901). ——_—— Geschaftliche Mittheilungen, heft 2 (1900); heft 1 (1901). Kiel—Schriften e Natur. Wissenschaftlichen Vereins fur Schleswig. Holstein, band IX, heft 2 Munich—Sitzungber. der Math. Phys | Classe der K. B. Akad. der Wissenschaften der Miinchen, heft 1, 2, and 3 (1900). Bonn—Anuthropologische Studien, by Herman Schaafhansen. Munich—Abhandlungen der Math.-Phys., classe Band XX., he 2, 1900; Band XXT., heft 1. 171 Munich—Riickblick auf die Griindung und die Entwickelung, &c. Internationalen Erdmessung. Inhaltsverzeichniss Jahrgang, 1886-1899. Nurnberg—Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft, Abhandlungen, Band. eS 1897; Vienna—Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichanstalt,. No. 4, 189%; Nos..14 and 15, 1898 ;.Nos. 1, 2,11, 12, 1900 ; Nos. 2 to 6 inclusive, 9 and 10, 1901. Verhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch - Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Jahrgang, 1900. Annalen der K. K. Naturhist. Hofmuseums, Band XIV., Nos. 1 to 4; Band XV., Nos. 1, 2. Wiurzburg—Sitzungsberichte der Physik.-Medicin. Gesellschaft, Nos. 1 to 8, 1898; Nos. 1 to 5, 1900. AUSTRALIA AND NEw ZEALAND. Adelaide—Public Library, &c., Annual Report, 1899-1900. Auckland—The Auckland Institute Annual Report, 1900-1901. Brisbane—Royal Society of Queensland, Proceedings, Vol. XVI. ——-—— Geological Survey, Queensland ; Bulletin, No. 12. Queensland Flora, part III. — Caprifoliacee to. Gentianec. Intercolonial Medical Congress of Australasia, Trans- actions of the Fifth Session at Brisbane, Sep- tember, 1899. Melbourne—Victorian Naturalist Journal and Magazine, vol. REV Ero. 2°; “vol ex Ww LL tNossi and 9 >: vol. MOVIE Nosx3 4. 5: ———-~—— Royal Society of Victoria, Proceedings, vol. XITI., part 2; vol. XIV., part 1 (new series). ——-—_-—— Royal Geographical Soc. of Australasia (Victorian Branch), vol. XVIII., part 2 (1900); vol. XIX. (1901). —_--——— Department of Agriculture, Annual Report, 1899 ; first steps in Ampelography, by M. Mazade ; Hand-Book of Destructive Insects of Victoria, parts 1,2; and) 3, by C.. French, “:18.; #.R.H.S., Govt. Entomologist, Vic. ———-—— Transactions of the Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers, vol. VIT. ———-——— Departments of Mines and Water, Annual Report of Secretary for 1898 and 1900; special report of Little Bendigo or Nerrena Goldfields. ———\—— Pub. Library, Museum, and Nat. Gallery. The Insectivorous Birds of Victoria, by Robt. Hall. 172 Melbourne—Patents and Patentees, vol. XVI. and index for 1881. Geological Society of Australasia, Notes on the Occurrence of Native Copper at Mount Lyall, West Coast of Tasmania. —— The Emu, a Quarterly Magazine, vol. I., part 1. Perth—-Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 4. Department of Mines, Annual Report, 1900 ; Mining Statistics, 1900. Sydney—Australian Museum, Records, vol. IV., Nos. 1, 3, 4. Memoirs, IV. ‘Trawling Expedition H.M.CS. “ Thetis.” ———- Nests and Eggs of Birds Breeding in Australia and Tasmania, part 1, pp. 1 to 36, plates. ——— Department of Agriculture—Miscellaneous Publications, No. 477; Agricultural Gazette, vol. XI., parts 11 and 12, vol. XII., parts 1 to 3 and 5 to 10. —_—— Linnzan Society, Proceedings, vol. XXV., parts 3 and 4, Nos. 99, 100; vol. XXVI., part 1, No. 101. ——-— Department of Mines and Agriculture —Annual Mining Report, 1899, N.S. Wales; Records Geological Survey of N.S. Wales, vol. VII. part 1; The Mineral Resources of N.S. Wales; The Mineral Resources of New South Wales, No. 7, Mercury ; Tron Ore Deposits, Geology No. 2. —__-— Royal Society of N.S. Wales, Journal and Proceedings, vol. XXXIV., 1900. Public Works Department—Report on Public Abattoirs. Wellington, N.Z.—New Zealand Institute, Transactions and Proceedings, vol. XX XIJ., 1899. ——__—_—__— BELGIUM. Brussels—Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belge, tome 44 (1900). Musée Royal D’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Les Dauphins longirostres du Bolderien des Enoirons D’ Anvers. CANADA. Montreal—Canadian Record of Science, vol. VIII., Nos. 3 and 5. FRANCE. Caen—Bulletin de la Société Linnéene de Normandie, 5th serie, 3rd vol.; Bulletin 1899. Havre—Société Geologique de Normandie, Bulletin, tome XIIL.; Années 1887-9. Nantes—Bulletin de la Société Sciences Naturelles de L’ouest de la France, tome X., Nos. 1, 2, 3. —— 173 Paris—La Feuilles des Jeunes Naturalistes, Bulletin, Nos. 360 362 ; 364-371. — NSociété Entomologique. Bulletin, Nos. 15-21 (1900) ; ditto., Nos. 1-12 (1901). —— Annales, Poin LX VIII, Nos. 1, 2; 3,,4; année (1899). GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Cambridge—Cambridge Philosophical Society, List of Fellows, &e., Jan., 1901, Contents and Index, vol. x Proceedings, vol. XI. , parts 1, 2, 3. Dublin—Royal Irish Academy, Proceedines vale Vi part 2 (third series); vol. VII. Irish Topographical Botany and Transactions, vol. XX XI., parts 8, 9, 10, and 11. The Observatory, Dunsink, Astronomical Observations and Researches (ninth part). London—Royal Microscopical Society Journal, parts 4, 5, 6, 1900, and parts 1, 2. 3, 4, 1901. ————— Royal Society, vol. LX VII. and LXVIII., Nos. 435 to 450. Reports to the Malarial Committee, 1900 and (fourth and fifth series) 1901. ———— linnean Society, Proceedings, 11lth and 112th sessions. Kew Royal Gardens, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Infor formation. ———-—— Entomological Society ,of London, Transactions, &c., for 1900. ———— British Museum, Catalogue Lepidoptere, Phalene vols. L., I1., and plates. Hand List of Birds, vol. IT. Leeds—Journal of Conchology, vol. X., Nos. 3, 4. Liverpool—Geographical Society of Liverpool, Transactions and Ninth Annual Report, 1900. Manchester—Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Memoirs and Proceedings, vol. XLIV., part 5, 1899-1900; vol. XLV., parts 1, 3, and 4. — Field Naturalists’ and Archwologists’ Society, Report and Proceedings for 1900. —_——— Geological Society Transactions, vol. XX VI., parts 17 and 18, with Contents aad Index. Transactions, vol. XX VIT., parts 1 to 7. Truro—Royal Institution of Cornwall, Journal, vol. XIV., part Pipa te OD HoLLAND. Amsterdam—Natuur Kundig Tijdshrift voor Netherlansch, Indie Deel LX. 174 INDIA. Calcutta—Indian Museum—Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea, part 1, Brachyura, Fasc. 1 ; Description do., do. Deep-sea do. Decapoda Macrura and Anomala in the Indian Museum. Madras—-Madras Government Museum—Vol. III., No. 3; vol. IV., No. 1; Anthropology, Catalogue of the Pre- historic Antiquities, 1901. ITALY. Florence—Societa Entomologica Italiana, Bulletino Trimestre I., Li cae: Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, vol. pai F Milan—Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, &c., vol. XXXIX., Fasc. 2 to 4, Fogli 6 to 20; Vol, Xi Fasc. 1, 2, 3, Fogli 7 to 18. — Memoirie, vol. VI, Fasc. 3. Pisa-—Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, vol. XII., adunanze di 25th Nov., 1900, e 27 gen., 1901. JAPAN. Kyoto—Imperial University, Calendar, 1900-1. Tokio—Asiatic Society, Teansactions, vol. XX VITI. Sesmological Society, Publications of Earthquake Inves- tigation ; Committee in Foreign Languages, Nos. 3 to 6 inclusive ; College of Sciences, Imperial University, Journal, vol. XV., parts 1 and 2. Mexico. Mexico—Sociedad Scientifica, tomos XIV., nums 3 to 12 tomo XV., nums | to 6. Instituto Geologico, Bolletin nums 14, primera parte. Norway AND SWEDEN. Bergens—Bergens Museums. Aarsberetning for 1891 and 1900 ; Aarbog. 1900, 2 det. hefte. Christiana —Norwegischen Meteor. Instituts Jahrbuch, 1898-9. Stockholm—Geologiska F6reningens. Forhandlingar, band XXII., hafte 5 and 6. ___-_ _ Entomologisk Tidskrift, arg 21, heft 1 to 4 (1900). — Kongl. Vitterhets Hist. Antiquitits Akad, Manads- blad Tjugofeurte Argangen, 1896. Stavanger—Aarsbereretnung for 1899; Aarshefte for 1900, llte Aargang. Trondhjem—Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1898-9. 175 Russia. Kiew—Société des Naturalists, Memoires, tome X VI., Livraison 2. Moscow—NSociété Imperiale des Naturalistes, Bulletin No. 4 (1899) ; ditto. Nos. 3 and 4 (1900). St. Petersburg—Société ae Mineralogique. Verhand- lungen 2 series, 38 vol. (1900). ease Geologique, Bulletins, vol. X VITI, Nos. 7; ditto. XTX.; Nos. 1-6. - sae ia vol. VIL, Nos. 3-4 et dernier; ditto. Di a No. 3. 6A oe ot eA cadémic Impériale des Sciences. Memoires Classe Phys.-Math., vol. VIII., No. 6-10; ditto, EXE No; 1-9. dittones. No; 1-9) et dernier. Hist.-Phil., vol. [JI., No.6; ditto. IV., No. 1-8. Bulletin, vol. X., No. 5; ditto XI., No. 1-5; ditto. XIT., No. 1-5; ditto. XIT., No. 1-2 SANDWICH ISLANDS. Honolulu—The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Nat. Hist. and Polynesian Ethnology. —__—__—1—¥ Birds of the Hawaiian Group. SWITZERLAND. Lausanne—Societé Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, Bulletin, vol. XX XVI., Nos. 137-139.; ditto. vol. XX XVIT., No. 140. SouTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA. Montevideo—Museo Nacional, Anales, tomo II., Fasc. XVI; do. IIT., Fase. XIV., Entrega XX; do. IV, Ent. XIX. Mexico—TInstituto Geoldégico. Bolétin num. 14, Prim. Parte. SoutH AFRICA. Cape Town—South African Philosophical Society Transactions, List of Contents, vols. I. to X.; vol. XT., parts 2 and 3; vol. XII., pp. 1 to 563. vol. II., parts 3 to 8 Unitep States oF AMERICA. Baltimore—John Hopkins’ University—Studies Hist. - Polit. Science, Series X VITTI., Nos. 5 to 12; Series XTX., Nos. 1 to 5. Circulars, vols. XIX. and XX., Nos. 144 to 149 and 152, 153. 176 — American Chemical Journal, vol. X XIII., Nos. 4 to 6; vol. XXTIV., Nos. 1 to 6; vol. XXV.,: Nos. 1 to 5, Boston—Boston Society of Natural History, Proceedings, vol. XXTX., No. 14, pp. 273 to 322. ___.__—-American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Proceedings, vol. XX XV., Nos. 23 to 27, 1900; vol. XXXVI, Nos. 1 to 28, 1901. Cambridge— Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Bulletin; vol. XXXV., No. 2; do, Xx Vase Nos. 1 to 8; do. XXX V4II., Nos: 1, 2i5aRuges XXXVIII. (Geol. Series), Nos. 1, 2, 3, and Grand Cajion of Colorado. Annual Report Assistant in Charge of Museum of Comparative Zoology. Annual Report of Curator of Museuni. Second Report of Wm. C. Lane, Librarian Har- vard College. Cincinnati—Cincinnati Society of Nat. Hist., Journal, vol. XIX., Nos. 7 and 8. Chicago——Field Columbian Museum—Botanical Series, publica- tion 48, vol. I No. 6: do. 50, vol. II., No. 2; Index to vol. I., Nos. 1 to 17; Zoological Series, publica- tion 45, vol. II.; do. 47, vol. III., parts 2 and 3; Anthropological Series, publication 51, vol. II., No. 4; Geological Series, publication 53, vol. I., No. 8, Report Series, publication 52, vol. I., No. 6. —___— Academy of Science—The Mollusca of the Chicago Area: The Pelecypoda. Granville—Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, Bulle- tin, vol. XI., art. 10, pp. 240 to 264. Lawrence—Kansas University, Quarterly, vol. I., No. 2; Bulle- tin, vol I., Nos. 3 and 4. Milwauki—Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Society, Bulletin, vol. I. (new series), Nos. 3 and 4. New York—-New York Academy of Sciences, Annals, vol. XIII., parts 2 and 3. Public Library (Astor, Lennox, and Tilden Founda- tion), Bulletin, vol. IV., Nos. 10, 11, and 12; do., vol. V., Nos. 1 and 6 to 9. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, vol. I., Nowa: Philadelphia— Academy of Nat. Sciences, Proceedings, parts 2 and 3, 1900; vol. LIII., part 1, 1901. _____-_—_ Zoological Society, 28th Annual Report. "American Philosophical Society, Proceedings, Memorial vol., No. 1; do., vol. XXXIX., No. 162; Report of Brinton Memorial Meeting. 177 San Francisco—Californian Academy of Sciences, Zoology (3rd series), vol. IJ., Nos. 1 to 5; Geology (3rd series), vol. I., Nos. 7 to9; Math. Phys. (3rd series), vol. I., Nos. 5 to7 ; Botany, vol. I, No 10; ditto. 3rd series. vol. IJ., Nos. 1 to2; Occasional Papers, VII. St. Louis—Academy of Science, vol. 1X., Nos. 1 to 12; ditto. X., Nos. 1 to 8. Urbana —Ilhinots State Laboratory of Nat. Hist. Bulletin, vol. V., arts. XI. and XIT. Washington—Twentieth Annual Report, parts 2 to 5 and 7; Mono- graphs XX XIX. and XL., Bulletin of the U.S. G. Survey, Nos 163 to 176, Map of Alaska ; Preliminary Report on the Cape Nome Gold Region, Alaska. ——— Geologic Atlas of the United States, folios 38 to fle —____—--_ - 183 Topographic and Land Classification Sheets. —____--__-— Department of Agriculture, North American Fauna, Nos. 16, 18, and 19. Yearbook of U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1900 ; Bulletin, No. 14 (Biol.). Smithsonian Institution—Annual Report Board Regents year ending 30th June, 1898. Seven- teenth Annual Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, 1895-6, parts 1 and 2; 18th do., 1896-7, part 1. Bulletin of the U.S. Nat. Hist. Museum, No. 47. Washington Academy of Science, Proceedings, vol. 1.,.pp..1,t0,14;.do. IL, pp. 247, to: 676% do. III., pp. 1 to 370. —___—_-— U.S.A. Board of Geographic Names, second report, second edition. Worcester—South Africa: Causes of the War. LIST OF FELLOWS, MEMBERS, &c. NoveEMBER, 1901. Those marked (F) were present at the first meeting when the Society was: founded. Those marked (L) are Life Fellows. Those marked with an asterisk have contributed papers published in the Society’s Transactions. : Any changes in the addresses should be notified to the Secretary. Date of Election. 1893. 1897. 1888. 1876. 1899. 1893. 1855. 1892. 1899. 1876. 1894. 1881. 1887. 1880. 1893. 1886. 1883. 1893. 1874. 1895. 1893. 1887. 1886. 1883. 1882. 1899. 1898. HONORARY FELLOWS. *Cossman, M., Rue de Maubeuge, 95, Paris. *Davip, T. W. Epcreworth, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Prof. of Geology,. Sydney University. *DENNANT, JOHN, F.G.S., F.C.S., Inspector of Schools, Camberwell, Victoria. Euiery, R. L. J., F-R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer, The Observatory, Melbourne, Victoria. *ETHERIDGE, ROBERT, Director of the Australian Museum of New South Wales, Sydney. Grecorio, MARQuIS DE, Palermo, Sicily. Hutu, H. M., Hobart, Tasmania. *MatveEN, J. H., F.L.S., F.C.8., Director Botanic Gardens, Sydney, N.S. Wales. *Meyrick, E. T., B.A., Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wiltshire, England.. Russewu, H. C., B.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer, Sydney, N.S. Wales. *Wison, J. T., M.D., Prof. of Anatomy, Sydney University. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. BaiLey, F.M., F.L-S., Colonial Botanist, Brisbane, Queensland. *Croup, T. C., F.C.S., Manager Wallaroo Smelting Works, South Australia. *ForLscHE, Pau, Inspector of Police, Palmerston, Northern Terrt- tory, Australia- *McKinuop, Rev. Davip, Daley River Mission, N.T., Australia. Nicouay, Rev. C. G., Fremantle, Western Australia. *QrIRLING, Jas., Government Geologist, Victoria. *Srretton, W. G., Palmerston, N.T., Australia. FELLOWS. Anaas, J. H., Adelaide, S.A. *Asupy, Epwin, Adelaide, S.A. *BEDNALL, W. T., Adelaide, S.A. *BLACKBURN, Rev. THomas, B.A., Woodville, S.A. *Bracc, W. H., M.A., Professor of Mathematics University of Adelaide. *Brown, H. Y. L., F.G.S., Government Geologist, S.A. Browne, L. G., Adelaide, S.A. Browne, T. L., Adelaide, S.A. *BrowneE, J, Harris, North Adelaide. 18953. 1879. F895. 1876. 1895. 1887. 1896. 1893. 1890. 1899. 1886. 1882. 1889. 1880. 1887. 1896. 1896. 1899. 189}. 1883. 1901. 1893. 1900. 1853. 1899. 1899. 1884. 1856. 1897. 1888. 1874. 1888. 1897. 1884. 1859. 1896. 1883. 1886. 1892. 1885. 1869. 1891. 1893. 1857. 1900. 1871. 179 Brum™irr, ROBERT, M.R.C.S., Gilberton. *OLELAND, W. L., M. B., Ch. M., J.P., Colonial Surgeon, Resident Medical Officer Parkside Lunatic Asylum, Leeturer in Materia Medica ‘University of Adelaide, Parkside, S.A. CLELAND, JOHN B., M.B., Ch.B , Pathologist Prince Alfred’s Hos- pital, Sydney, N.S. W. (L) Cooke, E., Commissioner of Audit, Adelaide, S.A. CooKE, JOHN H., Adelaide, S.A. *Drxon, SAMUEL, "Adelaide, S.A. Druaimonn, J. H. G., M.D., Pangarinda, Semaphore. Dupiry, UrtaH, White Rock 8.M., Drake, N.S.W. *Kasr, J. J., F.G.S., 3, Parade, Norwood. FERGusSON, ANDREW, Agricultural School, Adelaide. FLEMING, DAvip, Adelaide, S.A. Fow er, WiLurAM, Melton, Yorke Peninsula, S.A. FRASER, J. C., Adelaide, S.A. *GoypER, GroRGE, F.C.8., Government Analyst, South Australia. Grassy, W. C., F.L.S., Adelaide, S.A. GREENWAY, Tuomas J., East Adelaide. Hawker, E. W., F.G.S., Adelaide. *Hiccrn, A. J., Assistant Lecturer Chemistry, University, Adelaide. *HoitzE, Maurice, F.L.S., Director Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, S.A. *HowcHin, WaLTER, F.G.S., Lecturer on Geology, The University, Adelaide. Hasuam, J. A., B.Sc., Registrar of the Sehool of Mines and Indus- tries, Adelaide. James, THomas, M.R.C.S., Moonta, S.A. JoHNcocK, CuHas. F., Wilmington, S.A. (r) Kay, Ropert, General Director and Secretary South Australian Public Library, Museum, &c., Adelaide, South Australia. KLEEMAN, RICHARD, University, Adelaide, S.A. *Kocu, Max, Port Pirie, S.A. Lenpon, A. A., M.D., Lond., M.R.C.8., Lecturer on Forensic Medicine and on Chemical Medicine, University of Adelaide ; Honorary Physician Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, S.A. Luioyp, J. 8., Adelaide, S.A. *LeEA, A. M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania. *Lower, O. B., F.Ent.S. Lond., Broken Hill, N.S. Wales. Mayo, Grorce G., C.E., Adelaide, S.A. Mo.uinevx, A., F.L.S., Secretary Agricultural Bureau, Adelaide, S.A. *Moraan, A. M., M.B., Ch.B., Adelaide, S.A. Monton, H. S., Adelaide, S.A. (L) Murray, Hon. Davin, Adelaide, S.A. *PARKER, THOMAS, C.E., Rockhampton, Queensland. Puituirrs, W. H., Adelaide, S.A. Poor, W. B., Adelaide, S.A. *PRIESTLBY, P. H., Parkside, S.A. *RENNIE, EpwarpD H., M.A., D.Sc., London, F.C.S8., Professor of Chemistry University of Adelaide, S.A. *Rutt, WATER, Chief Assistant Engineer, Adelaide, S.A. SELway, W. H., Adelaide, S.A. Simson, Aueustus, Launceston, Tasmania. SMEATON, THomas D., Blakiston, Littlehampton, S.A. SMEATON, STrRLinG, B.A., C.E., Adelaide, S.A. SMITH, Rosertr Barr, Adelaide, S.A. 1901. 1901. 180 . *Strruinc, Epwarp C., C.M.G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.S., Professor of Physiology University of Adelaide, Honorary: Director South Australian Museum, Adelaide, S. A. 5. *Tepper, J. G. O., F.L.S., Entomologist South Australian Museum, dele. S.A. 7. *Torr, W. G., LL.D., M.A., B.C.U., Way College, Adelaide, S.A. . *TURNER, A. JEFFERIS, M. ny Brisbane, Queensland. VARDON, Hon. JosEPH, M.L.C., JsE5 Adelaide, S.A. “Virco, JOSEPH C., M. Des B. B.C.8., Lecturer on the Principles and Practice of Medicine and Therapeutics Ugiversity of Adelaide, S.A. Watnwarient, KF. H., B.Sc. Lond., St. Peter’s College, S.A. Wares, W. L., J.P., Adelaide, S.A. Way, Rr. Hon. Sie SAMUEL, Bart., D.C.L., Chief Justice and Lieutenant-Governor of South Australia, Adelaide, S.A. . *Z1eTz, A. C., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Assistant-Director South Australian Museum, Adelaide, S.A. ASSOCIATES. *BasEDOW, HERBERT, University, Adelaide, S.A. Coniison, Epitn, B.Sc., Adelaide, S.A. 181 A PAREN Dee S.. FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION OF THE oval Society of South Australia. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE, For THE YEAR ENDING 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1901. EKwening Meetings.—Hight evening meetings have been held, at which the following papers, &c., have been read by the under- mentioned authors :— 1900. Oct. 16—‘ Colour in the. Lower Animals,” J. Aitken. ‘ Notes on the Method of Fertilization of various Flowers,” |. -T.,D. Smeaton. Nov. 20—*“ Practical Demonstration in Rock Sectioning,” E. J. Bradley. | 1901. April 16—‘ Notes on a Northern Trip,” 8. Smeaton, B.A. ; May 21—“‘ Observations on the Boys’ Field Club Easter Excur- sion at Normanville,” R. J. Clucas. June 18—‘‘ Botanical Notes” (Teratology—Weather Forecasts by Plants—Diseases in Plants), T. D. Smeaton. July 23—‘ The Roots of Plants—their Arrangement, Structure, and Function,” E. Ashby. Aug. 20—‘“ Natural History Features of Lorne (Victoria),” W. H. Selway. ‘Insects and Entomology,” J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S. Sept. 17—-Chairman’s Address (Annual Meeting), ‘The Flowers of Plants,” S. Smeaton, B.A. The attendance at these meetings, while not quite equal to that of last session, has been well up to the average of recent years. The course of papers on “Structural Botany,” commenced last session, has been continued this year, when the roots and the flower have been dealt with. Besides botany, other widely 182 differing topics have been brought before themembers, such as colour in the lower animals, conchology, entomology, and rock sectioning. The exhibits at these meetings have, as usual, been varied and interesting—birds, shells, plants, and insects forming the greater proportion. Amongst the exhibits may be mentioned the rare shell, Acanthochites Matthews, from Marino, and the local one, Adamsia Adelaide, from North Arm; the scale insect, which produces the manna found on Eucalypts; birds and plants from _Nackara, not to be found near Adelaide; and beetles from various parts of the world. At one meeting it was mentioned that. practical observations showed that the garden flowers, Kennedya nigricans and Clianthus puniceus were probably fer- tilised by the agency of birds. Excursions.—Twelve excursions have been held during the year, of which the following is a list :— 1900. Locality. Oct. 13—River Sturt, from Blackwood to Darlington. Oct. 27--Aldgate. Nov. 12 (whole day)— Highercombe. Nov. 24—Upper Sturt. Dec. 8—National Park (Long Gully). 1901. Apr. 27—North Arm (by land, via Torrens Road), May 25—-(Henley Beach fixed, but hot held, owing to wet weather). June 22—Henley Beach. July 20—Black Hill. Aug.17—Paradise and Hope Valley Reservoir. Sept. 2 (whole day)—Barossa Waterworks. Sept. 14—Montacute. Sept. 28— Bridgewater. The foregoing list includes two whole-day excursions, and embraces some fresh localities. The longest trips were those to the country between Highercombe and the River Torrens (near its Junction with Kangaroo Creek), and the Barossa Waterworks, both places being visited for the first time by the section. The walk down the River Sturt between Blackwood and Darlington took in some of the scene of Mr. W. Howchin’s recent investigations in regard to the interesting Cambrian Glacial Age discoveries. In this connection it may be mentioned that in the Section’s Reports for 1893-4 it is recorded that rock formation noticed at an excursion to the River Sturt on May 12th, 1894, were ascribed by Mr. J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., to the Pre-Cam- brian age, and special reference to the specimens then collected was made at the next evening meeting—-Masy 15th, 1894. 183 Not many plants prievously unrecorded by the Section have been found during the year’s excursions, but Adriana quadri- partita, from River Sturt, and Lriostemon difformis, from Barossa, have not hitherto been included in the reports. An example of double flowers of Hpacris impressa (a rare occurrence) was recorded from near Aldgate. The section was indebted to Mr. H. J. Armitage, of Houghton; Mr. W. Goodwin, of Higher- combe; Mr. O. E. Menzel and friends, of Aldgate; Mr. C. Curnow, of Montacute; and to Messrs. O. H. Rogers and R. ‘Caldwell, of the Barossa Waterworks staff, for assistance in con- nection with excursions; whilst the members were again placed under obligation to Sir Josiah and Lady Symon for their hos- pitality in entertaining the party at Upper Sturt. One excursion only had to be abandoned on account of inclement weather, although on other occasions rain somewhat interfered with the success of the outings. With these exceptions, the attendance has been well maintained. The usual dredging trip was omitted this year, but it is intended to arrange one early in the forth- coming summer. Native Fauna and Flora Protection.—A separate report from this Committee shows that during the year under review the Birds Protection Act was passed by Parliament. Library.—The Library started last year in connection with the Section has had several additions made to it this session through the kindness of members and friends. Financiai.—The receipts from subscriptions have again con- siderably exceeded the disbursements, but there has been no unusual outlay to make demands upon the funds. The subscrip- tions, which have been handed to the Royal Society, total £15, while the payments amount to £9 8s. 6d. The Royal Society’s grant for the year is £10. Membership.—Fresh accessions to the roll of membership have been made during the year, but your Committee would be pleased to see a greater number availing themselves of the privi- Jeges offered by the Section. The number now on the roll is 83. S. Smeaton, Chairman. W. 4H. Setwav, Hon. Sec. Adelaide, 16th September, 1901. 184 THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIVE FAUNA AND FLORA PROTECTION COMMITTEE OF THE FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA, PRESENTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SECTION ON l7tH SEPTEMBER, 1901. Though it has not been thought necessary to call the Commit- tee together, the efforts of individual members during the past year have not been altogether unsuccessful in furthering the objects for which it was formed The Birds Protection Bill has been passed with some of the amendments suggested by us, others being unfortunately rejected. Our great object has, however, been attained in getting a number of species of birds protected during the whole year. The Com- missioner of Crown Lands has issued placards containing lists of the birds which may not at any time be killed, of those protected during different periods of the year, and of those not protected ; and we have been assured that steps will be taken by the authorities to enforce the observance of the provisions of the Act. Recently a motion was tabled in Parliament for the purpose of transferring seagulls from the protected to the unprotected list, and being unsuccessful in his efforts to see the mover, steps were taken by the Secretary to call the attention of members of the Assembly to the facts of the case. Letters from several persons combating the proposal were published in the Register, the result being that the member who was taking action asked that the motion should be read and discharged. | Attempts on the part of farmers to obtain perpetual leases of forest lands at Wirrabara have again taken place in the past year, and the Secretary has written several letters to the Register, which he has reason to believe have in some degree helped to prevent the granting of such leases, with the consequent destruc: tion of the portions of the forests proposed to be leased. With great regret we have to record the death of one of our members, Mr. Charles White, who for several years has taken great interest in the work, of the Committee, more especially in that relating to the protection of birds. Samue.L Dixon, Chairman. M. Symonps Criark, Hon. Secretary. Adelaide, 16th September, 1901. ‘damsvary, pues Areqasoag ‘uo ‘AVMATAS “H 'M G 1 O&F It g 9) ga 4 ook “ prey ur soueyeg = ,, OO ole ie a ee Ayawog [ekoy OF aaao pred ‘vaguoo aed sv ‘suomdriosqny ,, a8 6 ¢ Ol Ua a4 ns ve seltpung ,, (A OF ol Lari Sa ale aouRpuaIIV ,, 0 91 & ‘ " ee SOdvISOg ,, Soe te lam A tk sanutg Sg 89 F "SENANASY ASIC ‘VITVULSAV HLAOS AO ALHIOOS 1VAOY HHL AO NOLLOWUS SLSVIVYOLVN “LO6L-O06T BIA LO0 LILI OOO OOO OOOrn™ ‘TO6T ‘taquieqdag yay ‘eprepapy a ee TS a gO, a hg ea Se? SOUP OV | TTHSSOG OM CE ‘q0a1I09 PUNO} pus pajyIpny Cc 0 vO Q O Gc. el 0) eet Gc Pl O&F Aqyatog yeAoy uloay ueI4) ,, hee pee ene suotydriosqny ,, paueMIoy FYSNOAG aouR[rE OF, "SLA TMOUY, MVAA AHL YOU SLNAWASHOUSI(, GNV S&d1do8 3] QT4 Tel 186 GENERAL INDEX. [Generic and specific names, printed in italics, are described as new. | Acalles rubetra, 31. Acanthochites granulosus, 139 ; rostratus, 140. Acanthochiton, 144. Acompsia epileuca, 94 Adelotopus bimaculatus, 113; creberrimus, 19; micans, 18; Tasmani, 18. Agriculture and Science, 157. Amelora heteropa, 64 ; platydesma, 69. Ancita didyma, 35; dispar, 34. Annual Meeting, 152. Annual Report, 154. Anodontonyx languida, 21; nigrolineata, 21. Antiporus collaris, 124. Aragonite, stalagmitic in old mine, 151. Ashby, Edwin, Birds collected in Western Australia, 132. Ashby, Edwin, and Torr, W. G., Eocene Polyplacophora of Victoria, 136. Asthalistis euchroa, 80. Angomela splendens, 131. Bactrolopha orthodesma, 79. Balance-sheet, 156. Basedow, Herbert, Miocene limestone at Edithburgh, 145. Bembidium Aobarti, 123; Wattsense, 123; Mastersi--see Cillenum; secalioides—see Trechodes ; victoriensis—see Tachys. Birds of Western Australia, 132, Blackburn, Rev. T., Further Notes on Aus- tralian Coleoptera, XXVIII., 15; XXIX., 99. Bursoptera wylistis, 77. . Cacephatus sericeus, 31. Cresyra miliozona, 93. Cambrian Glacial beds, 10, 45. Capua leptospila, 74; panxcantha, 75; penta- zona, 7d. Chalcopterus cribratus, 25. . Chewings, Dr. Chas., Glacial beds of Cambrian Age in the Far North of §. Australia, 43. -Chiton fossicius, 140; paucipustulosus, 141; species, 142, 143. Chlamydopsis comata, 129. Chlenias heteromorpha, 65. Cicindela Jungi, 15. Cillenum Mastersi, 122. -Clivina eyrensis, 113. Coleoptera, Australia, new species, 15, 99 Compsotrophia selenias, 92. Corals, Australian Tertiary, 48. Corrhenes pauwilla, 43. ~Council, election of, 152. Cryupsynarthra chrysias, 85. Cryptophaga hyalinopa, 82; panieuca, 83. Oryptorrhynchus infulatus, 30; solidus, 30. Cyuclogona orthoptila, 87. - Cymindis longicollis—see Xanthophiea. Demetrias rufescens--see Xanthophea. Dennant, J., New Species of Australian Ter- tiary Corals, 48. : Diabaticus australis, 17; collaris, 111; minor, 17; pauper, 111; tumidiceps, 17. Diaphonia seminigra, 22. Diaphoromerus victoriensis —- see Lecano- mecus. Dichelopa dichroa, 76. Dineutes australis, 128 ; Gouldi, 127; rufipes, 128. Dorycnopa acroxantha, 78. Duffield, Geoffrey, Geology of Encounter Bay, &e., 152, Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, 155, Dyscharachthis brevipennis, 131. Eclipsiodes crupserythra, 67. Ectroma elegans, 107; fasciata, 108 ; Jragile, 110; grave, 108; inquinata, 107; species, 105. Edithburgh, Miocene Limestone at, 145. Elasmocerus picticollis, 25. Emmiltis cosmadelpha, 66, Encounter Bay, Geology of, 152. Epidesmia ophiosema, 64, Eromene ocellea, 68. Ethadomorpha clauda, 30. Euchloris fetraspila, 66. Eucryptogona trichobathra, 98, Euthyphasis funerea, 26, Fellows, List of, 178, Field Naturalists’ Section, 181. Gigadema dux, 100; longicolle, 101; longius, 101; rugaticolle, 16. Glacial beds of Cambrian Age, 10, 45, Glacial erratics in Hindmarsh Valley, 152, Gnathaphanus Darwini, 20 } Gomphoscopa catoryctopsis, 86. Goyder, G. A,, A South Australian Meteorite, 14 Guestia actinipha, 95 ; peladelpha. 95. Gyrinus obliquatus, 127. Haplaner insulicola, 114 ; velox, 114. Harpalus promtus, J13. Heterobathra bimacula, 90; semnostola, 90; ciphosema, 90. Heteronyx fumatus, 22; glabratus, 21; grandis, 22; hepaticus, 22. Hoplitica pseudotz, 85. Hormacrus minor, 115. Howchin, W., origin of the Salt Lagoons of Southern Yorke Peninsula, 1; Glacial beds of Cambrian Age, 10; the Extinct Volcanoes of Mount Gambier and Mount Schank, 54. Hydrophilus gayndahensis, 129; scissipalpis, 128. Hydroporus collaris—see Antiporus. Hydroporus penicillatus—see Necterosoma costipenne. Ischnochiton, 142. Lacordairia angustata, 116. Lake Callabonna, Succinea from, 150. Lecanomerus obscurus, 115 ; Victoriensis, 115. Lepidopleurus, 142. Lepidoptera, Australian, New Genera and Species, 63. Lestignathus minor, 115. Library, Donations to, 170. Lichendula ombralota, 84. Licinides—see Lacordairia. Linosticha euadelpha, 86. Lomaschiza physophora, 69. Lorica afinis, 137; compressa, 136; species, 143. Loricella gigantea, 137. Lower, O. B., Descriptions of new Australian Lepidoptera, 63. Macrobathra drosera, 96. Macrogyrus fortissimus, 126; obliquatus, 127; opacior, 127 ; paradoxus, 127. Mandalotus crudus, 27; rigidus, 27 ; sterilis, 27; vetulus, 28. Maroga parugypsa, S?. Melobasis interstitialis, 130. Meteorite, a South Australian, 14, Mimodoxa druina, 97. Miocene Limestone at Kdithburgh, 145. Miocene, Upland, Fossil leaf from, 149, Mount Gambier, Extinct Voleano of, 54. Mount Schank, Extinct Volcano of, 54. Native Fauna and Flora Protection Com-— mittee, 184. Necterosoma costipenne, 125. Nephogenes centrotherma, 88 5 perigupsa, 88 ; petrinodes, 89; xipholewea, 89. Niphona torosa—see Prosoplus Nothrodes languidus—see Perperus. Votoceresium impressiceps, 33. Notophilus letus, 114; metallicus, 115. (Ecophora iodes, 94. Oiketicus ev ionota, 63. Opsidota sculpticollis, 33. Pachycera catoryclopsis—see Gomphoscopa, Paropsis splendens, 131. Pauronota thermaloma, 96. Peltophora phaedropa, 92. Penthea ¢igrina, 37. Perperus convexipennis, 28 ; languidus, 28. Phacodes modicus, 31. Philobota isozona, 93. Phicocarabus Farinw, 112. Platynectes subzenescens, 125. Plaxiphora concentrica, 138; gellibrandi, 159. Polylopha epidesma, 71. Polyplacophora, from Eocene in Victoria, 136. Presidental Address, Promecoderus Sloanei, 19. Prosoplus torosa, 34. ‘@) O Se Pseudolycus forridus, 26, Psorosticha acrolopha, 92. Pucnobathra achroa, 80, Pyrgotis callizuga, 69. Queen Victoria, Resolution on death of, 150; 155. Rennie, Prof. E. H., Presidental Address, 157 Rhytiphora Simsoni, 41; uniformis, 40. Salt Lagoons of Southern Yorke Peninsula, 1, Scitala languida—see Anodontonyx. Scoparia anisophragma, G7, Silopa, 2], 22, Silphomorpha dificilis, 79; rufoguttata, 113, Sorolopha cyclotoma, 74. Stenopherna chionocephala, 79, 23; guttigera, Stigmodera erubescens, 24; Pallas, 22. Stockade, Fossil leaf from Miocene at, 149, Succinea from Lake Callabonna, 150, Symphyletes fasciatus, 39; lentus, 38, Suntozuga psammetalla, 70, Tachys Adelaide, 122; similis, 122; trans-— veraicollis, 122 ; victoriensis, 121, Taromorpha, 113. Tate, Ralp: , Resolution on the Death of, 153. Tellina Basedowi, 148. Temnolopha mosaica, 72; metallota, 73, Thenarotes discoidalis, 115; metallicus, 115 ;. minor, 115, Trachyntis argocentra, 86, Trechodes gibbipennis, 119 ; secalioides, 11. Trechus solidior, 118; subornatellus, 117 ;. Tasmania, 118, Trematotrochus Mulderi, 52. Trigonothops flavofasciata, 104; longiplaga, 104 ; pacifica, 104. Tropideres musivus, 31. Volcanoes, Extinct, of Mount Gambier and Mount Schank, 54, Western Australia, Birds of, 132. Xanthopheea concinna, 102 ; culindricollis, 103; longicollis, 104 ; rufescens, 104. Xylorycta cephalochra, 83; pentachroa, 83 ; tetrazona, 84. Yorke Peninsula, Salt Lagoons of, 1, Ypsolophus argonota, 81; .ochroloma, thanatopsis, $2. Zeuzera coscinopa, 63. Zygocera cencinna, 36; bifasciata, 37. declivis, 51; Kilsoni, 50; ? 80; i Wee Lower, Oswatp B. : Description of New Australian I ij ; BLACKEURN, Rev. yh ings ‘Further Notes « on. | Australian i a ASHBY, EpwIin : A List of Birds Collected i in (atleutsen 2 Ass AsHBy, Epwin, and Torr, Ww. G: : Fossil ; Polypl f Eocene Beds of Victoria - er . BasEDow, HERBERT : On the Occurrence u Miocene 1 Lin WR ue Edithburgh and their Stratigraphical Relationsh eRe ary Eocene of Wool Bay, with sie ett of & bgucst . Prof. R: ‘Tate (Plate Hin) - ; is hae hay i ‘ ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS - — - ee mest ~ AnnuaL Report - [Rea te se ae ms _ Bauancr SHEET 2 ERS 1 ee oe | PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS | Bearer ere, we Donations TO LIBRARY a AE Te AY eae | Listor FeLLows -——s«C Bane eae i Paarrn PROCEEDINGS, ANNUAL Ruporr, ano BALANCE-SHBET OF THE | oc ee Ge NATURALISTS’ SECTION ties: oe Vie oy es i pe bak | " Mi : a: j %y ree Vol. XXV. Plate I. = Wp * Plate Ia, Vol. XXV. Vol. XXV. Plate IU. 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