AMR ae ‘ ah apa wt ah it ne "i Pe ite ve i ry AL) : A elit oe ig Fe ay hate (Aine 2 7 A's oy rf, ' iy RAN ee si LA es ne al t beer pte * ROR UKA EN ey gh Late a ¥h Aa ‘} Ne can pie Noah 4 ey - als ROLaK f ‘eee SN ON) 4 a ae a a iy hie Ws matey RS east me oh x ee tk mite ity ih oa) Why M) Ras Dek RSG Ut alte ere Ay ee x a8 ae oR vss * IytFoedagnaga ty | oe oe aan ; yin sath ty a Pent — — = 9. es E53 coast raeter z ~, =e ee oS a Seas ees ete ath rane ae Na oy * By Wat seed ie, risen Rite sss ie males 7) of Agi Nees iat a Be i a Sih Py) ; Sanh oY ot sha sak et ath th MASS fe AIM ; au sn Oy rye te itive OG Pah hs eT gt f Sey Athy whas eae We) my st) om bi $ ar ih ne iS Ky ey " 4 (t ey adh cand i soe ne ease » bee Kate rn a) aN: oo +34 sth bess LIBRARY NEW YORX BOTANICAL GARDEN, [LIBRARY wwwsy 30-2 BUTAL CAL GARDEN iy , ul hae ] i Hii ae TRANSACTIONS reGey eA Db, SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ae We BOREEHWICK, D:ses HONORARY EDITOR, ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. NOL XX V I: EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR, THE, SOCEETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. £903: BLIBRAN hoLVUYY AU DU LALIUAL GARDEN ve" i aan runes f° CONTENTS. The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements Io. ngs 12. 13 14. 15. or views expressed by the authors of papers. . The Development Commission and Forestry . Experimental Forestry Area in Wales. By Fraser Story, University College, Bangor . Official Notifications :—1. Statement by the Development Com- mission in regard to State-aided Afforestation—z2. Advisory Committee on Forestry for Scotland—3. Technical Advice for Private Owners . The Utilisation of Disused Pit-banks (with a Plate). By P. Murray Thomson, Whitehall Estate Office, Mealsgate . Observations on the Annual Increment of Spruce and Scots Pine (Third Article). By J. H. Milne-Home . Death Duties on Woods. By Robert Galloway, S.S.C. . Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden . On Protecting Young Spruce from Frost. By William Hall, Bilton, York Some Uses of a Demonstration Forest in Forestry Education (with Plates). By J. F. Annand Research Work and Educational Methods of the Forestry Departments and Forestry Schools in the United States and Canada in connection with the study of Timber and other Forest Products. Compiled from the Report of a visit by E. R. Burdon, M.A., to those countries The Annual Excursion (with Plate). By Wm. Dawson, M.A., B.Sc. : : ‘ Douglas Fir Plantation: Taymount Estate. By Frank Scott , 3 2 : : : The Arboretum Nursery and Plantation Competition _ . Forestry Exhibition held in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Showyard at Cupar . : 2 : 19 5t 54 60 iv CONTENTS. Notes and Queries:—Deputation to the Chairman of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland in June last— Afforesta- tion at Talla—The Woodlands of Argyllshire—The Ardgoil Estate—The Effects of Light and Shade on Tree-Growth —The Uses of Douglas Fir Timber—Production of Timber in Great Britain—-Appointments—The Action of Grass on Fruit Trees—Collection and Utilisation of Information for a Forest Survey—International Forest Congress at Paris—A Comparison between the Vields from Afforestation and Pasture Lands International Memorial to Karl Gayer . Reviews and Notices of Books :—History of Forestry. By Bernhard E,. Fernow. Revised and Enlarged Edition. 516 pp., including Index. University Press, Toronto, IQII ; ; ; - The Forest Trees of Britain, By the late Rev. C. A. Johns. toth Edition. Revised by Professor G. S. Boulger. Published by the Society for Promoting Christian Know- ledge. Price 6s. net ; : Flora and Sylva: A Monthly Review for Lovers of Gardens, Woodland Tree and Flower; New and rare Plants, Trees, Shrubs and Fruits; the Garden Beautiful, Home Woods and Home Landscape. Edited by and printed and published for W. Robinson, author of The English Flower Garden, and other works The Story of our Trees. By Margaret M. Gregson. 16 pp. and 74 figures. University Press, Cambridge, 1912 The Care of Trees in Lawn, Street and Park: Witha List of Trees and Shrubs for Decorative Use. By Bernhard E, Fernow, Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto. x+392 pp. including Index. Illustrated. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1912 The Oak: Its Natural History, Antiquity, and Folk-lore. By Charles Mosley. 126 pp., with 8 Illustrations. Price 5s. London: Elliot Stock 16. Discussion on the Relation of Forestry to Agriculture and other Industries 17. Letter to the Board of Agriculture for Scotland 18. Development of Forestry in aes Reports by Advisory Committee ° . ; 19. The Place of Forestry in the Economic Development of Scotland, By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart. . PAGE 104 114 115 Ey, 118 118 119 120 I2I 143 147 161 2I. 22. 23. 28. CONTENTS. . Some Lessons from the Recent Gales. By Sir Hugh Shaw Stewart, Bart. . The State Forests of Saxony. (With Illustrations.) By A. D. Hopkinson : . - - : Report on Speeches made at a meeting between Delegates representing the interests of Forestry in Scotland and the Scottish Railway Companies to discuss the Question of the Price of Sleepers manufactured from Home-Grown Timber as compared with that of those manufactured from Foreign Timber A New Disease on the Larch in Scotland (with Plate). By A. W. Borthwick, D.Sc., Lecturer on Forest Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Malcolm Wilson, D.Sc., F.L.S., Lecturer on Mycology, University of Edinburgh . . Recent Publications on Swiss Forests. By W. S. Smith, Pi:D. . Notes of Silvicultural Interest (with Plate), By A. Murray . . The Use of Explosives in Forestry. By Dr Alexander Lauder . Continental Notes (Germany). By Bert. Ribbentrop, C.I.E. The Prices of Home Timber Notes and Queries:—The Riiping Process of Creosoting Timber—Afforestation at Vyrnwy-—Deer Forests and Sporting Lands in Scotland—Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh: Proposed Guild—Testing of Forest Seeds— Appointments : : : : : ; Reviews and Notices of Books:—lIllustrations of Conifers. Vol. III. By H. Clinton-Baker. Printed privately at Hertford, 1913 ° , . : . , Planter’s Note Book. By J. Woodward, Junr. Gardener’s Chronicle, London, 1913. Price, Is. ; : Forest Conditions of Nova Scotia. By B. E. Fernow, LL.D., Dean of Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, assisted by C. D. Howe, Ph.D., and J. H. White. Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1912 . Obituary :—Lieut.-Col. F. Bailey, R.E., LL.D. (with Portrait) —The Late Mr John Grant Thomson—Mr John Methven Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1913, with Appendices. List of Members as at 21st June 1913. 174 240 241 242 245 TRANSACTIONS | ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Met 3X VI. — PAR ie January 1913. Lizvut.-CoLoneL F. BAILEY, F.R.S.E., HONORARY EDITOR ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.8.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. EDINBURGH: PRINTED. FOR THE SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. A.&J. MAIN & C2-L™?- MANUFACTURERS OF HAY & GRAIN SHEDS. Wil or GRAIN can be stored Al NGS — Ail Ht VR. ithi (A AK —— pea a few inches of WW I v ; Ug ——— Wy FOLD YARD COVERINCS, STEEL AND IRON Hl Ny) i Y Y BUILDINGS, of every description. Design No. 661. CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING, IRON & WIRE FENCING, WROUCHT IRON RAILINGS, CATES, HURDLES, PALE FENCING, TREEGUARDS, = & GS Etc., Etc. co i f s ¥ Roofing and Fencing Catalogues on Application. IIT IT ITT CALVANIZED WIRE NETTING and FENCING WIRE at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. 31 BUDGE ROW, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, ¥ LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGH. BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT TO ‘HIS MAJESTY THE KING. Telephone Nos.— Edinburgh—Central, 2674, 2675, and 4665 (Foundry). Glasgow—Argyle, 2336, Telegrams— “Hothouse, Edinburgh.’’ “Tron, Edinburgh.” pie WY Xaey / J 8 National. Trey Camroad,, . { ocr Oy London—2117, P.O., London. wee Hampstead. LIMITED. HOTHOUSE BUILDERS, Heating, Ventilating, and Electrical Engineers, and Iron Founders. SPECIALTIES: All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Siberian Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing. Patent Wood Spar Blinds. Improved Duplex System of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. Licensees for Barker’s Patent Cable System of Low Pressure Hot Water Heating. Improved Ironclad System of Electric Lighting—the only absolutely fireproof system. Cast Iron Stable Fittings and all kinds of Estate Castings. WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED WORKMEN ON TIME RATES. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION. Registered Office :— BALCARRES STREET, EDINBURGH, WORKS—Balcarres Street. FOUNDRY-Slateford Road. LONDON-—8 Camden Road, N.W. GLASGOW —121 St Vincent Street. a” td ADVERTISEMENTS, BRITISH COLUMBIA. OKANAGAN VALLEY (DRY BELT) FRUIT LANDS. [MPROVED Irrigated Fruit Farm Settlements, 10 to 15 acres each, for Sale, at moderate rates, by KELOWNA LAND & ORCHARD CoO., LTD., AND SOUTH KELOWNA LAND CO., LTD. STERLING DEBENTURES FOR 4 YEARS AT 5% issued by OKANAGAN LOAN INVESTMENT CoO., LTD. This Company lends only on approved Moree secured over such lands as the above. STERLING FIRST MORTGAGE DEBENTURES FOR 4 YEARS AT 54% issued by SOUTH KELOWNA LAND CO., LTD. T. W. STIRLING of Muiravonside and Kelowna B.C. is Chairman of the three Companies mentioned above. Full Particulars from the Agents in Scotland— ADAIR & GALLOWAY, S.S.C., 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 13 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. Tue College is one of the Central Institutions administered by the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, and is intended to provide for Agricultural Education and Research in the Central and South- eastern Counties. DAY CLASSES. The Day Classes, in conjunction with certain University Classes, provide full courses of instruction in Agriculture,’ Forestry, Horticulture, and the Allied Sciences, and qualify for the College Diploma, the College Certificate in Horticulture, the Degrees of B.Sc. in “Agriculture and B.Sc. in Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and for other Examinations and Certificates in the Science and Practice of “Agriculture. SHORT COURSES AND EVENING CLASSES. Short Courses in Agriculture and Forestry are given annually ; and Evening Classes in Agriculture, Chemistry, Veterinary Science, Forestry, Horticulture, Botany, and Zoology are held during the Winter Session. Particulars of Classes, and information as to Bursaries tenable at the College, will be found in the Calendar, which will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, ALEXANDER M‘CALLUM, M.A., LL.B. ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & CO. ADVERTISING AGENTS 43 GEORGE STREET EDINBURGH ADVERTISEMENTS of every kind are received for insertion in the Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Publications throughout the United Kingdom. Notices of Sequestration, Cessio, Dissolution of Partnership, Entail, ete., etc., for the Edinburgh and London Gazettes, are given special care and attention. Legal Notices, Heirs Wanted, and all other Advertisements, are inserted in the Colonial and Foreign Newspapers. Small Advertisements, such as Situations, Houses, and Apart- ments, Articles Wanted and For Sale, etc., etc., can be addressed to a No. at Keith & Co.’s Office, 43 George Street, Edinburgh, where the replies will be retained until called for, or, if desired, forwarded by Post. Parties in the country will find this a very convenient method of giving publicity to their requirements. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, MANSION HOUSES, etc, TO LET, ESTATES for SALE, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, ete. LAW and ESTATE AGENTS, FACTORS, TOWN CLERKS, CLERKS TO SCHOOL BOARDS, and other Officials may, with confidence, place their advertisements in the hands of the Firm. One Copy of an Advertisement is sufficient to send for any number of newspapers; and the convenience of having only one advertising account instead of a number of advertising accounts is also ‘a great saving of time and trouble. Addressing of Envelopes with Accuracy and Despatch. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE,” EDINBURGH. Telephone No. 316. * a ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. Day and Evening Classes, which provide a complete Course of Instruction in Forestry, qualifying (fro ¢anto) for the B.Sc. Degree of the University of Glasgow, for the Diploma of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Certificate of the College, are held during the Winter Session (October to March) at the College. A Special Summer Course for Foresters will be held at the College during the month of June. Syllabus and particulars regarding these Classes and Prospectus of the general work of the College, including the Course for the Examination of the Surveyor’s Institution, may be obtained free from the Secretary. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and GARDEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &c. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegrams : Telephones : ‘*ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” National, No. 1378 Partick. Post Office, No. 2733 Western. ROBINSON, DUNN & GO, Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. ——~<.»>—_— Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. TIMBER PRESERVING WORKS AT TEMPLE. CREOSOTING AND “‘B.M.” PROCESSES. For Planting Season, 1912-13. We are offering Special Value in Seedling and Small Transplanted SITKA SPRUCE, DOUGLAS SPRUCE (oregon variety), THUJA GIGANTEA, LARCH, Japanese, LARCH, Tyrolese & Scotch, SCOTS FIR, True Native, NORWAY SPRUCE, &c., &c. Millions in stock of hardy, healthy, well-grown plants. Inquiries Solicited. Samples and Special Prices on demand. Special List of Tree Seeds & Seedlings published in January. CATALOGUES POST FREE: BENJAMIN REID & COMPANY, Rurserymen, ABERDEEN, ADVERTISEMENTS. DOUGLAS 8 FOULIS BOOKSELLERS IND LIBRARIANS d or = — Ta ra STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY Kept in Stock. An extensive Stock of New Books in all Classes of Literature at the usual Discount Prices also Books for Presentation in handsome Bindings Catalogues of Surplus Library Books at greatly Reduced Prices issued at intervals. Gratis and Post Free to any Address 9 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH By Appointment to His Late Majesty King Edward. We hold tremendous Stocks of FOREST and ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, also of _.RHODODENDRONS and other Plants suitable for GAME COVERTS, in a fine and healthy con- dition, which we are prepared to offer at CLEARING PRICES. ANYONE interested and wishing to have GOOD VALUE for MONEY should not miss the opportunity of paying us a visit to inspect the EXCEPTIONALLY CHEAP BARGAINS we are pre- pared to make. Catalogue on Application. It is impossible to fully describe the various stocks offered, therefore a personal inspection is respectfully solicited. Visitors met by appointment at Darley Dale or Matlock Stations. JAMES SMITH & SONS (Dartey Date) Ltd. Darley Dale Nurseries, near MATLOCK. Telegrams—'‘ SMITHIANA,” Twodales. Telephone No. 7 Darley Dale. ADVERTISEMENTS. Established 1842. FOREST TREES Large Stocks of Seedling, and Transplanted True Native SCOTS FIR, MENZIES, DOUCLAS, NORWAY SPRUCE, Etc. Ail grown from carefully selected seed, in an open and exposed situation, thoroughly h ardy, and well furnished with abundance of fibrous roots. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Specimen Ornamental Trees for Lawns and Avenues. Trees and Shrubs for Seaside Planting. Plants for Game Coverts, Underwood and Hedges. Special quotations for large quantities, and estimates furnished for planting by contract in any part of the country. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES AND SAMPLES ON APPLICATION. W. SMITH & SON, Purserymen, @"* | bank | Ins. | Ins. |] Ins. Ins. || Ins. | Ins. || Ins. | Ins. + European larch earl | | planted. Wore | oo Wage] a: deg |e Do. (end of Crowwood) sac foes) eae bees 25 soa 11430 * European larch more | 1 recently planted wl eeu Mercia | i e-val Waecioe e2)Sae e | | Do. (end of Crowwood)| ... | 12 we | TAR oS. | 7 eee t lant emul Ti ie al kos | 15 20 | . (Lowmill) . Sepa 24 jallletecay yiele i P15 ae | sete on sheltered \ | “plateau . 2; 175 (ee ei | sao {ffeil w+ |] 16 aot | | Spruce on top of bank (i esta ie | in exposed position J 92 My i et | are es ae 15 | Spruce to south of ) | | bank in exposed | II see lie? ... | 13h | eee | position . is | | | Spruce to south of | | | bank in a sheltered bom) Sail fee 520 ron || 48 er he | position . * | The illustrations Nos. 4, 5 and 6 are photographs of the roots of trees lifted for exhibition to show the rooting of the plants. Extensive root action appears to be favoured by the free, loose material of the bank. 1 The larches here measured are growing around those illustrated in Fig. 2. 2 The larches and Scots pine here measured are Sea on the steep bank illustrated in Fig. 3. Brann Ie epee tas wart ¥ BiG. i. ey Birch Hie: (op Fic THE UTILISATION OF DISUSED PIT-BANKS. 33 No particular description of the character of the bank at the time it was abandoned and when planting was commenced has been kept, but comparison of the surface material with that taken from a foot below the surface shows that disintegration has gone on to a remarkable extent. At a very short distance below the surface, the material is caked into hard masses containing a considerable quantity of pyrites. Part of another pit-bank on the estate was last year abandoned, and encouraged by the results attained on the Charley Pit-bank, Mr Parkin Moore is to have experiments carried out on this newer bank. The bank has been on fire for a number of years, and a large part of it is burned out. Examination shows that there are bands or strata in it which present a red burnt-brick appearance, and during the present summer it has been noticed that these parts are irregularly dotted over with vegetation, chiefly Senecio uiscosus, while those parts of the bank which are of a finer, grey to black material have not naturally produced any plant life whatever. Rape seed sown on these two parts of the bank has produced much stronger plants in the red, rough material than in the finer, grey to black material. The capa- bilities of the two parts will be further tested. DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fic. 1. Larch, birch and spruce in foreground, showing 9 years’ growth in February 1912. Fic. 2. Larch and Scots pine, showing 10 years’ growth in February 1912, with younger larch and beech in foreground. The trees in this figure are growing behind the large Scots pine in the right background of Fig. 1. Fic. 3. North side of steep part of bank with larch (European and Japanese), birch, Scots pine, etc., showing 6 and 7 years’ growth in February 1912. Rhododendrons are growing near the top of this part of the bank. The large spruce to left of the illustration is the same tree as the spruce in the foreground of Fig. 1, Both photographs are taken from practically the same point and facing the same way—east. This figure illustrates what may be generally described as the second stage of planting on the bank, and Figures 1 and 2 the first stage. Fic. 4. Root of birch. Fic. 5. Root of | poy te lett oak —to right. { spruce—to left. Fic. 6. Root of | ent hieee VOL. XXVII, PART I. Cc 34 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 5. Observations on the Annual Increment of Spruce and Scots Pine (Third Article). By J. H. MILNE-HoME. The account of previous observations in gro and rgr11r has been given in the Zyvansactions (Vol. xxiv. p. 52 and Vol. xxvi. p. 160). The following tables summarise the results obtained in the growing season 1912. The percentage rates of growth have been calculated in the same manner as in previous years. a=the number of rings in the last inch of radial growth, and @ = diameter of stem under bark. | U ae | eo n E aa | =I fF sf] o 7 ao a aS 2 | 2B | 8a & |Average increase in Circumference 22 s Species & 5 2 z in inches during Total n | @.| oe 3 | ~o | Poe Bs, a | oi oie | | Z a 5 * | May | June} July | Aug. | Sept. = ie err cee Ins. 7 ot. de olan ta Ins. _ K | Scots Pine | 5 20°50 | “150 | "100 | 050 | ‘O12 | 013 | °325| 16°38 | 5°55 | 4°41 K_ | Spruce 5 28°44 | ‘050 | ‘112 | *150 | -063 | 037] -412|] 14'8 | 8°65 | 3°12 D | Spruce 5 22°69 | “112 | ‘238 | -212 | “£13,| (012 | °637 | O° Gee pom I | Spruce 5 37°10 | “t00 | -250 | “175 | “100 | “O12 | °637} .O°8 | 10787) 3-75 I | Scots Pine| 5 33°12 | 050 | "125 | 038 | 075] ... | -288| 16°6 | 9700] 2°67 B_ | Spruce 5 23°10 | “162 | *062 | ‘088 | ‘063 | ‘o12 | °387| 16°2 | 7°25 | 3°41 The following figures for 1910 and 1911 were given previously, but are repeated for reference with the addition of the corre- sponding figures for 1912 :— | Estimated| Number Present Mean 3 Current Planta- : resent ° Average ¥, : Ss A ain cue ee l : al eaF | ition Braet Walia oe | Sane Diameter | 1 crement Pia en Tacremela oe ee a lacunae ney ‘ Cub. ft. Cub. ft 1910 K Scots Pine| 37 1200 710 O27 323 4°24 51 D Spruce 32 1320 450 6°8” 41 6°95 gI I Spruce 40 2800 280 Tse 70 4°16 116 I Scots Pine} 40 1730 280 10°4” 43 4°27 67 1911 K Scots Pine} 38 1251 710 6°3” 34 4°75 59 K__ | Spruce 38 2700 700 8-6” 71 3°29 89 D Spruce 33 I4II 450 Foy 43 6°58 93 I Spruce 41 2916 280 Melis Fi 3°54 103 I Scots Pine| 41 1797 280 io 44 2°59 46 1912 K Scots Pine] 39 1310 710 6:4" 34 4°41 58 K Spruce 39 2789 700 g'0” 71 3°12 87 D__ | Spruce 34 | 1504 450 2. 44 6°35 95 | I Spruce 42 3019 280 LIS, 2 375 113 | I |Seots Pine| 42 1843 280 Toss 44 | 2°67 49 a ET TS ANNUAL INCREMENT OF SPRUCE AND SCOTS PINE. 35 Reference was made, in dealing with last year’s results, to the apparent effects of the unusual summer of tg11._ An examination of the figures for 1912 shows that on fairly good soils the growth in the latter year has been on the whole better than in the drier and warmer season of 1911. Growth commenced early in 1912, the increment put on in May and June being considerable. The late summer growth was poor, and had practically ceased in August. The second table, summarising the estimated growing stock and increment for three years, is now becoming of some practical value. It will be noticed that in all the woods under observa- tion (with one exception) the current annual increment is still well above the mean annual increment. In other words, the most profitable felling age has not as yet been nearly reached. This, of course, is quite natural seeing that the oldest crop under observation is forty-two years. The exception mentioned is the Scots pine, Plantation I, where there is a close approximation between the mean annual increment and the current annual in- crement, probably due to want of proper canopy and other causes. Generally speaking, coniferous timber in this country is likely to yield the highest return at the age when the current and mean annual increments coincide. After this point has been passed, the increase in quality or price will not be sufficient to make up for the loss of bulk. The results obtained over the three years’ period are wonder- fully consistent, as a detailed examination of the figures will show. The rainfall during the growing season of 1912 was as under :— No. of days Heaviest fall Inches. on which rain fell. in 24 hours. May £83 Je 2°19 15 ‘47 June fie ie 5°18 26 "49 July oft BCE 3°22 15 "50 August ss aoe 5°95 23 ‘68 September ... gt 2°64 9 127 19°18 88 Same period 1911 =... ~=—- 16°38 73 TQVO} | =-4Zosrs 72 ” 36 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 6. Death Duties on Woods. By RoBerT GALLOoway, S.S.C. Shortly after the passing of the Finance Act, 1910, there was published in the Zransactions (pages 133-137 of Vol. xx1t.) a note on the death duties as affecting woods, with special refer- ence to the changes made by that Act. ‘The chief feature of the Act as regards woods was the establishment of the principle that the duties on them were not payable until the trees were cut down and converted into cash. This was certainly a great concession, but accompanying it there was the obligation to aggregate the value of the woods with the deceased’s other estate, in order to ascertain the total value of the estate and the rate of duty payable. Aggregation had the effect, in many cases, of raising the rate of duty 1 per cent. or perhaps 2 per cent. or more according to the value of the woods. This increased rate was at once levied on the value of the other estate (without the woods), and ‘the additional percentage thus really represented a duty immediately payable in respect of the woods. ‘The trees when subsequently cut down also paid duty at the same increased rate as the other estate. Various other adverse criticisms were directed against the Act as affecting woods, and there gradually grew up a strong feeling of disappointment, which, in some cases, was so great as to cause proprietors who were formerly keen planters to suspend forestry operations on their estates, with the exception perhaps of the felling and con- verting into cash of such of their woods as were suitable for this purpose. Last year the Chancellor of the Exchequer promised to give the subject further consideration, and this year he accepted an amendment which was duly embodied in the Finance Act, 1912, as Section 9, and is as follows :— ‘‘Where an estate, in respect of which Estate Duty is payable on the death of a person dying on or after the thirtieth day of April, nineteen hundred and nine, comprises land on which timber, trees, wood, or underwood are growing, the value of such timber, trees, wood, or under- wood shall not be taken into account in estimating the principal value of the estate or the rate of Estate Duty, and Estate Duty shall not be payable thereon, but shall, at the rate due to the principal value of the estate be DEATH DUTIES ON WOODS. 37 payable on the net moneys (if any) after deducting all necessary outgoings since the death of the deceased, which may from time to time be received from the sale of timber, trees, or wood when felled or cut during the period which may elapse until the land, on the death of some other person, again becomes liable or would but for this sub- section have become liable to Estate Duty, and the owners or trustees of such land shall account for and pay the same accordingly as and when such moneys are received, with interest at the rate of three per cent. per annum from the date when such moneys are received. “This section shall take effect in substitution for the first paragraph of Subsection five of Section sixty-one of the Finance (1909-10) Act, 1910, and that paragraph and Section nineteen of the Finance Act, 1911, are hereby repealed.” The remaining paragraphs of Subsection 5 of Section 61 of the 1910 Act which are still in force, are as follows :— “Provided that if at any time the timbér, trees, or wood are sold, either with or apart from the land on which they are growing, the amount of Estate Duty on the principal value thereof which, but for this subsection, would have been payable on the death of the deceased, after deducting the amount (if any) of Estate Duty paid in respect of the timber, trees, or wood under this subsection since that date, shall become payable. “This subsection shall apply to Succession Duty payable in respect of woodlands in like manner as it applies to Estate Duty, except that nothing in this subsection shall affect the rate of Succession Duty.” The rate of succession duty is not regulated by the amount of the estate, but by “‘the degree of consanguinity existing between the predecessor and the successor.” It will be seen from the foregoing that the main principle of the 1910 Act has been maintained in the present Act, namely, that death duties on the woods are not payable on the death of the owner, but only as the trees are cut down and converted into cash. The proviso is also maintained that where the land with the woods, or the woods_.as a whole without the land, are sold, the whole duty due on the “principal value” of the woods becomes payable under deduction of any duty paid between the 38 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. date of death and the sale. That is to say, the duty must be paid by the seller out of the proceeds of the sale, as this burden cannot be transmitted with the woods to the purchaser. When this proviso was framed, the “ principal value” of the woods meant the amount of the valuation of the woods as aggregated with the other estate, but as the value of the woods is not now aggregated with the other estate, a valuation would not now in ordinary course be required. Ifa valuation of the woods is not made as at the date of death, there may be difficulty in ascertain- ing the “ principal value” of the woods on which duty would be at once payable in the event of this proviso coming into opera- tion by reason of a sale taking place after an interval of years. The principal changes effected by the new clause are :-— (first) That the value of the ‘timber, trees, wood or under- wood” is not now to be taken into account in estimating the principal value of the deceased’s estate or the rate of estate duty. No valuation of these for the purposes mentioned is now necessary. In valuing estates on which timber, trees, wood and underwood are growing, each valuator may have his own method of procedure in giving effect to this concession, but a simple plan would be to take as a basis of valuation the rental of the estate as it appears in the Valuation Roll, always keeping in view Sec. 60 of the Finance (1909-10) Act, 1910, quoted in the note before referred to. This rental may include such entries as “ plantations” or ‘“ woods,” but these entries are misleading and really mean land occupied by plantations or woods. The annual value of the growing trees is not entered in the Valuation Roll any more than the value of other growing crops is. The woodlands are valued at the rent at which they might in their natural state reasonably be expected to let from year to year as pasture or grazing land, and the trees are therefore not taken into account. By adopting the rental in the Valuation Roll as a basis, the question of the value of the trees will not require to be dealt with. (Second) That the rate of estate duty payable on the woods is now determined by the amount of the other estate without the addition of the woods. Formerly the duty was determined by the total of the other estate with the addition of the woods. (Third) That “underwood,” which is held by the Inland Revenue Authorities to mean “ coppice and other quick-growing wood which is cut at frequent intervals, the root or stool DEATH DUTIES ON WOODS. 39 remaining perfect to produce new shoots,” does not now pay either estate duty or succession duty. It will be observed that the word “ underwood ” is omitted from the clause imposing the obligation to pay duty. As the new clause applies to the estates of persons dying on or after 30th April 1909, it supersedes the nineteenth section of the Finance Act, 1911, which is accordingly repealed. A re- adjustment of the duties will be necessary where estates with woods have become liable to duty in the interval, and in respect of which any payment to account has been made. The official interpretations of the words, ‘‘all necessary out- goings since the death of the deceased,” have given much trouble and are still unsatisfactory. At first these outgoings were limited to the expenses of sale, felling and drawing out of the timber, and the restoring of fences, ditches, roads and gates injured by these operations. Later the expenses of replanting were included, provided these expenses were reasonable and were required to maintain the woods in the state in which they were at the time of the death. Both of these interpretations are inadequate, because their author has failed to give effect to the words, “since the death of the deceased.” Felling and re- planting may be separated from the date of death by a long interval of years, but there must have been necessary outgoings during that interval. The words should be held to cover the expenses of management and up-keep of the woods from the time of the death until they are converted into cash. The heir or trustee gets possession of the woods as “‘a going concern,” and he pays duty on the net moneys (profit), if any, received by him after deducting all outgoings necessary to maintain this going concern, so that he in turn may pass it on to his successor, theoretically unimpaired in value. These outgoings would include all expenses of up-keep and management which a proprietor would naturally incur who managed his woods according to the best advice available to him. On most estates a separate account is kept in the estate books for woods, in which are entered on the one side, foresters’ and workmen’s wages, and all expenses of management and up-keep, and on the other, all sums received for the produce of the woods. This account, duly certified by some competent authority if required, could be used with advantage in connection with the settlement of the duties, but of course the expenses of 490 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. forming new, z¢. additional plantations, would not be allowed as a deduction, because these plantations would not be liable to duty during the lifetime of the planter. The account should be balanced each year, and the duty should then be paid on any surplus at the rate fixed for the deceased’s other estate. In the case of a deficit, this deficit would be carried forward to next year, and so on until there is a surplus on which duty would then be paid. This procedure would continue until the estate, on the death of some other person, again became liable in duty. While there is no doubt that the new clause removes grievances from which numbers of estates might in course of time suffer severely, there is still room for further concessions. The recommendation of the Departmental Committee on Forestry in Scotland, ‘‘that there should be an amendment of the law affecting the taxation of woodlands to estate and succession duties whereby a private estate, approved for the purpose by the State, would be reckoned as a separate estate and possibly charged at a lower rate,” might be given effect to at an early date. Meantime, with the exception of the rate of duty, the woods are now, as regards death duties, treated as a separate estate, but the rate of duty still payable is determined by the value of the deceased’s other estate, and not by the value of the woods which, in most cases, is less than the value of the other estate. It may also be reasonably claimed that when State afforestation begins, these death duties on woods should be abolished so as to put the private owner of woods and the State on the same footing, and allow them to compete on equal terms. The concessions that have been made are clearly intended to preserve the existing woods on private estates, and to dis- courage the practice of cutting down immature timber to meet death duties or other expenses. It is to be hoped that they will also have the further effect of inducing proprietors of woodlands not only to continue their operations as formerly, but to extend them and consequently to add to their woodland areas. Such additional plantations would of course escape duty during the lifetime of the planter, and after that would only pay duty when converted into cash in ordinary course of management after deducting ‘‘necessary outgoings.” CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 41 7. Continental Notes—France. By A. G. HOBART-HAMPDEN. I. The natural regeneration of the spruce, even at moderate altitudes, is extremely capricious, sometimes being so abundant as to be positively invasive, at others altogether lacking. At high altitudes it is extremely difficult, and M. Schaeffer, the head of the Working-Plans Branch in Haute Savoie, thinks there may be a connection between this and the apparent lowering of the upper limit of tree-growth. It is undoubted that the conifers have descended and supplanted the broad-leaved species. For one thing, the streams carry the seed down. In the Jura, Vosges, Pyrenees and Savoy this has happened. At the beginning of modern times the forest of Joux (near Pontarlier, it is believed ?) was an oak forest, but it is now coniferous. M. Schaeffer suggests that what the spruce gains below it may be losing above, a sort of automatic law of migration. M. Moreillon, a Swiss forester, states that in the high Jura natural regeneration of the spruce is only found, either under branchy silver fir, where only about half as much snow falls as in the open, or on the stumps of trees that have been cut high, or upon the trunks of fallen trees, or, finally, upon hummocks of earth where the snow is less deep and whence it disappears quickly. Accordingly he thinks that the abundance and persistence of the snow is the cause of the difficulty in regeneration at these altitudes. At high altitudes the vegetable soil is often peaty, a condition very unfavourable to spruce seedlings. The resin in the fallen needles of conifer woods prevents their decomposition, and the incompleteness of the decomposition is the determining cause of the formation of peaty humus. This fact, it seems to me, is worthy of note by ourselves, since we often find ourselves engaged in the removal of old conifer woods having a bad soil of a peaty description, with a view to replanting the same area. One gathers that it might be well to allow a certain period to elapse between the felling and the replanting, so as to give time for the decomposition of the humus by exposure to sun and wind. Of course, doing this will give a start to the weeds, but this can be met by using large plants and clearing them afterwards from overgrowing weeds for a time. M. Mathey, a conservator of forests, has also dealt with this 42 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. subject in a most erudite discourse to the members of one of the French forest societies. It appears that the spruce comes down from exceedingly remote geological periods, and that it has been driven slowly southwards. ‘The varieties most like the earliest spruce are now to be found in the Himalayas, in Ficea morinda and P. alba. The European spruce has a great number of varieties, of which Picea exce/sa pendula and P. excelsa columnaris stand at the extremes. ‘The former takes the lower station, the latter the higher, and M. Mathey gives tables showing how much smaller is the projection of the crown of the columnar variety compared with that of the other, the ordinary spruce. ‘This, he says, is due to adaptation to environment, enabling the tree growing in the high station to present as small a surface as possible to the strong winds of the mountain tops ; also, the downward trend of the branches allows the snow to slip off easily. Whereas the spruce of the lower station grows densely and is a great shade-bearer, it is not so in the case of the other. But formerly, according to M. Mathey and others, there were broad-leaved species (especially the sycamore) on these heights, and their disappearance is leading to that of the spruce, which is receding downwards. ‘The reason for the disappearance of the broad-leaved species is a contested point ; M. Mathey says it is due to man and his flocks. Once the broad-leaved species are gone the struggle with the grasses and weeds is too much for the spruce. Also the lack of shade means the drying up of the soil, which kills the spruce seedlings. M. Mathey does not appear to agree altogether with M. Moreillon that the want of seedling growth is due to heavy and persistent snow. The spots where regeneration is found are those where there is a suitable germination bed, where the radicle can reach the mineral soil, and where the young plant is free from excessive competition with weeds and grass. II. In the course of an article by M. Emile Mer upon quite a different subject we find mention of the extraordinary drying effect that spruce has upon the soil, and this is a very important point, for it must affect the growth of other species mixed with it if it occupies a large proportion of the space. It may be that species drawing their moisture from a deeper stratum than the surface stratum wherein the roots of the spruce are found could stand the mixture, but even so the spruce must be harmful to some extent, and in fact we know that the oak must not be CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 43 mixed with spruce for this reason. ‘The spruce is authoritatively stated to be a good tree to mix with many species, but except in more than ordinarily wet places (where it may be directly useful by removing the excess moisture) one would think that the statement must require some qualification, and that a further attentive study of the effect of spruce upon its neighbours would be worth while. III. M. Huffel, the Nancy professor, quotes the results of a very interesting experiment in thinning spruce, made by Herr Schiffel in Austria. Four experimental areas, of nearly 200 acres each, were established for purposes of comparison in 1892. The altitude was something over 1800 feet; the ground level ; the soil good and deep, over gneiss; the age about 8o years, Hitherto these areas had been moderately thinned, and Plot I was continued on the same lines. In 1893 Plots II, III and IV were thinned so as to reduce the basal area of the trees to 80 Y% of that of Plot I. In 1898 Plots II, III and IV were thinned so as to have basal areas of, respectively, 80 /, 65 “ and 50 Y of that of Plot I. Two years later Plot IV was so much damaged by the wind as to throw it out of the experiment. In 1903 a similar thinning was made in the other plots; and again in 1908. Then the data acquired were tabulated and considered, with the following results :— 1. One can, in a forest of the kind mentioned, reduce the volume of the standing timber by about a third by very heavy thinning without diminishing the production in volume. 2. These very heavy thinnings, far from spoiling the develop- ment in height, are, on the contrary, favourable to it. 3. These thinnings considerably augment the growth and the rate of increase in diameter and volume, so that by thinning heavily we obtain a return in material equal, or even superior, with a smaller uncut capital. 4. The thinning favours the growth of the medium stems. M. Huffel says that had Herr Schiffel extended his calculations to the value of the production he would have seen that the influence of the thinning on the financial return is even greater than on the return in material. These results completely bear out those of a similar experiment made by M. Huffel himself in the Vosges. But M. Huffel adds a word of warning—we must be careful not to generalise too fast from experiments made in specially chosen spots; heavy thinnings, he says, are not possible 44 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. save in really favourable conditions; ill-considered operations may be altogether harmful in dry, superficial and poor soils. Still these experiments are rather upsetting to one’s ideas, more particularly in the matter of height-growth. It may be that views about thinning are changing a little— in the direction of marking more freely. Even in the French school this is possible, for we find M. Pardé, a well-known forest officer, describing thinning in the forest of Hez Froidmont—and this a beech (with oak) forest, too—as follows :—“ In the cleanings and thinnings the beech, and especially the promising oaks, are thoroughly freed (/fortement dégagés). It is not rare for the thinnings in woods of about 50 years old to produce 50 steres (z.e. 1766 cubic feet) to the hectare (2°47 acres). Sometimes these woods look a little open after the operation, but the canopy soon closes, and the stems of the future, receiving air and light in sufficient quantity, develop with vigour.” All that might happen and yet the operation might be wrong, for what we want is the maximum of wood production per acre, and not per individual stem; but it is curious to find a Frenchman quoting the above example with approval, apparently, when Boppe’s definition of a good thinning, in conditions such as these, is one in which the after-appearance of the wood is not, to the casual observer, appreciably different to what it was before the operation. It is to be hoped these ideas may not be run away with and carry people too far. Only sample plots, observed for a long period of years, can really decide this most urgent matter. Could not the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society start a Research Station for Scotland, and the Royal English Arbori- cultural Society one for England? There are endless questions of the utmost importance which can only be settled by scientific, and especially permanent, bodies. IV. M. Jolyet continues his observations on the hardiness of certain species, more especially conifers. He remarks that it is the exceptional winters and summers one must consider, not the normal, and as the type of exceptional winter he takes 1879-80. I myself remember that, in that year near Nancy, the ther- mometer went down to —14° F.; there was skating for six weeks ; the temperature during December was only above freezing for half an hour on one day; water froze 4 inches in a night; and the plane trees in the public park of Nancy split with reports like pistol shots. For the type of exceptional ' CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 45 summer M. Jolyet takes 1911. His principal idea is to consider how the conifers whose home is in the mountains, but which everyone now plants at low altitudes, out of their true habitat, can stand these excesses of climate. It is a valuable inquiry. M. Jolyet has good means of observation, since he is in charge of the arboretum at Nancy, and has many correspondents in France, Belgium and Switzerland. He gives the palm of resistance to drought to the Austrian pine, and after this to the silver fir, a species supposed to want much rain; but his observations have been carefully made. Unfortunately, while good against drought the silver has a limited capacity for standing winter frost, and of course it is very tender against spring and autumn frosts. Fortunately for us, the winter frost which kills it is never reached in Great Britain. It is true the habitat of the silver runs to great altitudes, but though the cold lasts longer there it is not more severe than at a lower level; on the contrary, frost is more harmful in the dry air of the valleys than in the moist air of the mountains. It can always be remembered, too, that the atmospheric moisture in these islands must be greater than on the Continent, a fact of importance to us, for many species require moist air. The larch did not stand the drought well in France (M. Jolyet is, probably, referring to east or central France)—more especially the Japanese larch. My own experience in the south part of the Midlands was that while the Japanese made a very poor resistance to the drought of 1911 it was only occasionally that common larch suffered, except of course when but recently planted; indeed it generally throve grandly in the bright light—a light more resembling that which the tree is accustomed to in its own habitat on the tops of the mountains than is usual in England. So much indeed was this the case as to impress upon me the conviction that it must be advantageous to place larch on as bright aspects as possible. It is true that it is said to suffer from late frosts in low land, because of its early sprouting, and the aspects generally recommended for it are not those I have been suggesting, but it is a fact that in the situation I am thinking of, namely an exposed, gently sloping place with a S.W. aspect, the growth was very vigorous, in most cases, in 1911. ‘The spruce, of course, stood the drought badly in France. Adzes concolor (a favourite with M. Jolyet) behaved excellently, as also the Colorado Douglas. Both these also stand extreme cold well—better than the Vancouver Douglas ; 46 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. but here again the moisture of our climate is enough to render this Douglas safe here in regard to both extremes of temperature. The reason why A. concolor and the blue Douglas stand drought is to be found in the spreading nature of their roots, which can seek out water in any crevice. To the same cause M. Jolyet attributes the fact that Rodznia, which generally wants depth in the soil, stood the drought so remarkably well. | Lawson’s cypress stood it fairly; the Nordmann fir and the /ius excelsa did well; but the Weymouth not very well. V. M. Salvador writes at length on exotics and other trees to be met with in the gardens of the Riviera, and considers which of them might advantageously be tried in the Alpes Maritimes under forest conditions. One may pick out a few of them which might, perhaps, judging from what M. Salvador says, do fairly well with us if placed in as bright and warm situations as we can give them. ‘The intensity of the light is the point which, it seems to me, must be of so much importance with species coming from almost anywhere out of England. Cupressus sempervirens is a possible species ; it is hardy, and its wood is very valuable. Cupressus torulosa, a Himalayan species growing at gooo feet in its own home, has a very valuable wood, of a pink colour, but needs good soils, and is not very hardy. Cedrus atlantica will grow above 4000 feet in the Alpes Maritimes ; it will grow on dry, oolitic soils, is hardy, and has a very valuable wood. Cedrus deodara is somewhat less hardy. M. Salvador considers it needs good soil. Like other Himalayan species, says M. Salvador, it fears winter frost somewhat, but it seems to stand it pretty well in England, and in its own habitat it has plenty of it. I should like to say that since its wood, in its own home, has such an absolutely superlative value, and since we know the tree will at least grow here, and the wood even retains its characteristic aromatic smell, it is at least probable that if grown with care as to situation the deodar may turn out to be valuable. It is said to have had its trial in England, but Aas it been tried in real forest conditions? I doubt it. I believe it should be planted in woods in small groups amongst other trees (as beech), and mixed with Pinus excelsa (the tree of all others with which it grows so well in the Himalayas), on a warm, bright aspect, on a decent soil, and, in order to put it in as natural conditions as possible, on a slope. M. Salvador mentions many other species, and of these Pinus halepensis and P. pinaster will grow to very CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 47 considerable altitudes in that country, so they possibly might do here. VI. I find in a French magazine what seems a useful note concerning the culture of exotics in Hesse, and extract the information given about the Sitka spruce. This species is said to be “but little affected by herbaceous vegetation or frosts, much employed at all altitudes for filling up blanks in woods, to associate well with broad-leaved species ; at 530 metres (1738 feet), on compact soil, it exceeds in height, towards the twentieth year, the green Douglas and the spruce. Four stems of 26 years, on good sandstone soil, reached 12 metres (nearly 40 feet) in height, and 16 centimetres (6°3 inches) in diameter.” VII. The late Professor Fliche has left a book on the botany of the chalk lands of Champagne. This country contains practically no indigenous forest flora, nor was its bareness due to disforestation ; it was bare for ages before planting was under- taken. There are now some artificial forests, chiefly of conifers planted far apart. The Scots pine, introduced in 1808, has definitely proved unsuitable; the Corsican suffers from cold; but the Austrian, introduced in 1845, is much better. At the same time, though M. Fliche appears to have thought rather well of the Austrian, he has a remark, in connection with the chemical condition of the soil, which seems to point the other way. He says that certain species that one is accustomed to consider as indifferent to the nature of the soil end by suffering and become anemic, such as Robinia, the aspen, the oak (szc) and the Austrian pine. If, however, the last has done well since 1845 I think one may accept it as suitable, given at least a fair amount of top soil; and if beech were associated with it its success should be thoroughly assured. The matter is important, in view of the fact that England contains a great area of chalk downs that one may hope to see, some day, at least partially afforested. M. Fliche considers at length the reason for the bareness of these chalk lands of Champagne. He first dismisses the climate as being the hostile agent, and next the chemical condition of the soil, for he says that there are numerous facts which show that there is nothing incompatible between the existence of forest (omitting certain species definitely “ calcifuge”) and a strong proportion of lime in the soil. The physical condition is the fault—not through dryness, for although the surface dries up badly, a little way 48 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. down the chalk will hold moisture well (and this is the cause of the success here of the alder); it is the compactness of chalky soils which is the difficulty. Where the top soil is thin the rapid drying of the surface is of course an important hostile factor, but, in view of what M. Fliche says, it should not be utterly impracticable to afforest a chalk down with a thin soil, if the surface soil were scraped together in mounds running in contour lines round the hillside and planted with a mixture of beech and Austrian pine. VIII. In these Notes last year there was mention of Robinia, and now I find that a M. Vadas, a Hungarian, has written about it in his own country. It has been planted there with success since 1807. The author is evidently enthusiastic about it, and lays stress on its rapid growth, excellent wood, moderate demands in regard to soil, its extraordinary power of spreading by suckers and the extension of its roots, which make it so useful in fixing shifting sands; finally, the great number of uses to which it can be put. His ideal treatment appears to be as a high-forest with only a 50-year rotation, Robinta taking the upper stage, with plenty of room for the individual stems, and a shade-bearer as underwood. Although said to be unexacting as to soil, its growth is immensely better on a free soil with a warm climate, such as those required by vineyards and the Spanish chestnut. He gives some figures of growth of woods 32 years old, which are enlightening :— Good soil. Medium soil. Poor soil. Number of stems . : -" 6TG 592 204 Volume in cubic metres. . 243 117 5 Mean height, metres : 2328 18°1 5°85 Mean diam. at chest height, metres ‘229 185 025 IX. Weymouth pine is used to afforest marshy places in the Vosges. We find a description of a wood of 8} acres, said to be by no means the best in the neighbourhood, but just taken as an example. It is 46 years old, rather open, but contains 1276 trees, ranging from 7°8 inches to 23°6 inches. diameter, of a volume of over 4ooo cubic feet per acre. The value, including about £13 per acre as the estimated present value of the land, is now about £96 per acre. Before planting this marshy land was worth about £3, 5s. od. per acre, and produced practically nothing. Spruce appears to have been CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 49 used with the Weymouth, but where it has not disappeared it is not half the size of the latter. In this instance the capital has functioned at 6 per cent., but another writer gives an example of a Weymouth plantation, grown in similar but even more difficult conditions, where the rate was at least 74 per cent. X. M. Galland, having noticed when walking through com- partments in course of exploitation that oak logs cut along the edges of roads always appeared to contain a large proportion of sapwood, made careful observations with a Pressler borer on numerous stems grown in similar situations, but varying only in the amount of light that reached—not their crowns but—their boles. The result bore out his casual observation. Thus, to quote only some of the cases out of many similar, the following examples may be taken :— 1. In a compartment of which the stock was coppice-with- standards, the standards being old and the underwood old enough to shade their boles completely, the mean thickness of the sapwood of six of the oaks was 15°42 mm. 2. In a compartment of high-forest under regeneration, with the oak reserves standing far apart and only seedlings on the ground, the mean thickness of the sapwood was 38°33 mm. 3. In a similar compartment it was 39°3 mm. 4. In a younger compartment, principally of oaks, fairly close, with the boles shaded by the neighbouring crowns, the figure was 18°6 mm. 5. In a compartment of very close-grown beech poles with some old oaks, their sapwood was 15°37 mm. M. Galland then wished to ascertain the rate at which the sap- wood increased with the admission of light to the boles. For this purpose he made observations in five compartments in sequence in a coppice-with-standards, and found that in two years the thick- ness of the sapwood was more than doubled. Thus :— In a compartment of which the underwood was just cut, the sapwood of the standards was 14°3 mm. Do. cut the previous year, the sapwood of the standards was 25°75 mm. Do. cut two years before, the sapwood of the standards was 31°5 mm. Do. cut three years before, the sapwood of the standards was 33 mm. Do. cut four years before, the sapwood of the standards was 36°96 mm. VOL. XXVII. PART I. D 50 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. XI. In 1876, M. Carriére invented a clever and simple plan for dealing with relatively small ravines on bare hillsides, where torrents form and cause much damage below. ‘This is known as ‘‘Garnissage,” and it has been very successful. Having assured a firm bottom to the ravine with stones or lines of pegs, branches are laid heading up the ravine, the lower ends being stuck into the soil. On this are laid rough poles placed criss- cross at about 45 degrees to the line of the ravine, the lower ends stuck into the banks. Finally, at right angles to the ravine, more poles are laid across and fixed to pegs driven into the banks. Wire is used liberally to tie these poles together. When finished the surface must be slightly concave. The rains and snows soon cover this garnissage with stones and soil, and it is then necessary to sow grasses and the seeds of bushy plants, to be followed by cuttings of willows and poplars, and plants of odimia, alder and many other things. These are often afterwards cut back to make them bushy, or are layered. A further stage is to peg down branches higher up the slopes. The vegetation soon spreads. XII. Of late years a new use for ash has sprung up, namely the manufacture of skis. Herr Janka, of the Research Station of Mariabriinn, has lately, writes M. Huffel, made a study of the matter, in order to ascertain which is the best ash-wood to employ. The special qualities of ash—elasticity, flexibility, hardness, resistance to crushing—are proportional to the density of the wood. An excess of moisture diminishes the hardness of ash and its resistance to crushing, but augments its flexibility and elasticity. To some extent we may judge merely by eye of the qualities of ash. The fact, already stated by Mathieu, that the breadth of the spring-wood of ash (as also of oak, elm and others of analogous structure) is constant, whereas the dense autumn-wood may vary in breadth, shows that the faster the growth (and larger the annual ring) the heavier the wood. It is the exact opposite with the conifers. While it is true that ash with a narrow annual ring, such as is grown in a crowded wood, has always a relatively inferior quality— another reason, by the way, for freeing the crowns of ash in a wood—it nevertheless does not follow (so the article states) that the trees that have grown quickest have always the densest wood, and it appears that wood grown moderately fast is the best for ski making. ‘There is very great waste in this industry, ON PROTECTING YOUNG SPRUCE FROM FROST, 51 for the fibres must not be cut, and only perfectly straight-grained wood, split out along the medullary rays, will do. Of course there must be nothing like a knot, Finally, only the sapwood is used, and the heartwood is rejected. 8. On Protecting Young Spruce from Frost. By WILLIAM HALL, Bilton, York. Great inconvenience and loss is frequently caused to young spruce plantations by frost, especially in late spring after the sap has begun to flow into the extremities of the branches. Spruce and a few other conifers suffer severely from such frosts; they are mostly met with on damp low-lying land which is sometimes difficult to drain, and generally on peaty soil, which in Yorkshire overlies a subsoil commonly known as quicksand. The writer is desirous of explaining an experience obtained on this estate, in one of the above-mentioned hollows; although it happened by accident, and not by any plan or foresight, it proved very successful, and might be useful to anyone else working under similar conditions. The facts of the case are that in 1905 about 6 acres of the Nova Scotia Wood were felled, and the following winter were thoroughly cleared out; the ground being replanted in February 1906. It might be advisable to explain here that owing to the low-lying, basin-like configuration of the ground, a very deep dyke about half a mile long had been cut at some previous time to drain this wood, which is intersected by smaller dykes, carried to all the wettest parts. As a rule there is no water in these dykes in summer; but in winter, owing to the fact that some of the surrounding arable land drains into the wood, and owing to its very level nature, the water becomes backed up, with the result that the lowest-lying part is kept very damp throughout the winter. About two acres of a fringe round the outside of the plot, where the soil is stronger, were planted with larch and spruce in the proportion of about 3 to 1 respectively, and mixed with hardwoods, oak and ash, at about every 16 feet, The wet, low-lying part in the centre was planted entirely with spruce, mixed with alder, in place of oak and ash, as the ground was rather wet for these trees. The alders were planted in every 52 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. third row, the rows being 4 feet apart, and were thus about 12 feet apart. They were planted simply because the soil suited them and not as a protection for the spruce, but, as it turned out, they have proved a splendid protection, as was seen shortly afterwards, when, about the end of April, a very severe frost scorched dozens of spruce round the outside of the wood, while those in the centre, which were protected by the alders, were practically unharmed. The alders were between 3 and 4 feet high when planted, and grew very rapidly, the situation and soil being suitable ; and now, after having been planted six years, some of the best of them are from 12 to 15 feet in height, and measure nearly 12 inches in circumference. ‘They have been constantly pruned, all the bottom branches being cut off every year, so as to give the spruce plenty of light and air space; and in another year’s time it is intended to thin out the alders gradually by first taking out every alternate tree, and doing the same in each of the following years until all have been removed, when it is “expected that the spruce will be past the stage in which they are most liable to get frozen. It has been considered best to cut out all the alders as they are of very little commercial value, and the spruce is now wanted as game cover, while later on, when it comes to maturity, it will be required for estate purposes. Another reason for cutting out alders is that they make a very bad mixture, especially with spruce, for they grow very fast, overtopping the spruce very quickly, and they also throw out great numbers of side branches which spread out wide and would in course of time smother the spruce. The plan here mentioned of protecting spruce by mixing them with alders is well worth bringing to the notice of all those interested in the growing of spruce. In this instance, the soil was suited to both species; but in some cases, where spruce is planted, the soil might be more suited to birch, and this species answers the purpose just as well as alder, especially where the situation is exposed to winds. Birch is more hardy and will thrive on poor soil. In some parts of the country birch grows naturally, and would only require thinning out to the required distance apart before planting with spruce, or it could be raised from seed by sowing broad-cast, which could be done at very small cost, and after a few years it would provide excellent shelter for the spruce. ON PROTECTING YOUNG SPRUCE FROM FROST. 53 A small exposed plantation on this estate has a considerable quantity of natural birch in one corner, and it is surprising to notice the better condition of the young plants which are sheltered by these trees, as compared with those which are not so sheltered. Alders could be raised in the same manner, but are very easily grown from cuttings, which, on suitable soil, could be inserted in the same way as willow cuttings, just previous to planting with spruce; shoots of one year’s growth are best for this purpose. The damage done to spruce by severe frosts in late spring, and sometimes in early summer, is very annoying to foresters, besides resulting in a great loss, as very frequently the affected _ plants die altogether, while, should they live, they have a brown, scorched appearance for a long time afterwards; sometimes the young leading shoot will die and a side shoot take its place, and consequently the tree loses its commercial value. The best and most profitable way to treat frozen plants is to take them out at once, should the season be not too far advanced, and to fill up with ball plants of about the same size, if they can be procured ; or should the season for planting be past, the first opportunity of putting in new plants should be taken in the following season. The above experience is well worthy of the notice of foresters and others interested in the growing of spruce, for although it was obtained quite by accident it proved to be very successful, and is certainly worth a trial by others who have similar places to plant. The alder is a very suitable tree for the purpose, as it grows rapidly, and soon gets ahead of the spruce, allowing the lower branches to be lopped so as to let light and air to the spruce beneath it. Another point is that the side branches of the alder spread very rapidly, and afford protection to the spruce from frost and the scorching rays of the sun in summer; this benefit is proved by the healthy, dark green appearance of the young spruce underneath it, and by the rapid growth which they make after they are once fairly established. 54 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. g. Some Uses of a Demonstration Forest in Forestry Education.! (With Plates.) By J. F. ANNAND. When we speak of forestry education we, obviously, do not refer merely to class-room teaching. Class-room and laboratory instruction are, of course, highly important and indeed quite indispensable. But one of the most essential conditions of success in the teaching of forestry is the provision of practical training ground; for forestry is nothing if not a practical subject. If it is important for the future and the practising agri- culturist to have the example of good farming before him, we can safely and confidently claim that it is even more important for the forester, who cannot hope to see the full effects of his labour during a natural life-time, to have the example of con- tinuous good forestry practice before him. As every one connected with forestry knows, this practical example can be provided in Great Britain only by means of Demonstration or Example forests. It may be argued that in Continental states, where the most scientific forestry is practised, we do not as a rule find large tracts of forest land set aside especially for Demonstration purposes, and consequently that there is no need for it in our own case. But we have to remember that 50 per cent. of the forests, in the countries referred to, are managed and worked systematically, and more or less scientifically, on a large scale. The work is often undertaken by the State or by some large corporate body; and it is carried on, as a rule, as a great continuous commercial undertaking. Schemes of management have been in working order for many decades. No forest officer is given a position of such responsibility that he can even modify materially a working-scheme, until he has spent several years in the forests in some subordinate capacity. In fact, the forest manager receives his training in the actual forest which he is ultimately to control. In Great Britain the case is entirely different. Here we have 1 Compiled from notes of an address (with lantern slides) given at the Annual General Meeting of the Society, February I9II. USES OF DEMONSTRATION FOREST IN FORESTRY EDUCATION. 55 practically no State forests which have been made the objects of regular organisation for long periods of years. Almost everything we have in the way of forests in Scotland is the result of private enterprise. Many of the landowners in Scotland have done great things for forestry, but they are always ready to admit, in fact are the first to admit, that for the purposes we have in view there is one great drawback; that is, that there is no guarantee for continuity of management. A private landowner, with the best intentions in the world, cannot give this guarantee, This cannot be gainsaid. I think, also, we may accept it as a fact that whatever may be the case in the distant future, so far as concerns the present at any rate and the near future, the development and extension of forestry as an industry in this country must continue as now very largely in the hands of private owners. Hence the absolute necessity for having established a considerable number of organised forestry estates in suitable representative districts throughout the country, preferably perhaps under some State department, but certainly under some body where continuity of policy could be assured. Incidentally, these areas should provide the best practical training ground for the men who are largely to be responsible for the development and manage- ment both of existing woodlands and for the new planted forests, which we hope soon to see take practical shape. The following notes on some of the educational uses which have been made of a small area of Crown woodland attached to Armstrong College, and also of private woodland areas in the same neighbourhood, may be of some interest to those specially concerned with similar matters in Scotland. The areas I propose to make a few remarks about are :— I. Forest Garden Plots at Cockle Park, Northumber- land. II. The Crown Woods of Chopwell, Co. Durham (about 800 acres available and under a working- scheme). III. Some excellent ‘private woodlands on Tyneside and in Cumberland. Regarding the locality generally, it may be stated that satisfactory growth of the more valuable hardwoods is only 56 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. to be found in the lower valleys and on the best soils ; but many of the slopes in these valleys, which are too steep for field crops, give satisfactory results with ash, beech, sycamore and oak. On the soils usually available for the growth of timber the district generally is, however, one for conifers. The forest garden plots were laid out by Dr Somerville of Oxford, about twelve years ago, and they now form a very valuable adjunct to the class-room for instruction in silviculture. The garden contains about twenty miniature forests, varying in size from half an acre to one acre. The plots represent pure and mixed woods of various “light” and “shade” trees. Here the student can at once have a bird’s-eye view, so to speak, of the earlier stages of many different kinds of forest, and of many of the results of various combinations and mixtures of species. It is hardly an exaggera- tion to say that without some such means of illustrating certain silvicultural principles, it is impossible to convey any proper conception of them to the mind of a student who has had no previous acquaintance with woods. These plots will now be supplemented by new and duplicate ones in the other Demonstra- tion woods in Co. Durham, which are more accessible to the teaching centre. While, individually, the Cockle Park plots are miniature forests, collectively they constitute a piece of woodland of considerable size. Situated as they are, also, close to woods of considerable extent, they will now provide material of very considerable value for the purposes of growth studies. Space does not permit of any of these questions being dealt with here. CHOPWELL Woops. The woodland area at Chopwell, although not of sufficient extent to fulfil all the requirements of a school for practical training, can be used for most of the purposes to which a Demonstration forest can be put. The woods are worked as a commercial undertaking, but all the actual forestry operations are carried out by student workers under the guidance of a skilled foreman. The smallness of the area necessarily limits the number of such students. A working-scheme has been drawn up, and has been in operation for five years. The working students are young men qualifying to act as head foresters on USES OF DEMONSTRATION FOREST IN FORESTRY EDUCATION. 57 estates, or for similar posts. They receive class-room instruction at Armstrong College (six weeks at a time) in such subjects as botany, chemistry, entomology and geology of soils, and silviculture. In the forest, during the summer, they get instruction in mensuration, chain surveying, forest mensuration, and other branches of forestry. The Demonstration wood, from a variety of causes, is far from being in ideal condition, but it is typical of much of the wood- land in the district, and for this reason has a special value of its own; for the work of improvement now being undertaken is just the kind of work that most of the young men in training will be called upon to undertake. The working-scheme is intended, ultimately, to lead up to conditions which will result in a continuous and regular yield of timber. In the present condition of the woods this necessitates two main lines of action. On the one hand, the most worthless and over-mature portions are being gradually cleared and replanted, while, on the other, works of improvement, such as thinning and underplanting, are being carried on in the younger and better portions so as to maintain a profitable annual increment there as long as possible. These works provide favourable opportunities also for the study of such subjects as surveying, forest mensuration, etc. (see Plate I1.). \ EXPERIMENTAL Work. \ Experimental plots are also being laid down annually to test the suitability of various species for underplanting; the advantages and disadvantages of various mixtures or pure woods, the effects of various degrees of density in planting, and so forth. These experimental plots are arranged so as not to interfere with the main objects of the management of the woods, Experiments in selecting and testing tree seeds can also con- veniently be carried out in the tree nursery within the woods. As an example of this, several plots of Scots pine have been set out with plants raised from seeds collected from selected trees of different ages in Chopwell Woods and from other home localities. It is to be feared that we are not making the best out of our native trees by the selection of seeds from good types, and there is still a wide field for investigation in these matters. ¢ 58 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. SUPPLEMENTARY WorRK IN PRIVATE WOODLANDS. As the woods under the immediate control of the college do not provide examples of all different stages and conditions of forest growth, they have to be supplemented, for demonstration purposes, by private woodlands in the vicinity, to which latter the landowners concerned have readily granted access. For these purposes the conifer tract on Tyneside is second to none in the country. Plots have also been set out by Armstrong College for observation purposes in these woods. The following two examples show the nature of some of the growth studies which are being made. The observations were commenced by Mr A. C. Forbes six years ago, and re-measurements have been made from time to time since then, and other new plots taken up. Extract from particulars of a Series of Measurements made tn Observation Plots on Tyneside (Dipton Woods). 2 3 4 5 6 if | 8 | 9 10 > Equal per acre ‘Lhinnings Ga x fs] Ps: removed at 6 Number of A ra 3 | 35 years | z Stems e $4 Si & 5 § =per acre | : Arez F Oe Ses | 6s 3 | =e 2 |}——— No of Plot Age in years =¢ 45K aA, 2 3 rane = Of leaned at time of aye qHo| Se rs s3|2a/% s Plot F Measurement | 5 n oS o 2 ape rept fas ured | x 3 a. oa = Balsealse E | g in = mos ee S Aa | oie] atone 2 each per ea = Sina EZ iS =< Plot acre S Ss E| Sela - = <|52 O& Ft. Sq. ft. | C. ft C. ft. | Cz ft.| Go te C. it. Ist measure- ment 35 | 1073 | 1073 | 128°9 | 1718 | 1718 | 57 at 30 years een eaeCren 2nd measure- ment 38 | 930} 930 | 147°3| 2149 | 2149 | 61 | 86 | 143) 112 at 35 years Ist measure- ment 34 | 510 | 2040 | 32°6 | 420°6 | 1668 | 56 ol at 30 years ie a BEOe 2nd measure- ment 37 | 450 | 1800 | 45°3 | 524°0| 2096 | 60 | 85 | 240} 100 at 35 years \ [Epi (Sa (SL DO ae ee CU aie ee ee Nore.—The measurements are taken over bark. 113 % or 12 % should be deducted from the volume figures given above. To make allowance for bark ‘SdOOM TIAMIOHD *s99.1] 94] UO pue puNoIS ay] UO MOUS SVM aroy] UdyM uae] sem aanjoid ayy, “€ pue z "g5 “¢ anf 07) ‘Sunurdiapun r0J ‘SSI YIM oreduiog ‘aprut arama ssuluUTyy *‘pajuejdiapun apvul Udaq OAR, SSUTUUTYA juawoaordut 19ye juataaoIdut arojaq ‘(uONIpUuo. JazUIM) 1999 svat moj YI] Jo uoTIAaG—-"€ “oly Aa VIpatuut POOM YOAV] JO UOlIG—"? “OY ‘wa SYosg *YBO YIM YOIVT JO UOTIV9G—"I “OI Lote Number of stems Scots pine crop, 35 years old BIGH. A: in (For details of volume see Plot I. per acre, 930. 5- oe > ompare with Fi x C table on p. 58.) es > “ca Te fy (For Number of stems per acre, 1800. years old. 7 Scots pine crop, 35 Fic. 5 in table on p. 58.) details of volume see Plot IT. Dieron Woops. USES OF DEMONSTRATION FOREST IN FORESTRY EDUCATION. 59 The examples given are intended to show the nature of some of the work which may be undertaken in Demonstration woods, and in the hope of inducing others to take up similar work. Other methods of making the measurements can of course be adopted, but the advantage of the quarter-girth method is that it is in daily use and best understood on estates where assistance may be obtained in keeping records. Apart from these con- siderations, Continental methods are to be preferred. An interesting point to be specially noted in connection with the plots selected, is that at thirty-five years of age the volume production in each case is about equal, notwithstanding that the number of stems per acre in one case is very much in excess of the other. The quality of the timber may, however, be very different. A reference to Figs. 4 and 5 will make this apparent. The plots are situated near each other in nearly uniform conditions as regards soil, altitude and exposure. Space does not permit of full details being given of this branch of work, but one point may specially be noted with reference to thinnings (column to of table). The thinnings in the plots described were restricted almost entirely to the removal of suppressed (dead) trees. Many of the roots of those suppressed trees were dug up, and it was found that 80 per cent. of them had no proper root-system and that they had retained the bent, distorted shape which is some- times produced through careless nursery treatment of the young plants, or, it may be, through careless planting. To what extent this may have resulted in actual loss of volume it is difficult to estimate. We may reasonably assume, however, that as the development of individuals in the crop has been retarded, this must also influence the mass. It may be argued that in any case these suppresseed stems would have to be removed as thinnings, but this may not necessarily be so. The largest plants in a batch of seedlings are most likely to have their roots damaged and distorted by careless handling in the nursery. It is conceivable therefore that the best and most vigorous growers may in this way be permanently crippled, and that a large loss in increment may result. If natural reproduction is impracti- cable (and as a rule it is), it is highly important to have careful handling of the trees in the nursery and in planting operations. Few species suffer so much from careless nursery treatment as Scots pine. In Plate III., Fig. 9, there is shown a portion of 60 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the stem and roots of a suppressed tree taken from one of the pine plots. If this root-system is compared with those in Figs. 6 and 7, it will at once be seen how great the difference is between it and those of a natural seedling or a carefully handled nursery plant. As regards purely educational work in forestry, Example forests must also be the best means of reaching those already in charge of woodlands who have not had any opportunities of making a special study of scientific methods of dealing with woods, and who cannot take advantage of courses of instruc- tion extending over lengthened periods, at teaching centres. For such a purpose several areas, even of moderate extent (if of easy access), in different parts of the country, would probably have more immediate influence in fostering good forestry than one or two large but comparatively inaccessible forests. 10. Research Work and Educational Methods of the Forestry Departments and Forestry Schools in the United States and Canada in connection with the study of Timber and other Forest Products. Compiled from the Report of a visit by E. R. Burpon, M.A., to those countries. The object of the journey, which was undertaken in accordance with a resolution of the Forestry Committee of the University of Cambridge, was to study the methods of research into the structure, properties and utilisation of timber employed in the United States and Canada, and the nature of the training given to forestry students in this branch of the subject. Propucts BRANCH OF THE UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE. The most important research work on timber in the United States is that which is being carried on by the Branch of Products of the Forest Service. The main object of this branch is to develop more economical methods of utilising forest products generally, so as to eliminate the enormous waste which occurs not only in logging, but also in conversion into lumber and in manufacture. In pursuance of this object the Products Branch endeavours Prac Tle Ere. 6. FIG. 7. Vatural Seedling of Scots Pine, 6 years old. 3-year-old Scots Pine properly transplanted te root-system and compare with Figs. 7, 8 (British method). and a. Compare with Fig, 8. Fic. 8. FIG. 9. iproperly transplanted Scots Vine Seedlings Suppressed (dead) Tree taken from Pine Wood, (British method), 4 years old. Note crumpled roots and bent stems. Compare with Figs. 6 and 7. 35 years planted, showing effect of improper handling in Nursery after 35 years. Compare root-system with those of Figs. 6, 7, 8. Roor-SysTEMS OF Scots PINE TREES. [To face p. 60. RESEARCH WORK AND EDUCATIONAL METHODS. 61 to organise systematic scientific research and to disseminate information regarding the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of commercial woods and their products, the utilisa- tion of forest products, the natural and artificial seasoning of wood, wood preservation, wood distillation, the production of paper pulp, naval stores and other chemical products. It also compiles statistics of production, consumption, prices and market conditions, investigates commercial methods of manufacture, of grading, and utilisation, and the possibilities of substitution of new species or other materials for woods which are _ be- coming scarce, etc., etc. The range of the investigations of the Products Branch covers every industry which is in any way dependent on. the forest for its raw material. The work is thus of the greatest economic value, and the results already obtained are doing more than almost any other agency to educate the timber trade at large in a proper appreciation of scientific forestry. The organisation of the branch is as follows: (a) The Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, (6) The Office of Wood Utilisation at Chicago, both co-ordinated under the direction of the chief of the branch who reports direct to Washington, D.C. In addition to this the whole country is divided up into. districts, and an officer of the Products Branch is stationed at a central point in each district, in order to enable the branch to. keep in close touch with the principal timber associations and wood-using industries of each district. Before the commencement of any research project, a working- plan as complete in detail as possible is insisted on. This. working-plan is submitted by the head of the department concerned to a committee composed of all the heads of departments in the Products Branch. The need for the investigation, present knowledge of the subject, the proposed method of procedure, with plans of any instruments required, the probable cost, etc., etc., are all laid before the committee. The project after full discussion and criticism is revised and finally passed on by the chief of the branch for similar con- sideration by a committee composed of the heads of the Forest Service Departments at Washington, D.C. Although this occasions some delay in beginning the work, the method has been found to be most satisfactory, 62 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, since many points which would never have occurred to the originator of the project, but are capable of simultaneous solution, are brought forward. By this means not only is duplication of work saved, but the various departments of the Forest Service are kept in close touch with what is going on. Progress reports of research work are also handed in at intervals and considered in a similar manner, and a final report is also required before the project is considered completed. THE Forest Propuctrs LABORATORY, MADISON. The laboratory, which has an ample storage-yard of about two acres in extent, with sawmill, drying sheds and a wood- working shop, is organised into eight technical sections for experimental research, and one non-technical section which attends to general maintenance. The technical sections are as follows: 1. Timber-testing. Timber Physics. . Wood Preservation. Wood Distillation. Pulp and Paper. Engineering (with Drafting Room). Chemistry. Pathology. 1. Zimber-testing Department.— Here investigations are made into the mechanical properties of wood both before and after manufacture, or preservative treatment, or seasoning. At present tests are being carried out on the different commercial woods of the United States with a view to deter- mining their relative mechanical properties, ¢.g. strength, toughness, hardness, etc. A point wherein these tests differ from those generally made by engineers is that the specimens are collected from the forest, and the history of each, the conditions of soil and environment, etc., under which each was grown, are known, The structure of each specimen is noted from microscopic sections made in another department, and as sufficient data accumulate attempts will be made to correlate the structure with the mechanical and physical properties. It is hoped that this work may in time enable each species to be so graded according to structure and corresponding strength, RESEARCH WORK AND EDUCATIONAL METHODS. 63 that the factor of safety rendered necessary by the tables at present used by engineers, architects, etc., may be materially reduced. If by any means it is found possible to do this in such a manner that, by examination of the structure, an engineer may at once know within moderate limits the strength of a log, the work will be of immense value. But even apart from this the work will be of service by enabling consumers to readily find substitutes for woods which are becoming scarce. Other tests are being made in this section to determine the effect which the treatment of wood under pressure in the process of preserving has on its mechanical properties. The effects of different methods of seasoning on the mechanical properties are also investigated. The equipment of this laboratory consists of— one 200,000 lbs. Riehlé testing machine ; one 100,000 lbs. Olsen of us three 30,000 lbs. Olsen 33 one 60,000 inch pound Riehlé torsion testing machine ; one impact testing machine; and various machines for doing shop-repairs, grinding tools, etc. Another piece of apparatus which is best described under this section, though it is actually set up in the Timber Physics Laboratory, is one which has been specially designed for determining the effect of dead loads on beams, the deflections of each beam being automatically recorded upon a revolving drum. The object of this research is to ascertain the relations that exist between the strength of a material as demonstrated by ordinary testing machines working at uniform speed, and its strength when placed under a constant stress or dead load. 2. Timber Physics Department.—In this section studies are made of the physical properties of wood and their relation to structure. These include determination of the specific gravity, specific heat, the effects of changes of temperature, pressure and moisture on the wood substance and general structure, etc. ‘These researches have a special bearing on the artificial treat- ment of wood in the processes of seasoning, fire-proofing, preserving under pressure, etc., when it is important to know the effect of different pressures, the amount of heat required, the length of time different kinds of wood may be exposed to certain conditions, and so forth. The results of this work therefore 04 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, serve as a valuable check on the experiments of other departments. This department possesses a complete equipment for prepar- ing sections and photomicrographs of wood, and is making a collection of North American woods. ‘The specimens are in the form of half-logs 4 feet long, with bark attached, cut so as to display the transverse, radial, tangential and obliquely tangential surfaces. 3. Wood Preservation and (8) Pathology Departments.—The wood of these two departments is so closely connected that it is simpler to describe them together. The Wood Preservation Laboratory contains a very complete equipment for testing the various problems of wood preservation by treating the wood with materials which increase its durability. These problems may be divided broadly into two classes: (a) Those dealing with the preservatives themselves, their effect on the wood and their efficiency in resisting fungi, insects and fire. (4) ‘Those concerned with the methods of forcing the preservative into the wood. (a) In the study of the first of these problems the preservatives are analysed and fractionally distilled in the chemical laboratory. The efficiency of each preservative and its different fractions is then tested by subjecting woods treated with them to the action of wood-destroying fungi or animals, and noting their relative powers of resistance. The effects of weather on the preservative in the treated specimens are also investigated and taken into account in judging efficiency. The efficiency of each preservative or of its fractional distillates is also tested by making culture media of wood- destroying fungi to which the preservatives are added in different percentage strengths. The extent to which the fungus succeeds in growing in such media affords an indication of the efficiency of the preservative. Experiments of a similar kind on a larger scale are also being attempted in a fungus pit which has been specially constructed below the floor in one corner of the Wood Preserva- tion Laboratory. (6) The equipment for studying the second class of problems, viz., the methods of impregnating the woods with the different preservatives, is very complete. There are four sizes of pressure: RESEARCH WORK AND EDUCATIONAL METHODS. 65 cylinders. An open tank is also provided in which the effect of soaking specimens in preservatives without pressure, as well as the degree of penetration obtainable by alternating applica- tions of hot and cold preservative, can be investigated. Another piece of apparatus is specially designed for observing the course which the preservative takes through the wood elements when injected under pressure. Other problems, such as the loss of preservatives by evaporation at different temperatures, the relative inflammability of woods, etc., are being investigated with the help of ingenious pieces of apparatus designed for each problem. Piles which have been treated to test the possibility of preserving them against marine-boring animals have been sunk in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of San Francisco. 4. Wood Distillation Department.—In this laboratory studies are made of the products obtainable from different woods and of the most economical methods of extraction. The work of this department is of high economic importance, for its main object is to find a profitable use for the enormous waste of material which occurs, not only in the forest in the shape of tops, branches and stumps, but also in the sawmills and factories, in the shape of slabs, ends, shavings and saw- dust. Designs for an experimental plant to produce ethyl alcohol from sawdust are now being drawn up. Another line of investigation has been the commercial methods of collecting and refining turpentine, and the improved methods suggested are gradually being adopted by the trade. 5. Pulp and Paper Department.—The work here is mainly directed at present to the discovery of woods which can be ~ substituted for spruce as a source of pulp in view of the rapid disappearance of the spruce forests. This involves studies of the methods by which ground wood-pulp can be obtained from species other than spruce; of the potentialities of different woods in the manufacture of chemical pulp; of the qualities of paper which can be made from various grades of sulphite, soda and ground wood-pulp; and of the possibilities of utilising various forms of forest and mill waste for the manufacture of pulp. 6. Engineering Department.—The work of this section, apart from the care of the machinery in the yard and building, consists in the designing of plant and apparatus. The discovery VOL. XXVII. PART I. E 66 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of improved methods of working wood, or new applications for a given wood or wood product, is at once followed by the designing of apparatus which will enable the discovery to be put to commercial use. 7. Chemistry Department.—The work of this section is of course carried on in close collaboration with every other section. The main problems engaging its attention at present are the analysis and grading of commercial creosotes to determine their value as preservatives, and the analysis and grading of turpentines and rosins. OFFICE OF Woop UTILISATION, CHICAGO. The main object here, as in the Products Laboratory, is to promote more economic utilisation of wood by elimination of waste in both forest and mill, but, as mentioned above, this Office only attempts the solution of problems which do not require the application of laboratory methods and can be solved by direct co-operation with lumbermen and manufacturers. To achieve this a thorough knowledge of the timber business generally is essential, and detailed studies are being made of the wood-using industries of each State. These studies include statistics of production and consumption of lumber, the kinds of wood used, the source whence obtained, the product manu- factured from each kind, and a variety of information as to market conditions, prices, etc. The work is carried on in co-operation with manufacturers, who are invited to supply the necessary information, and in most cases the States also lend the assistance of their Boards of Forestry, of Agriculture, of Labour, of Statistics, etc. | As a result of the knowledge acquired by these studies, covering as they do every important home wood-using industry, the Office is enabled to co-operate still more closely with manufacturers by giving valuable suggestions for the utilisation of material which would otherwise be regarded as waste. The Office is also ready to help manufacturers in the discovery of substitutes for species of trees which are becoming scarce. FORESTRY SCHOOLS. The forestry schools visited were those of Yale, Harvard, Michigan and Toronto Universities, which are recognised as being of the highest standard in North America. All of these THE ANNUAL EXCURSION. 67 are housed in temporary buildings which have been adapted for the purpose, and I| was therefore unable to gain any ideas as to the most suitable type of building for a forestry school. None of them possesses a museum, nor is there even adequate accommodation for the collections of material necessary for class work. The most pressing needs of the United States and Canada in connection with forestry at present lie in the better manage- ment of the woods and forests, and it is therefore natural to find that the work in their newly established forestry schools is almost entirely directed towards giving students a thorough training in the silvicultural side of forestry. The study of Timber Physics, under which term I include all such studies as are undertaken at the Forest Products Laboratory, occupies quite a secondary position in the curricula of forestry schools, and except for microscopical studies of timber structure, no other research work is carried on. Ir. The Annual Excursion. (With Plate.) By Wo. Dawson, M.A., B.Sc. The Society this year visited the north-eastern part of Scotland, and spent the week beginning June 24th in the valley of the Dee. The party was much larger than usual, there being nearly a hundred members present. The district visited is one of the best-wooded parts of Scotland, and includes places which have long been recognised as almost unique silviculturally. The old forest of Ballochbuie, in which the Excursion started, is almost the last remaining area of the native pine forests which once covered a large portion of the country, while Durris, at which it closed, is unique for the number and size of its exotic timber trees. The places visited between these extremes had, likewise, much to interest the silviculturist in the size and variety of their woodland areas. A point of imterest is the fact that the Kirktown of Braemar, from which the Excursion started, stands at an elevation of about 1ooo feet above sea-level —an elevation which for most parts of Scotland is recognised as beyond, or at the utmost limits of, the “timber line.” Yet, in this particular district, trees of more than one species flourish 68 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. at elevations many hundred feet higher. Practically all the time was spent in woods of a commercial kind, though most of the places visited afforded also great arboricultural interest. The estates visited had all very extensive woodland areas, mostly over 4000 acres each. Special interest was lent by the fact that permission had graciously been granted to view the woods and policies of the Royal Residence at Balmoral. On the afternoon of Monday, June 24th, the party assembled in Aberdeen, and the journey from there to Braemar was undertaken in the motor cars which accompanied the party throughout the tour. The headquarters on Monday and Tuesday were in the Fife Arms Hotel in Braemar, and for the remaining days in the Burnett Arms and other hotels in Banchory. His Majesty the King was graciously pleased to entertain the members of the Society to luncheon at Balmoral. At the luncheon the President referred to the Royal estates as being models of good management. The King’s woods afforded a model to other proprietors, and an object lesson to all his subjects. There were not only the old natural forests of Ballochbuie, but also extensive younger plantations perfectly stocked and in ideal order. He expressed the gratitude all felt to His Majesty for inviting them there, and for entertaining them that day. The following telegram was sent to His Majesty :— “ Sir John Stirling-Maxwell presents his humble duty to your Majesty and begs, on behalf of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, to thank your Majesty for the kindness and hospitality with which its members, by your Majesty's command, have been received at Balmoral, and for the delightful and instructive days they have spent among your Majesty’s thriving woods and plantations. The Society desires to assure your Majesty of its devoted loyalty, and prays that your Majesty and the Queen may continue to flourish like the pines in the Ballochbuie.” In the course of the next day the President received the following telegram from the King :— *“RoyaL YACHT CLUB, CARDIFF, “To SIR JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL. “JT thank you and the members of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society for kind telegram and good wishes for the Queen and myself, which it contains. I am delighted the Society enjoyed their visit to Balmoral. i “ GEorGE RI.” THE ANNUAL EXCURSION. 69 The Society was also hospitably received on the other estates visited. ; Tuesday, June 25th. BaLLocHBuir.—The business of the Excursion started on Tuesday morning with a visit to the western portion of the old Ballochbuie Forest. This forest forms the centre of a very large area of woodland—an area which covers many square miles, stretching unbroken from Ballater on the east to considerably beyond Braemar on the west, a distance of more than twenty miles. The party was under the guidance of Mr John Michie, M.V.O., His Majesty’s factor at Balmoral, who gave much interesting and valuable information, not only on the old wood alone, but on the general forestry of the district. The Forest of Ballochbuie is situated in a great hollow among the hills, the lowest elevation being nearly 1000 feet above sea-level, while the highest point at which good timber grows is about 1500 feet, though the trees persist up to 1800 feet. The forest consists of Scots pine alone, the remains of the old Caledonian Forest, true natives in their native habitat. Practically no cutting is done in the wood, but individual trees are removed when they die, and the oldest of these have been found to be nearly 300 years of age. Mr Michie gives the age of the oldest specimen at from 260 to 300 years, but the greater part of the area is occupied with trees somewhat younger. All the trees are big, and many of them are of vast size with tall, clean, full stems. On the lower ground, where the trees are biggest, one specimen was found to measure nearly 100 feet in height, and to girth 7 ft. 8 ins. at 5 feet from the ground. Even at higher elevations the size was great. Between 1200 feet and 1300 feet a number of trees were found to measure from 3 feet to 5 ft. 3 ims. in circumference at 5 feet from the ground, but in the same place a single tree girthed 1r ft. to ins. at 5 feet from the ground. Many of the trees contain over roo cub. feet of timber, but some free-standing specimens contain between 200 and 300 cub. feet. As can be readily understood the stock is somewhat uneven; in places there is a fairly full stand while in others the crop is thin. In the lower ground a considerable area has been enclosed against deer. Within the fence natural regeneration took place, and on part of the ground a fairly full crop was secured. 70 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The stocking of the area has now been completed by planting up gaps with seedlings raised from seed gathered from the old trees. Outside of the enclosed area few young trees are to be seen. The old trees are still producing fertile seed, a full crop being produced every four or five years. Altogether Ballochbuie Forest is magnificent, and possesses a character entirely different from that of most Scottish woods. Its great age, the great size of its big trees, its vigour and vitality, and the general expression of strength, all go to make it distinctive. It is fortunate that it is being carefully preserved. INVERCAULD.—In the afternoon the forests of Invercauld, which belong to Mr _ Farquharson, were visited. The Invercauld woods are adjacent to the Ballochbuie Forest, stretching to the north and to the west, forming part of the vast block of woodlands clothing this part of the valley. They consist, for the most part, of Scots pine though the specimens are con- siderably younger than those of Ballochbuie. .Here too the Scots pine grows well at elevations up to 1400 or 1500 feet. A considerable amount of planting has taken place in recent years, and one noteworthy feature is the excellent growth of the spruce in the few clumps where it has been planted. The Invercauld woods extend to many thousands of acres, but the party had time to inspect only those near at hand. The trees near the house also afforded considerable interest. There are many good specimen conifers, and also an interesting group of Picea alba about 20 feet high. The party was under the guidance of Mr Andrew Smith, factor for the estates. Returning from Invercauld, the party motored through Braemar and through the finely wooded country past Mar Lodge on to the Linn 0’ Dee. The members had thus a chance of seeing something of the nature and extent of the woodlands in the uppermost part of the valley. Special interest attaches to a very extensive area of thriving larch stretching along the hillside between Corriemulzie and Gley Ey, which attracted the atten- tion of the party as it passed. The lowermost part of the wood stands at an elevation of 1200 feet, and it rises to an elevation of over 1800 feet. Even there the growth of the larch seems excellent, and it is obvious that planting could be carried to considerably higher elevation in this particular place. Between Inverey and the Linn o’ Dee there are many magnificent spruce trees of great height. THE ANNUAL EXCURSION. 71 Wednesday, June 26th. BALLOCHBUIE, BALMORAL, ABERGELDIE, BIRKHALL.—The party was again met by Mr Michie in the morning at the Braemar end of the Balmoral estate, and, after passing through the western portion of Ballochbuie, a halt was made at the foot of Craig-deign in the eastern half of the forest. Craig-deign is a hill of about 1800 feet elevation, and the top of it is thus beyond the Scots fir “timber line” of the district. The effects of elevation on the growth of the tree were clearly seen—1500 feet being again about the highest limit at which useful timber grew. From the top of the hill some idea was obtained of the great areas of forest in the neighbourhood. Practically all the woodlands in view consisted of Scots pine, and most of it was either old or middle-aged. The next area inspected was the large forest of natural timber known as Garmaddie Wood. Mr Michie places the age of the wood at from 100 to 130 years. It is certain that this wood, from its extent and character, stands unrivalled in the kingdom. The trees are all tall and exceedingly well grown, though the wood lies between the elevation of rooo and 1250 feet. The wood is regular and the crop is full. In the thicker portions of the wood the trees vary from 10 to 20 cub. feet, and in the opener places where the individual trees have had more room they vary from 20 to 50 cub. feet. The average crop amounts to considerably over 4000 cub. feet (q.g.) to the acre. The wood is in a very well-kept and tidy condition, and everywhere shows evidence of careful and skilful management. This wood, like all the other woods on the Balmoral estates, is intersected with an excellent system of well-made roads, which make every part of it accessible and thus facilitates management and control. Altogether the Garmaddie Wood is a most pleasing object, a model Scots pine wood. ‘The timber of this and of the other woods, which was seen at the estate sawmill, is excellent in quality, At Craig-gowan an entirely different aspect of forestry was seen. Craig-gowan is a hill of some 1300 feet elevation rising from the south side of the flat ground on which Balmoral Castle stands. Up to 1883 the part in question, with a N. and N.E. aspect, was covered with an irregular crop consisting mostly of birch. In that year operations were started, and efforts were made to secure a more complete cover of the ground without 72 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. interfering with the existing birch trees. Now there exists on it considerable areas of very flourishing Douglas fir, while small pure plantations of Pinus cembra, P. monticola, P. strobus, spruce and several other species have been formed. ‘There are also specimens of Zsuga albertiana, Tsuga hookeriana, Abies nobilis, A. magnifica, A. grandis, Picea orientalis, etc. The most striking picture was presented by the Douglas fir, which was flourishing in a most promising way. This is all the more remarkable in view of the elevation. Even at rooo and 1200 feet the trees are growing well, and stand quite firm and storm fast. This area affords a striking example of how a worthless and exhausted birch wood can be transformed into a useful as well as beautiful woodland, without disturbing the amenities in the least at any time; it also shows clearly the advantages of utilis- ing existing cover for establishing and rearing trees, which, without the cover, might only be reared with difficulty, or not reared at all. In the gardens there are many well-grown conifers which were planted between 50 and 60 years ago. ‘They include a Douglas fir, about 70 feet in height and 7 ft. 4 ins. in girth at 5 feet from the ground ; an Ades Lowiana, 50 feet in height ; Abies magnifica, 50 feet in height and 4 ft. 5 ins. in girth; and Adzes grandis, 60 feet high and 5 ft. g ins. in girth. At Abergeldie Castle, which was visited in the afternoon, there are some very large silver firs. They seed themselves very readily. There are extensive areas of young Scots pine (30 to 50 years) near by, which are the most promising of the younger woods of the district. In the eastern portion of Abergeldie, through which the motors passed, there are extensive natural pine woods on Craig-na-baan and Craig- ghuibhais, all of which are equal to the standard of the natural wood already mentioned. At Birkhall, which was reached late in the afternoon, in addition to natural woods there are extensive areas of planted woods both of Scots pine and larch. Many of the old larches near the house are of great size. There are also extensive well-grown woods of larch and of pine, between 50 and 60 years old, at elevations of from 1200 to 1400 feet, in Glen Muick and on Craig of Knocks, and at other places. Thursday, June 27th. BaALLocir.—The estate of Ballogie is situated on the south side of the Dee midway between Aboyne and Banchory. It is THE ANNUAL EXCURSION. 73 owned by Mr W. E. Nicol. The estate is very well wooded, having over 4000 acres of woodland. The woods consist largely of Scots pine which here also is very tall and well grown and is of excellent quality (see Plate IV.). There are woods of practically all ages. Mr Geo. Wyllie, who has had charge of these woods for nearly half a century, has kindly contributed the following notes on the visit :— “As arranged, I met the members at Potarch. On the left-hand side of the Carlogie road, they could see a second crop of Scots fir trees which were planted 28 years ago, and, on the right-hand side of this road, on what is called the Darn Haugh, they could see some fine Scots pine and larch trees go years of age. Farther along this road we arrived at Balnacraig. Here I pointed out a fine old ash tree 200 years of age; its stem had a circumference of 15 ft. 8 ins. at 5 feet from the ground. Also, on the Cap of Balnacraig, a second crop of Scots pine and larch 7 years of age was pointed out, where some of the trees had made shoots of 20 inches this season. “When we left Balnacraig, we came along the Pitsluggerty road until we arrived at Mr Robert Donaldson’s sawmill, where the company had the opportunity of seeing the trees manufactured. We then examined the plantation of Scots fir, on the north side of Pitsluggerty road. Here I explained to the company that the trees were 28 years of age, and that this was the second crop of Scots fir growing on the same ground. My system was to commence planting as soon as I got the former crop cleared. But before doing so I had the ground “ scriefed ” —that is, a small portion of the surface (g ins. x 12 ins.) is taken off at the spots where the young plants are to be placed. The plants used were Scots fir seedling twice transplanted, and they were planted at 4 feet apart. The year after planting, I had the ground examined and all failures made good. Nothing further has been done to this plantation, as I believe in leaving the Scots fir very much to thin themselves. “We come next to the Inchbare plantation. Here a crop of Scots pine and larch was taken off this ground about 7 years ago. The present plants are 4 years planted. They consist of Scots fir, larch, Norway spruce, Doug/aszi and Menzies spruce. The trees are all planted in groups and are making good growths. *‘In the old wood of Slidderybrae, which consists of Scots fir 74 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, and larch go years of age, some of the members estimated that there would be at least 4000 cubic feet per acre in this plantation. “Our next stop was at Midstrath Lodge, where the company saw some fine specimens of the Picea nobilis, Abies nordmanniana, and Douglasi, all 33 years planted. Some of them were 50 feet high. “We then went along the main avenue, where the company were shown the following trees :— “ Scots pine—108 feet high (403 feet clean stem), circumference of stem 11 ft. 7 ins. (at 5 feet up). Height. Circumference. Age. Abtes nobilis, ifypeis 6 ft. 11 ims. ‘58 years. Abies nordmanniana, A git, coins: ‘i; Ps. Douglasit, Oviess To ft., 0 ins, ‘i Ps, Douglasit, TOG... g ft. 5 ins. 2 Picea sitkaensts, 86.5, PX tte) | Opis: e Abies lastocarpa, fel ioe 5 it, To ims. 50 years Sequoia gigantea, Ts EY {3 ins: Re All circumferences are measured at 5 feet from the ground.” FinzeEan.—The estate of Finzean, which marches with Ballogie, is the property of the Right Hon. Dr Farquharson. Perhaps the most interesting area is Easter Clune Wood, an area of about 200 acres of natural grown larch about 4o years of age. It had its origin in natural seeding and is entirely the result of chance. When the old wood which had previously occupied the ground had been cleared, it had so happened that the larch had been producing seed at the time. The breaking of the ground resultant on the felling and removing of the old trees had enabled the seedlings to get a hold, and the result to-day is a full crop of pure larch. This wood, unfortunately, like so many middle-aged woods in the neighbour- hood, has suffered serious damage by attacks from squirrels. Very considerable financial loss has been sustained on this account. Another remarkable wood is an area of pure Scots pine known as the ‘“Laird’s Walking-Sticks.” The wood has always been full. In fact, at present when the trees are mature, there is over 250 to the acre. The crop is wonderfully regular, each tree IGIE. AT BALLO Ronald Ritchie, Edinburgh.) Scots PINE (Photo by C. E PER reEe ie ere vm aiaaaaall — RRS SS “se OE SURED) wrens mmm s S S = 8 a ~ Z < ia} N Zz Fe I>: < x Pe <. 5! = ~N 74- To face p. ee “IVUOWIVG LY ALUVG NOISMOOXGY AH, "yYSAnguipy ‘yey plvUoy \d| [Aq 0704cT THE ANNUAL EXCURSION. 75 being tall, straight, clean and beautifully grown. The cubic contents of this area are much greater than that of any other area of Scots pine seen during the Excursion. Near at hand there are numbers of larches measuring over roo feet in height and girthing up to 8 feet. There are also many good hard- woods including good specimens of Juglans regia. General comment was made on the extent and excellence of the afforestable land in this neighbourhood. The valleys are very wide, and the levels are comparatively low, while the soil is ideal. Mr F. J. Cochrane, factor for Dr Farquharson, and Mr Geo. Cocker, ground officer, conducted the party. Friday, June 28th. The concluding day of the Excursion was spent in the part of the valley of the Dee between Banchory and Aberdeen, and afforded a great variety of interest, including as it did visits to Silverbank Sawmills at Banchory, to Crathes and to Durris. At Silverbank Sawmills, which belong to Messrs A. and G. Paterson, Mr Donald Munro conducted the party. ‘The visit afforded members an opportunity of seeing the quality of the timber they had been inspecting, in the growing condition,’ for the past three days. Anexhibit of much interest and educational value was provided by Mr Munro, in a large selection of trees and boards showing the nature and the extent of the damage done by squirrels. The exhibits were such as to impress members with the seriousness of the matter. CratTHEs.—A short visit was paid to Crathes Castle, the residence of Sir Thos. Barnett, Bart., of Leys, where the party was under the guidance of Mr J. C. Dunbar, factor. Woods similar to those inspected on previous days were again seen. There are also many large specimen trees, singly and in groups. The special feature of the place is the magnificent yew hedges in and around the gardens. They are at least r2 feet high and from ro to 12 feet thick. They are skilfully trimmed, and are still very vigorous and healthy. They were planted in 1596, at the time of the completion of the castle. Durris.—The estate of Durris, belonging to Mr H. J. Baird, affords much of both silvicultural and arboricultural interest, so much in fact that the Society could only see a very small proportion of the woods and trees worth seeing, in the short time 76 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. at their disposal. Mr E. Lees, factor, and Mr Stewart, head forester, acted as guides. The most interesting and instructive plantations seen were at Strathgyle. The larger of the woods, over 8o acres in extent, lies on the north and north-west slopes of the hillside at an elevation of from 700 to 800 feet. The soil for the most part consists of deep peat. Thirty-four years ago the area had been planted with a mixture of Scots pine, Norway spruce and Sitka spruce. The growth of the Sitka spruce, under the adverse conditions prevailing, has been wonderful. The other species have remained far behind, and merely serve as packing in what will ultimately be an almost pure Sitka spruce plantation. The Sitka spruces average over 50 feet in height, while some of the larger individuals contain from 16 to 18 cub. feet of timber. At a still higher elevation, about 900 feet, there is an area of 10 or 12 acres which had been planted at the same time as the last (1878) with Sitka spruce alone. It has been left unthinned. The consequence is that while the total cubic contents of the wood is large, none of the individual trees have any great bulk. The problem of thinning the wood now presents great difficulties. As a demonstration of the possibilities of the tree at high altitudes, these woods are invaluable. ‘The object lesson was all the more striking, as between the two plantations there was to be seen Scots pine and some larch, all of which were wind-swept and broken down by snow. The nurseries are extensive and are fully stocked with a variety of conifers, including Douglas fir, Zhuja plicata, Chamecyparis lawsoniana, European and Japanese larch, and many other exotic trees. All the seed sown in the nursery is collected on the estate. The park is full of arboricultural interest. Two previous proprietors of the estate, Mr MacTair and Mr Young, were very keen planters, and both had collected trees from all quarters of the northern hemisphere. There is thus a great variety of conifers, and besides, most of them are very well developed. Some of the biggest and best include Cupressus nuthaensis, Thuja plicata, Abies grandis and Pseudotsuga Douglasit. One of the last-named, a tree of 72 years old, contains over 300 cubic feet of timber. It is 106 feet high and measures 12 feet in circumference at 5 feet from the ground. DOUGLAS FIR PLANTATION : TAYMOUNT ESTATE. q7 12. Douglas Fir Plantation: Taymount Estate. By FRANK Scort. As particulars of volume, etc., relating to this plantation have from time to time appeared in these Zyansactions (see Vols. Xviil. p. 269, xviii. p. 200), the following measurements (see next page) taken in the middle of October last may be of some interest. The following was the method adopted in taking the measure- ments. All the trees on the 9'69 acres of plantation were girthed at 5 feet from the ground. They were then classified according to this girth, and the girth of the average stems in each class was found by Weise’s 4o per cent. rule. A number of trees of this girth in each class were measured, the timber-height being taken by hypsometer, and the mean girth by actual measurement. The timber-height was taken to 12 inches in girth over bark. In each class one average tree at least was measured in sections of ro feet, and by this method, leaving out the average tree in Class 7, which showed an abnormal difference, the average increase was found to be 9'4 per cent. Below is added the volume of blown timber removed in 1912, and a comparison made with the measurements of Dr Schlich taken in 1888. Volume by Established Absolute Square of Volumein Volume up Quarter-girth 10 teet to 12 inches at half-height. Sections. Girth. Total Volume on 9°69 acres. Se 5on5 7/5 64,077 81,374 Average Volume peracre . : 6,044 6,612 8,397 Blown timber removed 1912 per acre 145 158 200 6,189 6,770 8,597 Volume, 1888 (Dr Schlich’s) : 2,678 2,929 3,719 Total Increment per acre, 1888-1912 Bia 3,841 4,878 Aver. Annual ,, PP 1888-1912 146 159 202 The Aver. Volume per tree is (1912) 40°5 44°3 56°2 The Form Factor calculated from the Average trees in each class : “41 448 *568 The trees average about go feet in height, and are making annual growths of from g to 15 inches. 78 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. > auN[oA [BIO], bLE‘I1g LLo‘tg SZS.9S 966 $gZ gil. £19°L g66'S €eb.S 099 ‘gz LoS ‘zz gz9.0z Lbr‘of gfL‘€z 669. 1z ogc ‘ZI 096 otg.g Slat Q61‘1 60. 1 SI €Z1 Cqr 0 Fang SnD SUu01q{d9g . Ret ; A ee aes ae SENS i erate BAMA) fork auinjo A, SoZ £.ev .9Z 6.8 z.v yang aaa], tod auin[o, aSBIZAY | syuajuog ‘su WysIey HTPY IV BENE AMAMHAANAMAMHAMAMHA MTMHH A MTHS 99 tas SP nia _ to) ce ‘SUT yaa $ WW gl 8z1 Rf1 zg fri il 0g FII ZI Ig $11 RTI zl Tal 2 ZR £6 ROI zg 36 Sor 6L fo S01 1g gol R11 Leff S01 STI LL 86 £6 gl 36 £6 Ss 6 56 gl 6 £6 +9 6 46 Lo Z BL tZ L GL GZ SL 89 z9 8 §8 rhe) Z el LY £S aS es Eb ¥¢ gb eo #6 zh +6 ES 6+ ¥S E ot + Sp of 4 SLY 399] *suy *suy ye g yieg WEE) Ch TOpU ESHY@) soyoul cI SEMEL 3 qySroy Frey qe yQars-1o,1enG SWI9}G ASVIDAY JO YIN zl og 09-8t gb-9f 9f-bz bz-Si ‘sul qaay Ss ye SUITS) jo asuery Sbbr cf g 9 L bl 9 o9€ S £1¢ v ob € €z1 Zz lz I Bak | seein THE ARBORETUM. 79 13. The Arboretum. In the course of an address to the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History Society, delivered on the 17th March rorr, Mr W. H. Whellens, forester, Comlongon Nurseries, offered the following advice regarding the formation of an arboretum, which he suggested that every landed proprietor should possess. Kind of Trees.—Spruces and silver firs should be introduced, for the foliage of some of the latter is magnificent. Take, for instance, Prcea nobilis (or the noble silver fir) with its violet-tinted leaves, the silvery lines showing beneath; P. Nordmanniana, with pale green leaves; or P. Pinsapo, with its stiff prickly foliage. Others of the silver firs that are worth a place in the collection are P. cephalonica, FP. concolor, P. balsamea (the Balm of Gilead fir), P. grandis, and, of course, our common silver fir, which, after all, is one of the noblest trees in this or any other country. Many of these have varieties or sports of their own which are often obtainable. The list of spruces is too long to give in full, even if I were able to do so, but some of the finest are the common Norway spruce, Abies nigra (the black American), 4. a/ba (the white American), A. Alcocquiana, A. Menziesit, and A. Smithiana. The two varieties of the Douglas fir, the Oregon or green and the Colorado or glaucous, are worthy of a place in any collection. The pines are so numerous that want of space and time prevents my giving the names of more than a few of the better known ones. The Scots pine, the Austrian and Corsican pines (called the black pines), Pimus cembra, P. Pinaster, P. strobus and Pinus insignis, the last a beautiful tree, are examples, The different varieties of the larch must have a place. There are the European, Japanese, Siberian, American, and a newer variety, the Occidental larch. The cedars, C. deodara, the Cedar of Lebanon, and C. atlantica, with their varieties, cannot be overlooked. Other coniferous trees that I may mention are the Wellingtonia gigantea, Araucaria imbricata, the Arborvite and its varieties, the many varieties of Cupressus, Cryptomeria, junipers, yews, Retinosporas, the maiden-hair tree, and countless others. 80 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Specimens of most of our commoner hardwoods are to be seen dotted here and there over the country side, so that, perhaps, it would be unnecessary to put in the arboretum such trees as the oak, elm, ash, beech, etc., but there are many varieties of these species which might take the place of their better known relatives. To mention a few of the oaks—there are the scarlet oak, Turkey oak, evergreen and holly oak, white American, red American, and the cork tree (Quercus suber). These all do well in this island, although I have not seen one of the last in Scotland. The acacias, the tulip tree, service tree, the willows, poplars and maples should all be represented. The maples are numerous, but the eagle-clawed, the sugar maple, and the variegated varieties, 4cer negunda, are worth mentioning. I will not make a longer list, as long lists get monotonous, but reference to a standard work, such as Loudon’s 7Zyees and Shrubs, or any nurseryman’s catalogue, will show what an endless variety of trees there is to pick from. Soil.—I have given the list of trees without reference to soil or situation, but, in making the arboretum, the first thing to do is to find out the class of soil or soils. When these are known, then the different species can be selected to suit each soil. What suits one tree may be death to another, or at least the tree will never come to perfection if planted in a soil unsuited to its requirements. For instance, a Scots pine will grow on sandy soil, and become a fine tree in time, but it would be useless to plant an oak in sand and expect it to grow into a specimen tree. Again, willows and poplars demand a moist soil, but others can grow on soil that seems to be almost devoid of moisture. These trees generally have strong tap-roots which go deep into the subsoil, and obtain their supply of moisture from it. In the space of a few yards even, we often find two different soils. We expect to find a deeper and better class of soil in the hollows than on the hillsides. Most trees will do well in good deep soil, but only com- paratively few will grow to any size on poor shallow soil. Some trees will not thrive where there is an excess of lime, others again will not come to perfection without it. Climatic conditions play a great part in the selection of THE ARBORETUM. 81 species for different places. Frosty hollows should be avoided when planting most of the exotic trees, even though the soil may be quite suitable for their development. The common spruce, even, often suffers from frost. Early autumn and late spring frost cause thousands of pounds worth of damage every year. Therefore, in planting our miniature Kew Gardens, we must first of all find out the class of soil that we have to deal with; secondly, find out the hollows. where frost is likely to do damage, and avoid them; thirdly, see what natural shelter can be obtained for the protecton of the less hardy species from the prevailing wind. Shelter.—A wood or plantation, even if on an adjoining property, should be taken advantage of for this. In the absence of any such shelter from sharply rising ground, it would be necessary to plant a shelter-beJt on the side from which the roughest winds come. This could be composed of beech, hornbeam, Austrian pine or Scots pine mixed. The trees forming the shelter-belt should be planted about 4 feet apart in the lines, the width of the belt being from 16 to 20 feet. This belt should preferably be formed a few years previous to the planting of the trees in the collection, so that it will be of sufficient height to protect these more valuable species. Seed.—If the proprietor wished to rear his young trees from seed, the seed could be sown in the same year as the planting of the shelter-belt. This, although very interesting, entails a lot of work and care in tending the young seedlings, and, given a fair amount of success, the sower would have too many of each sort for his purpose, even with the smallest quantity of seed obtainable from the seedsmen. It would, I think, be more advisable to buy two or three good, healthy transplants of each variety, which had been lined out in the nursery at a distance suitable to the formation of well-formed specimen trees. I say two or three, because it is as well to have a second or third specimen handy in a temporary nursery in case of death. Size of Planis.—The size of plants at certain ages will vary with the species. Plants from 2 to 3 feet high for conifers, and rather larger for deciduous trees, will be perhaps the best sizes to plant out. Larger trees are more difficult to move, and they will be longer in starting away in their new position. The plants should have good fibrous roots. VOL. XXVII. PART I. F 82 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Classification of Soils.—To return to the subject of soils, I may class them thus:—Clays, loams, gravelly and sandy soils, chalky or calcareous, and peaty soils. To give a list of trees suited to each class of soil would take too much time, and it would be difficult to remember them all after having heard them. Sufficient it is to say that there is a long list for every soil, quite long enough at least to form a fair-sized arboretum. Webster’s Foresters’ Diary is a very useful book for helping one in this way. Arrangement.—Another great point is the arrangement of the species. Some trees are fast growing from the start, for instance, the Oregon variety of Douglas fir, or the Japanese larch. Others, such as the silver fir, are slow growing in their early stages, but grow eventually to a great height. The trees should be divided into different classes, and planted in different groups, all the fast-growing ones together, and all the slower-growing ones together. It would be a pity to surround a silver fir with trees such as the Douglas fir and larch, as it would never be seen, even at a short distance, for many years, and it would appear as though there were a blank. I would suggest that the tallest and fastest growing trees be placed in the background, or in the centre of a group, with the others graduated down to the outside, with perhaps a border of flowering shrubs. Conifers and hardwoods could be judiciously mixed so as to make a good show of colour all the year round. Distance apart.—As to the distance at which to place the trees apart, there can be no hard and fast rule. The smaller shrubs might be planted from 6 to 8 feet apart. A tree with a large spreading crown, such as the sycamore, would need from 24 to 36 feet of space, whereas a tree of the spruce tribe would be content with 18 to 20 feet. In the early stages the intervals could be filled up with larch or birch, which would act as nurses to the more expensive trees, and should be cut out gradually as the latter spread their branches; or the spaces could be filled with flowering shrubs, which would also be cut out when they had served their purpose. Time to Plant.—As to the time of year to plant, this again depends on the variety of tree. Most of our hardier trees can be planted with safety in the autumn, but the planting of the more delicate exotics should be deferred till the danger from spring frosts is past. Most foresters now plant such trees in THE ARBORETUM. 83 April or the beginning of May, so that they can have a better start in their new position. fitting.—The trees should all be planted in pits that have been opened some time before, to allow the soil to become broken up and sweetened by the action of frost. These pits should be large enough to admit of the roots being placed in a natural position all round the plant, not cramped and bent about to fit the hole. The soil at the bottom of the pits should be loosened down to a fair depth, and the tree planted not more than half an inch deeper than it stood in the nursery lines. This half-inch allows for a little subsidence of the soil. Trees planted too deeply never thrive. A stout stake should be driven in to support each tree, and to prevent the wind blowing it about, and thus letting air down to the roots to dry them. Manuring.—In a close-grown plantation the trees provide their own food. As the sun cannot get in to dry the leaves, and so make them easily blown away by the winds, they die on the ground and rot, gradually forming a thick layer of humus, from which the trees draw a supply of nutriment. But when the trees are planted many yards apart (even when the spaces are filled with light-foliaged trees, such as the birch) the sun and wind have free access, and the leaves are blown away, thus depriving the trees of their natural food. This food should be replaced. The leaves can be raked together and mixed with road scrapings or any waste soil, or even the remains of a spent frame, and made into a compost. ‘This should be left for at least two years before being applied, having been turned occasionally and sprinkled lightly with lime to hasten decom- position. Some of this might be added to the soil when the trees are first planted, and some might afterwards be used as a top-dressing. There is no need to supply a great quantity each year, but it should be dug in round the trees to the depth of 2 or 3 inches. This will help the trees considerably. Artificial manures, too, are often used. Basic slag, kainite and sulphate of ammonia are all good for the purpose, or if the soil be deficient in lime for the requirements of any particular tree, ground limestone could be applied. Fencing.—\f the park is grazed by sheep or cattle a fence would be a necessity round each group. This could be either of iron and wire, which is the least noticeable, or a rustic fence 84 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, could be erected. Wire netting would have to be used if ground game were numerous. Name-FPlates—kecord.—Each specimen should have a plate with its name and the date on which it was planted, and records of the yearly height, growth, girth, etc., of each tree should be kept. This would be valuable as well as interesting to a succeeding generation. Of course the planter of the arboretum would not see all the trees come to maturity, but he would have the pleasure of watching them grow from young transplants to sturdy young trees, and there is as much beauty in a tree of, say, thirty years as there is in one of one hundred and fifty. It is a different kind of beauty often, but is none the less pleasing. There are many minor hobbies that could be taken up by young and old in connection with the arboretum—a collection of cones, for instance, or leaves, or insects which do damage to the different trees. The smaller the latter collection the better the owner should be pleased. NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION. 85 14. Nursery and Plantation Competition. During the past year the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society has added an important department to its sphere of activity by the inauguration of the above Competition, which was held for the first time in connection with the Society’s Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show at Cupar. This is an entirely new departure for the Society, and it was the first experiment of its kind to be tried in Scotland. The experiment was a distinct success, and the result will no doubt be that this Competition will become a permanent and important institution of the Society. A circular was sent out by the Society inviting entries, as follows :— NURSERIES. Class I. For the best managed Estate Nursery not exceeding 2 acres in extent—Prize, A Silver Medal. Class II. For the best managed Estate Nursery exceeding 2 acres in extent—Prize, A Silver Medal. PLANTATIONS. Class_ I. For the best young Plantation mainly of conifers not exceeding 25 years of age, and not less than 2 acres in extent. Confined to estates having less than 300 acres of woods—Prize, A Silver Medal. Class II. For the best young Plantation mainly of conifers not exceeding 25 years of age, and not less than 5 acres in extent. Confined to estates having more than 300 acres of woods—Prize, A Silver Medal. Class III. For the best young Plantation mainly of hardwoods not exceeding 35 years of age, and not less than 2 acres in extent—Prize, A Silver Medal. In response to this circular, eighteen different estates entered altogether twenty-six subjects for competition. These were made up of eighteen plantations and eight nurseries. 86 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The following list will show how these subjects were distributed in the various classes :— 1 NURSERIES. Crass 4; For the best managed Estate Nursery not exceeding 2 acres in extent. 1. The Marquis of Breadalbane, per Donald MacFarquhar, Kenmore. ( Edward Balfour, of Balbirnie, per James S. Reid, Forester. 2.4 James Younger, of Mount Melville, St Andrews, per W. | Gilchrist. 3. William Bell, Head Forester, Balthayock, Perth. 4. Alex. Izat, Balliliesk, Rumbling Bridge, Dollar. (CLASS UE For the best managed Estate Nursery exceeding 2 acres in extent. 1. The Duke of Atholl, per David Keir, Ladywell, Dunkeld. 2. Sir John Gilmour, Bart., of Montrave, per P. F. Cruickshanks, Factor. 3. The Earl of Mansfield, per Frank Scott, Jeaniebank, near Perth. 2. PLANTATIONS. Grasse For the best young Plantation mainly of conifers not exceeding 25 years of age, and not less than 2 acres in extent. Confined to estates having less than 300 acres of woods. 1. Colonel Purvis, Kinaldy, Stravithie. (Scots pine.) 2. ( Lhe Earl of Crawford, K.T., per G. R. Fortune, Balcarres: 3 \ (Scots pine.) 4. James Younger, of Mount Melville, St Andrews, per William Gilchrist. (Scots pine. ) ( Alex. Izat, Balliliesk, Muckhart, Dollar. ] (larcheee d | a A i Scots pine.) { ” ” ” J 6. James Younger, of Mount Melville, St Andrews, per William Gilchrist. (Douglas fir.) 5; —— NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION, 87 { James Hogg, Forester, Stravithie, Fife. (Conifers.) | Colonel Purvis, Kinaldy, Stravithie. (Scots pine and larch.) 7. j Captain Purvis, Gilmerton, Stravithie. (Conifers.) | Colonel E. R. Stewart Richardson, Ballathie, Stanley. [ (Conifers. ) Crass IT. For the best young Plantation mainly of conifers not exceeding 25 years of age, and not less than 5 acres in extent. Confined to estates having more than 300 acres of woods. 1. J. S. Black, Balgowan House, Methven, per William Coupar. (Menzies spruce and Colorado Douglas.) 2. The Rt. Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., per James Grant, Raith Estate, Kirkcaldy. (Conifers.) 3. The Trustees of the Earl of Rosslyn, per George Prentice, Factor, Dysart. (Conifers.) ( Edward Balfour of Balbirnie, per James S. Reid. (Conifers.) 4.4 The Earl of Mansfield, per Frank Scott, Jeaniebank. l (Conifers. ) 5. Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart, M.P., Falkland. (Larch.) 6. Sir James H. Ramsay, Bart. of Bamff, Alyth. (Scots pine and spruce.) Grasso Fl. For the best young Plantation mainly of hardwoods not exceeding 35 years of age, and not less than 2 acres in extent. tr. The Rt. Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M P., per James Grant, Raith Estate, Kirkcaldy. (Hardwoods.) The conditions were that the whole plantation must be entered if all of the same age, and the Judges were empowered to withhold prizes in cases of insufficient merit. It is pleasing to record that in none of the classes was a prize withheld ; in fact, it was felt by the Judges that prizes of merit might have been added. As the remit stood the Judges were empowered to award one prize only in each class, but, in the light of experience gained, merit prizes should certainly be provided for. Among the entries were many subjects which reflected great credit on both the owner and the forester and which certainly deserved high commendation, but, under the conditions previously stated, this 88 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. was unfortunately not provided for. It is hoped that in future provision will be made for merit, so that in addition to discovering the best, the Society may also be the means of locating and encouraging skill and enterprise of high merit, abundant evidence of which was to be seen in connection with the nursery and plantation management on the above-mentioned estates. In the above list the various entries are arranged in order ot merit, those heading the list in each class being the prize winners. ‘The object in classifying the subjects thus, especially the plantations, is that many of them will still be under 25 years of age the next time the Competition is held in this district, and it will, no doubt, be of some interest to compare the present relative order of merit with the then existing condition of the plantations. Of course, it is quite possible by that time the age-classes and conditions of competition may have been altered, so that the classification may be based on different data, but, nevertheless, no matter from what point of view the plantations are judged, that is, as regards age, size, treatment, general condition, general health and vigour of growth, the comparisons will be interesting and valuable. In view of experience gained in connection with the recent Competition, the Judges would recommend that on the Nursery Schedule the exact area of the nursery should be stated, and that in the table provided for Nursery Statistics a column should be added for Judges’ remarks opposite each entry. A similar table should be provided for seedlings, giving the area of seed-bed ; quantity of seed sown, source of seed, and time when sown. In judging plantations there must always be great difficulty in finding common ground for comparison between a coniferous plantation of, say, 5 or 6 years of age and one of 18 or 23 years of age. The Judges would, therefore, further recommend that for conifers there should be three age-classes, as follows :— Class I. Coniferous plantations up to ro years old. Class . ET. Hs 7 from 10 to 20 years old. Class Tir. 5 cs from 20 to 4o ” A further grouping of plantations into pure plantations and mixed plantations would be desirable. The Judges also recommend that prizes for merit should be awarded for those subjects which come above the average standard of excellence. CO NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION. 89 The expenses in connection with this Competition are considerable, but the result seems to justify the outlay; however, in future, it might be found advisable to institute a small entrance fee for each subject entered for competition. EstaTE NURSERIES. The home nursery is a comparatively new institution on many estates. The nurseries entered for this Competition may be taken as representing a fair average for estate nurseries generally in Scotland, and a glance at the list will show what an astonish- ingly large number and variety of young trees are raised in private nurseries. In the great majority of cases, the location of these nurseries showed that such important points as soil, aspect, elevation, slope and surroundings had all been carefully considered in choosing the site. The internal division, of the areas chosen for the raising of plants, into seed-beds, transplanting lines, roads and footpaths showed also skill and forethought. The protection of the nurseries and plants by outside fences and hedges indicated in an unmistakable manner that our foresters have not much to learn in this department of their work. The space allotted to the transplants in the nursery lines might have been in a few cases greater, especially in home nurseries where plenty of land is available and the. quantity of produce is not limited or regulated by area, as it is in places where land is scarce and rents are high. The artistic skill displayed in the embellishment of these home nurseries, by the judicious use of flowering herbs and shrubs, was a feature worthy of note. It must not be forgotten that the estate forester has often, as part of his duties, to attend to the arboricultural amenity of the property as well as to its silvicultural requirements. One is therefore not surprised to find many ornamental trees and shrubs in the home nursery, and these lend a distinct charm and additional interest to these places which might quite appropriately be called nursery gardens. From an esthetic and utilitarian point of view, the home nursery has become a valuable adjunct to every well- managed estate, and might well be ranked along with the vegetable and flower garden in importance. gO TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, “201M T, ae ae 20u0, “QOIM ee SOREL “20M OUY L, ‘20UO ce "QOIM T, “20UQ pajuejdsueiy seuly jo Joaquin Ay oob'g ¥ oor ‘g € : ; : a ooL'¢ Zz : d : * autd s}09g oo$ ‘€ £ ; aesppSnoy sage Sgz_ |, ot gz STATS UNO W 00z b : ~ Yoalq AeATIS ori 9 ; ; SIMA Ga og L-S : ysV ¢ 6 ‘yaddoo ** 006 6-9 : , * yoood ob 6 . . . 66 o$9 L-S ; ALO QI ¢ sagajozfay XIADT 00z z * $19DJUIVIIIO NIMOT oo$ z dsppsnog Sarg py 000 ‘Zz z : VOGOWMI XUMDT ooo! 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TS NNMNANAAAMAAN SH MANNNAMMA TCS H+THMtMH mrMmn rts STOO + se Iy sepsnoq ay sonidg ce ce aud s}oog Ce ce Ty qore'T ORT] nou . . ‘ sue f 22990) viny J COT, OC oginr0rspy *< SUPUDAS 532g ce “e aonads AumION aonids saizua yy auid uvotsi09) aud sjo9g yore, uradoingq eé ce LIsvjSnog s32g pr jNuysayo asIoP] : * ouelg ; WEN * aejdog * yovog " $27290U vag 6 “ce sonidg sarzuayy “ ae “e ce “ee { noqy Lo 00S Ley 008 ‘I ASME yoodvysyeg u ee pes 000‘ b : : : i tL o00'S S ; g : * axoumeohg : % 000‘F z fa an ren a a) “ 000‘S1 a . . C cided the facet Ul : F 000 ‘0g . ssaiddo uosMe’T g ‘aou Ne ae ered * O ooo‘oor || z j * gonads = Aa > * yore] 5 | enk ae € . : SOOtOT ee COC STE alam 5 uN. |e oy ee Pianos é 09 ¢ BvoaqUudio Bie sont, ob t eae x0 a i ooI ¢ jnuysayo ystuedg “QOIM a : Se ae < 20U0 | Ook : 120) « z 10 z te oe € e E - ooI ¢ * yoaog 5 "QOTM ao e pole 9 Soe ie ae ¢ ajdeut Kemion Ss | ou oS $ snssaidny = PI ¢ ; siepoa < | 6“ d < ; gI ¢ 1 aonids uvoawy youtg S ts o0z z i ics ERI A : 007 - * aurd uemnsny S ee ob ¢ auid uvots10¢ om ES oS S DAQULAI SNUIT a Pie) oS z "syzqou < : dOIM |, oor SIPUDAS DOIIT 0 sive Ay Joa a : Qo ae A YAS | 4 moqy: lo lb ‘panurjuo) wn poyuR[dsueiy, SaldVy v oT Z, samy jossquny |. SfeqenN. | 32 say sa10y —Y¥Sorlll [eg 3 \W sowedg = | Ayasiny u d Ar9s1nN| SPUETPOOAN T po Jo BS ee 10 SV Vessy jeom| © alle 40 SKN Penuiqwoj—SAITASUNON HO SAVINORLAVd a3 NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION. "OOIM T “Gc ‘20uQ ce ‘20UO oe aug SEC IE “OOIM ee “ce "2000 “201M J. oS€ 000 ‘oz 000 ‘OI oof 000‘Z1 00g 000 ‘VI oof ‘1 009 ‘z o000‘TI o00$ ‘£1 000 ‘Zz 000 ‘or 000 ‘bE 000 ‘0zz 000 ‘0S TNA MANHOOAMAENAMAMAAA NAANAMMMTTMMO MMNMM+ + TOO —/ SYDUDAS Sarg 02920] SHUT segajozgay ** * s270jUap1I90 KLMDT (oytoeq) - (jeruojo)) ay sepsnocy . rad ee oe ce DaqUvs.s DANY ce ce aonaids Serzuely ce ce ce aonids AvMION . ee ce suid sjoog Wwe ade yooog Ze) UsV a1oweohG WEN yourg a10wleo{G woBa10, ' 1y se[snoqg oe ABMION ‘6 pqyV va2T aonidg AeA ION “aatyeu ‘ourd sjoog ; a BAUS aonidg Aem1i0nN " aaneu ‘guid sjoasg “ce BAUS sonidg Aemiony ‘ aaneu ‘aud sjoag woBaig ‘ IY sypsnog boz‘€ 009 ‘TI oo1 ‘g aU euoog 94 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. PARTICULARS OF PLANTATIONS. NAME OF ESTATE Description Area. Class Solin. Elevation . Rainfall Aspect Shelter _ Previous occupation of land Rent of land adjoining the Plantation Date of planting Cost per acre : (a) Fencing (6) Draining : (c) Planting, includ- ing beating up (d) Cleaning (e) Soil cultivation or other outlay, if any Species planted and, if more than one, relative — propor- tions of each Age of plants : Method of planting and number of plants used peracre Date of thinning, if any Damage by fungi, insects, birds, rabbits, hares, squirrels, or other creatures Damage from other causes Kinaldy. Scots PINE. 2°5 acres. Sandy clay. 450 feet. About 35 inches. Slight slope to south. Sheltered by old trees on N.E. and south. Formerly cultivated, latterly pasture. 15s. to 18s. per acre. Winter of 1890-91. Required on one side only ; wire fence. Field drains remain. No beating up. None. None. Scots pine only, with rows of birch next road. Notched in; 1200 to the acre. Thinned once about 10 years after plant- ing. Not much damage ; protection having been given at first by rabbit netting. Plants suffered at first from club root, but as the trees killed the grass the roots seemed to recover and develop. Balcarres. Scots PINE. | 3 acres. I Fairly good loam, wet. 450 feet. Average 27 inches. South. From the north. Grass. 30s. per acre. January 1904. 4, Drs) 1d: Labour, £2, 6s. 114d. ; cost of planting, 41 per 1000. £2, cutting grass. Scots pine. 3 years. Slitted ; 4790. None. Sawfly. Balcarres. Scots P1 27 acres. I. West, half east, good loz 600 feet. Average 27 inchi On top of hill. Quite exposed. Grass. January 1904. 44, Us. 1d. Labour, £2, 6s. cost of plantin per 1000. £1, 17s. 1odsg grass. Scots pine. 3 years. Slitted ; 4790 per acre. None. Pine _ sawfly rabbits. NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION. 95 PARTICULARS OF PLANTATIONS. Balliliesk. Balliliesk. Balliliesk. LARCH and Scots LARCH and Scots LARCH and Scots PINE. PINE. PINE. 54 acres. 6°34 acres. 7°99 acres. 7°75 acres. I. Ls 1 Te er clay. Light and open. Light and open. | Light and open. 650 to 750 feet. 750 to 850 feet. 750 to 850 feet. About 40 inches. About 40 inches. | About 40 inches. South-east. South-east. South-east. None. None. | None. Grazing ; hill sheep. Grazing; hill sheep. | Grazing ; hill sheep. 5S. per acre. About 7s. 6d. per acre. | 5S. per acre. | 1901-02. 1902-03. 1903-04. 47, 16s. 48, 9s. TOS | None. owas: | Ld) 25: 22> 15s. 420, IQs. 25. Ds: 3 ” | 2? | | | ) be) 39 N.4.—The cost given for (c), (2) and (e) is approximate. Great ex- pense was incurred for several years in preventing the young trees being smothered and killed by grass. The plants used were 1-year 1-year, and were too small. The plantations are in strips 250 to 300 feet wide, and the cost of fencing—a 7-wire iron fence —has accordingly been high. The fencing is also netted to try to protect them from rabbits. Hardwoods, 14 feet apart. Larch and Scots pine equally, 34 feet apart. A few spruce, in damp place. I-year I-year. 3 3000 trees | Hardwoods, pitted. Conifers, notched. About 3500 plants per acre. & None. A grub did a good deal of damage to some of the Scots pine for 2 or 3 years after planting. Suffered a good deal from black game one season. 96 PARTICULARS OF TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. ¥ PLANTAE TONS Continued. NAME OF ESTATE Description Area. Class Soil . Elevation . Rainfall Aspect Shelter Previous occupation of land Rent of land adjoining the Plantation Date of planting Cost per acre: (a) Fencing (4) Draining (c) Planting, includ- ing beating op) (@) Cleaning (e) Soil cultivation or other outlay, if any Species planted and, if more than one, relative — propor- tions of each Age of plants Method of planting and number of plants used per acre Date of thinning, if any Damage by fungi, insects, birds, rabbits, hares, squirrels, or other creatures Damage from other causes Mount Melville. DOUGLAS FIR. 2 acres. If Clay. 270 feet. 28 inches. | North. Stone dyke. Trees—hardwoods. 13S. per acre. 1906 (spring). Not known. 41, 5s. to date. Abies Douglasiiz. 3 years. Notched ; 3000 trees per acre. | Stravithie. CONIFERS. 2} acres. If Medium light, on freestone. 250 feet. 27 to 30 inches. North. Row of large beech trees on north side. Permanent pasture. AL per acre. 1900. L8. None. 47 for plants and £2 making pits. Nil. Larch, Scots pine, Norway spruce, Austrian pine. 2-year 2-year. Pit planted; 4840; 3 feet apart. IQII. Slight, by rabbits and over - hanging branches of beech trees. None. ' Scots pine. Kinald Scots PINE some LAR 4°5 acres. Ie Moory loam. ee 450 feet. About 35 inches. Slight slope to By old timber ' I5s. to 18s. pe’ Winter of 18 Stone dykes oj sides, old fourth side. A few cuts. Scots pine, per cent.; about 20 Notched; 1 acre. NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION. 3 acres. 5 clay and sand. I5s. per acre. of 1906. squares; 4000 e. odattacked by Larch in 1908 ect. _Disease ppearing. Ballathie. CONIFERS, 2 acres. 1G Light and stony, grow- ing heather chiefly. About 220 feet. About 20 inches. Chiefly south. Sheltered from north by old wood. Occasionally ploughed. About Ios. per acre. 1891 or 1892. About £7, Ios. None. About £6. Removal of dead branches. None. About two-thirds spruce and Scots pine, and the other third larch. Ik years. Simply slit in at 4 feet apart or thereabout. None. Slight damage done by rabbits. PARTICULARS OF PLANTATIONS— Continued. 97 Balgowan. Raith. MENZIES SPRUCE and CONIFERS. CoLoRADO Douctas. About 5 acres. 72 acres. ue lie Mossy. Shallow peaty soil About 600 feet. 25 inches, South. Fair. Under cultivation. Say £1 per acre. 1898, Part of a large tract of land assigned to planting. I main ditch on south side. 4 men for 12 days. None. None. Half Colorado Doug- las, half Menzies spruce. /Vobz/i's used in filling up ina wet place. 7 years. All pitted. Some insect damage on nobzlzs only. None. on hard sandy clay. 250 to 300 feet. About 29 inches. North. Rough pasture. 25s. per acre. 1896. IOs. per acre. 44, 10s. DE, None. Scots pine and spruce, with a belt of hard- woods mixed with spruce and Scots pine. 2 years. Notched ; 6500; 24 to 3 feet apart. VOL. XXVII. PART I, G 98 ‘TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. PARTICULARS OF PLANTATIONS—Continued. NAME OF ESTATE Description Area. Class Soil . Elevation . Rainfall Aspect Shelter Previous occupation of land Rent of land adjoining the Plantation Date of planting Cost per acre: (a) Fencing (6) Draining ‘ (c) Planting, includ- _ ing beating up (dz) Cleaning (e) Soil cultivation or other outlay, if any Species planted and, if more than one, relative | propor- tions of each Age of plants Method of planting and number of plants used per acre Date of thinning, if any fungi, insects, birds, rabbits, hares, squirrels, or other creatures Damage from other causes Damage by Dysart. CONIFERS. 8 acres. Il. Moory clay, with sub-soil, sandy clay. 240 feet. 36-40 inches. North. On south and west by wood. Wood mixed. AI per acre. Spring 1905. 10S. 20s. Sos. IOs. None. 15,400 larch, 1600 beech, 1800 oak. 2-year 2-year and 18 m. hardwoods. None. (Netted.) Balbirnie. CONIFERS. 20 acres. ye Moorland, peaty soil. 400 feet. 30 inches. South. Good. Larch timber. 16s. per acre. 1890. lee Se Paseols: 3d. None. None. Scots pine, and a small proportion of spruce and larch. 2-year I-year. Notch system ; 4840 per acre. Dead and suppressed trees removed, May 1912. Slight, by pigeons, rabbits and squirrels in the earlier stages. Trifling. Sandy loam. 390-410 feet. 30-35 inches. Mostly south By woods, € south. Crop of Scots larch. I5s. per acre, 1898. £2, 5s hedge). AX, 75- Pgv2s None. None. Scots pine, Japanese Abtes beech, Falkland. LARCH. 40 acres. eM. loam. uth and west. , Scots pine and . per acre. and spring, -05; spring, ; Spring, 1907. ult to ascertain such exact- as to be of com- nt), strip of p. larch, 1-year ar; all others r 2-year. planting; 4840 | a ee eee NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION. PARTICULARS OF PLANTATIONS—Continued. Bamff. Scots PINE and SPRUCE. II acres. ET. Good coating of vege- table loam on Old Red Sandstone. 600-660 feet. 25-30 inches. South-west. Sheltered from N, and | of E. by ground. Fir wood. slope I5s. per acre. In successive breaks between 1895 and 1902. Rabbit netting. No draining done. Little beating up. Considerable. None. No. 1 break Scots and spruce, the others all Scots pine. 2-year I-year. Notched ; acre. 2700 per At various times as needed. Much, by rabbits. Very __ considerable, from broom having got inat first; spruce seemed to suffer most, but eventually did better than the Scots. Raith. | HARDWoops. 2°413 acres. | II. Peaty soil. 331 feet. | Average about 29 ins. Slight incline to the | north. | Timber, chiefly spruce. 25s. per acre. 1895-1896. About £10. Blocks of about equal size of sycamore, Norway maple, ash, elm, poplar. 5 years when planted. Pitted ; about 3000 per | acre. 100 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. MEASUREMENTS. In the time at the disposal of the Judges, it was not possible to make many measurements. In some of the plantations, however, the girth measurement at 5 feet of six average trees was taken. The following table shows the figures :— LYNEDOCH PLANTATION. Girth at 5 feet of six average trees. Scots pine . 10, Of 12, 42, oO, mo sine: Jap. larch . 16, 214, 144, 224, 19, 284 ,, BALGOWAN PLANTATION (Menzies and Colorado fir). Girth at 5 feet of six average trees. Menzies. . 18, 13, 16, 14, 19, 2 ims. Coloradoy) ." 16; 16; 20-12) 1G. rae, RairH PLAaNntTaTIoNs (Hardwoods). Girth at 5 feet of six average trees. Sycamore . 164, 134 142,124, 9#, 122 ins. Maples: ic.) ss 23%, 10, 145) dt, 5O,- ae Elim 4. YO, 134, TTS, 2355) 1545 22a ASH oe) ic, wy. Od510 9, (E24 OF; 3a el tees Poplati sai ieiy E555 13.0 O5.0bt a DES, LOmmeee (Black Italian) RouGH Park. Scots pine . 10, 10, 10}, 62, 9, 7 ins. BALBIRNIE. Girth at 5 feet of six average trees. Scots pine 154, 18}, 12, 11#, 184, 14h ins.) Part had Hs 18, 134, 144, 193, 18, 102 ,, re pruned. BALCARRES. Scots pine (Castle Park) . 74, 74, 5,6, 5, 74 ims. mi GRARIS)) SG 0) a P52 Os ey ae oe Kinacpy (No. 1). Scots pine . 15, 14, 18, 18, 144, 104 ins. NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION. IOI KinaLpy (No. 2). Pore) «22, 20, 16, 22, 144, 20 ins. eeinpine |). (15, 19;17, 24,15, 22 4, As so many details of the competing plantations in this year’s Show district have already been brought together, it is felt that any further information concerning them would be very desirable. If systematic measurements could be obtained at definite periods, for example, when each plantation reached the age of 10, 15 and 20 years, and if the results were published in the Zyransactions of the Society, a considerable amount of valuable statistics would soon be collected. A schedule with instructions regarding the method of making the measurements could easily be drawn up, and this could be obtained by the various proprietors who were willing to co-operate. The printing of such statistics in the Zvransactions of the Society would not only form a permanent record of these plantations, but in time it would afford a valuable means of comparing the growth of one and the same species of tree in all parts of Scotland. In conclusion, the Judges have to express their warmest thanks to the Secretary for the great amount of assistance he rendered them in their work. To the proprietors and foresters of all the estates visited the thanks of the Judges are also due, for the kind and prompt way in which they made arrangements to suit the convenience of the Judges on the necessarily very short intimation of their intended visit. A. W. BorTHWICK G. U. MacponaLpD | Ju ars: 102 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 15. Forestry Exhibition held in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Showyard at Cupar. The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society held their annual exhibition in the showyard at Cupar, from roth to 12th July Igt2. The newly-arranged division of the old classes for groups of specimens of timber into competitions for single species, was the means of bringing forward a large entry in most of the classes, one or two of them forming records. The quality of many of the specimens exhibited was of a high order, and while the elimination of inferior specimens, sometimes unavoidably included in the old grouped-classes, was more satisfactory to the judges in one way, the uniformly high quality of the exhibits did not simplify their task. Among the specimens of timber of broad-leaved timber-trees, the ash from Falkland and the oak from Lockerbie House merit special mention. In the local sections, where the grouping system still obtained, the classes did not fill well. Among gates shown in working order there was keen competition, and here again the judges had a difficult task in deciding between the most outstanding of them. ‘The class for gates for farm use brought forth a splendid entry, showing some fine timber and excellent workmanship. Mr James M‘Hardy, Forglen, exhibited a good collection of specimens showing the good and bad effects of pruning when well and badly done respectively. In Class XXI. Mr Alex. Mitchell, Rosebery, exhibited a wire-reel, for which, though the judges did not consider it a marked improvement on the pattern now in use, they gave an award in consideration of the principle of the automatic brake attached to it. Among articles wholly or mainly made of wood, Mr Alex. Lowe, Lockerbie House, exhibited a large rustic bridge, which attracted much notice; and an exhibit from Scone, a beautiful door with standards made from Douglas fir, showed what can be done with timber of this species (see p. 106). Among the articles brought together for exhibition only were the usual exhibits illustrating the rate of growth of trees, abnormal growths, different kinds of wood, methods FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT CUPAR. 103 of preservation, insects injurious to trees, collections of tools, working-plans and maps, photographs, etc. Among these the exhibit belonging to W. Parkin Moore, Esq., of Whitehall, Mealsgate, Cumberland, arranged by Mr P. Murray Thomson, factor, probably attracted more notice than any other single exhibit has done during the twelve years that the forestry exhibition has been organised. It was composed of samples of the material forming an old pit-bank, that from the surface showing the herbage natural to it, and that from the under- lying layers giving an idea of the unpromising nature of the soil. Specimens of larch, Scots pine, beech, alder, birch, oak, spruce, etc., all grown on the pit-bank, were shown, as it were, in situ. ‘The result would have been almost incredible had it not been for an excellent series of photographs which showed the rate of growth of the plantation as a whole, together with the comparative rate of growth of the several species. The exhibit was of a highly educative nature, showing as it did what could be done not only in the way of beautifying blots in the landscape, but of turning them to good account by establishing crops of trees upon them. The judges considered that they were justified in recommending for this exhibit the highest award, a gold medal, and this opinion was evidently endorsed by most of the visitors to the exhibition. It is to be hoped that more may be learned of this interesting experiment.! The exhibition, as a whole, compared well with the majority of those of former years, and it may fairly be said to have been above the average. 1 Vide Mr P. Murray Thomson’s illustrated paper at p. 30. 104 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. NOTES “AND OUERKIE= DEPUTATION TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE FOR SCOTLAND IN JUNE LAST. The Society has been informed that consent to the publication of a detailed report of the proceedings at the reception of the Deputation would be contrary to official tradition. AFFORESTATION AT TALLA. We understand that the Edinburgh and District Water Trustees propose to afforest part of the Talla water-catchment area. According to a report of a meeting of the Trustees, which appeared in the Sco¢sman, Sir Sainthill Eardley-Wilmot and Sir William Haldane, two of the Development Commissioners, visited the area in September last, and as a result of their report the Commissioners state that they are prepared “to take a favourable view of an application from the Trustees for an advance from the Development Fund, by way of loan, to assist in afforesting the Talla catchment area.” Mr Stebbing, lecturer on forestry at Edinburgh University, has, at the request of the Water Trustees, prepared a report upon the scheme, which includes proposals for the operations involved in the process of afforestation, and suggests that a beginning be made on a small scale, operations being begun during the present winter. THE WoopLANDs OF ARGYLLSHIRE. We understand that the Board of Agriculture for Scotland have issued a schedule of questions to proprietors of woodlands in Argyllshire, and that it is proposed, after particulars of the Argyllshire woods have been collected, to issue similar schedules to proprietors in other counties, so that in course of time a complete inventory of the woods of the country can be made. N The following are the questions contained in the Argyllshire schedule :— 1. Total area of estate woodlands (excluding coppice woods and plantations under 40 years old). 2. Predominating species. 3. Total area of coppice woods (if any). 4. Total area of plantations under 1o years old. 5. Predominating species. 6. Total area of plantations from ro to 20 years old. 7. Pre- dominating species. 8. Total area of plantations from 20 to 40 yearsold. 9g. Predominating species. 10. Highest elevation of woodlands. 11. Do you plant an area annually, and if so, upon any definite system? 12. If there isa working-plan, please state by whom prepared. 13. Number of men engaged regularly in woods. 14. Foresters. 15. Labourers. 16. Number of men obtaining temporary employment. 17. Is further planting contemplated? 18. Any general remarks. NOTES AND QUERIES. 105 THE ARDGOIL ESTATE. The Corporation of Glasgow has decided on carrying out a scheme of afforestation on the Loch Goil side of this estate, commencing in the neighbourhood of Lochgoilhead, where there are at present three areas covered with coppice and natural woods, ‘These trees, though not of great commercial value, will supply much of the fencing material necessary for enclosing the young plantations. The three areas cover about r1oo acres. The slopes, though steep, have a good loamy soil well suited for tree culture. The present proposals give the general outline of a scheme of gradual afforestation, and the development of the estate as a place of resort for the citizens of Glasgow, and will therefore carry out the wishes of Lord Rowallan, the generous donor of the property. The scheme has been drawn up by Bailie Alston and Mr James Whitton, superintendent of the Corporation parks. THE Errects oF LIGHT AND SHADE ON TREE-GROWTH. The article on the relation of light to tree-growth, which appeared in the July number of the Society’s Transactions, is both interesting and suggestive, and opens up a subject which has had little attention even by those more immediately connected with forest management. 106 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Those who had the fortune to attend the excursion to France some years ago, will remember the effects of light and shade on the growth of young oak forests, which was very apparent from the first stages of their growth. Instead of the young trees being thinned out, as probably would be done in Scotland, those that are ultimately to be thinned out are simply foreshortened by cutting 3 or 4 feet off the terminal shoot. By this means the trees which are to form the future crop are allowed light and air without exposing the main stems to excessive evaporation. As a further illustration of the effects of light and shade on tree-growth, the following may be of interest :— A number of years ago we had occasion to fill up some blanks in an old beech plantation, but, unfortunately, as too often happens, the plantation was infested with rabbits and roe deer, with the result that the young trees were being destroyed wholesale. After consideration, it was decided to surround the stems of the young trees with tall bracken, of which there was a plentiful supply near at hand. The fronds of the bracken were inverted and placed on the surface of the ground, and the stems of the bracken tied round the stems of the young trees, which were upwards of 5 feet high. By this means they were not only effectively protected but the after results showed the effects of light and shade in a way little thought of. In the course of three or four years, the stems of the young beech covered with bracken had not only assumed a beautiful green bark, but had attained to about three times the diameter of the uncovered portion. I need scarcely say that this illustrates the effects of light and shade in a very unexpected and remarkable manner, and shows very conclusively that however essential light and air may be for the growth of trees, it is quite possible to have too much sunlight, such as that caused by over-thinning, and exposing the stems of the trees to excessive evaporation and branch- production, with the ultimate loss of timber. Perhaps some one can give a little more information on the subject. J. K. Tue Uses or Doucias Fir TIMBER. Several hundreds of Douglas firs having been blown down on the Scone estates in the gales of November 1g11 and 7 NOTES AND QUERIES. 107 April 1912, an opportunity has occurred for testing the value of its timber for estate purposes, and for offering it in the market. The trees converted varied from forty to fifty-two years of age. Even at these ages the proportion of heartwood was found to be, on the average, about 70 per cent. of the total volume. The timber converts something like spruce, keeping straight, even when long sizes are sawn, and it does not pinch the saw or spring from it. If carefully stacked, so that the surfaces are evenly exposed, it dries quickly, and is not liable to warp. When cut into boards { in. thick, it was found, with open-air drying, that 1ooo square feet weighed 24°6 cwts., as compared with 26°3 cwts. in spruce, and 29°8 cwts. in mature Scots pine. Though left lying in the wood with the bark on for months, logs of this species have not the same tendency to become discoloured as larch and Scots pine have. The timber is very durable, and in this respect equal to larch of the same age. A fence on Taymount Estate, erected with posts sawn from the thinnings taken from the Taymount Douglas wood in 1887, has just required renewal this year, having stood about twenty-five years. The posts were mostly broken at the ground surface, the part above being quite sound. The fence had received a coat of tar after erection, but the wood was otherwise untreated. The clean, straight butts were converted into battens and boards for estate use. Second cuts were made into packing- case boards, or hutch boards for collieries; coarse upper cuts into railway sleepers, and these are now being accepted by one railway company. Though the latter only fetch the price of Scots pine, this outlet is a useful one, as most of the older Douglas fir in the country has been too openly grown, and in consequence the upper cuts are coarse and unfit for boarding. A number of gates and gate posts have been made, and though, from the presence of larger knots, these may not be so strong as larch gates, they are first-class gates, and have the advantage of being much lighter. A panelled door was also made, and for this purpose the timber was found to be quite suitable. No difficulty was experienced in dressing, fitting, or nailing the wood. Three logs were sent to Sir John Fleming for his inspection, and were converted by him into 3 ins. x 3 in. champhered linings. Sir John reported very favourably on the quality of the timber 108 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and expressed the opinion that, if grown on a long rotation, it would give good results for carpentry and joinery purposes. The linings are to be used for ceiling and inside wall linings, for which purpose the estate architect considers them well suited. FRANK SCOTT. PRODUCTION oF TIMBER IN GREAT BRITAIN. The Report of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, on inquiries made in connection with the Census of Production Act, 1906, contains information as to the area under woodland, and production of timber, in Great Britain in 1908. A special return of the area of woodland was obtained in 1905, and the inquiry of 1908 was directed, in the first instance, to ascertaining what changes in area had occurred since that date. The schedules were, as far as possible, sent to the same persons as. those by whom the returns in 1905 were made, the figures then returned by them being entered on the schedule with the request that they would supply the corresponding figures as at 4th June 1908. ‘The total area under all woodland, and the area returned as plantations, ze. land planted within the preceding ten years, are shown in the following table for both years :— hte ALL WOODLANDS | PLANTATIONS | 1908 His 1905 1908 1905 oF | Acres | ores Wes Acres England - + | 1,720,330 | 1,715,473 72,008 | 59,647 Wales . : 1 }) £86,723 | 184,361 | “11,355 8,629 Scotland | 874,910 | 868,409 | 44,146 35407 | | | | Great Britain . | 2,781,963 | 2,768,243 “ee, 127,509 103,683 There were thus 2,782,000 acres of woodland in Great Britain in 1908, of which 128,000 acres were described as plantation. This represents an increase of 24,000 acres of plantation, the net increase in the total area of woodland in the three years being 14,000 acres. The schedule also asked for particulars of the acreage of pure woods, distinguishing the kind of tree in each case, and of mixed woods whether of all coniferous, all broad-leaved, or of both together. The schedule further asked for the number, NOTES AND QUERIES. [09 quantity in cubic feet, and value of trees felled or sold standing during twelve months, classified under the different headings. The acreage under the principal kinds of trees in England and Wales, Scotland, and Great Britain, respectively, was as follows :— t England | Great Ses and Wales | Scotland Britain Coniferous woods— Acres Acres Acres Scots pine : : ‘ : 49,000 156,000 205,000 Larch . ke : : ; 69,000 25,000 94,000 Spruce . : : : d 1,000 8,000 9,000 Others and mixed . : : 135,000 293,000 428,000 Total A : ; : 254,000 482,000 736,000 Broad-leaved woods— Oak é , : : : 130,000 9,000 139,000 Beech’. : : : : 25,000 1,000 26,000 Birch . F : F : 1,000 10,000 11,000 Others and mixed . : : 476,000 75,000 |; 551,000 Total . : ; ; 632,000 95,000 | 727,000 | | bs ls gilt = - _| | Mixed coniferous and broad-leaved pepe th) oer) og) 0 {| ,027,000% | 208;000 | 1,319,000 | Total acreage of woodland 1,907,000 875,000 | 2,782,000 | | The estimated production of timber in the twelve months ending June 1908, distinguishing the principal kinds, is shown in the following table :— Trees felled for sale, or sold standing Crop — 7 ~ Number | Quantity | Value } f= < ho > Cubic feet Larch : * : , : 560,000 | 3,709,000 | £144,000 Scots Pine. : : : : 441,000 3,895,000 81,000 Spruce and other coniferous trees 77,000 587,000 12,000 Oak . : : : a. : 219,000 3,604,000 237,000 Beech ; : : ; : 89,000 1,349,000 51,000 Ash . : : 3 ? : 41,000 598,000 37,000 Elm . : : ; - : 15,000 583,000 21,000 | Birch, sycamore, chestnut, and | other broad-leaved trees , 66,000 520,000 15,000 | Total . ; . | 1,508,000 | 14,845,000 | £598,000 Ifo TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The value of other wood sold or used at home, ¢.g. pit props, small thinnings, cord wood, faggots, bavins, etc., and the value of osiers sold, together make the total value of timber of all kinds sold or utilised during the year about £800,000.—/ournal of the Board of Agriculture (By permission of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office). APPOINTMENTS. Mr G. P. Gordon, a B.Sc. in Forestry and Agriculture, and a probationer for the Indian Forest Service, has been appointed Lecturer in Forestry, West of Scotland Agricultural College, in succession to Dr Nisbet. Mr James W. Newton, B.Sc. (Agriculture and Forestry), has been appointed Forest Conservator to the Colonial Government, British East Africa. THE ACTION oF GRass on FRuitT TREEs.! In this report an account is given of the experiments carried out during the past sixteen years on the effect of grass on fruit trees. The conclusion arrived at is that the action is so deleterious that it arrests all growth, and often causes the death of the tree. In no cases has recovery been noticed, except where the roots began to extend beyond the grassed area. Trees which become grassed over gradually during the course of several years apparently accommodate themselves to the altering conditions, and suffer much less than when the grass is actually sown over their roots. It is suggested that it is partially due to this circumstance that the effect of grass in commercial orchards is often less than that on the experimental farm ; differences in the nature of the soil have also an important effect, the evil effects of grass being much more noticeable on some soils than on others. The same effect is also seen in the case of trees which have become well established before the grass was sown. In connection with apple trees, a point of practical interest 1 Thirteenth Report of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., F.R.S., and Spencer U. Pickering, M.A., F.R.S., IQII. i NOTES AND QUERIES. i WE | is noted. In some soils where the effect produced is not great, grass might be advantageous from a commercial point of view, for the check given to the growth of the tree tends to increase its cropping, and grass affects the colouring matter of all parts of the tree, generally resulting in a high colouring of the fruit. The authors are of opinion that forest trees are affected by grass in the same way as fruit trees, when the grass is sown immediately after planting. The only difference between their behaviour and that of the fruit trees was, that in the case of conifers planted in light soil, the effect was much less than with other trees, and some recovery occurred with them as time went on, instead of the effect becoming intensified. Much experimental work has been carried out as to the cause of the deleterious effect of the grass. In particular, the action of grass as regards the aeration of the soil, and its effect on soil-moisture, food supply, and on the mechanical condition of the soil, were investigated but with negative results. Similarly the investigation of the bacterial conditions gave no help in the problem. Finally, it was concluded that the grass secretes a toxic substance during its growth, and a considerable amount of positive evidence is brought forward in support of this view. The experiments were carried out with trees growing in pots. It was found that such trees, when watered with the leachings obtained from trays containing grass growing in sand, flourished more than when water alone was supplied ; but when the trays were placed on the surface of the soil (or sand) in which the trees were growing, so that the washings from the grass reached the tree-roots with practically no exposure to the air, they then had a _ very deleterious effect, nearly, if not quite, as great as when the grass was grown above the roots of the trees in the ordinary way. The trays containing the grass were movable, and the sand in them, with the grass growing in it, was separated from the medium in which the trees were growing by the perforated iron bottoms of the trays and by a sheet of wire gauze; moreover, the contact between the bottoms of the trays and the sand or soil beneath would be, at the best, very imperfect, so that it is impossible to explain the action of grass in such a case by the abstraction by the grass of anything from the soil (or sand) below the trays, and it must be due to the passage of something from the trays down to the trees. The experiments on this T12 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, subject were numerous, and the grass-effect was uniformly shown in all of them; and, it should be mentioned, the trees without grass, with which the grassed trees were compared, were grown with trays of sand above their roots, so as to exclude the possibility of explaining the results by the mere presence of the trays. The ready oxidisability of the toxic matter formed by grass into some substance which favours plant-growth, will explain the previously observed beneficial effect of grass-leachings in cases where these had been exposed to air, and also why soil taken from grass-grown ground should be more favourable to plant-growth than that from tilled ground. ALEXANDER LAUDER. COLLECTION AND UTILISATION OF INFORMATION FOR A Forest SuRVEY.! The Board of Agriculture has published Votes on Kerry Woods, by Mr R. L. Robinson, illustrating methods of collecting and utilising information for a forest survey. The introductory section deals with the natural conditions of the locality—topography, climate, geology and soil. This is followed by a description of the methods of measurement, with details of the growth and quality of the timber of larch, Scots pine, spruce and some other species grown as pure crops or in mixture. In the third section, the author treats of the method of arriving at a basis for a survey, and the systematic method of conducting it. There are four appendices, relating respectively to Soil Analysis, Measurements of sample areas, Field Tables for spruce, and Soil Expectation Values for spruce. ‘There are numerous photographic and diagrammatic illustrations, INTERNATIONAL FOREST CONGRESS AT PARIS. Under the patronage of the President of the Republic, the «Touring-Club de France” is organising a congress to be held in Paris from 16th to zoth June 1913, at which will be discussed questions relating to all the various branches of forestry, especially those which interest the private owner. A 1 August 1912. Price 4d., post free, 64 pp. NOTES AND QUERIES. Il3 programme of the work to be done may be seen in the Secretary’s office. A detailed programme giving the work assigned to each day, including /é/es, receptions and excursions, will be issued later. A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE YIELDS FROM AFFORESTATION AND PastuRE Lanps.! In this paper an account is given of the yield and financial returns of the Cantonal forest of Mont Chaubert. Part of this forest had originally formed the ancient park, and part had been pasture land. The forest consists almost entirely of silver fir and was planted about 1830. It was originally planted to afford shelter, and is favourably situated as regards fertility of soil and elevation. A comparison between the financial results of the afforestation and the return from neighbouring properties, still under pasture, is of considerable interest. Forest. Pasture. Value per acre . : we rey 908), Aa airae Income (gross) per acre 4 Zi Mow ©) }F2i ne Pa (net) Pa : 2-7 ATO On Tie In order to avoid exaggeration the highest possible value was placed on the pasture; rentals being taken which are sometimes paid in the district, but which are occasionally too high to leave any profit to the lessee. The above results show that in spite of early errors of management, such as too dense planting, insufficient thinning, and delay in starting thinning, the change from pasturage to forest has been highly successful. The cost of the afforestation, including the capitalised value of the annual expenditure, works out at 760 francs per hectare (412, 4s. per acre). The return on this is slightly over 6 per cent., and the author is of opinion that if the early mistakes in planting and management had been avoided, the return would have been 7 or even 8 per cent. The author is firmly of the opinion that no species but silver fir would have given such good results in the afforestation of pasture land. ALEXANDER LAUDER. 'J.J.deLuze. ‘‘ Comparaison entre le rendement du Reboisementet celui de Paturages.” Aufforstung des Staates Waadt am Mont Chaubert ; Schwetzerische Leitschrift fiir Forstwesen ; 62 7. n. 7-8; 205 Bern 1911. VOL, XXVIE* PART I. H II14 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. International Memorial to Karl Gayer. APPEAL. Johann Karl Gayer, State Councillor and Professor of Silviculture and Forest Utilisation at the University of Munich, D.CEc., honoris causa, was born on the 15th October 1822, and died in Munich on the 1st March 1907, honoured and lamented by thousands of his pupils and friends, and by foresters throughout the world. For over forty years Karl Gayer took an active and prominent part in the teaching of forestry: first at the Forestry School of Aschaffenburg, and subsequently (1878-1892) at the University of Munich, of which he was elected Rector, officiating during the period 1889-90. In 1860, in Munich, Karl Gayer first started his great propaganda on the silvicultural principles of the preservation of the natural productivity of the soil; principles which soon made his name and his teaching famous, and brought him pupils from all parts of Europe and America. He was decorated by Bavaria, Russia and Greece, and was made an honorary member of several forestry societies. Apart from his work on silviculture, Karl Gayer’s name is well known to all British foresters through his classic book on Forest Utilisation, which was translated into English by the late Professor W. R. Fisher. The world of forestry owes a permanent deep debt of gratitude to Karl Gayer for his work in the advancement of silvicultural knowledge. A movement has been set on foot in Munich in this year, the goth anniversary of Karl Gayer’s birth, to perpetuate his memory by the erection of a monument over hisgrave. Yielding to the oft-expressed wishes of foresters throughout the world, it has been decided to give the memorial an international character, and it is thought that many British foresters may welcome this opportunity of joining in honouring the memory of a great forester. Contributions may be sent direct to Geheim Muinisterialrat Dr Kast, Munich, Bavaria; or to Dr A. W. Borthwick, 46 George Square, Edinburgh; or Professor W. Somerville, 12 Banbury Road, Oxford ; or A. M. F. Caccia, 19 Linton Road, Oxford. oe REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. I1t5 mevieWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. History of Forestry. By BERNHARD E. FerNow. Revised and Enlarged Edition. 516 pp., including Index. University Press, Toronto, tgtt. Dr Fernow always manages to make interesting whatever he writes about, and his History of Forestry is no exception to the rule. In it he has a subject which is itself most fascinating, and it is made the most of in this important book. Much need was felt for such a work, as the information could otherwise be obtained only by patient search through many books—chiefly German and French. Although usually given little attention, few will deny the usefulness of a study of history as it relates to the forest. The fact is that forestry requires to be considered in this way more than most subjects. We hope and believe that our country has awakened to a new sense of its responsibilities in regard to silviculture, but development in that direction is only commencing, so that it behoves us to see how other countries have advanced and to examine closely the lines of progress. When this is done, it is wonderful how similar the successive stages of evolution are seen to be in countries differing fundamentally in other respects. The forest history of Germany is taken by the author as a kind of type or standard, and dealt with more fully than that of other countries. In view of the leading position occupied by Germany in all branches of forestry, this preference is _ justifiable, besides which Germany is the only country provided with an extensive literature on the subject. Dr Fernow follows chiefly Schwappach’s Forst und Jagdgeschichte Deutschlands in this section of the book, but instead of making a division into four periods three are considered, namely: (1) to the _ end of the Middle Ages; (2) to the end of the eighteenth _ century ; and (3) the modern period. The first of these is probably less interesting to English readers than the later history, as it is largely concerned with ancient conditions of ownership, the establishment of 116 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. ‘““servitudes” and so forth. The feudal system became gradually weaker after the Middle Ages, and with industrial improvement forestry methods developed. By the end of the eighteenth century technical forestry was so well understood in Germany that it strikes one as strange that some of the knowledge did not reach England until almost exactly a hundred years later, and even then was not received with much enthusiasm. Although well advanced in forest organisa- tion, administration, methods of management, education, and the practice of silviculture a century ago, Germany was just then beginning the great forward movement which has brought it to the forefront among the nations. Forest policy was then established, silvicultural principles founded on a scientific basis, and great advance made in every department of forest technology. This nineteenth century period is treated in masterly fashion by the author, who speaks from an intimate knowledge of the country and its conditions. Austria and Hungary are taken separately—the account of the management of Austria’s privately owned forests being particularly interesting. It shows among _ other things the far-reaching influence of legislation upon the treatment of forest areas. Switzerland comes under con- sideration next, and the evolution of its cantonal system of administration is traced. France is done justice to in a chapter which forms one-tenth part of the volume. After dealing with the development of forest proprietorship, policy and administration, the history of the great works of reclama- tion, for which France is so famous, is given in consider- able detail, after which the successive stages by which the country has progressed in forestry education, literature, science and_ practice are described. This section has gained more than any other from the author’s revision for the second edition. Other parts of the book deal with the past and present condition of forestry in Russia, Scandinavia, the Balkan States and South-European countries, Great Britain and its Colonies, Japan, and the United States of America. Some of Dr Fernow’s pithy remarks on our countrymen and their attitude towards forestry may be quoted. They let us “ see oorsels as ithers see us.” ‘Politically the Englishman is an_ individualist... . REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. UT] Commercial and industrial enterprise rather than economic development appeal to him; the practical issue of the day rather than demands of a future and systematic preparation for the same occupy his mind. He lacks, as Lord Rosebery points out, scientific method, and hence is wasteful. Moveover, he is conservative and self-satisfied beyond the citizens of any other nation; hence if all the wisdom of the world point new ways, he will still cling to his accustomed ones. In the matter of having commissions appointed to investigate and report, and leaving things to continue in_ unsatisfactory condition, he reminds one of Spanish dilatoriness. These would appear to us the reasons for the difficulty which the would-be reformers experience in bringing about economic reforms.” It must be admitted that these words hit off the situation rather nicely. They may serve as an example of the forcible style in which the book is written. It is a work at once readable, accurate, concise and comprehensive. All who take a wide view of forestry, especially in its economic application, will read it both with pleasure and with profit. Bs 5: The Forest Trees of Britain. By the late Rev. C. A. JOHNs. toth Edition. Revised by Professor G. S. BOULGER. Published by the Society for Promoting Christian Know- ledge. Price 6s. net. Two editions of this work, by different editors and publishers, have appeared within the past few months. We noticed one of these on p. 240 of our last volume. The present edition comes from the original publishers, with a preface by Professor Boulger, in which he says, “‘ With but a few verbal alterations, and some slight emendations rendered desirable by recent advances in our knowledge of the subject, it has been thought best to present the work much as Johns left it, though illustrated by a series of new and specially prepared plates.” This edition is therefore practically a reprint, with all the original illustrations in addition to the beautiful new plates referred to above. 118 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Llora and Sylva: A Monthly Review for Lovers of Gardens, Woodland Tree and Flower; New and rare Plants, Trees, Shrubs and Frutts; the Garden Beautiful, Home Woods and Home Landscape. Edited by and printed and published for W. Ropinson, author of Zhe English Flower Garden, and other works. The author has very kindly presented to the Society’s library the first three volumes of this work. The volumes are magnificent specimens of the paper-makers’, printers’, engravers’, and colour printers’ arts, and are a handsome monument to the author and all concerned in their upmake. The work originally appeared in monthly parts, but unfortunately it has now been discontinued because the subscribers to such an expensive publication, even although it was issued at less than cost price, were too few to warrant its continuance. ‘This is not surprising in our age of cheapness, but is nevertheless very regrettable, because the mere mechanical production and handling of such a book, apart altogether from the intrinsic value of its contents, must have had an elevating effect on all concerned. The contents will appeal mostly to lovers of gardens and ornamental grounds, but there is a special series of articles on the greater trees of the Northern Forest, besides many others dealing with forestry subjects scattered throughout the volumes which are interesting to foresters and tree lovers. We record our grateful thanks to Mr Robinson for this very handsome donation to our library. Rs, G: The Story of our Trees. By MarGaret M. GREGSON. 160 pp. and 74 figures. University Press, Cambridge, 1912. This book consists of twenty-four lessons on topics relating to trees, such as leaf-casting, winter buds and tree forms, how a tree lives, etc. It would be a useful guide to nature study relating to trees were it not that, as in so many of these books, too much is attempted to allow of strict accuracy. However, if the practical work, which includes visits to woods and timber yards, is followed with care, the teacher could convey the elements of tree-life. In some cases the practical exercises might be carried out on trees rather than on herbaceous plants: why study the bean in detail when the acorn is available? In — REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. I1g the same way, the henbane is quoted as bearing millions of seeds, when willow seems quite as good; and sweet pea is figured as a type of fruit equally well exemplified by laburnum. Figure 7 is described as a pine cone but it is actually the spruce. The statement that on the heather-covered moors of Scotland “no trees will grow” owing to the cold winds is inaccurate, since many acres of these very moors do carry forest up to an altitude of 1500 feet or more. The lists of books, and firms who will supply lantern slides on trees, will be useful to many teachers. - The Care of Trees in Lawn, Street and Park: With a List of Trees and Shrubs for Decorative Use. By BERNHARD E. Frrnow, Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto. x+392 pp. including Index. Illustrated. New York: Henry Holt & Company, rgto. This is a good book, as was to be expected from the pen of sO experienced and competent a master as is the author. It contains just the ‘information such as the owner of trees may be in search of.” It is not a work on forestry. Its subject is the isolated tree wherever planted, whether for shade or ornament, and the aim of the book is to enlighten those who have trees under their care, so that their part as “Tree wardens”—the “‘expressive, dignified and honourable title” which the author coins—may be adequately performed, The book opens with a lucid account of the essential points in the structure of trees, and in their method of life. In course of it, the relations to their environment and the recuperative capacity of trees are graphically sketched. To the ailments, however caused, that affect trees the author gives much space, and adds sound advice as to treatment. Tending of trees, pruning and planting are all dealt with succinctly and effectively. In the two hundred pages, making the first half ef the book, that are devoted to this general account of the right basis for and of the right method in the care of trees, Mr Fernow has provided a guide for planters that is thoroughly sound in its information. It is written professedly for the amateur planter and for the ‘custodian of town trees,— who is too often untrained,—not for the expert ; yet the latter will find in it much that will remind him of principles. The author has been successful in the difficult 120 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. task of conveying, in simple language that can be understood by anyone, those facts of science that govern the cultivation and preservation of trees, The second half of the book is devoted to the choice of planting material, that is to say, it gives lists and short descrip- tions of desirable trees and shrubs; and also, under separate groupings, the names of trees and shrubs that have special features, whether individual as, for instance, coloured leaves, coloured fruits, or special adaptations suiting them to localities such as the seashore, exposed situations, wet soils and the like. This is well done, and it will appeal to many. It has, however, the defect of its time of appearance at a moment when the number of desirable trees and shrubs for cultivation is being increased manifold by the work of recent collectors in China— Wilson, Forrest, Purdom, Ward, and others—so that there are naturally missing from its pages many of the choicer sorts of recent introduction. But this a new edition will remedy. It is no extravagant laudation to say that this is one of the most delightful and instructive books that has been written on a subject that gains daily in practical importance now that town planning has become an obsession of municipalities. Everyone interested in arboriculture should read the book. bo Beee The Oak: Its Natural History, Antiquity and Folk-lore. By CHARLES MosLey. 126 pp., with 8 Illustrations. Price 5s. London: Elliot Stock. This little book is not written for foresters, but for those of the general public who take an interest in trees. The opening chapter deals with the place of the oak amongst the other trees of the forest, its distribution, its influence on place names, and its other peculiarities. In the chapters which follow, the author discourses on the economic value of the oak, its enemies and parasites, historic and veteran oaks, mistletoe-oaks, the oak in myth, folk-lore and holy writ, and he concludes with a list — of some of the more interesting species of oak. The book is enriched throughout by quotations in prose and verse from — many authors. TRANSACTIONS ! OF TILE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. — Ver XX Vil PART. -4i. July 1913. A W.. BORTHW ICK. DSc; HONORARY EDITOR ROBERT GALLOWAY, 8.8.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. e to Non=Members, 3/- LIBRARY A.&J. MAIN & C2-L™- MANUFACTURERS OF HAY & GRAIN SHEDS. In this SHED the HAY or GRAIN can be stored to within a few inches of ROOF. FOLD YARD COVERINGS, STEEL AND IRON BUILDINGS, of every description. Ys o yf Uf x t Rind WY, ff Y y ue 4 pd pr. Ly), CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING, IRON & WIRE FENCING, WROUGHT IRON RAILINGS, CATES, HURDLES, PALE FENCING, TREE CUARDS, 3GAl AN erates SWE 68, sratetets CALVANIZED WIRE NETTING and FENCING WIRE at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. 31 BUDGE ROW, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, Y LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGH. BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING. Telegrams— ‘““Hothouse, Edinburgh.” “Tron, Edinburgh.” Telephone Nos,— Edinburgh—Central, 2674. 2675, and 4665 (Foundry). ‘‘Treibhaus, Camroad, Glasgow—Argyle, 2336. London.” London—2117, Hampstead. MACKENZIE & MONCUR, LIMITED. HOTHOUSE BUILDERS, Heating, Ventilating, and Electrical Engineers and Iron Founders. SS py unssmnttttt SPECIALTIES: All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Siberian Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing. Patent Wood Spar Blinds. Improved Duplex System of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. Licensees for Barker’s Patent Cable System of Low Pressure Hot Water Heating. Improved Ironclad System of Electric Lighting—the only absolutely fireproof system. Cast Iron Stable Fittings and all kinds of Estate Castings. WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED WORKMEN AT TIME RATES, Registered Office :-— BALCARRES STREET, EDINBURGH, WORKS~—Balcarres Street. FOUNDRY-—Slateford Road. _ GLASGOW-— 21 St Vincent Street. LONDON—8 Camden Road, N.W. + . ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. Day and Evening Classes, which provide a complete Course of Instruction in Forestry, qualifying (fro fanto) for the B.Sc. Degree of the University of Glasgow, for the Diploma of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Certificate of the College, are held during the Winter Session (October to March) at the College. A Special Summer Course for Foresters will be held at the College during the month of June. Syllabus and particulars regarding these Classes and Prospectus of the general work of the College, including the Course for the Examination of the Surveyor’s Institution, may be obtained free from the Secretary. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and Garpen, Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, =e = LA RBE RT, NSB All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &c. ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & Co. ADVERTISING AGENTS 43 GEORGE STREET EDINBURGH ADVERTISEMENTS of every kind are received for insertion in the Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Publications throughout the United Kingdom. Notices of Sequestration, Cessio, Dissolution of Partnership, Entail, etc., etc., for the Edinburgh and London Gazettes, are given special care and attention. Legal Notices, Heirs Wanted, and all other Advertisements, are inserted in the Colonial and Foreign Newspapers. Small Advertisements, such as Situations, Houses, and Apart- ments, Articles Wanted and For Sale, etc., etc., can be addressed to a No. at Keith & Co.’s Office, 43 George Street, Edinburgh, where the replies will be retained until called for, or, if desired, forwarded by Post. Parties in the country will find this a very convenient method of giving publicity to their requirements. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, MANSION HOUSES, etc, TO LET, ESTATES for SALE, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, ete. LAW and ESTATE AGENTS, FACTORS, TOWN CLERKS, CLERKS TO SCHOOL BOARDS, and other Officials may, with confidence, place their advertisements in the hands of the Firm. One Copy of an Advertisement is sufficient to send for any number of newspapers; and the convenience of having only one advertising account instead of a number of advertising accounts is also a great saving of time and trouble. Addressing of Envelopes with Accuracy and Despatch. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE,” EDINBURGH. Telephone No. 316. ADVERTISEMENTS. BRITISH COLUMBIA. OKANAGAN VALLEY (DRY BELT) FRUIT LANDS. [MPROVED Irrigated Fruit Farm Settlements, 10 to 15 acres each, for Sale, at moderate rates, by KELOWNA LAND & ORCHARD CO., LTD., AND SOUTH KELOWNA LAND CoO., LTD. STERLING DEBENTURES FOR 5 YEARS AT 5 % issued by OKANAGAN LOAN INVESTMENT CO., LTD. This Company lends only on approved Mortgages a secured over such lands as the above. :: :: T. W. STIRLING of Muiravonside and Kelowna B.C. is Chairman. Full Particulars from the Agents in Scotland— ADAIR & GALLOWAY, S.S.C., 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 13 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. THE College is one of the Central Institutions administered by the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, and is intended to provide for Agricultural Education and Research in the Central and South- eastern Counties. DAY CLASSES. The Day Classes, in conjunction with certain University Classes, provide full courses of instruction in Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, and the Allied Sciences, and qualify for the College Diploma, the College Certificate in Horticulture, the Degrees of B.Sc. in Agriculture and B.Sc. in Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and for other Examinations and Certificates in the Science and Practice of Agriculture. SHORT COURSES AND EVENING CLASSES. Short Courses in Agriculture and Forestry are given annually ; and Evening Classes in Agriculture, Chemistry, Veterinary Science, Forestry, Horticulture, Botany, and Zoology are held during the Winter Session. Particulars of Classes, and information as to Bursaries tenable at the College, will be found in the Calendar, which will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, ALEXANDER M‘CALLUM, M.A., LL.B. ADVERTISEMENTS. Established 1842. FOREST TREES Large Stocks of Seedling, and Transplanted True Native SCOTS FIR, MENZIES, DOUCLAS, NORWAY SPRUCE, Etc. Ail grown from carefully selected seed, in an open and exposed situation, thoroughly hardy, and well furnished with abundance of fibrous roots. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Specimen Ornamental Trees for Lawns and Avenues. Trees and Shrubs for Seaside Planting. Plants for Game Coverts, Underwood and Hedges. Special quotations for large quantities, and estimates furnished for planting by contract in any part of the country. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES AND SAMPLES ON APPLICATION. W. SMITH & SON, Purserymen, ABERDEEN, N.B. SAVE MONEY ”™ Gwe’or' * BLACK’S GREOSOTING PLANTS Which are specially adapted for Estates and Timber Trades. “2B THE PRESSURE SYSTEM. Most of the Creosoting Plants working on Estates in Great Britain have been Supplied by us, and References can be given. THE BOILING METHOD. = These Plants are also Suitable for Burnettizing Timber. GEORGE BLACK 9 4 — : & SONS, == = Creosoting Engineers and Creosote Oil Merchants, TWEEDMOUTH BOILER WORKS, BERWICK-ON-TWE ED. ADVERTISEMENTS. MACHINE WOODWORKER & ESTATE SAWMILL MANAGER ONE PENNY MONTHLY A GREAT TECHNICAL PENNY PAPER SPECIMEN Copy Post FREE FROM THE OFFICES— 84 LEADENHALL STREET, LONDON, E.C: (These are also the Offices of the weekly ‘‘ Timber News,” specimen of which will be posted free on application.) KELOWNA FRUITLANDS For Sale in Small Holdings. ADAIR & GALLOWAY, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, Agents. T. W. STIRLING, Esq,., Chairman, E. M. CARRUTHERS, Manager, KELOWNA, 22 COCKSPUR STREET, S.W. References: ROYAL BANK OF CANADA, London; BANK OF MONTREAL, Kelowna. By Appointment to His Late Majesty King Edward. We hold tremendous Stocks of FOREST and ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, also of RHODODENDRONS and other Plants suitable for GAME COVERTS, in a fine and healthy con- dition, which we are prepared to offer at CLEARING PRICES. ANYONE interested and wishing to have GOOD VALUE for MONEY ‘should not miss the opportunity of paying us a visit to Inspect the EXCEPTIONALLY CHEAP BARGAINS we are pre- pared to make. Catalogue on Application. It is impossible to fully describe the various stocks offered, therefore a personal inspection is respectfully solicited. Visitors met by appointment at Darley Dale or Matlock Stations. JAMES SMITH & SONS (Darley Dale) Ltd. Darley Dale Nurseries, near MATLOCK. Telegrams—‘‘SMITHIANA,” Twodales. Telephone No. 7 Darley Dale. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegrams : Telephones . ‘““ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” National, No. 1378 Partick Post Office, No. 2733 Western. ROBINSON, DUNN & Go, Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. > Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK. and: .TEMPLE. TIMBER PRESERVING WORKS AT TEMPLE. CREOSOTING AND ‘“B.M.” PROCESSES. For Planting Season, 1912-13. We are offering Special Value in Seedling and Small Transplanted SITKA SPRUCE, DOUGLAS SPRUCE (Oregon variety), THUJA GIGANTEA, LARCH, Japanese, LARCH, Tyrolese & Scotch, SCOTS FIR, True Native, NORWAY SPRUCE, &c., &c. Millions in stock of hardy, healthy, well-grown plants. Inquiries Solicited. Samples and Special Prices on demand. Special List of Tree Seeds & Seedlings published in January. CATALOGUES POST FREE. BENJAMIN REID & COMPANY, Rurserymen, ABERDEEN, ADVERTISEMENTS M‘FARLANE & ERSKINE, Lithographers, Letterpress and Three-Colour Printers .: > Black and Coloured Plates for Scientific Works. Plans of Estates, etc. Coloured Illustrations for Seedsmen. Books, Maga- zines, Catalogues, Price Lists, Circulars, and Every Description of Printed Forms. St James Works, M‘Donald Road, EDINBURGH. NOTICE. WANTED TO PURCHASE. Any of the following Parts of the Transactions, WAZ Parts: 122) and, 3: of Vols 1. Parts 2 and 3 of Vol. III. Parts 1 and 2 of Vol. IV. Parte 2 of Vol. V Part 2 of Vol. IX Part 1 of Vol. XII Apply to ——- THE: SECRETARY, —-.5 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH, Ronal Scottish Arboricultural Society. INSTITUTED 1854. Patron—HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. Permission to assume the title ‘* Royal” was granted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in 1887. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 10913. President. Carrain ARCHIBALD STIRLING of Keir, Dunblane. Vice=Presidents, BORTH WICK, D.Sc., 46 George Square, Edinburgh. CHAS. BUCHANAN, Factor, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty, Countesswells | Sm ANDREW AGNEW, Bart., of Lochnaw, 10 Smith Square, e, Bieldside, Aberdeen. Westminster. RD LOVAT, D.S.0O., Beaufort Castle, Beauly. W. STEUART FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. Council. Hon. LirE MEMBERS. Sir KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws, ORDINARY MEMBERS. EVEN, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. W. H. MASSIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. 3ROOM, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. | GILBERT BROWN, Wood Manager, Grantown-on-Spey. WANNAND. Lecturerin F cee = ‘ollere. | GEORGE P. GORDON, B.Sc., Lecturer in Forestry, West of castle-u ont aa eee reery, armstrong Uollege, Scotland Agricultural College, 6 Blythswood Square, a Glasgow. y. M‘HATTIE, Superintendent of City Parks, City| 4 p. RICHARDSON, 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. mbers, Edinburgh. ADAM SPIERS, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-Mills, Edin- OF BRODIE, Brodie Castle, Forres, burgh. M DAWSON, M.A., B.Sc., Reader in Forestry, | ROBERT ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. bridge University, |G. U. MACDONALD, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine * * * * * * * | Cottage, Peebles. ANDERS, ¥.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Aln- | ALEXANDER MITCHELL, Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge. E | ROBERT FORBES, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City ALEXANDER J. MUNRO, Factor, 48 Castle Street, Edin- abers, Glasgow. burgh. i DAVIDSON, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. | W. M. PRICE, Factor, Minto, Hawick. Hon. Editor. Dr A. W. BORTHWICK, 46 George Square, Edinburgh. Auditor. JOHN T. WATSON, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh Hon. Secretary. The Ricur Hon. R. C. MUNRO FERGUSON, M.P., Raith House, Kirkcaldy. Secretary and Treasurer. ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. ABERDEEN BRANCH. NORTHERN BRANCH. A. Forpes Irvine of Drum. i President—Brovik OF BRODIE. t oe = Massik, Solicitor, 147 Union Street, Hon. Secy.—ALEX. Fraser, Solicitor, 63 Church Street, erdeen. Inverness. Hon. Consulting Officials. 7 Botanist.—ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, LL.D., | Consulting Entomologist, —ROBERT STEWART MAC- My Se.D., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, DOUGALL, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., burgh, 9 Dryden Place, Edinburgh. ns Chemist.—ALEX ANDER LAUDER, D.Sc., F.1 C., Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geo- *orge Square, Edinburgh. logical Laboratory, University of Edinburgh. "9 Cryptogamist.—A. W. BORTHWICK, D.Sc. Consulting Meteorologist.—_ANDREW WATT, M.A.,F.R.S.E., orge Square, Edinburgh. Secretary Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 Georve Street, Edinburgh. * 2 Former Presidents. The following have held the office of President in past years, viz. :-— 1854-56. JAMES Brown, Wood Commissioner to the | 1882. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864-71. 1872-73. 1874-75. 1876-78. 1879-81. Karl of Seafield, The Right Hon. Tue EAru or Ducts. The Right Hon. Tue EARL oF STAIR. 1883-85. Professor ALEXANDER Dickson, Univer of Edinburgh. Huon Ciecuorn, M.D., LL.D., FRE of Stravithie. Sir Joun Hat, Bart. of Dunglass. 1886-87. The Right Hon. Sir Hersert Eos His Grace Tue Duke oF ATHOLL. Maxwe t, Bart. of Monreith. : Joun I. Cuaumers of Aldbar. | 1888-89. The Most Hon. THE Marquis The Right Hon. Tar EARL or ATRLIE. | LINLITHGOW. The Right Hon, T. F. Kennepy. | 1890-98. Professor Bayiey BaLrour, Unive Rosertr Hutcuison of Carlowrie, I’.R.S. E. | Hucu Ciecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1894-97. of Edinburgh. The Right Hon. R. C. Munro FERGU M.P. Professor Joun Hvurron BA.Four, | 1898. Colonel F. Battey, R.E. 7 University of Edinburgh. | 1899-02. The Right Hon. Tax EARL or MANSE! The Right Hon. W. P. ApAm of Blair-| 1903-06. W. Srevarr FornrincHaM of Murtl adam, M.P. 1907-09. Sir KenNerH J. MACKENZIE, Q The Most Hon. THe MArqQuis oF | Gairloch. > Lorain, K.T. | 1910-12. Sir Joun STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bai Pollok. Membership. ; ( HE Roll contains the names of over 1400 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. will be found on the back of the which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles — interest to the Members, and for the advancement Meetings of the Council are month, and at other times when business f the Council meet frequently of special of Forestry in all its branches. held every alternate requires attention; and Committees 0 to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to The Terms of Subscription Form of Proposal for Membership train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions and Competitions for Plantations and Estate Nurseries aftermentioned. 3 School of Forestry, Afforestation, Etc. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. In 1890, the Society instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of £584, 3s. 1od. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. The Society also drew up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland, which might serve not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in their Report the Committee recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire; and while this cannot be looked on as a Demonstra- tion Forest, it is hoped that it may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan is in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. After the Development Act came into operation, the Council passed a Resolution urging that the Government should, as soon as possible, create a Board of Forestry, with an adequate representa- tion of Scottish Forestry upon it, and an Office in Scotland, where the largest areas of land suitable for Afforestation are situated, which would provide Demonstration Forests and Forest Gardens, and otherwise assist the development of University and other Educational enterprise, and would carry out, as an essential pre- liminary to any great scheme of National Afforestation, a Survey of all areas throughout the country suitable for commercial planting. The Society’s policy for the development of Forestry in Scotland has since been fully laid before the Development Commission. As a result of these representations, the Secretary for Scotland appointed a Committee to report regarding the acquisition and uses of a Demonstration Forest Area, and any further steps it is desirable to take in order to promote Silviculture in Scotland. The Committee reported in the beginning of last year, and the Society is pressing the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, being the Department now con- cerned with Scottish forestry, to give effect to the Committee’s recommendations and to encourage the inception of schemes of 4 afforestation. The Society has also published a valuable Report on Afforestation—including a Survey of Glen Mor—prepared for it by Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling, which, it is hoped, may form the basis of the general Forest Survey advocated by the Society. Excursions. Since 1878 well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, Ireland, and the Continent. In 1895 a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, in 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited, in 1909 a visit was undertaken to the Bavarian Forests, and it is now proposed to visit Switzerland during the ensuing summer. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. In addition to the Annual Exhibition before referred to, large and important Forestry Sections organised by this Society were included in the Scottish National Exhibition held in Edinburgh in 1908, and in the Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art, and Industry, held in Glasgow in rort. Plantations and Estate Nurseries Competitions. Prizes are now offered annually for the best Young Plantations and the best managed Estate Nurseries within the Show District of the Highland and Agricultural Society. The Society’s Transactions. The Zransactions of the Society, which extend to twenty-seven volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the Honorary Officials mentioned above. a oO Local Branches. Local Branches have been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. Consulting Foresters. The Secretary keeps a list of Consulting Foresters whose services are available to Members of the Society and others. Correspondents. The following have agreed to act as Correspondents residing abroad :— Canada, Rosert Bett, I.S.0., M.D., LL.D., D.Se.(Cantab.), F.R.S. of Ottawa, late Chief Geologist to Government of Canada, Ottawa. India, F. L. C. CowLey Brown, Principal, South Indian Forest College, Coimbatore, South India. British mathe Nis BaTTISCOMBR, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Africa, Nigeri, via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. United Boe oF P. Baker, Dean, New York State College of of America, Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y. Cape Colony, . W. Nimmo Brown, M‘Kenzie’s Farm, Mowbray, P.O. Western Australia, Frep Moon. LOCAL SECRETARIES. Counties. Scotland. Aberdeen, JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Joun Micure, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. Argyll, . H. L. Macponacp of Dunach, Oban. Ayr, ANDREW D. Paaer, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Rozertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Berwick, Wo. MILneg, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Bute, Wo. Ineuts, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. Clackmannan,. Dumfries, East Lothian, . JAmEs Kay, retized Forester, Barone, Rothesay. {OBERT Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa, D. Craps, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Fife, Wm. Gitcurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. EpMuND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy, Forfar, . JamEs Crabbe, retired Forester, Glamis. Counties. Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Perth, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, Beds, Berks, Derby, Devon. Durham, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Notts, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, . Galway, King’s County, Tipperary, 6 Scotland. James A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. Joun Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. James Terrkis, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. Joun Davinson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. Joun ScrimcEouR, Doune Lodge, Doune. Joun J. R. MeIKLEJOHN, Foctor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMy Frances YuLE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JoHuN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. Rk. V. Marner, Nurseryman, Kelso. Donatp Rogerson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES Hocartg, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. Waker, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. England. Francis MircHe.t, Forester, Woburn. W. Sroriz, Whitway House, Newbury. S. MacBEAn, Estate Office, Needwood Forest, Sudbury. JAmeEs BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. Joun F, ANNAND, Lecturer in Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES Barton, Forester, Hatfield. THOMAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. HAmILron, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. James MArtIn, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havetocx, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor Boutcer, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, 8. W. Wm. Exper, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark. W. Micuts, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. WILSON ToMLINSON, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. GrorGE HANNAH, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. JoHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. A. D. Curistiz, Hillside, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. ANDREW Boa, Land Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. D. Tarr, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Treland. A. C. Forsers, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILSON, B.Se., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Arc. E. Morray, Lissadell, Stillorgan Park. Tuomas RospertTson, Forster and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wo. Henperson, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davip G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. AuEx. M‘RaAg, Forester, Dundrum. = | Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C., SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, ( Full Name, | Designation, | Degrees, Che ‘andidate’s j Address, | Life, or Ordinary Member, \ Stgnature, . Signature, . Proposer’'s \ Address, Signature, . Seconder’s + Address, (CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— 1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually : . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed 4500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, subscribing annually . : . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually . ; : 5 . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member’s Subscription is due on the day of election unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first Subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zvansactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the meetings of the Society. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Zzfe Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, ; ‘ . £10 10 © 2, Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Mer- chants, and others, 5 : ae : : 5 5 6 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, : 5 0 : 2 : : 3) Ship VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zzfe Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a xew Life Member. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each Proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed. Son LEN TS: The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. PAGE 16. Discussion on the Relation of Forestry to Agriculture and other Industries : : ; . ; — “T20 17. Letter to the Board of Agriculture for Scotland . Sik: 18. Development of Forestry in England. Reports by Advisory Committee : : : : ~ 147 19. The Place of Forestry in the Economic Development of Scotland. By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart. . - 161 20. Some Lessons from the Recent Gales. By Sir Hugh Shaw Stewart, Bart. . : . : : 2 1n72 21. The State Forests of Saxony. (With Illustrations.) By A. D. Hopkinson : ; ; : : . 27a 22. Report on Speeches made at meeting between Delegates representing the interests of Forestry in Scotland and the Scottish Railway Companies to discuss the Question of the Price of Sleepers manufactured from Home-Grown Timber as compared with that of those manufactured from Foreign Timber . : : : . 188 23. A New Disease on the Larch in Scotland (with Plate). By A. W. Borthwick, D.Sc., Lecturer on Forest Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Malcolm Wilson, D.Sc., F.L.S., Lecturer on Mycology, University of Edinburgh. 198 24. Recent Publications on Swiss Forests. By W. S. Smith, i=17 0) 3 Se 2 : : : : . 202 25. Notes of Silvicultural Interest (with Plate) By A. Murray. 206 26. The Use of Explosives in Forestry. By Dr Alexander Lauder . : : ‘ : é : TeZLo . Continental Notes (Germany). By Bert. Ribbentrop, C.I.E. 212 & XS . The Prices of Home Timber : ‘ f E . 222 Notes and Queries:—The Riiping Process of Creosoting Timber—Afforestation at Vyrnwy —Deer Forests and Sporting Lands in Scotland—Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh: Proposed Guild—Testing of Forest Seeds— Appointments . : : : : : « A2se il CONTENTS. * Reviews and Notices of Books: —lIllustrations of Conifers. Vol. III. By H. Clinton-Baker. Printed ptivately at Hertford, 1913 : - ; ; Planter’s Note Book. By J. Woodward, Junr. Gardener's Chronicle, London, 1913. Price, 1s. : Forest Conditions of Nova Scotia. By B. E. Fernow, LL.D., Dean of Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, assisted by C. D. Howe, PhD, and J. H. White. Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1912 : Obituary :—Lieut.-Col. F. Bailey, R.E., LL.D. (with Portrait) —The Late Mr John Grant Thomson—Mr John Methven Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1913, with Appendices. List of Members as at 24th June 1913. PAGE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 16. Discussion on the Relation of Forestry to Agriculture and other Industries. At the Annual General Meeting of the Society on 17th February, a discussion on the “ Relation of Forestry to Agri- culture and other Industries” was held in place of a formal address. In opening the discussion, Mr Sydney J. Gammell of Drumtochty said :—‘‘ Mr Chairman and gentlemen, I trust that the members will not look upon this as a formal paper prepared to be read at a Philosophical Society, but as just the commence- ment of a discussion in which I hope a very large number of the members of the Society present will take part. This is a very large subject, and one which, I think, needs attention drawn to it, and I am very much flattered at being allowed to open the discussion and to make a public statement on a subject which I eonsider is important, and which at all events requires looking into. Now I do not think I need bother you by going into the various climatic conditions which are affected by the planting of trees. I wish to come at once to close grips with this subject, and to show how agriculture in particular is affected by the planting of woods themselves, and that various industries are created and an increased amount of labour is necessitated by the planting of these woods. This subject has been enlarged since it was first suggested in the Council, and has been made to include other industries as well as agriculture. I hope some other members will take up those other industries, as I intend to confine myself to the one question. Now, in order to get to that question we have first to ask ourselves what is the object of afforestation? I think I may put it shortly in this way—to utilise land which is at present either unutilised, or is not utilised to the best advantage. I wish, in the first place, to disabuse VOL. XXVII. PART II. I 122 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. people’s minds entirely of the idea that land which is being now profitably employed is to be taken from the present occupiers and used for the purposes of forestry. Nothing is further, I am sure, from the idea of those who are guiding the destinies of forestry in this country, and nothing is further from the views of those who understand the subject. In the first place, let us take the subject of agricultural land. There is no intention, and I think it would be extremely unwise, from every point of view, to take land which can be profitably employed in agriculture and use it for the purposes of forestry. You do not get as large a return from your land, and you do not get as much labour employed upon your land, and these are the two points—the two cardinal points—which must be kept firmly in view in the discussion of this subject. But there is a great deal of land in this country, some of it cultivated, some of it grazed, some of it used for sport, some of it not used at all, which could very profitably be employed, I maintain, for the purposes of silvi- culture, and it is to that land, and to that land alone, that we must look for the enlargement of our forests. ‘¢T will take the various classes which I have mentioned in order, beginning with land which is at present under tillage, but not under profitable tillage. I am sure every one in this room knows the class of land to which Iam referring. Part of it was taken in when agriculture, for one reason or another, was in a more profitable state than it is at present, and when larger returns were got from the growing of crops. Some of that land at any- rate cannot be profitably cultivated now, and there are consider- able areas of it. But it is not all of the same class. I think I am right in saying that a good deal of it, if you take it in large stretches, consists of portions of bad land and portions of good land. Now it is one of the great points with regard to this question of forestry that not only can you take the bad land—I mean bad agriculturally—and use it for forestry to better advantage than it is at present used for tillage, but you are not obliged to plant up the small pockets of good land which occur at varying distances through this bad land. Those can be cultivated, and when properly sheltered by trees they can be cultivated to considerably greater advantage than at present. At present the question of shelter, the question of separat- ing good land from bad, especially on the higher lands— because most of the land I am speaking of is at higher RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. 123 altitudes than the good agricultural land which we know in the best agricultural districts—lies at the root of this question of profitable occupation and tillage. “Now let me go a little further, and take next the land which is at present grazed, and from that point of view I think we may look at it and see, in the first place, whether the occupation of land for grazing is more or less profitable on the whole than its use for the purpose of growing timber-trees ; and, secondly, whether land under pasture employs more or less labour than land used under forest. This labour question is one of the most important, I seem to be reiterating it over and over again, but, believe me, it is one of the points which we must not allow to slip. We must keep it continually before our eyes when we are looking at this question. Now, of course, there are good grazing lands and there are bad. The grazing lands with which I personally have anything to do, and, of course, one can best speak with regard to one’s individual experience, I find, do not bring in by any means high rents per acre. I do not think I should be understating it if I said that the average rental of hill grazing suitable for planting in the north-east of Scotland was not above a shilling per acre. Now surely we can make a profit of more than a shilling an acre from trees. As far as I have been able to go into the question, the resultant rental per acre for land of that class, judging from what could be and what has been grown in the past upon it, amounts to at anyrate four or five times that sum. You have therefore got the question of the better use of land which is at present not being utilised to the best advantage, and which I think I am right in maintaining can be utilised to better advantage. ‘Then comes the question of labour. Forestry certainly employs considerably more labour than grazing. Atwhatdoyou put the labour employed in grazing even if you add the temporary labour employed for shooting and subsidiary purposes? It does not amount to more than two or three persons at the outside per thousand acres. The average wages paid in the State Prussian forests is given in their return at about 11s. 4d. per acre per ‘annum. I think in this country we can safely say that a forest under continuous conditions can absorb a supply of labour equalling a payment of about ros. or so per acre per annum. From both points of view which is most profitable to the country? In the first place, you have at present, in certain instances at anyrate, capital being used in an unprofitable way. 124 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. That I would point out to you is not only an individual loss, it is also a national loss. We are not using our capital to increase the wealth of the country. We are not really producing anything ; we are living upon our capital, and in that way depleting the wealth of the country, and using up the sources of the future development which we hope to see; and, further, we are not utilising the same amount of labour that we might do with regard to many of those waste places. “ From those two points of view I think we may look forward to an increase of our forest area which will certainly not be in any way detrimental to the agricultural interest. Not only will it not be detrimental, but it will be positively helpful, particularly to the outlying districts, in which this help will be greater than in those which are now more closely occupied. The great beauty of the relations which may exist, and I hope will exist, in this country between agriculture and forestry is the way in which the one will dovetail into the other, and the way in which the labour which is now not fully occupied upon agricultural land can be used profitably in the forest, and for which good wages can be paid. I refer particularly to the much vexed question that has been put forward before us so frequently, the question of small holdings. To my way of thinking forestry is the one way of solving this difficulty. You cannot put small holdings down in the country, in any portion of it with which I am acquainted, unless they are of such a size that they can no longer be called small, or, on the other hand, unless you provide labour to eke out the products of the holdings themselves. Now in this way forestry comes to our help. We can have, and would be glad to have, a great multiplication of these small holdings, because we (I am speaking now as a forester), in the first place, require the labour of the occupants, and they, on the other hand, require the wages which we give them. ‘I can give you a personal experience with regard to this. I have a certain amount of land which is some distance from the sources of supply of labour. I tried in every way to get labourers to walk for two or two and a half miles to work for me in the woods. ‘They did not like doing it, especially in the winter time, and I did not like it either, because they wasted half the day coming and going. I tooka farm which happened to fall vacant—it was not a big one—and I split it and made it into two small holdings of about ro acres each, crofts as we call them, though we have no RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. 125 crofters in the strict sense, as I am speaking of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. I let these with the idea of utilising the labour in my woods. I have never regretted what I did. Although in itself it was not a profitable undertaking, because the capital expenditure was somewhat large, I maintain that in the long run even that capital expenditure will come back, and the tenants have not, I think, regretted having taken the crofts. I know perfectly well that they have improved their position ever since they came there, and it is simply because they are in the happy position of having work to do and wages to gain in the time when there is no work upon their holdings. I, on the other hand, am gaining because I get my workmen kept on the place, and I get the work done which I have undertaken. That I look to as one of the ways, I might almost say the main way, in which forestry is going to be beneficial to agriculture. Most of the forestry work, I need hardly say to such an audience as this, takes place in the winter time, when the work on the crofts or small holdings, or you may say almost on any farm, is more or less at a standstill. It is more, however, at a standstill upon small holdings than upon a farm. The amount of tillage to be done is small, and the amount of stock to be looked after small. The chief work of the small holder—I am speaking of holdings of 5 to 12 acres—is to get his crop put in, and that is only a matter of a few days, hours sometimes, while the tending of his stock is only a matter of a few minutes per day, and can often be done by his wife; therefore the work is spasmodic and not continuous, at anyrate in the winter time. Now the work in the woods is very largely wanted at that time, and for that reason they fit so well, the one works into the other, so that in every way they are profitable the one to the other. “But let me go a little further. There is the question of sub- sidiary employment, there is the whole question of transport, the whole question of minor industries which spring from a forest being instituted in any particular place. One of the great difficulties in connection with small holdings considerably removed from larger neighbours is the question of tillage. Tillage requires the keeping of a horse or a stot, which latter I wonder is not more utilised by some as a means of cultivating the ground. One or two may club together and keep a horse between them. If some amount of haulage is required by the forest you will see how very much easier it is for those people to keep a horse 126 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. profitably. The whole point which I wish to bring before you is that we must look at these matters from the point of view of things being profitably employed. It is no use keeping a horse at a loss; it is no use cultivating crops at a loss. What we want to do is to cultivate the ground so that it may be a profit to everybody concerned. Looking to the subsidiary industries which are bound to grow up, I do not hesitate to say that it can be so arranged that agriculture can be helped, and helped in no small degree, by the forestry which we hope will become one of the largest industries in this country. “I do not wish to take up your time much longer because there are many others here who are equally well qualified to speak on this important subject. There is only one thing I would like to say and it is this—we must have forestry, in order to be profitable, in order to institute small hold- ings, in order to re-people many parts which are now too sparsely inhabited, we must have forestry upon a definite basis, we must have it continuous. I have heard it said in certain places that in very many of the planting operations a great deal of the labour employed was local, but notwithstanding this the population has gone down and that people are emigrat- ing, people are going away—how are you therefore going to improve matters by forestry? I do not think that is the case where there has been a continuous system of forestry carried on not for five or ten years, but under a definite scheme which is intended to last for all time. That is what we want to see, and that is what we must have. The labour does not only take place in the planting ; labour is wanted in the thinning, labour is wanted in the felling, and in the transport in the future. If you have a continuous scheme there will not be the complaint that people go away. They will look to the future and the wages that will some day come to them from labour in another form, while the crop is maturing. I do not think that it is going too far to say that the experiment has never been thoroughly tried in this country. We hope to see it tried, and I put it before you to-day as a reason why we should go forward. “I have put a few things before you to show, as far as I can, that so far as I can see, so far from being hindersome, forestry will be helpful to agriculture. That is my belief, and that I believe is the wish of many people here. I put the matter before you to-day, and I would only ask in having opened this discussion, RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. 127 that the objections, and there must be objections, should be plainly stated now so that they may be dealt with. We do not want to have the whole thing on one side. I have opened the discussion, and I hope some one will take up the other side of this question in order that we may have a full and free discussion, and that we may show everybody what we consider is the best line to take with regard to this important subject.” Mr A. T. Gillanders, F.E.S., said :—‘‘I would like to speak on one point, namely, planting shelter for stock. I do not wish to criticise the opinions and methods of anyone, but to give a candid expression of my own views. As regards shelter I am strongly in favour of it, because I believe that the future of this country is to a large extent as a stock country and therefore shelter is imperative.. But the relation of shelter-belt planting to correct forestry and the details of management are more complicated problems than appear on the surface. Hence my two points are—(1) the relation of shelter planting to good! forestry, and (2) methods of management as regards the relation to forestry. Let us ask ourselves what is correct forestry? To my mind good forestry is a continuity of some fixed method or system of cutting and planting according to the merits of each particular case, together with such elasticity as may adapt itself to unforeseen contingencies, as wind blows, etc. If the forester is to do good work he should know where cutting and planting are to take place five years hence, and so make every necessary preparation for the future. It is also the duty of the owner to acquiesce either in the opinions of his own forester or to solicit such practical advice as may confirm or amend his forester’s views. In other words, having regard to contemporary thought, let the owner make sure that his forester is not an extreme faddist, because there are faddists even among foresters. Having thus settled a system, and feel- ing disposed to plant shelter from an agricultural point of view, the planting of such shelter should be carried out either as an ‘extra,’ or with such modifications as will not too far upset the present or prospective forestry of the estate. I venture to assert that this is a strong point, because shelter-belt forestry, as a general rule, will not pay from a commercial timber point of view. Hence the prospective letting value of the land must be carefully considered on the merits of each par- ticular case. In other words, as regards economic management, 128 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, it is a doubtful point if shelter-belt planting should not be entirely debited to ‘improvements’ and not to ‘woods,’ because in the majority of cases the position precludes profitable working. However, as this is a question of estate finance outside the decision of the forester, I repeat my assertion that coming as I do from a large stock country, I believe in the principle of shelter planting. “And now for my second point as regards methods. I should say that in hilly countries of large areas the belts should be of fair size, and not less than three or four chains in width, and in length and shape according to the prevailing winds, local storms, etc. And where one belt does not meet the case, having regard to sheep ‘raikes,’ they may be in groups overlapping and interlocking with each other so as to give the maximum of unbroken shelter. As regards land more valuable than hill land, very much narrower strips would, if planted with the proper species, have a beneficial influence on stock. As regards position and altitude opinions will obviously differ ; but my own opinion is that no fixed rule can be laid down. ‘The two questions to be considered are how to get the maximum advantage with the minimum cost, and whether there is a reasonable prospect of the natural pasture being amenable to improvement or good enough to justify expenditure. ‘‘In some cases the top of the hill may form a good position for sheltering trees; in other cases it may be entirely un- suitable, as to plant on the summit of a hill where the land is very poor is to court disaster from blown trees. While the forester naturally covets good soil as a means of securing success, the conditions of the case suggest a medium altitude, always beginning with nature’s shelter and then gradually in- creasing the good influences of shelter to the advantage of the flockmaster. I would like to remark that in Belgium the bottom of the hill, or some place with natural shelter, is always chosen as a starting-point, and planting is then gradually continued upwards from the established shelter. I have no wish to push the idea that Belgian forestry is parallel with our shelter planting. But even for the latter there is to my mind no harm in reminding ourselves that it is far better to try to work with nature rather than to attempt to fight her. In further emphasis of this statement, let us remember that the con- ditions which exist in our hilly countries are such that the RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. 129 soil varies greatly even within small areas. Thus an area of say 2 acres, may give good results on one half and utterly refuse to produce a single tree on the other half. Hence the need for giving great attention to the special characters of each area. As regards species for planting I would, as a general rule, suggest coniferous trees, though in some cases alder and birch would give good results, The coniferous trees I would suggest are white American spruce in large quantity, Sitka spruce, Prvus uncinata and Pinus montana, aS an extreme outer fringe. I would not like to forget our own Scots pine, but black game and snow are against it; so that the species of spruce referred to might be better in many cases. The above brief notes apply to hill planting for shelter purely from a forester’s point of view. I know full well that shelter-belt planting at fairly high altitudes on poor soil, and often with very doubtful prospects of success, is not a congenial enterprise to a forester. At the same time, the sister science of agriculture does often require his best skill and experience so that the improvement of the property, through the medium of his profession in all its diversified aspects, should ever be before him.” Mr John F. Annand, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, said :—‘‘I may say that I was very much interested in Mr Gammell’s speech, and I quite agree with practically everything that he said. Mr Gammell has ably treated the matter from the foresters or the timber-grower’s point of view. At the same time we must look at the question, perhaps, from the farmer's standpoint as well as the forester’s. - Naturally it is in the growth of timber that we, as foresters, are specially interested. Unfortunately for us the farmer does not look at the matter from that point of view at all. The farmer, nevertheless, has a very big interest in forestry, inasmuch as the shelter derived from the woodlands surrounding his farm is very valuable not only to his stock, but it increases the yield of grass and field crops generally. I think farmers generally agree that this is so. But I doubt very much if we have ever had any actual experiments to show the full effects of shelter. I doubt if the results have ever been reduced to figures, that is to say, I think there is really need for systematic experiments on the actual effects and results of the shelter provided by woods. This is of very great direct interest to the stock-breeder, especially to the man who 130 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. winters his young cattle, as he very often does in the north of England, in the open. It has become more and more apparent to the farmer that if healthy cows for the supply of milk for the large towns are to be reared, badly ventilated, overheated byres do not constitute the best nursery for heifer calves and young stock generally. It has been proved by experiments, on a small scale at anyrate, that in the case of certain breeds (for example, Galloways), with equivalent supplies of food, the actual gain in live weight per head is greater in out-wintered young cattle than in box or stall-fed ones, where there are plenty of shelter woods for the pasture fields. Under such circumstances the stock very seldom avail themselves of shelter sheds, and prefer to lie out in the open fields. I think that this is a very important matter—well worthy both of the attention and help of the forester. I think it is generally admitted that tuberculosis is of much rarer occurrence in cattle reared in the open than with those animals reared under the ‘coddling’ system in often very badly ventilated byres. “«¢ Selection’ woods would probably solve the problem best because they make for continuity of shelter. In those instances where we cannot have ‘selection’ woods then we must period- ically lay down new shelter-belts as occasion requires. I was very much struck, in reading an old newspaper cutting from the Scotsman which I came across the other day, with what Mr Elliot of Clifton Park had to say about the effects of shelter. With your permission I will read a very short extract from it. Mr Elliot says that there is a proverbial saying amongst farmers that ‘shelter is half meat’—that is to say that not only do you get more grass within the influence of shelter but less pasture is required because you have got warmer conditions for the stock. “““Tt has been very partially recognised that the influence of the shelter-belts of wood on crops, as well as on the growth and especially the maintenance of grass in dry seasons, is of great importance. It is most interesting to observe the decline or in- crease of grass as it is further away from or nearer to shelter. In the case of a wind-swept haugh (flat) I lately measured the height of the grasses, and they gradually, as regards their seeding stems, fell from 6 feet in height to 5 ft. 8 ins. in the middle, and 4 ft. ro ins. at a distance of 70 yards from the shelter, which consisted of a stone wall about 5 feet high. Two sides of the shelter square were sheltered by the stone wall, the remaining RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. 131 two sides (the ones most distant from the prevailing wind) being fenced with wire. The blades of the grass would be about one foot less than the seeding stems. The square was enclosed from a 22-year-old pasture, and was planted two years ago. The predominant grasses were those used in my mixture for this farm—tall-fescue, tall-oat-grass, and Cock’s-foot. The bottom grass towards the sheltered end was, of course, much thicker than that at the unsheltered end of the enclosure. ... If this amount of difference is perceptible with such a moderate degree of shelter, we can imagine what a difference would be made in production if shelter belts of trees became general. Their climatic effect as regards heat is far greater than one might be inclined to suppose, and I have been repeatedly struck with the very perceptible increase of warmth when passing into a zone under the influence of shelter-belts.’ “Then he goes on to say that the pasture within the shelter itself was very much better and richer than that outside the shelter. Very rightly he points out that if these results can be got with the very small amount of shelter accruing from a stone wall, you may expect to get very much better results on a large scale from having large and well laid out belts of shelter woods. “At the present time, under the English Small Holdings Act, if County Authorities purchase areas of land for small holdings, which include woodlands, they have no power to deal with the latter as such. The ground must be devoted solely to small holdings. The trees must either be grubbed up and the ground reclaimed for tillage, or the woodlands will degenerate into poor, unprofitable pastures. Scotland may not be affected in the same way, but in England, if the system is not modified, much detached woodland in farming districts must ultimately disappear in this way, much to the detriment of the climate of the districts con- cerned and of the country generally.” Mr Scott Elliot said :—‘ There is no question whatever about the excellent effect of a shelter wood. Whether it is tree or grass, you favour the growth of that tree or that grass. I may mention a particular property in Wigtownshire where the proprietor 120 years ago planted a fringe of woods. It is the case that Wigtownshire is a particularly windy place. The trees on the outside edge never grew properly and were of a miserable character. If you go to this particular spot you can see the plantation on the hillside, which did not exactly go to the edge, 132 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. but to within 200 or 300 yards of it. On that particular side the land was never touched, with the result that it is certainly not worth more than 2s. or 3s. per acre, while the grass within the sheltered area is worth £1 or 17s. per acre. I went over the ground and made every possible examination of it, and to my knowledge the result I have mentioned is due to the cumulative effect of this shelter acting for 120 years, and also what is a more important fact, that since you got the pasture up to a certain level of excellence you could feed upon it beasts supplied with cake and other artificial food, which improved the soil. “There is one point I want to bring before the meeting, and it is this. I do not think that any of you who have not, as I have, tried to find your way along the boundary of Roxburgh and Dumfriesshire can have the very faintest conception of the amount of ground, in the south of Scotland especially, that is capable of cultivation. There are hundreds of thousands of acres in that part of Scotland running right across the hill country from the, west of Wigtownshire and Ayrshire, right across the whole of Galloway, through Dumfriesshire and Roxburgh, and through the Lammermoors and the whole of that enormous district, land which certainly on the average is not rented at more than 2s. or 2s. 6d. per acre, and I do not suppose that this generation, or the generation that follows this generation, will ever manage to make a perceptible impression in the way of planting that enormous area. Still I do think that anybody to-day who begins in a small way to make an impression upon that enormous area, every man who is con- nected with this industry in any way whatever, is a public benefactor, and as soon as the British public begin to realise what it would mean to have the whole of this area covered with wood producing something like 6s. or 7s. per acre in the year, instead of something between 1s. 6d. and 2s. 6d., the encouragement from the public will be prompt and thorough ; and as I think I could show, if I had time, there is at present even a perfectly good business reason for the promotion of forestry in Scotland. I do think that anybody nowadays who interests himself in a very small way in the protection and development of forestry is doing what is earnestly required and is really beginning a very great work which perhaps the great- grandchildren of the present generation will appreciate.” RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. 133 Mr J. H. Milne-Home, Canonbie, said :—‘* I was exceedingly interested to hear what Mr Gammell has said, especially the figures which he gave regarding the amount of labour which can be employed per acre in forestry work. I have worked out to some extent similar figures, and putting them side by side with those of Mr Gammell, they give almost identical results. Ios. to 12s. an acre is by no means an excessive amount to pay for labour in woods that are even moderately stocked. I include in this sum all ordinary work, fencing, draining, felling and hauling timber, planting, cleaning plants, nursery work, etc. I do not include the labour employed in the manufacture of timber after it reaches the railway or the saw-mill. That would add very largely to the bill. ‘“‘T think there is another point we should also try to keep in mind relating to this question so far as agriculture is concerned. The enthusiastic forester is very apt to want to plant any piece of ground he sees. I confess to having made a mistake in that direction myself. But you have also to look at the question from the farmer’s point of view and the national point of view. I hope that in any large scheme that is pushed, either by County Councils or by the Board of Agriculture, every possible endeavour will be made to see that only land which is most suitable in the way of giving the largest increased return will be taken, You have land in the south of Scotland which is at present let for sheep grazing at a rate of from 2s. to 5s. per acre. It would be a very great pity, if the as. land is worth as much for afforestation as the 5s. land, to take anything but the former, for the reason that the 5s. land is producing more meat and wool at the present time than the lower-rented subject. What we want to get at is to make the country produce the greatest amount of wealth upon the land that we can, whether it is agricultural produce or whether it is timber. By taking the worst agricultural land you do least harm to the farmer and you decrease to the least possible extent the produce of food from that particular area. There is another thing which I think is often lost sight of. There is a great deal of land in the south of Scotland, in that area to which Mr Scott Elliot has referred, which is capable of being made into very fair second-class arable land. It is being let at present at 3s. or 4s. per acre. It is not steep, it is not very high, perhaps 400 feet to 600 feet above the level of the sea, but 134 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. it requires buildings and fences, tile drainage, and the stones removed. You could, I think, make that land into fair second- class arable land, and you could possibly get a rent of 12s. per acre for it eventually. But you can only do this after a very large expenditure, of not less than £12 or £15 per acre, and it is very doubtful whether that money would be profitably spent unless it was obtainable at something like 23 or 3 per cent. If you had to pay 5 per cent. it would not be possible to get an economic rent for that land, and I am inclined to think that such land would, in most cases, be better planted than turned into agricultural land, because the amount of capital you require to make it produce a gross return of say 30s. to 4os. per acre, which I think is not an unreasonable return for forestry, is very much less than the capital required to make it produce say £3 or £4 an acre from agriculture. In one case you have an initial capital outlay of #15, and in the other an initial capital outlay of about £4. From a national and an economic point of view it is desirable that at least a part of that class of land should be planted. There are some people who consider that it ought to be turned into agricultural land, and this might be done to some extent, but I think it would be a mistake if too much of such land were withheld from forestry, for which it is well suited.” Mr Gordon said :—‘‘I was very interested to hear Mr Gammell take the view that the question of labour was of essential importance when considering the relation of forestry to agriculture. Personally I am of the opinion that a scheme of afforestation must in any country form the backbone of an economic system of small holdings, because of the amount and nature of the labour it supplies. ‘‘We have many concrete examples of an almost ideal relation- ship existing between forest and croft-land in many parts of the continent of Europe. ‘The crofter may be employed in the forest for six to eight months, and in such districts about half the total population may be largely dependent on the forest. The conditions of this employment are very favourable, since the crofters are in no way bound by contract with the forest authority, and are therefore able to give their holdings all the attention they require. “Trrespective of the labour employed actually in forest operations there are other forms of labour which specially suit RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC, 135 the small holder. For example, many of the crofters having perhaps two yoke of cows or oxen set up as small contractors, and find constant employment either in dragging timber in the forest or in transporting it to the nearest railway or water- way. The rearing of draught animals, principally cows and oxen, forms an important part of the business of the small holder in such regions. “In addition, the forest industries of those districts, e.g. saw- milling, furniture-making, paper-pulp manufacturing, etc., absorb the labour not required for the forest and croft-land. Thus, that section of the community which in Scotland has either to emigrate or come into the large centres, is kept on the land. As a tule this section consists of the younger and more energetic members, who with riper experience invariably take up small plots of land, or return to the land altogether.” Mr H. M. Cadell of Grange, Bo’ness, said :—‘ There is one other aspect of the question which you might excuse me for calling attention to. It is not quite forestry, but it has got to do with forestry and agriculture, and there are a number of people here connected with the land. I have been looking into the question of the utilisation of peat mosses. ‘There are a number of very good sites covered up with peat. A noble lord, who knew all about that in 1766, reclaimed 1800 acres of the Forth. I have written a book on the subject which will be published next week, and I have put forward a suggestion in that book. After making con- siderable inquiries into the subject, I find that one ton of peat contains 5s. worth of sulphate of ammonia. I had a sample examined by Messrs James Ross & Son, Philipstoun, and it was found that it contained 80 per cent. of water, but once the water is extracted the peat is three times as valuable as oil shale. It contains sulphate of ammonia, paraffin, coke, petrol, and in fact everything that ministers to human existence. Now there are a great many peat mosses in the country which might be cleared off, including the mosses of the Forth, and these mosses once cleared would produce splendid soil for forestry. There are about 2000 acres of mosses in the Forth, and these are far too good for forestry. But there are 10, 15, or 20 feet of moss which can be cleared off, and you could get that ground for 1s. an acre, making a profit in the clearing, and then you get the estate for planting trees for nothing. 136 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, That is an original idea which has suggested itself to me after considering the whole matter, and I just put it forward to the members of this Society as an important suggestion. At the present moment it just happens that this is an extremely opportune time, when the Government is going in for oil of high-flash point such as can be got by the distillation of peat just as well as from oil shale. So that you get a fortune by the peat once you get the water out of it, and you get the land under it for nothing. There are plenty of old lochs in the country which have been silted up over the edges, and the bottom of these lochs is not made up of mud, but it is made up of rich alluvial soil. There is an endless amount of possibilities for members of the Society who are interested in the growth of trees. It might be worth while for the Society to cultivate peat mosses. There is another point, and Mr Gammell stated that it was very important, and so it is, to have a local industry which gives employment to people in the summer time. Well, the cutting of these peats and the preparing of them for the retorts is the very thing they want. In the winter time they could not work at it because the peats are wet. This is one of those local industries which ought to be encouraged.” Mr George Leven, Bowmont Forest, Kelso, said :—‘ There is certainly need to deal with the point of shelter. Coming as I do from a part of the country that is naturally bare and exposed, the part that Mr Scott Elliot and Mr Milne-Home have referred to already, I know something of the benefit of shelter-belts. If you were to pass through a part of the Cheviot country at this moment you would see all the shepherds busy erecting bields. ‘These, as a rule, are artificial, but where there is an abundance of sheltering belts of trees they are not required. The fact has also been referred to that shelter is half meat, and certainly in Mr Elliot’s country of Clifton Park it has proved to be the case, because the local shelter they have provided by plantation has been the means of improving the grass and also of improving the stock. Mr Gammell also referred to small holdings. As has been shown, we find that small landholders require a certain amount of employment to fill in their time when they are not required on the holdings. While one class of small holder may be able to enter a holding that would occupy their full time, there are others who are quite RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. 137 prepared to take over a holding that would render it necessary to provide a certain amount of additional labour in order to fill in all the time they have at their disposal. I submit that unless the needs of this particular class are provided for, small holdings would not be possible unless all the small holders are placed in a position to find occupation to fill in all the time they have on their hands. There is another thing that ought to be borne in mind, and that is fruit-growing. We see, year by year, in the Blairgowrie and in other districts where strawberries and raspberries and small fruits are grown, that they have to introduce outside labour to a great extent. Some may say that it is a very desirable thing that people should be taken from the cities in this way and a healthy occupation given to them, but I also say these people ought never to have been in the town. Let us provide employment for them so that they may never have to leave their native glen. It has given me very great pleasure to listen to the ideas Mr Gammell has so ably propounded, and I think a great many of the points he has mentioned ought to be elaborated upon and impressed upon people, because I think there is a certain amount of prejudice throughout the country that requires to be removed. I know quite a number of farmers who are quite ready to admit that shelter is a very good thing—that it improves the stock and improves the crop—but they complain that on account of these very shelter belts they are unable to get their corn into the stack. I think that is one point which the forester should always bear in mind when he is preparing a shelter belt, that he should allow the sun at least to get scope for the purpose of ripening the crops. I have no doubt that if these little points are kept in mind they will tend a great deal to remove any prejudices that do exist. Mr Gilbert Brown said:—“I have. listened with very great interest to what has been said regarding the question under discussion. So much has been said not only to-day but for the past few years, and those who have spoken have dealt so fully with the subject that there is really nothing new to bring up. If I may be allowed, I will confine my few remarks to various conversations I have had with different farming men throughout the north of Scotland on this question of forestry. It has been hinted that in some agricultural communities forestry is viewed with some little VOL. XXVII. PART II. K — 138 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. aversion, but I must say, and I have talked the matter over with men in all grades of the farming world, I have found very little of this ; in fact I have only found one real case of objection, and that was a sheep owner who had 7000 acres of grazing land, and was afraid that this would be entirely taken away. I explained to him that planting would not be carried out indiscriminately, but would be under a proper system, and that no large area belonging to one person would be taken and planted in one block, but would be divided into compartments and spread overa series of years. He considered that planting on that line would not affect existing conditions to any great extent. “In so far as small land-holders are concerned I have not found one against any scheme of forestry; on the contrary, they say that forestry should go hand in hand with agriculture. I may say that I mentioned the fact to the Coast Erosion Com- mission who took some evidence in forestry some years ago, that on estates in the north of Scotland where numbers of. crofters are employed in the woods department throughout the year, that these men say, and say emphatically, that the work they got in the woods helped them to lead comfortable lives, and that if it were not for this work they could not exist on their holdings. ‘These men were so emphatic on this point five or six years ago that I feel sure they would be so still. ‘Tn districts which are more or less treeless, the farmers have got it into their heads that a certain amount of tree planting would be beneficial to the district in general. I was asked the other day if I thought that it would be long before a planting scheme would begin. I replied that I did not think so. They appeared well pleased, and I was glad, therefore, that I told them such, even although I did so at the risk of telling a false- hood ; but my conscience has been considerably eased since I heard Mr Sutherland’s statement. “Tt is really believed that woods have a greater effect in influencing the fertility of arable land than they get credit for. Many a farm in the higher lands of Scotland would not be worth cultivating if it were not for the shelter afforded from belts, strips and woods in the immediate vicinity. Evidence of this is not altogether wanting, crops growing well in a wooded part, while on soil at the same altitude, and of more or less the same nature, but in a treeless district, they are decidedly not so good, especially from a grain point of view. RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. 139 “In some estates where the woods are, after a certain age, given over to the tenants for grazing and shelter for their farm stock for the payment of a small yearly rent, there is a great clamouring for this, even for a small corner, just for the shelter alone. I admit after a while they become lukewarm, and sometimes forget to pay any rent, but this is only in rare cases, and one has only to mention that the wood will be closed against farm stock to cause a fearful wail. **T only mention these facts to show the general opinion held with regard to forestry, and this being more or less favourable there is no need to question the desirability of going on with any scheme.” Dr Borthwick said:—‘‘There is no doubt in our minds that agriculture, whether it is practised on the large farm or small holding, can be more successfully carried out in connection with afforestation. In the highlands of Europe, wherever grazing lands exist, it has been found that a certain amount of protection forest is absolutely necessary to preserve the grazing area. Experience has shown that the destruction of the forest cover on those high grazing grounds has invariably led to the total destruction of the grazing lands themselves, and, unfortunately, the matter did not end there, but much damage was also done to the lower and more fertile lands through which the main rivers flow, on account of the liability of those rivers to become suddenly flooded. Very stringent laws are now in force regarding the maintenance of a proper balance between the area of protection forest and grazing land. ‘We, in this country, have not seen the vast changes which undoubtedly must have occurred when the natural forest which clothed our hills was destroyed, but we have abundant examples in Southern France, Switzerland, the Tyrol, and also in America that wherever high grazing land exists a sufficient amount of forest cover is necessary for its preservation. My point is that in those countries it has been demonstrated beyond all doubt that, wherever the forest cover has been destroyed through ignorance or avarice, inestimable damage has been done to agricultural lands. If we wish to improve our present agri- cultural lands, and to extend their area, we must of necessity restore the balance which nature demands by re-establishing the forests which were destroyed in earlier times. If this were done, then great advantages would directly and indirectly 140 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. follow to agricultural communities in the higher and lower ground, due to the beneficial climatic effect of the forests. That ‘forests increase the rainfall’ is a statement one frequently hears, and the fear is often expressed that if we were to extend the afforestation area we would make the country wetter. There is no need for that fear. It has not been definitely proved that afforestation increases the rainfall. It has, however, been definitely proved that afforestation regulates the drainage, it prevents excessive and destructive floods that damage the soil of crofts and farms on the low ground, while it improves the conditions for grazing in the higher ground. We are all of one mind in regard to the beneficial influence of shelter belts and the necessity for their establishment and maintenance on all well-cultivated farms in this country and elsewhere. We are all quite aware that on the prairie in Canada the value of forest shelter belts is well recognised, and, accordingly, efforts are being made to plant trees, and to form wood lots along with the farms. Of course we realise that the conditions are different in Canada from what they are in this country, but the guiding principles are practically the same. “Tf we take a general survey of Europe and America, we find it has been proved in the past that afforestation in combination with agriculture improves the agricultural conditions. Canada and other progressive Colonies are rapidly going in for afforesta- tion in connection with farming. Although we may have taken up the question late, still, it is better late than never. ‘‘Mr Gammell invited criticism. He asked for arguments against the views he brought forward in opening this discussion, but he well knew that each statement he made was really an obvious truth, an axiom, and in my opinion it is not possible to bring sound arguments against what he said.” Mr A. D. Richardson, Edinburgh, said :—‘‘ There are just one or two points that I wish to refer to in connection with the discussion. Mr Scott Elliot and Mr Milne-Home have referred to land in the south of Scotland in Roxburghshire and Dumfries- shire. I have often wondered why more attention had not been paid to that tract as a field for afforestation. I think it isa magnificent field for afforestation. I think that Mr Milne-Home was right when he said that that land could probably be brought into agricultural condition, and could be made second- class arable land. But the expense of doing that would be RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE, ETC. Iq! enormous. I think what he says is true that it would be far better if it were put under timber. There are enormous tracts of land, all pretty low-lying land. I do not think that any of it will go more than rooo feet above sea-level. I do not know the highest point in the Cheviot range, but I think most of it is below 1200 feet. There are no altitude difficulties. It is a part of the country which could be easily got at by means of railways and other means of transportation. That has not been very much referred to, but this part of the country is a field for forestry. I think it is one of the principal parts of Scotland from that point of view. Mr Leven referred to allotments and fruit-farming, and in connection with fruit-farming he alluded to the numbers of people who have to be taken to the fruit farms about Blairgowrie at a certain time of the year. It is very difficult to get sufficient people for that purpose. These people are only employed for a certain time, during the period that the fruit picking is on. It shows that there is a want of balance somewhere—that there should be something else to keep those people on the land at other times of the year. I think that forestry and farming, including fruit-farming and market- gardening, ought to go hand in hand, where they can possibly work together. It would be found, if that could be managed, that there would be sufficient employment for all classes, and plenty of people would be kept on the ground instead of being driven into the towns. With regard to high-class farming, I do not think forestry has very much to do with it. I think that high-class farming can only be carried on profitably as an economic thing in the better parts of the country, and probably on the outskirts of large cities. So far as forestry goes in connection with farming of that sort, I do not think forestry enters into it at all. I think what is wanted there is shelter belts. Now I do not think that shelter belts have anything to do with forestry at all. Shelter belts are merely for a certain purpose, and the trees are not intended to be— if they were grown as timber trees there would be no use for shelter. Mr Leven referred to another point in connection with those shelter belts. He said that farmers had protested against them, as in certain cases they prevented the crops getting the sun and thus prevented them from ripening. I think great mistakes have been made in laying out these shelter belts by running them east and west, and it is 142 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. rather detrimental to growing crops when these belts do shut off the sun from them. A market-gardener or fruit-grower when he lays down fruit trees should run them north and south, so that his crops may get the full benefit of the sun. If shelter belts were run north and south there would be less objection to them. The haphazard way in which they have been laid down has created the prejudice against them among the farming class.” Mr William Dawson, Marischal College, Aberdeen, said :— “There are too many points to be touched upon in the discussion. The discussion was so well opened by Mr Gammell, who brought forward the chief economic views on forestry in such a clear way, that the rest was merely supplementary. I ask you to accord a hearty vote of thanks to Mr Gammell who has put himself to so much trouble in order to place the facts before us.” The Chairman—“I propose to give myself the pleasure of proposing a hearty vote of thanks to the other speakers. We have listened to some extremely interesting contributions to this discussion, and I am quite sure that when they are collected and printed—we have taken the precaution to have a verbatim report of every word that has been said—they will form a most interesting article for the pages of the Z7ansactions. I wish you to give a hearty vote of thanks to the other speakers.” Mr Spiers—‘‘ I have very much pleasure in asking the meeting to accord a hearty vote of thanks to Captain Stirling of Keir for his conduct in the chair.” The Chairman—“ I thank you very much for your kindness.” LETTER TO BOARD OF AGRICULTURE FOR SCOTLAND. 143 17. Letter to the Board of Agriculture for Scotland. The following letter has been addressed by the President to the Chairman of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland :— To the Chairman of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland. Str,—The Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society observe with regret that another financial year has come toa close without any proposal for a considerable scheme of afforestation having been brought before the Development Commissioners. We do not for a moment suppose or suggest that a large scheme could have been matured in the time that has elapsed since the creation of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland ; but it is, in our view, a matter for great regret, now that Scotland possesses a Public Department with special duties towards all rural industries, that no steps have been taken towards a great expansion of that rural industry, which is capable of its greatest development in those districts where employment is most needed by the people. The following answer to a question put by the Right Hon. R. Munro-Ferguson, M.P., in the House of Commons, deserves to be quoted at length :-— Mr Munro-Ferguson’s Question No. 12. Answered by Mr Robertson. The advances from the Development Fund sanctioned for forestry purposes are—England and Wales, £18,435; Scotland, Al1,150; Ireland, £28,050. The actual amounts issued from the Fund to date are £1800, £198 and £5365, respectively. It is impossible to state the precise amount of the advances indicated as probable because they are frequently conditional on the satisfactory preparation of detailed estimates and schemes which are not yet available: but I am informed that the Commissioners have provisionally given it to be understood that they would, if necessary, support schemes for the provision of a certain number of experimental and demonstration forests in England and Wales, and would supply funds for the afforestation of about 15,000 acres in Ireiand. As regards Scotland, the Commissioners have agreed to consider the provision of a demonstration area. The Commissioners have also sanctioned certain grants for 144 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, education, research, advisory work, minor forestry experiments, and administrative expenses in England and Wales, which are estimated to cost hereafter about £5700 a year. They are now considering proposals from Scotland for similar purposes. They are also in negotiation with certain municipal authorities for the afforestation of water catchment areas under their control. (Thursday, 17th April 1913— Treasury.) From these figures it appears that Scotland, with a very much larger area of land suitable for afforestation than either England and Wales, or Ireland, has received in cash from the Develop- ment Fund little more than one-tenth of the sum received by England and less than one twenty-eighth of the sum received by Ireland, while the sums sanctioned are, in round figures, England and Wales, £18,000; Ireland, £28,000; and Scotland, £11,000. In the absence of a survey specially directed to ascertaining the amount of afforestable land in Great Britain, it is not possible to give even approximately accurate figures of the amount for each of the three countries—but for the purpose of comparing the above-mentioned sums, it may be confidently said that Scotland possesses at least as much land on which silviculture is likely to become the leading industry as is to be found in England and Wales and Ireland put together. We earnestly hope that during the ensuing year the Board of Agriculture will do its utmost to obtain for Scotland a grant for afforestation in proportion to her silvicultural importance. We are well aware that the Development Commissioners are unable to advance money for any purpose until definite schemes have been brought before them, and it is no doubt to the want of a definite scheme that the great disparity in the advances to Scotland as compared with England and Ireland is mainly due. We wish to urge on the Board of Agriculture the advisability of its taking every possible step to encourage the inception of a scheme of afforestation on a large scale. We have in our minds a larger scheme than any one individual or corporation would be able to undertake, we look forward to the establish- ment of a Forest Centre on a really considerable scale, believing that in no other way can afforestation be made to give the best results of which it is capable, both from a silvicultural and from a social and economical point of view. LETTER TO BOARD OF AGRICULTURE FOR SCOTLAND, 145 We believe that the Board of Agriculture can put forward with authority the advantages of afforestation, and indicate suitable areas, leaving it to those interested to decide in each case whether a scheme of afforestation shall or shall not be adopted for the district. The procedure which we suggest is as follows :— 1. That the Board of Agriculture through its Advisory Committee should select suitable Forest Centres. 2. That the Board of Agriculture should take steps to bring before the proprietors in each area the outline of a scheme, and invite their co-operation. 3. That the proprietors should meet to consider the pro- posals of the Board of Agriculture and the possibility of combined action. We consider it of vital importance that the Board should be in a position to lay full information on the following points before those interested. 1. The terms of advance by the Development Commissioners, including a scheme of compensation for loss of rental and severance. 2. The extent of State control over expenditure and admin- istration. 3. The action of the Board of Agriculture in assisting in the provision and equipment of small holdings in con- nection with the Forest Centre; such holdings to be created in definite connection with the Forest Centre. We wish to lay all possible stress on the advantage of proceeding with one considerable scheme rather than by small sporadic efforts in different parts of the country. This advantage is particularly obvious in regard to the whole class of difficulties arising out of the disturbance of existing industries and interests, including compensation for loss of rent and for severance, as well as the problem of rateable values. When a considerable district is to be afforested as a whole, these difficulties can be minimised by arranging the planting in intermittent series, so as to interfere as little as possible with the existing uses of the land. But it is with regard to employment that the large area is most important. Small scattered areas may give considerable employment periodically, with long intervals during which little or no employment is given. Where the planting of a few hundred acres has been carried out in former years by individual 146 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. proprietors in the Highlands, it is still remembered how for the three or four years that the planting lasted, every man, woman, and child in the glen was able to obtain employment during the planting season, and how much the employment was missed when it came to an end. Continuity of employment can only be secured by the afforestation of large areas, and this con- sideration is of vital importance in connection with schemes for increasing the number of small holdings and thereby attaching a larger population to the soil. In all districts suitable for silviculture afforestation should be made an integral part of the small holdings scheme, so as to secure for the existing population and the new small holders the benefit of regular employment at a time of year when employment is most difficult to obtain. In making these suggestions it must not for a moment be supposed that we are losing sight of the great services which the Board of Agriculture is rendering to forestry in Scotland by its efforts on behalf of a Demonstration area and of silvicultural education generally. We believe that what is being done will be of the greatest possible benefit; at the same time we feel that the state of silvicultural knowledge in Scotland and the number of trained men available, fully warrant the adoption of practical afforestation on a large scale. We have ventured to offer these suggestions in our capacity as Council of a society which has laboured long and earnestly on behalf of forestry in Scotland, and together with these suggestions we offer any services which it may be in our power to render in assisting to carry them out. I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, ARCHIBALD STIRLING. 12th May 1913. DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND. 147 18. Development of Forestry in England. REPORTS BY ADVISORY COMMITTEE.! The English Advisory Committee on Forestry, appointed by Mr Runciman in February 1912, has recently issued several reports and memoranda of great importance for the develop- ment of forestry in England. ‘These reports deal in a concise and at the same time in a thoroughly comprehensive and practical manner with the preliminary steps which must be taken in initiating a large scheme of forestry development. On this occasion the Committee was asked :— 1. To consider and advise upon proposals for a Forest Survey. 2. To draw up plans for experiments in silviculture and to report upon questions relating to the selection and laying out of forestal demonstration areas. 3. To advise as to the provision required for the instruction of woodmen. We give in full the three reports on each of the above remits. REPORT ON FIRST REFERENCE. *‘y, The first of the three references submitted to us—‘To consider and advise upon proposals for a Forestry Survey ’— received our careful and detailed consideration at the three meetings of the Committee held respectively on March roth, April 23rd, and May 2oth. ‘2, We understand that the proposals ‘referred to are those contained in the Memorandum on the Development of Forestry submitted by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for considera- tion by the Development Commission, “3, We have had before us, in addition, the following papers bearing directly or indirectly on the reference :-— Report of the Departmental Committee on Forestry in Scot- land. [Cd. 6085.] Forest Survey of Glen Mor by Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling of Keir. Report on Kerry Woods by Mr R. L. Robinson. Memoranda by Sir Wm. Schlich, Sir S. Eardley-Wilmot, Professor Somerville, Mr Middleton, and the Secretary. “4. We consider that the operations which are comprised in ‘The following extracts from the Reports (price 6d.) are published by permission of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office. 148 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. a complete Forestry Survey may be conveniently resolved into two component parts, viz. :— (a) A Preliminary Enquiry or Flying Survey dealing with the location, in a broad way, of the land which is likely to prove suitable for afforestation purposes, z.¢., whether it would be more profitable to use for growing timber than to continue in its present condition or use. (6) A Minute Inquiry or Detailed Survey to examine in detail any such suitable land. “The object of the Preliminary Survey is to ascertain whether a prima facie case exists for afforestation in a district, while the object of the Detailed Survey is to provide, for such specific areas as the Preliminary Survey may indicate, the data on which definite schemes of afforestation may be expeditiously and economically founded. ‘5. We consider that surveys of both types are necessary as a preliminary step towards the inauguration of afforestation operations. “6. From the evidence placed before the various Government enquiries which have dealt with forestry, and from our general knowledge of the distribution of relatively unproductive land in England and Wales, we recommend that the Preliminary Survey be restricted in the first instance to the following seven districts :— I. South Wales. II. North Wales. III. Westmorland, Cumberland and Northumberland. IV. Kent, Surrey and Sussex. V. Berks, Hants, Wilts and Dorset. VI. Derby, Lancashire and the West Riding. VII. Lin- coln, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex. “7, We recommend that the Board, in conducting these Preliminary Surveys, utilise to the fullest extent the knowledge which local landowners, agents and foresters possess, and we therefore suggest the formation of local committees to co- operate with the Board in making the requisite enquiries, and that the Royal English Arboricultural Society be invited to co-operate to this end. ““8. We recommend that the Preliminary Survey be started as soon as possible in districts I, III, IV, and VII, above. “9g, We recommend that, where the Preliminary Survey discloses a sufficient area in any district suitable for afforestation DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND. 149 purposes, a Detailed Survey should follow to obtain the particulars necessary to justify the State in acquiring, if possible, an area for an Experimental Forest which should contain not less than 5000 acres, but not necessarily in one block. “to. We recommend that the Detailed Survey be carried out by the Board, taking advantage of the assistance of, and employing temporarily where necessary, any capable local foresters who appear to be competent for the work. “Tt will be necessary for the Board through their officers, in all cases, to check and amplify facts brought to their notice by committees and private individuals. “i1. We recommend that in conducting the Detailed Survey, regard should be had, as far as possible, to the growth of existing woods in the district. We consider, however, that owing to injudicious planting of species in unsuitable localities, and to subsequent mismanagement, mere estimates of the value of timber standing in such woods, will, in many cases, lead to an unfairly low valuation of the land for forestry purposes, and that due allowance should be made, in mapping the land, for any such unsatisfactory conditions where they occur. “‘72. We recommend that in the Detailed Survey the land be mapped on the 6” scale into several quality classes, indicating the probable productivity of the soil. “We are doubtful, however, as to whether it would be to the public advantage to publish the maps when completed.” Mr Munro Ferguson adds the following note at the end of this report :— “Tam of opinion that £2000 is a sufficient sum to apply to survey work for the next two years, after which the expenditure could be reviewed in the light of experience.” REPORT ON SECOND REFERENCE. “1, We have given the second of the three references submitted to us—‘To draw up plans for experiments in silvi- culture, and to report upon questions relating to the selection and laying out of forestal demonstration areas’—very careful consideration. **2, We have divided our Report into two sections, the first part dealing with the question of a Demonstration Area, and the second part with Forestry Experiments. [50 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. “I. Demonstration Area.—3. We consider that a Demonstra- tion Area should be of such a character as to form— (az) An object lesson on the benefits arising out of systematic forest management and a centre for exhibiting accessory forest industries. (6) A practical training ground for forestry students. (c) A training ground for woodmen who wish to qualify as working foremen or head foresters. (zd) One of the centres for the establishment of field experi- ments in silviculture. (e) One of the centres for the collection of statistics relating to forestry. ‘4, Such an area must of necessity be well wooded, and we use the term Demonstration Forest in that connection. “5, We recommend that Laboratory Research proceed princi- pally at the existing teaching centres, but that opportunities for such work be also provided in the Demonstration Forest. “6, We consider that the Forest of Dean, with the adjoining Crown woods, is well suited to meet the requirements imposed by a Demonstration Forest, and we recommend accordingly that it be selected for the purpose. “7, With regard to local administrative control, we consider, as the ideal arrangement, that the whole of this Demonstration Forest should be in the sole charge of one fully trained man. “©8. We recognise that it may be difficult to make the arrange- ment suggested in the last paragraph at once in the woods which are at present under the control of the Deputy Surveyor. In the meantime, it would be necessary to place some special portion of this Demonstration Forest, such as the High Meadow and Tintern Woods, from the beginning of operations under the management of a fully trained officer. It appears to us that the position is simplified by the fact that the President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries is also Commissioner of Woods in charge of the Forest of Dean, and of the adjoining woodlands ; and that it may be possible for him also to devise a scheme for the use of the remaining area of these Crown woods, whereby the officer in charge of the Demonstration Forest should be placed in possession of all necessary information regarding their management, and have access to any part of them for the purposes of instruction and conducting approved experiments. “9, We recommend that if the arrangements referred to in DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND. I51 paragraph 8 be adopted, they should be regarded as only preparatory and leading up to the arrangement suggested in paragraph 7 above. “to. The question of buildings and equipment will depend upon which of the foregoing is adopted. “II. Forestry Experiments.—11. We have had before us a memorandum submitted by the Board of Agriculture and Fish- eries setting forth the general principles underlying the problems of forestry research and silvicultural experiment, and detailing methods by which these problems might be attacked. “‘r2. We find ourselves in very close agreement with this memorandum, with the exception of the paragraphs dealing with the regeneration of woods. We have accordingly amended this section and we recommend that this memorandum, as amended, be adopted by the Board as a basis for action as occasion may arise. “73. We recommend that landowners be requested to give the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries the right to maintain plots of woodland for experimental purposes for a sufficient number of years certain, and under such conditions as will enable these experiments to be effectually carried out, and that the Royal English Arboricultural Society be invited to co-operate with the Board in obtaining the offer of such experimental plots from their members and others. “t4. Such conditions might be roughly as follows :— (a) The term should be, if possible, as long as may be required for the full duration of the experiment. (6) The Board should have full control over the silvicultural operations (including due protection from ground game) on the plot during the whole period, should bear the expenses thereof, and should have the right for them- selves and any persons authorised by them of ingress and regress at all reasonable times. (c) The landlord should undertake to provide sufficient labour as and when required, for which he would be repaid by the Board; all the proceeds to remain the property of the landlord. (dz) Rates and taxes to be paid by the landlord as before, but the Board to pay a lump sum down by way of acknowledgment for the use of the area during the term. 152 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY (e) The Board or the landlord may, at the end of any year, terminate the agreement, but in the event of any such action being taken by the landlord the latter shall refund to the Board the sum originally paid for the use of the area.” The following reservation is added by Mr Munro Ferguson :— “T agree with paragraph 6, that the Forest of Dean with the adjoining Crown woods is well suited to meet the requirements imposed by a Demonstration Forest, and am of opinion, therefore, that the whole area should be removed from the control of the Deputy Surveyor and placed under a trained forest officer.” REPORT ON THIRD REFERENCE. ““y, We have given the third reference submitted to us— ‘To advise as to the provision required for the instruction of woodmen ’—our careful consideration. We have had before us the opinions of the following lecturers in forestry :—Messrs Henry (Cambridge University), Fraser Story (University College of North Wales), Pritchard (Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester), and Annand (The Armstrong College, Newcastle- upon-Tyne), and Drs Nisbet (Glasgow University), and Borthwick (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Agricultural College). ‘““2, As some confusion appears to exist as to the precise meaning of the word ‘woodmen,’ we prefer to use it to indicate the man whose occupation is only the manual labour connected with forestry operations. “3. The elementary education of the woodman as above defined is clearly a matter which rests with the local Education authorities, and should be provided by them. “4. We find that there is a growing demand for well-qualified working foremen and head foresters, and that should forestry become more popular in the country the demand will increase considerably. “By a working foreman, we understand one who works with and directs a gang of woodmen, and by a head forester one who supervises the forestry operations within the area committed to his charge. “Tt is to be hoped that if the local Education authorities provide educational facilities by continuation classes or other- DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND. 153 wise, it may be possible to recruit ‘working foremen’ and ‘head foresters’ from the ‘ woodman’ class. “5. We consider that the success of the management of the woods on estates depends very largely upon the practical efficiency of the working foreman or head forester employed. ‘Owners of large woods are at present little disposed to employ permanently men who have received a technical training in forestry at one of the higher schools, and it must be assumed that in the near future at least the working foreman or head forester will remain the responsible person in charge. We understand that the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries are arranging that owners of woodlands shall be supplied with the best technical advice obtainable, but we feel, nevertheless, that the proper utilisation of such advice depends chiefly on the efficiency of the man in actual charge. **6. At the present time the knowledge of forest management which those in charge possess cannot always be considered satisfactory. This arises from a number of causes, of which we consider that the chief are— **(a) The low scale of pay attaching to the positions. “Tt is not at all uncommon to find the details of manage- ment affecting many thousands of pounds’ worth of growing timber entrusted to men receiving a wage but little above that of a labourer. There is consequently little to attract able men and no incentive towards improvement. (6) The lack of facilities for receiving instruction. “Prior to the establishment of the Forest of Dean School in r1g04, and later of the Chopwell Woods course, there were no organised schools for woodmen, and forestry instruction among this class consisted, with the exception of some local lecturers, chiefly in the accumulation of practical experience, the reading of periodicals devoted to arboriculture, and the stimulus of essay competitions promoted by the two arboricultural societies in Great Britain. “7. At the present time the two establishments in the Forest of Dean and Chopwell Woods provide facilities for completing the training of about 14 men annually, and of these } The number of persons in England and Wales returned as woodmen in the census of 1901 was 12,035, while the area of woodland in 1908 was 1,907,000 acres. No distinction is made in the census between the three classes referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4. VOL. XXVII. PART II. L 154 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, a number obtain forestry appointments in the Colonies. We consider that increased provision should be made for the training of men of this type. “8, To provide this increase, we consider that the capacity of the above schools should be gradually extended. If, as appears probable, this extension should render the working of the woods in which the schools are situated more expensive, we consider that any such extra charge should be met by special grants made for the purpose of assisting forestry instruction. “9, With the establishment of the Experimental Forests, to which we alluded in our report on the first reference submitted to us, further facilities will become available for giving practical instruction on certain sides of forestry work, and we can see no insuperable difficulties to arranging the courses at the Forest of Dean School and the Chopwell Woods on the one hand, and at the Experimental Forests on the other hand, so that any congestion at the schools may be relieved. The work at the one locality might conveniently supplement that at the other. “10. We consider it desirable that it should be possible for boys who intend to become woodmen to find facilities for qualifying for the position of working foreman and eventually of head forester, and we recommend that the attendance at the courses of the type provided in the Forest of Dean or Chopwell Woods should be limited to those who can produce satisfactory evidence of having already gained considerable experience of the manual labour involved in forestry operations. “rr. We recommend that on leaving school at the age of 14-15 years, such boys should be apprenticed as woodmen on approved estates for a period of at least three years. At the end of this period the youths on production of certificates of conduct and health should go on to the Forest of Dean, the Chopwell, or other similar school, where special facilities should be provided for their further training. “12. We recommend that the Education Committees of counties or groups of counties be invited to offer a limited number of scholarships to assist the most promising of those apprentices who might otherwise be unable to proceed to these woodmen’s schools. “13. We consider that the present course which is given at the Forest of Dean is very satisfactory. We recommend, DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND, 155 however, that the entrance age be reduced to 19 years, and that the students be given greater opportunities for study, by reducing the hours of manual labour, but without reduction of the existing rates of wages. As such a course would involve a further charge on the Forest, we recommend that this charge be made good by a grant under the head of Forestry Education. “41. We recommend that one or two scholarships of a value of £50 be offered annually to enable the best of the students who have gone through a woodmen’s school to proceed for one year to a centre for higher training. If no courses are given at present which would prove entirely satisfactory for such continuation students, a suitable course could no doubt be arranged at some convenient centre. “15. As supplementary to the above steps for the training of woodmen, we consider that short courses of lectures at convenient centres have a distinct value. The value of such lectures lies not only in the knowledge imparted, but also in the stimulus produced in those attending them. “16. We therefore recommend that it should be arranged for short series of lectures in practical forestry to be given by the Board’s advisory officers at convenient centres in different districts.” Four appendices are added. The first is a memorandum by Sir W. Schlich on the organisation of the Demonstration Area for the purpose of practical instruction and experiments in silvi- culture. We quote this appendix in full. APPENDIX I. MEMORANDUM ON THE ORGANISATION OF THE DEMONSTRATION AREA FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION AND EXPERIMEN'’’S IN SILVICULTURE. “The Advisory Committee, at their sitting on 18th May 1912, defined the purposes of the Demonstration Forest as follows :— (a) An object lesson on the benefits arising out of systematic forest management, including accessory forest in- dustries. (2) A practical training ground for forestry students. (c) A training ground for woodmen. 156 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, (d2) One of the centres for the establishment of field experi- ments in silviculture. (ec) One of the centres for the collection of statistics. “To realise these objects it is necessary that— (1) The officer in charge have full control over at least a portion of the Dean cum High Meadow Wood and Tintern Abbey Woods, where he can establish ex- periments in silviculture ; (2) He be brought into suitable official relationship with the Deputy Surveyor of the Dean, so as to organise the collection of statistics in any part of the forests, and to make the latter available for practical instruction purposes ; (3) All these forests be managed strictly in accordance with well-considered working-plans. ‘The staff required, apart from the general administration of the woods, should comprise— 1 Director on a salary of, say £600 1 Assistant Director i $5 : 400 1 Clerk ve ot : 100 1 Head Forester as Pr : 100 General expenses es ; 800 Total annual expenditure . . £2000 ‘The capital outlay may be estimated as follows :— 1 House for the Director - . Say £1,500 I i 53 Assistant Director. ss 1,200 Tite mee 3 Glerk : ‘ a 400 Tig Ae - Head Forester aS 400 A building containing a mess-room, kitchen department and 10 single rooms for students. ; : 2,500 A building containing a lecture room, museum, Office, 2 rooms for the Director and Assistant Director . 3 : : ; 3,000 Furniture and equipment Fotal ; : eZ, f6;e66: DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND. 157 “How far the accommodation may be met by existing build- ings I cannot say. The Assistant Director would be in im- mediate charge of the training of woodmen, assisted by the Head Forester. Whether quarters for the woodmen under instruction - would be required depends on the location of the establishment. Laboratory research on_ subjects such as_ botany and entomology should be done in connection with existing teaching centres.” Sir S. Eardley-Wilmot also contributes a memorandum on the organisation and cost of a Demonstration Area, in the course of which he says :— “rt. It is of course admitted that demonstration, education and research are merely the means to an end, that of the develop- ment ,of forestry as a national industry: they form a basis for the systematic establishment of State ‘Experimental Forests’ ; for State-aided afforestation by public bodies; and, it is hoped ultimately with the aid of legislation, for the formation of commercial forests by private individuals. Equally, of course, it is not desirable that other efforts towards the final objects in view should be postponed until arrangements for demonstration, education and research are completed; but it seems essential that Government should have, as soon as possible, a suitable centre where the best forestry methods should be displayed, where theories learnt in the schools may be studied in the field, and where opportunity would be afforded for the prosecution of practical enquiries into any special branch of forestry. “2, The organisation of an area which would efficiently serve the above purposes must necessarily be costly if the scheme is to be effective, and prove that Government is really desirous of reviving industrial forestry in the United Kingdom; but to make such an area the sole centre for research and education would be as inadvisable as it would be impossible; for the success of both education and research depends on the in- dividual, and the individual will continue to resort to those localities where the exercise of his talents will have the fullest results. Yet the officers of the Demonstration Area should be provided with suitable facilities to carry on investigations and thereby continue to qualify themselves for their educational duties; and more particularly for such investigations as necessitate work in those forests which it is hoped may be 153 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. ultimately so fully organised as to obviate the necessity of sending British students abroad for their practical training.” He then gives some valuable suggestions as to the organisa- tion of the Crown Forests of Dean, High Meadow and Tintern for demonstration purposes. The constitution and organisa- tion of the staff, together with the adaptation of the existing facilities in that particular centre, are carefully gone into. To make these Crown woods suitable for a demonstration area Sir S. Eardley-Wilmot estimates would entail in round figures an annual expenditure of £4500 and a capital expenditure of about £12,000 to £17,000. Appendix III., entitled ‘‘ Notes on Research and Experiments,” is by Mr R. L. Robinson. The writer shows in a convincing manner the urgent and vital necessity for research and experi- ment in the development of forestry. He points out in a clear and practical manner the lines along which investigation should at present proceed in connection with timber and seed research. We know next to nothing about the physical qualities of home- grown timbers, and for the bulk of our information we have to rely upon data which applies to timber grown in other countries. It may be said, however, that the Forestry Department at Cambridge is going ahead and attacking in a_ business-like fashion the problems of timber physics. The following extract from this Appendix merely indicates one of the many important questions which still await con- clusitve demonstration in connection with timber research. “Forestry would be receiving valuable service if it could be conclusively shown that Scots pine and spruce timbers of superior quality can be grown in this country. With certain classes of people who deal with forest products it now passes as proven that we cannot grow good timber of these species. The seller of timber naturally finds it difficult to dispute this assertion and is consequently at a disadvantage in doing business. “Investigations abroad have shown that easily determined qualities such as specific gravity are an excellent measure of the relative strength of two pieces of timber of the same species. In an investigation of this kind the testing machine should play a secondary part only. The matter must be attacked in a more general way. The material which is being shipped into our ports should be sampled carefully according to its grade, and comparisons made with the conyerted home-grown material. DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND. 159 The basis of comparison should be suitability for the uses to which the material ts actually put in practice.” Attention is called to the value and need of research in Forest Botany, Mycology and Entomology. In the part of the mem- orandum which deals with experimental work the question of ex- perimental forestry and forest statistics is gone into in great detail. Appendix IV. embodies a Memorandum on the Development of Forestry submitted by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for consideration of the Development Commission. The follow- ing useful synopsis which we quote in full will serve to give in a condensed form the general trend of the memorandum. “The reasons for the present unsatisfactory condition of British Forestry are summarised. The reports of the Select Committee of 1885-87 [287], the Departmental Committee of © 1902 [Cd. 1319], the Departmental Committee on Irish Forestry of 1907-08 [Cd. 4027] and the Coast Erosion Commission of 1908 [Cd. 4460] are referred to, and the chief conclusions indicated. It is shown that the general result of these public enquiries has found expression in the references to forestry occurring in the Development and Road Improvement Funds Act, 1909. It is urged that as a preliminary to the afforestation of land, and even to the ‘setting up of a number of experimental forests on a large scale,’ a forestry survey should be undertaken to determine the yield of timber which may reasonably be expected from the types of land considered suitable for afforesta- tion, and to ascertain the approximate area of such land available for planting. While the survey is in progress it is proposed to arrange for experiments on existing woodlands through the Royal English Arboricultural Society and otherwise. It is also proposed to utilise so far as these may be available, the results of experiments carried out by private landowners. When accurate information is available, it is proposed that in districts containing much afforestable land typical areas should be secured for the purpose of establishing experimental forests and on these areas experiments in afforestation, as distinct from silviculture, should be carried out. It is proposed to make arrangements with five institutions for the provision of expert advice on subjects relating to forestry. Each institution will be asked to provide advice for the owners of woodlands within a definite area. Grants in aid of forestry instruction and of research are proposed.” 160 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The whole of the Memorandum and indeed the whole Repost should be carefully studied by all Scottish foresters and others interested in the progress and development of forestry, as it is full of suggestions and replete with details of the highest importance for the promotion of this great national industry. In connection with the Report Mr Munro Ferguson sends us the following note :— The Advisory Committee’s Report to the English Board or Agriculture on Training for Forestry and the provision of Demonstration Forests is of interest in more than one respect. To us it is mainly so in revealing the rapid progress of England as compared with Scotland. That, as matters stand, is inevitable. England has a first-rate department under a_ responsible minister, giving to it his whole time. Scottish administration is congested in a one-man department at Dover House which, with its ring of local boards, has the control of the entire affairs of Scotland, a system which through- out its existence has failed to cope effectively with any single undertaking. Comparing Scotland with England as regards training for silviculture—we find ourselves with nothing yet fixed as to any one of our main requirements. The official responsible for silviculture is the small holdings member of the Board of Agriculture; and, as if his energy was not already sufficiently engaged, not even a clerk is as yet allotted to the forestry section, although it was agreed nearly a year ago that such an appointment would be made. A Forestry Department for Scotland remains non-existent. Apart from Mr Sutherland, no representative of the Government helps—though several hinder—in making provision for Demon- stration Forest, Forest Garden and all other requirements for State Training for Forestry, and for State Afforestation. So that, while the administration gropes its way in the dark, and while the paramount national interest of silviculture, as afford- ing the widest scope for additional skilled labour upon the land, is neglected—3000 emigrants leave the Clyde weekly. R. Munro FERGUSON. FORESTRY IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SCOTLAND. I61 19. The Place of Forestry in the Economic Development of Scotland.! By Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. In a small and populous country like this forestry is essentially a highland industry. That does not mean that it is to be bounded by the line that guide books trace across the map of Scotland to warn the tourist when he passes from the clutch of the obstinate Saxon into that of the passionate Celt. The word highland is used here in its literal sense, and includes the great areas of uncultivated hills which occupy two-thirds of Scotland south of the Forth. The lowland country, subject to that deduction, is a meagre space. It is, in fact, confined to a fringe seldom 30 miles broad along the east coast, and a still narrower fringe on the west coast which extends only from the Clyde to the Solway. But within these narrow limits are enclosed most of the inhabitants and most of the wealth of Scotland. If you study the distribution of the existing woods, you will find that they stick pretty close to the cultivated country. The reason is that the woods have been planted or, if natural, enclosed and cared for out of the profits of agricul- ture and other lowland industries. In the Central and West Highlands, where trees flourish quite as well, woods are scarce because there has been no capital with which to plant them. Keep this in your mind; it is the root of the whole question. In the lowland fringe, with its rich soil and large population, little increase of the woodland area is to be expected or desired. True, the existing woods can be made much more productive than they are at present, but that is not our question. We may, therefore, confine our attention to the Highland districts where forestry has never had a look in, and never can have a look in unless the State comes to its aid, but where there are luckily woods enough to prove conclusively the worth of the great field which still lies undeveloped. It is the relation of forestry to agriculture in those districts that we have now to consider. If anyone here thinks that there is, or can be, any conflict between the ploughman and the planter, let me beg him to put that idea out of his head at once. Agriculture comes first 1} An Address delivered before the Aberdeen Branch of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. 162 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and forestry second, and any land which is good enough to repay cultivation by the plough or the spade is too good and too valuable for forestry. That is a fact which we need waste no time in discussing. ‘The conflict, if there is a conflict at all, is between forestry and grazing. Grazing lies, as it were, between forestry and agriculture. Let us admit that there will always be land on the border line between grazing and forestry, whose ideal fate it may be difficult to decide. But let me add that no sane man would think of planting such land now. There is an ample field for forestry in the Highlands without touching land of that character at all. If that decision ever has to be taken, it will be taken not by us but by our grand- children, who will be in a position to judge whether afforestation does or does not bring with it the blessings which we anticipate. Let me, however, add by way of illustration, if not of prophecy, an observation from the little kingdom of Belgium, where agriculture in all its branches is as well understood and much better organised than it is here, and where the soil supports a much larger population. Not only have many Belgian villages planted their own common ground, but agricultural committees have petitioned the Government to drain and plant the moors belonging to the nation, and have even requested that the planting of waste ground should be made compulsory in every parish. After all, what is forestry but a branch of agriculture? Who hears of a conflict between cropping and grazing? Is the conflict between grazing and forestry any more real ? If we consider for a moment what we mean by rural develop- ment, we shall perceive what a mare’s nest this supposed conflict is. We all want to increase the population of the Highlands, to people the now empty glens, to stem the excessive stream of emigration. It is in the light of this desire that every scheme of Highland development must be considered. We ask of every scheme how many people it will put on the land and induce to stay there, and by the answer to that question we judge it. It is a subject which can be argued in terms either of men or of money. It is in terms of men that I want to argue it now. Let us take the simplest case first. There are sheep farms in Scotland, especially in the West Highlands, which could be planted almost bodily and turned into splendid and profitable forests. A sheep farm employs one shepherd for about every Iooo acres and practically no other labour. The same ground FORESTRY IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SCOTLAND. 163 under wood requires the services of at least one man for every too acres. In other words, it must employ ten men where the large sheep farm employs but one, without including the employment given by saw-mills or by any industries, such as the manufacture of wood-pulp or paper, which may establish themselves in the forest. If population be the criterion, there is really no comparison between these two methods of occupation. Please do not suppose that under a scheme of afforestation every acre of the district afforested would be planted. We do not want to emulate the backwoods of America. Any ground, level and good enough for agriculture, would certainly be reserved for that purpose. Every forest must have a resident population on which it can draw for periodic labour—felling, roadmaking, carting, saw-milling, etc. This need can only be met by the establishment of groups of small landholders—these small landholders of whom we hear so much. I imagine that when afforestation comes, as it must sooner or later if common-sense prevails, the Highlands of Scotland will be very like the French district of the Vosges, to which they bear a strong physical resem- blance. Instead of a bare glen with a shepherd’s or a stalker’s house every three or four miles, the hills and the side glens will be wooded. Inthe main valley there will be more cultivation than there is at present and many more houses, with here and there larger villages whose industries depend on timber. But you may say, “That is a charming picture, but why not have the small landholders without the woods and let them graze their sheep and cattle on the hills?” I reply by another question, to which I invite you to give an honest answer. Why does the lot of the small landholder appear so idyllic while that of the crofter is so uninviting? Is it not because the small landholder belongs to a golden future, while the crofter is wrestling with the hard facts of the present ? Parliament has made the crofter’s tenure secure. It has given him a fair rent. If the small landholder is to be an economic being and not a mere creation of public charity, can he be very different? We are not speaking now of rich soils on the outskirts of large towns. There we may hope that the small landholder has a future solid as well as glittering. He may also thrive where he can wrest a harvest from the sea. But in the bulk of the Highlands, where soils are poor and 164 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, markets distant, a dilemma confronts this individual, from which I can see no escape. If his holding is small, his life will be a very poor one unless he and his sons have some steady employment on which they can fall back. If you increase his holding to the size of a small farm and make him self- supporting, then in the nature of things there can be very few such holdings. Mark, please, that the afforested glens will have a much larger population than those devoted to grazing, even when these are divided among the largest possible number of smallholders. A sheep farm so divided can never support more than a few families, even if they devote their whole time to digging the arable ground and keep on the hills the heaviest stock of sheep and cattle which these can carry. Such division is not new. The system can be seen at work on the club farms which are found in some parts of Scotland; in one such case, which is fairly typical, 6,000 acres are divided into 23 hold- ings. But at best, this line of development has only a solitary and limited existence to offer. It affords no base for any kind of industrial development, nor does it invite easy communication with the outside world. It is dangerous to generalise where the conditions are so variable, but it may be reckoned that 1000 acres, which would sustain only one or two families as part of a large sheep farm, might, if divided, sustain four or even five smaller tenants. The same area, if the arable land were devoted to small holdings of about 10 to 15 acres—not enough to support a family by themselves, but backed up with the certainty of healthy and well-paid employment in the woods in place of the precarious profits derived from a common grazing—would support a much larger and more prosperous population. The woods, as I have said, could not get on without a man to every 100 acres. That means double as many families as the divided sheep farm. Occasional labour and forest industries would employ at least as many as the regular work of the forest itself. This is a modest estimate compared with the figures which come to us from foreign countries, but it means that the woods would enable the population to be increased to four times what would be possible under a system of divided grazings, or about fifteen times the population of the same area used as an ordinary sheep farm. If you ask why a forest will support so many more people than the same area under grass, I can only reply because FORESTRY IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SCOTLAND. 165 it puts the ground to a use many times more profitable. There are estates in the county of Aberdeen where the woods bring in a steady income of “#1 an acre,! while the adjoining ground, just as fertile but unplanted, only brings in half a crown or less for pasture— pasture which has to be equipped with expensive buildings. In districts more remote it would be easy to name cases where the difference was even more marked. And these figures, please remember, tell only half the story. The woods which bring in a revenue of “#1 an acre have already paid a wages bill equal to ros. an acre, while the unplanted ground probably pays less than one-tenth of that amount in wages. Those who live in forest communities in France and Germany enjoy a freedom and independence which accord well with the taste of this generation. Only the head foresters and forest guards and a few labourers are in the permanent service of the forest. The rest are their own masters. ‘They work in the forest when they can—that is, when they are not busy cultivating their own holdings. The work of the forest, of which no branches except planting and nursery work are at any season urgent, is timed to suit them. The urgent work being light, is often done by women and children. Their holdings and their houses are usually their own _ property. Sometimes they work by the day, sometimes by contract. A father and his sons, or a man with his brothers, or an enter- prising man with a group of friends, will undertake a definite piece of forest work, or the carting of forest produce. There is no reason why the thing should not work out in the same way in Scotland. Something very like it exists to-day in districts where forest work is undertaken by crofters, and it answers well. In reckoning the advantage to the State of such communities, it must be remembered that the life and the occupation in all its branches are as healthy as any to which human labour can be turned. It is impossible to imagine a better nursery of citizens. I do not think the same can be said of purely agricultural and pastoral communities in the Highlands. They are too poor. The life is healthy, but it is too narrow, and offers too few opportunities and too many spells of idleness. Hitherto we have been considering the simple case where 1 This does not include the orginal cost of creation. If that is deducted at compound interest the annual return per acre would probably not exceed 15s 166 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. whole sheep farms can be turned into small holdings and forests. Even without going outside this easy ground there is probably a large field for silviculture, especially now that the profits of sheep farming have fallen so low that it is difficult to get a tenant to take a sheep farm even at a half or a third of the old rent. But there are many parts of the Highlands in which the problem is more complicated. ‘The chief complica- tions arise, first, from sporting values, and secondly, from the existence of great areas of ground too high, too poor, and too exposed to plant, which, shorn of the adjacent wintering ground, have no value for any purpose whatever. These two difficulties are in many cases tangled together. Those who wish to see both questions thrashed out for a typical district should read the Forest Survey of Glen Mor, 1912, prepared by Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling of Keir for the Society, a work in which they had the assistance of lairds, factors, foresters, gamekeepers, forest experts, and actuaries—a singular report, because every one concerned put his best work into it for love. I do not know what view you take of deer forests, but I suppose we should all agree that we have quite enough of them, and most people would be glad to see some of their area converted into the other kind of forest. Deer forests are sO numerous simply because they secure a good rent without the outlay of much capital. My old friend, Mr George Malcolm, who speaks from a long experience of the Highlands, published a pamphlet last autumn, in which he maintained the double paradox that deer forests were economically sound, and that silviculture was economically unsound in the Highlands. It may be true, I believe it often is, that a deer forest employs more people than the same area under sheep. It certainly brings in a larger rent. From a purely parochial point of view, it may therefore claim to be economically sound; but from no other. It provides a healthy existence for a small group of people, but it produces nothing except a small quantity of venison, for which there is no demand. It causes money to change hands. A pack of cards can do that. I doubt whether it could be said of a single deer forest, however barren and remote, that it could serve no better purpose. One I happen to know well lies nearly all above the r1ooo-feet level, with a desperately bad soil and no wintering. Even there hundreds of acres can be profitably planted without diminishing the FORESTRY IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SCOTLAND. 167 sporting value, and they are being planted now. ‘These planta- tions, even in their infancy, give more employment than the whole of the rest of the estate. I am convinced that in many deer forests—I was almost going to say in most deer forests— there are areas which, if planted, and once yielding a regular supply of timber, would bring in an income larger and steadier than that which the whole subject brings at present. The same is true of many a large sheep farm. If anyone wants a bird’s- eye view of the sort of ground available for this purpose, he has only to travel from Helensburgh to Fort William by the West Highland Railway. He will pass through nearly 100 miles of afforestable country, the only exception being the great area of peat called the Moor of Rannoch, which lies between Goreton and Loch Treig. There may be a few deer forests which consist mainly of plantable ground, but as a rule the greater part is too high and exposed and poor for any purpose except summer grazing. And so with many sheep farms. The height to which planting can be profitably carried cannot be decided by any formula, since shelter and soil are the determining features, rather than mere elevation. It is certain, however, that there is little plantable ground above 1500 feet, and that the bulk of the best ground lies below tooo feet. The value of the unplantable high pastures depends entirely upon the adjacent ground available for wintering. Now this is just the ground we want to plant. The problem is how to plant it without rendering the rest useless and without hopelessly upsetting the local budget, which often depends mainly on the rates levied on sporting rents. You will find, if you read the report to which I referred, that two circumstances come to the rescue. The first is the necessity of forming your plantations gradually, so that the timber crops may ripen in succession and eventually give a regular yield every year. If, for example, you intend to cut the woods when they are 8o years old, you need not in the first 20 years plant more than one quarter of the whole area to be afforested. The second is the fact that a small area of wooded ground is more valuable for wintering than a much larger area of bare ground. Another lucky thing which may be mentioned is that southern exposures are the best for wintering sheep or deer, while northern exposures are the best for growing trees. These fortunate circumstances 168 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. come to the rescue, and among them render a compromise possible. Where, as in the case we considered just now, the whole waste ground of a farm or deer forest can be planted, the transition is quite simple. The stock of sheep or deer will be gradually reduced as the planting advances till there is none left and the woods take its place. But in the case with which we are now dealing, where there is a large hinterland to be devoted permanently to sheep and deer, the transition must be effected in what may be called a series of bounds. You must rapidly plant a large block, say, one-quarter or one-third of the whole area you mean to plant, and you must plant no more until that block is old enough to be opened for wintering. Then you enclose another, and so on, making sure that not more than one-third of the wintering is enclosed at any one time. Under this arrangement, which is too complicated to explain here in detail, but which is fully described in the above- mentioned report, the hinterland will still preserve its value for summer grazing, while the lower ground will not only still afford wintering, but will at the same time be put to the far more profitable use of growing timber. No opposition to a change of this kind need be expected from the owners of deer forests. Deer forests are spoken of as luxuries. To the rich tenants who hire them they are luxuries—a very sane and desirable kind of luxury, but still luxuries. To the owner they are more often the last resource of an impoverished estate. Many and many a deer forest has been unwillingly made under pressure of the fall in sheep rents and our extraordinary system of sheep valuation. In such cases the owner would welcome a change which will relieve both his conscience and his purse, and put his land to a use more economically sound. But the capital sunk in making plantations, however profitable, can bring in little or no return for the first 80 years. For an impoverished landlord such a speculation is out of the question. In many cases, therefore, this reform can only be made with the assistance of the State. A joint arrangement under which the landlord will contribute the land and the State its credit—a business arrangement profitable to both parties—will not be found difficult to adjust. Where only part of the subject can be planted, this seems the best kind of arrangement, unless the owner can afford to plant it himself. But where the whole FORESTRY IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SCOTLAND. 169 subject can be planted, I am convinced that the State would do best to purchase the estate out and out wherever it can do so, and create its own forest on its own ground. Continuous good management on a fixed plan is the alpha and omega of forestry, and the experience of other countries certainly tends to show that the State can provide this first essential better than any private proprietor. Of course, the State will only buy where it can buy at a reasonable price; but suitable estates are, as a matter of fact, continually changing hands at prices which will give a good profit to any purchaser who can afford to plant them and wait 80 years for a return on his money. This isa field of investment in which the State has no reason to fear competition. Now, a word as to the speed at which this change should be made. I am very impatient to make a beginning, but I am not at all impatient to see all the waste ground of Scotland planted up, nor do I want to see planting ventures scattered about promiscuously all over the country. I want to see a few carefully planned schemes started in carefully selected localities on a scale large enough to show the full advantages of forestry as the backbone of rural life in a hill country. Its value in that respect is admitted in every country round us—in France and Germany and Belgium and Sweden,—but I admit it has still to be proved for Scotland. Let us, therefore, take two glens, such as we have in plenty on the west coast, containing nothing but a sheep farm or a shooting lodge and a few shepherds’ or stalkers’ houses. Let us plant one glen. Let us leave the other alone or develop it in any way you like without the aid of forestry. Then at the end of 50 or 80 years let our children compare them and see which glen is the happier, the more populous, and the more prosperous. I have no doubt myself about the result. I am also convinced that the change will be so rapid and so marked, when you import this great industry into a district which now has nothing to depend upon but wool and mutton, that long before 50 years are up you will find districts all over the Highlands petitioning to be afforested. This dream will not be realised in a moment. The new order cannot be in full swing for some 80 years, but this gradual extension is surely an advantage. You cannot plant people as you plant trees, and, after all, the progress is not so very slow. In the first or planting stage you will at least double the present population. In the next, when the VOL. XXVII. PART II. M 170 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. young woods begin to require tending, men of a younger generation, who have been brought up in the place, will begin to be available, and the extension will go steadily on until the first crop is ready to cut and your forest population becomes complete. Now in this paper 1 have purposely avoided figures, just as I have avoided the technical aspect of the subject, tempting though it is. My object was to concentrate on the broadest aspect of my case; but you are Aberdonians, and on two points at least will want some evidence beyond my mere statement. You will want to know whether forests do really employ so many people as I say, and you will want to know whether the State is likely to get a good return for the money it invests in afforestation. ‘The only evidence I can, in the nature of the case, advance is drawn from other countries. First, as to employment, let me give you the details of a small German forest in the Spessart. They come to me first-hand from a friend who has recently been a student there. This forest extends to 10,000 acres, and attached to it are about 3000 acres of agricultural land. This area of 13,000 acres would, in the Highlands of Scotland, compose one small deer forest or a couple of fairly large sheep farms. We need not work out the comparison with the deer forest, because there are few, if any, deer forests which could be wholly planted, but let us compare it with sheep farms. As a couple of sheep farms it would support 2 tenants and, at most, 13 shepherds, or 15 families in all. Divided among a number of smaller tenants, it might, following our former calculations, support at most some 60 families. In Germany the population is as follows: the permanent staff of the forest consists of a head forester and clerk and 6 forest guards with ro unskilled workmen ; 25 other men find employment all the year round as contractors. There is thus permanent employment for 43 men. In addition to these, 80 woodcutters are employed for about six months, and 70 women and children are employed for about two months on nursery, planting, and other light work. There are also 260 men employed in forest industries. The forest with its industries is thus giving constant employment to 303 men besides the 80 men employed for six months and the 70 women and children occasionally employed. The total population of the area affected by the forest is 2500. It is calculated that FORESTRY IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SCOTLAND. 171 1520 of them are directly dependent on the forest. The remaining inhabitants are small tradesmen—saddlers, smiths, etc.—or people employed in small agricultural industries, and many of them are indirectly dependent upon the forest and the work it brings to the district. For the profit the State is likely to make out of afforestation I will refer you to Belgium, a country which has many points of resemblance to ours. True, wages are lower in Belgium than in Scotland, but the value of land is much higher ; in fact the deduction made for the capital value of forest land in Belgium is about double the price at which the Government could buy similar land in Scotland. This more than cancels the difference in wages. Mr Seebohm Rowntree, in his valuable book on Land and Labour in Belgium, has investigated this question. He is an ardent Radical, and may be taken as an impartial witness. He reckons that the Belgian Government obtains on the capital it has invested in forestry a return varying from 4°9 per cent. to 5°5 per cent. on different classes of soil. That is a modest return on a commercial venture, but it does not sum up all the national advantage which the State derives from forestry. I cannot put the point better than it is put in the words of the Belgian chief inspector of forests, whom the author quotes: ‘“ Ah, you English,” said that official, “ you always want to know, will it pay? In Belgium we look at the matter differently. We realise that the afforestation of waste lands affords an enormous amount of healthy work for the Belgian people, work required just when otherwise the men would be unemployed. We realise the importance of providing a large amount of home-grown timber, in view of the depletion of the world’s timber supply, and we think, too, of the beneficial effects of forests, not only upon climate, but on the soil of the waste lands, to the great advantage of the country.” ‘‘Surely,” the author adds, ‘‘these considerations are important, and the British people may learn from the Belgians the great possi- bilities which lie in the afforestation of our enormous areas of uncultivated land.” I72 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 20. Some Lessons from the Recent Gales. By Sir HucH SHAW STEWART, Bart. The frequent and exceptionally severe gales which have ravaged the west and western centre of Scotland since November tgtt have provided practical foresters with plenty of food for thought as to the means of turning to the best account acres of blown and half-blown timber, and of freeing encumbered ground for the purpose of replanting with as little delay as possible. Their plans, no doubt, have long since matured and the work will, by now, be well on the way towards accomplishment, and so far as they are concerned the gales are things of the past. But it will have been an ill wind indeed if estate owners do not profit by certain lessons to be derived from the devastation. In the first place, some of us have heard of a considerable estate where all, or nearly all, the plantations of the last thirty years have been laid low. Obviously the mistake here has been in confining the planting of young trees to exposed lands.!_ In selecting planting ground it is, of course, advisable to study economy and to avoid devoting to timber land which might yield a higher profit under grazing or cultivation. On the other hand, a large estate requires an annual supply of timber for fences, gates, etc., and, in order to make sure of this, some portions of ground wholly or partially sheltered from prevailing storms should be devoted to the growth of timber for estate purposes. In the present instance there is bound to be a large gap in the supply of trees growing up to take the place of older timber, and before very long the estate will be forced for a number of years to purchase timber for estate purposes— an expensive and extravagant proceeding. A still more impressive lesson is the importance of keeping in touch with the market and the wood-merchants.2,. This can only 1 It is believed that on this estate much of the more sheltered woodland, instead of being cut and replanted systematically, has been at the mercy of roe-deer and rabbits. * Landowners who have any difficulty in regard to this are advised to become members of the Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Association, 33 Queen Street, Edinburgh. SOME LESSONS FROM THE RECENT GALES. 173 be done by cutting and selling every year, or at least every two years, such a proportion of timber over and above the necessary estate requirements as best suits the estate and the local demand. In illustration of this I may refer to an estate where for the last decade, at any rate, a steady supply of ripe timber has been placed on the market, sometimes in different lots in one year. Thus several firms of wood-merchants have become familiar with the local facilities as to transit and the requisite lodging of their men and horses, and they have learned to what extent they can rely on the home staff for classifying and prepar- ing the timber. The home staff, moreover, has been constantly exercised in the best and most expeditious methods of preparing and grading the different kinds of timber, and in disposing it in such a manner as may best facilitate its removal. The value of this procedure has been strikingly revealed by the recent gales, for no difficulty was experienced in obtaining offers for the various lots. It is true that owing to the con- gestion of the timber market a large portion of the blown trees? fetched only half price: on the other hand, some lots contained ripe trees of good quality which, because they had “amenity” value, never would have been cut. From an estate point of view these trees provided a real ‘‘ windfall,” and there was a strong demand for them, but it is certain that much of their value would have been lost if the home staff had not been regularly trained by an efficient head forester in the art of preparing timber for ready handling, and thereby presenting it to the market to the best advantage. But it need not be supposed that it is only on large estates where an annual or biennial sale should be practised. I know of a little estate in central Scotland, where not more than three or four estate hands are employed, which for the past 38 years, to the writer’s knowledge, has provided a small supply of pro- perly prepared timber for market at regular intervals. The gales did not cause much trouble here, but such trees as were blown down were promptly prepared and readily disposed of to a merchant who, having purchased timber from this estate in the previous year, knew its quality. 1 In one wood alone there were 3000 45-year-old larches which would have greatly increased in value had they stood for another fifteen years. 174 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. If estate owners condescend to profit by recent experiences they, or their successors, will not be taken by surprise by the next visitation of abnormal gales, but, on the contrary, will be ready to turn the results to the best account. Those owners, on the other hand, who shut their eyes to obvious lessons will find themselves sooner or later in the position of a city merchant of my acquaintance who purchased an estate a number of years ago, regarding the trees on it as so many appendages, only to be removed, like furniture or table ornaments, at the will and pleasure of the owner. ‘This worthy city man had never realised that trees, like other productions of nature aided by art, require continual attention and renewal. Accordingly, when the floods came and the winds blew and beat upon those trees, they fell—and great was the havoc of their fall. A neighbouring wood-merchant, called to the rescue, after surveying several acres of tangled branches and broken tree-trunks, was obliged to explain to my poor city friend —who abominates a bad bargain—that the labour and expense of clearing the ground would amount to more than the remain- ing sound timber would be worth. Thus, for want of skilled attention and foresight during the fat years, when the lean year came the owner found that he had lost not only his trees but also their money value. 21. The State Forests of Saxony. (With Illustrations.) By A. D. HopKINson. Position.— The kingdom of Saxony lies on the western border of the German Empire, and is bounded on the south- west by Bohemia, while Prussia, Thuringia and Bavaria form the other neighbouring states. _ Physical Features—Although flat and dry in the north, the eastern and southern parts of Saxony are hilly and even mountainous, and well watered by streams running down from the Erzgebirge—a range of mountains forming the chief physical feature of the country. It is on the well-watered hills forming the northern slope of the Erzgebirge that are situated the finest of the spruce forests, while towards the north, owing to THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 175 the sandy nature of the soil, the Scots pine becomes the predominating forest-tree. Climate. — The rainfall in Saxony varies considerably, being lowest towards the north-west and highest in the Erzgebirge. The wettest forest (evzer) is that of Altenburg, situated high in the Erzgebirge, which receives over 60 inches annually ; and the driest district is that around Leipzig, where a mean not more than 17 inches is recorded. In the chief spruce-growing area on the Erzgebirge the mean precipitation is 27-32 inches, which is none too high for the proper growth of this tree. The mean summer temperature in the Erzgebirge is 55-57. F., which rises to 62-64° F. in the Elbe valley, where in winter about 30° F. is the average as compared with about 23. F. in the Erzgebirge. Area of Woodlands.—Although the percentage of woodlands in Saxony is very nearly equal to the average of Germany taken as a whole, the acreage per head of population (1 for -22 acres) works out lower than almost any other German state, owing to the dense population which its extensive and _ thriving industries are able to support. For all Germany there is on the average ‘617 acres for every person. ‘The area of wood- land in Saxony is 949,739 acres, being 25°81 per cent. of the total area of the country ; whereas the collective woods of Germany amount to 33,569,793 acres, being 25°89 per cent. of the total area. Classified according to ownership, Saxony does not show any important divergences from the remainder of the Empire, except in having a somewhat higher percentage of State forests and a lower percentage of municipal woods. The comparative percentages are as follows :— Saxony German Empire State Forests. : : 45'2 Sey Private Forests . ‘ i 46°0 46°5 Crown Forests . , ; 0°02 1°38 Municipal Forests. : 6°0 16'0 Association Forests . : o'2 22 Institution Forests. ; 2°6 I°5 The following table, which shows the percentages of woodland under different forms of management in Saxony and Germany I 76 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. as a whole, clearly demonstrates the greater preponderance of conifer woods in the former— Saxony ae Hardwoods— High Forest Za 18°4 Selection Forest . 1°3 23 Coppice with Standards 3°4 50 Coppice : 4°5 6°38 TORAL) ts 7 i303) 32°5 Conifers-— . Ves High Forest ; F ‘ 78°7 60'1 Selection Forest . ; ; 10°O a TOTAL: : 88°7 67°5 ffistory.— Although the State forests only came into existence as such in 1831, being previous to that date the private property of the king, considerable strides had been made with their systematic management before they were handed over to the State. In 1831 King Antony declared the Royal Kammergut to be the property of the State, retaining however the hunting rights for his own exclusive use. In exchange for this sacrifice of revenue he was granted a “ Civil List,” which although since increased has not increased so rapidly as the returns which are obtained from the State forests ; and the bargain has turned out to be, from a financial point of view, a considerable loss to the reigning monarch. The present king, although a very keen sportsman, is of course unable to shoot nearly all the stags and other deer which must be slain annually, and up till quite recently it was the practice for each +orstmeister to hunt and shoot in his own forest (Aevier), except in those few which formed the particular hunting woods of the king. However, in 1912 this was changed, and all the game now goes to the State, the /orstmeister merely retaining the right to kill it. The scientific management of the Saxon State forests may be said to date from the latter half of the eighteenth century, when Oderforstmeister von Lussberg made a very extensive survey of the woods (1764-1777). However, it was not until the THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. oO 7 | arrival of Heinrich von Cotta in Saxony in 1811, when he was appointed /orstrat and director of the Forest Survey (Forstvermessung), that working-plans were systematically prepared. The great work that Cotta accomplished from that date until his death (1844) is unique in the annals of forestry, and made his name stand out peerless in the history of the science to which he devoted his life. The result of this great forester’s labours gave Saxony a start in scientific silviculture which, up to the present, no other country has been able to overtake; and the position the Saxon State forests now hold of being the most economically, and at the same time the most intensively, managed woods to be found, is directly traceable to the period when Cotta had charge of their management. The great degree of perfection in matters of detailed organisation which has now been reached is, of course, to a large extent the work of Cotta’s successors, some of whom were his pupils; but the firm foundation of method which he laid for the administration and management of the State woods still remains intact. Ever -since the woods were taken over by the State in 1831, the policy of adding suitable areas by purchase has been pursued. Only land unsuitable for cultivation has been afforested, and, from 1831 to 1897, 77,454 acres were bought at an average price of £16 per acre. During the same period, however, 13,256 acres were sold, fetching on the average 432, 17s. The underlying idea in buying and selling was to round off the State woods, making them more compact and thus easier to administer. Small patches of wood situated at a considerable distance from an otherwise compact Fezzer were, if possible, disposed of, whereas tracts of wood or Jand suitable for wood found in or bordering on State forests and not State property were purchased to consolidate the forests. The high price received, on the average, for the land sold must have been due to the enormous strides which industry has made in Saxony during the last half century, and probably a number of towns have expanded so as to absorb parts of the forestry area for building purposes. Administration.—There being no separate minister for agriculture in Saxony, the administration of the State woods is directly under the charge of the Minister of Finance. The Finanzministerium, as it is called, is divided up into three 178 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, departments. Department I.—Rates and Taxes. Department II.—State lands, including forests, mines and State technical colleges, etc. Department III.—Railways and Post Office. The chief of the forestry section of Department II. is an Oberlandsforstmeister who is assisted by one Oderforstrat, one Oberforstmetster, and other junior officials. Inspection.—F¥or the purposes of inspection the State forests of Saxony are divided up into nine districts, each of which has a resident inspecting officer with the rank of Oberforstmetster. The total area of the State forests in Saxony is 445,380 acres, so that each inspector has about 49,486 acres under his charge divided up into twelve feviere. This system is one of the three different systems of inspection found in Germany, and is called the “local Horstmeister” system, as the inspector is bound to reside within the area over which he has supervision. It has many points to recommend it, the chief being that, as the inspecting officer resides within the area, he has a_ better opportunity for organising the sale of timber and the close inspection of the woods. Again, it enables a less experienced Forstmeister to be put in charge of a forest Revier, as he is always able to refer to the Oderforstmeister of his district in cases of difficulty. The system found in Prussia—known as the Government /orstmeister system—differs from this, as in each Government there is a small council of two to three Government officials, one of whom is a forester, and they administer, besides other affairs, the forests in the district. In this case the Oder- forstmetster has a considerably freer hand than in Saxony, the decentralised management being, of course, partly due to the very large area of Prussia as compared with Saxony. It probably suits the Prussian conditions better than the Saxon method would. In the case of Prussia the Oderforstmeister is responsible to the Minister of Agriculture, Lands and Forests. In countries where there is but little State-owned forest, the inspection is generally done from a Government Forestry Office ; often under the Department of Agriculture, situated in the capital, which becomes the residence of the inspecting officers. Such a system is found in some of the smaller German states and in England. Management.—The unit of administration is the ever or forest range over which one Forstmeister, or Oberforster as he is called when first appointed, has charge. The average size THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 179 of the range differs in different parts of Germany. Those in Prussia are the largest, being 9500 acres on the average; in Baden and Bavaria they are nearly as large. In Saxony, however, where intensity of management reaches its maximum a range is, on the average, 3940 acres; but this is considered by some authorities a somewhat small unit for the most economic results. In Prussia, where the forests are very large, there is a sub-division of the internal management work which is not found in Saxony. The Prussian Forstmerster has under him several—the number varies from about 3 to 8 according to the size of the woods—/¢rs¢er (under foresters) who are all ex-N.C.Os from a /déger regiment. These are generally good and reliable men, and have assigned to them a certain section of the range, and they take charge of the more or less routine part of the management of that particular section. This is known as the “ Rewer Forster” system, and is often found in large private woods as it is more economical as regards highly trained officials. The plan adopted in Saxony is known as the ‘‘ Oderfirster” system. Here the forest officer or Oderfirster (Forstmeister) looks after the details of management himself, being, however, controlled fairly closely by the inspecting officer (Oderforstmerster) to whom he must submit estimates every year of the work, such as planting, cutting, road- making, etc., he proposes to undertake the next year, together with a statement of the estimated cost. The inspecting officer sends the combined estimates of the twelve ezzere in his district to the Finance minister for his final sanction. Under him the Saxon forest officer has, as a rule, one or more under foresters, several forest guards, and the woodmen. The under forester assists generally in the work of management, usually doing, among other things, the routine book work, of which there is a very considerable amount, owing to the some- what complicated and very detailed way in which the accounts are kept. To become an under forester in Saxony, the candidate does not require any college training, merely being apprenticed, as it were, to a forest officer for three years, after which he must pass his first examination. Having passed this he spends two more years doing practical work, then he is again examined and, if successful, gets the title of “* /drster” and is entitled to a pension after so many years’ service. Superior woodmen are generally selected for the post of forest guards, 180 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and they are, as a rule, changed from their native districts to new ones on being appointed, in order that they may carry more authority, according to the maxim that ‘familiarity breeds contempt.” The woodmen are divided into two classes, permanent woodmen and temporary woodmen. ‘To become one of the former a man is required to do more than six months’ work a year in the woods, and is required to pay towards his old age pension. ‘Temporary woodmen are those that are more or less regularly taken on at certain periods when the permanent staff is not sufficient to undertake the work. There are some 500 of these and about 3800 permanent woodmen, which is, roughly speaking, taking both together, 1 man per too acres and 40 men to every range. A feature of great importance in the administration of the Saxon State forests is the Fursteinrichtungsanstalt or Working- Plans Office, which is situated in Dresden. The duty of this department is to make and revise working-plans in the State woods, and in private woods, when asked, at a nominal charge. In the case of private estates that are entailed, the amount of timber to be cut, etc., every year is fixed exactly by the officers of the Forsteinrichtungsanstalt, which guards against an extravagant proprietor cutting more than the normal amount. The fact that the working-plans are made and revised by special officers, who have no other duty but to move from one range or fever to another carrying on the work, is undoubtedly an advance upon the method usually employed in Prussia where the forest officer revises his own working-plan and submits the revision for approval to the inspecting officer. The continuity of plan and uniformity of method obtained by the Working-Plans Office in Dresden, which is so essential to the proper management of woodlands, is unequalled in other German States. Men working continually at the same work are bound to become more expert at it than men doing it, say, every five years, and the results are necessarily more uniform and consistent than when every Forstmeister drew up his own revision. However, the forest officer is not entirely ignored during the revision, his local experience being of the greatest assistance in many cases in deciding matters relating to planting, cutting, etc., and he is required to furnish the working-plans’ officers with an estimate of what areas he thinks should be cut THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 18r and planted in the next five years. If any serious difference of opinion should arise between them it is referred to a commission appointed to decide such questions. By this system of co-operation between the forest officer and the representatives of the Forsteinrichtungsanstalt, as it is in Saxony, a high degree of efficiency and continuity of policy is obtained without the danger of stereotyped regularity. As the objects of management differ according to the variations in the price of different sizes and kinds of timber, it is very desirable that the consequent regulations should be easily controlled and put into force with- out delay, and this is obviously more readily done by a central staff, such as the officers of the Forsteinrichtungsanstalt, than if every Forstmeister were allowed to interpret his instructions according to his own ideas. Working-Plan.—The working-plan itself consists of two parts: I. General Plan, II. Special Plan, both of which are kept in manuscript. The contents of Part I. are roughly as follows :— 1. Total area of woods and area under trees, and so on. 2. Conditions of the locality, such as soil, situation, geological formation, etc. 3. Description of compartments according to— (2) Method of management (silvicultural system). (4) Species. (c) Age. (d) Quality of locality. (e) Amount of standing timber. (/) Situation. All results of former management. General directions for regulating the yield. . General directions for cutting and planting. . General outline of management, and other directions of a general kind, such as choice of species, methods of planting, etc. SS In addition to this there are a number of tables showing — (1) Normal and actual age-classes for the whole wood and for each “ Working Section.” (2) Amount of each compartment on each of the five classes of soil. (3) Areas on different geological formations. (4) Normal and actual increments. (5) Area and length of rotation of each ‘‘ Working Section.” 182 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. (6) Total amount of wood in the “ Working Circle” and the number of cubic feet per acre on the average. (7) Total normal annual yield and annual yield per acre, showing the amounts derived from clear cuttings and thinnings separately. (8) Amount of average annual fellings classified according to class of wood and showing amount per acre. Part II., the special plan, is renewed every ten years and is revised once between every renewal, generally in the middle of the period, but, in exceptional cases, sooner or later than five years after the renewal. Thus, a large windbreak or very extensive insect damage would immediately call for a revision at any time in order to cope with the altered conditions. The special plan is divided as follows :— A. Plan of cuttings. 1. Felling. 2. Thinning. 3. Cleaning. 8. Cultivation plan—planting, sowing, ‘“ beating up,” ete. C. Measures to be undertaken for the protection of the soil and young and old woods. D, Plan of roadmaking. £. Plan of draining and work required in connection with the banking up of streams ( Wasserbau). Once the renewal has been made the forest officer knows what areas have to be cut, thinned and planted in the next ten years, and he also knows what part of that must be done in the first five years ; but he is generally allowed himself to choose the exact portions he will cut and plant each year. The necessity of revising the working-plan every five years is due to the rapidity with which conditions change as regards the state of the timber market, and the progress of the young plantations when affected by climatic extremes and pests. The silvicultural year commences on the 1st October, both in Saxony and Prussia, which is a very convenient date as it neither comes in the middle of the cutting, as would the 1st January, nor does it come when planting is in progress. All matters relating to cutting and planting are reckoned according to the silvicultural year, whereas matters of finance are reckoned according to the ordinary year ending with the 31st December. Forest Officer.—The position of forest officer in Saxony is no sinecure, there being a large amount of work both outside and THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 183 indoors as well as a fair amount of responsibility attached to the post. Besides having control of some 4000 acres of woods the Forstmeister generally takes a very prominent part in local government, especially in thinly populated districts. While referring to the duties of the forest officer, it is necessary to point out that he has practically nothing to do with the financial side of the management, the work of the cashier and accountant being carried out by a separate office known as the Forstkasse or Forstrentamt, which has small branches distributed among the wooded districts. This office has charge of all the money accounts, payment of wages, receipts from timber sales, the arrangement of credit, and so on. Formerly these duties were performed by the Forstmeister himself, but it is certainly a far better arrangement to have a separate organisation for dealing with such matters, both from the point of view of the State and the Forstmeister. In certain respects the forest officer works in conjunction with the Forstrentami, for example, when there is an auction sale of timber (nearly all the wood is disposed of in this manner) the forest officer must be present, although the sale is actually conducted by the Forstrentamt officials. He is there to answer questions as to the accessibility of the particular lots—wood-merchants often buying timber without first seeing it—and generally to supervise the sale, having the right to with- draw any lot which he thinks is not fetching a fair price. ‘The system of book-keeping adopted in the Saxon forest service is somewhat complicated, but is simpler than that found in Prussia, where the Jorstmeister is generally provided with a secretary. The Saxon forest officer is responsible for all accounts relating to the amount of timber felled and sold, and is required to fill in very detailed forms as to the quantity and kinds of timber and other products which his forest produces in the year. Anyone accustomed only to the manner in which the forest accounts are treated in this country can have but a poor idea of the labour entailed when these are properly kept, especially in the case of State woods. The making out of sale catalogues, the checking in the wood of every log felled, the marking of the trees to be taken out in the thinnings, and the close superintendence of the nursery work and planting are among the duties of a /orstmeister entailing a considerable amount of labour. The “ Revier..—The Forest Range or fever (the area of 184 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. woods under one forest officer) is in Saxony as elsewhere, where scientific silviculture is practised, divided up into compartments and sub-compartments. The work of laying out the State woods was first seriously undertaken by Cotta. He personally supervised the compartment plan of a number of forests, and his influence lived long after he died. The principles he laid down can be traced in the plan of every range in Saxony. Nothing is easier than criticism, and the compartment plans of a number of Saxon woods are rather severely censured by present-day foresters. It is not so much the areas of the com- partment that are taken exception to but rather their shape, especially in hilly country. We find, on looking at the com- partment plan of an average Erzgebirge forest, that very little regard appears to have been paid to the contour lines, and we see rides running for miles over hill and valley in perfectly straight lines. This geometrical method of planning woods is now some- what out of date so far as mountainous land is concerned, but when once a forest has been laid out the alteration of the main rides involves a great deal of trouble, and in cases where a road and ride coincide becomes almost a practical impossibility. Modern forest management teaches that too much importance should not be attached to compartments being rectangular in shape, and that more attention should be paid to convenience in working, and the persistent endeavour to unite roads and rides without unduly sacrificing the interests of either. The average com- partment in Saxony varies from 50 to 75 acres which, for spruce woods, may be considered rather large. The length of the adjacent sides are roughly in the proportion of 1:2 or 3 or 1:2°5 on the average, which is quite a good shape (see Fig. 2). The assumption upon which nearly all the State forests have been laid out is that the chief provision to be made is for the safety of the woods from west and south-west winds, and for this reason we find all the main rides running from west or south-west to east or north-east. The longer sides of the compartments run at right angles to these directions, which means that the cross or “ minor” rides run from north or north- west to south or south-east. The regulation width of main rides is g metres (about 294 ft.), and that of the cross rides 4} metres (about 14? ft.). The object of having the main rides so wide is to allow of the trees on the north and. south sides of compartments becoming well clothed with branches PATE Jr Fic. I.— Average Quality of soil, que abo | ——— | aw | | | | 2 Fic. the direction of the ¢ Che face of a pure height, 72 feet. [II ntly somewhat thicker thar ut one-third of the total he spruce Le el BREE bie is Diagram to illustrate t rides wit The width of the Contents, 63 cutting looking west, 1 what is ight of the trees. he normal shape of the 1 reference to the points now considered ide Tharandt 0 cubic feet (above Chis sfaxd was thinned on the old method al Forest 75 inches diameter). and IS conse- compartment and ot the rides is out of proportion for the sake of clearness.) compass. [Zo face p. 184 saved Cqaryy gswey ye owe GC] , SPT ; Ee ; : SSS ee opeu US TPOUM OVD : nd ut sottos Muro v yo oouravoddy oy) jo vopt poos v soars Ydvaxsojoya siyL ‘or Jueunsedu plo savor oL aonidg = UOKI9G “plo S4 29K oft DOnAds O199S 08 1ids ain g@=Y Uounr2sS 294 Sr aonads ang = gf UONIIS TOATES ral uote y- ‘oz Judy THE STATE Be SL. 185 ) 4 TL ala e a¥- ea Ori it) Oo more 2 vind- tyees. The chief storm-winds undoubtedly come most freqfently fom the west and south-west, and therefore much shoud be Spcrificed in order to safeguard the woods from their effects, pecially when it is considered that\ggruce often forms almost tRe entire crop. The obvious a however, off plan- D ng woods~tesmeet the chief storms only is that the TT ffom other directions are noM™presided against, and may off@n nuse very serious damage. Thus in Saxony "treemagst dipaded sform is not now from the south or south-west, but fram4the prth and north-west, especially if it occurs when tha tre@ owns are heavily laden with snow or ice. But asfit is impossible to shelter compartments from both north and west Inds the predominating storm-wi ust be provided aghinst, d this we find very efficiently carried out in the Stag férests a Saxony. The direction of cutting is, of course, againsefhe storm- ind, d is thus from east or north-east to s6uth or south-WestueJ cording as the wood has been laid gf, the face of the cuttings eing always parallel or nearly soym@ith the cross rides. The large number of small Cutting Series” (Aiebzuge) fojand ig the State forests forgfS one of the most importanfa aracteristic featurge’ of the woods in Saxony. Th” direc result of small ‘‘ Cutting Series” is teethe annual fe ing takes ace over numerous small areas scattered througY the wood, igstead of in one or two large blocks. This isfadvantageous liom many points of view, especially for conifers and for a_tree, Sch as spruce, which is liable to suffer frgfmQoth frosthadd ought, it is particularly beneficial. The gfttings af&glso made Pry narrow, not normally exceeding 60 to yards in wth, and e seldom finds a cleared area greateyAhan 4 acres (see Pig. 2). he method of slicing narrow stripf#off the face of a mamber different “stands” (Bestinde) the direct opposite Hf the rench method of arranging cfAtings, in : the tenflency Ties = «TO! SRR Fee to have, as it were, but oné “Cutting S yr the Whole & Working Section ” (Be¢riebsk/asse) and concentrating the while f the annual fellings in one place. ‘The advantages, both silvi ’ ltural.and esthetic, of the Saxon method of numerous cuttings re so well known that it is hardly necessary to reiterate them all re. In asummer such as that of 1911, when a large number - SS —, he > see = = o 2 DQ 42 s noone - = - > — VOL. XXVII. PART II. N ry »* — Le 2 «?. ple s Ids Nd =F UuoNdag — “pra savak St aonads ANT = UONIaAg PIO siv9d Sz gonads I ‘ysoso yy] pues 7p ‘0% Juaujaeduos ‘Salas suing v jo WWeG—'t ‘og WNnNG=VY Uonjsag ‘JSOM OF [SVS Woy ApYsnow Surv THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 185 right down the stem, and thus forming more or less wind-fast trees. ‘The chief storm-winds undoubtedly come most frequently from the west and south-west, and therefore much should be sacrificed in order to safeguard the woods from their effects, especially when it is considered that spruce often forms almost the entire crop. The obvious disadvantage, however, of plan- ning woods to meet the chief storms only is that the gales from other directions are not provided against, and may often cause very serious damage. Thus in Saxony the most dreaded storm is not now from the south or south-west, but from the north and north-west, especially if it occurs when the tree- crowns are heavily laden with snow or ice. But as it is impossible to shelter compartments from both north and west winds the predominating storm-wind must be provided against, and this we find very efficiently carried out in the State forests of Saxony. The direction of cutting is, of course, against the storm-wind, and is thus from east or north-east to south or south-west, according as the wood has been laid out, the face of the cuttings being always parallel or nearly so with the cross rides. The large number of small “ Cutting Series” (Aebzuge) found in the State forests forms one of the most important and characteristic features of the woods in Saxony. The direct result of small ‘‘ Cutting Series” is that the annual felling takes place over numerous small areas scattered through the wood, instead of in one or two large blocks. This is advantageous from many points of view, especially for conifers ; and for a tree, such as spruce, which is liable to suffer from both frost and drought, it is particularly beneficial. The cuttings are also made very narrow, not normally exceeding 60 to 70 yards in width, and one seldom finds a cleared area greater than 4 acres (see Fig. 2). The method of slicing narrow strips off the face of a number of different “stands” (Bestinde) is the direct opposite of the French method of arranging cuttings, in which the tendency is to have, as it were, but one “Cutting Series” for the whole “Working Section” (Beé¢riebsk/asse) and concentrating the whole of the annual fellings in one place. The advantages, both silvi- cultural and esthetic, of the Saxon method of numerous cuttings are so well known that it is hardly necessary to reiterate them all here. In asummer such as that of 1911, when a large number of young trees died of drought, the great superiority of narrow VOL. XXVII. PART II. “GN 186 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. cuttings became very evident as the percentage of deaths was always lowest on that part of the planted area which was to some extent shaded from the sun’s rays during the afternoon by the old trees. Although it is unwise to allow the fundamental principles of management to be influenced greatly in order to make provision for exceptional circumstances, such as the drought of 1911, it is easily seen that Wagner’s idea of north to south cuttings would have very great advantages even in spruce woods could it possibly be carried out. In Saxony, at any rate, north to south cuttings are out of the question on account of the wind dangers, but there is always a tendency to throw the cutting direction a little more round to the south in order to gain as much shelter for the young trees as possible. Before going further it would be well to point out that, so far as spruce is concerned, clear felling and planting is the rule and anything else is the exception. Natural regeneration has been repeatedly tried, and has proved consistently to be a failure owing chiefly to unfavour- able conditions of soil and climate, although the spruce is, in any case, an unsatisfactory subject for this method of management. The short ‘Cutting Series,” so characteristic of the Saxon woods, are not obtained without certain sacrifices in other respects, but we find these willingly undertaken in order to obtain and maintain the normal cutting series. Severances, for instance, have frequently to be made where large blocks of even or nearly even aged woods are met with. Again, in order that the “Cutting Series” may be carried right through uninterruptedly, some “stands” (Zestinde) are often felled below the normal age, and others have to be left till they are considerably above it (see Fig. 3). The whole length of a “Cutting Series” varies, some extending only across one compartment and others extend- ing over two, but longer ones are seldom found. “Cutting Series” do not often extend for the whole /ength of the compartment, although they normally would do so. In some cases there may not be more than eight or nine “stands” in one “ Cutting Series,” in which case fellings will not take place oftener than once every 10 years in that particular series. The general rule, however, for regulating how soon one felling is to follow another is that further felling should be postponed until the young plantation on the last area cut has got a good start. This may not take ro years, but in Saxony it is seldom less than 5, and one of the greatest advantages of short “Cutting Series” is that THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 187 you can leave the young plantations in the shelter of old woods for a considerable period without any difficulty in finding suitable places for the annual fellings. The formation of sub- compartments is generally based upon difference in age, species, or silvicultural method, in pure high forest, age being the only basis, and ro years the lowest difference which may cause a separate sub-compartment. It is generally recognised now that the sub-division of compartments has been carried too far, and that the management has become too intensive in this particular respect, giving a large amount of extra work without equivalent return. Although there is no limit laid down many are not much larger than about half an acre, and it is not uncommon in indicating sub-compartments to go down to the letter ‘“‘r” in the alphabet, whereas it is usually agreed that they should not, as a rule, be made smaller than one acre, or an acre and a quarter. Sub-compartments are only marked on the compartment maps and not in the woods. This tends at times to lead to confusion and might well be altered. Another outstanding feature of forest management in Saxony is the care which is given to age-classes which are kept separate for each Working Section (Betriebsk/asse). The classes run— I. 1-20, II. 21-40, III. 41-60, and so on, and every endeavour is made to keep them as nearly normal as possible, because the more normal they become the greater is the ease in providing a regular annual cut which in turn creates a more certain market, especially of small local buyers who are always to be encouraged. Taking the average rotation to be 8o years, the normal for the whole of the Saxon woods is— i. 16 & ree yer ON OVE Cleared Space. te 5 la 25 “lo Se mos aad fe while . 23> 21 °/o 25 Yo 29 I ae were the actual figures for 1909, which shows a remarkable uni- formity only achieved, however, after 80 years or so of careful planning. ( To be continued.) 188 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 22. Report on Speeches made at meeting between Delegates representing the interests of Forestry in Scotland and the Scottish Railway Companies, to discuss the Question of the Price of Sleepers manufactured from Home-Grown Timber, as com- pared with that of those manufactured from Foreign Timber. The Meeting took place at the Central Station Hotel, Glas- gow, on Friday, 28th March 1913, at 2.30 P.M. PRESENT— Caledonian Railway Representatives—Mr Wm. J. Chrystal, Director; Mr Donald A. Matheson, General Manager; Mr A. J. Easton, Stores Superintendent. North British Railway Representatives. — Mr Andrew K. M‘Cosh, Director; Mr J. Cathles, Secretary; Mr J. J. Smith, Stores Superintendent. Glasgow and South-Western Railway Representatives—Mr Melville, Engineer; Mr R. F. Harnson, Stores Superintendent. Great North of Scotland Railway Representative.—Mr C. A. Thomson, Stores Superintendent. Flighland Railway Representatives —Mr R. M. Wilson, Chair- man; Mr Charles Kennedy, Stores Superintendent. Forestry Delegates.—Captain Stirling, Mr Sydney J. Gammell, Mr J. H. Milne Home, Dr Borthwick, Mr Frank Scott, Mr G. U. Macdonald, Mr A. Speirs, Mr John Broom, Mr T. B. Jones, Mr W. Wilson, Mr J. T. Garrioch, Mr Frank Sime, Mr Gilbert Brown. In attendance also—Mr A. S. Leslie, Mr J. W. Douglas, Mr R. Galloway, Mr R. B. Fraser. Mr Curystav of the Caledonian Railway Company having been appointed chairman of the meeting by the representatives of the railway companies, welcomed the delegates representing forestry interests, and intimated that all the Scottish railway companies were represented at the meeting. Captain STIRLING, in introducing the deputation, thanked the Scottish railway companies for having consented to receive RAILWAYS AND HOME TIMBER, 189 them, and stated that the deputation represented all the interests connected with home timber and _ specially those interested in the trade in home-grown railway sleepers. The deputation realised that the railway companies were not philanthropic institutions, and that it would be waste of time for them to ask the railway companies for concessions at the expense of the Shareholders unless they could offer something in return. What they asked for would not only be a benefit to the interests represented in the deputation, but also to the railway companies themselves. Captain Stirling explained that the three Societies who had sent delegates, in order of their seniority, were :— 1. The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, which repre- sented all interests from the nursery to the saw-mill, and included in its membership landowners, nurserymen and timber merchants. The Society also dealt with the scientific and educational side of Forestry. 2. The Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society, Limited, a society of comparatively recent origin, which had been in existence about three years; the membership consisted of landowners, the acreage of whose land under wood represented a large proportion of the whole of such acreage in Scotland. 3. The Home Timber Merchants’ Association, which was formed to represent the larger interests of the home timber merchant. Captain STIRLING also intimated that there were one or two representatives on the deputation who did not belong to any of the foregoing societies. Captain Stirling stated that he proposed to indicate briefly the various points with which the deputation would deal, and that he would leave the elaboration of these points to the delegates themselves, as they would be able to give first-hand information. He emphasised the point that the members who would speak knew the actual facts and had been all their lives in the timber trade. Captain Stirling raised the question of keeping a record of what took place at the meeting, and stated that the deputation were prepared to leave it to the tailway companies to decide this point, but he expressed the hope that permission would be given to circulate a report of the meeting amongst the members of the societies represented. He 190 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, suggested that the report should be submitted in draft to the railway companies for their approval. Mr CurysrTat, in reply, stated that the railway companies would be glad to hear what the deputation had to say and that they would decide afterwards whether they approved of the report which it was proposed should be submitted to the members of the different societies. Captain Stirling agreed to the proposal and proceeded to refer to an agenda which had been drawn up of the points it was proposed to discuss, and stated that in this agenda certain figures were quoted, and asked whether it might be assumed that these figures were before the railway companies. Mr CurysTat, in replying to Captain Stirling, informed the deputation that the railway companies were in absolute ignorance of the reason for the deputation, that to a certain extent they understood it had to do with the afforestation of land in Scotland, and that the price paid by them for home timber had an indirect bearing on this point. He understood they had merely come to hear certain points which the deputation had to put before them. Captain Stirtinc remarked that he thought it was under- stood that the principal object was to lay before the railway companies the difference in the prices they were paying for home and foreign timber and to ask for a remedy. Captain Stirling then called upon Mr Sime to speak on the difference between Baltic and home timber prices. Mr SiMe_ pointed out that the present price of home sleepers was about 3s., and that Baltic sleepers of the same specification were being sold at 4s. 6d. and 4s. 7d., being a difference in price of about 1s. 6d. to 1s. 7d. per sleeper in favour of the foreign article. For the years 1909 and rgro the difference was only about 5d. per sleeper, and he asked if the railway companies could state how this difference was accounted for. Mr Sime maintained that the Scots pine sleeper was better in quality than the Baltic sleeper, and gave as one of the reasons for this that the home-grown Scots pine sleeper is taken from root cuts, whereas the Baltic sleeper is taken from middle and top cuts. He explained that the railway companies in their own specifi- cation laid down that there must be only two sleepers cut from the block, and to get these two sleepers it was necessary for the Baltic merchants to go far up the tree with their cuts. Mr Sime expressed the view that the railway companies ought to RAILWAYS AND HOME TIMBER. I9gTt know better than anyone else that the home-grown Scots pine sleeper was superior to the foreign. Mr CurysTal, in replying to Mr Sime, stated that the railway companies were giving the prices asked by the merchants, and that it was really a case of giving more for the foreign at present than less for the home. The probable reason for this was that they found that after buying all the available supply of home sleepers at the price asked they had to go abroad to meet their requirements, and pay the price asked for by the foreign merchant. He stated that if they could get them they would probably buy nothing but home-grown sleepers, but that apparently there was not a sufficient supply. He thought that the specification of the home sleeper was easier than that of the foreign, and he expressed his own personal opinion in emphatic terms to the effect that he considered Norway sleepers were much better than home-grown sleepers. Dealing with the general question before the meeting, Mr Chrystal said that he understood the question was one of re-afforestation in Scotland, and that this was at the back of the idea in getting better prices, and he expected that the deputation would make a very strong point of this question. He informed the deputation that he himself was a landowner, that he grew and sold timber, and realised how small its value was. As regards the question of the prices paid, he said that the railway companies, so far as his information went, bought as much home timber as they could get. He admitted that the prices were different, and stated that this was accounted for by the fact that the companies could not get a sufficient supply of home-grown sleepers. He supposed that the Scottish timber merchants and others got the best price they could for their timber, but he did not know how these prices were arranged. After the railway companies had bought as many home-grown sleepers as they could get they had to go abroad and purchase the balance at the prices quoted by the foreign merchants. He'said that this year the railway companies were unfortunately in the position of having to pay more to the foreign merchants than previously, and he presumed this was the reason for the deputation waiting on them. He pointed out that the railway companies do not prefer to go abroad for their timber if they can buy it at home, and that he thought the Scots timber merchant gets better prices than the foreign merchant, seeing the specification of the Scots timber was, as 192 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. he had already pointed out, easier. He further stated that he would, if offered Norway and home timber sleepers, everything else being equal, prefer the Norway. Captain Stirtinc thanked Mr Chrystal for his statement, which gave the deputation speakers a line to go on, and stated that the main point in the contentions of the deputation was that the prices have gone up for foreign sleepers, but not in the same proportion for home sleepers within recent date, that if the prices were compared five or six years ago it would be found that they were then almost identical, but that the foreign sleeper had been rising in price, although there had not been a corresponding rise in the price of home sleepers, and that the interests represented in the deputation would do everything possible to put both prices on a level. He then intimated that he would call upon two or three speakers able to deal with the question of the quality of the home-grown Scots pine and the question of supplies, and stated that the remarks of these delegates would go a long way towards dealing with the points raised by Mr Chrystal. Mr Tom Jones, of Messrs James Jones & Sons, Ltd., Larbert, said he thought it right to tell the representatives of the railway companies exactly what was in his mind in speaking that day, and, to put it shortly, it was simply this :— That he thought the railway companies of the United Kingdom on principle should give to the home timber merchants as good prices as they were giving to the foreign timber merchants, for timber of equal value for their purposes. At the present moment the home timber merchants were selling their sleepers at 3s. and 3s. 2d., and, in some cases, were paying a considerable amount of carriage to the depot of the railway company, whilst the foreign merchant was getting about qs. 7d., or a difference roughly of about 1s. 5d. per sleeper. Whilst he was not prepared to prove that the home sleeper was superior to the foreign one, although he believed that to be the case, still the fact remained that the long experience of the railway companies themselves proved that the home sleeper was just as good as the foreign one. They were quite aware that they could not supply all the railway companies’ wants, but that was no reason why they should not be able to supply what they had at as good prices as those given to the foreigners; and if the companies would give at the present time the same price for RAILWAYS AND HOME TIMBER. 193 the home sleepers as for the foreign ones they would be surprised at the greatly increased supply they would get. Owing to the small price they were getting, it paid home timber merchants to put sleeper timber to other uses, but a price equivalent to the foreign sleeper would transfer a large portion of this timber into the sleeper market. He held that home timber merchants were giving to proprietors, in proportion to what they were getting themselves, as good prices as it was possible for them to give. In fact, those proprietors who had already made the test and sold their wood in the market had found that that was so. It was clear that the better price they got in the home market the better price they would be able to give to proprietors, and, in accordance with these better prices, so there would be greater encouragement to proprietors to go on planting more timber. As they were all doubtless aware afforestation on a large scale was held to be one of the most effective methods of keeping our people on the land. It was simply appalling to think that more people were annually leaving Scotland than were being born into it. It was clear also that if the railway companies adopted a wise broad policy in regard to home timber, and this resulted in the encouragement of afforestation, they themselves in the long- run would be great gainers, as a large portion of the cost of home timber was always represented by railway carriage. Be- sides, it was to their interests that their sources of supply should be as wide as possible, as in giving home timber of every kind fair play in the future they would be able to keep the foreigner much better in his place regarding his prices than they had been able to do in the past. Mr Jones finished up by appealing for a preference, just, indeed, as the Canadians gave the Mother Country a preference, but if they could not see their way to give a preference then they should at least give them equality and, if they did so, then not only would they be doing justice to the interests represented by the deputation, but they would be doing justice to the interests of the railway companies themselves. Mr Jones then exhibited a piece of home spruce which had been in the roof of a building at Larbert for twenty-five years and was still in_ perfect condition. Dr BortHwick then spoke with regard to the durability of home-grown Scots pine, and stated that it had been tested up to the hilt in previous times. In experience it had been found 194 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. that for structural work the lasting qualities were proved to be very great, that Scots pine compares extremely well with Baltic timber for joisting, etc., and that in many other departments its well-known qualities have been tested. He took up the point made by Mr Chrystal that Norway pine is more lasting than Scots pine, and disputed Mr Chrystal’s contention. In support of the view held by himself he stated that Scots pine contained more resin, which is, in itself, a natural preservative, and that the conditions of soil and climate under which Scots pine is grown here, are equal to those under which the same tree is grown in Norway. He thought that future tests would show that Scots pine grown in Scotland is equal to, if not better than, that grown in Norway, and that experience already gained had shown the former to be extremely durable. He was quite sure that for sleepers Scots pine ought to do as well as imported timber. He informed the meeting that Prof. Myer, who had wide experience of continental forests, expressed the opinion that the Scots pine which he saw in Scotland was the finest he knew in Europe. Mr Speirs, who has had considerable experience in the west coast, spoke with regard to supplies in that district, and stated that it was found to be extremely difficult to compete with the foreign timber merchant owing to the low rate paid for the home sleeper. He thought this was a pity seeing there was so much available timber being lost to the markets. He had carried out tests and found that home-grown sleepers would last longer than Baltic ones, and this was accounted for by the fact that Baltic trees were grown cleaner than ours and therefore they could go longer up the stem with their cuts. He maintained that it was only the question of cost which prevented a large quantity of timber being made available for the market from the west coast, and that an increase in the price would do away with this scarcity to some extent. Mr M‘Cosu of the North British Railway Company said that to him it appeared as if the question was one of getting the timber to the market at a price, and he mentioned the difficulties there were in getting supplies from the home timber sellers. It seemed to him that if it could be arranged to supply big quantities of home-grown timber, there would be no difficulty in disposing of it at a good price and in competing on absolutely equal terms with the foreign sleeper. He said that if the foreign RAILWAYS AND HOME TIMBER. 195 timber is not proved to be better than the home-grown timber, his company would certainly take all their sleepers from the home merchants, but, of course, they would have to get all they require. Mr GiLsert Brown then spoke as to the visible supply of Scots fir in the north. He said there was much timber in inaccessible places which could be brought down to the railway, and gave as his view that there was 600,000 to 800,000 sleepers visible and that if more remote lots were taken into consideration another 250,000 might be added to this estimate. The latter, owing to the high altitude in which they are growing and the consequent difficulty of transport, cannot, at the present rate offered for sleepers, be placed on the market. If, however, a slight rise in price could be got, they could be dealt with, and the benefits would not rest with the owners alone but also with the railway companies, as the timber is well matured and of splendid durability, and when cut up is more like pitch pine than ordinary Scots pine, and is altogether vastly superior to the quality of sleepers got from the Baltic. Mr Witson of Auchinleck dealt with the supplies which could be got from the west coast, Ayr, and the south-west of Scotland. He said that there was not a great deal of Scots pine suitable for sleepers in those districts, but that if a fair price was given a larger supply would certainly be available. In the meantime, the Glasgow and South-Western Railway did nct use any home- grown sleepers and this was one of the reasons why he had not taken up the supplying of Scots pine sleepers. He used the Scots pine which he bought for other purposes, but would be prepared to use it for sleepers if the price showed a better profit. He also stated that, if the railway companies had any real sympathy with afforestation, there are many things which they could use home-grown timber for, which they did not at present do. Mr Witson of the Highland Railway had great sympathy with the objects of the deputation, but, from a business point of view, he said it could not be expected that the southern railway companies would pay more than they were bound to pay for home timber in the open market. The question of home and foreign sleepers did not really affect his company as they used only home-grown sleepers. He said that it seemed to him that one of the main points for the societies to consider was, whether 196 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. they could deliver Scots pine sleepers at an equivalent or less price than foreign sleepers, and in sufficient quantities. Since Mr Brown had spoken he had made a small calculation which went to show that the 750,000 mentioned was a very small quantity compared with the consumption, and that if anything was to be done a business proposition must be put forward. He also emphasised the fact that it was apparently necessary to have a method of dealing centrally with the timber. Mr M‘CosH here stated that his company were on the look out just now for 250,000 sleepers and would purchase these from home merchants on the same terms as from foreign merchants. Mr Jones asked if they would give equal prices, and he also asked whether they would take the sleepers free on rail at any point on their system or would insist on deliveries at their depots. Mr M‘Cosh did not commit himself definitely on these points. Mr Mitne Home spoke from personal experience of the supply which could be got from the South of Scotland, and said that they could not of course give as large supplies as the North or Centre of Scotland. At the same time this question was far more important to the South of Scotland than elsewhere, and if instead of the present price they could get a better price a very fair supply of sleepers could be got from the South of Scotland, whereas at present there were none at all being supplied as the timber was being used for other purposes. Mr M‘Cosu stated that the railway companies were asking for home timber from time to time, and he appealed for organisation which would enable larger supplies to be made available. Mr SypNEy J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty was called upon by Captain Stirling to put the case before the railway companies’ representatives in a concrete form. Mr Gammell — stated that he did not think he could do more than consolidate the statements made by the other delegates after the exhaustive way the subject had been dealt with by them. He entirely endorsed what had been said by Captain Stirling, that any proposition must be made from a business point of view. The Societies represented did not pretend that it was possible for their members to supply all the railway sleepers required, but believed that there was a considerable quantity of home RAILWAYS AND HOME TIMBER. 197 Scots pine suitable for sleepers, and that with increased prices increased supplies would be available, which would exercise a steadying influence on the price of the Baltic sleeper. It was in the interests of the railway companies that encouragement in the form of increased prices should be given to the planting of extensive forests both by private and public enterprise, because such planting would do good to the country as a whole, and the railway companies would be bound to benefit by the increased prosperity of the country and the increased traffic which must follow it. He maintained that, quality for quality, the home producer should be put on an equal footing with the foreigner. He appreciated what had been said by Mr M‘Cosh with regard to deliveries, and something might be done to meet this difficulty. With regard to the place where delivery should be given, he thought it would be good policy for the railway companies to take deliveries on any part of their system rather than at one point, as they would thereby get larger quantities, and that at any rate railway companies should carry the sleepers to their central depots at cost price. When considering the relative prices of the home and imported sleeper the question of freight had to be considered, but the difference in price did not correspond with the cost of carriage. What the Societies wanted was encouragement by increase in price, so that ultimately a large annual supply of home sleepers could be given. The railway companies must appreciate the business point of view of such a proposition, and he hoped that as a result of the views put forward by the deputation, the timber producers and suppliers would in future receive better prices, which would do good both to them and to the railway companies. Mr Curysral, in replying to the whole points raised by the deputation, said he noticed there was a distinct difference in the position taken up by the merchants and growers, and that it was the work of the timber merchant to collect the supplies. His company sent out their specification and asked for offers, and the price was fixed by the merchants, not by the company. Mr Frank Scott took exception to the statement that the company did not fix the price, and Mr Chrystal, while recog- nising the reasonableness of Mr Scott’s intervention, considered that he (Mr Chrystal) was entitled to make the statement he had made on this point. They took as many sleepers as they 198 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. could get from the home timber merchants, and had to get the rest elsewhere at the lowest price they could. In concluding, Mr Chrystal promised that the railway companies would give due consideration to the whole matter as placed before them by the delegates. Captain Srirtinc then moved a vote of thanks to the Chairman and the Representatives of the railway companies, and stated that the deputation had not expected a definite reply then, but were glad to know that the railway companies would consider the case that had been put before them. Note.— Since the date of the meeting several of the Scottish railway companies have agreed to buy sleepers of home-grown timber at the same price as foreign sleepers. It is hoped that in response to this concession an effort will be made by the timber trade to ensure a regular supply of sleepers of such a quality as will challenge comparison with the foreign article. The Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society have already undertaken contracts for the supply of sleepers at 4/5 each delivered. 23. A New Disease on the Larch in Scotland. (With Plate.) By A. W. BorTHwIck, D.Sc., Lecturer on Forest Botany, University of Edinburgh, and MALcoLM WILson, D.Sc., F.L.S., Lecturer on Mycology, University of Edinburgh. On the 22nd May 1912, Mr Donald Grant, forester to Sir John Stirling-Maxwell on his estate of Fersit in Inverness-shire, sent to one of us specimens of Zavix europea with a fungus disease on the leaves, which, he remarked, bore a striking resem- blance to the pine leaf rust, Perzdermium pini f. acicola. An examination of the specimens in the laboratory leads to the conclusion that the fungus present must be provisionally included in Peridermium, a genus of the Uredineae, consisting of a number of species parasitic on Gymnosperms, of which only the ecidial stage is known. Klebahn,? in 1898, described a species of this genus parasitic on the larch, which he named 1 Reproduced by permission from Votes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, March 1913. 2 Kulturversuche mit hetericischen Rostpilzen, Bericht vii. (1898). Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkr., Bd. ix. 1899, p. 14. A NEW DISEASE ON THE LARCH IN SCOTLAND. 199 Eadium (Peridermium) Laricis and, although the form under discussion does not agree in all respects with Klebahn’s description, the differences are too slight to justify the creation of a new species. In the same paper Klebahn shows that Ewdium (Peridermium) Laricts is the zcidial stage of AZelamp- sordium betulinum. As the occurrence of Peridermium Laricis has not been previously recorded in Scotland, the following information may prove of value to those interested in forestry. In his observations of the appearance of the fungus, Mr Grant found that the larch was attacked early in the season, and that the fungus was fully developed on leaves when they were about three weeks old. It is interesting to note that, in his subsequent observations, he found the branches had shed their diseased leaves by 30th July, and, in consequence, no further material was available for examination. This would indicate that the stage of the fungus upon the larch runs a rapid course, and may thus account to some extent for the fact that it has previously escaped observation.’ The fungus is almost always found on the under surface of the leaves but occasionally on the upper side. The ecidia are arranged in rows on one or both sides of the midrib, and are separated by short, irregular intervals (Figs. 1, 2, and 3, Pl. I1.). The number of ecidia on each leaf is variable, but is usually 6-15. Each group of spores is enclosed by a delicate white protective covering, the pseudoperidium, which, at maturity, has the form of a cylinder, slightly flattened laterally and open at the upper end. The pseudoperidium varies from ‘5-7 mm. in height, *5-"7 mm. long and ‘3-4 mm. wide. In the earlier stages it is closed, and then the cylindrical part is terminated by a bluntly conical upper portion (Fig. 14). The ripe ecidio- spores are set free by the irregular rupture of the apex of the pseudoperidium, and, in consequence, after dehiscence has taken place, this is terminated by a ragged or lacerate margin (Fig. 1a 1 Arthur and Kern, in Bull. Torr. Bot, Club, vol. xxxiii. 1906, p. 403, definitely placed this species in the genus Peridermium ; the fungus is therefore described as Peridermium Laricis (Kleb.), Arth. et Kern, by Saccardo in the Sylloge Fungorum, vol. xxi. 1912. 2 A re-examination of diseased larch leaves, sent by Mr Murray, forester at Murthly, Perthshire, in June 1911, shows that the fungus present is an early condition of Pertdermium Laricis, 200 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, and Fig. 4). Occasionally two adjacent pseudoperidia become partially or completely fused together (Fig. 2). The wall of the pseudoperidium is one cell in thickness, the cells being rhomboi- dal or polygonal in shape and the walls finely verrucose (Fig. 7). The numerous spores are orange-yellow in colour and rather irregular in shape, ellipsoidal or polyhedral, about 16-22 p in length and 14-18 » broad. The spore wall is evenly verru- cose, except a small area, which is smooth, and thinner than the remaining portions. Fig. 6 represents a spore in optical median section, and Fig. 5 in surface view. It will be seen that the outer part of the wall consists of a number of rods of material placed perpendicularly to the surface (Fig. 6). Before dehis- cence takes place the spores are found arranged in chains at the base of the pseudoperidium ; when the latter ruptures they easily separate and escape from the opening at the upper end. A fungus known as C@oma Laricis bears a considerable resemblance to tte form just described on the larch. Caoma Laricis produces orange-yellow spots on the leaves, but is at once distinguished from Perzdermium Laricis by the entire absence of the pseudoperidium, as well as by differences in the sculpturing of the spore wall. Caoma Laricis has been shown by Klebahn and others to be the ecidial stage of six different species of Me/ampsora, in which the uredospore and teleutospore stages occur on various species of Populus and Salix. Although no definite record of the occurrence of Peridermium Laricis in Great Britain or Ireland has been made [The atten- tion of the authors has been recently called to a paper by Mr W.S. Jones on Melampsoridium Betulinum (Quart. Journal of Forestry, Vol. V., No. 2, p. 137), where he records the discovery of this disease in Bagley Wood, near Oxford, in torr. We regret that, inadvertently, this important paper was overlooked. Dr Somerville informs us that the disease is very common in Ireland.], it is probable that Plowright,! in 1891, carried out ex- periments with this species. This investigator discovered a form of Ceoma Laricis near King’s Lynn, the ecidiospores of which, when placed on Betula alba caused infection, and, in course of time, the uredospore and teleutospore stages of A/elampsora betulina were produced. A subsequent infection of Larix europea by the germinating teleutospores produced spermogonia only. 1 Kinige Impfversuche mit Rostpilzen, Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkr., Bd. 1. 1891, p. 130. — — a ; F ba "4 7S - s od Aik : wes. 7 NOTES ON SILVICULTURAL INTEREST. 207 Japanese larch. The foliage and the cones (which these plants are now producing) are identical with the leptolepis, and the outward appearance and vigour of growth may be entirely due to climatic conditions; but it is very improbable that these plants are a cross between Larix europea and Larix leptolepis, since, from observations made here, the flowering season of the two species does not seem to coincide. We have now many thousands of these plants on this estate— all are fine growers, but those referred to are the only ones of their kind forming a pure crop, while it is believed that they are the oldest and largest of their kind. I do not think that planters will err in cultivating as many plants as possible from home-grown seed. Alongside of these larches is a plantation of the Western Hemlock (7%suga albertiana), which was formed in 1907, also with plants raised from home-collected seed.. The plants were put out when 4 years old, having been twice transplanted. The planting was done on the pitting method at 4 feet by 4 feet. The plants were then 30 to 36 inches high; their average height now is about 11 feet, and the average circumference at 1 foot from the ground is 6} inches. This tree is usually looked upon as being frost tender, but so far no damage has been done to it by frost, although the situation it occupies is quite open, and other species such as Douglas fir (7huja gigantia) and Sitka spruce have all suffered. Last winter was a very severe one in this particular place. The young trees were for some time completely covered with snow—only a mound appearing to mark where the largest of them were present. When the snow disappeared, however, the plants stood erect and no evil effects have followed. They are much more root-firm than the neighbouring Douglas firs, many of which, from their excessive mass of foliage, are bent over with the wind. The height-growth of the albertiana is much greater than that of the Douglas firs, but the diameter of the stem is about the same in both. As in the case of the Japanese larch, albertiana seed is both scarce and dear, and the prices quoted in nurserymen’s catalogues make the planting of this species as a forest tree prohibitive. On this estate we have many thousands, and beyond shading against the direct rays of the sun during germination, and giving overhead protection from frost during the first two 208 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, winters, the mode of treatment differs but little from that of common nursery stock, and the cost of rearing is but little more. It is to be noted that small birds are exceedingly fond of the seeds—red lead being of no use as a protection—consequently it is necessary to protect the beds with bird-proof netting as soon as they are sown. The tree is of rapid growth and is sufficiently hardy to with- stand an open exposure. The stem is always very straight, and the slender side branches and the flexible nature of the tree make it little liable to destruction by storms. I believe that a plantation formed of this tree, pure or in mixture with the common larch—both being about equal in rate of growth—would help to prevent the spread of the larch disease. Unlike the common spruce the hemlock will not act as a nest for the chermes. The durability! of the timber grown in this country is not known—it is harder and closer grained than the common spruce, while the rate of growth is much more rapid, and altogether the tree is worthy of cultivation on all situations suited to its growth. A general method practised in rearing shade-bearing conifers in.a frosty situation is to rear in advance a protective fore- growth of some hardy varieties—generally birch, but larch has also been tried in this way. An area of about 30 acres was cleared in 1904 of a fully matured crop of larch and oak. In 1907-8 most of the ground was planted with larch at 10 to 12 feet apart. In rgto the spaces between were filled in with Douglas fir, a part being tried with Cupressus Lazsoniana and Thuja gigantia. It was expected by this means that the larch would have a sufficient ascendency over the Douglas firs, and that it would act as a nurse to these and also form a protection against damage by frost, while by such isolation the chances of spreading the larch disease would be less. All varieties have done exceedingly well, but from the fast-growing nature of the Douglas fir it looks as if these will soon overtop the larch. Perhaps the planting of the Douglas fir should have been deferred for a year or two longer. 1 The Canadian Forestry Journal, vol. ix., No. 4, April 1913, p. 57, reports the ‘‘life” of railway sleepers as follows:—Cedar, 9 years; larch, 8 years; hemlock, 7 years; Douglas fir, 7 years; Jack pine and spruce, 6 years. Hon. Ed., 7vansactions. NOTES ON SILVICULTURAL INTEREST. 209 Utilisation of scrub as nurse for frost-tender plants—Whenever anything in the form of scrub naturally exists this is taken advantage of and thinned out as required, leaving the most suitable plants as a protection for the young crop until it is above the frost line. Conversion of old oak coppice to contferous high forest.—Through altered conditions the cultivation of oak coppice is no longer profitable, consequently these are thinned out and replaced with a shade-bearing coniferous crop. A sufficient number of the coppice-shoots are reserved to form a cover on the ground until the young crop is established, and are removed at periods of 4, 5 and 6 years after planting. Semicircular planting spade.—Another matter of great import- ance is the method of planting. For several years past all planting has been done with the semicircular spade. The system is almost identical with that of pitting, while the expense is very little more than by the notch system. Experienced men can make in ordinary ground from 800 to 1200 holes in a day— two planters instead of one are, however, required to each spade. That is all the difference as regards time between this method and the barbarous notch system. The after-results do much more than compensate for the small extra expense. When the soil is of a poor or stiff retentive nature a little of a richer mixture can be introduced, thus giving the plant a start in life. By this method the roots are put perpendicularly under the plant and are not one-sided and doubled up like a lot of golf clubs, as is generally the case in notch planting. Notched plants with such twisted and deformed roots generally become affected with either one or other of the root fungi, usually Polyporus tnosus. The method is of considerable importance, especially in forming margins and in planting exposed situations, as owing to the roots being perpendicular the plant develops evenly, and the roots anchor it to the soil on all sides alike. The young tree is also more easily planted erect, and is more firmly held in position. Wind-proof margins —Much care and judgment are necessary, not only in the planting, but also in the selection of species when forming margins. Many examples that meet the eye throughout the country indicate lack of judgment in planting and in the selection of suitable species, and the neglect of 210 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. managing in such a manner as to encourage the trees to develop a mass of strong roots, together with strong side branches, forming a close barrier to the wind. If this matter was properly. attended to destruction by gales would be reduced to a minimum. Notwithstanding the large amount of damage done by recent gales and the large amount of timber suddenly thrown on the market, the demand and prices for timber, especially converted timber of all kinds, is on the increase, which alone should give encouragement to afforest all available waste ground. 26. The Use of Explosives in Forestry. By Dr ALEXANDER LAUDER. The use of explosives for removing tree-stumps from the ground has been common for many years. Recently, however, the more extended use of explosives in connection with clearing the land for planting, root pruning, breaking up the subsoil to improve the drainage, as well as for agricultural purposes, has been recommended. Whether the method is capable of this extended application depends not only on its efficiency but on its cost and its safety in the hands of ordinary workmen As far as the latter point is concerned there does not appear to be any danger if ordinary care and intelligence is exercised by those carrying out the work. With regard to cost, the following formula is suggested for calculating the cost of the explosive required to remove tree-stumps. For pine and fir trees the square of the girth in feet divided by 20 gives the approximate cost in shillings of the explosive required, e.g. for a tree 7 feet (SY) in girth “~~ ‘= 2s. 6d. approximately would be the cost of the 20 explosive required. For deeply rooted trees, such as the oak or elm, the cost would be about double this. As regards the weight of explosive to be used, this may be calculated from the girth of the tree as follows :— Pine stump, 5 feet in girth in light soil ae — Gee Oak stump, 4 feet in girth in very strong soil +* 4 = 16 ozs. I THE USE OF EXPLOSIVES IN FORESTRY. 211 The explosive in both cases is supposed to be gelignite. In the case of large stumps the main spreader roots must first be located and cut by exploding suitable charges underneath them. The method of blasting is to bore a hole either vertically or obliquely into the stump. The explosive is placed in the hole and carefully stemmed and fired by an ordinary or an electric fuse in the usual way. For the purpose of clearing land of scrub or heavy under- growth, it is recommended that holes 3 feet deep should be made in rows in the ground, the distance between the holes in each row being about 12 feet and the distance between the rows to feet. The holes in the adjacent rows are not placed opposite each other, but alternately, as indicated in the diagram :— O O O O O O O O O In each hole a single 2-0z. cartridge of ‘“cheddite” is exploded. Where there are roots of heavier bushes the holes are made deeper and the amount of charge is increased. The explosion not only loosens the soil to such an extent that the scrub can easily be pulled up, but it also breaks and loosens the subsoil. For tree planting the hole should be from 3 to 4 feet in depth, and the charge 6 to 10 ozs. of “ gelignite” or 7 to 12 ozs. of “‘cheddite.” This should make a hole sufficiently large for planting the tree, or will loosen the soil so that it can easily be removed. The hole should be left for 24 hours before planting. A demonstration of the method, as applied to the breaking up of the subsoil on land to be used for fruit culture, was recently given on land at the Hall of Aberuthven, belonging to the Blair Estates Company, by Messrs G. P. Berry and W. Bruce of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture. Holes in rows were bored to the depth of about 2} feet. The distance between the holes was g feet and between the rows also 9 feet; 2 ozs. of cheddite were exploded in each hole, The demonstration was highly successful, the ground being cracked and fissured for a considerable distance round each hole A year or two must elapse before the full effect on the fertility of the land can be judged. It is difficult to lay down any very definite rules as to the amount of explosive to be used, so much depends on the nature of the soil. The soil referred to above was a fairly heavy clay, 212 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and the distance between the holes and the depth was what was found most suitable for this particular kind of ground. These details would need to be determined by a few preliminary experiments in each case. The cost, including labour, worked out at about £6, 1os. per acre, but no doubt this could be materially reduced when larger areas were treated and the men became expert in making and charging the holes. A direct trial of the method for clearing scrub or heavy undergrowth is desirable and would furnish the necessary evidence as to the cost of the method. 27. Continental Notes—Germany. By BERT, RIBBENTROP, C.I.E. Prof. Dr R. Albert, after most laborious, intricate, and searching analysis and experiments, extending over several years, has finished his investigations of the soils of the heather regions of North-Western Germany, and is now engaged in summing up the results arrived at, more especially in regard to their practical application and utility in the afforestation of waste lands. The eminent explorer of the secrets of soils intends, however, to undertake, in the course of the coming summer, a further inspection and re-examination of numerous pattern areas and research plots, before publishing his summary. We may expect many interesting and original conclusions, some of which are, however, already foreshadowed in the reports before the profession. The investigator finally and entirely does away with the opinion, till quite recently widely held, that the heather tracts of North-Western Germany were synonymous with sandy soils of low productive value, and shows that the development of heather growth is entirely due to climatic conditions, and is quite uncon- nected with the character of the soil; heavy loams and light sands produce heather within the heath regions, whereas outside their limits not even the poorest soils are heather clad, but are covered with inferior grasses and other low herbaceous growth. Dr Albert also explodes the equally widely spread misconception, that the soils in heather-covered areas are, almost without exception, bleached out in their upper layers, and rest on CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 213 seams of a ferruginous laterite formation (Ortstein), of varying thickness and at varying depth. This is not so. Even pure sandsoils, which can be proved to have been covered with heather for hundreds of years, show no signs of bleaching or of any indication of forming Ortstein. Such phenomena are more or less local, and have taken place whilst these regions were under forest, mostly in far-away times ; they occur, under certain conditions, even at present, where a layer of dried peat humus, overgrown with bilberries, cranberries and such like, has formed, in pure pine forests.1. The mischief can, however, be prevented, and in most cases even stopped in its earlier stages, by underplanting the pine with beech or other suitable deciduous species. In such cases, however, close planting must be avoided, as a dense canopy would interfere with the decomposition of the shed leaves and do more harm than good, especially on inactive soils. It may be accepted that wherever bleached-out soils and Ortstein are found under a heather canopy, the present growth was not the cause thereof, but only appeared when the previously existing forest had been destroyed. The belief in the almost general sterility of the heather regions of North-Western Germany was an unjustifiable invention by earlier writers, who rushed into print without looking below the surface of the outwardly uniform, wide-stretching heather tracts. It must be presumed that, by an unfortunate chance, they pitched on an area to which their description would apply, and that, misled by the outward uniformity of the picture before them, they generalised, and presumed the same uniformity to exist below the surface. It is a curious fact, however, that the original assertion remained unchallenged for many years, and that others, without further investigations, spent much time and thought in searching for causes and reasons which would explain the radical differences between the soils of the heather tracts east and west of the Elbe, which all the time did not exist. One of the most ingenious and audacious theories (they had naturally all to be invented in the sanctum of the study) put before a confiding public was, that the lands in North-Western Germany were exposed to only one long uninterrupted glacial period, in contrast to the areas farther east, where intermittent glacial periods took place, and that this prolonged ice-covering 1 A curious coincidence is the absence of worms in such deteriorating soils. 214 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. was quite sufficient to account for a more intense washing-out of the soils. However, this bladder is pricked by the recent progress in the geological surveys. It is already proved beyond doubt, that in the North-Western territories the deposits of at least two distinct glacial periods are in evidence, mostly separated by formations of interglacial character. There are thus practically no differences in the history or the composition of the deposits between the diluvium of the east and west of North Germany ; any divergencies which may now exist have developed since vegetation and man took possession of the land. Owing, to a great extent, to the accidents of agricultural tenure, belief in the old-fashioned theories regarding the inferiority of the heather-clad soils in North-Western Germany died slowly. Good bits of forests existed long ago, well-grown oak and pine trees surrounded most of the homesteads, and fields yielding satisfactory crops, chiefly of rye and potatoes, existed in the vicinity of the farms; those were considered oases, discovered ages ago in the desert of heather lands, and there was no incentive to search for and open out new fields. The peasant proprietors, owning sometimes extensive areas, were satisfied with the yield of the limited acres under cultiva- tion; it sufficed for their requirements. The cottager and labourer had no land to exploit. I lived in the Luneburger Heide at the time of the first awakening, nearly 50 years ago, and remember assisting in classifying lands as fit only for inferior sheep grazing, which are now covered with fine cereal crops. When Dr Albert first visited the Luneburger Heide these changes were already in an advanced stage, thousands of acres of old heather lands were covered with smiling fields, and it was recognised and of late verified by the geologic-agronomical survey, still in progress, that heavy soils are as often hidden under the cover of heather as light ones, and that often extensive areas of Jona fide loam soil exist. It was only necessary to lift the veil to discover that the better classes of soil formed the rule in these regions, and not rare exceptions as was assumed until recently. The heather tracts of North-Western Germany extend to about 14,300,000 acres; of these nearly 200,000 acres are covered with forest, and 10,800,000 acres are used for agricultural purposes, fields and pasture. The present waste lands aggregate, therefore, 3,300,000 acres, CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 215 including 1,700,000 acres of moorlands and 1,600,000 acres of mineral soils; of the former about 500,000 acres have been classified as ultimately fit for agricultural purposes, and of the latter 600,000 to 700,000 acres have been set aside for afforestation, leaving about goo,oco acres for agricultural purposes. It is only possible to realise the magnitude and character of Dr Albert’s work by following his labours in some detail. He began his soil investigations in Ebstorf, a forest division which he considers to be one of the most instructive and most interest- ing in the whole heather area. Here are somewhat extensive areas which have been under forests for hundreds of years, afforestations of various ages, untouched heather waste, and intensively cultivated fields. Most of the North German species of trees are represented here, and the soils range from the heaviest loam to the lightest sand. Albert made his analysis (hundreds in each locality) at a depth of o-10, 20-30, and 50-60 cm. in respect of clay, oxide of iron, lime, magnesia, soda, potash, phosphoric acid, and humus (Knop’s method). He divided the soils into stones upwards of 2 mm.; sands down to o'o5 mm.; clay-bearing portions o’o5 down to o‘or mm., and to finest dust below this. He also ascertained by Knop’s method their power of absorption of nitrogen. It would lead us too far to reprint even the summaries of his mechanical and chemical soil analyses, and these form but a portion of his work, which includes researches regarding the chemi-biological activity of the soils, their porosity and the water and air circulation within them. These experiments and analyses are, moreover, not confined to the Ebstorf division, but are spread over numerous centres in various parts of the heather regions. With the knowledge of soils that Albert discloses before me, I marvel at the many mistakes we made in the cultivation of these lands, in several of which I assisted as a junior assistant some 48 to 50 years ago; but exact forest science has made enormous strides since then. Albert made interesting investigations in Axstedt regarding the bleaching of the surface layers of poor inactive soil under dry peat, of which a to-cm. thick bed had already formed in a 55-year-old Pinus silvestris forest, and calculated, on..the basis of comparative analysis, that during this time 8100 kg. of 216 YRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, clay, 5700 kg. oxide of iron, goo kg. of calcium, and 300 kg. of phosphoric acid, have been washed down for each hectare. This is a valuable contribution towards the theory of the formation of Ortstein. The appearance of dry peat on soils inactive owing to the absence of lime, is encouraged by the cool and rainy climate of North-Western Germany, and constitutes the main danger to forests in these parts. Both deciduous forests and coniferous ones are affected thereby. How and to what extent this danger can be avoided and counteracted is best described in Edmann’s admirable publications,! To ascertain the bacterial life and activity in the soils was, till quite recently, a difficult and complicated process, requiring a special training and specially fitted-up laboratories. The time, labour, and cost involved in obtaining final results, though these were doubtless of high scientific value, were out of proportion to their practical utility in adjudging the general conditions of the soils under investigation. All this was changed by the genius of Remy, who elaborated a process by which certain chemical effects of the soil under analysis were ascertained, and from the results obtained direct conclusions of their bacterial activity were drawn. Thus, to ascertain the power of decomposition possessed by any soil, Remy mixed a known quantity thereof, in solution, with a known quantity of a 1°5 °/, solution of peptone. Keeping this mixture at a constant temperature, the amount of ammoniacal nitrogen separated in the same time limit gave the comparative activity, in this direction, of the bacteria in various soils. This is, on the face of it, a very simple, rapid, cheap, and at the same time accurate process, a fact which has been proved by numerous experiments made not merely by Remy himself, but by many other eminent scientists. The earlier elaborate researches gave, or pretended to give, the number and species of bacteria contained in a soil; whereas Remy’s process deals only with the direct practical results of their work. The activity of the soil as regards fermentation, its power to form saltpetre, to bind or liberate nitrogen, can all be gauged by the same method, different reagents being used to suit each case. It was evident to Albert that a process by which the 1 Die Heideaufforstung (1904), and Die Nord West Deutsche Heide in forstlicher Bestehung (1907). J. Springer, Berlin. CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY., 217 productive condition of agricultural soils subject to frequent variations, due to annual manuring, changing of crops, etc., could at any time be accurately ascertained, would be even more applicable to the more constant forest soils. It seemed, however, desirable to introduce for this purpose certain modifications and simplifications in the application of Remy’s method, and Albert studied the problem for a season in the well-known forest plots at Eberswalde, in the vicinity of his central laboratories, before applying the method to the heather regions under investigation. He selected four pattern plots, and took in each, at two different spots, samples of the soil every month from April to October. He scraped the soil from the walls of freshly dug pits of 30 cm. depth directly into sterilised glasses fitted with glass stoppers, and conveyed these immedi- ately to his laboratory. Here he put 300 grms. of each sample into sterilised sample glasses, and mixed them with 300 cub. cm. of sterilised water. After vigorously shaking the glasses for five minutes, the sand settled almost immediately at the bottom of the glasses, leaving the soil solution above it. This solution was carefully taken out with sterilised syphons and 5 cub. cm. of it, representing 5 gms. of soil, were then mixed with ro cub. cm ofa 1°5 °/, sterilised solution of peptone. This mixture was placed in test glasses within incubators in which a constant and even temperature of 25° centigrade (77° F.) was automatically maintained. After five days the quantity of separated ammonia was ascertained analytically. Fifty-six different analyses were made during the summer; the results were entirely satisfactory, showing that the intensity of the power of decomposition ascertained by this method was in direct and close relation with the known conditions of the soil of the pattern area. The possibility of making at one and the same time a large number of such analyses, without any considerable increase of labour and time, is of special advantage as regards forest soil, which, as elucidated by Albert’s experiments, are but rarely as uniform and homogeneous as the regularly worked up field soils. Dr Albert made many other experiments on Remy’s principles in regard to the formation of saltpetre, the intensity of fermentation, etc., and found that all of them were closely bound up with the activity of the soil as regards decomposition. In his subsequent biological investigations he therefore restricted his quantative analysis to this and to the intensity of fermentation. VOL. XXVII. PART II. P 218 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. As regards saltpetre, which is really of very small importance in forest soils, he was satisfied with qualitative analysis, which as often as not gave negative results. Whilst carrying on these biological researches he proceeded with investigations regarding the physical conditions of the soils, their porosity and behaviour towards moisture and air. The drying-up of the surface soil in the afforestation of old fields he found to be so extreme that the ground was frequently unable to supply any more moisture to the trees. It was at one time considered that this was the only cause of the dying of pine cultivations on such soils, but as the same drying-up happened, no doubt, to a somewhat less extent, on heather- covered afforestation areas, it was assumed that besides the drying-up of the soil some other reason existed for the large death rate. Albert made, however, upwards of 1200 careful experiments in the Minster forest division alone, in regard to the conditions of moisture in soils under different cover. The results of these have now led him to the opinion that the early deaths and rapid opening out on Scots pine afforestation on all but dona fide forest soils, is in almost every case not merely partially but entirely due to want of moisture in the upper layers of the soil. The roots of the young pine, spreading out in the surface soil, consume the moisture therein in proportion to the density of the crop, till there is no longer sufficient to go round, and a large number dry up. Those that are left, having individually more water at their disposal, gradually adapt themselves to the conditions and send, by and by, roots deeper down into the soil. Where natural regeneration has taken place in exactly similar localities no deaths among the young trees are observed, clearly proving that the deaths in artificial afforestation are not due to anything in the soil itself. The healthy existence of a large number of closely packed trees of the same or similar species, resulting from artificial afforestation, is only conceivable on old bona fide forest soils where, by the rotting of old roots, channels have formed, leading into the strata below the immediate surface. Albert was always sceptical in regard to the theory that the insufficiency of air in heather soils was one of the chief causes of the diseases and premature deaths in Scots pine afforestation ; but it was put forward with such authority by P. Grebner, who, CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 219 though not always reliable in his statements regarding the heather regions, found an increasing number of followers who could think of no other reason accounting for the mortality ; and Albert felt thus compelled to make independent researches in this direction. He had ascertained by numerous investigations on the various areas, that the porosity of the soils amounted to never less than 45 °/,., and that, unless lying within the zone of the natural water level, they cannot permanently retain more than 25 °/, of water, leaving, even when fully saturated, an open air space of not less than 25 °/,. Nowhere did he observe anything in the nature of the surface cover which could successfully resist the energy developed by the diffusion of gases, atmospheric pressure, the changes in temperature, evaporation, etc. Albert foresaw, however, that a further objection might be raised, viz., that in consequence of the stagnation of the air in the soil, it had lost its oxygen, and was solely or at least chiefly composed of nitrogen and carbonic acid gas, and had thereby become inactive and yalueless. This objection, if raised, could be met only by direct analytical investigations of the air in the soil. The chief, in fact the only real, difficulty connected with this investigation consisted in obtaining air from out of the interior of the soil, which could be guaranteed, and would be accepted as undiluted by the outer atmosphere. After many experiments and trials, Albert invented and constructed an instrument by which this difficult and delicate operation could be, and as a matter of fact was, successfully accomplished. The description of the instrument, its working, and the process of the subsequent analyses, cover nearly six pages of print, and we must content ourselves with the results he obtained. The average of a large number of analyses gave for air in the soil 19°79 °/, of oxygen, against 20°93 °/, in the outside air, and 0246 °/, of carbonic acid, against 0°03 °/, in the open. Albert’s concluding investigation took place mainly in the Miinster forest division, where the various methods adopted in the treatment of the very extensive areas afforested with Scots pine afford special object lessons. In addition to some older Scots pine afforestations, which are in a satisfactory condition, there are large areas broken up, during the closing years of last century, to a depth of 50 to 80 cm., by a steam-plough, others, where, at a somewhat later date, the soil was turned 220 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. over by horse ploughs, about 35 c.m. deep, and finally, extensive 3- to 4-year-old pine afforestations on lands on which the heather had in the first instance been burned and peeled off. In this condition the soil had remained for a year and was then ploughed up to the depth of some 20 cm. All these areas were sown. It is probably too early to judge the various methods by present results ; but, so far, the steam-plough culture is the least satisfactory, and that cultivated by the last- named method the best. The cos of the three different opera- tions was 8os., 48s., and 38s. per hectare respectively. These soils Dr Albert ascertained by analysis to be of very uniform character throughout, both in regard to their physical con- struction and chemical components ; they were for heather soil comparatively rich in lime. The humus conditions were analysed by Knop’s method, by which only the already active part of the organic matter in the soil is ascertained. They were most satisfactory, and showed as much as 5 to 7°/, of humus in the surface layers in all areas but those on which the steam plough had been at work. Here the humus averaged only 2°35 °/,. Pine afforestation of the Minster land should present little difficulty in comparison with those of Eastern Prussia, where centuries of mishandling the soils have even been more effective than the steam-plough at Miinster in removing the humus from the growing surface. ‘The deep breaking-up and turning of the soil with the steam-plough has, besides the evils already mentioned, also destroyed the capillary activity of the soil, and the moisture lost by evaporation cannot be replaced by water, which may be contained in the lower strata. The principle of having the soil in a loose condition at the surface and closely packed below must be the leading guide for all heather soils, which mostly contain a considerable proportion of sand. No working up of the soils is very much preferable to a faulty one. Albert considers that the spade and the hoe are the ideal tools for heather land cultivation and that they have, so far, not been replaced by any plough invented. In other localities, especially where a cover of dry humus overlaid the soil, the Geist-Kaehler grubber, already described in previous issues, has done excellently well as compared with the hoe. It mixes the dry peat and other organic matters thoroughly with the surface soil, without, like the plough, covering it up. CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 221 Even on waste lands grown over with grasses and other small herbaceous plants, it proved superior. The soil was mixed with dead and living organic matter to a depth of about 30 cm. and was, after being sown with Scots pine seed, in spring Ig11, subjected to treatment with somewhat heavy rollers. The seed germinated well, and the young plants resisted success- fully the summer and autumn droughts of that year; where, however, the rolling had been intentionally omitted the results were similar to those under the comparative hoe culture. The advantage of the rolled-grubber cultivation continued during the following year, as evidenced by the photos below of the yearlings of this (Fig. 1) and the cultivation with the hoe (Fig. 2) respectively. FIG. I. FIG. 2. These photos show clearly that the grubber plants have a much deeper and more rationally developed root formation, promising a greater power to resist in coming years the dreaded drying-up of the surface soil. The grubber can also be advantageously used in the afforesta- tion: of clear fellings or even of selection fellings, wherever a wheeled vehicle can move about. It is not necessary to remove the root stocks, which the grubber surmounts as easily as project- ing rocks. The difficulty in the use of the grubber comes in where dense undergrowth of berry-bearing shrubs and isolated heather clumps exist, as the long roots of these wind themselves round and round the roller. This difficulty has, however, been successfully surmounted by an ingeniously constructed cutter, the knives of which are pulled by horses or oxen through the ground, in two, 222 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. or where required, three different directions. Heaps of pulled- up roots and other debris form, especially after the second and third cutting, and these must be spread out by hoe and pitchfork. The cost of this operation was, in the most difficult localities, about 27s. per hectare. The grubber worked well on areas thus prepared, at a cost of 33s. per hectare, but nevertheless small heaps of organic debris formed again in its wake. In order to secure a most perfect preparation of the ground, it was found necessary to pull these to pieces and to mix them with the soil, at a cost of about 30s. per hectare. As a matter of fact the whole cost of a most perfect preparation of the soil over a very difficult area of 10°8 hectare, in the forest division of Gross Bartel in East Prussia, averaged only 85s. per hectare. Both plantings and sowings, where the latter had been carefully trodden down, were entirely successful. The preliminary cutting and the working of the grubber destroy the whole system of the under- growth and grasses so thoroughly that no sign of their reappear- ance has been observed so far. This not only renders it cheap to keep the cultivation clear, but secures the whole of the moisture in the surface soil to the young pine. 28. The Prices of Home Timber.! In accordance with the remit made to them on this subject by the General Committee on r5th January 1913, the Timber Sub-Committee have held several meetings. They have had before them a large amount of information regarding the prices at which home timber is sold in different parts of Scotland, both standing and in a manufactured state. They have also ascertained the prices at which foreign sawn timber of the usual commercial sizes is sold at the main ports of entry in Scotland. They have had the assistance, in their researches, of many prominent members of the timber trade to whom this report was submitted in draft and to whom the Committee ’ A Report by the Timber Sub-Committee of the Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society, Ltd., on remit to them by the General Committee as to general lines of policy to be pursued in view of the variation in prices between home and foreign timber, with the object of raising the prices of home timber. THE PRICES OF HOME TIMBER. 223 desire to express their gratitude. They beg to submit their conclusions as follows :— From go°/, to 95°/, of the timber used in this country is imported. Home timber is therefore of secondary importance to the trade, and prices are ruled by the foreign rather than the home supply. The timber imports of the United Kingdom amounted in 1912 to more than 500,000,000 cubic feet (the value of which is estimated at £28,350,000). The main sources of supply are Russia, Sweden and Finland, but there are also very large imports from North America. The particulars regarding these imports may be found in the Board of Trade Journal, where quantities are given in “loads” of 50 cubic feet. In the European markets the ‘“‘St Petersburg” standard of 165 cubic feet is generally accepted for deals, battens and boards, and all prices and charges are based on this unit; for log timber, z.¢., square balks of some length, the measurement is by the “load” of 50 cubic feet or the standard of 150 cubic feet. American timber is usually dealt with by the “load” of 50 cubic feet or by the cubic foot. There are numerous other conventional measurements, such as the “cubic fathom,” which need not be further referred to. Pitwood, and other similar material in the round, is commonly sold by the running or lineal foot, or by the 1009 lineal feet. For purposes of comparison it is necessary to reduce all these rates to a price per cubic foot. Foreign coniferous timber is not usually quoted by the name of the tree, the merchant’s classification being ‘‘ whitewood ” and “redwood.” These again are graded according to quality into three or sometimes five classes, and an additional class is described as “ unsorted.” Foreign timber not only rules the market prices but also commands a much higher price than home timber of the same quality, as the following figures will show :— Recent approximate quotations for east coast ports, for lengths up to 24 feet or 26 feet, taken from the Zimber Trades Journal in February 1913, were as follows :— Redwood— Ists. ands. 3rds. Ins. Per Standard. Cub. ft. Standard. Cub. ft. Standard. Cub. ft. BSoyir #18 10 2/3 £14 10 1/9 6120” “afgy 3» 9 TS". 1/10 Ete OF Di7 E2\ | 0) Tae Meh 8 oaecrss afb: oar. 5 -alabwn Fo. vbe ale 224 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Whitewood— Ists. 2nds. 3rds. Ins. Per Standard. Cub. ft. Standard. Cub. ft. Standard. Cub. ft. gaby. LE we At, ac i/f9 412 o «1/5 Atv 5 eee ee) L25o 1/6 TELECON) 1/5 Io 15 1/34 Bly 12° 0 1/54 i. ae 4 Io o 1/24 The following prices are taken from the invoice of a timber importer, a few months ago, before the recent sudden rise in prices. The prices include delivery, carriage free, at an inland station :— Price per Price per Feet Inches running foot. cub. ft. White deals ; 2A, ee DyAG 33d. 1/8 i, : Bee) ry ik 5d. 1/9°8 3 ; my ZO “Zeasay aid. 1/5°4 3 : SQA, (aaa 0 4d. 1/6 A. ; 924) | So aA: 1d. 1/6 Red battens and deals . 21 3 ,, 9 43d. 2/1 ” ” 1224 3. ton 7 3d. 1/95 rs - 2 24 | Zhi. 40 24d. 1/74 The 3 ins. by 11 ins. and 3 ins. by g ins. are of the best carpenter sizes of deals, and the other sizes are the best obtainable class of whitewood batten. The 3 ins. by g ins. and 3 ins. by 7 ins. red are of the best carpentry quality of deal, and the 2} ins. by 6 ins. batten is the best roofing or sleeper quality. This timber is all Russian and Swedish. Generally speaking, therefore, it may be stated that best quality foreign timber of standard deal sizes for building or similar purposes costs from rs. 2d. to 1s. gd. per cubic foot for white, and from rs. 3d. to 2s. 3d. for red. In log sizes the price is considerably higher. Home timber of similar quality is worth about rid. for white and ts. or 1s. 1d. for red, free on rail—that is, little more than one-half of the rates current for foreign wood. Owing to the smallness of supply and the difficulties of organizing the trade so perfectly as that for foreign wood, it is scarcely to be expected that the price for home timber can be quite as high as the price for foreign timber of the same quality. There seems no reason, however, why at least rs. 6d. should not be got for whitewood and ts. od. for redwood. This last price is given for home-grown larch in the wagon trade, for sizes THE PRICES OF HOME TIMBER. 225 7 ins. by 3 ins. and 7 ins. by 2} ins! The enormous difference which such prices would make on the price of standing timber is best shown by the following figures :— Whitewood. Redwood. Sale price of sawn timber on rail s- 11d. 1/6 1/E «FEO Cost of manufacture, viz. :— Felling and cross-cutting, dragging and hauling, saw-mill charges, etc., per cub. ft.? é: : =) od. Gd: 6d. 6d. Price of standing timber : 5 5d. “1/= 7d. 3/3 Increase in price : : on EAC, DEA It must, of course, be understood that these figures relate only to rst quality timber, and even the best standing crop must contain a certain proportion of 2nd and 3rd quality timber on which the increase in price would not be so great. A single instance of a similar comparison between home and foreign timber may be quoted. The price of railway sleepers from home-grown Scots pine is 2s. rod. to 3s. 2d. each, or about Is. per cubic foot. The price of 2nd and 3rd quality foreign red, which is the corresponding grade, is 1s. 9d. to 1s. 6d. per cubic foot, making the cost per sleeper 5s. 3d. down to 4s. 6d. It is well known from the long experience of the Scottish railway companies that home-grown are quite as good as foreign-grown sleepers. While the foregoing comparison illustrates the difference in current prices for home and foreign timber when both are utilised in the same markets, the situation is really far more serious than the mere figures would indicate, for in the principal industries in this country home timber is almost entirely ex- cluded. Even in well-wooded country districts foreign wood is almost invariably used in buildings, except on large estates possessing private saw-mills. The result is that the chief industries to which timber is applied are those requiring only the cheapest class of timber, such as the manufacture of packing- ce 1 In the wagon trade larch is held to be equivalent to foreign ‘‘ redwood ” of medium qualities. 2 No allowance is made for wastage in sawdust, slabs, etc., in sawing, as this is allowed for by the method commonly adopted for the calculation of the cubic contents of timber in the round. 226 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. cases, fish-boxes, herring-barrels, and certain descriptions of colliery timbers (¢.g. pit sleepers, pillar wood, etc.). It is often found that well-matured home timber of excellent quality which might compete on level terms with the best of foreign timber has to be manufactured for the foregoing purposes at a price which hardly pays the felling and sawing charges, and leaves little or nothing over to meet the cost of the timber in the round. The following represents a note of the prices which have had to be accepted recently by members of the Forestry Society.! Pit Sleepers—Scots pine, spruce, or silver fir. Price ' Price Size. per 100. per cubic foot. Zftxyseins. x72. 1S, 12/9 g°20d. 2 ft. 3 ins, x 5 ams. x 2 ims. 14/- 9°31d. 2 ft: 6 ims. x 5-ins. x 2 ans. 15/6 9'56d. 3 ft. g ins. x 5 ins. x 2 ins. 17/9 1o'22d. Crowns—Scots pine, spruce, or silver fir. Price Size. Price each. per cubic foot. 6 ft. x 6 ins. x 3 ins. 5d. 8:32d. 7 ft. x 7 ins. x 34 ins. 7d. 7° 25@: Hutch Cleading—ULarch and Scots fir. : Price per square yard. Price per cubic foot. Size. Larch. Scots fir. Larch. Scots fir. his . = in. 1/14 o4d. 1/8.6 1/2°5 I in. 1/3 rod. 1/8 1/"3 Deals—Spruce. Price each Price per cubic ft. Size. f.o.t. Glasgow. f.o.t. Glasgow. Io ft. to 12 ft.x 10 ins. x 24 ins. 1/104 to 2/3 1/t Boards—Spruce. Price per 1000 supfl. ft. f.o.t. Glasgow. 12 ft. x 6 ins. to 14 ins. x Zin. 75/- 1/o°5 ‘ : =i i 12 ft. x 6 ins. to 14 ins. x 3 in. 55/- 1/25 All the above prices were subject to a broker’s commission of 5 per cent. 1 The prices per cubic foot are based on the assumption that the sleepers have a wane of 20 % off squared cubic contents, a very ample allowance. THE PRICES OF HOME TIMBER. 227 It will be seen that the net price works out at the following approximate figures for home-grown manufactured timber :— Scots pine, spruce and silver fir pit sleepers and crowns 83d. per cubic foot. Scots pine boards. . FStad:s'5 # Spruce deals . : : ACG Saree as Spruce boards t ’ TS. rds) 3 Larch boards ‘ : FS2iSaas ee Battens of a good length—up to 20 feet and 4 ins., 5 ins. and 6 ins. by 2 ins.—pay better than pit sleepers, making up to 1s. 1d. per cubic foot, and occasionally higher prices are obtained for longer lengths and special outlets, ¢.g., deals up to 20 feet, for box-making, at 1s. 2d. without brokers’ charges. If the expenses of felling, dragging, sawing and consigning be taken at the modest estimate of 5d. per cubic foot for sleepers and 6d. per cubic foot for boards, the profits to be divided between landowner and timber merchant are approximately as follows :— Scots pine, spruce and silver fir pit sleepers. E 37d. per cubic foot. Scots pine boards. ; OSrode ‘5 Spruce deals and boards : Os; 7d. 5; 5s Larch boards 3 : ESsTs ts > It is not to be wondered at that in many cases even the best quality of Scots pine and spruce are unsaleable owing to their growing in remote districts, from which the cost of removal would exceed the ultimate market price. It is a significant fact that the same consumers who are buying home timber at the foregoing prices are buying foreign timber of the same size and quality and for the same purposes at a price which would make it possible to realise the timber, even in the remotest parts of Scotland, at a handsome profit. The foregoing remarks apply more particularly to the timber from Scots pine and spruce, which form the main bulk of the home supplies. The same principles apply, however, to other species. Larch being scarce and not subject to such severe foreign competition, usually makes a fairly good price. The hardwood market, which is an important one in the south of 1 The cost of sawing larch is greater than that of sawing Scots pine and spruce—say 7d. per cubic foot. 228 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Scotland, is in an unsatisfactory state, and might be much improved. This is partly due to the mixed nature of the crop in most plantations of broad-leaved trees and the high percentage of inferior timber. The recent rise in the price of foreign timber has been not less than 25 per cent., but unfortunately, with the exception of Scots pine, which has risen 5 per cent. to ro per cent., there has been no corresponding rise in the prices of home timber, which remain practically unaltered. The following seem to be.the chief causes of this :— t. Most architects expressly prohibit the use of home timber in their specifications. 2. The foreign supply is large and fairly regular. 3. The methodical system of conducting the trade in foreign timber. It would be idle to pretend that this unsatisfactory state of affairs is not due to some extent to the superiority of foreign timber over the home product. Foreign timber is_ either produced in the virgin forest, where tree stems are often of great length and perfect cleanness, or in forests which have been under scientific management for generations ; the immense size of these forests makes economic management easier and renders comparison with British woodlands impossible. Foreign timber also enjoys State protection, so that forestry is profitable and therefore commands capital and intelligence as a commercial concern. It should also be noted that wood pulping, which provides an outlet for the young and otherwise valueless thinnings of such timber as spruce, often contributes to the profitable management of the crop, as does the steady demand for firewood at good prices. It may, however, be observed that of recent years the quality of foreign timber has not improved ; many of the finest sources of supply have been depleted and others equally good have not been brought in to replace them; as a consequence many grades of timber which are now classed as rsts and 2nds are only equal in quality to those classed as 2nds and 3rds ten years ago. This fact taken in conjunction with the general rise in price of foreign timber, intensified at present by the very large increase in freights, should now make it possible for home-grown timber to compete on more equal terms with the foreign importations. THE PRICES OF HOME TIMBER, 229 We must add that not only is the foreign product, as a general rule, superior in quality to the home product, but the industry, by reason of its size and importance, has the advantage of thorough organization. The saw-milling business of Northern Europe and North-Western America and the merchants and brokers connected with the trade form highly organized bodies for the protection and advancement of their common interests. They conduct their business on up-to-date lines and deal in very large quantities. They are consequently in a position to gauge market requirements with great accuracy and to secure the highest possible prices. The supply of timber is not only large but also fairly regular, and the requirements of the various consumers, as to size, etc., are carefully studied. The timber is also carefully graded and each class is uniform in quality throughout. This is far from being the case with the home product. The want of organization is more injurious to the home trade than any inferiority of quality that may exist. That this is so is proved by the fact that even those timbers such as oak and ash, in which we have an admitted superiority, do not command a ready sale, for often it is found that consumers are short of supplies while producers are unable to find a market for their produce, and owing to the same want of organization rather than to inherent defects of quality the reputation of home-grown coniferous timber is so bad that it is often prohibited by architects in their specifications. Coniferous timber is mainly produced in the North of Scotland, but also in varying quantities in other parts of the United Kingdom. Hardwoods, especially oak, are very often the predominant crop in the South of Scotland and in England. Home timber of all kinds usually comes into the market in very irregular quantities, and at uncertain intervals. In some cases the lots offered are so small that it hardly pays a merchant to handle them; the marketing of the timber where the wood- land area is small presents a very grave difficulty, and one for which there is no ready or general remedy. There are several reasons for this: haphazard management is the fundamental trouble: many owners and managers of considerable woodlands do not know approximately the area of ground under timber ; the financial embarrassment of estates and recurrent windfalls, added to this haphazard management, 230 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, often contribute to cause disorganisation; so unprofitable on many estates has forestry proved in recent years that woods are often regarded as an expensive plaything and are maintained for ornamental and sporting purposes, the marketing of the forest products being a secondary consideration. By far the larger part of the timber is sold in the round to merchants, usually by private bargain. In too many cases no proper valuation is made, and even a proper measurement of the standing crop is sometimes omitted ; there are cases where even the precaution of counting the trees is not adopted by the seller. This method of purchase would appear to be very favourable to the buyer, who can make some sort of profit without much trouble ; and has helped to lower artificially the price of home timber, a process which is almost as injurious to the middleman as to the producer. Only a small amount is converted at saw-mills by the owners, and what is so converted is mainly for estate use. Very little is sold and no attempt is made to create a regular local market. Very few estate saw-mills are run on business lines, and in most cases no account is kept of the quantities and kinds of timber handled, nor is there any annual valuation of stock. Such a system is inefficient and unprofitable. - It may safely be said that in most estate saw-mills a proper annual balance sheet could not be produced, and if it could it would show a considerable deficit. To sum up—the exceedingly low prices current for home timber, standing or sawn, are mainly accounted for by— 1. A certain inferiority in some but not in all timbers, due to lack of proper silvicultural management. 2. The entire want of organisation which has hitherto existed among producers. . The lack of business methods and system in selling. 4. The mixed nature of many lots for sale, embracing some good and some bad trees; some species which the merchant wants, and other species which he does not want, but is nevertheless forced to take. 5. The irregularity and uncertainty of supplies. 6. The placing on the market of small lots which no timber merchant can handle economically. 7. The want of incentive to merchants who can buy the raw material cheap, to dispose of the timber at the highest market price procurable. Higher prices for standing Ww THE PRICES OF HOME TIMBER. 231 timber would force them to insist upon higher prices from the consumer. 8. Competition for contracts leading to excessive cutting of prices. g. High railway rates. The causes for the foregoing unsatisfactory condition of things have already been enumerated, and it only remains to examine two in detail :— 1. Cutting of Rates—Whereas the foreign producer dictates his price to the consumer, the home timber merchant has to take what he is offered, and in competing for orders his only chance of securing business is to quote a lower rate than his fellow-merchants. This tends to encourage undercutting, and the margin of profit becomes so small that true competition is paralysed, and only those merchants best situated locally can buy standing timber at a profit. The remedy lies in the hands of the landowners and the timber merchants conjointly. If the former firmly refused to sell their standing timber below its value, and if the latter resisted the temptation to undercut their trade competitors, and concen- trated their powers of organisation upon the improvement of market conditions, the home timber trade might become a more profitable industry to all concerned. 2. Cost of Railway Transport.——This cause alone renders a large proportion of home timber unsaleable except at a loss. Only the most valuable kinds can be transported in bulk, and so the secondary lots have to be manufactured 77 sttu by means of portable mills. In the case of conifers this system is quite satisfactory where the quantity is large, but it is impossible to deal with small lots in this way, and consequently they are wasted. In the case of hardwoods the position is more serious for it is difficult to manufacture hardwoods zw situ, and they must be delivered to the merchant in the log. As a rule, the price for small consignments cannot be adjusted until after delivery, which places the producer at such a disadvantage that he does not care to take the risk of consigning. In consequence, the trade in home hardwoods has become stagnant, and though there is a keen demand for good home-grown oak, ash and sycamore, none of these species can be easily procured in the open market, and substitutes have to be imported from abroad at high prices. 232 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, The trade in low-priced forestry produce is practically killed by cost of transport. The following example may be quoted. A proprietor in Inverness-shire wished to sell several thousand tons of clean birch timber, with a view to replanting a large area with a more valuable timber crop. An order was obtained of 20s. per ton delivered in Dundee, the cost of cutting and putting on rail was estimated at 4s. per ton, but the railway rate of 15s. 10d. made it impossible to accept the offer, and the birch still remains standing. In Scotland the railway rates vary according to the amount of competition, but on an average they probably amount to a little over 1d. per ton per mile, to which has to be added the terminal charges, which, on short journeys, often raise the total cost out of proportion to the value of the consignment. According to the figures given in Schlich’s Manual of Forestry, the average cost of transport for timber in England is 23d. per ton per mile, but this is probably an over-estimate. The same authority quotes the following rates for continental railways :-— Belgium : : ‘6 pence per ton per mile. France , : Sy eket, A i Germany : : WAGs bgp os : It will be seen from the foregoing statements that the present position is one which calls for immediate attention, and it only remains to consider what steps should be taken to improve the situation. The following suggestions are made with a view to discussion and criticism :— 1. The support of the home timber merchants should be enlisted, and their co-operation obtained in all efforts to raise the price of manufactured home timber. Even if they have to pay more for the standing timber, as they no doubt would, there would be a much larger margin available for profits both to the landowner and merchant. 2. The most paying markets in this country for foreign timber of standard sizes, such as can be produced by country mills without specially elaborate or expensive machinery, should be thoroughly investigated, and every endeavour made to introduce gradually home timber to the consumers who purchase in_ these markets. There are certain branches in the foreign THE PRICES OF HOME TIMBER, 233 trade, such as that for plasterers’ sawn laths, which do not offer any special inducement for competition. If deals and battens from home timber were cut into longer lengths than is at present customary, it might meet the demand in the building trade and result in better prices. 3. Supplies, even if not large, should be made as regular as possible to any consuming market, and the question of even quality and grading should receive much more attention so that a reputation for reliability may be earned. 4. Every possible effort should be made to induce proprietors not to sell timber below its proper value, and to have in the first place an accurate valuation made, If necessary and possible, timber should be held over for a year or so rather than sacrificed below its value. 5. Pressure should be brought to bear on architects not to exclude home timber from their specifications, if the quality is sufficiently good. The following form of specification would probably meet the case—‘ Only the best quality Foreign Redwood or Whitewood or Home-grown timber of equal quality to be used.” 6. Home timber merchants should be encouraged to keep stocks of ‘‘seasoned” woods cut to the sizes required in the building trades, as architects will, of course, not allow ‘“‘green” timber to be used. The question of seasoning is most important and will have to receive serious consideration. 7. In order to deal with mixed lots and also with the very small and practically unmarketable lots, it might be possible to establish a depot or a number of depots to which such lots might be consigned in a manufactured or semi-manufactured state, there to be classified and exposed for sale: if by degrees machinery could be provided at these depots for the conversion of this timber a solution might be found for one of the most baffling problems in the home timber trade. 8. Proprietors who have estate saw-mills should be urged to consider carefully the prices being obtained for sawn material. If such material is being sold locally at or below cost price, as is quite commonly the case, it VOL, XXVIII. PART II. Q 234 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, has a most unfavourable effect on the whole local market, and depresses the prices which can be obtained by the local timber merchants. ‘The latter naturally cannot, under such circumstances, give the best prices for standing timber. Estate saw-mills should charge prices for sawn material very nearly as high as the prices prevailing for foreign timber, even if in doing so their sales are for the moment slightly restricted. g. Either the Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society or the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society might, at the next Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, arrange for an exhibit of all the standard sizes of timber required by the building and other trades, exhibiting the home and foreign timber side by side, with relative prices. ‘This might have a most valuable educative effect. to. No summary would be complete that did not include a reminder that the future of the home trade depends in the long run on the careful and intelligent management of woodlands. In this all-important respect there is unfortunately no question that we lag far behind our foreign competitors. Leeported by :— J. H. Mitne Home (Convener). Ww. STEWART. GRAHAM. J. A. Howtson CRAWFURD. Joun StirLinc-MAxwELL. J. MacaLpPine Downle. Aucustus C, BAILLIE. SyDNEY J. GAMMELL. NOTES AND QUERIES. 235 NOFES AND QUERIES. THE Ripinc Process OF CREOSOTING TIMBER. The Controller of the Stores Department of the General Post Office, London (Mr G. Morgan, I.S.O.), has been good enough to inform the Editor that, for the purposes of experiment on a fairly large scale, his Department has recently arranged that, in those yards where the Post Office contractors have set up the necessary plant, all telegraph poles of the light and medium classes, together with those of the stout class which are 50 feet or upwards in length, will be treated by the Ruping process ; but stout poles under 50 feet in length, which are used to carry the main trunk lines, will, for the present, continue to be treated by the old process. The Rupingising of timber has been widely practised both on the European continent and in America. The process was adopted in Germany some eight or nine years ago, and has been largely extended there, year by year, with all present appearance of efficacy. In the United Kingdom creosote oil is relatively cheap, and the economy in its use resulting from the newer process is therefore of less importance than it is in continental Europe and America. Messrs Burt, Boulton & Haywood, Ltd., of Victoria Docks, London; Messrs Richard Wade, Sons & Company, of Hull; and Messrs Corry & Company, Belfast, are believed to be, at present, the only firms who have installed Riipingising plant in their yards. Messrs Wade have favoured the Editor with the following brief description of the process :— “The Ruping process of creosoting consists in subjecting the timber to be preserved to an air pressure of 50 or 60 lbs., after it has been placed and sealed up in the impregnating cylinder. Then, whilst maintaining the air pressure, the creosote, at a temperature of about 100 to 140°, is admitted to the cylinder from an overhead storage tank, and the pressure is then increased to 70 or 80 or too lbs. (or whatever may be 236 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. necessary according to the texture of the timber). After the desired pressure has been reached, it is taken off, either immediately or after a few minutes, and the oil is returned to the overhead tank. After this the impregnating cylinder is opened and the timber is found thoroughly penetrated by the creosote, but perfectly dry and clean, the air pressure inside the timber having opened up the pores of the wood to admit the oil, and having then driven out the superfluous oil from the interior of the pores of the timber and left only enough to impregnate the walls of the cells, which is quite sufficient for preserving them.” The aim is to saturate thoroughly the wood-fibre with the preserving liquid, without leaving any of it in the open spaces which these enclose, the result being that a smaller quantity of liquid is required than under the ordinary process. It is claimed that a deeper penetration is obtained, while the timber is left so clean and dry that it can be handled immediately after its removal from the cylinder, and can be painted after it has been in use for some time. The advantages gained by the process are thus summarised :— 1. A thorough saturation of the whole of that portion of the timber which can be saturated by the preserving liquid. 2. The absorption of only so much liquid as is necessary to accomplish this. 3. The oozing and sweating of wood is completely prevented, the timber being dry and clean. 4. A great saving in cost without reducing the life of the timber. The results of the process have been tested by Professor Baron von Tubeuf, of the Munich University, who has reported very favourably on it. Specimens of Rupingised wood may now be seen at our Secretary’s office, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. AFFORESTATION AT VYRNWY. The afforestation of catchment areas around reservoirs is an undertaking of the highest importance, since the influence of the forest is such that not only is the quantity of available water increased, but the purity and regularity of supply are made more certain. Many large corporations! have already realised these 1 See vol. xxiii., pt. I., January 1910, p. 22. NOTES AND QUERIES. 237 important facts, and in many districts great activity prevails in planting up catchment areas. Among the great corporations which have gone in for the afforestation of its catchment areas, Liverpool has been actively engaged in such work for the last 10 years, and recently the City Council has confirmed a great scheme of afforestation for the Vyrnwy area, which has been agreed to after prolonged negotiation between the Water Committee of the city and the Development Commissioners. The Liverpool water engineer, assisted by the head foresters of Vyrnwy and of Rivington,! made a special survey of the area, and reported that 4680 acres of land at Vyrnwy were suitable for planting, and after subsequent correspondence with the Development Commissioners, the Liverpool Water Committee in a recent report state :— “Tt will be seen that, in this final offer, the Commissioners have abandoned all their former proposals involving the pay- ment of interest or compound interest, and that they simply propose to make a grant to the Corporation representing the full expenditure necessary for planting an area of approximately 5000 acres, on condition that, in return for the advance, the Corporation enter into an arrangement for the payment to the Development Fund of the value of one-half of the produce utilised or sold from the area afforested by means of the money advanced.” In connection with the above we understand that the terms proposed still await the approval of the Treasury. DEER FORESTS AND SPORTING LANDS IN SCOTLAND. A Parliamentary return (538), moved for by Mr Dundas White, and recently issued, gives particulars of all deer forests and lands exclusively devoted to sport in the various counties of Scotland as at the coming into operation of the Small Landholders (Scotland) Act, 1911, according to the valuation roll for the year 1911-12. Information was called for under the following headings :—County ; name of deer forest or other subject; proprietor; total acreage; greatest altitude above Liverpool Corporation own two catchment areas, one of 1000 acres at Rivington, in S.-W. Lancashire, the other of 23,000 acres at Vyrnwy, in Montgomeryshire. 238 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. © sea-level, in feet; least altitude above sea-level, in feet; acreage below rooo feet; rental as in valuation roll; observations. The following is an official summary of the return :-— Total Acreage below _— Rental as in County. Acreage. 1000 feet. Valuation Roll. gh Si pa Aberdeen. 240,970 75332 13,543 40 =@ Argyll 3925754 35,691 15,094 0 0 Ayr . 954 954 144 0 0 Banff 74,540 240 4,535 9 0 Bute 4,907 2,238 215, 1; Caithness . 93,856 46,581 4,084 7 oO Dumbarton 9,338 1,038 348) 15 ie Elgin 10,140 7,140 390: Joa Bite % 1,193 1,193 30,7,0158 Forfar 57580 750 5,555 eve Inverness . 1,081,172 142,426 65,3016 enue Kincardine 5,850 5,200 673, 9 aa Kirkcudbright . 25752 152 235 "ote Lanark 320 120 650078 Perth 259,086 13,687 17;010.| 10; a Renfrew , 95 95 50 ‘oe Ross and Cromarty . 927,854 65,191 40,845 0 0 Sutherland 436,323 270,190 14,800 | *o! Ge Grand total 3,599,744 602,218 183,788 2 0 Appended to the detailed statistics are these notes :— Following previous returns there are included in this return all deer forests and such other lands as are devoted exclusively to the sport of shooting. Most of the information for this return has been obtained through the County Assessors from the proprietors or their agents, but in a number of cases particulars have been obtained from the Lands Valuation Department of the Inland Revenue. The acreages and altitudes entered are in very many cases merely estimated, and they cannot, therefore, be regarded as exact. Many of the deer forests are used for grazing some farm stock also, and in a number of cases they include con- siderable extents of woodland. The above total area of 602,218 acres below r1ooo feet is exclusive of the subjects of which the area below that level NOTES AND QUERIES, 239 is not known. The total area of these excluded subjects is 1,136,887 acres.! In many cases the rental includes other subjects. Roya. Boranic GARDEN, EDINBURGH: PROPOSED GUILD. It will be of interest to all former members of the staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, many of whom are members of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, to know that at an informal meeting which took place in spring at the Garden, a strong feeling was expressed in favour of establishing a Guild of past and present members of the staff. A temporary committee was formed to take the necessary steps in forwarding the movement. The committee will be glad if all old members of the staff will communicate their addresses either to the Head Gardener, Mr R. L. Harrow, or to the interim Secretary, Mr W. H. Morland, so that the list may be made as complete as possible. A circular containing the proposed rules will then be forwarded to them. TESTING OF FOREST SEEDS. The Board of Agriculture for Scotland have made arrange- ments whereby laboratory tests for purity and germination will be applied to forest seeds free of charge. Seeds for testing should be addressed to the Secretary to the Board, 29 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Small seeds should be sent in 1 oz. and large seeds in 3 oz. quantities. APPOINTMENTS. Mr Augustine Henry, Reader in Forestry at the University of Cambridge, has been appointed Professor of Forestry in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Mr Henry is a Fellow of the ' A glance at the above figures will show how desirable and urgent is the need for further investigation. It is of the greatest importance to know what proportion of the 1,136,887 acres included in these deer forests lies below the 1000-feet level. The Departmental Committee on Forestry, appointed by Lord Pentland in I91I, recommended, among their various proposals, that a flying survey should be made to gauge roughly the extent of the field for afforestation in Scotland. Until such a survey is completed, we are in ignorance as regards the extent of the available plantable area in this country. The above returns are in themselves very interesting, but for the foresters’ purpose investigations must be carried out on different lines. A perusal of them will show how little is accurately known as regards the area available in Scotland for affores- tation, or for any other purpose except the present one to which such land can be put.—Hon. Ep. 240 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, Linnean Society and a Member of the Royal Irish Academy. His work in developing the Department of Forestry at Cambridge is well known to members of the Society. He was the first to hold the appointment of Reader in Forestry at Cambridge, and it is interesting to note that he is now the first to hold the Professorship at the Royal College for Ireland, which has only recently been established. Mr William Dawson, M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer in Forestry at Aberdeen University, was offered and has accepted the appoint- ment of Reader in Forestry at Cambridge. He studied forestry at the principal Forestry Schools in Germany, Austria, and France, and was appointed Lecturer in Forestry at Aberdeen six years ago. He was the first to hold this important appointment, and has been solely responsible for the develop- ment of the Department at Aberdeen. The transference of Mr Dawson to Cambridge is a great loss to Scottish forestry, and his absence will be keenly felt and regretted. At the same time we feel certain he takes with him the best wishes of all Scottish foresters, and especially of the members of this Society, for success in his new sphere of activity. REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOGE Illustrations of Conifers. Vol. UI. By H. CLinron-BaKer. Printed privately at Hertford, 1913. The third volume of Mr H. Clinton-Baker’s ///ustrations of Conifers deals for the most part with the rarer genera, but also includes a few species of the less known pines, silver firs and spruces omitted in the previous volumes. Most of the plants described are little known in British gardens, though many of them are perfectly hardy and well deserving of cultivation, even in Scotland. Of the plants figured the writer grows successfully Juniperus occidentalis, Jun. scopulorum, Jun. recurva, Prumnopitys elegans, Cephalotaxus drupacea and Fortunei, two of the Zorreyas, and several others in one of the coldest parts of Scotland; and doubtless many more would flourish in more favoured districts. To see fine specimens of many of the trees described in this volume, a visit would be necessary to such gardens as those of Rovelli Fratelli at Pallanza, on Lake REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 241 Maggiore, Mr Hanbury’s garden at La Mortola, the ancient Botanic Garden at Montpellier, or best of all the exceedingly fine collection at Bussaco in Portugal, where the magnificent trees of Cupressus Lusitanica alone will repay the trouble of the long journey. In Cornwall and S.-W. Ireland one can see several of the Athrofaxis and more tender Cupressus, Saxegothea conspicua, and Fitzroya Patagonica, but we in Scotland cannot hope to succeed with many of these. Of the very numerous new conifers introduced recently into cultivation by the successful botanical expeditions into Central and Western China by Mr E. H. Wilson, only two are here described, Larix FPotanini and Picea complanata; both appear to be perfectly hardy in Scotland. We must hope that Mr Clinton-Baker will give us another volume with illustrations of the many new silver firs and spruces which Mr Wilson has found and which are now being described and named at the Arnold Arboretum. The trouble involved in procuring specimens of so many Tare species must have been very great, and Mr Clinton-Baker is to be congratulated on compiling a volume so instructive to the increasing number of those who take pleasure in the cultivation of conifers. Perhaps the most interesting description in the volume is that of Fokienia Hodginsit, the curious tree -from Formosa, which seems to be a connecting link between Libocedrus and Cupressus. The frontispiece photograph of the gigantic Cupressus Formosensis will astonish even those who have seen the Sequoia forests of California. F. R. S. BALFour. Planter's Note Book. By J. Woopwarp, Jun. Gardener's Chronicle, London, 1913. Price 1/- This little pocket-book is intended to give in handy form a much-to-be desired means of keeping accurate records of the planting of trees. While primarily intended for the purposes of an arboretum or for specimen trees, it might easily be adapted to the needs of the silviculturist. The divisions and headings as given in the book are admirable for the purpose for which they are intended, and there are useful spaces for the keeping of records of temperature, rainfall, etc. It is suggested that more space should be given -under these headings. 242 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, For the purposes of forestry records the main headings would need considerable modification and more space would be needed for the inclusion in the records of methods of planting, age of seedlings or transplants, source of origin of seed, the method and place of sowing and the subsequent treatment of the seedlings, as well as particulars of the locality in which they were planted. A column or columns for recording the cost of the forestry operations either per acre or per 1000 trees, and for amount of fellings and other income, would be useful, and if carefully posted at each stage of the plantation’s history would be invaluable from the economic side of forestry. A useful index is incorporated in the book and should certainly be retained. If the author can produce another note-book modified some- what on these lines, I am sure its publication would be welcomed by all active silviculturists. S. J. GAMMELL. Forest Conditions of Nova Scotia. By B. E. Fernow, LL.D., Dean of Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, assisted by C. D. Hows, Ph.D., and J. H. Wuire. Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1912. This reconnaissance, as the authors prefer to call it, was made during the two summers of 1909 and 1910, with the object of obtaining definite knowledge regarding the conditions of timber supply in the province and of emphasising the need for more conservative management. The total cost, which was paid by the Provincial Government, did not exceed £1200, and the importance of the work accomplished for such a trifling sum can be realised when it is mentioned that it was found that fully two-thirds of the province consists of forest land yielding meantime an annual revenue of about £1,000,000, which is in danger of exhaustion within the next two decades. The authors made use of copies of the survey plans of the Government land grants, to which they transferred by means of symbols the information gathered in the course of their operations, and they now claim that these sheets represent probably the most detailed description of land conditions in existence for such a large territory (21,000 square miles) on the American Continent. The authors specially directed their attention to the following points:—the composition or type of forest: the degree of culling: REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 243 the extent of burnt areas: the condition of reproduction: the character of the barrens or relatively unproductive areas: the natural meadow lands: and the cleared lands. Studies on the rate of growth were also made which showed that the popular idea that spruce in Nova Scotia grows at an extraordinary rate is quite erroneous. To produce a red spruce tree 12 inches in diameter on the stump requires from 50 years for the most favoured trees to 170 for those which have been shaded for a long time; or in other words, 1 inch in diameter is formed in the best average cases in 6 or 7 years and in poorer conditions in 14 years. Amongst second growth the results are better, I inch being made in 5 years on old pastures and in 7 years in the forest. Most of the land of the province has been sold to settlers, largely in small lots—only about 1°5 million acres remaining in the Crown. The result as regards the timbered areas is that less than half the area is owned in large holdings of 10,000 to 250,000 acres, while the remainder is owned in holdings which rarely exceed tooo acres in extent. The Crown lands consist largely of barrens and semi-barrens, which, however, possess a present or prospective value sufficient to warrant careful investigation and conservative management. A geological map and a map of forest distribution accompany the report. The latter map, which is divided into four sheets for the sake of convenience in handling, shows by means of colours and other markings the following divisions :—virgin forest, moderately culled, severely culled, and second growth. These again are subdivided into hardwood, mixed and coniferous forests. This map also shows the areas occupied by the barren, “fires,” farms, and young growth. ‘To one accustomed to home conditions the vast area coloured as “fires” is amazing. The principal conifers are red spruce (Picea rubra), white spruce (Picea canadensis), balsam fir (Ades balsamea), and hemlock (Zsuga canadensis): while of the broad-leaf trees the principal are beech (agus Americana), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow birch (Betula lutea), and paper or white birch (Betula papyrifera). In view of the enormous areas shown on the map as “fires,” it is not surprising that the first recommendation of the authors is that existing means intended to combat this evil should be extended and perfected. Their second recommendation is the appointment of a technically 244 ,TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. educated provincial forester who would take charge of the forests—the potential value of which they estimate at something like £60,000,o0oo—and who would advise and educate the public regarding methods of conserving and improving such an immense national asset. He would also conduct an investigation into the use and restoration of the barrens and carry out experimental forest-planting on suitable areas. They conclude their report by saying that, owing to the presence of an intelligent and well-distributed population, Nova Scotia is the most favour- ably circumstanced of all the portions of the Continent for the immediate inauguration of a definite practical forest policy. A valuable paper by Dr Howe on the distribution and reproduc- tion of the forests in relation to underlying rocks and soils forms the second part of the report. KG. OBITUARY: Lirut.-CoL. F. Bainey, RoE ED: (With Portrait. ) As was briefly announced in last issue our Colonel Bailey died on 21st December rgt2, just before the issue of the January part of the Z7vansactions, the preparation of which was almost entirely his work. The Society thus lost its Honorary Editor and one who had not only its interests but also those of forestry generally much at heart, as he had shown throughout long years of activity. The son of an officer of the Royal Engineers, Colonel Bailey obtained his commission in that corps in 1859, and after passing through the School of Military Engineering, and serving as Adjutant at Aldershot for three years, embarked for India in 1864. He there served with the Bengal Sappers and Miners on the Bhutan Expedition of 1864-5, and obtained a medal for his services. In 1872 he was raised to the rank of Captain, was appointed Major in 1881, and obtained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in July 1887. His interest in forestry may be said to have dated from 1871, when he became attached to the Indian Forest Service. Shortly afterwards he was entrusted with the formation and superintendence of the Survey Branch of that Department, a position he continued to hold until 1884. In 1878 he was appointed a Conservator of Forests, and organised the Central Forest School at Dehra Dun, of Prare LVe iin Arm Con. be BATE Rebel: [To face p. 244. OBITUARY. 245 which he was the first director. This appointment he held until 1884, in addition to that of Superintendent of Forest Surveys. When on furlough in England in 1884 he was appointed by the Secretary of State for India to the charge of the English students at the French Forest School at Nancy, and in acknowledgment of his services to the cause of forestry he was in 1887 awarded the cross for Mérite agricole by the French Government. On his return to India in 1887 he was appointed temporarily to the Conservatorship of the Punjab forests, and was shortly afterwards selected by the Government of India to act as Inspector-General of Forests. In 1890 he was a second time selected to fill the office of Inspector-General, but was prevented from taking up the appointment by a temporary illness, which obliged him to return to this country Colonel Bailey had been elected a life member of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society in 1887, and on his return from India he took an active part in its work, and interested himself also greatly in the whole subject of forestry. The subject was at this time acquiring gradually increasing importance. A lecturership had been founded at the University in 1889, which was first held by Dr Wm. Somerville (now of Oxford). In 18g0 Colonel Bailey succeeded to this post, which he held till 1907, when failing health made it necessary for him to retire. In 1893 he was elected a member of the Council of the Society, and was Convener of the Zransactions Committee for many years, later becoming Editor of the Z?amsactions. It was largely through his endeavours that the Zvansactions came to be issued half-yearly instead of annually, and he gave to his work as Editor an amount of attention which only those associated with him could fully appreciate. He laid especial stress upon punctuality of appearance, and this in itself involved an amount of continuous labour such as can best be realised by those who have attempted a like task. His tact, con- scientiousness and exactness, no less than his wide knowledge of the subject, eminently fitted him for the post, and he neglected no opportunity of improving the standard of the journal, and of widening its scope, while at the same time keeping strictly in view the needs of the various interests represented in the ranks of the Society. Colonel Bailey was President of the Society in 1898, and that year accompanied the members on the Annual Excursion, 246 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. which was to the Forest of Dean, On the occasion of the Society’s Jubilee in 1904 he was elected an Honorary Member, which is the highest honour in the gift of the Society. He was a member of the 1902 Departmental Committee on British Forestry, of which Mr Munro Ferguson was chairman, and rendered valuable assistance to Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling of Keir, in the drawing up of their report on the survey of Glen Mor. He also drew up a scheme for a demonstration area in Scotland, The above notes have been chiefly confined to Colonel Bailey’s activities in connection with forestry, but he was a man of wide interests and was connected with many scientific bodies in Edinburgh. Thus for twelve years he acted as Secretary to the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, and after his retirement in 1903 continued to work actively for that Society as a member of its Council. He was also a member of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, of which at one time he acted as President, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, as well as of the Royal Geographical Society of London. In recognition of his services, the University of Edinburgh conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., in July rgr2. The debt which the Society and the cause of forestry in Scotland owes to Colonel Bailey is indicated in the following remarks by Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, the retiring President of the Society, who, in the course of his speech at the Annual Meeting on 7th February 1913, said :— ‘‘He was one of the oldest, and ablest, and to the very end one of the keenest and most useful among the heroes who have worked for Forestry in Scotland. When that great industry takes its proper place, as please God it soon will, in this country, I trust that his name will be remembered with the gratitude and honour which it deserves. During recent years Colonel Bailey’s work has been confined to the Zransactzons, and illness has compelled him for the most part to work out of sight. To a Society like ours, a Society with scattered members, its published Zyamsactions means nearly as much as mortar means to a wall. The excellent volumes which have issued from Colonel Bailey’s study have not only served to hold us together, but they have also given direction to our movement, and they have won a place for themselves and for him in the forestry literature of Europe.” OBITUARY. 247 THE LaTE Mr JOHN GRANT THOMSON. Mr John Grant Thomson, one of the original members of the Society, passed away on 30th March at his home, Mount Barker, Grantown-on-Spey. He was born at Petty in Inverness- shire on 13th February 1835, and when he was still a boy his father was appointed forester to the Earl of Stair at Culborn, near Stranraer. His first training in the work of woodlands was received in Wigtonshire. For short periods he was at Chopwell in Durham and at the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire. In 1858 he was on the Abernethy district of the Strathspey estate, and from that date till his retirement in May 1909 he continued in the service of the Seafield family. In 1860 he was promoted to the wood-managership of the Strathspey estate, and in 1881 received also the wood-managership of the Glen Urquhart estate. The outstanding feature of his management in the earlier period of his career was the extensive scale on which planting was carried on. This was during the lifetime of John, the seventh Earl (who died in 1881), and Ian Charles, the eighth Earl (who died in 1884). Millions upon millions of Scots pine plants were put into the ground and wide acres were covered with thriving plantations, and though this department of forest work ceased in 1884 the Strathspey woodlands retained their reputa- tion. Special mention may be made of the success with which crops of Scots pine and larch have been obtained by natural regeneration in Curr, Skye, and other districts, from 1865 onwards. The work done by Mr Grant Thomson in the management of the extensive woodlands under his charge as well as in the planting of large areas of hill-ground will remain the largest effort by any single individual in the cause of forestry in Great Britain during the whole course of the nineteenth century. Mr Grant Thomson was very careful and zealous in the training of young foresters, and many of his pupils owe positions of trust to the skilled tuition and kindly interest of their chief. On the formation of the Northern Branch of the Society in 1907, Mr Grant Thomson became its first president. The members of the parent Society have twice visited the forests under his management, and the fame of the Strathspey forests is such that, almost without exception, all the forestry experts of 245 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. other countries who have visited Scotland have made a pet of inspecting these famous woods. For many years Mr Grant Thomson took a most active interest in all branches of the Society’s work and was most faithful in his attendance at council and other meetings. On the occasion of the Society’s Jubilee in 1904 he was elected to the Honorary Membership, which is the highest honour in the gift of the Society. His genial and helpful nature, and the punctuality with which he attended to every detail of his numerous engagements, deservedly earned for him the esteem and respect of a large circle of friends. Mr Joun METHVEN. By the death of Mr John Methven, which took place on 24th May, the Society has lost an old and much-respected member, and Scottish forestry an able and ardent supporter. Mr John Methven was the eldest son of Mr Thomas Methven, the founder of the firm of Thomas Methven & Sons, Nursery- and Seedsmen, Edinburgh, and joined the Society as far back as 1869. In 1883 he became a member of the Council, and in 1892 he was elected to the position of Vice-President. From the first he took a keen interest in the affairs of the Society, and spared no pains to promote its welfare. He served continuously on the Council till his death and sat on numerous Committees, including the Finance Committee, of which since 1900 he was Convener. Mr Methven took great interest in the first Forestry Exhibition which was held in Edinburgh in 1884, and in connection with it he did much useful work as a member of the Executive Committee. He was also an office-bearer of the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, and took an active interest in its affairs and those of the Scottish Horticultural Society. On account of his sound knowledge and long practical experience his advice was frequently sought on matters pertaining to the sciences of arboriculture and horticulture. Not many years ago he was asked to advise the Government as to the planting of trees on sandy areas at Barry to afford shelter to the military camping ground. In Mr John Methven, arbori- culture and horticulture have lost an able supporter. 30 the Chancellor of the Exchequer, was the development of silviculture. For the first twelve months there was very little to report. ‘Towards the end of the first year the Scottish Office decided to approach the Development Commissioners with a request for a grant for the development of silviculture in Scotland. He took that opportunity of saying how much reason they had to be grateful to Lord Pentland, the late Secretary for Scotland, who took the matter up, being convinced of its importance, and giving it, until he left Scotland, the best help he could. Lord Pentland appointed a Committee to make a scheme, and five of the seven members were members of the Society. That Committee presented a report, which had been published, and completed a scheme which he thought on the whole had won the approval of those who were interested in the subject in Scotland. Since then nothing had happened. A new Board of Agriculture had been appointed for Scotland. When it was first proposed, it was provided that one of the three members of the Board should have a special knowledge of the subject of forestry. Yielding to pressure later brought on, Lord Pentland, as he frankly stated, withdrew that provision, but gave a promise that instead he would appoint a Department in Forestry in connection with the new Board. That Department, he regretted to say, had not been appointed, although it was many months since that promise was given. The new Board of Agriculture had been in existence for some time, and one of its members, Mr Sutherland, was in every way qualified to deal with forestry, but since nothing had been done the Council of that Society approached it by a deputation, which was received by Sir Robert Wright and Mr Sutherland. The result from their point of view, he was bound to admit, was bitterly disappointing. But he would prefer to think, and he hoped that he might be right, that the remarkable speech which Sir Robert Wright made on that occasion was really only a masterpiece of official caution, and not, as some people, not without reason, thought at the time, a deliberate attempt to escape from the responsibility which Parliament had placed upon his Department. That was how matters stood at the present time. The delay which had taken place in the progress of the movement was not only irritating but actually harmful. The blame for the delay could not, he thought, be laid at the door of the Development Commissioners. On the contrary, that body showed signs of impatience. In the interval they had made a somewhat hasty grant to one of the teaching centres, a step which, in the absence of a complete scheme, had rather complicated matters, since the teaching centre ~ that happened to be selected was, for the moment, over-clouded by controversies amongst the public bodies who controlled it. But the grant proved that the Commissioners had no intention of shirking their duty. The delay in the development of silviculture was probably due to the fact that the fashionable 3! cure at the moment for rural development happened to be small holdings. Small holdings might succeed, and he hoped they would. In the Lowlands of Scotland, where the soil was rich, they might, and in the Highlands, where the fishing was good, he hoped they would succeed. It was certain, however, that in the inland Highland glens just as silviculture could not be introduced without small holdings, so small holdings could not be introduced without silviculture. He wished their members of Parliament had time to study these social and economic questions for themselves. If they were to look at what was going on in the highlands of Germany, France and Belgium, they would realise how impossible it was to bring back the population and prosperity to the Highland glens unless there was some profitable industry to back them up. They knew from experience that splendid timber could be grown in these glens, which were suitable for no other industry. It did seem strange that while other countries were making progress in this line of rural development, we who had the finest and largest field for it were doing nothing. Jupces’ Report on tHE Essays. The SECRETARY gave in the Judges’ Report as follows :-— 1. On“ Protecting Young Spruce from Frost.” By Witu1am Hatt, Church Cottages, Bilton, York. Award— a Bronze Medal. 2. On “Soils.” By W. H. WHELLENS, Comlongon Nursery, Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire. Award—a No. 2 Silver Medal. The Meeting approved of the Report of the Judges, and thanked them for their services. JupcEs’ Awarps on EXHIBITS IN THE FORESTRY EXHIBITION av Cupar, The SecRErARY read the Judges’ awards which were as follows :— Competition No. I. Specimens of the Timber of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). ist Prize, £1, The Earl of Mansfield, ger Frank Scott. 20G) 5, 158... The Earl of Minto, ser Francis Berry. an -,, Ios., Sir John Gilmour, Bart., of Montrave, ; per P. F. Cruickshanks, 32 Competition No. LT. Specimens of the Timber of Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa). 1st Prize, £1, The Earl of Minto. 2nd _ ,, 15s., | Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart. S10, ros., The Earl of Mansfield. Competition No. ILI. Specimens of the Timber of Larch (Larix europea). Ist Prize, £1, Captain Stirling of Keir. 2TIG shi 15s., The Earl of Minto. ard ts, tos., C. Leaf Daniell, of Earlyvale. Competition No. LIV. Specimens of the Timber of Ash (Fraxinus excelstor). 1st Prize, £1, Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart. and \ 5, 15s., The Earl of Mansfield. Bian ay 1os., Captain Stirling of Keir. Competition No. V. Specimens of the Timber of Oak (Quercus robur). 1st Prize, £1, Alex. Lowe, Lockerbie House, Lockerbie. 2nd ,, 15s., Captain Stirling of Keir. ard, "3 1os., The Earl of Mansfield. Competition No. V1. Specimens of the Timber of Elm (U//mus montana). Ist Prize f1,2, Captam Stirling of Ger, PATS ee 15s., Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart. Competition No. VII. Specimens of the Timber of any three Coniferous Trees other than the above. OPEN SECTION. ist Prize, £2, 1os., The Earl of Mansfield. 2nd ,, £1, 1os., Captain Stirling of Keir. : LocaL SECTION. 1st Prize, £1, Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart. 2nd ,, 15s., The Earl of Mansfield. a or 35 Competition No. VILL. Specimens of the Timber of any three Broad-Leaved Timber Trees other than the above. 1st Prize, £2, 10s., Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart. 2nd ,, £1, 10s., The Earl of Mansfield. Competition No. XZ, A Gate for Farm Use, manufactured from Home-grown Timber by the Exhibitor, who must be a Forester or Working Forester. First. William Ritchie, Moss-side, Lynedoch. A No. 2 Silver Medal. Duncan M*‘Millan, Forester, Keir, Dunblane, and See ' Duncan M‘Millan, Assistant Forester, Scone—equal. Each a No. 3 Silver Medal. Third. James Campbell, Assistant Forester, Mount Melville, St Andrews. A Bronze Medal. Competition No. XII. A Gate, manufactured from Home-grown Timber, which may be made by a tradesman, but must be designed and exhibited by a Member. First. William Gilchrist, Mount Melville, St Andrews. A No. 2 Silver Medal. Second. William M‘Hardy, Chancefield, Falkland. ‘A Bronze Medal. Competition No. XI1I, A self-closing Wicket Gate, manufactured from Home-grown Timber. first. The Earl of Mansfield, fer Frank Scott. A No. 2 Silver Medal. Second. James Younger, of Mount Melville, ser William Gilchrist. A No. 3 Silver Medal. Competition No. XV. A Full-sized Section of Rustic Fence. qemes panees ok ous ses } Bronze Medal or tos. ville, der William Gilchrist. Competition No. XV1/I. Specimens demonstrating the Beneficial Effects of Pruning when well done, and the Injurious Effects when badly done. James M‘Hardy, Forester, For- | A No. 2 Silver Medai glen, Turriff ; 5 a or £2. Competition No. XIX. ’ A Collection of Fungi injurious to Forest Trees and Shrubs. Hugh R. Munro, Assistant) ANo. 2Sileaneeeen Forester, Dalzell Home> bee i é Farm, Motherwell : 4 < Competition No, XX. Any useful invention or marked improvement of any of the Implements or Instruments used in Forestry. A Wire Reel. Alex. Mitchell, Rosebery, Gore- | ia oe ee puse : Brake. Competition No. XXII, Any approved Article either wholly or mainly made of Wood. (1) A Rustic Bridge. Alex. Lowe, Lockerbie House, A No.1 Silver Medal Lockerbie . (2) A Door with Standards, etc., made of home-grown Douglas Fir. parker of Mansfield, per Frank A No. o'Silveredenl cott . : ‘ : (3) 2 Plant Tubs, made of Oak and Larch, grown on the Minto Estates. Francis Berry, Forester, Minto, Nee Brenee Mee Hawick» . ; : if ; 35 ARTICLES FOR EXHIBITION ONLY. For Articles brought forward for Exhibition only the Judges made the following Awards, namely: — Samples of Refuse of old Coal Pit-bank, with Specimens of Larch, Scots Pine, Beech, Alder, Birch, Oak, Spruce, etc., grown in it—and Photographs. W. Parkin Moore, of Whitehall, Cumberland, per P. Murray Thomson, Factor, a Gold Medal. Logs of Scots Pine and Douglas Fir, and battens of Scots Pine, Spruce, Douglas and Silver Fir. The Earl of Mansfield, fer Frank Scott, a No. 2 Silver Medal. General Collection of Exhibits from the Balbirnie Estate. Edward Balfour, of Balbirnie, fer J. S. Reid, a No. 2 Silver Medal. General Collection of Exhibits from the Raith Estate. Rt. Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., ser James Grant, a No. 2 Silver Medal. The Judges’ awards and recommendations were unanimously approved of, and they were thanked for their labours. A vote of thanks was also accorded to the Highland and Agricultural Society for their donation to the prize money for the principal timber exhibits, and for giving the usual facilities for the Exhibition and the Meetings. THE JupGEs’ AWARDS IN THE NURSERY AND PLANTATION CoMPETITION. ! (Restricted to the Cupar Show District.) The Secretary read the awards of the Judges (Dr Borthwick and Mr G. U. Macdonald) as follows :— NURSERIES. Crass I. For the best managed Estate Nursery not exceeding two acres in extent. The Marquis of Breadalbane, fer Donald MacFarquhar. A No. 1 Silver Medal. 1 For further particulars as to entries in these competitions, see the Judges Report on page 85 of the 7ransactions. 36 Crass II. For the best managed Estate Nursery exceeding two acres in extent. The Duke of Atholl, per David Keir. A No. 1 Silver Medal. PLANTATIONS. Crass I. For the best young Plantation, mainly of conifers, not exceeding 25 years of age, and not less than 2 acres in extent. Confined to Estates having less than 300 acres of Woods. Colonel Purvis, Kinaldy, Stravithie. A No. 1 Silver Medal. Crass ir For the best young Plantation, mainly of Conifers, not exceeding 25 years of age, and not less than 5 acres in extent. Confined to Estates having more than 300 acres of Woods. J. S. Black, Balgowan House, Methven, Zer W. Couper. A No. 1 Silver Medal. Crass ile For the best young plantation, mainly of Hardwoods, not exceeding 35 years of age, and not less than two acres in extent. Rt. Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., Raith, per James S. Grant. A No. 1 Silver Medal. Dr BortuHwick, on behalf of Mr Macdonald and himself, said that eighteen Estates were entered in the Competition, and that the subjects which they had to examine embraced eight Nurseries and eighteen Plantations. As the area was a fairly large one, the work of judging had taken considerable time and involved considerable expense. He made various suggestions as to how the conditions of the Competition might be improved for the future. The PresipENT thanked Dr Borthwick and Mr Macdonald for the work they had done, and for the suggestions they had been good enough to submit, which, no doubt, they would embody in their official report for the Zransactions, and so make them available in connection with the revision of the regulations for next Competition. 37 EXCURSION. Mr’ BucHanan, Convener of the Excursion Committee, reported that the Society had held a most successful Excursion on Deeside during the last week in June. He mentioned that the attendance on that occasion had been very much larger than usual, and that the privilege of inspecting Balmoral and the other estates visited had been highly appreciated by the Members. He intimated that the formal thanks of the Council had been conveyed to the various proprietors who had been good enough to open their grounds and woods to the Society’s inspection. The CoNVENER also made sympathetic reference to the death of the Rev. J. S. Loutit, who had taken part in the Excursion, and mentioned that the Council had that day instructed the Secretary to send a letter of condolence to Mrs Loutit and family. EXCURSION, 1913. The PRESIDENT mentioned that the Council had agreed to recommend that the Society should visit Switzerland next year, and he asked tne Members to express their views on this point, and as to a suitable date for the visit. In connection with the latter subject Mr Stebbing, Lecturer in Forestry in Edinburgh University, had suggested that the date should be about the end of July, so that his students might be able to take part in the Excursion. The President pointed out that the question of the date of such an Excursion must depend upon a considerable number of circumstances, and he suggested that the whole matter should be remitted back to the Council with powers. This was agreed to. TRAVELLING BURSARIES. The PRESIDENT reminded the Members that, as they had now agreed to visit Switzerland next year, the proposal to grant three bursaries of “ro each to Foresters to enable them to take part in the next Foreign tour would come into operation then, and that the conditions affecting those bursaries would now be adjusted for circulation amongst those members who had sent their names to the Secretary. He again intimated that if any who wished those particulars had not sent in their names, they should do so without delay. 38 LocaL SECRETARY FOR ARGYLL. The meeting approved of the appointment by the Council of Mr H. L. Macponatp of Dunach, as Local Secretary for Argyll, in room of Mr John D. Sutherland, who had resigned on his appointment as a member of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland. DuNN MEMORIAL FUND. The following resolution, passed by the Council on 3rd April 1912, was unanimously approved by the meeting :—‘‘ That the uninvested balance of the Dunn Memorial Fund, and the future Annual Income, be devoted to making additions to and improve- ments upon the Society’s Library.” On the motion of Mr Ropert Forses, Vice-President, seconded by Mr James Wart, Carlisle, a cordial vote of thanks was accorded to the President for presiding. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society Prizes Offered for Papers—1913. The Council has decided to discontinue the Syllabus of specific subjects for which prizes are offered, and to award medals or their converted values for papers dealing with any branch of forestry. They hope that the new arrangement will not only serve to increase the number of papers submitted in competition, but will place at the Hon. Editor’s disposal a large number of valuable papers suitable for publication in the Transactions. In this connection they invite attention to the Hon. Editor’s appeal for literary contributions, printed at p. 234 of Vol. xxvi., and from which an extract containing suggestions as to the class of papers which he would welcome is here given :— “The subjects on which communications would be welcome are numberless, but a few of them may be mentioned by way of suggestion :— Nature of localities here found to be most suitable for forest crops of various species, including exotics. Species, including exotics, here found to be most suitable as forest crops in localities which are unfavourable from various causes, such as high elevation, exposure to cold or strong wind, frost, bog, etc. Cheap and successful methods of planting. Successful “ direct” sowings. Successful natural regeneration. Successful treatment of crops up to middle age, especially with regard to mixed crops. Successful under-planting of crops of light-crowned species. Successful protection of nurseries and forest crops from injury by animals, birds, insects, fungi, weeds, smoke or meteoric phenomena (such as frost, wind, snow, etc.). Successful use of mechanical appliances for the moving of timber. Cheap and successful methods of increasing the durability of timber. Cheap and successful methods of converting and seasoning timber. Utilisation of waste wood (slabs, tops and branches, etc.). But of course there are many other subjects. As a rule, successful operations are more instructive than failures, but where the cause of non-success can be indicated with certainty, an account of such failure may be of much interest and value.” Conditions to which Writers must conform. The Judges are empowered to fix the value of the Medals to be awarded according to the respective merits of the Essays. All Essays, Reports, Models, or other Articles intended for Competition must be lodged with the Secretary not later than 1oth May 1913. Lach such Essay, Report, Model, or Article must bear a Morro, and be accompanied by: a sealed envelope bearing outside the SAME Motto, and containing a CARD with the NAME, DESIGNATION, avd ADDRESS of the Competitor. Essays should be written on one side of the paper only; the left-hand quarter of each page should be left as a blank margin. The lines should not be crowded together. Manuscripts for which medals have been uwarded, or which have been wholly or partly reproduced insthe Transactions, become the property of the Society and are not returned to thetr authors. Judges cannot compete during their term of office. Successful Competitors may have either the medals or their con- verted values, which are as follows :—Gold, £5; No. 1 Stlver Gilt, 43; No. 2 Silver, £2; No. 3 Silver, £1; Bronze, tos. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON : HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PROCEEDINGS IN 1913. THE ANNUAL MEETING. The Sixtieth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was held in the Queen’s Hall, 5 Queen Street, Edinburgh, on Friday, 7th February 1913, at 2.30 P.M. Sir JoHN STIRLING-MAxweELL, Bart., President of the Society, was Chairman, and there was a large attendance of Members. APOLOGIES. Apologies for absence were intimated from Lord Lovat, Lord Sinclair, the Right Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., Dr Nisbet, Sir Robert Buchanan Jardine, Bart., Captain Sprot, Sir Andrew Agnew, Bart., Messrs J. Grant Thomson, A. Mitchell, W. S. Curr, Jas. Johnston, W. Storie, Donald M‘Lean, D. Scott, and Dr W. G. Smith. MINUTES. The SECRETARY submitted the Minutes of the General Meeting, held at Cupar on Thursday, 11th July last, which had already been printed and circulated along with the January Zyansactions, and these were approved and adopted. REPORT BY THE COUNCIL. The Secretary read the following Report by the Council :— The Council is glad to be able to report that considerable progress has been made in the course of the year, although in some respects results have been disappointing. a 2 Membership. The Membership has been well maintained. At last Annual Meeting the number on the roll was 1411. In the course of the year 82 names have been added, but 49 have died or resigned and 28 have been removed through lapsing or other causes. The total number at this date is 1416. Amongst those who have been removed by death are:—Colonel Bailey, Hon. Editor of the Zyvransactions, who was also an Hon. Member of the Society, and an Ex-President; Mr E. B. Nicholson, Advocate ; Sir George Clerk of Penicuik; the Rev. J. S. Loutit; Mr John J. R. Meiklejohn, Novar; Mr John Watson, Timber Merchant ; Major Farquharson of Corrachree, and Mr J. G. Cunningham. Syllabus of Prizes. The Syllabus for 1912 was issued as usual with the January part of the Zransactions of that year. Twenty subjects were submitted for competition, but only two Essays were received. One of these was awarded a No. 2 Silver Medal, and the other a Bronze Medal. The Council this year decided to discontinue the Syllabus of specific subjects, and to award medals for papers dealing with any branch of Forestry. A prize list was accordingly issued with the January Zyamsactions this year inviting Members to send in papers, and indicating generally some of the subjects that might be dealt with. It is hoped that there will be a hearty response to this invitation. Medals. Two new reverse dies with the word ‘‘ Royal” added to the name have now been obtained, and a new series of Medals will be struck from those dies, namely :— From the small die:—A Gold Medal, a No. 3 Silver Medal, and a Bronze Medal. From the large die:—A No. 1 Silver (Gilt) Medal, and a No. 2 Silver Medal. Donors. The thanks of the Society are due to the Drrecrors of the Highland and Agricultural Society, who have again voted £20 to be expended on prizes for Exhibits of home-grown timber in their Show at Paisley. Thanks are also due to Mr A. F. MacKENZIE, Photographer, Birnam, for photographs of the ‘‘parent Larches” at Dunkeld, and the last of the Great Birnam Wood in 1906; and to Mr C. Ronatp RitcuHrkE, W.S., for a photograph of the group of the Excursion party taken at Balmoral. 5 Lditorship. It was with great regret that the announcement was made in the January Zransactions of the death, on 21st December last, of Colonel Bailey, Hon. Editor of the Zvransactions. Colonel Bailey, who had been ailing for a considerable time, gave intimation to the Council shortly before his death that he would be unable to continue his duties after the January part was issued. Unfortunately he did not survive to see that event. The Zransactions Committee, who have considered the whole question of the Editorship, have recommended the appointment of Dr Borruwick as Hon. Editor, and he has agreed to accept office for a year. Transactions. It is still a matter for regret that a number of Members have again failed to obtain full advantage of the Transactions by forgetting to remit their subscriptions when due. The Council has pleasure in stating that, through the good offices of Lord Balcarres, now the Earl of Crawford, who has kindly offered to give a handsome contribution towards the cost, a new and comprehensive Index to the Zransactions has been prepared under the supervision of Dr Burgess of the University Library. The Index is now in manuscript and will be published in the course of the year. Local Branches. Reports from the Aberdeen Branch will be submitted in the course of the meeting. The Northern Branch has not been so vigorous and its reports have been delayed. Exhibition at Cupar, The usual Exhibition of Forestry was held in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, which took place this year at Cupar. The local Members of Committee, who took a great interest in the Exhibition, were:—Messrs J. S. Re1p, Balbirnie, WitiiaM GILcHRisT, Mount Melville, W. D. FerN1g, Balcarres, James Grant, Raith, Grorce Gavin, Falkland. There were in all g1 entries. An Exhibit of exceptional interest was that of Mr Parkin Moore, of Whitehall, Mealsgate, Cumberland, arranged by Mr P. Murray TuHomson, showing the results obtained from planting an old pit-bank. This Exhibit was awarded the Society's Gold Medal. An account of the Exhibition will be found on pages 102, 103 of the January Transactions. The Judges were:—Messrs GrorRGE LEVEN, Bowmont Forest, WiLtt1amM Davipson, Panmure, and ALEx. Morean, Timber Merchant, Crieff. Twenty-three money prizes were awarded, and nineteen medals. The detailed prize list 4 was included in the “ Proceedings” of the General Meeting appended to the January part of the TZvransactions. The Schedules in connection with next year’s Exhibition, which is to be held at Paisley, have been issued. The Committee is considering a proposal that a Certificate should be given along with each Medal. Nursery and Plantation Competition. The first of what will probably become an annual competition in the Show District of the Highland and Agricultural Society was held last year. The district included Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, the eastern part of Perthshire, and the western part of Forfarshire. Eighteen estates took part in the competition and twenty-six subjects were entered, namely—eighteen planta- tions and eight nurseries. The nurseries were divided into two classes, those over 2 acres and those under 2 acres in extent. The plantations were divided into three classes—Conifers, on estates having respectively more or less than 300 acres of wood- lands and Hardwoods. The prize offered was a No. 1 Silver Medal in each of the classes. A detailed prize list will be found in the ‘“ Proceedings” of the General Meeting before referred to. The Judges were :—Dr Borruwick and Mr G. U. Macpona.p, Haystoun Estate, Peebles, whose report has been printed on page 85 of the Zransactions. ‘The conditions for this year were revised and additional classes of plantations made. In view of the expense of judging, an entry fee has also been instituted. This fee is tos. 6d. for the first entry, whether plantation or nursery, and 5s. for each subsequent entry by the same competitor. Particulars have been issued to all Members, and entry forms may be obtained from the Secretary. The district embraces the counties of Argyll, Ayr, Bute, Lanark and Renfrew. The Council. Lord Balcarres, who was elected to the Council at last Annual Meeting, found it impossible, owing to his Parliamentary duties, to take up the office, and accordingly resigned. The Council thereupon elected Mr GiLbperrt Brown, Manager of Seafield Woods, to the vacancy. The Hon. Life Membership of the Council has been conferred on the retiring President, Sir JoHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, in consideration of his invaluable services as President for the past three years. Annual Excursion. The Excursion last year was held on Deeside, when Members had the privilege of inspecting the woods on Balmoral, Invercauld, Ballogie, Finzean, Crathes and Durris estates. On this occasion 5 motors were hired for the whole Excursion, with very satisfactory results. Several Members gave great assistance in bringing their own motors. Ninety Members were present, but on the third day, when Balmoral was visited, the company was largely augmented by the addition of Members of the Aberdeen Branch, who attended on this day only. A telegram of thanks was despatched to the King from Balmoral, and a gracious reply was received from him. Formal thanks were also sent to the other Proprietors at the close of the Excursion. A full report of the Excursion, prepared by Mr Dawson, will be found on page 67 of the Zyansactions. A suggestion has been submitted by Mr W. Srorie that Berkshire, and by Mr Boypb that Inverliever and District, should be kept in view for future Excursions. It will be seen from the notice calling this meeting that arrangements are being made for an Excursion in Switzerland, extending over ten days, in July next. It is hoped that Members who intend to take part in the Excursion will return their post-cards without delay so that the final arrange- ments may be completed as soon as possible. The Council has decided to offer three bursaries of #10 each, to assist three Foresters to take part in this Excursion. Full particulars of these bursaries may be obtained from the Secretary, and applications should be lodged with him before the end of February, when the list will be closed. General Meeting. The General Meeting was held in the Showyard at Cupar on Thursday, 11th July tg12, when the reports of the various Judges on the Essays, on the Exhibits at the Exhibition, and on the Nursery and Plantation Competitions, were submitted. A full report of the proceedings is appended to the January part of the Zvansacttons. The Malcolm Dunn Memorial Fund. This fund having now been devoted to the upkeep of the library, Messrs Elwes and Henry’s great book on Zhe Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, so far as issued, has been purchased at a cost of £20. Other two volumes of the work have still to be issued, which will absorb the further sum of £5, 5s. Experiments with Ratlway Sleepers. Some progress has been made with this matter during the year, and arrangements are being made to have other sets of sleepers laid down. 6 Death Duties. The Council is glad to report that a further concession, as regards Death Duties on Woodlands, was made by the Budget of r912. On the death of an owner, the value of the timber is not now added to his other estate for the purpose of ascertain- ing the rate of duty, but the duty is charged on the timber when cut, at the same rate as is charged on his other estate. The official interpretation of the words, “all necessary outgoings since the death of the deceased,” is, however, still unsatisfactory. An article on the subject appears on page 36 of the Zransactions. The Development Commissioners’ Second Report. This report was issued in the course of the autumn, and the part which deals with Forestry has been reproduced in the Transactions, so that Members may be able to see what progress has been made by that body since the date of their previous report. The Laws. At last meeting a motion by Mr RicHarpson, in which he proposed certain alterations on the Law relating to the election of Members of Council, was discussed and remitted to the Council for further consideration. The result will be intimated at a later stage of the proceedings. Forestry in the West Highlands. It having been brought to the Council’s notice that considerable opposition to and _ prejudice against Forestry exists amongst crofters and others, a Committee has been appointed to consider the subject with the view of taking steps to remove this prejudice and opposition by convincing the people of the Western Highlands that Forestry would be a great boon to the districts where practised, as well as to the country generally. The subject is included in the discussion which is to take place at the close of the business part of the meeting. International Congress of Agriculture. The Tenth International Congress of Agriculture, which also includes Forestry, is to be held at Ghent from the 8th to 13th June. The Council hope to secure for the Transactions a report of the proceedings so far as these may be interesting to foresters. International Forest Congress. The International Forest Congress is to be held in Paris from the 16th to zoth June, and the Council is arranging for a representative to be present who will contribute a report of the proceedings for the Zramnsactions. Promised Department of Forestry. At last Annual Meeting it was mentioned that Lord Pentland, the then Secretary for Scotland, had promised to establish a Department of Forestry which would be an integral part of the administration of the new Board of Agriculture for Scotland. Mr Mackinnon Wood, who succeeded Lord Pentland as Secretary for Scotland, was reminded by the Council of this promise and of the negotiations which had taken place with his predecessor on the subject. Meantime the report of the Departmental Committee on Scottish Forestry was laid before: the Council, and was considered along with the reply received from the Secretary for Scotland, to the effect that the question of the administration of Forestry matters in Scotland was receiving his attention in consultation with the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, and that, as publicly announced, Mr Sutherland, Commissioner for Small-holdings, would mean- time, under the direction of the Chairman, superintend the Forestry work of the Board. An interview with the Board to discuss these subjects having been granted, the meeting was held on roth June. A short report of this meeting was printed in the Zvansactions of July last, page 202, but the Council was subsequently informed that the publication of the detailed report of the proceedings would be contrary to official tradition. At the General Meeting at Cupar, the President described the result of this meeting with the Board as “bitterly disappointing.” Shortly afterwards, it was announced in Parliament that the Secretary for Scotland had appointed an Advisory Committee to advise the Board of Agriculture for Scotland in matters relating to Forestry. The Board has since advertised for an estate suitable for the purpose of forming a State Demonstration Forest Area, but, so far as known, such an estate has not yet been acquired, and nothing further has been made public as to the progress that has been made in connection with the promised Department of Forestry. The Board has, however, deputed Mr Sutherland to represent them at the Meeting to-day, in response to the Council’s invitation addressed to the Board, and it is expected that he will make a statement with regard to the Board’s Forest policy. FINANCES. The General Accounts were then submitted by Mr Joun METHVEN, Convener of the Finance Committee, and the Dunn Memorial Fund and Excursion Fund Accounts by the SECRETARY, and were approved. (See Appendices A, B and C.) REPORTS OF THE BRANCHES. The SECRETARY read the reports from Aberdeen Branch (see Appendices D and E), and mentioned that the report of the Northern Branch had not yet been received. On the motion of Mr WiLiiam Dawson, the reports were adopted. CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS. The CHAIRMAN, in formally moving the adoption of the Council’s report, said:—I do not think there is anything which I need call your special attention to. The Society has carried on its normal work. Its membership is slightly larger than it was at this time last year, and it is in as vigorous a condition as it has ever been. Its Membership is larger than it has ever been. ‘This being the last time that I shall have the honour of addressing you as President, I should like to take the opportunity of thanking you all for the support which you have given me during my three years in the chair. No President has ever had more loyal and helpful colleagues than I have had in the Council of this Society. And one secret I have learned I should like to confide to you. It is that this Society owes more than perhaps it knows to three of its Members—its Honorary Secretary, its Secretary, and the Editor of the Zransactions. The death of the last-mentioned gentleman is a great blow to us. He was one of the oldest, and ablest, and to the very end one of the keenest and most useful among the heroes who have worked for forestry in Scotland. When that great industry takes its proper place, as please God it soon will, in this country, I trust that his name will be remembered with the gratitude and honour which it deserves. During recent years Colonel Bailey’s work has been confined to the Zvansactions, and illness has compelled him for the most part to work out of sight. To a Society like ours, with its scattered Members, the published Zyransactions mean nearly as much as mortar means to a wall. The volumes which have issued from Colonel Bailey’s study have not only served to hold us together, but have also given direction to our movement, and won a 2 place for themselves and for him in the forestry literature of Europe. The Honorary Secretary requires no testimonial from me. But it would be ungrateful indeed not to acknowledge the constant help which I have had from him during these three years. He has always been the guardian of the constitution of this Society, and we owe it more to him than to anyone else that those differences of occupation and interest and locality among our members, which might so easily have become a source of weakness, have, as a matter of fact, in our Society been a constant source of strength. As for Mr Galloway, I can only say I have never met a secretary so efficient, or one with whom it is so delightful to work. With him a thing is no sooner decided than it is done, except when it is very urgent, and in such cases it is done first and decided afterwards. He simply does not know what red tape is. The mention of red tape brings me naturally to our efforts of the last three years. We have made less progress than I hoped three years ago. But still a good deal has been done. Each year we have passed through a different phase, and with each new phase progress has become slower. In the first phase our Society had to choose a line for the development of silviculture. It fell to me to embody our ideas in a Memorandum, and I desire to record the fact that the policy laid down in that Memorandum was not only arrived at unanimously, but has never since been departed from. Nobody can say that we ask for one thing to-day and another to-morrow. The reason is that our views were the common-sense outcome of the experience and studies of our members and _ their predecessors during a great many years We also, since there was no one else to do it, made an attempt to tackle some of the greater difficulties of afforestation by means of a report drawn up for our Society by Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling, with the help of many others of our members. In this phase we moved steadily and fast until we came to the end of what a Society like ours can do in that line. In the next phase, a long and wearisome correspondence with various public departments led at last to the appointment, by the Secretary for Scotland, of a committee to consider and report on the policy which we had laid before him. It did consider and report, and our scheme was carried a little further, but at the expense of another twelve months. Then came the third phase, in which we are now moving, if we are moving—the appointment of the Board of Agriculture, with which forestry was very properly included, since they are branches of one great subject. Then came the welcome promise of a Department of Forestry, and the happy choice of Mr Sutherland to take charge of it. In my judgment, and I see in yours, no better IO choice could have been made. ‘Then followed the appointment of an advisory committee, which includes several members of our Society. At this point my narrative must cease, and I will leave it to Mr Sutherland, whom we welcome here to-day, to take up the tale. I may say that in his presence here begins to realise one of our fondest dreams. Here is at last a Department of Forestry for Scotland. Let me assure him and his colleagues on the Board of Agriculture that they may count on all the help that our 1400 members can give them. We must not shut our eyes to the difficulties that lie before us and before the Department of Forestry. We are in the toils of the serpent of red tape. In spite of our efforts to keep it free and independent, forestry is now entangled with a number of different departments, some of which in the nature of things can know very little and perhaps do not care very much about the subject. We have not only to reckon with the Board of Agriculture, under which we have been, in my judgment, very wisely placed, but we have also to reckon with the Scottish Office, the Education Department, the Development Commission and the Treasury, and with a body of Members of Parliament who have unfortunately had little experience of the needs of country life. I hope that these gentlemen will at least take care that Scotland is fairly treated as compared with England and-Ireland. At this moment the arrangements for the development of forestry are as a matter of fact further advanced in England and Ireland than they are in Scotland, a matter of some importance, not because we grudge our sister countries the honour of being first, but because they have got the pick of the few experts we possess in this subject. You will observe in the recent report of the Development Commissioners this ominous line—‘no official proposals had been received from Scotland by the end of the year.’ That was March of last year. I sincerely hope that that line will never appear in their report again. It is evident that this Society cannot for one moment afford to relax its efforts. I am not at all despondent. The ground is now cleared for an advance. I am confident that the Board of Agriculture has every intention to deal fairly with forestry. I am confident that the Development Commissioners have not forgotten, indeed their report shows as much, that forestry is one of the prime objects of the grant that they administer, and that Scotland is the most promising field for it. I find also reason for confidence in the fact, denied now by no one who has studied this question, that silviculture is the backbone of every flourishing highland community in Europe. This fact cannot much longer be dis- regarded by our politicians, nor can the blessings derived from forestry-much longer be denied to the empty glens of Scotland. The report was adopted. at ELECTION OF OFFICE-BEARERS. Mr J. W. M‘Hartig, Superintendent of City Parks, Edin- burgh, in moving Captain SrirLtinc of Keir be _ elected President of the Society, said that all the Members would be honoured in having Captain Stirling in the chair. He took great interest in forestry, scientific and practical, and would uphold the honour and dignity of this Society. Mr James WuitTon, Superintendent of City Parks, Glasgow, in seconding, said that the work Captain Stirling had already done was a good guarantee of what might be expected in the future. If the same enthusiasm and energy he had already shown were carried into his new duties, the affairs of the Society would flourish in the future as they had done in the past. The motion was unanimously agreed to. Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXwELIL, in leaving the chair, said :— Perhaps I may be allowed to say that your new President will bring quite as much zeal to our service as I have done, and I need not say that he will have the advantage of bringing much better wits. I hope you will give to him as kindly support as you have given to me. Captain STIRLING, having taken the chair, said:—I thank you for the highest compliment which you could have paid to your late President, namely, to elect his brother to fill his place. I feel very strongly-that that is the only claim that I have to your indulgence. If I had to find a reason for my election to this very honourable post, I certainly could not find it in my very brief period of service on the Council. I think if I had to find a reason for it, it is that in my election there may be a guarantee for a certain continuity of policy, and that I shall not have very far to go to ask for sound advice on your affairs, I think that the present moment is a most interesting one in the history of the Society, and that it is a very great honour, and also a very heavy responsibility, to be called upon to fill this chair. I am quite sure that I can count upon the support of the Council and of every member of this Society in my endeavours to carry out to the best of my abilities the duties which you have called upon me to perform. The following were then elected to fill the other vacancies on the list of Office-Bearers, viz. :—Vice-Presidents—Sir ANDREW I2 AGNEW, Bart., and Mr W. Srevart ForHRINGHAM, of Murthly. Councillors—Messrs ApAM Spiers, Ropert ALLAN, G. U. MACDONALD, ALEXANDER MITCHELL, ROBERT — FORBES, ALEXANDER J. Munro, and W. M. PRICcE. Mr Grorcrt P. Gorpon, West of Scotland Agricultural College, was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Captain Stirling to the Presidency. The Hon. Secretary, the Secretary and Treasurer, the Auditor, the Hon. Consulting Officials, Local Secretaries and Correspondents were re- elected. Dr A. W. Bortuwick was elected Hon. Editor in succession to the late Colonel Bailey. (For full list of Office- Bearers, see Appendix F.) Captain StirLinc said he had now the pleasure of introducing Mr John D. Sutherland, who was present as representing the Board of Agriculture for Scotland. He did not wish to go into the rather vexed question of the deputation to the Board of Agriculture last year, but he could not but refer to the dis- appointment which was felt by them when they were informed that no money was available for forestry purposes, because it was already ear-marked for small holdings. He asked them to give the warmest welcome to Mr Sutherland, because he was in the first place a firm believer in silviculture, and in the second place he came from a district which was very well suited for silviculture, and where he had had a very considerable experience. Mr SuTHERLAND’S SPEECH. Captain Stirling of Keir, Sir John Stirling-Maxwell and gentlemen, I would in the first instance beg to thank you for your very kind reception. 1 have all along been very much interested in forestry, and I hope that my interest in it will not lessen as the ‘years go on. Before I make any official statement, I would like to say how much I feel that Sir John Stirling-Maxwell deserves every praise which you can bestow for the work which he has done for the Society. I know no one, and no member of the Society, who has done more for forestry than he has done. In all sorts of ways outside the Society, he also has done, to my knowledge, much useful work of great value to silviculture itself. I much regret that it has been impossible for our Chairman, 13 Sir Robert Wright, to attend this meeting, and would offer you his apologies. As you know, the functions of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland only came into operation ten months ago, and since that date there have been many matters other than forestry requiring immediate and urgent attention. It is almost un- necessary to say so, but the creation of a Government Department involves in the first instance a vast amount of organisation, and it takes time to achieve the output of work which should follow, after an establishment of the kind is in existence for some years. Advisory Committee. In connection with forestry, I may generally report that after the Board was formed it was decided by the Secretary for Scotland that it would be desirable to appoint a Committee to advise the Board and in the first instance to deal with the selection of a Demonstration Area, and also the erection of a Forestry School, both of which were specially recommended by the Departmental Committee which issued its report towards the end of rgit. The Secretary for Scotland appointed an Advisory Committee in July 1912, and since then four meetings have been held, as also additional meetings of a special Sub-Committee. Demonstration Area and School. The first duty of the Committee, as already mentioned, was to aid in the selection of a Demonstration Area, and in this matter the Committee have found themselves in a dilemma. The Departmental Committee recommended that the School should be placed in the Demonstration Area, and that both should be at a point equally convenient of communication to all the existing teaching centres. The Committee’s difficulty has been to find a suitable extent of land with woodlands and plantable ground for sale near the centre of Scotland, and they have been compelled to look elsewhere, but it is hoped that soon they will be able to make a definite selection for the consideration of the Board and of the Secretary for Scotland. Ultimately the Development Commissioners and the Treasury will have to be consulted, for 14 the Board must look to the Development Commissioners for the funds to provide the Demonstration Forest, the School and its equipment. forestry Adviser for Scotland. The Advisory Committee recommended that Mr John Nisbet should be appointed Forestry Adviser for Scotland, and, with the concurrence of the Board, this appointment was made in August of last year, and the Advisory Committee for the last five months have had the advantage of Dr Nisbet’s advice in all the matters that have come under their consideration. Advisory Officers. Among other things, I should mention that the Board have determined to make a representation to the Development Commissioners of the urgent necessity for Advisory and Research Officers for Scotland. Five Advisory Officers have been allowed for England, and they more or less traverse their districts independently, working from different parts of the country. In Scotland it is proposed, however, that the work shall be directed from one centre, z.¢e., the Offices of the Board, in which the results will be tabulated and recorded, and this will ensure a definite and uniform policy, and one which, when promulgated with the advantage of the extensive knowledge of the unofficial members of the Advisory Committee, ought to have the support of your Society and of those interested in forestry. Survey. The Board felt that progress might be made in the direction of a general survey of Scotland, if it was possible to prepare plans showing the areas contained in elevations within which silviculture was practicable, and the first start in this direction has been made, and a map of one county has been completed. The areas are divided into three sections—the first being under 500 feet, the second from 500 to tooo feet, and the third from 1ooo to 1500 feet above sea-level. The Board propose gradually to have similar maps completed for each county in Scotland, and I am glad to say that they can be finished at comparatively small expense. These maps are 15 intended to be of service in agricultural as well as silvicultural operations. Correspondents. The Board will, upon an early date, have a limited number of correspondents chosen in each of the ‘“ woodland ” counties in Scotland. These correspondents will hold positions some- what similar to those hitherto employed by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, and now by the Scottish Board of Agriculture, for reporting upon agricultural subjects. They will be required to make quarterly reports, and it is expected that these will contain a great deal of information which will aid in co-ordinating silvicultural work in Scotland. Seed Testing. Quite recently the Board have been able to arrange for the testing of forest-tree seeds for germination, and samples that are sent to the Secretary of the Board will be tested free of charge. Well, gentlemen, I cannot claim that we have done very much, but I would remind you that ten months is not a long time for hatching not altogether the egg which Captain Stirling mentioned, but hatching something that will be of use to forestry in Scotland, and it is my hope at all events when we meet, as perhaps we will do next year, that we will have done something that will give you a little more satisfaction. I think it right to say that the Board fully realise the enormous amount that this Society has done for silviculture in Scotland, But for the Royal Scottish Arbori- cultural Society I am afraid Scottish woodlands would be in a poor plight to-day. The CHaiRMAN.—It is now my duty to ask you to accord a hearty vote of thanks to Mr Sutherland for the statement which you have heard. We all know the great disability that all officials labour under when they have to make a public statement. They have to be very careful of their words, and to say perhaps a good deal less than they mean. But I am quite sure that through everything that has fallen from Mr Sutherland we recognise the spirit of one who has silviculture at heart and who intends to do his best for it. Iam sure that Iam expressing your wish as well as my own, when I say I hope that on many 16 future occasions we shall. have the pleasure of seeing Mr Sutherland here, and hearing year after year a report of the progress being made. THE EXCURSION. Mr Cuar_Les BucHANAN, Convener of the Excursion Committee, gave in a report about the arrangements for the Excursion to Switzerland. He mentioned that a large number of Members had already sent their names to the Secretary in response to his invitation, and he hoped others would still come in. He expressed the Committee’s indebtedness to the Foreign Office, to the British Minister at Berne, and to Dr Somerville and Mr G. P. Gordon, for the help given by them in connection with the arrangements. The Committee, he said, had offered three bursaries of #10 to assist working foresters to take part in this Excursion, and for these only four applications had been received. The list would not be closed, however, till the end of the month. A Memper said that one of the reasons why some young foresters had not applied for bursaries might be that they had not been able to take part in any previous Excursion. A good many who might apply were disqualified by that condition. The CHAIRMAN said that the point was being considered. ForESTRY EXHIBITION AND COMPETITIONS IN CONNECTION WITH THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SHOW AT PAISLEY. Mr Rosert ALLAN, Polkemmet, Whitburn, said :—I have to report that the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show will be held at Paisley this year, and that the usual Forestry Exhibition will be held in connection with it. Last year the Society instituted a Nursery and Plantation Competition in the Show District, which is to be continued this year. The competition will be confined to the Counties of Argyll, Ayr, Bute, Lanark and Renfrew. Some little alteration has been made in the conditions of the Plantation competition as recommended by the judges of last year’s competition, which the Committee hope will meet with the approval of those interested. The Committe hope that in the area of the Paisley Show they will have a large number of entries both for the Exhibition and the Nursery and Plantation Competitions. 17 PROPOSED ALTERATION OF THE Laws. The CHarrMAN.—The next item is a report on the proposed alteration of the Laws, which was remitted from this meeting last year. As the Council do not propose to submit any recommendation perhaps the best course would be for me to explain shortly what took place. The Committee of the Council to which this question was remitted met twice, and fully discussed it, and they finally, by a majority, adopted a com- promise which was intended to meet the wishes of the proposer of the motion, Mr RicHarpson. That compromise was not accepted by the mover of the motion and his seconder, and therefore it was thought better that nothing should be brought before the Council to-day. But it is, of course, quite competent for the mover of the original motion to bring forward his motion again. Notices oF Morion. The Secrerary.—I have a letter from Mr RicHARDSON repeating the notice of his motion as formerly made, so that the matter will come up for discussion at next Annual Meeting. I need not read the motion because it has already been printed in full and will be printed again when it comes up for discussion. Other two motions have been given notice of. By Mr Gammett.—‘ That any Branch recognised by the parent Society and consisting of members of the Society subscribing to the funds of the Branch, shall have representation on the Council of the Society, consisting of the President of the Branch for the time being and one member of Council for the first fifty members of the Branch, and one extra member of Council for every additional completed fifty members, such member or members to be nominated by the members of the Branch in annual meeting, and that the rules of the Society shall be amended to that effect.” By Mr Ws. Gitcurist.—‘ That the annual business meeting of the Society extend over two days, the second day to take the form of a Conference for the discussion by members of subjects relating to arboriculture.” The CHAIRMAN.—These are three notices of motions that will come up for discussion next year. 18 VOTE OF THANKS TO THE RETIRING PRESIDENT. Mr GILBERT Brown, Grantown-on-Spey, moved a vote of thanks to Sir John Stirling-Maxwell for his past services as President of the Society. Sir JoHN STIRLING-MaxwELL.—I need scarcely say that I am very much obliged for the very kind way you have spoken of my work during the past three years on behalf of the Society. In working for the Society I never had any work which I enjoyed doing so much. I only wish that my efforts had produced rather more than they have done. DISCUSSION. A discussion then took place on the relation of Forestry to Agriculture and other industries, which was opened by Mr Gammell of Drumtochty, and was taken part in by Mr A. T. Gillanders, Mr J. F. Annand, Mr G. F. Scott Elliot, Mr J. H. Milne Home, Mr G. P. Gordon, Colonel Cadell of Grange, Mr George Leven, Mr Gilbert Brown, Dr Borthwick and Mr A. D. Richardson. Votes of thanks to Mr Gammell and the Chairman, proposed respectively by Mr Wm. Dawson and Mr A. Speirs, concluded the proceedings. ‘son NF ‘NOSLVYM ‘“L NHOL _ ‘QU O} Pa}qiyXa Waaq Os[e oavy “PAOGE sv spuNng OY} Sutyuosardo. ‘sarytInoeg ey, *JoAIL00 Wey punoy eavy puL ‘qoR.UsSqy We Sl eAOgE ayy YOY JO ‘ZBL taquiaseq 4S[¢ 0} avok ay} IoJ LoInsvo1y, oy} JO syUNODDY OY} poulutexs eavy T Wwqy Ayano Aqariay [—'SL6l Avonune 70% ‘HONAANIAY OL 81 9&1 °- : “par ‘puryqoog jo yUvg [VUOBN YILM Ppeto 4v wns Surg ‘suoyovsunny Scenuep JO ‘oqo “yso0 Jo quot -ked 04 qoolqns ‘ivok 4xou 0F pelivo ontasody Jo aoUv[Td ‘R 9 GI Z82F ARS ROE ros eae ad 9% 6 » ‘sfvqgno 4310g ee pue ‘sasuedxe = /vyuap eA -jouy ‘sonbeyy wo suols es -sTUUMOZ ‘sAabvysOd [BLOtlAy) wee 6 G Cee : ‘SWOUJIDSUDLT, JO ca TAXYX [OA JO [I PUR" [S}PVq JOSIvISOg SES IZA ‘SkRTNO SooueT[IST]JY PUB Se5vzsog | : ; ; ' aa 0 0 ¢G : * — fgaip [BPEL OSLAAGO OMY JO SOD) | 6 ydreoay snoaur[peosiq “2 ° Fr OLF : * “oIynRD Jo puog Ss Aavzo.109g | N . NO WHittedg pur ‘souvMsu] SUISIeApy i) ele C : : . . ‘padeaooay XB, auLOOUT “9 OmOMcZhe = : * Yqoimsvady, puvs AByja10eg hae : > : : g ‘OLR ‘swornonsun., | : ; ; , . Tie IOJ SojON Your ee Weta) Fr | IT 8I le POs sjqoday pur sworponsum4y “GC sLoyjny pure f OEF QULYSISSY SLOPPY “WOH | E 028 ; : ; : c ‘LOppny z @ 19 2 ; : : ‘qsedequy pue spueplAl(] “fF Tlecieeaa |e : * ‘Suoo]y [PNUWW OF —_____UmUL_ Dun ‘Z7[AJ_101 sexe. DUG WOO JO JUarT [A7e ent ANE SS eee on : ru Losuh cole ‘suoyydizosqug ast] TIN JO SF ere al on DOTS APIMUWY PodIfUVITTIE) hci Z OL OFLF *” onueaoy eee eee Jed ¢ Auvdmoy AvATIey wemmopeley ONce 0} padtassunag eile SIOQMeET aI] JO uosodorg “| | fF QT ZZRTF’ : z : ‘LI6L taqmuaoeq ISTE qv spunq T S9SYVHOSIG ‘ASYVHO WVilLid Vos i - GIG6L t9quiaaqd ISTE Sutpue IGOR AO} SLNOOOOY FO LOVULSay APPENDIX A. AAnsrracr or Accounts for Year ending 31st December 1912. ° I.—CAPITAL., Ee CHARGE. DISCHARGE. 1 Fuods at 81st December 1911, . . -£1822 18 4 | 1. Proportion of Dee eters) Subscriptions transferred to £500 Caledonian Railway Company 4 per |Uneekausteds| ace ruil hire Subscriptions 2198 ‘i cent, Guaranteed Annuity Stock, No, eos go | te of Full Life Subscriptions, £12211 1 S507 f Comninted Subscript: 1 ES /iatsT OTR: min siege tre ocE'507)70) 10 8s 0 | reo pete Dace eas, Se Za1aie. #500 Caledonian Railway Company 4 per ; x r cent. Debenture Stock, at 1059, a 52816 0 2. Decrease in value of Railway Stocks at 31st December 1912, £400 North British Railway Company 8 per 3. Funds, etc., at 31st December 1912— cent. Debentnre Stock, at 794, . 87 00 ey ce ae a = £500 Caledonian Railway Com: any 4 per £400 North British Railway Company, cent. Guaranteed A 3 = nnuity Stock, No, No, A, 4 per cent. Preference Bias 2avl00g, . ee, £508 15 0 ain es i £500 Caledonian Railway Company 4 per aaa Gn Matinal er eae coe ae and, Ltd. 3 5 —. £400 North British Railway Company 3 per s - ie £1782 18 4 cent. Debenture Stock, at 782, - $1210 0 Furniture, ete., in Society's Room, 40) 90 £100 North British Railway Company, £1822 18 4 No. 1, 4% Preference Stock, at 1004, 402 0 0 ——— Capital in hand uninvested (in National 2, Life Members’ Subscriptions in 1912, . 0} SORE, Se SUN New Members, 4 5 c ; 5 | £1769 8 2 Ordinary Members by commutation, ‘ 20 6 0 i Furniture, etc., in Society's Room, say, . 40 0 0 CHARGE. DISCHARGE, 1. Balance in hand at 81st December 1911, : - #51 3 1 | 1. Printing, Stationery, ete., “ ; : 2 Vol. XXVI. Part I. Transactions, £85 19 0 : Authors’ Reprints, 319 2, Ordinary Members’ Subscriptions, : 426 6 6 ——— 4839 0 9 Vol. XXVI. Part IT. of 2 2104 7 Arrearsat 81st December1911, £21 2 6 C Auhaenen eee Ao Add Arrears written off sO Fite Oi, but since recovered, 1120 : i ‘ £196 1 4 ———— _ 4214 6 General Printingand Stationery, £12 9 0 Subscriptions for 1912, . £436 1 0 Forestry Periodicals, Binding, etc 18 5 Less Received in 1911, 8 5 6 = 467 5 ar a £242) 8 9 Subscriptions for 1918 received in 1912, Less Receipts for Advts. in Trans, . $219 0 £459 5 0 £209 9 9 Deduct — 2. Prizes (Money, £24, 5s,; Medals, £23. 14s.) £4719 0 Cancelled or written oif Less Donation from the Highland and as irrecoverable at 31st Agricultural Society, for Prizes awarded December 1912, £12 0 6 for Home-Grown Timber exhibited at | Inverness, ; : 20 0 0 Arrears at 81st Decem- | = ro ber 1912, £22 0 6 3. Forestry Exhibition at the Highland ond Agricultural Society's Show at Cupar— Less Receivest | Printing, : : : - £1115 0 but not ap- Advertising, _ A 100 propriated, Extra Tabling, Racks, ete., : 3.60 senders’ names Incidental Expenses, : 819 4 being un- —— known, | 4. Nursery and Plantation Competition in Show | District— | Printing . ; : ; £3 0 6 | Advertising 7 s 4 011 2 Tudges' expenses 787 | 5. Index to Transactions— | Cost of preparing MS. of Index of Vols. I.- | paratory tovprinting . 6 : ; 6. Contril berde anil é : : 3. Proportion of Life Members’ Subscriptions transferred from pon eta a ete ea rane] Capital » @ Expenses of Management, a . * . )4- iea : . : : : 14010 2 Rent of Room aud Taxes for 1912, and Hall ee for Aunual Meeting, : . £2313 11 4. Dividends and Interest, 67 3 2 Auditor, “ 5 3 . ‘ 330 Hon. Editor’s Assistant, £30; and Authors 5 ; of German and French Notes for ». Transactions and Reports sold, 311811 Transactions, £10, 5 40 0 0 t 1" Secretary and Treasurer, < - 125 00 5, Income Tax Recovered, a 319 4 Advertising, Insurance, aud Premium on Secretary's Boni of Cantion, . . 410 4 7. Miscellaneous Receipt, 026 Cost of two obverse Medal dies, 500 Bo Poxtas. iscellaneous Outlays, zs Postagesof PartsI.andII. of Vol. X of Transactions, £32 General Postuges, Commis- sions on Cheques, Inci- dental expenses, and y Petty Outlays, . 49 2 6 8. Balance of Rovenue carried to next year, subject to pay ment of cost, ete, of Jannary Transactions, being sum at credit with National Bank of Scotland, Ltd., ‘ EDINDUKGH, 20th Januar, 1913.—I hereby certify that I have examined the Accounts of the the above is an Abstract, and have found them correct, The Securities, representing the Funds as above, have also been exhibited to me. € 2140 10 £1978 13 4 ——— 19 0 250 4 c asoo 136 18 10 £721 3 8 — ‘Treasurer for the year to 81st December 1912, of which JOHN T, WATSON, Auditor. APPENDIX B. ABSTRACT OF ACCOUNTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE Matcotm DuNN MEMoRIAL FUND, 1912. RECEIPTS. Balance in Bank at close of last Account. nee ieDe LO Dividend on £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation, payable at Whit- sunday and Martinmas, 1912, £3, ess Tax, B5..0d. : é : : : : ; 216 6 EL20-18, |G PAYMENTS. Messrs Douglas & Foulis for Elwes’ Forest Trees of Britain, 5 vols. £20 0 o County Directory of Scotland . : ©1520 ELizO. EEh to Balance carried forward, being sum in National Bank of a Scotland on Account Current. : 2 fon en Vote,—The Capital belonging to the Fund con- sists of £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation. EDINBURGH, 222d /January 1913.—Examined and found correct. The Certificate by the Bank of above balance, and Edinburgh Corporation Stock Certificate, have been exhibited. JoHN T. Watson, Auditor, 22 APPENDIX C. EXCURSION ACCOUNT. Abstract of Accounts—Year 1912. Balance brought from last Account : : : * . £60) 105Io Payments therefrom :— Auditor’s Fee for 1911. : , ; 5 | E2i\e2 ano Printing Programmes. : . : : 2 2eeG = 4 4 6 5615 4 Excursion to Deeside. Amount collected, /ess repaid . : 4 + £430) 25 Paid :— Conveyance of Luggage . . 4 10) 374 Hotel Bill at Braemar . : . 100 10 O oy », Potarch (Lunch) 5 30) Ties} 0) a ,, Banchory . ; re tke = »» Durris (Lunch) . LOM TOuO Hire of Motors, 18 at £10 . + 180) 0170 Preliminary Expenses, Printing, Gratuities and Incidental Outlays : : : a He) WB) 2 £430 6 6 0 475 Balance (subject to Auditor’s Fee) carried forward to next year, being sum in National Bank of Scot- © —— land on Account Current. : : : : 456 10 It EDINBURGH, 222d January 1913.—Examined with Vouchers and Memor- andum Book and found correct. Bank Certificate of above balance of 456, tos. 11d. also exhibited. Joun T. Watson, Auditor. 23 APPENDIX D. Roya. SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY (ABERDEEN BRANCH). REPORT 1912. The Committee beg to submit the Seventh Annual Report of the Branch. The affairs of the Branch have been conducted on similar lines as in the preceding years. The Membership of the Branch remains about the same as last year. Three new members have joined the Branch, but one or two have been lost on account of death and removal from the district. The Branch specially regrets the loss of the Rev. Mr Loutit, who died under such tragic circumstances. During the year four meetings of the Branch have been held—on goth December 1911, 30th March, 26th June, and 28th September 1912. At the Annual Meeting held in December, the Right Honourable Robert Farquharson, P.C., gave an address, the subject being “The Past, Present and Future of Forestry,” in the course of which he touched on many points of interest to those interested in forestry. At the March meeting of the Branch, which was very largely attended, members and others were privileged to hear an address from Professor Somerville, Oxford, who chose as his subject ‘The Forests of North America,” explaining particularly what is being done by the Governments of the United States and Canada in the development of forestry. On 26th June twenty-five members of the Branch joined the members of the Parent Society (whose Annual Excursion was held on Deeside from 24th to 28th June) in their visitation to the woods of Balmoral— the woods visited being Garmaddie, Invergelder and Craig Gowan, Balmoral Grounds and Abergeldie. The Branch party was heartily welcomed by Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, the President of the Society, and a very pleasant and instructive day was spent, His Majesty the King having been pleased to provide luncheon for the party, which was served in a marquee erected on the lawn near Balmoral Castle. The last meeting of the Branch for the year took the form of a visitation, on the invitation of the proprietors, to two of the local nurseries, namely, 24 those of Messrs William Smith & Son at Burnside, and those of Messrs Ben Reid & Co. at Pinewood. The whole day was spent between the two places, which are both in the near vicinity of Aberdeen, and much of interest was seen and discussed both from an arboricultural and silvicultural point of view, and by both firms the company was _hospitably entertained. The Library recently installed for the Branch is now in full working order, and although it is not extensive most of the volumes are the most recent publications on the subject. The Committee would impress upon members the desirability of a more extensive use of the Library in the future. The Committee have again to record their thanks to Professor Trail, and the University Authorities, for being allowed the use of the Botanical class-room for the meetings of the Branch. ALEX. F. IRVINE, President. GEORGE D. MASSIE, Honorary Secretary. ABERDEEN, December 1912. 25 ‘NOSNINdOH ‘9 ‘f ‘uaas ose aary J YoIyM ‘€6E “_ ‘ON ‘Yoog YUNG sSuraeg s9d ‘yuvg sduravsg usapsaqy ayi yim peytsodap st uns yor ‘Auuadyyey aduaduaq pur ssurpiys xis spunod yysiq Suraq yourasg ayy Jo yparzo ayy SOI 9 SF . . . . fo1 o1 of ————— fo 11 : yourig jo yiperg yw souryeg yunosoy Arerqry jo yiqaq ye sourleg ye aourjeq oy} ‘payonoa pur payeys Ayrzadoad acioneties ot) (pty Due 6 on 61 17 BePMUUCREN UOISIMOXA JO W1qQeEq 4 aourleg ‘sIdYONOA oq) UIT oles poreduos aAey pues SURO Y, jo JUIWIIJCYS AI Wale HORODON, ARS) fe) pst) {BV soUBer Sulosa10j ay} pauturexa aavy J—'z161 «aguaveg pat ‘NAAANALY ‘LOVULsSAV fo 11 bF fo 11 oF 9 O1O : : : ‘ - keno [ejuepjour pue sasv}sog fe 61 1 : ; ; * syoog o Sri 5 3 c F 4 6 c - ‘ Sunuiug VanOnsO yaa © : ; : JUNODIY 4Sv] Jo JIqaq 1 s0uReg fey nih Ape : : $ * yunosoy jo yiqaq ye souvleg WLNNOODV AUVAATTI Sor Ly Seon uy Oo O1oO : ; : : * sjuaprouy pure sasvysog Cheipige. © : ; ; : JOvAISqY 0} paws aouryeg oO OI QI : ; ; ; : *SIOJOJ, JO DILPT 9 or SI ¢ : 812491} Jo aoud siaqwiayy WO paataday 5 (9 (0) ; : : : sosusdxg Areurunyparg 5 @ © : : ; * - 4sataquy Yue sdurarg (oo) (oly : : 7 : g : : * Sunuu gy yi) Oye : : : 5 JUNOdDY js] Wo’ dDULTe_ “LNOOOOV NOISYNOXH finveacey ites Gevimri : ; * -yowasqy 0} parvo sourleg Titec, : : ° : Aeyyng [ejuapiouy pure sasvj}sog C9) 20 ‘ ; : D : * - 4ysarojyUuy yURg SSUIARS Omicace : : : ‘1161 xO} A18191095 0} WWNTIeIOUO FT @)) ff : : : : : A\a100g Juarvg wor juBI4 a) aii ; : : : * Suisaapy oy YA ty ‘ : : * "ST 7B Slaqwayy wo suondiosqns ee ely ; : : : g y : : * Suu () ty fens S S ; : jUNODSY Ise] Woy souRlLeg “AYNLIGNAdX]A “AINOONI ‘“LNOOOOV 'IVYUHNHD ‘SOT6T 4B9X ‘SLNOOOOV JO LNAWALVLS (HONVUG NAAGUAMY) ALAIOOS IVANALINOIAOIUW HSILLOOS IVAOY—' YF KIGNAddV 26 APPENDIX F. Office-Bearers for 1913 :-— PATRON. His Majesty Tue Kine. PRESIDENT. Captain ARCHIBALD StirLING of Keir, Dunblane. VICE-PRESIDENTS. A. W. Borruwick, D.Sc., 46 George Square, Edinburgh, Sypney J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty, Countesswells House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. The Lorp Lovart, D.S.0O., Beaufort Castle, Beauly. Cuas, BucHANAN, Factor, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. Sir ANDREW AGNEW, Bart., of Lochnaw 10 Smith Square, Westminster. W. Srevarr Fornrineuam of Murthly, Perthshire. COUNCIL. Hon. Lire MEMBERS. Sir Kenneru J. Mackenziz, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Sir JoHN SrirLtinc-MaxweE.Lt, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws, OrDINARY MEMBERS. Gro. LEVEN, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. Joun Broom, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. JOHN F. ANNAND, Lecturer in Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. JoHn W. M‘Hartiz, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. Bropik oF Bropiz, Brodie Castle, Forres. WiLt1AM Dawson, M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer in Forestry, Marischal College, Aberdeen. JOHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. A. ‘I’. GILLANDERS, F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. WiuuiAM Davipson, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. W.-H MAssIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. GILBERT Brown, Wood Manager, Grantown-on-Spey. GEORGE P. Gordon, B.Se., Lecturer in Forestry, West of Scotland Agricultural College, 6 Blythswood Square, Glasgow. A. D. RicHarpson, 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. ApAM Spiers, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-Mills, Edinburgh. Roserr ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. G. U. MAcDONALD, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. ALEXANDER MITCHELL, Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge. RoBeERT ForsEs, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. ALEXANDER J. Munro, Factor, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. W. M. Pricer, Factor, Minto, Hawick. 27 HON. EDITOR. Dr A. W. Bortuwick, 46 George Square, Edinburgh. AUDITOR. Joun T. Watson, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. HON. SECRETARY, The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Fereuson, M.P., Raith House, Kirkcaldy. SECRETARY AND TREASURER. Rosert Gattoway, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, HONORARY CONSULTING OFFICIALS. Botanist—Professor BAYLEY Ba.rour, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Chemist—Dr ALEXANDER LAuDER, F.I.C., 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Cryptogamist—Dr A. W. BorrHwick, 46 George Square, Edinburgh. Entomologist—Prof. Stewart MacDovueGatt, 9 Dryden Place, Edinburgh. Geologist—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geological Laboratory, University of Edinburgh. Meteorologist — ANDREW Watt, M.A., F.R.S.E., 122 George Street, Edinburgh. . TRUSTEES. The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Fercuson, M.P., W. SrevArT FoTHRINGHAM of Murthly, and Sir Joun Srrruinc-MaxweELt, Bart. of Pollok. LOCAL BRANCHES. ABERDEEN. NORTHERN. President.—A. Forses IRVINE of President.—BRoDIE OF BRODIE. Drum. Hon. Secretary.—ALEX. FRASER, Hon. Secretary.—GrorGE D. Massie, Solicitor, 63 Church Street, Solicitor, 147 Union Street, Inverness. Aberdeen. CORRESPONDENTS RESIDING ABROAD. Canada, . Roserrt Bett, I.S.0., M.D., LL.D., D.Se.(Cantab.), F.R.S. of Ottawa, late Chief Geologist to Government of Canada, Ottawa. India, . . F.L. C. Cowrey Brown, Principal, South Indian Forest College, Coimbatore, South India. British East \ Epwarp Batriscomer, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Africa, : Nigeri, via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. United States\HvucH P. Baxer, Dean, New York State College of of America, } Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y. Cape Colony, . W. Nimo Brown, M‘Kenzie’s Farm, Mowbray, P.O. Western Australia, FRED Moon. PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST. A. D, Ricuarpson, 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. Counties. Aberdeen, Argyll, . Ay?, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan,. Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Perth, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, Beds, Berks, Derby, Devon, . Durham, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, 28 LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen, JoHN Micurr, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. H. L. Macponatp of Dunach, Oban. ANDREW D. Pace, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Wm. MILnzE, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Ineurs, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick, JAMES Kay, retired Forester, Barone, Rothesay. RopErtT Forsss, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. D. CrasseE, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wo. Gitcurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. EpMuND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRABBE, retired Forester, Glamis, JAMES A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. Joun Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. JoHN Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. JOHN ScrimGEOuUR, Doune Lodge, Doune. JoHN J. R. MEIrkLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMy Frances YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JoHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers, Estate, Hawick. R. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso. DonaLp RosBertson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES HoGartH, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. Waker, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. England. FrANcIS MIrcHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Storie, Whitway House, Newbury. S. MacBran, Estate Office, Needwood Forest, Sudbury. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. Joun F, ANNAND, Lecturer in Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. THoMAs SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. Hamitton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES MARTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor BovuLGER, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, 8. W. Counties. Notts, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, . Galway, King’s County, Tipperary, 29 England. Wm. Exper, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark. W. Micuig, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson ToMirnson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. GEoRGE Hannau, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. os JOHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. A. D. Curistre, Hillside, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. AnpREW Boa, Land Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. D. Tait, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Ireland. A. C. Forses, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILSON, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Arcu. E. Morray, Lissadell, Stillorgan Park. Tuomas RoBERTSON, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wma. Henprerson, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. AEex. M‘Rakz, Forester, Dundrum. 30 APPENDIX G. Presentations to the Society’s Library since the publication of last List in Volume XXVI. Part 2. Books. 1. Complete Yield Tables for British Woodlands. By P. T. Maw. 2. Commission of Conservation, Canada :— (1) Report on Water Powers of Canada (with maps). (2) Report on Lands, Fisheries Game and Minerals, Canada. 3. The Country Gentleman’s Estate Book, 1912, 4, New Zealand Oficial Year Book, 1912. 5. The Forest Trees of Britain. By Rev. C. A. Johns. Revised by Prof. C. 8. Boulger. » Silviculture in the Tropics. By A. F. Brown. » Lhe Story of our Trees. By Margaret M. Gregson. - Flora and Sylva, 3 vols. By Wm. Robinson. . Trees in Winter, By A. F. Blakeslee, Ph.D., and Chester D. Jarvis, PhsD: 10. The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland. By H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., and Augustine Henry, M.A. Vol. vi. (By purchase.) oOo Ont GOVERNMENT AND STATE Reports. 11. New York State College of Forestry Bulletins, 12. Pennsylvania State College Bulletins. 13. Illinois University Bulletins. 14. U.S.A. Forest Service Bulletins :— (1) Quebracho Wood and its Substitutes. (2) The Forests of Alaska. (3) Influence of Age and Condition of the Tree upon Seed Production in Western Yellow Pine. (4) Lightning in Relation to Forest Fires. (5) Possibilities of Western Pines as a Source of Naval Stores. (6) Condition of Experimental Chestnut Poles after 5 and 8 Years’ Service. 15 Lloyd Library Bulletins, 16. Canada, Commission of Conservation, Second Annual Report. 17. India, Commercial Guide to its Forest Economic Products. 18. South Africa, Report of the Chief Conservator of Forests. 19. Indian Forest Bulletins :— (1) Memo. on the Oil Value of Sandal Woods from Madras. (2) Note on the Chemistry and Trade Forms of Lac. (3) Note on some Germination Tests with Sal Seed. (4) Note on the Resin Value of Podophyllum Emodi. (5) Bark-Boring Beetle attack in the Coniferous Forests of the Simla Catchment Area. (6) 4A Further Note on some Casuarina Insect Pests of Madras. 31 (7) The Bark-Eating and Root-Boring Beetles. (8) Note on Calorimetric Tests of some Indian Woods. (9) Catalogue of the Photographic Collection at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. 20. Indian Forest Records, vol. ii., part 4. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 21. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Indian Forest Records :— (1) Vol. ii., part 3. The Silviculture of Hardwickia Linata (Anjan) and Notes of Sandal. Vol. ii., part 4. Host Plants of the Sandal Tree. (2) Vol. iii., part 3. Report on Investigation of Bamboo as Material for Production of Paper Pulp. (8) Vol. iii., part 4. Note on the Preparation of Tannin Extracts. Vol. iv., parts 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. (4) Note on the Distillation and Composition of Turpentine Oil, ete. (5) On some New and Other Species of Hymenoptera in the Collections of the Zoological Branch of the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. (6) Useful Exotics in Indian Forests. (7) On Albezzia Lethamii. (8) Note on the Utilisation of Bamboo for the Manufacture of Paper Pulp. Indian Forest Memoirs :—Zoology Series, vol. ii., part 11. New Zealand :— (1) Annual Report ef Department of Lands, 1910-1911. (2) Report on State Afforestation, 1910-1911. (8) Report on Survey Operations, 1910-1911. (4) Report on State Nurseries and Plantations, 1911-1912. National Conservation Association Bulletins. Development Commissioners’ Second Report, 31st March 1912. Scotland, Report of the Departmental Committee on Forestry, 1912. Canada, Commission of Conservation, Third Annual Report, 1912. Pennsylvania Department of Forestry Report, 1910-1911. Report of H. M. Commissioners of Woods, Forests, etc., 27th June 1912, Madras Presidency, Report of Forest Department, 1910-1911. British India, Statistics Relating to Forest Administration, 1910-1911, Federated Malay States, Report on Forest Administration, 1911. Malay Peninsula, Trees and Timbers of. By A. M. Burn Murdoch, Conservator of Forests. Union of South Africa, Report of Chief Conservator of Forests, 1911. South Australia, Report on State Forest Administration, 1911-1912. Southern Nigeria, Report on Afforestation of Togo, 1912. Canadian Forestry Branch Bulletins :— (1) Pulpwood, 1911. (2) Progress of Stream Measurements. (3) Forest Products of Canada, 1910. (4) Report on Timber Conditions around Lesser Slave Lake, (5) Forest Products of Canada, 1911. Tight and Slack Cooperage. Canadian Department of Agriculture Bulletin :— The Large Larch Saw-fly. 32 Societies’ Reports aNnD TRANSACTIONS. 39. Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, vol, xxiv., 1912. 40, Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. xiii., Nos. 12 to 23. 41. Journal of the Board of Agriculture. 42. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1911. 43. Journal of Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Treland, 1912. 44, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 45. Journal of the Royal Caledonian Horticultwral Society. 46. Transactions of the Foresters’ and Gardeners Society of Argyll, vols iii. and iv. 47. Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science. 48. Scientific Bulletin of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. 49. Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, 1911. 50. Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society, with two Reprints. 51. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 52. Royal Dublin Society :— (1) Vol. ii., No. 5, Heonomice Proceedings. (2) Nos. 24, 25, and 26 of vol. xiii., Scientific Proceedings. 53. Kew Gardens Bulletin, 1912. 54, Botanical Society of Edinburgh :— Transactions, parts 2 and 3 of vol. xxiv. 55. Transactions of Perthshire Society of Natural Science, vol. v., part 4. REPRINTS AND MISCELLANEOUS. 56. Farming and Forestry. By J. F. Annand. 57. Gold Coast Land Tenwre. 58. Aarsberetning fra Net Norske Skogselskab, 1911. 59. L’ Alpe. Bologna. 60. The Estate Magazine. 61. Tidskrift for Skogbrug. Kristiania. 62. Skogsvardsforeningens Tidskrift. Stockholm. _ 63. The Indian Forester. Allahabad. 64. The Agricultural Economist. 65. Journal du Commerce des Bois. Paris. 66. Annwal Report of the Delegates for Forestry, Oxford, 1912. 67. Planters’ Notebook. By Robert Woodward, jun. 68. Forestry Quarterly. New York, 69. Canadian Forestry Journal. 70. American Forestry. 71. Timber Trades Journal. 72. Timber News. 73. Revue des Eawx et Foréts. Paris. (By purchase. ) 74. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagd-Zeitung. ( a ) 75. Zeitschrift fiir Forst- und Jagdwesen. ( 5G ) 76. Bulletin de la Société Forestiére de Franche Comté et Belfort. — (By purchase. ) Ei ifien A e Se es ae aii w is pail \ 7 ud se Ay!t I ie! se 8 ase i ‘ . 7 = ; reas ott Lang i St Ay = 4. C7 loses ae, aD « = — wes ra on Pog © ee Ta oe eres a ‘pero Sat he = ° a y zee L Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. (INSTITUTED 16th FEBRUARY 1854.) eat OF MEMBERS, ‘&c. As at 24th June Ig13. PATRON. HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PRESIDENT. Captain ARCHIBALD STIRLING of Keir. FORMER PRESIDENTS. Deputy-Surveyor of the Royal Forest of Dean. 1854-56 James Brown, Wood Commissioner to the Earl of Seafield. 1857 THE EARL OF DUCIE. 1858 THE EARL OF STAIR. 1859 Sir Joun HAtt, Bart. of Dunglass. 1860 THE DvuKE of ATHOLL. 1861 JoHN I. CHAuMERs of Aldbar. 1862 Tue EArt OF AIRLIE. 1863 The Right Hon. T. F. KENNeEpy, P.C. 1 Roserr Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. 73 Hueu CLecHorN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1874-75 JoHN Hutron Batrour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS. L. & E., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1876-78 The Right Hon. W. P. ApaAm of Blairadam, M.P., P.C. 1879-81 THE MArRQuEss OF LorHiANn, K.T. 1882 ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1883-85 Hucu Ciecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1886-87 The Right Hon. Sir Herbert Eustace MAxwELL, Bart., P.C., of Monreith. 1888-89 THE Marquess or LINLITHGOW, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry. 1890-93 Isaac Bayitey Batrour, M.D., Se.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1894-97 The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Frereuson, M.P., P.C. 1898 Colonel F. Barney, R.E. 1899-02 THE EArt or MANSFIELD. 1903-06 W. SrevarT ForHrincHam of Murthly. 1907-09 Sir KennerH J. Mackenzie, Bart. of Gairloch. 1910-12 Sir Joun Srirtinc-MaxweELL, Bart. of Pollok. iw) HONORARY MEMBERS. Date of Election. 1907 1901 1911 1905 1886 CasrtLErown, The Lord, of Upper Ossory, K.P., C.M.G., Granston Manor, Abbeyleix, Ireland. GAMBLE, J. Sykes, C.I.E., F.R.S., M.A., ex-Director of the Indian Forest School, Highfield, East Liss, Hants. (Also Life Member by Subscription. ) GinLaNnpERS, A. T., F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick, Northumberland. (Elected Ordinary Member in 1897.) Henry, Auguste Edmond, Professor of Natural Science, etc., National Forest School, Nancy, France. Jouore, The Sultan of, Johore, Malay Peninsula. 1904 Kay, James, Retired Wood Manager, Barone, Rothesay. (Elected Ordinary Member in 1867.) 1907 Kum, Kinya, Chief of the Imperial Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Tokio, Japan. 1903 Nrtson, Jigmiistare Elis, Forestindare for Kolleberga skogsskola Ljungbyhed, Sweden. 1889 SARGENT, Professor C. S., Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard College, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 1889 Scuuicu, Sir William, K.C.I.E., Professor of Forestry, Oxford University. 1895 Scuwappacu, Dr Adam, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia. 1907 Simmonps, Frederick, M.V.O., 16 Abingdon Court, Kensington West. 1904 SomeERvILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Sc., D.Cic., F.R.S.E., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1889.) 1886 TAKEI, Morimasa, 58 Mikumicho, Ushima, Tokio, Japan. HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS, Date of Election. 1903 Barriscombre, Edward, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Nairobe, British East Africa. 1901 Bruce, William, College of Agriculture, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. 1901 Crompiz, T. Alexander, Forester, Estate Office, Longhirst, Morpeth. 1902 GrLBert, W. Matthews, The Scotsman Office, Edinburgh. 1902 Smiru, Fred., Highfield Mount, Brook Street, Macclesfield. 1901 Srory, Fraser, Professor of Forestry, University of North Wales, Bangor. 1901 UsueER, Thomas, Courthill, Hawick. LIFE AND ORDINARY MEMBERS. C indicates Past or Present Member of Council. iin bee Gold Medal. {Ce eee Other Medal or Prize. ieee. Author of paper published. y Ae Life Member. Italics indicate that present Address is unknown. Law V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Transactions. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have heen paid up. Date of Election. 1906 ... *ABERCROMBY, Sir George William, Forglen, Turriff. 1900 ... *Aparr, David Rattray, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. 1907... *Aparr, John Downie, Nurseryman, 75 Shandwick Place, Edin- burgh. 1883... *Apam, Sir Charles Elphinstone, Bart. of Blairadam, 5 New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C. 19138 ... ADAM, James, Assistant Forester, New Cottages, Dupplin, Perth. 1912 ... *Apam, Thomas, F.S.I., J.P., Property Valuator, 27 Union Street, Glasgow. 1904 ... *Apams, Joseph Wm. Atkin, Resident Agent, Mill Hill, Middlesex. 1906 ... ADAMSON, John, Head Forester, Bell’s Yew Green, Frant, Sussex. 1874 ... *AppiInGToN, The Lord, Addington Manor, Winslow. Bucks. 1913 ... *ApKiN, Benaiah Whitley, F.S.I., 82 Victoria Street, West- minster, London. 1904 Cp *AGNEw, Sir Andrew, Bart., 10 Smith Square, Westminster. 1903... ArLsA, The Marquess of, Culzean Castle, Maybole. 1912 ... *AINSLIE, James Robert, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Ratna- pura, Ceylon. 1906 ... AINSLIE, John, Factor, Stobo, Peeblesshire. 1902 .. AINSLIE, Thomas, Glenesk, Penicuik. 1908 ... Arrp, William. Mechanical Engineer, Woodend, Muirkirk, Ayr- shire. 1902 ... ArrcHIson, William, Assistant Forester, Weirburn Cottage, Grant’s House. 1907 ... AITKEN, James, Overseer, Airth Estate, Larbert. 1905 ... ALEXANDER, Henry, Head Forester, Grimstone Estate, Gilling East, York. 1883 p*ALEXANDER, John A., 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens, Surrey. 1908 ... ALEXANDER, John, Nurseryman, 8 Chamberlain Road, Edinburgh. 1905 ... ALLAN, James, Forester, 6 Bostock Road, Middlewick, Cheshire. 1913... ALLAN, John Cameron, Assistant Forester, Mellerstain, Gordon, Berwickshire. 1903 C*ALLAN, Robert, F.S.I., F.H.R.S., Factor, Halfway House, Polkemmet, Whitburn. Date of Election. 1909 ALLIson, Thomas, Solicitor and Factor, Fort William. 1912 Aston, James, Merchant, 119 Virginia Street, Glasgow. 1910 Amos, Frank, Surveyor and Auctioneer, The Parade, Canterbury. 1907 ANDERSON, James, 467 Cameron Avenue, Detroit, Mich., U.S.A. 1906 ANDERSON, Robert, Foreman Forester, Bowmont Forest, Rox- burgh. 1901 ... *ANDERSON, Robert, Bailiff, Phoenix Park, Dublin. 1909 ANDERSON, Robert Lawson, Forester, Balgate, Kiltarlity, Beauly. 1887 Cmp ANNAND, John F., M.Sc., Lecturer in Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1903 ANSTRUTHER, Sir Ralph, Bart. of Baleaskie, Pittenweem. 1903 m ARCHIBALD, John Clark, Head Forester, Eden Hall, Lang- wathby, R.S.O., Cumberland. 1898 ARMSTRONG, Thos. J. A., Factor, Glenborrodale, Salen, Fort William. 1904 Arnott, William, Head Forester, Ardtornish Estate, Morvern, by Oban. 1883. m*ArHoLL, The Duke of, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. 1913 AUCHTERLONIE, Alexander, Assistant Forester, 33 Weckley Kettering, Northants. 1860 Austin & M‘AsLAN, Nurserymen, 89 Mitchell Street, Glasgow. 1908 BAILLIE, Lieutenant-Colonel A. C., Factor, ete., Kirklands, Melrose. 1912 Baruurb, Robert Richard Webster, Estate Agent, Lanfine, by Darvel. 1906 m*Batrp, Henry Robert, D.L., J.P., Durris House, Drumoak, Aberdeen. 1896 ... *Batrp, J. G. A., of Adamton, 89 Eaton Square, London, S.W. 1903 Barry, William Arthur, of Erskine, Glasgow. 1909 p*BALDEN, John, Estate Agent, Bywell Office, Stocksfield-on-Tyne. 1884... *BaLrour oF Bur.EIcH, The Right Hon. Lord, K.T., Kennet House, Alloa. 1900 ... *BALrour, Charles B., of Newton Don, Kelso. 1886 m*Ba.Lrour, Edward, of Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. 1906 p BatFour, Frederick Robert Stephen, J.P., Dawyck, Stobo, Peeblesshire ; 39 Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, London, W. 1877. p*Batrour, Isaac Bayley, LL.D., Sc.D., M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Past President. 1912 ... *BaLtrour, Robert Frederick, Yr. of Balbirnie, Balbirnie, Markinch. 1892 BALLINGALL, Niel, Sweet Bank, Markinch, Fife. 1909 Baptie, William, Assistant Forester, Larachbeg, Lochaline, Morvern. 1904... *BarBour, George Freeland, of Bonskeid, Pitlochry. 1897 Barcuay, Robert Leatham, Banker, 54 Lombard St., London, E.C. 1908 Barnes, Nicholas F., Head Gardener, Eaton Hall, Chester. 1909 Barr, D., James Service & Sons, Maxwelltown, Dumfries. Date of Election. 1907 1895... Barr, John, Assistant Factor, Erskine, Bishopton. *BARRIE, James Alexander, Forester, Harlestone, Northampton. 1866 Mp *Barriz, James, Forester, Stevenstone, Torrington, North Devon. 1877 1909 1874 1904 1908 1908 1910 1897 1883 1898 1910 1908 1900 1900 1871 1911 1905 1913 1903 1904... 1889 1912 1911 1907 1903 1909 NS97, M908) «..5 1904 1913 1911 1908 1913 1908 1910 1903 *Barry, John W., of Fyling Hall, Fylingdales, Scarborough, Yorks, Barton, Ebenezer Johnstone, Assistant Forester, Cruachan, Kilchrenan, Taynuilt. Barton, James, Forester, Hatfield House, Herts. Barron, James Robert, Factor, 3 Coates Crescent, Edinburgh. . *BaxTer, Edward Gorrel, J.P., Teasses, Lower Largo, Fife. Baxter, James, Gardener, Gorddinog, Llanfairfechan, Carnarvon- shire. BAYLEY, James Francis, W.S., 4 Hill Street, Edinburgh. . “Brae, James, Rosslyne, Culter, by Aberdeen. . *Breti, Andrew, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. Bei, David, Seed Merchant, Coburg Street, Leith. . *Bexu, Sir James, Bart., of Montgreenan, Kilmarnock. Bett, John R., Assistant Forester, Colstoun, Haddington. Beit, Robert, Land Steward, Baronscourt, Newtown-Stewart, Ireland. Berti, William, Forester, Balthayock, Perth. . *Betit, William, of Gribdae, 87 Melbourne Grove, Dulwich, London, S8.E. BENNETT, R. J., Savoy Park, Ayr. BENNETT, John, Forester and Acting Sub-Agent, Town’s End, Wolverton, Basingstoke. BENNOCH, John, Forester, Newhousemill, East Kilbride. Bentinck, Lord Henry, M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. *Brrry, Charles Walter, B.A., 11 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh, m BrERkY, Francis, Forester, Minto, Hawick. Berry, William, Advocate and Landowner, of Tayfield, Newport, Fife, BRTHELL, Slingsby Westbury, Blackford, Rothienorman. BEVERIDGE, James, Forester, Normanby, Doncaster. BINNING, The Lord, Mellerstain, Kelso. Biscog, T. R., of Newton, Kingillie, Kirkhill R.S.0., Inverness- shire. *Brack, Alexander, The Gardens, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, *Bvack, Florance William, of Kailzie, Peeblesshire. BLAcK, John, Factor, Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir. Buack, Robert, Factor’s Assistant, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Buack, William, Timber Merchant, 37 Clerk Street, Brechin. Biackiaws, John, Head Forester, Seafield Cottage, Portsoy. Biatr, Alexander, Assistant Chief Valuer, 45 Hanover Street, Edinburgh. Buatr, Charles, Glenfoot, Tillicoultry. Barr, Captain Hunter, R.N., of Blairquhan, Ayrshire. Briarr, Thomas, Farmer, Hoprig Mains, Gladsmuir. Date of Election. 1872 ... Boa, Andrew, Estate Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. 1877... *Botckow, C. F. H., of Brackenhoe, Kentisknowle, Torquay. 1892 .... Bonp, Thomas, Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham. 1895 ... *Boorp, W. Bertram, Land Agent, Bewerley, Pateley Bridge, Yorks. 1909 ... Booru, Miss Cary, 39 Mozartstrasse, Grosslichterfelde, Germany. 1898 CMp*Bortuwick, A. W., D.Sc., 46 George Square, Edinburgh, Hon. Editor. 1898 ... Bortuwick, Francis J. G., W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh. 1908 ... *BorrHwick, Henry, Borthwick Castle, Gorebridge. 1887 Mp BovuucER, Professor G. 8., 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S.W. 1912 ... Boyp, Alexander, Gardener, The Gardens, Ardgour, Argyllshire. 1883 Cp Boyp, John, Crown Forester’s House, Ford, Argyll. 1897... Bratp, J. B., Forester, Witley Court, Great Witley, Worcester. 1902 ... *Brarp, William Wilson, 20 Esslemont Road, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh. 1907... BREADALBANE, he Marchioness of, Black Mount, Bridge of Orchy, Argyllshire. 1911 ... *BreBNner, Robert F., Factor, Crecy House, Isle of Whithorn, Wigtownshire. 1910 ... Broaprorp, David, Forester, 189 Langley Old Hall, Langley, Huddersfield, Yorks. 1907 Cp Bropte, Ian, of Brodie, Brodie Castle, Forres. 1911 ... *Broox, Charles, of Kinmount, Annan. 1900 C*Broom, John, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. 1900 ... *Brown, Charles, Factor, Kerse, Falkirk. 1911 ... Brown, Duncan, Foreman Forester, The Gardens, Birr Castle, King’s Co., Ireland. 1910 p Brown, Francis Loftus Cowley Cowley-, Principal, South Indian Forest College, Coimbatore, S. India. 1904 ... Brown, George, Timber Merchant, Buckhaven Saw-mills, Buckhaven. 1900 Cmp *Brown, Gilbert, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey. 1878 ... Brown, J. A. Harvie-, of Quarter, Dunipace House, Larbert. 1899... Brown, John, Forester, 65 Northgate, Peebles. 1896 ... *Brown, Rev. W. Wallace, Minister of Alness, Ross-shire. 1895 ... Brown, Walter R., Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, near Winchfield, Hants. 1900 ... Brown, William, Forester, Lissadell, Sligo, Ireland. 1905 ... Brucor, Alexander, Timber Merchant, 68 Gordon Street, Glasgow. 1907... Bruck, Charles, Assistant Forester, Beaumanor Park, Wood- house, Loughborough, Leicestershire. 1901 ... Brucr, David, Overseer, Earnock Estate Office, Hillhouse, Hamilton. 1910 ... Brucr, David, M.A., LL.B., 141 West George Street, Glasgow. 1895 ... *Brucsr, Peter, Manager, Achnacloich, Culnadalloch, by Connel. 1909... Brunton, James S., Forester, Hursley Park, near Winchester, Hants. Date of Election. 1904 1907 1897 1879 1912 1879 1911 1906 1909 1909 1911] 1910 1904 1906 1913 1913 1910 1909 1909 1902 1912 1908 1912 1906 1901 1910 1908 1907 1911 1913 1908 1899 1904 1912 aes Brunton, John, Head Forester, Langley Park, Norwich. *BrYDEN, Thomas, Nurseryman, Dennison Nurseries, Ayr. Brypon, John, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Darlington, Co. Durham. m *Buccieucn, The Duke of, K.T., Dalkeith Palace, Dalkeith. BucHan, Robert, Assistant Forester, North Lodge, Keithick, Coupar-Angus. C *BucHANAN, Charles, Factor, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. BucHANAN, John Hamilton, of Leny (Callander), C.A., 8 York Place, Edinburgh. BurnEtTT, Sir Thomas, Bart., Crathes Castle, Crathes, N.B. BurNLEY-CAMPBELL, Colin N., 23 Melville Street, Edinburgh. Burn-Murpocnu, Alfred Maule, Conservator of Forests, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. Burrows, Alfred John, Land Agent, 41 Bank Street, Ashford, Kent. Burton, Richard Charles Fryer, District Forest Officer, George Town, Cape Province. Burier, Robert, Forester, Estate Office, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. Butter, Walter James, Mellerstain Cottages, Gordon, Berwick- shire, Burrar, Alexander, Blackfriars House, Perth. Burrar, Fernie Louden, Forestry Student, 7 Linkfield, Mussel- burgh. .. *Butrer, Charles A. J., Cluniemore, Pitlochry. . *Buxton, Walter L., of Bolwich, Marsham, Norwich. . *Caccra, Anthony M., M.V.O., 19 Linton Road, Oxford. Pp wee *CapELL, Henry Moubray, of Grange and Banton, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.A.S., J.P., etc., Grange, Linlithgow. CaxEsAR, William, Solicitor, Bathgate. *CALDER, James Charles, of Ledlanet, Milnathort. CaLpER, John Joseph, of Ardargie, Forgandenny. CALDERHEAD, William, Overseer, Eredine, Port Sonachan, Argyll- shire. CAMERON, Alex., Balmina, Cookstown, Ireland. Cameron, Angus, F.S.I., Factor, Seafield Estates Office, Elgin. CaMERON, Colin M., Factor, Balmakyle, Munlochy. CAMERON, Donald Walter, of Lochiel, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. Cameron, Duncan C., Assistant Forester, Damshot, Pollokshaws. CamMERON, Grigor J., Assistant Forester, Lochgarten Cottage, Nethy Bridge. CAMERON, John, Forester, Isel Hall, Cockermouth, Cumberland. *CAMERON, John J., Norwood, Hamilton. Cameron, Robert, Estate Office, Brinscall, nr. Chorley. CAMERON, Simon, Forester, Corrour, S.O., Inverness-shire. Date of Election. 1912 1909 1895 1899 1904 1908 1897 1900 1906 1911 1908 1901 1908 1903 ight 1903 1896 1908 1906 1907 1903 1898 1907 1904 1910 1909 1906 1911 1897 1898 1904 CAMPBELL, Adam, Factor’s Assistant, Cromartie Estates, Kildary, Ross-shire. Campbell, Alexander, Assistant Korester, Dalzell Farm, Motherwell. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Land Steward, Rosemill Cottage, Strath- martin, by Dundee. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Tullymully, Dunkeld. CAMPBELL, David S., Forester, Middleton Hall, Belford, Northumberland. Campbell, Donald, Assistant Forester, Homestall Cottage, Ashwrst- wood, Sussex, . “CAMPBELL, James Arthur, Arduaine, Lochgilphead, Argyllshire. CAMPBELL, James S., Forester, Ginsboro Hall, Ginsboro, Yorks, CAMPBELL, John, Land Steward, Forss Estates, Westfield, Thurso. . “CAMPBELL, Keir Arthur, Student, Arduaine, Lochgilphead. CAMPBELL, Patrick William, of Auchairne, W.S., 25 Moray Place, Edinburgh. CAMPBELL, Peter Purdie, Factor, Lee and Carnwath Estates Office, Cartland, Lanark. CAMPBELL, Robert, B.Se., Geological Laboratory, Edinburgh University. Cancu, Thomas Richard, B.Sc., P.A.S.I., 3 Greenbank Crescent, Morningside, Edinburgh. CANE, William, Assistant Forester, Brown’s Lodge, Pembury, Tunbridge Wells. . *CAPEL, James Carnegy Arbuthnott, of Ballnamon, 34 Roland Gardens, London, S.W. . *CARMICHAEL, The Lord, Governor of Madras, India. CARMICHAEL, James Louis, younger of Arthurstone, Arthurstone, Meigle. CARNEGIE, James, of Stronvar, Balquhidder. CaRNEGIE, Robert, Head Forester, Lime Walk Cottage, Rose- haugh, Avoch, Ross-shire. CARRUTHERS, Major Francis John, of Dormont, Lockerbie. . *Carson, David Simpson, C.A., 209 West George Street, Glasgow. CassELLs, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Star, Markinch, Fife. CaTHcAR?, Sir Reginald Gordon, Bart., Cluny Castle, Aberdeen- shire. CAVERHILL, W. R., Factor, The Glen, Innerleithen. CHADWICK, James Melville, Findhorn House, Forres. *CHALCRAFT, George Barker, ‘‘ Hillside,” Gimingham, near North Walsham, Norfolk. CHALMERS, Frank, W.S., 13 Riselaw Road, Renna CHALMERS, James, Gane Gask, Auchterarder, Perthshire. CHALMERS, James, Overseer, Estate Office, Ballochmyle, Mauchline. CHALMERS, Robert W., Head Forester, Earlyvale, Eddleston, Peeblesshire. Date of Election. 1911 1892 1909 1908 1906 1909 1882 1884 1906 1910 1908 1906 1883 1890 1902 1910 1910 1891 1906 1892 1902 UGH 1911 1910 1902 1906 1898 1904 1913 1906 1904 1906 1908 1908 1907 1895 1887 CHAPMAN, Alfred, Assistant Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop, Notts. CHAPMAN, Andrew, Factor, Dinwoodie Lodge, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire. Chapman, William, Foreman, Canonbie Saw-mill, Canonbie. CHERMSIDE, Sir Herbert, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham. CHISHOLM, Alexander M‘Kenzie, Clerk of Works, Dalkeith Park Dalkeith. CHISHOLM, George, Forester, Wishaw House, Wishaw. . *CHOWLER, Christopher, Gamekeeper, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. CurisTIz, Alex. D., Hillside, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Bir- mingham. CuHRIsTI£, Charles, Factor, Estate Office, Strathdon. Christie, James Sinton, Assistant Gardener, 50 Vicarage Road, Camberwell, London, S.E. CHRISTIE, Miss Isabella Robertson, of Cowden, Dollar. Curisti£, Thomas, Nurseryman, Rosefield Nurseries, Forres, - *CHRISTIE, William, Nurseryman, Fochabers. Crakk, Charles, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn. Cuark, Francis Ion, Estate Office, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Clark, George, Assistant Forester, Keiloch, Invercauld, Ballater. CLark, George, Forester, Crawfordton Estate, Thornhill. Cp Cuark, John, Forester, Kelly, Methlick, Aberdeen. Crark, John, Forester, Almond Dell, Old Clapperton Hall, Midcalder. ... “CLARK, William, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Cxiark, William, Assistant, Minto Estates Office, Hawick. Clarkson, Alexander G., Assistant Forester, Lindertis, Kirremuir. CLERK Rarrray, Colonel Burn, of Craighall Rattray, Blairgowrie. CLinron-Baker, Henry Wm., J.P., of Bayfordbury, Hertford. . "CLINTON, The Lord, Fettercairn House, Fettercairn. CLYNE, James, Engineer, Knappach, Banchory. . *Coats, Sir Thomas Glen, Bart., Ferguslie Park, Paisley. Cops, Herbert Mansfield, Land Agent, Higham, Rochester, Kent. CocuraNn, Francis James, of Balfour, 152 Union Street, Aberdeen. Cocker, Alexander Morrison, Nurseryman, Sunnypark Nursery, Aberdeen. . “Coxe, Hon. Richard, Weasenham, Swaffham. CoLes, Walter G., Engineer, Board of Agriculture, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. Cotsron, William G., Estate Clerk, Rosemount, Lockerbie. CottMAN, William Hew, J.P., B.A., Barrister, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire. Comrig, Patrick, Land Agent, Waterside, Dalry, Ayrshire. Connor, George A., Factor, Craigielaw, Longuiddry. C *Coox, James, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Date of Election. 1906 1911 1911 1911 1904 1897 1912 1910 1908 1908 1876 1892 1908 1899 1901 1910 1912 1874 1904 1904 1900 1875 1867 1904 1909 1875 1913 1903 1908 1908 1899 hil 1903 1900 10 Cook, Melville Anderson, Assistant Forester, Glamis, Forfarshire. CoorrEr, George Mearns, Seedsman, 72 Guild Street, Aberdeen. Corsin, H. Hugh, B.Se., Woods and Forests Dept., Adelaide, South Australia. Corbin, John Christopher, Student, Lowisville, Davidson's Mains. Coupar, Charles, Manager, Barcaldine, Ledaig, Argyllshire. . *Coupar, Wm., Overseer, Balgowan, Perthshire. Courts, Duncan, Apprentice Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Coutts, James, Assistant Forester, Douglas Castle, Lanarkshire. Courts, Wm., Forester, Gardener, and Ground Officer, Learney, Torphins, Aberdeen. . *Cowan, Alexander, Valleyfield, Penicuik. .. “Cowan, Charles W., Dalhousie Castle, Bonnyrigg, Lasswade. .. “Cowan, George, 1 Gillsland Road, Edinburgh. Cowan, Henry Hargrave, Seafield Estates Office, Cullen. . “Cowan, Robert, Mains of Househill, Nairn. .. “Cowan, Robert Craig, Eskhill, Inveresk. m Cowan, Robert, Head Forester, Hoddom Cross, Ecclefechan. Cow1gson, Fred Davidson, Structural Engineer, 3 Charles Street, St Rollox, Glasgow. . *Cowrer, R. W., Gortanore, Sittingbourne, Kent. . *Cox, Albert E., of Dungarthill, Dunkeld. . *Cox, William Henry, of Snaigow, Murthly. Crabbe, Alfred, Forester, Glamis. m CraBBE, David, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, Dumfriesshire, CCRrABBE, James, Glamis. Craic, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Glamis. .. *Cratc, Sir Archibald Gibson, Bart. of Riccarton, Currie. . "Craic, Wm., M.D., C.M., F.R.S.E., 71 Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh, Crams, Daniel, Assistant Forester, Burnside Lodge, Dupplin Estate, Perth. Cranstoun, Charles Joseph Edmondstoune, of Corehouse, Lanark. . *Craw, John Taylor, Factor and Farmer, Coldstream. . *CrRAWForD, The Earl of, Balcarres, Fife; 7 Audley Square, London, W. CrerRAR, David, Land Steward, Methven Castle, Perth. Cricuton, Edward James, Wood Merchant’s Clerk, Silverbank Sawmills, Banchory. Cro, John, of D. & W. Croll, Nurseryman, Dundee. . *Crooxs, James, Timber Merchant, Woodlands, Eccleston Park, Prescot. 1895Cmp *Croziger, John D., Dept. of Forestry, Board of Agriculture, 1910 1907 Dublin. CrupDEN, LewisG., Forester, East Lodge, Brucklay, Aberdeenshire. CRUICKSHANK, James, Farmer and Hotelkeeper, Port Erroll, Aberdeenshire. 11 Date of Election. 1900 Cumminc, John H., Overseer, Royal Dublin Society, Ball’s Bridge, Dublin. 1911 Cummine, Thomas, Forester, Cluniemore Estate, Pitlochry. 1906 CummMinc, William, Nursery Foreman, Burnside Nurseries, Aberdeen. 1901 ... *CUNNINGHAM, Captain John, Leithen Lodge, Innerleithen, 1898 ... *CUNNINGHAM, George, Advocate, The Square, Kingsley Green, Haslemore, Surrey. 1909 CUNNINGHAM, Robert, Forester, Glenlogan, by Mauchline, Ayrshire. 1913 Curr, James, Estate Clerk, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. 1913 Curr, Thomas, Student, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. 1898 ... *Curr, W. S., Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. 1907 CUTHBERTSON, Evan James, W.S., 12 Church Hill, Edinburgh. 1907 DALE, Robert, Forester, The Nursery, Sorn Castle, Ayrshire. 1867 ... *DALGLEisH, John I., of Westgrange, Brankston Grange, Bogside Station, Alloa. 1906 . *DaLGLetsH, Sir William Ogilvie, Bart., Errol Park, Errol. 1900 . *DatuHouste£, The Earl of, Brechin Castle, Forfarshire. 1908 ... DawtKetru, The Karl of, Eildon Hall, St Boswells. 1910 . *DaturmMore, William, Assistant, Royal Gardens, Kew, 43 Ley- borne Park, Kew Gardens, Surrey. 1901 DatryMPLE, Hon. Hew H., Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire. 1906 ... *DAtRymetr, The Lord, M.P., Lochinch, Stranraer. 1904 DALRYMPLE, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, Bart., P.C., of New- bailes, Musselburgh. 1905 Davi, Albert E., Assistant Forester, Erlestoke, nr. Devizes, Wilts. 1912 Davipson, George Alfred, Factor, Knockdow Estate Office, Toward. 1904 ... Davipson, James, 12 South Charlotte Street, Edinburgh. 1892 mp Davipson, John, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. 1908 Davipson, Major Duncan Francis, Dess, Aberdeenshire. 1892 C*Davipson, William, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. 1913 Davipson, William Cameron, Estate Clerk, Seafield Estates Office, Cullen. 1901 Daviz, George, Overseer, Balruddery Gardens, near Dundee. 1904 DAVIE, Thomas, Forester, Dunnotter Estate, Stonehaven. 1908 Cp*Dawson, William, M.A., B.Sc.(Agr.), Reader in Forestry, Cambridge University. 1910 Deas, James, Devon Cottage, Bonnyrigg 1904 DENHOLM, John, Timber Merchant, Bo'ness. 1906 Dewar, Alex., 12 Greenhill Park, Edinburgh. 1902 ... Dewar, H. R., Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly. 1901 . *Dewar, Sir John A., Bart., M.P., Dupplin Castle, Perth. 1898 ... *Dicsy, The Right Hon. Baron, Minterne, Cerne, Dorsetshire. 1912 Dons, John Henry, Factor, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. Date of Election. 1903 1913 1908 1896 1882 1903 OTT 1903 1898 1909 1900 1904 1862 1912 1912 1913 1909 1908 1909) 1912 1907 1903 1907 1907 1910 OMT 1910 1907 TOUZ pe 1905 1902s 1873 1912 1900 1898 .. "Don, Alex., Mikalongwe, Nyasaland. Dona.p, James A., Forester, Dupplin Estate, Perth. Doveuty, James T. S., Solicitor and Factor, Ayton. . *Dove.as, Alex., Estate Bailiff’s Office, Dean Road, Scarborough. Dovet.as, Captain Palmer, of Cavers, Hawick. Dove tas, William G., Forester, Ingleborough Estate, Clapham, Yorks. Dovt1, Donald, M.A., A.R.C.Sc., High School, Kelso. Dow, Alexander, Forester, Bretby Park, Burton-on-Trent. m Dow, Thomas, Forester, Wakefield Lawn, Stony Stratford, Bucks. Drummonp, A. Hay, of Cromlix, Dunblane. Drummonpd, Dudley W., Commissioner, Cawdor Estate Office, Carmarthen, South Wales. DrummonD, William, Head Forester, Fairburn Estate, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire. Drummonp & Sons, William, Nurserymen, Stirling. DryspaLE, A. Leslie, Hartfell, Colinton. DryspaALe, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Foresters’ Cottages, Altyre, Forres. DrysvaLz, Robert, Foreman Forester, Novar Estate, Evanton, Ross-shire, DryspA.e, Thomas, Land Steward, Estate Office, Auchinleck. Ducuesne, M. C., Land Agent, Farnham Common, Slough, Bucks. *Durr, Alexander M., Land Steward and Farm Manager, Nine- wells, Snaigow, Murthly. Durr, James, Forester, Appin Estate, Appin, Argyll. Durr, John Wharton Wharton, of Orton and Barmuchity, Morayshire. Durr, Mrs M. M. Wharton-, of Orton, Morayshire. Durr, Thomas Gordon, of Drummuir and Park, Banffshire. Dueuip, Charles, Head Forester, Philorth, Fraserburgh. Dunsar, John Christie Flockhart, Factor, Crathes Castle, Crathes. Duncan, Peter, Assistant Forester, The Lodge, Castle Toward, Toward, Argyllshire. Duncan, Robert, Forester, Kilmaronaig Cottage, Connel, Argyll. Dunctass, The Lord, Springhill, Coldstream. *Duntop, Thomas, D.L., Shipowner, 70 Wellington Street, Glasgow. Dunstan, M. I. R., Principal of South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. *DuRHAM, The Earl of, K.G., Lambton Castle, Durham. DurwarpD, Robert, Estate Manager, Blelack, Logie-Coldstone, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire. DurHir, Edwin Charles, Nursery Assistant, Ewan Place, Countesswells Road, Aberdeen. Duruiz, James A., of Benjamin Reid & Co., Nurserymen, Aberdeen. Eapson, Thomas G., Forester, Whaley, Mansfield. Date of Election. 1911 1906 1885 1904 1899 1912 1893 1902 1911 1899 1904 1901 1901 1898 1873 1906 1906 1913 1912 1894 1911 1900 1903 1908 1900... 1910 13 Easson, Thomas S., W.S., 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Epaar, James, Factor, Poltalloch Estate Office, Lochgilphead. Epincron, Francis, Overseer, Monk Coniston Park, Lancashire. EpMonpD, James, Assistant, Wemyss Castle Estate Office, East Wemyss, Fife. mp Epwarps, Alex. W. B., Forester, Thirlmere Estate, via Grasmere. Epwarps, Johnston, Assistant Forester, Murthly, Perthshire. Exper, William, Forester, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark, Notts. EiicE, Captain Edward Charles, Invergarry, and 48 Sloane Gardens, 8S. W. p Extior, George F. Scott, Meadowhead, Liberton. . *Etuison, Francis B., Downesleigh, Shefford, Bedfordshire. . *ELPHINSTONE, The Lord, Carberry Tower, Musselburgh. p Ewes, Henry John, F.R.S., of Colesborne, Cheltenham. ERSKINE, Richard Brittain, Oaklands, Trinity, Edinburgh. .. Ewan, Peter, Forester, Herbert Cottage, Ditchampton, Wilton, Salisbury. Ewine, David, Forester, Strichen House, Aberdeen. FAICHNEY, John, Forester, Blythswood, Renfrew. FArRBAIRN, John, Assistant Forester, Softlaw, Kelso. Fatconer, David, Foreman Forester, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. FALCONER, James Grewar, Architect, 4 Cameron Square, Fort William. .. *FARQUHARSON, James, Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip. Farquuarson, Right Hon. Robert, M.D., P.C., Finzean, Aboyne. mp Freaks, Matthew, Forester, Lochiel Estate, Achnacarry. Fenwick, William, Factor, Darnaway Castle Estates Office, Earlsmill, Forres. Fereuson, Donald, Joiner and Timber Merchant, Quarry Lane, Lennoxtown. *Fercuson, Jaines Alex., Ardnith, Partickhill, Glasgow. mp Fercuson, John, Forester, Brynllywarch Estate Office, Kerry, Montgomeryshire. 1888 mp*Fercuson, The Right Hon. R. C. Munro, M.P., P.C., LL.D., 1912 1880 1908 1911 1907 1901 1907 1909 of Raith and Novar, Raith, Fife, Hon. Secretary and Past President. Fereusson, Donald Stewart, Dunfallandy, by Pitlochry. Frercusson, Sir James Ranken, Bart., Spitalhaugh, West Linton. Fernikz, Alexander, Forester, 14 Royston Terrace, Edinburgh. . *FERNIE, William Duncan, Forester, Balcarres, Fife. . *Ferriz, Thomas Young, Timber Merchant, 69 Buchanan St., Glasgow. .. *Frnpuay, John Ritchie, of Aberlour, Aberlour House, Aberlour. Fisu, Andrew, Forester, Boghead, Kirkmuirhill, Lanarkshire. FisHEeR, Malcolm, Forester, Kenotin, Washington Mills, N.Y., U.S.A. 14 Date of Election. 1869 Fisuer, William, Estate Agent, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, Yorkshire. 1902... "FirzwitiiaM, The Earl of, Wentworth, Rotherham. 1911 FuLeAk, Edwin, Assistant Forester, Boughton, Newark, Notts. 1910 FLEMING, Archibald, Overseer, Culcreuch, Fintry, Stirlingshire. 1899 p¥.EMING, Sir John, Timber Merchant, Albert Saw-mills, Aberdeen. 1906... *FLETCHER, J. Douglas, of Rosehaugh, Avoch, Ross-shire, 1911 Furrcuer, John A., Factor, Landale, Ardgour, Argyllshire. 1909 FLETCHER, John Sydney, 13 Braidburn Terrace, Edinburgh. 1910 Forbes, Alistair Hugh, Factor, The Foley, Rothesay. 1890 Mp Fores, Arthur C., Department of Agriculture, Dublin. 1898 Forbes, James, Factor, Eallabus, Bridgend, Islay. 1896 ... *ForBeEs, James, The Gardens, Overtoun, Dumbartonshire. 1912 Forsgs, John, Overseer, Cowden Home Farm, Dollar. 1878 C*ForsgEs, Robert, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. 1912 Forses, Robert Guthrie, Forester, Cliffhouse, Gulworthy, Tavistock, Devon. 1873 m*ForseEs, William, Estate Office, West Bilney Lodge, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. 1869 M*ForGAN, James, Forester, 5 Belhelvie Terrace, Perth. 1892 ForGAN, James, Sunnybraes, Largo, Fife. 1912 ForsytH, J. A., Assistant Forester, Panmure Cottage, Montrose. 1908 Forrescuk, William Irvine, M.B.C.M., Kingcausie, Milltimber, Aberdeen. 1908 ... *ForruNE, George R., Factor, Colinsburgh, Fife. 1897 mp*ForHRINGHAM, W. Steuart, of Murthly, Perthshire, Past President. 1909 ... *Founis, Arch. Keith, Valuer, Inland Revenue, 5 Calder Street, Motherwell. 1908 Fow ter, Sir John Edward, Bart., Braemore, Garve. 1913 Frain, Peter, Assistant Forester, North Lodge, Dupplin, Perth. 1866 Cmp *FRraANCE, Charles S., 13 Cairnfield Place, Aberdeen. 1901 1908 1909 1892 1902 1898 1899 LOT 1895 1905 1913 ... “FRAsER, Alexander, Solicitor and Factor, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Northern Branch, 63 Church Street, Inverness. FrASER, Charles James Roy, of Lochavich, Argyllshire. m FRASER, George, Assistant Forester, Midhope, S. Queensferry. ... “FRASER, George, Factor, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. ... “Fraser, George M., 13 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh. FRASER, James, Manager, Cahir Saw-mills, Cahir, Co. Tipperary. ... “FRASER, James, Factor, Fasque Estates Office, Fettercairn. Fraser, James, Student of Forestry, c/o Campbell, 12 Sylvan Place, Edinburgh. FrASER, J. C., Nurseryman, Comely Bank, Edinburgh. Fraser, John, Forester, The Little Hill, Leighton, Ironbridge R.S.0., Salop. FrAsER, John, Assistant Factor, Raith Estate Office, Kirkcaldy. Date of Election. 1913 1901 1913 1907 1892 1907 1908 1896 1907 1906 1907 1904 1913 1893 1909 1896 1910 1909 1913 1908 1908 1899 ... 1907. ... 903) ... 1898 1902 1897 1912 1912 1913 1903 1905 15 FrasErR, John Cameron, Assistant Forester, Welldale, Douglas, Lanarkshire. Fraspr, John M‘Laren, of Invermay, Forgandenny, Perth- shire. Fraser, Robert B., Assistant Secretary, Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society, Ltd., 33 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Fraser, Robert 8., Allangrange, Munlochy, Inverness; Ivy House, Comshall, Surrey. . *FrASER, Simon, Land Agent, Hutton in the Forest, Penrith. . *FRASER, Sweton, Forester, Gallovie, Kingussie. FRASER-TYTLER, James Francis, of Woodhouselee, Rosslyn. FRATER, John, Foreman Forester, Ardross Mains, Alness, Ross- shire. Fyre, Harry Lessels, Assistant Forester, C.P.R., Forestry Dept., Maple Creek, Sask, Canada. Fyffe, Robert, clo Polytechnic Institute, Regent Street, London. FyFFe, Robert B., Aden Estates Office, Old Deer. GALLOwWAy, George, Quarrymaster, Roseangle, Wellbank, by Dundee. GALLOWAY, Robert Angus, Student, 1 Riselaw Road, Edin- burgh. *GALLOWAY, Robert, 8.8.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, Secretary and Treasurer. *GAMBLE, J. Sykes, C.I.E., etc., Hightield, East Liss, Hants. Cm GAMMELL, Sydney James, of Drumtochty, Countesswells House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. Gardinar, James, Assistant Forester, Forester’s Bothy, Thirlmere, Grasmere. Gardiner, Francis Forsyth, Assistant Forester, Home Farm, Newmains, Douglas, Lanarkshire. GARDINER, Frederick Crombie, Old Ballikinrain, Balfron. GARDINER, R., Mitchell Nursery, Coaldale, Alberta, Canada. GARDYNE, Lieutenant-Colonel Greenhill, of Finavon, Forfar. *GaRRIOCH, John E., Factor, Lovat Estates, Beauly. *Garson, James, W.S., Albyn Place, Edinburgh. *GascoicNneE, Lieut.-Col. Richard French, D.S.O., Craignish Castle, Ardfern, Argyllshire. GauLpD, William, Forester, Coombe Abbey, Binley, Coventry. GAVIN, George, Factor, Falkland Estate, Falkland. GELLATLY, Thomas, Forester, Hallyburton, Coupar Angus. Gisp, George Gibb Shirra, Farmer, Boon, Lauder, Giss, Dr R. Shirra, M.B.C.M., D.P.H., F.H.A.S., Boon, Lauder. Gisson, Gideon James, Tea Planter, Netherbyres, Ayton, Gipson, William, Forester, Carnell, Hurlford, Ayrshire. GILBERT, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Midhope Castle, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. 16 Date of Election. 1881 ... *GincHRIst, Wm., Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. 1913 GILL, Hugh Stowell Hope, C.A., Balerno Lodge, Balerno. 1897 CmpGitLANDERS, A. T., F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick, Northumberland. 1894 m GILLESPIE, James, Overseer, Garden, Arnprior, Port of Mon- teith. 1894 Gitmour, Colonel Robert Gordon, of Craigmillar, The Inch, Midlothian. 1908 Guapsronr, Hugh Steuart, F.Z.S., M.A., ete., Lannhall, Thornhill. 1900 ... *Guapsrone, Sir John R., Bart. of Fasque, Laurencekirk. 1913 GLEN, James, Assistant Forester, Milton of Aberdalgie, Perth. 1891 @*GLENCONNAR, The Lord, The Glen, Innerleithen; 34 Queen Anne’s Gate, London, 8. W. 1901 . *Godman, Hubert, Land Agent, Ginsborough, Yorkshire. 1913 . *Goup, William, Forester, Dellavaird, Auchinblae, Fordoun. 1913 GoLpRING, George, Assistant Forester, Wortley Hall, Wortley, Sheffield. 1909 GooDFELLOW, John, Forester, Faskally, Pitlochry. 1910 CpGorvon, G. P., B.Sc., (Agric.), B.Sc. (For.), B.Se. (Oxon.), Lecturer in Forestry, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow. 1911 Gorpon, George, Timber Merchant, Aberdeen Saw- mills, Aberdeen. 1912 Gorpon, Gregor, Assistant Forester, Tigerton, Menmuir, Brechin. 1912 Gorpon, Seton, B.A., Auchintoil, Aboyne. 1868 ... *Gossip, James A., of Howden & Co., The Nurseries, Inverness. 1912 Gossrp, William Murray, Knowsley, Inverness. 1897... *Gouenu, Reginald, Forester, Wykeham, York. 1912 ... *Gournay, William Balfour, B.A.(Cantab.), L.R.C.P. and S8.(Ed.), Dawyck, Stobo. 1909 Gow, Alexander, Butt Field Cottage, Hatfield, Herts. 1897 Gow, Peter Douglas, Farmer, Bonaly, Colinton, Midlothian. 1897 Gow, Peter, Land Steward, Laggan, Ballantrae, Ayrshire. 1905 ... Gow, Robert, Head Forester, Appin House, Argyllshire. 1904 ... *GraHAM, Anthony George Maxtone, of Cultoquhey, Crieff. 1907... *GRAHAM, Hugh Meldrum, Solicitor, Inverness. 1908 m GRAHAM, James, Marquis of, Brodick Castle, Arran (per George Laidler, Strabane, Brodick). 1910 GRAHAM, Robert Francis, M.A., Skipness, Argyll. 1905 ... *GRAHAM, William, Foreman Forester, St Ann’s Cottage, Rae Hill, Lockerbie. 1909 GrRaIncER, Henry Herbert Liddell, Ayton Castle, Ayton. 1887 Grant, Alexander, Forester, Springfield, Kerry, Newtown, Montgomeryshire. 1911 . *GRant, Captain Arthur, D.S.O., House of Monymusk, Aberdeen. 1867 Grant, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch, Banffshire. 17 Date of Election. 1908 Grant, Donald, Forester, Fersit, Tulloch, Inverness-shire. 1904 mp Grant, Ewan S., Head Forester, Priors Heath, Bedgebury Park, Goudhurst, Kent. 1908 GRANT, Iain Robert James Murray, of Glenmoriston, Inverness- shire. 1909 GRANT, James, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. 1893 Grant, John B., Forester, Downan, Glenlivet. 1874 ... *Grant, John, Overseer, Daldowie, Glasgow. 1907 GRANT, Robert, Fernleigh, Birchington, Kent. 1908 Grant, Sir John Macpherson, Bart., Ballindalloch Castle, Ballindalloch. 1913 GRANT, Robert, Assistant Forester, New Cottages, Dupplin, Perth. 1906 Grassick, William Henderson, Land Steward, Daviot Branch Asylum, Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire. 1912 Gray, David, Foresters’ Bothy, Kelburn Castle, Fairlie, Ayrshire. 1906 Gray, David, Wheelwright, 371 Great Western Road, Aberdeen. 1907 Gray, George, Forester, The Lodge, Eliock, Sanquhar, Dumfries- shire. 1908 ... *Gray, James Lowrie, Farmer, Elginhaugh, Dalkeith. 1909 Gray, James Ritchie, Wheelwright, 371 Great Western Road, Aberdeen. 1902 Gray, Walter Oliver, Forester, Drimsynie, Lochgoilhead. 1901 Gray, Major William Anstruther-, of Kilmany, Cupar, Fife. 1911 Grecory, Charles, Gamekeeper-Forester, Granston Manor, Balla- colla, Queen’s Co., Ireland. 1913 GrREIG, Robert Blyth, (Hon.) M. Sc., Member of Board of Agri- culture, 29 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. 1898 Grey, The Right Hon. Sir Edward, Bart., K.G., M.P., P.C., of Falloden, Chathill, Northumberland. 1908 GRIEVE, J. W. A., Indian Forest Service, The Club, Darjeeling, Bengal. 1903 ... GruiFrFiTH, Sir Richard Waldie, of Hendersyde Park, Kelso. 1905 ... *GurNEY, Eustace, Sprowston Hall, Norwich. 1911 GuTHRIE, Charles, Assistant Forester, The Bothy, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire. 1911 Hacxkinc, Thomas, B.Sc., etc., Agricultural College, Uckfield, Sussex. 1879 Happincron, The Earl of, K.T., Tyninghame, Prestonkirk. 1910 HaLpANnE, David, Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh. 1900 C*HaLpans, Sir William S., of Foswell, W.S., 55 Melville Street, Edinburgh. 1905 mp Hatt, Thomas, Superintendent of Public Park, 32 Colebrooke Street, Cambuslang. 1906 mpHatt, William, Head Forester, Church Cottages, Bilton, nr. York. 1897... *Hauurpay, Geo., Timber Merchant, Rothesay. 1901... *Haiipay, John, Timber Merchant, Rothesay. Date of Election, 1911 1907 1908 1882 1899 1892 1905 1913 1907 1903 1880 1896 1908 1911 1910 1905 1897 1880 1911 1911 1911 1908 1892 1904 1869 1902 1912 1909 1907 1908 1908 18 Hamitron, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Beaufort Woods, Kiltarlity, Beauly. Hamixron, Andrew, Naval Architect, 9 Denman Drive, Newsham Park, Liverpool. Hami.ton, David R., 63 Cluny Gardens, Morningside, Edin- burgh. ... “HAmILTON, Donald C., Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. ... “HAMILTON, The Lord, of Dalzell, Dalzell House, Motherwell. Hannah, George, Overseer, Estate Office, Boynton, Bridlington. Hanson, Clarence Oldham, Deputy Conservator, Indian Forest Department, 3 Malvern Place, Cheltenham. m HANSON, Herbert 8., Assistant Forester, Brinscall, Lancashire. Harsorrie, William, Forester, Bishop Burton, Beverley, Yorks. ... *Harpisz, David, Factor, Errol Park, Errol. ... “Harg, Colonel, Blairlogie, Stirling. ... “Harley, Andrew M., Forester, 5 Thayer Street, Manchester Square, London. m HARLOND, Henry, Park Forester, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. Harrier, James B., Forester, Innes House, Elgin. ... “Harrison, Alexander, Apprentice C.A., 3 Napier Road, Edinburgh. Harrow, R. L., Head Gardener, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Hart, John, Factor, Mains of Cowie, Stonehaven, Kincardine- shire. p*Havetock, W. B., The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire, Harvey, Andrew, Overseer, Rozelle, Ayr. Hawes, A. F., A.B., M.F., Experimental Station, Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A. Haw ey, Ralph Chipman, A:B., M.F., Assistant Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School, 360 Prospect Street, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A. ... “Hay, Athole Stanhope, of Marlefield, Roxburgh. C*Hay, John, Factor, Easter Dullatur House, Dullatur. m Hay, Sir Duncan Edwyn, Bart. of Haystoun, 42 Egerton Gardens, London, S. W. HayMan, John, Glentartf, Ringford, Kirkeudbrightshire. Haynes, Edwin, Editor Yimber Trades Journal, Cathedral House, 8-11 Paternoster Row, London, E.C. HEAVENER, Harvey Joseph, Forester, Woodstock, Inistioge, Co. Kilkenny. Hecror, Thomas Gordon, c/o Messrs Bura & Evans, School Gardens, Shrewsbury. HENDERSON, John, Assistant Forester, Gateside, Balbirnie, Markinch. ... “HENDERSON, John G. B., W.S., Nether Parkley, Linlithgow. HeEeNpERSON, R., Assistant Forester, 23 Brooklane Cottages, Chester. Date of Election. 1893 1893 1906 1898 1910 1908 1911 1912 1901 1913 1874 1884 1904 1904 1903 1905 1902 1907 1895 1909 1912 1908 1866 1913 1913 1905 1910 1909 1902 1908 1871 1912 1907 1876 1908 1911 19 HENDERSON, R., 4 High Street, Penicuik, Midlothian. HenpDERSON, William, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s County. . *Henprick, James, B.Sc., F.I.C., Marischal College, Aberdeen. Henpry, James, 5 Thistle Street, Edinburgh. HENKEL, John Spurgeon, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Midland Conservancy, Knysna, Cape Colony. HeEnky, Augustine, Professor, 5 Sandford Terrace, Ranelagh, Dublin. Henry, George J., 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. . Henry, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Bredisholm, Baillieston. . *Hepspurn, Sir Archibald Buchan-, Bart. of Smeaton-Hepburn, Prestonkirk. Hepsurn, Robert Grant, Gardener, Culzean Castle, by Ayr. . *HerseErT, H. A., of Muckross, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland. . *Hrywoop, Arthur, Glevering Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. HI.t, George, Assistant Forester, Fothringham, Forfar. ... “Hitz, J. Smith, The Agricultural College, Aspatria. . *Hiut, Robert Wylie, of Balthayock, Perthshire. . *“Hinirer, Edwin L., F.R.H.S., Nurseryman and Landscape Gardener, Culross, Winchester. . *Hinckes, Ralph Tichborne, J.P., D.L., Foxley, Hereford. Hrinps, John, Forester, Stockeld Park, Wetherby, Yorks. Hoare, Sir Henry Hugh Arthur, Bart. of Stourhead, Bath. p Hopart-HAMpPDEN, A. G., Indian Forest Service, Ferns, Great Hampden, Great Missenden. . *Hoc, Alan Welwood, Writer to the Signet, 4 South Learmonth Gardens, Edinburgh. . *Hoe, Steuart Bayley, B.A., Newliston, Kirkliston. Hocarru, James, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer, Wigtownshire. Hoce, David, Foreman Forester, South Lodge, Invermay, For- gandenny. Hoee, William H., Assistant Forester, Kinnordy, Kirriemuir. . *Houms, John A., Formaken, Erskine, Renfrewshire. HouzaPFEL, John William, B.Sc. and N.D.A., North Elswick Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. HoNnEYMAN, John A., Overseer, Kemback Estate, Cupar, Fife. ... “Hoop, Thomas, jun., Land Agent, Ras-el-Khalig, Egypt. . *Hopr, Captain Thomas, of Bridge Castle, Westfield, Linlithgow- shire. . *Horg, H. W., of Luffness, Drem, Haddingtonshire. p*HopxkInson, Andrew Douglas, B.Sc.(Agr.), Lecturer in Forestry, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. HopkINson, James Garland, Factor, Drumtochty Estates Office, 114 Dee Street, Aberdeen. . *HorspureH, John, 21 Dick Place, Edinburgh. Houston, Samuel, 17 Prince Edward Street, Crosshill, Glasgow. . *HowARD DE WALDEN, Baron, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Date of Election. 1902 1905 1913 1913 1905 1906 1905 1910 1901 1884 1908 1904 1911 1910 1891 1912 1913 1904 1895 1911 1913 1909 1906 1901 1906 1908 1907 1906 1898 1896 1907 1904 20 Hower, John Arnold, Overseer, Home Farm, Mount Stuart, Rothesay. Hupson, W. F. A., M.A., Lecturer in Forestry, 2 Wollaston toad, Cambridge. Hunter, Robert, Sawmiller, Eliock, Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire. Hutchins, David Ernest, Forest Service of India (ret.), Rectory Cottage, Ridley, Wrotham, Kent. Hurron, George Kerse, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire. Hurron, James, Head Forester, Glendye, Banchory. Imrif®, Charles, Assistant Forester, Balgove, Rossie, Montrose. ImriE, George James, Forest Officer, Transvaal Conservancy, Government Nursery, Irene, Transvaal. Imriz, James, Forester, Aberpergrom Estate, Glen-neath, Glamor- ganshire. . *Inglis, Alex., Greenlaw Dean, Greenlaw, Berwickshire. ... *“Inauis, Alexander Wood, of Glencorse, Loganbank, Milton Bridge. . *Ineuis, David, National Bank House, Pathhead, Kirkcaldy. Inglis, Frederick, Assistant Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. Ineits, Robert, Factor, Old Blair, Blair Atholl. m INGLIS, William, Forester, Brodick, Isle of Arran. InGuis, W. G., 113 George Street, Edinburgh. INMAN, William, 11 Newbattle Terrace, Edinburgh. Innes, Alexander Berowald, of Raemoir and Dunnottar, Raemoir House, Banchory. InnEs, Alexander, Forester, Drummuir, Keith. InnzEs, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. IronsiDE, David, Forester, Lanfine Estate, Newmilns, Ayrshire. IronsIvE£, William, Solicitor, Royal Bank Buildings, Oban. . “Irving, Alexander Forbes, J.P., B.A.(Oxon.), Drum Castle, Aberdeen. IRVINE, John, Forester, Colesborne, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Irvine, James Rae Anderson, Foreman Forester, Langholm Estate, Canonbie, Dumfriesshire. ... “IzaT, Alexander, C.I.E., Mem. Inst. C.E., Balliliesk, Muckhart, Perthshire. Jack, David, Assistant Forester, Kinnordy, Forfarshire. . *Jackson, George Erskine, B.A.(Oxon.), W.S., Kirkbuddo, Forfar. JAMIESON, James, Forester, Ynyslas, Llanarthney R.S.O., Car- marthenshire. JARDINE, Sir R. W. B., Bart. of Castlemilk, Lockerbie, Dumfries- shire. JERVOISE, Francis Henry Tristram, J.P., Herriard Park, Basing- stoke. JOANNIDES, Pericles, Willesden, Sporting Club Station, Ramleh, Egypt. 21 Date of Election. 1909 ... JoHNston, David T., Gardener, Dalmeny House Gardens, Edin- burgh. 1910 ... JoHnston, Frank James, Nurseryman and Forester, Claycroft, Dalbeattie. 1911... JonHnsTon, George, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. 1901 C*Jounston, James, F.S.I., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. 1883... *JoHNsTon, Robert, Forester, Bon Ryl Estate, Duns, Berwick- shire, 1907 .... Jonnston, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. 1900 ... JOHNSTONE, William, Head Forester, Beil, Prestonkirk. 1907... *JoHNsTONE, Richard, Forester, The Glen, Innerleithen. 1911... Joty DE LoTBINIERE, Major H. G., R.E., c/o Messrs Cox & Co., Army Bankers, Charing Cross, London. 1882 ... *Jonas, Henry, Land Agent and Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London, S.W. 1902... *Jonas, Robert Collier, Land Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London, S. W. 1903... JonEs, Ireton Arthur, of Pennick & Co., Delgany Nurseries, Co. Wicklow. 1888 ... Jones, James, Wood Merchant, Larbert, Stirlingshire 1893 ..... Jones, Thomas Bruce, Wood Merchant, Larbert. 1907 p*Kay, James, Nursery Station, Indian Head, Sask, Canada. 1867 Cmp Kay, James, Retired Wood Manager, Barone, Rothesay, 1909 ... Kay, John, Assistant Gardener, Grangemuir Lodge, Prestwick. 1911... Keay, Robert Burton, Estate Overseer, Findon Cottage, Conon Bridge. 1896 ... Kerr, David, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld. 1906 ... Kerr, James S., Estate Manager, Borrodale, Arisaig. 1909 ... *Keiru, Marshall John, Factor, Brucklay Estates Office, Aberdour House, Fraserburgh. 1901 ... *Kennepy, Frederick D. C.-Shaw-, Dyroch, Maybole. 1890 ... *KENNEDY, James, Doonholm, Ayr. 1912 ... Kerr,John, Assistant Forester, Colenden, Stormontfield, nr. Perth. 1892 ... *Krernr, John, Farmer, Barney Mains, Haddington. 1908 m*Kerr, J. Ernest, of Harviestoun, Harviestoun, Dollar. 1913... Ketries, Alexander, Assistant Forester, New Cottages, Dupplin, Perth. 1896... Kerrues, Robert, Assistant Forester, Craigend, Perth. 1910 .... Khan, Allah Dédd, District Forester, Fazilkd, Ferozepur, Panjap, India. 1894 ... Kipp, Wm., Forester, Harewood, Leeds. 1908 ... *Kimmett, John, Forester, The Lodge, Glenstriven, Toward, Argyll- shire. 1900 ... Kine, David, Nurseryman, Osborne Nurseries, Murrayfield. 1910 ..... Kine, William, Gardener, Victoria Park, Whiteinch, Glasgow. 1906 ... *Krnuocu, Charles Y., of Gourdie, by Murthly. 1903... *Kinnarrp, The Master of, 10 St James Square, London. 1898 ... *Kinross, John, Architect, 2 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. Date of Election. 1902 1910 1898 1911 1911 1912 1911 1901 1910 1894 1899 1905 1911 1906 1896 1906 1901 1897 19138 1912 1906 1902 1911 1904 1905 1909 1909 1880 1909 1911 . *Krppen, William James, Advocate, B.A., LL.B., Westerton, Balloch, Dumbartonshire. KIRKPATRICK, James, Forester, Balhary, Meigle. Kyiiacuy, The Hon. Lord, of Kyllachy, 6 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. LAIDLER, George, Strabane, Brodick. LarrD, Eric P., of R. B. Laird, Dickson & Sons, Ltd., Nursery- men, 17 Frederick Street, Edinburgh. Lairp, James M‘Lean Dunn, Assistant Forester, The Cottages, Dupplin, Perthshire. Larrp, William Pringle, Nurseryman, 20 High Street, Dundee. mM ote Alexander, Overseer, Freeland, Forgandenny. LAMB, Everard Joseph, of Scotby House, Carlisle. . *Lamineton, The Lord, G.C.M.G., Lamington, Lanarkshire. LAMOoND, Alexander, Forester, Freeland, Forgandenny. . “LAMont, Norman, of Knockdow, Toward, Argyllshire. Lancer, Leopold Peter Harding, Superintendent of Plantations, c/o Conservator of Forests, Pretoria, Transvaal. . “LANGLANDS, James H., Cunmont House, by Dundee. . *LANSDOWNE, The Marquess of, K.G., 54 Berkeley Square, London, S. W. p LAUDER, Alexander, D.Sc., F.I.C., Edinburgh and East of Scot- land College of Agriculture, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. LavupER, William, Steward, Summerhill House, Enfield, Co. Meath. LAvRIsTON, John, Forester, Newbridge Green, Upton-on-Severn, Worcestershire. Law, Fred. W., M.A., B.Sc. (Agr.) Student, 13 Beaconsfield Place, Aberdeen. Lawson, A. Anstruther, Ph.D., D.Se., Lecturer in Botany, University of Glasgow. Lawson, William, Assistant Factor, Cromartie Estates, Kildary, Ross-shire. .. LEARMONT, John, Nurseryman, Larchfield Nurseries, Dumfries. . *LEATHER, Major Gerard F. T., Middleton Hall, Belford, Northumberland. LzExs, D., of Pitscottie, Cupar, Fife. Legs, Ernest A. G., Factor, Durris Estate, by Aberdeen. Le Fanv, Victor Charles, B.A., F.S.I., Estate Office, Bray, Co. Wicklow. LeGat, Charles Edward, B.Sc.(Agric.), Chief of Forestry Division, Department of Agriculture, Transvaal, Pretoria. LEISHMAN, John, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick, Roxburgh- shire, LeiTH, The Lord, of Fyvie, Fyvie Castle, Aberdeenshire. LEscHALLAS, Captain John Henry Pigé, Glenfinart, Ardentinny. Date of Election. 1908 1868 1893 1913 1881 1907 1909 1879 1907 1909 1913 1913 1905 1908 1908 1883 1909 ESET 1898 1880 1875 1898 1900 1912 1910 1912 1908 1891 1900 1908 1875 1900 1910 1909 1907 1908 1911 1912 LEsLIE, Archibald Stewart, W.S., 33 Queen Street, Edin- burgh. ... “LESLIE, Charles P., of Castle-Leslie, Glaslough, Ireland. Cmp*LEVEN, George, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. LEVEN, William, Assistant Forester, Old Scone, Perth. . *LEYLAND, Christopher, Haggerston Castle, Beal, Northumberland. Linpsay, Hugh, Head Forester, Torwoodlee Estate, Galashiels. . *Lrypsay, John, Under Forester, Station Lodge, Brodie. Linpsay, Robert, Kaimes Lodge, Murrayfield, Midlothian. Linpsay, William, of Messrs J. & H. Lindsay, Ltd., Tourist Agents, 18 St Andrew Street, Edinburgh. LitTLt, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Burnside Cottage, Canonbie. Livsey, Edward, Under Forester, Leases Farm, Well, Bedale. LopcE, Charles William, Assistant Forester, New Cottages, Dupplin Estate, Perth. LocaNn, David, Factor, Saltoun, Pencaitland. . *LoGAn, Douglas Campbell, Factor, Portbane, Kenmore, Aberfeldy, Locus, Hugh, Forester, Knockdow, Toward, Argyllshire. . *LoNEY, Peter, Estate Agent, 6 Carlton Street, Edinburgh. LonemuIR, James, Assistant Forester, 12 Houghton Village, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Lonemurr, James, jun., Forester, Houghton, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Cp*Lovat, The Lord, C.B., D.S.0O., Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness. ... “Love, J. W., clo Mrs Boyce, Byron Street, St Kilda, Victoria, South Australia. . *LovELace, The Ear] of, East Horsley ‘lowers, Woking, Surrey. Low, James, Forester, Ballindalloch, Strathspey. . *Low, William, B.Sc., of Balmakewan, Marykirk, Kincardine- shire. ... “Low, William, of Blebo, Cupar, Fife. m LOWE, Alex., Forester, Lockerbie House, Lockerbie. LUKE, Nicol, Forester, Cairndow, via Inveraray. . *LuMsDEN, George James, Aithernie, Lundin Links, Fife. . *LuMSDEN, Hugh Gordon, of Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. LUMSDEN, Robert, jun., 11 Morningside Terrace, Edinburgh. Lunn, George, Forester, Invercauld, Ballater. . *LUTTRELL, George F., of Dunster Castle, Taunton, Somersetshire. . *LYELL, Sir Leonard, Bait of Kinnordy, Kirriemuir. LyrForpD-Pike, James, B.Sc., 131 Warrender Park Road, Edinburgh. . *Lyxe, Alexander Park, of Glendelvine, Murthly. . *M‘ArnsH, Duncan, Wood Merchant, Crieff. M: Ainsh, R., Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. M‘ANnpDREW, Hamilton, Merchant, 7 Church Road, Ibrox, Govan. M‘Arruovr, Dr D. G., Aberfeldy. Date of Election. 1906 m MACALPINE-LENy, Major R. L., of Dalswinton, Ruanbeg, Kildare, Ireland. 1909 .... MacArruur, Alaster, Bank Agent, Inveraray. 1907... *M‘Bain, William, Forester, Estates Office, Drumnadrochit. 1892 @C@*Macpean, Simon, Land Steward, Estate Office, Needwood Forest, Sudbery, Derby. 1896 m*M‘Bratu, David K., Factor, Benmore Estates Office, Kilmun. 1908 .... M‘Cattum, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Dunira Cottages, Comrie, Perthshire. 1908 .... M‘Cauuum, D., Assistant Forester, Innerbuist Cottage, Stormont- field, Perth. 1894 .... M‘Cattum, Edward, Overseer, Kerse Estate, Falkirk. 1898 pM‘Catuum, James, Forester, Canford, Wimborne, Dorset. 1901 ...* M‘Cautium, Thomas W., Retired Ground Officer, Dailly, Ayrshire. 1911... M‘Caw, Daniel, Forester, Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Notts. 1904... M‘Clellan, Frank C., Zanzibar Government Service, Pemba, via Zanzibar, East Africa. 1870... *M‘Corquopate, D. A., Carnoustie, Forfarshire. 1893... M‘Cousriz, M. S., Land Steward, Tullamore, King’s County, Ireland. 1912 .... M‘CurcHeon, Robert, Forester, Whittingehame, Prestonkirk. 1904 .... Macponaup, Alexander, Factor, Meggernie, Aberfeldy. 1912 ... MAcponaLp, Arthur J., Assistant Forester, Chatsworth Institute, Edensor, nr. Bakewell, Derbyshire. 1912 .... M‘Dona.p, Donald, Foreman Forester, Garth, Balnald, Fortingal, Aberfeldy. 1901 ... Macponaup, Mrs Eleanor E., The Manse, Swinton. 1893 Cp MAcponaALD, George U., Oyenee Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. 1908 ... Macponaup, The Hon. Godfrey Evan Hugh, Factor, Macdonald Estates Office, Portree. 1900 ... *MacponaLp, Harry L., of Dunach, Oban. 1894 ... *MAcDONALD, James, Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin. 1903 ... *MacponauLp, James Farquharson, §8.S.C. and N.P., Kilmuir, Linlithgow. 1895 .... Macponatp, John, Forester, Skibo, Dornoch. 1908 ... M‘Donaup, John, Forester, Ardgoil Estate, Lochgoilhead, 1908 ... MacponaLp, John Ronald M., of Largie, M.A., D.L., J.P., Largie Castle, Tayinloan, Kintyre. 1910 .... MacDonatp, John, Assistant Forester, Rose Cottage, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. 1913... MacDonatp, William, Assistant Forester, New Cottages, Dup- plin, Perth. 1907... “MACDONALD, T. Martin, of Barguillean, Taynuilt. 1906 ... Macponaup, William Kid, Windmill House, Arbroath. 1904. ... M‘Donatp, William Yeats, of Auquharney, Hatton, Aberdeen- shire. 1913 .... M‘Dovucatt, Hugh, Forester, Gentleshaw, Rugeley, Staffs 25 Date of Election. 1907 ... Macdougall, James, Assistant Forester, Perlethorpe, Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Newark, Notts. 1895 mp*MaAcDoveatt, Professor Robert Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., 9 Dryden Place, Edinburgh. 1912 ... M‘Doucatt, William Cumming, Assistant Forester, Budby, Ollerton, Newark. 1884 ... *Macpurr, Alex., of Bonhard, Perth. 1906 ... M‘Ewan, James, Foreman Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. 1909 m M‘Ewan, John, Assistant Forester, Castle Lachlan, Stralachlan, Greenock. 1908 ... M‘Ewan, W., Assistant Forester, Drummond Cottage, Logie- almond, by Perth. 1909... MacEwan, William, Assistant Forester, Garscube Estate, by Glasgow. 1904 ... M‘Ewan, Wm., Forester, Allangrange, Munlochy, Ross-shire. 1901 ... M‘Ewern, Alexander, Overseer, Castle Lachlan, Stralachlan, Greenock. 1898 .... Macrapyrn, Donald, Assistant Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill. 1907 .... Macrariane, Archibald, Timber Merchant, Harbour Saw-mills, Paisley. 1910 .... MacFarquuHar, Donald, Forester, Port Glas, Kenmore, Aberfeldy. 1904 ... *Macriz, John William, of Dreghorn, Rowton Hall, Chester. 1901 ... *M‘Garva, Gilbert Ramsay, Factor, Rosehaugh Estate, Ross-shire. 1901 ... M‘Gur8, John, Overseer, Kelburne Estate, Fairlie. 1901 .., *M‘Grppon, Donald, Forester, Rossie Estate, Inchture. 1904 ... M‘Grppon, R., Forester, Wentworth, Rotherham. 1908 ... M‘GLAsHAN, James, Forester, Belladrum, by Beauly. 1913. .... M‘GuasHan, John, Forester, Benmore, Kilmun, by Greenock. 1912 ... M‘GiasHan, Tom, Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. 1902 ... *MacGrecor, Alasdair Ronald, Edinchip, Lochearnhead. 1902 m M‘GreEcor, Alexander, Forester, Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co. 1908 ... *MacGrecor, Alexander, Iron Merchant, Ravenswood, Dalmuir, Dumbartonshire. 1896 ... M‘Grecor, Angus, Forester, Craigton, Butterstone, Dunkeld. 1899 ... M‘Grecor, Archibald, Forest Office, Forestry Department, Nairobi, B.E.A. 1906 ... *MacGrecor, Evan Malcolm, Factor, Ard Choille, Perth. 1912 ... MacGrercor, James Gow, Land Steward, Duchal Estate, Kilmacolm, 1910 ... M‘Grecor, John, Assistant Forester, Brucefield, Clackmannan. 1910 ... M‘Grecor, John, Wood Merchant, Tam’s Brig Saw-mills, Ayr. 1913... *MacGrecor, Neil, Forester, Bridge of Dye, Banchory, Kin- cardineshire. 1905 m M‘Harpy, James, Forester, Forglen, Turiff, Aberdeenshire. 1904 m M ‘Harpy. William, Forester, Chancefield, Falkland, Fife. 1901 C M‘Hartisz, John W., City Gardener, City Chambers, Edinburgh. 1894... M‘Inwrairn, Wm., Forester, Hall Barn Estate, Beaconsfield, Bucks. Date of Election. 1907 1905 1911 1895 1879 1904 1885 1901 1907 1912 1910 1908 1911 1892 1910 1865 1908 1887 1907 1900 1891 1908 1908 1867 1909 1907 1901 1909 1908 1901 M‘INNEs, William, Assistant Forester, Advie, Strathspey. M‘Inrosu, Alexander, Foreman Forester, East Barkwith, Lincolnshire. M‘InrosH, Donald J., Assistant Forester, Faskally Cottage, Pitlochry. ... “Macintosh, D. L., The Gardens, Stronvar, Lochearnhead. . *M‘Inrosu, Professor W. C., 2 Abbotsford Crescent, St Andrews. M‘Inrosu, Robert, Forester, Cullentragh Cottage, Rathdrum, Co. Wicklow. . *“MacIntosu, William, Fife Estates Office, Banff. Macintosu, William, Forester, New Chapel, Boncath R.S.0., South Wales. M‘Intyrg, Charles, Forester, Inver, Dunkeld. Macintyre, Charles, Assistant Forester, Tomnaharrich, Fort William. Macintyre, John Finlayson, Assistant Forester, The Gardens, Glencoe, Baliachullish (East). MAcINTYRE, Peter Brown, Findon Mains, Conon Bridge. M‘IntyrE, Thomas Walker, Sorn Castle, Ayrshire. M‘Kay, Allan, c/o Park & Co., Ltd., Timber Merchants, Fraser- burgh. MacKay, James Waite, Estate Office, Jervaulx Abbey, Middle- ham, Yorks. Mackay, John, Lauderdale Estate Office, Wyndhead, Lauder. M‘Kay, Murdo, Forester, Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. . *Mackay, Peter, Forester and Overseer, Bargany Mains, Dailly, Ayrshire. Mackay, William, Factor, Chisholm Estates, 19 Union Street, Inverness. M‘Kecuniz, Angus, Head Forester, Apethorpe, Wansford, Northants. MACKENDRICK, James, Forester, Estate Office, Pallas, Longhbrea, Co, Galway. MacKenzir, A., Overseer, Old Place of Mochrum, Kirkcowan, Wigtownshire. MackKEnziz, Lieut.-Col. A. F., of Ord, Ord House, Muir of Ord. MackEnzIg, Alex., Warriston Nursery, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh. MACKENZIE, Alex. James, Factor, 62 Academy Street, Inverness. MACKENZIE, Sir Arthur, Bart. of Coul, Strathpeffer. MACKENZIE, Charles, Factor, Clunes, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. MAcKENZzIg, Charles J. S., Assistant Forester, Caberfeidh, Carr Bridge. M‘Kenzir, Colin, Head Forester, Didlington Hall, Stoke, Ferry, Norfolk. M‘Kenziz, Daniel, Forester, Wynyard Estate, Stockton-on-Tees. Date of Election. 1904 1908 1908 1913 1893 1899 1897 1907 1913 1900 1908 1908 1913 1913 1907 1911 1907 1896 1905 1897 1907 1909 1898 1883 1912 1878 1905 1912 1895 1904 1908 1879 1909 1898 27 MACKENZIE, Major E. Walter Blunt, Castle Leod, Strathpeffer. MACKENZIE, Evan North Barton, Kilcoy Castle, Killearnan. MACKENZIE-GILLANDERS, Captain E. B., of Highfield, Muir of Ord. M‘KeEnzIz, George, Estate Overseer, Donamon Castle, Co. Ros- common, Ireland. . *MACKENZIE, James, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen. M‘KENzIE, James, Wood Merchant, Carr Bridge, Inverness- shire. MAcKENZIE, John, Forester, Dalneich Cottage, Ardross, Alness, Ross-shire, MACKENZIE, John, jun., Factor, Dunvegan, Skye. M‘Kenzir, Kenneth D., Assistant Forester, New Cottages, Dup- plin, Perth. p*MackeEnzig, Sir Kenneth John, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh, Past President. MAcKENzIE, Nigel Banks, Factor, Fort William. MAcKENZIE, Nigel Blair, Assistant Factor, Fort William. MACKENZIE, Robert, Assistant Forester, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. Mackenzitg, Simon John, Assistant Forester, Chatsworth Institute, Edensor, nr. Bakewell, Derbyshire. MACKENZIE, Colonel Stewart, of Seaforth, Brahan Castle, Ding- wall. MAacKENZzIE£, Thomas, Factor, Craigard, Invergarry. MACKENZIE, W. Dalziel, Fawley Court, Henley-on-Thames. p MAcKENzIE, Wm., Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. . *M‘Kercuar, John, Bulb, Plant and Seed Merchant, 35 Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N. ... *M‘Kerrow, Robert, Manager, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare. MacKerzzack, George Ross, of Ardgye, Elgin. M‘Kre, Henry B., Factor, Freeland, Erskine, Bishopton. . *MacKrnnon, A., The Gardens, Scone Palace, Perth. C MacKinnon, George, The Gardens, Melville Castle, Lasswade. MackrnTosu, Patrick Turner, Solicitor, 5 Albyn Place, Edin- burgh. MackintosH, The, of Mackintosh, Moy Hall, Inverness. *MackintosH, W. E., Yr. of Kyllachy, 28 Royal Circus, Edinburgh. ... *MACKINTOSH, William R., Assistant Forester, Dyke, Forres. C*MACLACHLAN, John, of Madluchiant Castle Lachlan, Argyll. MAcLAGGANn, George C. R., Forester, Hopetoun, S. Queensferry. M‘Laren, James, Chopwellwood House, Rowlands Gill, Co, Durham. *M‘LaRreEN, John, 12 Findhorn Place, Edinburgh. MacLartry, Alexander Sinclair, Forester, Glasserton, Whithorn, Wigtownshire. . *Maclean, Archibald Douglas, J.P., Harmony, Balerno. Date of Election. 1908 1906 1902 1912 1909 1912 1901 1895 1910 1904 ... 1909 1913 1903 WEL dee 1912 1910 1909 1890 1900 1908 1906 1907 28 M‘LeEAn, Donald, 62 Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh. M‘LzEan, James Smith, Forester, Douglas Castle, Lanarkshire. MACLEAN, Peter, Forester, Invergarry. M‘Lrennan, Donald, Assistant Forester, Sand House, Maidens. MacLennan, Murdo, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Riddles, 12 Rodney Street, Edinburgh. Mactieop, Donald, Assistant Forester, Raith Estate, Kirkcaldy. M‘Lxrop, Peter, Nurseryman, Perth. MacmILiAn, John D., Steward, Margam Park, Port Talbot, Wales. M‘Morran, Peter, Assistant Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. *M‘Nas, David Borrie, Solicitor, Clydesdale Bank, Bothwell. M‘Nair, Gregor, Overseer, Conaglen, Ardgour. M‘Naucuton, Donald, Assistant Forester, New Cottages, Dup- plin, Perth. M‘NavuGurTon, John, Forester, Auchterarder House, Perth. *M‘NEILE, Major John, Kippilaw, St Boswells. MacNiven, James, Forester, Bredisholm, Baillieston. M‘PueErson, Alexander, Tayness, Kilmartin, Lochgilphead. MacrHerson, Duncan, Forester, Consall Hall, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. mp M‘Ra#, Alexander, Forester, Dundrum, Co. Tipperary. LE) Wa *MaAcrAE-GILsTRAP, Major John, of Ballimore, Otter Ferry, Argyllshire. M‘Rag, Henry, Assistant Forester, Ufton, Southam, Rugby. Macratk, Sir Colin G., W.S., 45 Moray Place, Edinburgh. p Macrak, John, Forester, Highfield, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire. M‘Raw, Donald, Manager, Strathgarve, Garve R.S.O. 1879 ... *MacRircuig, David, C.A., 4 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. 1895 1905 1905 1908 1880 1895 1909 1911 m M‘TavisH, John, Assistant Forester, The Glen, Skelbo, Suther- land. M‘Vinniz, Samuel, Forester, Skeagarvie, Rossmore Park, Monaghan. . *Mairuanp, A. D. Steel, of Sauchie, etc., Sauchieburn, Stirling. Matco.im, George, Factor, Fernie House, Fort William. . *Matcoum, Lieut.-Col. E. D., R.E., Achnamara, Lochgilphead. . *Mann, Charles, Merchant, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. . “MANN, James, of Castlecraig, Dolphinton. MAnners, Charles Robert, Civil Engineer and Estate Factor, 12 Lombard Street, Inverness. 1898 Cm*MANSFIELD, The Earl of, Scone Palace, Perth. 1896 1895... 1909 UXO ace 1905... MAr AnD KE L1i8, The Earl of, Alloa House, Alloa. *MARGERISON, Samuel, English Timber Merchant, Calverley, near Leeds. MarspEen Reginald Edward, Director, Burma Forest School, Pyinmana, Burma, India. *MARSHALL, Archd. M‘Lean, Chitcombe, Breda, Sussex. *MARSHALL, Henry Brown, of Rachan, Broughton. Date of Election. 1899 ... MAnsHALL, John, Timber Merchant, etc., Maybole. 1893... MARSHALL, J. Z., Timber Merchant, 2 Dean Terrace, Bo’ness. 1907... MaRsHALL, William, Assistant Forester, Dell Nursery, Nethy Bridge. 1910 p Marty, Lieut-Col. Martin, Upper Ostaig, by Broadford, Isle of Skye. 1876 .... “MARTIN, James, Forester, Knipton, Grantham, Lincolnshire. 1911 ... Martin, Sir T. Carlaw, LL.D., Director, Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 1909 ... MassrE, George Duncan, Solicitor (Hon. Secretary, Aberdeen Branch), 147 Union Street, Aberdeen. 1884 (C*Massig, W. H., of Dicksons & Co.,1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. 1907... Masson, William, Forester, Meikleour, Perth. 1910 ... MaAsrertron, James, Hedger and Assistant Forester, Kennet Cottages, Alloa. 1893 C Maruer, R. V., of Laing & Mather, Nurserymen, Kelso. 1901 ... *MarruHews, Robert, Land Steward, Duncrub Park, Dunning. 1909 ... Maung, James, Timber Merchant, Hebden Bridge, Yorks. 1894 ... *MAuGHAN, John, Estate Agent, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham R.S.0O., Yorks. 1907... MAxToNE, James, Overseer, Strathallan, Machany, Perthshire. 1896 .... Maxrons, John, Forester, Duff House, Banff. 1904 ... *MAxweELL, Aymer, Yr. of Monreith, Port William, Wigtown- shire. 1891 ... MAxweELtL, James, Forester and Overseer, Ruglen, Maybole. 1893 Mmp*MaxweELL, Sir John Stirling-, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws, Past President. 1886 p MAXWELL, The Right Hon. Sir Herbert E., Bart. of Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire, Past President. 1908 p MAxwELL, Wellwood, of Kirkennan, Dalbeattie. 1908 ... MaxweE.t, William James, Factor, Terregles Banks, Dumfries. 1905 m MAXWELL, William Jardine Herries, of Munches, Dalbeattie. 1907... MeracuHeEr, Sydney George, Land Agent, Marlee, Blairgowrie. 1906 .... MeLprum, Thomas C., Nurseryman, Forfar. 1899 ... MeLvILLE, David, The Gardens, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. 1911... Metvriy, David, Foreman Forester, Stobhall Estate, Gillowhill, Coupar-Angus. 1901 ... Menzies, James, Forester, Caledon Estate, Co. Tyrone. 1908 ... *Mrnzres, William Dudgeon Graham, J.P., Hallyburton, Coupar- Angus, 1880 ... *MrsHam, Captain, Pontryffydd, Bodvari, Rhyl, Denbighshire. 1877. .... MreTHVEN, Henry, of Thomas Methven & Sons, 6 Frederick Street, Edinburgh. 1892 ... MrrHvVEN, John, Viewforth, Kennoway, Fife. 1911 ... Micure, Henry M., Logan Estates Office, Chapel Rossan, Stran- raer, 1881 Cmp*Micuie, John, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater, Aberdeen- a shire, Date of Election. 1893 1893 1905 1910 1905 1908 1910 1913 1910 1899 1902 1903 1904 1895 1906 1899 1898 1890 1902 1906 1901 1897 1909 1904 1913 1912 1912 1898 30 Micui8, William, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop, Notts. ... *MippieMass, Archibald, Forester, Tulliallan, Kincardine-on- Forth. MIDDLETON, James, Factor, Braehead House, Kilmarnock. MIDDLETON, James, Assistant Forester, Blythswood, Renfrew. . *Minuar, John, Timber Merchant, Greenhaugh Saw-mills, Govan. . *Mitver, Robert E., Bonnycraig, Peebles. Mitxican, Alexander, Head Forester, 11 James Square, Biggar, Lanarkshire. Mi.LuicAN, David M. M., of Findrack, 20 Albyn Place, Aberdeen. MiILuiGAaNn, J. A., Forester, Pippingford Park, Nutley, Sussex. Mine, Alexander, Factor, Urie Estate Office, Stonehaven. Miung, Alexander, Forester, Charboro’ Park, Wareham, Dorset. MILNE, Colonel George, of Logie, Aberdeenshire. MILNg, Frederick, Assistant Forester, Nursery Cottage, Tarbrax, by Forfar. Mine, James, Land Steward, Carstairs House, Carstairs. . *Miuneg, John, Forester, Bicton Estate, East Budleigh, Devon. Mitne, Ritchie, Assistant, Annandale Estate Office, Hillside, Lockerbie. . *Mitng, Robert P., Spittal Mains, Berwick-on- Tweed. Mine, William, Farmer, Foulden, Berwick-on-Tweed. Mine, William, Forester, Huntly Hill, Stracathro, Brechin. Mine, William, Nurseryman (Wm. Fell & Co., Ltd.), Hexham. MitneE-Homeg, David William, of Wedderburn, Caldra, Duns. p *MILNe- Homes, J. Hepburn, Irvine House, Canonbie. .. *Mrrrie ers, Frederick Donald, B.A.Oxon., Goddards, Abinger Common, Dorking. Cm MircHE.., Alexander, Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge. MiTcHELL, Andrew James, Assistant Factor and Architect, 12 Golden Square, Aberdeen. MircHE.i, Andrew W., 8 Queen's Terrace, Aberdeen. MircHeE..L, Charles, of Pallinsburn, Cornhill-on-Tweed. MITCHELL, David, Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun, 1882 Mp *MITCHELL, Francis, Forester, Woburn, Beds. 1904 1902 1904 1901 1903 1902 1909 1908 MircHELL, James, Organising Secretary for Technical Education to Fife County Council, County Buildings, Cupar, Fife. . *MircHE.t, John, jun., Timber Merchant, Leith Walk Saw-mills, Leith. MircHeEtu, John Irvine, M.A., Teacher, 4 Craighouse Terrace, Edinburgh. MITCHELL, William Geddes, Estate Agent, Doneraile, Co. Cork. mp MorKnan, Archibald E., Land Agent, etc., Lissadell, Stillorgan Park, Co. Dublin. Morrat, John, Head Forester, Boiden, Arden, N.B. Morrat, William, Forester, Castle Wemyss, Wemyss Bay. . *Morser, Cyril, P.A.S.I., Heworth Grange, York. Date of Election. 1895 1906 1903 1897 1899 1913 1895 1911 1913 1907 1911 1895 1908 1911 1908 1903 1905 1905 1908 1907 1908 1906 1890 1912 1901 1904 1903 1912 1895 1906 i911 1908 1905 1911 1909 1902 1910 1907 31 *MoncreEIFFEs, Sir Robert D., Bart. of Moncreiffe, Perth. . “Moon, John Laurence, Forest Ranger, Forestry Department, Nairobi, British East Africa. m Moray, The Earl of, Darnaway Castle, Forres. ... *MorGan, Alex., Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire. . *MorGan, Andrew, Assistant Factor, Glamis. Morean, John, Assistant Forester, Innerbuist Cottage, Stormont- field, Perth. . *MorGan, Malcolm, Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire. Morcan, W. Dunlop, Forestry Student, 5 Hillside Street, Edinburgh. Morison, A. C. F., of Bognie, Mountblairy, Turriff. Morrison, Andrew, Estate Manager, Brodie Mains, Forres. Morrison, David, Assistant Forester, Main Street, Sorn. Morrison, Hew, LL.D., Librarian, Edinburgh Public Library. . *Morrison, Hugh, Little Ridge, Tisbury, Wilts. Morrison, James, Factor for Forglen, 40 Low Street, Banff. Morrison, John, Factor, Rhives, Golspie. Morrison, William, Manufacturer, 61 Grant Street, St George Road, Glasgow. Morron, Andrew, Forester, Stockstruther, Roxburgh. . *MoTrHERWELL, A. B., Writer, Airdrie. . *Mousray, John J., Naemoor, Rumbling Bridge. . MoutrriE, James, Foreman Forester, Denside, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. Mowat, George, Forester, Carmichael, Thankerton, Lanarkshire. Mowat, John, Overseer, Hazelhead Estate, Aberdeen. MUIRHEAD, George, F.R.S.E., Commissioner, Speybank, Fochabers. *MurrHEaD, Roland Eugene, Winona, Bridge of Weir. Mutt, John, Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine. Munxo, Alexander, Overseer, Invereshie, Kincraig. C Munro, Alexander J., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Munro, Donald, Forester, Coul, Strathpeffer, Ross-shire. Munro, Donald, Forester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk. p Munro, Donald, Wood Merchant, Ravenswood, Banchory. Munro, Duncan H. Campbell, of Kenlochlaich, Appin, Argyll. Munro, George, M.B.C.M., Kerjord, Weisdale, Shetland. Munro, Sir Hector, Bart. of Foulis Castle, Evanton, Ross- shire. Munro, Hector, Assistant Forester, Cruachan, Kilchrenan, Taynuilt. m Munro, Hugh R., Assistant Forester, Blackwood Estate, Kirk- muirhill, Lanarkshire. . *Muwro, Sir Hugh Thomas, of Lindertis, Kirriemuir. Munro, James Watson, B.Sc., Department of Forestry, Marischal College, Aberdeen. m Munro, John, Foreman Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. Date of Election. 1907 1911 1909 IKE) Munro, John, Land Steward and Forester, The Lodge, Tarland, Aberdeenshire. Munro, William, Forester, Forest Department, Nairobi, British East Africa. Munro, William, Factor, Glenferness Estate Office, Nairn, .. "Murray, Major Alastair Bruce, of Polmaise, Stirling. 1892 mp*Murray, Alexander, Forester, Murtbly, Perthshire. 1900 1904 1900 1896 1899 1912 1904 1907 1905 1909 1910 1909 1911 1893 1908 1910 1895 1912 1906 1903 1909 1901 1912 1893 1902 1899 1899 1904 1912 Mista 1909 Murray, George J. B., Forester, Holylee, Walkerburn. mp Murray, John M., Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. Murray, William, of Murraythwaite, Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, ... “Murray. William Hugh, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. . “Nairn, Sir Michael B., Bart. of Rankeillour, Manufacturer, Kirkcaldy. . *Narrn, Michael, of Pitcarmick, Dysart House, Dysart, Fife. Naren, Robert, Forester, Rowallan, Kilmarnock. Nasu, William, Assistant Forester, Airdsmill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. . *Nasmytu, Norman, of Glenfarg, Glenfarg Lodge, Abernethy. . *Naynor, John Murray, Laighton Hall, Welshpool. Neitson, Walter Montgomerie, of Barcuple, Ringford. . *Nersu, Edward William, Sheriff Substitute, Dundee. Nexson, Andrew S., Railway Carriage and Wagon Builder, 26 Huntly Gardens, Glasgow. Newtson, Robert, Assistant Forester, Hannahgate Cottage, Kinmount Estate, Cummertrees, Dumfriesshire. . *Nextson, Thomas Arthur, of Achnacloich, Connel, Argyllshire. Newton, James Whittet, B.Sc., Assistant Conservator of Forests, Londiani, British East Africa. . Nico, James, Forester, Aird’s Mill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. . *Nicox, Randall James, Ballogie, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. Nicou, William, Forester, Cluny Castle, Ordhead, Aberdeenshire, . *Nicot, William Edward, D.L., J.P., of Ballogie, Aboyne. Nico, William, Foreman Forester, Deer Park, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. Nicotui, William Peter, Bailiff to H.R.H. The Duchess of Albany, The Farm, Claremont, Esher, Surrey. NIELSEN, P., Seedsman, Jaglvej, 125th, Copenhagen, L. p*Nisset, J., D.(ic., Royal Societies’ Club, 63 St James Street, London, S. W. ... *Nisbet, Robert C., Farmer, Kingsknowe, Slateford. ... “Nopss, Eric Arthur, B.Se., Ph.D., Department of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia. Nosuz, Charles, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour. Nosie, Hugh C., Newhall Estate Office, Balblair, Invergordon. Norris, Henry E. Du C., Agent, Basildon Park, Reading. ... “OGILVIE, Fergus Menteith, of Barcaldine, Ledaig, Argyllshire. ... “OGILVIE, George Hamilton, Westlands, Broughty Ferry. Date of Election. 1911 1910 1911 1908 1908 1900 1909 1894 1899 1906 2... 1906 1907 1902 1875 1911 1908 1908 1900 1913 ESTO =. 1398)... #902 :.2 1908 1897 1899 1909 1912 1908 ... 1900 1904 1397... 1895... 1912 1908 1896... 1896 33 OciLvI£, John, M.A., Solicitor, 13 Albert Square, Dundee. Ocitvy, Mrs Mary Georgiana Constance N. Hamilton, of Biel, Prestonkirk. Ocitvy, William, 58 Findhorn Place, Edinburgh. Ogsron, Alexander Milne, of Ardoe, near Aberdeen. . *Ocston, James, of Kildrummy, Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire. OLIPHANT, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Quarterbank, Abercairney, Criett. OuiveEr, Colonel William J., of Lochside, Kelso. ... “ORKNEY, William C., Surveyor’s Office, Montrose Royal Asylum, . *Orr-Ewine, Sir Archibald Ernest, Bart., Ballikinrain Castle, Balfron. *Orr, George W., Hilston Park, Monmouth. Orr, Harry D., Timber Merchant, 21 Fairfield Road, Chesterfield. OswaLpD, Major Julian, Portmore House, Church Street, Wey- bridge. OswAaLp, Richard Alexander, of Auchincruive, Ayr. Pace, Andrew Duncan, Land Steward, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. Park, James, Assistant Forester, Tower Cottage, Durris, Drumoak. Park, Robert, Contractor, Hamilton Street, Motherwell. PATERSON, Alexander, Forester, Clifton Park, Kelso. PaTERSON, George, Timber Merchant, Cliff House, Cults , Aberdeen. PaTErRSON, William George Rogerson, B.Se., N.D.A. (Hons.), Principal of West of Scotland Agricultural College, 6 Blyths- wood Square, Glasgow. *Paton, Hugh, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. *Paron, Robert Johnston, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock. *Paron, Tom W., Nurseryman, Kilmarnock. Pearson, Andrew, Commissioner, Littlecourt, Dorchester. PEARSON, James, Forester, Sessay, Thirsk, Yorks. mp PEARSON, James, Factor, Altyre Estates Office, Forres, N.B. Peattie, William, Assistant Forester, The Nursery, Thirlmere, Grasmere. PEeFFERS, William, Sawmaker, Dovecote Street, Hawick. *PENTLAND, The Lord, Governor of Bengal, India. *Perrins, C. W. Dyson, of Ardross, Ardross Castle, Alness. Peters, William, Assistant Forester, Gateside, Markinch, Fifeshire, *Puiuip, Alexander, Solicitor, Brechin, Forfarshire. *Puitip, William Watt, Factor, Estate Office, Gigha, Argyll- shire. Puitips, Charles, Assistant Forester, Balvaird, Kirkoswald. Puituies, John, Nurseryman, Granton Road, Edinburgh. *PuHitp, Henry, jun., Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline. *PuHILp, John, Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline. é 34 Date of Election, 1896 .,. *Pirman, Archibald Robert Craufurd, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. 1910 PLENDERLEITH, Mungo Sinclair, Fire Insurance Superintendent, 102 St Vincent Street, Glasgow. 1902 PLumMMER, C. H. Scott, of Sunderland Hall, Selkirk. 1901 m Pouuock, Alexander, Royal Rustic Builder, Tarbolton, Ayrshire. 1912 ... *Ponsonspy, Thomas Brabazon, J.P., and OD.L., Kilcooley Abbey, Thurles, Ireland. 1897 Poor, Wm., Corn Exchange Buildings, Edinburgh. 1902 Porert, E. P., 49 Britannia Square, Worcester. 1908 Porteous, James, Solicitor and Factor, Coldstream. 1899 Porteous, Colonel James, of Turfhills, Kinross. 1911 Porrrous, George, Overseer, Edmonstone Estate, Midlothian. 1912 Porter, Donald Fraser, Bankell, Milngavie. 1910 PRENTICE, Andrew, Forester, Bank House, Worsley, near Manchester. 1896 . PRENTICE, George, Strathore, Thornton, 1898 Gt Paice, W. M., Factor, Minto, Hawick. 1908 PRINGLE, Taties Lewis, of Torwoodlee, J.P., D.L., B.A., Torwoodlee, Galashiels, 1908 PrircHarD, Henry A., Professor of Estate Management and Forestry, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. 1908 Procror, John, Forester, West Grange, East Grange Station, Dunfermline. 1908 wm *PurRvis, Colonel Alexander, St Andrews. 1907 Purvis, George, Forester, Cowden Estate, Dollar. 1907 Rag, Frederick S., Tangkah Rubber Estates, Jasin, Malacca, Straits Settlement. 1907... Rar, Lewis, Foreman Forester, New Cottage, Dupplin, by Perth. 1876 C*Ras, William A., Factor, Murthly Castle, Perthshire. 1901 p*RAFFAN, Alexander, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry. 1899 p RakN, Johannes, Tree-Seed Merchant, Skovfrékontoret, Copen- hagen, F. 1913... *RALPH, James Mackenzie, Bank Clerk, Lisnacree, Corstorphine. 1902 RaAupH, William, I.S8.0., Forrester Road, Corstorphine. 1897 Ratsron, A. Agnew, Factor, Philipstoun House, West Lothian. 1907 Raston, Charles W., Chamberlain on Dukedom of Queensberry, Dabton, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. 1908 ... *RAusron, Claude, Factor, Estates Office, Glamis, 1908 ... *Rausron, Gavin, Factor, Glamis. 1910 ... *Ramsay, Professor Grores Gilbert, LL.D., Drumire, Blairgowrie. 1907... Ramsay, William, J.P., Longmorn House, Longmorn R.S.0O. 1855... *RAMspEN, Sir John, Bart., Byram Hall, Ferrybridge, Nor- : manton. 1911 RANKINE, Professor John, of Bassendean, 23 Ainslie Place, Edin- burgh. Date of Election. 1870 1909 1908 1905 1901 1909 1894 1913 1911 1910 1905 1903 1910 1901 1908... 1912 1910 1873 1910 1907 1892 1908 1913 1898 1906 1912 1909 1909 1897 1897 1911 ET 1899 1911 35 Ratrray, Thos., Forester, Westonbirt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire. Rattray, William, Wood Merchant, Tullylumb Terrace, Perth. REDPATH, John, Forester, Paxton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Rerp, Alexander T., Milldeans, Star, Markinch. Rem, Hugh, Forester, Ashton Court, Long Ashton, near Bristol. REID, James, jun., Assistant Forester, Balbirnie, Milldeans, Markinch. REID, James S., Forester, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. Reip, James T. M., Assistant Forester, Blackwood Kennels, Kirkmuirhill. Rerp, John, Assistant Forester, Foresters’ Bothy, Pilsley, Bake- well, Derbyshire. Reid, Peter, Assistant Forester, Cruachan, Kilchrenan, Argyll. Rerp, Robert, Overseer, Kincairney, Dunkeld. Rerp, Robert Matelé, Thomanean, Milnathort. Reis, Gordon Stanley, B.Sc., Naga Timbool Estate, Post Bangoen Poerba, East Coast Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. RENNIE, Joseph, Overseer, Hillend, Possil, Maryhill. *RENSHAW, Charles Stephen Bine, B.A., Barochan, Houston. RENTON, James, F.S.I., Factor, Sunbank, Perth. RicHARD, James, Forester, Balnamoon, Brechin. Cp *Ricuarpson, Adam D., 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. Rice, Patrick Home, of Tarvit, Cupar. RiLx1£, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Acklam, Middlesbrough. Rircuig£, Alexander, Overseer, Brucehill, Cardross Estate, Port of Menteith. . *Rircutie, Charles Ronald, W.S., 37 Royal Terrace, Edinburgh. RitcuHi£, Matthew Aitken, Assistant Forester, Owood, Woodhall Estate, Holytown. Rircuiz, Wm., Assistant Forester, New Inn Cottage, Stanley. RitcH1£, Wm. H., of Dunnottar House, Stonehaven. Ross, Henry Grant, Forester, The Nursery, Knowsley, Prescot, Lancs. ... “Roperts, Alex. Fowler, of Fairnilee, Clovenfords, Galashiels. RoBeEkTSON, Alexander, Factor, Polmaise, Stirling. . *Ropertson, A. Barnett, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock, Ayr- shire. Rosertson, Andrew N., Forester, Westerlands, Graffam, Sussex. ROBERTSON, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. Rogertson, Andrew Clark, Assistant Factor, 18 Manse Crescent, Stirling. Ropertson, Charles, Forester, Colstoun Old Mill, Gifford. Rogertson, Colin Halkett, Tebraw Rubber Estates, Johore, via Singapore. 1879 mp *RosErtson, Donald, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. as07 ... *RoBERTSON, Edward Hercules, B.A., Advocate, Burnside, Forfar. Date of Election. 1896 1908 1910 1900 1904 1905 1905 1907 1905 1896 1909 1895 1910 1912 1909 1912 1910 1912 1890 1899 1901 1897 1900 1893 1908 1883 1872 1913 1898 1905 1906 1903 1908 36 RoBertson, George, Forester, Monreith Estate Office, Port William. Roperrson, George, Assistant Forester, Barcaldine, Ledaig, Argyllshire. . *Ropertson, Henry Tod, Coalmaster, Meadowbank, Airdrie. ROBERTSON, James, Forester, Wortley Hall, Wortley, Sheffield. RoBeRTsON, James, Forester, Cavens, Kirkbean, Dumfries. . *Robertson, James Morton, of Portmore, Portmore House, Eddle- ston. Ropertson, James W., Head Gardener, Letham Grange and Fern, Arbroath. Rosertson, J. P., Forester, Edensor, Bakewell. . *Roperrson, John, Factor, Panmure Estates Office, Carnoustie. RoBertTson, John, Forester, Rynagoup, Dallas, Forres. Rogerson, John A., c/o Donald Robertson, Dunrobin, Golspie. Rosertson, Thomas, Forester, c/o Mrs Shaw, 5 Glenogle Road, Edinburgh. ROBERTSONWHITE, John Peregine, M.A., LL.B., Advocate in Aberdeen, 80 Union Street, Aberdeen. . *Roprrtson, William Hope, W.S., 8 Eton Terrace, Edinburgh. Rosrnson, Alfred Whitmore, Forester, Bamford, near Sheffield. Rosinson, George, Forestry Inspector, Department of Agriculture, Dublin. Roprnson, R. G., Department of Lands, State Forests Branch, Tapanui, Otago, N.Z. Ropinson, R. L., Board of Agriculture, 4 Whitehall Place, London, S. W. . *Ropinson, William, Gravetye Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex. Rosson, Alex., of Smith & Son, 18 Market Street, Aberdeen. Rozson, Alexander, Head Gamekeeper, The Kennels, Culzean, Maybole. . *Rosson, Charles Durie, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Roeson, John, Forester, Sawmill Cottage, Baronscourt, Newtown Stewart, Ireland. mp RopeER, James, Forester, 82 Leinster Street, Athy, Co. Kildare. Rocsrs, E. Percy, Estate Office, Stanage Park, Brampton Byran, Herefordshire. ... “Rowxo, The Master of, Duncrub Park, Dunning, Perthshire. ... “RosEBERY, The Earl of, K.G., K.T., Dalmeny Park, Edin- burgh. Rose, William Duncan Ogilvie, M.A., Student, 11 Braidburn Crescent, Edinburgh. Ross, Charles D. M., Factor, Abercairney, Crieff. Ross, John S., Factor’s Clerk, Monreith Estate Office, Wigtown- shire. : m *RoxpurGHE, The Duke of, K.T., Floors Castle, Kelso. RuLE, John, Forester, Huntly. ... *RuSSELL, David, Silverburn, Leven. 37 Date of Election. 1893 RuTHERFORD, James A., Land Agent, Highclere Park, Newbury, Berks. 1910 RUTHERFORD, James, Assistant Forester, Heckfield, Winchfield, Hants. 1870 RuTHERFORD, John, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh, Roxburgh- shire. 1904 RUTHERFURD, Henry, Barrister-at-Law, Fairnington, Roxburgh. 1894 ... *Samson, David T., Factor, Seafield Estates Office, Cullen. 1875 Sane, Edmund, of E. Sang & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy. 1906... *Sanc, J. H., LL.B., W.S., Westbrook, Balerno. 1911 Scorr, Alexander, Head Forester, Corsock, Dalbeattie. 1911 Scorr, Crawford Allen, Factor, Killermont and Garseadden Estates Office, Bearsden. 1867 C@*Scorr, Daniel, Wood Manager, Darnaway, Forres. 1892 Scorr, David, Overseer, Dumfries House, Cumnock, Ayrshire. 1901 Cp Scort, Frank, Forester, Jeaniebank, near Perth. 1911 Scorr, George Ritchie, Farmer, Oxgang, Colinton. 1881 Scorr, James, Forester, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. 1907... *Scorr, James Cospatrick, P.A.S.I., Yarrow Cottage, Poynder Place, Kelso. 1903 Scorr, John, Forester, Annfield, Hartrigge, Jedburgh. 1908 Scorr, John A., Forester, The Gardens, Knockbrex, Kirkcudbright. 1906 ... *Scorr, John Henry Francis Kinnaird, of Gala, Gala House, Galashiels. 1913 Scorr, William Lightbody, Assistant Forester, Braehead, Douglas, Lanarkshire. 1902 ... *ScrimcEour, James, Horticulturist, Glasnevin College, Dublin. 1890 C*ScrimceEour, John, Overseer, Doune Lodge, Doune. 1913 SELLAR, Robert Hunter Nicol, Agricultural Engineer, Huntly. 1912 SHAND, Ebenezer, Apprentice Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. 1897 m SHARPE, Thomas, Head Forester, Gordon Castle, Fochabers, 1904 Suaw, John, Factor, Kilmahew Estate Office, Cardross, 1913 SHAw, John, Forester, East Lodge, Castlemilk, Rutherglen. 1896 p*Saaw-Srewart, Sir Hugh, Bart., of Ardgowan, Greenock. 1904 ... *SHELLEY, Sir John Courtown Edward, Bart., Avington, Alres- ford, Hants. 1898 ... *SHepparn, Rev. H. A. Graham-, of Rednock, Port of Menteith, Stirling. 1907... *SHracu, Gordon Reid, L.D.S., ete., Ardgilzean, Elgin. 1903... *SHIEL, James, Overseer, Abbey St Bathans, Grant’s House. 1912 SHIELL, David Guthrie, Factor, Dalhousie Lodge, Edzell, 1911 Siu, Ernest James, Factor, Airthrey Estate Office, Bridge of Allan. 1911 Sim, James, District Forest Officer, King Williamstown, Cape Colony. 1905 Sim, John, Forester, Fernybrae, Cornhill, Banfishire. 1913... *Srme, Frank, Timber Merchant, Beauly. 1910 Simpson, Robert, Under Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. Date of Election, 1912 1909 1906 1908 1909 1900 1908 38 Sincrarr, John, Forester, Bluehouse, Bridgend, Islay. Srncuarir, Magnus H., Seedsman, 156A Union Street, Aberdeen. pSincuair, Robert, Board of Agriculture, Castletown, Caithness. Srncuair, The Lord, 55 Onslow Square, London, 8S. W. SincER, George, Forester, Braidoun, Belmaduthy, Munlochy. SrincEr, John G., Forester, Whitestone Cottage, Maybole. SKIMMING, Robert, Timber Merchant, Kirkinner. 1868 CMpSuatTer, Andrew, War Department Estates Office, Tynemouth 1902 1893 1906 1912 1911 1911 1911 1901 1908 1908 1906 1907 1895 1907 1901 1908 1901 1895 1896 1899 1896 1913 1907 1910 1882 1907 1906 1906 House, Rothbury, Northumberland. Smart, John, Merchant, 18 Leith Street, Edinburgh. . *SmiruH, Charles G., Factor, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Smiru, Douglas, P.A.S.I., Land Agent, Estate Office, Thwaite, Erpingham, Norwich. SmirH, F., Forester, Craigmyle Estate, Torphins, Aberdeenshire. *SMITH, George, Factor, Mount Hamilton, by Ayr. Situ, Herbert, Assistant Forester, Home Farm, Wishaw Estate Wishaw, Lanarkshire. SmirH, James, Assistant Forester, Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Notts. Smita, James, Forester, 1 Oxmantown Mall, Birr, King’s County. SmirH, James, Nurseryman, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock. Smiru, James, Assistant, Town Clerk’s Office, Arbroath. SmirH, James Fraser, F.R.H.S., late Gardener, Barons Hotel, Auchnagatt. SmirH, Right Hon. James Parker, P.C., 20 Draycott Place, London, S.W. m SMITH, John, Cabinetmaker, 1 Eastgate, Peebles. . *SmiruH, J. Grant, Factor, Seafield Estates Office, Grantown-on- Spey. SmitH, Matthew, Manager for Dyer & Co., Peebles. SmitH, Robert, Factor, Cranstoun Riddell, Dalkeith. Situ, Sydney, Factor, Drummuir Estates Office, Keith. . *SmirH, Thomas, Overseer, The Nursery, Tring Park, Wigging- ton, Tring, Herts. SmitH, William, Forester, Camperdown, Lochee. SmirH, William, Overseer, Rothes Estate Office, Leslie, Fife. *SmirH, William G., B.Sc., Ph.D., Lecturer on Biology, Edin- burgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, George Square, Edinburgh. Situ, W. J. Woodman, of Laithers, 12 Golden Square, Aberdeen. *SmiruHson, Harry S. C., of Inverernie, Daviot, Highland R.8.0O. Smyty, John George, B.A., Consulting Forester and Land Agent, 22 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin. . *SmyvruHe, David M., of Methven Castle, Perth. SomersE?r, The Duke of, Maiden Bradley, Bath; 35 Grosvenor Square, W. SoMERVILLE, Hugh Christopher, 2 Fairhaven, Dalkeith. SOMERVILLE, Robert Anderson, Eastwoodbrae, Dalkeith. 39 Date of Election. 1889 Cmp*SomMERVILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Se., D.(c., F.R.S.E., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford. 1904 ... Sourar, William, Forester, The Farm, Titsey Place, Limpstield, Surrey. 1912... *Sperrs, Robert Robson, Structural Engineer, Maxholme, Bearsden. 1910 ... SpENcE, James George, Forester, West Lodge, Vogrie, Gorebridge. 1898 ... SpENcE, William, Forester, Strathenery, Leslie. 1899 Cmp*Spiers, Adam, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edin- burgh. 1883... *Spror, Major Alexander, of Garnkirk, Chryston, Glasgow. 1911 ... *Spror, Captain Mark, of Riddell, Lilliesleaf, Roxburghshire. 1909 ... *Srarr, The Earl of, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy. 1899 .... *SraLKER, Wm. J., Nurseryman, Nairn. 1910 p*Sressinc, Edward Percy, Indian Forest Service, Lecturer in Forestry, Edinburgh University. 1911 ... STEPHEN, George, Forester, Castle Grant, Grantown. 1907... SrepHEN, John, Forester, Balliemore, Nethy Bridge. 1901... Srewart, Alistair D., Kinfauns Estates Office, Rockdale, Perth. 1897... Srewart, Charles, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. 1908 ... *Srewart, Charles, Achara, Duror of Appin, Argyll. 1907 m Stewart, David, Forester, Baunreigh Forestry Station, Mount- rath, Queen’s Co. 1909 ... Stewart, Sir David, of Banchory-Devenick, Banchory House, Banchory, Devenick. 1910 ... Srewart, Donald, Forester, The Lodge, Inverlochy Castle, Fort William. 1899 ... *Stewart, Duncan D., Factor, Ardenlea, Pitlochry. ; 1901 ... Srewart, James, Forester, Letham and Fern Estates, Fern, near Brechin. 1903... STEWART, John, Forester, Coltness Estate, Wishaw. 1909 ... Srewart, John M‘Gregor, Assistant Forester, Saw-mill Cottage, Strathord, by Stanley. 1892... *Srewart, Sir Mark J. M‘Taggart, Bart. of Southwick, Kirkcud- brightshire. 1908 ... Srewart, Colonel R. K., of Murdostoun, Murdostoun Castle, Lanarkshire. 1876... Srewart, Robert, Forester, Stonefield, Sunnyside, Tarbert, Lochfyne. 1910 ... Srewart, William, of Shambellie, Kirkcudbrightshire. 1904 Cmp*Stiriine, Captain Archibald, of Keir, Dunblane, President. 1907 mSrtiruine, John Alexander, of Kippendavie, 4 Connaught Square, London, W. 1911... *Srirurne, Thomas Willing, of Muiravonside, Linlithgow. 1908 ... *Sriruinc, William, D.L., J.P., of Fairburn, Muir of Ord. 1909 ... Srospart, Lionel Forrester, Harpur Ranch, Kamloops, B.C., Canada. Date of Election. 1909 1897 1906 1893 1908 1908 1908 1910 1912 Ney 1908 1902 1880 1907 1883 1892 1912 1869 1900 1902 1904 1905 1897 1905 1911 1877 VOI 1908 1904 1911 1893 1913 1911 1902 1903 1901 40) .. *Sroparr, Charles, Farmer, Wintonhill, Pencaitland. Sroppart, James, Valuator, Hillhead, Bonnyrigg. Sroppanrt, James, jun., Joiner, Macondach, Bonnyrigg, Srorin, W., Whitway House, Newbury, Berks. STRATHEDEN and CAMPBELL, The Lord, Hartrigge, Jedburgh, . “STRATHMORE AND KINGHORNE, The Earl of, Glamis Castle, Glamis. Stuart, Alexander, Estates Office, Blair Drummond, Perthshire. Stuarr, George Morrison, Gardener, The Gardens, Forglen, Turriff. .. “Stuart, Henry, Land Steward, Knoydart, Mallaig, Inverness- shire. Stuart, Henry Campbell, Factor, Glen Caladh, Tighnabruaich. m Stuart, Lord Ninian Edward Crichton, M.P., House of Falkland, Fife. Stunt, Walter Charles, Lorenden, Ospringe, Kent. ... “SUTHERLAND, Evan C., Highland Club, Inverness. SUTHERLAND, George, Assistant Forester and Saw-miller, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. . *SUTHERLAND, The Duke of, K.G., Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. m*SUTHERLAND, John D., Member of Board of Agriculture, 29 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Tair, Adam, of Wooplaw, Darnick, Braid Avenue, Edinburgh. mp Tair, David, Overseer, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorkshire. ... *Tarr, James, Westshiel, Penicuik. Taytor, John, Forester, Orchill Estate, by Braco, Perthshire. TAyLor, Robert, Assistant Forester, Mosside Cottage, Almond- bank, Perth. TAyYLor, Robert, Forester, West Saline, Saline, Oakley. TayLor, William, Forester, Sandside, Kirkcudbright. TreLrer, John, Forester, Basildon Park, Reading, Berks. ... “Tennant, H. J., M.P., 33 Bruton Street, London, W. ... “Terris, James, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam, Kinross-shire Tuomas, David Gwilym, Forestry Student, 44 Lauriston Place, Edinburgh. Tuompson, Archibald, Overseer, Auchindarroch, Lochgilphead. THompson, Dugald, Forester, Kinnordy, Kirriemuir. ... *THomson, Alexander, of Burgie, Forres. C Tuomson, David W., Nurseryman, 113 George Street, Edinburgh. THomson, Herdman, Nurseryman, 113 George Street, Edinburgh. TxHomson, John, Forester, Kailzie, Peebles. p*Tuomson, Peter Murray, S.S.C., Cockbridge, Mealsgate, Cumberland. THOMSON, Robert, Foreman Forester, 57 Park Hill, Ampthill, Bedfordshire. ... “THomson, Spencer Campbell, of Eilean Shona, 10 Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh. Date of Election, 1908 1911 1904 1913 1906 1901 1871 1912 1906 1903 1903 1910 1883 1903 1908 1907 1908 1908 1912 1911 1912 1911 1908 1911 1903 1894 41] . *THorBURN, Michael Grieve, D.L., etc., of Glenormiston, Inner- leithen. Tow, William Keir, Assistant Forester, Pitcairngreen, Almond- bank, Perth. THREIPLAND, Captain W. Murray, Dryburgh Abbey, St Boswells. TiBBLE, Ernest Frank, Assistant Forester, South Lodge, Minto, Hawick. Trnpat, Robert, Forester, Bellspool Cottages, Stobo. TIVENDALE, William D., Head Forester to Duke of Portland, Burnhovse, Galston. . *TomLiNnson, Wilson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop, Notts. . *ToRRANCE, James Watt, Timber Merchant, 11 Dundonald Road, Glasgow. . *TRAIL, James William Helenus, A.M., M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in University of Aberdeen, 71 High Street, Old Aberdeen. . *TULLIBARDINE, The Marquis of, D.S.O., Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. TURNBULL, John, Forester, Forester’s Lodge, Arbigland, Duntries. TwEEDIE£, Alexander, Forester, etc.,*Garth, Fortingal, Aberfeldy. UnpErwoop, Henry E., Fornham, St Martin, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. . “Unwin, Arthur Harold, D.(@ic., Olokemeji, West? Province, So. Nigeria. . “URQUHART, Angus, Assistant Nursery and Seedsman, Inverness. UnQuHart, Colonel Robert, Town Clerk, Forres, . *UsueEr, Sir Robert, Bart. of Norton and Wells, Norton, Ratho Station, Midlothian. Verrcu, Andrew, Seedsman and Nurseryman, Melrose. . *Verrcu, Archibald, Chatlapore Tea Estate, Shamshernagar, P.O., So. Sylhet, India. VeircH, Robert, B.Sc., 7 Queen’s Crescent, Edinburgh. . *Vescr, The Viscount de, D.L., Abbeyleix, Ireland. WADDINGHAM, James Hart, Shambally, Cloghill, Co. Tipperary. Watpron, Major Patrick John, East Haugh, Pitlochry. WALKER, Austine Harrington, Chemical Manufacturer, Richmond House, Dullatur, Dumbartosshire. WALKER, Captain George Lawrie, of Crawfordton, Thornhill. Watker, Henry H., Factor, Monreith, Port William, Wigtown- shire, 1878 .... *WALKER, Colonel I. Campbell, Newlands, Camberley, Surrey. 1907... *WaLKeEr, James, Wood Merchant, Inverness. 1906... *Watker, John Steven, Yard Foreman, Saw-mills, Hurlford, Ayrshire. 42 Date of Election. 1906 ... *WALKER, Robert Williamson, C.E., Factor and Land Surveyor, 3 Golden Square, Aberdeen. 19038 WALLACE, Andrew, Saw-miller, 5 North Street, Freuchie. 1912 Wa.Liace, Andrew, Foreman Forester, Foresters’ Cottages, Altyre, Forres. 1893 mm Wauuacer, David P., Forester, The Saw-mills, Filleigh, South Molton, N. Devon. 1912 WaA.uacr, John, Land Steward, Dunnikier Estate, Kirkcaldy. 1897. ... *Wawuack, John A. A., of Lochryan, Cairnryan, Stranraer. 1905 ... *Wauuack, Thomas Douglas, F.S.I., Hamilton Palace, Hamilton. 1899 WANDESFORDE, R. H., Prior of Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. 1909 WarineG, Captain Walter, M.P., of Lennel, Coldstream. 1900 ... *Warwick, Charles, Smiley Estate Office, Ailsa, Larne. 1901 Wason, Right Hon. Eugene, M.P., P.C., of Blair, Dailly, Ayr- shire; 8 Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, London. 1913 Watson, Alexander 8., Assistant Forester, New Cottages, Dup- plin, Perth. 1901 Warson, James, Manager, Moy Hall, Inverness-shire. 1893 ... *Warson, John T., 6 Bruntsfield Gardens, Edinburgh. 1912 p Watt, Hugh Boyd, Secretary and Insurance Broker, 12 Great James Street, Bedford Row, London, W.C. 1872 Wart, James, J.P., of Little & Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle. 1893 Wart, James W., Knowefield Nurseries, Carlisle. 1911 Wart, Sidney, Forester, Pearsie, Kirriemuir. 1911 m Watt, William, Assistant Forester, Redstone, Darnaway. 1906 WEessTER, Charles, Gardener and Forester, The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers. 1911 ... *Wessrer, Sir Francis, Ashbrook, Arbroath. 1908 ... *WEDDERBURN, Ernest Maclagan, LL.B., W.S., F.R.S.E., Factor, 2 Glenfinlas Street, Edinburgh. 1911 ... Weir, Andrew, Forestry Student, Doonhome, Colinton. 1908 ... *Werr, William, of Kindonan, Adamton, Monkton, Ayrshire. 1891 ... *WeELsH, James, of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. 1913 Wens.Ley, A., Forester, Grimsbury Castle, Hermitage, near Newbury, Berks. 1904 WENTWoRTH-FirzWILLIAM, George Charles, of Milton, Peter- borough. 1902 mp WHELLENS, W. Henry, Forester, Comlongon Nurseries, Ruthwell. 1898 ... *Wuire, J. Martin, Balruddery, near Dundee. 1895 Wuire, William, Farmer, Gortonlee, Lasswade. 1884. C*Wuirron, James, Superintendent of Parks, 249 George Street, Glasgow. 1899 ... *Wuyves, John D. B., Factor, Estate Office, Elveden, Suffolk. 1895 Wicut, Alexander, Overseer, Thurston, Temple Mains, Innerwick. 1869 p*Wixp, Albert Edward (Conservator of Forests, Darjeeling, India), c/o Henry 8. King & Co., 65 Cornhill, London, E.C. 1883 WILKIE, Charles, Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington. 1891 Witki1£, G., Architect, Hayfield, Peebles. 43 Date of Election. 1902 ... WiLkrInson, John, Factor, The Grange, Kirkcudbright. 1908 ... WiiirAmson, James A., A.R.I.B.A., Public Works Office, City Chambers, Edinburgh. 1895 ... WriurAmson, John, Bank Agent, Loanhead, Midlothian. 1907. ... *Winiramson, John, Joiner and Builder, Grangemouth. 1913... Witson, Adam, Timber Merchant, Dailly, Ayrshire. 1907 p Witson, Adam Frank, C.D.A.(Edin.), 164 Braid Road, Edin- burgh. 1913... Wrtson, Albert, Forester, Derwent Valley Water Board, Cliff View, Thornhill Hope, via Sheffield. 1907... Wuitson, Andrew Robertson, M.A., M.D., Hopewell, Tarland, Aboyne ; and Trafford House, Liscard, Cheshire. 1898 ... *Witson, David, Timber Merchant, Troon, Ayrshire. 1889 ... *Witson, David, jun., of Carbeth, Killearn, Glasgow. 1908 ... Wrtson, Edward Arthur, Rockingham, Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham. 1907... Writson, Ian Hall, Saw-mill Manager, Brodie Cottage, Brodie. 1900 ... Wutson, James, jun., Nurseryman, St Andrews. 1907... Witson, James G., Assistant, 24 St Andrew Square, Edin- burgh. 1910 ... Wilson, John, Estate Steward, Brand’s Mill, Dunbar. 1902 ... Witson, Sir John, Bart. of Airdrie. 1901 ... Wrtson, John Currie, Factor, Tulliallan Estate Office, Kincardine- on-Forth. 1912 ... Wutson, John, Estate Agent, Egton Bridge, Yorks. 1912... Wilson, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Matlock House, Baslow, Derbyshire. 1903 .... Wrison, Thomas, Head Gardener, Glamis Castle, Glamis. 1899... Wuixson, William, Timber Merchant, Auchenleck, Ayrshire. 1912... Winton, Thomas, jun., Timber Merchant, 52 Seafield Road, Dundee. 1893... WisEMAN, Edward, Nurseryman, Elgin. 1895 ... WISEMAN, William, Nurseryman, Forres. 1911 ... WisHaArtT, John, Ellangowan, Peebles. 1906 ... Woirr, George, sen., J.P., Shovel Manufacturer, Millburn, Bathgate. 1909... Woop, James, of Wallhouse, Torphichen. 1907... Woop, Thomas, Forester, West Lodge, Durie, Leven, Fife. 1904 ... Worsrotp, Edward Mowll, Land Agent, Market Square, Dover. 1904 ... Wotherspoon, George, Factor, Cromartie Estate Office, Kildary, Ross-shire. 1909 .... Wricut, John Moncrieff, of Kinmonth, Bridge of Earn. 1904 .... Wricut, Sir Robert Patrick, F.H.A.S., F.R.S.E., Chairman, Board of Agriculture, 29 St Andrew Square. 1868 ... WyLure; George, Ballogie, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. 1906 .... Wyre, William, Seedsman, 18 Market Street, Aberdeen, Date of Election. 1908 1904 1905 1907 1909 1910 1910 1910 1912 1899 1911 ... “YEAMAN, Alexander, W.S., 32 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. ' 44 Yoot, Thomas, Factor, Ballindalloch Estates Office, Ballin- dalloch. Youne, John, Hedger, West Lodge, Corehouse, Lanark, Youne, John U., Cart Craigs, Pollokshaws. Youna, Peter, Assistant Forester, Lochend Cottage, Chapelhill, : Methven. Younc, R. M., Nursery Manager, Cathcart Nurseries, Newlands, — Glasgow. YouneG, William George, Estate Clerk, Craigielaw, Longniddry. Youncer, Harry George, of Benmore, 21 Grosvenor Crescent, Edinburgh. m YOUNGER, James, of Mount Melville, St Andrews. . "Yue, Miss Amy Frances, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. Younc, James Weir, P.A.S.I., Land Surveyor, 198 West George Street, Glasgow. a TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. A. W. BORTHWICK, D.Sc. HONORARY EDITOR. ROBERT GALLOWAY, SS.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER MOte XXVIII. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. 1914 CONTENTS The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. PAGE 1. Deputation from the Society to the Right Hon. T. M‘Kinnon Wood, M.P., Secretary for Scotland—7th November 1913 I 2. The Development Commission and Forestry. Extracts from the Report of the Commissioners for the year ended 31st March 1913 = : : : : : Se ae 3. The State Forests of Saxony (with Illustrations). (Con- tinued from Vol. xxvii., p. 187.) By A. D. Hopkinson, B.Sc. 28 4. Some Vegetation Types at High Altitudes (with Illustra- tions). By G. P. Gordon, B.Sc.(Edin.), B-Sc.(Oxon.) . 46 5. Forestry at Home and Abroad. By A. W. Borthwick, D.Sc. 56 6. Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden . 60 7. The Formation of Plantations on Deep Peat (with Plate). By Donald Grant : : : ; : . 72 8. A Plan Adequate to Meet our Needs for Wood Timber , 78 9. The Excursion to Switzerland (with Illustrations). By G. P. Gordon, B.Sc. . L : : : 83 Io. The Forestry Exhibition at Paisley. By G. P. Gordon, B.Sc 97 I1. Visit to German Forests by the Royal English Arboricultural Society—1913. By A. T. Gillanders, F.E.S. ; + 08 12. Timber Research Work at the Cambridge School of Forestry 105 13. Thuja gigantea and Douglas Fir in Mixture (with Plate). By D. K. M‘Beath : : ; : ; ee 0y/ 14. Nursery and Plantation Competition . ‘ . ; ‘ITO Notes and Queries :—Witch’s Broom on Pseudotsuga Doug- /asii (with Plate)—Appointment of Chief Conservator of Forests, South Africa—Protection of Scots Pine against Black Game—Leaflet on the Large Brown Pine Weevil — Tree-Growth in 1913—Forestry and the Anglo-American Exposition—The Excursion to Switzerland : ey ds, Reviews and Notices of Books:—The Forest of Dean. By Arthur O. Cooke. With four Illustrations in Colour and fifty-six in Black and White. Price 1os. 6d. net. London: Constable & Co. : : : ; , = 2020 Albury Park Trees and Shrubs. 66+x pp. By A. Bruce ; Jackson. London: West, Newman & Co., 1913 . eres 17, 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25: 26. CONTENTS Discussion on Forestry in Scotland, held at the Annual Business Meeting, Feb. 7, 1914 Summary of the Position of Scottish Forestry in regard to the Development Fund and the Agriculture (Scotland) Fund. [2nd February 1914.) By R. Galloway, S.S.C., Secretary of the Society 3 ; Report on Tour of Inspection of Woods and Afforestable Lands in Scotland, made by the Society’s Foreign, Indian, Colonial and other Guests, in connection with the Cele- bration of the Diamond Jubilee, and also with Thirty-seventh Annual Excursion (with three Plates) The Conference and Dinner The Right Hon. Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson, K.C.M.G.., Hon. Secretary, 1898-1914 , Mr Robert Galloway, S.S.C., aight! and Treasurer (with Portrait) : ; z Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society Notes from Oak and Beech Forests in Denmark (with Plate). By W. G. Smith, B:Sc:, Ph:.D., Pages and East of Scotland College of Agriculture The Silvicultural Treatment of the Douglas Fir. By W. Steuart Fothringham ‘ P : The Economic Disposal of Coniferous Timber (with Plate). By D. K. M‘Beath The Japanese Larch (Larix /epto/epis). By Geo. Leven The Sitka Spruce in Ireland. By A. C. Forbes Notes and Queries:—The Index—Scarcity of Pitwood— Forest Pests—The Oleoresins of some Western Pines— Prices and Supplies in the Timber Trade—Creosoting Tree Stumps against Pine Weevil—Japanese Larch— Notes re Acetone Obituary :—Sir John Ramsden, Bart. Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1914, with Appendices. List of Members as at Ist September 1914. General Index. PAGE I2!I 248 TRANSACTIONS : ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Rely ek VL) bo Ae January 1914. AS Wes BORLA WICK. Disc. HONORARY EDITOR. Pe BE hehe G Ac O WAY. ses. 05 SECRETARY AND TREASURER EDINBURGH: PRENTEDEOR THE: SOGERIS SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. ice to Non-Members, 3/={ Bn YORK A.&J. MAIN & C9 L™- MANUFACTURERS OF HAY & GRAIN SHEDS. In this SHED the HAY or GRAIN can be stored to within a few inches of ROOF. FOLD YARD COVERINGS, STEEL AND IRON BUILDINGS, of every description. ean No. 661. CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING, IRON & WIRE FENCING, WROUCHT IRON RAILINGS, GATES, HURDLES, — PALE FENCING, TREE GUARDS, — : | Etc., Etc. | E : Roofing and Fencing Catalogues on Application. ae — aN Bieass her sale rite we Beets o GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING and FENCING WIRE at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. 31 BUDGE ROW, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, Y LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGHi. ADVERTISEMENTS. EITH &S Co. ADVERTISING AGENTS 43 GEORGE STREET EDINBURGH ADVERTISEMENTS of every kind are received tor insertion in the Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Publications throughout the United Kingdom. Notices of Sequestration, Cessio, Dissolution of Partnership, Entail, etc., ete., for the Edinburgh and London Gazettes, are given special care and attention. Legal Notices, Heirs Wanted, and all other Advertisements, are inserted in the Colonial and Foreign Newspapers. Small Advertisements, such as Situations, Houses, and Apart- ments, Articles Wanted and For Sale, etc., etc., cam be addressed to a No. at Keith & Co.’s Office, 43 George Street, Edinburgh, where the replies will be retained until called for, or, if desired, forwarded by Post. Parties in the country will find this a very convenient method of giving publicity to their requirements. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, MANSION HOUSES, etc, to LET, ESTATES for SALE, SALES OF TIMBER, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, ete. LAW and ESTATE AGENTS, FACTORS, TOWN CLERKS, CLERKS TO SCHOOL BOARDS, and other Officials may, with contidence, place their advertisements in the hands of the Firm. One Copy of an Advertisement is sufficient to send for any number of newspapers; and the convenience of having only one advertising account instead of a number of advertising accounts is also a great saving of time and trouble. Addressing of Envelopes with Accuracy and Despatch. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE,” EDINBURGH. Telephone No. 316. * Telegraphic Addrees: “LARCH,” EDINBURGH. Telephone No. 2034, oe oH Awarded 4 Gold and 4 Silver Medals at recent Flower Shows held in Edinburgh. DAVID W. THOMSON Nurseryman and Seedsman 113 GEORGE STREET — — EDINBURGH. —— Seed Warehouse—113 GEORGE STREET. Selected Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Bulbs and Forcing Plants, Retarded Bulbs and Plants, Garden Tools, Manures, &c. CATALOGUES POST FREE ON APPLICATION. NURSERIES—CGranton Rd. & Boswaill Rd. AN EXTENSIVE AND WELL-GROWN STOCK OF Forest Trees of all kinds, Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Rhododendrons and Flowering Shrubs, Game Covert Plants, Fruit Trees, Roses and Climbing Plants, Herbaceous and Alpine Plants, ALL IN SPLENDID CONDITION FOR REMOVAL. INSPECTION INVITED. CATALOGUES POST FREE ON APPLICATION. ADVERTISEMENTS. DOUGLAS 8 FOULIS BOOKSELLERS x) LIBRARIANS a a oo STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY Kept in Stock. An extensive Stock of New Books in all Classes of Literature at the usual Discount Prices also Books for Presentation in handsome Bindings Catalogues of Surplus Library Books at greatly Reduced Prices issued at intervals. Gratis and Post Free to any Address 9 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH ‘¢The Forester’s Friend.” ““S MEAROLEU|V” ANTI-RODENT SMEAR. Protective Oleaginous Smear for Young Plantations, &c., and Standard Trees in Parks and Paddocks—Forest, Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Thoroughly prevents ‘‘ Barking” by Rabbits, Ground Game and other Rodents, Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Deer, &c., and the Ravages of Insect Pests, &c., affecting Trees. PRICES :— in Barrels, 40 to 45 gallons, . ae eA Half-Barrels, 20 to 25 gallons, « U2/S Cases, 16 gallons, . : - . 216 Half-Cases, 8 gallons, : . 3/- Drums, 12 gallons, . : - . 2/9 | 6 Gallons, . : : - 3/. per gallon The Cases contain Four q-gal. cans; Half-Cases contain Two 4-gal. cans. ALso MAKERS OF RIDOWE ED, tre cLeapING WEED KILLER. Prices on Application. All prices Carriage Paid, in lots of 20/- and upwards, to nearest Railway Station— Drums retu-nable; all other packages free. THOMAS & CO.’S Preparations are used on the largest Estates in the Kingdom, and in the Parks of His Majesty’s Government and the King’s Nurseries, and also by the French and American Governments. Full Particulars, with Directions for Use, and Users’ Opinions, on application to the Sole Makers :— THOMAS & CO., LTD., Ceres Works, LIVERPOOL. Telegraphic Address—‘tARBORISTS LIVERPOOL.” Telephone: 307 Royal. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. Day and Evening Classes, which provide a complete Course of Instruction in Forestry, qualifying (fro tanto) for the B.Sc. Degree of the University of Glasgow, for the Diploma of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Certificate of the College, are held during the Winter Session (October to March) at the College. Syllabus and particulars regarding these Classes and Prospectus of the general work of the College, including the Course for the Examination of the Surveyor’s Institution, may be obtained free from the Secretary. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 13 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. —ooe ‘THe College is one of the Central Institutions administered by the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, and is intended to provide for Agricultural Education and Research in the Central and South- eastern Counties. DAY CLASSES. The Day Classes, in conjunction with certain University Classes, provide full courses of instruction in Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, and the Allied Sciences, and qualify for the College Diploma, the College Certificate in Horticulture, the Degrees of B.Sc. in Agriculture and B.Sc. in Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and for other Examinations and Certificates in the Science and Practice of Agriculture. SHORT COURSES AND EVENING CLASSES. Short Courses in Agriculture and Forestry are given annually; and Evening Classes in Agriculture, Chemistry, Veterinary Science, Forestry, Horticulture, Botany, and Zoology are held during the Winter Session. Particulars of Classes, and information as to Bursaries tenable at the College, will be found in the Calendar, which will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, ALEXANDER M‘CALLUM, M.A., LL.B. ADVERTISEMENTS. Established 1842. FOREST TREES Large Stocks of Seedling, and Transplanted True Native SCOTS FIR, MENZIES, DOUCLAS, NORWAY SPRUCE, Etc. Aii grown from carefully selected seed, in an open and exposed situation, thoroughly hardy, and well furnished- with abundance of fibrous roots. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Specimen Ornamental Trees for Lawns and Avenues. Trees and Shrubs for Seaside Planting. Plants for Game Coverts, Underwood and Hedges. Special quotations for large quantities, and estimates furnished for planting by contract in any part of the country. ESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES AND SAMPLES ON APPLICATION. W. SMITH & SON, Purserymen, ABERDEEN, N.B. SAVE MONEY ”™ one or? BLACK’S GREOSOTING PLANTS Which are specially adapted for Estates and Timber Trades. —23 [i THE PRESSURE SYSTEM. Most of the Creosoting Plants working on Estates in Great Britain have been Segoe by us, and References can be given. THE BOILING METHOD. jge— at ini till HUT Our Plants are also STEEPING TANK suitable for Burnettizing Timber. GEORGE BLACK & SONS, Creosoting aigikoata and Creosote Oil Werehants, TWEEDMOUTH BOILER WORKS, BERWICK-ON-TWEED. ADVERTISEMENTS. ~ By Appointment 3h = His Late Majesty ——to —— fe abe King Edward VII. TO LANDED PROPRIETORS & OTHERS Special Cheap Bargains in RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS Having a tremendous stock to dispose of, we invite com- parison of prices before placing orders elsewhere. We will gladly send our Special List free on application. JAMES SMITH & SONS (Darley Dale) Ltd. Darley Dale Nurseries, near MATLOCK. Telegrams—‘‘ Smithiana, Twodales.” Telephone: No. 7 Darley Dale. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and GARDEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &c. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegrams : Telephones . Post Office, No. 2733 Western. ROBINSON, DUNN & CO, Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. —— = Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. TIMBER PRESERVING WORKS AT TEMPLE. CREOSOTING AND “‘B.M.” PROCESSES. Special Value o* Planting Season SITKA SPRUCE, ———— ee DOUGLAS SPRUCE 1913=14 (Oregon variety), THUJA GIGANTEA, LARCH, Japanese, Millions LARCH, Tyrolese & Scotch, lot katty, COTS FIR, True Native, well-grown plants. NORWAY SPRUCE, &c., &c. Inquiries Solicited. Samples and Special Prices on demand. Special List of Tree Seeds & Seedlings published in January. CATALOGUES POST FREE. BENJAMIN REID & COMPANY, NURSERYMEN TO THE HING, ABERDEEN. By aes ADVERTISEMENTS. HARDY CROWN NORTH COUNTRY PLANTS. Very Exceptional Values Now offering in » FOREST TREES, &c. thoes Stocks of all the leading Varieties of Forest and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, - - : pete Covert and Hedge Plants, Fruit Trees & Roses a Speciality. | Rnododendrons, Privet, Best and most approved Varieties. | Hollies, Laurels, &c., &c. w@ Above Stocks all clean, healthy, and vigorous Plants. Inspection Invited. Samples with keenest pricesonapplication. Contract Planting ofall kinds undertaken. WM. FELL & CO. wexnam, Ltd., The Royal Nurseries, HEXHAM. ABSOLUTELY. CHEAPEST AND MOST EFFECSBUAE MARK SMITH, LTD. LOUTH, LINCOLNSHIRE The Original Weed Send for Price List Killer Maker before buying. on AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE, FORESTRY, CARDENING, Etc. Etc. All other subjects, ver 1,000,000 Volumes in stock in strictly classified order, ®0 for all Exams. Second-Hand at Half Prices. FOREIGN BOOKS in all New, at 25 per cent. Discount. Languages and on all subjects. Catalooue 845 Lost ree. Stale lVants. BOOKS BOUGHT: BEST PRICES GIVEN Books sent on approval. W. & G. FOYLE, 121-123 Charing Cross Road, London, W.C. Telegrams: ‘‘FOYLIBRA,” LONDON. Roval Scottish Arboricultural Society. INSTITUTED 1854. Patron—HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. Permission to assume the title *‘ Royal” was granted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in 1887. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1913. President. Carratsy ARCHIBALD STIRLING of Keir, Dunblane. Vice-Presidents. BORTH WICK, D Sc., 46 George Square, Edinburgh. CHAS BUCHANAN, Factor, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty, Countesswells | Sin ANDREW AGNEW, Bart., of Lochnaw, 10 Smith Square, use, Bieldside, Aberdeen. Westminster. YRD LOVAT, D.S.O., Beaufort Castle, Beauly. |W. STEUART FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. Council. Hon. Lirk MEMBERS. Smr KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. sik JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. ORDINARY MEMBERS. ; LEVEN, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. W. H. MASSIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. BROOM, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. | GILBERT BROWN, Wood Manager, Grantown-on-Spey. (ANNAN in Fore - , iG ve |GEORGE P. GORDON, B.Sc., Lecturer in Forestry, West of . See Bends ee uistroug Coucee Scotland Agricultural College, 6 Blythswood Square, | Glasgow. W. M'HATTIE, Superintendent of City Parks, City| 4p. RICHARDSON, 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. ge edinburgh. | ADAM SPIERS, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-Mills, Edin- OF BRODIE, Brodie Castle, Forres. burgh, AM DAWSON, M.A., B.Se., Reader in Forestry, | ROBERT ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. »mbridge University. G. U. MACDONALD, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine * > * . | Cottage, Peebles. GILLANDERS, ¥-.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Aln- | ALEXANDER MITCHELL, Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge. bes ROBERT FORBES, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. S WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City| ALEXANDER J. MUNRO, Factor, 48 Castle Street, Edin- jambers, Glasgow. burgh. IAM DAVIDSON, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. W. M. PRICE, Factor, Minto, Hawick. Hon. Editor. Dr A. W. BORTHWICK, 46 George Square, Edinburgh. Auditor. JOHN T. WATSON, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. { Hon. Secretary. The Ricur Hon. R. C. MUNRO FERGUSON, M.P., Raith House, Kirkcaldy. Secretary and Treasurer. ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. cs ABERDEEN BRANCH. NORTHERN BRANCH. eit—A. Fores Irvine of Drum. President—BrRovik OF BRODIE. ». Seey.—Grorce D. Massig, Solicitor, 147 Union Street, | Hon. Secy.—A.Lex. Fraser, Solicitor, 63 Church Street, Aberdeen. Inverness. [ Hon. Consulting Officials. ulting Botanist.—ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, LL.D., Consulting Eutomologist. —ROBERT STEWART MAC- M.D., Se.D., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, DOUGALL, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., Edinburgh, 9 Dryden Place, Edinburgh. sulting Chemist.—ALEX ANDER LAUDER, D.Se., F.1.C., Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geo- 13 George Square, Edinburgh. logical Laboratory, University of Edinburgh. sulting Cryptogamist.—A, W. BORTHWICK, D.Se., Consulting Meteorologist—ANDREW WATT, M.A.,F.R.S.E., 46 George Square, Edinburgh. Secretary Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. # yy = Former Presidents. The following have held the office of President in past years, viz. : — 1854-56. 1857. 1358. 1859. 1860. 1861, JAMES Brown, Wood Commissioner to the | 1882. Earl of Seafield. The Right Hon, Tur Ears or Duct. 1883-35. The Right Hon. Tue EARL oF Sratr. Sir JoHn Hau, Bart. of Dunglass. His Grace THR DukKE oF ATHOLL. JoHN I, CuatMers of Aldbar. | 1888-89. The Right Hon. THe Haru or Airuiz. | The Right Hon. T. F. Kennepy. | 1890-95. 71. Roperr Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. | 3. Hueu CLEcHOoRN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1886-87. 1894-97. Professor ALEXANDER Dickson, Uni of Edinburgh. Hucu CLecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F. of Stravithie. The Right Hon. Sir Herserr E Maxwett, Bart. of Monreith. The Most Hon. THE Mangr LINLITHGOW. Professor BAYLEY BAL¥Four, Un of Edinburgh. The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Fey M.P. 1874-75. Professor JoHN Hurron BALFouR, | 1898. Colonel F. Barry, R.E. University of Edinburgh. | 1899-02. The Right Hon. Tar EARL or MAN 1876-78. The Right Hon. W. P. ApaAm of Blair- 1903-06. W. Srevarr FornrincHam ot Mp adam, M.P. 1907-09. Sir KennerH J. MACKENZIE, fF 1879-81. The Most Hon. THe MaArgQuis oF | Gairloch. Loruian, K.T. 1910-12. Sir JonN StTIRLING-MAXWELTL, J Pollok. Membership. ) ] (HE Roll contains the names of over 1400 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions and Competitions for Plantations and Estate Nurseries aftermentioned. 3 School of Forestry, Afforestation, Etc. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. In 1890, the Society instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of £584, 3s. rod. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. The Society also drew up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland, which might serve not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in their Report the Committee recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire; and while this cannot be looked on as a Demonstra- tion Forest, it is hoped that it may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan is in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. After the Development Act came into operation, the Council passed a Resolution urging that the Government should, as soon as possible, create a Board of Forestry, with an adequate representa- tion of Scottish Forestry upon it, and an Office in Scotland, where the largest areas of land suitable for Afforestation are situated, which would provide Demonstration Forests and Forest Gardens, and otherwise assist the development of University and other Educational enterprise, and would carry out, as an essential pre- liminary to any great scheme of National Afforestation, a Survey of all areas throughout the country suitable for commercial planting. The Societys policy for the development of Forestry in Scotland has since been fully laid before the Development Commission. As a result of these representations, the Secretary for Scotland appointed a Committee to report regarding the acquisition and uses of a Demonstration Forest Area, and any further steps it is desirable to take in order to promote Silviculture in Scotland. The Committee reported in the beginning of last year, and the Society is pressing the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, being the Department now con- cerned with Scottish forestry, to give effect to the Committee’s recommendations and to encourage the inception of schemes of 4 afforestation. The Society has also published a valuable Report on Afforestation—including a Survey of Glen Mor—prepared for it by Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling, which, it is hoped, may form the basis of the general Forest Survey advocated by the Society. Excursions. Since 1878 well-organised [xcursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, Ireland, and the Continent. In 1895 a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, in 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited, in 1909 a visit was undertaken to the Bavarian Forests, and during the past summer ten days were spent in the Forests of Switzerland. - These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council] propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. In addition to the Annual Exhibition before referred to, large and important Forestry Sections organised by this Society were included in the Scottish National Exhibition held in Edinburgh in rgo8, and in the Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art, and Industry, held in Glasgow in tort. Plantations and Estate Nurseries Competitions. Prizes are now offered annually for the best Young Plantations and the best managed Estate Nurseries within the Show District of the Highland and Agricultural Society. The Society’s Transactions. The Zransactions of the Society, which extend to twenty-seven volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. tye 5) Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the Honorary Officials mentioned above. Local Branches. Local Branches have been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. Consulting Foresters. The Secretary keeps a list of Consulting Foresters whose services are available to Members of the Society and others. Correspondents. The following have agreed to act as Correspondents residing abroad :— Canada, . Rosert Bett, 1.8.0., M.D., LL.D., D.Sc.(Cantab.), F.R.S. of Ottawa, late Chief Geologist to Government of Canada, Ottawa. India, . . F.L. C. Cowrey Brown, Principal, South Indian Forest College, Coimbatore, South India. British East \ Epwarpd BaTTiscoMBE, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Africa, =f Nigeri, via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. United States\ HucH P. Baxer, Dean, New York State College of of America, J Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y. Cape Colony, . W. Nimmo Brown, M‘Kenzie’s Farm, Mowbray, P.O. Western Australia, FRED Moon. LOCAL SECRETARIES. Counties. Scotland Aberdeen, . JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. JOHN Micute, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. Argyll, . . H. L. Macponatp of Dunach, Oban. Ayr, é . AnprReEw D. Pace, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Berwick, . Ww. Ming, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Bute, . . Wm». Inewts, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. James Kay, retired Forester, Barone, Rothesay. Clackmannan,. RopBert Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Counties. Dumfries, Rast Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Perth, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, Beds, Berks, Derby, Devon, . : Durham, Hants, Herts, . Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Notts, Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, . King’s County, Tipperary, . 6 Scotland. D, Crappe, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. W. 8S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wm. Gitcurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. EpMuND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRABBE, retired Forester, Glamis. JamES A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. Joun Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. JoHN Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. JOHN ScrrmMGEouR, Doune Lodge, Doune. Miss AMy Frances YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JOHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. Marner, Nurseryman, Kelso, Donaup Roserrson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES Hocarta, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. WALKER, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. England. Francis MrrcHe.t, Forester, Woburn. W. Storie, Whitway House, Newbury. S. MacBran, Estate Office, Needwood Forest, Sudbury. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. Joun F. ANNAND, M.Sc., Lecturer in Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. THOMAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. HAMILTON, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES Martin, The Reservoir, Kuipton, Grantham. W. B. Havetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor BouLGEr, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, 8. W. W. Micuig, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Wi1son ToMLINSON, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. JOHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. A. D. Curistie, Hillside, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. ANDREW Boa, Land Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. D. Tarr, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doneaster. GEORGE HANNAH, Estate Office, Boynton, Bridlington. Treland. A. C. Forbes, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. Arcy. E. Morray, Lissadell, Stillorgan Park. Wo. Hennperson, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Arex. M‘Rap, Forester, Dundrum. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. ——-+@-~—_ FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, S8.8.C., SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, ( Full Name, Desienation, | Degrees, ete., Address, Candidate's . | | Life, or Ordinary Member, \ Stgualure, . . Ree ( Signature, . Proposer's | Address, r Signature, . . aoe Peer RS etc Seconder’ s Address, ‘CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— 1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually : . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed %500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, subscribing annually : , . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually : : 5 ; . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's Subscription is due on the day of election unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first Subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the 7zansactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the meetings of the Society. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Ziz/e Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, : 3 ) . £10 Tome 22. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Mer- chants, and others, ; : : 5 : 5. Sane 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, ; . : : : : : 3 .o)ks VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zz/e Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a ew Life Member. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each Proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. ‘The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shail be placed. ADVERTISEMENTS M‘FARLANE 8 ERSKINE, Lithographers, Letterpress and Three-Colour Printers ss 9 Black and Coloured Plates for Scientific Works. Plans of Estates, etc. Coloured Illustrations for Seedsmen. Books, Maga- zines, Catalogues, Price Lists, Circulars, and Every Description of Printed Forms. St dames Works, M‘Donald Road, EDINBURGH. ——— NOD 1 CE, WANTED TO PURCHASE. Any of the following Parts of the Transactions, wiz: Parts 1, 2, and 3 of Vol. I. Parts 2 and 3 of Vol. III. Parts 1 and 2 of Vol. IV. Para ee of Vol. V. Part 2 of Vole Es Part 1 of Vol. XII, Apply to — THE SECRETARY, — 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH. NOTICES TO MEMBERS SUBSCRIPTIONS Annual Subscribers are reminded that subscriptions are payable on ist January, and should be remitted now. ESSAYS A note of prizes offered is appended to this Part, and additional copies may be obtained from the Secretary. ANNUAL MEETING The date fixed for the Annual Meeting is Saturday, 7th February. The usual particulars will be sent later. ROBERT GALLOWAY, S:SiGs Secretary and Treasurer. 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH, December 1973. CONTENTS: The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. . Deputation from the Society to the Right Hon. T. M‘Kinnon Wood. M.P.. Secretary for Scotland—7th November 1913 . The Development Commission and Forestry. Extracts from the Report of the Commissioners for the year ended 31st March 1913 . The State Forests of Saxony (with Illustrations. (Con- tinued from Vol. xxvii., p. 187.) By A. D. Hopkinson, B.Sc. Some Vegetation Types at High Altitudes (with IIlustra- tions). By G. P. Gordon, B.Sc.(Edin.), B.Sc.(Oxon. ) Forestry at Home and Abroad. By A. W. Borthwick, D.Sc. . Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden . The Formation of Plantations on Deep Peat (with Plate). By Donald Grant . A Plan Adequate to Meet our Needs for Wood Timber . The Excursion to Switzerland (with Illustrations). By G. P. Gordon, B.Sc. . The Forestry Exhibition at Paisley. By G. P. Gordon, B.Sc. . Visit to German Forests by the Royal English Arboricultural Society—1913. By A. T. Gillanders, F.E.S. . Timber Research Work at the Cambridge School of Forestry . Thuja gigantea and Douglas Fir in Mixture (with Plate). By D. K. M‘Beath . Nursery and Plantation Competition PAGE CONTENTS. PAGE Notes and Queries :—Witch’s Broom on Pseudotsuga Doug- lasii (with Plate)—Appointment of Chief Conservator of Forests, South Africa—Protection of Scots Pine against Black Game—Leaflet on the Large Brown Pine Weevil — Tree-Growth in 1913—Forestry and the Anglo-American Exposition—The Excursion to Switzerland . ; £56 Reviews and Notices of Books:—The Forest of Dean. By Arthur O. Cooke. With four Illustrations in Colour and fifty-six in Black and White. Price 1os. 6d. net. London: Constable & Co. : ‘ - : : ; SaRIZO Albury Park Trees and Shrubs. 66+x pp. By A. Bruce Jackson. London: West, Newman & Co., 1913 . : 120 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. I. Deputation from the Society to the Right Hon. T. M‘Kinnon Wood, M.P., Secretary for Scotland —7th November 1913. Mr M‘Kinnon Wood, who was accompanied by Sir Robert Wright and Mr John D. Sutherland, members of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, received the deputation within the offices of the Board, 29 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. The following members of the Society formed the deputation :— Captain Stirling, President; The Right Hon. Sir Herbert Max- well, Bart. of Monreith, ex-President; Dr A. W. Borthwick and Mr Charles Buchanan, Vice-Presidents; Messrs George Leven, John Broom, John W. M‘Hattie, A. T. Gillanders, F.ES., William Davidson, G. P. Gordon, B.Sc., Adam Spiers, G. U. Macdonald, Alexander Mitchell and Robert Forbes, members of Council; and Robert Galloway, S.S.C., Secretary and Treasurer. The President, in introducing the deputation, said :—‘‘I am sure that every member of this deputation is grateful to you, Sir, for consenting to receive us to-day. We are very well aware of the immense amount of administrative and parliamentary work which falls to the share of the Secretary for Scotland, and there- fore, when approaching him with regard to a question which has not been brought very prominently before Parliament or before the country, we may hope that some of the views to be expressed by us may throw new light upon the subject. I cannot emphasise too strongly the non-political nature of our errand to-day. The Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricul- tural Society knows no politics. It is solely concerned with the interests and development of forestry in Scotland. Amongst the members of the Council are gentlemen who have taken, and are taking, active part in politics on different sides of the House of Commons, and I am sure that their presence here to-day has. VOL. XXVIII. PART I. A 2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. no connection whatever with any party considerations. It is asa matter of national importance that we wish to put the claims of afforestation before you to-day. The deputation consists of members of the Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society together with Sir Herbert Maxwell, a former President. “‘T may, perhaps, be allowed to state briefly our claims asa Society to speak on behalf of forestry in Scotland. “The Society, which was founded in 1854, has to-day a total of over 1400 members on its books, and includes amongst them those who are engaged in the production and manufacture of timber as well as those who have made a special study of the science of silviculture, so that the Society may justly claim to be the corporate expression of the needs and interests of Scottish forestry and its dependent industries. There is no need to go at length into the early history of the Society, its record is one of constant exertion towards two ends—first, to draw Scottish foresters together and enable them to compare and classify experience brought into the common stock; and second, to obtain from the State that recognition of and assistance for silviculture which almost every foreign State has long given to it as a great national asset, deserving of development at the hands of the Government. I may say, in passing, that the Society has been more successful in attaining the first object than the second. It has created a solid body of public opinion among Scottish foresters, and accumulated experience of the greatest possible practical value. With regard to State recog- nition or any active assistance in development, we are little better off in 1913 than were our predecessors in 1854. These are strong words. I hope to justify them when I come to the more recent history of our endeavours. “In 1895 the Society made the first of a long series of tours in Continental forests, which have been of the greatest edu- cational value, and have served, moreover, to bring the Society into close touch with the leading silviculturists of Europe. The Society has spent on these tours at home and abroad no less than £9600, the whole of that sum having been contributed by those who took part in them—the large majority of members attending being always practical foresters. Including these tours, with the sum spent on printing the Zvravnsactions, and other expenses, the Society has spent over £22,000 in all, directly in the interests of silviculture in Scotland. Next year, DEPUTATION TO THE RIGHT HON, T. M‘KINNON WOOD. Ss in celebration of its sixtieth anniversary, the Society intends to invite distinguished silviculturists from foreign countries and our colonies to be the guests of the Society in Scotland for ten days, and to take them to see our woods and districts suitable for afforestation. Perhaps I may be allowed to run over briefly some of the milestones on the track of the Society in recent years :— ‘‘In 1902 the Departmental Committee on Forestry (appointed largely at the instance of the Society) made its report recom- mending for Scotland the provision of a Demonstration Area. “In 1904 the Council sent a resolution to the Board of Agriculture in London requesting that effect should be given to the recommendation of the Departmental Committee. “In 1908 the estate of Inverliever was purchased by the Com- missioner of Woods and Forests. This estate, being destitute of woodlands, cannot for a long time to come serve the purpose of a demonstration area. It is, in fact, valuable at present only as an example of afforestation of waste ground. ‘‘In the same year was published the interim report of the Coast Erosion Commission with its colossal estimate of afforest- able land. “In 1909 a resolution was sent to the Government urging the appointment of a Board or Commission of Forestry charged with a survey of land suitable for silviculture, and (once more) the purchase of a demonstration area. “The reception of a deputation by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the establishment of the Development Commission, also in 1909, raised new hopes. But in rg1o another resolution was sent to the Government again urging the importance of a Board of Forestry, demonstration areas, and a survey of afforest- able land. In the same year the Society undertook to make, at its own expense, a sample survey of a district suitable for afforestation, the result of which was published in rg1rr as the Forest Survey of Glen Mor. “To sum up the situation in a word, the attachment between the Board of Agriculture and Forestry is a platonic one, nothing comes of it. “In 1911 a letter was addressed to the Secretary for Scotland asking that a Commissioner for Forestry should be appointed under thegSmall Landholders Bill. The Minister in his reply, while refusing the request for a Commission under the Bill, 4 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. promised in the event of the Bill becoming law, to establish, as an integral part of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, a Department of Forestry for Scotland. “This undertaking was welcomed by the Society—the only stipulation made by them was that the Department should be representative of those interested in silviculture, and that it should be endowed with a reasonable amount of independence and responsibility. A further letter from the Council to Lord Pentland defined their views on the constitution of the proposed Department. ‘‘The circumstances under which Lord Pentland’s promise of a Department came to be unfulfilled are better known to you, Sir, than they can be to us. We saw with deep disappointment the substitution of a Commissioner of Small Holdings with temporary charge of forestry for the promised Department—and we have had reason to regret the change. “ We recognise that an admirable appointment was made in the person of Mr Sutherland to the charge of the forestry side of the Board’s work. His special knowledge of forestry as well as of all the economic and social conditions of the West Highlands made him particularly well fitted for the post. In what we have to say, it must be clearly understood that no single word of criticism is directed against Mr Sutherland or against his con- ception of his duties. We consider that a fatal mistake was made in tacking on forestry to his other duties as Commissioner for Small Holdings. This may, perhaps, seem a strange com- plaint in the face of what we shall have to say as to the intimate connection which should exist between afforestation and small holdings, but we cannot but feel that, through no fault of Mr Sutherland’s, the small holdings side of his work has occupied his time and energy to the exclusion of forestry, and that the association of forestry with small holdings has, hitherto, been no part of the official policy of the Board of Agriculture. “To resume the sequence of events:—In June rIg12 a deputation of the Council waited on the Chairman of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, to represent the needs of forestry and to ask that a share of the Board’s grant should be spent on it. The reply received was that no part of the Board’s grant could be expended on forestry, as it was already earmarked. ‘“‘T pass from an episode which caused us deep disappointment to another which gave us pleasure—the presence of Mr Suther- DEPUTATION TO THE RIGHT HON. T. M‘KINNON WOOD. 5 land as the representative of the Board at our General Meeting in February of the present year. ‘Mr Sutherland gave us reason to hope that the long pro- mised demonstration area would soon be definitely fixed upon. With that assurance we are content, and I have nothing to say on the demonstration area, except that though we cannot be expected to express an opinion on a report which we have not seen, we have all confidence in the judgment of the members of our Council who are serving on the Advisory Committee. We would urge strongly, however, that if the present negotiations should unhappily break down, the absence of a demonstration area shall not serve as an excuse for deferring progress in other directions. Mr Sutherland promised—or fore-shadowed—the appointment of advisory and research officers. We have since learnt that owing to a difference of opinion with the Develop- ment Commissioners as to the repayment of the salary of these officers, no appointment has been made. «Mr Sutherland also told us that a survey was in preparation showing the areas contained within the limit of altitude at which silviculture is practicable. To borrow his description—the areas are divided into three sections, first, under 500 ft.; second, 500 to 1000 ft.; third, tooo to 1500 ft.—and these maps are intended to be of service in agricultural as well as silvicultural operations. So far as Mr Sutherland’s description goes, it is not easy to see, in this survey, anything which could not be accomplished by an intelligent child with the aid of a contour map and a penny paint-box. I hope that I am not unfair to the survey, but it appears to ignore the all-important considerations of soil and shelter. In the last sentence, the practised ear can detect the mewing of the agricultural cat inside the silvicultural bag. I cannot insist too strongly that these criticisms are not directed against Mr Sutherland, but against the impossible system under which he has to work. “Therefore, Sir, we respectfully ask you to consider our demand for a Department of Forestry in connection with the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, with a separate grant for forestry purposes only. Weare able to show ample justification for a separate Department and a separate grant in the work to be done. It will be shown by the speakers who are to follow me that— (1) Large tracts of land well suited for afforestation exist in 6 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Scotland, and that such land is purchasable on reason- able terms ; (2) Afforestation affords the only available means of giving more employment and wages to the existing population of the Highlands, and of enabling a larger population to live on the land; (3) Intimate relationship should exist between afforestation and schemes for small holdings in the Highlands ; (4) Ample experience and a sufficiency of trained men can be found to justify afforestation on a large scale on care- fully chosen areas.” Sir Herbert Maxwell said :—‘‘ My remarks bear entirely upon the amount of land, unsuitable for agriculture but capable of producing profitable timber, which exists in Scotland. “The Central Highlands have been dealt with in a large measure by my friends Captain Stirling and Lord Lovat. As for the other parts of the Central Highlands I need only say that the forests of Deeside and Strathspey, and the mountains bordering the central parts of Strathspey, speak for themselves as to their capability for producing timber of the very highest quality. The part of Scotland with which I am more immediately familiar, with which I have a lifelong acquaintance, is the Southern Upland, extending from south of Ayrshire for about seventy miles, and with very few intervals—river valleys—as far east as Moffat and Hawick. The whole of that land is under pasture except the river valleys, and I have the greatest con- fidence in saying that that part of it which is under 1000 feet is capable of being brought under profitable forestry. I was asked indeed by the Office of Woods and Forests, about five years ago, to report upon an estate which was for sale at the time, and it was in the contemplation of the Office of Woods and Forests to purchase it for forestry purposes. I found that the whole of the ground, extending to between 8000 and 10,000 acres, except a very small proportion of moss, was most suitable for forestry purposes. The pasture rent was 5d. an acre, the sporting rent was 7d. an acre, and the whole area might have been purchased on that basis, say twenty-five years’ purchase at 25s. an acre. The negotiations fell through. Estates in that part of the country have frequently changed hands of late years. “Tf I may allude to that vast area offered by the Duke of Sutherland to the State, I am tolerably familiar with the greater DEPUTATION TO THE RIGHT HON. T. M‘KINNON WOOD. if part of it, and although no one can help recognising that a large proportion of it—moss lands and anything over, at that latitude, 800 feet—is quite unsuitable for forestry, or for any other purpose except game, still there does exist in that area con- siderable tracts where in some places trees are already growing vigorously, and in others I am sure that plantations would thrive. I would suggest that a very careful survey of the ground should be made to find out what portion is suitable for forestry. “T have no doubt that you will meet in this country with a large body of public opinion adverse to forestry. We agricul- turists are apt to look askance upon a crop, the rotation of which exceeds the span of a generation, and, indeed, in the case of some hardwoods, two or three generations—our imaginations are apt to be staggered by that. ‘In view of the enormous importation of timber in this. country, amounting to an annual value of over 26 millions, I submit it is not unreasonable that we should ask the Govern- ment to take into consideration such measures as would enable some part of that great industry to be brought to the doors of our own people, and so, with its subsidiary industries, to help to arrest the deplorable rural depopulation.” Mr Adam Spiers said :—‘ From the timber merchants’ point of view, we find each year our supplies from the foreigner decreasing and the cost enormously increasing, and the supplies from our own country are very limited indeed. I am under the impression that we have not given the attention to the cultivation of hard- woods in the past that we might have done, or ought to have done, because we have no tree that we can get from foreign countries to take the place of many that grow so well in our own country, particularly ash, and the same thing applies to oak, elm and hickory. ** When we do set about demonstrations, I hope that we will not lose sight of the cultivation of hardwoods to a very much larger extent than we are doing at the moment, because in all the countries we have visited we have come across none that can grow a larger variety of hardwoods, and of equal quality to those grown in our own country.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood said :—‘‘ Mr Spiers says that we can cultivate hardwoods in Scotland profitably, and of the best quality that the trade would require. I should like some opinion, 8 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. from the practical growers’ point of view, whether you can profit- ably grow hardwoods on any large tracts in Scotland.” Mr Wm. Davidson said:—‘I would say that on the lower land the hardwoods, especially ash and elm, could be grown with profit. For oak we do not generally get such a big price, but on the lower ground ash is very profitable, and also sycamore. We can get now for the very best quality of ash 2s. 6d. a foot.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood said :—‘‘ Would you consider it a satis- factory demonstration area which was practically given up to the cultivation of coniferous wood? Would it be satisfactory from the point of view of a place of education in forestry and a demonstration area P Mr Davidson.—“I would say not. There should be high ground for conifers and low ground for hardwoods.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood.—‘ Captain Stirling laid stress on the purchase of a demonstration area.” Captain Stirling.—‘‘ It seems to me that purchase would be infinitely more satisfactory than anything else, because I believe this demonstration area is intended to form a permanent home for a forest school.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood.—‘ That has been the view of the Advisory Committee. I may tell you they want to purchase an estate. They are afraid of a short lease.” Captain Stirling.—“ My view is in favour of purchase.” Mr Gordon said:—‘ The contrast between one of our Highland glens and a glen in the Highlands of Europe is very marked indeed. We have in our typical Highland glen a stretch generally of indifferent pasture, with perhaps a dozen shepherds’ cottages scattered along it. A similar continental glen supports a vigorous population of small holders. We find that it is the forest which maintains this population. It is thus not due to any greater advantage, either of soil or climate. I make that statement with detailed agricultural knowledge of the conditions in both countries—Germany and Scotland. The forest effects this by the employment which it affords. The nature of forest employment is specially well adapted to keep people on the land. First of all, it is permanent both in time and in place. The people, then, within its sphere of influence have security of employment and do not require to migrate. Secondly, the nature of the employment is very varied. You have people employed as wood-cutters, as saw-millers, as road- DEPUTATION TO THE RIGHT HON. T. M‘KINNON WOOD. 9 makers. You have them also employed in various forest industries. You see then that this gives great scope for the people of a district. Thirdly, in winter, when other employment on the land is scarce, the forest demands a larger supply of labour, and this labour is highly paid. For example, a typical wood-cutter in Germany earns 4s. a day during five or six months of the winter. The following is a concrete example: a forest of 10,000 acres, with 3000 acres occupied by small holders attached. Such an area in the Highlands of Scotland would support at the most about 300. This area in question actually supports a population of 1500 in Germany. In 1907 81 per cent. of the persons employed in forestry were small holders. We see then that forestry forms the backbone of an economic system of smallholdings. In 1907 the Prussian Government spent £200,000 in forests. In the same year the Bavarian Government spent £100,000. ‘In this connection one should not lose sight of the fact that in forestry it is large areas which are truly economic, and this I may say is clearly demonstrated upon the Continent of Europe. The objection to small areas is that they do not give the same amount of employment, nor give the same permanency. They do not provide the same amount of timber, and the manage- ment of small areas is much more difficult and more costly. ““These few observations would seem to show that in any economic system of land holdings, especially when dealing with poor land, the forest is of prime importance.” Mr M ‘Hattie said :—‘“‘I think Mr Gordon pretty well touched on the question of the small holder ; but there has been a mistaken idea in the mind of the small holder himself in regard to forestry. The small holder has a fear that his land would be planted. The Society has always held that all land suitable for culture should be occupied for that purpose, and not planted. Being a Highland man I have always taken a great interest in these matters and have studied the question very fully, and there is no doubt at all that we would be able to utilise the small holder in the woods, both he and his horses. If the forest belonged to the Government and you had a continuity of policy, the crofter’s security would be ample and he would therefore be able to get constant employment.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood.—“ Are you suggesting that the Govern- ment should buy land?” 10 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr M‘Hattie.—“ Yes, because in forestry continuity of policy is absolutely imperative. This is no new idea. I might direct your attention to Perthshire, Ross-shire and Inverness- shire. There you have many hundreds of men who find suitable and constant work in afforestation. I should like you to bear in mind the strong feeling that it would keep the people on the land, to the advantage alike of the people and the nation.” Sir H. Maxwell.—‘It is difficult for the private owners to provide sufficient salary for a trained forester on comparatively small areas.” Mr M‘Hattie.—‘“I think even now you have splendid forests in this country for starting this operation, and the sooner it is started the better.” Dr Borthwick, in answer to a question by the Secretary for Scotland as to whether purchase or a lease would be best for a demonstration area, said that personally he thought purchase was preferable, but he would not go the length of saying that a lease was impossible. The one was preferable ; the other was workable. Mr M‘Kinnon Wood.—‘ What length of lease would you desiderate ?” Dr Borthwick.—“ From 1oo to 120 years. I know this is not regarded as a business proposition.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood.—“ Would you consider a 10 years’ lease or a 20 years’ lease?” Dr Borthwick. —“ Nothing like that would do.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood.—‘“ Can you express any opinion about hardwoods ?” Dr Borthwick.—‘“I think hardwoods in the south and the Lowlands are of very great importance. In connection with large holdings and estates, a great quantity of useful and valuable ash and other hardwoods can be grown of a quality better than anything that can be imported.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood.—‘‘ Would you consider it a satisfactory demonstration area where there are practically no hardwoods?” Dr Borthwick.—‘ No, I consider that, to be in every way satisfactory, it should contain hardwoods as well as conifers.” ! Mr Macdonald said :—‘‘ We are fortunate in having at the 1 An ideal area would contain both. If such an area is unobtainable, the best alternative ‘would be to have a coniferous and a hardwood area, in different districts. —A. W. B. DEPUTATION TO THE RIGHT HON. T. MSKINNON WOOD. Ir present moment in Scotland a sufficient number of men, well trained in both theory and practice, who are perfectly able to carry on any form of afforestation scheme which may be agreed upon. We have on the Council of this Society many men who have devoted twenty years and more of their lives to the study and practice of this great subject, and are perfectly well able to carry out the work necessary on a demonstration area. “T hold that there is no sufficient reason for hanging matters up until such time as there may be enough younger men. By the time trees that are planted now will reach the stage when they are ready for thinning and attending to in other ways, we have ample time to train men.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood said :—‘“ Captain Stirling and gentlemen, I agree entirely with Captain Stirling—there is not the slightest vestige of politics connected with this question. It is a question of pure practical advantage to the country. I must congratulate the Society upon its forthcoming Diamond Jubilee, and I cannot help thinking that the proposal of the Society is an excellent one. I hope that the visit of the foreign delegates to Scotland will be an extremely successful one, and that something will be learnt from it. *T don’t know that there is occasion for the air of gloom and despair which seems to hang over the deputation, and which all their politeness hardly enables them to avoid expressing. It may be that you are little better off, as Captain Stirling said, but I think your prospects are better. I think the most practical thing for me to do is to tell you what I have done in this matter, and what the particular stage at which we have arrived exactly is, because the air of gloom which has reached you has been existing in other quarters all the time. It is a sort of perennial gloom and it does not depend upon circumstances. “When I became Secretary for Scotland and took over the charge of agricultural affairs in Scotland, we had an important report from a Committee on Forestry which laid down certain general views and suggestions, but which did not precisely indicate what particular area ought to be bought as a demon- stration area. I appointed an Advisory Committee to consider that’ question. Of course it would be impossible for the Board of Agriculture or for myself, as responsible Minister, who must answer to the House of Commons ‘for the expenditure I2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of funds, to give to any committee power to spend large sums of money, which indeed were beyond our resources, and which it was neither possible nor necessary to take from the Agriculture (Scotland) Fund. Well, that Committee had a task which they found difficult, of choosing a demon- stration area. They considered the matter very carefully. They took the view which has been taken by the members of this deputation, that purchase was a more satisfactory thing than a lease. They had no choice of a lease for 100 or 120 years; the only possible leases were of very insignificant duration. They have been looking out for a place to purchase, and they have at last suggested the purchase of a property in Aberdeenshire, the property of Ballogie. Of course you know that among those interested in silviculture there are differences of opinion, and a little while ago a deputation representing the University of Edinburgh and the College of Agriculture waited upon me and made certain representations. They desired to have a demon- stration area which was more centrally situated; objected that Ballogie was too far north; and they also raised the question that that particular forest consists of coniferous trees and that there are practically no hardwood trees there. At the same time they said that they had from a landlord in Perthshire a suggestion for dealing with an area there, of which I have not got exact particulars at the present moment. But, of course, I believe the Advisory Committee would agree that if land were obtainable in a more central position it would be better. What they say is that they have not the offer of such land. “‘With regard to this suggestion of land in Perthshire, which would not be open for purchase, but with regard to which different treatment was proposed, I am writing to the owner, asking him to put his proposal in a definite form, that it may be considered. I cannot say anything more about it. ““ Now, you see, my position is this: that I have appointed an Advisory Committee and they have at last advised me. I have to consider representations from various parts of Scotland, and to consider what can be done; but no time has been lost. The Development Commissioners have sent an expert to view the property which is now offered, and no time is being lost in the matter. But you can see from what I have said that it is not an extremely simple matter, or a matter on which there is united DEPUTATION TO THE RIGHT HON. T. M‘KINNON WOOD. 13 opinion. I notice that no one here has any alternative to suggest of a forest that could be purchased. “Now with regard to the money. The Development Commis- sioners, it has always been understood, are prepared to give money for forestry development in Scotland, as in England and Ireland; and I understand that, apart from this question of a demonstration area, they have under consideration a plan for assisting forestry which is nearly ready to be published, but which has not yet reached a form in which it can be put before me; so that I cannot discuss it. I want to show you that the matter has not been lost sight of or neglected. “Tn its nature, it takes some time. Weare providing a scheme that is to last a long time. We want to be careful to start on right lines. I think I have dealt with all the points you put to me. I should only like to thank you for the information and views you have put before me, which I will take into careful and respectful consideration.” Captain Stirling.—‘ We believe at the present time forestry has practically no staff under the Board of Agriculture, and it is quite incapable of dealing with such developments. We desire a separate State Department for dealing with forestry.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood.—“‘ At the present time, if any landlord wants advice about afforestation we have Dr Nisbet who can advise him, I think you are quite right, Captain Stirling. When the Development Commissioners have made up their minds how they will supply money for this purpose of assisting forestry then will be the time to create a staff. I quite agree with you; there ought to be a Central Staff.” Mr Buchanan.—‘‘ Mr M‘Kinnon Wood, I am sure we are very much indebted to you for the attention you have given to the deputation, and in the name of the Council and deputation I have to thank you for your kindness in meeting us here to-day, and to say that any assistance you may require from the Society hereafter in the work we have very much at heart, we will be very pleased to give you.” Mr M‘Kinnon Wood.—‘‘I am very much obliged to you, gentlemen. I am obliged to you for saying that if I want any information or guidance from you, you will allow me to come to you.” The deputation then withdrew. 14 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 2. The Development Commission and Forestry. EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST MARCH 1913. (i.) General. During the year 1912-13, the Commissioners received twelve applications which fall mainly or entirely under the heading of forestry ; so far as can be ascertained the total of the advances for which application was made amounted to £50,442. The amount recommended during the year was £11,175. In their last Report the Commissioners explained that the first object to which they were devoting their attention was the improvement of forestry education and the provision of technical advice. For this purpose they have made a grant of £5700 to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, to continue a scheme which provides instruction and advice at five centres in England and Wales (Oxford, Cambridge, Cirencester, Bangor, and Newcastle), and provides also for research work and minor forestry experiments. This grant is, however, only an interim measure, pending the establishment of a central demonstration area. A committee appointed by the Board of Agriculture has agreed in the view that such an area may be found among existing Crown woods; and the Commissioners will no doubt shortly receive from the Board detailed proposals for staff and equipment. It will then be necessary to consider how far the State-aided educational and research work in forestry should be centralised at the demonstration area; but, as it is clear that it cannot be confined to this area, the Commissioners have recom- mended grants of £2500 for a new forestry school at Cambridge, £1000 for a research laboratory at Oxford, and a small grant (in addition to a grant made last year) for a forestry museum and lecture room in Chopwell Woods, administered by Durham University. They have not yet received definite proposals for a demonstra- tion area in Scotland. They understand that this subject is still before the Committee appointed by the Secretary for Scotland some time ago. They have now before them an application from the Scotch Board of Agriculture for assistance towards a scheme for providing technical advice. A total area of about 14,000 acres in Ireland has been THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND FORESTRY, 15 approved for purchase, if possible, out of the advance of £ 25,000 or £30,000 already sanctioned. The Department of Agriculture has submitted a working-plan for the first of the areas acquired. As regards actual afforestation, it is necessary to say frankly that the amount of the Development Fund in relation to the claims upon it does not permit the Commissioners to contemplate afforestation upon any large scale, unless it is possible to draw also upon other funds. Excluding the purchase of land, it may be taken that £10 per acre is the minimum expenditure usually . required before the planting operations begin to produce returns. As the total amount guaranteed to the Development Fund is 42,900,000 for numerous purposes, of which forestry is only one, it will be clear that the afforestation of even 100,000 acres solely from that Fund is scarcely feasible unless its resources are considerably augmented. In these circumstances, the Com- missioners are compelled to restrict themselves at present to two lines of action. In the first place, they propose to assist the purchase and planting of what may be called experimental and demonstration areas, of perhaps 5000 acres each, in five or six different districts. One main object of this policy is to encourage private landowners to take up timber cultivation. Secondly, they propose, wherever possible, to make loans to local authorities already possessing suitable land, thereby economising the Fund and avoiding the financial strain of purchasing or leasing all land afforested. The Government Department concerned has already put before them proposals leading up to the first of these two measures ; the steps taken on the second line of action are explained immediately below. (il.) Afforestation by Local Authorities. During the early part of rg12 the Commissioners gave con- siderable attention to this subject. The obvious financial and economic advantages of promoting afforestation by local authorities have already been mentioned, and it is unnecessary to make more than a brief reference to the incidental benefits, such as greater purity of water supply and possible provision for periods of unemployment. After obtaining reports on several of the largest of the water-gathering grounds of the country and dis- cussing the whole question with representatives of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, the Commissioners issued in July 1912 the following statement :— ‘The Development Commissioners, who for some time past have been in communication with the Government Departments 16 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. concerned in regard to schemes of afforestation of a national character, have meanwhile drawn up the following statement for the guidance of local authorities who may contemplate applying for State-aid in carrying out schemes of afforestation on areas under their control :— “7, The Development Commissioners will be prepared, pend- ing the completion of any general schemes forthis purpose by the English Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and by the Departments of Agriculture in Scotland and Ireland, to consider applications, which in the first instance need not be in great detail, from local authorities or other responsible bodies for assistance in the afforestation of water-catchment areas or other suitable areas under their control, with a view to ascertaining whether the schemes put forward are of public utility and likely to prove remunerative either directly or indirectly. ‘©2, The Commissioners consider it is important that such afforestation schemes as may be brought to their notice should be inquired into without delay in order to ascertain, by means of a flying survey, whether the above-mentioned conditions are likely to be fulfilled. They consider that any detailed scheme following thereon should provide, with due regard to economy and efficiency, for varying the extent of the operations prescribed from year to year, and that such variation should be governed by the effect of the afforestation works on employment, and should be arranged in relation to the state of the labour market and to the aggregate demand for labour in the United Kingdom as reflected in the Board of Trade’s index number of unemployment or otherwise. “3, Provided that approved schemes for afforestation are carried out in accordance with expert advice, and that the work is open at all times for inspection and the areas made available if required for purposes of education, research, and demonstration, the Develop- ment Commissioners are prepared to recommend loans on the general principle that repayment commences so soon as the work becomes remunerative or at some date to be fixed in reference to the method of afforesta- tion to be followed in any particular case.” The publication of this statement has produced communica- tions from several of the great municipalities, including Birming- ham, Cardiff, Leeds, Liverpool, and Manchester, and negotiations with some of these authorities are now being conducted with a view to the framing of schemes of afforestation. Various THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND FORESTRY. 1 if difficulties have to be overcome before the schemes presented can become effective. In many cases the drawbacks of high elevation and poverty of soil are such that, in parts at least of the area, commercial forestry is almost hopeless: in other cases financial conditions, such as the loss of present rentals and reluctance to provide a share of expenditure without return over a long period, hamper the settlement of terms of loan. The Commissioners are in general prepared, if satisfied as to the suitability of a water-catchment area for economic afforestation, either to recommend the Treasury to assist a water authority in carrying out a practical scheme for this purpose by a loan from the Development Fund at 3 per cent. compound interest—the loan not to exceed “£5 per acre afforested, and to be repaid with accumulated interest from the proceeds of the sale of timber grown on the lands afforested by means of the loan; or in the alternative to agree to a profit-sharing arrangement by which in return for loans at the rate of “£5 per acre the Development Fund would receive a proportion of the price of the produce utilised or sold from the area afforested by means of such advances. This latter basis of agreement has been preferred by the Liver- pool City Council, with whom negotiations are furthest advanced. The City Council was informed in February that the Com- missioners were prepared to recommend for the afforestation of, say, 5000 acres of the Corporation’s water-catchment area at Lake Vyrnwy, in Montgomeryshire, advances at the rate of 45 per acre up to a limit of 425,000, provided that the Corporation would enter into an arrangement for the payment to the Development Fund of the price of one-half of the ultimate timber yield. The Waterworks Committee of the Liverpool City Council have accepted this proposal in principle, and have given instructions for the preparation of a detailed scheme. Among other schemes, the Commissioners may mention in particular the application of the Torquay Town Council, on which they have agreed to approve a scheme that would ultimately provide for the planting of about 10,000 acres of Dartmoor; a proposal of the Bolton Town Council to afforest 6000 acres on their catchment areas at Belmont and Entwistle ; and a proposal to afforest parts of the Dundee area at Lintrathen in Forfarshire, which has been inspected by representatives of the Commissioners and reported as suitable for the purpose. The Belfast water-catchment area has also been inspected by representatives of the Commission. A small loan has been made to the Edinburgh and District Water Trust for the experimental planting of about thirty acres on the Edinburgh water-gathering grounds in Peeblesshire; if the experiment is successful, it will promote the ultimate afforestation of consider- able portions of the area. The main conditions which the Commissioners think ought to accompany any advance to a local authority for the purpose of VOL. XXVIII. PART I. B 18 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. afforesting water-catchment areas, whether by means of loan or under a profit-sharing scheme, are as follows :— (1) The local authority shall cause to be prepared a working- plan regulating the operations proposed in detail. The plan shall be submitted for approval to the Develop- ment Commissioners and the Government Department concerned (for England and Wales, the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries; for Scotland, the Board of Agriculture for Scotland; and for Ireland, the Depart- ment of Agriculture and Technical Instruction), who may require such modifications as seem to them desirable. No departure from its provisions after a working-plan is sanctioned shall be allowed without the approval of the Commissioners and the Government Department concerned. (2) The working-plan shall provide, with due regard to economy and efficiency, for possible variations in the extent of the operations prescribed from year to year. In availing itself of such variations, the local authority shall be governed by the effect of the afforestation works on employment, and shall arrange the variations in relation to the state of the labour market and to the aggregate demand for labour in the United Kingdom, as reflected in the Board of Trade’s index number of unemployment, or otherwise. (3) The local authority shall keep such accounts of the expenditure on and revenue from the area as the ‘Treasury or the Government Department concerned may require. (4) If required by the Treasury, the Commissioners, or the Government Department concerned, the area shall be made available for purposes of research, education, and demonstration. (5) The accounts, and the planting and other operations carried out on the area, shall be open at all times to inspection by representatives of the Commissioners or of the Government Department concerned. (ili.) Lngland and Wales. A grant of £5700 was made to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for the financial year ending 31st March 1913, to enable the Department to continue forestry work inaugurated by means of the Development Fund in the previous year. Of the total sum, £2500 goes to provide for the salaries and travelling expenses of an advisory officer at each of five centres— Oxford, Cambridge, Cirencester, Bangor, and Newcastle ; £500 is granted to Oxford, £500 to Cambridge, and £200 to other institutions for research; 1000 is spent on minor forestry THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND FORESTRY. 19 experiments conducted by means of sample plots, vested in and under the control of the five institutions which are the centres of educational and advisory work; and £1000 is required for administrative expenses. Pending the establishment of a central demonstration area, which will of course involve some recon- sideration of the whole question of forestry education and research, the arrangements outlined above will perhaps be sufficient to meet immediate needs. In January the Commissioners received the first reports of the Forestry Advisory Committee of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, together with an application for an advance to give effect to the Committee’s recommendation of a preliminary survey with a view to the creation of six or seven experimental forests of some 5000 acres. ‘The Commissioners are willing to accept the proposal to acquire land for the formation of these forests; and at the end of the year were discussing with the Board the practical steps to be taken for the purpose. They had not received any application from the Board to give effect to the other recommendations of the Committee, viz., those relating to the utilisation of the Forest of Dean and adjoining woodlands as a central demonstration area, and to the provision or improvement of technical training for woodmen. Application will presumably be made as soon as the Board have reached a decision on these proposals. Apart from the schemes submitted by the Board, several local authorities and teaching centres have applied for assistance to promote forestry instruction and research. A grant of £2500 has been made to the University of Cambridge in aid of the erection and equipment of the Eastern portion of the School of Forestry, and the Commissioners will be prepared at a future date to recommend a further grant of £2000 if the accommodation provided by that part of the School becomes insufficient. A grant of £1000 has been made for a research laboratory at the Oxford School of Forestry ; and a small grant of £85 (in addition to £ 200 previously sanctioned) for the completion of the forestry museum and lecture room in Chopwell Woods, used by the students of Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. For various reasons (generally because the objects of the scheme were already met so far as possible by previous grants from the Development Fund), the Commissioners have been unable to support applications from the University of Oxford, for a grant of £13,400 for research experiments, and advisory work ; from the Town Council of Huddersfield, for 4300 per annum to carry out a botanical survey of Yorkshire, which was represented to be a necessary preliminary to any large scheme of afforesta- tion in the county; and from the University College of North Wales, Bangor, for a sum not stated in aid of instruction and research. 20 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Besides applications for educational and research work in forestry, the.Commissioners received during the year one or two applications for aid in the general work of afforestation. To assist in its work of reclaiming and planting pit-mounds in the Black Country, the Midland Re-afforesting Association applied for a capital grant of £1947, and an annual main- tenance grant of £30. The application was supported by a memorial from the Council of the Borough of Walsall. While sympathising with the Association’s objects, the Commissioners could not see their way to depart from their policy of aiding only those schemes that promise to make for commercial forestry, and thus to develop the industry on business lines. They understand that the Association has undertaken to prepare a revised scheme in which closer attention will be given to the financial principles of commercial forestry. Meanwhile they have concurred in the proposal of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries that, out of the #1000 a year received by the Board from the Development Fund for purposes of minor forestry experiments, a grant of £100 should be made to the Association. This grant will be utilised to place and maintain in order one of the most promising of the Association’s existing plantations, with the object of ultimately obtaining experimental data which will be of use in considering any future schemes of afforestation in the Black Country. Aid was also sought for two small schemes of afforestation submitted simultaneously by the Carnarvonshire County Council. The County Council desired a grant of £2830 for the purpose, under one scheme, of planting at a cost of £9, 4s. tod. per acre some 260 acres on their recently acquired Madryn Castle Estate, and, under the second scheme, of felling and re-planting on the same estate some 55 acres at a cost of £7, 18s. 5d. per acre. As the Commissioners regard £5 per acre as a sufficient sum for planting, and are not prepared, save in exceptional cases, to recommend advances to local authorities at a higher rate, they were forced to the conclusion that the Carnarvonshire estimates, taken in conjunction with the limited area of land available for afforestation, would be prohibitive for purposes of commercial forestry. (iv.) Scotland. In September the Commissioners’ Forestry Committee discussed forestry work in Scotland with some representatives of the Scotch Board of Agriculture. No application or scheme has yet been received from the Scottish authorities for the establishment of a central demonstration area in Scotland ; and the Commissioners understand that the whole question is still being considered by the Scotch Board of Agriculture. THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND FORESTRY. 21 They have intimated that, subject to the adjustment of the financial questions concerned with the Agriculture (Scotland) Fund, they will take a favourable view of an application for a grant towards the cost and equipment of an estate so far as relates to the educational and advisory functions of the proposed demonstration area, and for a loan, repayable on a terminable annuity basis, towards the cost of the estate so far as relates to its economic purposes. The Secretary of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society forwarded in November a copy of a draft Memorandum and Articles of Association of an Afforestation and Development Trust, which contemplated the formation of a non-trading association with a view to assisting private landowners to afforest their estates by means of loans from the Development Fund. A _ decision on this proposal, which raises some important and difficult questions, was deferred until the Commissioners had consulted with the Scotch Board of Agriculture. The views of the Board have not yet been received. An application from the Board of Agriculture for Scotland for a grant for the appointment of forestry survey and research officers was under consideration at the close of the period to which this Report relates. (v.) Lreland. In continuance of their policy of aiding afforestation in Ireland, the Commissioners during the year approved for purchase, as suitable for planting, five further areas to which their attention had been drawn by the Department of Agricul- ture and Technical Instruction. Together they comprise about 7000 acres, and bring up to 14,000 acres the amount of land which the Irish Department have been authorised to purchase if possible out of the advance of £25,000 or £30,000 already approved. Certain difficulties of administration arose in connection with one of the areas approved for purchase. It adjoins existing woods acquired by the Department by means of the annual vote of £6000 borne on the Parliamentary Estimates to enable the Department to acquire the wooded residue of estates left on the hands of the Estates Commissioners of the Irish Land Commission. While the Development Commissioners thought it desirable that the two areas should be worked as one centre and by the same staff, they feared that in practice it might be found difficult to apportion the relative cost of administration 22 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. between the Development Fund and the Parliamentary Vote. It seemed not improbable that similar difficulties of adminis- tration might arise in connection with other forestry areas in Ireland; and that much future inconvenience might be saved if arrangements for dealing with such cases were settled immediately by a conference of the Departments interested. A conference was accordingly arranged, and took place on the 27th November, between representatives of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, the Estates Commissioners of the Irish Land Commission, and _ the Development Commissioners. In the result the Development Commissioners agreed to defray from the Development Fund the whole cost of administration of forestry centres, whether acquired by means of the Fund or from the Parliamentary Votes. The conference also considered the case of the smaller wooded plantations left on the hands of the Estates Commissioners, which the Irish Department are not disposed to purchase, on the ground that they are too small for purposes of commercial forestry. It was agreed that a scheme should be prepared jointly by the Department and the Estates Commissioners with a view to such woodlands being acquired by the County Councils concerned, on the understanding that the Development Commissioners, in accordance with a promise already given by them to the Irish Department, would be prepared to consider the question of recommending grants for maintenance. The following month the first application arising out of the conference reached the Commissioners. It referred to the Baunreagh area of about 2000 acres on the Slievebloom range, which adjoins another area already acquired out of the Development Fund. The Commissioners recommended that the Department should be authorised to expend, out of the advance of £25,000 sanctioned in November 1g1o for the acquisition of afforestable areas, the sum of £4111, 7S. in order to redeem the annuity now payable to the Irish Land Commission in respect to the Baunreagh area. They suggested at the same time that the Irish Department should be requested to utilise the amount thus set free from the Parliamentary Vote in the acquisition from the Estates Commissioners of such small isolated woodlands as it may be desirable to maintain, although they may not be adaptable to the purposes of commercial forestry. One of the conditions attaching to the grants for the purchase of afforestable land in Ireland is that a working-plan shall be prepared for each area, prescribing for its treatment over the whole period necessary for its development, and shall be sub- mitted for the consideration of the Commissioners at the time when application is made for further funds required for planting. The first working-plan reached the Commissioners in January, and related to the Ballyhoura area, in County Cork. The THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND FORESTRY. 23. Commissioners were doubtful whether the proposals embodied in it would eventually make for commercial forestry, and in view of the large sums involved in afforesting the lands already approved for purchase in Ireland, they felt it incumbent on them to propose a standard of management for this first scheme submitted, such as would form a basis for all future working- plans, and ensure a profitable return on the outlay. The principle adopted by the Commissioners is that to ensure remunerative forestry in Ireland the cost of afforestation, including the purchase of land, ought not to exceed an average sum of £12 peracre. At the end of the period covered by this. Report, communications were proceeding with the Department. In order to enable the Irish Department to cope with the additional work entailed by the various afforestation schemes. supported out of the Development Fund, the Commissioners have recommended an advance of £1690, to meet during the forthcoming year the salaries and expenses of the central staff engaged by the Department on such schemes. ‘The constitution and salaries of the staff were approved in the previous year. In reply to an inquiry from the Irish Department whether they would be precluded from concluding negotiations for the acquisition of lands in cases where the mining rights are reserved from the sale, the Commissioners stated that they would be prepared to approve the purchase of such lands for tree-planting, provided that conditions are imposed securing to the Develop- ment Fund compensation sufficient to cover possible damage to land and timber. The Treasury have directed, under section 2 (1) (¢) of the Development and Road Improvement Funds Act, 1909, that all receipts arising out of forest lands purchased by means of the grant from the Development Fund shall be paid to the Treasury for the credit of the Fund. FINANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT FUND. Last year the Commissioners explained their general view on the subject, viz., that where there are in existence separate public funds which can be applied within one part of the United Kingdom to some at least of the purposes to which the Develop- ment Fund is applicable, those separate funds should be exhausted before a demand is made on a fund common to the whole United Kingdom, and wider in its scope than the income of any single Department. The practical point at issue was the question how far advances should be made for the present from the Development Fund to assist in Scotland schemes for purposes (such as forestry, agricultural research, and agricultural instruction) to which can be applied the newly established Agriculture (Scotland) Fund, 24 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. with an income of some £200,000 a year. As a matter of general principle the Commissioners were of opinion that the demands of Scotch agriculture and forestry should be met from the Scotch Fund so far as possible, before recourse is had to the Development Fund ; but recognising that the primary object of the Scotch Fund is the encouragement of small holdings, they have agreed that expenditure for that purpose may properly be regarded as having priority over the other purposes to which the Fund can be applied. It is however at present a matter largely of estimates, and therefore of some uncertainty, what amount will be spent for land settlement in Scotland; and it has accordingly been arranged, with Treasury approval, that such schemes as the provision of new buildings and farms for the agricultural colleges, extension work at the colleges, and live stock improvement shall continue to be assisted from the Development Fund, and that about the end of the financial year 1915-16 (by which time there will be actual experience of the real demands on the Scotch Fund for land settlement) the Treasury shall decide whether such advances are to be regarded as grants or loans. This arrangement does not cover advances for forestry purposes. The question of the terms'on which the Development Fund should provide money for these purposes will require to be settled separately on each application. Forestry and Afforestation.—The requirements for this purpose are difficult to estimate, apart from the renewal of the annual grants of £5700 per annum for education, the provision of technical advice, and research. Considerable schemes are known to be now before the Government Departments concerned, but have not yet reached the Commissioners. They see no present reason to depart from their former estimate, that probably 4 350,000 will cover all the expenditure which can profitably be incurred by 1916. If it is found possible to obtain a suitable demonstration area or areas without purchase, the greater part of this sum will be available as a reserve to provide loans to local authorities for afforesting watershed areas under their control. The actual issue of any such loans will be spread over some 20 or 30 years, but it will obviously be necessary in such cases to earmark at once a sum sufficient to provide any funds which the Treasury on the Commissioners’ recommendation may undertake to lend. THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND FORESTRY. 25 APPLICATIONS OFFICIALLY RECEIVED BY THE DEVELOPMENT CoMMISSIONERS DURING THE YEAR ENDED 31ST MARCH 1913. Forestry. Armstrong College (Newcastle-upon-Tyne). Applied for: £85 to supplement a grant of £200 previously recommended. In aid of the erection of a forestry building in Chopwell Woods. Position on 31st March 1913.—Additional grant of £85 recommended. Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. (1) Applied for: £45700 for the year 1912-13. In aid of forestry research, advisory work, etc., in England and Wales. Position on 31st March 1913.—Grant of £5700 recom- mended. (2) Applied for: £5850 for the year 1913-14. In aid of the development of forestry in England and Wales. Position on 31st March 1913.—Under consideration. Board of Agriculture for Scotland. Applied for: £7500 spread over three years. In aid of the appointment of forestry, survey and research officers in Scotland. Position on 31st March 1913.—Under consideration. Cambridge University. Applied for: £6000 capital, and #1900 per annum. Amended application £2500. In aid of the erection and equipment of the new University School of Forestry. Position on 31st March 1913.—Grant of #2500 recom- mended. Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Applied for: #6090 for the year 1913-14. In aid of (i.) the working of three forest areas; and (il.) payment of central staff in connection with afforestation work. Position on 31st March 1913 —Grant of £1690 recommended in respect of (ii.). Decision deferred in respect of (i.). Edinburgh and District Water Trustees. Applied for: Not stated. In aid of experimental planting on the catchment-area of the Talla water reservoir. Position on 31st March 1913.—Under consideration. 26 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Glasgow Distress Committee. Applied for : 4,640. In aid of afforestation work at Palace- Trigg. Position on 31st March 1913.—Under consideration. Huddersfield County Borough Council. Applied for: £300 per annum. In aid of the extension of the botanical survey of Yorkshire now being done by the Biological Department of the Huddersfield Technical College. Position on 31st March 1913.—Advance not recommended. Midland Re-afforesting Association. Applied for: Capital grant £1947, and annual grant of 430 for maintenance. In aid of afforestation works at Moseley, near Wolverhampton, and at Bentley Hall, near Walsall. Position on 31st March 1913.—The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries propose to make a grant of £100 out of an advance recommended to them from the Development Fund for minor forestry experiments. Oxford University. (1) Applied for: £11,000 capital, and £2400 per annum. In aid of the University School of Forestry. Position on 31st March 1913.—Advance not recommended. (2) Applied for: £1000. In aid of a research laboratory at the University School of Forestry. Position on 31st March 1913.—Grant of £1000 recom- mended. APPLICATIONS OFFICIALLY RECEIVED BY THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSIONERS PRIOR TO THE 1ST APRIL 1912 ON WHICH REPORTS WERE MADE TO THE TREASURY DURING THE YEAR ENDED 31ST MARCH 1973. Forestry. Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Amount applied for: Not stated. In aid of the extension of the work of the Forestry Department of the College. Position on 31st March 1913.—Grant of £200 recommended for new building in Chopwell Woods, to serve for purposes of a forestry museum and of forestry instruction. THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND FORESTRY. 27 Carnarvonshire County Council. Applied for: 42830. In aid of the development of forestry on the Madryn Estate. Position on 31st March 1913.—Advance not recommended. Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Amount applied for: Total sum not stated. In aid of ex- penses of additional forestry staff. Position on 31st March 1913.—Grant recommended. University College of North Wales, Bangor. Amount applied for: Total sum not stated. In aid of the development of the work of the Forestry Department of the College. Position on 31st March 1913.—Advance not recommended ; objects sufficiently met by the general scheme of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. SCHEDULE OF GRANTS AND Loans ACTUALLY RECOMMENDED TO THE TREASURY DURING THE YEAR ENDED THE 3IST MARCH 1913. forestry. ARMSTRONG COLLEGE, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE: Grant Erection of a forestry building in Chopwell Woods £285 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES: Forestry in England and Wales ; : 45700 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY: School of Forestry at the University. , £2500 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL IN- STRUCTION FOR IRELAND: Forestry in Ireland : : ‘ : £1690 OxrorD UNIVERSITY: Research Laboratory at the Oxford School of Forestry. ; F ; : £1000 Al,175 28 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3. The State Forests of Saxony. (With Lllustrations.) (Continued from Vol, XxXvil., p. 187.) By A. D. HopxkKINSON. Rotation.—Eighty years is about the average rotation for spruce in Saxony, but no hard and fast regulations are laid down that as soon as a wood reaches that age it must be cut and not before. Many considerations affect the age at which “stands” are cut, and tend to make it vary from the normal. Two of the chief of these are the production and maintenance of normal age-classes, and the uniformity of the ‘‘ Cutting Series.” If, for instance, a “stand” rather under the normal age comes in the middle of a cutting series, then it is generally cut in order that the regularity of the series may not be broken (see Fig. 3). The average rotation, eighty years, is the average economic rotation, and is obtained by calculating several soil expectation values for different rotations, and taking the maximum as being the most advantageous financial rotation. To obtain the necessary data accurately for working out the soil expectation values, a number of investigations were carried out to find both mass and worth increments in typical woods. Regulation of YVield—This subject takes us back to the days of Cotta, if we are to understand how the somewhat complex method at present in operation in Saxony arose. Cotta was a strong supporter of the “ Aldchenfachwerk” system, or system of determination of yield by area, whereas G. L. Hartig, his famous contemporary, strove energetically to introduce in Prussia the more complicated “ Massenfachwerk,” or system of determination of yield by volume. Neither of these have survived in their original forms, although the former has a much greater bearing on modern management than the latter. Latterly Cotta changed his views somewhat, and became a supporter of the system of determination of yield by combined area and volume, but area played always the more important part in his calculations, and the simple formula a=5 (where a=annual area cut, A=total area, and R=rotation in years) THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 29 remained the basis of his determination. Complicated inquiries into normal and actual increments were not at that time undertaken, and these factors played but a small part in the question of yield. Much more attention was paid to the actual condition of ‘‘stands” coming in the IV., V. and VI. age-classes, and these were carefully examined to ascertain whether forest per cent.! was up to standard. Thus during the last eighty or ninety years a system has arisen called the ‘“ Sestandswirtschafi,” founded upon the principle of a thorough examination of all the oldest “ stands” (Sestinde) in the forest, and the determination of how much can be cut without disturbing the age-classes if they are nearly normal, and if they are not so what rate of felling in the near future will bring them as near normal as possible. General rules as to what must be cut in the next period of ten years are given to form a basis upon which the forester can build his calculations. They instruct that the following areas are to be chosen in preference to others :— I. Silvicultural necessities, z.e. all areas such as severances which are required to shorten ‘‘Cutting Series” and allow the formation of wind-proof edges, and so on. II, All mature areas that show a lower “forest per cent.” (Weiserprozent) than that laid down as the standard, in so far as it is possible to cut them without interfering with the normal course of ‘‘Cutting Series,” or causing danger from wind by removing one “stand” sheltering another. III. All areas which, although not mature, must be cut in order to meet the requirements of the ‘‘ Cutting Series.” Thus if a 60-year-old “stand” of spruce was found closed in by a 120-year-old “stand” which it was decided to cut, the younger stand would be also felled for the sake of a regular cutting series in future. Although area is made the basis of yield calculations yet volume is not altogether neglected, and in every revision a forecast is made of the total amount of each class of wood (timber, faggots, etc.) which will be produced by the areas it has been decided to cut, and in determining the extent of the areas the quality of the locality and consequently the yield per acre is taken into account and allowed to exert its modifying influence. 1 Schlich’s Manual of Forestry, vol. iii. p. 187. 30 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The work of determining the yield for the next decennial period is undertaken by the officers of the /orsteinrichtungs- anstalt in conjuction with the /orstmeister of the Revier. As a rule actual measurements are not made, the expected yield being estimated by the present volume of each “‘ Bestand” as taken from the Saxon yield-tables multiplied by the “ Quality of the Growing Stock,”! or the “ Vollertragsfaktor,” with the addition of the increments which will accrue in five years, this period being taken so as to obtain an average for the whole ten years, the exact position of each year’s felling having not yet been decided upon. The very great uniformity of the spruce woods in Saxony, together with the accurate records that are kept of all fellings, make the work of estimation comparatively light. Very often, for instance, when cutting through a uniform block, the yield of the last felling, together with the estimated sum of the annual increments for the last eight or ten years, or whatever period will have elapsed since the date of the last cutting, is taken as the expected yield without further trouble. Although this system of estimating in almost every case, and doing away with actual calliper work, is criticised as being somewhat lacking in scientific exactitude, those who understand the peculiar conditions in Saxony, 2.2. the great uniformity of the woods, the exact record of past yields, and the existence of permanent forest management officers who give their whole time to the work, recognise that it is the best and most economical method that could be devised. The yield-tables just referred to are published by the Saxon Forest Serviceasa Lonitierungs Tafel, but are merely very simple yield-tables for spruce, silver fir, Scots pine, larch, beech, oak, alder and birch, giving nothing but the volumes produced by the different species on the five soil classes. They are used for calculating the ‘‘Growing Stock” or Wirkliche Holevorrat in the decennial revision of the working-plans for all woods under forty years of age, those over that age are estimated in the manner to which allusion has already been made. The Forsteinrichtungsanstalt also fix very arbitrarily the quality of the locality (Standorisgiite), this being also done alone by the estimation of its officers, and not according to the common practice by the average total height of the trees. The result of this method has been that, in order to avoid the 1 Schlich’s Manzal of Forestry, vol. iii. p. 268. THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 31 risk of making the mean quality too high or too low, a great deal of the land is put into II. and III. which should be in f1V..and V. Of the maps used in connection with the working-plans the sub-compartment map (Bestandeskarte) is the most important. Its scale is 1 : 20,000, and each species occurring pure is repre- sented by a different colour. Age-classes are shown by different shades of the same colour, the lightest being the youngest woods. Spruce is coloured black, and most of the Saxon maps appear chiefly composed of black in different degrees of density. The quality of the soil is indicated by a small number placed to the right of the sub-compartment letter ; if lower than this it indicates that the age of the wood is in the first half of the age-class to which it belongs, and if higher that the wood in question belongs to the latter half of the age-class. Thus the age of any sub-compartment may be ascertained from the map to within ten years. This map is renewed for each revision of the working-plan, that is every ten years. Finance, Accounts, ett——A perusal of the summary of the annual accounts which appear in two parts! every year in the Tharandter Forstliches Jahrbuch gives a good idea of the thorough manner with which these are kept. Although to reproduce these here in full would serve no purpose, a few extracts may be of interest. The exact area of the State forests for the end of the silvicultural year Igto-191I was 445,380 acres, of which 426,722 acres were productive (actually producing timber— HHolzboden) and 18,658 acres were non-productive (Vichtholzboden). There was during the year 29,559,000 cubic feet of wood over 7 cm. (2°7 ins.) at the smaller end (Derdholz) cut, being 68 cubic feet per productive acre, 85 per cent. of which was timber (JVu¢zho/z) and the remainder firewood. In addition 4,728,000 cubic feet of wood under 7 cm. at larger end (fezssig) was sold, of which 4,297,000 was fire- wood (Srennreissig) and the rest used for other purposes (Nutzretssig). Also 6,048,000 stacked cubic feet of root wood | was sold. The following mean prices of wood over 7 cm. at smaller 1 Mitteilungen iiber die Ergebnisse der Kgl. Stichs. Staatsforstverwaltung”’ and ‘‘ Die Reinertragsiibersichten der Kgl. Sichs. Staatsforsten.” 32 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. end show how the price of wood, especially that of “ timber” is rising in Saxony. 1906 . : . 5‘1d. per cubic feet. 1907: . : 2) PBR yy ij 1908 . ; ee 15 0 ee — Ig09 . , ge OTs lay - TOLOW 2. ; oe (O20 hiszs 5 IQII 6°3d. The total gross income was Rearda78 or ee 16s. gd. per acre for the whole of the woodlands. The total expenses, including £7815 for the JSorsteinrichtungsanstalt, amounted to £333,216, or 40 per cent. of the total income, which equals 14s. gd. per acre. The expenses were made up of the following items :— Pay : : : » 60,705 Lodging and ainer allowances: . . 2,804 Buildings and repairs. , 4 ., TOGge Sundry management costs : 36,769 Total cost of management and Aten. 145,999 tion (= 43°8 per cent. of total expenses and equals 6s. 6d. per acre of total area). Planting, sowing, etc. (=1S. per acre, net 21,397 productive area). Care of young plantations ( = 1°2d. per acre, 2,194 net area). Repairing river banks, drainage, etc. 2,583 ( Wasserbau) (= 1°4d. per acre, net area). Road and bridge-making (=1s. 8d. 35,851 per acre, net area). Expenses on meadows within forests : 103 Total cost of maintenance (= 19'1 per cent. 62,128 of total expenses). Research work , : 1,044 Preparation of forest products iro market 109,003 felling, etc., of which £108,945 was for wood over 7 cm. ( = 883d. per cubic feet). Other working costs : 15,042 Total working costs (= 38 per cent. a total 125,089 expenses). - Total expenses : 4333216 besides which £8035 was paid for insurance of woodmen. THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY, 33 The total net income amounted to £496,162, or £1, 2s. od. per acre for the total area. The average net returns per acre for the previous five years were— SS a 1906 © 19 1907 i 2,05 1908 by 2) a! 1909 Io 5 IgIo Io 10 The most notable feature of these figures is the amount spent on roads and bridges, which, when it is considered that the Saxon State forests have been under good management for nearly a century, and consequently have always had a fair sum expended on transport facilities, must appear to many a very large sum. It shows very clearly, however, the very great importance of good roads or other means of transport if the greatest financial return is to be reaped. The net return of Zl, 2s. per acre is also a very high figure when one con- siders the poor quality of the land from which the income is obtained—land which would probably not on the average let at more than a few shillings per acre for grazing purposes. The summary of the net returns of the Saxon State forests for Igto was published in 1912, and is of the usual detailed character, being divided into twenty columns with a line for each range (Revier). Each district is taken separately, and the sum of the figures for all the forest in the district is placed against the name of the district at the end of the list of component forests. Taking one average range and one average district together with the totals for Saxony, an idea may be obtained as to what figures are given and as to their relative proportions. The forest of Grillenburg is familiar to most who have visited the woods of Saxony and may be fairly taken as an average, while that cannot be said of the Tharandt evzer which, although much better known, is by no means representative, on account of the fact that its expenses are materially increased in order to maintain and increase its unique educative value. The spruce forests of the Erzgebirge are characteristically represented in the district of Schwarzenburg, and this gives the results of practically pure spruce culture. VOL. XXVIII. PART I. Cc 34 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s 10 Saas kag ah a 5 a ae ~ . u “ ~ + P ror oi pe 64) Cmte _ 2 AE oS os % EE a a - a om a6 rE wot og an = | = 3 | ans gus | 3% as [fas = | ea S ln "SO ph 2 | 3B * Forest 4 ees ek Se R= 2s e | #2 Zz 2 BSE Sete mg ° Se “Cdl os =o) z que dey ane Be 2c ee ge = 2 £8a £.5 0 Pe OF 524 os oF = o hie fy Bu. < acd D a s 3 Fi =o) 25 & : Acres | Cub. ft. | Cub. ft. Cub. ft. Cub. ft. ee é Grillenburg 3,974| 296,520] 247,100) 313,428) 276,610) 88 8,095 a 8, 10% Schwarzenburg (district) 475520) 3,822,990] 3,297,020] 3,689,061) 3,297,443} 89 |111,330| II5 111,44 Saxon _ State =86 % Forests . 1426, 105|30,893,854|24, 590, 565/30, 533,264/25,668,712| 84 |784,863)5,890 790,75, =80 % 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 | oe 19 iy) s b : bp 2 2 a ~ 2 BD eer a aaeet cc cce 2 = : 5 = i = 3 al) Seelee 2 F ag ¢ | = erate oD Og . oO x oO = ro O oe FOREST 0 bo a] So 5b g [4 = = re ae Bie < Lia ete a 3 = 5 S OF Bip s cs) ‘2 a § 4 2 B e 2 eer Nea eS g= | 2 ‘ ye ies. : is 6 2 oii . = Zz os 4 bie | L #6 & | 4 iS-aDs|p: 4 Z Grillenburg 964} 674| 218| 1,092] 2,948) 5,161|/1 6 3) 3°9 250, 330)2°C Schwarzenburg | (district) 15,772 | 7,046] 1,451| 12,705| 36,974| 74,471| 1 11 8 | 3°3 | 2,752,02012"% Saxon State Forests . [115,815 |61,676 |22,866 |127,512 |327,869 462,885} 1 19 | 3°6 ce The most interesting of these figures are those which refer to the annual net income per acre and the interest upon capital. The return of £1, 1s. gd. per acre appears at first sight a very high rent to receive for such poor land—too poor mostly for agricultural crops of any sort,—but it must be understood that only a small portion of this (about a quarter) is received as rent for the land pure and simple, the greater part of it being interest on the capital value of the growing stock upon The average total capital per acre is £47, 6s., of which £11, 16s. 6d., or one quarter, may be taken as the land capital, and the remainder, 435, gs. 6d., may be regarded as the capital value of the growing stock on the average, the land. THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 35 which gives 5s. 53d. as rent for the land, and 16s. 33d. as interest on growing stock capital. Thus the land capital is to the growing stock capital as 1:3, which is the normal pro- portions of these two for the Saxon State forests ; but it is to be noticed that the proportions of these two forms of capital vary very considerably in other parts of Germany, many circum- stances having a modifying influence. Variation in length of rotation and in the species has a very marked effect on the proportions of the two component parts of forest capital, and in a country such as Prussia, where Scots pine is grown on a long rotation, the proportion of the growing stock capital to the land or soil capital would probably very much exceed 3:1, although no figures are available. This proportion is, however, a very good guide for a conifer forest grown upon an economic rotation. Although the interest, 2°19 °/,, is low it must be taken into consideration that the investment is exceedingly secure as long as the management remains in the hands of capable men, as there is every reason to suppose it will. Calamities of varying nature have from time to time threatened the Saxon State forests, but never has anything very serious befallen them. Wind storms, which used to be the much feared danger, are no longer regarded with such apprehension, owing to the methods which have been adopted so successfully to mitigate their effects. Large areas of pure conifer woods are, it is true, favourable to pests, but, again, the thorough mixing of the age classes within the forest has done much to prevent any pests becoming very destructive. But it will be pointed out that if three-quarters of the total capital, ze, that portion which represents the growing stock, were invested in an equally good security at 34 .°/,, which would be quite possible at present, it would bring in a greater annual return than is now being got from the whole capital locked up in the forests. Surely, then, it would appear wise, from a financial point of view alone, to clear the woods and reinvest the money at 34 °/,, because then, even if the land fetched nothing when sold, the State would stand to gain. Such a line of argument is sometimes pursued by those whose object is to decry the financial aspect of forestry under the most favourable conditions, such as we see it in Saxony. The hypothesis upon which such an argument is based is, however, quite false in that the selling value and the 36 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, expectation value of the woods only coincide in one particular case, and that is just when they are ready for the axe. Thus, supposing the age classes to be normal and the rotation one of eighty years, only one-eightieth of the woods could be sold at their silvicultural value, and it is, of course, the silvicultural value and not the value to the wood merchant which is put upon the growing stock. Thus we come to see that in forestry the growing stock capital and the land capital can only be separated in theory and not in practice. There are in addition many very important national economic reasons why this unconvertible capital, even with its low rate of interest, should not in any way be interfered with. The very existence of Saxony without her forests and her wood-utilizing industries is unthinkable. This brings us to the vexed question of what is the correct amount of growing stock capital to invest in forest land in order to obtain the most desirable results. It is, perhaps, not so much a matter of the actual amount of capital which should be locked up in woods in order to produce the best financial returns, as this is capable of being worked out by calculation, but rather what is the object of forestry. Is forest land to be regarded, for example, as a mine which requires a certain amount of capital to develop it, and in which no_more capital is invested than is consistent with its most economic development ? or is it to be regarded as some auriferous reef the last ounce of which is to be exploited regardless of the capital outlay entailed ? This comparison represents roughly the difference in the fundamental idea as to what is the object of forestry as under- stood by the Saxon and Prussian States respectively. The Saxon forester looks upon his forest land as a commercial concern and argues how is it possible to get the greatest return from the land together with a reasonable interest on the money it will require for its proper development, z.e. the growing stock capital. He wishes, in fact, to discover exactly what capital per acre is required to give the highest rate of interest on the combined capital of land and stock, and takes every means in his power consistent with good silviculture to reduce the stock capital (the land capital being fixed) in order that the rate of interest may reach a maximum. In other words, he manages his woods upon a strictly commercial basis. In Prussia, how- ever, the State woods are regarded less as a business concern. THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 37 and more as a philanthropic organisation, the chief object of which is to supply the people with as much as possible of the particular kinds and sizes of timber they require, regardless of the cost of production. The fine old Scots pine forests of East Prussia, worked on a rotation of 120-150 years, the spruce woods of the Harz Mountains with their roo-120 years’ rotation, and the many hardwood ranges scattered through Prussia managed on much the same lines, demonstrate clearly that no thought is paid to return on capital. To produce good timber and plenty of it appears to be the axiom of the Prussian forester, and he does not concern himself with soil expectation, or value calculations. The capital value of the Prussian forests is not officially published, but it probably averages considerably higher per acre than that of the Saxon woods in spite of the less intensive form of management, and the rate of interest which is yielded is generally estimated at under a half per cent. Although the Prussian Government will not countenance the open application of the Aodenreinertrag theory to their forests, yet there are not signs wanting to show that they are beginning slowly to recognise that their woods are vastly over capitalised, and everywhere there is a tendency to reduce rather than to lengthen the period of rotation. The Aodenreinertrag, it may be pointed out, means the net returns on the soil after paying interest on the working capital, whereas the Waldreinertrag, which is the foundation of the Prussian theory of forest management, is the return derived from the woods without any regard to the interest it may be capable of paying on the capital invested. The latter line of thought leads, of course, to one consideration only, and that is how large an annual income can be obtained from a forest, and is generally justified by the assertion that land is a monopoly, and therefore it is the duty of every owner, especially a State, to obtain the largest amount of produce possible without regard to the invested capital. It has been necessary to refer to some other State besides Saxony in order to demonstrate the two chief ideas prevailing on the Continent, as regards this point, and Prussia makes the most convenient comparison, as the two States are directly opposed to each other on this particular question, and what appears to be an endless controversy is carried on in German forestry journals as to which party is right. As far as private landowners are concerned, there is every inducement to follow 38 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, the Saxon plan and work upon a short rotation combined with heavy thinnings, especially towards the time of clear-felling. The recognition of the influence of thinnings upon soil expecta- tion value and its culmination point has affected the degree of thinning to a marked extent in Saxony, and now considerably more wood is felled in this form than was formerly the case. There is also a silvicultural reason, quite apart from financial consideration, which favours opener woods, and that is the better decomposition of the ‘raw humus” which is so prevalent in the drier conifer forests of Saxony. It must, however, be understood that what is described in England as an open wood, would be referred to by Continental foresters as land with a few trees scattered over it. Preponderance of Spruce.—The following list shows approxi- mately the areas of high-forest covered by different species in the Saxon woods as a whole :— Spruce : ; = »,518,370 aGhes. Scots pine. ; + 294250 ee Silver fir : , , 3,220 ag Larch : : ‘ bitsove eee Oak .. : ‘ : 5,050. ass Birch, alder, and aspen : 3,000) 45 Beech and other hardwoods. 11,500 __,, These figures show the enormous preponderance of spruce over other species, the area under spruce being greater than under all other species together. It will also be noted here what a very unimportant part Jarch plays in the woods of Saxony. ‘The reasons for the great predominance of spruce are not difficult to find. The chief one is the financial reason. Spruce undoubtedly gives a far better financial return than any other tree over a very large part of the wooded area, the dry sandy plains of the north forming the area where Scots pine not only grows better, but also, which is quite a different matter, gives a greater monetary yield. The ‘ree which grows best on a given piece of land ts not always the most profitable tree, as the profit depends more upon the relative prices and the relative quantities of timber produced than upon the relative degrees of vitality of the trees concerned. This is one of the most important lessons which a study of Saxon forestry teaches. In other words, do not plant the tree that grows best simply because it grows best, but plant THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 39 the tree which will give permanently the greatest financial yield, that is the tree which will give the highest soil expectation value. This principle of economic silviculture we see being carried out all over Saxony, and especially in the Saxon State forests, where practically all (96:4 “{) the woods are stocked with conifers, and only 3°6 “% remain under hardwoods (2'1 % beech, 08 %/ oak, o°7 % ash, alder, birch, and hornbeam). Besides the economic reasons for the large preponderance of spruce over any other tree, there are, of course, the purely silvicultural reasons, which are, in short, the suitability of this species for the climate and soil of a large part of the Erzgebirge district—the most densely wooded part of Saxony. But little attention is now given to the question of hardwoods versus conifers, the latter being so obviously the more profitable in almost every case. The question of spruce versus other conifers, especially Scots pine, is not, however, so readily settled, and there exists at present a considerable divergence of opinion among prominent foresters in Saxony as to how far the cultiva- tion of spruce should be allowed to replace that of pine. A distinct pine region and a distinct spruce region exist, in which there is no room for doubt as to which is the correct species. Between these two areas is a large extent of forest land upon which both spruce and pine will grow fairly well, and it is here that the difficulty arises in deciding which of the two is to be planted when an area has been cut. Practically speaking, everywhere where spruce is cut spruce is planted, and besides that a large extent of land formerly under pine has been con- verted into spruce wood, according to the government policy ot favouring the species which gives the greatest financial return. Not in every case, however, has the conversion been a success with regard either to finance or silviculture, and now some reaction of opinion has set in against it, owing to the very poor results that have often enough been consequent on the introduction of pure spruce on dry sterile soil quite unsuited to meet its requirements. Those who still favour extending the spruce area almost regardless of the soil and climatic conditions, base their arguments upon “facts” which are briefly—(r) the price of the smaller sizes of spruce is considerably higher than the same sizes of Scots pine, and it can be never hoped to grow anything but comparatively small trees on such land; (2) spruce will produce more wood per acre, and yields a greater 40 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. proportion of “timber” (/Vuézholz) ; and (3) spruce is a better soil-protecting species than pine. The more modern school of foresters, led, so far as Saxony is concerned, by Prof. Borgmann of Tharandt, point out in their criticism of the “reckless introduction of spruce” that land which may, for example, only be class IV. spruce soil can very well be class III. pine soil, and that, consequently, the production of wood will be but little greater. Also they remind us that on poor soils a very large number of spruce develop rotten stems at an early period in the rotation, and again that in such places there is a very great tendency for the formation of “ raw humus,” which is particularly noxious to tree-growth, and which does not occur to such a marked degree in the pine woods. To these points they add the greater cost and uncertainty of spruce planting, and the extreme slowness with which the young trees form canopy under these circumstances, allowing in the meantime a dense growth of grass and other weeds to take place. This sums up shortly the differences of opinion between the spruce enthusiasts and those who recognise that, even although spruce has been, as it were, the making of the Saxon forests, yet its cultivation can be carried too far, and that before it is allowed to replace pine, the special circumstances of each case should be carefully considered. Protection, etc.—The chief danger which threatens the Saxon forests lies in wind storms, as will be readily understood when it is considered what an important part spruce plays in their composition. Reference has already been made to the effect which the storm-wind has upon the cutting direction, and it is by cutting always against the wind that the greatest safety lies. The main rides are also purposely made wide (27 ft.), in order to allow of the formation of wind-fast edges to the ‘‘ stands,” which may later become exposed owing to the felling of a block on the other side of the ride. The cross rides used only to be made 6 ft. wide, but are now being made 134 ft., in order that the trees or their edges may be allowed to become to a certain extent wind-fast ; and whenever a severance is made it is put just to the windward of such a ride. Great care is also given to protection belts on the windward boundaries, and the instructions now in force are that they should be, in spruce forests, established from pure spruce planted close and but little thinned, the idea being to try to prevent the wind getting into the wood at all. PLaTeE I. FIG, 4. Shows the predominance of pine over spruce on a sandy soil inclined to be dry. PIG. 5- Illustrates the manner in which split wood (on left) and bark are stacked in yard lengths. [To face p. 40. MiGs 6: Oberholz, Saxony. A private wood of Scots pine stripped by the Nun moth and killed. This wood was not grease-banded. The two oaks in the photograph were also stripped, but did not succumb. ATG se7e The woodman’s cottages in Saxony, as well as those of the agricultural labourer, are much larger buildings than those found in Scotland, there being nearly always two floors and often an attic above. THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 4I Before 1903 the instructions were just exactly the opposite, and trees in such belts were planted far apart and kept well thinned, with the resuit that strongly rooted well-branched trees were produced which were capable of standing an immense side pressure, but which allowed the effects of the storm to be felt farther into the wood. The planting of hardwoods in protective belts has not found favour. The present system of close plant- ing is very severely criticised by many Saxon foresters, especially where the dangers of snow and wind are combined, as it is obvious that closely grown trees are more liable to injury in this case. Snow is also a danger that has to be reckoned with apart from wind, although the two are most destructive when combined, and the worst damage, so far as spruce woods are concerned, occurs when they are about 40 to 60 years old, as at this age the stems are generally splintered in breaking and a large amount of wood is rendered useless for anything except fuel. A con- siderable loss not unfrequently occurs in the upper parts of the Erzgebirge owing to rime and ice incrustation. The ravages caused by red deer are not now so extensive as formerly, owing to the great reduction in the numbers allowed, but still a considerable number of trees are peeled and the pro- portion of rotten stems is thereby very materially increased. Spruce is in this case also the species which suffers most. In the King’s special hunting forests a larger head of deer is kept, and special precautions are taken to prevent extensive damage. Fencing the deer out of young woods, hand-feeding and other palliatives are brought into use at a considerable cost, which is, however, borne by the Crown and is not a charge upon the forests. Hares and rabbits are comparatively scarce and cause but little trouble, and the same may be said of squirrels. Bark beetles are kept well in check by clean woods and immediate barking of all felled timber. Aylodius abietis is occasionally troublesome, but the common practice of extracting stumps after felling prevents it becoming serious. There is, however, one insect which is dreaded in Saxony, and that is the Nun moth. The epidemic which broke out in Saxony in 1906, and which is now gradually dying out, was the first experience Saxon foresters had had of this pest on a large scale; but owing to a good system of inspection they were not taken unawares, as has occurred in other states. By counting the number of eggs on sample trees the authorities were enabled to forecast the rate 42 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, at which the attack was growing in force, and were thus able to adopt preventive measures before it was too late. Whenever over 100 to 150 eggs were found on a spruce and over 150 to 200 on a pine grease-banding was undertaken, and this system, thoroughly carried through as it has been, has probably alone saved Saxony from what might easily have been a disaster as far as the forests were concerned. Probably few of the German States offer such a suitable breeding-ground for the Nun moth as Saxony, with its large extent of pure spruce forests; and it is undoubtedly a great achievement, worthy of the forest service, that their efforts in preventing a serious calamity have met with such success. Since the commencement of the attack (1904-6), which is now passing away, 50,000 acres have been completely grease-banded at a cost of about eight shillings per acre. Better and more economical methods have been devised for the applica- tion of the grease during this period, as special attention has been given to this detail, and at present the method generally adopted is “high banding,” with the aid of 12 ft. ladders. The actual instrument now exclusively used for applying the grease is that invented by Max Janke, which is a great advance on any previous appliance, and the use of which has materially reduced the cost of the process. The instrument is light, handy and inexpensive, and can be worked with one hand, being thus particularly adapted for high banding which by its use can be carried out almost as cheaply as low banding formerly. The reason for this is partly that the bark on old trees is much smoother where the high band is applied and does not require, as a rule, to be scraped, which saves almost as much time as is re- quired to manipulate the ladders. Of the eight shillings per acre which the process costs, five shillings go in labour at about fourpence per hour, and the remaining three shillings represent the cost of the grease which at ‘82d. per lb. = 44 lbs. per acre. The natural enemies and parasites of the Nun moth have helped considerably in suppressing the attack. Among these Parasetigena segregata took a leading place, but curiously enough it increased to such an extent in some fevzerve that it became, unfortunately, itself the host of another parasite Anx‘hrax morio (Diptera), which in no small degree checked its good work. The attack, which is now passing away, centred itself on certain spruce and pine woods in the dry flat country to the south-east of Leipzig. Since the outbreak started a great deal of research THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 43 and experimental work has been carried on with reference to the larve of this moth and its diseases by Prof. Escherich in Tharandt, and the results have been both interesting from a scientific point of view and also useful in the practical work of fighting the pest. Utilisation —The dense population of Saxony (as compared with some other: timber-producing States in Germany) has the effect of facilitating the sale of wood to a very marked degree. A large and evenly distributed population renders local conversion and utilisation on a large scale possible, and this, by reducing the transport costs, means better returns for the forests. Such are the conditions in Saxony, and the favourable results are clearly reflected in the very flourishing state of the forest finances at present. But it must not be supposed that this degree of success is entirely the outcome of the enterprise of a hard-working and commercially-minded people. In no small degree is the result obtained due to proper methods of management entailing equal annual supplies of wood for the support of the industries concerned. Before the facilities for transport which now exist came into being, the wood-converting industries, which are to be found in many cases right in the heart of the most densely wooded areas, were entirely dependent upon local supplies of raw material. Had not this raw material been obtainable in regular quantities annually, it is probable that many of the small factories which are now to be found amongst the forests would never have been started. Supposing, for instance, that a capitalist with £10,000 to invest wishes to start a wood- pulp factory, his first step is to find where he can obtain a sufficient regular supply of wood at a price which will render the undertaking profitable. He knows that the State forests are worked upon a regular system, and that every possible encouragement will be given by the Government for the establishment of a new industry, and the chances are he will select a central position among several State feviere for his mill. First, however, he must ascertain from the past accounts of the forests concerned, that the amount of wood he requires, Say 100,000 cubic feet, is annually put upon the market at a price, say 24d. to 3d. per cubic foot on the average, which will allow a good margin for return on capital. This can only be done when woods are systematically managed, and thus it can 44 ‘TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. be seen that by conducting forests on rational lines and doing away with irregular fellings, an enormous impetus is given to local wood-converting industries. Local industry means local population, which in turn brings local wealth, which again is the cause of higher prices for wood and often gives rise to a market for certain hitherto unsaleable products. However, when facilities for transport develop to such an extent as one finds them in Saxony, industries become less dependent upon local supplies of raw material, the limit of their development being no longer bounded by the extent of material available in the district and, as is often the case, they expand to such an extent that large imports from abroad are necessary to meet their demands. No better example of this could be found than the wood-pulp and cellulose factories of Saxony. Commencing by the conversion of local supplies only, they have grown into an enormous industry, importing wood to the extent of hundreds of thousands of tons annually, which they require, in addition to the supplies available at home, in order to keep pace with the demands for the converted product. A large proportion of the wood thus imported into Saxony is floated down the Elbe, in rafts, from Bohemia and is converted by the factories situated on the banks of the river. Among the many and varied industries directly dependent upon the forests for their raw material is one which is particularly interesting, and that is the toy-making industry of the Erzgebirge. Here, in the heart of the mountains, one finds small villages, such as Seiffen and Heidelberg, given over entirely to the production of children’s toys, and it is interesting to see over one of the factories and watch the processes by which the raw logs of spruce are turned into all sorts of wooden animals and other playthings. In some cases merely the roughest part of the work is done in the factory, the finishing off and painting being executed in the homes of the workers themselves, in which case the women and children take a large share in the labour. Although very little is left of the Zichenschdlwald (oak coppiced for bark), still a fair amount of spruce, which is cut in spring and early summer, can be profitably barked, five shillings being obtained per 35 stacked cubic feet, which only costs two shillings to strip. Prenwan JOE , Bic. S.—A single Scots pine left chiefly for Fic. 9. — Well-grown Scots pine showing Bornament after a clear cutting—quite a clean stems and small crowns and giving a § common practice in Saxony. high form factor. ) bag » 7 ‘ ! § 3 a a G. 10. — Beech is always regenerated Fic. 11.—A view of the famous Mauerhammer naturally where possible. The trees illus- ride—one of the first rides laid out by Cotta trated are anything but ideal mother trees. when he came to Tharandt in 1811. It is lined with silver birch, a common practice in coniferous woods, [Zo face p. 44 THE STATE FORESTS OF SAXONY. 45 A considerable amount of the rougher and smaller classes of wood is sold as firewood directly to the consumers, and in the country districts this forms the chief fuel. Practically all the wood disposed of annually by the State forests is sold by auction sales, which are conducted by the /orstmeister and the Forstrentamt jointly. The sale is always advertised in the local papers, and likely buyers are supplied with catalogues in which every lot is recorded,—the position of the timber in the wood, the class as regards size and the exact contents being given. Every effort is made to sell timber as soon after felling as is practicable, so that there may not be an accumulation of felled wood scattered through the forest, and, besides, as the logs are measured by the woodmen immediately after felling, if left for any length of time, especially in summer, an undesirable discrepancy might occur between the catalogued size and the actual size at the time of sale. In special cases where it is difficult to obtain good prices for the larger classes of timber, a joint district sale is held, in which the best lots out of each component Revier are put up. This is done in order to attract large buyers who would perhaps not find sufficient timber of a particular size for their requirements in the sale of a single Revzer. Roads.—One particularly obvious factor amongst the different causes which contribute to the high prices gained for wood in Saxony, is the condition of the forest roads. Those who have not seen them will have difficulty in understanding fully what a vast amount of money has been laid out on these forest roads, and with what skill the work has been executed. Although the network of roads is not yet complete the accessibility of felled timber, even in the wildest parts of the Erzgebirge, is far better than is usually found in this country even on land suited to easy transport. As an object lesson upon the good return that money expended upon skilfully constructed forest roads is almost certain to yield, the State forests of Saxony stand out with remarkable clearness. Ordinary railways and _ light railways are also well developed, the latter especially being of great service to the forests, as they penetrate areas the population of which would not suffice to support the running costs of anything more than an economically managed narrow- gauge line. It would be impossible to conclude this account of Saxon forestry, rough and imperfect though it is, without a word 46 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. concerning the famous Tharandt Forest Academy which for more than a hundred years now has been one of the chief continental schools of scientific silviculture. Its renown is justly world- wide, and nearly every country in Europe, as well as America, Australia and Japan have, as a rule, representatives on the roll of students. 4. Some Vegetation Types at High Altitudes. (With Illustrations.) By G. P. Gorpon, B.Sc.(Edin.), B.Sc.(Oxon.). It is well known that under natural conditions the upper zones of tree-growth rarely, if ever, constitute normal forest, but rather form the all-important belts of protection-forest which make possible the economic development of forest and agri- cultural land at lower elevations. In order to investigate such vegetation types, it would seem advisable to select an area on which not only a large variety of types occurs, but where, in addition, a continuous succession of forest zones may be obtained, so that observations might be made at points where one forest type merges into another. With this end in view the district of Zernez, in the Engadin in north-east Switzerland, was fixed upon. ‘The district is specially suitable because the floras of the Ober- and Unterengadin are there contiguous. It was therefore possible to observe the gradation from the forests of the Oberengadin, where larch is the dominant species, into the spruce forests of the Unterengadin. Further, the conditions in this area are such that observations may be made through a considerable range in altitude. In addition to forming interesting plant associations, these forests afford many excellent examples of natural woodland types (Urwald). The contour of the country and the distribu- tion of these types would indicate that they have been free from all modifying influences, other than natural factors, and their present condition goes to confirm this. The entire absence of forests of broad-leaved trees is a striking feature,of this district, and thus it forms a contrast with the highest tree zone in Scotland. It was only after traversing considerable areas that isolated specimens of birch (Betula pubescens), SOME VEGETATION TYPES AT HIGH ALTITUDES. 47 aspen (Populus tremula), and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) were observed. The localities in which observations were made _ include practically the whole of Val Cluoza and Valletta, Piz Quater Vals and Piz Murter, part of the Spdltal, and the watershed between Val dell Acqua and Val della Féglia. The total area has an altitudinal range of nearly 5532 feet, from 4832 feet at Zernez to 10,364 feet at Piz Quater Vals, the limit of tree vegetation being about 7700 feet. The configuration of the land is varied, and consists essentially of acute ridges extending to the snowline, the upper slopes of which are, for the most part, covered with loose frost-debris. In other parts these ridges constitute upland meadows. On the middle valley-slopes coarse gravel screes predominate, and these pass into block screes at lower levels. The valley bottoms are narrow and contain morainic material, while in the side valleys small glaciers occur. The main physical features of the area are the two large valleys, Val Cluoza and Spdltal, which run parallel for some distance and join east of Zernez. These communicate with numerous side valleys which are usually short and_ steep. The rocks of the district consist of Dolomite and Muschelkalk beds resting on a floor of gneissic material. In places, for example at Cliiz—-Zernez, the underlying gneissic base is exposed and is there seen to consist of Augengneiss. STEP-FORMATION (TZreppenbildung). In the area under consideration this formation is found at the limit of forest growth, and in fact of all other closed plant associations. At a higher elevation occurs the zone of alpine cushion-plants including Axdrosace helvetica, Silene acaulis, Eritrichium nanum, etc. Papaver alpinum also occurs here, together with a few species of lichen. The above plants, however, have quite a sporadic distribution, and cannot be said to form any definite association. Step-formation characterises the higher slopes of fine frost-debris, as also the wash-out channels, although in these it descends to a lower level. This would seem to indicate that while a certain stability of soil is necessary for the individuals which produce the steps, the formation is the pioneer on slopes lying at the angle of repose. Soil-creep combined with wind action tends to make the 48 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. formation a very open one and, in addition, to modify the individuals considerably. For example, where plants have established themselves on a ridge they assume crescentic, clipped forms, while on the steeper slopes the flat scrambling habit with spreading root-system, so typical of Salix serpyllifolia and Azalea procumbens, is characteristic. Other individuals of this association are Arctostaphylos alpina, Daphne mezereum, Rosa alpina, Salix reticulata, Salix retusa, Dryas octopetala, Helianthemum vulgare and Globularia cordifolia. A comparison of the above flora with that described by Dr Crampton? indicates striking differences. In the latter flora the dominant individuals are Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Alchemilla alpina, Luzula silvatica, Empetrum nigrum, Azalea procumbens. The only plant common to both is Azalea procumbens. As will be seen later, the flora referred to by Dr Crampton occurs at a lower elevation in association with mountain pine (Pinus montana) and larch (Larix decidua). The evolution of step-formation is probably as follows:— One of the above-mentioned plants establishes itself on a frost- debris slope, and immediately the sliding debris begins to collect behind it. This causes a rise in level and at the same time a diminution in slope at that point, with the result that a miniature terrace is formed. ‘The plant then by pressure from behind assumes a more or less vertical position, and, depending on the species and on the robustness of growth, it may develop so that the top is horizontal, while the lower part is almost vertical, thus forming a step (PI. III. fig. 1). Such steps may be overwhelmed by falling debris during or after their formation and disappear. The formation is thus a shifting one, and as such its limits of occurrence cannot be cont laid down, though in this locality it may range from 7000 feet to 8000 feet. As the lower limit of this formation is approached the association becomes more closed. PINUS MONTANA (BUSH FORM) ASSOCIATION. Descending through the above step-formation a change in the type of vegetation is observed, and mountain pine makes its appearance. As is seen from Pl. III. fig. 2, the latter at its upper limit is fairly open. Towards its lower limit, however, 1 See The Vegetation of Caithness considered in Relation to the Geology, C. B. Crampton, M.B., C.M., 1911, pp. 43-46. PuateE IIT. FIG. 5. Fic. 6. For explanations of figures, see text. P. Gordon, photo. [To face p. 48. For explanations of figures, see text. G. P. Gordon, photo. SOME VEGETATION TYPES AT HIGH ALTITUDES. 49 it becomes almost completely closed. This association extends along the upper margin of tree-growth, where it forms the highest forest zone, and ascends to 7ooo feet. It occurs typically as almost pure forest on the screes of the middle valley slopes, which are quite incapable of supporting any other species. Like the last association it descends considerably in the wash-out channels, and in these the trees tend to arch over the centre of the channel (Pl. III. fig. 3). It also occurs at comparatively low altitudes on moraines and gravel banks. Hence it would appear that soil conditions rather than climatic conditions are the main factors in its distribution. From the growth habit of the species its great value as forming protection-forest may be easily seen (Pl. III. fig. 4). As a result of the peculiar trailing habit, many of its branches are buried in snow for the greater part of the year. These are often attacked by the fungus Herfotricha nigra, which, by means of its mycelium, holds the trailing branches to the ground and forms a brown felt of hyphze round the needles of erect branches. Practically the only species obtained in admixture in this association is spruce (/icea excelsa), and its occurrence is exceedingly rare. The chief plant associates of the mountain pine are Lyrica carnea, Daphne striata, Dryas octopetala, Calluna vulgaris, Arctostaphylos uva urst, Juniperus nana, Vaccinium uliginosum, V. vitis tdea, V. myrtillus, Pirola secunda, Cotoneaster vulgaris, etc. These, however, do not occur in the form of an under- growth, since the low, branching habit of this form of mountain pine does not allow of any such development. They are to be found, therefore, forming the soil-covering of the many gaps which occur in the formation. Perhaps one of the most interesting features of this type of forest is the suddenness with which it may give place to quite a new type. The main factors responsible for the change would seem to be a difference in depth and mechanical consistency of the soil. For example, Pl. III. fig. 5 shows in the foreground Pinus montana (bush form) forest changing abruptly into larch (Larix europea) forest at the same altitude. The only explana- tion to be offered is that, where the larch occurs, the soil is deeper and not so loose as that on the scree slopes which bear the mountain pine formation. Another interesting case is. seen in Pl. III. fig. 7, where the mountain pine (bush form) VOL. XXVIII. PART I. D 50 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. association gives place to a forest of erect varieties of mountain pine, Here again the difference is an increase in the depth of soil, combined with greater stability. PINUS MONTANA (ERECT FORM) ASSOCIATION. Following immediately on the last association, and forming with it the upper forest zone of the whole district, is the mountain pine (erect form) association. In general appearance it differs greatly from the last association, since it forms high-forest with an undergrowth. The individual trees have a height of over 30 feet, and, although the density of stocking is low, the quality of the stems is fairly good. A slight admixture of rowan (Soréus aucuparia) is obtained in these forests. Species of juniper (Juniperus communis and /. nana) for the most part form the undergrowth, while Erica carnea, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis tdea, Dryas octopetala, Globularia cordifolia, Daphne mezereum, D. striata, Pirola secunda, Arctostaphylos uva urst, Rhododendron hirsutum, Luzula silvatica, Poa alpina, Oxalis acetosella complete the association, which is a practically closed one. This formation appears to be specially suited to the zone it occupies, constituting as it does the intermediate stage between the dwarf forest above and the high-forests of larch, Cembran pine, Scots pine and spruce at lower levels. As regards general distribution the upper forest zone extends over large areas. Its outer margin assumes a very ragged appearance, particularly in the small valleys near the head of Val Cluoza, where the cold winds from the mountains limit its distribution in exposed places. The various forms of Pinus montana occupying this zone have been fully described by Dr S, E. Brunies.1 Larcu (Larix europea) AND CEMBRAN PINE (Pinus Cembra) ASSOCIATION, At a lower level the zone of larch and Cembran pine is entered upon. This is the highest belt of mixed coniferous forest in the district. It may, in parts, consist of practically pure larch forest, while elsewhere Pinus Cembra may predominate. Towards the upper limit of the formation, the canopy is even more open than that of the mountain pine 1 Die Flora des Ofengebtetes, Separatabdruck aus dem Jahresbericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Graubiindens: Band xlviii, 1905-06, pp. 205-211, SOME VEGETATION TYPES AT HIGH ALTITUDES, 51 (erect form) association, Small forest clearings occur in places, and are very characteristic of this class of forest, especially where larch is abundant (Pl. III. fig. 8). The undergrowth is very sparse and consists mainly of juniper (/umiperus communis). Approaching the lower limit Pinus Cembra is replaced by spruce (Picea excelsa) and Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), together with Pinus silvestris var. Engadinensis. Occasional specimens of the erect form of mountain pine also occur in this forest zone, Thus larch, spruce and Scots pine form the mixed coniferous forest of this region. The forests in the vicinity of Zernez form an excellent example of such a mixed forest. The following broad-leaved species occur in the above asso- ciation:—Aspen (Populus tremula), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), Sorbus Chamemispilus, and birch (Betula pubescens). In the undergrowth, juniper, barberry (Berderis vulgaris), Lonicera nigra, L. cerulea, and willow (Salix cinerea) make their appear- ance. The ground vegetation, which in the upper stretches of the zone has complete possession of the soil, has not such a robust development towards its lower limits owing to the presence of spruce. This ground flora consists chiefly of the following :—Rhododendron hirsutum, Daphne striata, D. mezereum, Vaccinium vitis tdea, Pirola uniflora, P. media, Erica carnea, Calluna vulgaris, Melampyrum silvaticum, M. pratense, Linnea borealis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Sesleria cerulea, etc. Some of the tree types of the mixed coniferous forest associa- tion are of special interest, for example, Przus silvestris var. Engadinensis, which is an important constituent of this forest zone. It differs in many respects from Pinus silvestris as we know it in Scotland. In growth habit it is tall and somewhat pyramidal, the side branches are comparatively slender, and the crown has no tendency to have a wide umbrella-like expansion. The crown is rather deeply set, and altogether of a loose, open nature, since the whorls of branches are widely spaced. Asa result of this open formation of crown it suffers much less from snowbreak than the common variety. The red copper-colour of the bark of the crown branches, so character- istic of the common variety, extends practically to the foot of the tree in variety Exgadinensis. The bark in quite old trees is neither so thick nor so much fissured as that of the. common variety. The duramen even of large stems is light red to 52 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. almost white.! There is in addition a marked difference in the cones—that of the variety ngadinensis is glossy with a dark ring on the apophysis round the base of the papilla. The cones also are not pendulous but horizontal. The above description in many respects might apply equally well to the Schwarzwald (Black Forest) form of Pinus stlvestris in Germany. The larch (Larix europea) of this association has an inter- esting growth habit. In these natural forests it has not the development in height-growth which is usually attained in a plantation. The stem is clothed almost to the ground with long slender branches, which are festooned with Usnea barbata and Priologum barbatum. The bark of the stem is often clothed with Lvernia vulpina. The bark on the windward side is much thicker and redder in appearance. This is said to be due to the action of rain and snow driving against the stem. The cracks on the bark are consequently deepened on that side, and the following season a greater development of bark ensues. A feature of the larch in this area is the almost entire absence of larch disease (Dasycypha Calycina). At times, however, it suffers severely from the attack of Steganoptycha pinicolana, which occasionally causes complete defoliation. The timber of these larch forests shows a very large proportion of deep red heart-wood to sap-wood, with narrow uniformly-spaced annual: rings indicative of healthy conditions and slow growth. Pinus Cembra presents a marked contrast in habit to the last. two types. It forms a compact, heavily-foliaged tree, which is strongly branched almost to the ground (PI. III. fig. 8). The deep green foliage and sombre appearance gives it a good claim to the title of the “Cedar of the Alps.” The development in height-growth would seem better than that of larch, while it has also a broader extension of crown. The short ovate, upright cone with thick seed scales and seeds in the form of light-brown, thick-shelled nuts; the five-needled sheaths; and the young shoots with a dense covering of felty brown hairs are prominent diagnostic characters of the species. Spruce (Picea excelsa) in this forest zone does not show any abnormal development other than the pendulous habit of the smaller side branches and twigs, an adaptation common in alk districts where the snowfall is heavy. 1 Die Flora des Ofengebietes. SOME VEGETATION TYPES AT HIGH ALTITUDES. 53 The foregoing types of forest form a natural succession which may be traced from Zernez along Val Cluoza and Valletta to Piz Quater Vals. The types forming the succession have undergone little or no modification, so that they give a fair sample of the original forest flora of the district. This natural sequence of forest is all the more interesting in that it is practically a pure coniferous one. Of the. broad-leaved species which occur sporadically in it, birch (Betula pudescens) ascends highest, in the intermediate zones rowan (Sordus aucuparia) is to be found, and in the lowest forest zone, aspen (fopulus tremula) appears. A comparison of the above with forest zones in Scotland! shows considerable variation. In the first instance the individual species differ, while there are also fewer types in Scotland. As regards altitudinal distribution the Scottish forest zones have a more restricted range, and do not form any definite succession such as occurs in Val Cluoza and Valletta. The forest succession in the Alps? is completed by the silver fir (Adies pectinata) and beech (Fagus silvatica) associa- tions, the former following the mixed coniferous associations as a descent is made to lower altitudes. Such a succession shows clearly that different conditions of locality demand different species, and points to the importance of suiting the species to the locality in artificial cultivation. GRAZING ASSOCIATIONS. It is to be expected that where.a natural succession of forest meets the agricultural land of the valleys, it will undergo modification. A very good example occurs in Valle di Livigno, a continuation of the Spdéltal into the north of Italy. Valle di Livigno is a broad glaciated valley with a flat bottom, which is worked as meadow land. The only crops raised are grass and hay as fodder for cattle. The following plants constitute the meadow land association :—TZyisetum flavescens, Agrostis vulearis, Phleum alpinum, Polygonum bistorta, Crepis grandifiora, Campanula Scheuchzeria, Rumex arifolius, Trifolium pratense, T. alpinum, Euphrasia minima, Nardus stricta, Anthoxanthum 1 See ‘‘ Primitive Woodland and Plantation types in Scotland,” G, P. Gordon, Zvansactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, vol. xxlv., part il, I9II, p. 174. * See Fremdlindliche Wald und Parkbiume fiir Europa, Prof, Heinrich Mayr. ' ) 54 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. odoratum, Viola tricolor, Lychnis alpina, etc. ‘This association extends to the bottom slope of the valley, where it meets and extends into larch forest (Pl. III. fig. 6). The density of stocking of the forest is very low, with the result that the meadow associa- tion completely covers the soil. The small chalet (Pl. III. fig. 6) indicates the centre from which grazing operations in the forest are carried on. This zone of open larch forest extends in a strip along both sides of the valley. The individual trees are almost of a park type, as each stem has ample room for development. The branches extend down to the ground and the trees are pyramidal in shape. The development in height-growth is poor, and evidences of natural regeneration are very rare. Ascending to the middle valley slope where the ground is too steep for grazing cattle the type of forest changes, and an association of Pius Cembra with some admixture of larch occurs (Pl. III. fig. 9). This formation is normal and corresponds to the description already given for the type. At still higher elevations, up to over 7000 feet, and occupying all the land not under forest, occur the typical upland meadows of the Alps. These are managed on the chalet system, which is as follows:—In summer the cattle, sheep and goats are driven from the valleys to the upland meadows. The sheep and goats are put on the highest pastures, which are usually comparatively dry, while the cattle graze the lower and moister meadows. The milk of the cows and goats is manufactured into butter and cheese in the chalet. In autumn all the stock descends to the valleys. It is interesting to note that there are records that a similar system of grazing was formerly practised in certain districts of Scotland. The primary effect of grazing on this association is to disturb the ecological equilibrium, since the cattle are selective in their feeding. Such a modification was clearly shown in the Bernina Pass where a grazed area was observed to adjoin an ungrazed area. In the moister parts of the cattle pastures, e.g. on plateaux and in slight depressions, etc., the land is worked into small hillocks (such as occur on alluvial land which is subject to flooding). The cattle construct a network of irregu- larly winding paths, which they always keep to, and so the ground forming the meshes of the network in time becomes much higher than the paths. The tops of these hillocks are comparatively dry, and often crowned with tufts of alpine rose SOME VEGETATION TYPES AT HIGH ALTITUDES. 55 (Rhododendron hirsutum). The droppings of the cattle on these pastures encourage the growth of plants, so that a luxuriant rank growth is obtained in places. Of the many representatives constituting this widespread association, the following examples may be mentioned :— Carex nigra, C. sempervirens, Phleum alpinum, Poa alpina var. vivipara, fPotentilla aurea, Viola calcarata, Pedicularis verti- cillata, Helianthemum alpestre, Veronica aphylla, Nardus stricta, Luszula lutea, Trifolium alpinum, Ranunculus montanus, R. pyrenaicus, Myosotis alpestris, Campanula barbata, Ligusticum mutellina, LEuphrasia minima, Leontodon pyrenaicus, Festuca Flalleri, Gentiana excisa, Crepis aurea, etc. SUMMARY. The forest flora of the district under consideration may be grouped under several distinct associations, which arrange themselves into the following succession :— 1. Mountain pine (bush form). This forms a dwarf type of forest, which occupies the upper limits of tree-growth and occurs also in wash-out channels on the slopes. It has an irregular and somewhat restricted distribution. 2. Mountain pine (erect form). High-forest is produced at a lower level by the erect form of the mountain pine. In Val Cluoza its distribution is somewhat restricted, whereas in Spdltal it has the widest distribution of all the forest formations. 3. Larch and Cembran pine. A mixed forest type containing larch and Pinus Cembra succeeds the last association, and marks the beginning of mixed forests. The above two species occur at the upper limits of the zone, while larch alone descends to the lower limits, and is found there in association with spruce and Scots pine. These three species form the mixed forest type of the district. This association has the widest distribution of all. 4. Grazing forest (larch). This is a compromise between agricultural and forest land, and its distribution is restricted. It assumes a strip formation extending along the bottom valley slope and skirts the forest. 56 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 5. Forestry at Home and Abroad. By A. W. BortTHwick, D.Sc. During the past few years some progress has been made towards the development of Scottish forestry, but that progress, it must be admitted, has been disappointingly slow. Undoubt- edly the most important forward step made was the publication of the Glen Mor Survey Report by Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling. This pioneer and fundamental work leaves no room for doubt or even for hesitation, in accepting the statement, that, before the work of afforestation can be undertaken on a national scale, we must first know the extent of land available for that purpose. The prime importance of a general survey of the whole country is admitted by foresters of all grades and by all who know anything about the possibilities of forestry, but while much discussion is taking place about what are at the present time more or less irrelevant details, the main line of development is being lost sight of. The importance attached to survey work by eminent foresters in other countries, especially in America, is well illustrated by the following extract from American Forestry } :— “The Secretary of Agriculture recently signed an agreement with the State of North Carolina for a co-operative study of forest conditions in the eastern Piedmont region. The work will be carried on by the Forest Service and by the State geological and economic survey with one-half of the cost paid by each. j “The study will determine the distribution and proportion of forest lands, and the relative value of lands for timber and for agriculture. It will take into account the present status of lumbering, the causes and effects of forest fires, and will recom- mend a system of fire protection and of forest planting. “The study just arranged supplements two already completed in the more mountainous regions of the State. The first, a study of forest conditions in the Appalachians, has been published as a State report. A study of the forests of the western Piedmont region was completed recently, and the results are being pre- pared for publication. When the study of the eastern Piedmont region is finished, it is planned to proceed to a similar study of 1 American Forestry, vol. xix., No. 8, p. 560. FORESTRY AT HOME AND ABROAD, 57 the coastal plain region, so that eventually the entire State will be covered by a forest survey.” This example, though taken at random, shows in a typical manner what America has done, what she is doing, and what she intends to do. We beg to call special attention to the striking resemblance between the conclusions arrived at, after long experience, by Dr Fernow (see p. 78), who is one of America’s greatest forestry experts, and the recommendations which have been advocated by this Society and carried into effect in such a masterly manner by the authors of the Glen Mor Survey Report. As an appropriate illustration of the value of a flying survey of the whole country, attention may be called to the offer of a tract of land which was made by the Duke of Sutherland to the Government. The consideration of this offer was referred to the Development Commissioners, and it was refused by them. But how could they have possibly advised the Govern- ment adequately with regard to this offer when a _ proper survey had not been made of the land? As the matter stands at present, it is quite clear that our knowledge concerning the extent of the natural resources of our country as regards forestry and agricultural development is woefully deficient, and this even in a generation of educational and scientific enlightenment which prides itself upon its business capacity. If we turn our attention to China, that country which has long been regarded as the most backward nation in forestry and other matters, we find that the new republic has established a department of agriculture and forestry, and bids fair in the near future to outstrip us in forestry development if our progress does not become a little more rapid. The following statement was made recently by a Chinese who is at present studying American methods of forestry !:— “It is only since the republican form of Government has been established that China has awakened to the need of greater forest tracts, and this awakening is confined to the more pro- gressive and better educated men and not to the great mass of people. “The denuding of forest lands has been slow but steady, and the effects are now being felt keenly. Cutting timber has not 1 American Forestry, vol. xix., No. 8, p. 560. 58 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. been a commercial enterprise, but has been done as the lumber has been needed for home and general use. “It is not so many years ago that the scarcity was felt so keenly that bamboo, which grows rapidly, was selected for house building, furniture and other commodities. Brick, stone and mud are used for houses because there is not wood enough. “There are fine forests in China yet, but they are inaccessible and comparatively useless in preventing floods. No man can hope to arouse the Chinese to the need of tree planting from a patriotic standpoint, but it can be done from the viewpoint of commercialism. “Forestry will some day become one of the greatest fields of Government work in China. At present most of this work, the amount of which is hardly worth mentioning, is done by German foresters, but as fast as they can be educated Chinese will fill such positions as State foresters, superintendents, surveyors, rangers, clerks and timber experts. There are twenty-one provinces in China, each of which will have to have a head forester. “The. first work to be done will be the mapping of the entire country’s forest area, a gigantic proposition, but one which the Government stands ready to undertake when trained men can be obtained. I hope to be in the field within the next three years.” Surely this indicates a rapid awakening on the part of China to the requirements of modern times. Fortunately, Scotland is in some ways better off than China as regards the possibilities of forestry development. We have at least that spirit which prompts men to patriotic acts, among which tree planting is not the least. The history of forestry development in most countries shows that the various governments have had to overcome a large amount of popular prejudice in their endeavours to protect the forest in the interests of the country as a whole. The former Opposition to forest conservation and protection in Switzerland, by those interested in grazing rights, is typical of what has happened in other European countries, and even within our own shores examples in plenty could be given of the active hostility of those interested in grazing rights against the en- closure of parts of the Crown forests. In Canada the same lack of popular interest is felt. Apparently the man in the FORESTRY AT HOME AND ABROAD. 59 street does not know what forestry is, nor does he realise the enormous benefits which afforestation can confer. In Scotland we have land in abundance suitable for tree- growth. The reports by Royal Commissions and inquiries otherwise made prove this statement to be an established fact, and, what is more, no one disputes it. This land, therefore, must be regarded as an undeveloped natural resource, but still no systematic attempt has as yet been made to take stock of its potential value as a national asset. Further, all are agreed that we have the men trained in scientific and practical forestry whose co-operation is necessary in making a survey of our plantable land. We have, therefore, at the present moment the land and the men capable of developing it. The first step in that development must be a flying survey of the whole country on the basis of the Glen Mor model. This view is strongly supported and backed up by the best brains in the country, but, unfortunately, no definite move has as yet been made to set in motion the machinery necessary for the making of such a survey, and still the puzzling question, Why this delay ? remains unanswered. We hear of schemes for forestry education, the provision of expert advice for foresters and forest proprietors, the establish- ment of demonstration areas, and the promotion of forest and allied industries. These are undoubtedly all very excellent things in themselves, but it would surely seem reasonable to expect that in view of further developments we should find out without delay the full extent to which afforestation is possible in Scotland. If this were once known definitely, then those in authority and responsible for the economic development of the country would be able to embark on forestry development schemes with a definite knowledge of the extent and value of the final results to which those schemes would lead. As the parts of an engine must be designed in proportion to each other and properly balanced, so must the organisation for forestry development be arranged and the subsequent operations carried out in their proper sequence. The following paragraph, taken from the Canadian Forestry Journal, applies to the position of forestry in Canada } :— “In taking stock of the forestry position, it is seen that there has been a good deal of activity along certain lines with 1 Canadian Forestry Journal, vol. ix., No. 10, p. 145. 60 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. delay and hesitation along others. There is more machinery than ever before, more money being spent. The effort must now be to so balance the effort as to keep the cart behind the horse. What is needed is organisation, co-ordination, and the doing of first things first.” This might well have been written in regard to the present position of forestry in Scotland. 6. Continental Notes—France. By A. G. HoBART-HAMPDEN,. I. As at home, so abroad, there is great discussion as to the advisability or otherwise of using seed from foreign countries. In particular the seed of Scots pine from Auvergne, where in that mild and regular climate seeding is profuse, has been very severely criticised in Germany, and M. Huffel has set himself to consider whether the criticism is justified. Possibly it began in trade rivalry, the French seed being very cheap, but foresters of note, from whom careful statements may be expected, have proved beyond doubt that the results of using foreign seed have often been most disastrous. Thus Dr Schwappach states that hundreds of acres of Scots pine grown from French seed have utterly failed at 10 to 15 years of age. Russian foresters have found that their plantations of Scots pine grown from German seed have failed at 20 to 30 years, and the Swedes have had a similar, and very marked, experience. Also in Prussia the French plants suffered badly from ‘leaf shedding” (rouge, schiitte), At the same time the French plants have done well in Austria, Switzerland and Belgium. M. Huffel thinks that the cause of the disaster in Prussia may have been the habit of forwarding the cones from Auvergne before they are ripe (to prevent loss of seed in transit), and the consequent necessity of subjecting them on arrival to great heat. Incidentally, M. Huffel writes in a most interesting way of the transmissibility of the characteristics of the various races of the Scots pine. This species ranges from Lapland to Spain, and varies, as M. Huffel says, as much as does a Lapp fisherman from a Basque mountaineer. He quotes many experiments showing that the seed of any variety, wherever sown, invariably produces CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE,. 61 young plants with the characteristics of its origin, but that these characteristics disappear gradually with time until the trees become precisely similar to the local race. Thus, at Les Barres, Scots pine grown from Russian seed still showed at 50 years of age signs of their origin, whereas at 80 to go years the difference had disappeared, and they resembled the local Scots pine. Again, at Nancy, Russian pines, 50 years old, while still showing some traces of their origin, have steadily and progressively grown more and more like the French pines. M. Cannon, an old planter in Central France, writes of his experience with Scots pine seed. In 1871-72 he planted a large area—some 120 acres—4 feet by 4 feet, with plants from seed bought at Orleans, but coming probably from Alsace or Germany, since at that period other seed establishments within commercial distance did not exist. The success was great. In 1875 he planted as before, but the plantation suffered very much from a drought. Nevertheless this plantation is now quite good, and the point is that the stems are good even where they were accidentally thinned out by the drought. So, too, with the thinned parts of the 1871 plantation. Seeing this M. Cannon planted in 1881-82, at 5 feet by 5 feet, with plants raised from seed from Darmstadt. The result has been very bad. He thinks, then, that before 1870 the demand for Scots pine seed being slight only good seed from fine trees was used, but later, on the demand increasing very greatly, seed was obtained from all sorts and conditions of places and parent trees. To know the origin, therefore, of the seed is of great importance, but what has gone before seems rather to show that so long as the seed itself is good, at a suitable condition of ripeness, from a strong parent, and properly handled in transit, the place from which it comes does not so much matter. That appears to me to be the inference, though it is not very definite. II. M. Maire, Director of the forests of Eu and Aumale, in Normandy, noticed in the drought of 1911 very numerous instances of splitting, resembling frost-crack, among spruce of 20 to 30 years of age, and always on the most thriving stems. These particular spruce are growing at some 600 to 650 feet above sea-level, which is, of course, far below their natural habitat, and M. Maire hazards the suggestion that the damage was due to this fact, and if so that it is one argument the more against 62 ‘TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. growing trees out of their proper mzl/ieu. Nevertheless he admits that the larch, as also the Scots and Corsican pines, growing with this spruce did not suffer; and it might be added that the silver fir is very successful in Normandy. However, if the larch did not happen to suffer from this particular trouble, though out of its habitat, it suffers from other things—canker for instance. In this connection M. Guinier lays down that if the conditions of soil and climate allow recourse to a variety superior to the local variety by the rapidity of its growth, straightness of trunk, or any other advantageous character, we may employ this variety with profit, but we run the risk of seeing the intro- duced variety becoming modified more or less rapidly after the first generation. This agrees with M. Huffel above. This matter of growing species out of their true habitat is really very important, yet somehow is very little considered. Prima facie it is of course unwise to employ species out of their own home, yet it may still be worth while to plant here, if they will grow,—even moderately—species which in their own home are unusually good, in the hope that they will at least give fair results. III. M. Jolyet, of the Nancy Research Station, has an interesting note on Banks’ pine. Its chief point is its great hardiness, for it can stand any amount of drought, and a very low temperature indeed (—40°C.). It can accommodate itself to quite poor soils, both chemically and physically speaking. It prospers in even superficial calcareous soils, and might therefore, we should think, be used for planting up thin soils over chalk, where even the beech is stunted, It starts quickly, but does not attain great dimensions. ‘The wood is said to be fairly good. IV. M. Moreau states that he has found that the planting of lines of birch, with a north-south direction, at intervals in nurseries of broad-leaved species, has several advantages. First, since the birch is early in leaf and does not mind frost, it gives useful shelter against the rising sun, that special cause of damage when there is a spring frost ; secondly, it gives shelter against the great heat in the dog-days, from 2 P.M. onwards ; and thirdly,—a special point—it is useful in dealing with an invasion of cockchafers. The birch being early in leaf the cockchafers go first to it, and, therefore, all that has to be done is to shake the birch plants in the morning while the insects are still stupid CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE, 63 with the cold, when they can be easily collected and destroyed. This tree, it appears, can itself survive attack from the grub in consequence of its faculty of throwing out rootlets just below the collar to replace those that have been eaten off. Cockchafers are indeed a tremendous curse when they swarm, which they do in cycles. They go for purposes of egg-laying to freshly turned earth, as in nurseries or fields, and some think, therefore, that nurseries should be made far inside a forest area, V. It is often desired to introduce conifers into coppice-under- standards with the view of an eventual complete transformation into conifers. This has been done successfully on the first plateau of the Jura, among the coppices with somewhat shallow soil, and silver fir has been used. At this place the silver will not thrive with less than 24 inches of rain, nor below 500 metres (1640 feet), but obviously this altitude may be greatly reduced in higher latitudes. In the case in point, the method was to abandon at once the coppice method and to substitute for it thinnings at 1o-year intervals, removing all the standards in the first thinning. This looks like eating up the capital rapidly, but circumstances might sometimes justify the proceeding. Were spruce or Douglas used the thinning would have to be heavier, while in the latter case the soil must not be shallow. The matter is one of importance to us in Britain, because there are now so many coppices that have lost all value. M. Cuif, one of the Research officers at Nancy, is strongly in favour of the silver fir for this purpose. It can easily be brought into a thinned coppice—far more easily than other conifers. The process of removing the coppice should be gradual, because of the frost-tenderness of the silver. More than any other this species will stand the shade and cover of the coppice. After the plant has reached about 6 feet in height the spring frosts do not matter. M. Cuif says that the silver fir stands drought better than the spruce, and is perhaps the least touched by insects and fungi of all the conifers. One needs great patience, however, for the growth is dreadfully slow up to about 14 years of age, though after that the species goes ahead, and will produce more timber than any other European species (Schlich). As an example of what may be done in substituting very good silver fir for bad coppice (which in this case meant also thin soil) M. Cuif quotes a plantation near Nancy. The place is very cold in winter and very hot in summer. The present crop comes from 64 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. a sowing made in 1871 under the coppice standards, and all the old coppice has been gradually removed. The silver now numbers 2085 to'the acre, measuring some 4255 cub. feet. ; minimum girth at chest-height 5*1 inches, maximum 26°4 inches ; height of stems 1g ft. 8 ins. to 46 feet; height of boles 13 feet to 23 feet; mean annual production during the last 40 years 105°8 cub. feet per acre. VI. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is one of the best wooded countries of Europe. 32°2°/, (205,907 acres) of the total area is under wood, but of this only 1593 belong to the State, 6422 to the Crown, and 125,728 to the communes and public establishments (whose woods, as elsewhere, are worked under State supervision). The south part of the Duchy is a plain; the north is mountainous (Ardennes), running up to some 1600 feet. Besides hardwoods (beech chiefly) there are the usual conifers (silver fir is scarce), but these have only been introduced since 1840. The latter are out of their true habitat, and though they grow rapidly (and have accordingly relatively inferior quality) they go off quickly from disease unless mixed with beech, when both longevity and quality improve. It has been found that among several exotic conifers tried only the green Douglas succeeds. This species is not exacting, and grows well wherever the spruce will grow. It resists spring frosts, drought and great cold well. In 1907 a spruce plantation on poor, sandy soil succumbed to drought, whereas an adjacent Douglas plantation stood it admirably. The species has been known to stand -11° F. Hitherto the method of treatment (now changed) has been Selection with a 20-25-year cycle. As the crop was not touched in this interval this method has been harmful, because the young growth has been stifled by the upper stage. But I think that had an Intermediate operation been prescribed which, while not being a regular regeneration felling, relieved congestion among the stems of the upper stage, and also cut back the stems whose crowns were growing out over existing groups of young growth, the system would not have been at all bad. VII. The forests of Corsica cover 16 °/, of the island, and their area is 430,768 acres, or, deducting rocks and unproductive ground, 346,541 acres. Of this, 326,055 acres are worked by the Forest Service. The actual State forest area is only 115,673 acres. More than a third of the island is, apart from the CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE, 65 forests, covered with scrub. The Holm oak (Quercus ilex) occupies 28 °/, of the wooded area, the Corsican pine 25 °/,, the Maritime pine 23 °/,, the beech 12 °/,, the cork oak 3 °/,, and divers species 9 °/,. Government took up the subject in 1856, and began by tapping the Corsican pine for resin. This was commercially successful during the American war, but afterwards the trade fell to pieces. The out-turn was good, but there were no local workmen (veszniers), and those brought from the flat Landes did not like the steep ground and the loneliness. Tapping also does not suit the Corsican pine, and much damage has resulted from these early and crude workings. Of late years they have started, with apparent success, the tapping of the Maritime pine, which is the resin-producing pine of the Landes. They used to work the Corsican pine on the Uniform (or Successive fellings) method, and this is the method par excellence for pine forests, which regenerate themselves easily. It resulted in large areas clothed exclusively with young pine woods, which, when one of the numerous fires occurred, were destroyed—since the bark of young trees is not thick enough to resist—and there were then no means of restoring the regenera- tion. Accordingly they have fallen back on Selection, which is not so convenient for resin-tapping as the original method (with its concentration of work). A few standards—and but very few would probably be ample—left purposely scattered throughout the forest would, we think, meet the contingency, and allow of the application of the better method of treatment. Of course it is goats and fires that are the chief curse of the island. VIII. It may have occurred to some that additional revenue might be made from our pine woods by tapping them for resin. The chief resin-yielding pine in Europe is the Maritime pine (P. Pinaster), and this tree, in the Landes, gives as much revenue from its resin as from its timber. To decide whether resin-tapping could be extended to other latitudes, with other pines, the Research Station at Nancy has made very careful experiments with the Scots and the Austrian pines, and the results have shown that commercial success would be very doubtful at that latitude (49° N.), and therefore, since heat seems to cause a more plentiful flow of resin, it would almost certainly not pay at home to undertake this work. The summer heat at Nancy is higher,than in England. It is true that the price of turpentine and{colophany (the components of resin) is nowadays VOL, XXVIII, PART I, E 66 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. rising, but it fluctuates, and therefore renders outlay on the construction of factories too risky. Very occasionally, as during the American civil war, the prices obtained from the products of resin-tapping have been very high. The Nancy experiments showed that the Austrian was a little better than the Scots for the production of resin, but the amount of resin per gwarre (or groove made for the tapping) was only 12 to 13 oz. a year. The pine in the Landes produces from one to two litres (1 litre = 1°76 pint) per guarre per annum. IX. M. Chancerel points out that whereas the fabrication of woodpulp for paper uses up immense quantities of timber, and the demand constantly increases, the pines, and especially the Scots and Maritime pines, are too full of resin to make good paper. He suggests, therefore, that if the resin can be got rid of a very large addition to the supply of wood available will be made. He says that the resin can be got rid of either by as- solving or by neutralising it. For dissolving it he proposes, after rejecting several solvents that are dangerous or costly, the use of medicated (dénaturé) alcohol. ‘The alcohol is heated in a water- bath, and the vapour of the alcohol, when cooled and liquified, passes through the wood-fibre and back into the original vessel, carrying with it the resin (in the form of turpentine and colophany) and such other organic matters as are soluble in alcohol, but these are small in amount. The wood is completely purged of resin. The neutralising process is even simpler and cheaper. The turpentine is first removed by passing steam through the wood fibre, after which the fibre is boiled with a solution of soda, which neutralises all the acids present, as well as the colophany. To test this we may distil the fibre with alcohol, and if the alcohol dissolves nothing it is clear that the resin has been got rid of. X. The French Parliament is discussing the placing of private woods under the surveillance of the State—not, it is thought, the forcible placing of them under the State, but whether private proprietors should be af /iberty to obtain for their woods, to a greater or less extent, the assistance of the Government, as represented by its forest officers. The object is, of course, to encourage afforestation, for the idea includes the formation of new woods as well as the maintenance o those in existence. The subject is worthy of our consideration. The first step has been made here by the appointment of advisory CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE, 67 officers, but a great deal more could surely be done. In the first place, as things are at present, these advisory officers are given a difficult—even, sometimes, an invidious—task, for they are called in to prescribe for woods they have not previously known, and which they will probably not see again, and they seem to be situated as would be a doctor who has never seen his patient before, and is required to cure that patient with one prescription after one visit. Now the best forester in the world could not be certain of giving absolutely sure advice in such circumstances. The adviser needs to be permitted to watch his proposals in action for a certain period—say five years—in order that he may learn the /oca/ conditions, which are apt to vary greatly. A visit or two a year would be sufficient to show him how things were working out. It would probably be best to charge no fee for this, but the adviser should most decidedly be given the chance, not only to see whether the local conditions made it advisable for him to alter in any particular his original proposals, but also to see whether those proposals were under- stood in their execution. The necessity is not always fully realised of adhering strictly and steadily, and very patiently and persistently, to the prescriptions of a carefully thought-out scheme, if that scheme is to have a fair chance. Without this the advice will, it seems likely, lose more than half the value which it might have. In France the idea of assistance from State officers is not new—it is even, more or less unofficially, in practice. They have also one other advantage there that unfortunately cannot at once apply here—they have the example of the State forests. One hopes that some day there may also be State forests in the British Isles, and we may be perfectly sure, from the experience of other countries, that the true policy is to entrust to one energetic and wide-minded person (and zot to a Board) the work of building up a Forest Department. Such a Department would go from strength to strength, and we should insensibly find ourselves making a practice of com- municating with its officers. ‘Thus—and, one is inclined to think, not otherwise—will forestry flourish, for the necessary persistence is perhaps only to be certainly attained in a State service, XI. It may happen that members of our Society sometimes travel to Switzerland by way of Dijon and Lausanne. If so, and they would care to see the finest silver firs in France— perhaps in Europe—they might stop on the way and visit the 68 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Forét de Levier, which is some 2o kilometres from Pontarlier, on the highest plateau of the Jura. The forest of Levier is only one of many forests in that neighbourhood, but it is the most beautiful. Levier is a station up a branch line, which leaves the main line at Andelot, not far from Pontarlier. There is said to be an inn (the “ hotel de l’Ours”’) to stay at in the village of Levier. This is the true home of the silver fir, most of the forest being at from 2300 feet to 2800 feet above the sea. The growth of the species is here quite grand, and the stems reach 130 feet (occasionally 150 feet) in height. The production is of course very high, and the regeneration very good where it escapes the brambles, which, however, are very prevalent. Silver fir constitutes 90 °/, of the crop, and 10 °/, is spruce, relatively recently introduced. But the spruce is not in its own station, and is only considered an auxiliary species, destined to be removed in the thinnings. Its presence has a happy effect on the regeneration of the silver. What they want is a certain mixture of beech as a soil-improver. The area of the forest is 6700 acres, and the enumeration made in 1904 showed 629,902 trees of from 31°5 inches (80 centimetres) to 15 ft. 9 ins. (48 metres) in girth at chest-height—that is, 93 stems to the acre; but note that all stems below 314 inches girth are omitted, The corresponding volume, from the same stems, was found to be just over 5800 cubic feet to the acre. The “ possibility ” has been fixed by the Working-Plans Service at 12 cubic metres per hectare (just over 171 cubic feet per acre) per annum. XII. There has been great discussion lately concerning the sale of the forest of Eu, in Normandy. This forest belonged to the Orleans family, and it was proposed to sell it in the open market. This would have resulted in its complete devastation, in all probability, with dire effect on the local watercourses, and so forth. But the State has stepped in and acquired it by expropriation—that is, nine-tenths of the cost (and ownership) are to be the State’s part, and one-tenth that of the Department. It is a big thing, for the forest is 25,000 acres in extent, and one can travel for 50 kilometres without leaving it. XIII. The more inclement the climate, the more sterile the soil, the greater is the need for afforestation. This has been grasped of late years in a wonderful manner in Norway. There CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. 69 are, according to M. Perrin (in the Bulletin trimestriel de Franche Comté et Belfort), 14,820,000 acres under forest, and as much as 61,750,000 acres of unproductive land, in Norway. The treatment of the forest area leaves, it is believed, much to be desired, and in the waste country endless afforestation is possible and desirable, especially along the bare west coast. And for Norway the forest is the great asset. This having been perceived a society has, during the last dozen years, sprung up under the leadership of Axel Heiberg, and has spread itself over the whole of Norway. The Government has recognised its value, and assists it more and more each year. The constitution of the society appears to be rather complicated, but it is most effective. Besides extending forest knowledge in a variety of ways, it subscribes to afforestation work by private individuals and communes (which are not, in Norway, obliged to have their forests managed by the State), and although it must of course impose certain rules in regard to the spending of its subscriptions, more and more people come to it for assistance, both in advice and money. From its foundation to rg11 the society brought about the afforestation of between 54,000 and 55,000 acres with 88,000,000 plants and 4 tons of seed, and has drained over 32,000 acres with 2728 miles of ditches. Apart from these direct results is also the great effect produced, in a right direction, throughout the nation and on the Government. XIV. The floods of the Seine, which caused such trouble in Paris in 1910, gave rise to a great deal of discussion, many holding that more forest was needed in the basin of the river, and others saying that forests were of little use. M. Viney, an Inspector of Forests, says that in point of fact the part of the basin of the Seine which lies above Paris (nearly 12,000,000 acres) is wooded to the extent of 4,200,000 acres nearly, and is certainly the best wooded basin in France. At the same time the cause of afforestation has been supported by bad arguments. There are plenty of good arguments for it, but it is a mistake to claim for it impossibilities. It can do a great deal, but it is not an absolute panacea. M. Viney traces with great ability the action of water on the soil, and that of forests in connection with it. It is recognised that near large forests the air is cooler in summer, and damper and nearer saturation point .at all seasons, than in open country. The Research Station of Nancy 70 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, has established that the rain water intercepted by the trees, and evaporated before reaching the ground, varies between 6 °/, when the leaf is off and 11 °/, in summer. Yet, after ten years of observations, it has been found that the forest soil receives 12 °/, more water than the open country. The water which reaches the forest soil is partly evaporated, partly transpired by the trees, partly retained by the trees (but this counts for very little), partly sinks in, and, in certain circumstances, in part flows over the surface. Direct evaporation is reduced to 35 °/, under the forest, as compared with open land, when litter is wanting, and to 12 °/, when it exists, the ground being screened from wind and sun, while the air is moister and cooler than outside, but these figures will vary according to the degree of humidity of the soil. Evaporation by the trees themselves (¢.¢. transpiration) varies according to the species, the heat, the light, and the intervals between the showers. It is immensely greater than direct evaporation, as is seen when plantations dry up marshy ground. According to Risler a field crop transpires 75 °/, of the rain that falls; a forest transpires a great deal less, and a young forest very much less than an old one; but, on the other hand, the forest goes far deeper for the water, and transpires throughout the period of vegetation. Hohnel states that birch and lime transpire 600 to 700 kilogrammes of water per kilo of leaves weighed in a dry state; beech, 400 to 500 kilos; oak, 200 to 300 kilos; and conifer, only 30 to 50 kilos. However, we should note, in passing, that this can scarcely apply to the spruce, for this species has a quite unusual power of drying up the soil. The water level descends far lower under forest than it does outside. M. Viney thinks that in the Seine basin above Paris, where the rainfall varies from 20 to 32 inches, 20 centi- metres (or nearly 8 inches) is a fair estimate of the amount of water which reaches the rivers. The absorption of water varies according to the nature and depth of the soil, to the amount of water present in the soil at the time, to the slope, to the surface condition (grassy, cultivated, frozen, etc.), and, finally, to the duration and intensity of the rainfall. To study this phenomenon we must consider two things, the retaining capacity of the soil, and the rate at which it absorbs. The retaining capacity is reached when for every addition of water an equal amount runs away. After Meister, humus can take up 70 ¥ of its own volume, garden soil the same, peat 64 7%, and a lime soil 54 /%. After CONTINENTAL NOTES—FRANCE. TE Ebermayer, moss retains 70 to 80 7%. After Volny, turf retains half of the water a bare soil would allow to sink in. After Schloesing, a forest soil retains 42 %, or 10 % more than a limey clay soil. According to the German Research Stations 44 out of 100 millimetres of water falling on a forest soil will penetrate the upper layers, whereas with uncovered soil the figure would be 31. M. Viney therefore thinks that it would be reasonable to assume that an ordinary soil, 8 to 12 inches deep, covered by old coppice growth, would retain 2 inches more rain than waste land or bad pasture, which is the same as 500 cubic metres to the hectare (7149 cubic feet to the acre). The retain- ing capacity and the rate of absorption must go together, other- wise the water coming from a violent and continuous rain wilk pass off at once. Thus, a free gravel soil above rock will rapidly pass off the water along the top of the rock, and similarly a close-grained clay with a retaining capacity of 70 °/, will, after the surface is wetted, pass the water off the surface as does an impenetrable rock. The two qualities must go together if there is to be a properly regulated flow of water. And these two qualities are in fact found in the highest degree in a forest soil, with its sponge of humus, moss, etc., and its network of roots, which take the water down into the deep layers. Slopes of loose, unprotected soil are cut up by rain, the damage continually increasing, and spates and inundations result. Everything points to the necessity of checking the flow. Nothing does this like forest, which first prevents the dash of the rain on the surface, and then checks the flow by its spongy nature, while the roots hold the soil together. Still, it may be noted, even the best holding soil will sometimes reach its limit of saturation, and then the excess runs off the surface, so that even a forest soil cannot altogether stop floods. Though the action of forests on floods is incontestable, and very marked, and much more so where the slopes are steep than in low country, yet, as said at the beginning, it is not fair to expect impossibilities from afforestation. Thus, whereas it was calculated that from the rainfall in November and December 1909 an excess of 4? inches of water ran into the Seine (not merely fell on the area), had as much as 400,000 hectares (988,000 acres) out of the 12,000,000 acres of the basin above Paris been afftorested, in addition to the existing wooded area, this would only have absorbed 7064 million cubic feet (on the 72 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. basis, as above demonstrated, of a 2-inch check), and this would have been but little when compared with the 6 milliards of tons of water which the excess represented over the area concerned (for a milliard equals rooo millions). We may mention certain figures giving an idea of the material carried down by floods. Thus, from the Pyrenees, in times of heavy flood, for every cubic metre of water in the Garonne there is 14 kilo of mud, in the Neste 13 to 16 kilos, in the Agly up to 38 kilos; from the Alps, where matters are much worse, in the Glandon, 1 cubic metre of water will contain, in similar circumstances, 150 to 160 kilos, and the Isére has 123 kilos, which is equivalent, in 24 hours, to about 4,000,000 tons of silt for a flow of 380 cubic metres per second. 7. The Formation of Plantations on Deep Peat. (With Plate.) By DONALD GRANT. The area on which the plantations have been established comprises part of the estate of Corrour in Inverness-shire. They occupy the stretch of land which extends from Loch Treig to the river Spean. The plantations assume the form of a strip, vary- ing in width from roo yards to 500 yards, extending along the West Highland Railway for two miles and a half, and following the course of the river Spean for one mile and a half. The boundaries consist of a deer fence along the inner limits of the plantations, while the railway and the river Spean form the outer boundaries. The land over the greater part of the planted area is peat, ranging from 3 to 1o inches in depth on the knolls and slopes, while it attains a depth of over ro feet in the hollows and more level places. On gentle slopes where the peat does not exceed ro inches in thickness the subsoil is a stiff clay with a small proportion of white sand, while on the knolls and steep slopes we find a loose gravel and sand which, to all appearance, has been deposited in glacial times. The whole surface is covered with a strong growth of herbage, the dominant plants of which are the following:—Heather (Calluna vulgaris), bog myrtle (A/yrica gale), flying bent (Molinia cerulea), mat grass THE FORMATION OF PLANTATIONS ON DEEP PEAT. 73 (Wardus stricta); in addition to these, species of Carex and Juncus, cotton grass (Eriophorum vaginatum), species of orchids, and the dwarf willow are also met with. The elevation ranges from 700 feet to over goo feet above sea-level. The aspect of the strip which extends along the railway ranges from south- west to north, and the strip along the river Spean from north to north-east. The whole area slopes towards the outer boundaries. NATURE OF LAND. With a view to tree planting the peat is divided into three classes, viz. :—First class, or the best quality for tree-growth ; second class, or the next best quality; and third class, or the quality on which trees make least progress. The first class peat, or best quality, is invariably deep, sometimes attaining a depth of 8 feet. Itis very dark in colour, very porous, and holds a large quantity of water. It is very much easier cut with a spade, or any tool that may be used for draining it, than the second or third class. On it grow—JAZolinia cerulea, bog myrtle, some species of orchids, heather, and dwarf willow. The second class peat, or next best quality for tree planting, covers nearly two-thirds of the planted.area. It is dark brown in colour and does not attain a great average depth, very often not more than 18 inches. It is more fibrous, tight, and holds much less water than the first class. On it grows a mixture of heather, mat grass, bog myrtle, and a species of Carex. ‘The third class peat, or the most unsuitable quality for planting, is of a rather light brown colour, and varies from 3 inches to 8 feet in depth It is extremely tight, very fibrous, most difficult to cut, and holds less water than the first and second class. On it grow Carex, cotton grass, and a small proportion of heather. It may be worth while to add the following observations, because they bear out some facts which I have stated regarding the qualities of peat for tree-growing :—The very best class of peat is found where birch had once grown freely, and where their stems are still to be found in a decayed state as deep as 3 feet below the surface. On the other hand, the very worst, or the most unsuitable class for tree-growth, is found where Scots pine grew. Here we find stumps of fairly large trees measuring 30 inches in diameter, with quite a large proportion of smaller stumps from 6 to g inches in diameter just 74 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. immediately below the surface. A solid log of Scots pine was found last year about 2 feet below the surface. This tree was cut close to the root by a saw, and although we were able to count 115 annual rings, the diameter was only 15 inches. PLANTATION ‘TYPES. The plantations are chiefly made of Sitka spruce (Picea sttchensts), Norway spruce (Picea excelsa), Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), Mountain pine (Pinus montana var. uncinata), with some Picea Omorika and Picea Engelmannit. Sitka Spruce—In March and April 1908 part of the enclosure which follows the course of the river Spean was planted with Sitka spruce. The peat was from 22 inches to 28 inches deep; this was not quite so deep as the average, and was the best quality or first class. A few weeks previous to planting some drains 18 inches deep with a proportional width were dug at a cost of 17s. per acre. The plants were notched at a distance of 3 ft. 3 ins. apart, and cost £1 peracre. Theage of the plants was 2-year 1-year. They were bought from Germany at a very low price, and were planted straight out on their arrival. Some of the plants were so small that the grass had to be burned off the surface to allow of their being planted properly. In July 1908 the growth of grass threatened to smother some of the smaller plants, so that cutting had to be done, which cost ros. per acre. The following summer some more grass had to be cut over the same area at a cost of 13s. 4d. per acre. The plants have now established themselves very well, and look very promising although they are still rather irregular in size. Beating up was considered unnecessary owing to the small number of deaths. In autumn 1908 another piece of the same enclosure was planted with Sitka spruce. The peat was on the whole rather shallow, and only in the hollows did it exceed 26 inches. It was second class quality. A few weeks previous to planting some drains were made 18 inches deep and 16 inches wide, at a cost of 13s. 4d. per acre. The plants were again got from Germany ‘They were 2-year 1-year, and on their arrival in Noveinber they were immediately planted out. In the beginning of the following summer it was observed that nearly all the plants had shed their leaves, and died. There are two reasons for this failure. Inthe first place, the peat had not THE FORMATION OF PLANTATIONS ON DEEP PEAT. 75 been sufficiently drained, neither were the drains cut early enough to take away the excessive moisture ; and secondly, the winter which followed planting was very severe. Later in summer it became evident that something should be done to replace the dead plants and to bring the land into a better state, by making more drains. The Belgian system of planting was suggested, and draining operations were at once begun, and completed before the end of November at a cost of £2, 6s. 8d. per acre. The drains were made at a distance of 6 feet apart, and were 18 inches wide and 1o inches deep. The inverted turfs were left to decay during the winter, and by the late spring they were in excellent condition for planting. The plants used were 3-year-old Norway spruce, raised in seed-beds at Pollok, and lined one year in the Fersit nursery. They were planted out in April. Two handfuls of coarse sand were put in along with the roots of each plant. Since then the plants have made steady progress ; the death rate has hardly reached 1 %. During the autumn of 1908 a strip 3 acres in extent, running along the railway side, had also been drained. The peataveraged 8 feet in depth, and was of first class quality. The Belgian method of draining had been employed at a cost of £2, 6s. 8d. per acre. The drains were cut 6 feet apart, 18 inches wide and 1o inches deep, and then this piece was left over till April 1909, when planting was begun on the inverted turf at a cost of 16s. 8d. per acre. The greater part of this was planted with 3-year-old Sitka spruce and the remainder with Picea Omorika. Both species were raised at Pollok, and lined one year in the Fersit nursery. At the beginning of autumn a close examination was made, and it was observed that all the plants had made a very short growth, but happily all were alive. The following season they made a good vigorous growth and looked very well, again next summer they grew much better, but before the autumn came many of them got very yellow, owing to the fact that by this time the roots had made their way through the inverted turf, and penetrated the wet peat that had evidently not been sufficiently drained. Steps were at once taken to remove the excessive moisture, and the drains were dug to a depth of 20 inches at a cost of £2, 8s. per acre. The material from the drains was spread over the whole surface among the young trees, like a top dressing, and before the end of the following summer the effect of this deepening could easily be 76 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. seen, while the trees grew more vigorously than before, and again assumed a robust green colour. In the summer and autumn of 1910 a large area towards the end of Loch Treig was drained. The peat varied in depth trom 18 inches to 4 feet, and was mainly second class quality, the remainder being third class. The Belgian method of draining was at once decided on, and operations were immediately begun. Owing to the very wet nature of the land, and the difficulty of removing the excessive moisture, an improved method on the Belgian system of draining was carried out at a cost of £2, 5s. per acre. Drains were cut 11 feet apart, and 2 feet wide and 1o inches deep. Three rows of inverted turf were then placed between the drains about 2 ft. 8 ins. from centre to centre of each, then a further tramp was taken out of each drain to a depth of 22 inches, and placed on the side of each drain, making four rows of upturned peat for planting on instead of three rows as formally (Pl. IV. fig. 2). This method of draining had an early and striking effect on this very wet peat, for in the early spring the whole flat sank, and instead of the drains being 2 feet wide and 20 inches deep they were little over 16 inches either way. In the early part of May 1912 the whole area was planted chiefly with 3-year-old Sitka spruce. Groups of Scots pine, Mountain pine, Norway spruce, and Engelmann’s spruce were also planted. All these plants were raised at Pollok, and lined one year in the Fersit nursery, with the exception of the Picea Engelmannit which was obtained from Germany. With all the plants two handfuls of coarse sand, with a proportion of 15 to 1 basic slag mixed, were put in with their roots. The planting cost 16s. 8d. per acre. In autumn the planted area was inspected, and on the whole all the plants looked well, and altogether in very satisfactory condition. During the summer of this year the plants made still better progress, and they look very promising. Norway Spruce.-—Since 1907 fairly large areas of Norway spruce have been planted both along the river Spean and the railway side. The peat ranged from 8 inches to 5 feet deep. The quality of the peat was third class, with the exception of 2 acres first class. In 1gog the area along the river Spean was prepared by making a few ordinary drains on the very wet parts. Planting immediately followed draining in spring, the notching method being employed. The plants were 2-year 1-year, bought from Germany and planted straight out on their Pirate IV. Fic. 1.—A Demonstration of the Belgian system of Planting. [To face p- 76. THE FORMATION OF PLANTATIONS ON DEEP PEAT. vi arrival (in April). During the summer after planting all looked well, the plants making a short growth; but since then they have shed their leaves and now look quite hope- less. It is proposed now to replant Scots pine over the whole area, this being the only species that accommodates itself on third class quality of peat. Along the railway side large sections have been planted during the spring of 1911. The peat was very deep, averaging 7 feet, and all third class quality. During the summer of rgto these sections were drained, Belgian system, ata cost of £2, 6s. 8d. per acre. Planting was begun about the end of April r911; two handfuls of gravel, with a small proportion of basic slag mixed, were put in along with the roots of each plant. The plants were raised in Pollok nursery, and lined one year in the Fersit nursery. For two years they grew well, but now they look very unhealthy and many of them died during the past summer, Scots Pine and Mountain Pine.—Scots pine has been more ex- tensively planted on peat than any other species. We have limited its planting, as far as possible, to peat not exceeding 10 inches in depth; only in a few instances has it been planted on peat exceeding 20 inches in depth. The peat is divided into second and third class quality. Along the course of the river Spean, and also along the railway, large areas have since 1908 been notch- planted with 3-year-old Scots pine at 3 feet and 3 ft. 6 ins. apart. The depth of the peat on the slopes and knolls averaged only 4 inches, while it often attained 18 inches at the foot of a slope or on the level. Very few drains were made, and these only in the very wet places. Planting was always done during the spring. The plants were all raised at Pollok, and lined one year in Fersit nursery. Scots pine has been confined to peat limited in depth by inches, and has always done well, growing strong and healthy, but the progress of the plants is checked to a large extent for three years at least by the destructive black game. Mountain pine has been tried on a small scale only, and so far we can only place it on a level with Scots pine. CONCLUSION. The feasibility of establishing plantations on peat is demonstrated by the previous existence of trees on such areas. It is fairly evident that the most economic method of planting on land of this nature is the Belgian system. The modifications of 78 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. this have had the effect of reducing the cost from £3, 3s. 4d. in 1910 to £2 per acre in 1913, not including price of plants. The species of trees which do most successfully on this land are Sitka spruce, Norway spruce, and Scots pine. The best species for peat of first class quality are Sitka and Norway spruce, while Scots pine and Mountain pine grow well also. But owing to their deeper root-system it is not advisable to plant the pines, because much more money would have to be spent on deepening drains during the first few years, The best species for peat of second class quality are Sitka spruce, Norway spruce, and Engelmann’s spruce. The species that accommodate themselves best on peat of third class quality are Scots pine and Mountain pine, while Sitka spruce and Norway spruce, Picea alba, Picea Omorika, and Ficea Engelmannit will not grow on it even with the aid of artificial manure. The best size of plants to use are 2-year 1-year, although 2-year seedlings of Scots pine also do quite well. 2-year 2-year spruce do quite as well as 2-year 1-year, but with the former more difficulty is caused by the larger roots which are more trouble- some to plant properly. The best season for planting all these species is from March to May. 8 A Plan Adequate to Meet our Needs for Wood Timber. An important address on the above subject was delivered by Dr B. E. Fernow to the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, on the 23rd July 1913. A full report appears in the August issue of American Forestry, and the following excellent synopsis is given in the Canadian Forestry Journal of October last :— Dr Fernow began by stating that there was probably now nobody who had not grasped the idea that the fundamental object of forestry was to reproduce the forest crop which we had used and, if possible, in better form. Looking over the United States there was little attempt at reproduction. The population was still growing, and, while a reduction in consumption, from the present 250 cub. feet per capita per year to something like A PLAN ADEQUATE TO MEET OUR NEEDS FOR WOOD TIMBER. 79 the consumption of European countries was inevitable, this change would not be made readily. Dr Fernow then quoted from the report of the National Conservation Commission to the effect that the cut was more than twice the annual growth and that there was then (1907) hardly thirty years’ supply in sight, so there was no time for dilly- dallying. He urged that fire protection and conservative logging would not meet the need, as these were concerned with the w7//sation of the existing crop but did nothing to zwsure a new crop. It was true that fire protection was essential to forestry, as no one would invest money with a high fire hazard; but fire protection had been so much improved of late years that the time was more propitious for pressing for reforestation. Holding that, in spite of substitutes, timber would continue to be used and would continue to increase in price, and also that the natural regeneration method of timber reproduction would be found nearly as costly and far less effective than replanting, he wished to go on record as holding the opinion that “our future needs can not be satisfactorily and adequately provided for until we take recourse to planting operations on a large scale.” Within twenty years the United States would have reached the point where virgin timber, in which natural regeneration might still be practised, would be near its end. The country’s needs must then be supplied chiefly from the so-called second growth and volunteer growth; and the area capable of restocking only by artificial means would have increased probably to 250,000,000 acres, over half the remaining forest soil. (Dr Fernow estimated that in 1907 the forest area of the United States was 580 million acres.) Then the people would be forced to plant whether they believed in that method or not. It was useless to expect private enterprise to undertake this task owing to the long time element involved. The railways, needing a constant supply of ties, and paper companies, whose big plants were built with the idea of continuous forest supplies, might embark in tree planting, but Dr Fernow was afraid that for the rest they would have to abandon the idea of individual endeavour and learn that community interests must be attended to by the community. In the end only the State and the municipality could be expected to provide for a distant future, There were foolish notions abroad as to the distance of that 80 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, future, and how long it took to grow a log tree. With most species in most localities nothing could be expected in less than 60 to 100 years. He had no cut and dried plan for this except to set every State forester, State commission and forestry association thinking, to make them realise that their business was not only to conserve existing resources but to create new ones, and to recognise that this was a more serious matter than could be met by the distribu- tion of a few thousand trees to private planters ; that it required systematic procedure on a large scale. Each State forester should make a canvass of his State to ascertain what lands could be left to private planting and what to municipal or State enterprise. He should work out a plan of State co-operation which might take-the form, in the case of municipalities, besides furnishing plant material and advice, of pledging the State’s superior credit for raising the necessary funds by bond issues for acquiring and reforesting waste lands, and in return securing supervisory power for the State. For New England municipal action was perhaps the most promising, although, in general, direct State control might be preferable. Dr Fernow gave the following example to illustrate the method of procedure :— «Let us assume that a town has bought 5000 acres of waste lands, which it could secure for say £3000, borrowing the money from the State at 3 7; the 5000 acres to be planted in a 25-year campaign ; that is at the rate of 200 acres per year, at a cost of 32s, per acre; the annual outlay of £320 to be furnished by the State from year to year, when the interest charges will be 490 on the original investment and a series of interest payments of £9, 12s., increasing annually by £9, 12s. The loans will then, in the twenty-fifth year, have accumulated to £11,000 and the interest accumulations to £5374 or £215 per year, and the highest last annual charge to £330, amounts not difficult to raise. After the planting is finished, the annual interest charge remains stable at £330. Now each year 200 acres may be thinned and every five years the thinning repeated. A net result of 8s. per acre for the first thinning (at that time wood prices will be higher), 12s, for the second, and 14s. for every subsequent thinning would be a reasonable assumption. In other words, for the first five years after loans and planting have been completed the interest charges are met to the extent of £80, in the second quinquennium, to the A PLAN ADEQUATE TO MEET OUR NEEDS FOR WOOD TIMBER. 81 extent of £140, and in the third quinquennium, a surplus begins to appear. Now arrangements for refunding the load may be made at once, or else merely interest may be continued to be paid out of returns for thinnings, the town receiving small incomes until the sixtieth year, when the first 200 acres may come to harvest yielding not less than £24,000 (likely much more at that time), wiping out the loan and leaving a very valuable property producing annual revenue. ** All that the State has done is to lend its credit, not one cent is given in charity, and the town has made no expenditure except for the care of the property. “That these calculations are not chimerical may be learned from the experiences of France. ‘“‘Here the State reforested during the last century 200,000 acres of sand dunes at a cost of £400,000. Of this 75,000 acres were sold reimbursing the total cost of the 200,000 acres and £28,000 to boot, and leaving a property now valued at £2,000,000. “In the Landes the State, municipality and private owners. planted nearly 1,750,000 acres at a cost of 42,000,000, the value of the recovered properties being now placed at £20,000,000, based on their annual production. «Some 200,000 acres of poor land, unhealthy useless waste, in La Sologne, was planted by a private association at a cost of ZI per acre. These lands, which fifty years ago could not be sold at 16s. per acre, now bring in over r2s. per acre annual revenue, being valued at 43,600,000. *‘These are actual results achieved and not fancies or fore- casts.” Dr Fernow went on to apply this to larger areas. In New England he estimated there were 5 million acres immediately ready for planting. This on a 25-year campaign would necessitate planting 200,000 acres per year. Some planting was now being done, but in the face of these figures did present work not look amateurish and inadequate? Such an area (which is twice the forest area of Bavaria and Baden combined, producing £2,000,000) planted with white pine at £2 per acre and properly managed would produce annually its 2,000,000 M feet of lumber, worth even at present stumpage prices £ 4,000,000, and be an ample supply for any population that might then be located in New England. VOL, XXVIII. PART I. F 82 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Finally Dr Fernow applied his figures to the United States, and pointed out that now the Federal government was giving aid to reclamation schemes, good roads, waterways, etc., it would not be out of the way to include reforestation in this list. In 1970, by which time the most advanced of the forests planted now would begin to mature, Dr Fernow estimated that the population of the United States would have become 225,000,000, and assuming that the per capita use of timber had decreased to that of England, 14 cub. feet per year, this would require the cut of close upon 1,000,000 acres per year of first-class forest, growing for 60 years at the rate of 400 feet B M per year. To keep up a continuous supply 60 million acres must be in that producing condition, The probability was that not less than too million acres would be required to satisfy all needs for wood material. Since less than £4 per acre would be required for planting and interest account, an annual loan of £4,000,000 for sixty years—two dreadnoughts a year—would be ample provision. Dr Fernow’s concluding summary of his plan was as follows :— 1. Each state to ascertain its quota of planting area, classified for systematic procedure in its recovery. 2. A co-operative financial arrangement by which municipal- ities may secure the credit of the State, and States the credit of the Federal government, for the purpose of acquiring and recover- ing their quota. 3. State planting to be done on a large scale. “Tf I have not developed a very definite and adequate plan to meet our need for wood and timber in the future, I hope I have at least opened up a line of thought which may tend to its formulation.” ANNUAL EXCURSION. $3 9. The Excursion to Switzerland.? (With Illustrations.) By G. P. Gorpon, B.Sc. (Edin. & Oxon.). Through the medium of the Foreign Office the thirty-sixth annual excursion of the Society was organised to take place this year in Switzerland. Dr Coaz, Inspector-General of Forests for Switzerland, mapped out a comprehensive tour for the Society, and allotted three Federal Inspectors of Forests to conduct the party through its various stages. An extract of the official programme was made, a translation of which was in the hands of all the excursionists some time before leaving home. The majority of the party travelled from Edinburgh to London on the evening of roth July. The following morning, with increased numbers, the company proceeded via Folkestone and Boulogne to Paris, where the night was spent. The stage from Paris to Berne via Chaumont, Belfort and Basle occupied the greater part of the next day. During this part of the journey there was observed to be an almost complete absence of forest in the country traversed, the only tree which was at all in evidence being the poplar. This species does not form woods, but occurs as single standards along hedgerows, river banks and roads, and serves to break the monotony of an otherwise dull landscape. Beyond Belfort, however, when the region of the Vosges mountains was approached, the forest became dominant and extensive tracts of coniferous woods were passed through. We then arrived at the town of Basle, which forms the frontier station of Switzerland. After a short break here, the train was taken for Berne, where the head- quarters of the Swiss Forest Department are found. Among those who received the members of the party at the station and accompanied them to the Hotel Bristol were Mr Clive, Dr Fankhauser, and Herr Schonenberger. Sunday morning found us early astir, but in spite of that, time did not allow us to do full justice perhaps to the various points of vantage of the town of Berne. The town historically is intensely interesting, and even to-day has quite a medizval appearance since much of the ancient part is well preserved. In addition, certain conditions are attached to the building of 1 For the names of the gentlemen who took part in the Excursion, see page 119. 84 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. all new houses, so that they harmonise externally at least with their more venerable neighbours. The situation of the town is quite unique, as it is built upon a narrow tongue of land formed by a U-shaped bend of the river Aare, over which the old wooden bridge still stands. The combined effect is to give an impressive air of antiquity to the whole town. Under the leadership of Dr Fankhauser and the city gardener, an inspection was made of the avenues which are so character- istic of the country in the vicinity of Berne. All the roads here have been converted into avenues by planting broad-leaved trees along either side at distances of from ten to twenty yards apart. The species usually planted are ash, elm, sycamore, chestnut, plane and walnut. A return to the town was made by way of the Botanic Gardens, where Dr Fischer received us and demonstrated his very fine collection of Alpine plants. The Alpine Museum was next visited, where a description was given in English by Dr Nussbaum of the geological formations of the Alps. In the course of the morning the President, Captain Stirling, had arrived, thus completing the party which now numbered sixty-six members. From Berne on Sunday afternoon the company set out by train for Scherzligen on Lake Thun, from which point steamer was taken to Interlaken. The sail along the lake under ideal weather conditions showed to best advantage, perhaps, the natural grandeur of this part of the country. The deep blue waters of the glacier-fed lake contrasted sharply with the dark ridges fring- ing them, while in the distance the glistening Jungfrau complex formed a majestic horizon. The town of Interlaken, although low-lying, is very pretty, having a picturesque situation upon the neck of land between the two lakes of Thun and Brienz. Mr Pulver and Mr Marti, the officials of the Department of Woods and Forests of the Canton, received the party here. Interlaken extended a kindly welcome to its visitors that evening, and the password ‘“Kcossais” gave free access to its. various places of entertainment. SCHYNIGE PLATTE. The ascent of the Schynige Platte (6463 feet) was made early on Monday morning by mountain railway. This railway traverses forests of beech, ash and hazel, with a certain admixture: ANNUAL EXCURSION. 85 of spruce. Towards the upper limits of the forests silver fir occurs, and extends to about 5200 feet. The forests here belong to the commune and are managed on a rotation of Too years, On reaching the summit perhaps one of the grandest views in Switzerland was obtained. A gigantic mountain range lay before us, extending from beyond Grindelwald to the Breithorn, and including among other peaks the Wetterhorn, Schreckhorn, Finsteraarhorn, Eiger, Monch, Jungfrau and Grosshorn. After having breakfasted, the descent was commenced on foot in the direction of Grindelwald. During the first part of the route most of the country consisted of meadowland. Much of this had originally been forest, but the unrestricted grazing of cattle and especially of goats has quite depleted it. At present both meadowland and forest are under the same authority, so that grazing operations are properly controlled. The typical Swiss chalet was very much in evidence in this region. The cattle are taken to these upland meadows in May and return to the valleys in September. While here the cows are brought in at 8 a.m. to be milked and again at 6 P.M., after which they are turned out for the night. In hot weather, however, they remain inside all day to escape the heat. The milk is made into butter and cheese in the chalet. In autumn the cattle return to the valleys in stages. During the months of November and December they again come up to the chalets, and are fed on the hay which is stored there. This obviates the necessity of transporting the hay from the high meadows down into the valleys. The descent was continued via Iseltenalp to the protection works at Schiltriesete. Here some time ago a large landslide occurred which covered the main road at the foot of the slope. Evidence that the hillside was slipping was obtained from the fact that the trees commenced to lean down hill. These leaning stems were cut over, and retaining walls were built at the bottom of the slope. About twenty-five years ago a slip took place on another part of the area when the land was swept quite bare of vegetation. Retaining walls were again constructed, this time beginning at the top of the affected area, and the whole was planted with alder, willow and spruce. One of the walls examined showed a terraced construction, having been built in a series of large steps. 86 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. A short though somewhat steep climb brought the party to . Sengg, from which point an excellent view was obtained of the opposite slope. The forest was again entered, and after about an hour’s march a halt was made for lunch. An inspection was afterwards made of the protection works at Rischbachriesete. Some thirty years ago this part of the Liitschenthal was bare of forest, and a start was made to re-afforest the area by controlling the springs. It was here that Dr Fankhauser first conceived the idea of erecting parallel walls in the form of terraces (Plate V. fig. 1). The walls were con- structed by going down to the solid rock, getting a good founda- tion and upon that building a drystone dyke. These walls occur at intervals of 10 to 12 feet, and at this point upon a slope of 55 4 to 66 %. These operations were begun at the foot of the slope and the work continued upwards. ‘The land between the walls was planted with 4-year-old spruce and 3-year-old alder (Alnus incana). The species Adnus incana may be planted up to elevations of 1600 metres on southern aspects ; at higher eleva- tions green alder (A/nus viridis) is employed. ‘The top canopy is established by those species, and they are later under-planted with beech or silver fir. The total cost of this protection work was £4400. Early in the afternoon the small village of Burglauenen, in the Liitschenthal, was reached, whence train was taken for Interlaken. In the evening the party proceeded by steamer along Lake Brienz and, after an hour’s journey, arrived in the old-world town of Brienz. Next morning the Brienzer Rothorn (7715 feet) was ascended by mountain railway. Unfortunately the weather had broken somewhat, so that the splendid panoramic view from the summit was not obtainable. The descent was made on foot, during which good opportunity was given to examine all the details in the extensive protection works of the Trachtbach. Formerly this stream was very difficult to control, since the grazing of cattle and goats had depleted the upper reaches of forest.f_ In 1870 the lower part of the course was built up with protective masonry, but the first flood carried everything into the lake of Brienz. The community in 1880 decided to afforest the upper slopes of the gathering grounds of the river, and also to establish protection works in the side valleys. Accordingly the Forest Department drew up a plan of the work and an estimate of the cost which was submitted to Government and ach. Trachtb gment and. ] Fic. 2.—Way in which avalanches arise by the dislod Fic. 1.—Wall protection works with afforestation of intervening F1G. 4.—Masonry protection works in stream-bed. Trachtbach, Lake Brienz. ANNUAL EXCURSION. 87 to the community. This was sanctioned—Government offering to contribute upwards of 50 % of the cost, the Canton of Berne providing 20 to 30 %, while the remainder was made up by the community. The community also undertook to maintain the works. The Trachtbach rises at an elevation of 6068 feet, which is rather higher than the tree limit in this locality. The physical features of the valley show a series of gigantic steps. Operations were commenced at the top and the work gradually proceeded to the lower levels. A start was made by erecting parallel walls of stone, the ground between which was then planted with grass. and trees. In the early stages of this work avalanches, which formed in the spring of the year, very often swept away the previous year’s work. The mode of occurrence of these avalanches is well demonstrated in Plate V. fig. 2. The pasture which ultimately appeared on these upper slopes between the walls attracted the flocks of the peasants, with the result that these areas had to be rigorously enclosed. The tree species employed in the plantings were Pinus Cembra, Scots pine, larch, spruce, mountain pine and alder, and they were put in in very small groups. Experience has shown that at these high elevations groups are better able to stand up against snow than single trees, and by having an exposed surface between the groups the soil heats quicker under the action of the sun. Small nurseries were established as high up as possible in order to save transport and to acclimatise the young plants. Pzzus Cembra has probably done best of all the species, as it has an extraordinary power of recovery from snow-break, bruising, etc. Direct sowings were tried in places but were not found to be successful. The grass was established partly by planting squares of turf and partly by collecting the seeds of the natural grasses and sowing them broadcast. As the work progressed modifications of the original methods were made, the wall was discarded and gave place to a broad terrace (Plate VI. fig. 5). These terraces are simply broad drystone dykes which are topped with turfs. In localities where stones were scarce wooden hurdles were erected and small terraces of turf were built between (Plate V. fig. 3). As lower elevations were approached an extensive drainage scheme became necessary. The waters from the melting snows accumulated at the bottom of the topmost large natural terrace, 88 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. saturated the soil there and started a gigantic earth slide, Drains were therefore cut at this point and the water was led into a central reservoir; from this it was taken through cement pipes to the edge of the next natural step, at the foot of which similar works were established. In the lower reaches of the valley the waters of the Trachtbach are in two channels, and just before they meet there is a last barrier. ‘This is in the form of a natural weir, which retains any large debris that may have reached this point. The river-bed has in several places been specially protected to prevent washing-out taking place (Plate V. fig. 4). From the point where the waters join, the river-bed takes the form of a large open aqueduct which extends right into the lake. The extensive and varied nature of this protection work is perhaps best seen from Plate VI. fig. 5. In addition, the effectiveness of the work is also very striking and an excellent opportunity was afforded of testing this. Prior to the first visit to the Trachtbach no rain had fallen. During the next night, however, a heavy thunderstorm occurred, and on visiting the Trachtbach in the morning it was found that the volume of water in the stream was practically the same. The work is maintained by a staff of ten men who start operations in April and work until September. Planting is commenced at the lower elevations, as the land there is earlier clear of snow. The forests on the area are managed on the Selection system. The timber is used for fuel, for paper pulp manufacture, and the small material for props. After the descent from the Rothorn a visit was made to a wood-carving factory in the town of Brienz. This establish- ment furnishes an excellent example of an important forest industry. On inquiry it was found that all the employees were small-holders, thirty of whom were employed permanently while 120 were employed on piece-work in their homes. In the evening at dinner Mr Pulver officially welcomed the party to the Canton Berne, and expressed regret that the visit was of such short duration. Captain Stirling in replying expressed our high appreciation of the kindness we had received since entering the Canton, especially at the hands of Dr Fankhauser and Mr. Pulver. Later in the evening a small local orchestra entertained us. with folk-songs, yodles, and with selections upon the alpine horn. A reel, a sword ANNUAL EXCURSION. 89 dance and selections on the bag-pipes were contributed by members of our party. A departure was made from Brienz on Wednesday morning by tram over the Briinig Pass to Lucerne. The scenery on this part of the journey is typically Alpine, and represents one of the most picturesque parts of Switzerland. Lucerne was reached by midday and, after lunch, under the leadership of Mr Buhler, a tour was made through the town. Lucerne occupies a beautiful position at the end of the lake of the same name, and is flanked by the two peaks Pilatus and the Rigi Kulm. The journey to Ziirich was completed in the evening. SIHLWALD. The programme for the next day comprised a visit to the famous town forest of Zurich, the Sihlwald. This forest is perhaps unique in having been under systematic management for probably a longer period than any other forest in the world. Forstmeister Dr Meister joined the party in Ziirich and train was taken to Sihlbrugg. The railway extends to the head of the valley of the river Sihl and skirts the forest all the way. During the journey Dr Meister described the general nature of the forest area. Tne land is mountainous, being characterised by steep slopes which alternate with more or less level terraces. The elevation above sea-level varies from 16,007 feet in the valley to 3087 feet on the top of the ridge. The hillslopes are cut up by over twenty mountain torrents, which rush down during the rains with such violence as to necessitate the construction of costly protection works to prevent erosion taking place on a large scale. The climate is temperate with an annual rainfall of 59 inches. The snow-fall is heavy, and this forms the greatest danger to the forest, since heavy falls occur in autumn before the trees are stripped of leaves. Early and late frosts are common although no great damage is done by them. The forest because of its sheltered position does not suffer from storms. The geological formation is a Tertiary fresh-water sandstone giving rise to a soil of the nature of a sandy loam which is deep and fertile. Growing stock.—The forest is a mixed one with 85 °/, broad- leaved species and 15/°/, coniferous species. Of the broad- leaved trees beech coastitutes 85 °/, of the crop, ash and maple 90 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. about 14 °/,, while elm and hornbeam, etc., form about 1°%/,, Among the conifers spruce predominates, while silver fir, larch and Scots pine form the other species. It is interesting to note that the conifers are mainly confined to the right bank of the Sihl where the soil is inferior to that of the left bank. All the species have very good height-growth, beech especially yielding very tall stems of good quality timber. Management.—This forest has been treated as high-forest for Over tooo years, and has been under regular management since the thirteenth century. The proportion between the broad- leaved species and the conifers has varied from time to time. The aim of the present management is to increase the percentage of conifers, and thus establish equal proportions of both conifers and hardwoods. The areas are for the most part regenerated naturally under the Shelter Wood Compartment system, the regeneration period of the broad-leaved species being about 7 years, while that of the conifers is about 15 years. The thinnings lead on to “preparatory fellings” which are followed in about 3 years’ time by ‘“‘seed fellings”; the “ final fellings ” are then carried out after an interval of about 7 years. The direction of felling is not in any way influenced by prevailing winds, so that cuttings proceed from north to south and south to north in the two working-sections into which the forest is divided. It is thought that by increasing the regeneration period from 7 to 15 years or more, and adopting the group system of regeneration where possible, conifers will be favoured and the mixture will be more efficiently controlled. In the spring after “final fellings” have been made, the felled area is cleared of timber and any young growth injured in the operation isremoved. During the second year spruce is planted in groups and larch singly in the young crop. ‘The planting material is taken from small nurseries when 4 years old and is put out at distances of 4 feet apart. The first regular cleaning is made in the 8-year-old wood, and consists in the removal of bad stems and weeds (poplars and willows), and of freeing some of the valuable species. There is a second cleaning made 5 years later, which consists in the removal of stems overgrowing and suppressing the planted conifers, and of such of the other stems as may have been injured by snow. These operations lead on to the first of the real thinnings which take ee achtbach. ground of the Tr ering ath ks in the g on worl ect ical Ay alls as prot Fic. 5.—-Terraced w ermanent tramway 1G. 6.—Loaded trucks on the p [Zo face p. go. in the Sihlwald. Fic. 8.—Sledges for the transport of firewood. Sihlwald. ANNUAL EXCURSION. gI place in the 18-year-old wood. These are carried out with the following objects in view :—(1) to favour the conifers; (2) to remove the cankered and unhealthy stems; (3) to realise revenue. The thinnings recur at intervals of 5 years up to the age of 30, at intervals of 7 years between the ages of 30 and 50, and every decade up to 70 years, after which the produce is included in the final yield. Thinnings are thus made early and frequent so as to obtain large girth classes as soon as possible, and in order to lessen the damage done by snow. The forest is divided into two working - sections — the Oberesihlwald, which has a rotation of go years, and the Unteresihlwald, which is managed on a rotation of 110 years. The annual possibility or yield of the forest is calculated according to Heyer’s method, viz.— yield =real increment + real growing stock — normal G. S. a =rotation. a The real increment = 6219 f.m. pro ha. and year. The yield thus calculated = 6630 f.m. per year. Thinnings = 2250 f.m. per year. Total = 8880 f.m. per year on rooo ha. z.e. per ha. 8°9 f.m. = 124°6 cub. ft. per acre per annum. Transport.—The transport of the forest produce is carried out entirely by the forest staff, and a large variety of methods is adopted. The locality is so irregular in contour, so cut up by streams, and so liable to erosion that the cost of road construction and maintenance would be prohibitive. The following are the chief methods of transport employed :— 1. The Permanent Tramway.—This traverses the forest for a distance of some 5 miles, and leads directly to the saw- mill. It is employed in the transport both of timber and firewood. The gauge is 24 inches with rail weight of 28 Ibs. per running metre (34 feet). The road on which it is laid is 51 feet broad and has a gradient which ranges from 3 to 7 degrees. The curves on the track vary from 49 feet radii to 106 feet radii. The momentum of the loaded trucks carries them down, the speed being controlled by powerful back brakes (Plate VI. fig. 6). The empty trucks are pulled up by oxen. 2. Sledge Road.—This provides a very effective method of bringing firewood down short slopes to depots on the line of the tramway. The sledge track is built with slender beech branches about 5 feet long, which are laid across any path 92 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. or road at distances of about a yard apart, and are kept in position by pegs driven into the ground at their ends. The total cost of construction is about a penny per yard. The sledges are taken down by men who control them by means of a pole fastened to one side of the sledge (Plate VI. fig. 7). The sledges after they reach the depot are unloaded, and are then carried up on the shoulders of the men (Plate VI. fig. 8). 3. Wooden Slide.— At Sihlbrugg a transportable wooden slide for firewood was seen in operation. It had a total length of 650 feet, and was constructed from two boards fitted to form a wide V about 2 feet across the top. The slide was made in 20-feet sections, each section being supported on four V-shaped trusses. This slide is only employed in the transport of firewood, and upwards of 7060 cubic feet may be taken down in a day. Protection works.—Owing to the loose nature of the soil, the heavy rainfall, and the declivity of the land, the forest area is liable to suffer great damage from erosion. Accordingly it is found necessary to erect weirs in the beds of most of the streams. Plate VII. fig. 9 shows a cheap and effective method of protect- ing such a bed from erosion. The walk through the forest from Sihlbrugg to Sihlwald occupied the greater part of the morning. At the Restauration von Sihlwald the company was entertained to lunch by Dr Meister and Mr Tuchschmidt, who represented the Corporation of Ziirich. After lunch an inspection was made of the various methods and the machinery employed in the forest depot in the conversion of timber. Here an extensive plant for the impregnation of telegraph poles with copper sulphate was examined. A machine for the manufacture and bundling of firewood was also seen. In addition to band and circular saws there are “ polishing” machines, “shaping” machines, and “copying” machines for the manufacture of tool handles. Perhaps one of the most interesting machines is seen in Plate VII. fig. 10, which illustrates the manufacture of wood wool from smal! spruce and silver fir timber. It was unfortunate that time did not allow of a longer examination being made of the various forms into which the timber is converted here. The effect of the intensive form of management practised in the Sihlwald is seen in the returns obtained from the forest, which in 1910-11 were 23S. per acre. FIG. 10.—Wood Wool Machine in Sihlwald. [To face p. 92. ANNUAL EXCURSION. 93 WINTERTHUR. ESCHENBERG FOREST. The town forest of Winterthur lies some miles to the north- east of the town of Ziirich. The forest covers an area of some 30,000 acres. The geological formation is similar to that of the Sihlwald district and gives rise to the same deep, sandy, loamy soil. The annual precipitation of this locality is about 40 inches. Growing stock.—Unlike the Sihlwald this forest consists almost entirely of the coniferous species spruce and silver fir. There is no definite succession of cutting series, but fellings are made in groups, as a result of which there is considerable variety in the forest. Here conifers have replaced the original hardwoods, since they were found to pay better. Management.—The old system was one of “clear cutting” in high-forest, and there is still an area of 1500 acres of high- forest which is worked on a rotation of 100 years. The ordinary rotation of the greater part of the forest is r20 to 140 years. The management is being directed at present to produce (1) the highest possible volume per acre, (2) the highest possible money return. The regeneration period varies from 20 to 30 years. As the result of the “group” system of regeneration the soil has been greatly improved in its productive capacity. In addition valuable “light increment” is put on by the stems of the oldest “age-class,” since they occupy more or less isolated positions. The total increment in some of these classes may amount to as much as 238 cubic feet per acre. Thinnings require to be very carefully carried out as a dense weed-growth occurs on the ground. Operations are not conducted over large areas, and all thinnings are made very light. The regeneration of the forest is proceeded with in the following manner:—In crops which are about 75 years of age “light fellings” are commenced, as a result of which a crop of brambles immediately appears on the ground. These are cut over and rooted out at once, the latter operation helping to prepare the soil for seed. Full seed years of spruce occur here only at intervals of from 8 to 10 years, but a certain quantity is obtained every year and this is relied upon for regeneration purposes. The ‘‘light fellings” are made partly in groups, or in ‘ Horsts,” or in strips. In each case silver fir forms the nucleus of the group, and, under the influence of side light, spruce comes in and 94 ‘TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, forms a girdle round the outside. The origins of these groups are usually small patches of ‘‘advance growth.” Regeneration operations are conducted over a whole compartment at one time, and except for keeping the canopy closed on the west side the groups are not arranged in any definite manner. In this respect Dr Arnold, who has charge of this forest division, is not a disciple of Wagner. Each compartment is regenerated usually within two periods. Cleanings are commenced in the young crop before the mother-trees are removed. Returns.—During the past 50 years the revenue of this forest has steadily risen, largely as the result of the completion of a splendid road system. The net return per acre and year 50 years ago was 235., to-day this amounts to 50s. The increase has not been obtained by trenching upon capital, since there is a larger growing stock to-day than there was formerly. The current annual increment per acre is 98 cubic feet, while the final yield is 89°3 cubic feet per acre. Before returning to the town of Winterthur for lunch, a visit was paid to a very old crop of spruce and silver fir in which some of the stems were 180 to 200 years of age, 150 feet high, and contained upwards of 700 cub. feet. In the afternoon the party made a short tour, under the guidance of Dr Arnold, in the Lindberg Forest. The return journey to Zurich was made in the evening. ZURICH anp ADLISBERG. In the company of Dr Schinz and the city gardener an inspection was made, on Saturday morning, of the gardens and specimen trees, etc., at the Alpenquai. A very varied and inter- esting collection of trees has been established here. Later a visit was paid to the Botanic Gardens. In the afternoon, under the leadership of Professor Engler, the party was conducted over the Forest Research Garden at Adlisberg. The objects of maintaining the garden are as follows :—(1) to supply the plants used in forestry, (2) to study the early stages of the life histories of trees, (3) to supply material for experiment in the forest, (4) to supply material for the School of Forestry. The garden is 3} acres in extent, and occupies a small plateau which overlooks the town of Ziirich. Careful meteorological records are kept in the garden, and in addition ANNUAL EXCURSION. 95 there is a duplicate station in the forest. The experiments are largely concerned with the relationship between the source of seed and the nature of the tree produced. A detailed account of the experiments which are being conducted here is to be found in the proceedings of the Swiss Centralanstalt fiir das forstliche Versuchswesen. The official programme for Sunday was somewhat altered, and the departure from Zirich for Chur was postponed until the afternoon. CHUIRe OBERTHOR FOREST. On Monday Mr Enderlin and Mr Meier conducted a tour through the forests of the Oberthor, which clothe the steep slopes behind the town of Chur. These forests are chiefly coniferous, consisting of some 4500 acres of spruce, silver fir, and a few Scots pine. The spruce is dominant in the upper parts, while more silver fir occurs towards the valley bottom. Conifers constitute 95 °/, of the stock of the forest, while broad-leaved species make up the remaining 5 °/,. The broad-leaved species consist of beech, sycamore and ash. Originally the only means of transport here were earth slides, which did considerable damage to the timber, and also caused a great deal of erosion to take place. These have now been discarded, as a good road system was planned and carried out ro years ago. This divides the hill slope into a series of parallel strips (Etagen), along the lower edges of which run the contour roads. In each strip the timber is slid down for short distances until the road is reached. The old method of regeneration was by producing gaps in the canopy artificially. The method now employed is to take advan- tage of any natural gaps, thin out the trees on their edges, and in this way obtain groups of young growth. Early thinnings are made in order to regulate the mixture and to get the proper proportions of the different species. Throughout the rotation the best trees are favoured in all thinnings. As thinnings are proceeded with, light gets in and patches of “advance growth” appear and form the nuclei of the groups. There is only about 5°/, to 6°/, of beech in the forest at present, and the manage- ment is striving to increase this. The prices of timber in this locality are fairly good, spruce fetching up to rs. ojd. per cubic foot on rail, Scots pine rs, 4d. 96 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, per cubic foot, and silver fir 9d. to 1od. per cubic foot. The permanent forest staff here consists of about 50 men, while in summer 150 hands may be employed. The average wage is 3s. 2d. to 4s. 5d. per day, the foreman getting 1s. per day extra. The annual wage bill may amount to £4800. Here a forest nursery was seen with large numbers of young plants, chiefly spruce, A return was made to Chur for lunch, and in the afternoon a visit was made to Landquart, which is situated some 7 miles from Chur, where an inspection was made of a paper-pulp mill. THE ENGADIN. Next morning Dr J. Coaz assumed the leadership, and it would be indeed difficult to have had a more venerable leader, as he was in his g2nd year. An early start was made by special train for the Engadin. The route taken was by Ems, Thusis, Tiéfenkastel, Bergin to Pontresina and St Moritz. The scenery of this part surpassed anything in the earlier part of the tour. At Muottas Muraigl the main line was left and the mountain railway taken to the summit, from which a very fine panoramic view was obtained. ‘The grand Bernina complex lay directly to the south, while to the west Celerina, St Moritz, Silvaplana and Sils with their respective lakes were seen. The descent was made in the direction of Pontresina. The route led past the Schafberg, which is the largest protection work in Switzerland. This lies directly behind the town of Pontresina, and was begun in 1890. The total cost of the work when complete will be over £16,000. The lower slopes of this area are clothed with fine old forests of larch and Cembran pine; some of the larch stems which were measured had a girth at breast-height of over ro feet. From Pontresina train was taken to St Moritz, where after lunch a short visit was paid to the larch and Cembran pine forests lying behind the town. In the evening a return was made by train to Thusis. On Wednesday morning, which was the last day of the tour, an inspection was made of the protection works which have been constructed in the lower reaches of the river Nolla, another of those turbulent streams which are found so difficult and costly to control. After this the party drove for several miles up the steep Via Mala, as far as the second bridge. The land here, although very THE FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT PAISLEY. 97 steep in nature and poor in character, is capable of yielding forests which are considered worth putting under definite management. The grandeur of the gigantic gorge was much appreciated. The return was made by coach to Thusis, whence the party set out for Ziirich in the evening. From Zirich they travelled to Brussels via Basle, visited the Exhibition at Ghent, and returned to London by way of Ostend and Dover. 10. The Forestry Exhibition at Paisley. By G. P. Gorpon, B.Sc. The annual Forestry Exhibition organised by the Society was held this year at Paisley, in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show there. The large stand placed at the disposal of the Society occupied a prominent position, which served to show to advantage the large variety of articles forming the exhibit. Section I.—Timber. This section—taken as a whole—was one of outstanding merit. The classes were well filled and contained material which for size and quality left little to be desired. In the competitive section the entries in the hardwood classes were of an exceptionally high standard, so that they formed the main feature of the section. Among the coniferous timbers the general standard was slightly lower, except in the case of the larch class, which was quite unique both for the number of entries and for the very high quality of the timber. The material in the Scots pine class was somewhat inferior in quality to that in the other coniferous classes. The local classes were well represented, and in these the high standard was maintained. Among the timbers for exhibition, in addition to several well- arranged collections of hand specimens, a very interesting exhibit was sent by the Landowners’ Co-operative Society. For the purposes of this exhibit the Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society purchased from one of its members a quantity of manufactured timber at the current prices ruling for home- grown and home-sawn timber. It then purchased, through a timber-importing firm, a similar quantity of foreign timber of exactly the same specifications. Except for the fact that the home-grown timber was classed as Scots pine and spruce while VOL, XXVIII. PART I, G 98 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, the foreign timber was classed as redwood and whitewood, there was practically no difference between the two lots; in individual cases the home-grown timber appeared to be of better quality than the foreign timber and vice versa. The various specimens were placed side by side, and bore descriptive cards with particulars for comparison. The following difference in prices were shown :— PRICE PER PIECE. PRICE PER CuBic Foor. Home Grown. Foreign. Home Grown. Foreign. I. 2/10} 3/43 1/5 1/8 2: 2/4 3/24 1/2 1/7 3: 3/23 3/9 1/53 1/8 eee 3/64 1/2} 1/7 Be 4/24 4/84 1/6 1/8 6. 3/6 4/54 1/3 1/7 7: 3/93 5/73 1/1} 1/8 8. 1/- 1/6 1/- 1/6 9. 1/6 2/74 1/- 1/9 10. 1/2 2/o 1/8 2/9 1 —/to} 1/6 1/8 2/9 12. 1/1 1/104 1/3? 2/3 xginih ails 1/10} 1/34 2/3 14. —/10Z 1/5 1/2 1/10 reel wll -/10 1/13 2/- 16. —/74 —/74 2/o4 2/- 17. —|83 1/3 1/5 2/ 18. —/8 1/1Z 1/5 2/6 19. 5/8 9/43 1/6 2/6 Two large specimens of Douglas fir timber in the round added greatly to the interest of this section. The specimen from Argyllshire showed a greater height-growth and a greater volume per acre for its age than the specimen from Perthshire, The latter, however, was superior in quality, as it was cleaner and showed slower growth than the former specimen. Section II.—Converted Material. The gates entered for competition and exhibition in the various classes formed a large and popular exhibit, as they demonstrated some very good timber and excellent workmanship. The judging of this exhibit presented some difficulty ; in the first place, because there were several good gates with very little to choose between, and secondly, because some of the gates had not been made strictly THE FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT PAISLEY. 99 according to the specifications contained in Clauses XI., XII, and x11. of the competition schedule. The judges were there- fore forced, rather unwillingly, to disqualify some of the entries in these classes. Some very artistic examples of rustic work were shown under this section, in the form of porches, seats, and arbours, etc. In addition, a tree-lifting machine manufactured from timber poles was exhibited. Section 11I.—Museum Specimens. The large variety of hand specimens, photographs, models and collections of objects of forest importance was a feature of great interest, not only to the general public but also to the proprietor of woodlands and to the forester. The high educational value of such an exhibit should not be underestimated, since it functions as an excellent demonstration of the various tree and timber diseases, insect pests, forms of damage by game, methods of pruning, etc., etc. In this section the judges were much impressed with the collective exhibits of Mr J. G. Singer, which were of such a nature and arranged in such a manner as to merit the high award they received. Messrs Austin & M‘Aslan very kindly supplied pot plants and greenery, which added greatly to the appearance of the stand. Conclustons—In the opinion of the judges the exhibition maintained the high standard of previous years. As it was held in close proximity to one of the largest timber-consuming cities in the world, it served the very useful purpose of arousing the interest of large numbers of people who visited the show- yard. While the entries were fairly representative the judges noted that, in spite of the large quantities of blown-timber in the West of Scotland, the number of entries from Dumbarton- shire and Argyllshire were very few. It was observed also that in the timber classes more import- ance had evidently been paid to the size than to the quality of the timber. In the class for field gates the judges recommend that a minimum length should be specified in the schedule, as a gate which is less than ten to ten and a half feet in length is of little value for general use. The judges desire to express their appreciation of the valuable assistance rendered by the local committee. Judges.—Mr Boyd, Inverliever; Mr M‘Gregor, Ayr; Mr Gordon, Glasgow. I0O0 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 11. Visit to German Forests by the Royal English Arboricultural Society—1913. By A. T., GILLANDERS. The annual excursion of this Society was held in Germany from the 8th to the zoth of September, and a more instructive and pleasant trip it is impossible to imagine. The President, Sir William Schlich, acted as guide. Sir William is a native of Hesse Darmstadt, and in his younger days he was a student of forestry in this district, and has re-visited it in company with his students for the past twenty-five years. The party, which numbered go in all, was made up as follows :—17 landowners, 13 land agents, 31 foresters, 6 instructors in forestry, 9 members of the Home and Indian Civil Service, 10 wood merchants, 3 forestry students, and 1x doctor of medicine who acted as honorary medical adviser. The first night was spent at Frankfort on the Main, On the following morning, the roth September, a visit was made to the Mitteldick Forest, which belongs to the Grand Ducal House of Hesse Darmstadt. The forest is situated on a level plain near Frankfort and extends to 3763 acres. The soil is of tertiary formation and is of a sandy nature, changing here and there to gravel, and is very poor in mineral food constituents, especially lime. Sections of the soil were cut at intervals to show its quality. In examining these sections, the party were much interested in the large numbers of a species of Geotrupes or dor beetle, which congregated on the exterior of the pit. The forest is composed of both pure and mixed woods, grown only as high-forest. The villagers, as in many other parts of Germany, have special grazing rights and liberty to remove waste wood. The general crop was composed of—oak, 46 7, occupying 1730 acres of total area ; Scots pine, 26 % = 975 acres; beech, birch and alder, 24‘ = gor acres; spruce, 4 % = 156 acres, making a total of 3762 acres. The rotations provided for in the working-plan are—oak, 160 years ; Scots pine and beech, 120 years; spruce, Ioo years. Wherever possible natural regeneration is encouraged, but where surface conditions are not favourable for natural regeneration, artificial cultivation is adopted. The acorns of the oak (sessile preferred) are sown in. VISIT TO GERMAN FORESTS. IOl rows I metre (3 ft. 3 ins.) apart, which averages 600 lbs. of seed per acre. Beech is also added. The soil is first broken up by means of a specially constructed disc plough, which rises easily over strong roots and other solid obstructions. This plough is followed by a suitably formed grubber which still further stirs up the soil, and thus a good seed bed is formed. To protect the oak fairly tall birches are planted between the rows. Another implement used in ‘‘ wounding” the soil for the reception of seed was shown. It works much in the same way as a heavy Cambridge roller, such as is used in this country, and makes seed beds for species, generally other than oak. This proved a very interesting day. Perhaps the most valuable lesson to be learned was the way in which a poor soil can be utilised, provided a mulch of humus is formed, by a soil- improving species such as beech. Everywhere the obvious advantages of a sustained system of management based on sound silvicultural principles was recognised. On the following day a visit was paid to the Frankfort Town: forest, the general features of which had been described in a lantern lecture given the previous evening by the Oberforster. The forest consists chiefly of oak and beech. As far as possible it is laid out in park form, and thus serves the double purpose of providing profit to the city and pleasure for the inhabitants. Bird life is everywhere encouraged by the provision of nesting-boxes, food-trays and drinking fountains for the “feathered songsters of the grove.” In fact, bird sanctuaries are created ; but, compared with our home conditions, we find that the country shows an entire absence of hedges and hedgerow trees, which attract our feathered friends more into the open sunshine where they love to revel. The two following days were spent in the Spessart, but as some of the ground was the same as that which our Society visited four years ago, it is unnecessary to give a report on it. On Sunday, 14th September, the party left Frankfort at 8 aM, and journeyed towards the Black Forest, reaching Forbach station at 3 o’clock in the afternoon. Then followed a drive to Schonmiinzach. The weather was lovely, and the journey through interesting, cultivated valleys with high mountains in the distance, clothed to the summit with gigantic trees, gave one a grand impression of flourishing wi iiacgeee coupled with skilful forestry. 102 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. On Monday morning a walk through the Schifferschafts Forest from 8 a.m. till 1 P.M., with a rest in the afternoon, formed the programme for the day. The term Schifferschafts means a company of timber floaters, and at one time such a company owned the forest area of 12,400 acres. Now, however, one-half is owned by the Baden state. The woods are, for the most part, on steep slopes, varying in elevation from 1000 to 3000 feet. The annual rainfall is 70 inches. Up to about 2300 feet the underlying rock is granite, and above this bunter sandstone of lower, middle and upper formation. On both formations the soil has a tendency to be acid in reaction, which is rather detrimental to natural regeneration. To help to counteract this and to improve the surface conditions a small quantity of beech is added. Thus the crop as a whole is composed of 95% conifers (silver and spruce fir), and 5 “/ beech. The rotation extends to 120 years. Natural regeneration is carried out very gradually. Regeneration is commenced at the top of the wood, to prevent the necessity of fallen timber being dragged through the young growth. Natural regeneration is effected by the group or strip method, though the selection method is also practised ; the cuttings take place at intervals of about ten years, On the following day the Schonmiinzach State Forest was visited. As the morning was rather wet the party drove in brakes to the forest, a few miles distant. During the drive the party was much impressed with the splendid condition of the fine metalled roads in the forest. The whole forest area is divided into compartments, all carefully numbered. In this forest, as elsewhere, when there is a conspicuous difference in age between two adjacent compartments, a broad severance cutting is made between them. The trees of the younger compartment which border on the severance cutting have thus a chance to become gradually more storm proof before the older compartment is clear felled. The strip system of natural regeneration is practised in this forest, thus contrasting with the combined strip and group system witnessed in the forest previously visited. The silver fir can stand more shade than spruce, and it can be regenerated under a denser canopy than most trees. It is, therefore, not unusual to find on certain favourable spots, small groups of fore-growth appearing before the regeneration cuttings have VISIT TO GERMAN FORESTS. 103 begun. If these groups of advance growth occur in suitable places and give promise of good growth in the future, they are left to shelter the subsequent regeneration from wind, because it is asserted that a young crop of uneven age is more storm proof than one of even age. The correct method of natural regeneration in strips is carried out in something like the following way :—The strips as far as possible should run from north-east to south-west. A commencement is made at the outer north-east edge, where a strip 50 yards in breadth is heavily thinned, by the removal of about one-third of the trees upon it. Within 3 to 5 years another third of the crop is removed, and simultaneously a second strip of 50 yards breadth is thinned to the extent of one-third of its whole stand. After a further period of 3 to 5 years, the whole of the remaining trees of the first attacked strip are removed, and another third of the second strip is taken out, while a third strip is attacked and one-third of its crop removed. Within the forest there are a certain number of similarly managed compartments, so that every year’s total cutting produces approximately the same number of cubic feet. On 16th September the party left Schonmiinzach and proceeded in motors to Freudenstadt, a little town overlooking a lovely valley lying between two mountain ranges which are covered with trees. Next forenoon the party drove to the Freudenstadt Forest, and in the afternoon the Steinwald State Forest was visited. Both of these forests were of a similar composition to those already visited, namely spruce and silver fir, but there was considerable variation in the manage- ment as regards cutting and natural regeneration. Again we saw large crops of timber; in fact, we were now impressed with the immensity and density of the timber stands, and the large volume of felled material lying ready for removal. On the 18th we visited the Pfalzgrafenweiler State Forest. Hitherto we had seen wonderful crops of timber, but this day, which was the last, presented the finest crops we had seen. The very last wood we visited was said to be one of the finest crops of silver fir in Germany. It was 175 years of age and had a volume of about 8000 cubic feet per acre. Some of the trees which had been felled measured 132 feet in length and 12 inches quarter-girth at the smaller end. The total length of the trees was about 160 feet. The outstanding features of interest seen 104 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. this day were the strip system of natural regeneration, already described, the pruning or removal of “ wolf” trees in the advance growth, the importance of thinning at the proper age, instead of sacrificing volume growth to growth in length by the hitherto prevalent method of deferred thinning. Another method of thinning was seen which consisted in ear-marking, so to speak, about double the number of stems required for the final crop, and thus having one-half for reserve. We also saw systematic planting much like our own, to make good the injury caused by roe deer to the natural regeneration. The tour was a complete success. We saw many well- managed and excellent crops, which presented a very different picture from our own. But it must be remembered that the conditions in our country are such that we cannot transplant the German methods here. We must recollect that we saw State forests in Germany, while ours are Estate forests in which such things as, for example, a 300 years’ rotation is out of the question. Opinions will obviously differ when we come to generalise on the net educational value of the tour. To the mind of the writer it showed what could be done by continued and systematic management under highly skilled foresters. The crops inspected were perfect in type of tree, density, and volume per acre. The foresters knew with great precision the volume and value of their crops. A fixed volume is cut annually in each district, and so purchasers can rely upon getting a fixed quantity. The foresters can conjure with their woods as regards natural regeneration. Further, timber transport is carefully provided for. As a result of good roads, with a gradual descent, two oxen can take a load of 200 to 250 cubic feet in one waggon,—impossible, says the English waggoner! Destructive insects were kept in check as a result of systematically peeling felled timber. Further, it may be noted that the workmen are woodmen in winter and small holders in summer. Last, but by no means least, in every case the woods returned a handsome profit per acre. TIMBER RESEARCH WORK, 105 12. Timber Research Work at the Cambridge School of Forestry. At the beginning of last year, a temporary grant of £500 for two years from the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries was made to the Cambridge Forestry School, to enable research work in British timber to be instituted. Mr Russell Burdon and Mr A. P. Long were appointed by the Cambridge Forestry Committee to be Investigator and Assistant Investigator respectively, and the following scheme of work, which we have taken from the Annual Report of the School, just received, was drawn up :— 1. A comparative study of home-grown pine and spruce with imported timber of the same classes, with the object of ascertaining to what extent British-grown timber of these genera is capable of substitution for the foreign. 2. Inquiries as to the capabilities of home-grown timber for use as pit-props, railway sleepers, paving blocks, telegraph poles, building timber, etc. . Special studies as to the utilisation of elm, maple, poplar and chestnut with a view to the possible extension of the use of these timbers. 4. A survey of the wood-using industries of the Eastern counties, paying special attention to the kinds, qualities and sizes of timber required. w Two interim Progress Reports, and a Bulletin on Scots pine woods at Woburn, Bedfordshire, have already been published, and a perusal of these shows that work is being energetically organised in regard to the first two items on the above scheme. An inquiry into the production and utilisation of pine timber has been commenced, and Messrs Burdon and Long are at work on the collection of specimens from various districts in the United Kingdom. The method of collecting is to select pine woods where the trees have been grown under proper silvicultural conditions, and then, after measuring up a sample plot, to fell one or two trees which represent the mean. In this way they obtain average trees according to measurement. The specimens of pine timber to be seen at every forestry show are of course specially selected, and are no guide as to the general run of the timber from that particular district. The 106 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. collection of timber being made at Cambridge should, when complete, be most interesting, as it will fairly represent the average obtainable at different ages, from different districts and under different silvicultural conditions. The whole of the timber from these sample trees is being taken to Cambridge and, after it has been examined and compared with foreign grades, it will be employed for various experiments in utilisation. The measurements taken in the ordinary course of selecting the timber are being published in a series of bulletins which, it is hoped, may ultimately assist in the preparation of yield tables. These bulletins contain full descriptions of each sample plot measured, with tables giving the soil analysis, the yield per acre, details and measurements of the sample trees, stem analyses, and the amount of converted material obtained, etc. The first bulletin on Scots pine at Woburn, Bedfordshire, has appeared ; a second on Scots pine at King’s Lynn is in the press; anda third on Corsican pine at Highclere, Hants, is in preparation. In the second Progress Report, the influence of the work which Mr Burdon saw in progress during his visit to the United States two years ago is evident, and we are glad to read of the plans being made for experiments on the utilisation of British woods on a semi-commercial scale. Such experiments should be of considerable assistance in extending the use of British timbers. As soon as the School obtains the necessary support to enable the work to be started, it is proposed to test the comparative value of different British woods for sleepers, paving blocks and building timbers, and at the same time the comparative value of different processes of preservation. A small experiment in this direc- tion has been started at the request of the Great Northern Railway Company, who have also spontaneously offered the School facilities for carrying out tests on their line on a much larger scale. Mr Collins, City Engineer for Norwich, has also, with the approval of the City Council, offered similar facilities for testing different woods for paving blocks, and several firms connected with timber preservation have expressed a wish to co-operate in these experiments. The semi-commercial scale on which the work is being planned is seen in the fact that, for each species to be tested, at least 400 to 500 sleepers and 18,000 to 20,000 paving blocks will be required, even if only six different processes of preservation are employed. Another direction in which the Cambridge School of Forestry is THUJA GIGANTEA AND DOUGLAS FIR IN MIXTURE. 107 trying to promote interest in British woods is through technical schools, where students are given instruction in woodwork. By the distribution of hand specimens of different woods, and of leaflets giving elementary information about the trees and the structure and uses of the timber, it is hoped that interest may be aroused and an impetus given to the revival of woodland industries. From a prospectus of the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London, which came into our hands, we see that a commencement in this direction has been made by Mr Burdon, who is delivering a course of lectures there. The development of work on these lines should materially assist the progress of British forestry, and it is to be earnestly hoped that the support required to carry out all these plans will be forthcoming. 13. Thuja Gigantea and Douglas Fir in Mixture. (With Plate.) By D. K. M‘BEATH. Claudy House Wood Plantation, Gairletter, on the estate of Benmore, Argyllshire, was planted during the autumn of 1876 and spring of 1877 with a mixture of Douglas fir, Ziusa gigantea and a few larch. The plantation is about 5 acres in extent, although unfortunately about 3 acres of it have now been blown. It is situated on the north-west shore of Loch Long, with an easterly exposure, rising from an elevation of 12 feet above sea- level to that of 130 feet, and is fully exposed to the severe gales of the west coast. The locality is a moist one, having an average annual rainfall of about roo inches. As regards the geological formation of the district, the “base” consists of a mass of hard, impervious rock composed of various kinds of schists. From Dunoon northwards the rocks are chiefly mica-schists and schistose grits, which are traversed by numerous dykes of lava rocks. While in places the over- lying soil is heavy and wet, the soil of the plantation is morainic in character, being somewhat light, pervious and of moderate depth. Formation.—An enclosure was made with a post and wire fence to protect the plantation agaist the inroads of farm stock, at a cost of 7d. per yard. The surrounding land is let at 5s. per 108 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. acre for agricultural purposes. In 1876 this area was partly covered with the natural oak woodland of the locality, which consisted of about 15 standards per acre with wide-spreading crowns, the intervening gaps being occupied by small oak scrub. The scrub was cut out, the remaining standards were left for shelter, and were underplanted with a mixture of Douglas fir, Thuja gigantea and a very few larch. The plants were notched in about 4 feet apart; the sizes of plants used were 2-year seedlings and 2-year 1-year transplants. The two species were planted alternately, equal proportions of each being used, while a few larch were planted along the exposed edges. On the north-west side, where the soil was wet, surface drains were cut at an average cost of 2s. 6d. per 100 yards. Treatment.—From the evidence of partly decayed stumps, it would seem that a partial thinning had been made about twenty years ago; unfortunately, however, no actual records of the value of this thinning are obtainable. The old crop of standard oaks was sold by private bargain in the year 1905, when considerable damage was done to the young crop by their fall and removal. A number of the Douglas firs were injured and broken, and large gaps were thus left in the young wood. In addition, the removal of these old trees left the plantation exposed for the wind to obtain an entrance. Asa result of this a portion was blown in the November gale of 1911, while the remainder was levelled by another gale in 1912. Normal condition.—Two years ago the plantation was fully stocked, the trees standing from 4 to g feet apart. -The average height-growth of the Douglas fir was about 70 feet, while that of the Zhuja was about 60 feet. The stems of the Douglas fir showed natural pruning up to two-thirds of their height (see Plate VIII. fig. 1), the average annual increment per stem being -6 cubic feet, and that of the Zzuwjsa +3 cubic feet The forest floor has a covering of 2 to 3 inches of humus. It is evident that this cleaning effect has been largely due to the occurrence of Ziwja in single mixture with the Douglas. In the year rgri there was a full seed year of both species. The trees all show healthy development, there being no signs of insect pests or fungus disease. The stems number on the average about 890 per acre, one- half of that number being of pole size while the remainder are of timber size and consist of equal numbers of Douglas fir and THUJA GIGANTEA AND DOUGLAS FIR IN MIXTURE. 10g Thuja. The volume of timber per acre, according to quarter- girth measurement to 5 inches diameter, deducting 1 inch for bark, is as follows :—Douglas fir, 5000 cubic feet per acre; and Thuja gigantea, 2430 cubic feet per acre. This gives the high total of 7430 cubic feet per acre. Existing condition.— At present the piantation is in the hands of the wood cutters, who are employed in preparing the timber for market, on contract at 2$d. per tree. The stems present some considerable difficulty in their removal, as they are lying six or seven deep and are badly crossed. The gales of 1911 and 1912 were from the north-west, so that the stems lie with their crowns down hill ina south-easterly direction. A number were broken across by the force of the storm. As the work of cleaning goes on large numbers of Douglas fir and Zhuja seedlings are found growing under the cover of the blown trees. Many of these will be destroyed during the operations of removal, but it is hoped that a full crop of young growth will establish itself in the future. Rabbits have obtained an entrance and destroyed a certain number of seedlings, but it is proposed to erect a rabbit-proof fence round the regeneration area. Transport and uses.—The plantation is situated within a few yards of a good road which runs along the foreshore. The stems will be cross-cut into the desired lengths in the wood, and will afterwards be hauled by horse on to the foreshore, where they will be stored until there is sufficient to make a boat-load. It is possible that an opening for poles 50 to 60 feet long, with a diameter of 6 inches at the small end, will be obtained in the Clyde ship-building yards. The probable price for such timber would be about 15s. per pole. Failing this market there is a good demand for it for pit-wood at 5d. per cubic foot, lying in the wood, for material over 8 inches on the side. The small trees and tops may be sold for 13d. per lineal foot cut off root, and snedded. Conclustons.—Thus it would appear that Douglas fir grown in single mixture with Z/wa is superior in quality to Douglas that has been grown pure. Up to the 36th year the Zzwa is only ro feet less in height-growth than the Douglas, and does not up to this age suffer from suppression. The stems of the Thuja in this plantation are almost perfectly cylindrical, and do not show the fluted appearance typical of stems grown in the open. Under this unexpectedly short rotation the Douglas. IfO TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. fir attains a maximum height of 85 feet, with a clean bole of 60 to 70 feet (see Plate VIII. fig. 1). The great volume per acre of marketable timber produced by a plantation of this type, coupled with the relatively good prices obtainable, should make this a valuable mixture. The facility with which this mixture may be naturally regenerated adds greatly to its intrinsic worth. The prospective uses to which the timber may be put, even under a short rotation, tend to show that this mixture is a profitable one to grow in suitable localities. In addition where ship-building yards form available markets, the towing or rafting of long poles would cut down the water transit to a minimum. ‘The presence of Z7uja on the edges of this plantation affords useful shelter, as the crowns extend practically to the ground level (see Plate VIII. fig. 2). 14. Nursery and Plantation Competition. The Nursery and Plantation Competition was conducted broadly on the same lines as last year. One or two alterations in details were made as a result of the Judges’ recommendations, but the main object of the competition remains unaltered. The subjoined extract from the schedule which was sent to proprietors within the competition area, 7.¢., the counties of Argyll, Ayr, Bute, Lanark and Renfrew, will show these minor alterations :— “The Society invites entries in the following competitions. The necessary entry forms may be obtained from the secretary. “‘ Nurseries.—Class I.—For the best managed estate nursery not exceeding 2 acres in extent (Prize, A Silver Medal). Class I1.— For the best managed estate nursery exceeding 2 acres in extent (Prize, A Silver Medal). “* Plantations.—Class I,—For the best young plantation mainly of conifers not exceeding ro years of age, and not less than 2 acres in extent. Confined to estates having less than 300 acres of woods (Prize, A Silver Medal). Class II.—For the best young plantation mainly of conifers exceeding 10 years and not exceeding 20 years (Prize, A Silver Medal). Class III.—For the best young plantation mainly of conifers exceeding 20 years and not exceeding 40 years (Prize, A Silver Medal). Class IV.— For the best young plantation mainly of conifers not exceeding PuatTe VIII. Fic. 1.—Douglas fir and 7hwja gigantea, 36 years old. Height of Douglas fir, 85 feet, with clean bole of 60-70 feet. Fic. 2.— Thuja gigantea as shelter tree on the margin of the plantation. [To face p. 110. NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION. EEE 10 years of age, and not less than 5 acres in extent. Confined to estates having more than 300 acres of woods (Prize, A Silver Medal). Class V.—For the best young plantation mainly of conifers exceeding 10 years and not exceeding 20 years (Prize, A Silver Medal). Class VI.—For the best young plantation . mainly of conifers exceeding 20 years and not exceeding 40 years (Prize, A Silver Medal). Class VII.—For the best young plantation mainly of hardwoods not exceeding 35 years of age, and not less than 2 acres in extent (Prize, A Silver Medal). “« Conditions.—1. Each competitor must pay an entry fee of 1os. 6d. for his first entry and an additional 5s. for each subse- quent entry. 2. The whole plantation must be entered if all of the same age. 3. The Judges will be empowered to withhold prizes in cases of insufficient merit. They will also be empowered to award a Bronze Medal for those subjects which are not prize winners but are above the average standard of excellence.” The entries taken as a whole were of a high order of merit, and the Judges found it necessary to recommend special and merit prizes, as a glance at the prize list! will show. A significant fact, and one to which attention must be called, was that there were no entries in Class VII. for hardwood plantations. Ten subjects were entered by six estates. These were made up of three nurseries—two in Class II. and one in Class I.—and seven plantations. Sir James Bell, Bart., Montgreenan, entered three plantations which had been formed on previously uncultivated boggy peat. The conspicuous success which has attended the methods employed to bring such an area under tree-growth was such that the Judges found it necessary to put this entry into a class by itself, as it was so wholly unique in character that there was nothing to compare it with. Mr Bogie, land steward, Mont- greenan, under whose supervision the planting operations were carried out, has kindly supplied the following account of the methods he employed :— ‘© AFFORESTATION AT MONTGREENAN ON Moss LANDs. “‘ Operations in connection with the scheme of afforestation at Montgreenan were begun on 3rd January 1910, when a start 1 See ‘‘ Proceedings,” p. 38. It2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, was made with the draining of the land. This work was not completed till the middle of May, but by the early days of April it was in a sufficiently forward state to enable planting to be pro- ceeded with. The German system of planting was followed, and for that purpose a German spade called the Spiralborer was used. “The process was as follows :—Two small turfs were taken off the surface, about 2 inches thick. Other two of equal thickness were then taken out close by, and the four pieces all placed together at one side of the hole. Another spading was then taken out about 6 inches deep and placed at the other side of the hole, which measured 8 inches deep by 6 inches in diameter. The turf and soil were left lying on the surface for eight days to dry, which removes the acid, and a quarter lb. of unburned ground limestone was added to the soil at each hole, which was then ready for the planters. Before planting, the roots of each tree were dipped ina solution composed of 1 gallon of farm liquid manure to 6 gallons of water, and in order to make the mixture thick some clay was added. One of the turfs was then placed at the bottom of the hole, and when the tree was put in special precaution was taken against the burying of the roots too deeply. On an average the roots were planted 3 inches from the surface. After the hole was filled in with soil mixed with lime or slag, the three remaining turfs were placed on the top and pressed lightly round the plant. As the locality is high and exposed to north- east winds, it was considered expedient to provide a little pro- tection by placing a large turf at the side of each tree. The advantage of this procedure was seen in August, when a careful examination showed that very few deaths had taken place and that very fine growths were formed. “The trees had also the benefit of heather protection. The work of planting was carried out in the following rotation :—1. Drainers; 2. hole-borers; 3. boys adding lime to soil; 4. tree planters (women); 5. turf placers. When planting was completed a minute inspection was made in order to ascertain if any of the trees had got loosened by the strong winds. “The work was finished towards the end of May. Altogether 472,000 trees were planted. These were equally divided between Scots pine and Norway spruce. The distance between each tree was about 3 ft. 9 ins. As will be seen from the following NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION, Ir3 tables each plantation was divided into sections, the soil of which was treated in three different ways :— Plantation (No. 1). West side of Glasgow road : Area, about 20 acres. Distance between drains . i 20 feet. Depth of drains : : ; 3 feet. Width of drains : P : 20 inches. Section No.1 . : ; : Ground limestone. a etn Olen : : , Basic slag. Ms 5 Um , 7 F Ground limestone. Plantation (No. 2). North side of Glasgow road and west side of large ride . Area, about 70 acres. Distance between drains . 15 feet. Depth of drains ; : 3 feet. Width of drains ; ; ; 20 inches. Section No. 4 . : : Ground limestone. a3 mils Basic slag. re sels Ground limestone. $f a Basic slag. : ite Ground limestone. ie ey 8 Basic slag. : ae ey Ground limestone. 11 (North side large ride) Ground limestone. Plantation (iVo. 3). Auchentiber Moss. : Area, about 70 acres. Distance between drains . ; 18 feet. Depth of drains ; , 3 feet. Width of drains . : : 20 inches. Section No. 12. ‘ ; ‘ Ground limestone. 3 fe : é Loam. ~ fsa 4 ; j . Ground limestone. re Se te ; : _ 1 duoame “During planting, which lasted six weeks, we employed a large number of people—upwards of 100, They came from all parts of the district, and also from Irvine, Kilwinning and Dalry. At that time there seemed to be a lot of people out of work and they were thankful to get employment here.” VOL. XXVIII. PART I. H I14 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. In a recent communication Mr Bogie informs us that measure- ments made in November showed that the growth during this year was from 6 to 18 inches. At Mount-Stuart, in the Island of Bute, the fine plantations of Japanese larch deserve special mention, and Mr Howe, overseer, Mount-Stuart, has been good enough to send the following account of these interesting plantations :— ‘CARN BANN PLANTATION, BUTE ESTATE. “This plantation was planted during February and finished 6th March 1908. It extends to 20 acres—18 acres of which are pure Japanese larch. Two acres on top of the hill are planted with Scots pine for shelter from the west winds. The trees when planted were 2-year 1-year seedlings, and notch- planted in straight rows 4 feet apart. The average height of trees in the plantation at present is 12 feet with 63 inches circum- ference 2 feet from the ground. The plantation has a south-east exposure and rises from 200 feet at bottom of plantation to 250 feet at top above sea-level. The soil is a free sandy loam on top of rock, and carried a crop of beech before the present trees were planted. “ With the exception of having to fence it against rabbits and roe deer when planted, it has not cost anything. No filling up was necessary. The cost of cutting bracken is the only expense since planting, and amounts to the wage of a man for one day in each of the first two years. Should the plantation continue to grow as well as it is doing just now, in two years’ time it will require a light thinning, as I observe the bottom branches are being suppressed already. The plantation on the whole is very healthy. I can safely say there is not a diseased tree in it. “ CULIVINE PLANTATION, BUTE Estate (see Plate IX.), “This plantation is ro acres in extent, 5 of which are pure Japanese larch and 5 acres pure European larch, with only an 18-foot roadway dividing them. The area was planted in February 1905; it has a southerly exposure and rises 300 feet above sea-level. The soil is a deep, rich loam on top of clay. The Japanese larch was planted 4 feet apart and the native larch 34 feet. Fencing was necessary against rabbits and roe deer. The average height of the trees in the Japanese section ‘ang ‘UOlRuR[ UTATND ur sayoayy (qysu) weadoing pure (yay) asauedel ‘ode aes dy] jo ore sjueyd ayy Prank DX’. Jace p 114. oO {Z Witch’s Broom on Pseedotsuga Dowglasi. NURSERY AND PLANTATION COMPETITION. T15 is 1g feet, and 9g} inches in girth 2 feet from the ground. The plantation will require a light thinning this winter as the under branches are already dead, and a good few of the smaller trees might be removed to allow the others to develop. The native larch has a height of to} feet with a circumference of 5% inches and is growing well, but will not require any thinning for some time yet. I may say it is a beautiful sight to stand on the 18-foot roadway and compare the two sections. One can scarcely realise that they were planted in the same year and month with 2-year 1-year seedlings. It appears to me the climate of Bute suits the Japanese larch, and also the Douglas fir, for we planted 20 acres of Douglasiz during last year with very few failures.” The Glenstriven larch plantations are particularly fine, and indicate the splendid capacity of the district to produce larch of the finest quality, when the plantations are tended by skilful hands. It is interesting to compare the growth of the European larch in Bute and Arran. At both Mount-Stuart and Brodick, these plantations have received every attention and treatment that skill and knowledge can bestow, but the “locality” in Bute seems to be more favourable for the growth of larch. This point would well repay a careful comparative investigation or detailed survey of these two—apparently in every other way similar—localities. The Culzean Nursery—the only one entered in Class II.—was extremely interesting not only on account of the number of different species it contained, but because in it was demonstrated, in a very striking manner, the large variety of plants which can be used for hedging purposes. The two nurseries of Class I. were each excellent examples of well laid out and cared for home “‘tree gardens.” Without exception these three nurseries were being conducted on sound economic lines, and the high state of excellence in which they were maintained reflects the greatest credit on their owners and those responsible for their management. A. W. BorTHwick peat G. U. MacponaLp j Judges. 116 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. NOTES AND OUERTES: WitcH’s Broom ON PsEuDOTSUGA DOoUGLASII. (With Plate.) The photograph on the back of Plate IX. shows a remarkable growth, a ‘‘ Witch’s Broom” found hanging from a Douglas fir. It is a very perfect specimen, and measures 8 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep, the small stem by which it is attached to a branch being 7 inches long and only ,*, of an inch in diameter. Its total weight when found was 1 lb. Witch’s Broom on Douglastt is believed to be the result of mite attack. James M‘CatiuM. APPOINTMENT OF CHIEF CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS, SouTH AFRICA. One of the most important forest appointments of recent times has lately been filled in South Africa. Mr J. Storr-Lister has recently retired, and Mr Charles Legat has been appointed in his place. The Chief Conservator of Forests, South Africa, has under his direction the Conservators of the various Colonies which have been united to form the Union of South Africa, viz., Cape Colony, with four Conservators or their equivalents ; and one Conservator each for Natal, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal. Mr Legat has for some years been Conservator of the Trans- vaal. Immediately after the war Lord Milner obtained expert advice, and a Conservator for the Transvaal was resolved on. It was first proposed to obtain a forest officer from India ; but that not proving feasible at the time, Mr Legat, who was already in the Transvaal in a junior capacity, was appointed Conservator. The results have amply justified this selection ; and the Premier, with that sense of fairness and knowledge of a good officer which have given General Botha his influence in South Africa, has now made the present appointment. _ Charles Legat is a B.Sc. of Edinburgh, and had his forest training under the late Colonel F. Bailey. He has passed some ‘ NOTES AND QUERIES. 117 time in the German forests, and has toured in the sub-tropical forests of the south of France, which form a most instructive study for a South African forest officer. He went out to the forest department of Cape Colony in a junior capacity some sixteen years ago, and rose by merit until he was selected to go to the Transvaal after the Boer war. It will be recalled that although the area of the indigenous forest of South Africa is comparatively small (only some half- million acres all told), an important work is being performed in the formation of extensive plantations of exotic trees. These exotics are carefully selected as regards climatic suitability, and are hardier and grow faster than the native trees. Some £150,000 is spent yearly on South African forestry, of which over one-third is at present returned as revenue. The young plantations of exotic trees are already yielding, from thinnings only, more revenue than the indigenous forest. PROTECTION OF Scots PINE AGAINST BLACK GAME. During last winter when there was a lot of snow, black game did a considerable amount of damage by eating the buds of newly planted Scots pine, and it occurred to the forester that some sort of dressing might save the remainder. Two dressings were tried, Smearoleum and a dressing made up at home which consisted of one part of Archangel tar to two parts of tallow fat boiled together. Only the terminal leading buds were dressed, and the result in both cases was the same ; those buds which had been dressed were left alone, though the buds on the side shoots were eaten as much as before, but the effect of the Smearoleum was that the buds did not open or grow when the spring came, while those dressed with the home-made mixture grew well and have continued to do so. The method of applying the dressing consisted in dropping a little on the leading bud from a paint-brush. After a little practice the men employed got over a great number of plants in a day ; it was found that a man could do about 5000 in a day. The dressing will have to be applied again on the new leading bud until the plants have reached a size sufficient to make them safe from black game. This year I propose to apply the preparation in the nursery before planting out, and expect to save time. W. STEUART FOTHRINGHAM. 118 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. LEAFLET ON THE LARGE BROWN PINE WEEVIL. An important leaflet (No. 8) has been recently issued by the Board of Agriculture, dealing with the large brown pine weevil (Hylobius abietis, L.). In this leaflet an excellent description of the weevil and of its life-history is given, while the plants attacked, the damage done, together with preventive and remedial measures are dealt with in a thoroughly practical manner. The beautifully reproduced photographs of the insect at work are of outstanding merit. Every forester should procure a copy of the leaflet, which may be obtained free of charge and post free on application to the Secretary, Board of Agriculture for Scotland, 29 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Letters of application so addressed need not be stamped. TREE-GROWTH IN 1013. The year 1913 has been remarkable for plant-growth, and trees are no exception to the rule. In the south of England we had an unusually showery spring and early summer, followed by some weeks of extreme heat, then showers all through the autumn and early winter. This combination of circumstances tended to produce growths above the average. The following are measurements taken in the plantations and nursery on the Canford estate :— Conifers. Lartx europea, . 3 ft. ro} ins. . Planted in spring rgttr. » ¢eptolepis, Brita Ags » , ” Pseudotsuga Douglasit, 3, 9 55 ) ” ” Pinus Pinaster, Sh A eid bss 5 ” ” jp StlveSTFiS, Dae ins 5 ” 1909 5 ~tasignts, SO MOM Pe - 9 Igt2 Hardwoods. Hazel coppice, 1 year old, : , ; 6 ft. 8 ins. Beech, young hedge, : ; : : : 2 aioe Hornbeam, old hedge, : ; : : ; 4 5; io =e White thorn, young hedge, ; ; : 5 aa Horse chestnut, in nursery, ; : 4 3° eon The European larch are still growing ‘Cth Nov.), but the Japanese have ripened off. James M‘Catium. NOTES AND QUERIES. 12 ie) FORESTRY AND THE ANGLO-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. The Anglo-American Exhibition, to be held at Shepherd’s Bush during the present year (1914), has for its object the celebration in a fitting manner of the hundred years of peace and progress between the English-speaking peoples since the treaty of Ghent in 1814, and will contain sections devoted to horticulture, arboriculture and forestry. The forestry depart- ment is now engaging the special attention of a committee of experts, and it is believed that the scheme proposed will ensure an adequate representation of the varied aspects of this great industry. A special forestry conference in connection with the exposition is to be held in August. THE ExcURSION TO SWITZERLAND. The following are the names of the gentlemen who took part in this Excursion (see Report, p. 83) :— B. W. Adkin, Westminster; J. H. Alexander, Kew Gardens ; Frank Amos, Canterbury; J. F. Annand, M.Sc., Armstrong College, Newcastle (Councillor) ; T. Blair, Hoprig Mains, East Lothian; A. W. Borthwick, D.Sc. (Vice-President and Hon. (Zaditor ; John Broom, Bathgate (Councillor); Gilbert Brown, Grantown-on-Spey (Councillor); Charles Buchanan ( Vice-Prest- dent); James Clyne, Banchory; R. W. Cowper, Sittingbourne, Kent; John D. Crozier, Dublin; James Curr, Prestonkirk ; Tom Curr, Prestonkirk ; W. S. Curr, Prestonkirk ; Robert Dale, Sorn, Mauchline; W. Dallimore, Kew Gardens; Wm. Dawson, B.Sc., Cambridge (Councillor); J. A. Donald, Dupplin, Perth ; A. C. Forbes, Avondale; R. Forbes, Kennet (Councillor) ; R. B. Fraser, Edinburgh; R. Galloway (Secretary and Treasurer); R. Angus Galloway, Edinburgh ; Sydney J. Gammell, of Drum- tochty (Vice-President); Wm. Gold, Dellavaird; G. P. Gordon, B.Sc., Glasgow (Councillor); Donald Grant, Fersit; James Grant, Raith; James L. Gray, Dalkeith; David Hardie, Errol; H. J. Heavener, Inistioge, Ireland; Professor Henry, Dublin; A. D. Hopkinson, B.Sc., Cirencester; John Kerr, East Lothian; David King, Edinburgh; Major Leather, of Middleton Hall; George Leven, Bowmont Forest (Councillor) ; D. A. M‘Corquodale, Carnoustie ; Alex. MacGregor, Dalmuir ; John M‘Kerchar, London; R. V. Mather, Kelso; David 120 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mitchell, Drumtochty ; Alex. Morgan, Crieff; A. B. Motherwell, Airdrie; George Mowat, Carmichael; Donald Munro, Ban- chory; J. Lyford Pike, B.Sc., Edinburgh; J. M. Ralph, Cor- storphine; W. Ralph, Corstorphine; George Robertson, Mon- reith; H. T. Robertson, Airdrie; Wm. D. O. Rose, M.A., Edinburgh; The Earl of Rosse, Birr Castle, King’s County ; James Smith, Birr; Frank Sime, Beauly; John G. Singer, Culzean; Professor Somerville, Oxford; Adam Spiers, Edin- burgh (Councillor); Thomson Spiers, Edinburgh; Capt. Stirling, of Keir (Pres¢dent); Walter C. Stunt, Lorenden, Kent ; D. P. Wallace, North Devon; W. H. Whellens, Comlongon ; James G. Wilson, Edinburgh ; George Wolfe, Bathgate. REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOGE The Forest of Dean. By ArtuuR O. Cooke. With four Illustrations in colour and fifty-six in black and white. Price ros. 6d. net. London: Constable & Co. This is an excellent guide for the tourist. Even the experienced forester may find interesting passages in it, but he will be dis- appointed if he expects to find it a treatise on forestry. The author makes no pretensions to deal with that subject unless incidentally. Anyone wishing a quiet but interesting holiday could not do better than take up his quarters in the historic Speech House (which is now a very good hotel), and spend the days at his disposal in following the many attractive routes in the forest and neighbourhood sketched out in this book. Albury Park Trees and Shrubs. 66+x pp. By A. Bruce Jackson. London: West, Newman & Co. 1913. In our issue of July rgrz (Vol. xxiv., p. 236) we noticed the same authors catalogue of hardy trees and shrubs at Syon House, owned by the Duke of Northumberland. The present work is a similar catalogue of the trees and shrubs at Albury Park in Surrey, which belongs to the same owner. In the present case the compiler has enhanced the value of his work by giving references to well-known works on trees where a detailed account and a drawing or photograph of the species under notice can be found. The catalogue is printed for private distribution only. Roval Scottish Arboricultural Society, Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON : HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PROCEEDINGS IN 1913.—Continued. THE GENERAL MEETING. The General Meeting of the Society was held in the Show Yard at Paisley, on Wednesday, oth July 1913, at 3 P.M. Captain Stiriinc, President of the Society, was Chairman, and there was a large attendance of members. MINUTES, The CHAIRMAN mentioned that the Minutes of the Annual Meeting had been printed and circulated with the Zransactions, and that it was proposed to hold them as read. This was agreed to. APOLOGIES. Apologies for absence were intimated from Sir John Stirling- Maxwell; Sir Kenneth Mackenzie; the Rt. Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., Hon. Secretary; Lord Balfour of Burleigh ; Mr Gammell; Sir Arthur Mackenzie; Colonel Stewart Mackenzie; Dr Nisbet; Mr John Mackenzie, Dunvegan; Mr Davidson, Panmure ; and Mr Leven, Bowmont Forest. CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS. In opening his remarks the CHAIRMAN made suitable reference to the death of Mr John Methven, Member of Council and Con- vener of the Finance Committee, and mentioned that a wreath had been sent to the funeral and a letter of condolence to his relat- ives. In the course of his further remarks the President said that a 34 there was little progress to report since the Annual Meeting, and that there was no visible progress except what was due to the efforts of the Society itself and kindred societies. He referred to the Deputation to the Railway Companies which was taken part in by this Society, the Landowners’ Forestry Co-operative Society and the Timber Merchants’ Association, and mentioned that the Deputation had been more successful than they had anticipated—more favourable terms having since been made with the Railway Companies with regard to the price of home- grown sleepers. He was sorry that no response had yet been received to the letter sent by the Council to the Chairman of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland urging the Board to make progress with afforestation, but he believed the Board was carefully considering the suggestions that had been made, and he was hopeful that something would be done. The Council would continue to do what it could to advance the cause of afforestation. He believed that the best hope of progress was in taking steps to procure the afforestation, under suitable management, of a large area, by the joint action of proprietors and the State, and he was hopeful that something of this nature would be carried out before very long. JupGEs’ REPORT ON THE Essays. The SECRETARY gave in the awards of the Judges on the Essays received in Competition as follows :— 1. “Cleaning Young Trees.” By ALEex. S. MacLarty, Head Forester, Glasserton, Whithorn, Wigtownshire. Award—a No. 3 Silver Medal. 2. ‘ Notes of Silvicultural Interest.” By W. H. WHELLENs, Head Forester, Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Notts. Award—a Bronze Medal. 3. “A Visit to Bordeaux and the Landes.” By “ PINASTER.” No Award. 4. “The Utilisation of Waste Wood.” By “Scots PINE.” No Award. 5. “Pruning.” By “Erica.” No Award. 6. ‘Successful Methods of Converting and Seasoning Timber.” By ‘‘ARBoRETUM.” No Award. 35 EXHIBITION AT PAISLEY. The Secretary also gave in the awards of the Judges in the Exhibition Competitions as follows :— Competition No. J. Specimens of the Timber of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Ist Prize, £1, Alex. Lowe, Forester, Lockerbie House, Lockerbie. 2nd) | ,, 15s., The Marquis of Bute, fer John A. Howe, Forester. ard ,; tos., H. G. Younger of Benmore, fer John M‘Glashan, Forester. Competition No. 11. Specimens of the Timber of Norway Spruce (/%cea excelsa). Ist Prize, £1, Sir John A. Dewar, Bt., of Dupplin. 2nd _ ,, 15s., Sir Hugh Shaw-Stewart, Bt., of Ard- gowan. BI ys tos., The Earl of Minto. Competition No. 111. Specimens of the Timber of Larch (Larix europea). ist Prize, £1, Sir Hugh Shaw-Stewart, Bt., of Ard- gowan. 2nd ,, 15s., The Marquis of Bute. Gh 1os., The Earl of Minto. Competition No. IV. Specimens of the Timber of Ash (/vaxinus excelsior). 1st Prize, £1, The Marquis of Bute. 7 oe L5S.; Do. SEO 15 tos., Captain Stirling of Keir. Competition No. V. Specimens of the Timber of Oak (Quercus robur). 1st Prize, £1, The Marquis of Bute. 2nd _ ,, 15s., Alex. Lowe, Forester, Lockerbie House. BEE 5 1os., Captain Stirling of Keir. 36 Competition No. VI. Specimens of the Timber of Elm ( U/mus montana). ist Prize, £1, The Marquis of Bute. QT » 4s 15s., Captain Stirling of Keir. elie Aes 1os., Sir Hugh Shaw-Stewart, Bt., of Ard- gowan. Competition No. VIT. Specimens of the Timber of any three Coniferous Trees other than the above. A. OPEN SECTION. tst Prize, £2, tos., The Marquis of Bute. (Cupressus macrocarpa, Abies nobilis and Common Silver Fir.) 2nd Prize, £1, 10s., Captain Stirling of Keir. (Corsican Pine, Adzes nobilis and Douglas Fir.) B. Locat SEcTION. 2nd Prize, 15s., The Marquis of Bute. (Abies nobilis, Douglas Fir and Common Silver Fir.) Competition No. VILL. Specimens of the Timber of any three Broad-Leaved Timber Trees other than the above. A. OPEN SECTION. 1st Prize, £2, 10s., The Marquis of Bute. (Turkey Oak, Sycamore and Spanish Chestnut.) 2nd Prize, £1, tos., Sir John A. Dewar, Bt., of Dupplin. (Canadian Poplar, Beech and Spanish Chestnut.) 3rd Prize, £1, Sir Hugh Shaw-Stewart, Bt., of Ardgowan. (Beech, Elm (U/mus campestris) and Sycamore.) B. Locat SECTION. 1st Prize, £1, The Marquis of Bute. (Beech, Sycamore and Spanish Chestnut.) 37 Competition No. XT. A Gate for Farm Use, manufactured from Home-grown Timber by the Exhibitor, who must be a Forester or a Working Forester. First. Duncan M‘Millan, Forester, Keir. No. 2 Silver Medal. Second John G. Singer, Forester, Culzean. No. 3 Silver Medal. Third. Lewis S. Rae, Foreman Forester, Dupplin. Bronze Medal. Competition No. XII. A Gate, manufactured from Home-grown Timber, which may be made by a tradesman, but must be designed and exhibited by a Member. First J. A. Donald, Forester, Dupplin. No. 1 Silver Medal. Competition No. XIII. A self-closing Wicket Gate, manufactured from Home-grown Timber. First. John M‘Glashan, Forester, Benmore. No. 3 Silver Medal. Competition No. X VIII. Specimens of Stems illustrating the Effects of Dense and Thin Crops in Branch Suppression and quality of Timber. John G. Singer, Forester, Culzean. Bronze Medal. Competition No. XIX. A collection of Fungi injurious to Forest Trees and Shrubs. George Fraser, Midhope, Hopetoun. No. 2 Silver Medal. Competition No. XX. Any useful invention or marked improvement on any of the Implements or Instruments used in Forestry. Thos. Armstrong, Eden Hall Estate, Langwathby. Bronze Medal for Wire-winding Machine for winding Lacing Wire on to Spindles, with Photographs illustrating old and new methods. 38 Competition No. XXII. Any approved Article of British manufacture either wholly or mainly made of Wood grown in the United Kingdom. Alex. Lowe, Forester, Lockerbie House. No. 2 Silver Medal for a Rustic arch with gate. Alex. Pollock, Royal Rustic Builder, Tarbolton. No. 3 Silver Medal for two larch and oak plant-tubs and an oak seat, made of wood grown on the banks of Ayr. In addition to the foregoing awards the Judges recommended that a No. 1 Silver Medal should be awarded to Mr Joun G. SINGER, Forester, Culzean, for the general collection of exhibits brought by him to the Exhibition. The Judges’ awards were unanimously agreed to. The Marquis of Graham asked if it would be competent to exhibit, in successive years, boards which had already taken a prize. It was pointed out that there was no rule against this, and that it would be quite competent to exhibit the boards until they were beaten by better ones. JupcEs’ AWARDS IN THE NURSERY AND PLANTATION ComMPETITION.! (Restricted to the Paisley Show District.) Dr BorTHWICK, in giving in the Report of this Competition, on behalf of Mr G. U. Macdonald and himself, mentioned that six Estates had taken part in the Competition, and that three Nurseries and nine Plantations, making twelve subjects in all, had been entered. He reported that, with the approval of the Council, the Judges had agreed to recommend that in the case of the Glenstriven plantations which would each receive a No. 1 Silver Medal, a Gold Medal should be offered ; in the case of the Bute plantations, a Gold Medal should also be offered in place of the No. 1 Silver Medal and the Bronze Medal which would otherwise be given ; and that in the case of the Brodick planta- tions a No. x Silver Medal should be offered in place of two Bronze Medals. The meeting approved of these recommendations. 1 For further particulars as to entries in these Competitions, see the Judges’ Report on page 110 of the 7ransactions. 39 The prizes awarded were as follows :— NURSERIES. Crass I. The best managed Estate Nursery not exceeding two acres in extent. R. Dale, Forester, Sorn Castle, Mauchline. 4 ~ Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society Prizes Offered for Papers—1914. The Council has decided to discontinue the Syllabus of specific subjects for which prizes are offered, and to award medals or their converted values for papers dealing with any branch of forestry. They hope that the new arrangement will not only serve to increase the number of papers submitted in competition, but will place at the Hon. Editor’s disposal a large number of valuable papers suitable for publication in the Transactions. In this connection they invite attention to the late Hon. Editor’s appeal for literary contributions, printed at p. 234 of Vol. xxvi., from which an extract containing suggestions as to the class of papers which would be welcomed is here given :— “The subjects on which communications would be welcome are numberless, but a few of them may be mentioned by way of suggestion :— Nature of localities here found to be most suitable for forest crops of various species, including exotics. Species, including exotics, here found to be most suitable as forest crops in localities which are unfavourable from various causes, such as high elevation, exposure to cold or strong wind, frost, bog, etc. Cheap and successful methods of planting. Successful “ direct” sowings. Successful natural regeneration. Successful treatment of crops up to middle age, especially with regard to mixed crops. Successful under-planting of crops of light-crowned species. Successful protection of nurseries and forest crops from injury by animals, birds, insects, fungi, weeds, smoke or meteoric phenomena (such as frost, wind, snow, etc.). Successful use of mechanical appliances for the moving of timber. Cheap and successful methods of increasing the durability of timber. Cheap and successful methods of converting and seasoning timber. Utilisation of waste wood (slabs, tops and branches, etc.). But of course there are many other subjects. As a rule, successful operations are more instructive than failures, but where the cause of non-success can be indicated with certainty, an account of such failure may be of much interest and value.” Conditions to which Writers must conform. The Judges are empowered to fix the value of the Medals to be awarded according to the respective merits of the Essays. All Essays, Reports, Models, or other Articles intended for Competition must be lodged with the Secretary not later than oth May 1914. Each such Essay, Report, Model, or Article must bear a Morro, and be accompanted by a sealed envelope bearing outside the SAME Morto, and containing a CARD with the NAME, DESIGNATION, avd ADDRESS of the Competitor. Essays should be written on one side of the paper only; the left-hand quarter of each page should be left as a blank margin. The lines should not be crowded together. Manuscripts for whith medals have been awarded, or which have been wholly or partly reproduced in the Transactions, become the property of the Soctety ana are not returned to thetr authors. Judges cannot compete during thetr term of office. Successful Competitors may have etther the medals or their con- verted values, which areas follows -—Gold, £5; No. 1 Silver Gilt, 43; No. 2 Silver, £2; No. 3 Silver; £1; Bronze, 108. - DIAMOND JUBILEE PART. TRANSACTIONS ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. ReOT. XXOV LI PART = 1914. AS W.. BORETH WICK DSc, HONORARY EDITOR. ROBERT GALLOWAY, §.8.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FORTHE SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. e to Non-Members, 5/= NUIBRARY. a, MW Vopr A.&J. MAIN & °-L™. MANUFACTURERS OF HAY & GRAIN SHEDS. = In this SHED the HA’ y (i or GRAIN can be store a to within a few inches « nN HOMME male i fi a a y See ROOF —>> = = yj in ay “/)\ FOLD YARD COVERINGS STEEL AND IRON BUILDINGS, of every description. HAA ine yy Uy ”y ik ey iu Design No. 661. CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING, IRON & WIRE FENCING, WROUCHT IRON RAILINCS, CATES, HURDLES, PALE FENCING, TREE GUARDS, Etc., Etc. Hes sy - Roofing and Fencing Catalogues on Application. | GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING Se FENCING WIRE at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. 31 BUDGE ROW, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGH. Ne EE NC PE Saas ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & Co. ADVERTISING AGENTS 43 GEORGE STREET EDINBURGH ADVERTISEMENTS of every kind are received for insertion in the Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Publications throughout the United Kingdom. Notices of Sequestration, Cessio, Dissolution of Partnership, Entail, etc., etc., for the Edinburgh and London Gazettes, are given special care and attention. Legal Notices, Heirs Wanted, and all other Advertisements, are inserted in the Colonial and Foreign Newspapers. Small Advertisements, such as Situations, Houses, and Apart- ments, Articles Wanted and For Sale, etc., etc., can be addressed to a No. at Keith & Co.’s Office, 43 George Street, Edinburgh, where the replies will be retained until called for, or, if desired, forwarded by Post. Parties in the country will find this a very convenient method of giving publicity to their requirements. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, MANSION HOUSES, etc, to LET, ESTATES for SALE, SALES OF TIMBER, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, ete. LAW and ESTATE AGENTS, FACTORS, TOWN CLERKS, CLERKS TO SCHOOL BOARDS, and other Officials may, with contidence, place their advertisements in the hands of the Firm. One Copy of an Advertisement is sufficient to send for any number of newspapers; and the convenience of having only one advertising account instead of a number of advertising accounts is also a great saving of time and trouble. Addressing of Envelopes with Accuracy and Despatch. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE,’’ EDINBURGH. Telephone No. 3164. + ADVERTISEMENTS, The West of Scotland Agricultural College, BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. Day and Evening Classes, which provide a complete Course of Instruction in Forestry, qualifying (vo fanfo) for the B.Sc. Degree of the University of Glasgow, for the Diploma of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Certificate of the College, are held during the Winter Session (October to March) at the College. Syllabus and particulars regarding these Classes and Prospectus of the general work of the College, including the Course for the Examination of the Surveyor’s Institution, may be obtained free from the Secretary. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 138 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. THE College is one of the Central Institutions administered by the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, and is intended to provide for Agricultural Education and Research in the Central and South- eastern Counties. DAY CLASSES. The Day Classes, in conjunction with certain University Classes, provide full courses of instruction in Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, and the Allied Sciences, and qualify for the College Diploma, the College Certificate in Horticulture, the Degrees of B.Sc. in Agriculture and B.Sc. in Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and for other Examinations and Certificates in the Science and Practice of Agriculture. SHORT COURSES AND EVENING CLASSES. Short Courses in Agriculture and Forestry are given annually; and Evening Classes in Agriculture, Chemistry, Veterinary Science, Forestry, Horticulture, Botany, and Zoology are held during the Winter Session. Particulars of Classes, and information as to Bursaries tenable at the College, will be found in the Calendar, which will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, ALEXANDER M‘CALLUM, M.A., LL.B. ADVERTISEMENTS. Established 1842. FOREST TREES Large Stocks of Seedling, and Transplanted True Native SCOTS FIR, MENZIES, DOUGLAS, NORWAY SPRUCE, Etc. All grown from carefully selected seed, in an open and exposed situation, thoroughly hardy, and well furnished with abundance of fibrous roots. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Specimen Ornamental Trees for Lawns and Avenues. Trees and Shrubs for Seaside Planting. Plants for Game Coverts, Underwood and Hedges. Special quotations for large quantities, and estimates furnished for planting by contract in any part of the country. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES AND SAMPLES ON APPLICATION. W. SMITH & SON, PRurservmen, oe ABERDEEN, N.B. SAVE MONEY °™ INSTMItINe BLACK’S GREOSOTING PLANTS Which are specially adapted for Estates and Timber Trades. —2B—E THE PRESSURE SYSTEM. Most of the Creosoting Plants working on Estates in Great Britain have been Supplied by us, and References can be given. THE BOILING METHOD. i= Our Plants are also Suitable for Burnettizing Timber. & SONS, Creosoting ‘Brdinaate and Creosote Oil Merchants, TWEEDMOUTH BOILER WORKS, BERWICK-ON-TWEED. ADVERTISEMENTS. By Appointment @ R22. His Late Majesty —— to —— Lewy sy King Edward VII. TO LANDED PROPRIETORS & OTHERS Special Cheap Bargains in RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS Having a tremendous stock to dispose of, we invite com- arison of prices before placing orders elsewhere. We will oD gladly send our Special List free on application. JAMES SMITH & SONS (Darley Dale) Ltd. Darley Dale Nurseries, near MATLOCK. Telegrams—‘‘ Smithiana, Twodales.” Telephone: No. 7 Darley Dale. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forrest, Farm, and GarDpeEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS &c. &c. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegrams : Telephones . ‘*ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” National, No. 1378 Partick. Post Office, No. 2733 Western. ROBINSON, DUNN & Go, Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. —~<»>— Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. TIMBER PRESERVING WORKS AT TEMPLE. CREOSOTING AND “‘B.M.” PROCESSES. Special Value FOR Planting Season SITKA SPRUCE, —— DOUGLAS SPRUCE | 1914 (Oregon variety), THUJA GIGANTEA, LARCH, Japanese, sors fin, teas Nain hardy, healthy, SCOTS FIR, True Native, well-grown plants. NORWAY SPRUCE, &c., &c. Inquiries Solicited. Samples and Special Prices on demand. Special List of Tree Seeds & Seedlings published in January. CATALOGUES POST FREE. BENJAMIN REID & COMPANY, SZ y CAS, ye 2 aS iy NURSERYMEN TO THE HING, SES A BE R DE E N = By Appointment ADVERTISEMENTS M‘FARLANE & ERSKINE, Lithographers, Letterpress and Three-Colour Printers :: :: Black and Coloured Plates for Scientific Works. Plans of Estates, etc. Coloured Illustrations for Seedsmen. Books, Maga- zines, Catalogues, Price Lists, Circulars, and Every Description of Printed Forms. St James Works, M‘Donald Road, EDINBURGH. ; on AGRICULTURAL _ SCIENCE, FORESTRY, K' CARDENING, Etc. Etc. All other subjects, Over 1,000,000 Volumes zx stock in strictly classified order. and for all Exams. Second-Hand at Half Prices. FOREIGN BOOKS in all New, at 25 per cent. Discount. Languages and on all Catalogue 845 Fost Free. State Wants. eubiccs: BOOKS BOUGHT: BEST PRICES GIVEN Books sent on approval. W. & G. FOYLE, 121-123 Charing Cross Road, London, W.C. Telegrams: ‘““FOYLIBRA,” LONDON. NOTICE. WANTED TO PURCHASE. Any of the following Parts of the Transactions VaAze: Parts 1, 2, and 3 of Vol. I. Parts 2 and 3 of Vol. III. Parts 1 and 2 of Vol. IV. Part 2 Ofe ViOlaaVvE Part 2 of Vol. IX. Part of Vol. XII. Apply to THE SECRETARY, —— 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH. CONTENTS: The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. PAGE 15. Discussion on Forestry in Scotland, held at the Annual Business Meeting, Feb. 7, 1914 ; : : 5 ae 16. Summary of the Position of Scottish Forestry in regard to the Development Fund and the Agriculture (Scotland) Fund. [2nd February 1914.] By R. Galloway, S.S.C., Secretary of the Society 3 : : reeetes 17. Report on Tour of Inspection of Woods and Afforestable Lands in Scotland, made by the Society’s Foreign, Indian, Colonial and other Guests, in connection with the Cele- bration of the Diamond Jubilee, and also with Thirty-seventh Annual Excursion (with three Plates) ‘ : SG 18. The Conference and Dinner ‘ : - 179 19. The Right Hon. Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson, K.C.M.G., Hon. Secretary, 1898-1914 . , : : >) 9226 20. Mr Robert Galloway, S.S.C., eucags and Treasurer (with Portrait) : : = : = |. 229 21. Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society . : Je 2o7 22. Nctes from Oak and Beech Forests in Denmark (with Plate). By W. G. Smith, B.Sc., Ph.D., eae and East of Scotland College of Agriculture : aL RA 23. The Silvicultural Treatment of the Douglas Fir. By W. Steuart Fothringham . : : : : . 248 24. The Economic Disposal of Coniferous Timber (with Plate). By D. K. M‘Beath : : - : . . 25% 25. The Japanese Larch (Larix /eptolepis). By Geo, Leven 5 250 26. The Sitka Spruce in Ireland. By A. C. Forbes : ee 2Or! CONTENTS. Notes and Queries:—The Index—Scarcity of Pitwood— ie: Forest Pests—The Oleoresins of some Western Pines— Prices and Supplies in the Timber Trade—Creosoting Tree Stumps against Pine Weevil—Japanese Larch— Notes re Acetone. : : : ; . 266 Obituary :—Sir John Ramsden, Bart. . : » oz Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1914, with Appendices. List of Members as at 1st September 1914. General Index. Roval Scottish Arboricultural Soctetyp. INSTITUTED 1854. Patron—HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. Permission to assume the title ‘*‘ Royal” was granted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in 1887. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1914. President. Carrain ARCHIBALD STIRLING of Keir, Dunblane. Vice=Presidents, RD LOVAT, D.S.O., Beaufort Castle, Beauly. SYDNEY J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty, Countesswells BUCHANAN, Factor, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. DREW AGNEW, Bart., of Lochnaw, 10 Smith Square, | JOHN F. ANNAND, M.Se., Lecturer in Forestry, Armstrong stminster. College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. — FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. Council. Hon. Lire MEMBERS. Smr KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. ORDINARY MEMBERS. ILLANDERS, F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Aln-| ALEXANDER MITCHELL, Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge. k. | ROBERT FORBES, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City| ALEXANDER J. MUNRO, Factor, 48 Castle Street, Edin- bers, Glasgow. burgh. M DAVIDSON, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. W. M. PRICE, Factor, Minto, Hawick. MASSIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. |GEORGE LEVEN, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. I BROWN, Wood Manager, Grantown-on-Spey. JOHN W. M‘HATTIE, Superintendent of City Parks, City E P. GORDON, B.Sc., Lecturer in Forestry, West of Chambers, Edinburgh. = Agricultural College, 6 Blythswood Square,| JOHN BROOM, Wood Merchant, Bathgate, | ALEXANDER MURRAY, Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. J. H. MILNE HOME, Irvine House, Canonbie. MOHARDSON, 6 Dalkeith Street Joppa. SPIERS, Timber Merchant, Warriston S ills, Edin- = : ig ant Mule iain | DAVID W. THOMSON, Nurseryman, -133 George Street, T ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. Edinbureh: ' [ACDONALD, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine | JOHN A. HOWE, Overseer, Home Farm, Mount-Stuart, tage, Peebles. Rothesay. Exrra Meweer—PRESIDENT OF ABERDEEN BRANCH Hon. Editor. Dr A. W. BORTHWICK, 46 George Square, Edinburgh. Auditor. JOHN T. WATSON, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Hon, Secretary. Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. Secretary and Treasurer. ROBERT GALLOWAY, §8.8.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. ABERDEEN BRANCH. NORTHERN BRANCH. A. Forses Irvine of Drum. President—BrRovikr OF BRODIE. ecy.—GEoRGE D. Massik, Solicitor, 147 Union Street, Hon. Secy.—A.LEX. FRasER, Solicitor, 63 Church Street, Aberdeen. Inverness. Hon. Consulting Officials. ing Botanist.—ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, LL.D., | Consulting Entomologist. —ROBERT STEWART MAC- .; Sc.D., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, DOUGALL, M.A., D.Se., Professor of Entomology, etc., aburgh. 9 Dryden Place, Edinburgh. ing Chemist. —ALEX ANDER LAU DER, D.Se.,F.1.C., Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., D.Sc., Geo- rge Square, Edinburgh. logical Laboratory, University of Edinburgh. ing Cryptogamist.—A. W. BORTHWICK, D.Sc., | Consulting Meteorologist.—_ANDREW WATT, M.A.,F.R.S.E., rge Square, Edinburgh. Secretary Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. * &) Former Presidents. The following have held the office of President in past years, viz. :— 1854-56. JAMES Brown, Wood Commissioner to the | 1882. Professor ALEXANDER Dickson, Uniy Karl of Seafield. of Edinburgh. NS. The Right Hon. Tur Hart or Ducte. 1883-85. Hucu CLecuorn, M.D., LL.D., FR. 1858. The Right Hon. THe KARL or Sratr. of Stravithie. 1859. Sir Joun Hatt, Bart. of Dunglass. 1886-87. The Right Hon. Sir Herserr Ep; 1860. His Grace Tor DUKE oF ATHOLL. MAXWELL, Bart. of Monreith. 1861. JoHN I. Cuaumers of Aldbar. 1888-89. The Most Hon. THE Margpy 1862. The Right Hon. THe EARL or AIRLIE. | LINLITHGOW. 1863. The Right Hon. T. F. Kennepy. 1890-93. Professor BAYLEY BALFour, Uniy 1864-71. Ropert HutrcuHison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. of Edinburgh. 1872-73. Hucu CLecHorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., | 1894-97. The Right Hon. Sir Ronautp C. ¥ of Stravithie. Frercuson, K.C.M.G. 1874-75. Professor JoHN Hvutrron BA.LFour, | 1898. Colonel F. BarLEy, R.E. University of Edinburgh. 1899-02. The Right Hon. THE EARL or MANS} 1876-78. The Right Hon. W. P. ApAm of Blair- | 1903-06. W. Srruarr ForHrINGHAM of Muri adam. 1907-09. Sir KennerH J. MACKENZIE, Ba 1879-81. The Most Hon. THe MArquis oF Gairloch. LoruiAn, K.T. 1910-12. Sir Jonn STIRLING-MAXWELL, Be Pollok. Membership. HE Roll contains the names of over 1450 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions and Competitions for Plantations and Estate Nurseries aftermentioned. 3 School of Forestry, Afforestation, Etc. In 1882 the Society strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. In 18g0, the Society instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of £584, 3s. rod. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. The Society also drew up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland, which might serve not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in their Report the Committee recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire; and while this cannot be looked on as a Demonstra- tion Forest, it is hoped that it may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. Meantime Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson, for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan is in operation, very kindly allows Students to visit them. After the Development Act came into operation, the Council passed a Resolution urging that the Government should create a Board of Forestry, with an Office in Scotland, where the largest areas of land suitable for Afforestation are situated, which would provide Demonstration Forests and Forest Gardens, and would carry out, as an essential preliminary to any great scheme of National Afforestation, a Survey of all areas throughout the country suitable for commercial planting. The Society’s policy for the development of Forestry in Scotland has since been fully laid before the Development Commission. As a result of these representations, the Secretary for Scotland appointed a Com- mittee to report regarding the acquisition and uses of a Demon- stration Forest Area, and any further steps it is desirable to take in order to promote Silviculture in Scotland. The Committee reported in the beginning of last year, and the Society is pressing the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, being the Department now con- cerned with Scottish forestry, to give effect to the Committee’s recommendations and to encourage the inception of schemes of afforestation. The Society has also published a valuable Report on Afforestation—including a Survey of Glen Mor—prepared for it by Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling, which, it is hoped, may form the basis of the general Forest Survey advocated by the Society. Resolutions in favour of the acquisition of part of Ballogie, on 4 Deeside, and Supplementary Areas in other districts for Demonstra- tion purposes, and of the creation of a Department of Forestry for Scotland with a separate annual grant, were passed at last Annual Meeting and sent to the Ministers and Government Departments concerned, and to all the Scottish Members of Parliament. Excursions. Since 1878 well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, Ireland, and the Continent. In 1895 a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, in 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited, in 1909 a visit was undertaken to the Bavarian Forests, and during the past summer ten days were spent in the Forests of Switzerland. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. In addition to the Annual Exhibition before referred to, large and important Forestry Sections organised by this Society were included in the Scottish National Exhibition held in Edinburgh in 1908, and in the Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art, and Industry, held in Glasgow in rgrt. Plantations and Estate Nurseries Competitions. Prizes are now offered annually for the best Young Plantations and the best managed Estate Nurseries within the Show District of the Highland and Agricultural Society. The Society’s Transactions. The Transactions of the Society, which extend to twenty-seven volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. 5 Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the Honorary Officials mentioned above. Local Branches. Local Branches have been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. Consulting Foresters. The Secretary keeps a list of Consulting Foresters whose services are available to Members of the Society and others. Correspondents. The following have agreed to act as Correspondents residing abroad :— Canada, . Roserrt Bett, I.S.0., M.D., LL.D., D.Sc.(Cantab.), F.R.S. of Ottawa, late Chief Geologist to Government of Canada, Ottawa. India, . . F.L. C. Cowney Brown, Principal, South Indian Forest College, Coimbatore, South India. British East\ EpwarD BatTTiscomsBE, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Africa, J Nigeri, via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. United eee P. Baker, Dean, New York State College of of America, Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y. Cape Colony, . W. Nimmo Brown, M‘Kenzie’s Farm, Mowbray, P.O. Western Australia, FRED Moon. LOCAL SECRETARIES. Counties. Scotland, Aberdeen, . JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. JoHN Micuiz, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. Argyll, . . H. L. Macponatp of Dunach, Oban. Ayr, é . ANDREW D. Paces, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Berwick, . Ww». Mitne, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Bute, . Wm. Ine ts, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAmeEs Kay, retired Forester, Barone, Rothesay. Clackmannan,. RoBertT Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Counties, Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, . Perth, . Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, Beds, Berks, . Derby, Devon. . Durham, Hants, . Herts, . Kent ns Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Notts, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, . York, Dublin, . King’s County, Tipperary, 6 Scotland. D. Crasse, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wo. Gitcurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. EpmunpD SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRABBR, retired Forester, Glamis. James A. Gossrp, Narseryman, Inverness. JoHn Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven, JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. JOHN Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. JOHN ScrimGEOuUR, Doune Lodge, Doune. Miss Amy Frances YuLE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JoHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers. Estate, Hawick. Rk. V. Marner, Nurseryman, Kelso. DonaLp RoBERTSON, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES HocarrH, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. Wautxer, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. England. FrANciIs MITcHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Srorre, Whitway House, Newbury. S. MacBran, Estate Office, Needwood Forest, Sudbury. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. Joun F. ANNAND, M.Sc., Lecturer in Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES Barron, Forester, Hatfield. Tuomas SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. Haminron, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES Martin, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor BounGErR, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, 8. W. W. Micuts, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. WIxson ToMLINSON, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. JOHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. A. D. Curistre, Hillside, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. ANDREW Boa, Trowbridge. GrorcGE HANNAH, Estate Office, Boynton, Bridlington. Land Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Ireland. A. C. Forsers, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. AncH. E. Morray, Lissadell, Stillorgan Park. Wm. Henperson, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Aurx. M‘Raz, Forester, Dundrum. Ronal Scottish Arboricultural Soctety. i — FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, Se ole SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, ( Full Name, Designation, | Degrees, etc., Candidate's ) Address, | Life, or Ordinary Member, \ Stgnuature, . Signature, . Proposer’ s Address, ¢ Signature, . Seconder’s | Address, [CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— I. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually ; . One Guinea. 2, Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed £500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, subscribing annually i ; . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually : ; : ; . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's Subscription is due on the day of election unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first Subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the 7vansactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the meetings of the Society. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Life Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, : 5 . £10 Tome 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Mer- chants, and others, F . : ; é 5 5.2 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, : : : : : - : 3 30 VII. Any Ovdinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zz/e Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a xew Life Member. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each Proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed. Pf IRS te ere “NOSNISOY **4) “TINHANVS) LT UT "VIODVe) INT W “SONTTRMAL) WA a) | li Ji “ “‘Ssrny yee Pf DaOWNHE Oo < ¥ / ueey pe 0s \ a ‘NOSTUVD V SM < :. =e , al ‘rl6l ATAL 6 ‘AUOWNAd LV SLSAND VASNSAO AaaTIaAl GNOWVIAC ‘(FI6I-bSQ1) A991IOG peangynIwogape ysi3I0IG jwadAoy TRANSACTIONS ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 15. Discussion on Forestry in Scotland. HELD AT THE ANNUAL BusINEssS MEETING, FEB. 7, 1914. The sixty-first Annual Business Meeting of the Society was held on the 7th of February last. In order to give the members who might attend the General Meeting the whole day to devote to the affairs of the Society, the Council had met on the previous day and disposed of its business. A full report of the sitting in the forenoon will be found in the “ Proceedings” at the end of this issue. In the afternoon an important discussion was held on the “ Progress of Forestry Development in Scotland,” and two important resolutions were passed. In his opening remarks the Chairman referred to a correspon- dence which had taken place between Mr Galloway and the Development Commissioners on the subject of the formation of a company, not trading for profit, which might be the medium through which funds for afforestation purposes might be advanced by the Commissioners. He then went on to say that the latest pronouncement of the Development Commissioners, conveyed in a letter dated 14th January from the Secretary to Mr Galloway, deserved very careful attention, and said, *T will read an extract :— *** With reference to my letter of the 17th November last and previous correspondence, I am directed by the Development Commissionets to inform you that they have now been advised that the terms of the Development and Road Improvement Funds Act, 1909, do not permit of a scheme under which an advance would be made from the Development Fund to a Government Department or a Company or Association of persons not trading for profit, such advance to be employed by the Department or Company in loans to private individuals for the encouragement of afforestation.’ VOL. XXVIII. PART II. J I22 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. ‘The effect of this decision is to debar individual landowners from taking part in any scheme of afforestation except on the condition, which must be prohibitive to all but a very small minority, of meeting the whole of the initial cost from their private resources. “We cannot suppose that the decision has been arrived at without mature consideration, or without consulting the highest legal authority in interpretation of the Act of Parliament constituting the Development Fund, and therefore what I shall have to say must be regarded not as criticism of the action of the Commissioners, but rather of the limited powers conferred upon them by Parliament. ““ This said, we are free to point out the very unfortunate results of the decision. ‘ 1.—Larch widely Fic. (CONTI Ne 7 Bi PO ver ee Pemmia pay, >= PAN 2 rolSr ems. s ts, Bide rt ere Larch closely grown in group. 2 FIG. [To face p. 255. Photo by G. P. Gordon.]| THE ECONOMIC DISPOSAL OF CONIFEROUS TIMBER. 255 For the last assortment, namely stobwood, there is a very good demand, especially for larch. This material consists of young poles taken from thinnings and tops of the older trees. These are cut into lengths of 5, 54, 6 and sometimes 64 feet for fencing posts, and realise from 5d. to 7d. each. The usual practice is to peel the stobs made from thinnings, and to quarter the tops of large stems in the sawmill. In the process of assorting larch timber, special cases arise in connection with the material over $ inches on the side. For example, the diameter limits 6, 7 and g inches at the small end, already referred to, are fixed in order to maintain the quarter-girth measure—so that a widely-grown tree having a fair taper when measured out to a 3-inch top may be an inch less on the quarter-girth than when taken out to a 6-inch top. As a result of this the volume and therefore price would be greatly reduced in the individual tree and in the wood. Another case arises when comparing stems which have been widely grown with close-grown material. In the former case the trees are of the type as shown in Plate XV., A. Fig. 1, where they are seen to be slightly rougher and not so cylindrical as stems more closely grown (Plate XV., B. Fig. 2). In addition there are fewer trees per acre, although probably there is a greater volume of saleable timber. A crop in this condition allows of grazing, which in the wood re- presented in Fig. 1 actually brought in a rental of tos. per acre per annum, the land before planting being let as a sheep-grazing at 6d. per acre per annum. Fig. 1 shows that such a plantation can be profitably underplanted. On the other hand, stems of the type B. Fig. 2 are lighter, more full bodied and form denser crops than the types already described. They produce altogether a better quality of timber, although as a result of the present market conditions they realise less per tree and per cubic foot. The fact should not be overlooked that woods grown close have not the same value for grazing or for underplanting. A further point to note is that the cost of felling and logging is considerably more in the case of dense crops, in proportion to the total volume of timber per acre, than in the case of more widely-grown ones. The following example, which is taken from actual measurements and sales, indicates the 256 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. difference both in volume and in price between the above two types of stems :— Stem A. A is a tree 12+ inches, quarter-girth measurement, grown in the open. A is 72 feet high at g inches diameter, and is of the same age and grown in the same locality as B. A being over 12 inches on the side realises 1s. per cubic foot. 1)2 Therefore Ay — ea. 72 = 75°03 cubic feet 144 at 1s. per cubic foot = £3, 15s. odd. Stem B. B isa tree ro ins., qr.-girth measurement, grown in close canopy. B is 73 feet high at g inches diameter, age and conditions of growth being the same as in the case of A. B being under 12 ins. on the side realises rod. per cub. foot. Therefore B = USE x 73 = 50°7 cubic feet 144 at rod. per cubic foot = £2, 2s. 3d. Thus it is seen that the stem of type A contains 24°33 cubic feet more timber than a stem of type B, and is worth £1, r2s. gd. more per tree than a tree of type B. ‘The difference per acre in different woods of the two types would be infinitely greater. OFFERING FOR SALE. In connection with this, the question of conditions of sale arises first. It is therefore necessary to specify where the timber is offered, where the various lots are situated, the distance from a good road, railway station and consuming centre. In addition the species and number of trees are given together with their dimensions, z.c. length and diameter at small end as well as cubical contents. Further, all trees over 12 inches on the side are classed and lotted as heavy timber ; trees over 8 and under 12 inches quarter-girth measurement as medium timber; trees under 8 inches quarter-girth measurement as /7¢ wood. As a rule there are certain obligations incumbent upon the timber merchant, for example, sites for sawing machinery for the conversion of timber are chosen subject to the consent of the grower. All operations require to be completed within a certain THE ECONOMIC DISPOSAL OF CONIFEROUS TIMBER. 257 time. Compensation is paid for all unnecessary damage to fences, gates and shrubs, etc., and the tyres of all wood waggons and carts are required to be at least 4 inches wide. Offers are then invited either by public tender, z.e. by advertis- ing in newspapers and journals or by private tender, z.e. notifying selected timber merchants of the conditions of sale. In certain cases also timber is put into the market and sold by public auction. When timber merchants receive this notice they usually come and inspect the material. As a preliminary to inspection they make inquiries regarding the supply of local labour, the local rate of wages, housing and stabling accommodation, etc. Up to the present their method of surveying the timber has been purely by ocular estimate, which as shown before may be as much as 50 per cent. under estimated. It is often difficult to obtain the full value for timber when offered for sale on account of merchants refusing to encroach upon each other’s territory. Another reason is that timber is sometimes offered for sale when the market is glutted through windfalls. The vendor should therefore know the prices which prevail in the principal distant markets as well as those in the local markets. MEASUREMENT ALLOWANCES. The allowances claimed by timber merchants are somewhat varied in nature. The usual bark allowance is 1 inch in 12 inches quarter-girth, rising half an inch in every 3 inches of increase in quarter-girth. This however is by no means strictly adhered to ; for example, recently 2 inches was claimed as bark allowance for Douglas fir, when on actual measurement under bark half an inch was found to be the real allowance. ‘Timber less than 6, 7 and g inches diameter is classed as tops and claimed free by the timber merchant. Some time ago an offer was received for larch in which timber down to 12 inches was to be measured, the remainder of the tree to be classed as a top and to go free. When stems are pumped the method of procedure is to estimate the length of log affected, which part is deducted from the total length so that the quarter-girth is taken higher on the trees. The purchaser then has the affected part free, in spite of the fact that it may have a greater value than the first section of equal length above the centre of the tree. Due allowances are also claimed for wind-shaken and splintered wood. 258 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. ACCEPTANCE OF OFFERS. On the date fixed for offers to be submitted they are examined, and the highest offer should naturally be accepted. Sometimes however merchants make a higher offer than the timber is worth to them in the hope of getting larger allowances in measurement, or with a view to excluding outside competition so that they may negotiate future sales privately. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. The foregoing observations would seem to indicate that at the present time growers of timber in this country do not market their crops at the most opportune time nor in an economic manner. The purchasers of timber are unfortunately severely handicapped in their handling and marketing of the material by the unfair and needless restrictions imposed upon them by the growers. As a result of this they naturally offer less than the true value of the timber. Experience has shown that preparatory to selling timber, for the benefit of all parties concerned, a survey of the crop should be made. Such a survey may take the form either of a detailed investigation or of an approximate one. ‘This leads on naturally to the grading of the material, so that the timber is exposed for sale in a way which is best suited to the various requirements of the market. Observations go to support the contention that at present in the home market quality of timber ranks only second to large dimensions. The explanation of this is not very apparent, but the result is it may be more profitable to-day to grow coarse timber of large size than good quality material. This would seem to indicate, especially in the case of larch, that the planting distance should be extended to say not less than 6 feet and the thinnings made fairly heavy. As regards offering timber for sale, it would appear that sale by private bargain is the best method, while sale by auction is not to be recommended. On many estates at present the questions of obtaining local labour and of housing imported labour are serious problems for both grower and purchaser. Cases are known in which offers had been made and accepted for timber, but eventually the purchasers were forced to ask for an extension of the time limit, or to be relieved of the bargain, on account of their inability to find labour. Finally, as regards bark allowance, THE JAPANESE LARCH. 259 although this has become a recognised thing in the timber trade, in reality all trees should be measured over bark and no allowance made. 25. The Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis). By Gro. LEVEN. «Will the Japanese larch ever have the same value as the European Jarch?” This question is often asked by people who profess to know little or nothing about forestry matters, and as often they get an answer that leaves the matter in doubt. The above question prompts another of a speculative nature: ‘**What is meant by ‘value’ as used above?” Ina commercial sense, 60 cubic feet of the timber of the Japanese larch may, or may not, be of the same value as 60 cubic feet of the timber of the European larch, while, in a silvicultural sense, the former may be many times the value of the latter. The ‘ value,” in the popular sense, of the timber of the European larch has been estimated per cubic foot, in comparison with, say, spruce and Scots pine, or, according to the point of view, as regards durability, forgetful of the restricted area on which it can be grown well and with profit. The fact that spruce may yield three times as many cubic feet as the European larch on an equal area is also often lost sight of. It is not intended here to give a definite answer to the first question above, even if that could be done at the present stage in the growth of the Japanese larch in Britain, but rather to consider the far more important point as to what position the Japanese larch is likely to hold in British silviculture in the near future. Within recent years the demand for the seed of this species has increased to a great extent, notwithstanding uncertainty as to the tree’s ultimate value as timber. This in itself points to the direction in which opinion is veering, but probably, as in all other things, there is a fashion in things silvicultural. Considerable disappointment is felt in years when “crop failed ” describes, in the seed lists, the result of a bad seed year. It is to be hoped that the uncertain supply will not lead to the introduction of seed from other sources to the detriment of the character of the true /effolepis as imported here from Japan, for, undoubtedly, it has suffered enough already through 260 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the demand for seedlings leading, to a certain extent, to forcing by means of artificial manure, in order to have them of a size large enough to transplant after one season’s growth. In a good rooting medium this method of producing rapidly a good-sized plant may have little or no bad effect on the after life of the tree, but indiscriminate forcing on all classes of soil is bound to tell sooner or later on the stamina of the plant. Numerous cases of 1-year seedlings and of 1-year 1-year trans- plants with bad leaders have been seen and heard of within recent years, and there is more than a suspicion abroad that undue forcing, among other evils, prolongs the growing season and does not allow of the proper ripening of the shoot. One redeeming feature of the tree lies in its ability readily to form a new leader and straighten itself up quickly, even in the first growing season, after losing the original shoot. A ‘pious opinion” as to what constitutes a good seedling would be out of place in an article such as this, but, undoubtedly, a sturdy, medium-sized plant with abundance of “fibre” is superior to a lanky overgrown one. Rapidity of growth in this country is an acknowledged characteristic of this species, at least in its earlier life, and this must be taken into account in deciding the age at which it is most advantageous to plant the tree in its permanent position. This quality ought also, to a certain extent, to decide as to the position in which it should be planted. Indiscriminate planting of the European larch has taught us a lesson that ought not to be forgotten, and it is to be hoped that this knowledge will lead to better results in the case of the Japanese larch. We are told that its habitat is Central Japan, and that it attains to its best at about 2000 feet elevation. This fact ought to decide against planting it in soils and situations, near sea-level for instance, where it flourishes and grows apace, certainly, but where, from analogy, we are justified in concluding that it cannot attain to its best development. The earlier specimens planted in this country were looked upon as tender exotics, and were given situations where climate, soil, etc., combined to produce prodigious growths that could not be maintained for any lengthened period. The leading shoot, stimulated beyond the normal, could not stand erect, and this may have given rise to the impression that its leaders rambled about a good deal. The more or less sudden culmination of growth of the Japanese larch THE JAPANESE LARCH. 261 has probably also given rise to the idea that the European species overtakes it in later life, but until the Japanese species has been grown under proper silvicultural conditions for a lengthened period in this country, it would not be advisable to assume that this idea is correct. That the Japanese species exhibits a number of characteristics, absent in the case of the European species, is now being realised where comparatively large numbers have been planted. While it is a light-demander like its relative, it is not so intolerant of shade, especially as regards the side branches. This quality will allow of its being planted much closer on the ground, in fact it clearly indicates that such treatment would be advantageous in order to curtail the gross growth of branches that results from open planting of this species, or planting in admixture with thin- foliaged species. The expense has told against pure planting on a large scale, but where it has been done the prospects are good in many respects. It is too early yet to consider if under- planting will even be necessary, but it is almost certain that a considerably larger number of stems per acre will stand to the end of the rotation than is possible in the case of its relative. No mixture seems to fit in with it in its early years, and the enormous amount of foliage it produces seems to fit it for growing asa pure crop, the fall of needles certainly acting not only as a soil preserver but as a soil improver, the layer of rich humus acting as a water absorber and as a medium through which myriad rootlets run. It possesses the undoubted quality of being a drought resister, one that fits it for planting in many soils and situations given up to probably less suitable species or carrying no crop of trees. It seems to thrive on light, warm soils equally as well as on moist, cool soils, and does not object to moorish ground. It is perfectly hardy, in the sense of being able to withstand any degree of frost usual to our winters, but, as might be taken for granted, it is not suited any more, probably, than its relative, for planting in “frost holes.” Late frosts affect it to a certain extent, but only on spots with an impervious subsoil, positions that but few species can exist in, let alone thrive. It is com- paratively late in developing its shoots, when its haste in flushing its spur-leaves is taken into account. This is a most marked feature, for while the foliage appears so early that it invariably gets “browned,” more or less, by late frosts, and does not 262 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. seem to suffer therefrom, as already stated, the development of the shoot hangs fire to such an extent that one might almost fancy the terminal bud was dormant. It thus escapes all but excessively late frosts, such as those of June 13th, r4th and 15th, 1gtt, when very few trees escaped injury in some degree. Even in extreme cases it has been observed that only young trees suffer to any extent, and then nothing occurs approaching to the damage done to the European larch. An extremely short growing period seems to suffice for it, its shoots maturing long before its relative has ceased growing. It cannot be said that the Japanese species is entirely immune from the larch disease, but this is not to be wondered at when the situations it has been planted in are taken into account. Where proper silvicultural conditions obtain there is evidence of the saprophytic /eszza, but this is comparatively harmless. Several examples of the parasitic form have been observed during the last few years in some of the wetter parts of Scotland, and in other positions favourable to the disease, but there has been no recorded epidemic. Systematic examination of many acres of, both pure and mixed plantations has resulted in not a single example of disease being observed, where anything like proper conditions exist. The insect enemies of this species do not appear to be either numerous or formidable, its general vigour evidently repelling to a great extent the attentions of the larch mining moth and the larch aphis; while specimens of the European species growing side by side with it have been observed to be badly attacked by both of these pests. A number of twigs on side branches of the Japanese species were observed in each of the last three years to have been attacked by the insect Argyresthia levigatella, but the general health of no single tree of this species was in the least impaired, while numerous specimens of its European relative, of the same age and growing within a few yards of it, were almost completely destroyed. The leading shoots of the European species were in many instances attacked, while the leading shoots of the Japanese larch remained immune. The European larch had certainly been very much weakened by the larch disease, but it formed a remarkable contrast and spoke volumes in favour of the Japanese larch. It is not contended that the facts noted above warrant the assumption that the Japanese larch is to revolutionise British THE JAPANESE LARCH. 263 silviculture, and that it should take the place of other species of proved value, but they at least give justification for an optimistic view being taken of its possibilities. Observations and opinions recently recorded in the Zransactions differ in some degree from, and in one or two instances appear to be diametrically opposed to, the above, but the consensus of practical opinion bears them out.! Note of Measurements of Japanese Larch. The following measurements have been noted at 500-600 feet above sea-level :-— 1-year seedlings, height (above ground), 4 ins. 2 ” oF) 17 5 I-year I-year transplanted _ Less I 9 2 9 39 3? 23 ? 2 9 I bP ”? ” 27 29 Pure plantation, four years’ growth since planting out (200 feet above sea-level) :— Height of four specimens—tro ft. 5 ins., 10 ft. ro ins., Bitt; 'O INS. LL it S.ins: Pure plantation, seven years’ growth since planting out :— Height, 14 ft. o ins., girth over bark at breast-height, 74 ins, ” 145, 3 55 ” ” 8 ” 1 3 T4553 5 ” ”? 85 ” ” B53 (Olea ”? ” 8 ” Pure plantation, nine years’ growth since planting out :— Height, 18 ft. o ins., girth over bark at breast-height, 114 ins. ” 19 ;, 0 5, ” ” Io} ” ” TQ 5, O 55 ” ” II ” ” 21,6 ,, ” ” Dees: ” 215, 9 35 ” ” 114 ” re) 22 55 O 55 ” ” ee ” 1 [In the present state of our knowledge concerning the silvicultural charac- teristics of the Japanese larch in this country, it may be well to keep in mind that this species, like all others, is bound to vary according to soil, climate, altitude and exposure. In the meantime, we have no reason to doubt the accuracy of the ‘‘ observa- tions” or the correctness of the ‘‘opinions” expressed by our different contributors. More data, such as those so ably supplied by Mr Leven, are required before it would be safe to draw general conclusions. —HOon. ED., Trans. ] 204 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mixed plantation (Scots pine, European larch, spruce and Japanese larch), Japanese larch dominant, sixteen years’ growth since planting out :— Height, 31 ft. 2 ins., girth over bark at breast-height, 1 ft. 84 ins. ” 31, 8 ” ” ” 2 5) of 9 pe NBO a Ep ; I 5,080) 21, 36 9 2 9 ” 9 2 3? 2 bd ee BOs Os 4 Ij, one ” 37» 4 » ” ” 2 55 of ” 26. The Sitka Spruce in Ireland. By A. C. FORBES. The value of Sitka spruce for planting on the exposed sites and wet soils which occupy so large a proportion of the surface of Ireland can scarcely be overestimated. Short of actually submerged ground, no degree of moisture appears to be too much for this species, and it bears the salt-laden winds of the Atlantic as well as, if not better than, any tree capable of growing in the low summer temperatures which characterise this part of the United Kingdom. While common spruce will bear wet ground, it cannot thrive in very exposed places. Corsican and Austrian pines stand wind well, but dislike wet soils for any length of time, and before the introduction of the Sitka spruce it was difficult to find a conifer which could give a satisfactory return on many sites with which the planter has to deal along the western seaboard of Ireland or Scotland. Pinus cnusignis and Pinus maritima have been planted more or less generally during the last fifty years, and leave little to be desired as regards rate of growth and resistence to exposure; but the branches of the former cannot stand against gales unless planted in thick masses, while the stems of the latter are invariably crooked and curved at the base. Sitka spruce possesses neither of those defects, its branches being seldom broken or damaged, while a leaning or crooked stem is practically unknown. Another disad- vantage attaching to the two pines is the difficulty in transplanting them successfully on exposed ground after they have attained a foot or more in height, while small plants are difficult to keep clear of weeds and grass. Sitka spruce, on the other hand, can be transplanted with perfect safety when from 3 to 4 feet in height, although sizes varying from 1 to 3 feet can usually be used in THE SITKA SPRUCE IN IRELAND. 265 any class of soil—the advantage of large plants being greater freedom from spring frost damage, and injury from rabbits. The seedlings, being exceptionally slow in growth during the first two years, are difficult to handle, and the best results are usually obtained from thin-seeding and leaving the seedlings in the seed-beds for two or occasionally three years, or until they have reached a height of 6 inches. If transplanted into nursery lines then, they will be fit for planting out at any time after the second year from the seed-bed, according to the situation of the land to be planted and the surface vegetation it carries. The only serious enemy of the Sitka spruce hitherto observed in Ireland is a species of aphis, apparently identical with the one found on the common spruce, and usually knownas Aphis abietina, Walker. In the winter of 1912-13 Sitka spruce all over Ireland were attacked by this insect, and it looked at one time as if permanent injury might result from the attack. The aphides were first noticed about November scattered over the needles, and during the winter they increased considerably in numbers until the whole of the shoots of many trees were covered with the pest. The effect on the needles was not noticed particularly until the following February or March, when they acquired a sickly mottled appearance and fell off in large numbers, some trees being quite bare before the new growth commenced at the end of April. The effect upon the summer growth varied a good deal, vigorous trees apparently being little the worse, while weakly individuals made little growth, and an occasional one died altogether. Soil and situation, however, had no great influence upon the attack, plants growing in moist and deep loam suffering almost as much as those in poorer soils, although the final effect upon the former was naturally less. By the end of April few traces of aphides could be seen, although the young needles of 1913 were not entirely free. A great feature of the attack, however, lies in its continuing during the winter and early spring months, with a certain amount of multiplication from November to March. In the present year, 1913-14, few traces of the insect have been seen, and it is evident that no serious injury has been done. To what this immunity is due it is difficult to say. Both winters were equally mild, and until the life-history of the aphis has been thoroughly worked out, its economic importance with regard to this valuable timber tree must remain undecided. VOL. XXVIII. PART II. S 266 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. NOTES AND” QUERIES. THe INDEX, Owing to the initiative and generosity of the Earl of Crawford we are able to publish in the present issue a detailed index of the Zyansactions for the past sixty years. This will greatly increase the value of the past issues by rendering their subject- matter more readily available for reference. The index appears at a very appropriate time in the history of the Society, as it shows in a striking way the remarkable activity which has prevailed in the Society concerning all phases of forestry for the past sixty years. The Society is under a deep debt of gratitude to the Earl of Crawford for this generous gift, which will be of great use and practical value to the Society, and to all those interested in forestry and forestry literature. SCARCITY OF PITWooD. In consequence of the war imports of pitwood have ceased, and supplies must now be got from home woods if the collieries are to be kept going. Conferences between Colliery Owners and Timber Merchants have been held at the Board of Agriculture, at which the Society and the Landowners’ Co-operative Society were represented, and committees are now endeavouring to simplify specifications and fix suitable prices, and to obtain information regarding available supplies of material and labour where the latter is scarce. The Board has also conferred with the Railway Companies with the view of securing a reduction in railway rates. Members who may have pitwood available should send their names to the Secretary, who will gladly forward further particulars when these are ready. Forest PEstTs. THE GREEN SPRUCE APHIS (Apis abietina, Walker). Refer- ence is made elsewhere, in Mr A. C. Forbes’s article (p. 265), to this aphis. It is known both in England and in Ireland as an occasionally harmful species on the genus /icea. It has NOTES AND QUERIES. 267 proved most harmful on Sitka spruce. I am anxious that the distribution of this aphis in Scotland should be worked out, and for this purpose would welcome examples of aphis found on Picea excelsa or any of the other species of spruce. The best way in which to send the specimens would be to place some shoots containing the aphis in a cleaned out mustard or cocoa tin. THE Larce Larcu SawrLy (Vematus erichsont). This is one of the insect enemies scheduled by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Its distribution in Scotland is not well known. Our Scottish foresters could settle this matter in a season. The caterpillars of this sawfly are found only on Larix. I would willingly send a specimen of the caterpillar to any of the members of the Society who have opportunity of making observations on larch. The caterpillar is easily recognised by the following characters:—Head, black. Body, grey-green. Legs, twenty in number; the front six black, the others grey- green. The caterpillars should be looked for in July and August. Any records received will be duly chronicled in the Transactions. R. STEWART MacDOUGALL. THE OLEORESINS OF SOME WESTERN PINES. The shortage in the supply of the better qualities of turpentine in recent years, and the steadily increasing demand, has naturally directed attention to the possibility of increasing the sources of supply at present available. In the Forest Service Bulletin, 119, 1913, an account is given of such an investigation carried out by the Forest Products branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Owing to the rapid decrease in the supply of Longleaf pine and Cuban pine, experiments were carried out to see if the various species of western pine yielded a turpentine of com- mercial value. The following species were examined :—Western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa, Laws.), grown in Arizona ; western yellow pine, Digger pine (Pzxus Sabiniana, Dougl.) ; lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, Laud.) ; and sugar pine (Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl.), grown in the Sierra National Forest in California ; and Pifion pine (Pinus edudis, Engelm.), from the Montezuma Forest, Colorado. The trees were tapped by the “cup system” and the samples 268 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of oleoresin conveyed to the laboratory for examination. The crude resin was distilled with steam, and the amount of turpentine and rosin which it contained determined by the usual methods. Of the various turpentines examined that from the western yellow pine (Arizona) agrees most closely in its composition and properties with ordinary turpentine. The oil from the Californian yellow pine differs more in composition from ordinary turpentine, but it is suggested that both the California and Arizona turpentine could be used in the place of ordinary turpentine. Further tests of their behaviour in actual practice will be necessary before this statement can be accepted. The product from the Pifion pine resembles ordinary turpentine, but has an unpleasant smell, which is not entirely removed by distillation. The volatile oil from the Digger pine does not at all resemble turpentine, but consists largely of a hydrocarbon (Heptane), a normal constituent of petroleum. While it cannot take the place of turpentine, it is suggested that it might be used as a solvent. The yield of crude resin from the sugar and lodgepole pines is so small that their turpentines will hardly become commercial products. ALEX. LAUDER. PRICES AND SUPPLIES IN THE TIMBER TRADE. From the fortieth annual special issue of the Timber Trades Journal we learn that the wood trade was generally of a more remunerative character than had been experienced for several years past, and that the optimistic references to the present year’s prospects betoken a confidence in the stability of prices. The chief feature of the present moment is the course of the white wood market. The demand for pulp wood is increasing at such a rate that the price of white wood approximately equals that of red wood, and, as the demand will still further increase, white wood must appreciate still more in value in the near future. From an article on the “Development of wood pulp pro- duction,” we get some insight into the enormous quantity of timber used in the production of pulp in Sweden in rot. To obtain the 896,650 standards of sawn and planed wood shipped from Sweden in that year about 280,000,000 cubic feet of raw material was required. For the production of the NOTES AND QUERIES. 269 576,200 tons of chemical, and the 147,800 tons of mechanical pulp shipped from Sweden in the same year no less than 150,000,000 cubic feet were required, or over fifty-three per cent. of the quantity needed for the saw-mill industry. If (the article goes on to say) it is borne in mind that the sawn and planed white wood shipped is only about forty per cent. of the whole sawn and planed wood manufactured, and that to produce this only about 112,000,000 cubic feet in form of logs was required, whereas more than this cubic quantity of raw white wood was required to provide the mechanical and sulphite wood pulp produced, the rise in the value of sawn and planed white wood is easily explainable. It may, in fact, safely be asserted that the requirements of the mechanical and sulphite pulp works now dominate the white wood market, and not the saw-mills, more especially in the narrow sizes. Further, the means of production in the pulp trade are continually being augmented, whereas the contrary is the case with the saw-mills. How the pulp trade has undermined the prop and pitwood trade is seen from the following—‘‘In 1890, for example, the shipment of props from Sweden (almost exclusively to Great Britain) amounted to 176,458 standards; in rgoo it reached 324,514 standards, but gradually dropped after that until in ror the shipment only amounted to 151,839 standards.” Evidently it has been the demand of the pulp mills that has been at the bottom of this reduction. The bulk of the prop trade will be done by Russia and Finland in the near future. The article concludes with a plea for the afforestation of waste lands in Scotland in the following terms :—In view of the fact that in the naturally reproduced forests of Scandinavia, Canada, and Newfoundland, the cubic quantity of wood on a given area is not even one-third of what the planted woods of Scotland contain, according to the assertion of one who had many years’ practical experience of saw-milling in each of these countries, it seems certain that most of the waste lands of the United Kingdom would now pay well for re-afforestation if this can be effected for not exceeding £4 per acre. This has been done in many cases in Scotland, at all events, and the subject ought to be pressed forward without delay. There can be little doubt that there will be a serious dearth of wood in Norway and Sweden before many years are passed, and it will be risky 270 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. relying altogether on Russia and Finland for the supply of building and mining timber. Gro. U. MacpDona.Lp. CREOSOTING TREE STUMPS AGAINST PINE WEEVIL. It may be of interest to members of the Society to learn of our method at Dawyck of combating pine weevil, from which in past years we have suffered severely. We formerly barked the stumps of felled trees in the area to be replanted and found this fairly satisfactory, but we now creosote the stumps, and so far this has been entirely successful. Three years ago we felled 100 acres of wood, which consisted for the most part of larch but contained considerable numbers of silver fir, Scots pine, and Pinus montana. ‘The wood was very thin, and the stumps to be treated numbered about 6000. We heated the creosote on the ground and poured it hot on each stump, being careful that the sap-wood should be well soaked. As the stumps were green we found that they absorbed the liquid very freely. The cost of the operation was small. 360 gallons of creosote were used, costing 44d. per gallon delivered at Stobo Station; carting, say 18s.; one man’s labour for five weeks, say £6; the total cost thus amounting to £13, 3s., or a trifle over $d. per stump. We have scarcely found one pine weevil in the whole area since, and have satisfied ourselves of the efficacy of our method. The fact that the life of the stumps is somewhat prolonged is of no consequence. F. R. S. BaLrour. JAPANESE LARCH. In view of the promising manner in which the Japanese larch has been growing during the past fifteen years or so since its introduction to this country as a forest tree, it is becoming of increasing interest and importance that we should have, if possible, more definite information regarding its native habit, especially in regard to the length of time it takes to reach maturity. The account given of this tree by Messrs Elwes and Henry, though full of interest, is somewhat lacking in definite details. Mr Elwes, when visiting Japan, ‘‘saw no larches felled, and was therefore unable to count the rings.” Now that we have NOTES AND QUERIES. 271 experience of the vigour of its growth, we have learned that it ought to be planted “pure”; but during the failure of seed in recent successive seasons it sometimes became necessary to “beat up” with the European variety, and in thinning and pruning plantations the problem sometimes arises and will arise more frequently as growth increases—If a choice has to be made of either European or Japanese, which should be sacrificed ? The European larch is subject to disease; but though the Japanese is (here, at any rate) free from disease, its very extravagance of growth seems to foretell a too early maturity for it to compete with its rival in height and diameter and value as timber. Moreover, some of us, aware that the tree was in its experimental stages, did not feel safe in trusting to a “pure” planting, and (wrongly, as we now know) planted it “mixed.” Thus the problem is becoming increasingly imminent as regards individual young trees, whether or not to destroy the adjacent Japanese larches, and so save the slower- growing European. Can any reader supply details as to its native habit, so that we may be guided more clearly? HuGH SHAW-STEWART, ARDGOWAN. NoTEs RE ACETONE. Acetone, so much used in the manufacture of smokeless powder, can be obtained from different sources, but the main supply comes from the dry distillation of acetate of lime, and this in its turn comes from the dry distillation of wood. According to the kind of wood used and its dryness, the amount necessary to produce a final quantity of 1 ton of acetone varies between 34 and 70 tons. It is very difficult to get exact figures as to the amount of acetone used in this country, as it is sometimes imported as such both from the Continent and from America, and is also manufactured in this country from acetate of lime imported from the same sources. But as acetate of lime is also used in large quantities for making other products than acetone, its importation cannot be taken as a guide. I understand, however, that the demand is under 5000 tons per annum. This would entail a supply of wood of 170,000 to 350,000 tons of wood per annum. 272 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. It would, in my opinion, add greatly to the security of this country in time of war if they could count on a small supply of acetone (say 500 tons per annum) made from raw materials, none of which required to be imported, whereas just now a// the finished acetone, or the raw material, requires to be imported and stands the risk of capture on the seas in time of war. W. D. Asuton Bost. OBIMUAKNG Sir JOHN RAMSDEN, Bart. We regret to record the death of Sir John Ramsden, Bart., which took place at his Buckinghamshire seat, Bulstrode Park, Gerrards Cross, on the 16th of April last. The deceased baronet was the oldest member of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, having joined in the year 1855. He succeeded his grandfather in 1839, and entered into possession of the Ramsden estate on coming of age. The town of Huddersfield was built on the Ramsden estate, and for three centuries the family has been closely associated with this important centre of industry. Sir John entered Parliament at the age of twenty-two, and re- presented various constituencies for a period of twenty-four years. At one time he held the position as Under Secretary for war, under Lord Palmerston. In 1871 he entered into possession of the estate of Ardverikie, on the shores of Loch Laggan, where, on the 29th of June 1910, he received and entertained the Society during the Lochaber excursion. On that occasion the members of the Society were privileged to see a splendid example of what can be done by extensive planting at altitudes between 800 and 2000 feet, where an area of 10,400 acres had been planted since 1873. The operations involved in this extensive scheme of afforesta- tion gave employment to eighty men, from the year 1872 to the year 1890. Since the latter date a staff of forty men has been kept in steady employment. For the first few years an average of two million trees, chiefly Scots pine, was planted, Scotland, and especially the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, will not easily forget the deep debt of gratitude it owes to Sir John Ramsden, whose broad-minded enterprise and pioneer work will be a lasting tribute to his memory. Sa Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society, Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON : His MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING PROCEEDINGS IN 1914. THE ANNUAL MEETING. The Sixty-first Annual Business Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was held in the Goold Hall, 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, on Saturday, 7th February 1914, at I1 A.M. Captain ARCHIBALD STIRLING of Keir, President, in the Chair. There was a large number of members present, including Mr John D. Sutherland who represented the Board of Agriculture at the meeting. APOLOGIES. Apologies for absence were intimated from the Rt. Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P.; Sir Andrew Agnew; Dr John Nisbet ; and Messrs W. Steuart Fothringham, Robert Usher, J. F. Annand, A. T. Gillanders, James Kay, and others. MINUTES, The Minutes of the General Meeting held at Paisley on gth July last, which had been printed and circulated amongst the members, were approved. ELECTION OF HONORARY MEMBER. The CuHarirMAN said: “ The first business on the paper is the election of Dr J. Coaz, Inspector-General of Forests in Switzer- land, as an Honorary Member of the Society. I am quite sure a 2 all of those members who took part in the tour of Switzerland last year recognise the extraordinary trouble and care which had been taken by the Swiss authorities in arranging the tour for the Society, and it was thought a very fitting mark of gratitude on behalf of the Society that we should award the greatest honour which it is in our power to bestow, that is our honorary membership, on Dr Coaz, the venerable—and I may call him venerable, for his age, I believe, is over go— Inspector- General of Forests for Switzerland. I have great pleasure in proposing that” The proposal was carried with acclamation. REPORT BY THE COUNCIL. The SecreETAry read the Council’s Report, as follows :— Membership. As usual the membership has fluctuated considerably in the course of the year, but shows again a slight increase. The number reported at last Annual Meeting was 1416. ‘There have been added to the Roll in the course of the year 103 names, but 94 have been removed either on account of death, resigna- tion, lapsing or other cause, and the total number at this date is 1425. Amongst those removed by death were Mr Thomas Ogilvie; Mr H. J. Younger of Benmore; Mr J. Grant Thomson; Mr James Donaldson; Mr John Methven; Mr Trotter of Bush; Lord Avebury; the Duke of Sutherland; Mr George Malcolm ; Mr Weir of Kildonan; Mr Robert Lindsay; Mr J. W. Hope of Luffness; Sir W. O. Dalgleish, Bart. Essays. In response to a notice issued with the January Z7ansactzons of last year inviting members to send in papers for competition, six papers were received and submitted to the Judges. Two only of these were awarded medals—the other four being below the standard expected. Certificates were issued along with the medals. An invitation in a similar form has been issued with this year’s Transactions, and it is earnestly hoped that there will be a larger number of papers of a higher standard submitted in the course of the year. Donors. The thanks of the Society are again due to the DiREcToRS of the Highland and Agricultural Society, for voting £20 to be expended in prizes for exhibits of home-grown timber in their Show at Hawick. Hearty thanks are also due to Dr J. ° Coaz, Inspector-General of Forests for Switzerland, for presenting to the Library eleven volumes on Forestry, as detailed in the usual List appended. Laditorship. Dr Bortuwick has acted as Hon. Editor during the year with much acceptance. He was able to arrange with Dr Marion I. Newbigin—who assisted Colonel Bailey—to continue to act in that capacity, and he also secured the continued co-operation of Mr A. G. Hobart Hampden and Mr Bert Ribbentrop in connection with the preparation of the French and German notes respectively. Transactions. There are still a number of members who unfortunately fail to obtain full advantage of the Zransactions by omitting to forward their subscriptions at the proper time. It would be a great advantage to the Society if this list could be reduced. It is proposed that the detailed Index to the Zyansactions issued during the past sixty years should be published in the course of the current year. Local Branches. The reports from the Aberdeen and Northern Branches will be submitted in the course of the meeting. Exhibition at Paisley. The annual Exhibition of Forestry within the Highland Society’s Showyard was held at Paisley last year. The local members of Committee, who contributed largely to the success of the Exhibition, were Messrs G. P. Gorbon, WHITTON, SINGER, FARQUHARSON, J. FoRBEs, YOUNG and BRYDEN, and they were very efficiently helped by Mr SamueL Houston, who was very kindly lent as Attendant by the Glasgow Corporation. It will be remembered that Mr Houston was in charge of the Society’s Forestry Section at the recent National Exhibition in Glasgow, a duty which he carried out to the entire satisfaction of the Exhibition Committee. The catalogue contained g2 entries in all—62 of these being articles in competition and 30 articles for exhibition only. An exhibit which attracted much attention was that provided by the Landowners’ Co- operative Forestry: Society of home and foreign manufactured timber with relative prices. The report of the Exhibition, written by Mr G. P. Gordon, will be found on page 97 of the January part of the Zramnsactions. The Judges were Mr JoHN Boyp, Inverliever, Mr JoHN M‘Grecor, Ayr, and Mr G. P. 4 Gorpon, Glasgow. ‘Twenty-three money prizes and eleven medals were awarded. The prize list is included in the “Proceedings” of the General Meeting appended to the January part of the TZvransactions. The Schedules for the next Exhibition, which is to be held at Hawick, have been issued, For the first time a Certificate, signed by the President and the Secretary, was issued to all prize winners along with the money prizes and medals. Nursery and Plantation Competitions. The second of these competitions was held within the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show District last year, which included the counties of Argyll, Ayr, Bute, Lanark and Renfrew. The number of entries was smaller than in 1912, and consisted of three nurseries and nine plantations making twelve in all. On this occasion the plantations were divided into seven classes—three being for conifers not exceeding 10, 20 and 4o years of age respectively, and not less than 2 acres in extent, confined to estates having less than 300 acres of woods; and three for conifers in similar age-classes, not less than 5 acres in extent confined to estates having more than 300 acres of woods ; and the last being for plantations mainly of hardwoods not exceeding 35 years of age, and not less than 2 acres in extent. The prize offered in each class was a Silver Medal. A detailed list of the awards will be found in the “ Proceedings” appended to the January part of the Zyansactions, and from this it will be seen that eight medals were awarded. A full report by Dr Borruwick and Mr G. U. Macponatp, who again acted as Judges, is printed on page r1o of the Zransactions. Particulars for this year’s Plantation competition have been issued to all members, and entry forms can now be obtained from the Secretary. ‘This year’s district embraces the counties of Berwick, Peebles, Roxburgh and Selkirk. General Meeting. The General Meeting was held in the Showyard at Paisley, on goth July 1913, when the reports of the Judges on the Essays, Exhibits at the Exhibition, and the Nursery and Plantation Competitions, were submitted. A report of the proceedings will be found appended to the January part of the Transactions. Annual Excursion. The Excursion last year was held in Switzerland, being the fifth occasion on which the Society has made a_ tour abroad. As usual the preliminary arrangements were made a 5 through the Foreign Office, and subsequently negotiations were carried on direct with the British Embassy in Berne, _ through whom a programme, prepared by Dr Coaz, Inspector- General of Forests for Switzerland, was obtained. The Swiss Forestry Department also very kindly secured hotel accommoda- tion and made other arrangements for the party. About sixty-six members took part in the Excursion. The programme was divided into two parts so as to permit of members, who could not stay the whole time, breaking off at the end of the first week, but very few took advantage of this arrangement. The whole arrangements made by the Swiss authorities were excellently planned, and were much more economically carried out than had been expected, with the result that a very substantial balance will be added to the Excursion Fund,, and will be dealt with in connection with the Diamond Jubilee celebrations, as explained below. Owing to some outstanding questions with the Continental Railway Companies the accounts are not yet closed, but they will be submitted to the Auditor in the usual way as soon as possible. The party left Edinburgh for London on Thursday, roth July, and travelled vza Folkestone and Boulogne, Paris and Bale, and made the return journey by Brussels, Ghent, Ostend and Dover, reaching London on the night of Thursday, 25th July, and Edinburgh the following morning. On the return of the party, the thanks of the Society were duly conveyed to the Swiss Forestry authorities and other officials, both directly and through the Foreign Office. Thanks were also conveyed to the British Minister in Berne and the British Consul in Zurich, both of whom rendered the members great service. A detailed account of the Excursion, written by Mr G. P. Gordon, appears in the January Zransactions. As mentioned in last annual report, the Council decided to offer three bursaries of 410 each, to enable three Foresters to take part inthe Excursion. For these bursaries six applications were received, and the Committee finally selected the following :— Mr George Mowat, Mr W. H. Whellens, and Mr J. G. Singer. These three duly attended the Excursion, and submitted satisfactory reports upon it, which are being circulated amongst the members of the Committee. Malcolm Dunn Memorial Fund. The two remaining volumes, being the sixth and seventh, of The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, price £5, 5s., and also a copy of Messrs Bartholomew’s Survey Atlas of Scotland, price #2, 12s. 6d., have been purchased and added to the Library during the year. It is now proposed that the former work should be suitably bound, with the plates inserted in the appropriate places in the letterpress, at a cost of about 14s. per volume. 6 Library. The usual list of additions to the Library will be found at the end of the ‘‘ Proceedings.” Forestry Congresses at Parts and Ghent. The Society was duly represented at these Conferences, and the Official Reports of the Paris Congress have been received and added to the Library. Deputation to Ratlway Companies. A deputation, consisting of members of this Society, of the Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society, and of the Timber Merchants’ Association, waited, by arrangement, upon repre- sentatives of the Scottish Railway Companies, in Glasgow, on Friday, 28th April last, and discussed with them the question of the prices of home-grown railway timber, and pointed out the grievance under which growers of timber in this country suffered by obtaining a smaller price for their home-grown railway timber than the Railway Companies were paying for foreign railway timber of the same quality. A detailed report of this Conference was printed on page 188 of vol. xxvii. of the Zvransactions. Although the Railway Companies made no formal promise of alteration in their policy, more favourable terms have since been offered by Railway Companies for home-grown railway timber. Development Commissioners’ Third Report. This report was issued in the autumn, and the part dealing with Forestry has been reproduced in the January Zyransactions. forestry in the West Highlands. This Committee met in the course of the past year, and considered a number of suggestions as to how interest in Forestry might be aroused, and prejudice in the West Highlands removed. It was generally recognised that this could best be done with the co-operation of the officials of the three Agricultural colleges with such active support as the members of the Society could give in formulating schemes of operations. forestry Examinations. The advisability of arranging for an examination in Forestry for working foresters, and for the further provision of education for working foresters, was considered by the Council, and a 7 Committee, with Dr BorrHwick as Convener, has _ been appointed to consider the whole question, and to report. Soctety’s Diamond Jubilee. As members are aware the Society’s Diamond Jubilee took place on 16th February. The Council considered carefully the various suggestions which were submitted by members with the view of celebrating this event in a suitable manner, and they finally decided as follows :— 1st. That the lists of Home and Foreign Honorary Members should be filled up, and that the Honorary Membership should be conferred on Dr J. Coaz, Inspector-General of the Swiss Forest Service, at the earliest opportunity. 2nd. That the Society should invite, through the Foreign, Colonial and India Offices, representative foreign and Colonial foresters from the following countries :—France Prussia, Bavaria, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Italy, Belgium, Russia, Austria, Hungary, Holland, India, United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It is proposed that these Foresters should be the guests of the Society for about a fortnight, beginning Saturday, 27th June, and that during that time they should have an opportunity of seeing some of the best examples of our existing woodlands, and also some of our bare hills and glens, which may be found capable of being profitably afforested. An outline of a tour has been drawn up which includes—Scone, Murthly and Atholl, in Perthshire; Mar, Balmoral, Ballogie, Finzean and Durris, in Deestde; Cullen and Grantown, in Speyside ; and Glen Mor. ‘The party will then join the Society’s usual Annual Excursion, which will embrace Inverliever, Poltalloch, and other places in the West of Scotland. The proceedings will terminate in Edinburgh with a Reception, Conference, and Dinner. It is expected that the Corporations of Edinburgh and Glasgow will entertain the guests. These proposals have been submitted to the Government Offices concerned, and already several nominations of foreign repre- sentatives have been received. The expense of this tour will heavily tax the resources of the Society, but the Council believe that they will find sufficient funds available for the purpose by drawing partly upon the Society’s uninvested balance and upon the balance of the Excursion Fund before referred to. Several members of the Society have kindly agreed to take the foreign representatives as their private guests for the two week-ends embraced in the time, and also to give assistance by lending motor cars and otherwise. It is also proposed to have various special articles of an appropriate nature published in the Zyansactions. 8 Promised Department of Forestry. Development of Forestry. In their last report the Council pointed out that no Demonstration Forest had yet been purchased, and the promised Department of Forestry had not been created. At that meeting Mr Sutherland made a statement on behalf of the Board of Agriculture, in which he said that the Board’s Advisory Committee was searching for a Demonstration Area; that Dr Nisbet had been appointed Forestry Adviser to the Board ; that the Board proposed to appoint Advisory and Research Officers and Correspondents and to continue a Survey they had begun, and to create a seed-testing establishment. As no further progress had been reported, the Council, on r2th May, addressed the letter to the Board of Agriculture, which was printed in the July Zransactions of last year. It will be remembered that that letter began by expressing regret that no proposals for carrying out a considerable scheme of afforestation had been put forward by the Board; that Scotland had so far received a most inadequate share of money from the Development Fund as compared with England and Ireland; and went on to urge the Board to encourage a large scheme in preference to smaller ones, and to point out the steps which the Board might take towards this end. The letter concluded by offering such assistance as the Society was able to give. When this letter was under the consideration of the Council, the Secretary pointed out that the difficulty of promoting private schemes of afforestation by Government money lay in the fact that the Development Commissioners had no power under their Act to advance money to private owners. He said he had submitted to the Development Commissioners the constitution of a small non-profit company which was intended to overcome this difficulty, and to provide the machinery for carrying out any schemes of development which the Commissioners could advance money to promote. This draft had been submitted by the Commissioners to the Board of Agriculture who have expressed general approval of it, and he was then hopeful that it would be also approved by the Treasury. He pointed out that while the Council and the Society would incur no responsi- bility in connection with the Company, it was desirable that it should be worked in close association with the Society. The Council gave their general approval to the scheme. At the General Meeting in Paisley, the President mentioned that no reply had been received from the Board since the Society’s letter, and he again urged the need for a large scheme by joint action of proprietors and the State. On roth October a reply was received from the Board of Agriculture to the effect that until the Advisory Committee’s report was considered, and the Board had been able to make arrangements for the appointment 9 of Advisory and Research Officers, and had selected a Demon- stration Area and created a Forest School, they could not deal adequately with the question of schemes of afforesta- tion, but that they would always be glad to consider any representations offered by the Society on all matters relating to forestry. This reply was considered unsatisfactory, and a further communication was sent to the Board pointing out that the position as regards forestry seemed to be worse than it was six months previously, and that the Society itself knew that expert advisers were available and could be obtained, so that there need be no further delay on that account. A deputation, consisting of the Council with the addition of Sir Herbert Maxwell, an ex-President of the Society, was afterwards received by the Secretary for Scotland in the offices of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland, 29 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, when these matters were discussed. The full proceedings of the deputation are printed in the January Transactions. Since then a letter has been received from the Board of Agriculture saying that they have nothing to add to what was said by the Secretary for Scotland in reply to the Society’s deputation, but that they welcomed the Society’s offer of co-operation in any schemes of afforestation which might be forthcoming in the future. Motions. The Council appointed a Committee to consider the motions which are on the agenda for discussion at this meeting, and after receiving the Committee’s report, the whole question was very fully discussed, when the following decisions were arrived at :— 1. Asto Mr RicHaRpDson’s motion: That the proposed changes on the Laws were unnecessary, and should not be made. 2. As to Mr GaMMELL’s motion: That the President of each effective Branch with not less than fifty members should be ex officio an additional member of the Council. 3. As to Mr Gitcurist’s motion: That the whole day should be devoted to the Annual Meeting—the forenoon for business, and the afternoon for conference; and that it was unnecessary to pass a formal motion on the subject. The report was adopted. FINANCES. The Abstract of Accounts, which had been printed and circulated amongst the members previous to the meeting, was formally submitted by Mr M‘Harrir, Convener of the Finance Committee. In moving the adoption of the accounts, Mr M‘Hattie urged that each member should endeavour to secure 10 one new member in the course of the year. He pointed out that it was only by a powerful membership that the work of the Society could be effectively carried on, and the present members had to be depended upon to secure new members to fill up the gaps. The SECRETARY submitted the Dunn Memorial Account, which showed a credit balance of revenue at the end of the year of 44, 16s. 6d. With regard to the Excursion Account the Secretary said that, as explained in the Council’s report, this account had not yet been closed, but as soon as the outstanding claims had been adjusted and the necessary entries made, the accounts would be submitted to the Auditor and appended to the “ Proceedings” in the usual way. The Secretary again referred to the proposal to expend part of the surplus in connection with the Diamond Jubilee celebrations, as explained in the Council’s report. The various accounts were approved of. (See Appendices A, B and C.) REPORTS OF THE BRANCHES. The SecreETary read the reports from Aberdeen and Inverness Branches, which were adopted. (See Appendices D, E and F.) CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS. The CuHarrMan said :—‘ The remarks I have to make will be brief, because we have a discussion this afternoon in which the larger questions dealing with progress generally may, I think, be better discussed. So I propose to leave till this afternoon the greater part of what I have to say about the actual progress of afforestation since the last Annual Meeting of this Society. There is one thing, however, on which every member would like me to say something. I am quite sure every member would read with great pleasure the announcement in this morning’s Scotsman. I am quite sure that you would wish me to take this the very earliest opportunity of offering our most hearty congratulations to our Honorary Secretary, Mr Munro Ferguson, on the very high and distinguished office to which he has been appointed by His Majesty the King. I think our congratulations may be rather saddened, though they cannot be made less sincere and hearty, by the reflection that we as a Society lose what Australia is going to gain, and the loss to this Society is a very fer heavy one. No one who has any acquaintance with its affairs can doubt that Mr Munro Ferguson has done more than probably any one individual on behalf of this Society. Whether it is by the example he set as a landowner in showing the best possible practice in his own woods, whether in his place in Parliament, or as a member of Committees and Commissions, Mr Munro Ferguson has worked without ceasing to try to put forestry into the position which it ought to occupy among the industries of this country. I am quite sure that you will all join with me in wishing to the new Governor-General and Lady Helen Munro Ferguson a safe journey to Australia, a happy and prosperous tenure of office, and a safe return to this country. “Turning for one moment to the report read by the Secretary, on the whole we can congratulate ourselves on a sound position. The membership shows a slight increase, and as Mr M‘Hattie has said it is quite to be expected we have not yet reached the limit of our expansion. Year by year more interest is taken in afforestation, and that fact, I think, ought to bring us fresh members. We ought not to be content with our present membership. We should aim at obtaining more, and I hope this year, when the Society will be thoroughly advertised by the fact of its Diamond Jubilee celebrations, we shall be successful in increasing our membership even above the high figure at which it stands at present. “On the events of the year there is really very little to say. What I have to say as to the negotiations with the Government Departments I shall leave entirely to the afternoon. I would refer for one moment to the joint deputation which was sent early in the year from this Society and the Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society to the railway companies with regard to the prices for timber used for railway sleepers. We did not receive at the time any great promises, but that deputation has had an undoubted result. Better prices are actually being given for sleepers than in the past, and I think we ought to be very glad indeed that our representations have had such good effect. This question is one really for timber merchants and _ for proprietors to tackle together. Their interests are absolutely one and the same. As long as you get owners selling below the proper value of timber, you will get timber merchants putting in offers below cost price for railway sleepers and for other purposes. We have got by joint action to determine that timber I2 shall not be put on the market at a lower price than that at which it can be grown. I feel quite sure that we are moving in that direction, and I hope that this year still further progress will be made in consolidating the position of timber merchants with regard to this great and important question. ‘“‘T have only one other word to say to you just now, and that is with regard to Mr Sutherland’s presence here to-day. He will, I hope, be able to attend our discussion this afternoon as well as our meeting this morning, and I am quite sure that the members of this Society will recognise most fully the efforts which Mr Sutherland has made on behalf of forestry in this country. Though the progress he has to report may not be as great as he would wish it to be, we are quite certain that the result is not due to any want of good-will on his part, and Iam quite sure that this Society will give him as ever the most hearty possible welcome. I won’t detain you longer.” ELECTION OF OFFICE-BEARERS. Dr Bortuwick, Edinburgh, moved the re-election of Captain Stirling as President, and this was unanimously approved. Captain STIRLING said :—‘“I thank you for the honour. I can only say I am conscious of falling far short of possessing the qualities which your Chairman should have in the present most strenuous time for this Society. I can only assure you that I shall do the best I can in the office to which you have been good enough to re-elect me.” Mr SypNnrey J. GAMMELL of Drumtochty and Mr Joun F. ANNAND, M.Sc., Lecturer in Forestry, Armstrong College, were elected Vice-Presidents; Messrs GkorGE Leven, J. W. M‘Harttie, Joun Broom, ALEXANDER Murray, Forester, Murthly, J. H. MILNE Home, Irvine House, Canonbie, Davin W. THomson, Edinburgh, and J. A. Howe, Overseer, Rothesay, were elected Councillors. The Secrerary read the following letter addressed to him by Mr Munro Ferguson, Hon. Secretary :— RAITH, KIRKCALDY, 6th February 1914. DeaR MR GaALLoway,— I must ask you to place my resignation as Honorary Secretary of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society before the Council, and convey my sincere regret at having to demit the office with which I have so long been honoured. From the first day that 13 I found myself in the chair, in most lively circumstances, until that most important and unanimous meeting of Council from which we have just separated to-day, I look back over a long space of time filled with good, useful work, and unclouded by one single regret. We have been as a band of brothers, associated in a cause of vital interest to Scotland, and if I leave you now it is in sight of our objective. We have had to deal with ignorance, prejudice and indifference, and that for the most part in high places, where it is as yet by no means, even now, extinct. But we are sure of our ground. We feel we have the country behind us, and we know that when so much has been done by the Government where it is least required, Scotland cannot be long neglected. We have fought a good fight together, and victory must soon be yours. I regret that pressure on my time prevents me attending your meeting to- morrow. I shall also regret to miss all the interesting events of our ‘‘Diamond” celebration. I beg you to convey to the President, and Council, and members, and accept for yourself my heartfelt gratitude for continuous kindness. There is no happier recollection that I shall carry with me than that of my association with the foresters of Scotland. Always yours truly, R. Munro FERGUSON. It was remitted to the President and Secretary to frame a suitable answer on behalf of the Society, and the following was subsequently sent :— The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, while receiving with the greatest regret the resignation of the Honorary Secretary, wishes to offer most hearty congratulations to the Right Hon. R. Munro Ferguson on his appointment by His Majesty the King to the high office of Governor-General of Australia. The Society welcomes this opportunity of recording its appreciation of the great services which Mr Munro Ferguson has rendered, both to the Society and to forestry in Scotland generally, not only in the discharge of his duties as Honorary Secretary to the Society, but also by his example as a land- owner in making his woods a model of silvicultural practice, by his constant exertion in his place in Parliament, and by his invaluable services as a member of Royal Commissions and Committees. The Society offers to the new Governor-General of Australia and to Lady Helen Munro Ferguson the warmest good wishes for their voyage and their tenure of office, and for their safe and happy return to Scotland. ARCH. STIRLING, President. R. GatLoway, Secretary. 14 Mr Munro Ferguson’s reply was as follows :— RAITH, KIRKCALDY, 12th February 1914. R. GALLOWAY, Esq., S.S.C., 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH. Dear MR GALLoway,— I have to acknowledge receipt of your letter enclosing excerpt from Minutes of Annual Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, the terms of which I much appreciate. I thank the Society for its generous recognition of anything I have been able to do for it and for forestry generally, and I hope that that work is not even now at an end. And believe me, Yours truly, R. Munro FERGUSON. Mr CHARLES BUCHANAN, Factor, Penicuik, said: “We all feel that Mr Munro Ferguson has done a great deal of good to our cause, and we are very sorry to part with him. I would suggest that Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, who has been our President, should be asked to take his place as Honorary Secretary. I know of no other gentleman connected with the Society who has done more for it, or who has more energy to follow Mr Munro Ferguson in this position.” Mr W. H. Massir, Edinburgh, seconded the proposal and expressed the hope that Sir John would accept office. Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL said: “Mr Buchanan would -have been as kind as he usually is if he had warned me of this proposal. It comes to me as quite new, and though I have to consider it on the spur of the moment, I think if you consider I can be of any use to you in that capacity I shall be very glad to serve.” The Secretary and Treasurer, the Hon. Editor, the Auditor, the Hon. Consulting Scientists and the Local Secretaries were all re-elected. (For full list see Appendix G.) DIAMOND JUBILEE. The SEcRETARY, in referring to the proposals in the Council’s Report regarding the Diamond Jubilee celebrations, said that the PRESIDENT had kindly intimated that he was prepared to give two prizes, of 15 guineas in all, for certain papers on 15 subjects to be written by foresters on a subject which would be formally intimated later. Dr BortTuHwick said that the subject chosen was ‘The Natural Regeneration of Conifers, including Exotics, with Details of the Previous Crop,” which would give every forester and every man of experience something to write about. The conditions had yet to be adjusted, but would be intimated in the notice calling the meeting in the summer. EXCURSION IN WEST OF SCOTLAND. The SECRETARY mentioned that at the General Meeting held at Paisley in July last, it was decided that the next Annual Excursion would be in the West of Scotland. Invitations from Col. Malcolm, of Poltalloch, to visit his estate, and from Mr Runciman, President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, to visit Inverliever, had already been received and accepted. If time permitted other places would be visited. It was proposed that this excursion should form part of the tour which is to be arranged for the Society’s foreign and colonial guests, and that both parties should meet in the West of Scotland for the last two or three days. After the Excursion, a Reception and Conference, followed by a Dinner, would be held in the evening, which members would have an opportunity of attending. ANNUAL FORESTRY EXHIBITION AND PLANTATION AND NURSERY COMPETITION. Mr ALLAN drew attention to the schedules which had been issued in connection with the Exhibition which is to be held in Hawick this year, and expressed the hope that there would be a much larger number of entries than last year. He further referred to the Competition for estate nurseries and plantations within the Show District, and mentioned that entry forms could be obtained from the Secretary. DEVELOPMENT OF AFFORESTATION. The CuHarrMaN said: “I think this is a very fitting juncture at which Mr Sutherland might be asked to make a few remarks to the Society.” 16 Mr SUTHERLAND said: ‘Captain Stirling and gentlemen, I have come here to-day, as you know, to represent the Board of Agriculture, and I must admit I thought that probably before you asked me to say anything I would have heard some criticism of the Board and the various Departments interested, and that I might have been able to answer some of them. But apparently that opportunity is not to be my privilege. I would like to say, however, in connection with the proposed demonstration area about which you have all heard a good deal, that, as Mr M‘Kinnon Wood intimated to the deputation which he received some time ago, the Advisory Committee have selected an area in Aberdeenshire. The Board of Agriculture and the Secretary for Scotland have forwarded, with their own recommendation, the report of the Advisory Committee to the Treasury, and the Treasury in turn will pass it on to the Develop- ment Commissioners. I am glad to say that the favourable opinion of the area has been fortified by an expression of entire approval by our friend Dr Borthwick, by Mr John Nisbet, the Board’s expert adviser in forestry ; by Mr Gordon of the Glasgow College; and also, last but not least, by Mr Dawson, who was so long associated with forestry in Aberdeen, but who to our regret has now gone to England. I can only hope—and 1 suppose that you also will share that hope—that the re- commendation of the Board and of the Advisory Committee, fortified as it is by the opinions of all these gentlemen, will have the favourable opinion of the Development Commissioners. _ You of course know that the Board, in so far as a big investment of that kind is concerned, is absolutely helpless, and that we must look to the Development Commissioners for the necessary funds. “Last year I said something about Advisory and Research Officers. I regret to say that until now we have not been able to make any appointments. It is outwith my sphere to say anything further than to assure you that it is the Board’s endeavour as soon as possible to have these appointments made. Last year also—and this at all events is one small item of progress—I mentioned that it was our intention to elect correspondents to collect information in all the various counties of Scotland that would be of use in finally compiling statistics in connection with forestry. Well, these correspondents I hope will be appointed within the next two months, and I am sure, 17 judging by the amount of useful detail that we have received on the agricultural side from men in a similar capacity, that what we do-get from these correspondents will be found equally useful. “T earnestly hope that the celebration of the Diamond Jubilee will be in every way successful. I do not think you could have conceived a better method of celebrating it, and I know our friend Mr Galloway, who is always full of enthusiasm and interest in the work, will do everything to assure these guests a very hearty welcome. In connection with the Diamond Jubilee, I am glad to be able to tell you that the Board decided the other day to give a grant to the Society for the purpose. This grant is, I think, historical in respect that it is probably the first money that has ever passed into the coffers of the Arboricultural Society from any Government Department. I only hope that it will be the forerunner of other assistance that I cannot of course myself foreshadow.” The Chairman said: ‘‘ As we have a discussion this afternoon practically devoted to this, I don’t propose that we should discuss it further at present. I would only wish in your name to thank Mr Sutherland for what he has said. He has told us that the gift is a historic one, that this is the first time that we have seen the colour of the Board of Agriculture’s money, but I cannot, even while thanking him, fail to point out that although we have received a promise, the amount which we are to receive was, I think, not stated. This, I am sure, will be remedied before long. You all know how difficult it is for a Government official to come here and say much about the work of his own office. I think we must all make as much allowance as possible for that when listening to a responsible representative who is here to speak for a Government Department. And of course what we find in what Mr Sutherland has said is no doubt more in the nature of what he hopes may take place in the future than of what has actually been done. That I think we shall see very clearly when we come to the afternoon’s discussion. We shall, I think, in the course of that discussion, have occasion to pass severe criticisms on what has actually taken place. I wish, however, to say that in any hard things which may be said this afternoon there is not one personal word directed at Mr Sutherland. I hope we shall all keep that most clearly in our minds.” b 18 MOTIONS TO BE DISPOSED oF. Mr Ricuarpson formally submitted the following motion standing in his name for the purpose of altering Rule XIV. regarding the election and term of service of members of Council. (a) ‘‘To delete the words ‘one of the retiring Vice-Presidents, and four of the retiring Councillors,’ in the second clause of the second sentence ; and (4) “To insert the following as the third sentence of the Law— ‘One of the retiring Vice-Presidents or one of the retiring Councillors may be elected as President, and two or more of the retiring Councillors may be elected as Vice- Presidents; but none of the retiring Vice-Presidents or retiring Councillors shall be eligible for re-election till after the expiry of one year.” Mr Price seconded. Mr M‘Hattie moved the previous question, and Mr Whitton seconded. A discussion followed which was taken part in by Messrs R. V. Mather, C. S. France and J. Scrimgeour, who all supported Mr Richardson’s motion. The President explained the compromise that had been offered by the Council but had been refused by Mr Richardson, namely, that two only of the retiring Councillors should be eligible for re-election instead of four as at present. Mr Massie said that the Council had not been satisfied that there was any strong - feeling among the members of the Society in favour of such an alteration as that indicated in Mr Richardson’s motion, but he felt sure the Council would now see that there was such a feeling, and he hoped they would act accordingly. Sir John Stirling- Maxwell supported the Council’s compromise, and Mr H. M. Cadell thereupon moved as an amendment that the Council’s compromise be adopted. Colonel Purvis seconded. Mr M‘Hattie having withdrawn his amendment, a vote was taken between the amendment and the motion when it was found that 32 had voted for each. The President said that although the vote had left matters as they were, it was evident that a large number of those present at the meeting were in favour of some change, and he thought the Council might consider the adoption of the procedure provided by Rule XVIII. Mr GaMMELL’s motion regarding the representation ot 19 Branches upon the Council of this Society was next proposed and seconded. “That any Branch recognised by the parent Society and consisting of members of the Society subscribing to the funds of the Branch, shall have representation on the Council of the Society, consisting of the President of the Branch for the time being and one member of Council for the first fifty members of the Branch, and one extra member of Council for every additional completed fifty members, such member or members to be nominated by the members of the Branch in annual meeting, and that the rules of the Society shall be amended to that effect.” After discussion an amended Resolution to the following effect was adopted, namely :— ‘That any effective Branch recognised by the parent Society and consisting of not less than fifty members of the Society subscribing to the funds of the Branch, shall be represented on the Council of Society by an extra or additional member of Council, who shall be the President of the Branch for the time being, or other member elected by the members of the Branch at their annual meeting, and that the rules of the Society be hereby altered accordingly.” Mr GILcHRIst mentioned that he was quite satisfied with what the Council proposed in their report as to his motion, and he accordingly withdrew it. DISCUSSION. (For a report of the President’s address and the discussion which followed, and for the resolutions which were passed and sent to Ministers and Departments and Scottish members of Parliament, see p. 121 of the Zransactions, vol. xxviii.). 20 APPENDIX A. ABSTRACT OF ACCOUNTS IN CONNECTION WITH THe Matcotm Dunn MEmorIAL FunpD, 1913. RECEIPTS. Balance in Bank at close of last Account. . A955 une Dividend on £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation, payable at Whitsunday and Martinmas, 1913, £3, Zess Income, Tax, 3s. 6d). ; : : : 2) 50: we Repayment of Income Tax for four years to November 1912 . ‘ : : ; O- 14) ae AN? ee PAYMENTS. Messrs Douglas & Foulis for Elwes’ Forest Trees of Britain, vols. vi. and vil. . : . : BEI oo | Survey Atlas of Scotland : : 2a BT ieee Balance carried forward, being sum in National Bank of —-—— — Scotland on Account Current . : .. 64 Snes Vote.—The Capital belonging to the Fund con- sists of £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation. EDINBURGH, 19¢i January 1914.—Examined and found correct. The Certificate by the Bank of above balance, and Edinburgh Corporation Stock Certificate, have been exhibited. Joun T. Watson, Auditor. io N ‘“onpny ‘NOSLVA ‘L NHOL 9 L£ 8e6F ‘OU OF PoPIYXs Used Os[e aavy ‘oAOg" sv spung oY} Surywosordaa ‘soryianoeg ony, TOM Jo “ETEL Iaquiaoaqd 4S[¢g 0} awed oy} AOJ LoInsvary, oy} JO syuNoddy ey} poutmexa AABT | 4B 8 GL G0GF “PIT ‘purfoog Jo Yuvg [wUOeN Jo Wpe10 YY G OL “icra = = -Avd 03 qoalqns ‘avok yxou 074 poldavo onuaaoyy Jo sourlrg *¢ G OL 240 SrsF : ‘aaoqn sv yeqidey Jo yIqap yw oour[eg ssa7 OF : ‘swouopsunsy Lrenuepe jo ‘049 “ysoo Jo Yue o G IL 2. ¥2 oe Go PSAF G Ila ° * ‘skvyqno 4440 puev ‘sonbayg wo suols -SIUULOY) ‘sannysog [B1ater o TL Zor . ‘SUOLJIDSUDLT, JO “TTAXX ‘10A JO ‘TIPUv"Ts}1Vq Josanvysog za ‘skvpNGQ snooury[oostf puv sosvyzsog ral StoaTouNy pure satu AVMTVY SAoT[IOUN/ | ; * ‘Loney Jo puog s,Aarya1oag 1O wNItHeIg puwe ‘sourmesu] “SUISTJIOAP VY | } * “JaIMsvady, pus A1v4a109g O} ; : ‘ ‘OLF ‘swojovsunuT, If SOON Youoaty pure uvustoy Jo SOP py “WOP] : ‘LOFIPNY FoF , * ‘Suaoyy [wuUWy Loy OE NOOO OO UE OO OO OA “SADUYVHOSIAG SION pus ! Oey “Queqsissy DAOGK SV ANMOADY JO doURTLG —'I70A7 ) *40AIL00 WAY} PUNOJ OAV puB “youaysq VY Ue ST dAOqe oly Wy Ajigsao Aqoray [—'FLI6L Avwnunyp ye, ‘HDUAANTAG 9 L Seer 0 0 OGL * . Worpoag Aaqsatoyy ayy YIM WoLjoeMOD UT sasuadxay s Ayoroog a4 Joour of UoTPeLOd.0M MOSSv[H wo. worRuog —LI6L “po ‘At0zSTET [WINYBN JO wortqgryXs YStyJooR */ r 6L . . ‘ ‘ ‘paleaooay XBT, atuOoU] “9 G@ tae . ‘ : ‘plos sytodayy pur sworonsunyy *¢ € 0 69 ; : : . *qsedequy pus SpuepIAl(, *F Y POPE = ; : ¢ : is “Teqiduy o COE Ci Wiihlicl VO al EIGL toquioo0q 4S[g Surpuo avaX a0ofz SENQODDY AO LOVULSS VY ‘'d XIQGNAddV ‘A5DUV pans “SY bt aaa eaeaaecati sl tee taal HE 6 Ny (mad ba Taaf Ut WE of HO APPENDIX B. AssTracr or Accounts for Year ending 3lst December 1913 I.—CAPITAL. CHARGE. 1. Funds at 31st December 1912, ‘ £500 Caledonian Railway Company 4 per cent. Guaranteed Annuity Stock, No. -£1809 § 2 2, at 1009, . » £503 15 0 £500 Caledonian Railway Company 4 per cent. Debenture Stock, at 104}, ue 521 5 0 £400 North British Railway Company 3 cent. Debenture Stock, at 78, ne 31210 0 4400 North British Railway Company, No. 1, 4 per cent. Preference Stock, at 1004, : : E . 402 0 0 Capital in baud uninvested (in National Bank of Scotland, Ltd.) 5 4 2918 2 Furniture, ete., in Society's Room, 2. Life Members’ Subscriptions in 1913, . New Members, ‘ 5 . Ordinary Members by commutation, 70 14 0 | DISCHARGE, 1. Proportion of Life Members’ Subscriptions transferred to Fach) . PA Continental Notes :—France—A G, Hobart-Hampden, xxi. 73; xxii. 46 (Errata, xxii. 236): xxiii. 57; XXIV. D6 3, xxvl. 48/5 xxvile 43 xxviii. 60. Germany—B Ribben- trop, xxi. 180); *xxil. 227 ;, “xxiil. 38; xxiii. 204; *xxiv. 194 ; xxvi. 204: “xxvii. 212, Contributions, Appeal for Literary. F. Bailey, xix. 353; xxvi. 234. Conversion of Stored Coppice into Highwood, ete. H. J. Marshall, xix. 99. Co-operative Society, Landowners’ Forestry. J. Stirling - Maxwell, xxiv. 104; xxviii. 231. 1 fe) INDEX. Co-operative Timber-Growing, Pro- fitable. R. Galloway, xix. 291. Coppice :— Conversion of Scored, into Highwood, etc.—-H. J. Marshall, xix. 99. Management of Oak, etc. —J. M‘Leod, i. 103; J. Whyte, i. 215; T. Wilkie, ix. 270. Coppice- Bark, Curing of, etc. J. M‘Leod, i. 103. Coppice Land, Conversion of. W. M‘Corquodale, iv. 47. Coppice- Woods, Decline in Value of. W. Storie, xix. 203. Corsican Fir. See Firs. Corsican Pine. See Pine. *Cottage, Vorester’s. R. B. Keay, xii. 288; W. MacIntosh, xi. 364; A. Piteaithley, xi. 506. Coupar, R.: “*Blister in Plantations, x. 119. Coverts. See Game. Cowley-Brown, I’. L. C.: Demon- stration Forests for Scotland, xxii. 20; Visit to French Private Forest, OQ UX Craig, J.: *Boring - Machine, iii. 101; Conifersee and Hardwoods best adapted to resist Attacks of Hares and Rabbits, vi. 233; Is Grease injurious to Trees? vi. 236. Credit, Agricultural, Co-operative, in Germany and Switzerland, xvii. 331. Creosote for Timber - Preserving, Water in, xix. 211. Creosote Oil, Use of, in United States. W. B. Havelock, xx. 256. Creosoted Timber, xx. 128. Creosoting :—Notes on—A. T. Gill- anders, xxiii, 172. Of Home- Grown Timber—W. B. Havelock, xx. 58. Timber—G. Leven, xvii. 93. Timber by Absorption—QJ. Balden, xx. 62. Tree Stumps against Pine Weevil—F. R. S. Balfour, xxviii. 270. See Notes and Queries. Crossbills, Damage by. Meiklejohn, xvi. 318. Crozier, J. D.: *Douglas Fir as Commercial Timber Tree, xxi. 31 ; *Sitka Spruce as Tree for Hill- Planting and General Afforestation, XX fe “Cryptococcus, xx. 245. Cryptogamic Plants Injurious to Forest Trees. M. Dunn, viii. 250. Cryptomyces, xviii. 212. Cullachy, Afforestation at, xxv. 57. Cultivation: —Of Hardwoods—J. Larch die dig. like Boyd, xxi. 44, 150. Of Willows, xxiii. 191. Cupar. See Exhibitions. Cutting Timber by Axe or Saw, Comparative Advantages of. T. Hogg, vi. 227; J. Milne, vi. 224. DAMAGE to Woods, ete.:—By Pine Weevil—E. S. Grant, xx. 53. By Shale Industry, xvi. 470. By Sparks from Railway Engines— ¥. Bailey, xvi. 289, 524. See Notes and Queries. See also xxii. 15, 221. Darling, J.: Preparation of Ground for Planting, i. 96; Thinning Plantations, i. 210. Davidson, J.: Protitableness of Rear- ing Underwood, iv. 21. Dawson, W.: Excursion to Deeside (1913), xxvii. 67; The State and Private Woodlands, xxiv. 121; Working-Plan, Glen Mor, xxv. 60. Dean, Forest of. See Forest of Dean. Death Duties:—And Timber-Plant- ing—D. F. Mackenzie, xvi. 321. As affecting Woodlands, Note on— R. Galloway, xxiii. 133: On Woods—R. Galloway, xxvii. 36. Deciduous ‘Trees, for Landscape Forestry. J. Methven, xii. 94. Deer Forests :—Glen Mor, xxv. 15. Planting of—D. F. Mackenzie, ix. 53; and Sporting Lands in Scotland, xxvii. 237. *Deeside: Excursion to (1913). W. Dawson, xxvii. 67. *Demonstration Forest, Some Uses of. J. F. Annand, xxvii. 54, Demonstration Forests for Scotland, F. L. C. Cowley-Brown, xxii. 20. See also xx. 113. Denbighshire : — Experimental Sta- tion—F. B., xx. 254. Scheme for Experimental Station—A. D. R., xx. 108. Dendrometer, Mackenzie’s, x. 241. Denmark :—Afforestation of Waste Lands in, xxii. 207. *Oak and Beech Forests in—W. G. Smith, xxviii. 241. ‘Tour of R. E. A. Soe. in, 1908—F. Story, xxii. 56. Department of Woods, Appointments by, xxi. 110. Departmental Committee on Forestry. See Committee. Deputations :— To Chancellor of Exchequer (1906)—W. Steuart Fothringham, xix. 323. To Chan- cellor of Exchequer (1909, re National Afforestation), xxii. 200. INDEX. II To President of Board of Agricul- ture (1894), xiv. 192; (1901), xvi. 479; (1912, re Development of Forestry in Scotland), xxvi. 202. From Irish Forestry Society to Chief Secretary for Ireland (re State Afforestation), xix. 327. To Secretary for Scotland, xxviii. Us Derby, Forestry Exhibition at Royal Show, 1906. and Some of its Lessons, xx. 91. Development Act and Forestry. R. C. Munro Ferguson, xxiii. 140. Development aud Road Improvement Funds Act (1909), xxiii. 231. Development Commission and Fores- Pye Xvi. os XXXVI. 1 > xxvii. 28 ; XXvlil. 14. Development, Forestry :— England and Wales, xxvi. 156; xxvii. 147. Scotland : Deputation to Board of Agriculture, xxvi. 202. Development Fund Grants:—-TIreland, xxiv. 108. Position of Scottish Forestry in Regard to, xxviii. 138. Scotland, xxiv. 1, 215. Dewar, D.: Extraction of Tree- Stumps, xvi. 321, Obituary—J. Gossip, xvi. 336. Dickson, A.: Address, 1882 (Forest Schools), x. 81. Diploma in Forestry at Oxford. F. B., xix. 354. Diplosis, xv. 314. Disease :—*Conifer, xix. 360. In Beech Hedges—R. Hutchison, ix. 217. Larch—J. Booth, xvii. 232; A. W. Borthwick, xvii. 37; W. M‘Corquodale, ii. 43; D. F. Mackenzie, viii. 140; F. Story, xvii. 333; In Ireland, xxii. 113: Investigation by Engl. Arbor. Soc., xvii. 43; M/‘Intesh’s book on, ii. 31; *New, on Larch in Scotland— A. W. Borthwick and Malcolm Wilson, xxvii. 198 ; Novar System of Combating, xix. 339; Note on Novar System, etc. —J. Nisbet, xx. 39; *R. Hartig on, xvii. 19; Report by Sub-Committee, xviii. 213. Of Forest 'T'rees—G. Brown, mvt e242 ©. 1%. Michie, iv. SL ; See also viii, 13. On Pinus Lavicio and P. sylvestris — H. Maxwell, xx. 117. ‘*Root, in Seots Pine on Farm Lands—B. Ribbentrop, xxi. 143. Spread of Funeus, by MHybernating Mycelium—A. W. B., xx. 122. See Blister, Canker, Dry Rot, Failures, and Reports by Hon. Scientists. Diseased Scots Pines on formerly Arable, xx. 248. Distillation of Wood, xxvi. 99. Dochfour, Afforestation at, xxv. 54. Dodds, G.: Arboriculture in N. Lancashire, xi. 188; Plantations on Estate of Wentworth, Yorks, xii. 156. Dorset, Corsican Pine in. J. M‘Callum, xxiv. 45. Douglas Fir. See Firs. Drainage. L. Bayne. vii. 250; J. Rutherford, 1. 12);2D) Wait, xa072: Driftwood and Insect Attacks. A. Mitchell, xiv. 191; xv. 197. Drought, Resistance of Young Trees TOSERXn ee Dry-Rot in Larch and Spruce Fir. J. M‘Neill, ii. 7. Dry Seasons of 1868, 69 and 770, Effects of, on Forest ‘Trees, etc. R. Hutchison, vi. 281. Ducie, Earl of: Effects of Geological Position on Certain Conifers, i. 41. Duff, J.: Arboriculture in Kent, viii. 153; Forest Travel in Europe, x. 144; Old and Remarkable Trees at Bayham Abbey and Wilderness Park, Kent, viii. 147. Dumfries, Kirkcudbright and Wig- town, Arboriculture in. A. Pit- caithley, xiii. 293. Dumfries. See Exhibitions. *Dunes of Gascony, Forest Tour among. F. Bailey, xi. 291. Dunkeld, Murthly, and _ Scone, Excursion to, 1904, xviii. 61. Dunn, M.: Address, 1888, (Origin and Progress of Society; Report of Foresiry Committee of House of Commons; Proposed Forest Board ; Openings for Foresters ; Forest Literature; ‘‘ Cleghorn Forest Library ’’), x1i. 189 ; Crypto- gamic Plants Injurious to Forest Trees, vili. 250; Forestry in Scot- land in Reign of Queen Victoria, xv. 109; Insects Injurious to Forest Trees, ete., viii, 173. *The Late—W. M. Gilbert, xvi. 132. Durham, Excursion to, 1906. A. D. Richardson, xx. 81. Durris Estate, Douglas Fir on. A. Yeats, xvi. 185. See Excursions. Dynamite and Tonite, Use of, in Forestry. D. F. Mackenzie, viii. 241. Land EArDLEY-Witmot, S. H.: Indian 12 INDEX. State Forestry, xxili. 217. “Karly ‘Tree-Planting in Scotland : Historical Notes. H. B. Watt, MKVIE ae Eberswalde :—*Forest School at—A. C. Forbes, xiii. 234. Session at— A. F. Wilson, xx. 201. Economic, and Landscape, Planting. C. S. France, xii. 322. Economic Aspects, Forestry in some ofits. W. Somerville, xxii. 121. “Economie Disposal of Coniferous Timber. D. Kk. M‘Beath, xxviii. 251. Economic Forestry. G. 8. Boulger, Xi. 382. Edinburgh. See Exhibitions. Kdinburgh, County of, Excursion in (1908), xxi. 71. Edinburgh University :—Forestry at, F. Bailey, xvii. .206; *Practical Course at Raith, xxiv. 208. See Notes and Queries. Education :—Forestry—W. Schlich, xv. 89; EH. P. Stebbing, xxiv. 24; Forestry in Great Britain, xxiii. 141. Of Foresters—W. M ‘Corquo- dale, ix. 100. Educational Excursions. 250. Educational Methods —E. kh. Burdon, XXvil. 60. Edwards, A. W. B. : Attack by Large Larch Saw-Fly, xxiv. 42; *Plant- ing at High Altitudes and in Exposed Situations, ete., xxvi. 37. Electricity, Felling Trees by, xxiv. 109. Electrolysis, Wood Preservation by, xe, WHE Elm :—British—G. 8. Boulger, ix. 27. English, in Scotland—H. Maxwell, xx. 244. Seedlings, Mr Henry’s Investigation of—a. D. Richardson, xxiv. 186. Elwes, H. J. : Some Japanese and N. American Trees suitable for British Woodlands, xix. 76. Entomological Specimens, Collection ana Preservation of. EE. P. Stebbing, xvii. 135. Erosion and Afforestation Royal Cominission Report. J. F. Annand, xxii. 188. Essays on Experimental Forest Area. See Forest Area. Estate, Conducted Experiments in Silviculture, ete. F. B., xx. 102. Estate Duty on Timber under Finance Act of 1910, xxvi. 95. Estate Forest Museums :—F. B., xx. IMs Who, SO 110. Murthly—A. Murray, xxii. 237. Europe, Forest Travel in. J. Duff, x. 144. European and Japanese Larch, K, Mackenzie, xxvi. 229. European Forests, Management of. H. Cleghorn, v. 94. Evergreens, Conifere and, introduced from Japan. k. Hutchison, v. 6. Evergreen Shrubs, Transplanting. R. Hutchison, iv. 3. Example Plots or Forest Gardens. F. Bailey, xix. 317. Excursions :—Argyll, Ayr and Ren- frew (1905), A. D. Richardson, xix. 180; Ayr (1901), xvi. 507. “Bavaria (1909), xxii. 80. *Beau- fort, Dunrobin, Dornoch and Skibo (1899), xvi. 1388. Bedford, Hert- ford and Buckingham (1903), xvii. 301. Border District (1911)—G. Leven, xxvi. 72. Clandeboye. Barons- Court and Castlewellan, Ulster (1900), xvi. 294. *Deeside (1913)—Wm. Dawson, xxvii. 67. Dunkeld, Murthly and Scone (1904)—A. Murray, xviii. 61. Edinburgh and Fife, Counties of (1908), xxii. 71. France (1904), xvill. 68; Report on—G. U. Macdonald, xviii. 118. Germany (1895) — R. Galloway, xiv. 195; D. Robertson, xiv. 180; A. Slater, xiv. 163. Lochaber (1910) —J. Stirling- Maxwell, xxiv. 73. Northumberland and Dur- ham (1906)—A. D. Richardson, xx. 81. *Speyside (1907), xxi.. 95. Sweden (1902), xvii. 146 ; Reports on Swedish—G. U. Macdonald, xvil. 56; EK Story, “xvileesos: *Switzerland (1913)—G. P. Gordon, Xxvili. 83. See also xxviii. 119. See Branches of Society. Excursions, How to make the most of the, x. 185. See Notes and (ueries. *Exhibition, Preparation of Wood Specimens for. G. Cadell, xiii. 310. Exhibitions, Forestry: —At Highland and Agricultural Shows—Inverness (1901), xvi. 475 ; Aberdeen (1902), xvii. 149; Dumfries (1903), xvii. 314; Perth (1904), xviii. 65; Glasgow (1905)—A. D. Richardson, xix. 190; Peebles (1906)—J. F. Annand, xx. 87; Prestonfield, Edinburgh (1907), xxi. 90; Aber- deen (1908), xxii. 89; Stirling INDEX. 13 (1909), xxii. 101; Dumfries (1910), xxiv. 102; Inverness (1911), xxvi. 84; Cupar (1912), xxvii. 102; Paisley (1913)—G. P. Gordon, xxviii. 97. At Royal Show, Derby (1906), xx. 91. At Scottish National Exhibition, Edinburgh (1908), xxi. 217; A. M‘Rae, = xxii. 77; Glasgow (1911), xxvi. 85. At Shows of R. Agric. Soc. of England, Lincoln (1907), xxi. 83; Newcastle-upon-Tyne, xxii. 92. At Anglo-American Exposition, Shepherd's Bush (1914), xxviii. 119. At Paris (1900), xvi. 339; Niirmn- berg (1906), xx. 233; St Louis, XVili. 223. International, Edinburgh (1884), *x1.. 68, 562. See also x. 183; xi. 1, 115. Edinburgh (1886), xii. 181. Exotie Conifers:—In Britain, xxiv. 220, Raising from Seed—J. Fer- guson, Xxvi. 46. Experimental Forest Area. See Forest Area. Experimental Plots: —At Cockle Park, xviii. 219. At Novar—C. Marriott, xx. 101. Experimental Station, Denbighshire. Hee bericx. 204s As DIR. xx. 108. Experimental Study of Larch Canker, xxi. 234. Experiments :— Estate— Conducted, in Silviculture, etc.—F. B., xx. 102. On Relative Value of Timber Preservatives, xxi. 201. *Seed, with Pinus sylvestris—F. Story, xxiii. 168. Sylvicultural, at Novar —R. C. Munro Ferguson, xx. 98. *With Tree Seeds—W. Somerville, xv. 135. Explosives, Use of, in Forestry— A. Lauder, xxvii. 210. Exports of Timber from United Kingdom (1905), xix. 218. Exposed Situations, Planting at. A. W. B. Edwards, xxvi. 37. FaiLtures of Larch—W. Gorrie, viii. 61. See ix. 234. See also Disease. Farms, Leasehold Timber. A. T. Williamson, xii. 418. Feaks, M.; Forestry Section in Scottish National Exhibition, Glas- gow (1911), xxvi. 85. Federated Malay States, xxiv. 223. Felling :—Timber—J. M‘Neill, ii. 17; Trees, by Electricity, xxiv. 109; by Machinery, xxiii. 232. Timber-Trees, Most profitable Age for—L. Bayne, vii. 175; W. Gil- christ, v. 1381; D. F. Mackenzie, vili. 70. See also viii. 203. *Felt Scale, Beech. G. Leven, xx. 245. Fences :—Deterioration of Wire—J. Kay, xv. 317. Filling of Gaps in Live, etc.—W. Gilchrist, iv. 154. “Implement for Straightening Bends in Standards of Wire—A. Gilchrist, iv. 205. “Machine for Mending Broken Strauds in Wire —A. Simpson, xiii. 359. *New Straining Pillar for Wire—J. Kay, x. 32. *Plantation—W. Thomson, i. 69. Rearing and Maintaining Live — R. Hutchison, iii. 15. *Straining Pillars for Wire—C. Y. Michie, v. 75. Fencing :—Cost of—F. B., xxi. 233. Effects of Sulphur on Iron—T. Wilkie, viii. 165. Preserving Posts and Rails for—D. Hamilton, vi. 230. *Two New Modes of— T. Wilkie, viii. 171. *Wivre, with Wrought-Iron Standards in Stone Blocks—J. Kay, v. 79. Ferguson, J.: Cultivation of Cin- chona Trees, ix. 251; India-rubber Trees of S. America, x. 108; Rais- ing Exotic Conifers from Seed, xxvi. 46; Teak Plantations at Nelambur, Madras, ix. 114. Ferguson, R. C. Munro: Address, 1895, (Forestry for Profit; Forestry and the State, etc.), xiv. 91; Ad- dress, 1897, (Need for Forest School and Experimental Area, ete.), xv. 81; Afforestation, xxii. 169; Ar- boricultural Adornment of Towns, xvi. 388; Arboriculture and Arable Land, xxi. 222; Criticisms upon ‘*Scheme for Establishing National Industry of Forestry,” xxii. 8; Development Act and Forestry, xxili. 140; First Steps at Inver- liever, xxi. 104; Inverliever State Forest, xxi. 22; Letter (Scottish Rating Bill, ete.) to General Meet- ing (1896), xv. 1; Note upon Dr Nisbet’s Criticism of Report of Departmental Committee on For- estry in Preface to he Forester, xix. 199; Note on Raith and Novar Working-P!ans, xvi. 96; Syl- vicultural Experiments at Novar, 14 INDEX. xx. 98; Training in Sylviculture, xx. 24; Training of Foresters, xvi. 444, Hon. Sec., 1898-1914, XXVlil. 226. Fife, Excursion in, 1908, xxii. 71. Finance Act, 1910, Estate Duty on Timber under, xxvi. 95. Financial Aspect of Forestry. P. T. Maw, xxiii. 17. Finland, Forestry im. Xvil, 243. Finlayson, A.: Larch Plantation on Monument Hill, Monteviot, xxvi. 80. Fireproofing of Wood, xvii. 291. *Fire Protection Lines in Scots Fir Forests (Dr Kienitz). A.C. Forbes, Xvil. 198. Fires, Forest, xvii. 316; in Canada, xxill, 105. Firs :— Corsican, Austrian, and Douglas, as Timber-Trees—R. Hutchison, vil. 52. Douglas :—A. D. Webster, xi. 165; W. H. Whellens, xxiv. 47 ; *and Thuja Gigantea in Mixture—D. K. M‘Beath, xxviii. 107; *As Commercial Timber-Tree—J. D. Crozier, xxi. 31; ~* Colorado, Variety of—A. D. Richardson, xviii. 194; In Scotland—W. Schlich, xii. 226; Investigation into Annual Increment in Girth of, xxvi. 2382; “Megastigmus spermotrophus as Knemy ot—R. S. MacDougall, xix. 52; Timber, Uses of—Frank Scott, xxvii. 106; On Durris Estate — R. Yeats, xvi. 185; Plantation at Taymount-—A. D. Richardson, xviii. 200; Frank Scott, xxvii. 77; W. Somerville, xvii. 269 ; Silvicultural Treatment of—W. Steuart Fothringham, xxviii. 248; See xx. 104, and Notes and Queries. Menzies, xvi. 528. Mixed Plantations—W. Gilchrist, Lite 2 Silver:—F. B., xxii. 106; Common —C. Y. Michie, v. 138; Self- Sowing of—W. Gilchrist, vii. 180; Timber of, xvii. 158. Scots :—Cultivation and Varieties of—W. Gilchrist, vi. 304; Dura- bility of Highland, xxiv. 106; Fire Protection Lines in Forests of (Dr Kienitz)—A. C. Forbes, xvii. 198; Forests of, in N. Germany—A. C. Forbes, xiii, J. F. Annand, 187; Has it deteriorated 7—J. M‘Laren and W. M ‘Corquodale, ix, 176; Planting of, after old Crops of Scots—W. M‘Corquo- dale, ii. 48; Returns of Prices, at Abernethy—W. Gouk, i. 102. Fisher, W. R.: *Beech and Oak High Forest in France, xviii. 90 ; Oak in Coppice - with - Standards in North of France, xviii. 109 ; State Forests of *Celles, Gérardmer, *Retz, Belléme, *Compiegne, St Amand, and Raismes (Valenci- ennes), Xvill. 82 ef seg. Obituary —A.S., xxiv. 118, Fleming, Sir J.: When Afforesta- tion comes, xxiil. 124. Flett, J. S.: Geology and Forestry, Vio Fluids, Movement of, in W. R. M‘Nab, viii. 203. Foliage :—*Of Pines, etc., Blending of, for Landscape Effect—C. Y. Michie, iv. 73. Lime-Sulphur Wash for, xxiv. 223. Forbes, A. C.: Establishing Experi- mental Forest Area in Scotland, xv. 155; *Fire Protection Lines in Scots Fir Forests (Kienitz), xvii. 198; *Forest School at Eberswalde, xiii. 234; Formation of Plantations, xiii. 91; Growing Timber of High Commercial Value, xiv. 122; Influence of Thinning on Growth of Beech, xvi. 116; Insect Notes from Wiltshire, xiv. Stems. 189; Is British Forestry Pro- gressive? xv. 44; Scots Fir Forests in N. Germany, Xiii. 187 ; Season and Growth of Trees, xv. 75; Sitka Spruce in Ireland, XXvili. 264; Waste Land for Afforestation, xx. 142. Fords, etc., on Estates. A. Paterson, iii. 23. Forest Administration in Switzerland. G. Cadell, xii. 78. Forest Area, Experimental :—Essays on Establishing, in Scotland— A.C; Forbes, “xv. 155) 3D Sane Mackenzie, xv. 179. Report by Judges on Essays on, xv. 148. See also Forestry Area. Forest Conservancy :—Indian Famine Commission (Extract from Report of), ix. 273. Progress of (India) — Hy Cleghorn, v. 91. See vids viii, 38. See also Notes and Queries. Forest Labour, Returns of Prices (1857), 1. 219. INDEX. 15 Forest Museums. See Museums. Forest Nurseries and Gardens. F. Bailey, xxi. 54. See xix. 317. Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Sask. J. Kay, xxiii. 67 ; xxiv. 67. Forest of Dean: —Forestry Instruc- tion at, xvii. 324. Mr Hill on— F. Bailey, xv. 292. State School .of Forestry in, xx. 112, 251 ; xxiv. PAN Forest Operations in Co. Galway. W. Schlich, xvi. 249, Forest Pests. R. S. MacDougall, XXVili. 267. Forest Policy in British Empire. MenonGe. xx, 12. Forest Produce:—Disposing of— A. Peebles, vii. 159. Preparation of, for Sale—W,. Thomson, vi. 275. Returns of Prices (1857), i. 219; (1859), ii. 41. Forest Resources :—Of Australia— E. T. Scammell, xvii. 249 Of United Kingdom—H. Maxwell, OS 1 Forest Schools :—Biltmore, U.S.A, xxiv. 108; xxvi. 98. Dean Forest, xx. 1920 951 5 xxiv. 217. *Ebers- walde—A. C. Forbes, xiii. 234; A. F. Wilson, xx. 201. Indian— F. Bailey xi. 155. On—J. C. Brown, viii. 225. Brandis, xii. 65. Research at Indian, xx. 115. S. African—F. B., xix. 356. Vallombrosa—H. Cleghora, viii. 182. Yale—F. B., xx. 251. See also (on Establishing, in Scotland, etc.), viii. 200; ix. HOSE xaiiva) Sls x1. 17, 288'3, xin: Hebe exivs L-) xvi. 2. Forest Seeds, Testing of, xxvii. 239. Forest Service, Imperial, of India, Training of Probationers for, ete. JeseNisbet, xix. 107:; xxi. 191; my. 212. Forest Soils, Accumulation of Nitro- genin. A. Lauder, xx. 186. Forest Survey, Collection and Util- isation of Information for, xxvii. 112. *Forest Tramway. fale Forest Travel in Europe. x. 144, Forest Trees :—Altitude of, on Cairn- gorm Mountains—H. B. Watt, xvii. 266. Ornamental and, of Recent Introduction—J. M‘Laren, x. 209. Collection, etc., of Seeds of—J. M‘Lean, x. 156. Crypto- gamic Plants Injurious to, ete.— Proposed—D. F. Moon, xxi. ApS AD wha M. Dunn, viii. 250. Distances at which they should be planted—L. Bayne, villi. 77. Distribution of Certain, in Scotland, as shown by Post - Glacial Deposits— W. N. Niven, xvii. 97. Effects of Dry Seasons of 1868, *6$ and ’70 on —R. Hutchison, vi. 281. Insects Injurious to, etc.—M. Dunn, viii. 173. Natural and Artificial Sys- tems of Rearing—A. E. Wild, v. 88. Pruning—C Y. Michie, v. SA sseitts)) Philip wise 20 eared Thinning and General Manage- ment of —‘‘ Justitia,” ii. 3. *Trans- planting—C. Y. Michie, v. 20. Soils best suited to different—W. Gilchrist, vi. 296. See Disease. Forest Work. G. U. Macdonald, xvi. 451. Forester, Nature as a. vi. 198. Forester, The, Note on Review of. AIP INES sabe, Ble Forester’s Cottage. See Cottage. Foresters :—A Field for—W. Brown, Vise) 2025 Education of—W. M‘Corquodale, ix. 100. Four Weeks’ Course for, at Aberdeen University, xxiv. 217. Register for—J. Kay, v. 155; C. Y. Michie, v. 158. Society’s Register of, etc. —R. Galloway, xix. 350. Training of—R. C. Munro Ferguson, xvi. 444; J. Parry, xix. 320. See also ie Sis) Vill. Lis) xvi. Dba Foresters’ and Gardeners’ Society of Argyll, xxi. 235. Forestry: —And Geology Bletts x07: W. Brown, Ale, OSE Artificial Manures in—A. W. Borthwick, xix. 245. At Anglo-American Exposition, xxviii. 119. At Homeand Abroad —A. W. Borthwick, xxviii. 56, At University of Edinburgh, xvii. 206; xxiv. 208; see Notes and Queries. At University of Oxford, xxvi. 225. At University of Tokio, xviii. 232. *Belgian, in some of its Aspects—A. T. Gillanders, xix. 139. Bibliography of—H. B. Watt, xxvi. 230. British, xxii. 97. British, and its Future Prospects—J. Nisbet, xvi. 161. British, is it Progressive ?—A. C. Forbes, xv. 44. *Century of (1806 to 1906) on Estate of Learney, Aberdeenshire—F. N. Innes, xx. 168. Chair of, at Cambridge, xi. 232. Civil Engineers on British, xvii. 156. Continental, Notes on 16 INDEX. (1904)—J. Nisbet, xviii. 161; (1905), xix. 1615 (1906), xx. 64. Deciduous Trees for Landscape— J. Methven, xii. 94. Development Act, and—R,. C. Munro Ferguson, xxiii. 140. Development Com- mission and, xxvi. 3; xxvii. 1; XXVil. 28; xxviii. 14. Degree in, at Edinburgh University—F. B., xx. 248. Diploma in, at Oxford— F. B., xix. 354. EKconomic—G. S. Boulger, xi. 382. Encourage- ment of Private—A. Schwappach, xx. 212. Estate, Conducted Ex- periments in Sylviculture and other Branches of—F. B., xx. 102. Financial Aspect of—P. T. Maw, xxiii, 17. German—F. Story, xviii. 138. Heredity and—W. Somerville, xxi. 1. History of, in Great britain (1854-1904) — J. Nisbet, xviii. 20. Immediate Needs of, in Scotland—J. Stirling-Max- well, xxii. 121. In Britain: Address to Biological Section of British Assoc., Oxford, 1894— I. B. Balfour, xiv. 55. In Britain —A. Schwappach, xvii. 169. In Finland—J. F. Annand, xvii. 243. In France—F. Bailey, xi. 221. In Hungary—F,. Bailey, xii. 1. In Japan, xxiv. 96. In Kent and Sussex — D. A. Glen, xvi. 414. In Nurnberg Exhibition, xx. 233, “In the Sechwarzwald—J. F. Annand, xxi. 159. In Scotland in Reign of Queen Victoria— M. Dunn, xy. 109. In Scotland, Discussion on, xxviii. 121. In Some of Its Economic Aspects— W. Somerville, xxii. 121. Indian, in 1905—J. Nisbet, xix. 128; in 1906, xx. 219. Indian, Dr Cleghorn’s Services to— D. Brandis, xii. 87. Indian State —S. H. Eardley-Wilmot, xxiii. 217. Influences affecting British— W. Somerville, xii. 403. Irish, xxii. 26. Instruction in Ireland, xxvi, 158. Lectures, Introduction to Course of, at Edinburgh Univer- sity (1891-92)—F. Bailey, xiii. 174. Modern English Works on— F, Bailey, xv., App. Parliament and, xvili, 221. Place of, in the Economic Development of Scot- land—Sir J. Stirling-Maxwell, xxvil. 161. Position of Scottish, in Regard to the Development Fund, xxviii. 138. President of Board of Agriculture on, xvil. 323. Progress of, in India—D. Brandis, x. 247. Progress of, in Scotland— R. Hutchison, ix. 1. Relation of, to Agriculture and Other Indus- tries, xxvii. 121. Reports on— see Committee, and Agriculture, Board of. Scheme for Establishing National Industry of, xxi. 135; Criticisms of Scheme—R. Munro Ferguson, xxii. 8; Reply to Criti- cisms, xxil. 18. State in Relation to—W. Schlich, xxii. 130. Steam Power in—D. F. Mackenzie, vii. 269. Swedish,. Recent Develop- ments in—E. Nilson, xix. 136. *Tools used in—A. Slater, ix. 130. Use of Dynamite and Tonite in— D. F. Mackenzie, viii. 241. Use of Explosives in — A. Lander, Xxvli. 210. See Book Notices, Exhibitions, Literature, and Notes and (Queries. Forestry Appointments, xx. 131. See Notes and Queries. Forestry Area, Experimental, in Wales. Fraser Story, xxvii. 19. Forestry Association, Canadian, xvii. 329. Forestry Congress, American, xviii. 229. Forestry Education:—W. Schlich, xv. 89; E. P. Stebbing, xxiv. 24. Conference on, xvili. 51. In Great Britain, xxiii. 141. See Notes and Queries. Forestry Laws, Sweden’s New, xviii. 227. Forestry Problem, Our—W. Schlich, Xvil. 213. Forestry Society, Irish, xix. 327. Forestry Station, Irish, xx. 111. Forests :—Aud Rainfall—R. C. Moss- man, xx. 188; see also vii. 115, 285; xviii. 231. Bavarian and Saxon, Visit toSome(1904)—J.J. R. Meiklejohn, xviii. 150. *Beech, of Hesse-Nassau—G. Cadell, xiii. 57. Canadian, xxvi. 97. Demon- stration, for Scotland, xx. 113; F. L. C. Cowley-Brown, xxii. 20. Distribution of, in India—D. Brandis, vii. 88. Dr Schlich’s, at Mirwart— F. Bailey, xvi. 241. French Private, Visit to— F. Cowley-Brown, xxvi. 172. *German —F. Story, xvi. 424; A. T. Gillanders, xxviii. 100. Importance of, in Military Defence—M. Martin, xxiii. 223. Inverliever State—R. C. Munro Ferguson, xxi. 22. Larch in German—F.. Boden, xvii. 47. Management of European — H. INDEX. 17 Cleghorn, v. 94. Natural Repro- duction of—J. M/‘Lean, xi. 36. *Oak and Beech in Denmark— W. G. Smith, xxviii. 241. Of Basses Pyrenées—G. Cadell, xvii. 104. Of Bavaria, Visit to (1909)— A. N. Agnew, xxiii. 72. Of India —C. F. Amery, viii. 213; Sir R. Temple, x. 1. Of Norway—F. Bailey, xvi. 458. Of Poland, xviii. 227. OfScotland—A. Schwappach, xv. 11. OfS. Africa—J. C. Brown, 45>. Of S. Australia —G: M‘Ewin, x. 33. Of United States, Xvill. 229. Planting of Deer—D. F. Mackenzie, ix. 53. Pure and Mixed —D. Brandis, xvi. 13. Remains of Ancient, in Scottish Peat-Mosses—M. I. N., xxii. 113. *Saxon State—A. D. Hopkinson, XxXvli. 174; *xxviii. 28. Scots Fir, in N. Germany — A. C. Forbes, xili. 187. Scottish and English, Report on Visit to (1881) —M. Boppe, xi. 196. *State, and other, of France—Col. F. Bailey, and Prof. Fisher, xviii. 74. State, of Prussia (including Hanover)— W. Somerville, xiv. 140. State Model, for Scotland, xv. 201, 221. Study of Continental —F. B., xx. 249. Swiss, Recent Publica- tions on—W. G. Smith, xxvii. 202. Thuringian, Visit to—ZJ. Michie, xiv. 105. *Working-Plan for Alice Holt—W. Schlich and W. F. Perree, xix. 83. See Notes and Queries. Forglen, Excursion to, xxii. 211. Fort Augustus Block, Detailed Survey DEY Sxv. 12: Fothringham, W. Steuart: Address at Jubilee Meeting, 1904, (History of Society), xviii. 1; Deputation to Chancellor of Exchequer (1906), xix. 323; Protection of Scots Pine against Black Game, xxvili. 117; Silvicultural Treatment of Douglas Fir, xxviii. 248. France : — Afforestation of Waste Lands, xxii. 207. Continental Notes—A. G. Hobart Hampden, Revove ll 46 5) Sx D7 5 XXIV, 56; xxvi. 48; xxvil. 41; xxviii. 60. Forestry in—F. Bailey, xi.221. *State and other Forests of—Col. Bailey and Prof. Fisher, xviii. 74. See Excursions. France, C S.: Conifere at Powers- court,v. 83; Excursion of Aberdeen Branch of Society to Forglen and Hatton, xxii. 211; Landscape and Economic Planting, xii. 322 ; State of Arboriculture in Ireland, v. 168. Fraser, A.: Systematie Destruction of Squirrels, xx. 119. Fraser, H.: Cedrus atlantica, v. 86. Fraser, P. N.: Obituary—A. D. R., xix. 241. Fraxinus excelsior. 128. French Private Forest, Visit to. F. Cowley-Brown, xxvi. 172. ‘**From the Ice Age to the Present.” A. W. Borthwick, xx. 253. Frost :—Effects of, on Larix ewropea, and L. leptolepis— D. Stewart, xxiii. 103. Protection of Young Spruce from—G. U. Macdonald, xix. 287 ; W. Hall, xxvii. 51. Fruit Trees, Action of Grass on. A. Lauder, xxvii. 110. Fuel in the Highlands. vi. 192. See vii. 120. Fungus :—*A_ ‘Tree-Strangling, xix. 358. Larch Disease—F. B., xxiii. 230. Fungus Diseases, Hybernating Mycelium. xx. 122. J. Nisbet, xvi. W. Brown, Spread of, by ACW 1B; GALES, Some Lessonsfrom the Recent. Sir Hugh Shaw-Stewart, xxvii. 172. Galloway, R.: *xxviii, 229. Death Duties as affecting Woodlands, xxili. 123; Do. on Woods, xxvii. 36; Law relating to Trees, Woods, ete., in Scotland, xix. 332; Profit- able Co-operative Timber-Growing, xix. 291; Report of Excursion to Germany (1895), xiv. 195; Society’s Register of Foresters and other Estate men, xix. 350. *Gallson Willow. R.S. MacDougall, xviii. 208. Galway County, Forest Operations in. W. Schlich, xvi. 249. Gamble, J. S.: Forestry Exhibition at Paris, xvi. 339; International Congress of Sylviculture, xvi, 262 ; Report of Departmental Committee on Irish Forestry (1908), xxii. 26. Game :—Black, Protection of Scots Pine against—W. Steuart Foth- ringham, xxvili. 117. Coverts—A. Gilchrist, iv. 103; W. Gilchrist, iv. 29, 91; A. M‘Rae, xv. 54; A. D. Webster, xi. 213; T. Wilkie, xii. 371. Rearing of Woods where, preserved—A. Gilchrist, iv. 177. *Gascony, Forest Tour among Dunes of. F. Bailey, xi. 291. h 18 INDEX. Gases, Wood damaged by. A. Slater, vii. 184. Gayer, Karl : International Memorial to, xxvii. 114. Geikie, J.: Soil: its Origin and Nature, xx. 178; xxi. 16, 131. Geologicaland Arboricultural Features of Buteshire, ete. J. Kay, vii. 60 Geological Position, Effects of, on certain Conifers. Earl of Ducie, i. 41. Geology and Forestry, J. 8. Flett, xv. 73. Gérardmer, Forests of, 86. German Forestry. 138. German Forests, Visit to:—*F. Story, xvi. 424; by R.E. Arbor. Soc.—A. T. Gillanders, xxviii. 100. Germany :—Afforestation of Waste Lands, xxii. 207. Continental Notes—B. Ribbentrop, xxi. 180; SOx VPI He WS-O-ahb BIsHPAIL ER eb oahe 194; *xxvi. 204; *xxviil. 212, Co- operative Agricultural Credit in, xvii. 331. Douglas Firin—M.I.N., xxil. 112. Excursion to (1895)—A. Slater, xiv. 163; Reports on—R. Galloway, xiv. 195; D. Robertson, xiv. 180. Scots Fir Forests in North—A. C. Forbes, xiii. 187. Wasiteitoy etc. (1905), Js J. oR: Meiklejohn, xix. 303, Gilbert, W. M.: *The late Malcolm Dunn, xvi. 132. Gilchrist, A.: “Implement for Straightening Bends in Standards of Wire Fences, iv. 205; Influence of Arboriculture, v. 102; Practical Arboriculture, vi, 82; Pruning, vil. 40; Rearing of Woods where Game is Preserved, iv. 177; Trees for Margins of Plantations, iv. 24 ; “Trees Grown on ‘‘Undrained Moorband Pan,’ vi. 334. Under- cover for Game, iv. 103. Gilchrist, W.: Arboretum at Cluny Castle, vil. 19; Arboriculture in Aberdeenshire, vii. 235; Cultiva- tion and Varieties of Scots Fir, vi. 304; Disposing of Home-grown Timber, vii. 146; Most profitable Felling Ages of Timber ‘Trees, v. 131 ; Planting of Mixed Fir Planta- tions, ii. 2; Practical Arbori- culture, vi. 6; Self-Sowing of Silver Fir, vii. 180; Soils best suited to Forest Trees, vi. 296; Thinning Plantations, v. 43; Transplanting State Fisher, xviii. Communal and Prot. F. Story, xviii. Thorn Hedges, etc., iv. 154; Trees, etc., for Planting near Sea, v. 143 ; Underwood for Game Cover, iv. 29, 91. Gillanders, A. T. : *Belgian Forestry, xix. 139; Creosoting, xxiii. 172; *Pruning, xi. 49; Visit by R. E. Arbor. Soc. to German Forests, XxXviil. 100. Gipsy Moth, xv. 195. Glasgow. See Exhibitions, Glen, D. A.; Forestry in Kent and Sussex, xvi. 414; Formation of Plantations, xi. 173. Glencorse Smoke Case. bigin, xxii. 221. 15. Glen Mor, Forest Survey of. Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling of Keir, xxv. Glen Urquhart, EKVe OD: Goés, xv. 308. Gordon, G. P.: * Excursion to Switzer- land (1913), xxviii. 83; Forestry Exhibition at H. and A. Society’s Show at Paisley (1913), xxviii. 97; Primitive Woodland and Plantation Types in Scotland, xxiv. 153; *Relation of Light Intensity to Advance Growth in Oak and Beech Forests, xxvi. 147 ; “Vegetation Types at High Alti- tudes, xxviii. 46. Gorrie, A. : Plantations on Estate of Raynham, Norfolk, xii, 331; Planting of Sandhills at Holkham, Norfolk, xiii. 350. Gorrie, W.: Failures of Larch, viii. 61; How to Measure Annual Growth of Trees, ix. 103; Planting in Groups or Mixed Plantations, vil. 274. Gossip, J.: Obituary Notice of the late Daniel Dewar, xvi. 336. Gouk, W.: Prices of Scots Fir at Abernethy, i. 102. Grandeau, Prof. Louis, Work of. A. Lauder, xxvi. 223. Grandtully, Plantations at. Mackenzie, ix. 82. Grant, A. M‘D : Formation of Plantations, x. 204; Rearing and Management of Hardwood Planta- tions, xi. 373. Grant, Donald :*Formation of Planta- tions on Deep Peat, xxviii. 72. Grant, E. S.: Prevention of Damage by Pine Weevil, xx. 53. Grants, Development, xxiv. 1, 108, PANS seqib iso. M. I. New- See also xxii. Afforestation at, Dei INDEX. 19 Grass, Action of, on Fruit Trees—A. Lauder, xxvii. 110. Grease, Is it Injurious to Trees? J. Craig, vi. 236. Great Britain :—Afforestation, etc., in—J. Nisbet, xxii. 139. Production of Timber in, xxvii. 108. Growth: — Advance, Relation of Light-Intensity to, ete.—G. P. Gordon, xxvi, 147. Tree, Light in Relation to—A. W. B., xxvi. 181. HaitstTorM, Effects of, on Growing Timber. H.C. Sampson, xvi. 467. Hall, C. E.: Tree Planting at San Jorge, Uruquay, xiii. 220. Hall, T: Notes of Silvicultural In- merest, xx1..076 >; *xxil. 67; Plant- ing with Mattock, xxiii. 104. Hall, W.: Protecting Young Spruce from Frost, xxvii. 51. Raising and Management of Thorn Hedges, xxvl. 165; Silvicultural Notes, xxii. 104. Hamilton, D.: Preserving Timber, vi. 230. Hampshire :— Arboriculture in— A. Peebles, viii. 25; J. Smith, xi. 511. New Forest—G. Lascelles, xiv. 15. Ligneous Plants of—J. Smith, xii. 356. Profits from Timber-growing in—W. Storie, xix. 205. Hampton Court, Old and Remark- able Trees at. T. Hogg, ix. 145. Hanbury, Right Hon. R. W., on Departmental Committee’s Report, Xvil. 322. Hardwood Plantations. tions. Hardwoods : — Conifere and, best adapted to resist attacks of Hares and Rabbits—J. Craig, vi. 233 ; Cultivation of—J. Boyd, xxi. 44, 150. Table of, giving Soils, Sub- soils, and Situations for, iv. 37. See Conifere. Hardy, M.: Botanical Geography and Biological Utilisation of Soil, xvii. 110 ; Humus as Geographical Agency, xvil. 256. Hares and Rabbits. See Hardwoods. Harrower, W.: Larch Bug, ix. 246; Seasoning Timber, x. 199; Timber Supply of United States, x. 83; Tree-planting as Investment in Treland, x. 55. *Hartig, R., on Larch Disease, xvii. 19. Hatton, Excursion to, xxii. 211. Havelock, W. B.: A ‘‘ Big Tree’s” See Planta- History of Arboriculture of Centuries of Life, xx. 129. Creosot- ing of Home-grown Timber, xx. 58. Two Exceptional Trees, xxi. 110. *Haye, State Forest of. lieve, xviii. 78. Heather Moorland, Origin and De- velopment of. W. G. Smith, xvii. ELT. Hedderwick, A. S.: Statein Relation to Afforestation, xxiv. 150. Hedgerow and Field Timber. Webster, xi. 550. Hedgerow Timber Trees. iii. 40. Hedges :—Beech and Thorn—J. Kay, iv. 187. Disease in Beech Rk. Hutchison, ix. 217. Plants for Gaps in Old—R. Hutchison, iii. 15. Thorn—W. Hall, xxvi. 165 ; W. H. Whellens, xxvi. 61. Trans- planting of Old Thorn, ete.—W. Gilchrist, iv. 154. Heights of Trees, “Instrument for Measuring. W. Baillie, v. 171; J. Kay, v. 170. Hemlock Spruce ;— Nursery Treat- ment of—J. M. Murray, xxi. 41. At Loganbank—F. B., xxi. 109. Henry’s Investigation of Elm Seed- lings. A. D. Richardson, xxiv. 186. Heredity and Forestry. ville, xxi. 1. Hertfordshire, 301. “Hesse Nassau, Beech G. Cadell, xiii. 57. Hickory becoming Scarce, xix. 211, High Altitudes:—Planting at—A. W. B. Edwards, xxvi. 37. * Vegeta- tion Types at—G. P. Gordon, XXVill. 46. Highclere, Woods and Plantations of. Nz (Al D> Ry) sx 2ete Innes, Lieut.-Col. F. N. (S. J. G.), Rx 207.) uairds a Ps CAR Denis): xix. 241. *Mackenzie, D. F., xxiv. 114. Mackinnon, W. (A. D. R.), xx. 136. Mansfield, Earl of (R. M. F.), xix. 367. Mayr, Prof. H. (A. W. B.) xiv. 2395) “xy, 120; Methven, John, xxvii. 248. Piteaithley, A. (A. D. R.), xix. 242. Ramsden, Sir John, Bart., XXvili. 272. Robertson, J., xxiv. 117. Seatield, Caroline, Countess of (W. T.), xxvi. 119. Thomson, J. G., xxvii. 247. Official Notifications: — Board of Agriculture for Scotland ; Forestry Development; Grant from Develop- ment Fund; Forestry Instruction in Ireland, xxvi. 156. Statement by Development Commission ; Advisory Committee on Forestry ; Technical Advice for Private Owners, xxvii. 28. Oleoresins of some Western Pines— A. Lauder, xxvili. 267. Ordnance Survey Maps of United Kingdom, xx. 256. Ornamental Trees, Comparative Value of Exotic Conifere as. T. Wilkie, xii. 206; A. D. Webster, xii. 246. Osiers, Cultivation of. R. Sinclair, xxi. 50. Oxford University: — Diploma in Forestry at—F. B., xix. 354. Forestry at, xxvi. 225. PatsLey. See Exhibitions. Paris: — Forestry Exhibition at (1900)—J. S. Gamble, xvi. 339. International Forest Congress at, xxvii. 112. Parliament and Forestry, xviii. 221. Parry, J.: Afforestation of Water- works’ Catchment Areas, xvil. 223 ; Training of Foresters, xix. 320. Pasture Lands, Comparison between the yields from, and Afforestation —Alex. Lauder, oS aiahbeilley Paterson, A. : Roads, Bridges, Fords and Walks on Estates, iii. 23 ; Transplanting by M‘Glashen’s Apparatus, iil. 102. Pathological Specimens for Ex- hibition. A. W. Borthwick, xvii. 155. Pear Midge, xv. 314. Pearson, J.: Valuation of Woods, etc., for Transfer, xvi. 398. 32 INDEX. *Peat, Formation of Plantations on, —Donald Grant, xxvili. 72. Peat-Mosses :—Remains of Ancient Forests in Scottish—M. I. N., xxii. 113. Scottish, History of— A Wietboeg) KXe to. Peebles. See Exhibitions. Peebles, A. : Arboriculture in Hamp- shire, viii. 25; Disposing of Produce of Woods and Plantations, vii. 159; Woods and Plantations of Highelere, Hants, vi. 245. Penrhyn, N. Wales :—*Conifer at— A. D. Webster, xi. 55. Planta- tions on Estate of—A. D. Webster, xi. 165. Pentland, Lord, Correspondence with, in regard to Small Land- holders’ (Scotland) Bill, and Department of Forestry, xxvi. 1. Peridermium, xvi. 344. Perth. See Exhibitions. Perthshire, E., Rate of Growth of Mature Timber-Crops in—J. Nis- bet, xix. 70. Peziza, *xvii. 19; xvii. 344. Philip, R.: Hedgerow Timber Trees, iii 40 ; Local Arboricultural Societies, i. 38; Planting, i. 86 ; Preparation of Waste Land for Planting, ii. 21; Pruning Forest Trees, de 205 i) 115 Thinning Plantations, i. 43. Philosophy of Arboriculture and Landscape Gardening. J. G. Mac- vicar, iv. 138. Phoma:—W. Somerville, xv. 191; G. Leven, xv. 319. Physiology and Structure of Trees and Shrubs. D. F. Mackenzie, xiv. 114. *Piccadilly, etc., Tree-Pruning in. I. B. Balfour, xxvi. 31. Picea :—Alba, as Wind-Mantle, xvi. 473. ‘Nordmanniana— A. D Webster, 1x. 94. Y. Michie, v. Fir. Pine :—* Blending of Foliage of, etc., for Landscape Effect—C. Y. Michie, iv. 73. Corsican—J. M‘Laren, v. 52;A.D. Webster, xi. 181. Corsican in Dorset—J. M‘Callum, xxiv. 45. Scots, A Large, xxvi. 231. Scots, Annual Increment of, xxiv. 52 ; xxvi. 160; xxvii. 384. Scots, Diseased, on Land formerly Arable, xx. 248. *Scots, Natural Regenera- tion of, at Beauly, etc.—G. Brown, xix.17. Scots. Protection of, against Black Game — W. Pectinata — C. 138; see Silver Steuart Fothringham, xxviii. 117. *Scots, Root Disease in, on Farm Lands—B. Ribbentrop, xxi. 143. *The Mountain—J. Stirling- Maxwell, xxi. 10. Transplanting, etc. —R. Hutchison,iv. 3. Diseases of Pine, see xvii. 343. Pine Beetle, xv. 65. Pines, Western, Oleoresins of. A. Lauder, xxviii. 267. Pinetum : — *Houston — W. Tiven- dale, vii. 38. Wass—R. Brown, iv. 164. Pine Weevil. See Weevil, and Re- ports by Hon. Scientists. Pine Weevil, Large Brown — Board of Agri. Leaflet on, xxviii. 118. Pinus Laricio:—J. M‘Uaren, v. 52. And P. sylvestris, Larch Disease on—H. Maxwell, xx. 117. See Pine. Pinus Sylvestris :—Experiments with Seed—F. Story, xxiii. 168. Larch Disease on, ete., xx. 117. Pirrie, A.: Early Management of * Plantations, i. 207. Pissodes: — A. Mitchell, xv. 199. The Genus—R. S. MacDougall, xv. 25. See Reports by Hon. Scientists. Pitcaithley, A.: Arboriculture in Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigtown, xiii. 293; *Forester’s Cottage, xi. 506 ; Plantations, etce., at Brahan, Ross, xi. 501. Obituary —A. D. R., xix. 242. *Pitting v. Notching, xxiii. 111. Pit-wood, Scarcity of, xxviii. 266. Pit-wood Timber, Advantages of Growing — W. M. Stewart, xix. 282. Pit-wood Trade, Bo’ness. Xvi. 9. *Pit-wood Working Circle, Raith, Plan for, xv. 223. Plans, Working :—* Alice Holt Forest, —W. Schlich and W. F. Perree, xix. 83. Ardross Woods—F. B., xxi. 230. Ardross, and Larch Canker—A. D. Richardson, xxii. 64. *Blackmoor, Bradshott, and Temple Woods, Hants—J. Nisbet, xvi. 193. Castle Hill Woodlands, 1905 to 1919—F. Story, xx. 36. Chopwell Woods—W. S., xxii. 61. Glen Mor—W. Dawson, xxv. 60. Note on Raith and Novar—R. C. Munro Ferguson, xvi. 96. *Novar Woods—F. Bailey, J. J. R. Meikle- john, J. D. B. Whyte, and W. Mackenzie, xvi. 25. Preparing, for British Woodlands—J. Nisbet, F. Bailey, INDEX. 33 xx. 30. Progress, in India, in Preparation of, xxvi. 98. *Raith Pit-wood Working Circle — F. Bailey, G. U. Macdonald, xy. 223. See also xvi. 4. Plantations: — Belts of, on Hill Pasture Land—T. Wilkie, xii. 337. Disposing of Produce—A. Peebles, vii. 159. Draining—bL. Bayne, vii. 250. Early Management of— A. Pirrie, i. 207. *Enclosing—A. Slater, ix. 199. *Fences— W. Thomson, i. 69. Formation of— jek eAmnand, xii. 268: A. C: Forbes, xiii. 91. D. A. Glen, xi. iareeAs M‘D: Crant, x. 204% J. Rodger, xiv. 133 ; *on Deep Peat —-DVonald Grant, xxviii. 72. John, Duke of Atholl, his Larch Planta- tions, and the Larch Disease—J. Booth, xvii. 232. Laying out of Mixed, and Maintenance for first Twenty-five Years—D. M. Mac- donald, xix. 32. J. M. Murray, xix. 44. Planting of Mixed Fir— W. Gilchrist, iii. 2. Preparation of Produce for Sale—W. Thomson, vi. 275. Primitive Types in Scot- land—G. P. Gordon, xxiv. 153. Rearing and Management of Hardwood—L. Bayne, ix. 158; AMeMeD: Grant, x1. 3/3; T. R. Milroy, x. 47; A. Slater, x. 61; Drpetatta ax. 225: T. Wilkie, ix. 152, 242. Reclamation of Neglected —J. Thomson, i. 114; W. Thomson, vi. 205 ; J. Whyte, i. 110. “Roads and Walks—R. E. Brown, iii. 8. Teak, at Nelambur, Madras—J. Ferguson, ix. 114. Thinning—J. Darling, i. 210; W. Gilchrist, v. 43; R. Philip, i. 43. Trees for Exposed Margins of—A. Gilchrist, iv. 24. Underplanted Larch, at Novar—W. Mackenzie, xxiii. 35. Valuation of, for Transfer — J. Pearson, xvi. 398. Plantations, ete., on Estates of :— Brahan, Ross—A. Pitcaithley, xi. 501. Highelere, Hants — A. Peebles, vi. 245. Inverliever, xxi. 111. Mackintosh, Brae Lochaber —J. Hutton, viii. 233. Murthly, Grandtully, etc., Perthshire—D. F. Mackenzie, ix. 82. Penrhyn, N. Wales—A. D. Webster, *xi. 55; xii. 165. Raynham, Norfolk—A. Gorrie, xiii. 331. Sorn, Ayr—D. Barclay, xi. 29. Wentworth, Yorkshire —G. Dodds, xii. 156. Planters, Notes for. G. U. Mac- donald, xvii. 287. Planting: — As an Investment in Ireland — W. Harrower, x. 55. *At High Altitudes and in Ex- posed Situations, etc.—A. W. B. Edwards, xxvi. 37. Beech and Thorn Hedges—J. Kay, iv. 187. Best Size of Plants for, ete.— A. Slater, x. 39. Clearing Land for—D. F. Mackenzie, viii. 136. Deer Forests with Timber Trees for Shelter —D. F. Mackenzie, ix. 53. ~*Different Methods of—W. Maxwell, xxvi. 59. Distances at which Forest Trees should be Planted—L. Bayne, viii. 77. Ex- posed Margias of Plantations, Trees for—A. Gilchrist, iv. 24. Extensive—J. Brown, vi. 216. For Shelter—H. Shaw-Stewart, xxiv. 178. “Historical Notes of Early, in Scotland—H. B. Watt, xxvi. 12. In Groups. or Mixed Plantations—W. Gorrie, vii. 274. In Towns, Trees and Shrubs for— A. D. Webster, xiii. 123. Island of Arran as Field for—W. A. Mackenzie, xiii. 341. Landscape and Economic—C. S. France, xii. 322. Mixed Fir Plantations—W. Gilchrist, iii. 2. *Of High Moor- lands—J. Stirling-Maxwell, xx. 1. On—W. Thomson, i. 75; R. Philip, i. 86. On Moss Land—J. Thomson, i. 120. *On Turfs, Belgian System of—J. Stirling- Maxwell, xxiii. 153. Preparation of Ground tor—J. Darling, i. 96. Preparation of Waste Land for—R. Philip, ii, 21. Sandhills — A. Gorrie, xiii. 350; J. Hutton, viii. 19. Scotch Fir after Old Scotch Fir—W. M‘Corquodale, ii. 48. Tree, at San Jorge, Uruguay — C. E. Hall, xiii. 220. Trees and Underwood for Sea- coasts —W. Gilehrist, v. 143; C. Y. Michie, v. 150. Underwood as Cover for Game—A. Gilchrist, iv. 103; W. Gilchrist, ix. 29, 91. Waste Land for Profit—G. U. Macdonald, xviii. 183; J. Nisbet, xix. 259. With the Mattock—T. Hall, xxiii. 104. Plants :—Charcoal-Producing—C. Y. Michie, vi. 319. Ligneous, of Hampshire—J. Smith, xii. 356. Poland, Forests of, xviii. 227. Poplars, Black and Ontario—I. B. Balfour, xvi. 314. *Portuguese E. Africa, Arboricultural Z 34 INDEX. Notes from. 194, Post Office: — Appointments by — ¥. B., xx. 113. Supply of Tele- graph Poles to—F. Bailey, xix. 343, Powerscourt, Conifer France, v. 83. Preparation :—Of Ground for Plant- ing—J. Darling, i. 96. Of Waste Land for Planting—R. Philip, ii. 21. Presentation to Dr Cleghorn, xii. 198. Preservative :—Against Wood-Splitt- ing, xxiv. 110. Timber, Experi- ments on Relative Value of, xxi. 201. Preserving :—Sleepers from Decay, xxiii. 234. Wood by Electrolysis, J. A. Alexander, xx. at —C. S. xx. 128. See Timber, and Creosot- ing. Prestonfield, Edinburgh. See Ex- hibitions. Primitive Woodland and Plantation Types in Scotland. G. P. Gordon, xxiv. 153. Private Forestry, Encouragement of. A. Schwappach, xx. 212. Probationers for Indian Forest Service, xix. 107 ; xxi. 191; xxiv. 212, Produce, Forest :—*Disposing of—A. Peebles, vii. 159. Preparation of, for Sale—W. Thomson, vi. 275. Pruning :—Different Methods of—A. Gilchrist, vii. 40. Forest Trees— C. Y. Michie, v. 34; R. Philip, i. 20; ii, 11. In Relation to Pro- duction of Timber—J. B. Smyth, viii. 54. “Its Ornament and Utility—A. T. Gillanders, xi. 49. Judicious—W. M‘Corquodale, x. 166. Rarer Conifere—R. Hutchi- son, iv. 170. *Treesin St James’s Park and Piccadilly, London — J. B. Balfour, xxvi. 31. Prussia :—*Investigations in Regard to Quality of Timber—W. Somer- ville, xv. 279. State Forests of— W. Somerville, xiv. 140. Pseudotsuga :—List of Species, viii. 108. Douglasii, Rate of Growth of, in Woods of Saxony—communi- cated by J. Booth, xx. 104. *Witch’s Broom on—J. M‘Callum, xxviii. 116. See Douglas Fir. Pulp Industry of Canada, xxiii. 108. See Wood-Pulp. Pyrenées, Basses, Forests of. G. Cadell, xvii. 104, RABBITs :—xxiv. 109. IJnjurious to Woodlands and Fields, Destruction of—J. Nisbet, xix. 104. See xx. 140. Raffan, A. : Larch Sawfly, xxvi. 220. tafn, J.: Tree Seed-Testing, xvi. 277, 407. Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888. A. T. Williamson, xii. 425. Railway Fires Act, 1905. J. Nisbet, Kixe /d5 BOBS oxxiiisle Railway Rates on Timber, xvii. 318 ; R. Galloway, xxvi. 96. Railway Sleepers: — From Home- Grown and Foreign Timber, xxvii. 188. From Irish-Grown Timber, xviii. 225. Impregnation of, with Chloride of Barium, xvii. 340. Preserving from Decay, xxiil. 234. “Railways, Woods and. W. Brown, vi. 192. Rainfall: — At Inverliever (1910), xxiv. 220. Forests and—R. C. Mossman, xx. 188. In Wooded and Unwooded Countries — R. Hutchison, vii. 10. See vii. 114, 285. See also Climate, and Re- ports by Hon. Scientists. Raismes, Valenciennes, Forest of. Prof. Fisher, xviii. 109. Raith :—And Novar Working-Plans —R. C. Munro Ferguson, xvi. 96. *Practical Course in Forestry at (1910), xxiv. 208. *Working-Plan for Pit-wood Working Circle—F. Bailey and G. U. Macdonald, xy. 223. Ramsden, Sir John, Bart., Obituary, XXVil. 272. Rannoch Black Wood, Survivor of. Ha Besexviso20s Rate of Growth :—Of Mature Timber- Crops in E. Perthshire—J. Nisbet, xix. 70. Of Pseudotsuga Douglasii in Woods of Saxony, xx. 104. Rating Act (1874), xxiii. 137. Rating of Woodlands. R. Galloway, XXv1. 96. Raynham, Norfolk, Plantations on Estate of. A. Gorrie, xiii. 331. Reading-rooms and Libraries for Working-men on Landed Estates. R. E. Brown, ili. 13. Re-afforestation:—In Ireland, xxi. 107. See Afforestation, and Notes and Queries. Re-afforesting Association, Midland. A Dias Sx. LOM Reclaimed Lands, Afforestation of, xa. 229) Reclamation of Neglected Planta- INDEX. 35 tions. J. Thomson, i. 114; W. Thomson, vi. 205; J. Whyte, i. 110. Regeneration of Forests, Natural. See Natural Regeneration. Register for Foresters :—Establishing —J. Kay, v. 155; C. Y. Michie, v. 158. The Society’s—R. Galloway, xix. 350. Remains :—Of Ancient Forests in Scottish Peat-Mosses—M. I. N., xxii. 113. Vegetable, at Newstead, Melrose, xxiii. 31. Renfrew, Excursion to, 1905. Richardson, xix. 180. Reports by Honorary Scientists :— Prof. I. B. Balfour (Botanist) :— Black and Ontario Poplars, xvi. 314. Oak in Scotland, xvi. 315. Dr A. W. Borthwick (Crypto- gamist): — Agaricus melleus, xvli. 154. Canker in Japanese Larch, xix. 195; xx. 96. Coccus fagi, xvii. 154. Cryptomyces maximus, Xvill. 212. Hyalopus popult, xix 195. Lophodermiwm Pinastvi, xvii. 343. Lathrea squamaria, xix. 195. Nectria on Larch, xvil. 344. Peridermium AnD. pint, xvii. 344. Peziza Wil- kommii, xvii. 344. Spherella taat, xvi. 154. Trametes radiciperda, xvii. 153. Prof. W. Somerville (Cryptogam- ist) : — Phoma pithya on Douglas Fir, xv. 191. Roestelia lacerata (‘‘Cluster-Cup”) on Hawthorn, xv. 306. Zvrametes radiciperda on Larch, xv. 190. Dr R. S. MacDougall (Entomolo- gist): — Aphis abietina, xxviii. 267. Carabus, xvii. 346. Cecidomyia heterobia (Galls on Willow) *xviii. 210; xix. 198. Clerus formicarius, xvil. 345. Diplosis pyrivora (Pear Midge), xv. 314. Goés tigrina, xv. 308. Hylesinus palliatus, xvi. 152. Hylesinus piniperda (Pine Beetle), xv. 65, 193; xvii. 345. Hylobius abietis (Large Pine Weevil), xvi. 154. Liparis dispar (Gipsy Moth), xv. 195. List of Insects and Trees on which they are found, xv. 307. Lophyrus pint and L. rufus, xx. 96. Melolontha vulgaris (Cockehafer), xvii. 345; *xviii. 208. Nematus Erichsoni (Large Larch Sawfly), xx. 96; xxviii. 267. Orchestes querci, xvii. 345. Pissodes notetus (Small Brown Weevil), xv. 192, 308. Pissodes pini, xv. 311. Retinia buoliana (Pine Shoot Twister), xx. 97. Retinia resinella, xvii. 346. Rhagium bifasciatum, xvii. 346. Rhizophagus depressus, xvii. 345. Lhyssa persuasoria, Xv. 312; xvil. 345. Sciurus vulgaris (Squirrel), xv. 68. Sirex gigas (Giant Wood Wasp) and S. Juvencus (Steel - blue Wood - Wasp), xv. 194, 311. Tortrizx curtisella, xix. 198. Tortrix viridana (Oak Tortrix or Leaf- Roller), xix. 196. R. C. Mossman, F.R.S.E. (Meteor- ologist) :—Meteorology of Scotland for year ending Sept. 30, 1896, xv. 61's 1897, ave WS6s AS9S sxe SOE 1899, xvi. 146 ; 1900, xvi. 306. Reports on Forestry. See Committee and Agriculture, Board of. Research at Indian Forest School, ore MIG Research Work and Educational Methods. E. R. Burdon, xxvii. 60. Research Work, Timber, at the Cambridge School of Forestry, Xxvlil. 105. Retinia, xvii. 346 ; xx. 97. Retirements :—Mr Grant Thomson— R. M. F., xxiv. 113; Mr J. Kay— AS Dies sexive 225% Returns of Prices :—Forest Produce (1859), ii. 41. Scots Fir at Aber- nethy—W. Gouk, i. 102. Timber and Oak Bark (1856), i. 101. Timber and other Forest Produce and Forest Labour (1857), i. 219. Timber, Bark, etc. (1869), vi. 144. Timber, Home-Grown (1901)—D. F. Mackenzie, xvi. 504. Timber- Trees in Scotland (1869)—W. Gilchrist, v. 136. *Retz, Forests of. Prof. Fisher, xviii. 90. Reuss, Prof.: Report on Forestry Exhibition, Edinburgh (1884), x1. 562. Review of The Forester. Jp Nig SUX. 362: Reviews of Books. See Book Notices. Rhagium, xvii. 346. Rhizophagus, xvii. 345. Rhododendron barbatum, is it Insecti- vorous ? H. Maxwell, xx. 118. Rhyssa. xv. 312; xvii. 345. Ribbentrop, B. : Continental Notes— Germany. xxi. 180; xxii. 227; Xxill. “88, 204; *xxiv, 1945 *xxv1. Note on. 36 INDEX. 204; *xxvii. 212; *Root Disease in Scots Pine on Farm Lands, xxi. 143; Royal Commission on A fforest- ation: their German and English Critics, and Remarks thereon, xxii. 180. Richardson, A. D.: Ardross Working- Plan and Larch Canker, xxii. 64 ; *Colorado Variety of Douglas Fir, xviii. 194 ; *Douglas Fir Plantation at Taymount, xviii. 200; Excursion to Argyll, Ayr and Renfrew (1905), xix. 180; Excursion to Northum- berland and Durham (1906), xx. 81. Forestry Exhibition at H. and A. Society s Show at Glasgow (905) xa. 1190) ee Mie Eleniry:s Investigation of Elm Seedlings, xxiv. 186. Our Imported Coni- ferous Timber, xvil. 238. Roads, etc.:—On Estates — A. Paterson, i. 23. *Plantation— R. E. Brown, ili. 8. Roberts, M. F. : Letter on Creosoting of Spruce, Larch, Oak and Scots Pine, xvili. 224. Robertson, D. : Report on Excursion to Germany (1895), xiv. 180. Robertson, D. F.: Extraction of Tree-Stumps, xvi. 320. Robertson, J. : Obituary Notice, xxiv. yf Rodger, J.: Formation of Planta- tions, xiv. 133 ; Lever Appliance, xvi. 189. Roestelia, xv. 306. Roman Military Station at Newstead, Melrose, Vegetable Remains from Site of, xxii. 31. Rooks feeding on Pine Beetles—J. Boyd, xix. 206. *Root Disease in Scots Pine on Farm Lands. B. Ribbentrop, xxi. 1438. Roots, ete., Economic Uses of. J. Johnston, v. 55. Ross, R. : Peeling and Harvesting of Native Barks, 1x. 58. Royal = Agricultural England :— Tour in (1908)—F. Story, xxii. 56. Exhibitions. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Proposed Guild, xxvii. 239. Royal Commission on Afforestation : their German and English Critics, etc. B. Ribbentrop, xxii. 180. Report of—J. Stirling-Maxwell, xxli. 186 ; J. F. Annand, xxii. 188. Royal English Arbori. Soc., Visit to German Forests—A. T. Gillanders, Xxvili. 100. Society of Denmark See tural Employment in Ireland, etc., Sat, IO Russia : — Timber Resources of Kuropean, xviii. 228. Timber Trade with United Kingdom, xviii. 228. Wood Business on Rivers Dnieper and Beregina, x. 243. Russian Larch, xix. 209. Russian Timber Society, xvii. 336. *Rustic Bridges, Arbours, ete., Con- struction of. C. Y. Michie, iv. 115. Rutherford, J. : Thinning, i. 54. Drainage, i. 12; St AMAND, Valenciennes, Forest of. Prof. Fisher, xviii. 109. *St James’s Park, ete., Tree-Pruning in. I. B. Balfour, xxvi. 31. St Louis Exhibition (Society’s Exhibit at), XvVili. 223. Sakhalin, Larch on, xvii. 159. Sampson, H. C.: Effects of Hailstorm on Growing Timber, xvi. 467, Sandhills :—Experiments in Planting —J. Hutton, viii. 19. Planting of, at Holkham, Norfolk — A. Gorrie, xiii. 350 San Jorge, Uruguay, Tree-Planting at. C. E. Hall, xiii. 220. Saskatchewan, Forest Nursery Station at Indian Head, xxiii. 67; xxiv. 67. Sawdust: — W. Brown, vi. Alcohol from, xix. 362. Sawfly: —*Attack by Larve — F. Moon, xxi. 52. Birch and Alder —J. Boyd, xix. 207. Larch, xxiv. 218; A. Raffan, xxvi. 220. Large Larch, xxiii. 186; *R. S. Mac- Dougall, xx. 43; Attack by — A. W. B. Edwards, xxiv. 42. See NEKO Os Saxony :—Rate of Growth of Pseudo- tsuga Douglasii in Woods of, xx. 104. *State Forests of—A D. Hopkinson, xxvii. 174; *xxviii. 28. Scammell, E. T.: Forest Resources of Australia, xvii. 249. Schlich, W: Address at Inauguration of Chair of Forestry, ete., at Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester (Timber Supplies ; Economie For- estry ; Dangers to Forest Trees, etc.), xvii. 185; *Douglas Fir in Scotland, xii. 226; Forest Opera- tions in Co. Galway, xvi. 249; Forestry Education, xv. 89. Larch Bug, ‘‘ Aphis,” or ‘‘ Blight,” xii. 423; Letter on Afforestation of 192. INDEX. a7 Surplus Lands, xxi. 225 ; Obituary Notice of Sir D. Brandis, xxi. 112 ; Our Forestry Problem, xvii. 213 ; Outlook of World’s Timber Supply, xvi. 355; State in Relation to Forestry, xxil. 130; *Working- Plan for Alice Holt Forest, xix. 83. His Forests at Mirwart (Col. Bailey), xvi. 241. See xxiii. 105. Schools, Forest. See Forest Schools. Schwappach, A.: Encouragement of Private Forestry, xx. 212 ; Forestry in Britain, xvii. 169 ; Importance of Density in Sylviculture, xv. 3; Report on Visit to Forests of Scot- land (1896), xv. 11. *Schwarzwald, Forestry inthe. J. F. Annand, xxi. 159. Sciurus, xv. 68. Scone, Excursion to (1904), xviii. 61. Scotland : — Afforestation in High- lands and Islands of—W. A. Mac- kenzie, xiii. 318. Botanical Survey of—A. W. B., xx. 122. Demon- stration Forests for—xx. 113; F. L. C. Cowley-Brown, xxii. 20. Development of Forestry in: De- putation to Board of Agriculture, xxvi. 202; Discussion on, xxvii. 121. Distribution of Certain Forest Trees in, as shown by Post- Glacial Deposits—W. N. Niven, xvii. 97. Douglas Fir in—W. Schlich, xii. 226. English Elm in —H. Maxwell, xx. 244. Forestry in, in Reign of Queen Victoria—M. Dunn, xv. 109. Historical Notes of Early Tree-Planting in, xxvi. 12. Immediate Needs of Forestry in— J. Stirling-Maxwell, xxii. 121. Primitive Woodland and Plantation Types in, xxiv. 153. Reforestation in, xx. 254. State Afforestation in—F. Bailey, xxi. 27. Visit to Forests of (1896)—A. Schwappach 2-75) LIE Scots Fir. See Firs. Scots Pine. See Pine. Scott-Elliot, G. F.: xxiv. 179. Scott, Frank: Douglas Fir Planta- tion at Taymount, xxvil. 77; Uses of Douglas Fir Timber, xxvii. 106. Scott, Sir Walter, on Thinning, xxii. 114. Scottish Arboricultural Society (1854- 1884), xi. 114. Scottish Arboriculture, Literature of. R. Hutchison, vii. 211. Scottish National Exhibition, Glas- Larch Seed, gow (1911), Forestry at. xxvi. 85. Sea, Trees and Underwood best suited for Planting near. W. Gilchrist, v. 143; C. Y. Michie, v. 150. M. Feaks, Sea- Worms, TZeredo navalis, and other. F. Bailey, xxii. 196. Season and Growth of Trees.