Soo/h cr> /'/^i HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 28, e ?e J-'e TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME VIII Printed from the W. W. Whitney Publication Endowment •N> SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society 1934-1938 awn f^r Zoo'ogv »*; NOV 29 1938 ' COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION U. S. Grant, IV, Chairman L. M. Klauber Clinton G. Abbott, Editor CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII 1. A New Subspecies of Pocket Gopher from Sonora, Mexico. By Laurence M. Huey. Published August 10, 1934 1-2 2. A New Puff-Bird from El Salvador. By A. J. van Rossem. Pub- lished August 10, 1934 3-4 3. Notes on the Races of Claravis mondetoura. By A. J. van Rossem. Published August 10, 1934 5-8 4. Notes on Some Races of Ceophloeus lineatus (Linnaeus) . By A. J. van Rossem. Published August 10, 1934 9-12 5. Three New Species of Pinnixa from the Gulf of California. By Steve A. Glassell. Published March 21, 1935 13-14 6. New Marine Mollusca from West Mexico, Together with a List of Shells Collected at Punta Penasco, Sonora, Mexico. By Herbert N. Lowe. Published March 21, 1935 15-34 7. New Species of Mollusks of the Genus Triphora. By Fred Baker and V. D. P. Spicer. Published March 21, 1935 35-46 8. New Trilobite Species from the Anthracolithic of Northern Cali- fornia, and Griffithides conwayensis, a New Name for a Trilo- bite Species from the Atoka Formation of Arkansas. By Harry E. Wheeler. Published March 21, 1935 47-58 9. Revision of Some California Species of Astrodapsis. By George L. Richards, Jr. Published March 21, 1935 59-66 10. The Mangrove Warbler of Northwestern Mexico. By A. J. van Rossem. Published August 24, 1935 67-68 11. A New Race of Brown Towhee from the Inyo Region of California. By A. J. van Rossem. Published August 24, 1935 69-72 12. A New Silky Pocket Mouse from Sonora, Mexico. By Laurence M. Huey. Published August 24, 1935 73-74 13. A New Subspecies of Crotalus confluentus, the Prairie Rattlesnake. By Laurence M. Klauber. Published August 24, 1935 75-90 14. New or Little Known Crabs from the Pacific Coast of Northern Mexico. By Steve A. Glassell. Published August 24, 1935 91-106 15. A New Genus and Species of Pigmy Goose from the McKittrick Pleistocene. By Roland Case Ross. Published August 24, 1935.107-114 16. Description of a Race of Myiarchus cinerascens from El Salvador. By A. J. van Rossem. Published March 12, 1936 115-118 17. A New Pelecypod Genus of the Family Cardiidae. By A. Myra Keen. Published March 12, 1936 119-120 IV San Diego Society of Natural History 18. Notes on Birds in Relation to the Faunal Areas of South-Central Arizona. By A. J. van Rossem. Published May 29, 1936 121-148 19. Crotalus mitchellii, the Speckled Rattlesnake. By Laurence M. Klauber. Published May 29, 1936 149-184 20. A Key to the Rattlesnakes With Summary of Characteristics. By Laurence M. Klauber. Published December 7, 1936 185-276 21. New Porcellanids and Pinnotherids from Tropical North Ameri- can Waters. By Steve A. Glassell. Published December 7, 1936..277-304 22. West American Species of the Genus Phos. By A. M. Strong and H. N. Lowe. Published December 1, 1936 305-320 23. A Further Report on Birds of Sonora, Mexico, with Descriptions of Two New Races. By A. J. van Rossem and The Marquess Hachisuka. Published June 15, 1937 321-336 24. Paleontology of the Pleistocene of Point Loma, San Diego County, California. By Robert W. Webb. Published June 15, 1937 337-348 25. Descriptions of New Mammals from Arizona and Sonora, Mexico. By Laurence M. Huey. Published June 15, 1937 349-360 26. A Northwestern Race of the Mexican Black Hawk. By A. J. van Rossem and The Marquess Hachisuka. Published June 15, 1937-361-362 27. A New Snake of the Genus Sonora from Mexico. By Laurence M. Klauber. Published December 15, 1937 363-366 28. A New Sea-Urchin from the "Oligocene" of Oregon. By Hubert Lyman Clark. Published December 15, 1937 367-374 29. An Extinct Puffin from the Pliocene of San Diego, California. By Loye Miller. Published December 15, 1937 375-378 30. An Upper Pleistocene Fauna from the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California. By George Will ett. Published December 15, 1937 379-406 31. A New Hummingbird of the Genus Saucerottia from Sonora, Mex- ico. By A. J. van Rossem and The Marquess Hachisuka. Pub- lished January 18, 1938 407-408 32. A New Muskrat from Utah. By Laurence M. Huey. Published January 18. 1938 409-410 33. New and Obscure Decapod Crustacea from the West American Coasts. By Steve A. Glassell. Published May 31, 1938 411-454 34. A Study of the Skull of the Pleistocene Stork, Ciconia maltha, Miller. By Loye Miller. Published May 31, 1938 455-462 <^n r TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 1, pp. 1-2 August 10, 1934 A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POCKET GOPHER FROM SONORA, MEXICO BY Laurence M. Huey Curator of Birds and Mammals, San Diego Society of Natural History During February, 1934, a party representing the San Diego Society of Natural History made collections in the vicinity of Punta Penascosa, on the northeast coast of the Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico. Among the limited number of mammals obtained is a series of 12 Thomomys which represents an uradescribed form of the wide-ranging bottae group. This race may be know« as : Thomomys bottae vanrossemi subsp. nov. Punta Penascosa Pocket Gopher Type. — From Punta Penascosa, Sonora, Mexico; no. 10922, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History; adult male; collected by Laurence M. Huey, February 15, 1934. Characters. — In color vanrossemi is almost identical with its nearest relative, Thomomys bottae phasma from southwestern Arizona, but cranially some characters showing constant difference are present. The skull is relatively nar- rower than that of phasma with less widely spreading zygomatic arches, narrower rostrum and more fully inflated bullae, that bulge farther below the basioccipital. Measurements. — Type: Total length, 215; tail, 72; hind foot, 28; ear, 4. Skull (type) : Greatest length, 38.5; spread of maxillary arches, 24.0; length of nasals, 13.5; interorbital constriction, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5. Range. — So far as known, the vicinity of Punta Penascosa, Sonora, Mexico, 2 San Diego Society of Natural History where it was found living at almost tide level on the land side of a series of large sand dunes that bordered the sea beach. Remarks-— Since Nelson and Goldman have recently described a number of forms of Thomomys from Sonora (Journ. Mam., Vol. 15, no. 2, May, 1934, pp. 105-124), the writer forwarded this series of specimens to Washington, where it was compared with topotypical material by Major Goldman and the differences confirmed. For this aid the writer's thanks are here expressed. Specimens examined by the writer. — Thomomys bottae phasma: 5 from Tinajas Altas and 13 from 4 miles south of Gadsden, Yuma County, Arizona; Thomomys bottae vanrossemi: 12 from Punta Pehascosa, Sonora, Mexico [type locality] . This race is dedicated to Mr. A. J. van Rossem of the California Institute of Technology, a life-long friend of the author and co-worker in the field of natural science. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 2, pp. 3-4 August 10, 1934 A NEW PUFF-BIRD FROM EL SALVADOR BY A. J. VAN ROSSEM California Institute of Technology In view of Ridgway's remarks (Birds of North and Middle America, 6, 1914, 377, footnote) concerning the individual variation found in Dyson's Puff-Bird, the eight specimens of this species which I collected in El Salvador in 1925, 1926, and 1927 had been referred to Notharchns hyperrhyncbus dysoni, purely on assumption. Last fall when at the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology, I chanced to see a large series of dysoni which were so very different from my recollection of the Salvador birds that I asked Mr. Peters to forward a good selection in order to make possible a direct comparison. Further specimens were borrowed from the Bureau of Biological Survey and the Smithsonian Institution. The total series of dysoni examined at this time numbers 28 specimens from prac- tically the entire Central American range save for the Pacific coast of Nicaragua and Guatemala. The Salvador birds represent a strongly characterized race which evidently occupies a limited territory on the Pacific coast of Central America. This race is here named Notharchus hyperrhynchus cryptoleucus subsp. nov. Type. — Male adult, no. 18714 Dickey collection; Barra de Santiago, Dept. of Ahuachapan, El Salvador, April 3, 1927, altitude sea level; collected by A. J. van Rossem, original number 11580. Subspecific characters.— Compared with Notharchus hyperrhynchus dysoni: feathers of lower rump and upper tail -coverts with one or two concealed grayish- white bars, instead of being immaculate proximal to the terminal tipping; dark 4 San Diego Society of Natural History portions of the plumage everywhere, save on the crown, paler, duller, and more slaty, and with the white margins notably wider; rump and upper tail-coverts "mouse gray" instead of "dark mouse gray" or "blackish mouse gray"; flanks with dr.rk area much restricted and narrowly barred with brownish slate and white in about equal widths instead of being black with narrow white bars. Range. — Coastal plain of El Salvador and, probably, closely adjacent areas in western Guatemala and western Nicaragua. Remarks. — The concealed barring is a feature which is apparently totally absent in dysoni and always present in cryptoleucus. Aside from this, cryptoleucus is easily distinguished by general pallor of coloration and wide white tipping and margins. Sclater's type of Bucco dysoni came from "Honduras" and was collected by Dyson. This necessarily restricts the type locality to northwestern Honduras, since the chief purpose of Dyson's visit was to secure live specimens of the Ocellated Turkey for the aviary of Lord Derby. Specimens of dysoni have been examined from Honduras (Santa Ana); British Honduras (Toledo District) ; Guatemala (Gualan) ; Costa Rica (Pigres; Boruca) ; Panama (Loma del Leon; Panama City; Almirante; Fruitdale) ; Chia- pas (San Benito). I can make out no variation in this extensive range, that is other than individual or seasonal in character. The margins to the dark parts of the plumage are naturally wider when the feathers are fresh and gradually disap- pear with wear. The fact that dysoni occurs in typical form at the Chiapas-Guatemala boun- dary on the Pacific coast, and as far north as Pigres on the Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica, argues a relatively limited range for cryptoleucus. However, since cryptoleucus was found to inhabit the full length of the coastal plain of El Salva- dor, it would be remarkable if it did not extend for some slight distance into the adjoining portions of Guatemala and Nicaragua. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 3, pp. 5-8 August 10, 1934 NOTES ON THE RACES OF CLARAVIS MONDETOURA BY A. J. VAN ROSSEM California Institute of Technology Ludlow Griscom (Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, June 14, 1930, pp. 287-292) has recently recognized four races of this little dove, though he was able to assemble little more than a dozen specimens from American collections. In the interval since Griscom's paper appeared I have had the opportunity to examine most of his material and also some twenty additional skins in Europe and England. As might be expected the foreign material modifies, somewhat, the characters of the four races defined by Griscom. This comment is given below and, in addition, two more races are described, respectively from the southern and northern extremes of the range of the species. Claravis mondetoura mondetoura (Bonaparte) As first noted by Count Salvadori (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 21, 1893, 495) and later by Ridgway and Griscom, South American specimens are sharply dis- tinguished from those of Central America and Mexico by the reddish intermix- ture in the slate color of the under wing-coverts and axillars of the males. The typical race, mondetoura, is distinguished from all the others, both north and south, by the longer wing. Seven fully adult males measure: wing, 117-121; tail, 85-91 mm. Five fully adult females measure: wing, 115-118; tail, 74-82 mm. Bonaparte's types (male and female) from Caracas, Venezuela, were examined in the Paris Museum. They are typical of the northern South America sub- species. Sixteen specimens of both sexes and representing adult and immature indi- viduals have been examined from Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Age for 6 San Diego Society of Natural History age, I am unable to see any differences between birds from these three countries and believe that the characters noted by Griscom for some Colombia females were due to age. Old females are very much grayer than immatures. Claravis mondetoura inca subsp. nov. Type. — Male adult, no. 89.4.20.365 British Museum; Huasampilla, Peru, March 18, 1872; collected by H. Whitley. Subspecific characters. — Adult male with under wing-coverts and axillars much more extensively rufous than in typical mondetoura, in fact with rufous in excess of slate; flanks paler gray, and posterior median underparts more exten- sively white than in any other race. Wing shorter than in mondetoura. The type, which is apparently the only known specimen, measures: wing, 111; tail, 76; exposed culmen, 13.5; tarsus, 24.0; middle toe minus claw, 21.5 mm. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Remarks. — Colors of soft parts as recorded by the collector are: "Bill black; eye pink; legs and toes lead colour." This is not at all in agreement with the colors given by Salvin and Godman in the 'Biologia' for an adult male of salvini from Guatemala. Claravis mondetoura pulchra Griscom Claravis mondetoura umbrina Griscom Western Panama and Costa Rica specimens appear to be non-existent in European collections. Therefore, I have nothing to add to the diagnosis of either of these races. I have examined the same specimens used by Griscom, however, and believe that they are both valid subspecies. Claravis mondetoura salvini Griscom This race, though described on the basis of a single adult male, is verified through two males and a female from Volcan de Fuego in the British Museum. Males are indistinguishable from mondetoura dorsally. They show more white ventrally, but this may be due to the "make" of the skins. The supposed character of a more extensively black tail does not prove constant. In other words the males of saWnu may be distinguished from mondetoura by the posses- sion of uniform slaty (instead of mixed slaty and rufous) under wing-coverts and axillars; and shorter wing with proportionally longer tail. A single female (also from Volcan de Fuego), is very close to mondetoura, but differs in having a slightly darker and less reddish rump and upper tail-coverts, more slaty (less reddish) under wing-coverts, and shorter wing. Two adult males measure: wing, 110-114; tail, 79-83 mm. One adult female measures: wing, 110; tail, 79 mm. Though Volume 21 of the 'Catalogue of Birds' cites one male and two females from Volcan de Fuego, this is in error for there are two males and one female from that locality in the British Museum collection at this time. One of the males was recorded by Salvin and Godman as having the colors of the soft parts as follows: "Iris reddish-orange; bill black; tarsi and toes dull red; claws black." van Rossem — Races of Claravis Mondetura Claravis mondetoura ochoterena subsp. nov. Type. — Male adult no. 89.4.20.366 British Museum; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1872; collected by [Rafael Montes] de Oca. Subspecific characters. — Adult males similar to Claravis mondetoura salvini of Guatemala, but dorsal coloration darker and more fuscous (less grayish) slate; underparts darker everywhere and with the red of the pectoral region ex- tending back laterally to tinge the slate color of the flanks. Female unknown. Range. — Mountains of the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Remarks.— Ridgway (Birds of No. and Mid. Amer., Pt. 7, 1916, 436, footnote) , has remarked on the characters shown by the two subadult males in the United States National Museum, but he suspected that the peculiarities might be due to age. The fully adult male in the British Museum shows that such is not the case. The Mexican race is easily distinguished by being the darkest of the known subspecies. Three males, two of them subadult, but which possess the primaries and rectrices of maturity, measure: wing, 107-113; tail, 72-83 mm. I take pleasure in naming this dove for Professor Isaac Ochoterena, Director of the Biological Institute of Mexico, not only in recognition of his own work but in appreciation of his assistance in furthering my own activities in northwestern Mexico. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 4, pp. 9-12 August 10, 1934 NOTES ON SOME RACES OF CEOPHLOEUS LINEATUS (LINNAEUS) BY A. J. VAN ROSSEM California Institute of Technology A few years ago J. L. Peters briefly reviewed1 the races of this species, but in certain instances he was handicapped either by lack of material or because type specimens were not available for critical examination. It has been my good fortune to be able to study, during the summer of 1933, types of some of the races described by European ornithologists, and it is now possible to settle some, at least, of the questions concerning which Peters was obliged to make arbitrary decisions. Notes on these types and changes in nomenclature (where necessary) are given below. Ceophloeus mesorhynchus Cabanis and Heine The three specimens on which this name2 is based are still in the Zoological Museum in Berlin, where they are numbered 16,292-3 and 4, respectively. They are all mounted in fair condition though all show some degree of moult. This name comes dangerously close to being a synonym of Picus similis Lesson. One of the three cotypes ( 8 no. 16,292) is a white-billed bird from the Aguacate Mountains, collected by Hoffmann; another, ( $ no. 16,293), col- lected by von Frantzius in "Costa Rica," has a pale yellowish brown bill and is also intermediate in other particulars. Only one specimen, ( $ no. 16,294), ful- fills all requirements and is typical of the race which has so long borne the name mesorhynchus. Although the original description expressly calls for "Bill bright bluish-horncolor," the name "mesorhynchus" would seem to indicate recognition 1 Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, Sept. 2, 1930, pp. 317-22. 2 Mus. Heir.eanum, 4, heft 2, 1863, 86. See also critical comment on these specimens in Journ. fur Orn., 1862, 176. 10 San Diego Society of Natural History of the intermediate character of the bill when the three birds as a whole were considered. Since the Cabanis and Heine description is a composite, based on two races, it is proper to designate one of the three cotypes as the type. Therefore I name number 16,294, as the only course which will permit (for the time at least) reten- tion of this long-established name for the dark-billed race of the Pileated Wood- pecker in eastern and southern Costa Rica. This specimen is a mounted bird, a female, presumably adult, which has nearly completed the annual moult. It has the following measurements: wing, 181; tail, 122; culmen from base, 35.0; tarsus, 26.7; outer anterior toe minus claw, 20.5. The bill is dark horn-color on the maxilla and basal two-thirds of the mandible. The tip of the mandible is dull brown. Though the type locality as published was simply "Costa Rica," Dr. von Frantzius has given a good indica- tion of the locality in which his two specimens were collected. In his paper on the distribution of birds in Costa Rica he states, under the name of Dryocopus scapularis? that the species is relatively rare and is known only from the Aguacate Mountains and on the Sarapiqui. The Aguacate record was made by Hoffmann, and therefore the locality from whence came Dr. von Frantzius' two specimens must necessarily be the Sarapiqui River. This is a region of intergradation between mesorhyncbus and similis. It may be that the male, which is an intermediate (though nearer similis) , was taken at a point further down stream and closer to the Honduras Boundary than was the female, which is typical of the southern race. There is still the possibility that a good series of specimens from even the headwaters of the Sarapiqui would show a mass average considerably closer to similis, and in that case the name mesorhyncbus will have to become a synonym of the former race. It is significant that Ridgway4 has considered a specimen from the Rio Revantazon, a point considerably to the south of the Sarapiqui, as being an intermediate, which is closer to similis than to mesorhyncbus. I have tried to make out a case which will permit the retention of an old name rather than to scrap it for a new one, though until adequate material from the type locality is collected there is no certainty that even the arbitrary selection of a type finally disposes of the matter. Campephilus leucorhamphus "Licht." Reichenbach Peters is entirely correct in considering this name a synonym of Picus siniilis Lesson, for two of the three specimens which were the basis of Lichtenstein's manuscript name5 are still present in the collection of the Zoological Museum in Berlin. Both are females (the male possibly went to Reichenbach, though I could not find it at Dresden), and are normal representatives of similis. They were collected by Ferdinand Deppe; no. 10375 at "Cosmalvapan" | =Cosamaloapam], and no. 10376 at Alvarado. Both of these localities are in southern Vera Cruz. 3 Joum. fur Orn., 1869, 364. 4 Birds of No. 6C Mid. Amer., pt. 6, 1914, 151, footnote. 5 Nom. Aves. Mus. Berol., 1854, 75. van Rossem — Races of Ceophloeus Lineatus 1 1 The wing measurement of these two cotypes, which are mounted and in fair condition, are 174 and 167 mm., respectively. Campephilus lineatus Var.? C. leucopterylus Reichenbach Reichenbach's type of leucopterylus6 is in the Dresden Museum. It is an adult male, a skin in good condition and bears the following label "Geophloeus [sic] lineatus (L.) /7487/ Siid-Amerika." This relatively new label has the old, badly torn, original pasted on the reverse. All that is left is the single word "'Leucopterylus" and the terminal letter (n) of a word which once was written on the now missing lower left hand corner of the label. Dr. Wilhelm Meise, the curator of birds at the Dresden Museum, told me that this skin (formerly mounted) is a part of the old collection of Reichenbach's regime. So far as Dr. Meise could determine there never was a female leucopterylus in the collection and he thinks it possible that the figure of the female was pictured by the analogy of the color characters of allied species. This specimen belongs to none of the northern races but is one of those rare individuals of Ceophloeus erythrops which show traces of a white scapular stripe! It fits the colored plate and accompanying description perfectly, even to the light spots on the tips of the alula and primaries, and my own measurement of the wing, 191 mm., is exactly the length given by Reichenbach (7" 4"' using the Rhineland foot) . The missing corner of the label, which presumably bore the locality, may have been torn off even prior to the time leucopterylus was described, and Reich- enbach evidently guessed at the source when he ascribed his bird to "Mexiko." In the Berlin Museum there is another example of erythrops which shows the same type of coloration. It was collected by Euler at Cantagallo, Province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and it is not impossible that Reichenbach's bird has the same origin. Dr. Meise could give me no definite information as to why the "Siid- Amerika" had been put on the newer label. Whether traces of white scapular stripes in occasional specimens of erythrops indicate intergradation with lineatus or whether the character is a sporadic one which appears in a limited number of individuals, regardless of locality, I do not know. At any rate it is doubtful if erythrops is entitled to more than subspecific rank as a race of lineatus. The large race of lineatus in north-eastern Mexico, Ceophloeus lineatus leucopterylus Peters (nee. Reichenbach), is here named as Ceophloeus lineatus petersi subsp. nov. with the type an adult male, no. 31,833 Dickey collection at the California Insti- tute of Technology; Cuidad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, March 3, 1908; col- lected by F. B. Armstrong. Measurements of the type are: wing, 190; tail, 116; exposed culmen, 38.0; tarsus, 32.6; outer anterior toe, 26.5. Picus scapularis Vigors Peters had only two birds which he considered to be referable to scapularis, a male and female taken at Alamos, Sonora. 6 Handb. Scans. Picinae, 1854, 392, pi. 647, figs. 4319-4320. 12 San Diego Society of Natural History The type locality of Picus scapularis is San Bias, in what is now the state of Nayarit, western Mexico. Although Vigors' types of this race are stated to have gone to the Zoological Society, they are not now in the collection at the British Museum and were probably long ago destroyed. However, I have ex- amined two specimens of this race from the type locality (in the collections of the British Museum and U. S. Biological Survey) as well as eleven others from various points in Guerrero, Jalisco and southern Sinaloa north to Mazatlan. The race scapularis as represented by specimens from the above states is not markedly different in color from similis, the race which occurs over most of Central America north to central Vera Cruz on the Atlantic coast and to central Oaxaca on the Pacific. The only color differences which I can observe are that scapularis is slightly less buffy below as an average character, and the white sub-ocular streak is narrower and is often broken up by the intrusion of black streaks from the surrounding areas. These characters are fairly uniform over the entire area out- lined above, though Guerrero specimens are, naturally, very close to similis. In northern Sinaloa and southern Sonora there is" an abrupt color change, in that the sub-ocular streak becomes practically obsolete, the ground color of the under- pays is whitish rather than buffy, and the wing lining is cream-colored instead of distinctly yellow. On a color basis, therefore, scapularis, though uniform over a large area, is an intermediate between similis and birds of the Alamos district of Sonora and northern Sinaloa. In size, however, scapularis is small, decidedly smaller than similis and slightly smaller than the Alamos birds. The largest male out of five from Ma- zatlan, the northernmost point from which I have seen specimens of scapularis, has a wing and tail length of 167 and 105 mm. respectively. Ridgway gives essen- tially the same figures as the average for the race, but I suspect that central Sinaloa specimens are included. Specimens from the Alamos Faunal Area represent the pale extreme reached by Ceophloeus lineatus in North America. The race is here described as Ceophloeus lineatus obsoletus subsp. nov. Type.— Adult male, no. 224,294, Mus. Comp. Zobl.; Alamos, southern Sonora, Mexico; March 16, 1888; collected by M. A. Frazar. Subspecific characters. — Nearest to Ceophloeus lineatus scapularis (Vigors) of central western Mexico, but ground color of underparts pale buffy white or grayish white instead of pale buff; wing lining cream-color instead of light yellow; sub-ocular and sub-auricular streak nearly obsolete; wing and tail slightly longer. Range. — The Alamos District in southern Sonora, northern Sinaloa and probably the adjacent portions of Chihuahua. Remarks. — Seven specimens of this race have been examined from Alamos, Sonora, and from Rosario and La Guasimas in extreme north-eastern Sinaloa. Two, from Rosario and La Guasimas, respectively, are young birds. Five adults of obsoletus average (sex ignored): wing, 172.3; tail, 110.5. The characters as given by Peters for "scapularis" apply, of course, to obsoletus. In addition to the institutions mentioned above I am indebted to Robert T. Moore for the loan of specimens from northern Sinaloa. 2* Y?7 TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 5, pp. 13-14 March 21, 1935 THREE NEW SPECIES OF PINNIXA FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA BY Steve A. Glassell Research Associate in Crustacea, San Diego Society of Natural History The crabs here described were collected at the upper end of the Gulf of California, near the village of San Felipe, in Lower California, Mexico, by the author. Fuller descriptions and plates of the following species will appear in a forthcoming partial revision of the genus Pjnnixa by the writer. Family PINNOTHERIDAE Pinnixa abbotti, sp. nov. Type. — Female, San Diego Society of Natural History, Cat. No. 208; San Felipe, Lower California, June 10, 1933. Allied to P. floridana.1 Carapace a little wider than twice the length. Antero-lateral margin rounded, marked with a dis- tinct punctate ridge, extending from the cervical groove and meeting the concave postero-lateral margin at an acute angle. Entire carapace coarsely punctate; pubescent near outer angles; a transverse groove between gastro-cardiac regions; a median sulcus. Front truncate, slightly concave, entire. Mesogastric region depressed. Chelipeds weak, hairy, pubescent; carpus punctate; chela tapering dis- tally; inside of hand smooth; fingers feebly denticulate, nearly horizontal, not gaping, tips hooked. Length of carapace 2.95, width 6.5 mm. Pinnixa fusca, sp. nov. Type. — Female, San Diego Society of Natural History, Cat. No. 209; San Felipe, Lower California, May 29, 1934. Allied to P. longipes.2 Carapace slightly 1 Bull. 97, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1918, pi. 30, figs. 4-7. 2 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 4, 1894, p. 573, pi. 20, figs. 19-20. 14 San Diego Society of Natural History more than three times the length, and rounding down to margins, smooth; regions poorly denned. Front truncate, slightly convex, not extending beyond carapace; posterior margin concave. Chelipeds equal; upper distal end of merus extends over carpus; carpus and hands smooth; hands rounded, tapering distally; fingers slightly gaping, one large central tooth; pollex slightly deflexed, tip hooked. First and second ambulatory legs, slight, third and fourth, heavy; fourth reaches nearly to middle of propodus of third; dactyls of first and second legs long and slim, curved third and fourth, long and heavy, curved at tip, upper crest of tip of third dactyl, tri-dentate, fourth smooth. Abdomen covers sternum. Length of carapace 3.7, width 11.5 mm. Pinnixa felipensis, sp. nov. Type.— Female, San Diego Society of Natural History, Cat. No. 210; San Felipe, Lower California, June 1, 1934. Carapace slightly more than 21/2 times the length, and rounding down to margins in front, smooth, depressed in central portions; regions defined; an unbroken, straight, transverse cardiac ridge, extend- ing across the carapace; front very broadly triangular, concave toward orbits; posterior margin straight. Chelipeds unequal, dissimilar; merus long, increasing in breadth with length, carpus narrow, long, overhanging the manus, smooth; hands crested, wide, smooth; pollex of larger hand, short, horizontal, thick; of smaller hand, longer, lighter and pointed; fingers, greatly curved, gaping, a tuft of dense pubescence in the gape. First and second ambulatory legs, slight, dactyls long, tapering, bi-curved; dactyls of third and fourth legs, long, lanceolate, straight; dactyl of fourth leg reaches carpus of third leg. Abdomen nearly covers sternum. Length of carapace 3.2, width 8.3 mm. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 6, pp. 15-34, plates 1-4 March 21, 1935 NEW MARINE MOLLUSCA FROM WEST MEX- ICO, TOGETHER WITH A LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT PUNTA PENASCO,1 SONORA, MEXICO BY Herbert N. Lowe San Diego Society of Natural History The following undescribed species of mollusks were taken by the author on the west mainland coast of Mexico in 1930 and 1931, at various points in the Gulf of California in 1932, at San Felipe, Lower California, in May, 1933, and at Punta Penasco, Sonora, in February, 1934. Descrip- tive accounts of the various collecting trips will be found in "The Nau- tilus" as follows: Mazatlan-Guaymas-Topolobampo, Vol. XLIII, pp. 135-138; Tres Marias-Manzanillo-Acapulco, Vol. XLIV, pp. 24-27; Gulf of California and its islands, Vol. XLVI, pp. 73-76, 109-115; San Felipe, at the head of the Gulf, Vol. XLVII, pp. 45-47; Punta Penasco, on the northern Sonora coast, Vol. XLVIII, pp. 1-4, 43-46. I am indebted to Mr. J. R. Pemberton of Los Angeles for the privilege of being included in the party of scientists which cruised in the Gulf of California during the early part of 1932. I also wish to thank the offi- cials of the San Diego Society of Natural History for facilities provided on the co-operative expedition to Punta Penasco, Sonora, in February, 1934. The splendid research library of Dr. U. S. Grant at the University of California at Los Angeles was of great assistance in the preparation 1 Also known as Punta Penascosa. 16 San Diego Society of Natural History of the paper. Finally, the fullest credit is due to Mr. Ernest H. Quayle of the Department of Geology, University of California at Los Angeles, for the excellent pen and ink drawings here reproduced. Bivalves Area gordita, new species. Plate 1, fig. 1. Acapulco. 20 fathoms (1931). Type 11387, Lowe collection; paratype, Lowe collection, Guaymas, 20 fathoms, (1932). Shell irregularly ovoid, solid; anterior end roundly sloping downward and backward, posterior end roundly, obliquely produced; color flesh-white; about 27 radiating ribs with somewhat wider interspaces; dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral margin much rounded; greatest altitude of shell in almost vertical line with umbones; anterior wing more sharply produced than the posterior. Diameter 30 mm., altitude 19.1 mm. This shell has about nine less ribs than A. aviadoides Rve., and is a thicker and heavier shell for the same size. This species and the two following, A. delgada and A. reinharti, have subsequently turned up in the dredgings of the Templeton Crocker Expedition off West Mexico, (August, 1933) . Area delgada, new species. Plate 1, fig. 2. Manzanillo, 20 fathoms (1930). Type 11388, Lowe collection. Shell very obliquely ovoid, rather solid; anterior end roundly sloping down- ward and backward; posterior end roundly obliquely produced; color gray white; about thirty delicately nodulous ribs, growing smaller and closer together toward the anterior end. Between the longest four ribs are delicate riblets. The shell is rather flat s"ided and the ligamental area about normal. Diameter 12.3 mm., altitude 8 mm. Area (Anadara) reinharti, new species. Plate 1, figs. 3a, 3b, 3c. Guaymas, 20 fathoms (1932). Type 11389, Lowe collection. Shell ivory white, covered with a brown, horny epidermis; obliquely rhom- boid, solid, equivalve; edges of valves thick; anterior end rounded, posterior end angularly extended downward; about 25 radiating ribs, with narrow inter- spaces; the ribs toward the anterior end are strongly nodulous. The shell some- what resembles a miniature specimen of A. multicostata Sby., but is much more oblique, has about ten less ribs, and has a ligamental area (in specimens of equal size) of three times the diameter. In young A. multicostata the left valve over- laps the right. In young A. multicostata the edges of the valves are quite thin, while those of the species under discussion are abnormally thickened; the grooves on the inner margin of the valves extend almost four times as far within the shell. To compare the new species with one of almost the same size of A. multi- costata the following measurements are given: Area reinharti — diameter 27.7 mm., altitude 22.1 mm., thickness 24.5 mm. Lowe — Mollusc a from West Mexico 17 A. multicostata (young) — diameter 29 mm., altitude 27.5 mm., thickness 20 mm. The species is named in honor of Philip W. Reinhart, of Stanford Uni- versity, who has done most excellent work in West Coast Paleontology, especially in the Arcidae. Phacoides (Pleurolucina) leucocymoides, new species. Plate 1, fig. 4. Tres Marias (1930). Type 11386, Lowe collection; paratypes, San Diego Society of Natural History, Carmen Island, Gulf of California, 20 fathoms (1932) and Lowe collection, Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, 20 fathoms (1932). Shell convex, thin, white; entire surface covered with sharply reflexed con- centric lirae, which are much stronger and further apart than mPhacoides undatus Cpr. Instead of three radiating costae with four narrow interstices on each valve, as in Carpenter's species, there is but a single wide costa with a channeled groove on either side. The shell is higher and narrower than P. undatus and somewhat resembles P. leucocyma Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Muse., vol. 12, p. 263, pi. 14, figs. 6-7, 1889) from the Atlantic coast. The interior marginal crenations and cardinal teeth are more prominent than in P. undatus Cpr., while the subumbonal pit is not so deep as in that species. Diameter 10.7 mm., altitude 11.1 mm. Lithophaga abbotti, new species. Plate 1, fig. 5. Kino Bay, Sonora, tidal zone (1932). Type 11390, Lowe collection; para- types, San Diego Society of Natural History and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Shell cylindrical, thin, posteriorly obtusely rounded, anteriorly tending to subangulation above, evenly rounded below; growth lines are plainly visible under the shining light brown epidermis. The whole shell is covered with a lime incrustation somewhat ruffled in the central portion of both valves. The anterior end is less attenuated than either L. attenuata Desh. or L. aristata Hanley. Diameter 62.5 mm., altitude 19.5 mm. The type and several additional specimens were obtained in a mass of worm tubes, coralline growths and lime incrustations on a tidal bar a mile or more back in the estuary at Kino Bay, January, 1932. A single specimen was taken in 1933 at San Felipe on the western side of the Gulf of California. In the U. S. National Museum is a single specimen (#381411) of the above species marked from San Lucas Island, Costa Rica, which measures as follows: length 40.4 mm., width 12.5 mm. This largest of our West Coast Lithophaga is named in honor of Clinton G. Abbott, Director of the Natural History Museum, San Diego, California. Solen pazensis, new species. Plate 1, fig. 6. La Paz, Lower California, tidal zone (1929). Type 11391, Lowe collec- tion; paratypes, San Diego Society of Natural History and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Shell transversely oblong, with anterior terminal beaks; anterior extremity 18 San Diego Society of Natural History obliquely truncated; posterior extremity rather squarish; dorsal and ventral edges very slightly curved; hinge and ligament similar to S. sicarius Gld. Epidermis shining horn color, with a darker blotch on the anterior ends and a darker triangle formed by a line from anterior dorsal end to posterior ventral end, in- stead of the rosy suffusion as in S. rosaceus Cpr. Where the epidermis is removed near the beaks, a somewhat darker color is seen in parallel lines corresponding to the lines of growth. Diameter 57.5 mm., altitude 11.5 mm. Comparative dimensions are as follows: Solen sicarius Gld.: diameter 55.5 mm., altitude 14.5 mm. Solen rosaceus Cpr.: diameter 57.5 mm., altitude 13.5 mm. So/en mexicanus Dall: diameter 60 mm., altitude 8.5 mm. Psammosolen guaymasensis, new species. Plate 1, fig. 7. Guaymas, 20 fathoms (1932). Type 11392, Lowe collection; paratype, Lowe collection, off Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, 20 fathoms. Shell oblong-oval, rather thin, convex; extremities equally rounded; dorsal and ventral markings nearly parallel. Beaks not prominent, much nearer the anterior end. Color white; unequal striae of growth crossed by numerous diagonal incised lines. Pallia! sinus wide and three-fourths length of shell. Type: diameter 48.5 mm., altitude 20.3 mm. Paratype: diameter 18 mm., altitude 8.5 mm. Both type and paratype are right valves. Leda (Adrana) penascoensis, new species. Plate 1, fig. 8. Punta Penasco, Sonora, dredged 10 fathoms (1934). Type 11393, Lowe collection. Shell white, with a straw-colored glossy periostracum; strongly compressed beaks much nearer the anterior end. Dorsal line nearly straight, ventral margin curved, anterior and posterior ends about equally angular. Dorsal edges of both valves slightly crenate the entire length. Sculpture of fine concentric lines of growth over the entire surface of both valves, except a narrow portion bordering the posterior dorsal margin, which is entirely smooth. Diameter 37.5 mm., altitude 9.4 mm. This shell differs considerably in sculpture and shape from the three other forms described in this group from West America. Venus kellettii, Fbs. Plate 2, fig. 1. Carmen Island, Gulf of California, 20 fathoms (1932) . Venus mariae Orb. Plate 2, fig. 2. Santa Maria Bay, Lower California, 20 fathoms (1931). Plate 2, figure 1, shows the young stage of Venus kellettii Fbs. At this period of its growth, it more resembles Venus mariae Orb., figured in Plate 2, figure 2, than the adult form, which is well illustrated in Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 14, pi. 18, fig. 82, but which shows none of the exquisite earlier sculpture. Had I not an adult specimen of this species, I should have unhesitatingly con- Lowe — Mollusca from West Mexico 19 sidered it a new species in a group with Venus mariae Orb., which it resembles both in form, size, and sculpture. For this reason it seems well to figure the two species for comparison. Measurements of the Venus kellettii Fbs. figured are diameter 16.7 mm., altitude 1 1.3 mm.; of the Venus mariae Orb., diameter 15.4 mm., altitude 12 mm. Univalves Calliostoma marshalli, new species. Plate 2, fig. 3 San Felipe, Gulf of California (1933). Type 11380, Lowe collection; para- types, San Diego Society of Natural History, U. S. National Museum and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Shell conic, elevated, rather thin; imperforate, light cinnamon brown, with, on the body whorl, about 14 sagittate flames of darker brown, bordered by a white anterior zone, running from suture to umbilicus. Five rounded whorls besides 2 nuclear; sutures distinct; on the penultimate whorl thirteen fine but sharply crenate spiral threads, on the preceding whorl seven, and on the others three. Base slightly convex with about 20 flat spiral threads with narrower inter- spaces, the fourth, eighth, and twelfth showing regular square dots of dark brown. Columella excurved, pearly white; umbilical callus slightly depressed. Aperture rounded, irridescent within; outer lip thin, with faint lirations within. Diameter 13.5 mm., altitude 14.1 mm. I take pleasure in naming this species for Mr. W .H. Marshall, who has given so many years of valuable service to the U. S. National Museum in the Department of Mollusks. Calliostoma gemmuloides, new species. Plate 2, fig. 4. Tepopa Bay, Sonora (1932). Type 11382, Lowe collection. The description of this beautiful species may most clearly be given by com- parison with the well known C. gemmulatum Cpr. It is a narrower shell; being a full millimeter less in diameter than a gemmulatum of equal height. The sutures are well defined but lack the deep channeling of gemmulatum, whorls more slop- ing, less angular. The beaded spiral lines are not so prominent as in gemmulatum and more in number. On the base are two extra spirals; above the periphery of body whorl are three extra spirals; on the penultimate one extra. Color dark reddish brown with nine radial flames of a lighter color. Six whorls exclusive of the two nuclear. Diameter 12 mm., altitude 13.5 mm. Calliostoma angelenum, new species. Plate 2, fig. 5. Angeles Bay, Lower California (1932). Type 11381. Lowe collection. Shell conic elevated, thin, imperforate, color reddish brown, with a few white dots around periphery of body whorl; whorls rather flat, six in number besides the two smooth nuclear; sutures distinct; base rounded; columella ex- curved, pearly white; umbilical callus slightly depressed. Aperture rounded, irridescent within; outer lip thin, with faint lirations within. There are on the base 16 strap-like spirals with equal interspaces, three nearest the umbilical callus 20 San Diego Society of Natural History stronger; on the body whorl above the periphery are 13 regularly beaded spirals and on the penultimate whorl seven, antepenultimate five. Diameter 13 mm., altitude 14.5 mm. Tritonalia carmen, new species. Plate 2, fig. 6. Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, 20 fathoms (1932). Type 11378, Lowe collection; paratype, San Diego Society of Natural History. Shell solid turreted, of four angular whorls and three rounded nuclear and post-nuclear whorls, suture distinct, each whorl with sloping shoulders, the lower four prominently angular at the periphery. Below the periphery on the body whorl is a lesser spiral angulosity and a smaller spiral cord below that. Outer lip thin, inner lip covered with a white callous, canal short, moderately wide, and slightly bent to the left. Faint incremental lines are visible over the entire surface. Color of shell a light cream with a few light brown flecks on upper portion of each whorl. Diameter 5 mm., altitude 9 mm. The paratype specimen was dredged off Carmen Island in 20 fathoms. Under catalogue number 96326, the U. S. National Museum has three examples of this species dredged in 9 fathoms off La Paz. They had been tentatively identified as young of Murex squamulatus Cpr. Mitrella granti, new species. Plate 2, fig. 7. San Felipe, Gulf of California (1933). Type 11383, Lowe collection; paratypes, San Diego Society of Natural History and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Shell smooth, solid, with seven slightly convex whorls; sutures distinct; axial sculpture entirely absent except inconspicuous lines of growth; the body whorl and the two preceding whorls are covered with regularly spaced spiral grooves with wider interspaces. Color dark brown, somewhat suffused with pale yellow. Aperture rather wide; outer lip slightly undulate; a well marked callus on the straight columella. Diameter 3.4 mm., altitude 9.4 mm. This interesting species has been dedicated to Dr. U. S. Grant, of the Department of Geology, University of California at Los Angeles. Anachis sanfelipensis, new species. Plate 2, fig. 8. San Felipe, Gulf of California, lower tidal zone (1933). Type 11384, Lowe collection; paratypes, San Diego Society of Natural History and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Shell solid, turreted, of eight rather flat whorls exclusive of the lost nucleus. Sutures distinct, about thirteen strong axial ribs to the whorl. Entire shell covered with fine microscopic spiral threads. On the back of the columella and base are about eleven strong spiral cords with equal interspaces; above these on the base are about the same number of lighter spiral threads. Body of shell of warm flesh color, with longitudinal blotches of light brown between the axial ribs, and, on the base, wavy longitudinal lines of same color. Lowe — Mollusca from West Mexico 21 Diameter 6.5 mm., altitude 17 mm. This shell belongs in the same group as Anachis vexilhim Sby. and A. julva Sby. The former species, which comes from Mazatlan, is a somewhat stouter shell, of much darker color and fewer axial ribs and spiral cords. A. julva Sby., which comes from the Panamic region, is also a broader shell with fewer axial ribs and is of an even light brown color. Strombina carmencita, new species. Plate 3, fig. 1. Carmen Island, Gulf of California, dredged 20 fathoms (1932). Type 11375, Lowe collection. The shell has ten rounded, rapidly enlarging whorls, including two smooth nuclear; the four early whorls almost smooth; on the fifth whorl four spiral cords appear just below the suture, which grow stronger on the body of the last whorl; on the last three whorls are fourteen axial ribs which are obsolete below the periphery of body whorl; entire body whorl covered with wavy spiral threads with about equal interspaces. Color white, slightly mottled with brown, a little darker on the ribs of body whorl. Aperture rather narrowly oblique, with heavily calloused inner and outer lips; canal short and recurved. Diameter 1 1 mm., altitude 29.7 mm. Strombina subangularis, new species. Plate 3, fig. 2. Carmen Island, Gulf of California, dredged 20 fathoms (1932). Type 11374, Lowe collection. Shell with acuminate spire, oblong, pyramidal; pale, variegated with brown; eight flattish whorls exclusive of the lost nucleus, ten rather sharp axial ribs, with much wider interspaces, to the whorl; middle of the last whorl gibbously angled, reflected at base; aperture somewhat square, canal long, slightly recurved, lip much thickened, slightly ribbed inside. Diameter 11.7 mm., altitude 32.2 mm. This species was subsequently taken in two locations off the Mexican West Coast by the 1933 Crocker Expedition. The most nearly comparable representative in the group is S. angularis Rve. (Conch. Icon., vol. 11, pi. 1, figs, la, lb, 1859), which has four more ribs to the whorl and a much shorter canal. Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) penascoensis, new species. Plate 3, fig. 3. Punta Penasco, Sonora, dredged 10 fathoms (1934). Type 11588, Lowe collection. Shell elongate conic, of a warm flesh color, with two yellowish brown spiral bands, the one a little below the suture over twice as wide as the one on the periphery. Nuclear and all post nuclear whorls lacking all axial or spiral sculp- ture, except the last three, which show very faint microscopic spiral threads visible under a high power lens. There are seventeen rather flat whorls including the nucleus; sutures well appressed, base and aperture well rounded. Diameter 1.5 mm., altitude 10.4 mm. 22 San Diego Society of Natural History Pyramidella (Triptychus) hermosa, new species. Plate 3, fig. 4. San Felipe, Gulf of California (1933). Type 11376, Lowe collection; cotype, California Academy of Sciences. Shell small, semiopaque, ivory white. Eight moderately rounded whorls, including the smooth nuclear. Rather strongly tabulated at the shoulders. Sculptured by three strong rounded spiral cords, of which the second and third are stronger than the one just below the suture. In addition to the spiral cords, the whorls are marked by axial ribs which are of about equal strength over the entire shell. Their junction with the spiral cords forms prominent tubercles, which are the outstanding part of the sculpture pattern. There are about thirty-two of these axial ribs on the body whorl. Base moderately rounded, marked with a single spiral cord. Outer lip a little thickened and slightly reflexed. Columella covered with a heavy white callus. Diameter 2.4 mm., altitude 6.7 mm. This very interesting species differs considerably in sculpture from Tripty- chus olssoni Bartsch from Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador (Proc. U. S. Nat. Muse., vol. 69, pi. 1, fig. 11, 1926), which seems to be the only other species in this group described from this coast except Odostomia pedroana Dall and Bartsch, which was provisionally placed in their new subgenus Ividella. Simnia quaylei, new species. Plate 3, fig. 5. San Felipe, Gulf of California (1933). Type 11379, Lowe collection; paratypes, San Diego Society of Natural History, University of California at Los Angeles and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Shell thin, fusiform, swollen at the middle; color a bright shrimp pink; sur- face polished and glossy; under a lens are seen many fine longitudinal striations; the low spiral cords at either end of the shell appear wavy where crossed by these striations. The callus on the outer lip is not very heavy; aperture rather wide, especially toward the base. There is no trace of an angulated callus on the body whorl side of the aperture, as in S. aequalis Sby. and other species. Diameter 7.8 mm., altitude 23.2 mm. I have named this finest of all West Coast species of Simnia in honor of Mr. E. H. Quayle, who accompanied me on my trip to San Felipe in May, 1933, and who has executed the very excellent drawings for this paper. Clavus pembertoni, new species. Plate 3, fig. 6. Angeles Bay, Lower California (1932). Type 11377, Lowe collection; paratypes, San Diego Society of Natural History and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Shell heavy, turreted, with eleven rounded, strongly nodulous whorls, ex- clusive of two smooth nuclear whorls. About thirteen nodes on the penultimate whorl, a heavy callosity on back of body whorl. A few strong spiral incised lines are below the periphery of each whorl and on the body whorl extend to the canal. Anal fasciole large, marked with numerous fine incremental lines. Anal sinus very deep; siphonal sinus short and wide. Outer lip slightly thickened and undu- Lowe— Mollusca from West Mexico 23 lated. Columella pillar rather straight, covered with a strong glistening callus. Shell of a deep cream color with a light brown blotch on each node. Diameter 17.3 mm., altitude 49 mm. In Dr. R. E. C. Stearns' paper on the shells of the Gulf of California (Proc. U. S. Nat. Muse., vol. 17, p. 172, 1894), he lists a specimen (No. 55239 U. S. N. M.) under the name Pleurotoma unimaculata Sby. and compares it with P. echinata Lam. and P. gibbosa Kiener. I have examined this specimen in the U. S. National Museum and find it to be identical with my specimens of Clavus pembertoni. It is quite different from the glistening porcelain white shell of P. unimaculata Sby. in color, size and texture. I take pleasure in dedicating this species to Mr. J. R. Pemberton, owner of the yacht "Petrel" and sponsor of the cruise in 1932 in the Gulf of California. Elaeocyma acapulcana, new species. Plate 4, fig. 1. Acapulco, dredged 20 fathoms (1930). Type 11587, Lowe collection. Shell turreted, acute, smooth, of a delicate flesh color with a pinkish spot on each axial rib at the periphery. There are ten whorls including the smooth nucleus. Suture distinct, slightly undulated by the ribs of preceding whorl; spiral sculpture of sharp, narrow grooves, with much wider, flat, smooth interspaces; there are about twenty of the grooves on the body whorl anterior to the siphonal fasciole; the wide anal fasciole is faintly spirally striate under a high power lens; axial sculpture of about ten straight sharp-edged ribs, with wider interspaces, on the body whorl. Aperture rather wide and short, with a deep, rounded anal sulcus and prominent subsutural callosity; outer lip subvaricose, sharp-edged, smooth within; inner lip with thick layer of enamel; pillar short, straight; canal deep, short, wide, slightly recurved. Diameter 7 mm., altitude 17 mm. This shell differs from Elaeocyma aerope Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Muse., vol. 56, pi. 1, fig. 3, 1920), in having about twice as many spiral grooves on the body whorl, and in the prominently colored peripheral spots on the axial ribs. Clathrodrillia pilsbryi, new species. Plate 4, fig. 2. Punta Pefiasco, Sonora, dredged 10 fathoms (1934). Type 11587, Lowe collection; paratype, San Diego Society of Natural History. Shell pale horn-color, with sienna brown blotches between the whitish ribs. There are three smooth nuclear whorls, with nine succeeding whorls; axial sculp- ture of seven prominent ribs to the whorl, which undulate the well-defined suture. The ribs are obsolete on the base and the wide anal fasciole. The spiral sculpture consists of four or five flat strap-like cords, with wider interspaces, which pass over the periphery and continue over the base. Anal sulcus deep, and prominent anal fasciole smooth, except for strong growth striae; a strong subsutural callus. Outer lip moderately thickened, crenulated by spiral sculpture of the body whorl. Siphonal sinus short, of medium width; columella pillar straight. Diameter 7.3 mm., altitude 23.5 mm. This fine species is one of the most interestingly colored and sculptured in the genus, and so far as is now known seems to be confined to the upper end of 24 San Diego Society of Natural History the Gulf of California. It has not turned up in any of the numerous dredgings south to Panama. It is named for Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, in appreciation of his kindly assistance through many years. (?) Homalopoma concepcionensis, new species. Plate 4, fig. 3. Concepcion Bay, Lower California, 15 fathoms (1932). Type 11593, Lowe collection. Shell small, pure white, solid, globose, suture strongly appressed; five whorls, including the smooth nucleus, strongly tabulated by a peripheral keel. On the penultimate whorl is a strong sutural keel and two almost equally strong just below it; on the flat shoulder just anterior to the major keel are three secondary flat spiral cords with wide interspaces. On the body whorl, just below the suture, are two major spiral cords with a secondary spiral thread between; next three of the strong cords with four spiral threads anterior to each; posterior to the last are thirteen flattened spiral cords of about equal strength and equal interspaces. . The entire surface between the spiral sculpture is covered with microscopic, diagonally radial striae. Aperture circular, outer lip thin; heavy callus on the columella, back of which is a large, flattened chink with four radial threads on its flat surface. Diameter 5.6 mm., altitude 5.6 mm. As there was no sign of an operculum attached to the animal, I am in doubt whether to place the species in Homalopoma or Liotia. In DalPs paper on the Florida Fossils (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. 3, Aug., 1890) is a species which is certainly congeneric — very similar in form and sculpture, and even in having the same umbilical chink with four radial threads. Dall has placed the shell with a question in Gibbula, as G. americana Dall (Plate 22, fig. 32) . Hemitonia hermosa, new species. Plate 4, fig. 4. Carmen Island, Gulf of California, 20 fathoms (1932). Type 11385, Lowe collection. Shell small, thin, oblong oval, much elevated, narrowest anteriorly; apex posterior, prominent and somewhat recurved; outline in front of apex slightly convex, from apex to the posterior margin slightly excavated, sides descending nearly straight; sinus moderate, situated at the extremity of a prominent, strongly nodulous rib. Three slightly less prominent, but nodulous ribs on either side, with weaker ribs between, giving the margin of the shell a crenulated appearance. Inside of the shell is a glossy horn color, outside chalky of a lighter shade. Diameter 7.3 mm., breadth 5 mm., altitude 4.7 mm. Fusinus fredbakeri, new species. Plate 4, fig. 5. San Felipe, Gulf of California (1933). Type 11590, Lowe collection; paratypes, San Diego Society of Natural History and California Academy of Sciences. Shell with six well-rounded, strongly sculptured whorls exclusive of the nuclear whorls. Axial sculpture, on the penultimate whorl, of twelve rounded Lo\XE MOLLUSCA FROM WEST MEXICO Plate 1 1. Area gordita n. sp. 2. Area delgada n. sp. 3a, b, c. Area (Anadara) reinharti n. sp. 4. Phacoides (Pleurolucina) leucocymoides n. sp. 5. Lithophaga abbotti n. sp. 6. Solen pazensis n. sp. 7. Psammosolen guaymasensis n. sp. 8. Leda (Adrana) penascoensis n. sp. Lowe — Mollusca from West Mexico Plate 2 1. Venus kcllettii Fbs. 2. Venus mariae Orb. 3. Calliostoma marshalli n. sp. 4. Calliostoma gemmuloides n. sp. 5. Calliostoma angelenum n. sp. 6. Tritonalia carmen n. sp. 7. Mitrella granti n. sp. 8. Anachis sanfelipensis n. sp. Lowe — Mollusca from West Mexico Plate 3 1. Strombina carmencita n. sp. 2. Strombina subangularis n. sp. 3. Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) penascoensis n. sp. 4. Pyramidella (Triptychus) hermosa n. sp. 5. Si mn 1. 1 quaylei n. sp. 6. Clavus pembertoni n. sp. Lowe — Mollusca from West Mexico Plate 4 1. Elaeocyma acapulcana n. sp. 4. Hemitonia hermosa n. sp. 2. Clathrodrillia pilsbryi n. sp. 5. Fusinus fredbakeri n. sp. 3. (?) Homalopoma concepcionensis n. sp. 6. Fusinus felipensis n. sp. 7. Fusinus hertleini n. sp. Lowe — Mollusca from West Mexico 25 ribs, with about equal interspaces, most prominent on the periphery. There are eight or nine spiral cords of unequal strength on the penultimate whorl. The type specimen is of a deep cream color, on other specimens shaded to a warm sienna brown. Canal straight, narrow and of medium length, aperture broadly rounded; outer lip thin, crenulated by the spiral sculpture, which shows through on the inside. Diameter 15.5 mm., altitude 38 mm., 7 whorls, 12 varices. In all stages of growth this shell is much broader than F. ambustus Gld., measurements of which are diameter 13.3 mm., altitude 38 mm., 8 whorls, 10 varices. It also has more, although less prominent, axial ribs. It is named in honor of my good friend Dr. Fred Baker, of San Diego, who has done so much valuable work in West Coast Conchology and whose kindly assistance and advice to me have been of great help. Fusinus felipensis, new species. Plate 4, fig. 6. San Felipe, Gulf of California (1933). Type 11589, Lowe collection; paratypes, San Diego Society of Natural History and California Academy of Sciences. Shell small, purplish brown, nearly the same size as the average Fusinus luteopictus Dall of the upper California coast. There are seven rounded whorls, including the smooth white nucleus. There are eleven axial ribs with somewhat wider interspaces on the penultimate and ten on the antepenultimate whorl, which are continuous from suture to suture; they gradually fade out on the body whorl. There are four or five strong, spiral cords to the whorl, with a weaker spiral thread between, which render the axial ribs nodulous. Aperture oval, of a purplish color; outer lip thin, slightly crenulated by the spiral sculpture; inside smooth; canal straight, of medium length and width. Diameter 7.7 mm., altitude 19.2 mm. Fusinus hertleini, new species. Plate 4, fig. 7. Concepcion Bay, Lower California (1932). Type 11592, Lowe collection; paratypes, San Diego Society of Natural History and California Academy of Sciences. Shell elegantly and regularly fusiform, of six or seven well rounded whorls. On the body whorl are eleven or twelve rounded axial costae, which become obsolete below the periphery, crossed by three strong, spiral cords and several lesser spiral threads; canal straight and narrow; aperture suboval; outer lip slightly crenate at the margin. Color sienna brown with cream-colored costae. Diameter 15.1 mm., altitude 41.1 mm. At Sargent's Point on the Sonora coast, off the north end of Tiburon Island, I collected a form entirely cream-colored, except two or three post-nuclear whorls which show the brown blotches between the costae. This may take the name of variety albescens. At the same locality I collected another form with wide white subperipheral band on body whorl and a narrow dark brown band just below. This may be known as variety bruneocincta. 26 San Diego Society of Natural History The new species has more prominent axial ribs than Fusinus ambus tus Gld., which has sharper spiral sculpture. It also has two more axial ribs to the whorl than F. ambus tus. The shell is named in honor of Dr. L. G. Hertlein, of the California Academy of sciences, who has been studying the West Mexican molluscan faunas for a number of years. Fusinus cinereus (Reeve) and varieties Specimens of a Fusinus collected by me at La Paz and also at Guaymas match the figure given by Reeve for his Turbinella cinerea2 so closely that I do not hesitate to identify them as typical examples of his species. Since Reeve's cinerea was described under the genus Turbinella and Say's earlier Fusus cinereus3 under Fusus (a group generally known as Fusinus, though Say's cinereus is really a Urosalpinx) , it does not seem advisable to consider Reeve's specific name a homonym. The two species bear the same specific name, but were described under different genera and actually are not congeneric or even members of the same family. The present species, Fusinus cinereus Reeve (olim Turbinella id.) is prob- ably the species which Dall4 once identified as F. taylorianus Reeve,5 but in all my collecting I have never encountered a west coast shell which I could identify unquestionably as taylorianus, and I believe that Dall must have overlooked Reeve's cinereus because it was included in Turbinella. On the Coronado Island in the Gulf of California I collected a smaller, lighter colored form of Fusinus cinereus Reeve with white axial ribs. This may take the varietal name of coronadoensis. On the Sonora coast, north from Guaymas to Sargent's Point (opposite the north end of Tiburon Island) , I collected in several localities an almost black form, with only the first three whorls showing white on the axial ribs. This color form may be known as variety sonoraensis. 2 Conch. Icon., vol. 4, Turbinella, pi. 13, fig. 68, 1847. 3 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Journ., vol. 2, p. 236, 1822. 4 Nautilus, vol. 29, no. 5, p. 55, 1915. 5 Conch. Icon., vol. 4, Fusus, pi. 20, fig. 85, 1848, (unknown habitat). Lowe — Mollusca from West Mexico 27 AN ANNOTATED LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT PUNTA PENASCO, SONORA, MEXICO, IN FEBRUARY, 1934 BY Herbert N. Lowe Sim Diego Society of Natural History Bivalves Solemya panamensis Dall — 10 fathoms, dredged. valvulus Cpr. — a single example of each dredged in 10 fathoms; gray mud. Nucula declivis Hds. — many valves taken at 10 fathoms. Leda impar Pils. and Lowe — a few pairs and many valves at 10 fathoms. leviradius Pils. and Lowe — four pairs only at 10 fathoms. (Adrana) penascoensis Lowe — the type and a damaged paratype at 10 fathoms; mud. Glycimeris maculata Brod. — a large colony at low tide near Punta La Cholla in coarse gravely sand. Many valves found in Indian kitchen middens near by. gigantea Rve. — a single beach valve only. multicostata Sby. — many young valves brought up in dredge at 10 fathoms. Area alternata Sby. — valves only taken in dredge at 10 fathoms. gradata B. and S. — valves only taken with preceding species. illota Sby. — living examples not rare under rocks. pacifica Sby. — one pair only, although plentiful in kitchen middens. reeveana Orb. — three pairs taken under rocks. reinharti Lowe — valves only at 10 fathoms. solida B. and S. — common living under rocks. Pinna rugosa Sby. — several very young pairs on beach. maura Sby. — several very young pairs on beach. Pteria peruviana Rve. — three young pairs washed in attached to sea fans. Many large valves in kitchen middens. Melina (Pedalion) chemnitziana Orb. — common under rocks. (Pedalion) anomioides Rve. (=janus Cpr.) — not rare under rocks. Ostrea chilensis Phil. — a few attached to rocks at half tide. palmula Cpr. — fairly plentiful with preceding species. dalli Lamy (=serra Dall) — a few valves brought up in dredge at 10 fathoms. Pecten circularis Sby. — beach valves and a few very young brought up in dredge. Lima pacifica Orb. — a few living pairs under rocks, extreme tide. orbignyi Lamy — a few beach valves only. Anomia peruviana Gray — two beach valves only. Mytilus adamsianus Dkr. — not common. multiformis Cpr. — abundant in rock crevices at half tide, though not in such profusion as at San Felipe. Modiolus capax Conr. — a few good pairs washed up. guyanensis Lam. (=braziliensis Chem.) — plentiful living in sandy mud flats. Gregariella denticulata Dall — a few good pairs. Lithophagus attenuata Desh. — boring in ledges of fossiliferous sandstone. aristata Dill. — with preceding species, but more abundant. Crenella divaricata Orb. — a few valves in dredge. Thracia curta Conr. — a few perfect pairs. squamosa Cpr. — one young pair dredged at 10 fathoms. 28 San Diego Society of Natural History Pandora claviculata Cpr. — several fragments dredged. Lyonsia inflata Conr. — on reefs with ascidians. sp. ? — dredged at 10 fathoms. Cuspidaria didyma Hds. — a few pairs dredged. dulcis Pils. and Lowe — six valves only dredged. Crassatellites gibbosus Rve. — odd valves and a few very young examples dredged. Cardita aihnis var. californica Desh. — very large and abundant under rocks at half tide. Chama buddiana C. B. Ads. — one pair only; common in the Indian kitchen middens. echinata Brod. — beach valves; abundant in kitchen middens. Diplodonta subquadrata Cpr. — a few valves. Felaniella serricata Rve. — not common. Divaricella eburnea Rve. — valves brought up in dredge. Codakia distinguenda Tryon — beach specimens not rare. mexicana Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. chiquita Dall — odd valves plentiful with foregoing species. Phacoides cancellaris Phil. — odd valves in dredge. mazatlanicus Cpr. — odd valves in dredge. nuttallii var. centrifugus Dall — odd valves in dredge. (Cavilucina) lamprus Dall — a few beach valves. Cardium (Papyridea) aspersum Sby. — beach valves only. (Fragum) biangulatum Sby. — a few pairs brought up in dredge. (Laevicardium) elatum Sby. — - young shells in dredge and a few full grown valves on beach. (Laevicardium) elenensis Sby. — a few in dredge. (Trigonicardia) graniferum B. and S. — many valves in dredge. (Bingicardium) procerum B. and S. — good pairs on tide flats. Dosinia dunkeri Phil. — a few fresh pairs. ponderosa Gray — single valves abundant on beach. Tivela delesserti Desh. — rare living on sand flats at low tide. Chione fluctifraga Val. — living on mud flats. succincta Val. — with preceding species. purpurascens Dall — one beach valve only. mariae Orb. — odd valves plentiful in dredge. Macrocallista squalida Sby. — a few beach pairs. Pitar concinna Sby. — a few valves in dredge. newcombiana Gabb — valves only in dredge. Paphia grata Sby. — plentiful in sand between small stones near mouth of estuary. Cyclinella singleyi Dall — one pair and a few valves in dredge. Petricola denticulata Sby. — not rare in fossiliferous limestone reefs. robusta Sby. — seemingly a rare species; only two pairs taken with preceding species. Metis excavata Sby. ■ — one beach valve only. Tellidora burneti B. and S. — valves only in dredge. Tellina crystallina Chem. — valves only in dredge. Macoma panamensis Dall — valves in dredge. (Cymatoica) undulata Hanlcy (=occidentalis Dall) — many valves at 10 fathoms. indentata Conr. ■ — many pairs on mud flats. Tellina simulans C. B. Ads. — odd valves on beach. (Moerella) meropsis Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. (Moerella) reclusa Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. (Angulus) amianta Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. Lowe — Mollusca from West Mexico 29 Semele flavescens Gld. — three beach specimens. guaymasensis Pils. and Lowe — a few pairs in dredge. pacifica Dall — odd valves only in dredge. sp. ? — one valve only in dredgings. Donax gracilis Hanley — living on sand flats. navicula Hanley — living on sand flats. Heterodonax bimaculatus Orb. — beach valves. Tagelus affinis C. B. Ads. — plentiful on mud flats. Psammosolen guaymasensis Lowe — two valves dredged at 10 fathoms in mud. Solen rosaceus Cpr. — two pairs only on sand flats. Mactra dolabriformis Conr. — a single beach valve. californica Conr. — valves in dredge. Sphenia fragilis Cpr. — two pairs only. Corbula marmorata Hds. — a few in dredge. nasuta Sby. — plentiful in dredgings. _ bicarinata Sby. — a single pair under a rock. sp. ? — odd valves in dredge. Solecardia eburnea Conr. — one valve in dredge. Crassinella varians Cpr. — valves plentiful in dredge. Univalves Dentalium inversum Desh. — dredged at 10 fathoms. fisheri Stearns — dredged at 10 fathoms. splendidum Sby. — dredged at 10 fathoms. numerosum Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. Cadulus panamensis Sby. — dredged at 10 fathoms. Retusa paziana Dall dredged at 10 fathoms. gonzagensis Baker and Hanna — dredged at 10 fathoms. Volvulella californica Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. Acteocina infrequens C. B. Ads. — dredged at 10 fathoms. Bulla gouldiana Pils. — several taken living in sand pockets in reefs. Haminea virescens Sby. — one specimen. Terebra bridgesi Dall — a few in dredge at 10 fathoms. larvaeformis Hds. — dredged at 10 fathoms. sp. ? — dredged at 10 fathoms. sp. ? — dredged at 10 fathoms. sp. ? — dredged at 10 fathoms. sp. ? — dredged at 10 fathoms. Turritella goniostoma Val. — dredged at 10 fathoms. tigrina Kiener — dredged at 10 fathoms. Conus interruptus Brod. — a fine colony of extra large specimens taken in gravely sand with Glycimeris metadata. puncticulatus Hws. — a few in dredge. regularis Sby. — a few live ones on mud flats. Turris olivacea Sby. — a number taken living on reef. tuberculifera Brod. and Sby. — two beach specimens only taken of this very rare form. Crassispira bottae Val. — two living specimens taken on reef, in sand pockets; an exceedingly rare species. nymphia Pils. and Lowe — four taken on reef. nigerrima Sby. — a few in the 10 fathom dredgings. pluto Pils. and Lowe — abundant living on moss-covered rocks of reef. 30 San Diego Society of Natural History Clathrodrillia halis Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms; not rare. alcestis Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. thestia Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. callianira Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. rosea Sby. — one fine specimen in dredgings. pilsbryi Lowe — a few in dredgings. Elaeocyma unimaculata Sby. — dredged at 10 fathoms. aeolia Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. ianthe Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. palmeri Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. sp. ? — dredged at 10 fathoms. Glyphostoma adria Dall — a few choice specimens. Cytharella phaethusa Dall — a single shell dredged. Mangelia arteaga roperi Dall — a few dredged at 10 fathoms. antipyrgus Pils. and Lowe — a few dredged at 10 fathoms. cymatias Pils. and Lowe — a few dredged at 10 fathoms. Cancellaria cassidiformis Sby. — a few beach specimens. obesa Sby. — two beach specimens. funiculata Hds. — one dredged living at 10 fathoms. Oliva incrassata Sol. (=angulata Lam.) — fine large ones living with Conns inferrup- fits at low tide. polpasta Duclos — dredged; this species seems to live only in deep water. Olivella dama Gray — abundant in sand pockets in reefs. zonata Duclos — very rare on beach; living. gracilis B. and S. — taken in dredge. Agaronia testacea Lam. — many fine specimens taken living on sand beach at half tide. Marginella californica Tomlin — not rare, under stones. Mitra attenuata Rve. — a few fine specimens dredged. dolorosa Dall — a single example taken on reef. Latirus lugubris C. B. Ads. — three specimens from reef. Galeodes patula Brod. — beach specimens. Hanetia pallida Brod. and Sby. — abundant on reef. Fusinus dupetithouarsi Petit — a number of young specimens in dredge. felipensis Lowe — several live specimens under rocks. Nassa iodes Dall — many living in sand flats. leucops Pils. and Lowe — abundant in sandy mud. tiarula Kiener — a few taken on sand flats. pagoda Rve. — dredged at 10 fathoms. versicolor C. B. Ads. — taken alive in sand pockets in reef. versicolor striatula C. B. Ads. — with preceding species. angulicostis Pils. and Lowe — dredged at 10 fathoms. Anachis coronata Sby. — living specimens under rocks. hilli Pils. and Lowe — four living specimens under rocks. vexillum Rve. — four living specimens under rocks. varia Sby. — four living specimens under rocks. Columbella fuscata Sby. — ■ common under rocks. major Sby. — not common. Mitrella diminuta C. B. Ads. — a few of this tiny species. ocellata var. guttata Sby. — common under rocks. Strombina dorsata Sby. — dredged at 10 fathoms. gibberula Sby. — ■ dredged at 10 fathoms. maculosa Sby. — dredged at 10 fathoms. Parametaria dupontii Kiener — a few living under rocks. Lowe — Mollusca from West Mexico 3 1 Cosmioconcha palmeri Dall — two specimens in dredge. Phos veraguensis Hds. — two young in dredge. mexicanus Dall — a number of fine specimens in dredge. Murex elenensis Dall (=plicatus Sby.) — beach shells only. Phyllonotus bicolor Val. — many fine specimens feeding on bivalves on sand beach at very low tide. nigritus Meusch. ■ — abundant on reefs feeding on Ceritbium stercus-muscarum. Acanthina angelica Oldroyd — very abundant living on exposed wave-beaten rocks. muricata Brod. — very good examples taken on reefs. Thais triserialis Blv. — a few taken on reef. Muricopsis erynaceoides Val. — a few taken in dredge. Eupleura muriciformis Brod. — some good specimens taken with dredge. triquetra Rve. — not rare on reefs feeding on Ceritbium; a few were yellow and some almost white. Epitonium crenimarginata Dall — three beach specimens. crenatoides Cpr. — one dredged. (Asperoscala) canna Dall — two dredged. bialatum Dall — two dredged. sp. ? - — two dredged. Melanella mexicana Dall — dredged at 10 fathoms. rutila Cpr. — one dredged at 10 fathoms. Strombiformis lapazana Bartsch — four dredged at 10 fathoms. townsendi Bartsch — ■ one dredged at 10 fathoms. Niso excolpa Bartsch — a few fine examples dredged. Turbonilla ceralva Dall and Bartsch — dredged at 10 fathoms; 3 specimens. may ana Baker, Hanna and Strong — dredged at 10 fathoms. calvini Dall and Bartsch — dredged at 10 fathoms. sanctorum Dall and Bartsch — dredged at 10 fathoms. pazana Dall and Bartsch — dredged at 10 fathoms. penascoensis Lowe — dredged at 10 fathoms. azteca Baker, Hanna and Strong — several dredged at 10 fathoms. subangulata Cpr. — three specimens dredged. macbridei Dall and Bartsch — dredged at 10 fathoms. Pyramidella mazatlanica Dall and Bartsch — a few dredged at 10 fathoms. bicolor Dall and Bartsch — a few dredged at 10 fathoms. Odostomia telescopium Cpr. — dredged at 10 fathoms. convexa Cpr. — six specimens dredged. gabrielensis Baker, Hanna and Strong — two specimens dredged. effusa Cpr. — several dredged. Cypraea annettae Dall (=sowerbyi Kiener) — some fine living specimens under rocks. Trivia solandri Gray — many specimens taken feeding on upper side of moss-covered rocks. californica Gray — a few taken with preceding species. Cymatium adairensis Dall — a few taken alive in crevices of rocks; a rare form. Nearly topotypes, as Adair Bay is only a few miles north of Punta Penasco. Cerithiopsis sp. ? — ■ three specimens in dredge.. Alabina diomedeae Bartsch — common in dredgings. Seila assimillata C. B. Ads. — several taken living on under side of old valves of Dosinia pondcrosa on reef. Cerithium maculosum Kiener — living in sand pockets in reefs. incisum Sby. — common living under rocks. stercus-muscarum Val. — thousands living on reefs at half tide. Cerithidea mazatlanica Cpr. — abundant on mud flats. 32 San Diego Society of Natural History Caecum firmatum Cpr. — common in dredgings. liratocinctum Cpr. — common in dredgings. Vermetus pellucidus Brod. — a few under rocks. tripsycha Pils. and Lowe — one beach specimen. Rissoina barthelowi Bartsch — four crab specimens dredged at 10 fathoms. mexicana Bartsch — four specimens dredged at 10 fathoms. Hipponyx barbatus Sby. — extra fine specimens with lower plate developed into a deep concave valve; taken on outer reefs. serratus Cpr. — under rocks at low tide. Calyptraea mamillaris Brod. — dredged at 10 fathoms. conica Brod. — dredged at 10 fathoms. Crucibulum spinosum Sby. — a few in dredge. Crepidula arenosa Brod. — half grown specimens in dredge. onyx Sby. — one beach specimen. nivea Gld. — one beach specimen. Natica marochiensis Gmel. — two living specimens on mud flats. Polinices bifasciatus Gray — extra large specimens taken in sandy gravel with Gly- cimeris maculata. uber Val. — living specimens taken on sand flats. recluzianus" Petit — young specimens in dredge. Lamellaria diegensis Dall — a number taken alive with ascidians on beach after storm. Acmaea mesoleuca Menke — abundant on rocks at half tide. mitella Menke — not common; almost at high tide; a very tiny species. Turbo fluctuosus Wood — plentiful under rocks. Leptothyra concepcionensis Lowe — one specimen dredged. Liotia carinata Cpr. — several in dredgings at 10 fathoms. Tegula globulus Cpr. — abundant under stones in same zone as A. mesoleuca. rugosa A. Ads. — extra large specimens taken on upper side of rocks. mariana Dall — a few good living specimens taken under rocks at low tide. Calliostoma palmeri Dall — a few in dredgings. marshalli Lowe — a single example dredged. Circulus annulatus Cpr. — dredged at 10 fathoms. tricarinatus C. B. Ads. — dredged at 10 fathoms. Neritina picta Sby. — plentiful on rocks at mouth of estuary. Nerita scabricosta Lam. — on rocks near high tide. bernhardi Reel. — on rocks near high tide. Strombus galeatus Sby. — half grown specimens on mud flats. Diadora alta C. B. Ads. — four specimens taken under rocks at low tide. inaequalis Sby. — not rare under rocks. Ficus decussatus Wood — three fair beach specimens. Cassis abbreviatus Lam. — several beach specimens. Heliacus radiatus Mke. — two crab specimens under rocks. Aplysia sp. ? — the animal looks much like our californicus. Chiton virgulatus Sby. — abundant under rocks. Ischnochiton acrior Cpr. — plentiful under rocks. clathratus Rve. — plentiful under rocks. (Stenoplax) limaciformis Sby. — five specimens on reef. Callistochiton infortunatus Pils. — not common under rocks, sp. ? — a beautiful color series taken on reef. Sp_ } — a few taken on reef; both this and preceding species were taken in 193 3 at San Felipe. Acanthochites diegensis Pils. — three specimens on reef. Dendrochiton sp. ? — three specimens on reef; similar to D. thamnophora Berry. Nuttallina sp. ? — a very small species; taken on outer rocks. 3L%K1f TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY 193 Vol. VIII, No. 7, pp. 35-46, plate 5 March 21, 1935 NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS TRIPHORA BY Fred Baker and V. D. P. Spicer San Diego Society of Natural History This report covers seven species of the genus Triphora which seem to be new. Five species were collected in 1927 by Mr. Wray Harris, of the U. S. Navy, on the outer edge of the coral reefs surrounding the Island of Ofu of the American Samoan Group at low tide levels and where they were subject to the full force of the wave movement. The other two species were collected in 1896 by the late Capt. Geo. D. Porter for the late Miss Jeannette M. Cooke of San Diego, who maintained a small collecting vessel on the coast of Lower California and in the Gulf of California under command of Capt. Porter for many years. These shells were taken during Capt. Porter's final disastrous trip, when he and his companion were murdered on Tiburon Island by the Seri Indians. The specimens were labeled as from the Gulf of California, but, as Capt. Porter made most of his collections of minute shells from Espiritu Santo Island near the southern end of the Gulf, it is extremely probable that they came from that locality. Our sincere thanks are due to Mr. Wray Harris for kindly allowing us to describe and figure the Samoan species, and to Mr. E. M. Thorp of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at La Jolla for making the microphotographs illustrating the paper. TRIPHORA (Deshayes) Blainville, 1828 In the discussion of this genus, Tryon (Man. Conch., IX, 121 ) says 'An anomaly of the shell is the occasional preservation of a second 36 San Diego Society of Natural History canal upon the back of the body whorl, showing the termination of a for- mer aperture. This is present in the fossil species upon which Deshayes established his genus,1 and which is named from this character. * * * Having examined several species with three apertures I incline to the opinion that the posterior canal is only accidentally preserved in some cases by reason of its deflection, which causes its tube to be surrounded with shelly matter during the growth of the shell, and that it bears no relation to the economy of the animal. This view is fortified by the con- sideration that neither in this group nor in any other group of the mollusca are we acquainted with any organ which might occupy or occa- sion this tube for the purpose of its economy. Moreover, in one of the species before me two individuals possess the third opening, whilst two others have it not." In a large suite of Triphora violacea Quoy taken on Ofu by Mr. Harris, most of the specimens show the third opening or meatus noted above. In a few specimens it is missing and all of these are immature. The series shows the posterior canal in the usual position within the aperture, open as is common in most species of univalves; partially enclosed and, finally, as a completed tube. It is evident that when the shell is within half a turn of maturity, the animal proceeds to change the open canal to the tubular form which, with the advancement of the outer lip through additions, is left further and further from the outer lip until it reaches a position opposite the aperture, where it remains permanently. Such specimens show no sign of the open posterior canal within the aperture. The series shows every stage of this process up to the point where, having taken its permanent place, the animal proceeds to build the outer lip and aperture into final shape. Some species show this process to have taken place in nearly all, or all, mature specimens, while in other species of which we have large suites, the process does not take place at all. No specimen of T. abbotti or of T. granti of this paper shows any sign of the tubulation of the posterior canal. While the question cannot be settled finally until careful examina- tions of living animals can be made, the writers differ radically from Tryon's dictum and believe that the third opening, when present, has a very decided "relation to the economy of the animal." We believe it will be shown that, as the posterior canal is thus left behind, the excretory 1 A reference to a description in 1825 under a vernacular name without validity under the Code. Baker & Spicer — New Triphora 37 siphon also remains stationary within the canal while a half turn is added to the shell, so that the third opening does service for the rest of the life of the animal as an excretory meatus. We wonder that Tryon forgot that a similar process takes place in Haliotis, in which the notch on the edge of the shell is finally sealed as a round hole. This hole and the en- closed excretory siphon remain stationary as additions are made to the edge of the shell and new holes are added. Finally, from being the newest hole it is left to the oldest and, later, is closed by the deposition of new shell material and the corresponding excretory siphon atrophies. As to the same species showing specimens with and without the third opening as noted by Tryon, it seems most probable that two specimens were immature, not having begun the formation of the body whorl, in which case the posterior canal would be open and within the aperture. The other two specimens were evidently mature, showing the posterior canal in its normal position opposite the aperture, in which case there would be no sign of a posterior canal within the aperture. Triphora harrisi Baker and Spicer, new species Plate 5, figs. 1-2 Shell sinistral, of medium size, spindle-shaped; nuclear whorls four, straw- yellow, the first nearly smooth, rounded and shining, rhe others bearing a single prominent, spiral subcarinate cord, slightly concave below the carina, the carina doubled on the final nuclear whorl, crossed by numerous, prominent vertical ribs forming deep pits at the sides of the carinae and in the space formed by the doubling of the carina of the fourth whorl; postnuclear whorls eleven, white, polished and shining; transition of color and sculpturing abrupt to two low spiral cords, each bearing a row of nearly round tubercles, the anterior cord more prominent up to the last turn, where the posterior cord becomes more prominent; sutural channel narrow, slightly sinuous; median channel smooth except for in- cremental lines, not crossed by vertical riblets, rendered sinuous by the place- ment of the upper tubercles opposite the lower interspaces; tubercles appearing as two parallel rows of shining beads immersed in the shell structure rather than as if formed by the intersections of axial ribs and spiral cords; median channels of the lower whorls slightly tinted with brown; a weak, nodular peripheral keel margining the aperture; base irregularly convex, faintly brown, bearing two tuberculate cords, the posterior about equalling the peripheral cord, the anterior weaker and smoother, continuing for about half a turn and ending abruptly behind the outer lip; aperture round, tubular, extending radially beyond the periphery of the shell, smooth and pearly within, wrinkled and lined externally; anterior canal short, tubular, nearly straight, projecting in the axis of the shell; a third meatus opposite the aperture projecting as a round tube about 0.25 mm. beyond the periphery of the shell; no posterior canal showing within the aperture. 38 San Diego Society of Natural History Length, 5.5 mm.; diameter, 1.75 mm. Holotoype: No. 23761, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History, and ten paratypes; collected by Mr. Wray Harris on the coral reefs of Ofu, Samoa. Paratypes in the U. S. National Museum and in the collections of Mr. Harris, for whom the species is named, and of the authors. The species seems to be new and distinct from any other species of the region except the succeeding one. Triphora ofuensis Baker and Spicer, new species Plate 5, fig. 3 Shell sinistral, minute, spindle-shaped; nuclear whorls five, light brown, postnuclear whorls seven, white; first nuclear whorl papilliform, nearly smooth above, exserted; all nuclear whorls bearing a sharp, well-developed carina, nearer the anterior than the posterior suture, crossed by numerous, very fine, sharply- defined, retractive vertical ribs, 20 appearing on the lower part of the first, 24 entirely crossing the second, 26 on the third, fourth and fifth; postnuclear whorls increasing rapidly in diameter, the last decreasing slightly through the diminish- ing size of the last anterior spiral cord; transition from the nuclear portion very abrupt, the color becoming a clear, shining white, and the sculpture changing to two well marked spiral cords, the posterior smaller on the first two whorls, larger on the last and nearly equal on all the others; spiral cords continuing to the border of the aperture and bearing throughout prominent, roundish tubercles; axial ribs distinctly, but irregularly, protractive; sutural channels not sinuous, very sharply incised, deep and much narrower than the median channel, truncat- ing the tubercles of the spiral cords; median channels rendered sinuous by the placement of the upper tubercles opposite the interspaces of the lower cord; peripheral keel double, arising at the juncture of the suture with the margin of the aperture, the two parts slowly diverging, nodose, the posterior portion being slightly stronger; basal keels two, nodose, beginning beneath the rather heavy parietal callus; base convex, stained with yellow; aperture circular, outer lip thin; a third meatus or posterior canal opposite the aperture on the last whorl; no sign of a posterior canal at the margin of the aperture; anterior canal long, completely enclosed, opening nearly round, the extremity squarely truncate. Length, 3 mm.; diameter, 1 mm. Holotoype: No. 23762, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History, and sixteen paratypes; collected by Mr. Harris on Ofu, Samoa. Para- types in the U. S. National Museum and in the collections of Mr. Harris and the authors. The species is similar to T. harrisi Baker and Spicer of this paper in color and general appearance, but the number of nuclear whorls and their sculpturing differ widely, the postnuclear whorls are fewer on the mature shell, and the tubercles of the spiral cords are sharply truncated by the sutures, a characteristic not present in T. harrisi. All the specimens taken show the third meatus charac- teristic of the genus, but it is far less prominent than in T. harrisi. Baker & Spicer — New Triphora 39 Triphora abbotti Baker and Spicer, new species Plate 5, fig. 4 Shell sinistral, elongate-conic, rather stout, large for the genus, dove-gray; early nuclear whorls decollated, the one remaining bearing two prominent, shin- ing, obsoletely tuberculate spiral cords separated by a deep, pitted channel nearly equalling the cords in width; postnuclear whorls eleven; transition to postnuclear sculpture rather abrupt, the nearly equal spiral cords quickly losing their indis- tinct tuberculation and becoming polished and shining, the intercostal channel showing numerous very fine, sinuous, incised spiral lines, deepest in the middle and rising nearly to the edges of the spiral cords; sutures channeled and showing the same sculpture as the intercostal channel, the one above the initial postnu- clear whorl nearly equalling the intercostal channel in width; intercostal channel widening much more rapidly on the later whorls; a fine spiral cord beginning on the sixth whorl almost midway between the other two and gradually increasing until nearly, but not quite equalling the other two on the penultimate turn; median cord dividing the median channel into nearly equal parts, each part about equal to the suture in width; last whorl and base showing a fine, transverse wrinkling, becoming close-set, rugose, and nearly equalling the spiral sculpture on the last quarter turn; aperture broadly pear-shaped, showing the external sculp- ture within; color the same as the exterior but darker beneath the spiral cords; posterior canal a deep, narrow notch; outer lip effuse and abruptly expanding at the margin, wrinkled, thin; parietal wall with a thin callus, free at the outer edge and continuous with the outer lip above; anterior canal long, reflexed, tubular for one-half its length; periphery subangulated by an obscurely tuberculate peri- pheral keel nearly as large as the anterior cord and slightly nearer to it than the middle cord; base moderately convex, marked by two smaller keels beginning under the parietal callus, the first obsoletely tuberculate and placed wholly on the base, the anterior smaller, smooth, and circling the tubular anterior canal; columella not well marked, showing a distinct callus. Length, 8.5 mm.; diameter, 2.5 mm. Holotype: No. 23763, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History, and fifty paratypes; collected by Mr. Harris on Ofu, Samoa. Para- types are in the U. S. National Museum and in the collections of Mr. Harris and the authors. The shell is like a sinistral Seila. It somewhat resembles T. incisa Pease, as far as can be judged from the inadequate description and poor figure of Tryon, (Man. Conch., IX, 190) and the fuller description of Hedley (Shells of Funafuti), but the coloration is quite distinct, the anterior and posterior post- nuclear cords are nearly equal in size and prominence and nowhere show a ten- dency "to divide into beads." Hedley's specimen evidently represented a smaller species. Of the large number of specimens taken, most of which seem mature, all lack the third meatus and show the posterior canal in its ordinary position within the aperture. The species is named for Mr. Clinton G. Abbott, Director of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 40 San Diego Society of Natural History Triphora granti Baker and Spicer, new species Plate 5, fig. 5 Shell sinistral, rather large for the genus, elongate-conic, white, profusely flamed with chestnut except on the spiral cords and tubercles; nuclear whorls decollated; postnuclear whorls fourteen, with a superior, sinuous, non-tuberculate spiral cord near the suture, a wide median channel filled with fine, sharply in- cised spiral striae and numerous minute, slightly protractive incremental lines, about equal to the spiral striae, not crossing the spiral cords, followed by a similar, weaker median cord and a second median channel of the same width, and sculptured the same as the preceding one, followed by a very prominent, strongly tuberculate inferior cord; tubercles large, rather distant, spirally elon- gate, four or five times as long as broad, polished white on the summits, twelve to fourteen appearing on each whorl; a narrow, sinuous spiral cord between the row of tubercles and the suture, white, articulated with brown, producing a false appearance of tuberculation, and sculptured with fine spiral striae; sculpture and coloration of all the whorls very similar, but becoming less distinct and less distinctly marked on the upper whorls; periphery marked by a narrow channel separating the last spiral cord from a nearly equal, smooth basal keel, followed by a second basal keel bearing small, close-set tubercles; balance of base smooth except for fine, incised spiral striae and incremental lines; suture narrow, sinuous, sharply incised, but not as deep as the peripheral channel; aperture roughly quadrilateral; anterior canal short, moderately retracted, closed for about one- fourth its length; posterior canal a shallow groove within the aperture; parietal callus heavy, with a lobe descending and partially occluding the anterior canal; outer lip thin, translucent, smooth inside, showing the external colors and sculpture within. Length, 10 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. Holotype: No. 23764, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History, and forty-three paratypes; collected by Mr. Harris on Ofu, Samoa. Paratypes in the U. S. National Museum and in the collections of Mr. Harris and the authors. The shell resembles T. crenulata Deshayes, but differs in the extreme size of the tubercles of the anterior cord, while the secondary cords are of much smaller size. The species is named for Dr. U. S. Grant, IV, professor of Paleontology in the University of California at Los Angeles. Triphora peleae Baker and Spicer, new species Plate 5, fig. 6 Shell sinistral, dull white, minute, spindle-shaped, the upper part of the spire slightly concave; nuclear whorls two, the first the larger, rounded and exserted, giving a club-shaped appearance to the nucleus; smaller nuclear whorl spirally carinated, smooth; postnuclear whorls nine, bearing two equal tubercu- late spiral cords, about fourteen tubercles appearing on each whorl; the tubercles Baker & Spicer — New Triphora 41 slightly elongated spirally and increasing in size on each succeeding whorl; median channel sinuous, wider and shallower than the suture; suture fine, not well- defined, lying at the bottom of a channel separating the two rows of tubercles; base bearing four equal, wavy keels starting from the parietal callus and diverg- ing gradually, the lower two extending on the tube of the anterior canal; parietal callus prominent, semilunar, extending onto the anterior canal; aperture nearly circular, interior white, smooth, outer lip projecting; anterior canal tubular, tapering, projecting from the base at an angle of about thirty degrees from the line of the axis of the shell; third meatus round, enclosed, immediately adjacent to the posterior angle of the aperture. Length, 5.5 mm.; diameter, 1.75 mm. Holotype: No. 23765, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History, and four paratypes; collected by Mr. Harris on Ofu, Samoa. Paratypes in the U. S. National Museum and in the collections of Mr. Harris and the authors. The species seems to be new and distinct from all the Triphoras of the region. It is named for Miss Pele Spicer who was born in Samoa. Triphora cookeana Baker and Spicer, new species Plate 5, fig. 7 Shell sinistral, minute, elongate-conic; nuclear whorls four, smooth, shining, dingy-white, the first papilliform, the others moderately convex, increasing in size very gradually, with well-defined sutures marked vertically by regular, fine, incised lines, about thirty appearing between the third and fourth whorl; postnu- clear whorls eight and a half, very slightly convex, ashen-brown, increasing in diameter rather more rapidly than the nuclear whorls to about the sixth, the remaining whorls being about equal; postnuclear sculpture consisting of nearly vertical ribs, about 12 appearing on the first turn; 14 on the second, 16 on the third, 20 on the fourth and fifth and 22 on the remaining turns, crossed by three spiral cords, the middle slightly nearer the posterior than the anterior and slightly stronger on the first five turns, all becoming nearly equal on the remain- ing whorls; intersections of the ribs and cords marked by nearly round tubercles, sloping a bit more abruptly posteriorly than anteriorly; sutures well-defined but not channeled; periphery marked by a rather strong keel commencing at the upper curve of the outer lip, definitely tuberculate for about a third of a turn, then becoming narrow, sharp and distinctly wavy, the waves correlated with the tubercles of the vertical cords, this keel continuing in all the sutures and defining the sutures anteriorly; base showing no continuation of the vertical ribs but marked by a single wavy, spiral keel separating from the peripheral keel above the aperture and diverging widely to a termination on the columella; aperture rounded, anterior canal open, straight, very short; posterior canal a broad notch within the aperture, not well-defined; outer lip fractured, thin, showing the ex- ternal sculpture within; columella darker than any other portion of the shell, short, stout, obliquely truncated anteriorly. Length, 3.5 mm.; diameter, 1 mm. 42 San Diego Society of Natural History Holotype: No. 23766, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History, a unique specimen; collected by Capt. Geo. D. Porter in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The shell is very distinct from all other species from this Coast, but falls into the very small class of T. callipyrga Bartsch in that the three spiral cords are continuous on all the postnuclear whorls. The species is named for Miss Jeannette M. Cooke. Triphora stephensi Baker and Spicer, new species Plate 5, figs. 8-9 Shell sinistral, of medium size, stout, spindle-shaped; nuclear whorls decol- lated; postnuclear whorls seven and a half, scarcely convex, tuberculate at the intersections of the vertical ribs and spiral cords; the first and second bearing two nearly equal tuberculate spiral cords, quite close together but separating on the third turn; a faint median cord beginning on the fourth turn, increasing very gradually and equalling the other two on the last whorl; first whorl having about 14 axial ribs, the second 16, the third 17, the fourth 18 and the last three about 20; peripheral keel about two-thirds the width of the others, sinuous and scarcely tuberculate; sutures moderately channeled and showing an extension of the peripheral cord about six turns; axial ribs slightly, but irregularly protec- tive, the upper ribs on each whorl ending opposite the interspaces of the succeed- ing whorl, producing a sinuous suture; base rather evenly rounded, carrying two fairly developed, sinuous keels, beginning close together beneath the parietal callus, but spreading until about equally separated from each other and from the peripheral keel; spiral cords of the first four whorls pale ashen-brown, the posterior slightly lighter, the intervening channels and sutures darker; median cord of the same color as the sutures, becoming pale ashen-brown on the last turn; axial ribs weaker and more widely spaced than the spiral cords, producing a slight spiral elongation of the enclosed pits; parietal callus well-developed, extending on the columella; aperture irregularly subquadrangular; anterior canal short, open, very moderately twisted; posterior canal a broad notch within the aperture; columella rather stout, obliquely truncate below. Length, 4 mm.; diameter, 1.75 mm. Holotype: No. 23767, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History, and a less mature paratype, also in the same collection; collected by Capt. Porter in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Three worn specimens in the collections of the authors are probably of this species. The paratype retains all but a fraction of the nucleus consisting of nearly three nuclear whorls which can be described as follows: Nuclear whorls nearly three, changing very gradually to postnuclear sculpture, the first slightly frac- tured above, consisting of a very convex, light yellow spiral cord, separated from a similar cord on the second nuclear whorl by a broad, dark brown, flat-bottomed suture, cord and suture being everywhere marked by very minute tubercles; second nuclear whorl similar to the first in color but beginning to show the start of postnuclear sculpture; remaining nuclear whorl similar in color but with Baker & Spicer — New Triphora 43 rather distinct axial ribs, while the nuclear spiral cord becomes tubercular and gradually merges into the anterior spiral cord of the first postnuclear whorl. The species somewhat resembles T. oweni Fred Baker, but the color is dif- ferent, the shell is stouter, with smaller tubercles, and the broken lines of the axial riblets, with earlier incidence of the median spiral cord, constitute a very marked distinction. The species is named for Mr. Frank Stephens, Curator Emeritus, San Diego Society of Natural History. 44 San Diego Society of Natural History PLATE 5 Fig. 1. Triphora harrisi Baker and Spicer, sp. nov. Holotype. Alt. 5.5 mm. Fig. 2. Same, lateral view, showing aperture and both canals. Fig. 3. Triphora ofuensis Baker and Spicer, sp. nov. Holotype. Alt. 3 mm. Fig. 4. Triphora abbotti Baker and Spicer, sp. nov. Holotype. Alt. 8.5 mm. Fig. 5. Triphora granti Baker and Spicer, sp. nov. Holotype. Alt. 10 mm. Fig. 6. Triphora peleae Baker and Spicer, sp. nov. Holotype. Alt. 5.5 mm. Fig. 7. Triphora cookeana Baker and Spicer, sp. nov. Holotype. Alt 3.5 mm. Fig. 8. Triphora stephensi Baker and Spicer, sp. nov. Holotype. Alt. 4 mm. Fig. 9. Triphora stephensi Baker and Spicer, sp. nov. Paratype, immature specimen showing nucleus. Baker 8c Spicer — New Triphora Plate 5 TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume VIII, No. 8, pp. 47-53, plate 6 NEW TRILOBITE SPECIES FROM THE ANTHRA- COLITHIC OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND GRIFFITHIDES CONWAYENSIS, A NEW NAME FOR A TRILOBITE SPECIES FROM THE ATOKA FORMATION OF ARKANSAS BY Harry E. Wheeler Stanford University, California SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society March 21, 1935 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION U. S. Grant, IV, Chairman Fred Baker Clinton G. Abbott, Editor NEW TRILOBITE SPECIES FROM THE ANTHRA- COLITHIC OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA1 BY Harry E. Wheeler Stanford University, California The first recorded trilobites from the late Paleozoic of California were collected in 1892 by H. W. Fairbanks2 from the Baird formation near the U. S. Government Fish Hatchery on the McCloud River. His two fragmentary specimens were referred by A. W. Vogdes to Proetus ellipticus Meek and Worthen, a species from the Kinderhook group of Illinois. Unfortunately, Fairbanks' specimens are no longer available for study. Nevertheless, several pygidia collected by J. P. Smith4 the follow- ing year, and referred by him to the same species, are still in the Stanford collection. These, together with a specimen which Professor Muller and I collected in 1931, form the basis for the present description of the Baird species. The Nosoni formation (Permian) has yielded the other trilobite species described in the following paper. Genus PROETUS Steininger, 1830 Genotype: Proetus curieri Steininger, 1830 Proetus bairdensis Wheeler, new species Plate 6, figs. 1-3 1892. ?Proetus ellipticus Meek and Worthen, Vogdes, A. W., "Proceedings 1 Read before the Paleontological Society of America, Pacific Coast Branch, Berkeley meeting, April 14, 1934. 2 Fairbanks, H. W., "Geology and Mineralogy of Shasta County," 1 1th Rep. Calif. State Mineral., p. 39, 1893. "Notes on some Localities of Mesozoic and Paleozoic in Shasta County, California," Amer. Geol., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 29, 1894. 3 Zoe, vol. 3, p. 274, 1892. Under the heading of "Proceedings of the Societies, Cali- fornia Academy of Science, Oct. 17, 1892," appears the following quotation: "The secretary read an announcement of the discovery by H. W. Fairbanks of Proetus ellipticus Meek, a trilobite from the Waverly Group, in Shasta County, California, identified by Captain A. W. Vogdes." 4 Smith, J. P., "The Metamorphic Series of Shasta County, California," Jour. Geol., vol. 2, no. 6,' p. 595, 1894. 50 San Diego Society of Natural History of the Societies, California Academy of Science [meeting] , Oct. 17, 1892," Zoe, vol. 3, p. 274. 1894. ?Proetus ellipticus Meek and Worthen, Fairbanks, H. W., "Notes on some Localities of Mesozoic and Paleozic in Shasta County, Califor- nia," Amer. Geol., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 29. 1894. Proetus ellipticus Meek and Worthen, Smith, J. P., "The Metamor- phic Series of Shasta County, California," Jour. Geol., vol. 2, no. 6, p. 595. Not Proetus ellipticus Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 3, p. 460, pi. 14, fig. 3, 1868. Description. — The specimens of this species now available for study are imperfectly preserved fragments of pygidia, an external mold of one individual showing the pygidium, thorax and part of the glabella, and a free cheek (prob- ably of the same individual) . Although the anterior border of the cephalon is unknown, the remaining outline suggests the general form of an elongate ellipse. The cephalon is straight at the sides, the genal angles being drawn out into slender spines which extend backward to about the fifth thoracic segment. The lateral borders (and probably the anterior as well) are folded upward to form a raised border which is separated from the cheeks by a deep furrow. The occipital ring is about twice as wide as a thoracic segment, and is raised above the level of the highest part of the glabella. These two structures are separated by a distinct groove which extends laterally across the cheeks to the marginal furrow, which it intersects perpendicularly. The posterior-lateral lobes of the glabella stand in low relief, and are bordered anteriorly by shallow lateral furrows which extend obliquely backward to intersect the neck furrow. The thorax is about one-third wider than long, and consists of nine seg- ments. The moderately arched axis is about equal in width to the lateral lobes, from which it is separated by well-defined dorsal furrows. The lateral lobes are depressed below the axis, are somewhat flattened near the dorsal groove, bend downward at the fulcral point, and are flattened again from there to the margin. Each of the pleurae is marked by a median groove inside the fulcral point. The pygidium is sub-semicircular, is nearly twice as wide as long, and is of moderately high convexity. It bears about thirteen axial, and eight or nine pleural segments. The axial lobe is prominent, its anterior width being a little greater than that of the lateral lobes. The top of the axis is flattened, and the sides slope steeply to the furrows. The pygidium is entirely surrounded by a smooth mar- ginal border of approximately the same width at all points. Comparisons and affinities. — This species is in many respects similar to Proetus ellipticus Meek and Worthen from the Kinderhook of Illinois, to which it was referred by both Vogdes and Smith. However the Baird species possesses a greater number of segments in the thorax and in both the axial and pleural lobes of the pygidium. Furthermore, both the pygidial axis and the entire pygidium are relatively wider in Proetus bairdensis than in the Kinderhook species. Wheeler — Trilobite Species 5 1 Holotype. — Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll., catalogue no. 777-a. Paratype.— Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll., catalogue no. 777-b. Plastotype. — San Diego Society of Natural History Trilobite Coll., cata- logue no. 272. Type locality.— L. S. J. U. loc. 1041, Redding Quadrangle, Shasta County, California. Highly indurated buff colored shale on crest of spur in the S. W. ]/4 of the S. E. 14, sec. 14, T. 34 N., R. 4 W. Elevation 1000 feet. Formation and age. — Baird formation. The age of the strata at this locality has not as yet been precisely determined. I have shown elsewhere5 that the Gigantella-bearing strata of the Baird formation (which apparently lie strati- graphically below the beds at the Proetus bairdensis locality) are of latest Dinantian age. On the basis of stratigraphic position, therefore, it is probable that the strata at the type locality of P. bairdensis belong to the Lower Moscovian stage. Collectors.— S. W. Muller and H. E. Wheeler, 1931. Genus GRIFFITHIDES Portlock, 1843 Genotype: Griff ithides longiceps Portlock, 1843 Griffithides nosoniensis Wheeler, new species Plate 6, figs. 6 and 7 Description. — Although the posterior portion of the pygidium is unknown, the outline of the remainder of the specimen suggests an elongate ellipse as the general form. The greatest width is probably about eight-thirteenths of the length. Measured along the axis, the length of the cephalon is nearly equal to the length of the thorax. The outline of the cephalon (including the spines) forms slightly more than half of an ellipse. The spines extend backward to about the sixth thoracic seg- ment. The glabella, which is of low convexity, is pyriform, and is especially ex- panded anteriorly. It is marked by two pairs of obsolete lateral furrows which extend inward from the forward portion of the broad and deep grooves which lie in front of the basal lobes. The occipital ring, whose width is about one- third greater than that of a thoracic segment, is marked anteriorly by a broad fur- row. The surface of the eyes has been removed, and, in consequence, their exact form is unknown. The thorax consists of nine segments. The axis, which is moderately arched, is slightly wider than the lateral lobes, and is separated from them by deep dorsal furrows. The pleurae are also moderately arched, their crests being at the fulcral points, where they bend rather abruptly downward and slightly backward. The pygidium, which is known only in part, is of fairly low convexity, bears 5 Wheeler, H. E., "The Carboniferous-Permian Dilemma," Jour. Geol., vol. 42, no. 1, p. 68, 1934. 52 San Diego Society of Natural History a greater number of axial than lateral segments (as judged from the forward portion) , and possesses, at least anteriorly, a narrow and smooth border. Comparisons and affinities. — Among the known trilobites, Griffithides nosoniensis most closely resembles G. acanthiceps Woodward from the Carboni- ferous limestone of England. The Nosoni species differs from G. acanthiceps in the greater anterior expansion of its glabella, its proportionally shorter cepha- lon, its wider and more anteriorly arched occipital ring, and its obsolete lateral grooves on the glabella. Holotype. — Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll., catalogue no. 778. Plastotype. — San Diego Society of Natural History Trilobite Coll., cata- logue no. 272. Type locality.- — L. S. J. U. loc. 1034, Redding Quadrangle, Shasta County, California. Dark shale on the south side of the ridge south of Potter Creek, about 250 feet stratigraphically above the McCloud-Nosoni contact. Elevation 1800 feet. N. E. ]/4 of the S. W. l/4, sec. 24, T. 34 N., R. 4 W. Formation and age. — Nosoni formation, Permian (Kungurian?) . Collectors.— S. W. Muller and H. E. Wheeler, 1931. GRIFFITHIDES CONWAYENSIS, A NEW NAME FOR A TRILOBITE SPECIES FROM THE ATOKA FORMATION OF ARKANSAS BY Harry E. Wheeler Stanford University, California An endeavor to locate comparative material representing the genera Griffithides and Phillipsia has brought to my attention a specimen from the Stanford University Paleontological Collection, which carries the label, "Phillipsia (Griffithides) ornatus Vogdes, Lower Coal Measures, Conway County, Arkansas. Original Type Specimen." A comparison of this specimen with Vogdes' original description1 and J. P. Smith's republication of that description reveals that both the description and figure of this species are inadequate. Furthermore, a nomenclatural study shows that the specific name is a homonym, and must accordingly be re- jected. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to rename, redescribe and re- figure this Anthracolithic trilobite species. Genus GRIFFITHIDES Portlock, 1843 Genotype : Griffithides longiceps Portlock, 1843 Griffithides conwayensis Wheeler, new name Plate 6, figs. 4 and 5 1895. Griffithides ornata Vogdes, "Notes on Paleozoic Crustacea No. 4. — On a New Trilobite from Arkansas Lower Coal Measures," Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 4, pp. 589-591, text fig. 1895. Griffithides ornata Vogdes, "A Supplement to the Bibliography of Paleozoic Crustacea," Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 73, (1896). 1897. Phillipsia (Griffithides) ornata (Vogdes), Smith, J. P., "Marine Fos- sils from the Coal Measures of Arkansas," Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. 35, no. 152, pp. 61-63, pi. 22, fig. 6. Not Phillipsia ornata Portlock, "Report on the Geology of the County of Londonderry and Parts of Tyrone and Fermanaugh," p. 307, fig. 2, Dublin, 1843. Not Phillipsia? (Brachymetopus?) ornata Hall, "Illustrations of De- vonian Fossils," New York Geol. Surv., pi. 21, fig. 1, 1876. 1 See synonymy for citation of references not footnoted. 54 San Diego Society of Natural History 1898. Griffithides ornatus Vogdes, Weller, S., "A Bibliographic Index of North American Carboniferous Invertebrates," U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 153, p. 302. 1933. Griffithides ornatus Vogdes, Williams, J. S., "A New Pennsylvanian Trilobite from Missouri," Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 431-432. Description. — The general form is sub-ovate, with the greatest width being about two-thirds that of the length. Measured along the axis, the cephalon, thorax and pygidium are all of about equal length. The outline of the cephalon (excluding the spines) forms about half of a near circle. The head-shield is bounded by a marginal border which extends backward from the posterior-lateral angles, in the form of genal spines, to at least the fourth or fifth thoracic segment. The cephalic border and spines bear about eight very fine parallel costae. The glabella is pyriform and gibbous in front. Its basal lobes are small, but well marked by deep furrows, whose anterior ends are connected by a shallow groove across the glabella. From the center of this groove, a faint furrow extends backward, thus defining two small rounded nodes near the posterior margin of the glabella. The occipital ring is broad and well defined, its width being nearly twice that of a thoracic segment. The eyes are large, smooth and quarto-spherical. The thorax consists of nine segments. Its axis is strongly arched, and bears a series of about ten small tubercles across the center of each segment. The pos- terior border of each pleural segment, beyond the fulcral point, bears a row of extremely fine tubercles. The pygidium is very convex, and is surrounded by a marginal border which widens anteriorly. Its strongly arched axis consists of eleven segments, each bearing, along its flattened crest, a row of six nodes which are slightly larger than those of the thorax. Segmentation on the sides of the axis is but faintly defined. The lateral lobes of the pygidium consist of seven segments with a ves- tige of an eighth. These segments are divided by deep furrows, and each bears a node at its fulcral point, from whence it is abruptly truncated. Comparisons and affinities. — Vogdes compared this trilobite with Griffi- thides scitula Meek and Worthen from the "Illinois Coal Measures." However, as pointed out by Williams,2 any comparison with G. scihda is of little value, since the type is apparently no longer available for study, and since Meek and Worthen were the only authors known to have examined the type. G. conwayensis compares favorably in many respects to G. olsoni Williams3 from the Cherokee shale (Lower Pennsylvanian) of Missouri. G. conwayensis differs from G. olsoni, however, in its more conspicuous basal glabellar lobes, its greater number of pleural segments of the pygidium, and in the noded character of its axis. 2 Williams, J. S., Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 23, no. 9, p. 431, 1933. 3 Ibid., pp. 429-435. Wheeler — Trilobite Species 55 G. conwayensis appears to be more closely allied to G. parvulus Girty4 from the Wewoka formation of Oklahoma. The Arkansas species differs from G. parvulus in its much smaller width-length ratio, its narrower neck ring, its less distinctly defined transverse glabellar furrow, the absence of any indication of a second such furrow, and the presence of a longitudinal groove dividing the basal glabellar lobe. Discussion.— In 1895 Vogdes described and figured this species under the heading "Griffithides ornata sp. nov." At the time of its proposal, the validity of that name depended entirely upon the taxonomic rank of Griffithides, as interpreted from Vogdes' paper. If it be construed that he re- garded Griffithides as a subgenus of Phillipsia, his specific name becomes a homonym of Phillipsia ornata Portlock, 1843. In his description, Vogdes makes no mention of the genus Phillipsia, from which we may interpret that he treated Griffithides as being of full generic rank. On the other hand, under the sub- heading of "Affinities and differences," he cites alternately Phillipsia {Griffi- thides) scitula and Griffithides scitula, thus, apparently sanctioning the sub- generic usage of Griffithides. Furthermore, it should be noted that the name Griffithides is masculine, while the specific name ornata is feminine. This dis- cordance might be cited as additional evidence for Vogdes' intention to employ Griffithides as a subgenus of Phillipsia (feminine) ; otherwise, the name should have been ornatus. One might construe, therefore, either that Vogdes did or did not regard Griffithides as a subgenus of Phillipsia. J. P. Smith, however, in his republication ot Vogdes' description, leaves no doubt as to the status of the name in question. Under the heading of "Genus Phillipsia, Portlock," he cites the species as Phillipsia (Griffithides) ornata A. W. Vogdes. Through this action, Vogdes species unquestionably becomes a homonym of Phillipsia ornata Portlock; and it must accordingly be rejected and supplanted by a new name. I therefore propose the name Griffithides conwayensis for this species. Holotype.— Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll., catalogue no. 5077. The holotype of Griffithides conwayensis is the same specimen upon which Vogdes based his species "ornata." Plastotype. — San Diego Society of Natural History Trilobite Coll., cata- logue no. 274. Type locality.— L. S. J. U. loc. 1040, Morrillton Quadrangle, Conway County, Arkansas. Near the center of the N. W. T/A, sec. 17, T. 5 N., R. 16 W. Formation and age. — Atoka5 formation, Lower Moscovian (Lower Penn- sylvanian) . Collectors. — Arkansas Geological Survey. 4 Girty, G. H., New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 154, 1911; Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., no. 544, pp. 268-270, pi. 18, figs. 14-15, 1915. 5 Carey Croneis shows ("Geology of the Arkansas Paleozoic Area," Ark. Geol. Surv., Bull. 3, 1930, structural map in fold) that the locality of Griffithides conwayensis lies very close to the axis of the Redemption anticline; and on page 265 of the same paper, he states that the surface rocks of that structure belong to the Atoka formation. A personal communication from Dr. Croneis (Feb., 1934) gives reassurance that this locality is under- lain by the Atoka formation. 56 San Diego Society of Natural History PLATE 6 Fig. 1. Proetus bairdensis Wheeler, new species. Rock surface containing the holotype (incomplete external mold of cephalon, thorax and pygi- dium), and paratype (free cheek). Holotype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll., no. 777-a, paratype, no. 777-b. L. S. J. U. loc. 1041, Baird formation, Redding Quadrangle, Shasta County, California, x 1.9. Fig. 2. Proetus bairdensis Wheeler, new species. Paratype; same specimen as in upper left corner of fig. 1. x 1.9. Fig. 3. Proetus bairdensis Wheeler, new species. A clay cast impressed from the external mold (holotype) shown in fig. 1. x 1.9. Fig. 4. Griffithides conwayensis Wheeler, new name. Holotoype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll., no. 5077. L. S. J. U. loc. 1040, Atoka formation, Lower Moscovian, Morrillton Quadrangle, Conway County, Arkansas, x 2.1. Fig. 5. Griffithides conwayensis Wheeler, new name. A line drawing traced from a photograph of the specimen shown in fig. 4. Fig. 6. Griffithides nosoniensis Wheeler, new species. Holotype, Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll., no. 778. L. S. J. U. loc. 1034, lower No- soni formation, Permian, Redding Quadrangle, Shasta County, Cali- fornia, x 2.1. The dark areas on either side of the anterior half of the specimen represent the cavities remaining after the dissolution of the marginal border and genal spines of the cephalon. Fig. 7. Griffithides nosoniensis Wheeler, new species. A line drawing of the cephalon traced from a photograph of the specimen shown in fig. 6. Gl, glabella; L, basal glabellar lobe; OR, occipital ring; S, suture; GS, genal spine. Wheeler — Trilobite Species Plate 6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume VIII, No. 9, pp. 59-66, plate 7 REVISION OF SOME CALIFORNIA SPECIES OF ASTROD APSIS BY George L. Richards, Jr.. Stanford University, California SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society March 21, 1935 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION U. S. Grant, IV, Chairman Fred Baker Clinton G. Abbott, Editor REVISION OF SOME CALIFORNIA SPECIES OF ASTRODAPSIS BY George L. Richards, Jr. Stanford University, California Extensive field work throughout the central Coast Ranges of Cali- fornia during the past two years has shown that various species of the genus Astrodapsis are of value in establishing the stratigraphic correla- tion of Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene formations. During the paleontological study of these late Tertiary marine sediments, the valuable works of Clark and Twitchell,1 and Kew,2 were found to be almost indispensable in the determination and identification of the various genera and species of the Pacific Coast Echinoidea. How- ever, a study of the original description and figure of the type of Astro- dapsis antiselli Conrad suggested that the workers had misidentified this species, which is the type of the genus Astrodapsis. Through correspondence with the Curator, Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, photographs of specimens were obtained which confirmed this opinion, and indicated that the specimen figured by Clark and Twitchell (U. S. National Mus. Cat. No. 165466a) cannot be regarded by Kew as a type specimen of A. antiselli Conrad. Further- more, this specimen is not from the original lot, nor even from the type locality. A photograph of the above mentioned specimen shows it is not a true Astrodapsis antiselli as originally defined and figured by Conrad. Unfortunately, Kew followed Clark and Twitchell and recognized this figured specimen as the holotype. The problem is therefore two-fold: (l) biologic identification of species, and (2) nomenclatorial. In order to correct this confusion it is necessary to make several corrections and, in addition, propose one new name, to wit : Astrodapsis salinasensis, new name "Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad," of Clark and Twitchell, 1915, also of Kew, 1920, but not of Conrad, 1856. 1 Clark, W. B. and Twitchell, M. W. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States. U. S. Geological Survey, Monogr. 54, 1915. 2 Kew, W. S. W. Cretaceous and Cenozoic Echinoidea of the Pacific Coast of North America. Univ. Cal. Pub. Geol., Vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 23-236, 1920. 62 San Diego Society of Natural History Determinative characters. — Clark and Twitchell, verbatim:3 "Test medium in size; regularly oval in marginal outline, longer than broad, slightly truncated at anterior end, slightly pointed at posterior end, with faint notches opposite ends of petals; margin rounded and very thick, almost as thick as rest of test. The whole form is considerably depressed, almost equally so from edge to edge, and therefore subdiscoidal; the upper surface with broad flattened ambulacral ridges alternating with narrow interambulacral depressions; apex eccentric an- teriorly, in front of depressed apical system; lower surface slightly concave. Am- bulacral petals large, broad, tumid, especially near apical system; poriferous zones narrow, at first diverging, then converging slightly from one-fourth to one- third the way to margin and again diverging to the wide open ends which are nearly to the margin. Peristome central; the main ambulacral grooves straight, well denned, and rather deep from peristome to margin and continuing as faint lines over margin to near apex, two faint lines are given off about half way to margin, which continue over margin to near apical system. Periproct small, infra marginal, almost marginal." Dimensions. — Specimen B, type, (U. S. National Mus. Cat. No. 165466a) : length, 57 mm.; width, 50 mm.; height, 14 mm. Localities. — Specimen B (No. 165466a) : "2 miles south of San Lucas, Monterey County, Cal." (Clark and Twitchell). Collection.— U. S. National Mus. Cat. No. 165466, Specimen A, cotype. U. S. National Mus. Cat. No. 165466a, Specimen B. Both the type and the specimens collected by Ralph Arnold, which include specimens A and B.4 Remarks. — Astrodapsis salinasensis (No. 165466a) misidentified as "Astro- dapsis antiselli Conrad" by Clark and Twitchell, and by Kew, is herein figured (Plate 7, figs. 2a, 2b, and 2c) for comparison with the original type of true Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad (U. S. National Mus. Cat. No. 13337), which is lebelhjd "Conrad's type," from Estrella, Monterey County, California. (See Plate 7, figs, la, and lb). A. salinasensis differs from A. antiselli Conrad in the following characters: Astrodapsis salinasensis Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Test: Discoidal, oval; slightly notched. Pentagonal; markedly notched oppo- site ends of petals. Margin: Broadly rounded and thick; almost Sightly rounded; greatest elevation as thick as rest of test— biscuit adjacent to the depressed apical shaPed- system. Apical system: Moderately depressed. Deeply depressed. Tubercles: Very prominent. Not prominent. Petals: Low, broad, and tumid. Elevated, narrow, angular. Interambulacral areas: Rounded, shallow grooves. Angular, deep grooves. 3 Op. cit. p. 198. 4 This information from Clark and Twitchell, 1915, p. 199. Richards — California Species of Astrodapsis 63 Distribution. — Geographically Astrodapsis salinasensis occurs abundantly in the fine, medium to coarse, white, littoral marine sandstones at the top of the Santa Margarita formation, or sandstone facies of the Upper Miocene Monterey Shale, throughout the entire Salinas Valley, Monterey County, California, as well as in similar standstones of the Santa Margarita formation as exposed along Bean Creek, Santa Cruz County, California, and the uppermost Santa Margarita sandstones exposed along Saucelito Creek, Nipomo Quadrangle, San Luis Obispo County, California. Stratigraphically Astrodapsis salinasensis occurs in a monoclinal, upper Miocene section, approximately 250 feet above organic and siliceous shales con- taining a N onion schencki foraminiferal assemblage, which in turn overlies sand- stones containing Astrodapsis tumidus, Astrodapsis whitneyi, Ostrea titan cor- rugata, and associated faunal assemblage. It occurs below sandstones containing Astrodapsis cf. jacalitosensis and lower Pliocene mollusks belonging to the Jaca- litos faunal assemblage. Associated faunal assemblage. — Astrodapsis salinasensis occurs with the following forms: Pecten estrellanus Conrad (18-20 rib var.), Tritonalia sp., Balanus concavus Bronn, "Tamioso?na" gregaria Conrad, Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew. Additional revision. — In the monographs by Clark and Twitchell, and Kew, the true Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad was named Astrodapsis arnoldi through the unfortunate misidentification mentioned above. In order to correct this nomenclatorial problem, it is necessary to consider those forms originally de- scribed by Kew (1921) as subspecies of Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad, or to regard them as of full specific rank. The revised nomenclature of all the forms involved in this problem is as follows: Old arrangement (Kew) New arrangement Astrodapsis arnoldi arnoldi Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad 'Ast depressus fresnoensis crassus spatiosus peltoides depressus fresnoensis crassus spatiosus peltoides odapsis antiselli Conrad" of Kev.'. Astrodapsis salinasenis, new name not Conrad Acknowledgments. — The writer is indebted to Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and Mr. Wm. B. Marshall of the Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, for permission to repro- duce photographs of the type of Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad (U. S. National Mus. Cat. No. 13337); photographs of Astrodapsis salinasensis new name (U. S. National Mus. Cat. No. 165466a) were supplied through the courtesy of the U. S. Geological Survey. He is also grateful to Dr. Hubert G. Schenck of Stanford University, and Dr. U. S. Grant of University of California at Los Angeles, for suggestions concerning nomenclatorial problems and the prepara- tion of the manuscript. 64 San Diego Society of Natural History PLATE 7 All figures approximately natural size. Fig. la. Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad. Genotype, U. S. National Mus. Cat. No. 13337. Upper surface of test. Estrella, Monterey Co., California. Fig. lb. Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad. Same specimen. Lateral view of test. Fig. 2a. Astrodapsis salinasensis, new name. Holotype, U. S. National Mus. Cat. No. 165466a, Specimen B. Lower side of test. Two miles South of San Lucas, Monterey Co., California. Fig. 2b. Astrodapsis salinasensis, new name. Same specimen. Upper surface of test. Fig. 2c. Astrodapsis salinasensis, new name. Same specimen. Lateral view of test. Richards — California Species of Astrodapsis Plate 7 PgK* r 2 a. lc$F*N&? 2 a 2 b. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 10, pp. 67-68 August 24, 1935 THE MANGROVE WARBLER OF NORTH- WESTERN MEXICO BY A. J. VAN ROSSEM San Diego Society of Natural History In the spring of 1930 while at Tobari Bay on the coast of southern Sonora I collected a series of breeding mangrove warblers. These, on a more critical examination than I was able previously to give them, prove not to be of the subspecies castaneiceps, but to belong to an undescribed race which is apparently more closely related to Dendroica erithachorides xanthotera of the Pacific coast of Central America. At present the com- bined material in the San Diego Society of Natural History and the Dickey collection (for the privilege of using which I am under obligations to Mrs. Dickey) totals 64 specimens. These consist of 15 xanthotera, 30 castaneiceps, and 19 of the Sonora race. A description of the new race, together with comment on the others is herewith offered. The new race may be called Dendroica erithachorides rhizophorae subsp. nov. Type. — Male adult, no. 17090, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural history; Tobari Bay, Sonora, Mexico, April 30, 1930; collected by A. J. van Rossem. Subspecific characters. — General size very similar to Dendroica erithacho- rides xanthotera Todd of the Pacific coast of Central America, though averaging even smaller in wing length and size of bill; definitely smaller in all dimensions than Dendroica erithachorides castaneiceps Ridgway of southern Lower Cali- fornia. The tail has less yellow than in xanthotera; more than in castaneiceps. 68 San Diego Society of Natural History Adult males have the chestnut of the throat more restricted and the under parts usually more heavily streaked than in either xanthotera or castaneiceps; colora- tion of both sexes otherwise similar to castaneiceps, that is to say less richly col- ored than xanthotera. Range. — Coast of southern Sonora from the northern limit of mangroves at Tepopa Bav south (Kino Bay; Guaymas; Tobari Bay) to Agiabampo on the Sonora-Sinaloa boundary, and probably for some distance further south. Remarks. — In considering the most characteristic features of the three races under comparison there are immediately noticeable the large size of castaneiceps, the restriction of chestnut and heavy streaking of rhizophorae, and the rich gen- eral coloration of xanthotera. There are two very distinct color phases in the young of this species, and these persist at least through the post-juvenal moult. Whether or not they nor- mally persist beyond that stage I do not know. There is evidence both ways in the combined series of 64 skins. However, both the gray and the yellowish olive green phases are present in unquestionably young females of castaneiceps and in spring females of uncertain age of rhizophorae. In xanthotera the pale phase is almost indistinguishable from the olive green phase of the northern races and the bright phase is, of course, infinitely richer and yellower. Evidence that the pale phase persists at times into the adult stages is shown by two fully adult males of xanthotera from Costa Rica. It is certain that a large amount of carefully collected specimens will be necessary in order to determine not only the duration of the pale phase, but its relative abundance in different geographic areas. The material before me indi- cates that it is much more prevalent southerly. Measurements of Adult Males in Millimeters Extremes and Averages Wing Tail Exposed Culmen Tarsus Middle Toe minus Claw 6 xanthotera 64-68 47-51 (49.3) 10.5-12.0 (11.1) 18.7-19.3 (19.5) 11.2-12.3 (65.8) (11.5) 7 rhizophorae 61-65 (63.2) 47-52 (49.4) 9.6-10.7 (10.3) 19.7-21.0 (20.0) 11.3-11.9 (11.7) 17 castaneiceps 65.69 (67.1) 53-57 (53.8) 10.8-12.0 (11.3) 20.3-22.2 (21.3) 11.5-13.1 (12.4) ??W TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 1 1, pp. 69-72 August 24, 1935 % A NEW RACE OF BROWN TOWHEE FROM THE INYO REGION OF CALIFORNIA BY A. J. VAN ROSSEM San Diego Society of Natural History In the latter part of May of the present year I was invited by Mr. Christopher Henne of Pasadena to accompany him on a short trip to the Argus Mountains, a small, excessively arid range in southern Inyo and extreme northern San Bernardino Counties. This range forms, in part, the western rim of Panamint valley. The region is adequately mapped by the U. S. Geological Survey and is covered by the Searles Lake and Ballarat Quadrangles, and Plate X of Water Supply Paper No. 490. Our three day reconnaissance of Mountain Springs Canyon on the west slope of the range in Inyo County was made more than casually in- teresting by the discovery that the thickets of willows, which in interrupted fashion follow the canyon bed from 4200 to 5500 feet altitude, harbored a breeding colony of brown towhees. This colony is of course effectually isolated from the geographically nearest race of brown towhee, Pipilo fus- cus carolae, by the Sierra Nevada as well as by intervening deserts. The six specimens collected cannot satisfactorily be placed with any of the known races of this rather "plastic" species, a not surprising circum- stance in view of the fact that the isolated habitat lies in a region far re- moved faunally from the coastal and interior valley habitats of other brown towhees of the crissalis group. This region, a part of the Inyo Division of the Great Basin Faunal Area, is already characterized by numerous subspecies of birds and mammals. The new towhee is named as 70 San Diego Society of Natural History Pipilo fuscus eremophilus subsp. nov. Type.— Breeding male adult, no. 17083, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History; Lang Spring, 5500 feet altitude, Mountain Springs Canyon, Argus Mountains, Inyo County, California, May 22, 1935; collected by A. J. van Rossem. Subspecifc characters.— Most closely resembles Pipilo fuscus carolae Mc- Gregor of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley of California, but bill smaller, tarsi and toes decidedly shorter, and coloration slightly darker and grayer. Resembles Pipilo fuscus crissalis of the Pacific slope of southern California, but wing and tail longer, bill much more slender, both in lateral and vertical profile, and coloration grayer. Range. — Argus Mountains of Inyo and San Bernardino Counties, south- eastern California. Remarks. — The gray, dark coloration of the desert race is more pronounced in the single juvenile than in the worn adults. Since wear tends to obscure com- parative color values between races of this species it seems likely that fresh- plumaged adult specimens will show even more definite differences than are ap- parent in worn series. There are several matters of interest connected with the characters displayed by this desert race of brown towhee. First, there is no approach in any particular toward mesoleucus, indeed the tendencies are away from that race. Second, there would appear to be every reason to suspect, a prion, that a race resident in the Argus range would show relative pallor, compared with other crissalis subspecies, for not only is the region one of extreme aridity and high temperatures, but the soil color is definitely pale — a light colored granite which weathers reddish rather than gray. Large size and pallid coloration rather generally characterize Inyo subspecies, but the trend in this instance is an exception. In going over the published literature I was surprised to find that Frank Stephens had taken a brown towhee in the Argus Mountains on April 25, 1891, at which time he was a member of the Death Valley Expedition. The record seems to have been generally overlooked by reviewers, though Ridgway (in Pt. 1 of Birds of No. & Mid. Amer., p. 435), in the bibliography of "Pipilo crissalis senicula," repeats the record which was first published by Fisher on page 105 of North American Fauna No. 7. Through the courtesy of the Bureau of Biological Survey I am able to ex- amine this specimen. It has become reddened by post-mortem color change and is now indistinguishable in color from recently collected examples of carolae. However, the mensural characters accord strictly with those of eremophilus. The precise locality on the label is given as "Searles Garden," presumably at, or near, Searles Borax Works at the south end of the range. In addition to this specimen borrowed from the Biological Survey, I must acknowledge the use of specimens in the Dickey collection, and the courtesy of Dr. Joseph Grinnell in sending me a comprehensive series of carolae from the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. van Rossem — New Brown Towhee 71 Measurements of Males in Millimeters1 Extremes and Averages Exposed Depth at Middle Toe Wing Tail Cut »i i n Base Tarsus mi ii n s Clau 1 0 crissalis from Los Angeles 90-97 97-105 14.0-15.2 8.8-10.4 26.0-28.5 17.8-19.0 and Ventura Cos. (92) (100) (14.4) (9.6) (26.8) (18.4) 10 carolac from 95-100 103-117 15.7-16.8 9.7-10.6 27.8-30.0 19.5-21.0 the range (96) (108) (16.2) (10.2) (28.4) (20.1) 4 eremophilus 94-95 103-108 14.5-14.7 8.8-9.4 25.5-27.5 17.5-19.5 (95) (106) (14.6) (9.0) (26.6) (18.4) 1 Wing and tail measurements are all from worn specimens, so far as possible in com- parable stages of abrasion. Fresh plumaged birds measure somewhat longer. In this connec- tion, as well as for modern systematic treatment of various California races, see the measure- ments recorded by Swarth, Condor, 1918, pp. 117-121, and Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, no. 18, 1926, pp. 427-433. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 12, pp. 73-74 August 24, 1935 A NEW SILKY POCKET MOUSE FROM SONORA, MEXICO BY Laurence M. Huey Curator of Birds and Mammals, San Diego Society of Natural History In a collection of mammals secured in early 1935 by the writer for the San Diego Society of Natural History at Bahia Kino, Sonora, Mex- ico, are four specimens of Perognathus longimembris that differ in several characters from the hitherto described forms of this species. This race may be known as : Perognathus longimembris kinoensis subsp. nov. Kino Silky Pocket Mouse Type. — From Bahia Kino, Sonora, Mexico (more precisely — from the northern end of the sand dune peninsula that borders the bay and forms the north- ern arm of the estuary); no. 11300, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History; adult male; collected by Laurence M. Huey, February 26, 1935. Characters. — In color, kinoensis is darker than Perognathus longimembris bombycinus. its nearest relative. The most prominent characters of this form are cranial, and compared with bombycinus the skull of kinoensis is more rounded and narrower across the bullae. The interparietal is almost square in shape, and the nasals are longer and more attenuated. In some respects it approaches P. I. pacifcus from the coastal region of San Diego County, California; for example, in its very small size and compressed, arched skull with rounded bullae. How- ever, in color these two races are widely different. Measurements. — Type: Total length, 135; tail, 80; hind foot, 17; ear, 4. Skull (type): Greatest length, 20.7; width across bullae, 11.4; interorbital con- striction, 4.6; nasals, 7.2; tooth row, 2.6. 74 San Diego Society of Natural History Range. — So far as known, only the type locality. Remarks. — P. I. kinoensis provides an interesting illustration of color devel- opment, as compared with the other two races of Perognathns longimembris mentioned in this paper. It is a well established fact that desert and coastal forms are respectively light and dark. This is true of P. I. bombyanus and P. I. pacificus. In P. I. kinoensis, however, we have a coastal race whose range borders the humid tropical desert of central Sonora. Here it has developed a grayish cast, as con- trasted with the rich black tendencies found along the coast in southern California. Specimens examined. — Perognathus longimembris bombycinus: 2 from 6 miles east of Yuma, Arizona (type locality) ; 2 from 3 miles west of Pik>t Knob, Imperial County, California; 3 from San Felipe, Lower California, Mexico. Perognathus longimembris pacificus: 60 from Tia Juana Valley, San Diego County, California (type locality) ; 6 from 4 miles north of Oceanside, San Diego County, California; 1 from San Onofre, San Diego County, California. Perogna- thus longimembris kinoensis: 4 from Bahia Kino, Sonora, Mexico (type local- ity). ZY'JI*/ TRANSACTIONS^ OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume VIII, No. 13, pp. 75-90, plate 8, map A NEW SUBSPECIES OF CROTALUS CONFLUENTUS, THE PRAIRIE RATTLESNAKE BY Laurence M. Klauber Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians, San Diego Society of Natural History SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society August 24, 1935 A NEW SUBSPECIES OF CROTALUS CONFLUENTUS, THE PRAIRIE RATTLESNAKE BY Laurence M. Klauber Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians, San Diego Society of Natural History It is with some hesitation that the writer proposes the differentiation of the Prairie Rattlesnake of the Little Colorado Basin and the surround- ing territory in Arizona as a new subspecies of Cro talus conjluentus. The latter is a wide-spread and rather variable snake ; it has already been divided into five territorial races, e. g., conjluentus, abyssus, concolor, lutosus, and oreganus. However, surveying the type subspecies conjluentus conjluen- tus, as now recognized, we find that the Arizona specimens differ from those inhabiting the rest of the range from Canada to Mexico in consis- tent and conspicuous characters. I do not favor the indiscriminate splitting of reptile species in each instance where significant differences in some character can be found to exist between two or more geographical groups. Thus, specimens of Crotalus conjluentus oreganus from Washington can be quite readily dis- tinguished from southern California specimens by color and pattern ; and it can be shown mathematically that Texas specimens of Crotalus atrox have a significant difference in such important characters as dorsal scale rows, ventrals, and labials from Arizona individuals. But, after all, these differences are largely technical; the snakes themselves are essentially the same, and it will serve no practical purpose to recognize each of such dif- ferences, with the multiplicity of subspecies that would result in plastic forms. But the prairie rattlesnakes of Arizona, and particularly those found in the drainage area of the Little Colorado River, between Canyon Padre on the west and Bibo on the east, are so conspicuously different in size and color, and so significantly different in scale counts from the snakes found beyond the Continental Divide, that the divergence will appeal to the ncn- herpetologist as well as to the specialist. Venom data will be clarified by the recognition of this form, owing to the differences from the typical sub- species in yield, and possibly in quality as well. Thus it would seem that it is desirable to make this segregation. 78 San Diego Society of Natural History It is true that there is some lack of uniformity in the specimens found in this area, so that the relationship pattern is not as clear as might be desired. Much of this may be attributed to a few inaccurate locality records, or to such effect as the religious rites of the Indians may have had upon distribution; but in any case, even if we consider all of the Arizona specimens (rather than only the stunted specimens from the Winslow area), we will still find a significant divergence, when compari- sons are made with the type subspecies. While the differences herein mentioned were first recognized in 1927, initially leading to some confusion with C. tigris, a discussion of the problem has been postponed until adequate material has become available. Studies have now been made of 200 Arizona specimens of this form, and scale counts of 1900 specimens of confluentus confluentus from other states are at hand for purposes of comparison. Crotalus confluentus nuntius1 subsp. nov. Arizona Prairie Rattlesnake Type. — No. 3105 in the collection of L. M. K. Collected at Canyon Diablo, Coconino County, Arizona, by R. L. Borden, August 9, 1930. Diagnosis. — A stunted subspecies of Crotalus confluentus, predominantly reddish-brown in coloration and with low dorsal and ventral scale counts. Description of Type. — Adult male. Length (live measurements) 468 mm. to rattles, tail length 38 mm., ratio 0.081. Length of head 24 mm., times con- tained in body length 19.5. Width of head 17 mm. Width across the supraocu- lars 1 1 mm., distance between supraoculars 4.5 mm., ratio 2.44. The head is subtriangular, depressed, and, except for the supraoculars, cov- ered with small scales. These are raised and unkeeled, excepting those in the tem- poral area and toward the neck. The dorsal scale rows are 23-23-19; the first row dropped is the 6th, the second the 5th. At mid-body all scale rows are keeled, excepting the first two on either side. The central dorsal rows are smaller than the lateral; they are the more strongly keeled and have moderate posterior bosses. The ventrals number 166, and the caudals 26, in a single series. The anal is entire. The supralabials number 16-16; the infralabials 15-14. The rostral is higher than wide; eight scales contact it posteriorly, a first supralabial and prenasal on each side, and 4 interna- sals. Between the internasals and the supraoculars there are two canthals on each side. The scales on the top of the head, anterior to the supraoculars, number 18. The anterior intersupraoculars are 4+6; the anterior boundary of these scales is 1 Nuntius, the messenger. In the Hopi Snake Ceremonial, these snakes are used as messengers to the gods of the underworld. Klauber — New Prairie Rattlesnake 79 indefinite. The nasals are 2-2, the anterior larger; there are 0-1 Ioreals. The upper preocular contacts the prenasal on the left; on the right the contact is pre- vented by the juxtaposition of loreal and posterior canthal. There are two pre- oculars on either side, the upper larger, the lower crescent-shaped and bordering the pit above. The postoculars are 3-3, the total scales in the orbit, 8-9; scales from the labials to the orbit, 2+3, 2+4. The first and eighth supralabials are the largest. The small scales anterior to the pit number 4-3. The first infralabials are undivided and are in contact on the median line; there are no intergenials. The mental is subtriangular, contacting only the first infralabials and a small submental. The genials are in a single pair, short and obtuse, and contact 4-5 infralabials. The head above is light red-brown, irregularly spotted with darker. The supraoculars are crossed with light marks, widening inwardly. On the side of the head there is a light preocular stripe passing backward to the angle of the mouth, and a second narrower postocular light stripe, about \\ scales wide, the upper edge of which is rather indefinite. Between the two light stripes there is a dark ocular stripe about 2h scales wide ending above the commissure. The infrala- bials are punctated. The ground color of the body is light reddish-brown, upon which there are superimposed 43 blotches of darker red-brown. On the sides there are secondary and tertiary series of ill-defined spots; posteriorly these are confluent with the dorsal series so that the last ten blotches become transverse rings, of a somewhat lighter color than the anterior blotches. The dorsal blotches are irregular both in shape and outline; at mid-body they are ellipses with the major axes transverse to the snake. They are about 11 scale rows wide, and longitudinally are 2 to 3 scales (end to end) long. The blotches are wider (along the body of the snake) than the interspaces. The blotches internally are somewhat darker at the borders than centrally; exteriorly there is a white edge, but this is neither regular nor always present. The blotch borders are independent of scale edges, which is typi- cal of confluentus as opposed to scutulatus. The tail is crossed with 10 rings, all being brown except the last two, which are black, thus being in strong contrast with the rest of the body. The ventrals are straw colored, and somewhat punctated, particularly adjacent to the dorsals. The rattles, of which 3 remain, measure about 7.3 mm. across. Studies of the rattles of this form indicate that there were not less than ten rattles in the complete string. The base of the rattles is black. The hemipenis is completely bifurcate with divided sulcus. The base on the outer shoulders is covered with short, heavy spines, there being about 24 major spines on each shoulder, and some 55 smaller points. There are no spines in the crotch. The branches are covered with laminate fringes, there being about 27 on each lobe. The boundary between spines and fringes is sharply defined. The ratio between lobe length and diameter is 2.1, which is approximately the proportion usually found in confluentus confluentus. General Description and Remarks. — The following is a summary of scale counts and measurements of 108 specimens from the area between Canyon Padre, 80 San Diego Society of Natural History Coconino County, Arizona, on the west and Bibo, Apache County, Arizona, on the east, and will serve to indicate character variations in specimens from that area wherein this form adheres most closely to the type. Other Arizona speci- mens are subsequently discussed, but in this summary of the new subspecies it is deemed advisable to omit specimens which might be considered intergrades with other subspecies. Size, small. Scale rows at midbody usually 23 (48 per cent) or 25 (50 per cent); rarely 21, 22, or 27 (less than 1 per cent of each). The scales are keeled, except the first two on the sides. Posterior scale bosses are not conspicuous. Ven- trals: males, max. 181, min. 166, av. 172.29±0.26, interquartile range 170.1 — 174.5 (68 specimens); females, max. 182, min. 169, av. 177.51±0.32, interquar- tile range 175.5 — 179.5 (39 specimens). Anal entire. Caudals: males, 21 to 28, average of 68 specimens 24.8; females, 14 to 21, average of 39 specimens 18.5. These extremes are seldom attained; the males usually have from 23 to 26 and the females from 17 to 20. The caudals, while generally entire, may have a few at either end of the series divided. The supralabials average 14.8; they usually number 15 (43 per cent), or 14 (30 per cent); occasionally 16 (18 per cent) or 13 (6 per cent); rarely 17 (less than 3 per cent). The infralabials average 15.3; they generally number 15 (38 per cent), 16 (35 per cent); occasionally 14 (18 per cent) or 17 (7 per cent); rarely 12 or 13 (less than 1 per cent of each) . The rostral is higher than wide, and in contact with the prenasals. The pre- nasals are always in contact with the supralabials. The internasals (scales in con- tact with the rostral between nasals, regardless of size or relative position) usually number 3, 4, or 5; rarely 2 or 6, the average being exactly 4. The scales on the crown, anterior to the supraoculars, vary from 12 to 31; the average is 20.2, with an interquartile range of 17.6 to 22.7. The minimum scale rows between supra- oculars are usually 3 or 4, rarely 2 or 5, averaging 3.52. Supraocular sutures or in- dentations are not present. The nasals are 2-2. About 90 per cent of the specimens have one loreal, the rest two or none; the upper is always the smaller when present. The scales along the canthus rostralis from internasals to supraoculars usually number two, rarely 1 or 3; the posterior is the largest of the series. The upper preocular, which is the larger, is usually not in contact with the postnasal. In 82 per cent such contact is prevented by the contact of the post-can- thai with the loreal, in 5 per cent by the presence of a small upper loreal. The upper preocular is usually undivided; only in one instance is an upper corner cut off at the eye. The lower preocular is crescent shaped and constitutes the upper border of the pit. The small scales anterior to the pit usually number 3 to 5; they are not carried forward to the rostral. The scale rows from labials to orbit usually number 2+3 or 2+2. Generally the 5th and 6th supralabials are the largest; however they do not con- spicuously exceed the others in size. Usually the third and fourth are in contact with the lower pit border. The first infralabials are usually undivided (only 5 per cent divided) . Nor- mally 4 are in contact with the genials on each side. Klauber— New Prairie Rattlesnake 81 The mental is subtriangular. The genials are in a single pair, relatively short and obtuse, intergenials being present in 13 per cent. Also 13 per cent of the specimens have submentals. The equation for the head length of nuntius approximates H = 0.0318L+ 7.7, where the head and body length are given in millimeters. Thus a 500 mm. snake would have a head length of about 23.6 mm. L /H is, of course, not a constant, but closely approximates 21.2 in adults. The ratio of the distance across the supraoculars to the space between averages 2.64 (range 2.25 to 3.13) in 86 specimens. The ratio of the length of tail to total length, exclusive of rattle, varies from about 0.065 to 0.089 in the males (average 0.077), and 0.045 to 0.074 in the females (average 0.056) . The largest preserved specimen examined measured 732 mm. (29 in.). The average size at birth is probably 165 mm. (6| in.) . Specimens exceeding 650 mm. (26 in.) are not common. The smallest gravid female measured 395 mm. (15 J in.). In color the typical specimens from the Little Colorado Basin are pink, red-brown, brown, or gray-brown. Pinks predominate about Adamana and Hol- brook; west of Dennison dark-brown is the typical color. Those from the vicinity of Moqui have an orange tinge. An occasional olive-brown specimen may be found in the vicinity of Winslow. Dark gray-brown specimens are found at Meteor Crater. The reddish hues tend to fade in preservative so that preserved specimens show less of this color than live material. The head is rather brightly marked. Supraocular light cross-dashes are always in evidence in well preserved material; usually these are inwardly divergent. The postocular light line is l| to 2 scales wide, thus being intermediate between typical conjluentus and oreganus. The infralabials are punctated, otherwise the underside of the head is immaculate. The body blotches number from 35 to 52, interquartile range 39.8 to 44.6, mean 42.2 ±0.23. The blotches are of the conjluentus confluentus type, that is, the edges do not follow scale outlines. Longitudinally, they are wider than the interspaces. In shape they are highly irregular but are usually cross-ovals, rectan- gles, or figure-eights. The internal edges are darker than the blotch centers and are sometimes black; the external edges are lighter than the ground color and are sometimes almost white. Secondary and tertiary blotches, while usually present, are ill-defined. Caudad the blotches become transverse rings and are lighter than the anterior blotches. The ventral surfaces are straw-colored. Usually the ends of the ventral scales are punctated, but they may be immaculate. The tail rings vary from 5 to 12 (usually 8 to 11) in the males (average 9.4), and 5 to 10 (usually 6 to 8) in the females (average 7.3). The anterior rings are not in strong contrast to the ground color and are often ill-defined. The posterior rings (1 to 3) are black, in strong color contrast with the rest of the body, but are so poorly outlined as not to be conspicuous. The rattle matrix is black. 82 San Diego Society of Natural History The rattles are small and delicate. The average widths of the first seven rattles in mm./ 10 are 43-50-60-69-73-80-82. The hemipenis is completely bifurcate with divided sulcus. There are about 67 short spines on the shoulders; some are quite small so that the counting is not always accurate. There are no spines in the crotch. The lobes are covered with fringes which are laminate in front and reticulate in back, as is usual in confluen- tus. The fringes vary from 20 to 31; most specimens have from 25 to 29, the average being 27. This is distinctly lower than the confluentus average. The ratio of the lobe length to diameter is 2.2. The border between spines and fringes is sharply defined. The venom yield is about 38 mg. of dry purified venom per fresh adult snake. The fang length, measured from upper lumen to tip, of a 500 mm. snake (head length 23.6 mm.) will closely approximate 4.1 mm. Range. — Specimens of the typical stunted nuntius have been collected at the following points located along the line of the Santa Fe Railway or adjacent to U. S. Highway 66 between Canyon Padre, Coconino County, Arizona, on the west and Bibo, Apache County, Arizona, on the east: Coconino County: Navajo County: Canyon Padre (at U. S. 66) Winslow Babbitt Tank 3, 6, and 22 mi. N. of Holbrook 7 mi. and 6 mi. W. of Two Guns (Road to Keams Canyon) (on U. S. 66) Apache County: 5 mi. E. of Canyon Padre (on Adamana U S- 66> 6 mi. N. of Adamana Canyon Diablo (Type locality; gji station on Santa Fe Railway) Two Guns 4 mi. NW. of Meteor Crater Sunshine Dennison Moqui 6 mi. W. of Winslow This territory is an arid prairie about 4800 to 5200 feet in altitude; it is cut by deep arroyos, of which Canyon Diablo is the most conspicuous, and buttes are scattered about. Discussion. — Having described and summarized the new subspecies, nuntius, two interrelated problems remain: First, the disposition of the specimens from those areas of Arizona outside the Canyon Padre-Bibo section, hitherto considered confluentus confluentus; and secondly, the relationship of the new form with the other confluentus subspecies. Nuntius is clearly a stunted offshoot of confluentus confluentus; this is shown by the pattern on both head and body. The characteristic arrangement of Klauber — New Prairie Rattlesnake 83 the head marks, the nature of the blotch edges, the number and form of the tail rings, all show a close affinity to the parent form. The difference between the two is found in the reduction in scale counts so often seen in stunted races. This may be exemplified by comparing the dorsal scale rows and ventral scales of the two forms. For our basic confliientus conjluentus data we may use 875 specimens from Colorado, in which State the type specimen was collected. We have the following: Scale Rows — Per Cent Distribution2 29 27 25 23 21 Conjluentus (Colo.) 3 67 30 Nuntius 1 50 48 1 The averages of the ventral scale counts are as follows : Average Ventral Scales Males Females Confliientus (Colo.) 178.84±0.10 185.73zt0.ll Nuntius 172.29±0.26 177.51 ±0.32 In addition there are differences in color and size, although it is admitted that these characters are of less importance than scale counts, since they are more plastic. Co7ifluentus, from its type area, is usually green or olive-green, while nuntius is pink or red-brown. A large adult male conjluentus from Colorado will have a length of about 1000 mm.; in other parts of the range the size may exceed 1200 mm.; nuntius seldom exceeds 650 mm. The smallest Colorado female with eggs (out of 149 gravid females) was 588 mm. long; the smallest nuntius (out of only 6 gravid specimens) was 395 mm. Thus, without doubt, there is a real difference in adult size in these forms, a fact further validated by rattle studies. Cope's pulverulentus1 does not anticipate nuntius; the type of the former is a large snake with 27 scale rows, although the ventral scale count is low for typical conjluentus. The punctations and the number of intersupraoculars, which led Cope to describe this as a new subspecies, are found not to differ either in the type of pulverulentus, or in other specimens collected in the same area in New Mexico, from specimens of conjluentus taken near its type locality in Colo- rado. From lutosus we find nuntius to differ in size, pattern, color, number of ven- trals, and number of scales on the snout before the supraoculars; and the same is true to a less extent in comparing abyssus and nuntius. Just as nuntius is a stunted form of conjluentus conjluentus , so concolor seems to be a stunted form of lutosus; concolor is superficially more like nuntius than is any other of the con- jluentus subspecies, although it is doubted whether the relationship is a direct one. In any case, they differ in color, pattern, and head scales, especially the number of scales before and between the supraoculars. 2 Even rows are distributed equally to the next odd number above and below. 3 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 11. 84 San Diego Society of Natural History Nuntius differs from Arizona oreganus in color, pattern, and head scales. These differences are discussed somewhat more in detail in considering the other specimens hitherto classified as confluentus confluentus from the area in northeastern Arizona surrounding the territory in which nuntius reaches its most typical development. Of these there are available 82 specimens from the following localities: Coconino County: *Lee's Ferry Bridge, South Side *Base of Echo Cliffs, near Cedar Ridge Trading Post Havasupai Point, South Rim, Grand Canyon El Tovar, Grand Canyon 15 mi. S. of El Tovar Red Butte 22 mi. N. of Williams (EI Tovar Road) Anita Willaha 5 mi. N. of Valle Valle 36 mi. N. of Maine Sta. 12 mi. N. of Deadman's Flat Deadman's Flat Medicine Valley, NE. of San Francisco Mt. Near San Francisco Mt. Tanner Tank 15 and 20 mi. NE. of Flagstaff (Tolchaco Road) 7 mi. NE. of Leupp 12 mi. E. of Mouth of Moencopie Wash East Foot Monument Point 6 mi. E. of Flagstaff 1 mi. N. of Winona Angel 1 Navajo County: *Kayenta *Marsh Pass Shimopovi 8, 10 mi. S. of Oraibi (Road to Leupp) Apache County: *Four Corners 10 mi. NE. of Chin Lee Navajo Chambers Cheto 8 mi. E. of Sanders Houck 5 mi. W. of Lupton 40 mi. S. of Navajo 10 mi. NE. of St. Johns * Of these localities, all should be considered to be within the range of nuntius except those marked*; those so marked are to be considered confluentus confluentus. (See map). Klauber — New Prairie Rattlesnake 85 In addition the species has been observed at the Hopi villages of Hotevila, Oraibi, Shipaulovi, Mishongnovi, Toreva, Sichomovi, and Walpi. The following specimens of conjluentus confluentus or nuntius are contained in the U. S. National Museum: No. 5271 from Fort Buchanan, No. 8395 from Fort Apache, and No. 11879 from Fort Whipple. These three localities are in oreganus territory from which, in the last 25 years, no specimens of confluentus have been forthcoming. In the days when these snakes were collected it was the custom to label specimens with the name of the military post from which they were forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution. Sometimes the actual point of collection was some hundreds of miles away. It is therefore deemed advisable to omit consideration of these three specimens as being of uncertain locality. Summarizing the situation it may be said that we have sufficient material, upon which to draw conclusions, from areas to the east and west of the Canyon Padre-Bibo area, but not from the north. East of Bibo we have undoubted intergradation between nuntius and con- jluentus conjluentus. As we pass through Navajo, Chambers, and Houck there is a gradual increase in body size, and a shift in color from pink through red- brown and olive-brown toward green. Twenty-five dorsal scale rows becomes the mode and there is a moderate increase in the dorsal scale count. At Gallup, New Mexico, larger, olive-green specimens with 25 scale rows predominate; these are to be considered conjluentus conjluentus, although the ventral scale counts are lower than in the typical form from Colorado. This easterly intergradation is broad and gradual, for the habitat conditions change slowly; a sharp line of demarcation is not to be expected since true inter- grades occur over a wide territory. Merely for purposes of allocation we may consider that the Arizona-New Mexico line (at U. S. 66) is the approximate location of the boundary between the forms; thus the Arizona specimens are assembled with nuntius rather than coyijluentus conjluentus. West of Canyon Padre the situation is not so simple. First, we have, at such points as Angell and Winona, small snakes only slightly larger than those from Winslow, but distinctly darker and more brightly marked. While the majority are dark-brown or red-brown, a few are olive-brown. The same situation exists at Deadman's Flat in the area northeast of the San Francisco Peaks. All of these snakes have low scale counts; they are clearly nuntius, differing only in color, and with a slight increase in size, from the typical specimens. Proceeding further west we come to the Coconino Plateau, lying south of the Grand Canyon. A good series of specimens is available from Anita, Valle, and a few other scattered points round about. Here the snakes are superficially much more like conjluentus. They are decidedly larger than typical nuntius. Browns predominate, with large dorsal blotches close together and without light edges; olive-greens and greens are likewise present. They are much punctated. Yet with all these conjluentus tendencies, they are far from typical conjluentus, for the dorsal and ventral scale counts are as low or lower than in nuntius. Thus, in these all-important characters they more nearly resemble the latter and will be so class- ified. 86 San Diego Society of Natural History A few specimens are available from the south rim of the Grand Canyon; these show decided abyssus tendencies, particularly in high number of intersupra- oculars and scales on the snout. Even the specimens from as far south as Anita show this tendency to a slight degree. Thus, I consider these snakes to be nuntius, intergradation with abyssus occurring at the south rim of the Canyon. Also, in this Coconino Plateau area, we have the nuntius-oreganus relation- ship to determine, and this is the most difficult of all. A number of oreganus are available from the vicinity of Gleed; these show undoubted resemblances to the Valle nuntius; two of them might almost be considered intergrades. The Valle specimens present some interesting tendencies as compared with the main group of nuntius, particularly in color and pattern, toward these Gleed oreganus. Un- fortunately, no specimens have been taken between Valle and Gleed. Although the intervening territory is suitable to either subspecies, I do not affirm that inter- gradation occurs, for there are some differences in head scales which rather sharply divide the two. For instance, almost all the Gleed specimens have the prenasals separated from the supraoculars, which is not the case with the Valle specimens. Another uncertainty is the following: There are some areas, particularly in the vicinity of the San Francisco Mountains, where nuntius and oreganus have been taken so near to each other that an actual overlap is indicated. If this be the case they could hardly be expected to intergrade in the Valle-Gleed territory. Only the receipt of additional material can resolve this doubt. It may be of interest ot note that the actual and direct intergradation of ore- ganus and conflue?itus conjluentus, although possible in central Idaho or west- central New Mexico has not yet been demonstrated. It may occur through lutosus in southern Idaho; the lutosus-oreganus intergradation is demonstrated near the Oregon border, but the confluentus-lutosus merger is not. Thus, the most certain intergradation (as known today) of the two terminal forms, oreganus and con- jluentus, is that via the detour conjluentus, nuntius, abyssus, lutosus, oreganus, and this is not as certain as is desirable. Lastly there arises the question as to the classification of the prairie rattlers found to the north of the Little Colorado Basin. Of these unfortunately we have insufficient specimens to determine their position definitely. The situation is fur- ther complicated by the fact that the Hopi Indians use these rattlesnakes in their Snake Dance and sometimes have brought in specimens from distant points. On one occasion when I saw the dance there was a mixture of "large greens" and typical nuntius. In scale counts the snakes of this north area are more like conjlu- entus conjluentus than those from the vicinity of Gallup or the Coconino Pla- teau, this being especially true of the specimens from beyond the Hopi Reserva- tion to the north. Thus, tentatively, I am disposed to consider the snakes of the extreme northeastern corner of Arizona (i. e., the San Juan drainage area) as conjluentus conjluentus rather than nuntius. This would also seem to prevent direct intergradation between nuntius and concolor. A definite decision on this re- lationship cannot be made until more specimens are available from the San Juan basin, and especially along the San Juan River, from which two or three peculiar specimens have been seen. Klauber — New Prairie Rattlesnake 87 Conclusion. — Crotalus confluentus nuntius is described as a new subspecies. It is a stunted form reaching its most typical development in the Winslow-Hol- brook area in Arizona. Eastward it intergrades with C. c. confluentus and west- ward, at the south rim of the Grand Canyon, with abyssus. It may intergrade with oreganus southwest of the Coconino Plateau. The snakes of the San Juan basin in Arizona are of uncertain status, but are probably C. c. confluentus. San Diego Society of Natural History PLATE 8 Fig. 1. Comparison of adult Crotalus confluentus nuntius (left) with adult C. c. confluentus (right) . The former is from near Winslow, Ari- zona; the latter from Kansas. Klauber — New Prairie Rattlesnake Plate 8 Fig. 1 av-zix TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume VIII, No. 14, pp. 91-106, plates 9-16 NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN CRABS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTHERN MEXICO BY Steve A. Glassell Research Associate in Crustacea, San Diego Society of Natural History SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society August 24, 1935 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION U. S. Grant, IV, Chairman Fred Baker Clinton G. Abbott, Editor NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN CRABS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTHERN MEXICO BY Steve A. Glassell Research Associate in Crustacea, San Diego Society of Natural History The marine decapod crustacean fauna of the Gulf of California and neighboring Pacific waters has such a rich and varied number of species that it is not to be wondered at that so many new forms have been found there from time to time. Geographic isolation and lack of roads or facilities for observation has kept this territory a terra incognita, except for the sporadic efforts of collectors on a few expeditions whose chief interest did not lie primarily in the crustacean field. It is not possible for a single ex- pedition into these waters to make more than a reconnaissance of the lit- toral zones. Extreme low tides do not occur with sufficient frequency dur- ing daylight hours to allow an intensive study of many and varied localities in any one season. So it is not surprising that diligent effort is rewarded by prodigal returns. The following described new species bear testimony to this. During the several times I have collected there I have found a num- ber of obscure species in the Gulf of California of which some lacked de- scriptions of the opposite sex, and some were of forms the type specimen of which had been destroyed. I have thought it best to include a description of at least one already named species in this paper, in order to replace the lost type by a new one which could be kept in a safe repository for the benefit of future workers in this field. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Mary J. Rathbun and Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, of the U. S. National Museum, for their unfailing cooperation, to Dr. Edith Berkeley, of the Pacific Biological Station, at Nanaimo, British Columbia, for her prompt determination of the worm host of the new Polyonyx, and to Mr. Anker Petersen, of Beverly Hills, California, who has made and donated, for the benefit of science and the embellish- ment of these pages, the splendid drawings which accompany the text. For their accuracy and fidelity I can vouch. PORCELLANIDAE Polyonyx quadriungulatus, n. sp. Plate 9 Type. — Female, holotype; Cat. No. 750, San Diego Society of Natural 94 San Diego Society of Natural History History; male, paratype; Cat. No. 751, S. D. S. N. H; one paratype, Cat. No. 71336, U. S. National Museum: from Estero de la Punta Banda, south of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico; January 3, 1935; collected by Steve A. Glassell, Beverly Hills, California, in whose collection the remaining paratypes are located. Diagnosis. — Carapace ^ broader than long. Hands unequal. Carpus of cheli- peds f as wide as long. Dactyli of ambulatory legs armed with four unguicles on the inner edge. Description. — Carapace about 3 broader than long, appears smooth and shining, but has a fine transparent pubescence growing in a series of transverse lines, convex fore and aft, transversely ovate, regions indistinct; two subcrescentic pits in center of carapace, at base of gastric region; front truncate, straight, entire, in dorsal view. Antero-lateral margin divided into two arcs by a broad sinus above the base of the first antennal joint. Posterior margin concave. Chelipeds un- equal, dissimilar, microscopically punctate; merus stout, short, produced into a prominent semi-oval lamina distally and anteriorly; carpus stout, about | as wide as long, with a deep concavity on the under side for the reception of the posterior side of the manus; manus, small at juncture with carpus, increasing in breadth and thickness to the central part of the hand, which here forms an obtuse angle, the distal portion pointing outward; dense, long pubescence fringes the outer lower margin of manus; pollex of major hand turning outward, upward at tip, armed with a row of low blunt teeth, largest and highest in the center; the prehensile finger is curved outward, tip downward, and meshes on the outside of the tip of the pollex; it is armed with a cutting edge of small teeth extending from the tip to a large tooth in the middle; from this point to the gape, on a different axis, are five blunt, low teeth, the last a lobe; the minor hand has a straight finger and pollex, curved at the tips; the tip of the dactylus meshes on the inside of the pollex, the pollex being the longer; a double row of small sharp teeth on both members, the outside row entire, the inner row extending half way from the tip. Ambula- tory legs longest in the order 1-2-3; merus wide, crested on 1-2, flattened on 3, a row of sharp outward pointing spines on posterior margin of merus of legs 2-3; propodi compressed, posterior margin armed with four forward pointing spines, a transverse pair at distal end, followed by a single spine set a little back of these, also a spine near center and on the same axis as the last; dactyli with four ungui- cles, numbers 1-2-3 curving inward, the 4th outward; upper margin of carpus and both margins of propodi and dactyli fringed with hair. The telson is composed of seven plates. Sexual variation. — Males smaller than females, also darker in color. Color in life. — Ground color of carapace a dark brown, mottled with green and red, chelipeds the same, while the legs are lighter and banded. Abdomen mottled and opalescent. Measurements. — Female holotype: length of carapace 9.1 mm., width 13.5 mm. Male paratype: length 7.9 mm., width 10 mm. Largest female (imperfect) : length 10.2 mm., width 15.5 mm. Range. — Known only from type locality. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico 95 Material examined. — A series of 8 females and 5 males. Habitat. — This species is found commensal with the chaetopodous annelid, Chetopterus vanopedatus (Renier), which was found in a leathery double-ended tube, located at mean low water level, on an eel grass mud flat. Only the larger tubes were found to have crabs in them. These tubes are about a yard long by an inch in diameter. Remarks. — Related to P. nitidus Lockington, 1878, but differs in the fol- lowing respects: hands unequal, instead of equal; carpus of chela § as wide as long, instead of \ as wide; dactyli of ambulatory legs with four unguicles, instead of with various numbers of unguicles. I am unfamiliar with any other species of this genus and it seems remarkable to me that the dactyls of the chelipeds are not symmetrically disposed, the dactyl of the major hand overlapping on the outside of the pollex, while the reverse is true of the dactyl of the minor hand. LEUCOSIDAE Speloephorus schmitti, n. sp. Plate 10 Type.— Female, holotype; Cat. No. 67728, U. S. National Museum: from San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, low tide; May 10, 1933; collected by E. H. Quayle. One paratype male, one paratype female, Cat. No's. 752 and 753, S. D. S. N. H.; collected by S. A. Glassell, same locality, June 12, 1933; five female paratypes in the collection of Steve A. Glassell, Beverly Hills, California. Diagnosis. — Carapace subtriangular, one and a half times as broad as long. Hinder edge of carapace sharp, straight. Description. — Carapace subtriangular, approximately one and a half times as broad as long; surface granulate, formed by a pavement of flat and rounded, close-set granules. Subhepatic region prominent in dorsal view, postero-Iateral margin a broad arch which terminates posteriorly in a slight tooth at the begin- ning of the posterior hollow. Two small excrescences on the anterior branchial margin, a short transverse raised line above. Hepatic region high, frontal teeth deeply separated, a median groove on the cardiac region. Intestinal region thick, forming a large protuberance within the posterior cavity, not visible in dorsal view; the border of the cavity roughly pentagonal. Hinder edge of carapace sharp, straight, invisible from above. Merus of chelipeds trilobed on outer margin; car- pus short; hands dilated at proximal end, a straight crest on upper margin; ringers thin, flat, curved, grooved, fitting close together. Ambulatory legs short, merus lobed, carpus and propodus cristate, dactyli spinous. Enitire ventral side including legs and chelipeds tuberculate. Sexual and juvenile variations. — Abdomen of female heavily eroded. Male abdomen tuberculate, with a backward pointing spine at the proximal end of penult segment. Juvenile carapace with a high tuberculate median crest, a trans- verse row of four granulated lobes, two branchial, two epibranchial, a deep trans- verse sulcus posterior to these lobes. In the very small specimens the posterior border is visible in a dorsal view. 96 San Diego Society of Natural History Color in life. — Carapace a salmon pink, blotched with white, ventral side and legs a muddy white. Measurements. — Female holotype: length of carapace 27 mm., width 36.8 mm. Male paratype: length 27.4 mm., width 36.5 mm. Range. — Upper end of Gulf of California, Mexico. Material examined. — Angeles Bay, Baja California, January 4, 1932, by S. A. Glassell: two females and one male, juveniles. San Felipe, Baja California, May and June, 1933, by E. H. Quayle and S. A. Glassell: two females (one the holotype), and one male. San Felipe, Baja California, May 28, 1934, by S. A. Glassell: two females. Habitat. — Found at low tide, under dense sea lettuce and weeds among rocks. Remarks. — This species is dedicated to Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, of the U. S. National Museum, to whom I am indebted for assistance and counsel. GONEPLACIDAE Panoplax mundata, n. sp. Plate 1 1 Type. — Male, holotype; Cat. No. 754, San Diego Society of Natural His- tory; female, paratype; Cat. No. 755, S. D. S. N. H; one paratype, Cat. No. 71337, U. S. National Museum: from San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, near upper end of Gulf of California; June 2, 1934; collected by Steve A. Glassell, Beverly Hills, California, in whose collection the remaining paratypes are located. Diagnosis. — Carapace convex anteriorly and posteriorly. Front bilobed, truncate, straight. Sixth segment of male abdomen broader than base of seventh. Antero-lateral borders converging slightly posteriorly. Description. — Carapace slightly depressed at cardiac region, convex anter- iorly and posteriorly; transversely flat at fourth marginal tooth; regions fairly well marked, surface finely punctate, granulate on outer regions. Front truncate, divided into two straight margined lobes by a sharp V shaped median notch. Width of orbit and frontal lobe subequal. Five lateral teeth including the orbital tooth; the second shallow, separated from the first by a shallow sinus; the third large, blunt, right-angled, pointing forward and slightly upward; the fourth sharper, right-angled, with anterior margin short and nearly transverse to the carapace; the fifth small, not projecting beyond the general outline. Postero- lateral margins moderately converging behind. Hinder edge of carapace straight. Merus stout, dentate on upper margin. Carpus oblong, with a blunt tooth at inner angle, granulate on upper surface; a slight anterior transverse groove. Hands un- equal, smooth and rounded; a row of hairs on upper crest of hand and finger; a lateral groove from near tip of pollex, paralleling lower outer margin; prehensile teeth broad, low, a large one at base of dactylus on major hand; no gape; a dark brown patch of color on pollex, extending slightly on palm of male; fingers brown, curved at tips. Ambulatory legs long, hairy on margins, merus slightly com- pressed; dactyli long, lanceolate, hairy to tip. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico 97 Sexual variation. — Slight. Color on pollex of female not continued on palm. Color in life. — Ground color of carapace pinkish cream, overlaid with a few reddish orange spots, irregularly broadcast. Chelipeds,merus and carpus same color as carapace; fingers a deep dark brown, tips white. Ambulatory legs a yellowish cream, with a few reddish-orange spots; tips of dactylus amber. Ventral side same as dorsal, but without spots. Measurements. — Male holotype: length of carapace 4.6 mm., width 6 mm. Female paratype, length 4.9 mm., width 6.5 mm. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Material examined. — A series of over fifty specimens of both sexes, many juvenile. Habitat.— This species inhabits a soft mud bottom, covered by five to seven fathoms of muddy water. Remarks. — The fifth tooth of the carapace is hard to distinguish in any but the largest specimens, and even then the pubescence will have to be removed to show as in the plate. This species is the Pacific analogue of Panoplax depressa Stimpson, 1871, but differs from the species in the squarer carapace, straighter front, smaller size, and lack of distinct epigastric lobes. PINNOTHERIDAE Pinnotheres clavapedatus, n. sp. Plates 12, 13 Type.— Female, holotype; Cat. No. 756, San Diego Society of Natural History: from San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, low tide; June 1, 1934; col- lected by Steve A. Glassell. One paratype, male, Cat. No. 757, S. D. S. N. H.; one female and one male, paratypes, Cat. No's. 71338 and 71333, U. S. National Museum; three males, sixty females, paratypes, in the collection of Steve A. Glas- sell, Beverly Hills, California. Diagnosis. — First ambulatory leg stout, propodus greatly dilated at distal end, clavate, second leg similar but not so stout, third and fourth legs slender. Dactylus of outer maxilliped narrow-spatulate, slightly curved, attached near mid- dle of propodus and reaching \ its length past the extremity of the latter. Description of female. — Carapace smooth, shining, semi-hard, convex in both directions, eyes not visible in dorsal view; regions not denned; posterior mar- gin concave. Merus of outer maxillipeds widest at distal f , narrowing at distal end; propodus longer than carpus; dactylus narrow-spatulate, slightly curved, attached near middle of propodus and reaching \ its length past the latter mem- ber. Hands cylindrical, similar, increasing in width to base of prehensile finger, smooth with exception of a row of forward-pointing hairs on inner side of pollex, extending back to a point under the gape; inner tip of dactylus hairy. First and second legs stout, smooth, with propodi cylindrical and distended at distal ends; first leg much the larger, dactylus short, stout, straight on under side, arched on upper, with needle tip; second dactylus longer and heavier; third and fourth legs 98 San Diego Society of Natural History very slender; dactylus of third leg long, slender, slightly curved; dactylus of fourth leg arched on the anterior margin, larger at proximal third than at base, a row of hairs on the inner margin, as has the propodus of this leg at the distal inner half. Abdomen unusually large, even to covering the mouth parts when non-ovigerous. Description of male. — Much smaller, width of carapace less than \ that of female. Carapace suboctagonal, lightly sculptured, finely pubescent, posterior margin straight. Cardiac region transversely ovate, surrounded by a groove except posteriorly; branchial and gastric regions grooved; a light median sulcus. Front in dorsal view advanced, arcuate, divided; in front view, the front is deflexed and pointed. Orbits oval, eyestalks stout, filling the hiatus. Antennae short. Chelipeds stout, pubescent; carpus short; hands thick; palm with upper surface concave, inner proximal end distended, lower margin of pollex convex from end to end, tip fal- cate, armed with a tooth and a groove immediately behind it, fingers heavy, gap- ing when closed, heavily curved at tip, armed with a prominent tooth which meshes into the groove of the pollex. Ambulatory legs similar, slender, slightly pubescent; merus long, cylindrical; propodus convex on both margins; dactylus falcate, slight, long and sharp; carpus and propodus of second and third legs with long fringes of hair on posterior surface. Abdomen with first segment wide at base, widest at third segment, sides converging to tip, seventh segment semi-oval, slightly longer than wide. Color in life. — The female carapace is a light cream, with an orange red de- sign showing through the cardiac region, and extending on to the branchials. Male, a light brown. Measurements. — Female holotype: length of carapace 7.6 mm., width 12.4 mm. Male paratype: length of carapace 2.33 mm., width 2.5 mm. Range. — From Magdalena Bay, Baja California, Mexico, to the head of the Gulf of California. Material examined. — A series of over two hundred females, taken through- out its range, and five males taken at San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico. Habitat. — Found commensal in the boring mollusk, Lithophaga attenuata (Deshayes), which I have taken from a depth of 15 fathoms to just below the inter-tidal zone. Remarks- — This species closely resembles Pinnotheres lithodomi Smith, 1870, which was described from a damaged juvenile specimen, but differs from that species in the following particulars: Merus of outer maxillipeds convex on anterior margin, convex on distal posterior margin, and thence concave to base, instead of broadest at distal extremity, sides nearly straight; first and second am- bulatory legs stout, clavate at distal end of propodus, instead of slender. The dis- tinctive characters of this new species, especially the club-shaped first propodus, which is a striking feature even in juveniles, could hardly have missed the critical eye of such a carcinologist as S. I. Smith, and since he makes no mention of them I am convinced his species was not the one here described as new. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico Plate 9 : ■-■■ --_ ■ ? •-'-> ^ W-v? ( i, >r ^ ,_iiii**»*>' ' '" .^...iw**-- 5 Polyonyx quadriungulatus, n. sp. Fig. 1. Female holotype, dorsal view. Fig. 4. Propodus and dactyl of ambulatory leg. Fig. 2. Female third maxilliped. Fig. 5. Major chela. Fig. 3. Female telson of abdomen. Fig. 6. Minor chela. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico Plate 10 W" :■ ■ V3 6 § j ... "'-^3'; '■& *P ^■^^ei^^^ lO rrvm. . Jj — si »• iSF M •&,. 2£ V. >'-^-C %2 ¥-f, -^ Speloephorus schmitti, n. sp. Fig. I. Male paratype, dorsal view. Fig. 2. Male paratype, ventral view. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico Plate 11 ,y. 1 1 \ i W ... >' Panoplax mundata, n. sp. Fig. 1. Male liolotype, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Outer maxilliped. Fig. 2. Major chela without hair. Fig. 4. Female abdomen. Fig. S. Male abdomen. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico Plate 12 r- 2&*E - ^ ■■-V -— m; «wg ■ V 1 Pinnotheres clavapedatus, n. sp. Fig. 1. Male paracype, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Male right chela, dorsal view. Fig. 2. Male right chela. Fig. 4. Male antennal and buccal area. Fig. J. Male abdomen. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico Plate 13 Pinnotheres clavapedatus, n. sp. Fig. 1. Female holotype, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Female, ambulatory legs. Fig. 2. Female, right chela. Fig. 4. Female, third maxilliped. Fig. 5. Female, antcnnal and buccal area. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico Plate 14 Pinnotheres angelicus Lockington, female. Fig. 1. Female neotype, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Female antennal and buccal area. Fig. 2. Female chela. Fig. 4. Female outer maxilliped. Fig. 5. Female frontal-ventral view. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico Plate 15 Pinnotheres angelicus Lockington, male. Fig. 1. Male allotype, dorsal view. Fig. 4. Male chela, dorsal view. Fig. 2. Male chela. Fig. S. Male antenna! and buccal area. Fig. 3. Male abdomen. Fig. 6. Male chela, front view of palm Glassell— Crabs from Mexico Plate 16 Dissodactylus lockingtoni, n. sp. Fig. 4. Female, right chela. Fig. S. Male abdomen. Fig. 6. Female abdomen. Fig. 1 . Female, dorsal view. I ig. 2. Female, third maxilliped. Fig. 3. Female, first ambulatory leg. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico 99 Pinnotheres angelicus Lockington Plates 14, 15 Pinnotheres angelica Lockington, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 7, 1876 (1877), p. 155 [10] (type-locality, Angeles Bay, Gulf of California, in oysters; type not extant) . Not P. angelicus Miers, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., vol. 15, 1880. (Rathbun). Pinnotheres angelicus Lockington, (Rathbun), Bull. U. S. National Museum, No. 97, Jan. 25, 1918, pp. 72-73, pi. 16, figs. 5-6, text fig. No. 34. This species was found on the Gulf coast of Baja Califorina, Mexico, at Angeles Bay, and was described by Lockington in 1877. In 1906 the female holo- type and the female paratypes were destroyed in the San Francisco fire. No males were in the original collection. In January 1932 at Angeles Bay, and in June 1933, at San Felipe, on the Gulf coast of Baja California, Mexico, I took a large series of the females and a few males. From the Angeles Bay material I am designating one female the neo- type and one male the allotype. Neotype. — Female; No. 758, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History: from Angeles Bay, Baja California, Mexico; January 4, 1932; collected by Steve A. Glassell. "Diagnosis. — Female transverse, smooth, shining. Dactylus of second leg much the longest. Prominent tubercle on basal joint of antennae. Dactylus of endognath attached to end of propodus. "Description of female. — Smooth, shining. Carapace thin, easily wrinkled, transverse, with anterior margin strongly arcuate, posterior margin long, slightly concave, sides rounded; gastric region well defined; a large pit on branchial region near inner angle. Front advanced, edge rounded. Orbits and eyes oval, hidden from dorsal view. A large prominent tubercle at posterior end of basal joint of an- tenna. Propodus of endognath distally rounded, dactylus small, attached on inner portion of extremity of propodus. Chelipeds elongate, manus slightly compressed and increasing distally; immovable finger slightly deflexed, swollen in basal half: fingers fitting together when closed, tips curved and crossing each other. Legs slender, second longest, third next, fourth shortest; dactyli nearly straight, except that of second leg, which is twice as long as of other legs, and nearly equaling its propodus. Abdomen unusually large." (Rathbun). Allotype. — Male; No. 759, collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History: from Angeles Bay, Baja California, Mexico; January 4, 1932; collected by Steve A. Glassell. Description of male allotype. — Much smaller than female. Carapace flat, suborbicular, with the front advanced in a triangle, tip rounding downward to a blunt point, not observable in dorsal view; surface hard, lightly pubescent, punc- tate; cardiac region faintly defined. Eye stalks large and stout, diminishing from base to tip; pubescent on upper forward surface; cornea large. A small tubercle at posterior end of basal joint of antenna. Chelipeds stout, similar, slightly pubes- 100 San Diego Society of Natural History cent, palm smooth, swollen in basal half, decreasing distal ly; exterior of manus crossed longitudinally by a granulate ridge. Pollex short, stout, hooked at tip; a large ridge-like tooth occupying entire central portion; a deep notch at gape. Dac- tyli long and curved at tip, armed with two well-developed teeth at proximal end, the distal one the larger; fingers fitting together when closed, curved tips crossing each other; a row of hairs at bottom margin of hand. Legs slender, second and third subequal, first shorter, fourth shortest. Dactyls long and straight, with tips hooked, acuminate. Popodus of last three legs crested with setae. Lower distal edges of carpus of second and third legs with setae. Abdomen widest at third seg- ment which is almost three-quarters of entire length; gradually narrowing from third to seventh segment, which is obtusely rounded. Abdomen and sternum pubescent. Color in life. — Carapace and chelipeds of male a deep chocolate brown; am- bulatory legs much lighter. Carapace and chelipeds of female a deep chocolate brown; ambulatory legs a light cream color. Measurements. — Female neotype: carapace 8 mm. long, by 1 1 mm. wide. Male allotype: carapace 2.7 mm. long, by 2.8 mm. wide. Range. — Gulf of California, Mexico, from upper to lower end. Habitat. — Found in the mantle cavity of a small plicated oyster which is attached to rocks or mangrove roots, this oyster may prove to be either Ostrea cumingiana Dunker, or O. amara Carpenter. It is also reported in the mussel Modiolus capax Conrad, a series of which I examined at San Felipe, Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico, but without results. The male is undoubtedly free swimming and its capture at any time is highly problematical. Out of several hundred specimens examined, a series of only six or eight males was taken. Dissodactylus lockingtoni, n. sp. Plate 16 Type. — Female, holotype; Cat. No. 760, San Diego Society of Natural His- tory; from Punta Penasco (Rocky Point) , Sonora, Mexico, low tide; May 3, 1935; collected by Steve A. Glassell. One paratype, male, Cat. No. 761, S. D. S. N. H.; one paratype female, juvenile, Cat. No. 71339, U. S. National Museum; 25 of both sexes, paratypes, in the collection of Steve A. Glassell, Beverly Hills, California. Diagnosis. — Carapace convex. Dorsal ridge slightly oblique to postero- lateral border. Upper border of merus-ischium of outer maxilliped serrate; palp three-jointed. Last segment of male abdomen semi-oval. Description. — Carapace convex in both directions, high in middle, minutely pubescent; regions ill denned, almost smooth. Front concave, slightly produced. Anterolateral borders arcuate, sinuous, with a milled margin starting at the cervi- cal groove, which at the lateral angles, extends obliquely inward on the carapace; postero-Iateral borders with a nearly straight rim; posterior margin sinuous. Merus of outer maxillipeds suboblong, upper crest serrated; lower distal angles rounded; segments of palp long; second segment spatulate, distal end broad and Glassell — Crabs from Mexico 101 squarely truncate; third segment small, located at the distal inner angle of the sec- ond segment. Merus of chelipeds short, not extending far beyond carapace; carpus short, minutely granulate; hands similar, suboblong, granulate, faint ridges on inner and outer sides, a pubescent fringe on inner lower margin of palm, extend- ing to pollex. Pollex horizontal, unarmed. Prehensile finger longer than pollex, curved, granulate, and armed with three or more small teeth, increasing in size towad the gape. Legs slightly hairy, short, stout; dactyli of first three legs smooth, naked, divided at proximal third, secondary tip short, bifid; dactylus of fourth simple, long, lanceolate, slightly curved at tip, lower margin with long hair to distal third. Sexual variation. — The female resembles the male. The female abdomen covers the sternum, is suboblong, with seven segments; seventh segment broadly triangular, height less than £ the width. Male abdomen, first and second segments narrower than third, fused; third to sixth fused, expanded at base, contracted at distal end; first to sixth coffin-shaped; seventh segment semi-oval, height a little more than \ the width. Color in life. — Male, bluish-white, with fingers of chelipeds yellowish. Female, carapace pigmented on bluish-white ground with minute dark brownish specks, yellow of internal organs showing through. Ambulatory legs specked with dark spots. Row of black hairs on anterior margin of sternum, in both sexes, partly covering the mouth parts. Measurements. — Female holotype: length of carapace 7 mm., width 7:5 mm. Male paratype: length of carapace 5.5 mm., width 5.8 mm. Range. — Found both at San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, and at Punta Penasco (Rocky Point), Sonora, Mexico, but undoubtedly ranges throughout the Gulf of California. Habitat. — Commensal on the ventral exterior surface of the following Echinoids: Mellita longifssa Michelin, Encope micropora Agassiz, E. grandis Agassiz and E. californica Verrill. It is usually found, when on the Encope, located in the proximal portion of the posterior interambulacral Iunule. From this position to a point near the peristome or periproct of the echnoid, the crab clears the actinal spines, thus forming for itself a roadway but little wider than its out- stretched ambulatory legs. D. nitidus Smith, may also occupy the same echnoid with D. lockingtoni, but the former ranges over the entire ventral surface and has no fixed place of abode. Affinity. — Related to D. nitidus Smith, 1870, which it somewhat resem- bles, but differs in the following respects: carapace convex, instead of compressed; crest of outer maxillipeds serrate, instead of smooth; terminal segment of male abdomen semi-oval, instead of triangular; color bluish-white, instead of purplish brown. Remarks. — This species is dedicated to Mr. W. N. Lockington, who did such splendid work in West American carcinology during the 1870's and late 1880's, both as a collector and systematist, while with the California Academy of Sciences, at San Francisco, California. 102 San Diego Society of Natural History Pinnixa plectrophoros, n. sp. Type.— Male; Cat. No. 762, San Diego Society of Natural History: from Punta Pefiasco (Rocky Point), Sonora, Mexico; May 1, 1935; collected by Steve A. Glassell. Description. — Allied to P. retinens.1 Carapace three times as wide as long; nearly flat except toward margins, where it slopes gradually downward at lateral angles, abruptly to posterior margin. Antero-lateral margin feebly indicated by minute granules. Orbits of eyes, the eyes and sub-hepatic regions visible in dorsal view. Front not projecting, bilobed, a median sulcus. Two transverse lunate pits at cardiac region; a pit in line with these on mesobranchial region; other regions ill defined. Chelipeds weak, hairy, similar; carpus smooth, with pubescent mar- gins; hands weak, margins parallel, compressed; pollex in line with lower margin of hand, uncolored, microscopically denticulate; dactyl curved, crested with hair, closely fitted to pollex. First and second legs slight, dactyli long, lanceolate; third leg very heavy, dactyl triangular, with two spines near base of anterior side, a posterior propodal spine, a large outward curving spur at distal posterior end of merus, a small blunt spine at its base, two ischial spines; fourth leg very short, slight, hairy, not reaching past merus of third leg, with two ischial spines and a spine on the proximal lower margin of the merus. Male abdomen, first and sec- ond segments free, third to sixth fused, seventh segment as in P. transversalis,2 female abdomen with seven segments, covering sternum. Measurements. — Length of carapace 2 mm., width 6 mm. Habitat. — Commensal in the sand tube of a species of annelid worm (Clymenella) . Remarks. — Fuller descriptions and plates of this and the two following species will be included in a forthcoming partial revision of the genus Pinnixa by the writer. Pinnixa pembertoni, n. sp. Type. — Male; Cat. No. 763, San Diego Society of Natural History: from San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico; June 19, 1935; collected by Steve A. Glas- sell. Description. — Allied to P. \loridana? Carapace twice as wide as long, con- vex posteriorly, punctate, sharply rounding at the angles and to the posterior mar- gin. Antero-lateral angle forming a shoulder, the side walls steep and tapering outwardly. Antero-lateral border with a fine granulate ridge. Cardiac and gastric regions slightly raised, a sulcus between, a shallow depression on each side. Front truncate, slightly projecting, pubescent. Eyes large, filling the orbits. Chelipeds similar, strong; merus short, pubescent; carpus smooth on upper surface, mar- gined with pubescence; hands smooth on inner palm, smooth on outer side, with a row of fine hair on upper and lower margins, a longitudinal row from gape to i Bull. 97, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1918, p. 139, pi. 41, figs. 1-2, text figs. 83-84. 2 Bull. 97, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1918. p. 132, text figs. 75-76. 3 Bull. 97, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1918, p. 138, pi. 30, figs. 4-7, text fig. 82. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico 103 carpus; lower margin sinuous, pollex convex, distal end upturned, armed with three or more triangular blunt teeth; dactyl curved at tip, armed with two or more blunt teeth in center, crested with fine hair, tip not crossing pollex; gape pubescent, open to tip of fingers. First and second legs slight, merus trihedral, dactyli long, slim, straight, lanceolate; third leg heavy, dactyl long, heavy, straight, pubescent, pos- terior margin of leg heavily pubescent; fourth leg similar but much smaller, dac- tyl reaching slightly past merus of third leg, pubescent on both margins. Terminal segment of palp of outer maxilliped reaches nearly to base of ischium. Abdomen widest at third segment; fourth, fifth and sixth segments fused, sides sinuous, narrowest at sixth, seventh broader than sixth, broadly rounded at sides, tip truncate. Measurements. — Length of carapace 3.8 mm., width 7.6 mm. Habitat. — Commensal with a species of the "lug-worm" (Arenicola) . Remarks- — Dedicated to Mr. J. R. Pemberton, of Los Angeles, California, whose generous constructive criticism has been greatly appreciated by the writer. Pinnixa huffmani, n. sp. Type.— Female; Cat. No. 764, San Diego Society of Natural History: from Punta Penasco (Rocky Point), Sonora Mexico; May 4, 1935; collected by Steve A. Glassell. Description. — Allied to P. barnharhf' Carapace little wider than long, very convex in both directions, thin, not firm, internal organs showing through, punc- tate on posterior half, smooth on anterior portion. A faint antero-lateral margin. Sub-hepatic region prominent in dorsal view. Front a wide arc, not projecting. A transverse, narrow sulcus across entire carapace at cardiac-gastric regions. Regions not defined. Eyes not large, cornea small, red pigment. Chelipeds similar, equal; merus long, hairy; carpus long, rounded, smooth; hands very long, compressed, margins sub-parallel, curving inward at distal end, upper margin highest over dac- tyl, crested with hair, outside of palm smooth; pollex slightly depressed, triangu- lar, sharp pointed, armed with cutting edge; dactyl very heavy at gape, curved downward to a sharp pointed tip, armed with a large tooth at proximal side of middle, very slightly gaping; the fingers when closed cross the tips of their respec- tive pollices on opposite sides from each other. Legs similar, hairy on margins, not compressed, third longest; dactyli long, nearly straight, curved slightly at tip, which is very sharp, corneous; fourth leg long, reaching to propodus of third; dactyl straight. Abdomen semi-globular, punctate, covering sternum and part of maxillipeds. Second and third segments of palp of outer maxillipeds very large, third the longer. Measurements. — Length of carapace 6.1 mm., width 7.6 mm. Habitat. — Commensal in a species of the sea cucumber CThyone) . Remarks. — Dedicated to Mr. Earl C. Huffman, of Pasadena, California, conchologist, and a companion on many a mile of mud and sand. 4 Bull. 97, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1918, p. 149, pi. 32, text fig. 91. 104 San Diego Society of Natural History XANTHIDAE Ozius tenuidactylos (Lockington) , corrected name Ozius agassizii A. Milne Edwards, should be known as Ozius tenuidactylos (Lockington) . A careful study of Lockington's original description of this species (Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 7, 1876 [1877], p. 98 [4] : type-locality, La Paz, Lower California; type not extant) , under the name Xantho tenuidactylos nov. sp., and allowance for the obvious reversing of his length and width measure- ments, shows that Milne Edwards' Ozius agassizii (Crust. Reg. Mex., 1880, p. 279, pi. 55, figs. 1-ld: type-locality, Panama; type in M. C. Z.), must be conspe- cific. Hence agassizii being of later date must be suppressed as a synonym. Glassell — Crabs from Mexico 105 Extension of Range and New Locality Records PlNNOTHERIDAE Fabia grand Glassell Xanthidae Lophopanopeus bellus (Stimpson) San Pedro, California Lophopanopeus bellus (Stimpson) variety San Pedro, California Taken at low tide Glyptoxanthus meandricus (Lockington) Punta Penasco, Sonora, Mex. Pilumnus limosus Smith Punta Penasco, Sonora, Mex. PORCELLANIDAE Pachycheles holosericus Schmitt Ensenada, Baja Calif.. Mex. Pachycheles pubescens Holmes Ensenada, Baja Calif., Mex. juv. June 1, '34 2 $ juv. 10 5, 10 2 3 5,35 6 5 juv., 6 9 juv. San Felipe, Baja, Calif., Mex. June 1, '34 Host, Acmaea mesoleuca Menke San Felipe, Baja Calif., Mex. June 19, '35 2 9 Host, Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby) Punta Penasco, Sonora, Mex. May 3, '35 1 9 Host, Crepidula nieva C. B. Adams Opisthopus transversus Rathbun San Felipe, Baja Calif., Mex. Pinmxa transversalis (M. Edw. & Lucas) San Felipe, Baja Calif., Mex. June 1, '34 Punta Penasco, Sonora, Mex. May 2, '35 Pinnixa occidentalis Rathbun San Felipe, Baja Calif., Mex. June 1, '34 Pinmxa longipes (Lockington) Ensenada, Baja Calif., Mex. Jan. 2, '35 15,15 Pinnotheres reticulatus Rathbun San Felipe, Baja Calif., Mex. June 19, '35 12 9 Host, Tagelus affinis C. B. Adams Host, Paphia grata Sowerby Majidae Pugettia producta (Randall) Ensenada, Baja Calif., Mex. PORTUNIDAE Portunus (Portunus) xantus'u (Stimpson) Santa Barbara, California Jan. 2, '35 1 $ Mar. 17, '33 1 5 Jan. 8, '33 25,19 Jan. 8, '33 25 May 2, '35 10 5,10 9 May 1, ^E '35 10 5 , 10 9 Jan. 3, '35 15,19 Jan. 3, '35 2 5 juv., 3 9 juv. ^yyfF TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. VIII, No. 15, pp. 107-1 14, text figs. 1-6 August 24, 1935 A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PIGMY GOOSE FROM THE McKITTRICK PLEISTOCENE1 BY Roland Case Ross Los A ngeles City Schools Among the Pleistocene avian remains found by the California Insti- tute of Technology in the asphalts of McKittrick are fourteen (complete and partial) tarsometatarsal elements of a goose more slender than any of the living Anserinae. Without attempting at this time to establish the identity of the form on the basis of other elements, it is here proposed to describe and record a new genus and species of goose on tarsal characters alone, the tarsus being a characteristic avian element, and in this instance well preserved, numerous and clearly generically distinct. Acknowledgments Thanks are due Dr. Loye Holmes Miller for suggesting the problem and for use of material. Mr. John L. Ridgway, scientific illustrator of the California Institute of Technology, is acknowledged gratefully for the preparation of text figures. Dr. Chester Stock, in whose laboratory this study has been made, is thanked for continued encouragement and guidance. Anabernicula gracilenta, n. gen. and n. sp. Type. — No. 1169 Calif. Inst. Tech. Vert. Pale. Coll., left tarsometatarsus of 1 Contribution No. 171. Balch Graduate School of the Geological Sciences, California Institute of Technology. 108 San Diego Society of Natural History mature Anserine bird, complete and unworn, from the brea deposits of McKit- trick, Calif., Pleistocene age. Paratypes. — No. 1168, right tarsometatarsus, complete except for extended portions of hypotarsus, length 60.3 mm.; and No. 1170, left tarsometatarsus, proximal three-fifths Description. — Goose-like in general structure and proportions. Small and slender with delicately tapered shaft, broad spread of distal condyles, and dimin- ished tarsal articulation. Inner cotyla deeply cupped and of noticeably slight extent an tero posteriorly.1 Hypotarsus in lateral aspect rectangular, of relatively slight vertical extent, markedly strong in plantar depth. Inferior terminus of inner calcaneal ridge abrupt, with slight gradient into shaft. Intermuscular line of the posterointernal border of shaft deflected inwardly toward the proximal end, effecting thus a disjunction with the inner calcaneal ridge. Extensor groove flattens out in its oblique descent across inner surface of shaft and weakens intermuscular line at junction. Measurements of Type in Millimeters Total length over all 61.8 Minimum shaft width (transverse) 4.4 Minimum shaft depth (anteroposterior) 3.4 Minimum shaft area, cross section (sq. mm.) 14.96 Transverse width proximal end 11.6 Anteroposterior depth proximal end (inner cotyla) 5.5 Anteroposterior depth proximal end including hypotarsus 11.0 Anteroposterior depth first calcaneal ridge 5.5 Transverse (total) extent of distal end (condyles 2, 3, 4) 10.4 Transverse extent of condyles 3 and 4 8.4 Minimum transverse width of condyle 2 2.9 Maximum transverse width of condyle 3 5.0 Mean transverse width of condyle 4 3.6 Anteroposterior depth of condyle 2 5.6 Anteroposterior depth of condyle 3 7.2 Anteroposterior depth of condyle 4 7.1 Minimum transverse width of prong shaft to condyle 4, taken from distal foramen to outer border 3.2 Generic Characters of Anabernicula Although assignable only to the subfamily Anserinae or true geese, there are characters consistently present in the fossil tarsal specimens that relate to ducks and tree-ducks, Anatinae and Dendrocygninae respective- ly. Chief among these are the square-cornered outline of the hypotarsus as viewed from the inner side, its undercut effect at the distal confluence with - Anteroposterior is the rotular-plantar axis. Ross — New Pigmy Goose 109 shaft, and its marked plantar extent. Fig. 1A shows these distinctions in contrast to the characters seen in species of living pigmy geese (fig.l, B, C, D). Of 24 races of geese studied, none displays the above characters, while ducks and tree-ducks both possess them. The deflection of the intermuscular line internolateral of the hypo- tarsus is a strong dendrocygnine structural feature, as is also the strap-like groove for the muscle extensor hallucis breris upon the inner side of the shaft. In the Anserinae the groove is fine or cord-like as opposed to ribbon or strap-like in tree-ducks. This character in the fossil bird is intermediate, being fine-grooved proximally but widened distally on the approach to the intermuscular line. An unique feature is the flattening or weakening effect this has on the intermuscular line at this junction. This effect has not been noted in ducks (excepting the Muscovy Duck) or tree-ducks, and is only weakly if at all defined in geese Proximal view of the head (fig. 1A upper) shows a more restricted articulation area as compared with that in other geese (actual and rela- tive), an excessive development of the first calcaneal ridge anteroposteri- orly, and a small circular deeply cupped inner cotyla of limited anteropos- terior diameter. The above structural features deserve generic distinction, while the following goose-like characters maintain the status of the new group within the Anserinae : The tapering and proportions of the shaft elimin- ate Cygninae, Anatinae, Dendrocygninae and are typical of Anserinae. The swelling of shaft into condylar prongs, the spacing, and the total spread of the distal condyles are separable by detail or proportion from all others but the Anserinae. Specific Characters of Anabernicula gracilenta Anabernkula gracilenta as a species can be "hand picked" from min- gled tarsi of other pigmy geese by an appearance of delicacy and dwarf- ness. The ranges in size of its component parts as given below are consid- ered fair delimitation for the species, inasmuch as the number of fossil specimens equaled or surpassed Recent specimens of each species studied. Both mature and immature individuals were present. The seventeen fossil specimens of tarsometatarsus fall into a very con- sistent clustered group when measured in certain ways. Various units of study and ratios between measurements give specific and even generic dis- tinctness to the fossil group. In the living pigmy geese no such sharpness 110 San Diego Society of Natural History between groups and rarely any tendency to generic separation has appeared in the numerous measurements and ratios exacted of their tarsi. There are, however, size and proportional figures that yield no dis- tinctions between Anabernicula gracilenta and the four pigmy races of native geese. Such characters are frequently of subfamily rank, inasmuch as they unite the goose group and serve to distinguish it from Anatinae, Cygninae, and Dendrocygninae. Life Characteristics This small goose outnumbers several times over the individuals of other geese occurring in the McKittrick collections of the California In- stitute. The larger geese are noticeably infrequent in this and other col- lections of McKittrick material. The relative abundance of the pigmy goose would seem to indicate special attractiveness of the locality as af- forded perhaps by shallow ponds and mud flats. Anabernicula gracilenta possesses more slender proportions than any known goose, and is smaller in bulk and weight than any goose living with the exception of Chenonetta of Australia. The resemblance of the fossil goose to Branta bernicla in length of tarsometatarsus and in some other gross features leads one to picture the extinct waterfowl as of similar but slighter build than the black or sea brant. Standing in equal height of limb, A. gracilenta weighed much less than the brant, probably approaching the tree-duck in weight. The spread of the distal condyles for digital articulation, while dis- tinctly goose-like and not duck-like, nevertheless falls away from the goose type when considered in proportion to length of shaft. In this regard it joins in close proportional similarity to the tree-ducks. Chloephaga, the upland goose, noted for its terrestrial habits, favors this narrow foot and long shaft proportion. It is significant that this proportional study throws sharp distinction between the fossil goose and the goose nearest it in size, namely Branta bernicla, while at the same time placing it nearer to B. c. minima and C. rossii. The latter two geese spend a considerable part of their lives upon the land, while Branta bernicla is a marine forager that spends little time ashore. It might be further pointed out that Philacte canagica, our most maritime goose, shows an extreme disproportion toward short shank and wide foot, and that the swan (Cygnus columbia- nus) , strongly aquatic, falls well within the same grouping. Considering the characters, slender shaft, length of shaft, small proximal weight-bearing articulation, reduced spread of digital condyles, Ross — New Pigmy Goose 111 and considering the inference given above as based upon the ratio of foot- spread to tarsal length, this Brea Pigmy Goose appears in mind as an agile, light-bodied goose of active, walking habits frequenting, in company with shorebirds, mud flats and borders of ponds. Anabernicula (Anas-bernicla, duck-goose) denotes the relationship of the new goose genus, while gracilenta denotes the delicacy and grace suggested in many features by the specimens at hand. Faunal Range In the fossil collections of the University of California at Los Ange- les there are six tarsi of pigmy geese : two from Rancho La Brea, three from McKittrick, and one from Fossil Lake, Oregon. These were shown to me in 1931 by Dr. Loye Holmes Miller, who kindly permitted the study of them.3 One of the two "pigmy geese" cited from Rancho La Brea a.s Branta(?) sp. by Miller4 and two from McKittrick referred to the Chen hyperboreas group of the same author5 classify readily as Anaber- nicula gracilenta. The Fossil Lake specimen, however, is not referable to the latter form. Branta minuscula, described by Alexander Wetmore6 from a proxi- mal half of a humerus presents characteristics which might be expected in humeri of A. gracilenta. If the geologic position of Branta minuscula is Upper Pliocene, as determined by J. W. Gidley, considerable difference in age prevails between these two similar forms from Arizona and Southern California. Summary A total of sixteen tarsometatarsal elements of a small goose from the Pleistocene asphalts of McKittrick and one specimen from Rancho La Brea furnish the basis for establishing a new genus of goose. In certain characters, as displayed in the regoin of the hypotarsus and on the inner extensor groove, this form shows resemblance to the tree-ducks. The species represented is smaller than Branta bernicla and evidently more slender than any living goose. ? Miller, Loye H. A second avifauna from the McKittrick Pleistocene: The Condor, vol. 37, p. 76, 1935. 4 Miller, Loye H. The birds of Rancho La Brea : Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 349, p. 73, 1925. 5 Miller, Loye H. Avifauna of the McKittrick Pleistocene: Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 15, No. 9, pp. 314, 315, 1925. 6 Wetmore, Alexander. Fossil birds from southeastern Arizona: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 64, art. 5, pp. 6-7, 1924. 112 San Diego Society of Natural History Fig. 1. Fig- Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. ) Fig 6 Right tarsometatarsi of pigmy geese. Natural size. A1. Anabernicula gracilenta, Type, anterior view. A. Anabernicula gracilenta, Type, inner lateral and proximal views. B. Branta bernicla hrota, inner lateral and proximal views. C Branta canadensis minima, inner lateral and proximal views. D. Chen rossii, inner lateral and proximal views. Key to Figures on Page 113 Total length of tarsometatarsus. Extensions beyond arrows indicate extremes listed in standard texts for tarsal lengths in skin specimens. In C (B. c. minima) skin measurements taken by author have been added to skeletal series. Inner cotyla, proximal end, anteroposterior depth. Articulation area pruxim.il end. Transverse width x cotyla depth (anteropos- terior) . Maximum depth condyle 4 (anteroposterior). Ratio of anteroposterior depth of inner proximal cotyla (Fig. 3) to anteropos- terior extent of inner calcaneal ridge. Ross — New Pigmy Goose 113 A. Anabernicula gracilenta. C. Branta canadensis minima. B. Branta bernicla (2 races). D. Chen rossii. Fig- 2. 1\5 60 61! 70 1*5 80 MM A — ■ B „ i'-J C •{ ■ D Fig. 3. A C _ D Fig. 4. .££ 7£ SjO 9^_ ioc) lib Square millimeters C ' D Fig. 5. 6.0 6lS 7.0 A B C [) Fig. 6. 6,0 6,5 7,0 75 80 85 90 95 I00MM — I L 1 I I I I i i_. A . — D Explanation of figures will be found on opposite page. 4^V