Nl HARVARD UNIVERSITY mm LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 15 1968-1969 Printed from the W. W. Whitney Publication Endowment COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION KURT K. BOHNSACK JOSEPH R. JEHL, JR. BAYLOR BROOKS RICHARD P. PHILLIPS JOHN A. COMSTOCK, M.D. ARNOLD ROSS EDWARD CREUTZ CHARLES YORK CARL L. HUBBS HERBERT F. YORK MUS. COMP. ZOCL. LIBRARY OEC 1 ! 1969 HARVARD UNiVERsj-nj CONTENTS 1. Geographic and seasonal variation in Smith's longspur, Calcarius pictus. By Joseph R. Jehl, Jr. 8 January 1968 1-6 2. New Panamic nudibranchs (Gastropoda; Opisthobranchia) from the Gulf of California. By James R. Lance. 8 January 1968 7-20 3. Thermal relations, distribution, and habitat of Cnemidophorus labialis (Sauria: Teiidae). By Dennis L. Bostic. 5 June 1968 21-30 4. Castela polyandra, a new species in a new section; union of Holacantha with Castela (Simaroubaceae). By Reid Moran and Richard Felger. 5 June 1968 31-40 5. Recent data on summer birds of the Chiricahua Mountains area, southeast- ern Arizona. By J. David Ligon and Russell P. Balda. 5 June 1968 41-50 6. A biological survey of Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Mexico. I. General account. By J. Laurens Barnard and John R. Grady. 17 June 1968 51-66 7. A biological survey of Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Mexico. II. Benthic polychaetous annelids. By Donald J. Reish. 17 June 1968 67-106 8. A biological survey of Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Mexico. III. Benthic Mollusca. By Eugene V. Coan. 25 September 1968 107-132 9. Type specimens of birds in the San Diego Natural History Museum. By Joseph R. Jehl, Jr. 25 September 1968 133-139 10. Geographic variation in the cling fish, Gobiesox eugrammus Briggs. By David W. Greenfield and James W. Wiley. 25 September 1968 141-147 1 1 . Five new taxa of Haplopappus (Compositae) from Baja California, Mexico. By Reid Moran. 12 February 1969 149-164 12. Fossil grouse of the genus Dendragapus. By Joseph R. Jehl, Jr. 12 Februarv 1969 165-174 13. A biological survey of Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Mexico. IV. Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea). By J. Laurens Barnard. 27 June 1969 .... 175-228 14. A recent molluscan fauna from the Caribbean coast of southeastern Pan- ama. By George E. Radwin. 27 June 1969 229-236 15. Studies on the Tetraclitidae (Cirripedia: Thoracica): Revision of Tetraclita. By Arnold Ross. 22 September 1969 237-251 16. Type specimens of mammals in the San Diego Natural History Museum. By Suzanne I. Bond. 3 October 1969 252-263 17. Twelve new dicots from Baja California, Mexico. By Reid Moran. 15 Octo- ber 1969 265-295 18. Observations on a young pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata Gray) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Bv William F. Perrin and Carl L. Hubbs. 24 November 1969 297-308 LIBRARY JAN 25 HARVARD UNIVERSITY GEOGRAPHIC AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN SMITHS LONGSPUR, CALCARIUS PICTUS JOSEPH R. JEHL, JR. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 15, NO. 1, 8JANUARY 1968 LIBRARY GEOGRAPHIC AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN SMITH'S LONGSPUR, CALCARIUS PICTUS Joseph R. Jehl, Jr. JAN 25 HARVARD UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT Color differences that have been used to define races of Smith's Longspur result from seasonal wear and fading of the breeding plumage. There is no demonstrable geographic variation in this species. Smith's Longspur (Calcarius pictns) is an endemic species of the Nearctic sub- arctic avifauna (Johansen, 1963) that breeds from north-central Alaska eastward to Cape Henrietta Maria, Ontario (A.O.U., 1957; Gabrielson and Lincoln, 1959; Godfrey, 1966; Kemsies, 1961); apparently a small population breeds in northwestern British Columbia (Rand, 1948; Weeden, 1960). Owing to insufficient data from Alaska and central Canada, the breeding distribution of this species cannot be mapped accurately. The map (Fig. 1) is based on the assumption that throughout its range, as at Churchill, Manitoba (Jehl, Ms.), Smith's Longspur breeds primarily in the narrow belt of tundra bordering the treeline {i.e., the forest-tundra of Johansen, 1963). In a recent study, Kemsies (1961) argued that three subspecies of Smith's Long- spur should be recognized. The approximate ranges of these races are shown in Figure 1. According to Kemsies, males in breeding plumage from north-central Alaska (C. p. roiveorum) are browner dorsally and deeper orange ventrally than males of the nomi- Figure 1. Presumed breeding range of Smith's Longspur. The distribution of races recognized by Kemsies (1961) is indicated. the : San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5 nate race, which breeds from extreme northeastern Alaska to the northeastern corner of Manitoba. Males from the Hudson Bay Coast of Ontario (C. p. mersi) are blacker dorsally and paler ventrally than nominate pictus. Thus, from west to east male Smith's Longspurs exhibit increasing blackness of the dorsum but increasing paleness of the venter. The apparently well-marked racial differences are clearly illustrated in Kemsies' Figure 1 (1961: 144). Females show parallel though less conspicuous clinal variation. In the summers of 1965, 1966, and 1967, I studied the breeding biology of Smith's Longspur at Churchill, Manitoba (Jehl, Ms.). Specimens collected for data on repro- ductive biology and feeding habits were taken without conscious selection throughout the summer, except that in 1966 and 1967 I selected for territorial or known breeding birds. I made no attempt to sample plumage variation present in the population at any one time, nor to collect birds that appeared to be migrating. Since Churchill is in the eastern half of the range of C. p. pictus, I was surprised to discover breeding birds fitting the description of each of the alleged races in my sample. Further study showed that variation in the Churchill population is clearly attributable to seasonal wear and fading of the breeding plumage. Birds collected in the first days of June are brightly colored and can be referred to roweorum; throughout most of June pictus predominates; by late June the first mersi appear and by mid-July the entire population is dark-backed and pale-bellied. The seasonal variation in males is shown in Figure 2 (cf. Kemsies' Fig. 1; 1961: 144). The specimens illustrate approxi- mately average plumage coloration and wear in the population at the time they were collected. I emphasize that they represent breeding birds. There is no possibility that birds taken in June were migrants to Alaska, where nesting commences earlier than at Churchill (Irving, 1960: 124-125), or that the July birds were post-breeding wan- derers from Ontario. Females do not show such extreme seasonal variation, presumably because of their reduced activity during incubation. A re-examination of Kemsies' data suggests that he was misled by biased sampling and inadequate material, and that seasonal rather than geographic variation accounts for the differences he recognized. For example, 14 of the 15 Alaskan specimens that he assigned to roweorum were collected between 27 May and 9 June (type collected 4 June), when birds are still in relatively unworn plumage. The entire series of mersi from Ontario (45 specimens) was collected between 22 June and 10 August (type collected 31 July); most of these specimens can be expected to show advanced stages of wear and fading. Inadequate samples plus seasonal variation could also explain several of Kemsies' additional, and otherwise puzzling, findings. 1. I he existence of three well-marked races along a narrow belt of tundra that is not interrupted by any obvious barriers to gene flow. 2. The small breeding ranges of roueorum and mersi. 3. The opposite trends in clinal variation of dorsal and ventral coloration noted above. 4. The abundance of roueorum during migration. Kemsies referred 5/ of 66 speci- mens collected south of the breeding grounds in April and May to roueorum and the remainder to pictus. If those assigned to roueorum are other than freshly molted in- s difficult to explain the far greater abundance of the race with the much needing grounds, especially since Gabrielson and Lincoln (1959: 818) state that Smith's longspurs are not common in Alaska. ate numbers of roweorum also occur in fall. Of 24 specimens taken breeding grounds between 15 August and 30 October, Kemsies assigned "?, 3 to pictus, even though he gave no criteria by which the races could bc distingt the nonbreeding plumage! If he assumed that roweorum would be 1968 Jehl: Variation in Smith's Longspur Figure 2. Seasonal plumage variation in male Smith's Longspurs collected at Churchill, Manitoba. Top and bottom, left to right: 2 June 1966; 9 June 1967; 11 June 1966; 16 June 1965; 25 June 1966; 1 July 1966; 11 July 1966. 4 San Diego Society or Natural History Vol. 15 brow [km- at .ill seasons, he would have consequently assigned most of the fresh-plumaged birds to that race. 5. The virtual absence of mersi away from the breeding grounds. Kemsies lists only one migrant specimen of mersi (Hamilton, Kansas, 21 March 1914). Since the breeding range of this subspecies is approximately as large as that of roweorum, and since mersi would appear to be relatively common on the Ontario coast (26 specimens collected in 1948, alone), the relative disproportion is especially notable. 6. The relative abundance of the races in Ohio. Smith's Longspurs do not nor- mally occur east of Ohio and one would predict that many, perhaps most, of the spring migrants in that state would be referrable to the easternmost breeding population. Yet, /5 of the 20 specimens listed by Kemsies taken between 19 March and 24 April are assigned to roweorum and the remainder are classified as pictus. However, if the alleged geographic variation is seasonal, the racial identifications and the absence of mersi are not surprising, for at this season birds are molting into fresh plumage and are unworn. Through the courtesy of the curators acknowledged below, I have been able to examine most of the specimens from the breeding grounds on which Kemsies based his descriptions, and to compare them with seasonally comparable material from Churchill. Specimens examined (see Appendix) included 19 from Alaska, including the type of you corn in, 21 from the Northwest Territories, 3 5 from Churchill, and 3 8 from the Ontario coast, including the entire series of mersi paratypes. Of these 6 5 per cent had been examined previously by Kemsies. My study confirmed that seasonal variation was the basis for Kemsies' conclusions. All specimens from Churchill and those that Kemsies had assigned to pictus were indistinguishable from those assigned to roweorum or mersi, provided they acre compared with specimens taken at the same stage of the breed- ing cycle and acre in a comparable stage of wear. Moreover, even some slightly worn specimens of roweorum from Alaska (e.g., U. S. National Museum no. 454878, Summit, Alaska, 3 June 1952) were inseparable from relatively unworn specimens of mersi (e.g., Royal Ontario Mus. Zool. no. 93 5 57, 20 mi. S. Cape Henrietta Maria, 14 July 1948). Furthermore, I found no differences between several juveniles from Churchill and one from the Ontario coast, or between Churchill birds in fresh non-breeding plumage and a specimen from Alkavik, NWT, previously assigned to roweorum. Ontario birds in non-breeding plumage and Alaskan juveniles were not available. Kemsies' data did not indicate geographic size variation in this species. I also found no differences between Churchill and Alaskan birds (Table 1); unworn specimens from Ontario were not available for comparison. The wing and tail measurements of Churchill males taken in late July average nearly 2 mm shorter than those collected in early June. To reduce possible error, the dimensions of males collected after 20 June were not in- cluded in Table 1. TABLE 1 Ml ASURIMl-NTS OF SMITH'S LONGSPURS1 I uposed Oilmen Wing (Chord) Tail Tarsus No. Range and Mean No. Range and Mean No. Range and Mean No. Range and Mean Churchill males IS 9.9-11.7 (10.6) II 88-94 (91.8) n 59-67 (63.7) 18 20-22 (20.9) Alaskan males \\ 9.9-11.4 (10.6) 13 87-95 (92.2) 12 57-65 (62.5) 13 20-23.5 (20.9) Churchill females 9 9.9-11.4 (10.4) 9 84-90 (87.5) 9 57-60 (58.8) 9 20-23.5 (20.9) Alaska females 4 9.7-10.3 (10.0) 6 87-91 (88.4) 6 58-62 (60.0) 6 20-21.5 (20.6) 'Oilmen measured to n iresr 0.1 mm, tarsus to nearest 0.5 mm, wing and tail to nearest 1 mm. Wing and tail measurements from Churchill males collected after 20 June are omitted (see text for explanation). All Alaskan specimens were collected on or before 20 June. 1968 Jehl: Variation in Smith's Longspur > In summary, Smith's Longspur shows no taxonomically recognizable geographic variation in either plumage coloration or size. Therefore, acceptance of the proposed races must be withheld. Acknowledgments I am grateful to the Frank M. Chapman Fund of the American Museum of Natural History, The University of Michigan, the National Science Foundation, and the San Diego Society of Natural History for supporting my field work at Churchill, Manitoba. The following persons kindly made specimens available for study: Richard C. Banks and Richard L. Zusi, United States National Museum; Jon C. Barlow, Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology; Tom J. Cade, Cornell University; W. Earl Godfrey, National Museum of Canada; Kenneth C. Parkes, Carnegie Museum. W. Earl Godfrey, Harrison B. Tordoff and D. J. T. Hussell offered helpful suggestions on the manuscript. Literature Cited American Ornithologists' Union 1957. Check-list of North American birds. Fifth ed. Gabrielson, I. N., and F. C. Lincoln 195 9. The birds of Alaska. Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Penna., and Wildlife Management Inst., Washington, D.C. Godfrey, W. E. 1966. The birds of Canada. Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 203. Irving, L. 1960. Birds of Anaktuvuk Pass, Kobuk, and Old Crow. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 217. Jehl, J. R, Jr. Ms. The breeding biology of Smith's Longspur, Calcarius pictu\. Johansen, H. 1963. Zoogeographical aspects of the birds of the subarctic. Proc. XIII Intern. Ornithol. Cong.: 1117-1123. Kemsies, E. 1961. Subspeciation in the Smith's Longspur, Calcarius pictus. Canad. Field-Nat. 75: 143-149. Rand, A. L. 1949. Distributional notes on Canadian birds. Canad. Field-Nat. 62: 175-180. Weeden, R. B. 1960. The birds of Chilkat Pass, British Columbia. Canad. Field-Nat. 74: 119-129. Manuscript Received 23 October 1967 Appendix Specimens Examined ALASKA. Anaktuvuk Pass (8): June 3, 4 (3), 5, 8, 19, 20. Summit (2): June 3, 9. Giant Creek (1): June 2. Tolugak Creek (7): May 27, 28 (2), 29, June 4, 5, 9. Contact Creek (1): June 20. MAC- KENZIE DISTRICT, NWT. Fort Good Hope (3): May 31. Fort Simpson (16): May 18, 20 (10), 21 (2), 25 (2), 26. Aklavik (2): May 26, August 19. MANITOBA. Churchill (35): June 2 (2), 4 (3), 9 (4), 11 (3), 13, 16 (3), 18, 2 5, 3 0, July 1, 9, 11 (2), 13 (2), 15, 16 (2), 22, 24, August 12 (2), 25, 26 (2). ONTARIO. Little Cape (9): July 2 9, 31 (5), August 1 (3). Fort Severn (6): June 2 2 (2). 27 (2), July 1, 14. Winisk (1): June 30. 54 mi. below Hawley Lake (1): June 22. W.icliee Creek (1): June 25. Cape Henrietta Maria (19): July 2 (2), 3 (3), 5 (3), 7, 9 (2), 12 (2), 14 (6). 20 mi. S. Cape Henrietta Maria (1): July 14. /ARD UNIVERSITY NEW PANAMIC NUDIBRANCHS (GASTROPODA; OPISTHOBRANCH1A) FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA JAMES R. LANCE TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 15, NO. 2, 8 JANUARY 1968 L ":Y JAN? HARVARD UNIVERSITY Plate 1. Ncmbrotha hubbsi, sp. nov. Kodachrome by Wesley M. Farmer. Acanthodoris stohleri, sp. nov. Ektachrome by Walter E. Harvey es K. Lance. NEW PANAMIC NUDIBRANCHS (GASTROPODA: OPISTHOBRANCHIA) FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA James R. Lance1 ABSTRACT Three new species of shell-less euthyneuran mollusks from the northern part of the Panamic faunal province are described. These are: Chromodorh faycac sp. now, Acanthodoris stohlcri sp. nov. and Nembrotha hubbsi sp. nov. The last taxon represents the first record for this genus in the eastern Pacific. Other northeastern Pacific species of the treated genera are compared and dis- cussed. Anatomical details and geographic ranges are provided. Although some 1600 species of mollusks have been reported from the Panamic faunal province (Keen, 1958: 7), only 20 species of nudibranchs (Order Nudibranchia) are known from the region. This small number of species reflects a general disinterest of malacologists in observing and collecting shell-less mollusks and, in part, the inaccessi- bility of the region, rather than a paucity of material. Expeditions to the Gulf of Cali- fornia undertaken between 1962 and 1967, by the San Diego Natural History Museum, the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, and the writer, have collected large numbers of these animals. These collections apparently include many new species, of which three are described below. Numerous individuals of each species from different geographic localities have been compared and color transparencies have been made of the animals in life. The illustrations portray typical individuals from the obtained samples. The systematic treatment follows Odhner's (1939) revision. Species Accounts Family Dorididae Subfamily Chromodoridinae Chromodoris fayeae sp. nov. Type material. — Holotype: California Academy of Sciences, Department of In- vertebrate Zoology no. 314. Collected 6 March 1966 in the rocky, lower intertidal region at Santa Cruz, Nayarit, Mexico (approximately ten miles south of San Bias); 21°30'N, 105°16'W. Paratypes: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History nos. 19669 (two specimens collected 6 March 1966) and 2 5 000 (15 specimens collected 4 February 1967). Description. — The largest specimen measured 47 mm long and 1 1 mm broad while crawling actively. The notum is moderately expanded in front and behind, nar- rower in the middle and completely covers the foot except posteriorly where the pointed tail protrudes (Fig. 1). The notal surface is soft and smooth, its margins entire when the animal is gliding, but it may become crenulate when the animal is irritated. The vertical sides of the body are completely covered by the notum, and are not partially exposed as in HypscloJoris californiensis (Bergh, 1879). The spectacular color pattern of C. fayeae at once distinguishes it from all other described northeastern Pacific opisthobranchs. The general ground color is pure white, not the colorless translucency of many other species. Three distinct, uninterrupted lines of contrasting color occur around the notal brim: an inner band of opaque white, which contrasts with the pellucid white of the body, a central line of vivid red, and a !Stazione Zoologica di Napoli. Present address: 746 Agate St., San Diego, California 92109. San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15 Fig. 1 10mm Fig. 2 Fig. 3 1968 Lance: New Panamic Nudibranchs 5 marginal edging of brilliant yellow. This same pattern is repeated around the foot mar- gins. It is most intense posteriorly and gradually fades anteriorly and disappears at about the level of the rhinophores. The inner and outer surfaces of the distal portions of the branchial stems are red. The perfoliate regions of the rhinophores are colored a similar but darker red, especially on their anterior and posterior axial ridges. Some preserved specimens retained a faint trace of red after one year in 70 per cent isopropyl alcohol, but this was lost after the second year. The opaque white and yellow bands faded two months after preservation. Anteriorly the foot is expanded and produced into sharp corners (Fig. 2). Its frontal margin is rounded, deeply bilabiate and entire, not notched. The lateral margins are nearly parallel except posteriorly, where they converge to form a pointed tail with a low dorsomedian crest. The anterolateral corners of the head are produced into short, digitform tentacles, between which the mouth appears as a longitudinal slit (Fig. 2a, b). The rhinophores are completely retractile into chambers which bear sheaths with low, smooth margins. These sensory organs are relatively short but deeply perfoliate with 21 lamellae (in a 36 mm specimen) joined by a longitudinal septum on both the anterior and posterior faces. The elegantly developed branchiae are simply pinnate, although some of the anterior primary stems may bifurcate distally. They are completely retractile within a cavitv bearing a low, smooth margin and are disposed in an arc with enrolled extremities similar to those described and figured by Eliot (1904) for several species of Indo- Pacific chromodorids. The 24 to 32 branchiae gradually decrease in size toward the extremities of the enrolled arc. Except for momentary periods of quiescence, these ap- pendages are continually in motion. The movement of each branchium is a rapid twitching from side to side and is entirely unlike the rhythmical circulatory pulsations observed in the respiratory appendages of many other cryptobranch dorids. Eliot (1904) has reported similar branchial motion for Chromodorh annulata, C. runcinata, C. tryoni and Casella atromarginata. Gohar and Aboul-Ela (1957) have observed sideward vibra- tions in Chromodor'n pitlchclla and C. annulata from the Red Sea. Such a respiratory adaptation is obviously advantageous to organisms inhabiting waters low in dissolved oxygen. The labial armature consists of a horn-colored, circular band of minute rodlets arranged in an irregular series. Each rodlet is flexed near its midpoint (from nearly straight to about 90°) and terminates in a bifid cusp (Fig. 3b). From above, only the bifid hooks and portions of their supporting rods are evident (Fig. 3a). Bergh (1905, pi. 16) figures similar labial elements for a number of Indo-Pacific chromodorids. The radula is broad and deeply grooved medially. The teeth and basal membrane are colorless in freshly killed individuals. The radular formula from a typical specimen is 129 x 42. 1. 42. An average dental row consists of a dwarf but robust rachidian tooth with a blunt cusp (Fig. 4a) flanked on each side by a series of unicuspidate lateral teeth that very gradually increase in size outward (Figs. 4b,c,d). The inner laterals bear a linear series of 6 to 8 denticles on the outer sides of the cusps and fewer on the inner. The denticles decrease in number outward and become obsolete at about the level of the 3 0th tooth. The outermost laterals are smooth hamate hooks with elongated bases. White, stellate spicules of two principal size classes were found imbedded in the Figures 1-5. Chromodor'n fayeae. 1. Dorsal aspect of animal in life. 2. Anteroventr.il aspect of animal in life: a. oral tentacle; b. mouth; c. upper foot lip; d. lower foot lip; e. foot; f. hyponotum. 3. Elements of the labial armature: a. top view of exposed por- tion of elements in situ; b. lateral view of three typical elements freed from matrix. 4. Representative teeth from left side of 60th row of radula: a. rachidian; b. 1st lateral; c. 2nd lateral; d. outermost tooth (42nd). 5. Representative spicules from innermost layers of notal epidermal tissue; the two size classes are illustrated. 6 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15 inner epiderm.il layers of the notum in freshly killed specimens (Fig. 5). They were concentrated in a loose band circumscribing the margins of the body cavity. The larger elements attained a maximum diameter of 140/t while the smaller were about half that size. No trace of a penial armature was found. Distribution. — This species has been taken on the open Pacific coast of mainland Mexico and from several localities within the Gulf of California: (1) Bahia San Luis Gonzaga, 23 September 1962, 1 specimen; (2) Isla Angel de la Guarda, 1957, 7 speci- mens; (3) Isla Santa Cruz, 26 June 1964, 9 specimens; (4) Mazatlan (yacht club cove), 20 December 1961, 2 specimens; (5) Santa Cruz, Nayarit (type locality), 6 March 1966, 4 specimens; 4 February 1967, 16 specimens; (6) Tentacatita, Jalisco, 6 February 1963, 1 specimen. Vertical distribution of the animals ranged from lower intertidal to 37 feet. Name. — The specific patronym fayeae was chosen to honor Faye B. Howard, Re- search Associate in Conchology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, in recog- nition of her many outstanding contributions to our knowledge of Panamic mollusks. Discussion. — Following the opinions of Odhner (1957: 250-253), Gohar and Aboul-Ela (1957: 204), Marcus and Marcus (1960: 901), Burn (1962: 152), Farmer (1963: 81) and Marcus and Burch (1965: 247-248), I reject the generic name Glosso- doris Ehrenberg, 1831, in favor of Chromodoris Alder and Hancock, 1855, for species of Chromodoridinae with unicuspidate lateral teeth, and Hypselodoris Stimpson, 185 5, for those bearing bicuspidate ones. This choice is necessary because the radula of Ehren- berg's Glossodoris has never been examined. For a review of this controversy see Odhner (1957). According to these views the present species must be assigned to Chromodoris on the basis of its gross morphology, dwarf rachidian, and unicuspidate radular teeth. Marcus (1965: 272-273) observed that elements of the labial armature, which gen- erally consist of rodlets, either simple or terminating in a bifid hook, or are scale-like platelets, are of taxonomic significance in the Chromodoridinae. Thus, the flexed rodlets with terminal bifid hooks of the present species further substantiate its generic assignment. This is the third endemic chromodorid described from the Panamic region. Family Gymnodorididae Nembrotha hubbsi sp. nov. (Plate 1) Type material. — Holotype: California Academy of Sciences, Department of In- vertebrate Zoology no. 315. Collected 21 April 1962 at a depth of 10 m near Isla la Ventana, Bahia de Los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico; 28°55'N., 113°32'W. Paratypes: California Academy of Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology no. 316 (one specimen); Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History no. 23705 (one specimen). Collecting data for paratypes same as holotype. Description. -- Dimensions of actively crawling individuals observed by Farmer and Sloan were: length, 38, 32, 21, 25, 19 mm; width, 9, 9, 4, 4, 3 mm; height, 11, I I, 3.5, 6, 4 mm, respectively. However, one preserved specimen from Isla la Ventana measured 5 4 mm in length, indicating that live animals may grow to be at least 60-70 mm long. I he general body shape is limaciform, rounded in front, highest in the cardiac region and tapering to a pointed tail. The surface is smooth, not furnished with tubercles, papillae, or extra-branchial processes. The head region is provided with a 1 frontal veil which passes around the anterolateral corners and becomes obsolete ibout i Ik- level of the rhinophores. Distinct pallia! ridges are not present. striking coloration of this species at once separates it from all other north- tuu idibranchs. The background color is a deep yellow ochre. Five longi- 1968 Lance: New Panamic Nuoibranchs tudinal cerulean blue stripes of varying width, bordered on each side by a narrow line of intense blue-black or black, occur on each side of the body and extend for most of the length. A similar stripe arises medially in the head region, passes back between the rhinophores, is interrupted in the branchial region, and continues posteriorly. Most of the lines converge on the tip of the tail. The inner surfaces of the branchiae arc dark blue-black; their outer faces a deep yellow ochre with a blue line running up the pri- mary stem. The rhinophores are dark blue-black. The general color pattern is retained after five years in 70 per cent alcohol. The prominent rhinophores are perfoliate and retractile within chambers bear- ing low, smooth, upstanding sheaths. The number of rhinophoral lamellae was not determined. There is a circlet of 5 branchiae located medially on the posterior slope of the cardiac hump. As in other gymnodorids, the branchiae are not retractile within a subepidermal chamber but are highly contractile. Due to maceration, the configuration of the finer structures of the branchiae could not be determined. The radular morphology was determined from one of the larger specimens (41 mm preserved). The formula at the level of the 10th row was 3 5 x 3-4. 1. 1. 1. 3-4. The rachidian teeth (Fig. 6a) consist of thickened arched bases with the extremities de- rachidians reported for other species of Nembrotha (Eales, 1938: 96; Marcus, 1956: 47). veloped into upstanding subequal prongs, and are much more robust than the delicate A well developed central cusp, as in N. gracilis Bergh, 1877 (pi. 56) and N. rubro- papulosa Bergh, 190 5 (pi. 18) is lacking in N. hubbsi. The prominent first laterals are U-shaped with asymetrical extremities terminating in a pair of long sharp points (Fig. 6b). The outer side of the shoulder bears a grooved process which apparently hinges with the first marginal plate. The 3 to 4 marginal plates are greatly reduced irregular triangles and decrease in size outwards (Fig. 6c, d, e, f). The attached bases of the rachidians and first laterals, and upper portions of the outer marginal plates are a dark yellowish-brown; the free portions are colorless. A labial cuticle was not found. Mr. Farmer (personal communication) has observed this species swimming in an aquarium by undulating its body from side to side in a manner similar to that of Flabellinopsis iodinia (Cooper, 1862). Distribution. — To date this species has been collected only in the northern part of the Gulf of California. Five specimens were obtained by Prof. Hubbs and party from: (1) Isla la Ventana (type locality), 3 specimens; (2) reef betwen Isla la Ventana — ■■■! '.■'■ I I I l i Figure 6. Nembrotha hubbsi. Typical teeth from 10th row of radula: a. rachidian; b. 1st lateral; c-f. marginals. 8 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5 and [sla Cabeza de Caballo, 1 specimen; (3) Punta Que Malo, 1 specimen. All localities are within Bahia de los Angeles. Additional material was collected by Wesley Farmer and John Sloan in May, 1962, and March, 1963, at Isla Cerralvo, Bahia de los Angeles, and Puerto Refugio on Isla Angel de la Guarda. I have also tentatively identified this species from color motion pictures taken in the La Paz area during a recent California Academy of Sciences expedition to the Gulf of California. Name. — The specific name bubbsi was chosen to honor Prof. Carl L. Hubbs of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who first brought this elegent animal to my attention. Discussion. — Bergh (1877) erected the genus Nembrotha to accommodate a number of colorful, limaciform gymnodorids from the western Pacific, principally the Philippine Sea. This genus differs from the related Gymnodoris Stimpson, 18 5 5 (—Trevelyana Keelart, 1858) by possessing rachidian teeth, reduced number of laterals, tower gills, and absence of a prostatic portion of the vas deferens. This last character, however, applies only at the specific level as a prostate has been demonstrated to occur in N. lineolata (see Eales, 1938: 97) and N. nigerrima (see Macnae, 1957: 361). Burn (1962: 98) erected Tambja for those species of Ncmbrotba bearing a rachidian tooth in the form of a simple rectangular plate, bifid first lateral, a highly reduced number (3 to 4) of marginal teeth, and a pair of short extra-branchial processes. This last character, however, is neither figured nor described for Tambja sagamiana (=N. sagamiana Baba, 195 5) contrary to Burn's (loc. cit.) statement. The radula of N. bubbsi is most similar to that of N. gracilis Bergh, 1877 (pi. 56) and N. rubro papulosa Bergh, 1905 (pi. 18), but may be readily distinguished by the different configuration of the rachidian, lateral, and marginal teeth. Also, the color pattern is entirely different. Until a comprehensive review of the genus is undertaken, I prefer to assign the present species to Ncmbrotba (sensu lato) . This species is the first eastern Pacific representative of this colorful tropical genus. Family Onchidorididae Acanthodoris stohleri sp. nov. (Plate 2) Type material. — Holotype: California Academy of Sciences, Department of In- vertebrate Zoology no. 307. Paratype: no. 308 at the same institution. Both specimens collected at Bahia San Luis Gonzaga (inner side of Isla Willard), Baja California, Mexico (20° 48'N., 114° 25'W.) on 5 February 1966 by Mr. Gale Sphon. Description. — The largest specimen obtained from all collections measured, in life, 21 mm long and 11 mm broad. Average individuals were smaller: 14.5 mm long and 7.5 mm broad. I he body is typically acanthodoridiform; subovate, broader in front than behind (Fig. 7). The mid-dorsal region is somewhat arched and bordered all around by a wide, flat notal brim. A moderate number of upstanding, slender papillae, more or less equidis- tant from each other, cover the notum except around the margin. Although taller and shorter ones are intermingled, the latter occur more abundantly toward the margins. In the color plate, the papillae are highly contracted. I lie color pattern immediately distinguishes A. stobleri from all other described thodoricK. In gross dorsal aspect, the notum is black with a wide, cherry-red mar- not, il papillae, rhinophore sheaths and rhinophores are of a similar but more use shade of red. In detail the rhinophores are tipped distally with a highly contrast- ^hite pigment that also occurs sparingly as flecks on some of the notal lae, branchiae, oral veil, at the junction of the foot and hyponotum, and on the s mostly colorless except for a few longitudinal streaks of black most specimens the base of each papilla is surrounded by a colorless variation in intensity and relative abundance of the pigments were 1968 Lance: New Panamic Nudibranchs Fig. 7 Figure 7. Acanthodoris stohlcri. Dorsal aspect of animal in life. observed but the over-all pattern and basic colors were constant. Specimens preserved one year in 70 per cent isopropyl alcohol retained most of the black and red pigments. In ventral aspects (Fig. 8) the foot is about two-thirds the width of the notum and protrudes posteriorly as a rounded, flat tail. Its anterior margin is weakly bilabiate with the upper lip barely discernible (Fig. 8c). The margins are entire, not notched. The broad head region is produced into a semicircular veil with unilabiate margins and is very slightly wider than the greatest width of the foot (Fig. 8b). The anterolateral corners are expanded into blunt triangles. As in other members of the genus, the retractile rhinophores are elongate and deeply perfoliate. In life they are directed forward and outward. About two-thirds of the length of each rhinophore is occupied by the conspicuous club, which bears 18 to 22 transverse lamellae joined anteriorly by a longitudinal septum. The rhinophore stalks are slightly inflated at their bases and the entire organs are capable of being retracted within upstanding sheaths which usually bear 1 to 4 elongate papillae similar in shape and length to those on the notum. Each rhinophore terminates distally in a knob free of lamellae. The 6 to 7 bipinnate branchiae are separate at their bases and are contractile, but not retractile, within a subnotal chamber. They decrease in size posteriorly. Conspicuous white globular glands occur within the bases of the primary branchial stems. Unlike other acanthodorids for which data are available, the present species does not bear notal papillae within the area circumscribed by the branchial circlet. The anal opening occurs atop a conspicuous excretory papilla within the branchial arc. Under ten power magnifi- cation, rhythmically beating cillia may be observed on the inner distal face of the anal tube. 10 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15 Fig. 8 0.05mm Fig 10 Fig. 11 1968 Lance: New Panamic Nudibranchs 1] The labial disc is characteristic in shape, cuticular and mostly transparent (Fig. 9a). In a 14 mm specimen it measured 1.5 mm long. The margin joining the two halves is serrate. The upper portion of each component gives rise to a triangular area supported along its median margin by an elongated chitinous rod (Figs. 9a, b). The triangles are composed of rows of minute, horn-colored elements with bluntly denticulate distal margins (Fig. 9c). Each element is attached to the basement membrane by an imbedded, thickened base. The radula is narrow, colorless, and 2 mm long in in average live specimen of 14 mm. The formula is 34 x 4. 1.0. 1. 4. The denticulation is similar to that of other acanthodorids: the first lateral is a large, erect hamate hook arising from a thickened base and bears 2 to 3 inconspicuous denticles about half way along the cusp (Fig. 10a). The four marginals (Fig. 10b) are wedge-shaped, greatly reduced, and decrease in size outwards. The spicules, although few in number, are relatively large, attaining a length of 1.0 mm in a 14 mm live specimen. They are simple, thick rods with slightly nodulose surfaces and tapering ends and occur singly, not forming bundles or a reticulum (Fig. 11a, b). The greatest concentration is radially oriented around the notal margins, but they do not attain the edge thus leaving the brim free (Fig. 8e). Similar but smaller spicules are found scattered in the mid-dorsal integument and rhinophore bases. The penis bears a series of spines, but details of the armature and other aspects of the reproductive system have not been determined. Several individuals of the large collection made at Punta Diggs on 12 February 1967, and transported to Scripps Institution of Oceanography, deposited nidosomes (egg masses) on the aquarium walls within a few days after capture. Apparently the animals were undergoing a spawning cycle since many individuals were in a coital position when collected. Nidosomes, presumably belonging to this species, were common under or near stones harboring the nudibranchs. No evidence of reproductive activity of speci- mens collected during other seasons has been observed either in the field or in the aquarium. The nidosome, as in many doridiform nudibranchs assumes the shape of a white ribbon, loosely coiled counterclockwise, attached by one edge to the substratum. The attached and free margins are of equal length resulting in erect, vertical sides. In general shape it resembles that of AcanthoJoris nanaimoensis as figured by Hurst (1967: 2 57) except, curiously, her illustration depicts a dextrally-oriented spiral. Of the nine nidosomes deposited, the simplest consisted of a single convolution, the largest of approximately two whorls. The pure white egg capsules contained a single egg each and were deposited in vertical rows within the colorless, jelly-like matrix. A typical nidosome measured 9 mm at its greatest diameter and 2.8 mm in height. No attempt was made to observe embryological development. Distribution. — This species has been collected only within a very restricted geo- graphical area along the northeastern shores of the Baja peninsula: (1) Bahia Percebu (about 15 miles south of San Felipe), 12 February 1965, 9 specimens; 26 November 1965, 1 specimen; (2) Punta Diggs, 12 February 1967, 37 specimens (egg masses present); (3) Puertecitos, 26 November 1964, 3 specimens, 19 March 1965, 7 speci- Figures 8-11. AcanthoJoris stohlcri. 8. Anteroventral aspect of animal in life: a. mouth; b. oral veil; c. anterior foot margin; d. pigment streak; e. spicule (imbedded in hyponotum) ; f. foot; g. hyponotum; h. dorsal papilla. 9. Labial armature and ele- ments: a. lateral aspect of the paired membranous plates; b. frontal view of primary supporting ribs and attached triangular basis anchoring labial elements; c. detail of elements. 10. Three half-rows from middle of radula: a. denticulate first lateral; b. the four successive marginals. 11. Spiculation: a. spicules from notal margain; b. detail of spicule surface. 12 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15 mens (egg masses present); (4) Bahia San Luis Gonzaga (type locality), 5 February 1966, 3 specimens. All animals occurred under stones in the lower intertidal region. Nunn-, — The specific name stohleri was chosen to honor Dr. Rudolf Stohler of the University of California at Berkeley, in recognition of his indefatigable efforts in developing the journal "The Yeliger" into one of the major international publications in malacology. Discussion. — Acanthodoris Gray, 1850, is distinguished from the related suctorian phanerobranch genera Akiodoris Bergh, 1879, Adalaria Bergh, 1878, and Onchidoris Blainville, 18 16, by the presence of numerous soft notal papillae, a body broader in front than behind, elongate rhinophores, upstanding papillated rhinophore sheaths, and a characteristic radula. Only the first two genera bear an armed penis. In addition to its unique color pattern, Acanthodoris stohleri may be distinguished from other members of the genus by the absence of notal papillae within the branchial circlet, and the presence, on the rhinophore sheath margins, of papillae similar to those on the notum. Acanthodoris stohleri is the first named subtropical representative of this common temperate and subarctic genus. Acknowledgments I am grateful to the San Diego Natural History Museum and the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History for the many courtesies extended to me, and to Faye B. Howard, Gale G. Sphon, Fay Henry Wolfson, Allan J. Sloan, and Helen Dushane for providing me with specimens and distributional data. I would especially like to thank Wesley M. Farmer for his data on the new species of Nembrotha. The San Diego Society of Natural History kindly provided me with facilities at the Vermilion Sea Field Station and funds for the color plate, so expertly executed by Dr. and Mrs. G Dallas Hanna and Maurice Giles of the California Academy of Sciences. SUMARIO Las recientes colecciones de moluscos Opistobranquios obtenidas en las zonas de mareas del Golfo de California, comprenden varios Nudibranquios nuevos. Hasta la fecha, se habian observado en las zonas calidas del Pacifico oriental, solamente 29 especies correspondientes a estos animates sin concha; de modo que estas colecciones indican, que dichas poblaciones son mas abundantes y diversas, por lo menos en la parte septentrional de la provincia Panamica. En el presente trabajo se describen tres especies nuevas de Nudibranquios. 1. Chromodoris fayeae sp. nov. Dorido grande, bianco, con bordes de tonalidades brillantes en rojo y amarillo. Se han observado estos animales en muchas localidades del Golfo de California. Se trata del tercer Chromodorido descripto, que es endemico en la region Panamica. 2. Nembrotha hubbsi sp. nov. Animales de color brillante, ocre amarillento con listas azules. Su distribucion abarca por lo menos las regiones septentrionales y meriodionales del Golfo, Esta especie viene a ser la primera que representa este genero tropical de vivos colores, en el Pacifico oriental. 3. Acanthodoris stohleri sp. nov. Dorido pequeno, negruzco, con el borde del dorso de color rojo. Se encontro solamente en una zona restringida (entre Bahia Percebu y Bahia San Luis Gonzaga) en las costas nordeste del Golfo. Se trata del primer repre- subtropical de un genero que es comun en las zonas templadas y subarticas. Literature Cited Bada, k. thobranchia of Sagami Bay: Supplement. Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo. 194 p; 20 pis.; 5 6 text figs. R. he Untersuchungcn; //; C. Semper: Reisen im Archipel der Philippincn 11: 429- pls. 54-57. 1968 Lance: New Panamic Nudibranchs 13 1878. Ibid., 14: 603-645; pis. 66-68. 1879. Gattung nordischer Doriden. Arch. Naturgcsch., 45(1): 3 54. 1879. On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca of the North Pacific ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 31: 71-132; pis. 1-8. 1880. On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca . . . Part II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 32: 40-127; pis. 9-16. 1905. Die Opisthobranchiata. Siboga Reports 50: 1-248; pis. 1-20. Blainville, H. M. D. 18 16. Prodome d'une nouvelle distribution systematique du regne animal. Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris (unpaginated) . Burn, R. 1962. Descriptions of Victorian nudibranchiate Mollusca, with a comprehensive review of the Eolidacea. Mem. Nat. Mus. Melbourne No. 25: 95-128; figs. 1-24. Cooper, J. G. 1862. Some genera and species of California Mollusca. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2: 202-207. Eales, B. 193 8. A systematic and anatomical account of the Opisthobranchia. John Murray Exped. Sci. Rep., 5 (4): 77-122; figs. 1-28; pi. 1. Ehrenberg, C. G. 1831. Symbolae Physicae animalia evertebrata exclusis Insectis. Berlin. (Not seen). Eliot, C. E. 1904. On some nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar. Pt. 4. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1(2): 380-406; pis. 23-24. Farmer, W. M. 1963. Two new opisthobranch mollusks from Baja California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 13(6): 81-84; fig. 1; pi. 1. Gohar, H. A. F., and I. A. Aboul-Ela 1957. The development of three chromodorids. Publ. Mar. Bio. Sta. Al-Ghardaqa Red Sea. No. 9: 203-228; pis. 1-5. Gray, J. E. 1850. Figures of molluscan animals, hi Guide to the systematic distribution of Mollusca in the British Museum. Pt. 1. London, 18 57. (Not seen). Hurst, A. 1967. The egg masses and veligers of thirty northeast Pacific opisthobranchs. Veliger 9 (3): 255-287; figs. 1-31; pis. 26-38. Keelart, F. E. 185 8. Description of a new Ceylonese nudibranch. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3 (1): 2 57. Keen, A. M. 1958. Sea shells of tropical west America. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif, xi + 624 pp.; illus. Macnae, W. 1957. The families Polyceridae and Goniodorididae (Mollusca, Nudibranchiata) in southern Africa. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 35 (4): 341-372; pis. 17-18. Marcus, Ernst 195 6. Notes on Opisthobranchia. Bol. Inst. Oceanografico 7 (1-2) 31-79; pis. 1-8 (published 1958). 1965. Some Opisthobranchia from Micronesia. Malacologia 3 (2): 263-286; figs. 1-43. Marcus, Ernst, and J. B. Burch 1965. Marine euthyneuran Gastropoda from Eniwetok atoll, western Pacific. Malacologia 3 (2): 235-262; figs. 1-43. Marcus, Ernst, and Eveline Marcus 1960. Opisthobranchia aus dem Rotcn Meer and von den Malediven. Akad. Wiss. Lit. Main/, Math. Natur. Kl., 1959 (12): 871-934; figs. 1-86. Odhner, N. H. J. 193 9. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca from the western and northern coast of Norway. Kg. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., No. 1: 1-93; figs. 1-5 9. 1957. ChromoJoris contra Glossodorh. A systematic controversy. Proc. Malacol. Soc. London 32 (6): 250-253. Stimpson, W. 185 5. Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebr.ua from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 378-389. Manuscript Received: 22 June 1967 JlJn 1 8 me THERMAL RELATIONS, DISTRIBUTION, AND HABITAT OF CNEMIDOPHORUS LAB1ALIS (SAURIA: TEIIDAE) DENNIS L. BOSTIC TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 15, NO. 3, 5 JUNE 1968 THERMAL RELATIONS, DISTRIBUTION, AND HABITAT OF CNEMIDOPHOKUS LABIALIS (SAURIA: TEIIDAE) Dennis L. Bostic Abstract. Cnemidophorus labialis, a lizard endemic to Baja California, Mexico, was studied in 1966 and 1967. This species inhabits a narrow coastal strip of Sonoran Desert from Punta San Jose south to Miller's landing, an area subject to frequent northwest winds, fog, predominantly winter rainfall, and summer temperatures similar to those of San Diego, California. It is usually encountered in areas of sparse but varied vegetation and well-drained soil. Its range may be restricted by the oc- currence of C. hyperythrus. The normal activity range (NAR) of C. labialis is 30- 42C. Its mean body temperature is 37. 2C, nearly 1C lower than any previously reported for Cnemidophorus. The small size and low body temperature of this lizard may reflect thermal adaptation to its coastal habitat. There were no statistically significant differences between the MBTs of males and females, or of adults and immatures; nor were their important seasonal or daily variations. Body tempera- tures were more closely correlated with substrate than air temperatures. Diurnal activity began between 0800 and 1000 and at soil temperatures of 32C; peak activity occurred between 1000 and 1300. Completely overcast skies, strong steady winds, and prolonged precipitation interrupted activity. Adults enter hibernation from late July through September, immatures in December. Active individuals were first observed in March. Resumen. Cnemidophorus labialis, lagarto endemico de Baja California, Mexico, ha sido estudiado durante 1966 y 1967. Esta especie habita una estrecha banda costera del desierto de Sonora, desde Punta San Jose en el Sur, hasta el desembarco de Miller (Miller's Landing) ; en una zona afectada por vientos frecuentes del Noroeste, nieblas, lluvias invernales dominantes, y temperaturas estivales similares a las de San Diego, California. Estos animales se encuentran usualmente en re- giones de escasa, pero variada vegetacion y en terrenos con buen drenaje. Su distribucion esta posi- blemente restringida por la presencia de C. hypcrythrus. La amplitud normal de actividad (NAR) de C. labialis abarca de los 30°C a los 40°C. La temperatura media del cuerpo es de 37.2 C, casi un grado menos que las observadas previamente para Cnemidophorus. La talla pequena de estc lagarto y la temperatura baja del cuerpo podi.in indicar una adaptacion termica a su habitat costero. No- se presentan diferencias de significado estadistico, en la temperatura media del cuerpo (MBT) de machos y hembras, o entre individuos adultos y jovenes; ni tampoco variaciones importantes, ya sea estacionales o diarias. La temperatura del cuerpo podria relacionarse mas directamente con la tem- peratura del substrato que con la del aire. La actividad diurna se inicia entre las 0800 y 1000 horas, cuando la temperatura del suelo es de 32CC; y la maxima actividad entre las 1000 a las 13000 horas. La actividad de estos animales se interrumpe cuando el cielo esta cubierto, y con vientos y precipi- taciones fuertes y persistentes. Los adultos entran en hibernacion de finales de Julio a Septiembre, y los jovenes en Diciembre. En Marzo empiezan a observarse individuos en actividad. Cowles and Bogert (1944) and Bogert (1949) pointed out that diurnal species of lizards maintain body temperatures at characteristic levels relatively independent of air and substratum temperatures primarily by behavioral means, and that the ability to maintain these temperatures is essential for survival. They demonstrated that species in the same genus have similar body temperatures even though they exist in markedly dif- ferent environments and, conversely, that lizards of different genera maintain different temperature levels although they occur within the same habitat. Interpretations of these San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Trans., 15 (3): 21-30, J Jim 9 22 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. IS species differences, and temperature responses of reptiles in general, have been reviewed from historical, behavioral, ecological and physiological standpoints by Schmidt-Nielsen and Dawson (1964). The present study was undertaken to determine the thermal relations of Cnemido- phorus labialis (Baja California Striped Whiptail). C. labialis, endemic to Baja Califor- nia, Mexico, is the only member of the sexlineatus species group inhabiting the peninsula, and because it inhabits a relatively inaccessible strip of coastline it is the least known member of the group. During this study additional data on the distribution and habitat of C. labialis were gathered. Methods During the spring, summer, and fall of 1966 and 1967, the body temperatures (BT's) of HO C. labialis were recorded in the field, and under a variety of ambient conditions, throughout much of the species' known range in Baja California Del Norte, Mexico. Individuals were collected by shooting them with six-inch rubber bands. A Schultheiss rapid equilibrium thermometer was used to record BT's. The thermometer was inserted at least one centimeter into the lizard's cloaca within five seconds after capture, and was read (to the nearest 0.2C) when the mercury column reached equi- librium. When recording BT's, I wore a cloth glove to minimize heat conduction to or from my hand. BT's were not taken for lizards which had been chased, showed evidence of internal bleeding, were mutilated, or showed abnormal behavioral patterns due to the observer's presence. Other temperatures usually recorded at the site of capture were air temperature (4- 5 mm above substratum) and substral temperature (3mm beneath the surface). The bulb of the thermometer was shaded for air temperature readings. Soil temperature above SOC was recorded as SOC +. Additional data frequently recorded for each capture included time (Standard), per cent cloud cover, wind velocity (Beaufort wind scale), sex, snout-vent length (SVL), and behavior of lizard prior to capture (e.g. basking, foraging). The more important terms as summarized by Brattstrom (1965) and used throughout this paper are: voluntary minimum (theoretically the lowest body tempera- ture voluntarily tolerated; in practice, the lowest body temperature recorded of an active individual); voluntary maximum (theoretically the highest body temperature voluntarily tolerated; in practice, the highest recorded body temperature of an active individual) ; normal activity range (the range of body temperatures from the voluntary minimum to the voluntary maximum) ; bashing range (the range of body temperatures within the normal activity range for basking individuals); mean body temperature (the mean of body temperatures within the normal activity range). The term "significant" is used throughout to denote a statistical difference at the 95 'y confidence level. All mean body temperatures (MBT's) have been rounded off to the nearest 0.1C. Distribution Based on data furnished by Belding, collector of the type series of C. labialis, Stcjcgner (1890) recorded the type locality as Cerros (=Cedros) Island. However, C. labialis has not subsequently been collected on Cedros, despite several visits by her- petologists; and Savage (1954) suggests that the type specimens were collected at Bahia San Quintin on the peninsular mainland, where Belding also collected. If Savage Ls correct, the only published localities for C. labialis are Arroyo Seco (Bostic, 1966a), Bahia San Quintin (Burt, 1931; Tevis, 1944; Walker, 1966; Lowe, Wright and Norris, 1968 Bostic: Cnemidophorus labialis 23 " ,J tNSENADA ARROYO SANTO TOMAS SANTO TOMAS PUNTA DE SAN JOSE SAN VICENTE ERENDIRA ARROYO SECO 8 PUNTA COLNETT 9 CAMALU SAN QUINTAN EL SOCORRO EL CONSUELO EL ROSARIO MILLER'S LANDING VIZCAINO DESERT BAJA CALIFORNIA \— I t-H 1=3 100 IhhM -l l - ■ . I . . , Figure 1. The recorded distribution of Cnemidophorus labialis in Baja California, Mexico. Collecting sites and general localities are indicated by X and O, respectively. 24 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15 1966), Socorro (Murray, 1955; Lowe et al., 1966; El Consuelo (Walker, 1966) and Miller's Landing (Tevis, 1944; Duellman and Zweifel, 1962; Lowe et al., 1966) (Fig. 1). I have also collected specimens at Punta San Jose, Erendira, Punta Colnett, Camulu, and Socorro (Fig. 1). All collecting localities, excluding Miller's Landing and El Consuelo, fall within the vegetative parameter Shreve (1936) termed the Chaparral — Sonoran ecotone (the region between Arroyo Santo Tomas and 20 miles north of El Rosario). If the ecotone is not delimited, this area (based on the dominant forms and composition of the flora and fauna) is Sonoran Desert (Short and Crossin, 1967). Miller's Landing and El Con- suelo occur within the Central Desert phytogeographic area (Wiggins, 1960), and Shreve's and Wiggins' (1964) rrAgave-Franseria" Region. The dominant coastal vege- tation, several species of Agave, Franseria chenopodifolia, Yucca valida, Opuntia cholla and Dudleya spp., is sparse and widely spaced (Wiggins, 1960). Punta San Jose, approximately seven miles south of the Arroyo Santo Tomas, is the northernmost recorded locality for C. labialis. This general area probably represents the true northern limit for the species. Farther north, the coastal terrain is rugged and mountainous, in direct contrast to the flat coastal terraces and plains to the south that are inhabited by whiptails. Arroyo Seco, (approximately ten miles from the coast) is the most inland capture locality for C. labialis. This area is on the fringe of the coastal cloud cover and fog. I suspect that the eastern and southern distributional limits of C. labialis probably con- form to coastal areas subject to much fog, frequent northwest winds, predominately winter (November to April) rainfall distribution, and a summer temperature similar to that of San Diego, California. These environmental conditions, excluding precipita- tion distribution, prevail along the west coast of Baja California as far south as the Magdalena Plains (Aschmann, 19 59). I consider the environmental conditions that occur throughout the recorded range of C. labialis suboptimal for C. hypcrythrus, the only other small Cnemidophorus with which it is sympatric. C. hyperythrus is most frequently observed in the coastal foothill region, where the duration and intensity of solar radiation is greater, and the frequency and duration of coastal cloud cover and fog less. In the narrow belt of sympatry these species are regularly observed, but in disproportionate numbers. For example, at Camalu only five of the 150 Cnemidophorus collected were C. hypcrythrus. At Arroyo Seco, the habitat preferences of the two species differed. C. labialis occupied only the sandy fringe of the coastal sage-scrub community preferred by C. hypcrythrus, and was most com- monly collected in the bordering, sandy-bottomed arroyo where C. hypcrythrus was absent. C. hyperythrus was present in the surrounding areas of Agave and gravelly soil, but C. labialis was absent. The southernmost capture locality, Miller's Landing, is 18 5 mies south of El Con- suelo. Duellman and Zweifel (1962) stated that this distribution gap is undoubtedly related to the course of the main road which turns inland at Socorro ( 1 1 miles N. of El Consuelo) and does not closely approach the coast to the south until Miller's Land- ing. The southernmost known locality of C. labialis coincides with the northern limit of the Vizcaino Desert (Fig. 1). Here, through the Magdalena Plains region, coastal precipitation is not predictable, and is primarily a summer (May to October) phe- nomenon (Aschmann, 1959). The presence of C. hypcrythrus in this area may also affect the southward spread of C. labialis, but this is still unstudied. Habitat Sand dunes (Tevis, 1944), a sandy plain with scattered Agave (Murray, 1955), and a humid coastal prairie (Walker, 1966) have been recorded as habitats for 1968 Bostic: Cnemidophorus labialis 2 5 C. labialis. During 1963-64, I found C. labialis abundant at Arroyo Seco (a wide sandy- bottomed river bed) and in the bordering coastal sage-scrub community. Following the torrential rains of 196 5 and the concomitant flooding of the arroyo, the population was considerably reduced. The dominant plants of the river bed were Pluchea sericea, Juncus sp., and Franseria chenopodifolia. Less conspicuous plants included Eriogonum spp., Isomeris arborca and Mesembrianthemum chrystalinum. C. labialis was frequently ob- served in or near Mesembrianthemum at most collecting localities. In sandy soils of the coastal areas Mesembrianthemum appeared to be perennial. C. labialis was present, though scarce, on gravelly and sandy substrata at the coastal terrace sites of Punta de San Jose, Erendira, Punta Colnett, and El Socorro (Fig. 1). The dominant vegetation at these localities included Agave shauii and Euphorbia misera. Also present but less conspicuous were Rosa minutiflora, Atriplex sp., Opuntia sp., Machaerocercus gummosus, Myrtillocactus cochal, Dudleya spp., Mesem- brianthemum, and numerous annuals. At Camulu, an agricultural community on the Llano de Hamulu, whiptails arc unusually abundant. This nearly flat plain borders the Pacific for approximately 30 miles from near San Telmo to Santo Domingo, and is delimited a few miles inland by the foothills of the interior mountains. The soil is fine and compacted, but well drained. Franseria chenopodifolia and Agave shauii are the dominant plants. Less conspicuous were Euphorbia misera, Opuntia serpentina, O. echinocarpa, Mammilaria dioca, Ber- gerocactus emoryi, Myrtillocactus cochal, Mesembrianthemum, and Atriplex sp. C. labialis exhibited a clumped pattern of local distribution at all collecting sites. This was particularly evident at Camalu and Arroyo Seco, where the majority of col- lecting occurred. A similar pattern of distribution was reported by Tevis (1944) and Walker (1966). It appeared that this pattern was correlated with the availability of suitable egg laying sites (areas covered with a variety of annuals, with light sandy soil exposed to direct solar radiation in the morning and afternoon), and adjacent shrub cover. The vegetational cover was not dense nor unvaried (i.e., predominately Agave). Dense cover does not satisfy their thermal requirements and homogeneous vegetation, probably owing to the sparse leaf litter, does not offer a varied food supply. Such sites are relatively sparse, and in the Camulu, Arroyo Seco, and Bahia San Quintin areas are becoming scarcer because of agricultural activity. Thermal Relations Temperature Preferences. — The normal activity range (NAR) for C. labialis is 30C to 42C (Table 1). This NAR includes the low, often isolated BT's of lizards con- sidered by Cowles and Bogert (1944) to be "basking" in order to resume "normal activity." I consider the "basking range," unless quantitatively measured (basking duration), to be arbitrary (Bostic, 1966b). C. labialis was frequently observed foraging at temperatures throughout the NAR. Similarly, lizards which basked for short periods had BTs between 30C - 39C. The voluntary minimum temperature tolerated is 1-4C lower than those reported by Fitch (1958), Carpenter (1961), McCoy (1965), and Bostic (1966b) for other species of Cnemidophorus. These investigators included the low BT's of active in- dividuals in their calculation of the NAR. The voluntary maximum of 42C is similar to those values previously recorded for Cnemidophorus. The previously recorded high and low mean body temperatures of Cnemidophorus are 41. 3C for C. tigris (Bogert, 1949) and 38C for C. sexlineatus (Carpenter, 1961). respectively. This variability, in part, reflects the omission of "basking range" BT's from the NAR. 26 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15 TABLE 1 A Summary of Published Data on Temperature Relations in Cnemidophorus Species Group Species Normal Activity Range (NAR) X ± NAR SE N Critical Thermal Maximum (CTM) X N CTM Authority Lemniscatus C. lemniscatus 34.6-42.3 39.0 31 45.2-46.6 46.2 Brattstrom, 1965 C. lemniscatus 34.5-41.0 38.5 13 Brattstrom, 1965 Hyperythrus c. ceralbensis 37.4-42.5 40.35 23 Soule, 1963 c. hyperythrus beldingi 3 3.4-42.2 38. 5± .14 138 Bostic, 1966b c. hyperythrus hyperythrus 38.3-46.6 3 9.9± .25 14 Soule, 1963 Tessellatus c. tigris 37.4-43.5 41. 3± .24 33 Bogert, 1949 c. tigris 3 5.0-44.6 40.4 47 Brattstrom, 1965 c. tigris 46.0 1 Cole, 1943 c. tigris septentrional 34.0-43.0 tit 3 9.8 88 McCoy, 1965 Sexlineatm c. gularis 37.8-41.0 3 8.9 3 Brattstrom, 1965 c. lahialis 30.0-42.0 37. 2± .26 136 This paper c. sexlineatus 32.0-43.0 3 8.0 Carpenter, 1961 c. sexlineatus 34.6-41.5 39.5 45 Fitch, 195 6 c. sexlineatus 38.5-43.0 41. 0± .47 Bogert, 1949 c. sexlineatus 31.0-44.0 40.0-41 .0 100 Fitch, 195 8 The MBT of C. lahialis is 37. 2C (SE = 0.201; SD = 2.35), which is 0.8-1.3C lower than the MBT's of other Cnemidophorus calculated in a similar manner (see Carpenter, 1961; Bostic, 1966b). This low MBT may reflect thermal adaptation to the fog and cloud shrouded coastal habitat of C. lahialis. The favorable volume to surface ratio of this small lizard may also aid in thermal adaptation. Walker (1966) reported "that only C. hyperythrus espiritensis (maximum SVL 59.5mm) of Isla Espiritu Santo, Gulf of California, is of smaller size than C. labialh" However, I examined a male C. hyperythrus espiritensis (SDSNH no. 528 52) which has a SVL of 64mm. There was no significant difference between the MBT's of male and female C. lahialis. The MBT for 77 males and 59 females was respectively 37. 2C (SE = 0.25 5; SD^2.24) and 37.1C (SE = 0.268; SD = 2.06). Bogert (1949) found no intersexual differences in the MBT's of C. sexlineatus or C. tigris and Bostic (1966b) found no significant differences in the MBT's of male and female C. hyperythrus beldingi. Body temperature variability among species of Cnemidophorus is apparently not due to dif- ferences in sex. The MBT of 14 juveniles (SVL < 40mm) is 36. 3C (SE = 0.363; SD = 1.36), which is 0.9C lower than that of 37. 2C (SE = 0.201; SD = 2.35) recorded for adults. This difference may be biologically important, although it is not statistically significant. The ability of juveniles to function optimally at a lower MBT than adults would be advantageous. Juveniles hatch in August and are active through December, when soil and air temperatures are low; adults begin hibernating in July. The high correlation ~ 0.85) between juvenile BT's and soil temperature reported by Hardy (1962) for C. sexlineatus suggests such an advantage. Concomitantly, competition between adults 1968 Bostic: Cnemidophorus labialis 27 a. Q O 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 0 0 o » U 0 0 8 0 0 n 0 w 0 0 0 0 0 8o °0 0 0 00 0 S°o° ° w 0 0 u g 0 0 0 0 0 „° 0 0 0 °^ 0 o 0U 2 0 8 000 0 ° 0 0° o °/o 0 / / / 8"° 6V "°8 q 8 ° °° ° 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 AIR TEMPERATURE C Figure 2. Scatter diagram comparing body temperatures of 13 5 Cnemidophorus labialis with air temperatures 4- 5 mm. above the substrate. The dashed lines connect the isothermal points. Single individuals are represented by an open circle, and two lizards by half-shaded circles. and juveniles would be reduced throughout much of their activity seasons since all adults have hibernated by late September. The low MBT would also promote fuller utilization of shaded areas for foraging and protection. There was no significant difference between morning and afternoon MBT's. The morning series (N = 86) had a MBT of 37.4C (SE = 0.248; SD = 2.30), and the afternoon series (n = 61) a MBT of 37. 3C (SE = 0.232; SD=1.81). I also found no significant monthly differences in body temperatures. Bostic (1966b) reported no sea- sonal acclimation in C. h. beldingi. Bostic (1966b) reported similar findings for C. h. beldingi. Response to Environmental Tern peratu res. — There is no significant correlation between BT and air temperature (Fig. 2). Only nine lizards possessed BT's within IC of the air temperature. Seven individuals were recorded with BT's 1-9C less than air temperature, and two lizards maintained BT's 14. 8C above air temperature. The majoritv of whiptails were active at air temperatures ranging from 26C to 32C. No lizards were active at air temperatures above 41C nor below 2lC. There is a closer correlation between BT and substrate temperature (Fig. 3). Below a substrate temperature of 42C the majority of lizards possessed BT's 1 -4C above or below the substrate temperature. One lizard maintained a BT 5.4C above that of the substrate. The limit of SOC imposed by using the Schultheiss thermometer to record soil temperatures makes any delineation of the greatest deviation between BT and substrate temperature impossible. 28 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15 42 4 1 40 39 u 38 UJ a: 3 »— 37 < OL UJ a. 36 i LU t— >■ 35 o o CO 34 33 32 31 30 29 00 8 e o o o o 8 0„ 0 0 0 ° °0 0 00 0 o 0o 0 0 0 0 n 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 e o e 0 0 °o o 0 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50* SUBSTRATE TEMPERATURE C Figure 3. Scatter diagram comparing body temperatures of 134 Cnemidophorus labialis with substrate temperatures. The dashed lines connect the isothermal points. Single individuals are represented by an open circle, and two lizards by half-shaded circles. Daily Activity Cycle. — C. labialis. commenced activity between 0800 and 1000 at a soil tmperature of about 32C. This initial activity usually coincided with the dissi- pation of the early morning fog or coastal cloud cover. Milstead (1957), McCoy (1965), Bostic (1966b) and Echternacht (1967) recorded similar emergence times and soil temperatures for other species of Cnemidophorus. The major activity peak for C. labialis was between 1000 and 1300. This usually coincided with the period between early morning and late afternoon low clouds, wind, and high (5 0C +) substrate tem- peratures. No late afternoon activity peak recorded for other species of Cnemidophorus by Milstead (1957), Carpenter (1961), Bostic (1966b), and Echternacht (1967) was observed for C. labialis; activity virtually ceased at 1500. As would be expected, the increase in ambient temperatures from spring through summer that occurred in inland areas of the peninsula was not as pronounced along the coast. Subsequently, no obvious seasonal fluctuation in the daily cycle was evident. The usual daily cycle of C. labialis was altered by the varying meteorlogical con- ditions. Partial cloudiness did not interrupt activity. No lizards, however, were ob- served on those days that the sun did not shine intermittently. Winds up to seven mph did not seem to adversely affect whiptail activity, and intermittent winds of twelve mph had little affect. Steady winds above 12 mph resulted in the disappearance of most lizards. Whiptails were not active immediately after a prolonged rain, and generally did not resume activity until most of the moisture content in the subsoil had disappeared following one to three days of sun. 1968 Bostic: Cnemidophorus lahialh 29 Seasonal Activity Cycle. — C. labialis was recorded emerging from hibernation i:i mid-March. Adult whiptails enter into dormancy in the latter part of July, and by late September nearly all adult whiptails have hibernated. All immature whiptails disappeared in late December. A similar pattern of seasonal activity has been reported for C. h. beldingi (Bostic, 1966b), and C. sexlineatus (Hardy, 1962). C. labialis collected in March and early April had very small, paired, dull yellow coelomic fat bodies. As the season progressed the coelomic fat bodies became greatly enlarged, and were bright yellow in color. Apparently the differential times of dor- mancy recorded for whiptails is correlated with the amount of stored fat. A similar pattern of fat storage and utilization was recorded for C. sexlineatus (Hardy, 1962; McCoy, 1965) and C. byperythrus (Bostic, 1966b). Acknowledgments I express my appreciation to Mr. Allan J. Sloan and Mr. Wade F. Snyder for their editorial com- ments and criticisms of the manuscript at various stages of its completion. I am particularly indebted to Mr. William Hite for his frequent assistance in the field and laboratory. In addition, I thank Mr. Sam Angcve for his field assistance, Mrs. Aileen Scallet for assistance with the statistical analyses, Mr. Gilbert Voss for assistance in identifying plants, and Mrs. Norrine G. Gearheart for typing the manuscript. The specimens collected during this study are deposited in the San Diego Natural History Museum. This study, in part, was made possible by a Sigma Xi Grant-in-Aid of Research to study the testicular histology of C. labialis. Literature Cited ASCHMANN, N. H. 195 9. The central desert of Baja California: Demography and ecology. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 315 p. Bogert, C. M. 1949. Thermoregulation in reptiles, a factor in evolution. Evolution 3: 195-211. Bostic, D. L. 1966a. Threat behavior in Cnemidophorus byperythrus and Cnemidophorus labialis. Herpetolcgica 22: 77-79. 1966b. Thermoregulation and hibernation of the lizard, Cnemidophorus byperythrus beldingi (Sauria: Teiidae). Southwestern Natur. 11: 275-289. Brattstrom, B. H. 1965. Body temperatures of reptiles. Amer. Mid. Natur. 73: 376-422. Burt, C. E. 1931. A study of the teiid lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus with special reference to their phylogenetic relationships. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 154. 286 p. Carpenter, C. C. 1961. Temperature relationships of two Oklahoma lizards. Okla. Acad. Sci. Proc. 41: 72-77. Cole, L. C. 1943. Experiment on toleration of high temperature in lizards with reference to adaptive coloration Ecology 24: 94-108. Cowles, R. B., and C. M. Bogert 1944. A preliminary study of the thermal requirements of desert reptiles. Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist. Bull. 83: 261-296. Duellman, W. E., and R. G. Zweifel 1962. A synopsis of lizards of the sexlineatus group (genus Cnemidophorus). Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 123: 155-210. ECHTERNACHT, A. C. 1967. Ecological relationships of two species of the lizard genus Cnemidophorus in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona. Amer. Mid. Natur. 78: 448-45 9. Fitch, H. S. 195 6. Temperature responses in free-living amphibians and reptiles of northeastern Kansas. L niv. Kan. Pub!. Mus. Nat. Hist. 8: 417-476. 1958. Natural history of the six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus). Univ. Kan. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 11 (2): 11-62. 30 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15 Hardy, D. F. 1962. Ecology and behavior of the six-lined racerunners, Cnemidopborus sexlineatus. Univ. Kan. Sci. Bull. 43: 3-73. Lowe, C. H., J. W. Wright, and K. S. Norris 1966. Analysis of the herpetofauna of Baja California, Mexico. IV. The Baja California striped whiptail, Cnemidopborus labialis, with key to the striped — unspotted whiptails of the south- west. Ariz. Acad. Sci. J. 4: 121-127. McCoy, C. J. 1965. Life history and ecology of Cnemidopborus tigris septentrionalis. Unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. microfilms Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 66-2814. 167 p. Milstead, W. W. 1957. Some aspects of competition in natural populations of whiptail lizards (genus Cnemidopborus) . Texas J. Sci. 9: 410-447. Murray, K. F. 195 5. Herpetological collections from Baja California. Herpetologica 11: 33-48. Savage, J. M. 1954. Notulae herpetologicae 1-7. Kans. Acad. Sci., Trans. 57: 326-334. Schmidt-Nielsen, K., and W. R. Dawson 1964. Terrestrial animals in dry heat: desert reptiles, p. 467-480. /;; D. B. Dill (ed.). Handbook of Physiology, Vol. 4, Adaptation to the environment. Washington, D.C. Amer. Physiol. Soc. Short, L. L., Jr., and R. Crossin 1967. Notes on the avifauna of northwestern Baja California. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Trans. 14(20): 281-300. Shreve, F. 1936. The transition from desert to chaparral in Baja California. Madrono 3: 257-264. Shrfve, F., and I. L. Wiggins 1964. Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran desert. Stanford University Press, 1: 840 p. Soule, M. 1963. Aspects of thermoregulation in nine species of lizards from Baja California. Copeia (1): 107-115. Stejneger, L. 1890. Description of a new lizard from Lower California. U.S. Natl. Mus., Proc, 12: 643-644. Te\is, L., Jr. 1944. Herpetological notes from Lower California. Copeia (1): 6-18. Walker, J. M. 1966. Morphology, habitat, and behavior of the teiid lizard, Cnemidopborus labialis. Copeia (4): 644-650. Wiggins, I. L. 1960. The origin and relationships of the land flora, p. 148-165. /;; symposium: The biogeography of Baja California and adjacent seas. Syst. Zool. 9 (3-4). Manuscript Received 10 January 1968 Life Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marcos, California. ^ MUS. COMP. ZOOL LIBRARY JUN 1 8 1968 HARVARD UNIVERSITY. CASTELA POLYANDRA, A NEW SPECIES IN A NEW SECTION; UNION OF HOLACANTHA WITH CASTELA (SIMAROUBACEAE) REID MORAN AND RICHARD FELGER TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 15, NO. 4, 5 JUNE 1968 113° ^de-Jos Vtngeles
developing as a unit; spur shoots none. Leaves with well-developed blades, persistent tor
40 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
several months but sparsely distributed. Inflorescence a compact panicle, with the axis
stout but rarely 1cm long, or reduced to one or a few fascicles. Flowers 4 (-S)-merous;
petals larger in staminate than in pistillate flowers; stamens twice to thrice as many as
the sepals. Drupes stipitate, soon deciduous.
Type Species: C. polyandra Moran & Felger.
The name Eremacanfha is from Greek words for desert and shrub.
Casfcla section Holacantha (A. Gray) Moran & Felger, stat. nov.
Holacantha A. Gray, PI. Thurb. 310, 18 54.
Branches all spinose, the branch system determinate, with 2-4 generations of axes
developing as a unit; spur shoots none. Adult leaves reduced, soon deciduous, the shrub
thus essentially leafless. Inflorescence an open to rather crowded panicle, the branches
stout, like the vegetative branches, the axis 2-10cm long. Flowers (5-) 6-8-merous,
tending to be anisomerous; petals of staminate flowers the same size as or larger than
those of pistillate flowers; stamens twice as many as the sepals or fewer than twice as
many. Drupes sessile by a broad base, persistent for several years.
Type Species: Holacantha emoryi A. Gray.
The section consists of the following two species, native in the southwestern
United States and northern Mexico.
Castela emoryi (A. Gray) Moran & Felger, comb. nov.
Holacantha emoryi A. Gray, PI. Thurb. 310, 18 54.
Castela stewartii (C. H. Muller) Moran & Felger, comb. nov.
Holacantha stewartii C. H. Muller, Madrono 6: 131, 1941.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the curators of the herbaria at the Arnold Arboretum, the New York Botanical
Garden, and the United States National Museum, for the loan of specimens. We are indebted to Dr.
Marion S. Cave for the chromosome counts, to Miss Gayle Culver for the map and the drawings, and to
Drs. Peter H. Raven and Ira L. Wiggins for critically reviewing the manuscript. Last but not least, we
sincerely thank each other for help and encouragement during the preparation of this paper.
Literature Cited
Cronquist, A.
1944a. Studies in the Simaroubaceae, I. The genus Casfcla. J. Arnold. Arb. 25: 122-128.
1944b. Studies in the Simaroubaceae, IV. Resume of the American species. Brittonia 5: 128-147.
Engler, A.
1931. Simarubaceae, p. 359-405. /;; Engler, A., and H. Harms, Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
2 ed. Vol. 19a.
Powell, J., J. A. Comstock, and C. F. Harbison
Ms. Biology, life history, and geographic distribution of Attcia exquisita (Lepidoptera: Ypono-
meutidae) .
Raven, P.
1967. Holacantha emoryi Gray. //; Anon., Documented chromosome numbers ot plants. Madrono
19: 134-136.
Accepted for Publication 11 April 1968.
San Diego Natural History Museum and Los Angeles County Museum of Natural
History.
MUS. COMP. ZOOL.
LIBRARY
JUN 1 8 ^968
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY.
RECENT DATA ON SUMMER BIRDS OF THE
CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAINS AREA,
SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA
J. DAVID LIGON AND RUSSELL P. BALDA
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE SAN DIEGO
SOCIETY OF
NATURAL HISTORY
VOL. 15, NO. 5, 5 JUNE 1968
RECENT DATA ON SUMMER BIRDS OF THE
CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAINS AREA,
SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA
J. David Ligon and Russell P. Balda
Abstract. Over four breeding seasons 167 species of birds were recorded from the Chiricahua Mountains
and adjacent areas; 19 of these were winter residents or migrants not seen after May. The status
of several species apparently has changed since the study of Tanner and Hardy (1958). The Golden
Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) appear to have decreased, whereas
the Harlequin Quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) and several of the hummingbirds apparently are more
common than previously. Several cavity-nesting species appear to have increased in numbers and tin
Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) has become established as a breeding species since 1960. Black Swifts
(Cypseloides niger), a species for which there is no specimen for Arizona, were seen on one occa-
sion, and a female Lucifer Hummingbird {Calo thorax lucifer) , another unexpected species, was seen
on several occasions.
Resumen. Se observaron 167 espccies de aves en las Montanas Chiricahua y zonas adyacentes, durante
las cuatro estaciones de cria; 19 de estas especies eran residentes invernales o aves migratorias que no
aparecian despues de Mayo. El estado de varias especies ha cambiado aparentemente desde los estudios
realizados por Tanner y Hardy (1958). El Aguila Real (Acjuila chrysaetos) y el Halcon Cafc; (Falco
mexicanus) han disminuido, mientras que la Codorniz dedilarga (Cyrtonyx montezuma) y varios
colibris son probablemente mas abundantes ahora que antes. Varias especies de las que anidan en
cavidades han incrementando en numero, asi, el Azul de tempestad (Sialia siulis) aparece bien estable-
cido, de modo que cria en esta zona desde 1960. EI Vencejo negro (Cypseloides niger) no se ha
registrado en Arizona, y solamente se ha visto en una ocasion en esta region, asi como una hembra
del Colibri Chupamirto morada grande (Calothorax lucifer) otra de las especies raras en esta zona,
en donde solo ha sido observado en pocas ocasiones.
The Chiricahua Mountains of Cochise County, Arizona, are located near the
Arizona-New Mexico boundary about 20 miles north of the Mexican border. These moun-
tains, along with the Huachuca and Santa Rita mountains, are of special ornithological
interest because the northernmost extension of several essentially Mexican species and the
southern limit of several boreal forms occur here. This, together with the wide variety
of habitats found in the Chiricahuas, ranging from desert scrub to spruce-fir forest,
combine to make this region rich in breeding bird species. In recent years the Chiricahuas
have become relatively well known to ornithologists, largely because the Southwestern
Research Station of the American Museum of Natural History is located in Cue
Creek Canyon.
The avifauna of the Chiricahua Mountains has been popularized by a number of
ornithologists (Peterson, 1948; Brandt, 1951), but little detailed work has been pub-
lished. Tanner and Hardy (1958) briefly describe the clevational distribution of some
of the more common birds and review the avifaunal studies of the region, pointing out
the sparseness of data dealing with breeding birds of the area.
No comprehensive study of plant distribution in the Chiricahuas has been pub-
lished, but Balda (1967) describes in detail the habitats he studied, and W'hittaker and
Niering (1965) present an excellent discussion of plant distribution in the nearby and
similar Santa Catalina mountains.
We spent a great deal of time in riparian communities, habitats not described by
Tanner and Hardy (1958). These are affected by lower temperatures (due to nightly
cold air drainage) and higher moisture conditions than the adjacent typical plant com-
munities of a given elevation. Riparian habitat is best developed in canyon bottoms but
San Diico Soc. Nat. Hist., Trans. 15 (5): 41-50, 5 |i m I •>■
42 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
is present to some degree wherever permanent or temporary streams are found. Plant
species diversity is great in these areas and is reflected in high bird species diversity.
Lower elevation riparian woods are characterized by sycamore, willow, cottonwood,
maple, walnut, ash, and several species of oaks. The Station is located in such an area.
In more restricted canyon bottoms, such as the South Fork of Cave Creek Canyon,
many coniferous species typically found at higher elevations are intermingled with the
deciduous trees. In the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona cypress is limited to this
community.
Because the avifauna of the Chiricahuas has special interest, we feel that updating
the avifaunal list of Tanner and Hardy (195 8) is worthwhile, even though an excel-
lent state bird book (Phillips et al., 1964) has recently been published. Our data indi-
cate that dramatic changes in the status of some birds have occurred since Tanner and
Hardy's study. Perhaps the best example is the arrival and population increase of the
Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) . In addition, some common species, principally nocturnal
ones, were overlooked.
Ligon camped in Cave Creek Canyon from 17 May to 2 1 July 1964; Balda was
at the Southwestern Research Station from 3 June to 2 July of that year. From 17 Feb-
ruary to 18 August 196 5 Balda conducted a study of the breeding habitats of the birds
of the region. Ligon arrived at the Station on 4 May and remained until 5 August. In
1966 Ligon spent three days in Cave Creek Canyon in April and 18 days there in July.
He was at the Station for several days during May 1967.
We follow the terminology of Tanner and Hardy (195 8) in referring to the status
of each species. Species recorded by them for which we have no additional comments
are simply listed with a one-word designation of status. More detailed information on
abundance is currently being prepared. Those species not recorded by the above authors
are indicated by an asterisk; species for which either nests were found or juveniles seen
are indicated by a dagger. All specimens were taken by Ligon and are deposited in the
collections of The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Only species recorded
after 1 May are included in this account.
The village of Portal is located below the mouth of Cave Creek Canyon at an
elevation of 4770 feet. Paradise is about five miles northwest of Portal. Apache is 12
miles south of Rodeo, New Mexico on U. S. Highway 80. Stewart Forest Camp and
Sunny Flats Campground are located in Coronado National Forest between Portal and
the Station (elevation 5400 feet) ; Rustler Park, also in Coronado' National Forest, is
higher (8400 feet).
Systematic List
Oxyitra jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck1'. — A male in breeding plumage was seen on 21 July 1965, in
a cattle tank at the foot of the mountains near Portal.
Ca/hartcs aura, Turkey Vulture. — Common. Large flock of about 50 roosted nightly on huge rock
above Stewart Forest Camp.
Accipiter gentilis, Goshawk^. — An adult female was collected 5 July 1964, nine miles southwest of
Apache. A nest with one flying young was located in the same area the following day at an elevation of
about 5 200 feet. This nest was about 200 yards downstream from an occupied nest of A. cooperii. Gos-
hawks were seen on four occasions over ponderosa pine forest below Rustler Park.
Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Hawk*. — One observed at the station for several days in early
May 1965; captured hummingbirds with apparent ease from the station feeders.
Accipiter cooperii, Cooper's Hawk'. — Common in Cave Creek Canyon from oak woodland to spruce-
fir forest in 1964 and 1965; seven nests found, four examined, each with four or five eggs or young.
Bit/eo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk. ■ — Uncommon.
Bu/eo swainsoni, Swainson's HawkT. — One seen building a nest 20 May 1964. Nest with two well-
grown living young, and a third dead, found 2 July 1964, near Potral.
Buteo albontatus, Zone-tailed Hawk"'. — One seen by Ligon perched on rocks in dry South Fork of
Cave Creek on 21 May 1964. Two seen by Balda along the South Fork of Cave Creek Canyon in
May 1965.
1968 Ligon and Balda: Chiricahua Birds 45
Buteo lagopus. Rough-legged Hawk"'. — Winter visitor; last seen on 5 May.
Aquila chrysactos. Golden Eagle. — Pair seen regularly east of Portal in 1964 and 1965. Not seen in
the mountains.
Circus cyaiwus. Marsh Hawk*. — One was seen occasionally over the grasslands below Rodeo from
March through May 1965.
Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon. — Seen irregularly over grassland south of Rodeo and also on west
side of the mountains in 1965.
Falco peregrinus, Peregine Falcon::". — Seen regularly in 1964 and 1965 along high cliffs above
Stewart Forest Camp and Sunny Flats Campground. Believed to have nested. Ligon observed one drive a
Red-tailed Hawk to earth near Sunny Flats Campground.
Falco sparivrius. Sparrow Hawk'. — Uncommon. In 1964 a pair nested in a large dead Cottonwood
one and one-half miles east of Portal. A nest was located near Paradise in 1965. Seen occasionally in pon-
derosa pine forest.
Callipepla squamata, Scaled Quail'. — Common in grasslands containing a scattering of shrubs along
Highway 80 east of the Chiricahuas. Young seen on 8 July 1965. Newly-hatched young captured and
photographed on 11 July 1965. A very late nest located on 17 August contained 12 eggs.
Lophortyx gambclii, Gambel's Quail". — Common in desert scrub surrounding the mountains. Newly-
hatched young captured and photographed 9 June 1964.
Cyrtonyx montezumae, Harlequin Quail""'''. — Not uncommon but not regularly seen in oak woodland
and pine-oak-juniper woodland communities. Four young seen by Balda on 20 July 1965.
Meleagris gallopavo, Turkey'. — Uncommon. Nest, eight eggs located near the Station on 17 May
1965. Seven chicks seen 13 June 1964. Flocks of 8 to 10 birds were seen often in the ponderosa pines
below Rustler Park in 1965.
Cbaradrius lociferus, Killdeer. — Seen irregularly about water tanks.
Actitis macularia, Spotted Sandpiper*. — Five seen on small ponds at the foot of the mountains on
21 July 1965.
Columba fascia/a, Band-tailed Pigeon. — Regular in flocks in Cave Creek Canyon in early summer,
becoming common to abundant at high elevations in mid-July, when pairs were apparently preparing to
nest.
Zcnaida asiatica, White-winged Dove'. — Commonly seen from desert scrub up into oak woodland.
Zenaidura macron ra, Mourning Dove^. — This species was most common in desert scrub where Balda
located 23 nests in 1965. At one nest the young fledged on 4 March. One pair was seen on repeated
occasions in ponderosa pine forest.
Columbigallina passerina, Ground Dove*. — One seen by Ligon on 9 June 1964, one and one-half
miles east of Portal near a watering tank. Phillips ft al. (1964: 43) consider the records for the east
side of the Chiricahuas as representing strays rather than a breeding population.
Geococcyx californianus, Roadrunner. — Uncommon below Portal.
Otus asio, Screech Owl*'. — Common in Cave Creek Canyon, where nests were found in 1965
and 1967.
Otus trichopsis. Whiskered Owl*''. — Common in Cave Creek Canyon. One or more nests were
located near the station in 1964, 1965, 1967.
Otus flamnnolus, Flammulated Owl'. — Uncommon. Two nests were located in 1965, each with one
young. One nest also contained an addled egg.
Bubo virginianus, Great-horned Owl*. — Uncommon from desert scrub up to the lower edges of
ponderosa pine forest.
Glum itlium gnonia, Pygmy Owl*^. — Uncommon. Nest found near the Station on 17 May 1967, in
cavity used by Elf Owls the previous two years. Seen and heard occasionally above Rustler Park.
Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl*'''. — Abundant in Cave Creek Canyon where 20 nests were located by
Ligon in 1 965.
Speotyto cuniculnria. Burrowing Owl*'1'. — Rare on foothill grasslands surrounding the mountains.
One pair nested three miles south of Apache in 1965.
Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl. — Uncommon. Heard calling in Cave Creek Canyon on 11 July 1964
by Ligon, J. P. Hubbard, and B. K. Harris. One seen at Rustler Park by Balda, 14 August 1 96?.
Caprimulgus lociferus, Whip-poor-will1'. — Common along Cave Creek Canyon floor up to the high-
est elevations of the mountains. Female with egg ready for laying collected 31 May. 1964.
Pbalaenoptilus nuttallii, Poor-will. — Common from desert scrub through oak woodland especially ""
the drier slopes. Heard primarily at dusk and dawn. Seen foraging about lights at the Station on several
occasions.
Cbordeiles minor, Common Nighthawk*. — Seen 18 July, 1965, southwest of Apache.
44 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15
Chordeiles acutipciinis. Lesser Night hawk. — Common on desert sciub surrounding mountain and
occasional through oak woodland.
Cypseloides niger, Black Swift*. — Rare. Flock of about a dozen seen above Herb Martyr Dam on
11 July 1964, by Ligon, J. P. Hubbard, and B. K. Harris. They were foraging with Purple Martins,
Violet-green Swallows and White-throated Swifts. There is no satisfactory specimen record for Arizona
(Phillips ct al., 1964: 58).
Aeronantes saxatalis. White-throated Swift. — Common in the mountains. Also foraged over the
desert.
Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Hummingbird*. — Extremely rare. A female was first seen by Balda on
17 June 1965 southwest of Apache in oak woodland adjacent to xeric slopes covered with manzanita and
agave. This female was seen again on 26 June and 1 July, and was positively identified at a local rancher's
hummingbird feeder. There are only two very old specimen records for the state (Phillips, et al., 1964: 62).
Archilochns alexandri, Black-chinned Hummingbird'. — Uncommon in desert, but very common in
oak woodland, riparian canyons and oak-juniper woodland. Occasionally sighted in lower ponderosa pine
forest. Fourteen nests were located by Balda in 1965, with extreme dates 15 April to 28 June.
Selasphoms platycercus, Broad-tailed Hummingbird^. — Uncommon in oak woodland and oak-juniper
woodland but common in riparian canyon and coniferous forests. An exceptionally early nest found in
South Fork on 4 April contained two eggs. Both young fledged by 1 3 May. The latest nest was located
in ponderosa pine forest and contained two young on 1 August.
Selasphorus nifus, Rufous Hummingbird. — Regular from woodlands through coniferous forest from
mid-July onward. Seen occasionally in desert as well.
Stcllula calliope. Calliope Hummingbird*. — Male shot but net retrieved by Ligon in Rustler Park
on 16 July 1964. One seen on 2 August 1965 in ponderosa pine forest.
Eugenes fulgens, Rivoli's Hummingbird. — Regular at station feeders but uncommon in woodland and
riparian canyons. Seen occasionally at lower edge of ponderosa pine forest.
Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Hummingbird7. — Uncommon in riparian habitats but regular at
the station feeders. Two nests each containing two eggs were located on 28 June 1965, in the South
Fork of Cave Creek Canyon. This species is very aggressive and was seen driving other species from feed-
ing sites and destroying nests of other hummingbirds to obtain nesting materials.
Amazilia verticalis, Violet-crowned Hummingbird*. — First seen at Station in June in 1963, 1964,
and 1965. R. W. Lasiewski captured one in July 1965.
Trogon clegans, Coppery-tailed TrogonT. — Nest found near Sunny Flats Campground on 10 June
1964; the two young fledged on 15 July. This species was seen in 1964, 1965, and 1966. In 1965 it was
common in the South Fork of Cave Creek Canyon, where on 2 3 May Balda observed three males and
two females in close proximity. Males wandered great distances up and down Cave Creek Canyon.
Colaptcs cafer, Red-shafted Flicker7. — Common in woodland and coniferous forest. Eight nests were
found; extremes are 2 May to 24 June.
Melnuerpes formicivorus, Acorn Woodpecker'. — Common to abundant resident of Cave Creek
Canyon. Numerous nests were found.
Dcmlrocopos villosus, Hairy Woodpecker . — Abundant in coniferous forest. Young left nest below
Flys Peak on 24 June. Two nests were located near the Station, one in a walnut, the other in a sycamore,
well below the usual altitudinal breeding range of this species.
Dcmlrocopos scalaris, Ladder-backed Woodpecker7. — Uncommon in desert scrub lowlands surround-
ing mountains. Seen foraging as high as 5 200 feet on xeric slopes. Two nests, each in agave, were located
on 25 May 1964. Both contained three young.
Dcmlrocopos arizonae, Arizona Woodpecker7. — Common in oak and pine-oak woodland, but often
silent and difficult to locate. Nests were found in sycamore, Cottonwood, and walnut trees.
Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird7. — Common in desert but rare in higher woodlands. Three of
four nests in desert scrub were located on the high flower stalk of a yucca. The earliest nests located
were being built on 23 May 1965.
1' \ rtin n us vociferans, Cassin's Kingbird7. — Uncommon in woodlands up to 7000 feet. Two nests were
located in oaks, another in a sycamore.
Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulfur-bellied Flycatcher7. — Common in the lower portion of Cave Creek
Canyon, less so near the Station. Four nests, all in sycamore cavities, were located between Stewart Forest
Camp and Sunny Flats campgrounds in 1964. In 1966, the first egg was laid in a nest near the Station
on 2 5 July.
Myiarcbus tyrannulus, Wied's Crested Flycatcher*7. — Uncommon in Cave Creek Canyon. Nest con-
taining well-grown young located high in a cavity in a sycamore on 7 July 1966.
Myiarcbus cinerascens, Ash-throated Flycatcher7. — Common in all wooded habitats from desert
through pine-oak woodlands. Highest density found in the latter. Five nests found in cavities or dead
oak stumps. Earliest nest was being constructed on 9 May 1965.
1968 Ligon and Balda: Chiricahua Birds 45
Myiarchus tuberculifer, Olivaceous Flycatcher. — Common in canyons.
Sayortiis nigricans. Black Phoebe'. — Uncommon. In 1964 and 1 96 S occupied nests were located under
the bridge at Stewart Forest Camp. In 196 5 a nest was also located under the bridge near the Station and
on the eave of a station building (four eggs on 8 May).
Sayornis saya, Say's Phoebe'. — Uncommon at lower elevations but common near buildings and other
man-made objects. Nested at Station each year, 1964-67.
Empidonax difficilis, Western Flycatcher'. — Common in ponderosa pine forest; abundant in spruce-
Douglas fir forests on the peaks. Four nests were located in 1965. One nest with three eggs was located
on 1 June in an upturned root system of a large pine. The other nests were located in cavities or attached
to the side of rough-barked trees.
Empidonax fuliifrons. Buff-breasted Flycatcher"'. — One or two pairs spent the summer of 1965 in
the oak-juniper woodland behind the Station. First seen on 8 May.
Contoptts pertinax, Coue's Flycatcher*. — Common in ponderosa pine forest where one nest was
located in 1964 and two in 1965. The earliest nest was being built 20 May. Two stub-tailed young were
taken on 2 8 June 1964.
Contopus sordiduhis, Western Wood Pewee'. — Abundant.
Nu/tallornis borealis, Olive-sided Flycatcher''. — One migrant seen on 30 May 1965, in ponderosa
pine forest.
Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Flycatcher'. — Rare at lower elevations except near irrigated areas or
human habitation. Male collected at Cave Creek Cabins near Portal on 28 June 1964. Male seen as high
as the Station on three different occasions.
Camptostoma imberbe, Beardless Flycatcher"'. — Rare on the dry slopes and open canyon floors of
Cave Creek. Six sight records by Balda from March through July 1965, from below Stewart Forest Camp
up to South Fork.
Eremophila alpcstris, Horned Lark*. — Common in all grasslands.
Tacbycineta tbalassina, Violet-green Swallow. — Common at all elevations in the mountains.
Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow* *. — Rarely seen foraging over desert scrub to woodlands. One nest
with three young found in rancher's barn 12 miles south of Apache.
Progne subis, Purple Martin. ■ — Uncommon.
Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay. — Common in higher riparian and coniferous forest.
Aphelocoma coerulcscens, Scrub Jay*. — Seen rarely in thick foliage at low elevations. One seen one
and one-half miles east of Portal on 20 June 1964; another seen 13 May 1967 near Cave Creek Cabins,
between Portal and the entrance to Coronado National Forest. Three to five seen 10 July 1964, nine miles
southwest of Apache, at the edge of oak woodland.
Aphelocoma ultramarina, Arizona Jay. — Common. Stub-tailed young seen 28 May 1964; one taken
on 3 July 1964. Three nests found in May 1965, all with four eggs.
Con us corax, Raven. — Rare at high altitudes. Seen frequently along the highway 15 miles north of
Douglas, Arizona.
Conns cryptolcucus, White-necked Raven'. — Uncommon on the desert. One nest containing two
young was located in a clump of yucca west of the mountains in 1965.
Pants sclateri, Mexican Chickadee*. — Common but secretive during nesting in the ponderosa pine
forest. Nest located in gambel's oak cavity on 10 June 1964.
Pants inornatus, Plain Titmouse"'". — Uncommon in and around Cave Creek Canyon, but fairly com-
mon in oak woodlands in more xeric areas. One nest was located behind the Station in a cavity of a dead
juniper on 12 June 1965. Young left this nest on 1 9 June.
Pants wollweberi, Bridled Titmouse*. — Common in oak woodland, pine-oak-juniper woodland and
riparian. It overlapped with the Plain Titmouse in the first two communities. Five nests were found in
natural cavities of oaks and sycamore. The earliest nest located had three eggs on 1 May while the latest
nest had seven young on 6 June.
Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin*. — Uncommon on the desert. Four nests were found in 1965 and one
in 1964. A male was observed building a nest, which was never completed, on 3 1 March. A nest with
four eggs was found on 24 May 1964; another, containing one egg was located on 2 June 1965. Im-
matures were observed building roost nests on three occasions.
Psaltiparus minimus, Bushtit*. — Common in oak-juniper and riparian woodlands, uncommon in open
oak woodland. Three nests were found in 1965; the earliest was under construction on 4 April. Young
left this nest about 7 May. The latest nest was found 29 May; the young fledged on 19 June.
Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Nuthatch*. — Most common in ponderosa pine forest. Breeds sp.n
in riparian habitat, oak-juniper woodland, and spruce-Douglas fir forest. One nest found
17 June in a natural cavity in silver-leaf oak.
46 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
Sitta canadensis. Red-breasted Nuthatch1'. — Common only in spruce-Douglas fir forest where one
nest was observed being built on 24 May 1965.
Sitta pygmaea. Pygmy Nuthatch \ — Abundant in all coniferous forest from 5,000 feet to top of
mountain. Nine nests found in 1965. First young left the nest on 14 June.
Ccrthia familiar is, Brown Creeper. — Abundant in spruce-Douglas fir and common wherever conifers
are present. Immatures move downward in late June. An immature female was collected at Sunny Flats
Campground on 30 June 1964.
Troglodytes aedon, House Wren'. — Common in coniferous forests, where four nests were located in
1965. All contained young by the last week of June.
Tbryomanes beuickii, Bewick's Wren". — Abundant in oak woodland, common in oak-juniper wood-
land. Five nests located in natural cavities of Emory Oak. The earliest nest was under incubation en
19 May, while the latest was being built on 5 June.
Campylorhyncbus brunneicapillum, Cactus Wren7. — Common on desert scrub surrounding the
mountain. Eighteen nests found in 1965; dates ranged from 24 March to 21 July.
Catbcrpcs mexicanus, Canon Wren. — Uncommon.
Sulpirides obsolctus, Rock Wren. — Rare.
Miimts polyglottos, Mockingbird. — Uncommon in desert but common in open oak-woodland.
Dnmetella carolinensis, Catbird". — Migrant, seen by Balda on 9 May 1965.
Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire's Thrasher. — Rare in desert scrub.
Toxostoma currirostre, Curved-billed Thrasher""'. — Uncommon in desert. Nesting range overlaps
with Bendire's Thrasher at the foot of the mountain. Five nests found, four of which were slung between
two yuccas. The earliest nest had three eggs on 4 May, the latest had three eggs on 28 May.
Toxostoma dorsale, Crissal Thrasher^. — Rare from desert up to open oak woodland. Four nests, all
containing eggs, were located; three were found in late May, one on 9 July.
T Urdus migratorius, Robin'. — Common in riparian and ponderosa pine but uncommon in oak-juniper
woodland and spruce-Douglas fir forest. Five nests found in 1965, the earliest with two young on 28 May.
Hylocichla guttata. Hermit Thrush. — Common in coniferous forests where moisture is available,
extending down into moist shaded canyon bottoms. A female with a fresh brood patch was taken along
the South Fork of Cave Creek on 14 May 1967.
Hylocichla ustulata, Swainson's Thrush"'. — Uncommon migrant, seen in all years during the last
two weeks of April and first two weeks of May. One captured and released at the Station on 14 May 1967.
Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird*^. — This species was first recorded as a breeding bird in Cave Creek
Canyon in 1960 (Phillips, et al., 1964: 131). It has since become a regular breeding species in the oak-
juniper woodland and riparian habitat near the Station. Young left one nest on 12 June 1965; newly
hatched young were in another on 7 July 1966.
Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird'. — Abundant in ponderosa pine forest, where four nests were
located. Young fledged in late June and the first two weeks of July.
Myadcsfcs tounsendi, Townsend's Solitaire. — Migrant (but cf. Tanner and Hardy, 1958). Latest
sighting was 20 May 1964, near Herb Martyr Dam, by Ligon.
Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. — Common in oak woodlands.
Poliop/ila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. — Rare in desert scrub.
Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Kinglet. — Common in spruce-fir forest but not found elsewhere.
Regains calendula, Ruby-crowned Kinglet. — Abundant in spruce-fir forest but also limited to only
this community.
Pbainopepla nit ens, Phainopepla*. — Rare breeder in desert scrub below Portal and also on the west
side of the mountain. Records from June, July, and August, 1965.
Lanins Indoi icianus, Loggerhead Shrike' . — Uncommon in most desert scrub areas but locally com-
mon. Three nests with four young each were found in 1965. Young left these nests on 12 May, 16 May,
and 20 June.
Vireo huttoni, Hutton's Vireo^. — Uncommon in oak woodlands, more common in riparian situations.
Nest found in sycamore on 15 May 1965.
Vireo bellii. Bell's Vireo. — Not uncommon in thick mesquite along dry creek beds east of Portal.
Vireo licinior, Gray Vireo. — Of very local distribution. Found by Balda to be uncommon in oak
woodland 20 miles southwest of Apache.
Vireo solitarius. Solitary Vireo^. — Abundant in ponderosa pine forest, and common in oak-juniper
woodland and riparian communities. One nest with young found 11 June 1964; male parent taken. Four
nests were found in 1965.
Vireo gilvus. Warbling Vireo. — Common in aspen stands, which are found at higher elevations.
Seen on a few occasions as low as the Station.
1968 Ligon and Balda: Chiricahua Birds 47
Vermiiora virginiae, Virginia's Warbler. — Uncommon in shrubby areas in botli the coniferous
forests and in riparian communities.
Vermiiora luciae, Lucy's Warbler1'. — Uncommon from desert through the woodlands. Nest found
one and one half miles east of Portal on 9 June 1964.
PcuceJramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler'1". — Surprisingly common in the ponderosa pine forest in 1965;
rare in spruce-Douglas fir forest. Two nests located in 1965 and one in 1967.
DenJroica petechia, Yellow Warbler. — One seen and heard repeatedly at the Station through the
first two weeks of June 1963; no other records.
DenJroica caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler*. — Casual migrant; seen by Baida on 7 Ma)
1965 in riparian habitat.
DenJroica auduboni, Audubon's Warbler"'. — Common in riparian and coniferous forests. One rust
high in a ponderosa pine was located. Young left around 28 June.
DenJroica nigrescens, Black-throated Gray Warbler7. — Abundant in woodland and upper riparian
communities. Six nests were found in 1965. Incubation was under way on 17 May in the earliest nest.
Recently fledged young were common during the second and third weeks of June.
DenJroica townsendi, Townsend's Warbler"". — Uncommon migrant. Seen through the second week
of May.
DenJroica graciae, Grace's Warbler'. — Very common in ponderosa pine forest. One nest with female
incubating was found on 18 May 1965. A stub-tailed juvenile was taken on 21 June 1964.
Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray's Warbler"'. — ■ Common migrant. Seen in desert and woodlands into
the third week of May. One captured and released at the Station on 15 May 1967.
Geothlypis tricbas, Yellowthroat"'. — One seen on station grounds on several occasions in May 1965.
CarJellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Warbler". — Uncommon in coniferous forests and higher riparian
communities. One nest found on 7 July 1965 in spruce-Douglas fir forest below Flys Peak contained
four young.
Wiho?iia pusilla, Wilson's Warbler. — Common near the Station in mid-May 1967.
Setopbaga picta, Painted Redstart7. — Abundant in South Fork of Cave Creek Canyon. One nest
located on 15 May contained four eggs. Juvenile just out of nest taken on 3 1 May 1964.
Passer domesticus, House Sparrow. — Common at Portal. One nest found in old woodpecker cavity.
Sturm lla magna. Eastern MeadowlarkT. — Common in grasslands below Apache.
Xantbocepbalus xanthocephalus, Yellow-headed Blackbird"'. — Rare at water tanks in higher desert
scrub in July and August.
Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole'. — Uncommon in desert and oak woodland. One pair, later col-
lected, was observed building a nest in a large Cottonwood one and one-half miles east of Portal on
8 June 1964. Another nest was found in oak woodland in late June 1965.
Icterus parisorum, Scott's Oriole7. — Uncommon in desert but common in oak woodland and on dry
slopes. Five nests found in 1965. All were placed on the side of a yucca under the green leaves. Nest
building was underway by 15 May and young were off the nest by 21 June. An independent juvenile
was taken east of Portal on 28 June 1964.
Icterus bullockii, Bullock's Oriole"'. — Uncommon at Station and lower elevations where water is
present. One nest was found on station grounds in June 1965. Two males were captured and released at
the Station on 14 May 1967.
Euphagus cyanoccpbalus, Brewer's Blackbird'". — Not uncommon in large flocks at cattle feeder lots
until the middle of May.
Molothrus ater. Brown-headed Cowbird'. — Uncommon from desert up through oak-juniper wood-
land. A recently-fledged juvenile that was attended by a female Vermilion Flycatcher was taken 28 June
1964. Three cowbird eggs were found in a Brown Towhee (Pipilo fnscus) nest on 11 June 1965.
Tangai ins aenens, Bronzed Cowbird""7. — Uncommon from desert up to lower edge ot the oak wood-
land. Three taken on 26 May 1964. One male was molting. A Hooded Oriole nest contained two oriole
eggs and one of this species.
Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager. — Common in ponderosa pine forest, lev-, common in high
riparian. Abundant at hummingbird feeders at the Station in mid-May 1967, apparently as a result of
severe food shortage.
Piranga flat a, Hepatic Tanager7. — Uncommon in pine-oak woodlands, upper riparian, and ponderosa
pine forest. One nest was located high in a pine on 8 June 1965. The young fledged about 28 June.
Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager"'. — Rare in cottonwoods and high riparian woodlands. One singing
male was present at the Station from late May through June 1965.
RicbmonJena carjinalis. Cardinal. — Common in lower riparian.
Pbeucticus melanocephahis. Black-headed Grosbeak1'. — Common in oak and pine-oak woodlands and
all riparian situations, but uncommon in ponderosa pine forest. Young were seen in mi
48 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15
Guiraca caerulea, Blue Grosbeak""'. — Uncommon in thick mesquite on the desert east of Portal. One
of two adult males collected on 3 June 1964.
Passcrina amoena. Lazuli Bunting. — Pair seen at the Station during the second week of May 1965.
CarpoJacus cassinii, Cassin's Finch"". — Rare late spring migrant.
Carpodacns mexicanus. House Finch. — Common at low elevations.
Spinus pinus, Pine Siskin. — Seen about the Station in May.
Spinas psalfria. Lesser Goldfinch. — Uncommon along willow thickets in open riparian habitats.
Loxia curvirostra. Red Crossbill. — Sporadic in occurrence in 1965, but flocks of up to 50 birds,
including many juveniles, were seen in pine-oak-juniper woodland and ponderosa pine in May and June.
Seen in 1964, 1965, and 1967.
Chlorura chlorura, Green-tailed Towhee. — Seen through May in open riparian and pine-oak-juniper
woodland. One was trapped and released at the Station on 24 May 1967.
Pipilo er \ t hropbt bal m us , Rufous-sided Towhee. — Uncommon but regular from oak woodland through
spruce-Douglas fir forests.
Pipilo fuscus, Brown Towhee1. — Uncommon in all lower elevation shrubby habitats.
Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Bunting"'. — Large flocks were observed in the lowland shrub and
oak communities until the second week of May. The last individuals left during the last week of May.
Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Sparrow"'. — Seen commonly in vicinity of cattle watering tanks
into the first week of May.
Am m od ram us savannarum, Grasshopper Sparrow*t. — Uncommon on desert grassland between Apache
and Douglas. Bob-tailed fledglings seen on 26 July 1965. Male with enlarged testes taken on 30 June 1964.
Ammodramus bairdii, Baird's Sparrow*. — Winter visitor. Uncommon on desert grassland into early
May.
Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow7. — Uncommon in shrub-grassland areas but common in open
oak-woodland where three nests, all on the ground, were located. A nest found on 17 June contained
one egg as did another located on 23 June. On 1 July, a pair was observed building a nest which con-
tained three eggs eight days later. These are exceptionally late breeding records, as Brandt (1951) found
nests in May and early June.
Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Sparrow. — Uncommon to common in grassy woodlands.
Aimophila cassinii, Cassin's Sparrow"'. — Rare, possible breeder on the grasslands south of Apache.
Adult male with enlarged testes taken six miles south of Apache on 30 June 1964. Ohmart (1966)
recently discovered A. cassinii breeding in Arizona (cf. statements of Phillips et al., 1964: 200).
Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Sparrow^. — Abundant in desert scrub vegetation. Nest with
three eggs found one and one-half miles east of Portal on 29 May 1964. Four nests found in 1965; the
earliest was under construction on 12 May, whereas the latest held two eggs on 14 June.
Jiinco oreganus, Oregon Junco*. — Last seen on 15 May 1965 in pine-oak-juniper woodland and
ponderosa pine forest.
Jiuico caniceps, Gray-headed Junco*. — Migrant. Last seen on 17 May 1965, in pine-oak-juniper
woodland.
Junco phaeonotus, Mexican Junco'''. — Abundant in coniferous forest. Ten nests found there in 1965.
The earliest nest was being built on 17 May; the latest had three eggs on 1 August.
Spizella passcrina, Chipping Sparrow'. — Common in oak woodland and abundant in open pine-oak-
juniper woodland. Seven nests were found in the latter community in 1965. The earliest nest contained
four eggs on 17 May, while the latest contained young on 12 June.
Spizella breueri, Brewer's Sparrow*. — Large flocks were present in low elevation shrubland until
the end of May.
Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Sparrow"'. — One seen at lower edge of oak woodland on
5 May 1965.
Zonotrichia leucopbrys. White-crowned Sparrow. — Common migrant and winter resident at low
elevations.
Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln's Sparrow*. — One seen at the Station during the first two weeks of
May 1965. Two seen at the Station in mid-May 1967.
Discussion
We recorded 167 species, of which 5 7 were not seen by Tanner and Hardy (1958).
(Nineteen species recorded by us were winter residents or migrants not seen after May.)
This is hardly surprising, as we spent much more time in this region, both within a
single year and over a span of several years. Species for which we have breeding records,
1968 Ligon and Balda: Chiricahua Birds 49
or for which there is reason to assume breeding, that were unrecorded by Tanner and
Hardy include: Peregrine Falcon, Harlequin Quail, Screech, Whiskered, Great-Horned,
Pygmy and Elf owls, Wied's Crested Flycatcher, Buff-breasted Flycatcher, Barn Swal-
low, Scrub Jay, Curved-billed Thrasher, Audubon's Warbler, Bullock's Oriole, Bronzed
Cowbird, Blue Grosbeak and Grasshopper Sparrow.
Of special interest are those species whose status apparently has changed during
the recent past. The Golden Eagle appears to have decreased since the studies of Brandt
(195 1) and Tanner and Hardy (1958), whereas the Harlequin Quail apparently has
increased. The Prairie Falcon may have become rarer, judging from the comments of
Phillips ct al. (1964: 26), as a result of movement of the Peregrine Falcon into south-
ern Arizona. Our probable breeding record of the Peregrine in Cave Creek Canyon
agrees with this; Tanner and Hardy recorded only the Prairie Falcon there. The hum-
mingbirds have either increased in numbers or in conspicuousness or both, largely as a
result of the many birders, both inside and outside the station grounds, who put up
hummingbird feeders. The Violet-crowned Hummingbird has extended its range north-
ward, as pointed out by Phillips ct al., (1964: 65) and is now regular at the Station.
Neither Brandt (1951) nor Tanner and Hardy (195 8) recorded the Plain Titmouse
and Phillips ct al. (1964: 111) report it only from the northern Chiricahua foothills.
We found it using natural cavities throughout the woodlands. The Coppery-tailed
Trogon and Buff-breasted Flycatcher apparently occur irregularly in southern Arizona,
and we were fortunate to be in the area in a year (1965) when both were present; the
trogon was actually almost common.
Tanner and Hardy listed many cavity nesters as uncommon or rare. This
was not borne out by the census data of Balda. The density of the Western Bluebird was
20 pairs per 100 acres in ponderosa pine forest. The Red-breasted Nuthatch also was
listed as rare in 1956, but 2 3 pairs per 100 acres were recorded in spruce-fir forest. This
suggests a recent increase in the abundance of cavity nesters. Severe drought conditions
have killed large numbers of trees in the past few years, indirectly providing numerous
new nest sites for these cavity nesters. As mentioned earlier, the Eastern Bluebird
(apparently S. 5. fulva), another cavity nester, has also become established recently in
areas near the Station. Balda found the density of this species to be 3 pairs per 100 acres
in 1964 and 7 pairs per 100 acres in 1965. Ligon (in press) describes nest sites of this
species in Cave Creek Canyon and mentions some factors which possibly serve to limit
its increase.
Acknowledgments
In 1964 Ligon received financial aid, in the form of a summer training grant, from the United States
Public Health Service and from a grant provided by the Josselyn Van Tyne Memorial Fund of tin-
American Ornithologists' Union. Both Ligon and Balda received grants from the Frank M. Chapman
Memorial Fund of the American Museum of Natural History in 1965, supporting independent research in
the Chiricahuas. Ligon also received assistance from a grant to The University of Michigan Museum of
Zoology from the National Science Foundation Training Program in Systematica and Evolutionary Biol) gj
(GB-3 366), and Balda's work was in part supported by the University of Illinois Research Board.
Literature Cited
Balda, R. P.
1967. Ecological relationships of the breeding-birds of the Chiricahua Mountains. Arizona. L'npubl.
Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois.
Brandt, H.
195 1. Arizona and its bird life. The Bird Research Foundaticn. Cleveland.
Ligon, J. U.
Factors influencing breeding range expansion of the Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis). Wilson Bull..
In press.
50 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15
Ohmart, R. D.
1966. Breeding record of the Cassin Sparrow (Aimophila cassinii) in Arizona. Condor, 68: 400.
Peterson, R. T.
1948. Birds over America. Dodd, Mead, and Co. New York.
Phillips, A. R., J. T. Marshall, Jr., and G. Monson
1964. The birds of Arizona. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Tanner, J. T., and J. W. Hardy
1958. Summer birds of the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Amer. Mus. Novitates. 1866.
Whittaker, R. H., and W. A. Niering
1965. Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona: A gradient analysis of the south slope.
Ecology, 46: 429-452.
Accepted for Publication 11 January 1968
Department of Biology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, and Department
of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.
^ /V/j'
A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BAHIA DE LOS
ANGELES, GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. I
GENERAL ACCOUNT. ^H
J. LAURENS BARNARD AND JOHN R. GRADY
Mue, ce*i* zool.
LffRARY.
JUL 6T968
HARVARD
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE SAN DIEGO
SOCIETY OF
NATURAL HISTORY
VOL. 15, NO. 6, 17 JUNE 1968
113° 30
Bahia de Los Angeles
113° 30'
Figure 1. Plan of hydrographic stations in Bahia de Los Angeles; inset, location of bay
in Gulf of California.
A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BAHIA DE LOS ANGELES,
GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. I.
GENERAL ACCOUNT
J. Laurens Barnard and John R. Grady
Abstract. — -The benthic invertebrate fauna of the southern end of Bahia de los Angeles, a small bay
on the Gulf of California, Mexico, was sampled during April 1962 and October 1963. 71 stations
were occupied in 1962 and 91 stations in 1963. Invertebrate samples were collected with an orange-
peel grab. The sediments on the bottom of the bay are predominantly brown, micaceous coarse silts
and fine sands; the steep fringes are composed of gray, fine and medium sands on the shoreline facing
the source area, a granite massif; the shore and fringing shelves on the peninsula and barrier islands
fronting the bay are primarily shell fragments and rocks. There is free water circulation in the bay,
although slight hypersaline conditions exist in summer. Dissolved oxygen ranges from 3.0 to 7.0 -f-
ml/L in surface waters and drops to 1.66 ml/L in bottom waters of 75 to 98 m. Low level red-
tides occur in March and April, and these may affect the invertebrate fauna. Lunar tides are of a
mixed semi-diurnal type. Because winter hydrotemperatures drop below 15C the bay has the aspect
of a warm-temperate province rather than a purely tropical region. Large scale reductions in the
invertebrate fauna occurred prior to the start of the survey and between the April 1962 and October
1963 survey. The cause of these reductions is still unknown. Detailed reports on the fauna will
appear elsewhere in this series.
Resumen. — En Abril de 1962 y Octubre de 1963 se obtuvieron muestras de invertebrados bentonicos
en el extremo meridional de Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico. En total se ocuparon
71 estaciones en 1962, y 91 en 1963. Los sedimentos del fondo de esta bahia son predominantemente
de color pardo, micaceos, con fango de particulas gruesas y arenas finas. Los bordes pendientes
estan constituidos por una franja de arenas grises de grano medio y fino, en la banda costera
frente a un macizo granitico; de modo que la costa y las plataformas de la ribera de la peninsula
y las islas que forman una barrera a la entrada de la bahia, estan formadas primordialmente de
fragmentos de rocas y conchas. El agua circula libremente en esta bahia, aun cuando en el verano se
presentan ligeramente hipersalinas. El oxigeno disuelto fluctua de 3.0 a 7.0 -\- ml/1 en las aguas
superficiales, descendiendo a 1.66ml/l en las aguas del fondo, a los 75 a 98m de profundidad. Mareas
rojas de poca intensidad se presentan en Marzo y Abril, las cuales posiblemente afectan a esta fauna
de invertebrados. Las mareas lunares son una mezcla del tipo semidiurno. La temperatura del agua
dcsciende en el invierno por debajo de los 15C de modo que esta bahia pertenece mas bien a una
provincia calido-templada, que a una region puramente tropical. Esta fauna de invertebrados sufrio
una reduccion en gran escala antes de iniciar estos estudios y entre los periodos de Abril, 1962, y
Octubre de 1963. Se desconocen las causas que motivaron tales bajas. Un estudio detallado de esta
fauna aparecera en otra parte de estas series.
A study of the marine environment and invertebrate fauna of Bahia de los Angeles,
by the writers and their colleagues, was suggested by the symposium on "The Bio-
geography of Baja California and Adjacent Seas" (Systematic Zoology, vol. 9, pts. 1-3,
1960), and made possible by the establishment of the Vermilion Sea Field Station of the
San Diego Natural History Museum at Bahia de los Angeles. Our desire to study un-
disturbed shallow-water areas have also prompted this study, which followed guidelines
similar to those used in the biological survey at Bahia de San Quintin (Barnard, 1962).
Because quantitative biological studies in a small area in the Gulf of California have
not been made previously, the present survey has concentrated primarily on the occur-
rence, distribution, and density of benthic, soft-bottom, invertebrate populations. A
study of sedimentary structure, bathymetry, and a bi-seasonal assessment of a few hydro-
graphic parameters were made concurrent with the biological survey. This focus on a
small community comes as an extension of the exploratory work of Parker (1964), who
assembled data on the Gulf biotopes based primarily on the molluscan fauna.
San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Trans. 15 (6): 51-66, June 1968
J4
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
*g*<^».
Figure 2. Aerial photograph of Bahia de Los Angeles.
Figure 3. Portion of village at Bahia de Los Angeles.
1968 Barnard and Grady: Bahia de los Angeles 5 5
Human influence on the bay environment has probably been of little consequence.
The hunting of sea turtles (Chelonia mydas carrincgra) from small boats in the open
Gulf provides the economic base for the small village situated on the central western
shore of the bay. Fishing for the totuava (Cynosdon macdonaldi) appears to be more
important to the north, at Bahia San Luis Gonzaga and at San Felipe, than at Bahia dc
los Angeles. The main tourist attraction is fishing, although there is some deer hunting
in the winter months. Access to the area is largely by small private plane, although
there are scheduled flights from Tijuana.
Physiography
Bahia de los Angeles is situated on the north east shore of Baja California. It is
fronted at some distance off shore by Angel de la Guarda Island and closer, by numerous
small islands (Figs. 1, 2). There are three main, deep channels into the bay.
Protection from easterly winds is rather good, although severe winds can create
large waves passing westward through the channels between islands. A granite massif,
part of the Sierra de San Borjas range, flanks the west shore, (Fig. 3) and apparently
deflects the northerly and westerly winds into winds with primarily westerly and
southerly components as they pass across the shore (data from wind gauge established
in April, 1962). At times, southerly and northwesterly winds meet on the sea in front
of the village and create small water spouts.
The barrenness of the mountains and islands surrounding the bay results in a stark
appearance. Sand or gravel beaches typify the western and southern shores, whereas the
southeastern peninsula and most of the islands are beset by only cliffs and gravel ram-
parts. Despite the ruggedness of the subaerial topography the southern arm of the bay
is remarkably flat (Figs. 4, 5 ) .
The floor of the bay is in the form of a basin. It is tilted slightly west to east, and
on the eastern shore is bounded by a small trench 1-2 meters deep. The basin shoals
gradually to the south, where the initial dip is about 1 30', but is reduced to 0°24'
from there to the geographic center of the southern portion of the bay, where depths
are approximately 40 meters. Slopes on the east side, supported by volcanic extrusives,
run to over 16°, in contrast to those off the sand beaches on the west side which are
generally little over one degree.
Field Methods
Hydrography. — Hydrographic surveys were conducted in April 1962, April 1963,
and October-November 1963. Their timing coincided with the benthic biological sur-
veys of April 1962 and October-November 1963. The April 1963 hydrographic survey
acted as a control on year-to-year variability. The benthic surveys were planned to lag
about two months behind the expected extreme water temperatures of mid-winter and
mid-summer, in order to sample the accumulated results of the fauna's exposure to
winter and summer seasons. Hence, the hydrographic surveys in both seasons represent
approximately intermediate thermal conditions.
Hydrographic stations were established throughout the bay (Fig. 1), and each grid
station was occupied for a two-day period. At each station the following parameters
were studied at water depths of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 meters: salinity, temperature,
dissolved oxygen, pH, silicates, phosphates, and water turbidity. Temperature was
recorded on paired protected-unprotected reversing thermometers attached to Nansen
bottles for correlation with other water analyses. Thermoclines were studied with .i
200-foot bathythermograph. A 24-hour sampling program was conducted at anchor to
study relationships of water variables to tidal changes.
A portable tide gauge was erected at a depth of 1.3 meters at the lowest observed
tide, and was maintained from 21 to 28 April, 1962, 13 to 21 April. 1963, and
S6
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
113° 30'
ROCKS EXPOSED AT LOW
TIDE OR PINNACLES
SOUNDINGS IN METERS
CONTOUR INTERVAL'
10 METERS
NAUTICAL MILES
KILOMETERS
113° 30'
I igure 4. Bathymetry of Bahia de Los Angeles based on echo-sounding tracks of inset.
1968
Barnard and Grady: Bahia de los Angeles
57
Figure 5. Depth contours and benthic biological stations in south portion of Bahia de
Los Angeles.
2 5 October to 3 November, 1963. The gauge was attached to 5 meters of Orangeburg
pipe suspended from a metal tripod.
A Simrad recording fathometer aboard the "Neptunus Rex" was used to record
38 profiles, totalling about 250 km. (Fig. 4), with radar navigation based on the chart
prepared by Neil F. Marshall and Wendell R. Gayman of Scripps Institution of Ocea-
nography on a scale of 1:2000. Radar navigation was checked continuously by pclorus
readings from the ship's gyroscope system. Tidal observations were not used for adjust-
ing profile records of the bathymetric survey precisely to datum, as other Inaccuracies
were of greater magnitude.
Biology. — A grid of benthic sampling stations was set up in the southern, m
protected portion of the bay, using procedures described by Barnard and Jones ( I960)
and Barnard (1962). Approximately 15 stations per square mile (nautical) were estab-
lished, totaling 161 stations in an area about ten square miles (Fig. 5). Alternate
stations were to be occupied in two seasons, the respective groups of 80 and 81 samples
58
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
APRIL 13
NOVEMBER
OCTOBER 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 I 2
12
08
04
0
04
CO
2j 08
1
BAHIA DE LOS ANGELES
UJ
12
08
04
MAZATLAN
04
08
I 0
Figure 6. Marigrams of Bahia de Los Angeles compared with those of Mazatlan
and Guaymas.
1968 Barnard and Grady: Bahia de los Angeles 59
being of sufficient size and replicative variability to represent a matched pair, thus per-
mitting a seasonal survey. If seasonal biotic differences proved to be minor, a better
mapping of bottom areas would result than if 80 stations were duplicated in the two
seasons. Owing to technical difficulties in April 1962 several stations were not occupied,
and several samples were not recovered because of failure of the grab to penetrate the
bottom. However, these stations were reoccupied in October-November 1963, resulting
in groups of 71 (April) and 91 (October) samples. This departure from plan was less
serious than expected. Seasonal differences were found to be so extreme that precise
comparison was not believed to be necessary at this time.
Benthic biological samples were obtained with a Hayward orange-peel grab modified
with canvas skirt and single-cable closing features. The sediments were washed through
a Tyler Standard Screen Scale Sieve of 0.7mm mesh opening. The residues were preserved
in formaldehyde, sorted in the laboratory, and subsequently preserved in alcohol. After
gross examination of dominant organisms the sorted samples were forwarded to special-
ists for study. Detailed faunal reports based on these collections appear elsewhere in
this series.
Sediment samples were collected at each station for determination of grain size
(median diameter), organic carbon, calcium carbonate contents, and pH at each station.
Water clarity readings were made with a Secchi disc, and surface-water temperatures
with a centigrade thermometer in bucket samples, as well as with a Yellow Springs
model 43TJ thermistor. Hydrographic casts with Nansen bottles and reversing ther-
mometers, and bathythermograph tracings for thermoclines were taken at every second
or third station during the biological survey.
Bottom depths from sea-surface were taken from the fathometer, checked by lead
soundings, and corrected subsequently by construction of a bathymetric chart approxi-
mately to tidal datum.
The various parameters of the stations sampled are summarized in the Appendix.
Physical Observations
Bahia de los Angeles is open sufficiently to Ballenas Channel to permit free water
circulation. Salinities in all three hydrographic surveys were in normal ranges for the
upper Gulf, showing very slight hypersaline conditions in the upper 10 meters owing to
evaporation during summer months. According to Roden and Groves (1959) salinity
values in Ballenas Channel range from 35.2 to 35.3','. In the Bay in April 1963 we
recorded a surface salinity of 35.259^ and at a depth of 30 meters 35.10%; in October
1963 surface salinities were approximately 35.55% and at 30 meters 35.45', .
Water temperatures in the bay are apparently extreme for a warm-temperate lati-
tude. Not many data have been taken, but those records available show minima of less
than 15C in February 1962 and 1963 and maxima of 29. 8C in August 1962, 28. 5C in
August 1961 and 28. 7C in September 1963.
Dissolved oxygen in the bay at depths of 5 0 meters or less always exceeded 3.0 ml 1
in waters from 10 meters above the bottom to the surface. Occasionally, in the bottom
waters from 0 to 10 meters above, in depths exceeding 30 meters, the dissolved oxygen
values were between 2.0 and 3.0ml L. Bottom water in depths of 7 5 to 98 meters
dropped to a low of 1.66 ml L. No attempt was made to sample at greater depths. The
water between the surface and 30 meters was consistently better oxygenated, being is
much as 3.0 ml L higher in spring than in fall. In April 1962 dissolved oxygen at 10
selected stations in 2 5 meters depth ranged from 4.13 to 7.16 ml L, whereas in October-
November 1963 the range in 20 meters was between 4.0 and 5.0 ml L. These differences
presumably result from winds in the spring in addition to other factors.
60
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
NAUTICAL MILES
bOO IDOO 1500
Sediment Types
METERS
Figure 7. Sediment distribution in south portion of Bahia de Los Angeles.
Bahia de los Angeles lies in the middle of more than 100 miles of coastline known
for extensive upwelling (Byrne and Emery, 1960; chart compiled in Parker, 1964),
which enriches surface waters and permits plankton blooms. Small but dense patches of
red-tide were observed almost continuously during April of 1962 and 1963, and during
a reconnaissance trip in March 1961.
Marigrams show the tides to be of a mixed semidiurnal type which, during the
periods measured, had a mean range of 1.22 meters and a high water interval of slightly
more than 12 hours (Fig. 6). The maximum range recorded in April 1962 and 1963
was 2.2 meters, and in October-November 1963, 2.0 meters; maximum spring tides did
not occur during these periods. The tides exceed the spring range, which increases
progressively toward the head of the Gulf, of 0.8 meters at the reference tide station at
Guaymas, and 1.3 meters at Mazatlan. In Figure 6, the marigrams for April are con-
trasted with tidal curves from Guaymas, and for the period in October-November with
a plot of the predicted tides at Mazatlan computed from the reference station at San
Diego, California. The mixed tides of Bahia de los Angeles resemble the semidiurnal tides
1968 Barnard and Grady: Bahia de los Angeles 61
at Mazatlan just south of the entrance to the Gulf, more than they do those at Guay-
mas, Bahia Concepcion or La Paz, which are characterized by dominant diurnal
components.
The sediment pattern (Fig. 7) in the bay apparently conforms with water depth.
Gray sands occur on the western and southern shores from the beach seaward to depths
of 20 to 2 5 meters, grading into silty sand and sandy silt at 20-3 5 meters. Brown silt
forms a cover in depths exceeding 3 5 meters. A belt of black silt mixed with sand also
is present along the south margin of the bay (stations 1 to 8). Seaward of the black
sediment is a region of gray, medium and fine sands. The eastern shore is dominated by
sands and silty sand with a high content of shell particles, rocks, and coarse debris. Fine
sediments apparently have their source on the western and southern margins of the bay,
whereas shell fragments remain exposed on the eastern margin where little sediment is
supplied from the land. Barrier islands are also surrounded by shell fragments. The
abundance of mica in the marine sediments probably indicates the chief source of sedi-
ment to be the southern granitic intrusive.
Biological Observations
Benthic samples of April 1962 included large and diverse populations of polychaetes,
small pelecypods, amphipods, mysids and small shrimps on muds in depths exceeding 5m.
Grab samples on sand bottoms of 2-5m depth fringing the bay were poorly populated,
but dredgings accumulated large masses of red algae and numerous crustaceas. Mud
bottom samples taken in October-November 1963 appeared highly impoverished and
the paucity of organisms was confirmed by frequent utilization of a Van Veen grab in
which no losses of mud could occur. (The Van Veen samples are not included in the
results of this survey.) Thus, a severe reduction of the benthic fauna had occurred
between the sampling periods. Seven benthic samples from Bahia Concepcion (150 miles
southeast of Bahia de los Angeles) in early November 1963 yielded less than 10 macro-
scopic organisms (polychaetes, nemertean, crabs, stomatopod). This fauna, therefore,
was even more impoverished than that of Bahia de los Angeles.
The diminutive size of benthic pelecypods in depths of 10-40m in April 1962
suggests that another reduction had occurred in 1961. In late 1963, population densities
of many amphipods and polychaetes were less than half those of early 1962. Samples
from October 1963 showed many shell fragments but few whole shells of pelecypods.
If benthic predators or scavengers (elasmobranchs) had pulverized these shells, a re-
markable efficiency would have to be assumed.
Bottom waters of Bahia de los Angeles and Bahia Concepcion showed no reduction
in dissolved oxygen and no trace of hydrogen sulphide was found in water or muds
during the several surveys. Small patches of red tide were observed in March-April of
1961, 1962, and 1963, and Dr. D. J. Reish has informed us that severe biotic depletion
occurred in Alamitos Bay, California, during and after periods of red-tide. But the red-
tide so far observed at Bahia de los Angeles has been minor. The cause of faunal reduc-
tion is still unknown. However, windrows of large pelecypods and gastropods on the
southwest shore of Bahia de los Angeles suggests that severe depletion of bottom popula-
tions is not an annual phenomenon.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by matched funds from the National Science Foundation (G-20
and the Beaudette Foundation of California. The laboratory work was completed under auspices of the
Smithsonian Institution. Richard F. Dwyer of Los Angeles generously provided his 6 J -foot convene
shrimp-trawler "Traveler" for the first expedition, and the Beaudette Foundation, through John P.
McNabb of Los Angeles, provided the 97-foot North Sea Trawler "Xeptunus Rex" for the second and
third expeditions. The San Diego Museum of Natural History, through its former director Dr. Geoi
E. Lindsay, provided quarters and work space at the NSF-suported Vermilion Sea Field Station. Dr. and
62 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
Mrs. Carl L. Hubbs generously donated numerous specimens of marine invertebrates collected by their
SCUBA teams and thus provided representatives of species we would not have obtained otherwise. The
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey kindly donated a portable tide gauge.
The success of this project is due directly to the generosity of the following persons, each of whom
supported it financially and each of whom untiringly worked in the field: Palmer T. Beaudette, John P.
McNabb, and Richard F. Dwyer.
For various courtesies extended we are grateful to: Allan J. Stover, Jr., James R. Stewart, Donald M.
Dockins, Dr. Richard H. Rosenblatt, Keith W. Radford, Dr. Wayne J. Baldwin, John H. Emmel, David
W. Hearst, W. W. Shannon, Lloyd R. Hales, Jr., and Fillmore T. Condit.
Literature Cited
Barnard, J. L.
1962. Benthic marine exploration of Bahia de San Quintin, Baja California, 1960-61. General.
Pacific Natur. 3: 249-274.
Barnard, J. L. and G. F. Jones
1960. Techniques in a large scale survey of marine benthic biology, P. 413-447. In, E. A. Pearson
[ed.] Waste Disposal in the marine environment. Pergamon Press.
Byrne, J. V. and K. O. Emery
1960. Sediments of the Gulf of California Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 71: 983-1010.
Parker, R. H.
1964. Zoogeography and ecology of some macroinvertebrates, particularly mollusks, in the Gulf of
California and the continental slope off Mexico. Vid. Medd. Dansk Nat. Foren. 126: 1-178.
Roden, G. I. and G. W. Groves
195 9. Recent oceanographic investigations in the Gulf of California. Sears Found., Jour. Mar.
Res. 18: 10-35.
Accepted for Publication 26 March 1968
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., and Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Fort Crockett, Texas.
1968 Barnard and Grady: Bahia de los Angeles 63
Appendix
Table 1. Biological Stations in Bahia de los Angeles. L = sample taken from launch.
Sediment types in parentheses indicate changes from field classification owing
to laboratory determinations of sand-silt percentages. Depths represent cor-
rected values from plots of bottom contours adjusted approximately to
tidal datum.
Station Date Depth (m) Temperature (C) Sediment
gray-black sand with silt
gray-black sand with sill
black very fine sand
black very fine sand
black very fine sand
black very fine sand
black very fine sand
gray sand
gray sand
gray-green fine sand
gray-green fine sand
gray-green silty sand
gray-green sand
gray-green silty sand
gray sand
gray silty sand
gray fine sand
hard bottom, no sample
shell sand
gray-green fine sand
gray very fine sand
brown fine sand
gray very fine sand
gray-green silty sand
gray silty sand
brown silty sand
gray silty sand
greenish shelly silty sand
shell sand
greenish fine sand
gray-green very fine sand
gray-green fine sand
gray-green very fine sand
gray-green silty sand
brown silty sand
greenish-brown silty sand
brown silty s.md
hard bottom, no s.imple
brown siltv s.md
brown silty sand
gray medium sand
gray sand
medium mIi \ i s.md)
silty i sand I
silty sand
brc wn silt and tine sand
brown silty very fine sand
brown silty sand
brown sandy silt
brown silty sand
brown silty sand
1 L
10-30-63
2 L
10-30-63
3 L
10-30-63
4 L
10-30-63
5 L
10-30-63
6 L
10-30-63
7 L
10-30-63
8 L
10-30-63
9 L
10-30-63
10
4-24-62
1 1
10-28-63
12
4-24-62
13
10-28-63
14
4-24-62
15
10-28-63
16
4-24-62
17
10-28-63
18 L
4-24-62
10-31-63
19
4-24-63
20
10-28-63
21
4-24-62
22
10-28-63
2}
4-24-62
24
10-28-63
25
4-24-62
26
10-28-63
27
4-24-62
28 L
10-31-63
29
4-24-62
30
10-28-63
3 1
4-24-62
32
10-28-63
3 3
4-24-62
34
10-28-63
3 5
4-24-62
36
10-28-63
37
4-24-62
10-28-63
38
10-28-63
39
4-24-62
40 L
10-31-63
41
4-27-62
42
10-28-63
43
4-27-62
44
10-28-63
45
4-27-62
46
10-28-63
47
4-27-62
48
10-2 8-6 3
49
4-27-62
Surface Water
ith (m)
Temperature (C)
3
10
14
7
13
12
11
4
2
17
19.7
18
25.2
15
19.7
16
25.5
15
19.4
15
25.6
13
19.9
11
25.8
5
20.2
19
19.1
22
25.6
21
18.9
22
25.7
20
19.2
20
2 5.7
17
19.2
18
2 5.7
13
20.0
4
17
19.9
24
25.9
25
18.1
26
26.0
25
18.0
24
25.9
24
18.7
24
25.9
20
20.4
20
26.2
20
26.3
7
21.6
4
21
18.1
27
2 6.4
30
18.1
30
26.3
30
17.6
29
26.5
25
17.9
24
26.2
20
17.9
64
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
Table 1. (Continued)
Station
50
51
52 L
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 L
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102 L
103
104
105
106
Date
10-28-63
4-27-62
10-31-63
4-27-62
10-28-63
4-27-62
10-28-63
4-27-62
10-28-63
4-27-62
10-28-63
4-27-62
10-28-63
4-27-62
10-28-63
10-31-63
4-27-62
10-29-63
4-27-62
10-29-63
4-27-62
10-29-63
4-27-62
10-28-63
4-27-62
10-28-63
4-27-62
10-28-63
4-27-62
10-29-63
4-27-62
10-29-63
4-27-62
10-29-63
4-27-62
10-29-63
4-27-62
10-29-63
4-27-62
10-29-63
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-31-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
Surface Water
(m)
Temperature (C)
18
26.2
15
18.7
9
22
18.2
31
26.4
31
18.2
31
26.4
31
18.1
31
26.5
31
17.9
30
26.3
24
18.0
24
26.2
21
18.3
22
26.2
9
25
18.3
27
24.9
33
18.1
33
25.3
33
18.0
31
25.1
30
17.4
31
26.1
30
17.7
3 0
26.0
28
17.3
27
26.0
17
17.5
27
2 5.4
34
17.9
3 5
25.4
3 5
17.6
3 5
24.3
36
17.6
37
2 5.4
34
16.9
3 3
25.2
3 3
17.3
3 3
25.5
9
25.8
34
17.7
3 5
25.8
3 6
17.5
38
25.5
3 8
17.3
3 9
25.5
37
17.8
3 8
25.5
37
18.2
37
25.6
37
18.2
6
30
18.1
38
26.0
3 8
17.1
40
26.0
Sediment
brown silty sand
gray medium sand
gray sand
gray medium sand
brown silty (sand)
silty fine sand
silty (sand)
very fine sand
brown silty (sand)
brown silty sand
brown sandy silt
silty very fine sand
brown sandy silt
silty very fine sand
very fine sand
coarse shell sand
silty medium sand
gray fine silty sand
silty sand
brown silt
brown sandy silt
brown sandy silt
brown sandy silt
brown silt
sandy silt
brown silt
sandy silt
very fine sand
gray medium sand
gray silty fine sand
brown sandy silt
brown silt
brown sandy (silt)
brown silt
greenish-brown sandy silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown sandy silt
gray sand
brown silty sand
brown sandy silt
brown sandy silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
silty sand with shells
gray sand
brown silty (sand)
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
1968
Barnard and Grady: Bahia de los Angeles
65
Table 1. (Continued)
Station
107
108
109
1 10
1 11
1 12
11)
I 14
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146 L
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
Date
4-28-62
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
4-28-62
10-29-63
10-29-63
4-24-62
10-29-63
4-22-62
10-29-63
4-22-62
10-29-63
4-24-62
10-29-63
4-24-62
10-29-63
4-24-62
10-29-63
4-24-62
10-29-63
4-24-62
10-29-63
4-22-62
10-29-63
4-22-62
10-29-63
4-22-62
10-30-63
4-22-62
10-30-63
4-24-62
10-30-63
10-30-63
4-23-62
10-30-63
4-2 3-62
10-30-63
10-31-63
10-30-63
4-23-62
10-30-63
4-23-62
10-30-63
10-30-63
4-23-62
10-30-63
4-23-62
10-30-63
4-22-62
10-30-63
4-23-62
4-23-62
10-30-63
4-23-62
10-30-63
Surface Water
(m)
Temperature (C)
40
17.3
40
26.0
40
17.1
40
26.0
40
17.6
40
25.8
40
17.9
39
26.2
37
26.3
6
19.8
30
26.4
34
20.1
40
26.2
40
19.5
42
26.1
42
17.7
42
25.2
42
17.2
42
26.2
42
17.2
42
26.1
42
18.3
18
26.2
7
19.8
24
26.5
25
19.7
35
26.2
38
19.7
42
26.2
41
19.5
42
25.4
46
18.5
42
25.6
44
17.4
2 5.4
46
25.0
46
18.1
46
24.9
44
17.9
38
25.5
6
9
25.6
15
19.5
19
25.6
29
18.9
25.0
41
25.5
42
17.4
44
25.5
44
17.4
44
25.5
46
18.3
46
25.3
46
17.7
17.4
46
25.5
45
17.9
49
25.3
Sediment
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
green sandy silt
brown sandy silt
very fine sand
gray medium sand
brown silty sand
brown sandy silt
brown silt
brown sandy silt and clay
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown sandy silt
brown sandy silt
reefy material
gray coarse sand, 3 poor grabs
brown silty sand
sandy silt with shells
brown silt
brown silty medium sand
brown silt
brown sandy silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
no sample
brown silt
brown sandy silt
brown sandy silt
brown sandy silt
brown silty sand
fine shelly silty sand
coarse shell sand
gray fine sand
gray fine sand
gray medium sand
hard bottom, no sample
gray fine sand and shell sand
brown sandy silt
brown sandy silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown silt
brown sandy silt
brown sandy silt
silt with shell sand
66
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 1J
Table 2. Samples of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Dr. Carl L. Hubbs and party
Remarks
Piedras Ahogadas, 0.5 mi S Isla Ventana;
SCUBA sample of bottom: shell frags., pebbles
Isla Ventana, S shore of cove on W side of island:
tailings of fish sample
Isla Cerraja, E shore: tailings of fish sample
Isla Ventana, Pta. Ventana: tailings of fish sample
Reef between Isla Ventana and Isla Cabeza de Caballo:
tailings of fish sample
W shore of bay, south of village: tailings of fish sample
on cobble bottom
Cove on E side of S arm of bay: 16-foot fish-trawl
N of village sandspit: beach poisoning
S arm of bay: shrimp trawl on shrimp boat on N-S line.
Station
Date
Depth (m)
SIO-X
4-22-62
24
SIO-62-210
4-18-62
shore
SIO-62-212
4-19-62
shore
SIO-62-215
4-21-62
shore
SIO-62-216
4-21-62
shore
SIO-62-228
4-24-62
2
SIO-62-234
4-25-62
subtidal
SIO-62-2 3 5
4-26-62
subtidal
SIO-62 236
4-26-62
?30
Station
Date
Depth (m)
210
4-27-62
9
211
4-28-62
9-32
212
4-28-62
9-16
213
4-22-62
Intertidal
214
4-22-62
Intertidal
301
3-10-61
6
3 02
3-10-61
4
303
3-10-61
Intertidal
305
3-10-61
Intertidal
306
3-10-61
Intertidal
306A
3-10-61
Intertidal
3 50
1- 1-63
Intertidal
35 1
11- 1-63
Intertidal
3 52
1- 1-63
Intertidal
353
1- 1-63
Intertidal
3 54
1- 1-63
Intertidal
35 5
1- 1-63
Intertidal
910
1- 2-63 2-3
911
1- 2-63 sur
ace Plankton tow
912 1
1- 2-63 sur
ace Plankton tow
Table 3. Miscellaneous samples
Remarks
Dredge: bag 1/3 full of gracilarioid algae, few Polinices
egg-cases, one Pecten, a few bulls-eye shrimp; algae washed
for small crustaceans; a few Astropccteii
75 0m N of village sandspit, dredge; Ulia and gastropod egg
cases, spider-crabs, 1 asteroid
Main W shore of bay, dredge: Ulva, gracilarioids, 2 asteroids
Vermilion Sea Field Station, rocks at low tide
Same locality: tunicates and sponges washed for crustaceans
OPG test sample, 1 mile S of Vermilion Sea Field Station
Same
Vermilion Sea Field Station, rocks: wash of Sargassum sp.
Same locality: wash of Ulia sp.
Same locality: wash of sandy rocks
Same locality: wash of rocks below water level
Same locality: wash of 2 rocks with muddy tubes
Same locality: wash of sponge
Same locality: wash of sponge
Same locality: wash of algal clumps
Same locality: wash of flabellinid alga
Same locality: miscellaneous collections
1.5 mi S of village on W side of bay, diving: Sargassum sp.
A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BAHIA DE LOS
ANGELES, GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. II
BENTHIC POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS.
DONALD J. REISH
MUS, COMP, ZOOU
LIBRARY
JUL 8 1968
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE SAN DIEGO
SOCIETY OF
NATURAL HISTORY
VOL. 15, NO. 7, 17 JUNE 1968
A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BAHIA DE LOS ANGELES,
GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. II.
BENTHIC POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS.
Donald J. Reish
Abstract. The benthic polychaetous annelids of Bahia de los Angeles were studied quantitatively in
April 1962 and October 1963. Distribution and sediment preferences of the principal species are
summarized. Of the 112 species encountered, ninety were previously unreported from the Gulf ol
California. Six new species are described: Microphthalmus riojai, sp. n., Aricidea {Aricidea) rosea
sp. n., Prionospio longibranchiata sp. n., Pectinaria (Pectinaria) hartmanae sp. n., Euchone barnardi
sp. n., and Euchone cortezi sp. n. In April 1962, 3 9,470 specimens were collected; in October 1963,
7,100. The cause of this reduction is unknown, but high summer water temperatures may be
involved. Previous reports of polychaetes from the Gulf of California are summarized.
Resumen. Los Anelidos Poliquetos bentonicos de la Bahia de los Angeles fueron estudiados cuantita-
tivamente durante Abril de 1962 y Octubre de 1963. Se detalla la distribucion de las especies
principales, y las preferencias que presentan respecto a los distintos sedimentos. De las 112 especies
registradas, solamente 22 han sido observadas previamente en el Golfo de California. Se incluye la
descripcion de seis especies nuevas: Microphthalmus riojai sp. n., Aricidea (Aricidea) rosea sp. n.
Prionospio longibranchiata sp. n., Pectinaria (Pectinaria) hartmanae sp. n., Euchone barnardi sp. n.,
y Euchone cortezi sp. n. En Abril de 1962 se obtuvieron 3 9,470 ejemplares, y solamente 7,100 en
Octubre de 1963. Se desconocen los factores causantes de esta enorme diferencia numerica; sin
embargo, se considera que las temperaturas elevadas registradas durante el verano, pudieron ejercer
una definida influencia en ese fenomeno. Tambien se incluyen las observaciones previas correspondi-
entes a los Poliquetos del Golfo de California.
Early accounts of polychaetes from the Gulf of California have been summarized
by Rioja (1941). Subsequent information has been added by Rioja (1943; 1947a, b),
Hartman (1944a, 1950), Treadwell (1942), Fauvel (1943), Woodwick (1961), and
Parker (1963). However, no quantitative studies have been made. Previous quantitative
studies of eastern Pacific polychaetes by Reish (see references) have dealt with nearly
all the principal bays from Morro Bay, in central California, south to Bahia de San
Quintin, Baja California. This paper, which summarizes the quantitative data on the
distribution of polychaetes in Bahia de los Angeles, a small bay on the west side of the
Gulf of California, and compares the fauna ecologically and zoogeographically with
that of similar areas in southern California, extends the area of quantitative studies into
a geographically disjunct area.
The specimens on which this report is based were collected by the Beaudette Ioun-
dation in April 1962 and October 1963 (see Barnard and Grady, 1968). Quantitative
samples were taken at 79 stations in April 1962 and 82 stations in October 1963
(Fig. 1) using a modified size-one Hayward orange-peel bucket which samples an area
of 0.06m-. Three dredge hauls were made in April 1962. Samples were brought back to
the base camp, washed through a 0.5 mm screen and preserved in formaldehyde for
later sorting. I wish to thank Dr. J. Laurens Barnard for making the collections avail-
able to me. My research was supported in part by a grant from the National Science
Foundation (NSFG- 20909).
Chemical and Physical Data. — Salinity was measured throughout the bay in April
1962, April 1963, and October 1963 at water depths of 0, J, 10. 20, 30, 40, .md JO
meters. All values ranged from about 3 5.0 to 3 5.5 0 00, which coincide with the
salinity values given for the upper Gulf of California by Parker (1963).
San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Trans 1$ (7): 67-106, 17 June 1968.
68
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
35' 34'
33'
32'
31
II3°30'
28°
58'
1 / 1
152
154
28°
58'
148
\ 147 149 150 151
•
153
•
1^5
156
•
157
158
159
160
161 C\~ ^v
\ 130 132 134
\ • • • • •
\ 131 133
•
135
136
•
r37 •
138
•
•
139
140
141
142
14*3
144 ) ^~
/^T4S~ i46
57'
\ 116 118
\ • • • •
\ 117 119
120
•
•
121
122
123
124
•
•
123
126
•
•
127
128
I29S
57'
\ 103 105
)<» 104
106
107
108
109
110 •
III
•
•
112
113
•
•
114
• \
~"5 \
91
93
95
97
99
101
/ 90 92
94
96
98
100
\ 78 80
82
84
86
88
56'
79
\ 66
V * *
^. 67
ei
68
•
69
83
70
•
•
71
85
72
•
73
87
74
•
75
89
76
•
•\^ — )
77 / /•)
56°
•
34
55
«
•
56
57
•
56
59
•
60
61
•
•
62
63 — ^_^
• • • )
64 63 k
41
•
•
42
V
•
44
45
•
46
47
•
&
49
•
51 /^
• • ft
50 32/
55'
Station Locations \
29
•
30
31
•
3*2
33
•
•
34
33
•
•
36
•
37
39 /
M 1
55'
Number abov* dot ■ April, 1962
Number below dot • October, 1963
19
•
•
20
21
•
•
22
23
•
•
24
25
•
26
27 /
28 /
r
10
•
II
12
•
•
13
14
•
1*5
16
1*7 1*8 )
54'
8 A h 1 A DE LOS ANGELES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
54'
0 5 i
NAuTiCAL WILCS
0 500 '000 I5O0
,
,
|
|
KH.0ME T£«5
l l
35' 34'
33'
32'
3
II3°30'
Figure 1. — Map of Bahia de los Angeles showing station locations.
Dissolved oxygen was measured at the same stations. Generally the dissolved oxygen
values exceeded 3.0 ml/1 with higher readings in April than in October. Bottom waters
at depths of 75 to 98 meters reached lows of 1.66 ml/1.
Surface water temperatures were taken at the majority of the stations. They varied
from 16.9 to 21.6 with a median of 18.2C. In general, warmer waters were found
inshore in shallow waters and colder waters were encountered near the entrance of the
bay. The warm temperatures occurred after the high summer air temperatures, and the
colder temperatures followed the winter months. The warm water temperatures are
believed to have influenced the marked reduction in the number of specimens collected
in October 1963 as compared to the April 1962 survey.
Four kinds of sediments occur on the bottom of Bahia de los Angeles: sand, silty
sand, sandy silt, and silt. Sand bottoms (40 stations) are present primarily along the
shores of the bay. These are replaced by silty sand, (46 stations) and sandy silt bottoms
(30 stations) in deeper waters. Silts (45 stations) are limited to the outer part of the
bay (Barnard and Grady, 1968).
1968 Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids 69
Discussion
Zoogeography. — A total of 1 12 species were encountered in this study. Specific iden-
tification was not possible for one species of Arenicola that was represented by a single
incomplete specimen. Only 22 of these species, had previously been reported from the
Gulf of California. Of the 90 species previously unknown from the Gulf of California,
72 have been taken from southern California waters, two from northern California, one
from British Columbia, and one from Alaska (also Acapulco). Northern distributional
extensions include four from the Pacific side of southern Mexico (including the one
also known from Alaska), one from Panama, one from Peru, and two from the Central
Pacific Ocean.
Table 1 (see Appendix) summarizes the distributional data on the polychaetcs of
the Gulf of California. Species previously unknown from the area are indicated by an
asterisk; literature citations and locality data are included. Only included in Table 1 are
those reports in which specific identification was made by earlier workers; excluded are
reports to only family or genus. No attempt was made to determine or evaluate the
identification of others, since their material was not at hand. However, evaluations or
opinions of subsequent workers are included. Presently, 3 00 species of polychaetes are
known from the Gulf of California. The quantitative survey at Bahia de los Angeles
therefore increased the number known from 210. Probably this total will be increased
by other quantitative studies.
Relationship of polychaetes to sediments. — As noted, four kinds of sediments were
encountered on the benthos of Bahia de los Angeles. The relationships of the percentage
occurrence and the average number of specimens per station of the principal polychaetes
(based on the presence at 3 5 or more stations) to the general sediment type are given
in Table 2. Since the number of stations characterized by a particular sediment varied,
the occurrence of a species on a particular substrate is given in percentage units rather
than according to the number of times it was found. In addition, the average number
of specimens per station is a further indication of substrate preference or tendency. On
the basis of this analysis, the most abundant species of polychaetes may be grouped as
follows:
Preference for sand: Pareulepis fimbriata, Ophiodroiniis pugettensis, Pilargis hama-
fits, Langerhansia hetcrochaeta, Ceratoncreis mirabilis, Nereis procera, Glycera
tesselata, Lumbrineris minima, Chaetozone corona, Armandia bioculata, Chone mollis.
Preference for silty sand: Eteone dilatae, Ancistosyllis bassi, Tharyx pan ns.
Megalotnma pi gm en turn.
Preference for sand and silty sand: Prionospio pinnata, Magelona californica,
Telcpsavits costaritm.
Preference for sand, silty sand, sandy silt: Haploscoloplos elongatus, Praxillella
affinis pacifica.
Preference for sandy silt: Prionospio pygmaeits.
Preference for silty sand and sandy silt: Capitata ambiseta.
Preference for sandy silt and silt: Onuphis zebra, Prionospio cirri f era.
Preference for silt: Aricidea rosea, Cossnra Candida.
No apparent preference for specific sediments: Aglaophamus dicirrus, Glycindc
armigcra, Polydora socialis plena, Heteroclymene glabra, Amacana occidentals.
Euchone barnardi.
These data indicate that the commonest species of polychaetes occur near sandy
sediments. Furthermore, the finer the sediments the fewer the number of species en-
countered, both with respect to percent occurrence and the average number of specimens
encountered per station.
Substrate domination by polychaetes. — Dominant species were defined as those
represented by the largest number of specimens. These were compared for substrate
70 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
preferences. Five species constituted the dominant bay species during the April 1962
survey and nine species in October 1963. Only two species, Prionospio cirrifera and
Tharyx parvus, were dominant in both surveys.
April 1962. — Sandy substrates: Cap/fata ambheta, Chaetozone corona, Praxillella
affinis pacifica, Haploscoloplos elongatus, Spiophanes bombyx. Silty sands: C. ambheta,
H. elongatus, Aricidea rosea, and Tharyx parvus. Sandy silts and silts: A. rosea, C. am-
bheta. Silts: Prionospio cirrifera, A. rosea, and C. ambheta.
October 7 963. — Sandy substrate: Prionospio pinnata, Armandia bioculata, Glycera
tesselafa. Silty sands: P. pinnata, Magelona californica, Prionospio cirrifera, Tharyx
parvus. Sandy silts: Aglaophamus dicirris, Onnphis zebra, P. cirrifera. Silts: O. zebra,
Cossura Candida.
Seasonal Differences. — Of 46,570 polychaetes taken during this study, 39,470 were
collected in April 1962 and 7,100 in October 1963. The cause of this 89 per cent
reduction in numbers of specimens is unknown, but some explanations can be offered.
Summer water temperatures may be too high for this primarily temperate fauna. Median
surface-water temperatures were 18. 2C in April 1962 and 25. 9C in October 1963.
Greater extremes have been measured (Barnard, personal communication). Minima of
15C (possibly 12C) were measured in February and 29. 8C in August during the years
1962 and 1963. A second possibility is that red tides might lower the dissolved oxygen
below minimal values for survival of benthic animals. Such a phenomenon has occurred
in Alamitos Bay, California (Reish 1963b). Collections of benthic animals in Alamitos
Bay were made before and after an extensive bloom of the dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax
polyhedra Stein. Approximately 5 0 per cent of the animals, the majority of which were
polychaetes, were eliminated; of the remaining species nearly two- thirds decreased in
abundance. Dense red tides were observed in Bahia de los Angeles by Dr. J. L. Barnard
in March 1961, April 1962, and April 1963, but whether they contributed to the
summer decrease in the fauna is unknown. The causative organism of these red tides in
Bahia de los Angeles is unknown.
The number of specimens per station was plotted for both surveys (Figs. 2, 3).
In both surveys the largest populations occurred in the inner middle part of the bay
and along the north shore. A marked decrease in polychaete numbers was evident in the
October survey. In April 1962, samples ranged from 66 to 1722 individuals (median
500), but in October 1963 only 14 to 425 (median 46) were collected. The decrease
in the number of species collected, from 98 to 90, was not as noticeable. Considering
only the 7 5 species in which ten or more individuals were collected, the inter-sample
variation can be classified as follows.
Species presently only in April 1963 (6). — Enmida sanguinca, Syllidia liniafa,
Pionosyllis gigantia, Platynereis bicanaliculata, Orbinia jobnsoni, Polycirris perplcxus.
Species which decreased from April 1962 to October 1963 (41). — Eteone dilatae,
Paranaitis polynoides, Microphthalmns riojai, Ancisfrosyllis bassi, Langerhansia hetero-
chacta, Ccratoncreis mirabilis, Nereis procera, Pilargis hamatus, Aglaophamus dicirris,
Nephtys panamensis, Glycera americana, Lnmbrineris minima, Haploscoloplos elongatus,
Aricidea rosea, Paraonis gracilis oculata, Nerinides acuta, Polydora socialis plena,
Prionospio cirrifera, P. pygmaeus, Spiophanes bombyx, S. missionensis, Telepsavus cos-
tarum, Caulleriella alata, Chaetozone corona, Tharyx parvus, T. tesselafa, Polyophthalmus
pictus, Travisia gigas, Anotomastus gordiodes, Capifafa ambheta, Notomastus
(Clistomastus) tenuis, Heteroclymene glabra, Maldane sarsi, Praxillella affinis pacifica,
Am phisamytha bioculata, Amphicteis scaphobranchiata, Amaeana occidentals, Tere-
bellides stroemi, Chone mollis, Euchone bamardi, Megalomma pigmentum.
Species present only in October 1963 (3). — Nereis riisei, Laonice cirrata, Fabricia
li mni cola.
1968
Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids
71
"^TT
x^x-x-x:x:-x-x:x::;x;::Xx.xx :•:•:■:::•:::
v.x:::x'::x-X\-x-xx+xxoxx :xxxxx;x:;.
Specimens per sample
of alt Polychaete species ^
Apr. I 1962
9
'4% 10-19 8#2e0«99
i:;;^ 50-99 ^g 500-999
Jgg! 100 249 HlOOO-
B * — » or .Ci Mt E l t s
Figure 2. — Map of Bahia de los Angeles showing the number of specimens of poly
chaetes collected per station in April 1962.
Figure 3. — Map of Bahia de los Angeles showing the number of specimens of poly
chaetes collected per station in October 1963.
72 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
Species which increased from April 1962 to October 1963 (16). — Pareulepis
fimbnata, Chloeia viridis, Pareurythoe califomica, Ophiodromus piigettcnsis, Exogone
lonrei, Eunice vittata, Protodorvillea gracilis, Prionospio malmgreni, P. pinnata, Magelona
califomica, Cirriformia sphabrancha, Armandia bioculata, Ouenia fusiformh collaris,
Pista cristata.
Species in approximate equal numbers in both surveys (9). — Glycinde armigera,
Onupbis zebra, Pbylo felix, P. nudits, Scoloplos acmeceps, Aricidea uscbakoui, Poecilo-
cbaetus jobnsoni, Cossura Candida, Pberusa neopapillata.
Therefore, more species were reduced or eliminated from April 1962 to October
1963 than the reverse. If this reduction is an annual phenomenon, then repopulation —
presumably from the deeper waters of the gulf — must be rapid, judged by the large
samples obtained during the April survey. Bahia de los Angeles specimens are smaller
than those of the same species from southern California. Possibly many are immature,
but some with ova developing within the coelom were observed. A study of the causes
of the reduction and subsequent increase in the fauna should be undertaken.
In the following list, the number of stations in at which each species was collected,
and the number of specimens collected (in parentheses) is given for each survey. The
detailed station listing of species and numbers of specimens has been filed with the
American Documentation Institute, Auxiliary Publication Service, Library of Congress,
Washington, D.C. Holotypes and paratypes, and additional specimens of the new species
have been deposited in The United States National Museum; the remaining material
studied is in the author's collection.
SYSTEMATIC LIST
Family Polynoidae
Lepidouotus purpureas Potts
Lepidonotus purpureus. Potts, 1910: 334; Hartman, 1951: 91. Lepidouotus hedleyi Benham. Hartman,
1939a: 40.
Material. — April 1962: 3(4).
Ecology. — Two specimens from sandy substrates, two from silt-sand mixture.
Distribution. — Indian Ocean, Australia, South Pacific, Gulf of California.
Panthalis pacifica Treadwell
Panthalis pacifica. Treadwell, 1914: 184; Hartman, 1939a: 87-88.
Material. — April 1962: 2 (2).
Ecology. — ■ Both specimens from silty substrates.
Distribution. — -Southern California to Baja California, questionably Panama (Hartman, 1939a).
Polyodontes from Hartman
Polyodontes frons. Hartman, 1939a: 84-86.
Material. — April 1962: 1 (1). October 1963: 1 (1).
Distribution. — Previously known only from type collected from Pinas Bay, Panama.
Family Sigalionidae
Stenclanella uniformis Moore
Stelelanella uniformis. Moore, 1910: 391-395; Hartman, 1939a: 69-70.
Material. — October 1963: 3 (9).
Ecology. — Eight specimens from sandy substrates, one from silty sand.
Distribution. — Southern California to Ecuador. This is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Stenolepis fimbriarum (Hartman)
Leanira fimbriarum. Hartman, 1939a: 70-72. Stenolepis fimbriarum. Hartman, 1965b: 15.
Material. — April 1962: 5 (8).
Ecology. — Three stations sandy, two silty.
Distribution. — Southern California to Ecuador; Gulf of California.
Thalenessa lewisii (Berkeley and Berkeley)
Sigalion lewisii. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939: 226-228. Eusigalion hancocki. Hartman, 1939a: 59-60.
Thalenessa lewisii. Hartman, 195 9: 122.
Material. — April 1962: 2 (8); October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Eight specimens taken from sandy substrates, and one from silty sand.
Distribution. — Gulf of California south to Ecuador and Galapagos Islands.
1968 Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids 73
Family Pareulepidae
Pareulepis fimbriata (Treadwell)
Eulepis fimbriata. Treadwell, 1901: 190. Pareulepis fimbriate Hartman, 1939a: 79-80; 1961: 54-55.
Material. — April 1963: 13 (29); October 1963: 21 (37).
Ecology. — -Shows a slight preference for sandy sediments (Table 2).
Distribution. — Southern California to Ecuador; West Indies; New Caledonia; Madgascar.
Family Chrysopetalidae
Paleano/us bellis (Johnson)
Heterophil- bellis. Johnson, 1897: 163. Paleanotus belln. Hartman, 1961: 57-58.
Material. — April 1962: 1 (1); October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Silty sands.
Distribution. — British Columbia to western Mexico. This is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Family Amphinomidae
Chloeia liridis Schmarda
Cloeia liridis. Schmarda, 1861: 144. Hartman, 1940: 205.
Material. — April 1962: 5 (8); October 1963: 5 (18).
Ecology. — Occurs in all types of substrates.
Distribution. — West Indies, Gulf of California, south to Panama, Galapagos Islands, and Cocos Islands.
Pareurythoe californica (Johnson)
Eurythoe californica Johnson, 1897: 159. Pareurythoe californica. Hartman, 1940: 203-204; 1961: 11.
Material. — April 1962: 3(4); October 1963: 4 (13).
Ecology. — Preferred silty sand substrates.
Distribution. — Central and southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Family Phyllodocidae
Anaitides mucosa (Oersted)
Pbyllodoce mucosa. Oersted, 1843: 31. Anaitides mucosa. Hartman, 1961: 12.
Material. — April 1962: 4 (4).
Ecology. — Taken from various substrates.
Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. This is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Anaitides williamsi Hartman
Anaitides williamsi. Hartman, 1936: 126; Reish, 1963: 408.
Material. — April 1962: 3 (5).
Ecology. — Sandy sediments.
Distribution. — Oregon to Pacific Baja California. This is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Eteone dilatae Hartman
Eteone dilatae. Hartman, 1936: 130-13 1; Reish, 1963a: 408.
Material. — April 1962: 35 (85); October 1963: 7 (14).
Ecology. — Preference for silty sands (Table 2), which agrees with the finding of Hartman (1961) and
Reish (1963a).
Distribution. — ■ California and San Quintin Bay. This is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Eu mid a san guinea (Oersted)
Eulalia sanguinea. Oersted, 1843: 28. Eumida sanguinea. Hartman, 1961: 13.
Material. — April 1962: 17 (30).
Ecology. — ■ This species was taken from a variety of substrates.
Distribution. — -Cosmopolitan. Rioja (1947a) reported this species from La Paz.
Paranoids polynoides (Moore)
Anaitis polynoides. Moore, 1909b: 339. Paranaitis polynoides. Hartman, 1961: 13.
Material. — April 1962: 16 (18); October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Specimens collected from a variety of substrates.
Distribution. — British Columbia to southern California. The distribution is extended into the Gull 01
California.
Family Typhloscolecidae
Typbloscolex mulleri Busch
Typhloscolex mulleri. Busch, 1851: 115; Tebble, 1960: 231-236.
Material. — October 1963: 1 (1).
Remarks: — Typbloscolex mulleri is a pelagic cosmopolitan species. Presumably, this specimen was collected
while the orange-peel bucket was being brought to the surface.
74 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
Family Hesionidae
Genus Microphthalmias Mecznikow, 1865, emended.
Type: Microphthalmia sczelkouii Mecznikow, 1865.
Remarks. — -All known species of the genus possess three antennae and a pygidial plate (posterior end
unknown in M. aciculata Hartman-Schrbder, (1962a). Since the pygidial plate is distinctive to this genus
of hesionids, the generic diagnosis of Microphthalmus is emended to include species with two antennae
as well as three antennae
Diagnosis. — ■ Prostomium with two or three frontal antennae, a pair of small ventral palpi; eyes present
or absent; segments 1 to 3 each with a pair of dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri, no setae; parapodia
unequally a single simple notoseta; dorsal and ventral cirri short and digitiform; neurosetae compound;
pygidium with an expanded plate and two dorsal anal cirri.
Microphthalmus riojai, new species
Figure 4, a-f
Material. — Stations, April 1962: 5 (12); October 1963: 3 (5).
Description. — Length up to 3 mm; width including setae up to 0.2 mm; setigerous segments up to 30;
prostomium and dorsal surface with reddish brown pigment; prostomium (Fig. 4a) trapezoidal in shape,
widest posteriorly; two eyes at the posterior-lateral margin; a pair of antennae at the anterior margin of
the prostomium; a pair of simple ventral palpi, nature of proboscis unknown; no jaws seen; segments
1 to 3 asetigerous, with 6 pairs of long tentacular cirri; parapodial lobes unequally biramous (Fig. 4c),
neuropodial lobe conical in shape; one simple, curved lyrate notoseta (Fig. 4d) per lobe, each provided
with 8 teeth; 4 to 6 compound neuroseta per lobe (Fig. 4e, f ) , each terminate in a delicate bidentate tip;
pre-anal segment asetigerous, provided with a pair of dorsal and ventral knob-shaped cirri; pygidial plate
(Fig. 4b) broadly concave with no indication of a bilobed condition; anal cirri extend beyond the margin
of the anal plate.
Remarks. — Ten species are previously known to belong to this genus, three of which were recently
described from the Pacific side of South America by Hartmann-Schroder (1962a, b) . Microphthalmus riojai
differs from the other species by the absence of the median unpaired antennae. It belongs to that group
of species characterized by the presence of lyrate setae in the notopodium. Other species known to possess
this type of notosetae include M. sczelkowii Mecznikow, (1865), M. s. marmanica Zachs (in Uschakov,
1955), and M. nrofimbriata Alikunhi (1943.)
Ecology. — Associated with the coarser sediments; eleven specimens were taken from a sandy substrate
and six from silty sand.
Type material. — The holotype and 7 paratypes have been deposited in the U. S. National Museum.
Type locality. — Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Baja California. This species is named in honor
of Dr. Enrique Rioja, in recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of Mexican polychaetes.
Ophiodromus pugettensis (Johnson)
Podarke pugettensis. Johnson, 1901: 395; Rioja, 1947a: 202. Ophiodromus pugettensis. Hartman, 1961:
67-68; Reish, 1963a: 423.
Material. — April 1962: 29 (46); October 1963: 19 (101).
Ecology. — -Found on sandy or silty substrates (Table 2).
Distribution. — -Japan and from British Columbia to Peru.
Oxytlromns arenicolus glabrns Hartman
Oxydromus arenicolus glabrus. Hartman, 1961: 68-69.
Material. — April 1962: 4 (9).
Ecology. — ■ Specimens from silty sands or sandy silts.
Distribution. — Previously known from California. The distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Oxydromus brunnea Hartman
Oxydromus brunnea. Hartman, 1961: 69-70.
Material. — April 1962: 2 (2).
Ecology. — Sand and silty sand.
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Syll/dia liniata Hartmann-Schroder
Syllidia liniata. Hartmann-Schroder, 1962a: 115-116.
Material. — April 1962: 8 (55); October 1963: 3 (6).
Ecology. — Silty sands at most stations; however, 30 specimens were taken at a station consisting of sands.
Distribution. — Peru; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Family Pilargidae
Ancisfrosyllis bassi Hartman
Ancistrosyllis bassi. Hartman, 1947b: 50 1-504.
Material. — April 1962: 4 (7); October 1963: 35 (52).
Ecology. — A. bassi showed a slight preference for silty sand sediments (Table 2).
Distribution. — Known from California and Florida; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
1968
Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids
75
.07mm
.006 mm
K 1
.008 mm
Figure 4. — Microphthalmus riojai, n. sp.: a, anterior end, dorsal view; b, posterior
end, dorsal view; c, parapodium from mid-region, magnification as figure b; d, lyre seta
from notopodium; e-f, compound neurosetae from neuropodium.
76 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
Loandalia fauveli Berkeley and Berkeley
Loandalia fauveli. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1941: 30-3 1, pi. 5, figs. 4-6.
Material. — April 1962: 4 (4); October 1963: 5 (5).
Ecology. — Taken from all substrate types.
Distribution. — Previously known only from southern California; the distribution is extended into the
Gulf of California.
Pilargis bamatus Hartman
Pilgaris bamatus. Hartman, 1960: 88-89.
Material. — April 1962: 26 (63); October 1963: 9 (16).
Ecology. — Pilargis bamatus showed a preference for either sands or silty sands (Table 2).
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Family Syllidae
Braniit limbata (Claparede)
Grubea limbata. Claparede, 1868: 52. Brania limbata. Reish, 1959a: 79; Hartmann-Schroder, 1962b: 103.
Material. — April 1962: 2 (3).
Ecology. — Sandy sediments.
Distribution. — Known from Europe, southern California, and Chile. This is the first report from the
Gulf of California.
Exogonc lourci Berkeley and Berkeley
Exogone lourci. Berkeley, 1938: 44-47; Reish, 1959a: 80.
Material. — April 1962: 5 (13); October 1963: 11 (231).
Ecology. — This species showed a preference for either sandy or silty sand sediments; 161 specimens were
taken from a station composed of silty sands.
Distribution. — This species is known from British Columbia to southern California and Acapulco,
Mexico. The distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Langcrhansia beterocbaeta (Moore)
Syllis (Ehlersia) beterocbaeta. Moore, 1909b: 322-325. Langerhansia beterocbaeta. Hartman, 1959: 210,
1961: 16.
Material. — April 1962: 21 (70); October 1963: 16 (40).
Ecology. — -This species showed preference for either a sandy cr silty sand substrates (Table 2).
Distribution. — Known from British Columbia to southern California. This report extends its distribution
into the Gulf of California
Otfontosyllis phosphor e a Moore
Odontosyllis phosphorea. Moore, 1909b: 327-329; Hartman, 1961: 76-77.
Material. — October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Sandy sediments.
Distribution. — British Columbia to southern California; this is the first report of the species from the
Gulf of California.
Pionosyllis gigantca Moore
Pionosyllis gigantea. Moore, 1908: 325-328; Hartman, 1961: 16.
Material. — April 1962: 8 (27).
Ecology. — All but 3 specimens from stations possessing sandy sediments.
Distribution. — ■ Known from British Columbia to California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf
of California.
Sphaerosyllis crinaceus Claparede
Spbacrosyllis crinaceus. Claparede, 1863: 45; Rioja, 1943: 211-214; Day, 1954: 13-14; Pettibone, 1963;
135-136.
Material. — April 1962: 1 (1); October 1963: 1 (6).
Ecology. — Substrate sand or silty sands.
Distribution. — Northern Hemisphere and Tristan de Cunha; Rioja (1943) reported it from Acapulco;
this is the first record from the Gulf of California.
Family Nereidae
Ceratoncreis mirabilis Kinberg
Ceratoncreis mirabilis. Kinberg, 1866: 170; Hartman, 1948: 71-72. Nereis (Ccratonercis) mirabilis. Fauvel,
1953: 200-201. Ceratoncreis singular is. Treadwell, 1929: 1-3.
Material. — April 1962: 33 (68); October 1963: 9 (29).
Ecology. — Marked preference for sandy sediments (Table 2).
Distribution. — Cosmopolitan in warmer seas. Hartman (1948) referred C. singularis Treadwell from
Carmen Island, Baja California to this species.
1968 Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids 77
Nereis procera Ehlers
Nereis procera. Ehlers, 1868: 557; Reish, 1959a: 81-82.
Material. — April 1962: 17 (65); October 1963: 6 (16).
Ecology. — Nereis procera showed a slight preference for sandy substrates (Table 2).
Distribution. — British Columbia to southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Nereis riisei Grube
Nereis riisei. Grube, 1857: 162; Hartman, 1940: 221-222; 1951: 46; Rioja, 1959: 225.
Material. — October 1963: 6 (11).
Ecology. — Nine specimens from sandy substrates; two from silty sands.
Distribution. — Known from the Gulf of California to Ecuador and Gulf of Mexico; the distribution
within the Gulf of California is extended northward.
Platynereis bicanaliculata (Baird)
Nereis bicanaliculata. Baird, 1863: 109; Platynereis bicanaliculata. Hartman, 1954: 36-39.
Material. — April 1962: 4 (32).
Ecology. — The substrate was sandy at Station 130 where 29 specimens were collected. The other stations
were composed of silty sands and sandy silts.
Distribution. — ■ Western Canada to Baja California, Gulf of California, Hawaii, Australia, and possibly
Peru (Hartmann-Schrbder, 1962a).
Family Nephtyidae
Aglaophamus dicirris Hartman
Aglaophamus dicirris. Hartman, 1950: 122-124.
Material. — April 1962: 67 (822); October 1963: 84 (509).
Ecology. — ■ Collected at 93 per cent of the stations sampled. Equally common on silty sand or sandy silt
substrates (Table 2). As widespread but less abundant in October 1963 than in April 1962; the average
number of specimens per station was only 6 (maximum 19) as compared to 12 (maximum 76). The
population, especially reduced in the inner reaches of the bay.
Distribution. — Southern California to Panama; Gulf of California; North Carolina.
Nephtys panamensis Monro
Nephtys panamensis. Monro, 1928: 81-82; Hartman, 1940: 239-240; 1950: 101.
Material. — April 1962: 24 (147); October 1963: 3 (4).
Ecology. — Commonest on sandy substrates.
Distribution. — Gulf of California to Panama.
Family Glyceridae
Glycera americana Leidy
Glycera americana Leidy, 1855: 147-148; Hartman, 1950: 73-75.
Material. — April 1962: 21 (40); October 1963: 6 (18).
Ecology. — Taken most frequently from the sandy and silty sand bottoms.
Distribution. — ■ Western Hemisphere, New Zealand, Australia.
Glycera robusta Ehlers
Glycera robusta Ehlers, 1868: 656-658; Hartman, 1950: 69-70.
Material. — April 1962: 2 (7).
Ecology. — Sandy sediments.
Distribution. — British Columbia to southern California and possibly Florida (Hartman, 1950). The dis-
tribution is extended into the Gulf of Californa.
Glycera tesselata Grube
Glycera tesselata Grube, 1863: 41-42; Hartman, 1950: 77-78; Im.ijima and Hartman, 1964: 165.
Material. — April 1962: 21 (69); Oct. 1963: 35 (658).
Ecology. — Glycera tesselata preferred sandy substrates (Table 2). Most specimens were collected in
October 1963 and these were small and presumably immature Worms.
Distribution. — ■ British Columbia south to tropical Pacific, Japan, Indo-Pacific, Caribbean Sea, and Mediter-
ranean Sea.
Family Goniadidae
Glycinde arminger Moore
Glycinde arminger Moore, 1911: 307-311; Hartman, 1950: 49-5 1.
Material. — April 1962: 57 (290); October 1963: 56 (342).
Ecology. — -Widespread, in all substrates in both survey; most specimens from sandy benthos ( Table 2).
The increase in October 1963 reflects the extreme abundance of the species (225 individuals) at station 65.
The largest sample in April 1962 was 18
Distribution. — British Columbia south to Galapagos Islands. The distribution is extended into the Gult
of California.
78 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
Goniada littorca Hartman
Goniada littorca Hartman, 1950: 23-26; Reish, 1963a: 425.
Material. — October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Silty sand.
Distribution. — • Southern California to San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gulf
of California.
Family Onuphidae
Onuphis nebulosa Moore
Onuphis nebulosa Moore, 1911: 269-273; Hartman, 1944a: 75-78.
Material. — April 1962: 9 (23); Oct. 1963: 8 (44).
Ecology. — This species preferred coarser sediments.
Distribution. — Central California to Panama; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Family Onuphidae
Onuphis zebra Berkeley and Berkeley
Onuphis zebra Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939; 337-338; Hartman, 1944a: 71-72.
Material. — April 1962: 60 (746); Oct. 1963: 76 (566).
Ecology. — • This was one of the commonest worms in the bay. It was present in all types of substrates,
but it showed a preference for finer sediments. This species constructs a tube of silt. Onuphis zebra was
widespread throughout the bay during both surveys; a slight drop in the population was noted in the
October 1963 survey. The maximum April sample was 115; October. 23.
Distribution. — • Punta Gorda, Baja California and Guatemala; the distribution is extended northward in
the Gulf of California from near the vicinity of La Paz to Bahia de los Angeles.
Family Eunicidae
Eunice vittata (delle Chiaje)
Nereis vittata delle Chiaje, 1828: 195. Eunice vittata. Hartman, 1944a: 118.
Material. — April 1962: 1 (1); Oct. 1963: 3 (4).
Ecology. — Sands or silty sands.
Distribution. — ■ Warmer waters of the Western Hemisphere from Bermuda to West Indies and Trinidad,
from southern California to Panama, and many localities in the Gulf of California.
Nematonereis unicornis (Grube)
Lumbriconereis unicornis Grube, 1840: 80. Nematonereis unicornis. Fauvel, 1953: 249-250.
Material. — April 1962: 1 (5).
Ecology. — Sand.
Distribution. — Cosmopolitan in warmer seas; previously unknown from the Gulf of California.
Family Lumbrineridae
Lumbrineris erecta (Moore)
Lumbriconereis erecta. Moore, 1904: 490-492. Lumbrineris erecta. Hartman, 1944a: 149-150.
Material. — October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Sand.
Distribution. — Southern California to Panama, and Gulf of California.
Lumbrineris minima Hartman
Lumbrineris minima. Hartman, 1944a: 155-156; Reish, 1963a: 425-426.
Material. — April 1962: 57 (378). October 1963: 20 (53).
Ecology. — -Commonest on coarser sediments (Table 2). This is similar to the ecology off southern Cali-
fornia (Hartman, 1944a; Reish, 1959a), but unlike that at San Quintin Bay (Reish, 1963a).
Distribution. — Southern California and San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Family Arabellidae
Drilonereis inula Moore
Drilonereis nuda. Moore, 1909a: 254-256; Hartman, 1944a: 178-179.
Material. — April 1962: 2 (2); October 1963: 3 (3).
Ecology. — Sands or sands and silts.
Distribution. — -Central California to Panama. Fauvel (1943) reported it from the Gulf of California
(locality unspecified).
Family Dorvilleidae
Protodori illea gracilis (Hartman)
Stauronereh gracilis. Hartman, 1938: 100-101. Don illea gracilis. Hartman, 1944a: 189. Protodori illea
gracilis. Hartman, 1965b: 48.
Material. — April 1962: 7 (20). October 1963: 7 (132).
Ecology. — Of 152 specimens, 141 were taken from eight stations characterized by sandy sediments.
Distribution. — California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
1968
Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids
79
^T
Specimens per sample
April 1962
□ "9
i^J 10-49
ggg 100-249 (130 moiimum)
l>>ii 01 lOS i»C(il S
soc «O0 MO
Haploscoloplos e/ongofus
Figure 5. — Benthic distribution of Haploscoloplos elongatus in April 1962.
Sp*clm«n» p#f sompie
October 1963
ESS1 9
%0 10-49 (14mo„muml
■ * - i * Dt LOS IkClil)
*ao coo
Haploscoloplos e/ongofus
Figure 6. — Benthic distribution of Haploscoloplos elongatus in October 1963.
80 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15
Family Orbiniidae
Hafiloscoloplos elougatus (Johnson)
Scoloplos elongata. Johnson, 1901: 412-413. Haploscohplos elongatus. Hartman, 1957: 273-275; Reish,
1963a: 426; 1965: 140; Imajima and Hartman, 1964: 274.
Material. — April 1962: 58 (1470). October 1963: 54 (252).
Ecology. — Widespread, commonest on silty sandy (Table 2). Much reduced in October 1963, especially
in inner part of bay (Figs. 5,6).
Distribution. — Japan, Beaufort Sea to San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Orbhiia jobusoni (Moore)
Aricia jobusoni. Moore, 1909a: 260-262; Orbhiia johnsoni. Hartman, 1957: 257-260.
Material. — April 1962: 2 (4).
Ecology. — Sandy silts.
Distribution. — Central California to Costa Rica; previously unknown from the Gulf of California.
Phylo felix Kinberg
Pbylo felix. Kinberg, 1866: 25 1-252; Hartman, 1957: 262-265.
Material. — April 1962: 10 (15); October 1963: 19 (17).
Ecology. — Taken from all substrate types.
Distribution. — California, Gulf of California, Brazil, Patagonia, East Falkland Island, and Antarctic
Ocean.
Phylo nudus (Moore)
Aricia inula. Moore, 1911: 311-315. Pbylo nudus. Hartman, 1957: 268.
Material. — April 1962: 4 (7); October 1963: 6 (8).
Ecology. — Sands or a mixture of sands and silts.
Distribution. — • Southern California and Burma; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Scoloplos acmeceps Chamberlin
Scoloplos acmeceps. Chamberlin, 1919b: 15-16; Hartman, 1957: 282-283.
Material. — April 1962: 3 (7); October 1963: 2 (6).
Ecology. — Sands or sands and silts.
Distribution. — Alaska to Mazatlan; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Family Paraonidae
Aricidea uscbakowi Zachs
Aricidca uschakowi. Zachs, 1925: 1-3; Hartman, 1957: 321.
Material. — April 1962: 8 (176); October 1963: 24 (160).
Ecology. — Commonest on sand bottoms.
Distribution. — Russian Pacific Ocean to southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf
of California.
Aricidea rosea, new species
Figures 7a-c, 8
Material. — April 1962: 53 (5534); October 1963: 12 (19).
Diagnosis. — -Length to 7-8 mm; width 0.25 mm; to at least 70 setigerous segments; prostomium (Fig. 7a)
triangular in shape and rounded anteriorly, without eyespots, the median antenna extends into the second
setigerous segment; branchiae number 11 to 12 pairs, begin at setigerous segment 4 and extend to segment
15 or 16, third to ninth pair largest and may overlap with opposite member mid-dorsally; notopodia with
ciriform notopodial post-setal lobe which is well developed throughout the length of the worm; neuro-
podium poorly developed; setae of notopodium of capillary type and distally pointed (Fig. 7b); capillary
setae present in all ncuropodial lobes; beginning at about segments 20-2 5 and to the posterior end four
to six modified setae appear in the neuropodium (Fig. 7c); they are of the curved acicular type with a
secondary tooth and a pointed hood.
Type material. — -The holotypc and paratypes have been deposited in the U.S. National Museum. The type
locality is Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico.
Remarks. — Hartman (1959b) listed nine species within the genus Aricidea (Aricidea) plus two addi-
tional species which were referred with question. Three additional species have since been described
A. (A.) lopezi ruba Hartman (1963), A. abranchiata Hartman (1965a), and A. neosuec/ca Hartman
(1965a). The different species of the genus may be conveniently separated from one another on the basis
of the number of pairs of branchiae and the nature of the modified neuroseta. Aricidea (A.) rosea can
be distinguished from the majority of the known species by the number of pairs of branchiae. There arc
11 to 12 pairs in A. (A.) rosea and 9 to 1 1 in A. (A.) lopezi ruba; they differ, however, in the
nature of their modified neuroseta.
Ecology. — This is one of the commonest polychaetes in Bahia dc los Angeles; 22 of the 5352 specimens
were collected in April 1962 (Fig. 15). The greatest concentration of A. rosea occurred in fine sediments
in the middle part of the bay.
1968
Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids
81
.1 mm
•* | .006mm,
Figure 7 — Aricidea (Aricidea) rosea, n. sp.: a, anterior end, dorsal view; b, capillary-
setae from notopodium; c, modified seta from neuropodium.
Paradenitis lyra Southern
Paraonis (Paraonides) lyra. Southern, 1914: 94-95; Hartman, 1957: 334-335.
Paradoneis lyra. Hartman, 1965: 52.
Material. — October 1963: 1 (3).
Ecology. — Sand.
Distribution. — European waters and southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Paraonis gracilis oculata Hartman
Paraonis gracilis oculata. Hartman, 1957: 331-3 32.
Material. — April 1962: 13 (80); October 1963: 10 (17).
Ecology. — Commonest in sands and silty sands.
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Family Spionidae
Laonicc cirrata (Sars)
Nerine cirrata. Sars, 1851: 207; Laonicc cirrata. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1952: 26; Imajima and Hartman,
1964: 281-282.
Material. — October 1963: 3 (10).
Ecology. — Silty sands.
Distribution. — -Cosmopolitan; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Nerinides acuta (Treadwell)
Spio acuta. Treadwell, 1914: 199-201. Nerinides acuta. Hartman, 1941: 294-296; Reish 1959a: 86.
Material. — April 1962: 5 (7); October 1963: 2 (2).
Ecology. — Sands and from sand and silts.
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
Figure 8 — Benthic distribution of Aricidea rosea in April 1962.
Nerinides maculata Hartman
Nerinides maculata. Hartman, 1961: 91-92; Reish, 1963a: 427.
Material. — October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Sand.
Distribution. — Southern California, San Quintin Bay, and the northern Gulf of California at San Felipe.
Nerinides pigmentata (Reish)
Spiophanes pigmentata. Reish, 1959c: 11-13. Nerinides pigmentata. Hartman, 1961: 92-93.
Material. — October 1963: 1 (2).
Ecology. — Silty sand.
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Polydora heterochaeta Rioja
Polydora heterochaeta. Rioja, 1939: 308-309.
Material. — October 1963: 3 (3).
Ecology. — Sand or silty sands.
Remarks. — ■ Identified by Keith H. Woodwick.
Distribution. — Acapulco; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Polydora socialis plcn-x Berkeley and Berkeley
Polydora socialis plena. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1936: 468-469; 1952: 22.
Material. — April 1962: 27 (81); October 1963: 22 (36).
Ecology. — Occurs on all substrate; commonest on sandy silts.
Remarks. — Identified by Keith H. Woodwick.
Distribution. — Alaska and British Columbia; the distribution is extended in the Gulf of California.
Prionospio cirrifera Wiren
Prionospio cirrifera. Wiren, 1883: 409; Fauvel, 1927: 62-63; Reish, 195 9a: 87.
Material. — April 1962: 46 (623); October 1963: 62 (471).
Ecology. — This species was found at more stations, but not in greater numbers, in areas of finer sedi-
ments (Table 2). This relationship is similar to that found in Newport Bay, California (Reish, 195 9a).
Maximum count April, 1962, 48; October 1963, 34.
Distribution. — Europe, North Sea, Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea to southern California; the distribution is
extended into the Gulf of California.
Prionospio longibranchiata, new species
Fig. 9 a-e
Material. — April 1962: 2 (2); October 1963: 5 (6).
1968
Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids
8 3
0.15 mm
.15 mm
i :
.014 mm
Figure 9. — Prionospio longibranchiata, n. sp.: a, anterior end, dorsal view; b, hooded
hook from neuropodium; c, anterior parapodium; d, posterior parapodium, magnification
as figure c; e, capillary seta from posterior inferior neuropodium.
84 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. \5
Diagnosis. — • Length of holotype 5 mm; width 0.2 mm; 37 setigerous segments; incomplete specimens as
long as 12 mm, width 0.4 mm, 5 5 setigerous segments; prostomium (Fig. 9a) longer than broad, slightly
rounded and expanded anteriorly, tapers posteriorly to second setigerous segment; peristomium prolonged
anteriorly as lateral lobes to prostomium; palps broken off; 4 eyes equal in size with anterior pair farther
apart; 5 pairs of long, cirriform branchiae, some partially broken with the longest extending to segment
20; all setigerous segments biramous; anterior segments with only capillary setae; hooded hooks from
setigerous segment 17 in neuropodium, 21 in notopodium; hooded hooks (Fig. 9b) consist of one large
tooth at right angles to shaft and 3 smaller teeth, hood as indicated in Fig. b; details of anterior and mid-
body parapodial lobes shown in Fig. 9 c, d; pygidium with an unpaired longer cirrus and two shorter
ones.
Remarks. — -Thirty species are known previously from the genus Prionospio Malmgren (Hartman, 195 9b;
Hartmann-Schroder, 1962a, b; Laubier, 1962). Prionospio longibranchiata belongs to the group possessing
only cirriform branchiae, but can be distinguished by the number and nature of the branchiae.
Prionospio cirrifcra Wiren (1883), cosmopolitan in distribution, has from 6 to 12 pairs of short branchiae.
Prionospio polybranchiata Fauvel (1953), known from India, has 5 pairs of long branchiae, which resemble
those of P. longibranchiata, and at least 3 5 pairs of shorter branchiae. Prionospio hetcrobranchia Moore
(1907), from Massachusetts, P. h. tcxana Hartman (195 1a) from Texas, and P. b. navportensis, Reish
(1959c), from California, all have 5 pairs of branchiae, but the first, fourth, and fifth pairs are pinnate
in all three species.
Type material. — The holotype and paratypes have been deposited in the U.S. National Museum. Type
locality Bahia de los Angeles Baja California, Mexico.
Prionospio malmgreni Claparede
Prionospio malmgreni. Claparede, 1868: 333; Pettibone, 1954: 282-284.
Material. — April 1962: 7 (19); October 1963: 15 (59).
Ecology. — ■ Sands or sandy silts. In San Quintin Bay, P. malmgreni was more abundant in finer sediments
(Reish, 1963a).
Distribution. — ■ Northern Hemisphere and South Africa; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Prionospio pinnata Ehlers
Prionospio pinnata. Ehlers, 1901; 163-164; Hartman, 1960: 114-115.
Material. — April 1962: 36 (252); October 1963: 61 (755).
Ecology. — Commonest on sand and silty sands.
Distribution. — Cosmopolitan; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Prionospio pygmacus Hartman
Prionospio pygmacus. Hartman, 1961: 93-95; Reish, 1963a: 427.
Material. — April 1962: 51 (876); October 1963: 4 (9).
Ecology. — All substrates (Table 2).
Distribution. — Southern California, San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
PseuJopolydora rcishi Woodwick
Pseudopolydora rcishi. Woodwick, 1964: 15 2.
Material. — October 1963: 2 (4).
Ecology. — Silt and silty sands.
Remarks. — Specimens identified by Keith H. Woodwick.
Distribution. — This species was recently described from Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands; the distribution
is extended into the Gulf of California.
Spiophanes bombyx (Claparede)
Spio bombyx. Claparede, 1870: 485. Spiophanes bombyx. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1952: 22-24.
Material. — April 1962: 20 (427); October 1963: 3 (8).
Ecology. — Occurred almost exclusively in sandy sediments.
Distribution. — Cosmopolitan; this is the first report of the species from the Gulf of California.
Spiophanes missionensis Hartman
Spiophanes missionensis. Hartman, 1941: 296-298; Reish, 1963a: 427.
Material. — April 1962: 9 (12); October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Taken from all substrates.
Distribution. — Southern California, San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Family Magelonidae
Magelona calif ornica Hartman
Magclona califomica. Hartman, 1944c: 320-321; Reish, 1963a: 427.
Material. — April 1962: 14 (119); October 1963: 30 (537).
Ecology. — All specimens but one from sand or silty sands. Present at 73 per cent of the sandy stations
but only 30 per cent of the silty sand stations (Table 2).
Distribution. — Southern California. San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
1968
Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids
85
Choetozone corona
M -..-■< M>0
Figure 10. — Benthic distribution of Cbaetozone corona in April 1962.
"1 TT
^3^r
Speclmervs per SQfDpl«
October 1963
m-«
12-49 (21 mo»imum)
Choetozone corona
Figure 11. — Benthic distribution of Cbaetozone corona in October 1963.
86 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15
Family Disomidae
Poecilochactus johnsoni Hartman
Poecilochaetus johiisoni. Hartman, 193 9b: 164-166.
Material. — April 1962: 5 (6); October 1963: 3 (5).
Ecology. — Primarily sandy stations.
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Family Chaetopteridae
Telepsavits cost arum Claparede
Telepsavus costarum. Claparede, 1868: 340; Berkeley and Berkeley, 1952: 63; Hartman, 1961: 31.
Material. — April 1962: 43 (433); October 1963: 24 (47).
Ecology. — Commonest on coarser sediments, but present at a few stations with sandy silt and silts.
Distribution. — Cosmopolitan; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Family Cirratulidae
Acrocirrus crassifilis Moore
Acrocirrus crassifilis. Moore, 1923: 188-190; Hartman, 1961: 31.
Material. — October 1963: 2 (5).
Ecology. — Sand or silty sands.
Distribution. — -Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Caulleriella alata (Southern)
Chaetozone alata. Southern, 1914: 112-113; Caulleriella alata. Hartman, 1961: 108.
Material. — April 1962: 10 (232); October 1963: 9 (21).
Ecology. — Preference for sand and silty sands.
Distribution. — Ireland and from British Columbia to southern California; the distribuiton is extended
into the Gulf of California.
Chaetozone corona Berkeley and Berkeley
Chaetozone spinosa. Moore, var. corona Berkeley and Berkeley, 1941: 45-46; Chaetozone corona. Reish,
1959a: 89; Hartman, 1961: 109-110.
Material. — April 1962: 49 (2112); October 1963: 3 2 (133).
Ecology. — This species was eliminated from the outer part of the bay and was reduced in the inner
reaches of the bay in October 1963 (Figs. 10, 11).
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Cirri f or mia spirabrancha (Moore)
Cirratulus spirabranchus. Moore 1904: 492-493; Cirriformia spirabrancha. Hartman, 1944b: 263.
Material. — April 1962: 2 (2); October 1963: 4 (20).
Ecology. — Sands or sand and silt mixture.
Distribution. — California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Cossura Candida Hartman
Cossura Candida. Hartman, 1955: 44-45; Reish, 1963a: 428.
Material. — April 1962: 40 (341); October 1963: 42 (333).
Ecology. — C. Candida was found at a larger number of stations and in greater abundance with increas-
ing fineness of the sediment (Table 1). A similar ecology has been reported at San Quintin Bay
(Reish 1963a). About equal numbers were taken in both surveys.
Distribution. — Southern and Lower California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Tharyx partus Berkeley
Tharyx multifilis parvus. Berkeley, 1929: 307, Tharyx parvus. Hartman, 1961: 113.
Material. — April 1962: 58 (1262); October 1963: 47 (520).
Ecology. — T. parvus showed a preference for the silty sands. About twice as many specimens were taken
in April 1962 than October 1963; the reduction in the population occurred largely in the outer reaches
of the bay (Figs. 12, 13).
Distribution. — British Columbia to southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Tharyx tesselata Hartman
Tharyx tesselata. Hartman, 1960: 126-127; 1961: 113.
Material. — April 1962: 14 (62); October 1963: 3 (3).
Ecology. — Sands, silty sands and sandy silts.
Distribution. — -Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Family Flabelligeridae
Pherusa neopapillata Hartman
Pherusa neopapillata. Hartman, 1961: 121-122.
Material. — April 1962: 10 (12); October 1963: 6 (10).
Ecology. — All sediment types.
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
1968
Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids
87
Specimens pe' somp
April 1962
HI 50-99
K§3 (00-249 (163 mo»imum)
Tharyx parvus
Figure 12. — Benthic distribution of Tharyx parvus in April 1962.
Tharyx parvus
Figure 13. — Benthic distribution of Tharyx pari its in October 1963.
88
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
Figure 14. — Benthic distribution of Capitita ambheta in April 1962.
— Specimens per sample
October 1963
too ooo
Copitita ambiseta
Figure 15. — Benthic distribution of Capitita ambiseta in October 1963.
1968 Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids 89
Pirotnis gracilis Hartman
Piromis gracilis. Hartman, 1961: 123-124.
Material. — April 1962: 3 (3).
Ecology. — -Sand and sandy silts.
Distribution. — Oaxaca, Mexico, Guatemala, and Ecuador; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Family Opheliidae
Armandia bioculata Hartman
Armaudia bioculata. Hartman, 1938: 105; Reish, 1963a: 428.
Material. — April 1962: 3 1 (65): October 1963: 15 (264).
Ecology. — Preference for sandy substrates (Table 2).
Distribution. — California and San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Polyophthalmus pictus (Dujardin)
Nats picta. Dujardin, 1839: 293; Polyophthalmus pictus. Imajima and Hartman, 1964: 309.
Material. — April 1962: 1 (81); October 1963: 2 (2).
Ecology. — Found on sands or silty sands.
Distribution. — -Cosmopolitan; Rioja (1947) reported it from the lower part of Gulf of California.
Travisia gigas Hartman
Tunisia gigas. Hartman, 1938: 103-105; 1961: 34.
Material. — April 1962: 4 (14); October 1963: 1 (3).
Ecology. — Sandy at all stations.
Distribution. — -Central and southern California and Cabo San Lucas; the distribution within the Gulf
of California is extended northward.
Family Capitellidae
Auotomastus gordiodes (Moore)
Eunotomastus gordiodes. Moore, 1909a: 278-279; Auotomastus gordiodes. Hartman, 1947a: 442-444.
Material. — April 1962: 9 (34); October 1963: 3 (3).
Ecology. — Sand or a sand and silt mixture.
Distribution. — ■ California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Family Capitellidae
Capitella capifata (Fabricus)
Lumbricus capitatus. Fabricus, 1780: 279; Capitella capifata. Fauvel, 1927: 154-155; Reish, 1963a: 428.
Material. — October 1963: 1 (2).
Ecology. — Silty sands.
Distribution. — Cosmopolitan; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Capitita ambiseta Hartman
Capitita ambiseta. Hartman, 1947a: 409-410; Reish, 1963: 429.
Material. — April 1962: 67 (18377); October 1963: 54 (215).
Ecology. — • C. ambiseta was the most abundant species collected; 18,5 5 2 specimens were taken. The popu-
lation was nearly eliminated following the warmer months with only 215 specimens collected from 5 4
stations in October 1962 (Figs. 14, 15). This species was taken more frequently, but in fewer number,
from stations composed of silty sediments. An average of 147, 255, and 182 specimens per station were
taken from sandy, silty sand, and sandy silt sediments respectively. The population of C. ambiseta in April
1962 was more extensive than that encountered at San Quintin Bay (Reish, 1963a).
Distribution. — Central California south to San Quintin Bay, Baja California; this is the first report
from the Gulf of California.
Notomastus (Clis/omastus) tenuis Moore
Nofomastus tenuis. Moore 1909a: 277-278; Notomastus (Clistomastus) t ennuis, Hartman, 1947a: 420-422;
Reish, 1959a, p. 92.
Material. — April 1962: 8 (16); October 1963: 6 (8).
Ecology. — Sands or silty sands.
Distribution. — British Columbia to southern California; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Family Arenicolidae
Arenicola sp.
Material. — April 1962: 1 (1).
Remarks. — -One specimen lacking the posterior end was taken; it was impossible to make a specific iden-
tification. The substrate was sandy at this station.
Family Maldanidae
Asychis disparidentata (Moore)
Maldane disparidentata. Moore, 1904: 494-496; Asycbis disparidentata. Berkeley and Berkeley, I'^l: 46-47.
Material. — April 1962: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Silt.
Distribution. — Known previously from British Columbia, California, and India; this is the first report
of the species from the Gulf of California.
90
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
Spec
mens per somple
April
1962
EI
1-9
^
0-49
TTTTT^T
50-99
m
00-249 (110 mo.imum)
i>"i
DC t OS 1KUU5
o
=
Praxillella offinis pacifica
»oc -ooo
Figure 16. — Benthic distribution of Praxillella affinis pacifica in April 1962.
Proxillello affinis pocifica
Figure 17. — Benthic distribution of Praxillella affinis pacifica in October 1963.
1968 Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids 91
Axiothella rubrocincto (Johnson)
Clymenella rubrocincta. Johnson, 1901; 418-419; Axiothella rubrocincta. Berkeley and Berkeley, ] y v 2 :
Jl; Reish, 1963a: 429.
Material. — October 1963: 1 (4).
Ecology.- — Silty sands.
Distribution. — British Columbia to San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Heteroclymenc glabra Moore
Heteroclymene glabra. Moore, 1923: 229-230; Hartman, 1961: 37.
Material. — April 1962: 37 (382); October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Equally widespread on all types of sediments, but commonest on sandy substrates (Table 2).
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Mai da ne sarsi Malmgren
Maldane sarsi. Malmgren, 1865: 188; Fauvel, 1927: 197-199; Hartman, 1961: 37.
Material. — April 1962: 6 (28); October 1963: 5 (7).
Ecology. — Most specimens from sandy silt or a silty benthos.
Distribution. — -Cosmopolitan; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Praxillella affinis pacifica Berkeley
Praxillella affinis (Sars) var. pacifica. Berkeley, 1929: 313-314; Berkeley and Berkeley, 1952: 49-50;
Praxillella affinis pacifica. Hartman, 1961: 37; Reish, 1959a: 93.
Material. — April 1962: 54 (1040); October 1963: 32 (56).
Ecology. — -Occurred mainly on sand and silty sand bottoms. In October the population was nearly elimi-
nated in the outer part of the bay and was much reduced in the inner bay area. (Figs. 16, 17).
Distribution. — British Columbia to southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Family Oweniidae
Ouenia fusiformis collaris Hartman
Owenia fusiformis collaris. Hartman, 1955: 46; Reish, 1959a: 94.
Material. — April 1962: 2 (3); October 1963: 6 (8).
Ecology. — Sands.
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Family Pectinariidae
Pectinaria (Pec/inaria) hartmanae, new species
Figure 18 a-e
Material. — April 1962: 6 (6).
Diagnosis. — Length 15-20 mm, width at anterior end 3-4 mm; cephalic spines brassy, number from 8 to
10 pairs, long, flattened, recurved, antennuated tips (Fig. 18a); antennular membrane with about 30 fili-
form fringes; about 30 varying sized oral tentacles; two pairs pectinate branchiae the anterior longer than
the posterior; setigerous segments 1 to 3 with only notopodial fascicle; the next 12 segments with both
components; notosetae of two types, both tapered to a point, one nearly smooth (Fig. 18b), the other
limbate, denticulated and incised (Fig. 18c); uncini in neuropodium wih 7 major teeth in two rows and
many smaller teeth medially (Fig. 18d); scaphal hcoks (Fig. 18e) number from 8 to 10, blunt, brassy in
color; anal tongue with median papillae and crenulated margin; tube, straight, length 2 5 mm; consists oi
coarse silicious grains.
Remarks. — -The subgenus Pectinaria was previously known from 18 species (Hartman, 195 9b). These
species can be grouped conveniently according to the number of segments with notosetae. Further groupings
may be made en the number of segments with uncini. P. hartmanae and P. nana Wesenberg-Lund (1949),
from the Gulf of Oman, are the only two species known with 15 pairs of notosetae. Both species have 12
uncinigerous segments. These two species arc separated from one another on the basis of 8-10 pans ,>t
cephalic spines in P. hartmanae and 11 pairs in P. nana, 8-10 pairs of scaphal hooks in the former .\ni.\
3 pairs in the latter, and antennular membrane with 30 fringes in the former and 8 in the latter.
Ecology. — The substrate consisted of silty sand at three of the stations and sand and sandy silt at the
other three.
Type material. — The holotype and three additional specimens have been deposited in the U.S. National
Museum.
Type locality. — -Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Baja California. This species is named in honor
of Dr. Olga Hartman in recognition of her contributions to the knowledge of polychaetes.
92
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
Figure 18. — Pectinaria (Pectinar/a) hartmanae, n. sp.: a, cephalic spine; b, capillary
seta from notopodium; c, limbate seta with incised margin from notopodium; d, uncinus
from neuropodium; e, scaphal hook.
Family Ampharetidae
Amphisamytba bioculata (Moore)
Samytha bioculata. Moore, 1906: 25 3-25 5; Amphisamytba bioculata. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1952: 73.
Material. — April 1962: 6 (38); October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Preferred silty sands.
Distribution. — British Columbia, southern California, India; this is the first report from the Gulf of
California.
Amphicfcis scaphobranchiat a Moore
Ampbictcis scaphobrancbiata. Moore, 1906: 255-257; Berkeley and Berkeley, 1952: 68-69.
Material. — April 1962: 7 (23); October 1963: 7 (8).
Ecology. — Preferred silty sands.
Distribution. — British Columbia to southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
Asabellides lineata (Berkeley and Berkeley)
Pseudosabellides lineata. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1943: 131-132; 1952: 71-72; 1956: 241: Asabellides lineata.
Hartman, 1961 : 39.
Material. — April 1962: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Sandy silts.
Distribution. — British Columbia, Alaska, Canadian Arctic, Hudson Bay (Berkeley and Berkeley, 1956)
and questionably southern California (Hartman, 1961). The distribution is extended into the Gulf of
California.
1968 Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids 93
Family Terebclledae
Amaeana occidentals (Hartman)
Amaea occidentalis. Hartman, 1944b: 277-278; Amaeana occidentals. Hartman 1959: 495.
Material. — April, 1962: 34 (273); October 1963: 11 (15).
Ecology. — Most frequent on sandy silts but commonest on sands in April 1 962.
Distribution. — -Central and southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Pista crhtata (Miiller)
Amphitrite crhtata. Miiller, 1776: 40; Pista crhtata. Fauvel, 1927: 266; Berkeley and Berkeley, 1952: 78-79.
Material. — April 1962: 3 (4); October 1963: 3 (9).
Ecology. — Sand or silty sands.
Distribution. — -Cosmopolitan; this is the first report from the Gulf of California.
Polycirris perplexus Moore
Polyeirris perplexus. Moore, 1923: 198-199; Hartman, 1961: 41.
Material. — April 1962: 31 (212).
Ecology. — Most specimens from sandy silt or silty substrates.
Distribution. — Southern California; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Family Trichobranchidae
Terebellides stroemi Sars
Terebellides stroemi. Sars, 1835: 48, Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939: 343; Reish, 1959b: 39; Imajima and
Hartman, 1964: 3 52-3 5 3.
Material. — April 1962: 7 (19); October 1963: 3 (3).
Ecology. — All substrates.
Distribution. — Cosmopolitan; Berkeley and Berkeley (1939) reported it from Puerto San Carlos (near
Guaymas) .
Family Sabellidae
Cbone mollis (Bush)
Metachone mollis. Bush, 1904: 216; Chone mollis, Hartman, 1944b: 279-280; Reish, 1963a: 430.
Material. — April 1962: 55 (553); October 1963: 14 (34).
Ecology. — Prefers coarser sediments (Table 2).
Distribution. — California and San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gulf of California.
Euchone barnardi, new species
Figure 19 a-d
Material. — April 1962: 35 (663); October 1963: 2 (2).
Diagnosis. — -Maximum length of 2.0mm including branchial length of 0.5mm; 8 thoracic and 9 abdominal
setigerous segments, the last 3 comprise the anal depression; branchiae with 3 radioles per side, with num-
erous filaments which extend within 0.1mm of the tip, united for one-half of their length; collar little
developed dorsally but produced into 2 lobes ventrally; thoracic notopodium with 2-3 superior double-
winged capillary setae (Fig. 19a) and 3-4 inferior subspatulate setae (Fig. 19b); 3-4 long handled uncini
in thoracic neuropodium, each with a large tooth and 4-5 smaller teeth (Fig. 19c); abdominal notopodium
with 5-6 avicular hooks, each with larger tooth and 15-20 teeth (Fig. 19d); abdominal neuropodium in-
cluding and depression with 4-5 simple capillary setae.
Remarks: — Hartman (1959b) lists 13 and possibly 14 species in the genus Euchone Malmgren. Addi-
tional species described include E. limnicola Reish (1960), E. incolot Hartman (1965a), and E. tri
men tat a Reish (1965). Euchone barnardi comes closest to E. trisegtnentata, E. rosea Langerhans, and
E. incolot. All are small and the three former have only 17 setigerous segments; E. incolot possesses from
16-19 setigerous segments. The anal depression consists of 4 segments in E. rosea: it consists <>t 3 segments
in E. barnardi, E. trisegtnentata and E. incolor. The margins of the anal depression are flared m / . incolot
but not in E. barnardi or E. trisegtnentata. Euchone barnardi and E. trisegtnentata have i pairs ol radioles;
E. incolor has 3 to 4 pairs of radioles. These species all have similar setae but differ in details: superior
thoracic notopodial setae double-winged in £. barnardi and £. incolor, single in E. trisi %mentata; thoracic
neuropodia long-handled hooks with 5-6 teeth in E. barnardi. 4-5 in E. incolor, and 7 in E. trisegtnentata,
abdominal avicular hooks with 6 rows of teeth in E. barnardi, 7 in E. incolor, and 10 in £. trisegtnentata.
Ecology. — All but three of specimens were taken in the April 1962 survey. This species did not exhibit
any preference for a particular substrate type.
Type material. — The hclotype and paratypes have been deposited in the U.S. Xation.il Museum.
Type locality. — Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Baja California.
This species is named in honor of Dr. J. Laurens Barnard, in appreciation for making these collections
available for study.
94
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
.014 mm
Figure 19. — Euchone barnardi, n. sp.: a, double winged capillary seta from superior
thoracic notopodium; b, subspatulate seta from inferior thoracic notopodium; c, long
handle uncinus from thoracic neuropodium, magnification as figure b; d, avicular hook
from abdominal notopodium.
Euchone cortezi, new species
Figure 20 a-e
Material. — April 1962: 2 (2). Both stations located near Isla Ventana in Bahia de los Angeles.
Diagnosis. — Length 2 to 6mm including the branchial length of 0.5 to 1.5mm; 8 thoracic and 12 to 13
abdominal setigerous segments, the last 5 in two and last 6 in one specimen comprise the anal depression
(Fig. 20a) ; branchiae with 7 radioles per side, united with a membrane for one-half of their length, and
the filaments extending to near the tip of the radiole; collar well developed and divided into two lobes
with incised margins along the mid-dorsal and mid-ventral line; thoracic notopodium with superior doubled-
winged capillary setae (Fig. 20b) and inferior spatulate setae (Fig. 20c); thoracic neuropodium with long
handled uncini (Fig. 20d) each with a large tooth and 3 smaller teeth; abdominal notopodium (Fig. 20e),
provided with avicular hooks each with a large tooth and 2 5 to 30 smaller teeth in 6 rows; abdominal
neuropodium including the anal depression with simple capillary setae.
Remarks. — Of the 16 to 17 known species in the genus Euchone (see under E. barnardi above), E. cortezi
comes closest to E. papillosa (Sars) (Malmgren, 1865) on the basis of the number of segments in the anal
depression. Euchone cortezi has 5 to 6 segments in the region and E. papilloma has approximately 6; how-
ever, the two species can be readily separated on the basis of the number of segments; there are 20 to 21
in the former and 33 to 34 in the latter. The inferior spatulate setae also differ.
The specific name refers to the Sea of Cortez, a name used for the Gulf of California in the past.
Type material. — The holotype and one paratype have been deposited in the U.S. National Museum.
Type locality. — Near Isla Ventana in Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California.
1968
Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids
9S
\
.014 mm
.003 mm
Figure 20. — Euchone cortezi, n. sp.: a, posterior end showing anal depression; b, double
winged capillary seta from superior thoracic notopodium; c, subspatulate seta from
inferior thoracic notopodium, magnification as figure b; d, long handle uncinus from
thoracic neuropodium; e, avicular hook from abdominal notopodium, magnification as
figure d.
Fabricia limnicola Hartman
Fabricia limnicola. Hartman, 195 1b: 384-385; Reish, 1963a: 430.
Material. — October 1963: 2 (44).
Ecology. — Silty sands and sands.
Distribution. — Southern California and San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Cult <>t
California.
Megalomiiiii pigmentum Reish
Mcgalomma pigment ion. Reish, 1963a: 430-433.
Material. — April 1962: 22 (68); October 1963: 13 (23).
Ecology. — -This species showed a preference for sands and silty sands (Table 2); at San Quintin I5.i\
M. pigmentum was more commonly taken from finer sediments (Reish, 1963a).
Distribution. — Southern California and San Quintin Bay; the distribution is extended into the Gull ol
California.
Family Serpulidae
Hydroides recurvispina Rioja
Hydroides recurvispina. Rioja, 1941: 169-172.
Material. — April 1962: 3 (5); October 1963: 1 (1).
Ecology. — Majority from sands.
Distribution. — • Mazatlan and Acapulco; the distribution is extended northward into the Gulf of California.
96 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 1 5
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Accepted for Publication 27 February 1968
Department of Biology, California State College at Long Beach, California.
100 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15
Appendix
Table 1
Polychaetes reported from the Gulf of California. An asterisk denotes new distri-
butional records for the area. The names listed are those accepted by the author cited.
Aphroditidae
Aphrodita japonica Marenzeller. Hartman, 1939a. Isla Partida; Isla Espiritu Santo.
A. pari a Moore. Hartman, 193 9a. Bahia de San Ignacio; Sinaloa.
Pontogenia laevheta Hartman, 1939a. Isla Angel de la Guarda.
Polynoidae
Arctonoc littata (Grube). Treadwell, 1923. La Paz.
Chaetocanthus magnificus (Grube). Treadwell, 1937; Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939; Hartman, 1959.
Isla Espiritu Santo; Banco Arena.
Halosydna breihetosa Kinberg. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
H. fuscomarmorata (Grube). Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
H. glabra Hartman, 1939a; Fauvel, 1943; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. Bahia de la Concepcion,
Cabo Pulmo, Gulf.
H. Johnson/ (Darboux). Berkeley and Berkeley, 193 9. Georges Is.; Punta Penasco, Sonora; San Felipe.
H. latior Chantberlin. Rioja, 1947a. Topolobampo; Bahia de Navachiste.
Harmothoe hirsuta Johnson. Rioja, 1947a. Topolobampo.
Hololcpr In veleronh Hartman, 193 9a. Bahia de San Francisquito; Isla Angel de la Guarda.
Iphione muricata (Savigny). Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
/. oiata Kinberg. Hartman, 1939a; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941, west side of Gulf between
24° and 26° W. Latitude.
Lepidamctria gigas (Johnson). Berkeley and Berkeley, 193 9. San Felipe.
Lepid 'asthenia digueti Gravier, 1905; Fauvel, 1943. La Paz and Gulf.
L. ornata Chamberlin. Treadwell, 1937. Banco Arena.
Lepidonotns caelorus Moore. Treadwell, 1937; Rioja, 1947a. Banco Arena and La Paz.
L. claia (Montagu). Fauvel, 1943. La Paz.
L. hupfcri Augener. Hartman, 1939a; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Rioja, 1947a. Estero de Agia-
bampo; Bahia de la Concepcion; La Paz.
L. purpureas Potts. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939; Hartman, 1959. Isla Angel de la Guarda.
L. lersicolor Ehlers. Hartman, 1939a; Rioja, 1947a. Bahia de San Francisquito; Isla San Esteban;
Topolobampo.
Thormora johnstoni (Kinberg). Hartman, 1939a; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Rioja, 1947a. Baja
Calif, side of Gulf between 24° and 29° W\ Lattiude.
Polyodontidae
Panfhalis adumbrata Hoagland. Treadwell, 1937. Bahia de Santa Inez.
*P. pacifica Treadwell.
*Polyodonfcs from Hartman.
P. oculea (Treadwell). Hartman, 1939a; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. Pichilinque Harbor, Estero de
Agiabampo.
Sigalionidae
Eupholoe philippineinis Mcintosh. Berkeley and Berkeley, 193 9. Isla Espiritu Santo.
''Sthenolepis fimhriarum Hartman; 1939a. Isla del Carmen, near Isla Espiritu Santo.
Psanimolyce myops Hartman, 1939a. Near Isla Espiritu Santo.
Sthenelah maculata Hartman, 1939a. Isla Espiritu Santo.
S. neoleanirae Hartman, 193 9a. Isla del Carmen.
*Stenelanella uniformh Moore.
Thalenessa leuisii (Berkeley and Berkeley), 1939; Hartman, 1939a; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941;
Fauvel 1943. Cabo San Lucas, Isla Espiritu Santo, Bahia de los Angeles.
Pareulepidae
*Pareulepu fimbriata (Treadwell).
Chrysopetalidae
Bhawania riveti (Gravier). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. La Paz.
*Paleanotus bellis (Johnson). Bahia de los Angeles.
P. chrysoleph Schmarda. Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
/'. purpurea Rioja, 1947b. La Paz.
Amphionomidae
Chloeia conspicua Horst. Rioja, 1943. Gulf.
C. entypa Chamberlin. Treadwell, 1937; Rioja, 1947a. Cabo San Lucus, La Paz, Bahia de Santa Inez,
Topolobampo.
1968 Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids 10 1
C. flat a (Pallas). Treadwell, 1923. Bahia de San Francisquito.
C. pinnata Moore. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939. Isla Espiritu Santo.
(?)C. rosea Potts [sic]. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
C. viridis Schmarda. Hartman, 1939; Berkeley and Berkeley. 1939; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941.
Common in Gulf.
Enrythoe complanata (Pallas). Hartman, 1939a; Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939; Steinbeck and Ricketts,
1941; Fauvel, 1943; Rioja, 1947a. Common in Gull.
(?)£. dubia Horst [sic]. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
Notopygos hispida Potts. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
N. ornata Grube. Hartman, 1939a; Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Rioja,
1947a. Common in Gulf.
■ Pareurythoe californica (Johnson).
Euphrosinidae
Euphrosine aurantiaca Johnson. Rioja, 1947a. La Pa
£. bicirrata Moore. Hartman, 193 9a. Isla Partida.
Phyllodocidae
Anaitides lamellifera (Pallas). Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
A. madeirensis (Langerhans). Treadwell, 1937; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Fauvel, 1943. Common
in Gulf.
* A. mucosa (Oersted).
A. panamensis (Treadwell). Fauvel, 1943. La Paz.
*A. williamsi Hartman.
*Eteone dilatae Hartman.
Eulalia myriacyclum (Schmarda). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. Puerto Refugio.
Eumida sanguine a (Oersted). Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
*Paranaitis polynoides (Moore).
Vhyllodoce digue ti Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
Typhloscolecidae
'■'Typbloscolex mulleri Busch.
Hesionidae
Hesionc genetta Grube. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
H. in /err ex ta Grube. Berkeley and Berkeley, 193 9; Hartman, 1940; Rioja, 1947a. Common in Gulf.
//. pant hernia Risso. Fauvel, 1943. Isla San Jose.
Leocrates chinensis Kinberg. Hartman, 1940. Isla Espiritu Santo.
*Microphthalmus riojai n. sp.
Opbiodromus pugettensis (Johnson). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Rioja, 1947a. Cabo Pulmo,
Topolobampo.
*Oxydronms brunnea Hartman.
"'O. arenicolus glabrus Hartman.
*Syllidia liniata Hartmann-Schroder.
Pilargidae
* Ancistrosyllis bassi Hartman.
*Loandalia fanieli Berkeley and Berkeley.
"Pilargh hamatus Hartman.
Syllidae
Autolytus varius Treadwell. Rioja, 1947a. La Paz, Bahia de Navachiste.
"Brania limbata (Claparede).
"'Exogone lonrei Berkeley and Berkeley.
* Lunger hansia heterochaeta (Moore).
Odontosyllis pbosphorea Moore. Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
*Pionosyllis gi gun tea Moore.
*Sphaerosyllis erinaceus Claparede.
Syllis elongata (Johnson). Rioja, 1947a. La Paz, Topolobampo.
Typosyllis byalina (Grube). Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
Nereid ae
Ceratonereis mirabilis Kinberg. Treadwell, 1929; Hartman, 1940; Steinbeck and Ricketts. [941;
Fauvel, 1943; Rioja, 1947a. Common in Gulf.
C. paucidentata (Moore). Fauvel, 1943. Gulf, La Paz.
Neantbes sue cine a (Frey and Leuckart). Rioja, 1947a. Estero de Agiabampo; Topolobampo.
Nereis gritbei (Kinberg). Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
*N. procera Ehlers.
N. rata Ehlers. Berkeley and Berkeley, 193 9. Isla Espiritu Santo.
N. riisei Grube. Hartman, 1940; Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
N. zonata Malmgren. Hartman, 1940. Isla San Esteban.
102 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15
Nicon mexicana. (Treadwell). Treadwell, 1942. Topolobampo, Isla San Jose.
N. moniloceras (Hartman). Hartman, 1940. Isla San Esteban.
Platynereis bicanaliculata (Baird). Treadwell, 1914; Hartman, 1940; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941.
Common in Gulf.
P. polyscalma Chamberlin. Hartman, 1940; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. Between 23° and 27° W.
Latitude.
Pseud cmereis gallapagensis Kinberg. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
Nephtyidae
Aglaophamus dicirris Hartman. Hartman, 1940. Common in Gulf.
A. dibranchh (Grube). Treadwell, 1937; Hartman, 1940. Bahia de San Francisquito, Isla del Carmen.
Cabo San Lucas.
A. iiicrmis Ehlers. Hartman, 1940. Isla Espiritu Santo.
Nephfys caecoides Hartman. Hartman, 1940. Isla Partida.
N. magellanica Augener. Hartman, 1940. Common in Gulf.
N. panamensis Monro. Hartman, 1940. Between 24° and 29° W. Latitude.
N. singularis Hartman, 1940. Cabeza Ballona.
N. squamosa Ehlers. Hartman, 1940, 195 0. Common in Gulf.
Glyceridae
Glycera americana Leidy. Hartman, 1940. Common in Gulf.
G. capitata Oersted. Hartman, 195 0. Arroyo de San Luis.
G. capitata branchiopoda Moore. Chamberlin 1919a. 26° 48' W. Latitude, 110° 45' 20" N. Longitude.
G. dibranchiata Ehlers. Steinbeck and Ricketts 1941; Fauvel 1943. Gulf.
G. mexicana (Chamberlin). Chamberlin, 1919a. 27° 39' 40" W. Latitude, 1110 0' 30" N. Longitude.
*G. robusta Ehlers.
G. rugosa Johnson. Treadwell, 1937. Bahia de Santa Ynez.
G. tcsselata Grube. Hartman, 1940; Rioja, 1947a. Common in Gulf.
Goniadidae
*Glycinde armigera Moore.
Goniada acicula Hartman, 1940. Between 24° 22' W. Latitude and 29° 33' N. Longitude.
*G. lifforea Hartman.
Onuphidae
Diopatra chiliensis Quatrefages. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
D. neapolitana delle Chiaje. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
D. neotridens Hartman, 1944a. Isla Angel de la Guarda.
D. obliqua Hartman, 1944a. Between 27° 57' W. and 31° 19' W. Latitude.
D. ornata Moore. Berkeley and Berkeley, 193 9. Bahia de las Animas.
D. splcndissima Kinberg. Rioja, 1947a. La Paz, Topolobampo.
D. tridentata Hartman, 1944a; Rioja 1947b, Gulf.
Hyalinoecia juvenalis Moore. Treadwell, 1937; Hartman, 1944a; Rioja, 1947b. Common in Gulf.
Nothria stigmatis cirrata Hartman, 1944a. Bahia Tepoca.
Onuphis eremita Audouin and Milne Edwards. Rioja, 1947b. Topolobampo.
O. nannognathm Chamberlin, 1919a. 25° 59' W. Latitude and 108° 40' N. Longitude.
*0. nebulosa Moore.
O. vexillaria Moore, 1911. Estado de Sonora.
O. zebra Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939; Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
Eunicidae
Eunice ajra Peters. Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Hartman, 1944a. Isla Espiritu Santo.
E. a. paupera Grube. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
E. antennata (Savigny). Berkeley and Berkeley, 193 9; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Fauvel, 1943;
Hartman, 1944a. Common in Gulf.
E. aphroditois (Pallas). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Fauvel, 1943; Hartman, 1944a. Common
in Gulf.
E. australis Quatrefages. Fauvel, 1943. La Paz.
(?)£. coccinea Grube. [sic]. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
E. filamentosa Grube. Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Fauvel, 1943; Hartman, 1944a. Gulf.
E. indica Kinberg. Fauvel, 1943. Isla San Jose.
E. longicirrata Webster. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939; Hartman, 1944a. Common in Gulf.
E. mnltipec tin at a Moore. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
E. schemacephala Schmarda. Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. Isla Espiritu Santo.
E. tentaculata Quatrefages. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf, [perhaps E. apboditois, fide Hartman, 1959b].
E. vittata (delle Chiaje). Hartman, 1944a; Rioja, 1947a. La Paz to Bahia de los Angeles.
Marphysa aenea (Blanchard). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Hartman, 1944a. Isla Espiritu Santo,
El Mogote.
M. mortenseni Monroe. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939. Isla Espiritu Santo.
1968 Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids 103
M. sangumea (Montagu). Hartman, 1944a; Rioja, 1947b. Isla de Jorge. Isla Angel de la Guarda,
La Paz.
M. stylobranchiata Moore. Rioja, 1947a. La Paz. Bahia de Navachiste.
*Nematonereh unicornis (Grube).
Nicidhm cariboea (Grube). Hartman, 1944a. Isla Espiritu Santo.
Palola paloloides (Moore). Rioja, 1947a. La Paz, Topolobampo.
P. siciliensis (Grube). Hartman, 1940; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941, Fauvel, 1943. Common in Gulf.
Lumbrineridae
Lumbrineris bifilaris (Ehlers). Hartman, 1944a; Rioja, 1947a. La Paz, Los Frailes.
L. branchiata Fauvel, 1943. [Homonym, fide Hartman, 1959b, p. 333.]
L. brevicirra (Schmarda). Fauvel, 1943. La Paz, Isla San Jose.
L. erecta (Moore). Hartman, 1944a. Between 24° 25' and 29° 54' W. Latitude.
L. inflata Moore. Fauvel, 1943; Hartman, 1944a. Isla Partida.
L. latreilli Audouin and Milne Edwards. Hartman, 1944a. Between 25° 49' and 31° 01' \\". latitude.
L. I. japonica Marenzeller. Hartman, 1944a. Bahia de San Francisquitc.
*L. minima Hartman.
L. simplicis Hartman, 1944a, 195 9. Isla Angel de la Guarda, Bahia San Luis Gonzaga.
L. tetraura (Schmarda). Hartman, 1944a. Isla Tuburon, Isla Espiritu Santo, Bahia Tepoca.
Arabellidae
Arabella tricolor (Montagu). Hartman, 1944a; Rioja, 1947a. Common in Gulf.
A. mutans (Chamberlin) . Fauvel, 1943; Hartman, 1944a. Isla Angel de la Guarda, Bahia Agua Verde.
A. scmimacitlafa (Moore). Hartman, 1944a; Rioja, 1947b. Between 24° and 30° W. Latitude.
Drilonereis filum (Claparede). Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
D. facata Moore. Hartman, 1944a. Isla Espiritu Santo.
D. nuda Moore. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
Lysaretidae
Aglaurides fulgida (Savigny). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Fauvel, 1943; Hartman, 1944a. Common
in Gulf.
Dovilleidae
Donillea articulata (Hartman). Rioja 1947a. La Paz.
D. cerasina (Ehlers). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Hartman, 1944a. Between 24° and 29° \V.
Latitude.
''Protodori illea gracilis (Hartman).
Orbiniidae
'■' Haploscoloplos elongatus (Johnson).
Naineris laevigata (Grube). Rioja, 1947b. Topolobampo.
"'Orbinia jobnsoni (Moore).
*Pbylo felix Kinberg.
*P. nudiis (Moore).
''Scoloplos acmeceps Chamberlin.
Paraonidae
* Aricidea rosea, n. sp.
*A. lischakoui Zachs.
K'Paradoneis lyra (Southern)
''Paraonis gracilis oculata Hartman.
Spionidae
Aoni.les califomiensis Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
*Laonice cirrata (Sars).
*Nerinidis acuta (Treadwell).
*N. macula/a Hartman.
*N. pigment at a (Reish).
Polydora ciliata (Johnston). Ricja, 1943. Guaymas.
P. cirrosa Rioja, 1943. Guaymas.
*P. heterochaeta Rioja.
P. ligni Webster. Rioja, 1943, 1947a. Guaymas, Topolobampo.
P. richettsi Woodwick, 1961. Cabo San Lucus.
P. socialis (Schmarda). Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
"'P. s. plena Berkeley and Berkeley.
*Prionospio cirrifera Wiren. Bahia de los Angeles.
::'P. longibranchiata, n. sp.
'■'P. malmgreni Claparede.
*P. pinnata Ehlers.
*?• pygmaeus Hartman.
'■' Pseinlopolydora reishi Woodwick.
104 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15
*Spiophanes bombyx (Claparede).
*S. inissionensis Hartman.
Magclonidae
*M. calif or nica Hartman.
Disomidae
*Poecilochaetus johnsoni Hartman.
Chaetopteridae
Cbaetopterus variopedatus (Renier). Fauvel, 1943; Rioja 1947b. La Paz.
"'Telepsai us costaritm Claparede.
Cirratulidae
'■' Acrocirrns crassifilis Moore.
* Coulter iella alata (Southern).
*Chaetozone corona Berkeley and Berkeley.
Cirratulus exuberant Chamberlin. Treadwell, 1937. Gulf.
C. sinincolens Chamberlin. 26° 48' W. Latitude and 110° 45' 20" N. Longitude.
Cirriformia luxuriosa (Moore). Rioja, 1947a. Bahia de Navachiste.
C. spirabrancl.nl (Moore). Steinbeck and Ricketts 1941. Bahia de los Angeles, Coronados.
''Cossura Candida Hartman.
Dodecaceria pacifica (Fewkes). Rioja, 1944. Guaymas.
' Tharyx pari us Berkeley.
*T. tessclata Hartman.
Flabelligeridae
Pberusa capulata (Moore). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. Isla Angel de la Guarda.
P. cruca Caparede. Rioja, 1947b. La Paz.
*P. neopapillata Hartman.
P. papilla/a (Johnson) Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Rioja 1947a. La Paz.
P. plumosa (Muller). Rioja, 1947b. La Paz.
"Piromis gracilis Hartman.
Opheliidae
Ammotrypane aulogaster Rathke. Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
'' Armandia bioculata Hartman. Bahia de los Angeles.
Polyophthalmus pictus (Dujardin) Rioja, 1947a. La Paz, Topolobampo, Bahia de los Angeles.
Traiisia gigas Hartman. Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. Cabo San Lucas, Bahia de los Angeles.
T. olens Ehlers. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf. [Perhaps T. chinensis Grube or T. japonica Fujiwara, fide Hart-
man, 1959b, p. 436].
Sternaspidae
Sternaspis major Chamberlin, 1919a. Between 27° 39' 40" W. Latitude and 100° 0' 30" N. Longitude.
Capitellidae
'■' Anotomastus gordiodes (Moore).
''Capitella ca pit at a (Fabricius).
*Capitita ambiseta Hartman.
Darybrancbus caditcus (Grube). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Fauvel, 1943; Rioja, 1947b. La Paz,
Isla San Jose, El Mogote.
D. glabrus Moore. Hartman, 1947a. Guaymas.
D. lumbricoides Grube. Hartman, 1947a. Isla Tiburon.
D. platyceps Hartman, 1947a. Estado de Sonora.
Notomas/us lobatus Hartman, 1947a. Consag Rock.
*N. (Clis/oinastus) tenuis Moore.
Arcnicolidae
Arenicola glassclli Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939. San Felipe.
Arenicola sp.
Maldanidae
*Asychh disparidentata (Moore).
* Axiothella rubrocincta (Johnson).
Euclymene papilla/a Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939; Rioja, 1947a. Punta Penasco.
Iletcroclywene glabra Moore.
"Maldane sarsi Malmgren.
'■'Praxillclla affiius pacifica Berkeley.
Oweniidae
Ouenia fusiformis dclle Chiaje. Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. EI Mogote.
*
O. /. collaris Hartman.
1968 Reish: Bahia de los Angeles Annelids 105
Sabellaridae
I dan thyrsus pennatus (Peters). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. Cabo Pulmo.
Pectinariidae
Amphictene auricoma (Miiller). Rioja, 1947b. La Paz.
'' Pcrtiiitii iii hartmanae n. sp.
Ampharetidae
Ampharete boma Chamberlin, 1919a. 26° 40' W. Latitude and 110° 45' 20" N. Longitude.
*Ampbicteh scaphobranchiata Moore.
* Amphhamytha bioculata (Moore).
* Asabellides line at a (Berkeley and Berkeley).
Sabellides delus Chamberlin, 1919a. 26° 40' W. Latitude and 110° 45' 20" N. Longitude.
Terebellidae
'' Amaeana occiJeutalis (Hartman).
Artacama conifera Moore. Hartman, 195 5. Los Frailes.
Axionice mirabilis Mcintosh. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
Eupolymnia heterobrancbia (Johnson). Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
Loimia medusa (Savigny). Fauvel, 1943, Gulf.
L. montagui (Grube). Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
Neoamphitrite robust a (Johnson). Fauvel, 1943; Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
Neoleprca spiralis (Johnson). Rioja, 1947a. Topolobampo.
Xicolca la/ens. Chamberlin, 1919a. 26° 48' W. Latitude and 110° 45' 20" N. Longitude.
Vista elongata Moore. Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. El Mogote.
*P. crista/a (Miiller).
Polycirrus mexicanus (Rioja), 1947a. La Paz.
''P. perplexus Moore.
Spinosphaera oculata Hartman. Rioja, 1947b. La Paz.
Terbella calif 'arnica Moore. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
Tbelepus comatus (Grube). Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
T. crispus Johnson. Treadwell, 1937. Cabo San Lucas.
T. setosus (Quatrefages). Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. San Felipe,
Bahia de los Angeles, Punta San Marcial.
Trichobranchidae
Terbellides stroemi Sars. Berkeley and Berkeley, 193 9. Puerto San Carlos.
Sabellidae
Chone iiifundibuliformis fauieli Mcintosh. Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939. Puerto San Carlos, Bahia de
los Angeles.
C. minuta Hartman. Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
::'C. mollis (Bush).
*Euchone barnardi, n. sp.
*£. cortczi, n. sp.
''Fabricia limnicola Hartman.
Hypsicomus pbacotacnia (Schmarda). Fauvel, 1943; Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
Megalomma mushaensis (Gravier). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Fauvel, 1943; Rioja, 1947a. La Paz,
Isla Espiritu Santo, Coronados.
*M. pigmentum Reish.
Oriopsh armandia (Claparede). Rioja, 1947a. La Paz.
Pseudopotamilla occelata Moore. Rioja, 1947b. La Paz.
Sabella melanostigmo Schmarda. Fauvel, 1943. Gulf.
Serpulidae
Apomatus similis Marion and Bobretzky. Treadwell, 1937. Cabo San Lucas.
Eupomatu\ bumilis Bush, 1904. Guaymas.
Hydroides crucigera Morch. Rioja, 1947a. La Paz. Topolobampi .
SrH. recur i ispina Rioja, 1941. Rio Mayo.
Pomatoceros minutus Rioja, 1941, 1947a. Rio Mayo, Bahia de Navachiste.
Pomatoleios kraussi (Baird). Rioja, 1947a, Bahia de Navachiste, Topolobampo.
Pomatostegus stellatus ( Abildgaard). Fauvel, 1943. Cabo Pulmo.
Protula superb a Moore. Parker, 1963. Off mainland coast and southern limits of Gulf of California.
Protula tubularia (Montagu). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941. Puerto Refugio.
Sal mac in a dysteri (Huxley). Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Fauvel, 1943. Bahia de los Angeles,
Bahia de San Francisquito.
Sphobranchus giganteus (Pallas), Fauvel, 1943. La Paz, Cabo Pulmo.
S. pseudoincrassatus Bush, 1904; Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941; Ricja, 1947a. Cabo San Lucav
Topolobampo.
Spirorbis marioni Caullery and Mesnil. Bush. 1904. Guaymas, La Paz.
Vermiliopsis cornuta Rioja, 1947b. La Paz.
106
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
Table 2
The relationship of the principle polychaetes to sediment type in Bahia de los Angeles,
Baja California. Numerals in parentheses indicate the number of stations at which the
species were collected in April 1962 and October 1963, respectively.
Sand,
40 stations
Silty Sand,
46 stations
Sandy Silt,
30 stations
Silt,
45 stations
Species
Per- Mean no. Per- Mean no. Per- Mean no. Per- Mean no.
centage specimens centage specimens centage specimens centage specimens
occur- per occur- per occur- per occur- per
station rence station rence
ence
station
ren
30
2
27
33
2
40
40
3
39
25
2
35
30
3
26
42
4
33
35
14
28
30
3
22
90
12
98
48
30
37
63
11
76
63
9
85
60
9
52
75
18
83
15
17
35
35
3
33
40
5
57
83
1 1
80
20
9
26
73
10
3 0
55
4
56
70
40
72
5
1
39
65
21
85
42
13
26
62
147
72
27
19
22
68
20
67
25
15
22
50
1 1
43
15
27
19
30
2
39
station
Pareulcpis fimbriata (13-21)
Etcone dilatae (3 5-7)
Ophiodromus pugetteiish (29-20)
Ancistrosyllh bassi (4-3 9)
Pilargis bamatus (26-9)
Langerhansia heterochaeta (21-16)
Ceratonereis mirabilh (32-9)
Nereis procera (27-6)
Aglaopbamus dicirrus (66-84)
Giycera tesselata (20-3 5)
Glycinde armigea (57-5 6)
Onuphis zebra (60-76)
Lnmbrineris minima (57-20)
Haploscoloplos elongatus (5 8-54)
Aricidea rosea
Polydora socialis plena (27-22)
Prionospio cirrifera (46-62)
P. pinnata (36-60)
P. pygmaeus (5 1-4)
Magelona californica (14-30)
Telepsaius costarum (43-23)
Cbaet ozone corona (49-32)
Cossura Candida (40-42)
Tharyx pari us (5 8-47)
Armandia bioculata (31-15)
Capitita ambiseta (67-54)
Heteroclymene glabra (37-1)
Praxillella nffinis pacifica (54-32)
Amaeana occidentalis (33-11)
Chone mollis (54-14)
Euchone barnardi (3 5-3)
Megalomma pigmentum (22-13)
2
17
2
20
3
27
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20
2
23
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13
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5
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23
1
MUS. COMP. ZoOL.
LIBRARY
UU 181968
HARVARD
UNlVfiftSJT*
A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BAHIA DE LOS
ANGELES, GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. III.
BENTHIC MOLLUSCA
EUGENE V. COAN
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE SAN DIEGO
SOCIETY OF
NATURAL HISTORY
VOL. 15, NO. 8, 25 SEPTEMBER 1968
.s^*>-
ssCi
rV Pata-'Bota
Isla n
Sorobado1'
(Olsla Flecha
Cerraia^l /lsla
' Ventanaj
Bahia de Los Angeles
MEXICO
206 207
Isla
Cabeza de
Caballo
Islos de
Las Gemelos
VSFS
HOUSES
104 107
•ho
NAUTICAL MILES
KILOMETERS
J 1_
113° 30
Figure 1. Map of Bahia de los Angeles. Inset, location of bay in Gulf of California.
A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BAHIA DE LOS ANGEL
GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. III. ,,k**vA*0
BENTHIC MOLLUSCA
Eugene V. Coan
Abstract. Benthic mollusks were collected by the Beaudette Foundation at Bahia de los Angeles,
Baja California, Mexico, in April 1962, and October 1963. Samples were obtained with an orange-
peel grab at 161 stations. April collections were sparse, but October samples were even sparser. The
depletion may result from seasonal predation by bottom-dwelling fishes. Fewer species and specimens
were found with increasing water depth, and with the exception of a few shallow water localities
near the head of the bay, the molluscan fauna is considered to represent a single assemblage charac-
terized by the genera Tellina, CaJulus and Nucitlana. This assemblage is thought to be typical of
silty-sand substrates in semi-protected bays in tropical and subtropical areas. The fauna of Bahia de
los Angeles is characteristic of the Panamic Province and is most similar to faunas found farther
south in the Gulf of California.
Resumen. En la Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico, se recolectaron moluscos benticos
durante los meses de Abril 1962 y Octubre 1963. Estas colecciones fueron patrocinadas por la
Fundacion Beaudette. Las muestras corresponden a 161 estaciones, y fueron recogidas con unas tena/.is
de cuatro cucharas o sectores. Las colecciones correspondientes al mes de Abril fueron pobres, y las
de Octubre resultaron aiin mas deficientes. Esta escasez de moluscos se debe probablemente a la
predacion que efectuan los peces de fondo durante ciertas estaciones. A mayor profundidad el numero
de especies y de ejemplares por especies era menor. La fauna malacologica, excepto en las zonas mas
internas de la bahia, estaba representada por los generos Tellina, Catlitlus y Nut itlana. Este complejo
malacologico se considera tipico de los substratos de arenas salobres en bahias semi-protegidas de las
regiones tropicales y subtropicales. La fauna de la Bahia de los Angeles es caracteristica de la pro-
vincia Panamena, y es muy similar a la fauna que se presenta mas al sur en el Golfo de California.
This report deals with the benthic mollusks collected by the Beaudette Foundation
of California at Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Mexico, in April 1962 and
October 1963. A preliminary report on these collections has been presented elsewhere
(Coan, 1964). A list of mollusks obtained from shore and beach-drift collections has
been published by McLean (1961).
Methods
A detailed description of sampling methods is given by Barnard and Grady (1968).
Briefly, a grid of 161 sampling stations was established in the southern portion of the
bay (Fig. 1; see also Reish, 1968, Fig. 1). Samples were collected with an orange-peel
grab that covered approximately 0.06m- of bottom surface. In general, alternate stations
were sampled in April 1962, the remaining stations in October 1963. However, several
stations were sampled in both periods, and stations 1 through 8 were sampled onlj in
October. With the following two exceptions, one sample was made at each station: two
samples, preserved separately, were made at Station 1)8 in April; two samples, combined,
were made at Station 130 in April. These exceptions were taken into consideration in
the computations.
Several non-quantitative samples were also made by the Beaudette Foundation and
by an expedition of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, both in April 1962. The
material is not included in the analysis, but the species are reported in the Systematic
List and in the discussion of geographic ranges. Detailed information on sampling
cedures at these stations is presented in Barnard and Grady (1968, Tables 2, 3
San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Trans. 15 (8): 107-132, 25
110
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. 15
6 A H I A DE LOS ANGELES
NAUTICAL MILE
500 1000 1500
Sediment Types
METERS
Figure 2. Sediment distribution in south portion of Bahia de los Angeles.
The material collected was sorted to phylum. Species represented only by shells were
removed from the molluscan samples to minimize possible contamination by organisms
that may have drifted from elsewhere. With small specimens this separation was difficult,
and some dead organisms may have been inadvertently included in the analyses. After
the material was air-dried, the distinction between live-collected and dead shells could
not be made as easily.
The physical features of the bay are discussed by Barnard and Grady (1968).
Figure 2 shows the major benthic sediment patterns for comparison with the distri-
butions of the species discussed.
Discussion. — Several potential sources of sampling error are not excluded by the
techniques employed. Use of an orange-peel grab virtually precluded the collection of
some deep-burrowing mollusks, and the depth of grab penetration varies with sediment
properties. Because of the large number of samples taken, some deep-burrowing species
may be represented. Future studies should utilize large grabs to supplement smaller ones.
1968 Coan: Bahia de los Angeles Moi.lusks
I I I
While the rigid grid pattern results in uniform sampling areally, it does not neces-
sarily provide sufficient data for charting precise distributional patterns. For example,
high gradient slopes were not sampled effectively because of their small areal representa-
tion. The distributional patterns of some mollusks reflect this because their depth
habitats were not sampled on the more steeply-sloping eastern side of the bay. Species
that may be especially abundant on such slopes — their distributions being more stronglj
correlated with degree of slope than with depth or sediment type — may not have been
collected.
There is a lack of quantitative samples from depths shallower than 10m. A few
shallow-water grabs were made from a skiff, but there are obvious difficulties in taking
samples with a relatively large device from a small boat. Parker (1964a, b) has men-
tioned decided differences between intertidal sandy beach assemblages and off-shore
shallow-water assemblages in the Gulf of California. At Bahia de los Angeles there
appears to be a distinct shallow-water fauna at some stations, especially numbers I
through 8, but the samples are too few to be conclusive.
Discussion
Differences between sampling periods. — Fewer mollusks than expected were col-
lected in the April survey. From 76 samples, 4060 individuals representing 126 species
were collected; in general, the specimens appeared to be juveniles. In October, only 97
species and 18 32 individuals were collected from 91 samples; a wider range of specimen
sizes seemed to occur in this period, but no quantitative measure of this was made.
Thus, there was striking depletion of the bay fauna. Several shallow-water species were
collected in October but not in April; two of these occurred in relatively large numbers.
The causes of this depletion are not known. It might result from annual or seasonal
changes in water temperature, sediment deposition patterns, behavior of the organisms,
action of bottom-feeding fishes, unsuspected changes in sampling techniques and grab
operation, or even from random variation. Too little data are available to resolve this
question. However, there are features of the depletion that may be pertinent. I noted
that the remains of dead animals were not found in greater abundance in the October
sample. If the depletion resulted from /';/ situ death, one would expect — barring other
complications such as burying, sediment shift, and decomposition — to find more residual
shells in October.
The change in the distributional pattern of species may also be instructive
(Table 1). Twenty-seven species were collected in quantities of thirty or more in-
dividuals in the quantitative sampling. Eighteen showed a decrease in numbers in the
October sample, and in ten of these the decrease seemed to be greater toward the mouth
of the bay, though not necessarily in deep water. Possibly predation is greater otl shore
than near shore, where tidal variation, turbulence, and temperature extremes may deter
predaceous fishes. The tendency for forms to decrease offshore, however, cannot account
for the virtual disappearance of some fairly common species (e.g., Nuculana acrita).
The problem is worthy of further research.
Bathymetric distribution. — The April data indicate an inverse relationship between
the numbers of species and specimens per sample and water depth. (The October data
were not analyzed in this manner.) A rather sharp break occurred at approximately 3 0m.
About 17 species and 90 specimens per station were taken from depths of less than 30m,
nine species and 30 specimens at greater depths. Keen (1964) reported that the number
of specimens at 40m at Isla Espiritu Santo, Gulf of California, was greater than at 20m,
but she included both living and non-living material.
112 San Diego Society of Natural History Vol. 15
Table 1
Changes in abundance of Mollusca between sampling periods
Species showing an apparent increase in numbers
a) due to near-shore sampling in October: Transennella humilis; Caecum sp.;
Micranellum sp. ; Elephantulum cf. E. liratocinctum; Nassariiis tiarula; Actco-
cina angustior.
b) due to greater number of unidentifiable juveniles: Tcllina sp.
Species showing little changes in numbers and
a) little change in distribution: Transennella sororcula.
b) decrease off shore (increase due to near-shore sampling) : Tcllina arenica.
Species showing little change in numbers and
a) almost complete disappearance: Nnculana acrita; Mysclla cf. M. chalcedonica;
Dentalium innumcrabilc (a deep-water form) ; Solariorbis liriope (a deep-
water form ) .
b) a uniform decrease throughout the bay: Nitcnla dcclivis; Crenclla ecuadoriana;
Mangclia cyrene; Actcocina infrequens.
c) a greater decrease off shore: Nncinclla subdola; Lucina mazatlanica; Diplodonta
sericata; Laevicardium elenense; Chione gnidia; Lyonsia gouldii; Solemya vol-
vulus; Cad nl us panamcnsis; Alabina cxcurvata; Actcocina carinata.
The Bay-wide Community. — A computer study, made under the direction of Dr.
James Rohlf, indicated that the fauna of the bay was not divisible into distinct associa-
tions or communities. Thus, with the exception of the small shallow-water fauna taken
only in October 1963, which seems to be distinct, the mollusks obtained in this study
are considered to represent a single community. Parker (1964a, b) concluded that for
the Gulf of California in general there is a sharp faunal division at 26m. No such
division was found in the present study, although the number of species declines at
depths of over 30m. There is, however, a gradational decrease in mollusk abundance
toward the mouth of the bay.
Table 2 lists the commonest mollusks collected during the survey. The three most
abundant forms, Tcllina arenica, Cadulus panamensis, and Nuculana acrita are found
throughout the bay (see Systematic List). Few of the species which Parker (1964a, b)
lists as characteristic of ll-26m or 26-65m depths were found in this study, but his
samples were from a wide area of the Gulf of California. Also, a greater variety of
depths and environments were sampled, and the sampling regions did not include bays
as protected as Bahia de los Angeles.
The Tcllina-Cadulns-N nculana assemblage does not correspond with assemblages
described by Thorson (1957) for arctic and sub-arctic regions. Parker (1960) noted
associations in the Gulf of Mexico which are somewhat similar to that at Bahia de los
Angeles. The fauna at Isla Espiritu Santo (Keen, 1964) is quite different, perhaps because
the substrate in the area is coarse coral sand. I suspect that the Tellina-Cadulus-Nuculaua
assemblage may be typical of sandy-silt substrates in semi-protected bays. Mr. Barry
Roth and I found that these three genera were the most abundant in the harbor at
Princeton, San Mateo County, California, in August 1962 and July 1964, though the
species represented all differed from those at Bahia de los Angeles.
1968 Coan: Bahia de los Angeles Mollusks 1 13
Table 2
Relative abundance of common Mollusca in Bahia de los Angeles, April and
October samples combined. A density estimate (no. specimens / m2) is given for the
commonest species.
Tellina arenica, 998 (95.5); Cadulus panamensis, 679 (65.0); Nuculana acrita,
660 (63.2); Acteocina carinata, 432 (40.5); Nassarius tiarula, 276 (26.4); Diplodonta
sericata, 215 (20.6); Solemya volvulus, 178; Lyons/a gouldii, 163; Nucinella subdola,
152; Caecum sp., 151; Mysella cf. M. chalcedonica, 150; Alabina excurvata, 143;
Nucula declivis, 117; Micranellum sp., 115; Crenella ecuadoriana, 107; Dentalium in-
numerabile, 72; Transennella humilis, 70; Elephantulum cf. E. liratocinctum, 69;
Tellina sp. (unidentifiable juvs.), 62; Laevicardium eleneme, 59; Acteocina angustior,
59; Transennella sororcula, 51; Acteocina infrequent, 5 0; Solariorbis liriope, 48; Man-
gelia cyrene, 47; Chione gnidia, 43; Lucina mazatlanica, 39.
Biogeograpbic considerations. — Of the 177 identifiable species encountered in this
study, 154 do not range into California but may extend northward on the west coast
of Baja California. Very few, however, occur north of Bahia Magdalena. Of 2 3 forms
which do range to California, 19 also extend farther south than the tip of Baja Cali-
fornia. Of 47 species encountered that occur only in the Gulf of California, 2 8 do not
occur north of Bahia de los Angeles. This is surprising because the salinity and water
temperatures at the head of the Gulf are similar to those of Bahia de los Angeles.
Systematic List
A systematic list of species collected in both the quantitative and non-quantitative
sampling is given below. The material collected is analyzed by time of collection, and
the depth range and main distribution within the area of quantitative sampling (or out-
side this area) is given for each species. The following abbreviations are used: C = central;
E = east; f.= figure(s) ; int. = intertidal; N =north; pi. = plate(s) ; s = scattered; S = south;
sub = subtidal; W = west; ::' = probably new species.
The material collected is housed in the Department of Geology, Stanford University.
California, under the collection numbers 50306-50489. For a complete Station list of
specimens order NAPS Document 008 3 from ASIS National Auxiliary Publications
Service, c/o CCM Information Sciences, Inc., 22 West 34th Street, New York, N.Y.
10001; remitting $1 for each microfiche copy and $3 for each hard-copy reproduction.
114
San Diego Society of Natural History
Vol. IS
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