c /^M Qi^ 1^ HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 14 1 \ Printed from the W. W. Whitney Publication Endowment SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society 1965-1967 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Kurt K. Bohnsack Baylor Brooks John A. Comstock, M.D. Carl L. Hubbs Joseph R. Jehl, Jr. Laurence M. Klauber Richard P. Phillips Herbert F. York CONTENTS 1. Holotype specimens of reptiles in the collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History. By Allan J. Sloan. March 31, 1965 1-8 2. Ecology of the microbiota of San Diego Bay, California. By James B. Lackey, and Kenneth A. Clendenning. August 4, 1965.. 9-40 3. Notes on birds of northwestern Baja California. By Lester L. Short, Jr. and Richard C. Banks. August 4, 1965 41-52 4. Notes on bats from the cape region of Baja California. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., James Dale Smith, and Ticul Alvarez. August 4, 1965 53-56 5. A new species of elk kelp. By Bruce C. Parker and John Bleck. August 4, 1965 57-64 6. Biological observation on the Whalesucker, Remilegia Australis Echeneiformes : Echeneidae. By Keith W. Radford and Witold L. Klawe. September 30, 1965 65-72 7. Pinniped population at Islas Guadalupe, San Benito, and Cedros, Baja California, in 1965. By Dale W. Rice, Karl W. Kenyon, and Daniel LIuch B. December 28, 1965 73-84 8. Charles Russell Orcutt, pioneer California malacologist, and The West American Scientist. By Eugene Coan. April 29, 1966 85-96 9. Type specimens of fossil invertebrates in the San Diego Natural History Museum. By Edward C. Wilson. April 29, 1966 97-132 10. Life history of Philotes mohave (Lepidoptera: Lycaeninae). By John Adams Comstock. June 10, 1966 133-136 11. Biogeography and distribution of the reptiles and amphibians on islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico. By Michael Soule and Allan J. Sloan. June 10, 1966 137-156 12. Supplemental list of birds of San Diego County, California. By R. Guy McCaskie and Richard C. Banks. June 10, 1966 157-168 13. Pleistocene Mollusca from the second terrace at San Pedro, California. By Emery P. Chace. June 10, 1966 169-172 14. Terrestrial vertebrates of Anacapa Islands, California. By Richard C Banks. June 10, 1966 173-188 / 15. The night snakes of Baja California. By Wilmer W. Tanner. August 11, 1966 189-196 16. Gray whales near Yavaros, southern Sonora, Golfo de CaHfor- nia, Mexico. By Raymond M. Gilmore, Robert L. Brownell, Jr., James G. Mills, and Al Harrison. August 18, 1967 197-204 17. Birds and mammals of La Laguna, Baja California. By Richard C. Banks. August 18, 1967 205-232 18. Life History of Gesla gesta invims (Lepidoptera: Hes- periidae) By John Adams Comstock and Roy O. Kendall. August 18, 1967 233-236 19. Type specimens of Recent invertebrates (except Arachnida and Insecta) in the San Diego Natural History Museum. By Ed- ward C. Wilson and George L. Kennedy. November 17, 1967.... 237-280 20. Notes on the avifauna of northwestern Baja California. By Les- ter L. Short, Jr. and Richard S. Crossin. November 17, 1967 281-300 ^ 21. Occurrence of the Pacific lamprey. Entosphenns tridentatus, off Baja California and in streams of southern California; with re- marks on its nomenclature. By Carl L. Hubbs. December 13, 1967 301-312 22. Biosystematics of Heermannii group kangaroo rats in southern California. By James A. Lackey. December 13, 1967 313-344 Errata p. 6. Bottom line, delete [=B]. p. 239. Abstract, line one. For "(Foraminferida)" read "(Foraminiferida)". p. 242. Lada (Adrana) exoptala Pilsbry and Lowe. Read "Leda . . .". Lada (Adrana) penascoensis Lowe. Read "Leda . . .". p. 246. Anachis reedi Bartsch. Add "Bartsch, 1928, p. 7L". p. 247. Beringuis everdami Smith. Read "Beringius . . .". p. 265. Acanthochitoma tabogensis Smith. For "(Fig. 1)" read "(upper fig.)". p. 271. Dall, W. H., and W. H. Ochsner. For "17: 114-185." read "17: 141-185.". Fritchman, H. K. 1931. Read "Frizzell, D. L. 1931. A molluscan species . . .". p. 276. eyerdami, Beringuis. Read "eyerdami, Beringius". LIBRARY APR 5 ^^^^ TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8 HARVARD UNIVERSITY HOLOTYPE SPECIMENS OF REPTILES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY BY Allan J. Sloan Assistant Curator of Herpetology San Diego Natural History Museum SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society March 31, 1965 MUS. COMP. : LIBRARY HOLOTYPE SPECIMENS OF REPTILES APR 5 lyt IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ^^rr\ o SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY t-i^^^^^AKa UNIVERSIT BY Allan J. Sloan The herpetological collection of this institution was established in 1920, with Laurence M. Klauber serving as the first curator. Dr. Klauber has supervised this collection as well as accumulating an impressive personal collection. This personal collection of about 34,000 speci- mens recently has been donated to the Society and is now deposited at the San Diego Natural History Museum. The combined collection now consists of some 48,000 specimens of reptiles and amphibians including the 46 reptile holotypes listed below. There are no holotypes of amphibians. Material from western North America is best represented with particular emphasis on southern California, Arizona, Baja California, and islands in the Gulf of California. Snakes form the bulk of the collection (nearly V2 of the total number) including about 7,800 rattle- snakes of all but a few of the currently recognized forms. Type specimens other than holotypes have never been segregated from the regular col- lection, and in most cases have not been so designated in the catalog. No attempt has been made to determine the status or the whereabouts of such specimens; the reader may refer to the publications cited below for this information. The families in the following list are arranged according to Schmidt (1953, A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles, 6th ed., Univ. Chicago Press, viii + 208 pp.); the genera are in alphabetical order under their respective families. The information contained in the citations of the original descriptions is arranged in the following manner: name, author, year of publication, where published, and the actual date of publication. The departmental catalog number (SDSNH is the preferred abbreviation) of the holotype is followed by the type locality, the collector (s), and the date of collection or preservation. Corrections and addi- tional comments such as coordinates of the type locality, are contained in brackets [ ]. The currently used name, if different from that originally given, follows the literature citation. All holotypes have been kept in a dark, air-conditioned room with the alcohol level care- fully maintained, and are in good condition. Family EUBLEPHARIDAE Coleonyx variegatus abbotti Klauber, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(11): 154. March 9. HOLOTYPE: 34790, Proctor Valley, San Diego County, California, William Moore, February 28, 1942. Coleonyx variegatus bogerti Klauber, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(11): 176. March 9. HOLOTYPE: 32486, Xavier, about 10 miles south of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, Lee W. Arnold, July 17, 1939. Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Klauber, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(11): 171. March 9. HOLOTYPE: 35792, Watercress Spring, about 1 mile northwest of Saint George, Washington County, Utah, Dr. Ross Hardy, April 16, 1941. 4 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 Family GEKKONIDAE Phyllodactylus xaiiti nocticolus Dixon, 1964, New Mexico State Univ. Research Center Sci. Bull. 64-1:55, fig. 13. March. HOLOTYPE: 34824, Aqua Caliente Hot Springs, San Diego County, California, Laurence M. Klauber [Charles Shaw and Paul Breeze in catalog}, [preserved March 8, 1942.]. Family IGUANIDAE Sanromalus australis Shaw, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(15) :286. August 31. HOLOTYPE: 30170, San Francisquito Bay, [on the east coast of] Baja California, Mexico [near 28 26'N, 112^54'W}, Robert S. Hoard, July 30, 1938. Sauromalus klauberi Shaw, 1941, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(28) :285. April 30. HOLOTYPE: 6859, Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, [Baja California] Mexico [near 25°38'N, 110 47'W], J. R. Pemberton, December 14, 1931. Sauromalus obesus tujjiidus Shaw, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(15) :292. August 31. HOLOTYPE: 27323, Telegraph Pass, Gila Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona, L. M. Klauber, June 15, 1937. Uta stansburiana klauberi Lowe and Norris, 1955, Herpetologica 11(2) :91. July 15. HOLOTYPE: 6642, San Esteban Island, Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico [near 28°42'N, 112-35'W], J. R. Pemberton, January 11, 1932. Family ANNIELLIDAE Anniella geronimensis Shaw, 1940, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(24) :225, fig. 1. July 31. HOLOTYPE: 7543, San Geronimo Island, [ofT the west coast of] Lower [Baja] Cali- fornia, Mexico [near 29"'47'N, 115°48'W], Margaret Bancroft, March 28, 1932. Family XANTUSIIDAE Xantusia arizonae Klauber, 1931, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 7(1) :3, pi. 1, figs. 1-2. October 6. HOLOTYPE: 5433, one mile south of Yarnell, Yavapai County, Arizona, elevation 4940 feet, P. M. and L. M. Klauber, Aug. 21, 1931. Family LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE Leptotyphlops humilis cahuilae Klauber, 1931, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6(23) :339. July 8. HOLOTYPE: 2637, Yaqui Well, San Diego County, California, County Road Camp, [preserved] May 15, 1930. Family BOIDAE Charina bottae umbratka Klauber, 1943, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(7) :83. December 30. HOLOTYPE: 12101, Fern Valley, elevation 5800 ft., near Idyllwild, Riverside County, California, Clyde Searl, July 1, 1929. Lichanura roseofusca gracia Klauber, 1931, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6(20) :307, pi. 21, fig. 1. April 30. = Lichanura trivirgata gracia Klauber HOLOTYPE: 2995, Randsburg, Kern County, California, Miss Lucile Rector, June, 1930. Family COLUBRIDAE Arizona elegans Candida Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(17) :364, pi. 8, fig. 2. March 29. HOLOTYPE: 34191, Kramer Hills (6 miles south of Kramer Junction on U S 395), San Bernardino County, California, James Deuel, [preserved] June 16, 1941. 1965} Sloan : HoLOTYPE Specimens OF Reptiles 5 Arizona elegans ebiirnata Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(17) :350, pi. 8, fig. 1. March 29. HOLOTYPE: 33094, Bensons Dry Lake, San Diego County, California, James Deuel, preserved June 5, 1940. Arizona elegans noctivaga Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(17) :343. March 29. HOLOTYPE: 34188, 8 miles southwest of Owlshead (Owlshead is on U.S. 80, 45 miles southeast of Florence) , Pinal County, Arizona, Charles E. Shaw and L. M. Klauber, May 31, 1941. Arizona elegans pacata Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(17) :379. March 29. HOLOTYPE: 17652, Santo Domingo, Baja California, Mexico (lat. 25'30'N.), Frank F. Gander, Nov. 16, 1941. Arizona elegans philipi Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(17) :333. March 29. HOLOTYPE: 34456, 10 mi. east of Winslow, Navajo County, Arizona, Charles E. Shaw and Carl Engler, July 29, 1941. Chilomeniscus stramineus esterensis Hoard, 1939, Pomona College Jour. Ent. Zool. 31(4) :45, fig. December. HOLOTYPE: 30368, Estero Salina[s], [west coast of] Lower [Baja] California [Mexico, near 24"36'N, 111^49'W], R. S. Hoard, July 10, 1938. Chionactis occipitalis klanberi (Stickel), see Sonora occipitalis klauberi Stickel. Chionactis palarostris organica Klauber, 1951, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11 (9): 178, pi. 10, fig. 2. April 30. HOLOTYPE: 40673, on the Sonoyta-Ajo road, 9 miles north of the U. S. -Mexican Border, in the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Pima County, Arizona, William R. Supernaugh and Grover E. Steele, May 22, 1950. Chionactis palarostris palarostris (Klauber) , see Sonora palarostris Klauber. Hypsiglena o.[chrorhynchus'\ klauberi W. Tanner, "1944" [1946], Great Basin Nat. 5 (3 & 4) :71. "December 29" [September]. = Hypsiglena torquata klauberi W. Tanner. HOLOTYPE: 20228, South Cornoado [= Coronado] Island, [off the west coast of] Lower [Baja] California, [Mexico, near 32°24'N, 117°15'W] Philip M. Klauber, June 11, 1933. Masticophis bilineatus slevini Lowe and Norris, 1955, Herpetologica, 11(2) :93. July 15. HOLOTYPE: 3826, San Esteban Island, Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico [near 28°42'N, 112"35'W], Mrs. Griffing Bancroft, April 18, 1930. Phyllorhynchiis browni lucidus Klauber, 1940, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(20) :202, pi. 8, fig. 2. April 30. HOLOTYPE: 28819, Enchanto [= Encanto?] Valley, 7 mi. w. of Cave Creek [= Cave- creek], Maricopa County, Arizona, received from V. Housholder May 21, 1938. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus nubilus Klauber, 1940, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(20):197, pi. 8, fig. 1. April 30. HOLOTYPE: 32493, Xavier (Weisner's Ranch), Pima County, Arizona, Lee Arnold, July 16, 1939. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus perkinsi Klauber, 1935, Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego No. 12:11, figs. 2, 4. September 4. HOLOTYPE: 23757, [Bensons] Dry Lake, San Diego County, California, L.M.K. [= Laurence M. Klauber], May 4, 1935. 6 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 Pituophis catenijer bimaris Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11(1) :7. August 26. = Pituophis melanoleucus bimaris Klauber. HOLOTYPE: 32621, Santa Gertrudis, near El Arco (Lat. 28°N.), Baja California. Mexico [near 28-03'N, 113°07'W}, Robert S. Hoard, August 1939. Pituophis catenifer coronalis Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11(1): 19. August 26. = Pituophis melanoleucus coronalis Klauber HOLOTYPE: 20229, South Coronado Island, [off the west coast of Baja California] Mexico [near 32"24'N, 117 15'W], Philip M. Klauber, June 11, 1933. Pituophis catenijer juliginatus Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11(1): 14. August 26. = Pituophis melanoleucus fuliginatus Klauber HOLOTYPE: 17449, San Martin Island, off the west coast of Baja California, Mexico [near 30°29'N, 116°06'W}, Lewis W. Walker, July 11, 1939. Pituophis catenifer pumilus Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11(2) :41, pi. 3, fig. 1. August 26. = Pituophis melanoleucus pumilus Klauber HOLOTYPE: 17238, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County, California, Norman Bilderback, May 5, 1938. Rhinocheilus lecontei clarus Klauber, 1941, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(29) :308, pi. 13, figs. 1-2. September 26. = Rhinocheilus lecontei lecontei Baird and Girard HOLOTYPE: 31440, 2 miles north of The Narrows, Borrego Valley, San Diego County, California, Richard Neill, May 7, 1939. Salvadora grahamiae virgultea Bogert, 1935, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 34(1) :89, pi. 13. May 15. = Salvadora hexalcpis virgidtca Bogert HOLOTYPE: 12025, Deerhorn Flat, San Diego County, California, F. E. Walker, [preserved] June 29, 1929. Salvadora hexalepis klauberi Bogert, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit. 1285:2, figs. 1-4. May 14. HOLOTYPE: 20912, Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico [near 22^53'N, 109°55'W], Fred Lewis, preserved August 6, 1933. Sonora bancroftae Klauber, 1943, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(4) :69. December 30. HOLOTYPE: 35077, 2 miles east of San Jorge (San Telmo River Valley, near lat. 31), Lower [Baja] California, Mexico [near 30^56'N, 115^57'W], Mrs. Griffing Bancroft, April 10, 1942. Sonora occipitalis klctubcri Stickel, 1941, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 6(7): 138, figs. 1-2. November 28. = Chionactis occipitalis klauberi (Stickel) HOLOTYPE: 29647, Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, C. T. Vorhies, June 3, 1938. Sonora palarostris Klauber, 1937, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 8(27) :363. December 15. = Chionactis palarostris palarostris (Klauber) HOLOTYPE: 26771, 5 miles south of Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico, George Lindsay, April, 1937. Tantilla eiseni transmontana Klauber, 1943, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(5) :71. December 30. HOLOTYPE: 19T71>, on the road one mile east of Yaqui Well, San Diego County, California, Charles E. Shaw and Cyrus S. [= B.] Perkins, June 6, 1938. 1965] Sloan: Holotype Specimens of Reptiles 7 Family CROTALIDAE Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Klauber, 1944, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(8) :94, pi. 5, fig. 2. August 18. HOLOTYPE: 34074, The Narrows, San Diego County, California, C. B. Perkins and C. E. Shaw, June 6, 1941. Crotalus confluentus abyssus Klauber, 1930, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6(3): 114, pi. 11, fig. 1. February 28. = Crotalus viridis abyssus Klauber HOLOTYPE: 2216, on the Tanner Trail 300 ft. below the south rim of the Grand Canyon, Coconino County, Arizona, E. D. McKee, September 15, 1929. Crotalus confluentus kellyi Amaral, 1929, Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer. 2(4) :91. February. = Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Kennicott) HOLOTYPE: 194, Needles, [San Bernardino County] California, Santa Fe [Railroad], July 11, 1926. Crotalus corijluentus lutosus Klauber, 1930, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6(3): 100, pi. 10, fig. 1. February 28. = Crotalus viridis lutosus Klauber HOLOTYPE: 1814, 10 miles northwest of Abraham on the road to Joy, Millard County, Utah, C. B. Perkins, May 12, 1929. Crotalus confluentus nuntius Klauber, 1935, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 8(13) :7%, pi. 8, fig. 1. August 24. = Crotalus viridis nuntius Klauber HOLOTYPE: 3105, Canyon Diablo, Coconino County, Arizona, R. L. Bordon, [pre- served] August 9, 1930. Crotalus mitchelli angelensis Klauber, 1963, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 13(5):75, figs. 1-2. September 27. HOLOTYPE: 51994, about 4 miles southeast of Refugio Bay, at 1500 feet elevation, Isla Angel de la Guarda, Gulf of California, [Baja California] Mexico (near 29''291/2'N, 113°33'W), Dr. Reid Moran, March 22, 1963. Crotalus tnitchelli muertensis Klauber, 1949, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11(6) :97, pi. 6, fig. 1. January 31. HOLOTYPE: 37447, El Muerto Island [=Miramar], Gulf of California, [Baja Cali- fornia] Mexico [near 30'05'N, 114°33'W], Charles H. Lowe, Jr., June 6 or 7, 1946. Crotalus molossus estebanensis Klauber, 1949, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11 (6): 104, pi. 6, fig. 2. January 31. HOLOTYPE: 26792, San Esteban Island, Gulf of California, [Sonora] Mexico [near 28°42'N, 112°35'W], expedition under Capt. G. Allan Hancock, preserved April 17, 1937. Crotalus viridis caliginis Klauber, 1949, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11(6) :90, pi. 5, fig. 2. January 31. HOLOTYPE: 2800, South Coronado Island, [off the west coast of] Baja California, Mexico [near 32"24'N, 117°15'W], E. H. Quayle, June 2, 1930. Crotalus willardi meridionalis Klauber, 1949, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11(8): 131. September 30. HOLOTYPE: 6569, Coyotes (on the railroad to El Santo), Durango, Mexico, elevation 8000 ft., Edmund Heller and Charles M. Barber, August, 1904. LIBRARY AUG 2 ^1965 HARVARD UNIVERSITY, TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 14, No. 2, pp. 9-40 ECOLOGY OF THE MICROBIOTA OF SAN DIEGO BAY, CALIFORNIA BY James B. Lackey College of Engineering University of Florida Gainesville, Florida AND Kenneth A. Clendenning Institute of Marine Resources University of California San Diego, California SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society August 4, 1965 ^ Entrance To Mission Boy N i City Of San Diego .'.••••••.•vn • . • * • . ' ' ' Pacific Ocean Dotted Areas Represent Existing KELP In 1958. Scale In Miles Fig. 1. Location of Sampling Stations LVII in San Diego Bay. Station VIII was off the 1000-foot pier of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 16 miles north of Station VII. Stations VII and VIII were in the open Pacific Ocean. MUS. COMP. ZO' LIBRARY AUG24J965 ECOLCXiY OF THE MICROBIOTA haRV/n" OF SAN DIEGO BAY, CALIFORNIA' UNIVERbiiY. BY James B. Lackey and Kenneth A. Clendenning" CONTENTS Introduction 11 Chrysophyta and Xanthophyta 24 Sampling and Methods 13 Chloromonadida 25 Organisms Studied 14 Bacillariophyta 25 Schizophyta 14 Protozoa 27 Cyanophyta 15 Other Organisms 30 Chlorophyta 15 Microbiota of Kelp Blades 30 Volvocales 16 Discussion 31 Euglenophyta 17 Future Studies -. 36 Pyrrophyta 18 Summary 37 Cryptophyta 23 Literature Cited 38 INTRODUCTION San Diego Bay is a very large and deep natural harbor, as shown in figure 1. During the summer months at least, it receives no dilution from fresh water streams. The harbor is sur- rounded by metropolitan San Diego, with a population in excess of 500,000. Prior to August, 1963, municipal and industrial wastes entered the inner harbor, and these both fertilized and polluted the water there to a considerable extent. Nannoplankton blooms occurred almost con- tinuously in the harbor each summer (Nusbaum and Miller, 1952; Sweeney and Clendenning, 1958) . Since the diversion through a long ocean outfall of all but a minimal quantity of sewage, evidence of pollution and fertilization has largely disappeared (Dennis O'Leary, per- sonal communication) . Daily tidal exchange averages one-third of the bay volume (Anon., 1950, 1952) and exceeds the waste discharge about five hundred fold at the present time. The bay is a neutral-type estuary, since annual evaporation approximately balances the fresh water input from all sources. Dense beds of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrijera, formerly extended for eight miles along the Point Loma peninsula, between the entrances to San Diego Bay and Mission Bay (fig. 1). From charts provided by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, it is known that these kelp beds retained a similar size and density between 1851 and 1917. The 45 kelp beds of southern California were assigned numbers by the California Department of Fish and Game before commercial harvesting commenced; records have been maintained of the harvests from each bed since 1916. During 1917 and 1918, two of these kelp beds (No. 2 and No. 3) yielded annual harvests as large as are now obtained from all the kelp beds of southern California. The Point Loma kelp beds have since decreased greatly in area and density (Wohnus, 1942; North, 1960), and the decrease in their standing crop now amounts to about 100,000 tons in seven square miles. Kelp bed No. 1, opposite the Tia Juana River estuary just north of the international boundary, has disappeared, as have kelp beds 11 to 15 along twenty miles of the Palos Verdes peninsula near Los Angeles. Because of their ecological and economic importance, the recession of kelp beds 2 and 3 prompted a comprehensive study by the Institute of Marine Resources, University of California, in which a wide range of factors were explored, e.g., direct and indirect effects of domestic ^Contribution from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. -Dr. Clendenning died October 11, 1962, just as he was completing this paper. 12 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 and industrial wastes, dredging, ship traffic, kelp predation, substrate alteration, harvesting, and unfavorable natural factors such as storm and temperature damage. One facet of this large problem may well be alterations of the planktonic and benthic microbiota induced by man. It was deemed cogent, therefore, to survey the microbiota throughout San Diego Bay, in the kelp by the harbor entrance, and at a coastal control station (fig. 1). The 1959 investigation as here reported was followed in 1961 by a corresponding micro- biological investigation of Mission Bay and the neighboring coastline formerly occupied by kelp beds, with re-examination of the entrance to San Diego Bay (Stations VI, VII) and the coastal control station (VIII) at La Jolla. The three latter stations were re-examined by the senior author from June to August, 1961, along with additional samples from Stations I and V, San Diego Bay. The microbiota of San Diego Bay was largely unknown when this survey was undertaken, but observations in previous years provided the background information which prompted this comprehensive study. The first observations on phytoplankton in San Diego Bay were made in 1920 to 1924 by G. F. Sleggs (1927) and W. E. Allen (1928). Thirty years later, the harbor phytoplankton was investigated as a source of oxygen by Nusbaum and Miller (1952). These authors observed that the harbor water undergoes sluggish horizontal mixing, but is well mixed vertically except in the deepest parts of the bay. Photosynthesis and respiration measurements were made by them at different depths, and dissolved oxygen and BOD were monitored throughout the bay. Supersaturated oxygen contents were observed below the compensation depth in summer,, a result of intensive photosynthesis coupled with vertical mixing (Nusbaum and Miller, 1952). They also observed that photosynthesis in the inner harbor is reduced in the autumn and winter. Water samples were collected between Stations II, III, and IV (fig. 1) by Nusbaum and were examined for phytoplankton by B. M. Sweeney, July to December, 1952. She ob- served a preponderance of microflagellates, which included Eutreptia viridis. The standing crop of harbor phytoplankton was much smaller in December than in midsummer. These observa- tions of 1952 were confirmed in 1957 and 1958. During an investigation of ship hull corrosion near Station II by Kittredge and Corcoran (1955), the brown harbor water by Pier No. 11 was examined in July, 1954, by R. W. Holmes. He recorded a complex association of small algae (20,000 ml.) in which unidentified microflagellates again predominated. Water from Pier No. 11 was re-examined in July, 1958, by Anne M. Dodson with confirmatory results. Between December, 1958, and May, 1959, San Diego Bay and the Point Loma kelp area were repeatedly sampled for phytoplankton, with weekly monitoring of the control Station, VIII, by E. Balech, B. M. Sweeney and Anne Dod- son. Reference is made to their observations in the results section. During the autumn, winter and spring months preceding this study (September 15, 1958, to April 15, 1959), the entrance to San Diego Harbor (Stations VI, VII), the entire area formerly occupied by dense kelp beds off the Point Loma peninsula, and the control station, were sampled extensively in a study of total suspended matter including plankton (Clendenning, 1959a) . The suspended solids recovered from carboy lots by continuous flow centrifugation at 32,000 g. from Stations VI and VII in this period amounted to 1 ±: 0.4 mg. solids liter, with mineral contents of 60-65 7^^. These leptopel constituents were in the usual range for coastal water (Fox, Isaacs and Corcoran, 1952). Water transparency measurements were made monthly throughout a complete year, 1958-1959, by San Diego Marine Advisors (1959). The average transparencies remained the same from our Station VII northward for ten miles, and the water in outer San Diego harbor was less turbid than the water of Mission Bay which receives no wastes. We wish to express appreciation to Wheeler J. North, whose reports were of material assistance. He made some of the arrangements for this study and also offered suggestions con- cerning the manuscript. Messrs. James R. Stewart, Charles T. Mitchell and Harold L. Scotten obtained the benthic samples by Scuba diving, as well as most of the plankton samples. Un- published hydrographic information on San Diego Bay was provided by Marston C. Sargent, 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 13 OCfice of Naval Research, and Mr. Leonard Burtman, San Diego Regional Water Pollution Control Board. We appreciate extensive assistance of Mrs. Elsie W. Lackey in the tabulations, and thank Professors Francis T. Haxo, Carl L. Hubbs, Charles D. Wheelock, and Claude E. Zobell, faculty members of the Kelp Study Panel. This study was sponsored in the Institute of Marine Resources, University of California, by the California State Water Pollution Control Board, and by the California Department of Fish and Game. SAMPLING AND METHODS The study was made during July and August, 1959. Stations I- VI formed an axial transect throughout the navigable length of San Diego Bay (fig. 1). Station I was located in the center of South San Diego Bay. Station II, opposite Pier No. 1, National City, and Station III, opposite the 28th Street Mole, were equi-distant from the San Diego municipal outfall, the main source of organic wastes. Stations II to IV bracketed the main receiving area for municipal and industrial wastes from San Diego. From previous work, it was known that the water of North San Diego Bay is of much better quality than the inner harbor water. Sta- tion V, off Shelter Island, was in a recreational area that meets health requirements for water contact sports. Station VI, at Ballast Point, was in the narrow bay entrance. Station VII was located in the center of the area formerly occupied by kelp bed No. 2, alongside the harbor entrance. Stations II to VII are in an area of heavy ship traffic. Station VIII, off the end of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) pier, La Jolla, sixteen miles north of Point Loma, served as the coastal control station; this station is not shown in figure 1. Insofar as possible, surface water and bottom sediments were sampled weekly at these eight stations. Surface water from Stations I through VII was always collected during ebb tides, in sequence from Station I. Water had been flowing out of the bay for several hours at the time of each sampling at Stations VI and VII. The one liter samples of water were brought to the laboratory immersed in sea water. They were maintained in a cool sea water laboratory at low light intensity (0 to 30 f.c.) until examined. Later in the same week, bottom sediment with associated water was collected from each of these eight stations by Messrs. James R. Stewart and Charles T. Mitchell, using Scuba equipment. In addition to the regular samplings, some further collections were examined from these and other locations as time permitted. Open jars were suspended five feet off the bottom at Station VIII, and recovered after several days. Water from intermediate depths was obtained at Stations IV to VI with Van Dorn samplers for testing vertical mixing, which appeared to be thorough. Two surface water collections were made from the northern end of the La Jolla kelp bed (Station IX — "not shown in fig. 1). In all, 118 samples were examined qualitatively or quantitatively (table 1). All samples were examined without preservation. Surface samples were concentrated by centrifuging for five minutes at about 2200 r.p.m. Bottom sediment was examined with a mini- mum of dilution in its own overlying water. Counting was done by a drop method, described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Sewage and Industrial Wastes (Ameri- can Public Health Association, 1955). The microscope used was a Zeiss 1957 Optovar, which provided phase contrast and darkfield illumination at magnifications of 100 X to 2500 X. Addi- tional information on procedures has been provided by Lackey (1960). Microorganisms having dimensions of a few microns upward belonged almost entirely to the following groups which were studied quantitatively: 1. Beggiatoales (Schizophyta) 9. Chrysophyta 2. Chroococcales and Nostocales (Cyanophyta) 10. Xanthophyta 3. Chlorococcales (Chlorophyta) 11. Chloromonadida 4. Volvocales (Chlorophyta) 12. Bacillariophyta 5. Euglenales ^ — green (Euglenophyta) 13. Zooflagellata 6. Euglenales — colorless (Euglenophyta) 14. Ciliata 7. Desmophyceae and Dinophyceae (Pyrrophyta) 15. Rhizopoda 8. Cryptophyceae (Cryptophyta) 16. Rotifera, Foraminifera, Copepoda, etc. 14 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 TABLE I Types and numbers of samples examined during survey.^ Qualitative Quantitative Station Qualita I 0 II 1 III 0 IV 0 V 0 VI 1 VII 1 VIII 5 IX 1 Torrey Pines ; Open jar, SIO Kelp fronds salina 3 pier 3 4 Totals 19 ititative Benthic PI; inktonic 9 4 5 10 4 7 10 4 6 12 4 8 12 4 8 12 4 9 12 4 9 14 8 11 2 3 3 94 ^Five incompletely examined samples not included. 36 69 All except Group 1 were identified to genus and species where possible. Occurrences of all organisms were recorded for each station, as were population densities of the more abun- dant ones. Organisms were found in some groups which manifestly have never been described. Several Chrysophyceae could not be found in the literature. As noted in the tables, a few organisms were given provisional names. Also, there was some lumping of genera and species for crypto- mcnads, dinoflagellates and diatoms. Despite the California work of Cupp (1943) on diatoms, of Kofoid and Swezy (1921) on dinoflagellates, and various other monographs, it was im- possible to identify some of the organisms in these groups. The monographs of Kahl (1930- 1935) and papers of Faure-Fremiet (1950, 1951) were used for the ciliates, as were those of Bergey (1957) for the sulfur bacteria. Other groups necessitated using a large and scattered literature. If there is anywhere in the literature a comprehensive microbiological study of a salt water bay or estuary, comparable to the one attempted here, the writers were unware of it. ORGANISMS STUDIED The list of organisms observed is shown in the various tables. This is a more comprehen- sive list than was found by the senior author in more than a year of study of the Gulf coast of Florida over a shore range of some 300 miles, in Chesapeake Bay at Solomons, Maryland, or in water adjacent to Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Bottom sediments received less attention in the latter three areas, however, than in the present study. Over three hundred genera and species of algae and protozoa were observed in San Diego Bay and nearby coastal water during this study, and over two hundred blooms (>500'ml.) were observed in the samples. The microbiota of this area is therefore characterized by a wealth of species and by frequent blooms, at least in the summer months. SCHIZOPHYTA The only bacteria taken into account were the Beggiatoales, which are indicators of H^S and often are abundant in polluted areas. Various species of Bcggiatoa were present in marine muds from Los Angeles harbor which were sent to us by Reish (1957), who has demonstrated substantial pollution in that area. Actually the densest populations of Beggiatoa previously en- countered were found in Warm Mineral Springs in Florida, which are unpolluted but contain HoS (Lackey, 1957), Hays process sewage treatment plants in Te.xas being the next most productive situation (Lackey and Dixon, 1943). All six of the species of Beggiatoa listed in Bergey's Manual (1957) occurred in the present samples, and four or more species were observed at each station (table 2). Although 1965] Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 15 TABLE 2 Occurrence of Beggiatoa at all stations. Species St ations I II Ill IV V VI VII VIII Beggiatoa minima X X X X X X X X Beggiatoa leptomitiformis X X X X Beggiatoa alba X X X X X X X X Beggiatoa mirabilis X X X X X X X X Beggiatoa arachnoidea X X X X X X X X Beggiatoa gigantea X X the pier (Station VIII) is considered a clean-water station, five species of Beggiatoa were col- lected there, and in 22 collections from that station there were 14 occurrences and three blooms of one or another species of Beggiatoa. None was collected in open jars submerged off the SIO pier. Any hope of using members of this genus as more than casual indicators was not realized. To obtain an idea of population density of species of this genus, the silt was diluted with filtered sea water, until counting of filaments was possible. Beggiatoa gigantea, a marine or brackish water species, was found only at Stations III and IV in San Diego harbor, in small numbers (table 2). Otherwise, the species of Beggiatoa found in San Diego harbor were the same as at the control station. The densest Beggiatoa bloom encountered in this study was found under the kelp at Station VII (B. arachnoidea at 20,000 filaments per ml.); B. alba was also observed there at 800 filaments per ml. A bloom of B. minima was observed at Station I (2000 filaments per ml.), and B. arachnoidea was found in sediment from Station VI at 800 filaments per ml. On the whole, the rather sparse occurrences of Beggiatoa at the harbor stations resembled those observed previously by the senior author in marine muds near Woods Hole, Massachusetts, which were associated with decaying vegetation. Vast tonnages of seaweed debris are deposited each year in a deep submarine canyon near the SIO pier at La Jolla. Harold L. Scotten had observed bottom sediment in this canyon covered with white growths presumed to be sulfur bacteria. This was borne out by the dense blooms of sulfur bacteria which were observed in sediment which Scotten collected there August 12, 1959, at a depth of 120 feet — there were 3000 filaments per ml. of B. leptomiti- jormis, 750 filaments per ml. of B. minima, and 3000 per ml. of Thiospira sp. The densest populations of Beggiatoa encountered in this study seemed to be associated with natural sup- plies of sulfur-containing organic matter such as seaweed debris. Cyanophyta Blue-green algae were found only once at Station III and once at Station VIII. Inasmuch as some species of Oscillatoria and a few other genera often flourish in polluted water, their absence in the samples from San Diego harbor is taken as a denial of a high degree of pollution. Chlorophyta Chlorococcales are not regarded as common in marine waters. There are known exceptions, however — Great South Bay, Long Island, for example. A serious organic pollution in that area was accompanied by exceedingly dense, persistent blooms of small Chlorococcales. The predominating organism there was identified as Nannochloris by R. W. Butcher. Equally dense Chlorococcales blooms (10'' to 10' per ml.) develop in sewage oxidation ponds (Allen, 1955), where Chlorella often outnumbers all other algae, especially in the earliest stages of organic decomposition. Chlorococcales of the genera Chlorella and Nannochloris occurred at each station (table 3), but seldom in large numbers. In comparison with Great South Bay, Long Island, numbers of these small green cells remained low during this survey; hence they were not identified 16 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 TABLE 3 The numbers per ml. of small Chlorococcales in blooms during this survey. Stations I Date in 1959 July 6 July 8 July 13 July 16 July 20 July 28 Aug. 5 Aug. 9 Total Bloom II III IV V VI VII VIII IX 4896 2448 1200 4896 2448 840 1296 480 800 2400 25600 4800 1192 1200 1800 8400 7200 5400 2700 720 1200 900 690 1200 3600 900 600 600 708 540 564 4 5 5 5 4 2 further. The densest Chlorococcales populations observed in San Diego Bay were about one thousand times smaller than the densest observed in oxidation ponds (Allen, 1955). Chlorococ- cales were present in similarly small numbers in the samples from the Point Loma kelp and from the control station. Using the arbitrary definition of 500 cells per ml. as the minimum constituting a bloom, thirty Chlorococcales blooms were encountered in the samples, with at least two mild blooms at each of the regularly sampled stations (table 3). The Chlorococcales bloomed most fre- quently at Stations III-V, and were densest at Station IV. When Chlorococcales blooms oc- curred, they tended to be widespread. Thus on four sampling dates, blooms were observed simultaneously at Stations II to VI inclusive, spanning most of San Diego Bay; on three other dates, none of these stations had Chlorococcales blooms (table 3). This group responded to fertilization in San Diego Bay, but the response was mild and sporadic. Three mild blooms were observed in the plankton collections off the SIO pier. One of the densest encountered (18,000 ml.) was found in an open jar submerged off the SIO pier. Taking their small size (3 to 6 microns) into consideration, Chlorococcales probably played only a minor role during this study. These small green cells can multiply very rapidly, how- ever, and may attain importance. Chlorella vulgaris has been observed to increase 20,000 fold in three days under field conditions (Lackey, 1957), which is equivalent to a doubling of the population every five hours. This was in a shallow setding basin at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, presumably under optimal conditions. VOLVOCALES These flagellated Chlorophyta bloom frequently in polluted fresh waters — Chlorogonhun and Chlamydomonas in citrus wastes (Lackey, Calaway and Morgan, 1956), Spondylomorum in distillery wastes (Lackey, 1942), various ChlaiJiydomonas in sewage oxidation ponds (Silva and Papenfuss, 1953; M. B. Allen, 1955). Dunaliella often occurs in large numbers in tidal pools contaminated by gull droppings. Dunaliella and Platymonas are produced in dense cultures in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina (Rice, 1954), and in the Phelps Laboratory, University of Florida, where they are used to feed shellfish. The culture media used are rich in soluble organic matter. These green flagellates apparently favor organic substrates, and offer some evidence of favoring specific ones. Pyramimonas, however, is apparently ubiquitous, being found in almost any salt water. The Pyramimonas encountered here was P. ohovata (Butcher, 1959). There was an unidentified group of very small biflagellated green cells which may have been small species of Chlamydomonas. The Volvocales were fairly well represented, and are believed to have some significance in this area (table 4) . Eight species were found at Station II. They occurred in every plankton sample collected there. There were three blooms of Pyramimonas obovata at Station II (cf. Butcher, 1959), the only station having three Volvocales blooms during the survey. This 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 17 TABLE 4 Occurrence of Volvocales during the survey Stations I II III IV V X XXX X X X X X X X X X X Species VI VII VIII Carteria sp. X X X X X Chla}72ydo7}ionas sp. '^ ^ ^ -^ Dunaliella salina ^ XXX Heteromastix angidata Pedinonwiias minor XXX XX Platymonas elUptica ^ ^ Polyblepharides sp. ^ Polyhlepharis sp. ^ Pyrammioiias obovata X Green flagellates, XX X unidentified constitutes some indication of recent organic fertilization at this station. Even at Station II, the supply of dissolved organic matter was not consistently high enough to maintain steady blooms of Volvocales, or its effect was periodically limited by other factors. Volvocales were only minor constituents of the plankton in the Point Loma kelp; fewer species of Volvocales were observed in the kelp (Station VII) than at any other station (table 4). The densest Volvocales blooms encountered in this study were observed not at a regularly sampled station, but in a stagnant natural salina near the Torrey Pines bathing beach, a few miles north of La Jolla. These high tidepools were obviously well fertilized by shore birds and gulls, and by decaying vegetation. They bore dense populations of Chlamydomonas and Platymonas, Chromatium, Rhodomonas, Amphidium operculatum, and other microorganisms including ciliate protozoa. Organic enrichment certainly favors the Volvocales and Chlorococ- cales, both of which flourish in fresh water oxidation ponds. Neither of these groups was more abundant in the Point Loma kelp than at the coastal control station in 1959 and 1961. EUGLENOPHYTA Green Euglenophyta. — There is one widespread and well recognized marine green euglenid genus, Eutreptia, containing 5 species. Eutreptia lanowi seems to occur mainly in off-shore waters, but past experience with E. viridis indicates that it blooms abundantly in waters receiv- ing sewage. The heaviest bloom of it ever seen by the senior author was off Riverhead, Long Island, off a sewage treatment plant. Eutreptia viridis was observed in surface water from every station, and with a high fre- quency (table 5). Numbers were usually low, but fluctuated widely. One Eutreptia bloom (>500 ml.) was observed at Station II. This is in accord with evidence from the Volvocales of organic fertilization at this station. Eutreptia approached bloom proportions in one of the nine plankton samples from the Point Loma kelp. It was regularly present at the control sta- tion, but in small numbers. Visible blooms of Eutreptia viridis in San Diego harbor had been observed frequently in previous summers by B. M. Sweeney and Anne M. Dodson, but it has yet to be observed in bloom proportions along the coast in this region. In the summer of 1952, it bloomed extensively in San Diego harbor (> 1000 ml.), but at that time it was not observed off the SIO pier (Sweeney and Clendenning, 1958). In the summer of 1958, E. viridis was again observed as blooms in San Diego harbor, but it was also encountered in small numbers off the SIO pier and elsewhere along the coast at that time. In view of its almost uniform occurrence at all stations during this study, significance should only be attached to great numbers of E. viridis at a given station. 18 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 TABLE 5 Eutreptia vnidis in San Diego Bay and vicinity. Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII Occurrences Highest no. per ml. 4 32 5 >500 3 32 6 16 6 88 7 224 7 400 7 12 Colorless Euglenophyta. — The colorless Euglenophyceae represent a diverse group, and one of the least understood taxonomically, of marine microorganisms. They are generally saprophytes, even in waters having low contents of dissolved organic matter. Many species are large, and all are recognizable as euglenids by their gullet-reservoir system. They are usually more characteristic of the sediment-water interface than either ciliates or rhizopods. They probably share with bacteria the major responsibility for working over organic debris which rains down in such forms as dead organisms and copepod pellets. Very few colorless euglenids were found in the surface samples. This is a matter of com- mon note elsewhere. Thus, samples of Lake Santa Fe, Florida, water rarely showed members of this group, yet slides suspended in the lake soon acquired heavy populations of Aiusonema and Entosiphon, two genera also common in salt water. Table 6 shows that in 63 examinations of non-bottom water (surface and lower) , there were only 1 1 occurrences of colorless Eugleno- phyta, and none in bloom proportions. Actually this represents only 1.94 per cent of the potential occurrence of the 9 species found in the plankton. Sediment samples showed 35 species which occurred 119 times, producing 22 blooms. Actual benthic occurrence was 9.44 per cent of potential occurrence. Method of figuring potential occurrence is given elsewhere. Three species of Anisonema were observed on kelp blades from Station VII. Their abundance under the kelp may have been connected with supplies of seaweed substance, as seemed to be the case with the Beggiatoales. Blooms occurred at every station except II, but there were times when few colorless euglenids were observed at a particular station. Station II was all but devoid of these organisms; only Calkinsia sp. and Entosiphon sulcatum occurred there. Certainly the environment there was unfavorable for this group, as compared to Station I or VIII. Predation seems unlikely, and either toxicity or poor quality of food seems more logical as an explanation for their scarcity at Station II. The control Station VIII, which should have the cleanest water, showed the largest number of colorless euglenid species; the smallest numbers of species, occurrences, and blooms were at Station II. It may be inferred that sewage organic matter is not immedi- ately utilized by colorless euglenids; instead, they are active in the final stages of its breakdown. The point is debatable; Peranema, Anisonema and Entosiphon are cultivated in the laboratory on rich organic media, but along with other organisms including bacteria, so it is not known what substances they actually utilize. Peranema is certainly holozoic, or partly so, at times. Four colorless euglenids were identified only to genus. Calkinsia aureus, hitherto found only at Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Lackey, 1960), occurred here, as well as an undescribed species of the genus. There occurred also species of the genera Anisonema, Pleotia and Spbenomonas, which will be described as new. Colorless euglenids merit much more study be- cause they are of large size, abundant in the sediment-water interface, especially noticeable in the kelp areas, and because the marine species and their distribution are insufficiently known. Pyrrophyta Dinoflagellates proved highly important in this survey, by reason of the wealth of species represented and the large differences in their distribution. Unlike the other groups included in this investigation, the coastal dinoflagellates and diatoms of southern California had previously been studied quite extensively. More species of dinoflagellates were identified than of any other group. There were over one hundred species, and most of them were planktonic (table 7) . The coastal stations showed the largest numbers of dinoflagellate species, of occurrences, and of blooms. The smallest num- 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 19 TABLE 6 Distribution and number of occurrences of colorless Euglenophyceae in San Diego Harbor. SPECIES STATIONS Ben ithos Plankton^ I II III IV V VI VII VIII II III IV VII VIII Anlsonema. sp. 1 1 1 1 1 1 Anisonemd sp. 2 1 I Antsonema emarginatum 2 1 2 1 1 3 I Anisonema ovale 1 I 2 2 2 5 1 Anisonemd truncatum 1 1 Calkinsia sp. 2 3 1 Calkinsia aureus 1 1 Dinema grisoleum 1 1 Distigma proteus 1 Entosiphon obliquum 1 Entosiphon sulcatum I 1 1 Heteronema sp. 1 1 Metanema variable I 3 Notosolenus sp. 2 Notosolenus apocamptus 1 1 5 1 1 I Notosolenus orbicularis I Petalomonas sp. 1 2 1 1 1 Petalomonas sp. 2 1 Petalomonas abscissa 1 Petalomonas angusta 1 Petalomonas carinata 1 I 2 3 1 Petalomonas gigas 1 1 2 2 1 Petalomonas tricarinata 2 Peranema inflexum 1 Peranema tricophorum 1 1 1 1 Peranemopsis striata I Pleotia tricarinata 1 Pleotia vitrea 1 1 Scytomonas pusilla 1 1 Sphenomonas elongata 1 1 2 2 3 3 6 Sphenomonas quadrangularis I 1 Triangulomonas rigida 1 Urceolus cyclostomus I Urceolus sabulosus 1 1 1 I Unidentified euglenid 1 Species 14 2 9 8 12 8 9 19 1 4 1 1 4 Occurrences 15 3 10 9 17 12 12 42 1 4 1 1 4 Blooms 4 0 3 2 3 3 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 ^Stations I, V, and VI are omitted under plankton because no euglenids were found there. bers of species and of occurrences were at the inner-harbor stations, both in the sediments and in the plankton (table 7). As noted elsewhere, the populations of several algal groups were larger at the inner-harbor stations than at the coastal stations, the opposite being true of the dinoflagellates. From the work of W. E. Allen (1941), Balech (1959, 1960) and others at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the numerically abundant types of coastal dinoflagellates in southern California are well known. Allen monitored daily collections from the SIO pier (Station VIII) over a twenty-year period, and many of his preserved collections are still available. During the twelve months preceding this investigation, dinoflagellates were monitored weekly off the SIO pier by Anne Dodson, and they were also studied taxonomically by Balech. The leading types of coastal dinoflagellates in these earlier surveys (viz. Gonyanlax polyedra, Prorocentrum micans, Ceratiiwi ftirca, Ceratmm tripos, Fragilidmm heterolobiim) were vir- tually absent at Stations I-IV in San Diego harbor during this study, while they were present 20 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. H SPFCIES TABLE 7 Dinoflagellata in San Diego Bay and vicinity. STATIONS Plank-ton Benthos- I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. I A mphidintum species Amphiditiium cucurbita^ Amphtdmium extensum^ A mphidimum jiilya Amphidinium opcrcidatum^ 1 A mphtdinium josa A mphidintum scissum A mphtdinium stigmata Ceraiium sp. Ceralium candelabrum^ Ceratium curtipes Ceratium depressum Ceratium furca^ Ceratium jusus^ Ceratium gtbberum^ Cerattum lineatum Ceratium longicauda Cerattum massiliensis^ Ceratium macroceras^ Ceratium minutus Ceratium semipulchellum^ Ceratium trtpos Cochlodinium sp. Cochlodtnium catenatum^ Dtnophysti caudata^ Dinophysis forti Dinophysis punctata^ Dinophysis tripos^ Dinophysis rotunda Diplopsalis sp. Diplopsalis lenticula^ Diplopsalopsis sp. Erythropsis sp. Exuviaella sp. Exuviaella apora Exuriaella dactylus^ Exuviaella marina Fragilidium heterolobum Gonyaidax sp.^ Gonyaulax polyedra^ Gonyaidax turbynei^ Gymnodinium alba 3 Gymnodinium albulum^ Gymnodinium aureum Gymnodinium helicoides Gymnodinium heterostriatum Gymnodinium ravenescens Gymnodinium simplex Gymnodinium splendens^ Gymnodinium sligmaia Gymnodinium striata^ Gymnodinium uberrima Gymnodinium variable^ 3 Gymnodinium sp., large^ Gymnodinium sp., small' 1 II III IV V VI VII VIII I V VI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 6 2 I 4 2 2 1 3 4 3 2 1 5 4 1 I 3 4 4 2 1 3 1 Total oc- VII VIII currences 4 10 2 1 1 2 13 1 1 1 5 1 2 11 5 1 1 1 6 4 6 2 1 2 4 1 16 5 11 1 11 5 2 4 1 8 5 8 4 1 21 10 1 1 6 9 10 5 1 10 2 35 17 26 1965] Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 21 TABLE 7 (Continued) SPECIES STATIONS Plankton II III IV V VI VII VIII 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. le. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. Gyrodinium sp. 1 1 2 1 5 Gyrodiniurn achromatium 1 Gyrodinium contortitm 1 1 1 Gyrodinium corallitutm 1 Gyrodinium falcatum 1 1 2 1 Gyrodinium lachryma I Gyrodinium maculatum 1 Gyrodinium minor 1 • Gyrodinium mitra 1 Gyrodinium pingue 2 2 1 2 Heterodinium sp. 1 Massartia sp. 1 1 1 Massartia gland ula^ Minusculd bipes 1 3 4 2 1 Oxyrrhis marina 2 Oxytoxum sp.^ 1 1 1 Oxytoxum cribosum 1 1 1 Oxytoxum milneri 1 1 1 Oxytoxum truncata^ 1 2 1 Peridinium sp. 1 1 2 Peridinium cerasus 1 I Peridinium dirergens^ 2 3 Peridinium granii 1 Peridinium minttscula 1 1 2 Peridinium mita 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 Peridinium pellucidum 1 Peridinium quadridens 5 Peridinium steinii^ Peridinium triqueter 1 Peridinium trochoideum 1 Phalacroma sp. Phalacroma mitra 1 Phalacroma rotundum Podolampas palmipes 1 1 2 Polykrikos schwartzi 1 Pronoctiluca pelagica 1 1 1 6 Prorocentrum sp. 1 Prorocentrum gracile^ 1 2 5 6 6 5 Prorocentrum micans 1 3 2 5 Prorocentrum triangulatum^ 3 4 1 2 1 1 3 Protodinium sp. 1 1 1 1 Tetradinium minus^ Thecadinium sp.^ Thecadinium kofoidi Unidentified dinoflagellates^ 1 2 1 3 1 3 3 7 Benthos Total oc- V VI VII VIII currences 10 1 3 1 5 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 11 2 3 3 3 4 4 2 5 2 4 i: Species Occurrences 10 16 22 33 13 20 25 38 40 68 41 49 53 80 81 134 4 5 6 1 10 22 10 25 12 16 4 1 9 27 ^Includes occurrences in occasional samples not necessarily listed as regular samplings, but taken for taxonomic studies alone. -No dinoflagellates were found in the benthos at Stations II, III and IV except one occurrence of a small Gymnodinium at II and III, so these stations are omitted. 22 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 as usual at the coastal stations. Among the dinoflagellate species absent from the inner harbor and from South San Diego Bay were those which accounted for the bulk of the dinoflagellate standing crops in neighboring coastal water. Reduced numbers of species at the inner harbor stations were shown by the majority of dinoflagellate genera during this study, and strikingly so by Ceratium. Of the fourteen plank- tonic species of Ceratium observed at the coastal stations, there was only a single occurrence of one species at Stations I-IV of San Diego harbor. The reduced list of planktonic dinoflagel- lates at these harbor stations included four which were not observed at the coastal stations, viz. Gyrodinhim minor, Gyrodinium jalcatum, Oxyrrhis marina, and an unidentified species of Peridinium. Only three planktonic species occurred with some consistency throughout San Diego Bay and at the coastal stations, viz. Gymnodinium alba, Gymnodinium variable and Prorocentrum triangidatum (table 7). There is little in the literature with which to make comparisons, but the three species occurred in vast numbers at the Carman's River Station in Great South Bay, Long Island, when that location was seriously polluted. There was no such occurrence of blooms in the dinoflagellates during the studies here reported. In fact, the only dinoflagellate blooms noted were small ones at the two coastal stations. The sediments from Stations II-IV of the inner harbor were devoid of all dinoflagellates except for one small species of Gymnodinium. The dinoflagellate which was most chararteristic of the interface or first few millimeters of sand under clean water was Thecadiniiim kofoidi, which was found in nine sediment samples from Stations VI-VIII. This species was found in other benthic samples not completely analyzed, hence not tabulated, such as three from about the 90-foot depth in Papalote Bay, Baja California, and several from shallower depths at other coastal locations. Thecadiniiim kofoidi was not found in wet sand between the tide levels at the SIO pier or in any of the surface water collections. It is common in the sand between tide marks in Rhode Island (Lackey, 1961) and at Cedar Keys, Florida. It is inferred, on this evidence, that Thecadiniiim kofoidi is a cleanwater, interfacial dinoflagellate. There were five species of interfacial dinoflagellates, including two of Thecadiniiim, which were not observed in surface water. These were all virtually colorless and seemed to be sapro- phytes. T. kofoidi had very pale chromatophores, sometimes barely discernible, and the single larger species of Thecadiniiim was colorless. Of the more than one hundred dinoflagellate species observed, a maximum of 17 species was collected from the sediments. Some of these may have been incidental contaminants from the associated water. There were only 33 occur- rences of one or another of these 17 benthic species in the sediments, whereas the plankton collections showed 470 occurrences of the 85 or more plankton species. There was a striking difference in the habitat preference of the dinoflagellates and of the colorless euglenids, the latter being concentrated in the sediments. Dinoflagellates and colorless euglenids were both more abundant at the coastal stations than at the inner harbor stations. Dinoflagellates are notorious bloom-formers along the coast of California, the Gulf coast of Florida, and elsewhere. Usually such aggregates occur in shallow inshore waters where nutrients could be contributed from the land, but this is not always true. Gymnodinium breve, the Florida red tide organism, occurs over vast stretches of the Gulf of Mexico, and no unusual nutrient concentration has been implicated (Lackey and Hynes, 1955). Dinoflagellate red tides in southern California usually occur near shore, but the neighboring land is dry and supports sparse vegetation. Rainfall or runoff is not associated with red tides in southern California. Marine outfalls provide extra supplies of algal nutrients, but there is no evidence of a causal connection between them and California red tides (Clendenning, 1959b). Many instances could be cited of dinoflagellates blooming in organically enriched waters, but not for the species that are responsible for red tides off the coast of southern California or the Gulf coast of Florida. The ecology of dinoflagellates of San Diego Bay merits more intensive study. Despite the wealth of available literature, numerous dinoflagellate species were encountered which have yet to be described. 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 23 TABLE 8 Occurrences of Cryptomonads in San Diego harbor and vicinity. Organisms Stations I II III IV V VI VII VIII Chilomonas marina 4 5 4 6 6 4 1 4 Chroomonas sp. 3 6 5 6 7 5 3 5 Cryptomonas acuta 1 1 2 3 4 2 Cryptoyyionas erosa 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 Cryptomonas, red, unidentified 6 Cyathomonas truncata 1 1 1 4 Rhodoynonas sp. 4 8 5 7 7 9 6 15 Unidentified 1 1 1 Total occurrences 14 24 17 24 27 20 14 37 Cryptophyta There are only a few genera and species in this small group of planktonic flagellates. There are perhaps five genera which appear to be important in the ecology of estuarine waters. Table 8 shows the genera found and their occurrences during this survey. Twelve cryptomonad blooms were observed in San Diego Bay, and there were seven planktonic blooms of cryptomonads at Stations LIII. Even when not present as blooms at these harbor stations, the plankton cryptomonads were regularly abundant there, and they can be termed highly characteristic of that area. From their behavior and occurrence in fresh water situations, it is inferred that cryptomonad blooms indicate recent organic enrichment. Those parts of San Diego Bay which bore the smallest numbers of dinoflagellate species were char- acterized by large cryptomonad populations. The present data refer to stations near the midline of the bay; denser populations of microflagellates occur between the mainland piers opposite Stations II and III. Chroomonas was observed in bloom three times at Station I, on July 6 and 14 and on August 9 at 600, 1080 and 886 per ml., respectively. On August 9, Chroomonas was also observed in bloom at Stations II-V inclusive, with 1560, 1704, 1404, and 504 per ml., re- spectively. Thus, on one sampling date, August 9, Chroomonas was simultaneously in bloom at Stations I-V, spanning about nine miles of San Diego Bay. Rhodomonas was observed in bloom three times, once each at Stations II, III and IV. These blooms were respectively 864 per ml. on July 6, 1728 per ml. on July 14 and 720 per ml. on August 9. The numbers of planktonic cryptomonads decreased toward the harbor entrance, and they were less abundant in the Point Loma kelp than at the control station. This was true on dates when the cryptomonads were in bloom throughout the inner harbor. Chilomonas marina and Cyathomonas truncata are colorless saprophytes, the latter most often a bottom dweller. Chilomonas was found in small numbers at every station. Cyathomonas was not observed at Stations I-IV (table 8) , and its two blooms in the outer harbor were benthic — 1600 per ml. at Station V on July 8 and 800 per ml. at Station VI on July 30. The red Cryptomonas found only off the SIO pier also came from bottom samples. This genus is usually red when collected at considerable depths and in the colder months. The largest number of cryptomonad species was observed at the control station (SIO pier) , but the cryptomonad populations at the coastal stations were small. The cryptomonads which bloomed in San Diego harbor were also found at the coastal stations, but only in small numbers. No attempt was made to identify species of Chroomonas and Rhodomonas because they are not well separated taxonomically. Cryptomonads in general are autotrophic in bacteria-free laboratory culture, but other types of phytoplankton have similar organic requirements. The cryptomonad blooms in San Diego harbor may have been stimulated by extra supplies of vitamins or other organic nutrients, II III IV V VI VII VIII IX 1200 1440 540 600 630 648 600 (13,800 jar) 1200 624 1642 32,000 1560 (3,000 jar) 24 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 TABLE 9 Blooms of Chrysophyceae and Xanthophyceae observed during this survey. Station I Chromidina oralis Chrysochromulina ktppa Chrysochromulina chiton Kephyriuni ovum Olisthodiscus luteus Unidentified Chrysophyceae but this is a topic for future study. The planktonic cryptomonad blooms imparted a brownish color to the water, their chlorophyll being masked by bilichromoproteins and carotenoids. In- formation has recently been provided on the photosynthetic pigments and action spectra of several marine and fresh water cryptomonads (Allen, Dougherty and McLaughlin, 1959; Oh Eocha and Raftery, 1959; Haxo and Fork, 1959). Chrysophyta and Xanthophyta Chrysomonads tend to be pale yellow, their chlorophyll being obscured by carotenoids. Holophytic, holozoic and saprophytic modes of nutrition are represented in this group, and laboratory cultures indicate that even the deeply pigmented ones may be partly saprophytic. This group includes naked photosynthetic flagellates, and the chrysomonad blooms encountered (table 9) were mainly of this type. These organisms are apt to be undercounted because they are one of the first to disintegrate on centrifuging or standing, and most of them cytolize after formalin preservation. The present list (table 10) does not include some colorless forms which we prefer to treat as zooflagellates. It does include OlisthocJiscus and Chloramoeba of the Xanthophyceae, a group that was not otherwise represented. Only three of the listed species were common in the portion of the bay which might be suspected of pollution. Assuming there were only 24 species of chrysomonads in the 99 marine samples, the percentage of occurrence was rather high. There could have been 2376 (24 X 99) occurrences instead of 311 (table 10). Actually the percentage of possible occurrence was 13.09, which we interpret to mean that under the conditions of the survey, Chrysophyceae were common and widespread, and therefore important in the ecology of the area. That chrysomonads generally favor water of good quality was borne out in this study. Stations I-III had fewer species and occurrences of chrysomonads than Stations V-VIII. How- ever, there were blooms of a few species at the inner harbor stations at times (table 9) . Chrysochromulina was the only member of this group which showed widespread large numbers. The most dense chrysomonad bloom encountered was caused by an unidentified species near Shelter Island (32,000 per ml. at Station V). Olisthodiscus luteus was widespread, occurring frequently at Stations I-VII (41 occur- rences), often in some abundance. Typically it is found in dim light near the sediment-water interface, which was the location of the blooms we recorded (table 9). It is believed that this is the second time that this genus has been reported since Carter (1938) published the original description. An extensive bloom developed in surface water during cloudy weather in 1957, near Shelter Island and our Station V. Anne Dodson isolated the predominant organism and maintained it on Miquel's medium as a dark brown culture, and Lackey identified it as Olisthodiscus luteus in 1959. The organism termed Chrysochromulina might be identified as Prymyiesium by some workers, but the stiff bristle emerging anteriorly between the two posterior-pointing undulant 1965] Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 25 Organism TABLE 10 Occurrence of Chrysophyceae during this survey. Stations Total oc- I 11 III IV V VI VII VIII currences Calyptrosphaera sp. 1 3 3 4 11 Chloramoeba marina 1 1 Chromiilina ovalis 1 1 1 2 4 5 2 6 22 Chromulina elongata 1 1 Chromulina globosa 1 1 2 Chrysamoeba sp. 1 1 1 3 Chrysochromul'ma kappa 2 7 8 12 11 10 9 14 73 Chrysochromidina chiton 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Coccolithophora, unid. 2 2 Chrysococcui cingulum 2 1 1 2 1 7 Dictyocha fbula 2 2 Dinobryon sp. 1 2 3 4 10 Ebria tripartita 1 2 1 3 7 Kephyrion ovum 4 5 5 6 6 7 4 37 Ochromonas sp. 1 1 2 1 2 7 Olisthodiscus sp. 1 3 2 2 1 9 18 Olisthodiscus luteus 3 5 4 5 9 9 5 1 41 Pontosphaera sp. 1 2 4 7 Pontosphaera huxleyi 2 4 4 4 2 16 Pontosphaera inermis 1 2 3 Pseudopedinella pyrijormis 2 1 1 1 5 Syracosphaera sp. 2 2 2 1 7 Syracosphaera carteri 1 1 1 5 8 Chrysophyceae, unid. 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 13 Totals 12 24 21 37 54 59 45 59 311 flagella is not a flagellum but a hapteron. This view is abundantly borne out by the work of Parke, Manton and Clarke (1955), so the organism is properly called Chrysochromulina. Chloromonadida This group was represented by Thaumatomatix setifera, which was observed a single time, and by a new organism which is tentatively assigned to this group. None of the green Chloromonadida occurred in the samples. Trentonia flagellata, a constant inhabitant of Warm Mineral Springs in Florida and of estuarine situations, was not encountered. Bacillariophyta Diatom taxonomy is the weakest part of this report. There was simply not enough time to identify all of the species encountered, many of which occurred in very small numbers. Most of the common planktonic types were represented, but blooms were restricted to those listed in table 11. During the previous summer, extensive blooms of Leptocylindrus were observed at the SIO pier and in La Jolla kelp. Asterionella japonica and a minute Cyclotella occurred as extensive blooms in San Diego Bay. The Cyclotella is exceedingly small, and there is a good possibility that it is not correctly identified, but may be a Detonula such as occurred in Great South Bay, Long Island, in 1958 (Ryther et al., 1958). In the latter instance, its identity was established with an electron microscope. For practical purposes it will be referred to as Cyclotella. Some Coscinodiscus nitidiis less than 16/', in diameter may have been included in the Cyclotella blooms. 26 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 TABLE 11 Diatom blooms during the survey (cells per ml.) . Stations I II III IV V VI VII VIII Asterionella japonica 3084 6000 6960 8440 624 1260 410 4290 630 6600 630 4080 6480 1218 1260 2676 1800 Chaetoceras sp. 2544 Chaetoceras solitaria 600 Cyclotella sp. 996 24480 840 720 660 558 720 1200 6600 2040 5700 3300 1920 24480 26400 56000 9792 7392 2880 16320 1080 8400 552 1224 80000 1200 6120 3672 14688 105600 Coscinodiscus sp., 10 720 Melosira sulcata 1536 Navicula spp. 12600 800 5600 800 4000 2112 4800 3600 3200 4800 Nitzschia closterium 1200 1200 540 Pleurosigma elongatum Skeletonema costatum Unidentified diatoms 840 2400 720 600 1800 528 4800 2688 Seventy-two diatom blooms were observed in this study, and sixty-three of these were at Stations II-VII (table 11). In consideration of the many papers written on the nutrition and blooming of fresh-water diatoms, the principal reason for the frequent blooms of diatoms in San Diego harbor would seem to be that the water is fairly rich in inorganic nutrients. Diatoms were more abundant at the harbor entrance and in the Point Loma kelp than at the control station, and this difference was mainly due to Asterionella jaf>onica and Cyclotella. More dense populations of the latter were observed than of any other organism included in this study, and the most dense of these were collected near the 10th Avenue pier (Station IV) and Shelter Island (Station V). The 30 blooms of Cyclotella were limited to San Diego Bay and its immediate vicinity. There were also 17 blooms of Asterionella in this area, and the distribution patterns of the Cyclotella and Asterio7iella blooms in San Diego Bay were similar. These diatom blooms may have exerted influences in several ways. They may have depleted nutrients that would otherwise be available for other photosynthetic plankters, and the possibility of antibiotic influences cannot be excluded. They may have provided grazing for animals, partic- ularly copepods, which were quite abundant at the same time. The blooms were sufficiently abundant to decrease the submarine light intensity in the deep water of Stations III-VI. The three mild blooms of Cyclotella and Asterionella observed in the nearest kelp (Station VII) may have originated in San Diego Bay, where they were much more numerous; they were not observed at the control station. The increased numbers of diatoms observed in the Point Loma kelp were offset to a considerable extent by decreased numbers of other algae; the overall abundance of phytoplankton was quite similar at the kelp and control stations. 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 27 TABLE 12 Number of times zooflagellates occurred during the survey at each station. Organisms Stations I II III IV V VI VII VIII Tot£ Bodo sp. 1 2 3 2 4 3 2 3 4 23 Bodo sp. 2 1 1 Bodo caudatns 1 1 2 Bodo globosus 1 1 1 3 Bodo minimus 1 1 Bodo parvulus 1 1 1 1 1 5 Bodo spp. 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 10 Bodopsis sp. 1 1 Cercobodo grandis 1 1 Dicraspedelld stokesii 2 2 Diplosigopsis socialis 1 1 Histiona zachariasi 1 1 Mastigamoeba re plans 1 1 Monas minima 1 1 Monas sp. 2 1 2 1 1 1 8 Monosiga ovatus 1 4 3 3 2 2 5 4 24 Multicilia laciistris 1 1 Oicomonas spp. 2 5 3 8 5 5 2 2 32 Phanerobia pelophila 1 1 Pleuromonas jaculans 1 1 Rynchobodo sp. 2 2 1 5 Rynchomonas nasuta 1 1 2 Solenicola setigera 2 2 Spiromonas angiista 1 1 1 2 1 6 Stomatochone injundtbulijormis 1 1 Te tram it us pyriformis 1 1 Trimastigamoeba sp. 1 1 Large monads 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 14 Small monads 9 9 8 11 12 12 12 11 84 Totals 24 29 24 35 28 32 36 28 236 Some diatoms were always present in the surface and bottom samples. Most of them were in the water, but they were also present at the interface. Pleurosigma angulatiim was quite characteristic of this last situation. There was a colorless naviculoid species in limited numbers at Stations II, IV and VI, always in the interface. Except for those recorded in table 11, diatom numbers were not large, and few unusual ones (to us) were noted. It appeared that virtually all species could have been identified from existing treatises. Among all the phyto- plankton categories included in this study, only the diatoms were found in appreciable greater numbers at the harbor entrance and in the nearest Point Loma kelp than at the control station. Protozoa 'Zoojlagellata. — The predominately animal-like group of protozoa included a large num- ber of small, colorless flagellates. These flagellates may play important roles in marine plankton ecology. They were numerous in San Diego harbor, and because they and the ciliates are bacteria-consumers, their importance is merited. If present in sufficient numbers they tend to keep the bacterial population in the exponential growth stage. Their rate of reproduction is fast, and many are ubiquitous. They are also difficult to study. Ruinen (1938) has provided figures of some of the smaller ones. Because of their amoeboid characteristics, many must be 28 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 TABLE 13 Occurrence of ciliate Protozoa at all stations during the survey. Stations Organisms I II III IV V VI VII VIII Totj Aegyria reesi 1 1 2 Amphileptus sp. 1 Amphisia multiseta 1 1 2 A mphorellopsis acuta 1 1 A mphorellopsis tetragona 1 1 2 4 Aspidisca cos tat a 1 1 1 1 7 13 Aspidisca hexeris 1 1 1 8 Aspidisca lynceus 1 1 Aspidisca poly sty la 1 Chilodonella uncinatus 1 2 Chlamydodon memosyne 1 Cinetochilum tnargaritaceum 1 3 Coleps spp. 1 1 3 7 Condylostoma patens 1 1 3 Cr is tiger a minor 1 1 Cryptopharynx setigerus 1 3 4 Cyclidium glaucoma 3 3 5 4 3 3 8 32 Cyclidium sp. 2 Cyclotrichium gigas 1 1 Cyclotrichium meuneri 1 1 Dipleptus marinus 1 1 Drepanomonas revoluta 2 1 1 4 Dysteria monostyla 3 6 Enchelymorpha vermicularis 2 2 Epalxis exigua 2 2 Epiclintes ambiguus 1 1 Euplotes spp. 1 1 1 1 9 17 Favella markusovsky 1 1 Gastronauta membranacea 1 1 Geleia decolor 1 3 5 Halteria grandinella 1 1 Helicostomella edentata 1 1 2 Holosticha violacea 1 Kentrophoros fasciolata 1 1 Lacrymaria olor 1 4 Lembus infusionum 1 1 1 4 Lembus saprophilus 4 5 Lionotus cygnus 2 Lionotus simplex 1 Lionotus sp. 2 Loxophyllum sp. 1 2 Mesodinium acarus 1 2 Mesodinium pulex 1 2 Mesodinium rubrum 2 3 3 2 3 1 14 Oxytricha spp. 1 1 1 9 Metopus sigmoidea 1 2 Peritromus emmae 4 4 Plagiocampa mutabilis 1 1 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 29 TABLE 13 (continued) Organisms Stations I II III IV V VI VII VIII Toti Pleuronema marinum 1 1 1 3 Prorodon sp. 1 1 Protocrucia pigerrima 1 Ptychocylis ohtusa 1 1 Remanella rugosa 1 1 Remanella brunnea 1 1 Spriostoin um intermedium 1 1 Stichotricha secunda 1 1 Strobilidiiim marinum 2 1 2 1 2 9 Strombidium spp. 3 1 1 2 1 7 17 Strongylidium sp. 1 1 Telostoma jerroi 2 1 3 Tetrahymena sp. 1 1 2 Tiarina jusus - 1 1 Tintinnopsis minutus 2 4 3 2 7 7 3 1 29 Trachelocerca coluber 1 1 1 2 8 14 Trachelocercd phoenicopterus 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 11 Trachelostyla caudata 1 2 1 1 5 Trochilia sigmoides 1 Uroleptus sp. no. 1 1 2 1 1 2 7 Uroleptus pisces 1 1 Uroleptus sp. 2 1 1 1 2 2 9 Uronema marinum 1 1 Uronychia setigera 1 2 Urotricha farcta 1 1 Vorticella sp. 3 1 4 1 1 10 Ciliata, unidentified 2 1 3 3 4 5 3 10 34 Totals 33 25 29 25 25 35 25 104 301 'In addition to 301 occurrences of ciliates in regular sampling of Stations I-VIII, there were 57 ciliate occurrences in irregular samples, or samples kept a few days after counting, to make a total of 358. closely studied, preferably in numbers and in culture, if species determination is to be based on morphological characters. For the purpose of this survey, counting was more necessary, hence work remains to be done on the list of species. However, the information presented here is factual and relatively complete. There were recognized 29 species, genera, or groups, including some to which provisional names have been assigned (table 12) . Their occurrences were more uniform between stations than for any other group studied. Blooms were observed most fre- quently in San Diego Bay and in the Point Loma kelp: only one zooflagellate bloom was observed at the control station, six blooms were observed in the Point Loma kelp, and from five to ten were observed at each of the harbor stations. The bacteria on which they feed apparently were more abundant in San Diego Bay and in the Point Loma kelp than at the control station. The zooflagellates encountered were those characteristic of the later stages of organic decomposition. However, only the aerobic zooflagellates were present here, the anaerobic types being absent. Unlike the blooms of larger organisms which usually have only a single species in great numbers, the zooflagellates often bloomed synchronously. Thus, in a sample collected at Station I on July 30, six different kinds of zooflagellates were present in bloom proportions simultaneously. 30 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 Zooflagellates were numerous on old and injured Macrocystis blades as well as at the bot- tom interfaces under the Point Loma kelp. Information is lacking on the benthic populations of these and other microscopic animals in different giant-kelp beds. Any factor that increases the supply of bacteria should increase the zooflagellates, and natural supplies of organic matter are very large in giant-kelp beds. Ciluita. — Planktonic ciliates, especially tintinnids, were less numerous in this survey than expected. Benthic ciliates were more frequently encountered, but this group is not too well defined taxonomically, and some identifications in table 13 may include more than the single species named. Thus, Glaucoma scintillans and Dysteria monostyla may include other species. Eplaxis exigua is a rarely seen organism; either it varies widely in morphology or there are several other closely related Ctenostomata. The organism listed as Uroleptus sp. is not a de- scribed species, but is so common in oceanic benthos, and in Warm Mineral Springs, Florida, that it has been given a provisional name in our work, for purposes of recognition. It is always completely invested with tangential brown rods which appear to be bacteria. Almost all the ciliates listed are holozoic; Epalxis and possibly one or two others may not be. The greater number feed on bacteria, although a few eat small algal cells and Coleps is predatory on other protozoa. The species Mesodinium rubrum {Cydotrlchium meuneri) con- tains small reddish brown bodies which have been called chromatophores, but which likely are algal cryptomonad symbionts. It is this type which is responsible for "ciliate red tides" which are common in certain parts of the world (Bary and Stukey, 1950). Mesodinium rubrum was detected throughout the inner harbor, and a mild bloom of it was observed at Station I on August 1, 1959 (522 per ml.). About this same time, an extensive bloom of this organism was observed (without counts) from Baja California. The only other ciliate bloom noted dur- ing this study was by Cyclidium glaucoma, which attained a density of 1500 per ml. at Station I on July 30. Except for the two blooms in South San Diego Bay, ciliates were not present in large numbers. A great array of species was encountered, but occurrences of individual species were usually low. There were 32 occurrences of the bacteria-feeder Cyclidium glaucoma, which was found at every station and more frequently at the control station than at any other station. Occurrences of ciliate species as a whole were greater at the control station than elsewhere. As to indicator species, there has been too little work on marine ciliates to know whether there are such. Numerous ciliates were observed in benthic samples from the Point Loma kelp and on the kelp blades, but their ecological significance cannot as yet be assessed. Some of these could be predatory on kelp zoospores and later microscopic stages; the ciliates Holosticha and Con- dylostoma are known to eat microscopic algae. The red ciliate Holosticha violacea was a fairly conspicuous inhabitant of Membranipora-encriisted kelp blades, the only habitat in which it was here encountered. Other Organisms Very few rhizopods were encountered. Radiolarians were present in seven samples from the offshore stations, but in small numbers. A few living Foraminifera were found in sediment from Stations VI, VII and VIII. Amoebae and Heliozoa were present in small numbers in benthic samples, and became more numerous when the samples were cultured. Nematodes were observed at times and a few rotifers were found. Almost all metazoa occurred in scattered fashion and it may be said that during the time of the survey, microscopic forms in the water and sediments were largely restricted to algae and protozoa. Microbiota of Kelp Blades The microbiota of clean healthy blade surfaces was quite sparse. Grazed and sloughed margins had larger populations of bacteria, zooflagellates, colorless euglenids and ciliates. Membranipora-encrusted blades were veritable population centers for a wide variety of or- ganisms, both plant and animal. Colonies of a reddish blue-green alga were observed as coatings on the blades under the Membranipora, and a green alga was observed in large numbers within 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 31 TABLE 14 Number of times organisms in various groups exceeded 500 per ml. during the survey. Organisms Stations Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII Total Sulfur bacteria 3 4 3 4 2 4 3 3 26 Chlorococcales 2 3 5 5 5 4 2 3 29 Volvocales 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 12 Diatoms 4 7 10 11 14 12 9 67 Chrysophyceae 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 12 Cryptophyceae 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 Eutreptia lanowii 1 1 Euglenophyceae, colorless 4 3 2 3 7 3 22 Dinoflagellata 3 1 4 Zooflagellata 10 7 9 6 5 10 6 1 54 Ciliata 2 2 Total, all groups 28 29 35 33 36 43 22 15 Average no. blooms/sample 3.33 2.56 3.4 2.75 3.00 2.77 2.54 1.05 old Membranipora colonies. The chain diatom Grammatophora and filamentous red algae grow up between the bryozoans. The ciliate Holosticha, copepods and a variety of other motile in- vertebrates were observed in and around the Membranipora encrustations (cf. Wing and Clen- denning, 1959). When the kelp blades become colonized with Membratiipora, a general fouling of the blades follows. Increases in microscopic food supply and other factors favoring the encrusting animals presumably could injure the kelp plants indirectly. DISCUSSION The microbiota of San Diego Bay will now be considered in relation to natural hydro- graphic factors and waste discharges, and in relation to the kelp near the harbor entrance. The gradual development of San Diego Bay as a commercial, military and recreational harbor has involved extensive dredging and filling, an activity which continues. The general effect of these modifications has been to deepen the harbor and to decrease the bay area, with little change in the bay volume. In contrast to Mission Bay, which in its present form is man-created, the general shape of San Diego Bay remains quite similar to that shown in the original American chart, prepared in 1851. Measured from Ballast Point, the axial length of the bay is 13.8 miles, the area is 18.6 square miles, and the average volume is 76 X 10" gallons (Anon., 1950, 1952; Nusbaum and Miller, 1952). The tides are of an unequal semi-diurnal type with a small spring maximum. From the data of the U.S. Navy Volunteer Research Unit 11-5, 1950, the near tidal prism is estimated to be 12.8 X lO" gallons. Daily tidal exchange by 1.9 cycles therefore averages 24.3 X 10'' gallons or one-third of the bay volume, which is about five hundred times larger than the daily discharge of municipal wastes during this study. Tidal exchange fluctuates to a known extent from day to day, mainly within a factor of two; on a weekly basis, tidal exchange in San Diego Bay is fairly constant throughout the year. In the summer months, tidal exchange is close to the annual average, as was true during this study. The mean amplitude of particle travel per tidal cycle is assumed to be about two miles in unobstructed parts of the bay. The detention periods are increased by the bafHing action of piers, anchored ships, and irregularities in shape and depth; prevailing westerly winds create onshore currents which concentrate plankton and suspensoids between the mainland piers, especially between our Stations II and III (Kittredge and Corcoran, 1955). These factors con- tribute to the conservative nature of the inner harbor, which was quite evident in this study of the microbiota. Flushing efficiency diminishes along the bay, from the entrance inward. The water depth also decreases from the northern to the southern end. The temperature of the 32 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 bay undergoes only small changes throughout the year. In the warmer seasons, maximum tem- peratures and salinities are attained in the shallow southern end. There are large changes in the plankton populations along the bay, and there are also axial gradients in temperature and salinity; these biological and physical attributes of San Diego Bay are enhanced by sluggish horizontal mixing. A limited fertilizing influence in San Diego harbor was revealed by this study of its microbiota. The photosynthetic microflagellates and other small algae which attain outstanding numbers in the fertilized middle section were mainly retained in the harbor as characteristic resident populations. Exceptions were the diatoms Cyclotella and Asterionella which were ob- served in bloom throughout the bay and two miles outside it in the nearest kelp. San Diego Bay was more eutrophic than the coastal stations during this study, but phytoplankton blooms were encountered frequently at all stations (table 14) . The nutrient concentrations in the fer- tilized middle part were sufficient to support a substantial plankton, but were not large enough to support huge populations such as were observed by Lackey in Great South Bay, Long Island, or reported by Braarud (1955) for Oslo Fjord. The main source of organic wastes released in San Diego harbor was the municipal sewage outfall, located between Stations II and III. Organic wastes are also released by a kelp process- ing plant and by fish canneries between stations II and IV. The municipal waste discharge increased from 5.2 to 44.4 million gallons per day between 1943 and 1958 (North, 1960). The volume of treated sewage released during the summer of 1959 was about fifty million gallons per day. Figure 2 relates the tidal exchange to the municipal waste discharge in different years. Twenty years ago, about 5000 gallons of sea water were exchanged tidally at the harbor entrance per gallon of sewage released 5 to 10 miles within the harbor. A temporary disappearance of kelp along the Point Loma peninsula at that time prompted a study of this problem by Wohnus (1942). This ratio has decreased with time, and now the tidal exchange waste discharge ratio is about 500:1 (fig. 2). This ratio refers not to the present release of 0.2 per cent by volume of sewage at the harbor entrance but to the transformation products which reach there in the form of extra plankton, nutrients and leptopel. Suspended matter in the original sewage ranges from 90 to 100 mgm. per liter. Diluted 500-fold, this amounts to 0.2 mgm. per liter, or 0.02 mgm. per liter after 5000-fold dilution. Leptopel contents of coastal sea water vary widely, but 1 mgm. per liter is a typical value. Detention of the organic matter within the harbor effects a fairly complete mineralization. Tliis was reflected in the high mineral contents (55 to 65 per cent) of the leptopel collected off Ballast Point and Point Loma (Clendenning, 1959a) and in the large changes in the microbiota between Stations II and VI. The abundance of diatoms near Shelter Island is attributed to mineral rather than organic nutrients. The water at this station meets health requirements for water contact sports, and it is four miles closer to the municipal outfall than the nearest kelp. According to Emery (1960), phosphate and fixed nitrogen are roughly 1000 times more abundant in sewage effluent than in average surface sea water. This estimate was borne out by phosphate analyses conducted throughout a complete year, 1958-59, by San Diego Marine Ad- visors (1959). Mission Bay receives negligible wastes, so the phosphate concentrations observed one mile within Mission Bay and one mile within San Diego Bay (between our stations V-VI) provide a useful comparison. The average phosphate concentrations (PO4-P, microgram atoms per liter) were: San Diego Bay, 2.28; Mission Bay, 0.95; coastal stations along the intervening Point Loma kelp area, 0.75. The latter study demonstrated extra phosphate in North San Diego Bay, but the phosphate supply there was not larger than in deep oceanic water along the adjacent continental shelf, 5 to 10 miles seaward. Growth of Macrocystis is supposed to be favored by the fertilizing effea of upwelling (Clendenning and North, 1960; Clendenning and Sargent, 1958) . In this respect, the effects of San Diego Bay water and of upwelling water on Macro- cystis should be similar, since they are both enriched with mineral nutrients. L)uring this study, fertilization effects were apparent in the microbiota at the harbor entrance, with a tidal exchange waste discharge ratio of 500:1. Twenty years ago, the dilution there was ten times larger. Fer- tilization effects are measurable when sewage has been diluted 500-fold, but scarcely so after 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 33 5000-fold dilution. This is relevant to the problem of kelp disappearance along eight miles of Point Loma coastline. Vastly greater dilutions are to be expected in the affected kelp area as a whole, along eight miles of coastline, than at the harbor entrance (fig. 2). The disappearance of kelp off Point Loma was arousing concern twenty years ago. Wohnus (1942) reported a 35 per cent decrease in area of the Point Loma kelp beds between 1911 and 1935, and a 50 per cent decrease between 1911 and 1941. These kelp beds have continued to decrease in area since; the maps for 1955 to (or and) 1956 indicate about 90 per cent reduction in area since 1911 (North, 1958). As Wohnus (1942) pointed out, the Point Loma kelp beds have been receding gradually for a long time. Subtle effects of San Diego harbor water on the nearest kelp could be noted in the study, but were not noted on kelp eight miles northward. The kelp maps provided recently by North (1960) reveal a large recession of the Point Loma kelp from the northern end, opposite Mission Bay, and also from the southern end, with fairly dense kelp remaining about equidistant from Mission Bay and San Diego Bay. Mission Bay and San Diego Bay both seem to be implicated, and organic wastes are not released in Mission Bay. A common denominator for the bays is harbor activity, especially dredging, which has been very extensive over a period of many years. The pattern of kelp disappearance (1911 to 1956) seems to exclude influences of San Diego harbor at the northern or Mission Bay end, where the kelp has receded for several miles. Grazing by sea urchins and other kelp predators is severe in the Point Loma kelp area, especially at the southern end. Another factor to be considered is prefer- ential kelp harvesting because of the convenient location of the Point Loma kelp beds. Super- imposed on these are the possible contributing effects of vastly diluted and transformed sewage at the southern end. Natural supplies of animal and vegetable organic matter in giant kelp beds are large. Healthy kelp beds bear teeming populations of fishes and invertebrates. At the vast dilutions now and formerly effected within San Diego harbor (fig. 2), it is difficult to account for the disappearance of 1,000,000 tons of kelp along the Point Loma peninsula in terms of San Diego sewage, especially at the northern end opposite Mission Bay. However, except for Station VII at the southern end, this large kelp area has yet to be investigated microbiologically in a comprehensive sense. This study was made at a time of long day length and of summer temperatures. By fresh- water standards this is a time of generally high plankton populations, and so far as is known this is also true of San Diego Bay and adjacent coastal water. Phytoplankton were sampled daily for twenty years off the Scripps pier (Station VIII) by Dr. W. E. Allen (1941), who found that the algae were most abundant there during the late spring and summer months or summer solstice. Nusbaum and Miller (1952) refer to more frequent phytoplankton blooms and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen in San Diego harbor during the summer months. This is borne out by the plankton analyses of B. M. Sweeney in 1952, who observed much larger phytoplankton populations in San Diego harbor during the summer than during autumn and winter months. From 1952 to the present, there does not seem to have been any great change in the quantity or character of the mid-summer phytoplankton in San Diego harbor. Phytoplankton blooms were almost continuously present at the harbor stations during this study, and diatom populations up to 100,000 cells per ml. were encountered, the most dense that have been ob- served to date in San Diego Bay. It is considered unlikely that much denser populations would have been encountered by including other seasons having lower temperatures and shorter day lengths. The phytoplankton blooms observed in San Diego Bay at least were sufficiently fre- quent and dense to reveal salient features concerning their distribution throughout its length. The year 1959 was not a "red tide" year, in contrast to 1958 and 1960. According to the weekly monitoring data provided by Anne Dodson, phytoplankters were less abundant off the SIO pier during the summer of 1959 than during the preceding and following summers. Figure 3 summarizes the information concerning relative abundances within different phytoplankton bloom categories through the length of San Diego Bay. Taking the most dense station for each type as 100, there were symmetrical increases in the average populations of Chlorococcales and of Asterionella japonica from Station I to IV, then symmetrical decreases 34 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 o c o « o o o 0) o c o a> ^ c — o O -Q CL I- c E c o o _o V- o 5000 -I 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 -.04 .20 1944 I960 a. U) (A a> o> o $ c o (U o o o c a> o Q. Fig. 2. Twenty year change in tidal e.xchange ratio, ocean water and waste discharge at the entrance to San Diego Bay. to oceanic levels toward the harbor entrance. The populations of planktonic cryptomonads were largest at Stations Till, and they decreased symmetrically through Stations IV and V. A related distribution was observed for the ciliate red tide organism, Mesodinium rubrum (Cyclotrichium meimeri) ; on August 17 there were 522 per ml. at Station I, 204 per ml. at Station II, 60 per ml. at Station III, 12 per ml. at Station IV, 9 per ml. at Station V, and none farther out in the bay. Figure 3 provides evidence of an ecological succession along the length of San Diego Bay; moving toward the open sea, the cryptomonad populations decreased first, then the Chlorococcales and Asterionella, followed by other diatoms. An objective of this study was to define microbiological effects of organic wastes released in San Diego harbor on kelp bed No. 2, which formerly occupied 1.85 square miles alongside and athwart the harbor entrance. If we recall the distance of this bed from the waste outfalls, the dissipation of that waste by mixing, the lack of appreciable effects of the Santa Barbara outfall on the adjacent kelp bed, and other factors, we may then look for microbiological effects. These effects could be expressed via phytoplankton or zooplankton, or through sessile inhabi- tants of the kelp surfaces and rocky bottom. The photosynthetic microflagellates which flourish in the fertilized middle section of San Diego harbor were no more abundant at the Point Loma kelp station than at the control station, sixteen miles up the coast. Diatom blooms were en- countered more frequently in the kelp than at the control station, but this was offset, at least partially, by some inhibiting effect on coastal dinoflagellates. Phytoplankton as a whole was not 1965] Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 35 c o □ All diatoms • Asterionella ^ Chlorococcoies X Planktonic cryptomonads tn o E a u c o T3 c o 03 > 00 X X • ▲ □ 80 Q • □ 60 X □ • A □ X A 40 • A • 20 n EI A 1 1 X 1 A ? ^ H m 12: STATION 21 2E the Fig. 3. Relative population densities within several phytoplankton categories throughout length of San Diego Bay, July - August, 1959. appreciably more abundant in the Point Loma kelp than at the control station. The more frequent blooms of microbiota in the Point Loma kelp (table 14), apart from diatoms, were due to benthic zooflagellates and colorless euglenids. Extra phytoplankton could possibly shade and impede the growth of young Macrocystis plants on the bottom. In assessing this possibility, different lines of evidence need to be considered. The vicinity of Station VII is the best col- lecting area for young Macrocystis plants in the San Diego region. The young plants are often removed by sea urchins, but this bottom area is well supplied with sessile algae. Phytoplankton blooms have a sporadic seasonal distribution, the bulk of the cells being formed in late spring and summer. This is when the water column off Point Loma is thermally stratified to the greatest e.xtent. The warmer water from San Diego Bay enters the mi.xed layer above the thermocline, but does not mix with the entire water column. Below the thermocline, the water is usually very clear. Water transparency measurements made throughout the year in this area (San Diego Marine Advisors, 1959) revealed greater turbidity within Mission Bay, eight miles northward, and in nearshore water off the Coronado Silver Strand, several miles south of our Station VII, than in the Point Loma kelp or in the outer part of San Diego Bay. As a further test of the fertilizing action of wastes on the harbor phytoplankton, occur- rences of Pyramimonas (probably two or three species) were averaged in all samples at each station (table 15). Average occurrences for all other Volvocales, for two species of the Chrysophyceae and for all other Chrysophyceae are also shown in table 15. Average occurrences 36 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 TABLE 15 Averaged occurrences of certain phytoplankters, or groups of phytoplankters. Organism or Group Stations I II III IV V VI VII VIII Pyramimonas spp. 17 458 155 67 96 64 14 18 Other Volvocales 42 148 162 107 173 71 28 84 Olisthodiscus luteus 42 252 25 19 11 28 0.8 0 Prymnesium sp. 92 342 209 205 188 60 183 306 Other Chrysophyta 50 104 109 25 69 27 61 112 were low at Station I, highest at Stations II and III, and then decreased toward the open ocean. Prymnesium departed from this pattern to an extent; it is a widespread and ubiquitous organism. Olisthodiscus, first reported from a brackish water pool (Carter, 1938) , tends to be an inshore organism. The variable pattern for Chrysophyta depended on increases in the Coccolithophoraceae as the open sea is approached. Inhibiting as well as stimulating influences of the fertilized harbor water were apparent on the plankton and benthos. The more frequent (table 14) and denser blooms (fig. 3) in the harbor were associated with a reduced list of species. Coastal dinoflagellates were absent from the fertilized middle section of the harbor. The cause of this phenomenon remains unknown, but it may be connected with the inhibiting action of reduced nitrogen compounds on marine dinoflagellates, as demonstrated by Barker (1935). Diatoms and dinoflagellates comprise the bulk of the coastal phytoplankton off southern California; the general effect of the fertilized harbor water on these seemed to be to increase the diatoms and to limit the coastal dinoflagel- lates. Blooms of small dinoflagellates had been observed in San Diego harbor in previous sum- mers by B. M. Sweeney and Anne Dodson, but the dinoflagellates there have always been small unarmored species, quite unlike the dominant coastal forms. During the summer of 1958, the coastal waters of Southern California bore heavy blooms or "red tides" of Gonyaulax polyedra. While these blooms were flourishing in neighboring coastal water, G. polyedra could not be found in the fertilized middle section of San Diego harbor (Clendenning, 1959b) . An inverse relation between the population densities of Gonyaidax polyedra and proximity to the Tijuana outfall was simultaneously recorded over a ten mile distance by San Diego Marine Advisors (1959). The populations of several phytoplankton categories were lower in South San Diego Bay than elsewhere in the harbor. Nusbaum and Miller (1952) also observed low phytoplankton pro- duction in South San Diego Bay, which they attributed to its shallow turbid water. This section has a soft mud bottom which they believed was mainly responsible for the turbidity. It should be well fertilized by organic wastes from San Diego as well as from Chula Vista. Chemical wastes from an aircraft industry and bittern from the salt plants at the head of the bay are factors which also would tend to keep the plankton low. South San Diego Bay is warmer and more saline than the harbor in midsummer, and it should be subject to larger seasonal changes in temperature and salinity than the deeper sections. The ecology of South San Diego Bay is a large subject in itself, which has yet to be investigated in detail. FUTURE STUDIES Studies of the microbiota of San Diego Bay and nearby coastal waters are of timely interest because large changes are to be expected in this region in the near future. The domestic and industrial wastes from a city of over half a million people released in San Diego harbor have certainly altered it from its past primitive conditions. These wastes are now largely diverted from San Diego Bay by a deep ocean outfall extending 13,500 feet seaward from Point Loma, beyond the kelp beds. Additional studies of the planktonic and benthic microbiota 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 37 are needed throughout the eight-mile length of the Point Loma kelp area, in Mission Bay and San Diego bay, and in one or more highly productive kelp beds. This study was intended to evaluate the microscopic algae and protozoa, and if possible to relate kinds and numbers to the condition of the kelp. But future studies should include experimental approaches to the life cycle of kelp as affected by the microbiota. They should include what microorganisms are predatory on kelp gametes, gametophytes, and zoospores. Turbidity effects tolerated by young kelp and turbidity produced by microorganisms need more study, as do all forms of competition between juvenile kelp and associated microbiota. The ecological roles of ciliates, zooflagellates, colorless euglenids, fungi and bacteria in giant-kelp beds largely await definition. The ecology and taxonomy of diatoms and dinoflagellates in San Diego Bay, macroscopic kelp predators and encrusting animals also merit further attention. SUMMARY During July and August, 1959, the plankton in 69 samples and the benthos in 36 samples from eight stations in and near San Diego Bay were listed qualitatively and quantitatively. The samples were taken at about weekly intervals. The examinations revealed a high plankton pro- duction in San Diego Bay for the period of observation. Over 340 species or genera of algae, protozoa and sulfur bacteria were represented in the samples. The more frequent and denser blooms observed in San Diego harbor indicated considerable fertilization from the surrounding urban population. Inhibiting as well as stimulating influences of organic wastes were apparent in the planktonic and benthic microbiota. Coastal dinoflagel- lates were almost absent from the fertilized sections of San Diego harbor which bore large populations of photosynthetic microflagellates and other small algae. Fertilizing materials were evidently transformed and greatly diluted within the bay, since at the outermost stations there was a large diminution of the plankton and changes in its species composition. No particular indicator organisms were found. The species found in San Diego harbor were practically all present at the coastal control station, which showed the greatest array of species. Sulfur-depositing bacteria, when abundant, indicated deposits of organic matter and partial to complete anaerobism in the mud. Chlorococcales were assumed to indicate soluble organic substances in the parts of the bay where they were most abundant. On the basis of planktonic Volvocales, Station II opposite National City was the only sampling point in San Diego Bay that showed evidence of recent organic enrichment. The large numbers of colorless euglenids in the mud-water interface indicates an im- portant role for them in the mineralization of organic matter. They were probably second in importance to the bacteria in this function. Since most of the solid materials eventually reach the bottom, their role in the transformation of organic sediment needs critical evaluation. Ciliates are probably the third most important group at the sediment-water interface. Dino- flagellates occurred infrequently in the sediment-water interface, but their effects include some reaeration due to photosynthesis and they were not aggregated except in a thin film at the inter- face. They were mainly planktonic, and the fertilized harbor water apparently decreased the number of dinoflagellate species and the frequency of their occurrence. Several phytoplankton categories (e.g. Cryptomonadaceae, Chlorococcales, Volvocales) which attained outstanding numbers in fertilized sections of San Diego harbor seemed to be retained there as a characteris- tic resident population. A related distribution was observed for the red ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (Cyclotrichium meuneri) , which attained bloom proportions in South San Diego Bay with a progressive diminution in numbers toward the harbor entrance. 38 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 LITERATURE CITED Allen, M. B. 1955. General features of algal growth in sewage oxidation ponds. State Water Pollu- tion Control Board, Publ. 13. Sacramento, California, pp. 1-48. Allen, M. B., E. C. Dougherty, and J. J. A. McLaughlin 1959. Chromoprotein pigments of some cryptomonad flagellates. Nature 184:1047-49. Allen, W. 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New or interesting algae from brackish water. Arch, fur Protistenkunde 90: 1-68. Clendenning, Kenneth A. 1959a. The effects of waste discharges on kelp. Red Tide: Some properties of marine leptopel. Univ. Calif. Inst. Marine Resources, La Jolla, IMR Ref. 59-4. pp. 1-25. 1959b. Red tide studies, 1958. Univ. Calif. Inst. Marine Resources, La Jolla. IMR Ref. 59-8. pp. 10-13. 1965} Lackey and Clendenning: Microbiota of San Diego Bay 39 Clendenning, Kenneth A., and Wheeler J. North 1960. The effects of wastes upon the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Waste Disposal in the Marine Environment. Pergamon Press, London, pp. 81-92. Clendenning, Kenneth A., and M. C. Sargent 1958. Physiology and biochemistry of giant kelp. Univ. Calif. Inst. Marine Resources, La Jolla. IMR Ref. 58-10. pp. 1-44. Cupp, Easter E. 1943. Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of North America. Bull. Scripps Inst, of Oceanog., Tech. Ser., 5: 1-238. Emery, K. O. 1960. The Sea off Southern California. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, xii + 366 pp. Faure-Fremiet, E. 1950. Ecologie des cilies psammophiles littoraux. Biol, de la France et de la Belgique, Bull. 84:35-75. 1951. The marine sand-dwelling ciliates of Cape Cod. Biol. Bull. 100:59-70. Fox, Denis L., John D. Isaacs, and Eugene F. Corcoran 1952. Marine leptopel, its recovery, measurement and distribution. Jour. Marine Re- search 11:29-46. Haxo, F. T., and D. Fork 1959. Photosynthetically active assessory pigments of cryptomonads. Nature 184:1051- 1052. Kahl, a. 1930-1935. In Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Ciliata. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Teil 21, Nos. 1-4, pp. 1-886. KiTTREDGE, J. S., AND CORCORAN, E. F. 1955. Pitting corrosion problems in the reserve fleet ships, a survey of causative factors. Univ. Calif. Inst. Marine Resources, La Jolla. IMR Ref. 55-2, Jan. 12, 1955. An IMR publication in typescript form only. KoFoiD, Charles Atwood, and Olive Swezy 1921. The Free-living Unarmored Dinoflagellata. Mem. Univ. Calif. 5. viii + 562 pp. Berkeley. L.^CKEY, James B. 1942. The effects of distillery wastes and waters on the microscopic flora and fauna of a small creek. Public Fiealth Reports 57:253-268. 1957. A new, large ciliate from Warm Mineral Springs. Quart. Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci. 20:255-260. 1960. Calkinsia aureus gen. et. sp. nov.: a new marine euglenid. Trans. Amer. Micro- scopical Soc. Vol. Ixxix: 105-107. 1961. Bottom sampling and environmental niches. Limnol. and Oceanog. 6:271-279. Lackey, James B., Wilson T. Calaway, and George B. Morgan 1956. Biological purification of citrus wastes. Sewage and Industrial Wastes 28:538-546. Lackey, James B., and R. M. Dixon 1943. Some biological aspects of the Hays process of sewage treatment. Sewage Works Journal 4:1139-1152. Lackey, James B., and Jacqueline A. Hynes 1955. The Florida Gulf Coast red tide. Engineering Progress at the Univ. of Florida, Bull. Ser. 70, 9(2), pp. 1-23. 40 San Diego Society of Natural History [Vol. 14 North, Wheeler J. 1958. The effects of waste discharges on kelp. Univ. Calif. Inst. Marine Resources, La Jolla. IMR Ref. 58-11. pp. 1-41. 1960. A history of the kelp areas in southern California near submarine outfalls. Univ. Calif. Inst. Marine Resources, La Jolla. IMR Ref. 60-4. pp. 1-38. NUSBAUM, ISADORE, AND HaROLD E. MiLLER 1952. The oxygen resources of San Diego Bay. Sewage and Industrial Wastes 24:1512-1527. Oh Eocha, Colin, and M. Raftery 1959. Phycoerythrins and phycocyanins of cryptomonads. Nature 184:1049-1051. Parke, M., I. Manton, and B. Clarke 1955. Studies on marine flagellates, II: Three new species of Chrysochromiilina. United Kingdom Marine Biol. Assn. Jour. 34:559-609. Reish, Donald J. 1957. Effect of pollution on marine life. Industrial Wastes 2:114-116. Rice, Theodore R. 1954. Biotic influences affecting population growth of planktonic algae. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fishery Bull. 87, Vol. 54:226-259. Ruinen, J. 1938. Notizen uber Salzflagellaten II: Uber die Verbreitung der Salzflagellaten, Arch, fur Protistenkunde 90:210-258. Ryther, J. H., R. F. Vaccaro, E. M. Hulbert, C. S. Yentsch, and R. R. L. Gulliard 1958. Report on a Survey of the Chemistry, Biology and Hydrography of Great South Bay and Moriches Bay Conducted during June and September, 1958, for the Townships of Islip and Brookhaven, Long Island, New York. Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst., Woods Hole, Mass. unpublished manuscript, Ref. No. 58-57, pp. 1-18 + 16. San Diego Marine Advisors 1959. Oceanographic Conditions Prior to Discharge of Wastes from Proposed Disposal System. Final Report prepared for the City of San Diego, 1958-59. SiLVA, P. C, AND G. F. Papenfuss 1953. A Systematic Study of the Algae of Sewage Oxidation Ponds. State Water Pol- lution Control Board Publ., Sacramento, Calif, pp. 1-36. Sleggs, George F. 1927. Marine phytoplankton in the region of La Jolla, California, during the summer of 1924. Bull. Scripps Inst, of Oceanog., Tech. Ser., 1:93-117. Sweeney, Beatrice M., and Kenneth A. Clendenning 1958. The phytoplankton of San Diego Bay. Quart. Prog. Rept. Oct. 1 - Dec. 1957, IMR Ref. 58-2. pp. 1-16. Wing, Bruce L., and Kenneth A. Clendenning 1959. Motile invertebrates of Macrocystls pyrijera fronds. Univ. Calif. Inst. Marine Resources, La Jolla. IMR Ref. 59-6. pp. 1-36. Wohnus, J. F. 1942. The kelp resources of southern California. Calif. Fish and Game 28:199-205. MUS. COMP. ZOOL LIBRARY AUG 2^ 1965 HARVARD TRANSACTIONS UNIVERSITY. OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY •"^"^ Volume 14, No. 3, pp. 41-52 NOTES ON BIRDS OF NORTHWESTERN BAJA CALIFORNIA BY Lester L. Short, Jr. Systematic Ornithologist U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service AND Richard C. Banks Curator of Birds and Mammals San Diego Natural History Museum SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society August 4, 1965 0-C Ci5 CJ i1 **" .2 '*-» - — > to vo 00 _• .-■> O 2 « 0. re li CO 2 s 0 ^^ -60o n 1, o f' u o Q/ ^ VO ^U--^ -.h s S ?^ n3 O ri ^Sa C -^ ro Ui 0 ~E c '-1-I O "rt -z'i u , a; ^ c CQ a; — •- 1- T3 0) C C aj ;-< C re"-" 4J j:: -0 O o ui j: ■- o o ^ is ^ o g u. t/l ^ ni c o "O (X o c «— S o .2; UJ S *-> ^ re ° u IJ > c o 1* -S 1/1 C — 3 re re -oZ S H 11 3 E c ^^ 3 ™ ^" DO oj , O _c j: — tl! ^ s,^- C 4J >-i C/5 s ^J y^^V ^ C ~c n! G (1) J ^i Q. ^ >-. M-< o o o. Vi Q^ u ^ w \) Cl- in • '^ > lU o c _r, . *~* a. « i) _c H ~w 'ij (N s o _Q tn S o y u -. ■^*!'r*l*''"te«