Sarerar tary] ee sit : ys ; RA LAA we path ne Mh he! oa b,) as, i) eK ahead tas} A es CTR Bay 5 \ OURAN a has ERM Sa hg Maat ia \ ; pra at yal “y POA ARs yee Pa) 42%) ‘ we PL | 6 ’ a) ew i" ee oe Ta ; APS 00 15.25) oe yy te ve Eee 68, 3 eet Ae ae Py an eee 1,4 Nove ates ‘ Cer a) sich mote Penne sree os i 0) alin FA 1a 6 jx Sa ae eu We it BS «i J LIBRARY NEW YO. o_.- -. GARDEN TRANSACTIONS OF THE SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. EDITOR AND SECRETARY. JOHN SADLER, F.R.PhS., LECTURER ON BOTANY IN THE ROYAL HIGH SCHOOL, AND ASSISTANT TO THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND MEDICINE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. eam VOL Vib EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY NEILL & COMPANY. MDCCCLXXY. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN TER, INDIANA al CONTENTS OF VOL. VII. The Society, as a body, is not to be considered responsible for any facts or opinions advanced in the several papers, which must rest entirely on the authority of the respective authors. T.—Address delivered at the Nineteenth Annual Meeting. By Hueu Crieenorn, M.D., F.R.S.E., late Conservator of Forests, Madras, 1I.—On the Quantity of Rain which Falls in a Wooded Country compared with an Unwooded. By Rosert Hurcuison, Esq. of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E., 1II.—Report on an Arboretum at Cluny Castle, Aberdeenshire. By WitirAm Gitcurtst, Forester, Cluny Castle. With a Plan, IV.—Report on the Houston ’Pinetum. By WiriiaM TIVENDALE, Forester, Houston, Paisley, V.—Report on the Comparative Advantages of the Different Methods of Pruning. By ANDREW GILCHRIST, tease Urie House, Stonehaven, VI.—On the Value of the Corsican, Austrian, and Douglas Firs, as Timber Trees in Great Britain, and on their Adaptation to different Soils and Situations. By Roserr Hurcutison, Esq. of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E., VII.—Report on a Collection of Geological Specimens, with an Out- line of the Geological and Arboricultural Features of Bute- shire. By James Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay, . VIII.—On Different Modes of Profitably Disposing of Home-Grown Timber. By Davin Tarr, Forester, Owston Park, Doncaster, IX.—On the most certain Method of getting rid of Beetles which affect Coniferze. Houston, Paisley, By Witu1amM chasse: Forester, X.—On the Best Modes of Starting from Seed, or Rearing from Cuttings or Grafts, the various newer Coniferee. By Jonny ALEXANDER, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey, . XI.—On the Distribution of Forests in India. By Drerricu Branpis, Ph.D., With a Map, yee Cee of Forests, Calcutta. XII.— Address delivered at the Twentieth Annual Meeting. By Hvueu Criecnorn, M.D., F.R.S.E., late Conservator of Forests, Madras, XIII.—On the Natural History of Beetles and other Insects which infest Coniferze, and suggested Remedies. By Rosert Hourcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E., Vice-President, : XIV.—On the Present State and Future Pr ospects of Arboriculture in Yorkshire. By Davin Tait, Forester, Owston Park, XV.—On the Different Modes of Profitably Disposing of Home- Grown Timber. Castle, By Wiu1am Gitcurist, Forester, Cluny XVI.—On the Different Modes of Disposing of the Produce of Woods and Plantations. Hampshire, . By AnpREw PEEBLES, Highclere Castle, PAGE 80 84 146 159 lV CONTENTS. PAGE XVII.—The Different Ages at which various Timber Trees may be most profitably felled in different soils and situations. By Lewis Bayne, Forester, Kinmel Park, North Wales, «RS XVIII.—On the Natural Production or Self-Sowing of the Common Silver Fir (Picea pectinata). By Witi1am Gitcnrist, Forester, Cluny Castle, Z 180 XIX.—Note on a Wood damaged by Gases from Calcining ‘of Iron- stone. By ANDREW ‘SLATER, Forester, Loftus, Yorkshire, 184 XX.—On a new Transplanting Machine. By JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. (Plates I. and IT), : 186 XXI.—On the Altitude and Appearance of the Wellingtonia gigantea. By Roserr Hurcenison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E., &e. (Plate III.), : ; Se ely XXII.—The Self-Sown Oak Trees of Sussex. “By R. W. Ciurron, . 194 X XIII.—Address delivered at the Twenty-first Annual Meeting. By Hueu Cuiscuorn, M.D., F.R.S.E., late Conservator of Forests, Madras, . H «89 XXIV.—On the Literature of Scottish Arboriculture. By Rozerr Hourcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E., 211 XXV.—On the Present State and Prospects of Arboriculture in Aberdeenshire. By Wix.i1Am Gitcurist, Forester, Cluny Castle, 235 XX VI.—On the Draining of Plantations, by Open or Covered Drains. By Lewis BaYng, Forester, Kinmel Park, Abergele, -. 00 XXVII.—On the Conservation of Old and Remarkable Trees in Britain. By Rozert Hurcaison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E., . 269 XXVIII.—On the Use of Steam Power in Forestry. By D. F. M‘Kenzts, Forester, Meldrum House, : 269 XXIX.—The Advantages of Planting in Groups, or in Mixed Planta- tions, so as to combine Profit with Landscape Effect. By WILLIAM Gorrik, Rait Lodge, Edinburgh, 274 XXX.—Report on the Meteor ological Observations made at Carnwath, Lanarkshire, on the Influence of Forests on Climate, par- ticularly Rainfall. By AuLExanpER Bucuan, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society, 285 AcP Py ND LX, Abstract of Accounts for 1871-72 and 1872-73, . : : : 23 is 1873-74, aaa List of ‘Members, corrected to Ausust 1873, ‘ , i : i 2 be 1874, : ; Be Ee ms March 1875 : : : 6 48 Prize Essays, &c., for 1872-73, . ; F py: ; 18 5 - 1873-74. 3 : : 5 : : 42 Wirt? ‘ : ; ; : ; 66 Laws of the Society, : ; ; 4 20, 44, 69 Office-Bearers for 1872-73, ; : i : : ‘ 21 F 1873-74, ; Ree 5 1874-75, ; : ; : : : 70 ERRATUM. Page 199 line 4 from bottom, for 1847 read 1874. Yas Fan ee LPP ORONO It TRANSACTIONS OF THE : | | SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY VOL. VIL—PART IL EDITOR AND SECRETARY. JOHN SADLER, F.RPhS,, LECTURER ON BOTANY IN THE ROYAL HIGH SCHOOL. AND ASSISTANT TO THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND MEDICINE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, CVRNAARAAA RANA ARAEAAARAARRAAAAAS. pet > YU BEE Er Ss Aas iy ln > oe Oe i PALL Drs TAN SSNPS ASRS ELEN . EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY NEILL & COMPANY, MDCCCLXXIII. ANICAL = NOV 16 1972 CONTENTS. The Society, as a body, is not to be considered responsible for any facts or opinions advanced in the several papers, which must rest entirely on the authority of the respective authors, I —Adadress delivered at the Nineteenth Annual Meeting. By Hucn CiecHorN, M.D., F.R.S.E., late Conservator of Forests, Madras, : . : : ; ° : if I1.—On the Quantity of Rain which Falls in a Wooded Country as compared with an Unwooded. By Roserr Hurtcutson, Esq. of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E., . 4 . : : : 10 I1I.—Report on an Arboretum at Cluny Castle, Aberdeenshire. By WILLIAM GiLcupistT, Forester, Cluny Castle. With a Plan, . 19 I1V.—Report on the Houston Pinetum. By WiiirAmM TiIvENDALE, Forester, Houston, Paisley, . : : : : 38 Y.—Report on the Comparative Advantages of the different Methods of Pruning. By Anprew Gitcurist, Forester, Urie House, Stonehaven, . : : - : A : 40 VI.—On the Value of the Corsican, Austrian, and Douglas Firs, as Timber Trees in Great Britain, and on their Adaptation to different Soils and Situations. By Roserr Hutcnison, Esq. of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E., . : : ° : : 52 VIL—Report on a Collection of Geological Specimens, with an Outline of the Geological and Arboricultural Features of Buteshire. By James Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay, : ae 60 VIII.—On Different Modes of Profitably Disposing of Home-Grown Timber. By Davip Tart, Forester, Owston Park, Doncaster, 72 1X.—On the most certain Method of getting rid of Beetles which affect Conifer, By WittiaAm TIveNDALE, Forester, Houston, Paisley, : : : : é ‘ 5 80 X.—On the Best Modes of Starting from Seed, or Rearing from Cuttings or Grafts the various newer Conifere. By Joun ALEXANDER, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey, —. 84 XI.—On the Distribution of Forests in India. By Drerricn Branpis, Ph.D., Inspector-General of Forests, Calcutta. With a Map, 88 APPEND1AX. List of Members, corrected to August 1873, ; : : z 1 Prize Essays, &c., for 1872-73, . 5 : ; F : 18 Laws of the Society, : F : : : ; 20 Office- Bearers for 1872-73, : . ; : i ; 21 PAGE —— TRANSACTIONS OF THE SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. I. Address delivered at the Nineteenth Annual Meeting. By Hucs CiecHorn, M.D., F.R.S.E., late Conservator of Forests, Madras. GENTLEMEN,—On taking the chair to which the General Council has called me, my first duty is to thank you for the honour conferred in electing me as President of this Society, an honour which I had little reason to expect, considering that twenty-six years of my life have been spent out of Scotland, and that I am personally unknown to a large proportion of the members. I greatly regret that the notice given to me was so short, that it has not been possible for me to prepare an address suited to the occasion; but I beg to assure you that I will discharge to the best of my ability the duties of my office, and exert myself to promote the interests of the Society. Eighteen years have elapsed since our association was formed, and though at first its growth was slow, it has been steady. It now embraces in its membership about 600 names, and advances with enlarged prospects of usefulness. The printed Transactions supplied to all our members have reached the seventh volume; these give the best clue to what is being done amongst us. In looking over them for my own information, and for suggestive material in addressing you, I observe a decided improvement in the prize reports; some are very valuable papers, while none are without interest. These records show a wish on the part, ofmany of the members to enlarge their stock of knowledge, and here I may remark, that though we may often go over what appears to be the same ground, we must not relax our exertions as if we had attained to the full extent of know- ledge; let us make sure of what we have already acquired, and then VOL. VII. PART I. A 2 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 6, 1872. press on seeking to add our quota towards the stock of mutual help and general information, which can only be increased by individual effort. We who are met together on this occasion are, with few exceptions, practical foresters, and it is as such that I am proud to address you. As foresters loving our calling, we are in constant converse with nature, but we are none the less a busy people, with our hands generally full. We have for the most part as much to do as we can do well, in discharging the routine duties of our position, often more than any ordinary strength or industry can dispatch in a satisfactory manner. We are, therefore, rarely inclined to travel out of the record—to undertake work which does not press. We can seldom get far enough before our duties, or high enough above them to con- template them ab extra, and as a whole, to speculate, classify, con- solidate, or systematise. We answer the immediate call; we meet the immediate claim ; we provide for the immediate emergency; we are practical men of business, not philosophers ; we apply ourselves energetically to understand and transact whatever affair is before us; but we scarcely ever find time to regard questions in their con- nections and with reference to long eras or to distant generations. What is forced upon us we do; what is not forced upon us we postpone. This, I take it, is the case of most of those I am addressing. For myself, many of the best years of my life have been spent in the direct charge of very extensive forests, and I can therefore sympathise very keenly with those who feel that the engrossing nature of the duties of to-day interferes with that foreseeing provision for the future which distinguishes the profession of a forester more perhaps than any other. Not that I mean to convey that the life of a forester can be lived without thought, and much thought being given to the effect on the future of the labours of to-day; but all must feel that the day’s need too frequently overshadows the morrow’s requirement, however strongly they may realise that a forester who makes no provision for the wants of the future is un- worthy of that title. And it is in managing forests of small extent, such as many whom I address have charge of, and the property of private individuals, whose circumstances rarely admit of their sacrificing the present to the future, that the truth of my remarks becomes more apparent. Few private individuals can afford to take that higher view ot forest conservancy which wishes to make provision for generations os ae * ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 6, 1872. 3 yet unborn, and fewer still, perhaps, realise the extent of their, so to speak, national responsibilities to maintain the forests which they possess, It is but three months ago that the newspapers recorded the facts of high floods in England, France, and Italy, accompanied with most serious damage in various places. That these floods, primarily due to excessive rainfall, are aggravated by the more general drainage which the improved agriculture of the present day _ has introduced, there is no doubt, but it is equally certain that the denudation of the mountain tops has greatly contributed to this result, and with the removal of their verdant clothing, we have to regret not only the washing away of soil from the slopes once covered with forest, but to mourn over homesteads and villages once smiling and now abandoned, and vast areas of richly cultivated land overwhelmed and made barren by the detritus of mountain torrents in their now aggravated impetuosity. It is the destruction of forests which has led to this desolation. How vast is the influence of the forests of a country! They affect the humidity of the air and earth; they influence the temperature ; they afford important shelter from the east winds, the mistral and the sirocco ; they create springs, and they tend to control the flow of rivers. The teaching of “savans” (Humboldt, Herschel, and Arago), the records of travels (Marsh, Pallas, and Sandys), the sufferings of nations (Italy, Spain, and Greece), have sadly demon- strated these facts, even in very recent times. In what way forests arrest the progress of flights of locusts in the East, of coffee-borers and other noxious insects, has now, by careful investigation, been placed beyond doubt ; and it is believed by many that they set a limit to malarious vapour, and also to rust spores which infect cereal crops. The productiveness of grain fields is in- creased by establishing plantations, the health of the cattle is im- proved, the evil of drifting sand is checked, as for example by planting the Pinus maritima on the dunes of France ; thus in many ways the material prosperity of a country is bound up with the maintenance of a due proportion of woodland suitably distributed. During the first stage of colonisation in most countries, as for instance Australia, India, and America, and while settlers are thinly scattered, demands on the wood supply are usually so limited as not to cause undue destruction of indigenous forest, nor to occasion alarm for future requirements. But immigration goes on, agricultural industry is extended, railways are formed, all these causing encroachments on 4 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 6, 1872. the forests to take place, and ultimately denudation follows, with its many attendant evils; and often when itis too late the maintenance of forest riches for the first time engages the attention of the legis- lature. That such has not been the result in our own country is doubtless. due to our insular position, and to our rich resources of mineral fuel. Of the first, and the advantage we thereby possess of being able to draw supplies from all quarters of the globe, nothing short of a con- vulsion of nature can deprive us; but in regard to the second, the recent disturbance in the labour market may well make us thankful that the time has not yet come when the sinister prognostications of our experts as to the remaining extent of our coal measures have been fulfilled, so far as to oblige us to resort much to vegetable fuel as a substitute. In this connection, I may be permitted to express my conviction that much good may result from the present labour movement in the introduction of coal-cutting machinery, and the consequent diminution of the number of human beings employed under ground, and in the needful economising of the back-bone of our national wealth—our coal. And in this last remark, foresters will at once recognise, though indirectly, the importance of their calling. It is where timber is the fuel in use for domestic purposes that the value of the forester’s work has come to be most appreciated, and we accordingly find that in foreign countries destitute of coal resources, or backward in their development, the legislature has been compelled to intervene to provide for the maintenance of the forests. If, then, we would profit to the utmost by the experience of others in this important branch of economics, we must not rest content with a knowledge of the results attained in the narrow sphere presented within our own native land, or of the way in which those results have been reached ; most valuable as such knowledgeis, the conditions under which it has been accumulated, though diverse, are not suffi- ciently comprehensive to afford the conclusive data which will be obtained by a study of the matured system of conservancy and re- production that has grown up in those countries where vast forests are held by the state in trust for the people, and the operations are conducted on a scale commensurate with the interests involved, not only in the immediate present, but in the long distant future. Bearing in mind what I have already said as to the circumstances which gradually lead to the ultimate denudation of countries, it will be no matter of surprise to you to learn, that in an empire in which we are all deeply interested, which numbers a population of probably ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 6, 1872. 5 200,000,000 of people distributed in many parts more thickly than in Lancashire or the country round Glasgow, and in which but few Europeans, and probably not one native, have ever eaten a meal cooked with coal, a fuel famine has for years been impending. The introduction into India of railways, and the rapidly increased demand for timber for sleepers and fuel, at length forced the attention of the Government to the vital question of forest management. In the year 1856, when engaged in multifarious duties as a medical practitioner and Professor of Botany in the medical college of Madras, I was unexpectedly called upon to organise a forest service, and to take charge of the forests in south India, a territory three or four times as large as Great Britain. I had had no training in my youth specially to fit me for such a duty; but the need was urgent, and trained foresters were not to be had; if they had been available, the want of the language and ignorance of the habits and products of the country would have rendered them comparatively useless. It is true that at the time I was engaged in teaching botany, to which I had long devoted much attention, and in my youth I had been accustomed to rural life in Scotland, circumstances which were allin my favour. When, with considerable misgivings, I undertook the duty, the natural forests in most parts of. the country had been ruthlessly wasted by felling and burning, and no system had been adopted to regulate the cutting, or to provide for the wants of future generations by preserving existing forests or forming new plantations. Magnificent trees were sacrificed for in- significant purposes, and planks were not sawn, but hewn with an axe, one tree furnishing a single plank. The State therefore stepped in to arrest the waste, and to adopt measures for husbanding the resources for present use, and for the supply of posterity. In course of time, after preliminary explorations and valuation surveys, the country was divided into districts, each of them as large, many of them larger, than Perthshire, and placed under the charge of one assistant conservator or forest ranger. My duties for twelve years necessitated much and rapid travelling in order to become acquainted with the forests over which I had been called to exercise some control. These forests are scattered over a great extent of country, sometimes dotted here and there in small patches, seldom in compact masses. My duties were to ascer- tain the proprietary rights (if any existed), or rights of pasturage, which wandering tribes possess, to mark out the first class forests to be reserved by Government, to separate the tracts attached to 6 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 6, 1872. villages, to frame leases with native chiefs, to establish and inspect depéts for timber, to supply the Indian Navy, the gun-carriage factory, and various public works, and to arrange annual auctions for the general wants of the country. How different is the experience of foresters in Britain! They are generally engaged, not in the husbanding of stateforests, where the good of generations yet to come guides your measures, but in forests belonging to private individuals, where the chief objects are, to meet the current demand for estate purposes, and to yield a good annual revenue. Woodlands in private hands are everywhere managed on the same economical principles as other possessions, and many pro- prietors will always sell their woods, unless they believe that it is for their pecuniary interest to preserve them. In no other country of the world is there such careful arbori- culture as in Britain; and it is in Scotland that many of the most beautiful and extensive British forest plantations have been formed (such as the famous larch plantations in Blair Athol, superintended by Mr Macgregor). But most valuable as your training has been for the exercise of your calling in Scotland, it can hardly be denied that a training on a more comprehensive system than is possible under the peculiar circumstances of our little island, to which I have already alluded, would be valuable for a larger sphere of action. In this I think you will agree with me, although the conditions of my connection with forest management (to which I am indebted for this opportunity of addressing you) are such as naturally predispose me in some measure to look for guidance, where the conservation of forests has been the result of circumstances similar to those of India, and the management of which has grown up under like con- ditions. / But should I fail to carry your assent to this opinion, you will, I am assured, bear with me, when I say that, considering the responsi- bilities placed upon a state forest department, we cannot make too sure that the agents employed in it have the widest opportunities possible of seeing forest operations conducted on a large scale, and that their training is arranged so as to take full advantage of the ripe experience available in those countries in which state forests have long existed, as well as of that skill and experience which is to be found at our own doors. A main essential in forest operations is economy, and it is on the magnitude of the scale on which operations are conducted that economic results largely depend. The adaptation of means to ends is a ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 6, 1872. i here involved ; and though it would be altogether incorrect to say, that what answers on a small scale will not answer, or will answer only in a less degree, on a large scale, there can be little doubt that those who have to administer on a large scale should first study administration on a large scale; for the results of a mistake which on a small scale may be insignificant, may on a large scale be fatal. It is in this view that the differences between the administration of private forests and of government domains are so marked ; and whether we confine our view to the more ordinary operations of forest conservancy and working, including the agency by which timber should be got out of the forest, or embrace within our gaze those allied operations, such as the making of forest surveys, the demarcation of forest tracts, the transport and cutting up of timber, the construction of slides and roads, &c., we must feel that in the matter of the adaptation of means to ends, we should lose much experience if we confined ourselves to the experience available in our private forests, or in any one country whatsoever. I may mention to you some of the most striking differences that occur to me bebween the management of Scotch and Indian forests. One great point of difference is, that with many of you, much atten- tion is given to crnamental effect ; I, on the contrary, had to do with dark unfrequented forests, where there was often no human eye _except that of those employed in forest work. Another difference is, that while our forests are subject to depredations by hares, rabbits, and in some places by deer, the Indian forests are exposed to the rooting up of wild hogs, to the browsing of goats, many of the deer tribe, and above all of camels, whose hard palate, strong teeth and jaws, enable them to break off and masticate thorny branches as thick as the finger. Again, from the vast extent and scattered position of Indian forests, to encircle them with fences, living or dead, is almost a physical impossibility ; the usual method of demarcation is by the erection of boundary pillars between which extends a broad belt of cleared ground. This has to be cleared annually, and is useful for checking the ingress of forest fires, which are of frequent occurrence, and are often productive of serious damage. The circumstances regarding the carriage of heavy timber in India are peculiar, and the transport is generally effected by means of trained elephants or buffaloes. The former valuable animals are now becoming scarce, and it is for many reasons desirable, if not essential, that foresters for India should acquire some experience 8 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 6, 1872. in moving long and heavy logs over difficult ground, in the furma- tion and use of slides, and in floating timber both in rocky moun- tain torrents, and in large flowing rivers. In the Himalayan pine forests, the felling usually takes place in summer, but the slipping and launching of the logs often takes place in October and November when snow is on the ground ; con- sequently there is much that is suggestive for our Himalayan forests in the Swiss and Bavarian Alps, Again, I have no doubt that the timber trade of Norway, and the lumber operations in Canada, where the rafts often contain many hundred thousand cubic feet, would afford much instructive information to those charged with floating operations on our great Indian rivers, as the Irrawady, the Godavery, and the Indus. The floating arrangements in Strathspey, where artificial floods are produced by storing water in a succession of small dams, are very instructive. Most of the youths who have lately gone to India had an opportunity of seeing these operations under the guidance of Mr Grant Thomson, but I know of few forests in India where this identical system of engineering would be found to answer; it would, however, be suggestive to those in similar difficulties. There are various collateral duties falling to foresters in India, which you would scarcely think came within their province. I allude to the preparation of charcoal, and the collection and manufacture of tar and empyreumatic products, which will some day become a matter of great importance in India ; further, the collection and manufacture of lac, gums, and resins, as gamboge and kino, the collection of India-rubber, the preparation of potash, and the impregnation of timber by means of antiseptic substances— creosote, chloride of zinc, sulphate of copper, or corrosive sublimate. At the late meeting in Brighton of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the grant of L.20 was again renewed, for the purpose of taking observations on the effect of the denudation of ‘timber on the rainfall in North Britain. It is to be hoped that the arrangements for conducting the investigation may be judiciously made and successfully carried out, in correspondence with the ener- getic secretary of the Meteorological Society. At the same meeting an instructive paper was read “On the Distri- bution of Forests in India” by Dr Brandis, Inspector-General of Forests to the Government of India. The writer divides the country into arid, dry, and moist zones, according to the yearly average rain- fall in each ; and the extent and direction of the several zones were clearly marked out in a coloured map. It was characterised by the ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 6, 1872. 9 savans present as a most able and valuable contribution to the physical geography of India, containing truly philosophical views. The paper has appeared in “ Ocean Highways,” a monthly record of geographical progress, (Oct. 1872, p. 200.) In England, forest literature has not yet, in my opinion, taken the place which it ought to occupy. In Germany, France, and Italy, there are thousands of volumes and several periodicals, both monthly and quarterly, devoted to sylviculture. There is an annual almanac, giving the names and duties of several hundred forest employés in the service of the state. In these days, when almost every branch of industry starts its own organ, it is not improbable that a Forest Journal may be successfully maintained a few years hence, in which all forest questions could be freely discussed. I have now, gentlemen, in a cursory way, sketched some of the terrible consequences of neglecting the natural forests of a country, as contrasted with the benefits of careful conservancy. Many of the facts and places alluded to have come under my own observa- tion in the course of duty as a government servant. I have been favoured with opportunities of visiting the woods of Madeira, the sandy deserts of South Africa, a very large part of British India, the plains of Egypt, the arid island of Malta, classical Sicily, and the rich though sadly denuded shores of Italy. From one and all of these I am ready to acknowledge that I have learned something, both of the difficulties to be overcome and of the success granted to persevering efforts in arboriculture ; and were it my lot again to return to India, the remembrance of what I have seen in my various visits to the fine woods of Scotland and the state forests of England, would prove highly useful and instructive. Every country has its peculiar difficulties, but along with these we see special adaptations to overcome them, and the application of the right means to the end desired is ultimately crowned with success. VOL. VII, PART I, L 10 ON RAINFALL IN A WOODED COUNTRY II. On the Quantity of Rain which falls in a Wooded Country as compared with ai Unwooded. By Ropert HuTcuison, Esq. of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. The important question of the influence of forests upon the rain- fall, the temperature, and the humidity of the air in a country is one so complicated, and demanding for its accurate solution obser- vations both extensive and prolonged, that it need not excite surprise that meteorologists hitherto, although admitting the im- portance of such an inquiry, have taken no practical step towards the solution of this interesting problem. From time to time, no doubt, attention has been called to the subject, but only in a casual or very general manner ; and the fact remains, that in the United Kingdom, redolent as she,is with scientific inquiry, no society or institution has as yet given its direct bent to the question of the effects of either the overplanting or the denudation of timber upon the rainfall of the country, and consequently in an indirect manner upon the health of the com- munity. It is, therefore, satisfactory to know that this Society has undertaken such an inquiry, and that through its exertions we may hope for definite action being taken in this interesting and useful line of investigation. For several years past, both in France and in Denmark, by the aid of the Academy in the one, and of the Agricultural Institute of Copenhagen, and more recently of the Government itself, in the other, organised and complete systems of careful observations have been going on, and already very interesting facts have been deduced. To some of the general results of these tabulated observations we shall by-and-bye refer in this paper, with the view of directing the attention of members of this Society to what is being done in other countries regarding a matter of equal importance to our own, and which must prove of deepest interest to themselves individually as practical arboriculturists ; and it is but fair to state that much of the subject matter of this paper is translated and collated from the French reports of M. Becquerel, who undertook the inquiry and observations for several years in different parts of the arrondissement of Montargis (department du Loiret), and of M. Lacour Danois, who was in 1869 intrusted with a similar scientific mission by the Government of Denmark. AS COMPARED WITH AN UNWOODED. 11 We have abundant authority to prove that the belief in the material influences which a wooded district exerts upon the rainfall, and in the equally appreciable effects, though in a diametrically opposite direction, which are caused by excessive denudation of woodlands, exists in the minds of philosophers of acknowledged enlightenment in our own country. For example, Sir John Herschel, arguing that to a very great extent the climate of a country is under man’s control, states—‘‘It is chiefly in his clearance or allowance - of arborescent vegetation, and in his artificial drainage of the soil that his influence is perceptible.” * And again, in his report to the Meeting of the British Association in 1865, ‘“‘ On the rainfall of the British Isles,’+ Mr Symons asserts that the annual mean rainfall is decreasing appreciably upon an average of nearly 4 per cent. over the whole area of the country, but especially along a tract of land extending from Cornwall to the Wash ; and this defi- ciency he attributes partly to the extensive clearances of timber, and partly also to the divergence of the flow of the springs by ground drainage, now considered so necessary for the high-farming of the present day, by the advanced agricultural knowledge of the period. If then it be true, that the overfelling of timber and the excessive drainage of our fields tend to diminish the rainfall, and if a certain quantity of rain at certain seasons be requisite to maintain the equilibrium of healthy climate, and to prevent the recurrence of periodic droughts, and short crops, whether root or cereal, it is then clearly essential that there should be an adequate extent of wooded surface properly distributed over the area of the country. The main questions then come to be, Is it true? And next, What would, for Great Britain, be an adequate and properly distributed acreage of woodland ? As, however, it may be held that as yet the proposition is not proved to be true that in this country the presence of a certain counterbalancing proportion of plantation is requisite to maintain a certain proportion of rainfall over the whole area, it may be as well to defer meanwhile following out this branch of the subject in detail, and we shall, therefore, at present only remark, that taking the total acreage of Great Britain at 57,000,000 acres, of which probably about 2,600,000 are under plantation and woodland, or barely 14 pet cent. we find an amount which, if we except the relative proportion of wooded lands in Portugal, is considerably under that * Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects. Weather and Weather Prophets. + Proceedings of British Association, 1865. iz ON RAINFALL IN A WOODED COUNTRY of any other country! If we even assume the calculation of Col. Sir Henry James, R.E.. chief of the Ordnance Survey Department, who estimates that in England alone the proportion of wooded area is equal to 24 per cent., we still find a considerable deficiency as compared with similiar areas of other countries, with the one ex- ception already noticed. Thus we find— Country. Total Areas. bib wceet rs eae 29,216 i 29, 12 France, { a Ee ee fo bor 17 per cent. imp. acres acres { 135,738,240 * * | Germany, i acres | tod ) | Pees {| 144,799,84( 15,850,837 or 11 per cent. acres acres 6,849,812 319,102 = es { _ Dan. téndes | Dan. tondes |S° © Giles ieee | Therefore it appears that the importance of the subject now under consideration has forced itself upon State notice; and in many countries of the continent,—as, for example, in Germany, France, Hanover, and now also in Italy,—as it is well known, schools of forestry exist, and laws are rigidly enforced in relation to the con- servancy of woods. Large tracts of fertile acres, producing the finest cereal crops in the world, now flourish in Hungary, where formerly arid sterility prevailed. This has been brought about by the judicious distribution of plantations in zones, and in large masses in the district of the Vosges; and even in our own Indian empire, so important is it now deemed to conserve the forests of the different provinces, that it forms a separate department of imperial control ; and, according to the words of the present Under Secretary of State for India (Mr Grant Duff), “had we known thirty years ago what the importance of forest conservancy is for India, L.30,000 per annum, now requisite for irrigation, would have been saved to the Indian exchequer;” and we may be permitted to add, much of the misery and starvation caused by periodical rice famines would have been avoided. The soil of the Himalayas is very similar to that of a great part of the area of Scotland. The difference consists in climate chiefly, and if the proper distribution of wood and its conservancy can modify and ameliorate the fickle climate of a large portion of India, or at least is considered conducive to such bene- * Owing to the recent amalgamation of the German Empire these figures cannot yet be quoted. AS COMPARED WITH AN UNWOODED. 13 ficial results, why should steps be neglected at home, or investi- gations as to the efficacy and value of such steps be overlooked ? There are many tracts of land in Scotland which might be advan- tageously planted up, and thereby, we cannot doubt, the capricious rainfall be modified, and surrounding pastures and fields at higher altitudes brought under the ploughshare. Doubtless in this respect much, very much, has been already done, but still there remains a considerable amount to reclaim, and an undue severity of climate to improve, in many districts. Why is it that at the present day, in Lanarkshire and Peeblesshire, and in other counties also at elevations of 800 and 1200 feet above sea-level, noble specimens of many of the recently introduced Alies Douglasii are to be seen? It is entirely due to previous judiciously arranged plantations, having so ameliorated the soil and climate that, interspersed with the native fir or hardy spruce, we now see the Douglas pine vieing with them in luxuriance. And if planting be so important, and plays so prominent a part in those respects we have alluded to, we hold it to be no less essential for the due distribution of rainfall throughout the country, for to a great extent it is regulated by such local in- fluences. But assuming, then, that for climatic purposes, a due balance of acreagé under wood is to be maintained in any country, how is the precise amount of land to be so occupied to be ascer- tained? ‘This is a very difficult question to solve, and one requiring much careful analysis of the separate individual requirements of different countries and their capabilities. For instance,in one country, whose necessity for wood as its staple of fuel, and whose consump- tion of such may be an increasing one—as, for example, in Russia— a much larger area would be requisite, unless indeed rapid-growing trees were planted as crop, and felled as they advanced in blocks from year to year. Of course, the larger the body of land the greater would be the amount essential for hygienic purposes, or climatic balance. And again, the other necessities of the economy of the country must be looked to, such as the area for food-produc- ing or flesh-growing crops. Germany, for example, we find requires fully 20 per cent. for agricultural purposes ; France in 1868 had 17 per cent, under wood, and for her own requirements this was found much too sinall a proportion of plantation. To provide for equal rainfall distribution, therefore, the mode that appears most feas- ible and at the same time consistent (if it is found after sufficient investigation, that a standing area of woodland is essential to the welfare of any country), is for the Government, as in the case of 14 ON RAINFALL IN A WOODED COUNTRY India, to take the necessary acreage of State forest-land under its con- trol, and to set it apart for the purpose. Were such a plan followed out in England, a Government school of forestry might thus easily be established, and young men trained there for service in the Indian or other colonial forests, instead of, as at present, being under the necessity of sending aspirants to Indian forest vacancies abroad to the schools of Germany or France. If such an establishment be found beneficial for the education of the youth of this country (specially for the Indian civil service), as Cooper’s Hill College, in London, why should not some similar establishment be organised for the Indian forestry department? This is, however, apart from the immediate subject before us, and to return from such a digres- sion, we may remark, a propos of the necessary quantity of land re- quired for plantations properly distributed over the area of the country with a view to equal distribution of the rainfall, that the present condition of England may safely be assumed as a basis, and her present supply of woodland as at least a fair normal one ; and since we find that, as there are estimated to be in England 2,600,000 acres under wood, against a total of 57,000,000 acres, it follows that we may assume 1 acre in 22 as a _ requisite pro- portion for shelter, health, and climate. Having thus far noticed the general aspect of importance which the subject presents, and passing over, In the meantime, the burden of proof that trees and plantations do exert those influences upon the rainfall of a country, which it has been asserted pertain to their presence or absence, we may take up the question, what dves influence the rainfall of a country ? So numerous are the causes which lend their influences to affect, for increase or decrease, the quantity of rain that falls over any large surface, such as the area of a country, that it is very difficult to state one a priori. Even if we were in possession of an accumulated mass of facts and statistical observations extending over several years, such as have been collected in France and Denmark, we should find that many purely local or casual circum- stances intervene to throw doubts upon the results deduced from even the most carefully ascertained hygrometric observations. Taken in the abstract, however, we may mention what we consider the four primary elements at work in increasing or diminishing rain- fall generally :—1. Atmospheric pressure ; 2. Neighbourhood of the sea ; 3. Prevailing winds, according as these are dry or moist ; and, 4. Altitude. But while these all act more or less powerfully AS COMPARED WITH AN UNWOODED. 15 according to circumstances in producing rainfall, there must always be others, which, although entirely local, and probably therefore more difficult to define or specify, are nevertheless of considerable potency in their agency, and these must be known before we can determine the climate of any locality with regard to humidity. In fact, curious and conflicting discrepancies may ffequently be observed between the quantity of rain which falls in two situations proximately situated to each other, and at the same altitude, at the same distance from the sea, and exposed to the same wind, which will then force upon us the undeniable conclusion that the variation is due to local shelter, or from the one situation being exposed (while the other is not) to moist winds, being situated on a height, or in a valley. We may here mention a fact which has been frequently vbserved. When the clouds, wind-driven, and careering along at no great elevation above the earth’s surface, approach or encounter a mountain, or sometimes even a small hill only, they are seen per- haps to rise, and attaining thus to a colder stratum of air, they become condensed into rain; and may we not, therefore, believe that forests or plantations of timber, when the clouds are very low, produce the same results, varying probably with the seasons? Of course, any such influence will be intensified, and rendered the more sensitive, in proportion to the area of the plantation or forest, and as the masses of woodland are more or less considerable. Upon this point, however, until the contemplated hygrometric observations from a variety of stations under suitable conditions have been obtained and tabulated, it is impossible to speak with anything like certainty ; and it is just one of those many interesting points which, apart from all theory or preconceived notions on the subject, it is desirable to settle conclusively if practicable, and that can only be done in any complicated: problem or dark unsolved mystery, by applying to it the lantern of experiment and careful observa- tion. This necessitates the establishment in different parts of the country of observatories, in each of which daily records must be made of the temperature of the air and of the sun, as well as of the quantity of water which falls wnder woods, on the margins of the same plantations, and at distances more or less remote from these woods. For a society like the Scottish Arboricultural Society, it may be perhaps better, at first, at all events, to confine the registers of its observers only to the rain-gauges in these situations, leaving those concerning the thermometers, as optional at present, upon those willing to undertake their registration. 16 ON RAINFALL IN A WOODED COUNTRY, Something of this description has been undertaken several years ago in France by M. Becquerel, who in 1868 had established, with the help of the academy, five observatories in different parts of the arrondissement of Montargis (department du Loiret), in each of which daily observations have been made since the month of July 1868, until, we presume, the ill-omened recent Franco-German war put a stop to all such peaceful study. The results of these observa- tions, however, we are unfortunately unable at present to communi- cate in this paper. They will, however, be obtained and published at a future opportunity. In Denmark also, the Agricultural Institute of Copenhagen have obtained similar observations, taken at fourteen different stations in the interior, near forests, and at a distance from them ; and more recently, in 1868, M. Lacour Danois was entrusted with a similar and more minute scientific mission by the Danish Government. The results arrived at by the various observations contained in the tables annexed to his report are briefly as follows :— The localities in which the observations were made form two distinct groups,—the first, in Jutland; the second, in Zeeland. The one consists of ten observatories, the other of four. The observations were first commenced in September 1862, and were continued till 1869. Their discussion has shown that the quantities of water which fell at 9 leagues and at 2 leagues, differ from each other from 243 to 129 millimetres; whilst in other localities, in the middle of the forests, on the outskirts, at 5 leagues distant, and in an unwooded country, the differences do not exceed above 30 milli- metres. Similar results were obtained from the Zeeland groups of observatories, with regard to the quantity of rain which fell in forests, and 2 leagues distant. These are differences too small to justify us in concluding that in Denmark more rain falls by reason of forests than at a distance from them. In inquiring whether the seasons do not influence the distribution of rain, it has been ascertained that, generally speaking, the rainfall of summer and autumn is nearly double that of winter and spring. Denmark is in the region in which the summer rains are prolonged into autumn; we have besides discovered this fact which is not without interest, that in six localities there falls a little more rain in summer and in autumn than in winter and spring in the middle of the forests and on their borders than at a distance of from 2 to 5 leagues distant. In other localities the reverse is found to be the case. Ought this fact to be attributed to local causes? It is impossible to tell. The observa- -AS COMPARED WITH AN UNWOODED. £7 tions made bring out distinctly the facts above related. We may, however, remark that Denmark, being situated between two seas— the ocean and the Baltic—possesses a very damp climate, which, of course, renders local influences less powerful. Passing now to the observations made in five localities in the department du Loiret, from August 1865 to April 1868, in a circle of about 20 kilometres (124 miles), in the middle of woods, under trees, on the outskirts, and in unwooded positions ; and upon a comparison of these with similar registers taken at Paris, it is found that in a space of eight months, one-fourth more rain fell in wooded than in unwooded localities. But whether or not this is an infal- lible fact, it is premature as yet to assert from the absence of a sufficient number and variety of observations. M. Becquerel also compared the quantities of rain which fell in places shaded by trees with what fell in places outside the woods, in order to ascertain how much water was retained by the branches, according as they were cr were not in leaf, and he proved the following fact, which of course was to have been expected, that the portion retained by the branches is greater in proportion as the rain is less heavy. When the branches are in full foliage, there was 0°47 of the quantity of water which falls in an unwooded plain so retained, while it is about one-half of that quantity in winter, the effect varying according as the leaves are more or less shaken by the wind. ‘“ What then becomes,” he asks, “‘of the water retained by the branches and leaves?” and answers his query, as follows :— “ It is probable that the portion which escapes evaporation descends by the trunk and the roots into the soil and subsoil, where it sup- plies the lower springs.” Without venturing upon more definite statistical data, for want of a sufficient number of observations, in 1868, M. Becquerel came to the fair conclusion that, throughout the arrondissement du Loiret mere rain falls in wooded than in un- wooded districts, a conclusion which, there is little doubt, will be amply verified by his subsequent collection of observations, under the same conditions, not only in the same department, but also in different parts of France and abroad. ‘hese observations he con- templated combining with others on temperature, from researches conducted by means of instruments for determining the degree of humidity in the air above trees and under them. What these researches have resulted in, we shall be obliged, from the length of this paper, to delay tu another occasion. Suffice it to say, that all such undertakings, however initiatory 18 ON RAINFALL IN 4 WOODED COUNTRY. even, are laudable in themselves ; and with a mass of such accurate details as this indefatigable Frenchman has so interestingly col- lected and recorded, and with his observations to aid in guiding us to similar researches in the wooded districts of Scotland, useful documents may be obtained for the solution of the important question of the influence of forests and trees upon the rainfall, the temperature, and the humidity of the air in a country. REPORT ON AN ARBORETUM. 19 Ill. Report on an Arboretum at Cluny Castle, Aberdeenshire. By WI1L1AM GitcuristT, Forester. The premium offered by Messrs Lawson and Sons being for a “Report on the most extensive, complete, and judiciously arranged Arboretum,” it is well to state atthe outset that the arboretum at Cluny Castle cannot lay claim to the two first requirements, and the third is _ partly a matter of taste guided by local circumstances. However, as it contains upwards of 360 varieties of ornamental trees and shrubs, I submit a report thereon. It consists of two detached divisions ; in the one, the plants are grown singly, to promote and exhibit their ornamental capabilities ; in the other, most of the same species are mingled with ordinary forest plants, so that their value as timber- producing trees may be compared with the varieties now in general use when grown under the same circumstances. The planting of both divisions was begun in the spring of 1868, and the principal plants were planted in the spring of 1869; but as the results are already somewhat different, it will be better to note each division separately. 1, The division containing the ornamental specimens may be described as a belt about 400 yards long, with an average breadth of 21 yards, in the form of an easy reversing curve, exposed to the south-east, and sheltered on the north-west by an almost parallel belt of hardwood trees. The elevation is from 280 to 350 feet above sea- level, as per Ordnance Survey. The soil is a light brown loam, and the subsoil gravelly, of variable depth. In some parts it is very hard, and almost impenetrable at from 12 to 15 inches from the surface. Previous to being planted, it was old pasture land with a rough foggage. There are a few old stone drains; but as the ground has a rather steep declivity to the south and south-east, and shows no symptoms of undue wetness, it was not thought necessary to put in more drains. In December 1867, the ground was trenched from 15 to 18 inches deep, at a cost of about L.11, 10s. per acre, and a few of the specimen trees planted without any particular arrangement. During the early spring of 1869 all the plants were replanted, and arranged in the following order :— A gravel walk, 44 feet wide with grass borders, runs through the centre, and on each side of the walk there are three parallel lines. The first line is on the south-east ‘or outside, and consists of deciduous shrubs ; the second line, of coniferous trees and shrubs alternately; the third line, next to the walk, of dwarf evergreen Me 20 REPORT ON AN ARBORETUM. shrubs; the fourth line, on the ofher side of the walk, is similar to the third, and the fifth line to the second. The sixth line is com- posed of hollies, hawthorns, and some of the newer varieties of dwarf-growing deciduous trees. A portion near to the centre being broader than the average, the fifth and sixth parallel lines are slightly deviated from. Between the parallel lines and the hard- wood belt on the north-east side is a strip of mixed trees and shrubs planted closer than the others, to form a background and screen from the old belt. In the parallel lines the plants are 15 feet apart, and generally single specimens, except some of the smaller varieties, which are in groups of three or four plants. The whole are arranged so that the shrubs and dwarf varieties may be grown as underwood, and the larger varieties allowed sufficient space for development. The first or outside line contains specimens of Berberis Darwinii, dulcis, and vulgaris ; Cornus (dogwood) alba, mascula, variegata, sanguinea ; Cotoneaster Simonsii ; Deutzia corymbosa and scabra ; Genista, varieties ; Hippophae rhamnoides (buckthorn) and salici- folia ; Leycesteria formosa; Lonicera xylosteum, and tartarica ; Philadelphus coronarius, grandiflorus, latifolius, nanus, verrucosus, and Zeyheri; Potentilla fruticosa, Ribes aureum, Menziesii, sangut- neum, atro-sanguineum, and flore albo ; Spirea udiantifolia, arie- folia, callosa, corymbosa, Douglasii, Foxti, and opulifolia ; Sym- phoricarpus occidentalis and racemosus; Syringa Josikea, persica, alba, Charlemagne, Charles X., grandiflora, Triomphe d Orleans, and Prince Nottiger ; Viburnum Opulus, rosea, and sterilis, double Guelder rose. The second and fifth lines and the broad portion in the centre are composed of specimens of Abies Albertiana, canadensis, Douglasii, excelsa, firma, taverta, monstrosa, pendula, Menziesii, orientalis, Smithiana ; Araucaria imbricata ; Biota orientalis ; Cedrus atlan- tica, Deodara and Libani; Cupressus Lawsoniana, stricta, macro- carpa, and nutkaensis ; Juniperus chinensis, hibernica, and recurva ; Picea amabilis, bracteata, Cephalonicu, Fraseri, grandis, lasiocarpa, magnifica, nobilis, Nordmanniana, Pichta, Pinsapo ; Pinus austriaca, Benthamiana, Cembra, excelsa, Laricio, and ponderosa; Retinospora obtusa, and pisifera; Wellingtonia gigantea and variegata; Taxus fastigiata and Nidpathensis ; Thuja gigantea, Lobii, occidentalis, and Warreuna. In the third and fourth line on each side of the walk are Abies clanbrasiliana ; Biota aurea and elegantissima ; Cephalotaxus + REPORT ON AN ARBORETUM. al drupacea ; Cryptomeria japonica and Lobbii ; Juniperus canadensis, caucausica, rigida, drupacea, excelsa, excelsa strictu, argentea ; Retinospora filifera, plumosa, and squarrosa ; Sequoia sempervirens ; Taxus elegantissima, variegated silver and golden; Alaternus, two varieties, green-leaved and variegated ; Arbutus, several varieties ; Aucuba japonica, male and female; Azalea, six varieties; Buxus (boxwood), several varieties not named ; Daphne Laureola,, Meze- reum, atropurpureum and alba; Ilex, variegated hollies, twelve varieties; Laurestinus, varieties; Ligustrum japonicum and ovali- folium; Mahonia aquifolia and japonica; Pernettya floribunda and mucronata ; Tamarix gallica ; Rhododendron (hybrid), twelve varieties. Besides these, it is intended to introduce 100 named varieties of rhododendrons during the incoming season. In the sixth line are specimens of Acer Negundo, rubrum and stricta; Betula asplenifolia, laciniata, pendula and populifolia, varieties of double-flowering cherries ; Cratcgus (flowering thorns), varieties, including coccinea, Douglasii, latifolia, Macnabiana, and odoratissima, Paul’s new double crimson, regince pendule pur- purea, single and double scarlet, double pink and white. These are planted alternately with varieties of hollies, including Ilex angus- ° tifolium, blotch-leaved, Dowingtonense, Dutch, Hodgensii, hedge- hog, hybridum, latifolium, laurifolia, myrtifolium, nobilis, regina (Queen), gold and silver, serratifoliu, pictum, tricolor, Scotica, yellow-berried, &c.; Quercus austriacus, Fordii and Lucombi. In the strip of mixed trees and shrubs between the sixth parallel line and the belt of hardwood trees are, Acer campestre, austriacum, circinatum, colchicum, Douglasii, eriocarpum, Leopoldii, macrophyl- lum, monspessulanum, Neapolitana, opalifolium, pensylvanicum, Pseudo-Platanus, burettia, purpurea, albo-varieqata, Corstorphine, saccharinum, tartaricum ; Afsculus (horse-chestnut) Hippocastanum coccinea, flore pleno, rubra, spectabilis and rubicunda; Alnus americana, cordifolia, glutinosa, asplenifolia, Hudsonica, incana, orientalis, ovata, serrulata, &c.; Amygdulis (almond) dulcis, pedunculata, persica flore pleno and alba; Betula (birch), several varieties ; Carpinus (horn-beam) americana, betulus, heterophylla and incisa; Carya (hickory tree) alba and amara; Castanea (chestnut) Americana, vesca, asplenifolia, cochleata and crispa variegata ; Cytisus (laburnum), several varieties; Fagus (beech) asplenifolia, cristata, pendula, purpurea, &c.; Fraxinus (ash) Caroliniana, aurea, aucubefolia, integrifolia, nigra, sambucifolia ; Juglans (walnut); Liriodendron tulipifera; Mespilus (medlar); Morus + 22 REPORT ON AN ARBORETUM. (mulberry) nigra and rubra; Platanus (plane) nepalensis, acerifolia, occidentalis, orientalis, &c.; Populus (poplar) alba, new variety, Abele, balsamifera, canadensis, canescens, cordata, Caroliniana, dilatata, Lindleyana, nivea, tremula, pannonica, &c.; Pyrus, several varieties not named; Rhamnus catharticus and frangula ; Salix acuminata, ulba, pendula, and new silvery, amularis, argentea, Babylonica, caprea, Kilmarnock and American weeping, pentandra, golden, Huntingdon, Bedford, &c.; Sambucus (elder), scarlet-fruited and other varieties; Tilia (lime) alba, europea, asplenifolia, grandi- folia, &c.; Ulmus (elm) crispa, fastigiata, gigantea, purpurea, Camperdown, weeping, pendula, &c. Besides these, there are com- mon and Portugal laurels, Scots yews (varieties), hollies of sorts, Pinus montana and maritima, and other forest trees, as also small plants of the commoner coniferous trees and shrubs, mentioned as being in the parallel lines. These trees are planted too close to remain permanently, but they are regularly root-pruned, so that they can be removed at any time, the chief object being to test the hardiness and suitableness of the different sorts for the district, and to have specimens of as many varieties as possible, so that they may be permanently planted in suitable places when their individual characters are known. A number of the hardier varieties have already been removed, and others substituted in their places. Some of the willows and poplars are not expected to become large trees, as the situation is not suit- able; but some of the specimens are so interesting that it is thought desirable to grow them for a time for reference and as a contrast with the other varieties. There are two small rockeries (one at each end), and growing in these and on a stone wall adjoining are varieties of ivy, lonicera, brambles, briars, &c. As the planting has been done at different periods, the exact cost cannot be stated, except for the spring of 1869, when the divi- sion was laid out and the plants arranged. During that season the wages for work in connection with planting, &c., amounted to - L.38, 10s.; and during each season since there has been about L.4, 15s. expended (exclusive of cleaning) in root-pruning, replant- ing, &c. The original cost of the plants is shown in the annexed table. The result of the planting of this division in 1869 may be said to have been a complete success, as only one of the conifers (Abies Smithiana) was lost. A few of the deciduous plants went back, REPORT ON AN ARBORETUM. 23 but have sprung again from the root. During the first winter most of the doubtful varieties were protected from frost by spruce branches, and each succeeding winter the small tender plants have been protected by the same means. In the spring of 1871, Picea Pichta was slightly frosted, and P. Pinsapo and cephalonica lost their leaders from the same cause, but they have again got leading tops. The late frosts this spring (1872) slightly affected some of the larger varieties, including Picea nobilis, glauca, but the - damage has not been followed by serious results. Two of the best P. nobilis had 14 inches broken off their main leaders in the month of July last, when they were in full vigour, and the young shoots in a brittle state. Heavy birds alighting on the tops were supposed to be the cause, and to prevent this occurring to any of the others, small wood stakes were attached to the main stems, reaching above the tops, so that birds might alight on the stakes and not on the tops. No similar accidents have occurred since. Some of the Cedrus Deodara and Libani were overgrown and bushy before planting, and required severe pruning before leaders could be procured, but with these exceptions, and the removal of double leaders and foreshortening with the finger and thumb of extraneous lateral shoots when in a young and soft state, these plants have received no other treatment. Il. The second division is about 500 yards to the west of that already described. The form is triangular, containing about 34 acres. Elevation, soil, and subsoil similar to No. 1. Exposure to the west and north-west ; sheltered from the south-east. Previous to planting, it was old pasture; but it was deep-ploughed and thoroughly harrowed before being planted in the spring of 1868 with a mixture of ordinary forest trees at about 34 feet apart. The plants and planting cost about L.6, 10s. per acre. The ornamental trees, to which I shall refer, were planted in the spring of 1869, their introduction being an afterthought, consequent on the planting of division No. 1, the object being to test them along with the ordinary forest trees. It would be useless to enumerate all the plants in this division, as, with the exception of some of the newer and rarer sorts, most of the varieties planted in No. 1 occur also in No. 2, with the addition of Pinus Jeffreyii, monticola, Murrayana, Pallasiana, and pyrenaica. The shrubs and dwarf varieties are arranged on the south-west side (parallel to which a carriage-drive passes), and the taller varieties to the background. The coniferous trees are planted 24 REPORT ON AN ARBORETUM. at 30 feet apart, and the principal hardwood trees in the centres. For the first two years the ground was kept regularly cleaned, but for the last two years only about eight yards in width, next to the carriage-drive, has been dressed, the plants being closely met on the rest of the ground. The ordinary hardwood trees, as also the spruce, larch, and Scots fir, are making rapid growth; but it will be seen from the annexed table that some of the ornamental varieties are doing better, espe- cially Picea grandis and nobilis, Abies Douglasii and Menziesit. The true pines were all very small when planted, but they are also doing well, particularly the Austrian, Corsican, ponderosa, and pyrenaica. Some of the Wellingtonias had the points of their lateral shoots frosted on the 8th of October, and less slightly, Abies Menziesii and Smithiana, Picea nobilis and magnifica. Some of the Acers were also slightly touched, but no trees appear to be materially damaged, except the Wellingtonias ; however they may soon regain their appearance, as the tops are not affected. At the same period none of the plants in the other division were the least injured. The whole of the shrubs along the side of the carriage-drive, although fully exposed, are doing remarkably well ; but being chiefly the same varieties as in the other division, the names are not repeated in the table, as it is only for the timber- producing trees that this division is noticed. It will be seen from the table that the coniferous trees in this division are making greater top growths than in No. 1, but less laterals or spread of branches. No doubt this is owing to the con- finement, but as they are all taking girth of stem along with top growths it will be interesting to compare and note progress. In the meantime, it is well to keep in view that in No. 1 the plants were much larger when planted, and all selected; while in No. 2 they were much smaller, and not particularly selected. The column stating the cost of plants shows a great difference in original prices. All the trees in both divisions were planted by pitting in the usual manner, without manures or artificial stimulants of any kind. Owing to the ground having been trenched or ploughed, the rough turf was generally brought to the surface in making the pits, but it was carefully chopped up before being put into the pits again. As a matter of course, the best of the soil was put next to the roots of the plants, and great care was taken to place the roots at the proper depth and as naturally as possible. The names of the coniferous plants in No. 1 division are shown REPORT ON AN ARBORETUM. 25 in enamelled letters on “ Maw’s terra-cotta labels,” suspended by galvanised wire stakes in front of each plant. The names of the others are written on zinc labels, with a preparation sold for the purpose, and the labels are, as a rule, attached to one of the branches of each plant by copper wire. Seeing that this “arboretum” has been recently formed, and that new varieties are being constantly added, it would be pre- mature to state how the different sorts of plants are likely to succeed. However, the annexed tables give a comparative view of their progress, and affords some criterion as to the prospects of future success :— Note.—Since the above was written the following sorts have been added to the collection — Abies Englemanii, Biota semperaurescens, Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Juniperus filicoides, Sabina, Schottii, vir- giniana, glauca; Taxus adpressa, glauca, Dovastonii, erecta, ericoides, and others; Thuja occidentalis, pendulu; Arbutus, 12 named sorts; Buxus pendula, variegata, and 6 named sorts; Ber- beris Belstaniana, Jamiesonit, empetrifolia; Cerasus Azoricus, and myrtifolia, Corylus, 14 sorts named; Quercus coccinea, Rubus leucodermis, &c. (TABLE. VOL. VII. PART I. 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38 REPORT ON THE HOUSTON PINETUM.
IV. Report on theHouston Pinetum. By WILLIAM TIVENDALE,
Forester, Houston, Paisley.
In the spring of 1867 we were allowed to take about two acres of
ground to be planted as a Pinetum. It is situated at an elevation
of nearly 100 feet above the level of the sea, and has a north-
eastern exposure. The soil is a good light loam, of considerable
depth, resting partly on gravel and partly on sand, and is very well
adapted for growing most of the coniferous trees. This piece of
ground had formerly been enclosed by a dry stone dyke on the
south and east, by a stone and lime wall 6 feet high on the west,
and by a strong wire fence on the north. The stone and lime wall
being on the public road, and in good repair, was allowed to stand,
as also the wire fence; but the dry stone dyke, being no longer
required as a fence for cattle, &c., was removed, the small stcnes
being left for bottoming the walks of the pinetum. A row of old
hardwood trees being on the side of this fence, under the drop of
which pines will not grow, we had to trench a border about 24 feet
wide, and as deep as possible, without injuring the roots of the
trees. This being done, we proceeded to make the walks ; the soil
was taken out to the depth of 12 inches, and 48 inches wide, and
put on the trenched border which was to be planted with evergreens.
6 inches of small stones were put in the bottom of the walk, which
were blinded with an inch of engine ashes; 3 inches of fine gravel
was laid on the top of the ashes, leaving the edge of the walk about
3 inches high.
As it. was necessary to keep out hares and rabbits, we put up wire
netting, the posts for which were cut from matured larch trees,
4 feet long, and 3 inches by 24 inches square. They were driven
1 foot into the ground, at 6 feet from post to post; 6 inches of soil
were taken out with the spade all along the outside of the row of
posts, anda rafter of larch was nailed to the posts under the natural
surface of the ground. A No, 8 wire was threaded through the
tcp meshes of the netting as it was being rolled out along the side of
the fence ; this wire is strained at the ends of the fence ; the netting
is then tightened, and the wire is stapled to the posts, about 2 feet
10 inches above the ground, leaving about 2 inches to be stapled to
the rafters under the surface, which prevents rabbits from creeping
under the wire netting. The soil taken out for the rafter is again put
in, and made firm by tramping with the feet, and all made level. —
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SELF-SOWING OF THE COMMON SILVER FIR. 183
uprooted ; and after the trees were cut and cleared off, the roots
were taken out for fuel. Portions of the surface were thus opened
up, and the seeds germinated and grew readily.
Seedlings being most numerous between the ages of eight and
twelve, and between two and five, would seem to confirm this
theory ; but apart from this, seedlings of all ages are most numerous
in a partially opened space near the outside of the plantation, where
roots for fuel have been periodically grubbed out. It has also been
observed that larch and Scots fir seeds germinate most readily in
plantations where roots have been holed, and after wind-blown trees
have been cleared off. All this is only theory, and I will not
pursue it further, but the fact remains that seedlings of the common
silver fir are growing in K plantation. That fact having been
ascertained, the circumstances most favourable for their further
development or reproduction can be observed and noted.
Seedlings are not to be found beyond a radius of 60 yards from
the old trees, and this extreme distance is invariably up the hill.
Throughout the plantation within this radius of the old trees there
are several silver firs from thirty-five to forty years old, about 38
feet high, and from 2 to 24 feet in circumference at 3 feet from the
ground ; these may also be natural reproductions. In some parts
of the plantation there are a few self-sown plants of the common
spruce, as also a few larches, but the almost total absence of Scots
fir seedlings is curious. Indigenous birch, rowan, raspberry, and
holly grow freely from seed, and broom in some of the more open
spaces, along with Vaccinium Myrtillus and Calluna vulgaris. The
natural herbage in the plantation where the silver firs are growing
consists principally of the following :—
Flowering plants.—Cardamine hirsuta, Digitalis purpurea,*
Galium saxatile,* Goodyera repens, Hypericum pulchrum, Luzula
pilosa, Oxulis Acetosella, Ranunculus acris and repens, Rumex Ace-
tosa and Acetosella, Stellaria Holostea, Tormentilla officinalis, Trien-
talis europea, Scabiosa succisa, Viola canina, Veronica Chamedrys
and officinalis ; as also the beautiful and rare Linnea borealis.
Grasses. — Agrostis vulgaris and canina,* Aira flecuosa,* Anthox-
anthum odoratum, Festuca ovina, Holcus mollis and lanatus.
Ferns.— Pteris aquilina, Blechnum boreale, Asplenium Filix-
femina, Aspidium Filix-mas and dilatata, Polypodium Dryopteris.
Mosses.—Dicranum scoparium ; Hypnum loreum, purum, proli-
ferum, splendens,* triquetrum, and undulatum ; Polytrichum com-
mune.
* Those marked * are most plentiful.
184 NOTE ON A WOOD DAMAGED BY GASES
XIX. Note on a Wood damaged by Gases from Caleining of
Ironstone. By ANDREW SLATER, Forester, Loftus, York-
shire.
The wood is within five hundred yards of the calcining hearths,
and is twenty acres in extent; it consists of oak, ash, elm, plane,
black Italian poplar, horse chestnut, Spanish chestnut, holly, lime,
alder, common spruce, Weymouth pine, larch, Scotch fir, and silver
fir. The calcining hearths were in operation in the spring of 1870,
and as soon as the oak and holly were in foliage the leaves became
white round the edges, and soon after white spots appeared all over
the leaf. The other hardwood trees were little affected that year,
but all the pine tribe were much damaged the first season, and
although part of the foliage remained green, wood was not made
that season nor since, and last autumn (1872) they were all dead
except the Scotch fir, which retained a few green leaves till it was
felled this spring. The elm, ash, plane, alder, and lime were not
much damaged the first two years, but since then they have made
no wood, The Spanish chestnut had the same appearance the first
season as the oak, and the horse chestnut was sheltered by other
trees from the effects of the fumes, so that I cannot say what the
effects would have been upon them had they been exposed.
The black Italian poplar is the only tree that is not affected in
any way; it is as healthy as can be, and made good shoots this
season (1873), although exposed more than the other kinds, being
at least 40 feet higher than the other trees.
There are two acres of wood, ten years old, consisting chiefly of
black Italian poplar, with larch and Scotch fir as nurses. The
poplars are all in robust health, without the least sign of blemish
on their leaves, but the nurses are nearly all dead or dying. The
wood was very healthy previous to 1870, but now it has the appear-
ance of being burned with fire, and that part of the estate looks
very desolate.
The twenty acres were sold and a portion cut down and barked,
part of which had the bark as adherent to the wood as at mid-
winter ; it is still standing.
We cut and barked four acres of oak adjoining the above planta-
tion, and the bark came off well; it is the same distance from the
calcining floors as the other, but is screened from them by a rise in
the ground, and I believe that if screens were erected round the
FROM CALCINING OF IRONSTONE. 185
hearths the gas could be prevented from spreading to the injury of
any crops around them, whether of grain or wood. There is a large
percentage of sulphur in the ironstone, and while the stone is under-
going the process of calcining, sulphurous acid gas is generated,
which is very destructive to vegetation; but being more than twice
as heavy as common air, it does not rise much higher than the top of
the heaps, and might be confined within proper screens. The gas
has an offensive smell, which is never felt far from the works,
unless when carried along by the wind.
Notre.—tThe effects of different gases on trees and vegetation
generally is an important subject, and demands the attention of
proprietors and foresters at the present time, in order that more
information may be obtained. Some valuable papers have been
published of late years treating of the subject. Reference may be
made to the following :—Gladstone “‘On the Growth of Plants in
various Gases,” ‘“ Philosophical Magazine,” 4th series, vol. ii. p.
215; Turner and Christison “ On the Effects of Poisonous Gases on
Vegetation,” “Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,” vol.
Xxviil. p. 356 ; Livingston “ On the Effects of Narcotic and Irri-
tant Gases on Plants,” “Transactions of the Edinburgh Botanical
Society,” vol. vi. p. 380.—Eb.
186 ON A NEW TRANSPLANTING MACHINE.
XX. On a new Transplanting Machine. By James Kay,
Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. (Plates I. and II.)
Having a number of trees to transplant in spring (1873), and
there being nothing more suitable for the purpose than a common
janker used for transporting logs, I carefully considered the con-
struction ot those machines that have been in use for some time,
such as M‘Glashan’s and M‘Kay’s (referred to in Brown’s “ Forester”),
as well as the old-fashioned janker ; it appeared to me that none of
them possessed the simplicity and power necessary for carefully lift-
ing, removing, and transplanting trees. The old-fashioned janker un-
doubtedly possesses sufficient power, but the tree is put to a severe
test at the outset by being torn from the ground by physical force,
and the roots and branches rudely dragged along the ground, and
the earth jostled from the upturned root at every movement.
Certainly a more barbarous way of pulling a tree out of the ground
could not be devised. The construction and mode of lifting the
tree by M‘Kay’s machine is certainly more satisfactory than with
the janker. Still the means of getting the wooden bars placed
under the root are somewhat imperfect, and cannot bear up the
weight of the tree so effectually as if placed immediately under the
root—the planks being placed along the outer edge of the ball,
thereby straining the roots. The raising of the tree is also performed in
a slow and cumbrous manner, being effected by common hand screws,
and the chain made to pass round the planks on which the tree rests.
In regard to M‘Glashan’s machine, however effective it may be in
raising shrubs or moderate-sized plants, it seems to me to be un-
suited for removing trees of large size ; for though it may be possible
to lift a large plant, it is evident that if part of the ‘“ ball” should
be detached, the plant would fall to the ground, not having suffi-
cient support between the spades.
Having considered all these matters, I set about contriving how
to obviate the difficulties. It occurred to me that a common hay-
compressing machine possessed the elements of what was wanted. I
may state that this is simply a square frame, with a movable bottom,
which is compressed against the hay by chains wound round two
strong iron axles by means of two strong ratchets and levers—one
ratchet and lever being fixed on each axle. Still, though the
levers and chains possessed the power wanted to raise any given
weight, the difficulty was, how a solid platform could to be got under-
neath the tree without running the risk of tilting it over. It ap-
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ON A NEW TRANSPLANTING MACHINE. 187
peared to me that an effectual way of overcoming this difficulty was
to have strong iron bars driven under the “ ball,” and to have the
chains for raising the tree made with large rings at the same distance
apart as the bars are from each other, and placed over the ends of
the bars, the ends of the chain being wound round the axles, as in
the case of the hay machine. Difficulties being so far overcome, the
next thing was to have a suitable frame placed on wheels for trans-
porting the trees to their new site. Nicety being useless, and not
having time to construct all the necessary appliances, I got a pair of
common broad waggon-wheels and axle, with the axle and wheels of
a buggy used for transporting timber, and with these we performed
satisfactory work. I will now give the details of the machine used,
The machine (see Plates I. and II.) is simply a frame formed
of two strong beams placed on two axles with broad wheels.
The beams are 13 feet long, 10 inches broad, by 4 inches thick ;
and, in order that the frame may be solid and strong when in use,
and at the same time easily disconnected when placed in position
for the removal of a tree, the side-beams are bolted to two cross
planks, which lie immediately above the axles, the frame being kept
solid and at the required distance apart in the middle by the blocks
of wood placed between the beams, and in immediate contact with
the jamb-bolts, which keep the machine knit together when in use.
A bar of beechwood, 7 feet long and 4 inches square, is placed on
the top of each of the beams, a part being hollowed out for the
axles to turn in; and to keep the axles from canting over in lifting
or removing a tree, they are kept in their place by iron covers bolted
down to the beech bar referred to. The axles are 5 feet long and 24
inches in diameter, and are placed about 4 feet 9 inches apart,
a strong ratchet and lever being fixed on each of the axles, and a
keeper placed under each of the ratches. To facilitate the turning
of the machine, the front wheels are made to turn half round under
the frame by means of a locker-bolt, which passes down through the
end of the frame and the axle of the fore wheels. For the porta-
bility of the machine, shafts are attached to the front of the frame,
either double or single, as necessity requires. (See Plates.)
In proceeding to lift a tree, a trench is dug round at a distance,
proportioned to its size, and of such a depth as to be completely under
the roots. In order to lighten the “ball” the extremities of the
roots are cleaned of superfluous soil with a common fork or grape.
Before placing the machine in position, a sloping trench is made on
opposite sides of the tree, so that the tree may be easily drawn on
the level ground. After having the trench cleared out, and the
188 ON A NEW TRANSPLANTING MACHINE.
roots well undermined, the iron bars are driven under the “ ball.”
In driving the bars they must be held so as to come out parallel to
each other, and on the same level on the opposite side of the “ ball,”
and at the distance apart the large rings in the chain are from each
other, so that the chain may be easily placed over the ends of the
bars. Next, one end of the frame is disconnected from the connect-
ing bar and axle on which it rests, and the machine run into the
trench till the tree stands nearly in the centre of the frame. The
connecting bar is again bolted and placed on the axle as before.
The winding axle and lever, which have been removed to admit the
tree, are also placed in position, and the chains fixed to the hooks at
the end of the axles. All being now ready for lifting the tree,
the levers are raised and lowered alternately, which causes the
ratchets and axles on which the chains are wound to advance one
tooth at a time. This is continued till the root is clear of the
ground. When raising the tree, if it is found to be lower at one
-end of the machine than the other, raise the lower side a tooth
or two while the opposite lever remains stationary. In order to
keep the tree from canting over, two pieces of plank are placed be-
tween the root and the bottom edge of the frame—one on each side
of the tree. These, and four ropes which are fastened about 15 feet
up, and attached to the four corners of the machine, are an effectual
means of keeping the tree in position during its removal.
The machine may be drawn out of the trench in various ways,
according to circumstances; by men, by block and tackle, or by
yoking horses, and taking it to the new site at once. When
coming to a part of the road with considerable incline, in order to
prevent the possibility of an accident, should the machine get
‘under-way,” the horses should be unyoked and the machine drawn
cautiously by men only; and to counteract the jolting of the
machine when being drawn along a rough road, four pieces of
vulcanised india-rubber should be placed between the axles and frame.
The outer edge of the wheels should also be covered with several
plies of matting or old sacks, or should the rough part of the road be
of limited extent, the line of wheels may be covered with straw.
After the tree is drawn to the new site, and the pit ready for its
reception, the machine is run into the centre of the pit, the trench
being kept sufficiently wide and deep to admit of a quantity of
fresh soil being placed under and around the roots. The machine
being brought to the proper position, the levers are pulled down, and
the keepers thrown out of gear, and a tooth allowed to escape each
time till the ball rests on the ground.
ON A NEW TRANSPLANTING MACHINE. 189
If the tree should lean to one side, have that side raised and soil
placed under the root and well firmed up (so that it may not sub-
side afterwards, a point of particular importance), till the tree
stands in a vertical position. The next process is to have the frame
disconnected as before and run clear of the tree. The iron bars are
next pulled from under the roots by means of a horse and tail-chain.
All the apparatus being now clear, the soil-is filled in and the work
ecmpleted.
We transplanted thirty oaks, several of them upwards of 30 feet
high, and from 5 to 7 inches in diameter, besides a number of large
yews and other shrubs; and, although the most of them were
carried upwards of half a mile, we have not had a single failure—
in fact, any person that did not know that the oaks were newly
planted would never detect it from their appearance.
It may be stated that the trees were in no way prepared previous
to transplanting, and the operations were carried on in all suitable
weather from the end of February till the end of April. In fact,
one large lime was in full leaf before being transplanted. The oaks
are fine healthy trees, clean in the bark, and had they not been
turned to account in the above way, would have been thinned out
and probably made into stobs; but by transporting them as de-
scribed, we have filled up the lines of the old vistas, and produced
an effect in a few weeks which would have taken thirty years to
accomplish by planting small saplings.
Notr.—A number of trees were moored in the usual way with
strand wire, to prevent the possibility of them being “‘ wind-waved ;”
but the balls and roots being so solid and perfect, all such appliances
proved superfluous.
The chains for raising the tree are formed of § inch iron, 11 feet
3 inches long, with six rings in each, each ring being 44 inches in
diameter. Lengthening hook-chains, 18 inches long, are kept in
reserve should the chains prove too short for any particular speci-
men. In practice I found six rings were unnecessary, four rings
and bars in the middle of the chain immediately under the root
being sufficient. When six bars were used the outer ones tended to
compress the edges of the root. The bars are formed of round iron,
about 8 feet long. The outside bars are 2 inches in diameter, and
the two centre bars 14 inch in diameter. Any measurements not
given here may be obtained from the plans. The cost of the
appliances, irrespective of wheels and axles, was L.16.
190 ON THE ALTITUDE AND APPEARANCE OF
XXI. On the Altitude and Appearance of the Wellingtonia
gigantea. By Rosert Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E.,
&e. (Plate III.)
Travellers from the Sierra Nevada, and other high altitudes of
California, have told us, and enthusiastic writers have pictured in
words of glowing interest, and enriched with varied anecdote,
delineations of this mighty giant of the woods in its own native
habitats. But much as we may value such descriptions, and
interesting as they undoubtedly are in themselves, they but convey
to the mind’s eye of the arborist in this country an imperfect vision
and idea of what a personal inspection with the eye of sense alone,
of the form, appearance, and proportions of the actual tree itself,
could thoroughly and conclusively realise. To what height and
dimensions the Wellingtonia may ultimately attain in Great Britain,
where it has now been fairly acclimatised, it is of course impossible
to foretell; the rapidity of annual growth with which it has in-
augurated its career in all sorts of situations, augurs well for its
attaining, in no distant decade of years, to majestic proportions,
equal at least to the dimensions of any of our well-known and
established timber trees of the coniferous family, if not (as is more
probable) superior to all of them in this respect.
In the meantime, forecasting what the appearance of the landscape
of our native hill sides may be in future generations, from the
numerous acquisitions of rare beauty of foliage, hue, and form, which
have been made of recent years to our arboricultural flora, and
indulging in the fancy that these newer conifer may attain, in this
the land of their adoption, their usual dimensions in their native
homes, the accompanying interesting illustration (Plate IIL) will do
more to convey to the members of this Society a vivid picture of
how most of our tallest monuments and noblest edifices will appear
relatively to the dimensions of a full-grown Wellingtonia, and how
they will be dwarfed by its towering proportions.
This illustration of a most interesting subject I have been able to
present to the members of this Society by the kindness of my
friend, John Ord M‘Kenzie, Esq. of Dolphinton, in whose posses-
sion is the original oil painting from which it has been taken.
The picture is understood to have been painted many years ago,
for and under the directions of the late Colonel James Fergusson,
H.E.LC.S., a brother of Sir Adam Fergusson, and a great friend (as
Scott. Arbor Soc. ‘rans i 1 VE “ul +) TIT.
THE WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA. 191
Sir Adam also was) of Sir Walter Scott, and from whose inter-
course, probably, his love of trees was derived, or, at all events,
fostered. The picture is drawn on a scale with Lord Melville’s
Column in St Andrew Square, Edinburgh (150 feet in height.)
The picture accurately represents one of the giant firs, seen and
measured by the celebrated travellers Lewis and Clarke, in their
journey across the American continent. It was measured “with
great care,” we are told by Humboldt in his “ Aspects of Nature,”
and was found to girth round the stem, “at 64 feet from the ground,
42 feet; its stem was 300 feet in height, and totally destitute
of branches for the first 192 feet.” This specimen, it will thus be
seen, 1S by no means one of the largest of these mammoth trees,
many others of those in the Mariposa, Frezno, and Calaveros groves
in California being both loftier and more gigantic in circumference.
For example, Mr Hutchings, in his ‘‘ Scenes of Wonder in Cali-
fornia,” records the girths of no fewer than 132 of these trees, being
about one-half the number of the entire grove. Looking over
these measurements as given by Mr Hutchings, we find that three
of the Wellingtonias exceeded 100 feet in circumference, two of
them were between 90 and 100 feet, and the others varied from
about 30 feet to 90 feet in girth. Many of the trees in the
Mariposa grove had attained 250 feet in height; several even 300
feet ; while one fallen giant, with bark gone, and its sides long since
charred by fire, measured over 100 feet in circumference, and had
probably attained not less than 350 feet in height. The largest of
all these famous trees, however, measured in its fallen grandeur and
decay, 33 feet in diameter across the butt of the stump; and as it
was destitute of bark, there is little doubt that in full vigour it had
girthed 120 feet in circumference, or 40 feet diameter. ‘“‘ Only
about 150 feet of the trunk remained entire, yet the cavity where
it fell is still a large hollow beyond the portion burned off; and
upon pacing it, measuring from the root 120 paces, and estimating
the branches, this tree must have been 400 feet high. We believe
it to be the largest tree yet discovered.’*
Such are a few facts regarding the altitude and dimensions of the
Wellingtonia gigantea in its native habitats. The sites in which
it appears to thrive most luxuriantly, and to attain its largest
dimensions, are in sheltered valleys or gorges in the Nevada range,
where the soil is deepest and subsoil moist. This quite accords
* Hutchings’ ‘‘Scenes of Wonder in California.” London: Chapman and
Hall, 1865, p. 148.
192 ON THE ALTITUDE AND APPEARANCE OF
with what we have ascertained regarding the progress of the tree in
this country. Although it will thrive in almost any soil and exposure,
and will withstand severe frosts like that of 1860-61 with little and
only temporary damage, yet the progress made by specimens placed
in favourable circumstances as to soil, subsoil, and shelter, are most
apparent. In deep loamy soil, with a subsoil tending to stiff clay,
unlike many of the coniferous family, the Wellingtonia thrives best;
and in any soil, if only the subsoil be damp and retentive of moisture,
it will succeed admirably even in an exposed situation in Scotland.
The spring winds of March and April singe and brown its foliage
occasionally, and the warm sunshine during the day and chilly frosty
nights of May retard and blight its development of young shoots ;
but all these impediments it overcomes, and plants of 20 to 30 feet
in height, which in many places in April and May in any ordinary
year present a very brown and withered aspect, will be found by the
month of July quite vigorous and healthy in appearance, and to
have entirely shaken off their sickly aspect of the spring time.
We are perhaps too apt, in considering the merits of such an
acquisition as the Wellingtonia, as regards ultimate utility, to be
carried away by our admiration of its handsome pyramidal form,
hardiness, and beautiful foliage and habit, and to overlook its pros-
pective value as a timber-producing tree. As yet few individual
specimens have been cut down in this country, and these only from
accidental circumstances, and hence there have been few opportunities
hitherto of judging of its likelihood of becoming a valuable timber
tree. If, however, we judge so far by appearances, and compare the
characteristics of the Wellingtonia in habit and growth with our
ideal of what a first-rate timber tree should be, we shall find that it
possesses these points in singular eminence. We have hardihood,
large development of trunk and stem, rapidity.of growth, straight-
ness of habit, smallness of branch shoots starting from the stem, all
combined ; and, it may be added, in so far as experience has
hitherto found from a few examples which have been tried from
home-grown trees, apparent durability of timber. The wood is light,
tough, rather coarse in the grain, but very easily wrought, and not
unlike the wood of the poplar, or saugh, or white cedar. In its
older and more matured stages of growth, the value and texture of
the wood will be found to be much improved, and to present a
closer and finer grain.
The soil and climate of Ireland seem to be peculiarly well adapted
for the Wellingtonia, and many instances might be recorded of very
THE WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA. 193
handsome and thriving specimens occurring in various districts. One
in particular is perhaps deserving of special notice here, as being
probably at the present time the tallest specimen in the United
Kingdom ; we refer to the tree at Cecil, county Tyrone, which,
although only planted fourteen years ago, is already about 45 feet
in height, and growing luxuriantly.
In looking at the illustration, one cannot fail to be struck by the
bare and scant appearance of branches forming the head of the tree,
a peculiarity very unlike the habit of the young specimens of the
Wellingtonia as known to us in this country; but the representa-
tion, as the writer has learned from an eye-witness of the big trees,
is quite accurate. The peculiarity of the trees in their native habitats
is not their umbrageous heads or wide sweep of branches, but their
immense massive trunks, A traveller in California in 1873 gives
the writer the following account of his visit to the giants :—“ On
my way to the Losamite valley I took the Mariposa ‘trail,’ and
there with two friends, one the travelling artist of the ‘ London
Illustrated News,’ went seven miles out of the way through the pine
forest on horseback to see the big trees, as they are called. This
was on the 9th May last (1873). With regard to the altitude at
which the trees are grown I cannot inform you exactly, but it could
not be less than from 5000 to 6000 feet above the level of the sea.
The highest of the trees, the guide told us, were over 300 feet high ;
but in a forest, with other trees intervening to obstruct the sight,
it is difficult, on getting to a proper distance, to get a full view of
any tree in particular so as to form a judgment of its actual height.
The big trees all had the appearance of being withered or withering
at the top, and their height did not at all correspond with their
circumference. As my object in going to see the trees was more for
pleasure than with any scientific purpose, I was not provided with
a measuring line to take the dimensions of any of them, but for
curiosity, the three of us and the guide with our horses, got as close
as we could to the root of one of the largest, and we did not half
encircle it.”
It is a curious fact that two cones of the genus Sequoia (Welling-
tonia) have been found in a fossil state in this country. May we
not, therefore, in introducing this tree be only restoring to the flora
of Great Britain one of its former treasures, now long extinct, and
unknown for countless ages ?
194 THE SELF-SOWN OAK WOODS OF SUSSEX.
XXII. The Self-Sown Oak Woods of Sussex.*
By RatpeH W. CLUTTON.
In this paper I propose to inquire into the following matters
connected with the growth and management of self-sown oak woods.
Oak will grow in almost any description of clay, from the poorest
and stiffest toa good deep loam. As the oak, in its earliest stages of
erowth, has a long tap-root, a deep soil, free to a certain depth from
rock, is necessary to its rapid development. Oak will grow with
considerable luxuriance in a gravelly soil, but, on arriving at a size
fit to be called timber, it becomes what is termed shaky, and it will
be found on felling to be little more than a bundle of laths, utterly
unsuitable for the uses to which oak timber is generally put.
The Position of Oak Woods as affecting their Growth.—There is
no tree grown in England more sensitive of exposure to wind than
the oak, and the best and fastest growing woods are those in
sheltered positions, well inland. ‘There is a tract of country in the
south-east of Sussex, lying between Battle and Hailsham, the soil of
which is well adapted to the growth of oak, but which, from its
nearness to the sea—about ten miles as the crow flies—fails to
produce, except in very deep narrow gills, other than short stumpy
trees with bushy boughs, evidently thrown out as a protection
against the south-west wind. These trees produce knotty and
unsaleable timber. About thirty or thirty-five years ago, the
planting in St Leonard’s Forest was begun with larch and oak,
the proportion being about five of larch to one of oak. Since the
larches were seven or eight years old, they have been gradually
thinned out, and, though in no case have they thoroughly dis-
appeared, the land is fairly planted with straight-grown silver-
rinded tellars, which bid fair in due time to become a fine oak ©
forest. This land is ordinary forest land.
Effect of the Periodical Cutting of Underwood.—The periodical
cutting of underwood affects the growth of trees, as it affords the
only opportunity of thinning woods; thus the thinnings are at
longer intervals than, perhaps, is best for the growth of oak timber.
The custom in the Wealds of Surrey, Sussex, and Kent is to cut
the underwood at intervals of from eight to twelve years. Under-
wood is usually sold by auction in November, and in the following
* An abstract of a paper read at an ordinary general meeting of the Institu-
tion of Surveyors, February 16, 1874.
THE SELF-SOWN OAK WOODS OF SUSSEX. 195
spring the oak trees are inspected, and such thinning as is required
is then done. If the timber only was considered, a shorter interval
of, say, five or six years, would be better; but as the underwood is
an important portion of the profits, it is impossible to make the
most.of it until it becomes large enough for conversion into hop-
poles, hoops, &c. As to the age at which the timber causes injury
to underwood, supposing there is a full plant of tellars at any given
fall, for the next two cuttings (say, for twenty years) there will be
little difference found in the value of the underwood, which averages
from L.8 to L.10 per acre. The next three cuttings will be reduced,
on an average, about one-half, and afterwards the periodical cutting
will be sold for a very small sum, viz., L.1 to L.1, 10s. per acre,
which will not pay for rates, fencing, and ditching.
Pruning Oak Woods.—Not only is pruning unnecessary—for, if
thinning is done gradually, allowing the oak trees to draw each other
up to such height as may be required, the lower branches will of
themselves drop off—but it is actually injurious, as every timber
merchant or village carpenter knows. And the boughing of oak
trees materially affects the value of the timber when felled, though
the tree, when pruned, may be only 20 or 30 years, and, when cut,
150 years old. When the boughs are thrown off by nature, as they
are most perfectly under careful management, the bark gradually
closes over the part from which the bough dropped, and it becomes
impossible to define the former position of the bough, nor would
any sign of it be found when the tree is cut; but, should the tree
be pruned, an unsound knot, ora sore in the tree, is at once formed,
allowing the water to penetrate the trunk where the branch was cut
off. This will rot, and a black dead piece of wood will be found in
the centre of the tree when it is cut. The bark will, no doubt,
usually close over the wound made; but this will take some years,
and, before it is closed, the mischief will be done; and, in old trees,
it not unfrequently happens that the perfect closing over the wound
by young wood causes a species of dry rot.
Thinning and Clearing.—As I stated above, the time for thinning
woods is when the underwood is cut. The greater part of the timber
of the weald in question is grown with underwood. The underwood
is cut, on an average, once in ten years. At each cutting, trees
which have attained a good size, and show symptoms of diminished
growth, are felled, and open spaces are thus obtained for a fresh
crop. The same opportunity is taken for thinning the young tellars,
and of saving such further young plants as have come up since the
VOL. VII. PART II. )
196 THE SELF-SOWN OAK WOODS OF SUSSEX.
last cutting of the underwood, that is, ten years previously. In
thinning tellars and young trees, it is of the utmost importance that
the leading trees should be left, and the inferior ones cut. For the
ultimate crop the trees should stand from 20 to 30 feet apart. ~The
great aim of every forester should be to keep the trees thick enough
to draw each other up to the height required, so as to have a clear
stem of from 20 to 40. feet, as the case may be, and so to gradually
thin them as not to abruptly admit the wind, and thus cause them
to be checked in growth. Any checking of growth is speedily
detected by the throwing out of a quantity of “rushy” boughs, as
they are called. We have now carried our wood up to the age of
from seventy to eighty years. If the trees have been properly
managed, little further thinning will be required until their clearing,
unless the timber is left for a longer period than 100 years for large
shipbuildings. After a wood has been cleared of a natural crop of
oak, and the underwood has grown for a period of ten years, it will
generally be found, at the next cutting, that a good crop of self-
sown oak tellars is fairly scattered over the ground. The tellars
are usually marked with paint, and are excepted from sale. At this
first cutting the young oak trees will be about the same height as
the underwood; and, if the underwood is fairly good, the chances
are that it will be unnecessary to thin the tellars at all, more than
by a woodman going round and chopping down with a hatchet any
inferior trees. During the next five or six cuttings the real work of
thinning must be executed.
Profits.—1 now come to the question of profit, whether timber or
underwood pays best, taking a certain period of time, say 100 years.
Assume an acre of underwood of a fair average description in Kent,
Surrey, or Sussex, no oak trees being allowed to be grown upon it,
but kept entirely for underwood. I will suppose that it has a good
set of stems upon it. This underwood is worth, to sell, upon an
average of L.10 per acre at ten years’ growth; and it may be assumed,
for the purpose of rental value, that underwood selling for L.10 or
L.12 per acre, is worth the same number of shillings rent; this will
be found a close approximation-if worked out. This acre of wood-
land will therefore produce a rent of 10s. per annum, and go on
producing the same description of underwood for the 100 years with
occasional filling up. Take,secondly, an acre of woodland under similar
conditions with regard to underwood, but allow tellars to grow upon
it; there will be found little or no difference in the value of the under-
wood for the first twenty years. During the next forty years the
THE SELF-SOWN OAK WOODS OF SUSSEX. 197
underwood will have diminished in value; but we may fairly calcu-
late that the trees which have been cut in the course of thinning,
after twenty years, will have made up any loss in the value of the
underwood in this period. In fact, the produce is much more than
enough to make up the loss of profit from underwood. For the
remainder of the 100 years the underwood will pay very little, and
the thinnings will not produce more than enough to pay expenses.
In the foregoing observations I have assumed that underwood sold
at L.10 per acre is worth a rental of 10s., and that for sixty years
the underwood and tellar thinnings together will produce fully 10s.
per acre. From the latter period, and up to 100 years, when I
assume the timber will be fit for felling, little or no revenue will be
derived. The rental of 10s. per annum accumulated for forty years
at 4 per cent., gives, in round figures, L.50 per acre. The following
is an instance of a wood of 4 acres near Reigate, which was planted
in 1830 with oak and other trees. JI have no record of any
thinnings prior to 1866. In April 1866, twenty-eight oak trees,
containing 111 feet, and 208 tellars, were cut and sold for L.42.
In April 1872, thirty-nine oak trees, containing 216 feet, were cut
and sold for L.21. In 1873, seventy oak trees were cut which were
valued at L.40. This wood was sold, and the timber on it valued
very accurately, in 1872. There were 375 oak trees, containing
2600 feet of timber, and a few other trees, valued together at L.247,
being at the rate of L.60 per acre. The above sum of L.60 per acre
gives a rental of 11s. per acre at 4 per cent., and beyond that, of
course, is the sum of money received for the thinnings. The trees
in this wood will not require much more thinning. It is, I think,
apparent that the oak-growing districts, in which underwood and
timber are grown together, produce a much larger profit on an ave-
rage of 100 years, than it is possible for oak plantations alone to
produce, as, during the earlier periods of growth, underwood pays an
income when the land planted with oak pays nothing.
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. SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY |
VOL. VIL—PART IIL.
EDITOR AND SECRETARY.
JOHN SADLER, F.RPhS.
LECIURER ON BOTANY IN THE ROYAL HIGH SCHOOL, AND ASSISTANT TO THE PROFESSOR OF )
BOVANY AND MEDICINE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. ¢
‘ EDINBURGH:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY NEILL & COMPANY,
MDCCCLXXV.
eee eT
CONDENS
The Society, as a body, is not to be considered responsible for any facts or
opinions advanced in the several papers, which must rest entirely on the authority
of the respective authors. s
XXITI.—Addvess delivered at the Twenty-first Annual Meeting. By
Hucu Cuirenorn, M.D., F.R.S.E., late Conservator of
Forests, Madras,
XXIV.—On the Literature of Scottish Arboriculture. By Roxperr
Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E.,
XXV.—On the Present State and Prospects of Arboriculture in
Aberdeenshire. By Witttam Gincurist, Forester, Cluny
Castle,
XXVI.—On the Draining of Plantations, by Open or Covered Drains.
By Lewis Bayne, Forester, Kinmel Park, Abergele, >
XX VII.—On the Conservation of Old and Remarkable Trees in Britain.
By Rosert Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E.,
XXVIIJ.—On the Use of Steam Power in Forestry. By D. F.
M‘KenzteE, Forester, Meldrum House, ; j
XXIX.—The Advantages of Planting in Groups, or in Mixed Planta-
tions, so as to combine Profit with Landscape Effect. By
Witiiam Gorrie, Rait Lodge, Edinburgh,
XXX.—Report on the Meteorological Observations made at Carnwath,
Lanarkshire, on the Influence of Forests on Climate, par-
ticularly Rainfall. By Atrexanper Bucnan, M.A.,
F.R.S.E., Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society,
ANP ON Dyas
Abstract of Accounts for 1873-74, : ; ‘ ‘ "s
List of Members, corrected to March 1875, ; ; : 2
Prize Essays, &c., for 1874-75, . : : ; ; yy
Laws of the Society,
Office-Bearers for 1874-75,
PAGE
199
269
274
285
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 4, 1874. 199
X XIIL.— Address delivered at the Twenty-first Annual Meeting.
By Hucu Ciecnory, M.D., F.R.S.E., late Conservator of
Forests, Madras.
GENTLEMEN,—The time has again returned when, according to
custom, a word of encouragement, and I hope I may say of instruc-
tion, is wont to reach you from this chair. Twice you have been
pleased to elect me your President, and this is the third time that
I have been called upon to address you at the Annual Meeting.
The framing of an annual address is no easy task, and many
general subjects suitable to bring to your notice have been discussed
over and over again by my predecessors. Perhaps, however, I can-
not do better on this occasion than refer briefly to the rise and
progress of arboriculture, and advert to some facts and proceedings
in this and other countries which bear upon the advancement of the
science which has brought us together to-day.
I think that our Society has reason to regard its quiet progress
during the past year with some degree of satisfaction. The rell of
members has received a considerable number of working recruits,
and the new part of our Transactions contains some excellent
articles, and quite sustains the character of its predecessors. There
are fifteen essays to be reported upon by the judges to-day, relating
to nine subjects offered for competition, and only five of the subjects
advertised have not been taken up.
Arboriculture comprises all that relates to the culture of trees,
and is one of the great divisions of agriculture. It is a branch of
rural economy of much more recent date than either the culture of
grain and herbs, or the breeding and rearing of cattle. The cultiva-
tion of those plants which supply the food of man and of the
‘domestic animals occupied his attention exclusively for many ages ;
whilst the timber required for houses, ships, machines, and for fuel,
was found in the native woods. Artificial plantations appear to
have been formed in Germany sooner than in any other country,
apparently in the fifteenth century. In Britain planting was begun,
though sparingly, a century later.
The Hon. G. P. Marsh (“The Earth as Modified by Human
Action, 1847, p. 307”) thus describes the condition of Britain in
the sixteenth century, when wood fuel began to be scarce :—
“ Contrivances for economising fuel were of later introduction in
this country than on the Continent. Before the introduction of
VOL. VI. PART III. P
200 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 4, 1874.
a system of dainage, the soil, like the sky, was, in general, charged
with humidity ; its natural condition was unfavourable for common
roads, and the transportation of so heavy a material as coal by land,
from the remote counties where alone it was mined in the Middle
Ages, was costly and difficult. For all these reasons, the consump-
tion of wood was large, and apprehensions of the exhaustion of the
forests were excited at an early period. Many authors of the
sixteenth century express fears of serious evils from the wasteful
economy of the people in this respect.” Harrison, in his curious
chapter ‘‘Of Woods and Marishes,” date 1550 .p., in Holinshed’s
compilation, complains of the rapid decrease of the forests, and
adds :—‘‘ Howbeit this much I dare affirme, that if woods go so fast
to decaie in the next hundred year of Grace, as they have doone
and are like to doo in this, . . . itis to be feared that the fennie
bote, broome, turfe, gall, heath, firze, brakes, whinnes, ling, dies,
hassacks, flags, straw, sedge, reed, rush, and also sea cole, will be
good merchandize even in the citie of London, whereunto some of
them euen now haue gotten readie passage, and taken vp their innes
in the greatest merchants’ parlours. . . . I would wish that I might
live no longer than to see foure things in this land reformed, that
is: the want of discipline in the church; the couetous dealing of
most of our merchants in the preferment of the commodities of
other countries, and hindrance of their owne: the holding of faires
and markets vpon the sundaie to be abolished and referred to the
wednesdaies: and that evrie man, in whatsoeuer part of the cham-
paine soile enjoieth fortie acres of land, and upwards, after that
tate, either by free deed, copie hold, or fee farme, might plant one
acre of wood, or sowe the same with oke mast, hasell, beech, and
sufficient provision be made that it may be cherished and kept.
But I feare me that I should then liue too long, and so long,
that I should either be wearie of the world, or the world of me.”
(Holinshed, reprint of, 1807, pp. 357, 358.) It is evident from
this passage, and from another in p. 397, that though sea coal was
largely exported to the Continent, it had not yet come into general
use in England. “It is a question of much interest when coal was
first employed in England for fuel. I can find no evidence that it
was used as a combustible until more than a century after the
’ Norman Conquest (1150 4.p.). It has been said that it was known
to the Anglo-Saxon population, but I am acquainted with no passage
in the literature of that people which proves this. . .. Coal is
not mentioned in King Alfred’s Bede, in Glanville, or in Robert of
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 4, 1874. 201
Gloucester, though all these writers speak of jet as found in England,
and are full in their enumeration of the mineral products of the
island.”*
Planting was not general in Britain till the end of the seventeenth
century, when the introduction of exotic trees was facilitated by
the interchange of plants by means of botanic gardens, which in
that century were established in various countries. The Botanic
Gardens at Oxford and Chelsea, the oldest in England, were in ex-
istence in the middle of the seventeenth century, and the Edinburgh
Botanic Garden was founded nearly two hundred years ago, though
it was only in 1822 that it was established in its present site.
Evelyn’s “Sylva,” which appeared in 1664, gave a great stimulus to
arboriculture, and there is no doubt that the ornamental plantations
in which Britain surpasses all other countries, are in some measure
the result of his labours in this direction.
During the general war at the beginning of this century, the price
of timber became very high, owing to the greatly increased demand,
and the difficulty, from the unsettled state of affairs, of obtaining
supplies. Under the expectation that such prices were to continue,
planting was by very many in Britain ardently undertaken and
carried out. It has, however, long been evident that capital in-
vested in this way does not yield an early return; hence the rage for
planting merely with a view to profit has declined, but there is a
greatly increasing taste for the planting of parks and pleasure
grounds, and for the introduction of trees and shrubs from foreign
countries.
The rapid growth of the timber trade in the last decade might be
illustrated from official records: while our hedgerows have been
stubbed out and our strips of planting disappear, often unwisely, to
make way for cereal crops and rearing of stock, foreign timber, now
so essential to our constructive requirements, has been extensively
imported from many quarters.
The Board of Trade returns show how great and increasing is the
annual importation of timber, and that the production within our
own island is comparatively insignificant. The supplies on our
East Coast are obtained from Norway, Sweden, and the Baltic
ports, while the wants of our western market are met with timber
from the great continent of America.
The following table shows the total imports and their estimated
value during the last three years :—
* See also Evelyn’s Diary, ii. 25, 26.
’
202 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 4, 1874.
QuanTITY. VALUE.
Year ending 31st December. Year ending 31st December.
TIMBER (Hewn). 1871. 1872. 1873. 1871. 1872. 1873.
Loads. Loads. Loads. £ £ £
From Russia .. . 191,280 | 258,879 | 840,702 399,955 | 559,112 810,284
Sweden and Norway 462,225 | 509,898 | 700,097 810,216 910,448 | 1,551,536
Germanys). sees 334,290 275,125 262,818 841,557 854,887 | 1,009,107
British N. America 451,312 443,484 365,875 || 1,807,959 | 1,798,441 | 1,806,642
Other countries. 209,528 295,247 401,898 822,478 | 1,047,140 | 1,504,799
Total . . . . | 1,648,635 | 1,782,633 | 2,071,390 || 4,682,165 | 5,170,028 | 6,682,368
TIMBER (Sawn or Split,
Planed or Dressed).
From Russia .. . 515,596 634,677 754,666 || 1,239,170 | 1,530,745 | 2,239,243
Sweden and Norway | 1,491,988 | 1,523,195 | 1,535,852 || 3,012,345 | 3,349,616 | 4,431,184
British N. America 703,800 788,288 954,356 || 1,830,446 | 2,206,405 | 3,130,185
Other countries. 137,117 141,189 170,849 430,265 486,897 723,896
Totals «0%. wes 2,848,501 | 3,087,349 3,415,723 || 6,512,226 | 7,573,663 | 10,524,508
Loads. Loads. Loads.
Staves (all sizes) . . 88,119 66,102 86,488 606,854 642,046 854,115
Mahogany (tons) . . 29,256 33,291 52,343 || 280,134 | 367,471 | 604,001
—Timber Trades’ Journal, vol. i. p. 244.
There are several subjects connected with the pursuits of our
Society upon which much information has been elicited during the
past year to which I shall simply refer before passing on to what
is doing in other countries. The “ Timber Trades’ Journal,” a fort-
nightly paper, has recently been established for the purpose of
affording a medium of intercommunication between producers and
consumers of wood at home and abroad. It contains much reliable
information regarding the principal timber markets in Europe and
America. The ‘“ Gardener’s Chronicle” and “ Agricultural Gazette”
have also during the year had many articles on the subject of
forestry, contributed by well-known members of this Society. Our
riend Mr M‘Nab has drawn attention to two subjects of consider-
able importance :—Ist, The disfiguration of roadside trees by the un-
skilful lopping to which they are subjected to make way for tele-
graph wires (“ Bot. Soc. Trans.,” xi. 453); 2d, The preservation of
remarkable or old trees (‘‘ Bot. Soc. Trans.,” xii. 44 and 96); which
appears to be a matter coming within the scope of our Society, on
which his matured views might find expression in our Transactions.
Sir Robert Christison has vigorously laboured in the same direction,
expiscating the records of old trees and measuring the dimensions of
the fossil plants in this neighbourhood (“ Roy. Soc. Trans.,” xxvii. 203,
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 4, 1874. 203
and ‘Bot. Soc. Trans.,” xii. 167). An -interesting work by Mr
Menzies, Deputy-Surveyor of Windsor Forest and Park, is in the
press (“ Forest Trees and Woodland Scenery, as described in Ancient
and Modern Poets”), which contains much useful information, and
depicts in chromo-lithograph some of the finest specimens of trees
in the royal demesne.
The use of steam-power in uprooting trees has been adopted in
some districts, with a view to economising labour in stubbing out
the roots; but there can be little doubt that the timber, especially
of soft-wooded trees, is materially damaged by the process, and the
depreciation in value must be set against the diminution of labour.
It is a source of great regret to me that I have never visited the
forests of North America, which have given to us so many of the
trees successfully cultivated in this country, such as the Weymouth
and Douglas pines, Cupressus Lawsoniana, the gigantic Sequoia,
Taxodium Sempervirens, the tulip-tree, snowberry, and many others.
When the first settlers landed on the shores of the western
world, they found the country covered with primeval forests, which
had to be felled and cleared to make room for their settlements and
the production of food. The supply of wood was then considered
inexhaustible; as cultivation proceeded westwards, new forests
revealed themselves, stretching far beyond any knowledge which
the settlers possessed of their extent. Gradually the great lumber
trade of Canada and the United States sprang up, which has sup-
plied our western ports with timber for ships and houses. The
wants of the great American continent itself, with its rapidly-
increasing population and its enormous export trade, have mean-
while grown immensely. The unparalleled facilities for internal
navigation afforded by the numerous American rivers, have proved
fatal to the forests, which have become so sparse in accessible situa-
tions, that at last it has been found necessary to legislate for the
preservation of what remains; and in place of a superabundance of
wood, matters are thus described (“ Gard. Chron.” 1847, vol. 11. 459 :—
‘“‘ Lumber operators and consumers in Pennsylvania are awakening
to a knowledge of the important fact that the timber resources of
the province are not inexhaustible, as they have long been con-
sidered. The State was once one of the leading pine producers in
the Union. The dense forests bordering the Susquehanna, and
traversed by its many tributaries; the mountains of the Monon-
gahela Valley; and, in fact, the tall, majestic trees that covered
thickly much of the area of whole counties in the State, were a few
204 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 4, 1874.
years ago thought to contain pines enough to comply with the law
of supply and demand for the present, and to furnish timber for
a future, however distant. That impression the march of events
has thoroughly dispelled. The forests of the Delaware Valley
have yielded no pine for years, and the resources of the Alleghany
and Monongahela have been drawn so largely to supply the markets
of the East, that im a comparatively short time their pine forests
will be exhausted. . . . A significant and alarming fact is, that the
coal regions, once famous pine-producing counties, cannot now supply
enough to furnish timber for props for the mines. From supplying
all home demands and exporting large quantities of pine, these
counties have become importers, paying more per thousand for what
they purchase than they obtained when selling the same product.
.. . Taking a liberal estimate, less than four years will exhaust the
pine supply of the Susquehanna Valley, and the now comparatively
neglected hemlock spruce (Abies Canadensis) will become the staple
in the lumber trade of that section, as it has been for years in the
Delaware region.”
“In a few years the great lumber marts of the East must necessarily
depend entirely on the great forests of the West, and the rapidly-
decreasing pinewoods of the South. Are these inexhaustible? Is
not the fact that the once mighty pine-producing State of Pennsyl-
vania is so nearly bereft of this great source of wealth, that the date
of its exhaustion is easy of computation? There is ample food for
reflection on the importance of timber culture in this country con-
tained in these facts.”—Montreal Gazette.
Let us turn to the forestal condition of the southern provinces of
France, the climate of which, as compared with Britain or the
northern states of America, is extremely mild. Little snow falls
except on the mountain ranges; the frosts are light, and the sum-
mers arelong. The fig and vine flourish everywhere, the olive up to
43° N. Lat., and on the south coast the orange, lemon, and date-palm
grow freely. The forest trees are of a southern type, such as the
umbrella pine; various evergreen oaks and many broad-leaved trees
of persistent foliage characterise the landscape. In the seventeenth
century it was found that there was an increase of prosperity and of
population in Lower Provence, while there was an alarming decrease
in the wealth and population of Upper Provence. Much land had
been rendered arable by clearing of the forest, but it was found that
the augmented violence of the mountain torrents (from the Alps)
had buried in sand and gravel more land than had been reclaimed
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 4, 1874. 205
by clearing. In 1843 the political economist Blanqui graphically
described the great evils which follow extended clearing, and ravages
of torrents, where there is not a bush to shelter a bird, and where,
when a storm bursts over the mountains, masses of water deluge
the valley, overflowing the fields and stripping off the soil. The
attention of the State was earnestly directed to the evils of denuda-
tion and the action of torrents; and the measures of the French
authorities have been vigorous and successful. The conservative
action of the woods has been generally recognised by the public of
France, and the government has enacted laws for the protection of
existing forests and for the formation of new ones.
The quantity of timber required in France is enormous, and the
serious point is that the increase in the consumption is in in-
verse proportion to production. Dearth of wood is certain in
the future, unless determined action be taken to replant and bring
waste land under forest cultivation. The consumption of wood in
the coal mines of France is very large; a great part of the supply is
obtained from Switzerland and Savoy, and the cost increases annu-
ally. One mining company has purchased all the available land fit
for growing timber in the neighbourhood, and already possesses a
fine young forest of considerable extent (3000 acres). The government
devotes annually a certain sum to replanting forest land, but this is
found to be quite insufficient; it therefore seeks to stimulate private
enterprise by offering grants and rewards to those who cultivate or
extend their forest lands.
It is well known that other countries are not so well supplied
with timber asformerly. Russia, Sweden, and Norway, which have
to a great extent met the demands of our eastern ports as well as
those of the northern coast of France, have begun to consider the
state of their forests, and to regulate the annual felling of pines.
Let us now turn for a moment to the state and progress of
forestry in British India. On referring to ‘“‘ Loudon’s Encyclopedia
of Gardening,” Edinburgh, 1850, a work constantly consulted by
all who are interested in arboriculture and horticulture, I find
Indian forests summarily disposed of in the following passage, p.
304 :—“ Forest trees do not naturally abound in Bengal; the teak
tree Tectona grandis, is the oak of the East, and grows in abund-
ance in the hilly kingdoms of Burma and Pegu, whence Calcutta is
supplied for the purposes of naval architecture. Whether it will
ever be found worth while to cultivate this tree in Bengal appears
very doubtful. The bamboo is the timber used in the general
206 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 4, 1874.
economy of the country.” About the time this was written (1850),
the Government of India began to be seriously embarrassed by the
scarcity of timber; its attention was directed to the management of
the indigenous forests, and as you are aware a special department
has been organised within the last twenty years in that great
empire, charged with the care of the wood, and a considerable
number of trained assistants have been sent out, who are intro-
ducing correct principles of management. As the administration
of the forests advanced, the want of hand-books to enable officers
to acquire a knowledge of the trees, shrubs, climbers, &c., in their
ranges was increasingly felt, and nothing perhaps indicates so
clearly the growing importance of that department, as the almost
simultaneous appearance of two illustrated works of great value on
the trees of India, published lately under the auspices of Govern-
ment. These are Stewart and Brandis’ “ Forest Flora of North-West,
and Central India,” and Beddome’s “ Flora Sylvatica of Southern
India.” i - : four do % ini aie
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Number of Days it Blew in Certain Directions.
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-
Abstract of Meteorological Observations made by Mx WitutaM Corrie at Gallowhill and Winterlaw, both places being i the immediate neighbourhood of Carnwath, from 16th September 1873 to 30th September 1874.
‘TAB
— THERMOMETEKS IN STEVENSON’S LOUVRE-BOARDED BOX AT A HEIGHT OF 4 FEET ABOVE GROUND. |
| WIND.
| e REGISTERING THERMOMETER. HYGROMETER. RAIN,
Ee de j 9 AM, i Oakes Number of Days it Blew in Certain Directions. Mean
ae 2, | %8 Es Pe ee Hun in Miles
ss Sh 5 es D Wet. o Elastic Ye Dew Elastic | dity.
ee Es | dz 2: |" © | Point. | Foree. Jog] | Wee | point. | vores. Joon) 3: |NE| E |sz.| s. |s.w.| w. |wawcam) Hour, || "2% jAmoune
es sl [Sea 2a a J [a
1873. 6 ° ° ° ° ° ° © ° ° Inch. : O ° ° Inch. Tuches,
(| Gallownit, .| 688] 338 | 35:0) 572) 418] 154] 495 | 522] 484] 445] 04] 75 | 473] 45:6] 43-7] 285] 8811 9| | 1/1 9 lee
mi Winterlaw, .| 68:6 | 341 | 34:5 | 566) 42:0] 146] 49-3] 51:6) 486] 456] -307] 80 | 47:2] 45-9] 44:5] -293 a1} d Sa 20 1G Ls tO) ae 6 | 2:81
| (| Gallowhil, .| 551] 209] 342] 486] 358] 198] 42-9] 43:3] 49:0] 404] 252] 90 | 409] 403] 395] -243| 95
(CcrOREB Tit Winterlaw, . | 547 | 21-4] 33:3] 48-1 | 35°9 | 12-2) 42:0 | 4276 | 41:5] 40:3] -249 |] 91 41:0 | 404!) 39-9] -249 05} See |e2h tO) Sal) Sui) Gr lnOnll Suit 1d 15 5:78
. | Gallowhil, .| 511] 20-0] 311] 43:3] 340] 9:3] 387] 393] 38:3] 37-0 92 | 387] 379 | 36:8] -220| 94
Novempen, { | Winterlaw, .| 51-0] 207 | 303] 433] 338] 951] 386] 39:3] 38-4 | 37-2 93 | 385 | 380 | 37-3 | -223 a6} MY a SNe ats CI ayy SUT SI ae! fh eye
_ (| Gallowhill, . | 524] 224] 300] 450] 361] 89| 406] 411] 402] 389 93 | 41-4] 407| 39:8] -246| 95 is
DeceapER, { Winterlaw, . | 59:0 | 26:0] 26-0] 45:3] 361 | 9:2] 40-7] 41-2] 404] 39-4 94 | 41-4] 409! 403] -951 | 96 \ OL EN Ne Cette SU a alee Hh teh | eye
1874. |
"(| Gallowhit, .| 48:5 | 25:0] 235 | 434] 340] 9-4] 387] 39:0] 381] 36:9] -920] 93 | 30-2) 383! 371] -229| 93 2
|JaNvaRY, ) Winterlaw, .| 50:2 | 25-:0| 25:2 435 | 33:9 | 9:6] 38-7 | 391] 38:3] 373] -293| 94 | 39-2| 385 37-6 | -296 aad Py Oy Of Vy 2) Ie 1s) 0} 0} to) I ty | gra
_ | Gallowhil, . | 48:3) 19:8] 985] 495 | 31:3 11:2) 369] 382] 37-0] 35:3] 206] 90 | 366] 35-7 345 201) 92)| es: :
Funvany, || wWinterlaw, | 484 | 19:0} a94| 42-4 | 31:5 | 100| 37-0| 381| 371 | 35-7] -209| 91 | 366| 350| 349 | a98| oat} 2| 2| 2] 4] 8] 7] 3] 2] 1] a her tee
Gallowhil, .| 566 | 199] 36-7} 47-4 | 35-4] 120) 41-4) 428] 411) 391) 238] 86 | 398] 38:7) a7-3| -223| 91 f
[Minow {| Svintelew, <| sra| 197 | ar7| 475 | s54| 191) ais} 45-0 | 410| 30-0) -o47| 89 | 400| 304 | a70| 30 ost] 2] 2] 2] 2} 412) 9) 2] 0) ar | as | oat
Gallowhil, .| 696 | 305] 391| 531) 374] 167) 45:3) 475 | 442] 405) -259| 77 | 43:8] 422] 4031] 249] 87] ,
Aw, . .1| Wintadaw, | 719| 300| 41-9 | 542| 374| 168| 48| 47-9 | 444| 400| -o53| 70 | 40 | 42: | 408 | 250 eoth 2| 2) 2] 3] 7] 9] 8] 0] 2) a6 | aa | v7
i
Gallowhil, . | 622] 280] 342| 51-7] 37-2] 145) 445] 465] 43:3] 30-7) -245| 78 | 43-7] 425] 4111 258] 90)
{ATA = « 4 Winterlaw, .| 64-9 | 97:5 | 37-4) 53:5 | 37°3| 162) 454) 47-6] 441] 40:2) 249! 7G | 43-7 | 495) 411 | -958 90} SP TRS TO Sea Eas SC S| a ated
Gallowhill, .| 70:6| 31:1] 39:5] 621 | 485) 196] 523] 555| 508| 464] -317| 72 | 511) 490| 468] -329) 95 | E
Pose, 4 Winterlay, .| 72:1 | 313| 408] 640 | 431 | 209| 536] 57-0) 521) 47-6) -329| 70 | 509 | 49:0] 47-0] -323| 87 i za a sca anal aca ares es aL } eiieene
|
Gallowhil, .| 781] 401 | 38:0) 647 | 495] 159) 571| 50:5) 55-7 | 52:3] -303| 7s | 562] 546] 531) -403| 89)| |
eae 4 Winterlaw, .| 79:4] 40:1 | 39:3| 65-8 | 49:7] 1o1] 57-8 | 601 | 56-4| 53:21] -405| 78 | 561 | 54-41 59:8 | -401 | Be ON Dy VY 2) 6) 1h) G4) Oy A) LO) fy | 8305
ihe Gallowhil, .| 707 | 398] 309] 606 | 471] 135] 539) 548) 51-7] 48:7] -343| 79 | 517) 506| 49:5| 354! 99 |e :
faa {| Svintorum, || T4{ 401 310| ora] 472 | 12] o43| 552| 528| 505| 368 | a5 | 517 | 507| 497| 307 | 93 | NY Me) EE ely ee MMU Tae Se | oe
|
ees {| Gallowhill, .| 63:3] 920] 913] 572] 442| 130] 507| 534] 512] 49:0] -347| 85 | 49-7 | 489| 481 | -336| 94)
) |SHPreMBER, 4 | Wintorlaw, .| 63-4] 340 | 29-4 | 444 | 132] 51-0 | 53-7 | 512] 48:8] -343| 83 | 498 | 48:9 | 48:0] -335| 94) u OTE 2 Daye tay L8H le (85) 210) 10) Bs UT Wes ae
les 7| Gallownil, .| 781 | 198| 683] or7| ae7| aso doo | 4o7| 4e0| a0! 208! 85 | 424 | 4a| 420) 207) 92110, o =a a ye ’ ;
Yum =) Winterlaw, .| 794 | 190| 6o4| 622] 388 | 194] 455 | 471 | 4e9| 425] -a72| 89 | 44 | 43-4 | 422] gon | oayy 17 | *? | 92/10) 59 nae) 83) 10) 10) 14 | 168 |ae-80
APPENDIX (A)
Scottish Arboricwltural Society.
PATRON. :
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
LIST. OF MEMBERS
CORRECTED TO AUGUST 1878.
* Life Members. + Members who have given Subscriptions,
in order to form a Capital or Sinking Fund.
All Subscriptions are payable at the Annual General Meeting in November.
Members whose Subscriptions are Two Years in Arrear are not entitled to receive
the Transactions.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Batrour, John Hutton, M.D., A.M., F.R.SS.L. and E., Professor of
Medicine and Botany in the University of Edinburgh.
Buen, Robert, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Glasgow.
t+Hurcutson, Robert, F.R.S.E., of Carlowrie, Kirkliston,
Chemistry, Dalhousie College, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
M‘Nas, James, F.B.S.E., Curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,
+Tuomson, William, Deputy Surveyor, H.M. Chopwell Woods, Burnop-
field, Durham.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Anis, Alexander J., Esq., Rockville, Linlithgow.
Arrutz, The Right Hon, the Earl of, Cortachy Castle, Forfarshire.
Arrcuison, William, Forester, Workington Hall, Cumberland.
ALpER, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dunse’ Castle, Dunse.
ALEXANDER, James, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
_ ALEXANDER, James, jun., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.
ALEXANDER, John.
ALEXANDER, John, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
a
Lawson, George, LL.D., Ph.D., Professor of Natural History and.
rr
Sy alee ppmanbidhdes
PS Se ae a oF
2 APPENDIX.
Aan, Andrew, Rankeillor, Cupar, Fife.
+Axuan, John, Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Awnpverson, Alexander, Forester, St Fort, Newport, Dundee.
Awnverson, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
Awnverson, Alexander, Gardener, Oxenford Castle, Dalkeith.
ANDERSON, James, Bangholm Nursery, Edinburgh.
ANDERSON, James, Meadowbank, Uddingston.
AnveErson, John, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham.
+ANDERSON, John, Nurseryman, Perth.
ANNAND, Charles, Forester, Cromar Estates, Tarland, Aberdeenshire.
ANNANDALE, Robert Burns, The Gardens, Fonthill, Tisbury, Wilts.
ARCHER, James, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole.
ArcHER, John, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole.
tARcHIBALD, Thomas, Forester, Virginia, Co. Cavan, Ireland.
Aryort, Alexander, Hedger, East Wemyss, Fife.
Aryort, Robert A., Messrs Sharpe & Co., Seed Merchants, Sleaford, Kent.
Asupown, Samuel Harding, Land Agent, Uppington, Wellington, Salop.
Austin & M‘Auvsuayn, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Glasgow.
Baicriz, Andrew, Forester, Mote Park, Ballymurry, Co. Roscommon.
BaierieE, William, Forester, Echo Bank, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh.
Baiiuie, William, Wood Manager, Cortachy, Kirriemuir.
Barn, A., Steam Saw Mills, Forres.
Bay, William, Lochrin Iron and Wire Works, Edinburgh.
Barrp, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Drumpelier, Coatbridge.
BAwvEN, James, Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington.
Ba.vEN, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Hawthornden Cottage, Lasswade.
+Ba.ven, Peter G., Forester, Vaenol Park, Bangor, North Wales.
tBALDEN, William, Appleby Castle, Appleby.
+BALLANTYNE & Son, Messrs John, Nursery and Seedsmen, Dalkeith.
BatuincAL, Robert, Factor, Eallabus, Islay.
*Barsour, George F., Esq., of Bonskied, Pitlochry, Perthshire.
tBarrtz, David, Forester, Durris, Aberdeen.
+BarriE, James, Forester, Stevenstone House, Torrington, Devonshire.
Barter, Frederick, Assistant Gardener.
Bary, David, Forester, Lowther Castle, Penrith.
Baty, William, Forester, Netherby, Longtown.
Baxter, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
+Bayne, Lewis, Forester, Kinmel Park, St Asaph.
Bresiz, Harker, Forester, Littledale Hall, by Lancaster.
Bece, John, jun., Factor, Durris, Kincardineshire.
Bett, James, Strathfieldsaye, Winchfield, Hants.
Bex, James, Forester, Newcastleton, Carlisle.
*Bexx, William, Esq., of Gribdac, Kirkcudbright.
Bennett, Alexander, Forester.
APPENDIX. - 3
Berry, George, Horningsham, Warminster, Wiltshire.
Berry, Thomas Walter, Forester, Brynkinalt, Chirk, N. Wales.
Biecr, Matthew, Esq., Islip, Thrupston.
Bircu, John, Assistant Gardener, Tinnchinch, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow.
+Brrniz, John, Normanby Park, Brigg, Lincolnshire.
Bisserr, David, Land-Steward and Forester, Alva House, Stirling.
Bissert, William 8., Land-Steward and Hurester, Moncrieffe House,
Bridge of Earn, Perthshire.
Buacktey, John, Factor, Milton and Castlemilk, Glasgow.
Buair, Peter, Dunse.
+Boa, Andrew, Land-Steward, Dalton House, Neweastle-on-Tyne.
Boa, Andrew, jun., Assistant Factor, Blackwood, Lesmahagow.
Boa, James §. M., Agent, Fettercairn, Fettercairn.
+Bortuwick, William, Forester, Dunnichen, Forfar.
*Bosanquet, Rev. G. H., Broom-y-Close Court, Llanwarne, Ross, Here-
fordshire.
Boston, Thomas C., Robert Kerr, Nurseryman, Liverpool.
Bortomer, Frederick, Gardener, Mackree Castle, Ballisodare, Sligo.
+Bropig, James, Land-Steward, Glasslough, Armagh, Ireland.
Broveu, Robert, Forester, Balnagowan, Tain, Ross-shire.
Brown, J., Bretby, Burton-on-Trent.
Brown, James, LL.D., Nurseryman and Wood-Surveyor, Craigmill, Stirling.
Brown, James, Carnwath House, Carnwath.
Brown, John E., Craigmill, Stirling.
tBrown, R. E., F.G.S., Estate Agent, Wass, Oswald Kirk, Yorkshire.
Brown, William, Land Valuator and Estate Agent (N. America).
Browy, William, Nursery and Seedsman, Stamford, Lincolnshire.
+Bruce, Peter, Esq.
Brucsz, The Hon. T. C., 24 Hill Street, Berkeley Square, Tondom W.
Bruce, T. R., Esq., of Slogarie, Lauriestown, Castle-Douglas.
Bryay, F. G. D., Factor, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Bucuan, George, Forester, Bakewell, Derbyshire.
Bucuanan, Robert, Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Buist, Matthew, Factor, Tynninghame, Prestonkirk.
Burnett, James, Assistant Forester, Durris, Aberdeenshire.
Burns, Alexander, Hedger, Glamis Castle, Glamis, Forfarshire.
Bussens, William, Stow Hall, Downham, Norfolk.
Cauper, Frederick, Forester, Brucklay Castle, Aberdeenshire.
CaupeEr, R. M., Agent, Myton Hall, Borobridge, York.
CatLocutn, John, Assistant Forester, Houston, Paisley.
Cameron, Alexander, Forester, Countlich Lodge, Ballinluig, Perthshire.
Cameron, Angus, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
Cameron, Henry, Assistant Forester, Dupplin Castle, Perth.
Cameron, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire.
4 APPENDIX.
+Cameron, John, Assistant Forester, Fowlis Wester, Crieff, Perthshire.
Cameron, Robert, Forester, Galtie Castle, Mitchelstown, Co. Tipperary.
CampBELL, Alexander, Forester, Gray House, Liff, Dundee.
+CAMPBELL, James, Esq., of Tillichewan Castle, Dumbartonshire.
CampBELL, John, Forester, Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire.
CAMPBELL, Peter, Assistant Forester, Invereshie, Kingussie.
Carrnpurr, Andrew, Forester, Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co., Ireland.
CarRMICHAEL, John, The Gardens, Glen Tulchan, The Cairnies, Perth.
CHALMERS, James, Duchal, Port-Glasgow.
Cuambers, William, Esq., Haford, Aberystwith, Wales.
CHAPLAIN, George, Assistant Forester, Glamis Castle, Glamis, Forfarshire.
CuapMAn, James, Assistant Forester, Grinkle Park, Saltburn-by-the-Sea,
Yorkshire.
Cuappiow, John, Glencoin Cottage, Patterdale, Penrith.
Curistigz, David, Forester, Abington House, Lanarkshire.
+CuuRNSIDE, Francis, Forester, Ladykirk, Berwickshire.
CuurnsIDE, Robert, Forester, Capheaton, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Criarx, David, Assistant Forester, Ury House, Stonehaven.
Cuark, James, Forester, Balvaird, Fife.
Cuark, John, The Nurseries, Cupar, Fife.
+CuarK, John, jun., Forester, Esslemont, Ellon, Aberdeenshire.
+Ciark, J., Forester to the Earl of Kintore, Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire.
CuarK, Thomas, St Andrew’s, Miltown, Dublin.
*OLecHORN, Hugh, M.D., of Stravithy, St Andrews, Fife (Prsideent).
+CLecHorRN, William, Forester, Ayton Castle, Ayton.
Cierk, Sir George D., Bart., Penicuik House, Penicuik.
CosBan, John, Wood Agent, Wentworth Woods, Rotherham.
Cocxsurn, William, Forester, Coats, Penicuik,
Cocker, James, Nurseryman, Aberdeen,
Coiittvawoop, Rev. R. G., Irton Vicarage, Carnforth, Cumberland.
Cooxss, Rev. H. W., Astley Rectory, near Stourport.
Cooper, George, Messrs Hurst & Son, Leadenhall Street, London.
Corset, James, Forester, Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmore-
land.
+Cowan, James, Forester, Bridgend, Islay.
Cowan, Robert, Forester, Park, near Paisley.
Cows, John, Luffness, Drem.
Cowix, John, Assistant Forester, Mount Stuart, Rothesay.
+Crappe, James, Forester, Glamis Castle, Glamis, Forfarshire.
Crate, Charles, Forester, Warthill, Aberdeenshire.
+Craic, James, Overseer, Dougalston, Milngavie, Glasgow.
Craic, Nathan, Cherry Cottage, Anowe Park, Birkenhead.
Crate, Richard, Forester and Gardener, Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
Craic, Robert, Levens Hall, Milnthorpe.
Cranston, G. C. Trotter, Esq., of Harvieston, Gorebridge.
APPENDIX.
Ou
*CrawrorD, William Stirling, Esq., of Milton, Glasgow.
+Cricuton, George, Esq., 18 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
+Cross, David G., Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh, Ireland.
CruicKsHANKS, Robert, Forester, Ballykilcavan, Stradbally, Queen’s Co.
CunnincHam, D., The Gardens, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
CunniIncHAM, John, Forester, Ardross Castle, Ross-shire.
Currie, John, Gardener, Salisbury Green, Edinburgh.
+Curtter, D., Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
DauetetIsH, John J., Esq., 8 Athole Crescent, Edinburgh.
Dauuis, Joseph, Forester, Blandpant, Llandyssil, Carmarthenshire.
Datrympte, Charles, Forester, Mitchelstown Castle, Mallow, Co. Cork.
DanieEts, Peter, Forester, Slindon Hall, Arundel, Sussex.
Darien, James, Assistant Forester, Hopetoun House, South Queens-
ferry.
+Daruine, John, Forester, St Martins, Perthshire.
Davipson, James., Coonoor, Neilgherries, 8. India.
+Davinson, John, Forester, Aldbar, Brechin.
Davinson, John, Forester, Firth, Roslin.
tDavipson, John, Overseer and Architect, Belmont Castle, Meigle.
Davinsoy, Richard, Scottish Colour Works, Leith.
Davipson, W., Leager House, Chuseburn Grange, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
+Dawson, John, Messrs J. & J. Dawson, Alloa.
Dey, Richard, Ealing, London.
Dempsey, Charles, Assistant Forester, Powerscourt, Enniskerry.
Dewar, Colonel A., of Vogrie, Ford.
+Dicxson, George, Stonvar, Lochearnhead.
Dickson, J., Messrs Edmonston Brothers, 9 Dame Street, Dublin.
Dickson & Sons, Messrs James, Nursery and Seedsmen, Chester.
+Dicxson & Sons, Messrs James, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Dickson, Thomas, Nursery and Seedsman, Chester.
Donps, George, Overseer, Leinster Estates, Prospect House, Athy.
Don, John, Assistant Forester, Cullen House, Cullen.
Dowatp, Alexander, Forester, Druim-a-Choish, Glen Etive, arey uiBe
Donaupson, J., Forester, Brechin Castle, Brechin.
Dove as, J., Gahdenoe Kilkea Castle, Mageney, Co. Kildare.
+Dow, Thomas, Forester, Idvies, Forfar.
+Downie, Lairp, & Laine, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Doyte, James, Land Steward, Heywood, Ballinakill, Queen’s County.
Drummonpd Brorugrs, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Drummond & Soys, Messrs William, Nurserymen, Stirling.
Durr, James, Factor, Blackwood, Lesmahagow.
tDourr, James, Melound, Aberlemno, Forfar.
Durr, James, Assistant Forester, Damside Estate, Auchterarder.
Duaay, Charles, Assistant Forester, Cally House, Gatehouse.
6 APPENDIX.
*Duncan, Alexander, Esq., of Knossington Grange, Oakham, Leicestershire.
Duncan, John, Assistant Forester, H.M. Chopwell Wood, Lintz Green,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Duncan, William, Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
*Dunpas, Robert, Esq., of Arniston, Gorebridge.
Duyy, David, The Gardens, Heaton Park, Manchester.
+Dunn, Malcolm, The Gardens, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
Dykes, Thomas, Factor, Maybole, Ayrshire.
Earnsuaw, L., Forester, Morpeth, Northumberland.
Epear, Thomas, Forester, Torry, Fife.
Epmonpson, T., Proprietor of ‘Gardeners’ Record,’ 9 Dame Street,
Dublin.
Eisank, Right Hon. Lord, Darnhall, Eddlestone, Peebles.
Exuiot, Robert, Forester, Blairquhan, Maybole, Ayrshire.
E.woop, Edwin, Assistant Forester, Dissington Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Farrpairy, William, Land Steward, Manderston, Dunse.
Fenny, James, Forester, Fetteresso, Stonehaven.
Fereuson, A., Gosfield Hall, Hallstead, Essex.
Frercuson, James, Forester and Land Steward, Cleghorn, Lanark.
Fercuson, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses.
Ferniz, Robert, Forester, Balearres, Colinsburgh, Fife.
Fertes, Francis, Assistant Hedger, Ury House, Stonehaven.
FineianD, J., Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.
Fryn, P. W., Forester, Borris House, Borris, Co. Carlow.
*Fisu, D. T., Hardwick, Bury-St-Edmunds.
Fisuer, William, Forester, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, Yorkshire.
+Forses, Andrew, Forester, Stracathro, Brechin.
Forean, James, Wellwood Cottage, Kinnoull, Perth.
Forrest, William, Melfort Cottage, Lochgilphead.
Fouts, Robert, Forester, Fordel, Inverkeithing, Fife.
Fowter, Archibald, The Gardens, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.
France, Charles, Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole, Ayrshire.
+France, C. S., Overseer, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
+Francez, George, Overseer, Glenelg, Lochalsh,
France, James, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole, Ayrshire.
Fraser, Archibald, Assistant Forester, Knock Castle, Largs.
+Fraser, Duncan, Forester.
Fraser, James, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Fraser, P. Neill, Esq., Canonmills Lodge, Edinburgh.
Fraser, Hugh, Stanwell Nursery, Edinburgh. :
Fraser, Simon, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeenshire.
+FraseEr, Thomas, Forester, Oriel Temple, County Louth.
FREEMAN, Timothy, Messrs Osborne & Sons, Fulham, London.
Frost, Philip, Gardener, Dropmore, Maidenhead.
APPENDIX. 7
+Garpiver, R., Wenalt House, Crosswood, Aberystwith, South Wales.
GARDINER, James, Forester, Hawkstone Park, Salop.
Garean, James, Land Steward, Kells, Moynally, Co. Meath, Ireland.
Garver, John, Assistant Gardener, Cantley Hall, Doncaster, Yorkshire.
Geixtg, P. M., Factor, Cortachy, Kirriemuir.
GerrisH, Edward, Wood Overseer, Maiden Bradley, Bath.
Grsson, William, Nursery and Seedsman, 14 Lower Ormond Quay, Dublin.
Gipson-MattLanp, Sir A. C. R., Bart., M.P., Cliftonhall, Ratho.
GiLBERT, James, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
+Gitcurist, Andrew, Forester, Ury House, Stonehaven.
Giucurist, Daniel, Messrs Main & Co., 15 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
tGitcurist, William, Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
GoopFELLow, Andrew, Forester, Wolfelee, Hawick.
Goopizr, George, Assistant Gardener, Heaton Park, Manchester.
Gorpon, James, Assistant Forester, Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Gorpon, John, Forester, 17 Bonaccord Street, Aberdeen.
Gorrigz, Archibald, Forester, Holkham Hall, Holkham.
t+GorriE, William, Rait Lodge, Trinity, Edinburgh.
_ +Gossrp, James, The Nurseries, Inverness.
+Gossip, Robert, Crawford Priory, Pitlessie.
*tGoueu, William, Wood Manager, Wykeham, York.
Gow, James, Forester, Camperdown, Dundee.
Gow, John L., Factor, Raith, Kirkcaldy.
GraHAm, Andrew, Assistant Factor, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
GrRANDISON, James, Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
Grant, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch.
*GRANTHAM, George, Esq., Barcombe Place, Lewes, Sussex.
GREEN, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole.
GREEN, William, The Gardens, Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
GREEN, William, Assistant Forester, Charleston, Malmesbury, Wilts.
+Greie, Gavin, Forester, Parkhill, Aberdeen.
GRIEVE, George, Gardener, Dalkeith.
Grikve, James, Messrs Dickson and Co., Nurseries, Leith Walk, Edin-
burgh.
tGricor, John, Nurseryman, Forres.
*Grimmonp, Alex. D., Esq., of Glenericht, Blairgowrie.
GuTHRIE, Colonel, Carlogie House, Carnoustie.
+Hatt, Peter, Forester, Huntly Lodge, Huntly.
Hamitton, David, Forester, Tillichewan Castle, Alexandria, Dumbarton-
shire.
Hanpasypr & Davinson, Messrs Thomas, Nursery and Seedsmen, Mussel-
burgh.
Harpir, A., Manager, Monboddo, Fordoun.
t+tHarpir, Walter, Forester, The Hall, Norwell, Newark, Notts.
b
8 APPENDIX.
Harpwick, John, Syston Park, Grantham.
+Haartey, A., Penybout, Radnorshire.
Harroip, George, Gardener, Mount Henrie, Queen’s Co., Ireland.
Hart, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Yester, Haddington.
Hartnanp, Richard, The Lough Nurseries, Cork.
Havetock, Thomas, Forester, Raby Park, Staindrop, Co. Durham.
Hayman, John, jun., Overseer, Dumfries House, Old Cumnock.
HeEtmMAN, George, Assistant Gardener,
Hetman, William, Gardener, Heywood, Ballinakill, Queen’s County.
tHenperson, Archibald, Forester, Guisachan, Beauly.
Henperson, David, Forester and Land Steward, Doneraile Court, Co. Cork.
Henperson, John, Land Steward, Knockdrin Castle, Mullingar.
HeEnpeErRsOoN, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Henpry, David, Bangholm Nurseries, Edinburgh.
HeEppurn, James, Forester.
+Heppurn, William, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
Hermiston, James, Assistant Forester, Floors Castle, Kelso.
Heruerton, Walter, Forester, Cresseley, Pembrock.
Hix, John, Land Steward, Whitehill, Lasswade.
+Hoeartu, James, Forester, Duthill, Strathspey.
Hoge, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Hampton Court, Leominster, Herefurd-
shire.
Hoop, William, Gardener, Glasslough, Ireland.
*Hops, H. W., Esq., of Luffness, Drem.
Hog, George, Assistant Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill.
HorspureH, James, Forester, Yester, Haddington.
Hume, Andrew, Forester, Wansford, Peterborough.
Hume, John Kippen, Forest Department, India (49 Grange Road, Edin-
burgh).
+Hunter, Patrick, Overseer, Bonskeid, Pitlochry.
Hunter, William, Forester, Castlemilk, Glasgow.
Hussey, 8. M., Estate Office, Tralee.
*Horu, Louis, Esq., of Possingworth, Hawkhurst, Sussex.
+Hurron, James, Forester, Moy, Forres.
IRELAND, John, Seed Warehouse, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Jackson, Martin, Forester, Wass, Oswald Kirk, Yorkshire.
Jamieson, D., Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Nottinghamshire.
JEFFREY, John, Esq., Balsusney, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
JEFFREY, John, Forester, Craighall, Blairgowrie.
Jounston, James, West Valleyfield, Culross, Perthshire.
Jounston, William, Fencer, Lee, Lanark.
Jounstong, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Arniston, Gorebridge.
JOHNSTONE, Alex., Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
ee
APPENDIX. 9
+Jonnstone, William, Stanstead Park Nursery, Forest Hill, London, E.
Joss, John, Assistant Forester, Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire,
tKay, James, Forester and Hedger, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
+Kepzir, Walter, Forester, Arundel Castle, Arundel, Sussex.
Kerr, David, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld, Perthshire.
Kerrn, Davidson, of Messrs Keith & Co., George Street, Edinburgh.
+Kemp, John, Assistant Forester, Midmar, Aberdeenshire.
Keynepy, Duncan, Assistant Forester, Erskine House, Glasgow.
Kewnnepy, F., Seed Merchant, Borough, London.
Kennepy, G. G. Allan, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Grantown.
Kerwnnepy, William, Overseer, Carradale, Greenock.
Kerr, Robert P., Nursery and Seedsman, Liverpool.
Kipp, James, Assistant Forester, Morden Park, Surrey, 8. W.
+KineaHorn, Adam, Forester, Rochsoles, Airdrie.
*Kinnear, William Balfour, Esq., Foo Chow, China.
Laine, James, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
Lamserton, Hugh, Forester, Blackwood, Lesmahagow.
Lamont, John, Inverleith Nurseries, Edinburgh.
Lamont, John, jun., Inverleith Nurseries, Edinburgh.
+Lauper, William, 36 Coburg Street, Gateshead.
Lawson & Son, Messrs Peter, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Leeeat, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Abernethy Nursery, Strathspey.
LersHman, Richard, Forester, Muncaster Castle, Ravenglass, Cumberland.
Lemon, Thomas, The Gardens, Convamore, Ballyhooly, Ireland.
Lenox, William, Forester, Keir, Dunblane.
*Lesiig, Charles P., Esq., of Castle Leslie, Glasslough, Ireland.
Lippe t, Rev. J. R., The Manse, Kirkliston.
Linpores, Gavin, Assistant Forester, Dunglass, Cockburnspath.
Linxstong, James, Assistant Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Lirrir, Alexander, Forester, Castle Menzies, Aberfeldy.
Loraine, Edward, Esq., The Riding Mill, Northumberland.
Lorian, The Most Hon. The Marquis of, Pinnelheugh House, Jedburgh.
M‘Auister, Alexander, Rossie Priory, Dundee.
Macsern, J., Land Steward, Stobhall, Perth.
M‘Catium, James Thyne, Nursery and Seedsman, 60 Buchanan Street,
Glasgow.
M‘Catuvuy, G. K., Esq., of Braco Castle, Braco.
M‘Cox1, James, Assistant Forester, 158 Queen Street, Whitehaven.
+M‘Corqvopatez, Donald, Forester, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie.
M‘Corquopate, D. A., Assistant Factor, Panmure, Forfarshire.
+M‘CorquopaLz, William, Forester, Scone Palace, Perth.
M‘Creatu, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Culzean, Maybole, Ayrshire.
10 APPENDIX.
M‘CutcHeon, Robert, Assistant Forester, East Milton, Drumnadrochit, by
Inverness.
M‘Doxatp, Alexander, Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
M‘Dona.p, Charles, Superintendent, Phcenix Park, Dublin.
M‘Dona.p, Donald, Assistant Forester, Underly Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale,
Westmoreland. f
+M‘Donatp, John, Forester, New Scone, Perth.
M‘Fapyen, Duncan, Forester, Dunmore, Stirling.
M‘Gratu, Patrick, Assistant Forester, Galtie Castle, Mitchelstown, Co.
Tipperary.
M‘Grecor, Archibald, Assistant Forester, Hopetoun House, South
Queensferry.
*M‘Grecor, John, Ladywell, Dunkeld, Perthshire.
M‘Grecor, W. S., Forester, Dupplin Castle, Perth.
M‘Harpy, Charles, Forester, Castle Newe, Strathdon.
M‘Hartiez, John, Seedsman, Northgate, Chester.
M‘Intosu, Angus, Forester, Glashill, Killeigh, King’s County.
Mackay, John, West Dean Estate, Chichester.
M‘Kay, James, Forester, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk.
M‘Kay, Thomas, Forester, Crosswood Park, Aberystwith, S. Waises.
M‘Keiru, Archibald, West Coates Nursery, Edinburgh.
M‘Ke viz, William Ross, Landscape Gardener, Cemeteries Office, Dundee.
M‘Keyziz, Donald F., Forester, Meldrum House, Aberdeenshire.
Macxenzig, Alexander, Warriston Nurseries, Edinburgh.
*Mackenzie, Colin J., Esq., of Portmore, Eddleston, Peebles.
Mackenziz, James, 1 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
Mackenzi£, John Ord, Esq., of Dolphinton, 7 Royal Cirens, Edinburgh.
M‘Kenzir, K. Stewart, Esq., Brahan Castle, Dingwall.
Mackxrntosu, R. T., Nursery and Seedsman, Edinbargh.
M‘Laecay, John, Forester, The Cairnies, by Methven.
+M‘Laren, Hugh.
M‘Larey, John, Ballencrieff, Drem.
+M‘Laren, John, Forester, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry.
M‘Laren, John, Forester, Darnhall, Eddleston, Peebles.
M‘Laren, Peter, Forester, Altyre, Forres.
+M‘Laren, Peter, Sub-Agent, Sittenham, York.
M‘Lean, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Rutherford, Kelso.
M‘Leay, Hector F., Esq., Carnwath House, Carnwath.
M‘Leay, John, Forester, Swainston, near Newport, Isle of Wight.
M‘Lean, Malcolm, The Gardens, Gosford, Drem.
M‘Leay, William, Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine.
M‘Leay, William, Messrs Methven & Sons, Nurserymen, Edinburgh.
M‘Le.tian, Duncan, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow.
M‘Leop, Alexander, Forester, Gosford, Drem.
M‘M11iay, Samuel, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
APPENDIX. 4
Macnaucuron, Alexander, Esq., §.8.C., Arranmore Villa, Stanley Road
Edinburgh.
M‘Naventon, Archibald, Forester, Williamwood, Cathcart, Glasgow.
M‘NEIL1, James, Forester, Abercairney, Crieff.
M‘Neutt, D., Timber Agent, Kirriemuir.
M‘Ragz, Duncan, Assistant Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn.
M‘Ragz, John, Forester, Auchendennan House, Alexandria, Dumbarton-
shire.
M‘Ragz, Robert, Assistant Forester, Cullen House, Cullen.
M‘Rircute, T. E., Esq., 4 Gayfield Square, Edinburgh.
*M‘Tirr, Alexander Walker, Esq., of Durris, Aberdeenshire.
Mary, John, Assistant Forester, Cullen House, Cullen.
+Main & Co., Messrs A. & J., Wire Fence Manufacturers, 7 Renfield
Street, Glasgow.
Matcouim, George, Bangholm Nursery, Edinburgh.
MairTLANnD, William, Assistant Forester, Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire.
+MarsHat., J., Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham.
MarsHAt., James, Forester, Preston, Dunse.
MarsHALL, Robert, Forester, Horton Manor, near Epsom,
MarsHatt, William, Sandhoe, Hexham.
Martin, George, Forester, Dunecht House, Aberdeen.
Martin & Sons, Messrs, Nurserymen, Cottingham, Hull.
Marutigson, Donald, Meikleour, Perth.
Maxton, Robert, Forester, Strathallan Castle, Auchterarder.
*MaxweE.t, Wellwood H., Esq., of Munches, M.P., Dalbeattie.
Me rose, John, Wood Merchant, Queen Street, Perth.
Metros, William, Forester, Byram Hall, South Mitford.
MENZIES, , Agent, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent.
Menzixs, William, Forester, Craigton Cottage, Causewayhead, by Stirling.
Meruven, John, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
*+tMeEtTHvEN, Thomas, Nursery and Seedsman, 15 Princes Street, Edin-
burgh, Treasurer.
+Micutz, Christopher Young, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen, Banffshire.
+Micutz, James, Forester, Wemyss Castle, Kirkcaldy. .
Mrpptemass, Archibald, Forester, Dunans House, Colintraive, Greenock.
Mine, James, Forester, Glenmuick, by Ballater.
+Mitter, John, Forester, Ochtertyre, Stirling.
Minto, The Right Hon. The Earl of, Minto House, Hawick.
+MrrcHett, David, Nursery and Seedsman, Bangholm House, Edinburgh.
Mrircuett, Forbes, Esq., of Thanestone, Kintore.
MircHeEt, Garlies, Nurseryman, Stranraer.
_ MircHe.t, James, Aldie, Kinross.
MrtcuELL, James, Forester, Knossington Grange, Oakham, Leicestershire
Morrat, Adam, Forester, Hindlip Hall, Worcester.
Morrat, Henry, Forester, Monkray, Whitehaven, Cumberland.
12 APPENDIX.
Morrat, James, Forester, Newbattle Abbey, Dalkeith.
Morrart, John, Forester, Kimerghame, Dunse.
*Moorg, Thomas, F.L.S., Curator, Botanic Garden, Chelsea.
Morrison, John, Coney Park Nursery, Stirling.
Morrison, R., Nurseryman, Elgin.
Morr, William, Esq., of Inistrynich, Argylishire.
+Mourrweap, John, Forester, Kindease, Invergordon.
Mcttens, J., Gardener, Abbeyleix, Queen’s County.
Mocwro, James, Forester, Invermorriston, Inverness-shire.
Monro, James, Assistant Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
-Morpuy, William, Leith Walk Nursery, Edinburgh.
Murray, David, Forester, Dunira, Perthshire.
Murray, G. W., The Foundry, Banff.
Morray, Robert, Nurseryman, Lanark.
Murray, Robert, Forester, Bangholm Nurseries, Edinburgh.
Mytes, James, Forester, Portmore, Eddlestone, Peebles.
Net, Archibald, Forester, West Grange, Culross.
Nicot, W., Assistant Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine.
Nicot, William, Forester, Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire.
+Oaitvy, David, Assistant Forester, Cortachy, Forfar.
O’ NEILL, Richard, Auctioneer, Old Castle, Co. Meath.
+Ormiston & Renwick, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Melrose.
+Patmer & Son, Messrs John, Nurserymen, Annan.
+ParkeER, James, Forester, Belvoir Castle, Grantham.
ParkKER, Robert A., Nursery and Seedsman, Lanark.
+Paterson, Andrew, Surveyor, Exton, Oakham, Rutland.
Paterson, Charles, Factor, Castle Menzies, Aberfeldy, Perthshire.
Paterson, William, Gardener, Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire.
PreEsBLes, Andrew, Highclere Castle, Newbury, Berks.
PENDREIGH, John, Assistant Forester, Port Bannatyne, Rothesay.
Puruir, John, Wood Merchant, Bonnyrigg, Lasswade.
+Puiuip, Robert, Minsterley, Shrewsbury.
Pierson, Joshua, Forester, Old Shields, Airdrie.
Piriz, John, Forester, Blackhall, Aberdeenshire.
*PortsmouTH, The Right Hon. The Earl of, Eggesford, North Devon.
Powerscourt, The Lord Viscount, Powerscourt, Enniskerry, County
Wicklow.
PownER, George, Forester, Willey Hall, Broseley, Shropshire.
PowneEr, Thomas, British Workman’s Rooms, Wellington.
Pressey, D., Gardener, Knockmaroon, Chapelizod, Dublin.
Price, J., Forester, Garnstone Castle, Hereford.
tPrine Ee, John, Implement Depot, 1 Victoria Street, Edinburgh.
APPENDIX. 13
Rarr, James, Forester, Castle Forbes, Whitehouse, Aberdeen.
RamsneEN, Sir J., Bart., M.P., Buckden, Skipton, York.
RankINE, Thomas, Nurseryman, Hamilton.
Rarrray, Thomas, Forester, Westonbilt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire.
+Ravenscrort, Edward, Farmer Office, India Buildings, Edinburgh.
Rayson, William, Messrs Veitch, Royal Exotic Nursery, King’s Road,
Chelsea.
+Rerp, George, Nursery and Seedsman, Aberdeen.
Rerp, James, Assistant Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
+Ricuarpson, Alexander, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge.
Rieuy, William, Messrs King & Co., 45 Pall Mall, London.
Rintout, Henry, Bowerswell, Perth.
Rircuiz, Henry, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells.
+Rircuin, Walter, Forester, Dinas Mawddwy, Shrewsbury, N. Wales.
Rosertson, D., Albert Hotel, Hanover Street, Edinburgh.
Rosertson, David, Forester, Myton Hall, Borobridge, Yorkshire.
Rosertson, George, Forester, Benmore, Kilmun, Greenock.
Rosertson, James.
Rosertson, James, Forester, Drummond Castle, Crieff.
Rosertson, John.
Rosertson, John, Forester, Minto House, Hawick.
Rosertson, John, Assistant Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
RoBERTSON, , Forester, Markree Castle, Collooney, Co. Sligo.
Rosertson, P. S., Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
Rosertson, Thomas, Forester.
Rosertson, William W., Forester, Carolside, Earlston.
+Rosson, Alexander, Overseer, Lude, Blair Athole.
Rorson, David, Assistant Forester, Arthur Stone, by Meigle.
Rosson, John, Forester.
Rosson, Ralph, Nursery and Seedsman, Hexhain.
Roperr, Hugh, Factor, Cleland, Motherwell.
*RosEBERY, The Right Honourable the Earl of, Dalmeny Park, Edin-
burgh.
*Rosstyn, The Right Honourable The Earl of, Dysart House, Fife.
+RusseEx, John, Craigie, Ayr.
RussE LL, Robert, Forester, Mostyn, Holywell, N. Wales.
Rust, Joseph, The Gardens, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
+RoutTHERFoRD, Andrew, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Kelso.
+RuTHERFORD, James, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh.
+RuTHERFoRD, James, Agent, Kirkleathum, Redcar, Yorkshire.
RutwHerrord, John, Assistant Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh.
RvutTHERFORD, Robert, Manager, Invereshie, Kingussie.
RurHeErRForD, Thomas, Hothfield, Ashford, Kent.
+Sapier, John, F.R.Ph.S., Experimental Cottage, Edinburgh.—Seecretary.
14 APPENDIX.
tSamson, John, Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
+SanpBacu, Henry R., Esq., Hafodunos, Llanrwst, Denbighshire.
Scartu, T. W., Land Agent, Keverstone, Staindrop, Darlington.
Scott, Adam, Forester, Southwick Park, Fareham, Hants.
Scort, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Newton Don, Kelso.
+tScort, D., Wood-Manager, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
+Scort, David, Forester, Dornoch, Sutherland.
Scort, John, Forester.
+Scorr, John W., Esq., Delgany, County Wicklow, Ireland.
Scorr, Walter, Forester, Oxnam, Jedburgh.
Sgaron, Allan, Assistant Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn.
Service, George, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
SERVICE, James, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
SHAND, James, Gardener, Meldrum House, Aberdeenshire.
Saanks, John, Forester, Kildrumy Castle, by Mosset.
Suepparp, John, Tweedside Cottage, Roehampton, Surrey.
Sm, William, Nurseryman, Forres.
+Simeson, J., Forester, Alloa Park, Alloa. ~
Srupson, Peter, Assistant Forester, Daughty Mill, Kirkcaldy.
+Smrpson, Thomas, Forester, Glenferness, Nairnshire.
Sinton, David, Assistant Forester, Charlton, Malmesbury, Wilts.
Sinton, J., Stourton, Bath.
Sinton, John, Forester, Charlton, Malmesbury, Wilts.
SKELDoN, John, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Sxirvine, Archibald, Forester, Duncombe Park, Helmsley, York.
Sxirvine, William, Nursery and Seedsman, Liverpool.
+Siater, Andrew, Forester, Lofthouse, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Yorkshire.
Sater, Andrew, jun., Assistant Forester, Aske, Richmond, Yorkshire.
+Smart, A. H.
SaitH, A., Factor, Douglas Castle, Lanarkshire.
+SmirH, James, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
Smiru, James, The Gardens, Exton Park, Oakham, Leicestershire.
Smit, John Crombie, Assistant Forester, Drummond Castle, Crieff.
Surtu, Thomas, Nurseryman, Stranraer.
Situ, W. Baxter, Messrs Little & Ballantyne, Nursery and Seedsmen,
Carlisle.
Smiru & Simons, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Howard St., Glasgow.
+Smiru & Son, Messrs William, Nurserymen, Aberdeen.
Sotty, Professor Edward, F.R.S., Parkstone, near Poole.
SomMERVILLE, Samuel, M.D., F.R.C.P., 17 Hart Street, Edinburgh,
Spence, Charles, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
STaLkeEr, Donald, Assistant Forester.
Srapyiton, Major, Myton Hall, Borobridge, Yorkshire.
Srark, Robert M., 21 Verulam Terrace, Hammersmith, London, W.
SrgEE LE, David, Forester, Skene House, Aberdeen,
APPENDIX. 19
Srevenson, David, Forester, Hawkhead, Paisley.
+SrEvensoy, James, Forester, Cobham Park, Surrey.
Srrwart, Alexander, Chancelot House, Ferry Road, Edinburgh.
Stewart, Alexander, Forester, Grinkle Park, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, York-
shire.
Stewart, D., Manager, Dalnarert, Aviemore.
SrewartT, James, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Stewart, John, Forester, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Stewart, John, Assistant Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn.
Stewart, J. Lindsay, M.D., Conservator of Forests, Punjaub, India.
Stewart, Peter, Gardener and Forester, Castle Wellan, Co. Down.
Srewart, William, Land Steward, Dalhousie Castle, Lasswade.
Stewart, William, Nurseryman, Dundee.
Srewart, William, Assistant Forester, Underley Hall, Kirkby.
Stewart, William, Assistant Forester, Logie Almond, Perth.
Srrane, William, Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
Stuart, John, Forester, Castle Grant, Strathspey.
tSruart, Lewis A. G., Forester, Nethesdale House, Turriff.
~ Sruart, William, Forester.
Stuart & Mein, Messrs, Nurserymen, Kelso.
Surriz, James, Evington, Ashford, Kent.
Sway, R. G., Auctioneer, Dunse.
Symp, David, 1 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.—A uditor.
Symon, John, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn.
Symon, Peter, Forester, Forres.
Tarr, David, Forester, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorkshire.
Tart, Walter, Seedsman, 45 Chapel Street, Dublin.
+TALBERT, Peter, Forester, Glenericht, Blairgowrie.
‘aytor, David, Barskimming, Mauchline.
TayLor, George, Forester, Monymusk, Aberdeenshire.
Taytor, George, Nursery and Seedsman, Inverurie.
THomson, James Scott, Castle Strathallan, Auchterarder.
*+THomson, John Grant, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey.
Tuomson, Lockhart, Esq., 22 Coates Crescent, Edinburgh.
‘Tuomson, Thomas, Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
THornton, Thomas, Heatherside, Frimley, Surrey.
TivENDALE, William, Forester, Houston, near Paisley.
Tomuinson, J., Brocklesby Park, Ulceby.
Tomurinson, Wilson, Assistant Forester, Belvoir Castle, Grantham.
Trorrer, Colonel R. A., The Bush, Edinburgh.
TuRNBULL, James, Nurseryman, Hawick.
TURNBULL, R. E., West Mount, York.
TURNBULL, William, Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Kelso.
Turner, James, Assistant Gardener, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
16 APPENDIX.
Tweepi£, John, Forester, Dinglass, Cockburnspath, Berwickshire.
*Urquuart, B. C., Esq., of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire.
Verrcu, John, Nurseryman, Falkirk.
Veircu, William, Hedger, Arniston, Gorebridge.
Waovopinerton, David, Crosshouse, Airdrie.
Waopbps, Philip, Gardener, Moore Abbey, Co. Kildare.
Wa ker, William, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
Watt, G. Y., jun., Esq., Exchequer Office, Durham.
Wauace, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
WALLACE, , Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie.
+Warp, James, Forester, Hawkhead Abbey, Paisley.
WartereER, Anthony, Nurseryman, Knaphill, Surrey.
Waters, Denis, Forester, Kelburn Castle, Largs.
Waterson, A., Assistant Forester, Penrhyn Castle, Bangor, N. Wales.
Warson, John, The Gardens, Stravithy, St Andrews.
Watson, William, Assistant Forester, Peth, Longtown, Cumberland.
Watson, W. J., Nursery and Seedsman, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Wart, James, Messrs Little and Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle.
Wart, William, Forester, Nisbet House, Dunse.
*W AVENEY, Lord, Flixton Hall, Bungay, Suffolk.
WEAVER, James, Forester to the Marquis of Lothian, Mount Teviot, Jed-
burgh.
+WEAVER, James V., Forester, Mount Teviot, Jedburgh.
Wesster, David, Bangholm, Edinburgh.
Wesster, J., The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers.
WetsuH, Duncan, Gardener, Mount Merrion, Dublin.
+WetsH, James, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
+WetsH, William M., Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
Wemyss, Randolph Gordon Erskine, Esq., of Wemyss and Torry, Fife.
West, Charles Elis, Land Steward, Cartoon, Maynooth.
Wuitus, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
Wuite, George, Seedsman, Paisley.
+WuiterorD, Robert, Assistant Hedger, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
Wuytr, David, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
*Wixp, A. E., Assistant Conservator of Forests, Punjab, India (6 George
Street, Sheffield).
Wiis, B. 8., Paradise Nursery, Upper Holloway, London, N.
Wutson, John, F.R.S.E., Professor of Agriculture, University of Edin-
burgh.
Witson, John, Forester, Knowefield Nurseries, Carlisle.
Witson, John, Forester, Auchendolly, Castle-Douglas.
Witson, John, Assistant Forester, Arniston, Gorebridge.
APPENDIX. tL?
Witson, John, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
Witson, Peter, Forester, Whitehill, Lasswade.
tWitson, Robert, Forester, Pewsey, Wilts.
Witson, Stephen, 132 Union Street, Aberdeen.
Woop, James, Factor, Haighall, Lancashire.
Woop, John, Gardener, Hatton Castle, Aberdeenshire.
Wrutir, James, Assistant Forester, Douglaston, Milngavie, Glasgow.
+ Wy uz, George, Estate Overseer, Ballovie, Aboyne.
YELLOWLEES, George, Wood Merchant, Galashiels.
Youne, John, Messrs Imrie & Son’s Nurseries, Ayr.
Youne, William, Assistant Secretary, Royal Caledonian Horticultural
Society, 33 South Bridge, Edinburgh.
~ SUBJECTS OFFERED FOR COMPETITION DURING
1872-73.
I. For the best and approved Report on the most extensive,
complete, and judiciously arranged Arboretum. Ist Prize, the
** Lawson Prize” of Five Guineas ; 2d Prize, a Medal.
The arboretums reported on in 1872 are excluded.
II. For the best and approved Essay on the present state and
future prospects of Arboriculture in the county in which the com-
petiter resides. 1st Prize, Five Guineas (offered by David Mitchell,
Esq., Nurseryman, Edinburgh) ; 2d Prize, a Medal.
II. For the best and approved Essay on the literature of Scottish
Arboriculture. 1st Prize, Three Guineas (offered by the President) ;
2d Prize, a Medal.
IV. For a full and complete, but succinct and well-written
account, from published descriptions,—with authorities distinctly
quoted,—personal observation, and experiment of the history and
present state of the cultivation in Great Britain and Ireland of
Cedrus Deodara (C. Libanotis, and C. atlantica, all now classed as
_one species). Special Medal, value Three Guineas (offered by Dr J.
Lindsay Stewart, Conservator of Forests, Punjab); 2d Prize, a
medal.
V. For the best and approved collection of Cones exhibited from
and grown in the county in which the competitor resides. 1st Prize,
Five Guineas (offered by Messrs Thomas Methven and Sons, Nursery
and Seedsmen, Edinburgh) ; 2d Prize, a Medal.
The prize collection to become the property of the Society.
VI. For the best and approved collection of prepared sections of
different kinds of Wood grown in the county in which the com-
petitor resides. (A Medal.)
VII. For the best and approved series of geological specimens
illustrating the different rocks and formations on which Forest Trees
and Shrubs grow in the county in which the competitor resides.
The specimens to be accompanied by a Report. (A Medal.)
VIII. On the employment of Locomotive Engines in Forestry,
especially for the transit of timber, and on the working of portable
saw-mills. (A Medal.)
IX. For an approved Report on the Plantations of which the
Competitor is Forester. (Zhree Medals.) One to be awarded for
VEE
APPENDIX. des,
.
the best Report from each of the countries—England, Scotland, and
Ireland—and competition to be confined to each country respec-
tively.
X. For an approved Report on the management of Forests in
Germany, France, and other places on the Continent. (A Medal.)
XI. For an approved Report on the different Ages at which the
various sorts of Timber Trees usually grown in Scotland may be
most profitably felled in different soils and situations. (A Medal.)
XII. For an approved Report on the Diseases most incidental to
Forest Trees, including those that affect the roots as well as the
bark, branches, and foliage. (Limited to Assistant Foresters and
Working Woodmen.) 1st Prize, a Medal ; 2d Prize (offered by Mr
R. E. Brown), copy of “ Brown’s Forester.”
XIII. For an approved Report on the results obtained by expe-
-rience of Seedlings of Conifers, being the produce of trees grown
in Britain, as compared with plants obtained from foreign-ripened
seed. (A Medal.)
XIV. For an approved Report on the natural history of Beetles
and other insects which affect Coniferee—their modes of operation
upon the tree, and suggestions as to a remedy for their attack. (A
Medal.)
XV. For an approved Report on the comparative advantages of
the different methods of Pruning. (A Medal.)
XVI. For an approved Report on the different modes of profitably
disposing of Home-grown Timber. (A Medal.)
XVII. To any Member of the Society who shall send to the
Secretary from abroad, cones or seeds of Forest Trees of new or rare
varieties capable of germination and of thriving in this country. (A
Medal.)
XVIII. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject
connected with Arboriculture. (A Medal.)
XIX. For any marked advantageous improvement on any of the
Implements used in Forestry. (Models or Implements to be accom-
panied by a Report.) (A Medal.) .
For conditions of Competition, see Proceedings of Annual General
Meeting of 6th November 1872.
All Essays, Reports, and Implements intended for Competition must
be given in to the Secretary not later than 25th September 1873
—each bearing a motto, and being accompanied by a separate sealed
envelope bearing the sume motto outside, and containing a card with
the motto, name, and address of the Competitor.
20 APPENDIX.
Abstract of the Laws of the Scottish Arboricultural Society,
as amended to 6th November 1872 :—
The object of the Society shall be the promotion of the science of
Arboriculture in all its branches, by periodical meetings of the
Members for the reading of Papers ; by offering Prizes for Essays
and Reports on the Practical Operations of Forestry, and publication
of the same ; and by such other means as may be found advisable.
The Society shall consist of the following classes of Members :-—
1. Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, and others, paying an annual
subscription of Half-a-Guinea ; 2. Head-Foresters, and others, paying
an annual subscription of Five Shillings; 3. Assistant Foresters,
paying an annual subscription of Three Shillings.
Any Member may become a Life-Member by compounding for his
annual subscriptions by a single payment—those of the First Class
paying Five Guineas ; and those of the Second and Third Classes,
Three Guineas.
The Society shall elect a limited number of Honorary Members,—
gentlemen who have acquired eminence in the science of Arboricul-
ture, or who are otherwise deemed worthy.
All annual Subscriptions shall be payable in advance, at the
Annual General Meeting in November.
In addition to the annual subscriptions above stipulated, the
Society shall receive, from those friendly to its objects, Donations
of larger or smaller amount.
A Candidate for admission into the Society must be recommended
by at least one Member, and shall, on payment of his annual sub-
scription, be immediately admitted a Member of the Society, subject
to the revision of, the first General Meeting thereafter. Any Member
of the Society introducing a New Member shall be held responsible
for the first year’s subscription of such party.
The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a President, five
Vice-Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, and a Committee of
fifteen Members,—these office-bearers to be elected annually at the
General Meeting in November ; the three Members of Committee
at the top of the list to gv out annually, but one to be eligible for
re-election.
A General Meeting of the Members shall be held on the first
Wednesday of November annually, for the election of New Members,
the appointment of Office-Bearers, the reading of Papers, awarding
of Prizes, and other business.
JOHN SADLER,
Secretary.
ee
APPENDIX. oT
OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1872-73.
PRESIDENT.
HUGH CLEGHORN, of Stravithy, M.D., F.R.S.E.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
Joun Hutton Batrovur, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Medicine and
Botany in the University, Edinburgh.
Witttam M‘Corquopa.ez, Forester, Scone Palace, Perth.
JoHn Grant THomson, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey.
Rosert Houtcuison, Esq., of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E.
We.tiwoop H. Maxwe tt, Esq., of Munches, M.P.
SECRETARY.
Joun Saver, F.R.Ph.S., Lecturer on Botany in the Royal High School,
and Assistant to the Professor of Botany in the University of
Edinburgh.
TREASURER.
THomas Meruven, of Messrs T. Methven and Sons, Nursery and Seeds-
men, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
AUDITOR.
Davin Synge, 19 George LV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
COUNCIL.
CuHaARLEs S. France, Overseer, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
ANDREW RvuTHERFORD, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Kelso.
R. T. Mackintosu, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
Joun ANDERSON, Nurseryman, Perth.
GeorcE Rem, Nursery and Seedsman, Aberdeen.
Rosert Broveu, Forester, Balnagowan, Ross-shire.
Joun M‘Laren, Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry.
Hueu Fraser, Stanwell Nursery, Edinburgh.
Davip Mircuett, Bangholm House, Edinburgh.
Rosert Fouts, Forester, Fordel, Fife.
Joun M‘Greeor, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld.
Wiuuiam Gitcarist, Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
ALEXANDER Ricuarpson, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge.
James Morrat, Forester, Newbattle Abbey, Dalkeith.
JAMEs SuiTH, Forester, Donibristle, Fife.
APPENDIX B.
GENERAL ABSTRACT OF THE ACCOUNTS
OF THE SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY
Sor the Year ending 5th November 1872.
CHARGE.
To Balance in Bank, . £9 9 1}
;, Annual Subscriptions for 1871- 2, 59 18 0
», Arrears, 2 18 6
= Subscription to Sinking Fund, 0 3 0
», Life Membership Subscriptions, 26 5 0
», Robert Hutchison, Esq. of Carlowrie (Donation), 610 0
», Peter Lawson & Sons (Donation) 5 5 0
;, Lhomas Methven & Sons (Prize), Pir a, 0
,, C. Y. Michie (Donation), 012 0
,, Copies of Transactions Sold, ; : OIG! 0
' ,, Received for Advertising in Transactions, per Keith & C 0. hares 0
;, Interest, : : WSs \2
£133 0 7
DISCHARGE.
By Balance from last Account, . ‘ ; : zee ie MS.
| », Neill & Co., for Printing, . : : : : 49 6 0-
», Mould & Tod, for Receipt ety : : : 018 6
») Secretary’s Salary, : ; : 20 00
;, Paid for Prizes, Medals, &c., ; ‘ : 19 13 0
;, Paid over to Sinking Fund Account, : : : mA he at,
,, Annual Dinner, Extra Expenses, . é ; . 2° L6
4 ,, Postages, &c., per Secretary, : : : : 1010 7
ys per Treasurer, : ‘ : : Tee Ome
oe Advertising, Stationery, &c., : : 214 2
», Balance in Bank, . . , : : £ Sh
», Balance on hand, ‘ : : ; : : th 3
£133 0 7
CAPITAL OR SINKING FUND ACCOUNT.
CHARGE.
To Donation and Life eters scene de : iL GS. (0
», Interest, 2 : 3 0: 2 2
LEE LF 2
DISCHARGE.
By Balance in Bank, . - : : : ; ED SO2
SIt tir Ss
I have examined the State of the Affairs of the Scottish Arboricultural Society
for the year ending 5th November 1872, comparing the same with the books
and necessary vouchers, all of which I find to be correct, leaying balance in
bank in connection with General Account, Four pounds three shillings and one
penny, and owing by Treasurer Seven pounds seven shillings and threepence,
being in all to the credit of the Society, besides unpaid subscriptions, the sum
of Eleven pounds two shillings and fourpence sterling, and showing a balance
in bank to the credit of the Capital or Sinking Fund, the sum of Eleven pounds
seventeen shillings and twopence sterling.
Epinsureu, 5th November 1872. Davip Syme, Auditor.
€
GENERAL ABSTRACT OF THE ACCOUNTS
OF THE SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY
for the Year ending 4th November 1873.
CHARGE.
To Balance in Bank,
5 ne onvhand:
», Robert Hutchison, Esq. of Carlowrie (Special Prize),
», Peter Lawson & Son (Special Prize),
,, Admission to Exhibition of Woods, .
,, Transactions Sold, . :
,, Coniferous Seeds Sold,
», Annual Subscriptions ‘for 1872- 3,
,, Arrears,
Life Membership Subscriptions,
», Sinking Fund,
», Inter est,
,, Balance due, National Bank,
DISCHARGE.
By Expenses connected with Exhibition of Woods,
,, Paid for Medals and Prizes,
,, Advertising, Stationery, &c.,
», Neill & Co., for Printing,
», Secretary's Salary,
», Postages, &c.,
», Paid over to Capital ‘Account,
,, Balance on hand, :
CAPITAL OR SINKING FUND ACCOUNT.
CHARGE.
To Balance from last Account,
, Paid over from Ordinary Account,
», Lnterest, f :
DISCHARGE.
By Deposit Receipt with National Bank,
£60901
(oie tes
5 5 0
5 5 0
013 0
219 5
20 0
8415 6
510 0
42 0 0
OB 0
1986.10
25 15 11
£187 5 2
£11 9 4
31 6 6
7 62a
60 0 0
20 0 0
1218 3
3615 0
710° 0
£187 5 2
£1117 2
3615 0
0°56 7
£48 17 9
£48 17 9
£48 17 9
I hereby certify that I have examined the above Statement of Affairs of the
Scottish Arboricultural Society for the year ending this day, along with the
necessary vouchers, and find the same correct, showing on the General Account
a balance in Treasurer’s hands of Seven pounds ten shillings (from which the sum
of £5, 18s. falls to be transferred to the Capital Account), and balance due to
the National Bank of Twenty-five pounds fifteen shillings and elevenpence ;
also find in the Capital Account the sum of Forty-eight pounds seven shillings
and ninepence sterling, lodged with the National Bank on deposit receipt.
Edinburgh, 4th November 18738.
Davin Syme, Auditor.
Scottish Arboricultural Society.
PATRON.
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
LIST OF MEMBERS
CORRECTED TO AUGUST 1874.
* Members who have given Subscriptions, in order to form a Capital
or Sinking Fund.
All Subscriptions are payable at the Annual General Meeting in November.
Members whose Subscriptions are Two Years in Arrears are not entitled to receive
the Transactions.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Baurour, John Hutton, M.D., A.M., F.R.SS.L. and E., Professor of
Medicine and Botany in the University of Edinburgh.
Branpis, Dietrich, Ph.D., Inspector-General of Forests to the Government
of India.
ButueEN, Robert, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Glasgow.
*Houtcuison, Robert, F.R.S.E., of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
Lawson, George, LL.D., Ph.D., Professor of Natural History and
Chemistry, Dalhousie College, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
M‘Nas, James, F.B.S.E., Curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
*THomson, William, Deputy Surveyor, H.M. Chopwell Woods, Burnop-
field, Durham.
EEE MEM BERS:
Anam, The Right Hon. W. P., of Blairadam, Kinross-shire, M.P.
Barzoour, George F., of Bonskied, Pitlochry, Perthshire.
Bett, William, of Gribdae, Kirkcudbright.
Bosanquet, Rev. G. H., Broom-y-Close Court, Llanwarne, Ross, Here-
fordshire.
26 APPENDIX.
Brucg, Hon. T. C., 24 Hill Street, Berkeley Square, London, W.
CiecHorn, Hugh, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithy, St Andrews, Fife (Pre-
sident).
CrawForD, William Stirling, of Milton, Glasgow.
Dewar, Colonel A., of Vogrie, Ford.
Douncay, Alexander, of Knossington Grange, Oakham, Leicestershire.
Duwpas, Robert, of Arniston, Gorebridge.
Fisu, D. T., Hardwick, Bury-St-Edmunds.
*Gouau, William, Wood Manager, Wykeham, York.
GranTHAM, George, Barcombe Place, Lewes, Sussex.
Grimmonp, Alexander D., of Glenericht, Blairgowrie.
Hors, H. W., of Luffness, Drem.
Hora, Louis, of Possingworth, Hawkhurst, Sussex.
Kryyear, William Balfour, Foo-Chow, China.
Lesti£, Charles P., of Castle Leslie, Glasslough, Ireland.
M‘Grecor, John, Ladywell, Dunkeld, Perthshire.
MAcKENZIE, Colin J., of Portmore, Eddleston, Peebles.
M‘Tirr, Alexander Walker, of Durris, Aberdeenshire.
MaxweE.u, Wellwood H., of Munches, Dalbeattie.
*MrtHvVEN, Thomas, Nursery and Seedsman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh
(Treasurer).
Minto, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Minto House, Hawick.
Moors, Thomas, F.L.S., Curator, Botanic Garden, Chelsea.
PorrsmootH, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Eggesford, North Devon.
RoseBery, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Rosstyy, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Dysart House, Fife.
Srair, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wigtown-
shire.
*TALBERT, Peter, Forester, Glenericht, Blairgowrie.
*THomson, John Grant, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey.
Trotter, Colonel, R.A., The Bush, Edinburgh.
Uraquuart, B. C., of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire.
Waveney, Lord, Flixton Hall, Bungay, Suffolk.
Wemyss, Randolph Gordon Erskine, of Wemyss and Torry, Fife.
Witp, A. E., Assistant Conservator of Forests, Punjaub, India (6 George
Street, Sheffield).
Witson, John, F.R.S.E., Professor of Agriculture, University, Edinburgh.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Anpig, Alexander J., Rockville, Linlithgow.
ArR.i£, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Cortachy Castle, Forfarshire.
Aircuison, William, Forester, Workington Hall, Cumberland.
Aver, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
ALEXANDER, James, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
ii iN ei res eee tt ¥o"
bo
~I
APPENDIX.
ALEXANDER, James, jun., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.
ALEXANDER, John,
ALEXANDER, John, Assistant Forester, Benmore House, Greenock.
ALEXANDER, William, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
Aan, Andrew, Rankeillor, Cupar, Fife.
*ALLAN, John, Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Anverson, Alexander, Forester, St Fort, Newport, Dundee.
Anverson, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
Anperson, Alexander, Gardener, Oxenford Castle, Dalkeith.
Anpverson, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Hawkhead, Paisley.
ANDERSON, James, Bangholm Nursery, Edinburgh.
AnveErson, James, Meadowbank, Uddingston.
Awperson, John, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham.
*AnbERSON, John, Nurseryman, Perth.
ANNAND, Charles, Forester, Cromar Estates, Tarland, Aberdeenshire.
ANNANDALE, Robert Burns, The Gardens, Fonthill, Tisbury, Wilts.
ARcHER, James, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole.
ArcHER, John, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole.
* ARCHIBALD, Thomas, Forester, Virginia, Co. Cavan, Ireland.
Arnott, Alexander, Hedger, East Wemyss, Fife.
AsuHpowy, Samuel Harding, Land Agent, Uppington, Wellington, Salop.
Austin & M‘Ausuan, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Glasgow.
Baicriz, Andrew, Forester, Mote Park, Ballymurry, Co. Roscommon.
Baierig£, William, Forester, Echo Bank, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh.
Batuute, William, Wood Manager, Cortachy, Kirriemuir.
Barrb, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Bawpen, James, Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington.
BaLpEN, Joseph, Overseer, Houghton Estate, Preston.
*BaLpDEN, Peter G., Forester, Vaenol Park, Bangor, North Wales.
*BALDEN, William, Appleby Castle, Appleby.
* BALLANTYNE & Son, Messrs John, Nurserymen and Seedsmen, Dalkeith.
BaALLinGAL, Robert, Factor, Ellabus, Islay.
*Barrig, David, Forester, Durris, Aberdeen.
*Barrig, James, Forester, Stevenstone House, Torrington, Devonshire.
Barrer, Frederick, Assistant Gardener.
Barty, David, Forester, Lowther Castle, Penrith.
Baty, William, Forester, Netherby, Longtown.
Baxter, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
*Bayne, Lewis, Forester, Kinmel Park, Abergele, North Wales.
Brest, Harker, Forester, 19 Tarvit Street, Edinburgh.
Bree, John, jun., Factor, Durris, Aberdeenshire.
BELL, James, Strathfieldsaye, Winchfield, Hants
Betz, James, Forester, Newcastleton, Carlisle.
Bennett, Alexander, Forester.
28 APPENDIX.
Berry, George, Longleat, Horningsham, Warminster, Wiltshire.
Berry, Thomas Walter, Forester, Brynkinalt, Chirk, N. Wales.
Biece, Matthew, of Islip, Thrupston.
Bircg, John, Assistant Gardener, Tinnchinch, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow.
*BirniE, John, Normanby Park, Brigg, Lincolnshire.
Bissert, David, Land-Steward and Forester, Alva House, Stirling.
Bissett, William §8., Land-Steward and Forester, Moncrieffe House,
Bridge of Earn, Perthshire,
Buair, Peter, Dunse.
*Boa, Andrew, Lang-Steward, Dalton House, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Boa, Andrew, jun., Assistant Factor, Blackwood, Lesmahagow.
Boa, James 8. M., Agent, Fettercairn, Fettercairn.
*Bortuwick, William, Forester, Dunnichen, Forfar,
Boston, Thomas C.
Botromer, Frederick, The Gardens, Mackree Castle, Ballisodare, Sligo.
*Bropvig, James, Land-Steward, Glasslough, Armagh, Ireland,
Brovueu, James, Assistant Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
Broveu, Robert, Forester, Balnagowan, Tain, Ross-shire.
Brown, J., Bretby, Burton-on-Trent.
Brown, James, LL.D., Nurseryman and Wood-Surveyor, Craigmill,
Stirling.
Brown, James, Carnwath House, Carnwath.
Brown, John E., Craigmill, Stirling.
*Brown, R. E., F.G.8., Agent, Famley Hall, Otley, Yorkshire.
Brown, William, Land Valuator and Estate Agent (N. America).
Brown, William, Nursery and Seedsman, Stamford, Lincolnshire.
*Bruce, Peter.
Bruce, T. R., of Slogarie, Lauriestown, Castle-Douglas.
Bryan, F. G. D., Factor, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Brypon, John, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
Bucuay, Alexander, F.R.S.E., Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological
Society, Edinburgh.
Bucuan, George, Forester, Bakewell, Derbyshire.
Bucuanayn, Robert R., Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Buryett, James, Assistant Forester, Durris, Aberdeenshire.
‘
_ Caper, Frederick, Forester, Brucklay Castle, Aberdeenshire.
CaLLocuHin, John, Assistant Forester, Houston, Paisley.
Cameron, Alexander, Forester, Countlich Lodge, Ballinluig, Perthshire.
Cameron, Angus, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
Cameron, Henry, Assistant Forester, Linkwood, Elgin.
Cameron, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire.
*CameERON, John, Assistant Forester, Fowlis Wester, Crieff, Perthshire.
Cameron, Robert, Forester, Galtie Castle, Mitchelstown, Tipperary.
CAMPBELL, Alexander, Forester, Gray House, Liff, Dundee.
APPENDIX. 29
*CAMPBELL, James, of Tillichewan Castle, Dumbartonshire.
CampBELL, John, Forester, Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire.
CAMPBELL, Peter, Assistant Forester, Invereshie, Kingussie.
Cairnpurr, Andrew, Forester, Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co., Ireland.
CaRMICHAEL, John, The Gardens, Glen Tulchan, The Cairnies, Perth.
CHALMERS, James, Duchal, Port-Glasgow.
CuampeErs, William, of Haford, Aberystwith, Wales.
Cuap.ain, George, Assistant Forester, Glamis Castle, Glamis, Forfarshire.
CHAPMAN, James, Assistant Forester, Grinkle Park, Saltburn-by-the-Sea,
Yorkshire.
Cuarriow, John, Glencoin Cottage, Patterdale, Penrith.
Curistiz, A. D., Foreman, Heaton Park Gardens, Manchester.
Curistiz£, David, Forester, Abington House, Lanarkshire.
*CHURNSIDE, Francis, Forester, Ladykirk, Berwickshire.
CuurnsibE, Robert, Forester, Edlingham, Alnwick.
Ciark, David, Assistant Forester, Ury House, Stonehaven.
Cuark, James, Forester, Balvaird Cottage, Strathmiglo, Fife.
CxarKk, John, The Nurseries, Cupar, Fife.
*CLARK, John, jun., Forester, Esslemont, Ellon, Aberdeenshire.
*CLARK, J., Forester to the Earl of Kintore, Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire.
Crark, Thomas, Beechwood Gardens, Bortly, Hants.
Cxiark, William, Assistant Forester, Hawkhead, Paisley.
*CLEGHORN, William, Forester, Ayton Castle, Ayton.
CueErRK, Sir George D., Bart, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
Coxppan, John, Wood Agent, Wentworth Woods, Rotherham.
Cocxksurn, William, Forester, Coats, Penicuik.
Cocker, James, Nurseryman, Aberdeen.
Cottinewoop, Rev. R. G., Irton Vicarage, Carnforth, Cumberland.
CooxEs, Rev. H. W., Astley Rectory, near Stourport.
Cooper, George, Messrs Hurst & Son, Leadenhall Street, London.
Corset, James, Forester, Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland.
*Cowan, James, Forester, Bridgend, Islay.
Cowan, Robert, Forester, Park, near Paisley.
Cows, John, Luffness, Drem.
Cowr1g, John, Assistant Forester, Mount Stuart, Rothesay.
*CRABBE, James, Forester, Glamis Castle, Glamis, Forfarshire.
*Craic, James, Overseer, 192 Bonnington Road, Edinburgh,
Craic, Nathan, Cherry Cottage, Anowe Park, Birkenhead.
Crate, Richard, Forester and Gardener, Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
Craic, Robert, Levens Hall, Milnthorpe.
Cranston, G. C. Trotter, of Harvieston, Gorebridge.
CRANSTON, James, Assistant Forester, Floors Castle, Kelso,
*Cricuton, George, 18 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Crossi£, John, Forester and Ground Officer, Ballindalloch Castle, Ballin-
dalloch, Banffshire.
30 APPENDIX.
*Cross, David G., Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh, Ireland.
CRUICKSHANKS, Robert, Forester, Ballykilcavan, Stradbally, Queen’s Co.
Cummine, Donald, Assistant Forester, Newbattle, Dalkeith.
Cunnincuam, D., The Gardens, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
Counntyeuam, John, Forester, Ardross Castle, Ross-shire.
Curriz, John, Gardener, Salisbury Green, Edinburgh.
*CouT er, D., Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
Dateveisy, John J., W.S., 8 Athole Crescent, Edinburgh.
Da.tas, Joseph, Forester, Blandpant, Llandyssil, Carmarthenshire.
DatryMPLe, Charles, Forester, Mitchelstown Castle, Mallow, Co. Cork.
Daniz ts, Peter, Forester, Slindon Hall, Arundel, Sussex.
Darien, James, Assistant Forester, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry.
*Daruine, John, Forester, St Martins, Perthshire.
Davipson, James, Coonoor, Neilgherries, 8. India.
*Davinson, John, Forester, Aldbar, Brechin,
Davinsoy, John, Forester, Firth, Roslin.
*Davipson, John, Overseer and Architect, Belmont tole Meigle.
Davipson, Richard, Scottish Colour Works, Leith.
ie W., Leager House, Chuseburn Grange, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Dawson, John, Messrs J. & J. Dawson, Alloa.
Dean, Richard, Ealing, London.
Dempsey, Charles, Assistant Forester, Powerscourt, Enniskerry.
Dick, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Scone, Perth.
*Dicxson, George, Stronvar, Lochearnhead.
Dickson, J., Messrs Edmonston Brothers, 9 Dame Street, Dublin.
Dickson & Sons, Messrs James, Nursery and Seedsmen, Chester.
*Dicxson & Sons, Messrs James, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Dickson, Thomas, Nursery and Seedsman, Chester.
Donps, George, Overseer, Leinster Estates, Prospect House, Athy.
Don, John, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
Donan, Alexander, Forester, Woodhall House, Airdrie.
Donapson, J., Forester, Brechin Castle, Brechin.
Dovetas, J., Gardener, Kilkea Castle, Mageney, Co, Kildare.
*Dow, Thomas, Forester, Idvies, Forfar.
*Downte, Larrnp, & Larye, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Dore, James, Land Steward, Heywood, Ballinakill, Queen’s County.
DrumMonp Brotruers, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Droummuonp & Sons, Messrs William, Nurserymen, Stirling.
Durr, James, Factor, Blackwood, Lesmahagow.
*Durr, James, Melgund, Aberlemno, Forfar.
Durr, James, Wood Manager, Bayham Abbey, Tunbridge Wells.
Duean, Charles, Assistant Forester, Cally House, Gatehouse.
Duncan, Charles, of Woodend, Rothesay.
Duncan, John, Forester, Blandpant, Llandyssil.
APPENDIX. a |
Doncay, William, Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
Duwntopr, Alexander, Factor, Luftness, Drem.
Dunn, David, The Gardens, Heaton Park, Manchester.
*Dunn, Malcolm, The Gardens, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
Durwarp, Robert, Manager, Blelack, Aberdeenshire.
Dyxes, Thomas, Factor, Maybole, Ayrshire.
Earnsuaw, L., Forester, Morpeth, Northumberland.
Even, The Hon. R. Henley, Estate Agent, The Coigne, Minchinghampton.
Epa@ar, Thomas, Forester, Torry, Fife.
Epmonpson, T., Proprietor of ‘Gardeners’ Record,’ 9 Dame Street, .
Dublin.
Evipank, Right Hon. Lord, Darnhall, Eddlestone, Peebles.
Exxior, Robert, Forester, Blairquban, Maybole, Ayrshire.
Ewinea, David, Assistant Forester, Urie House, Stonehaven. |
Farrpairn, William, Land Steward, Manderston, Dunse.
Fereuson, A., Gosfield Hall, Hallstead, Essex.
Fereuson, James, Forester and Land Steward, Cleghorn, Lanark.
Fereuson, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses.
Ferntz, Robert, Forester, Balcarres, Colinsburgh, Fife.
Ferres, Francis, Assistant Hedger, Ury House, Stonehaven.
Finexanp, J., Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.
Finn, P. W., Forester, Borris House, Borris, Co. Carlow.
Fisuer, William, Forester, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, Yorkshire.
*Forses, Andrew, Forester, Stracathro, Brechin.
Forsss, Wiillam, Assistant Forester, Castlecary, Denny.
Forean, James, Wellwood Cottage, Kinnoull, Perth.
Forrest, William, Melfort Cottage, Lochgilphead.
Fouts, Robert, M.D., Cairnie Lodge, Cupar, Fife.
Foutts, Robert, Forester, Fordel, Inverkeithiny, Fife.
Fowter, Archibald, The Gardens, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.
Francs, Charles, Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole, Ayrshire.
*FrancgE, C. 8., Overseer, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
*FRANCE, George, Overseer, Glenelg, Lochalsh.
France, James, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole, Ayrshire.
Fraser, Archibald, Assistant Forester.
*FRASER, Duncan, Forester.
Fraser, James, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Fraser, P. Neill, Canonmills Lodge, Edinburgh.
Fraser, Hugh, Stanwell Nursery, Edinburgh.
Fraser, Simon, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeenshire.
*FraseR, Thomas, Forester, Oriel Temple, County Louth.
Freeman, Timothy, Messrs Osborne & Sons, Fulham, London.
Frost, Philip, Gardener, Dropmore, Maidenhead.
32 APPENDIX.
*GARDINER, R., Wenalt House, Crosswood, Aberystwith, South Wales.
GarpiverR, James, Forester, Hawkstone Park, Salop.
Garcan, James, Land Steward, Kells, Moynally, Co. Meath, Ireland.
Garner, John, Assistant Gardener, Cantley Hall, Doncaster, Yorkshire.
GerxtE, P. M., Factor, Cortachy, Kirriemuir.
GERRISH, Edward, Wood Overseer, Maiden Bradley, Bath.
Gieson, William, Nursery and Seedsman, 14 Lower Ormond Quay, Dublin.
Grsson-Marrianp, Sir A. C, R., Bart., M.P., Cliftonhall, Ratho.
GILBERT, James, Forester, Ardverikie, Kingussie.
*GiLcHRisT, Andrew, Forester, Ury House, Stonehaven.
Giicurist, Daniel, Messrs Main & Co., 15 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
*GILcHRIST, William, Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
GLenpinninG, George P., Dalmeny Park, South Queensferry.
GooDFELLow, Andrew, Forester, Wolfelee, Hawick.
Goopier, George, Assistant Gardener.
Gorvon, James, Assistant Forester, Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Gorpon, John, Forester, 17 Bon-Accord Street, Aberdeen.
Gorrtr, Archibald, Forester, Holkham Hall, Holkham.
*Gorriz, William, Rait Lodge, Trinity, Edinbargh.
*Gossip, James, The Nurseries, Inverness.
Gow, James, Forester, Camperdown, Dundee.
Gow, John L., Factor, Raith, Kirkcaldy.
Granam, Andrew, Alma Cottage, St Boswells.
GRANDISON, James, Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
Grant, Colonel James A., C.B., C.S.L, 7 Park Square, Regent’s Park,
London.
Grant, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch.
Grant, James, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
Grant, John, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
Green, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole.
Green, William, Assistant Forester, Charleston, Malmesbury, Wilts.
Grerr, Robert, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
*Greric, Gavin, Forester, Parkhill, Aberdeen.
Grieve, George, Gardener, Dalkeith.
Grieve, James, Messrs Dickson and Co., Nurseries, Leith Walk, Edinburgh.
*Gricor, John, Nurseryman, Forres.
Gurtupiz, Colonel, Carlogie House, Carnoustie.
*Hatt, Peter, Forester, Huntly Lodge, Huntly.
Hamitton, David, Forester, Tillichewan Castle, Alexandria, Dumbarton.
Hamitton, John B. Baillie, of Arnprior, Cambusmore, Callander.
Hawnpasype & Davipson, Messrs Thomas, Nurserymen, Musselburgh. |
Harpe, A., Manager, Monboddo, Fordoun.
*Harpiz, Walter, Forester, The Hall, Norwell, Newark, Notts.
*Harizy, Andrew, Penybout, Radnorshire.
APPENDIX. oo
Harroxp, George, Gardener, Mount Henrie, Queen’s Co., Ireland.
Harrower, William, Forester, Glen App, Ballantrae, Ayrshire.
Hart, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Yester, Haddington.
Hartuanp, Richard, The Lough Nurseries, Cork.
Havexock, Thomas, Forester, Raby Park, Staindrop, Co. Durham.
Hayman, John, jun., Overseer, Dumfries House, Old Cumnock.
Heazz, William, Dean Park Nurseries, Edinburgh.
Hetmay, George, Assistant Gardener.
Heiman, William, Gardener, Heywood, Ballinakill, Queen’s County.
*HeEnpDERSON, Archibald, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s County.
Henverson, John, Land Steward, Knockdrin Castle, Mullingar.
Henverson, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Henpry, David, Bangholm Nurseries, Edinburgh.
Heppury, James, Forester.
*HEPBURN, William, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
Hermiston, James, Assistant Forester, Floors Castle, Kelso.
Heruerton, Walter, Forester, Heanton, Satchville, Bedworth, N. Devon.
Hix, John, Land Steward, Whitehill, Lasswade.
Hitson, John, Assistant Forester, Floors Castle, Kelso,
*Hogartu, James, Forester, Duthill, Strathspey.
Hoae, Thomas, Forester, Hampton Court, Leominster, Hereford.
Hoop, James, Assistant Forester, Langlee, Jedburgh.
Hoop, William, Gardener, Glasslough, Ireland.
Home, George, Assistant Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill.
Horspurau, James, Forester, Yester, Haddington.
Hume, Andrew, Forester, Wansford, Peterborough.
*Hunter, Patrick, Overseer, Glenarm Castle, Larne, Ireland.
Hunter, William, Forester, Castlemilk, Glasgow.
Hussey, Samuel, M., Estate Office, Tralee.
*Hurtron, James, Forester, Moy, Forres.
Jamizson, D., Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Nottinghamshire.
- JEFFREY, John, of Balsusney, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
Jerrrey, John, Forester, Craighall, Blairgowrie.
JOHNSTON, James.
Jounston, William, Fencer, Lee, Lanark.
Jounstong, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Arniston, Gorebridge.
JounstoneE, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
*Jounstone, William, Bangholm House, Ferry Road, Edinburgh.
Joss, John, Assistant Forester, Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire.
*Kay, James, Forester and Hedger, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
*Kepzig, Walter, Forester, Arundel Castle, Arundel, Sussex.
Kerr, David, Forester, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
*Kemp, John, Assistant Forester, Midmar, Aberdeenshire.
34 APPENDIX.
Kennepy, Duncan, Assistant Forester, Erskine House, Glasgow.
Kennepy, F., Seed Merchant, Borough, London.
Kennepy, G. G. Allan, Assistant Forester, Gothic House, Morden, Surrey.
Kennepy, Joun, Forester and Ground ne, Glen Urquhart, Drumna-
drochit.
Kennepy, William, Overseer, Carradale, Greenock.
Kipp, James, Assistant Forester, Morden Park, Surrey, S.W.
*KinaHornN, Adam, Forester, Rochsoles, Airdrie.
Larne, James, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
Lamserton, Hugh, Forester, Orwell Park, Bucklesham, Ipswich.
Lamont, John, Inverleith Nurseries, Edinburgh.
*LAuDER, William, Messrs Carr & Co., Timber Yard, Walker-on-Tyne.
Lauriston, Alexander, Assistant Forester Meldrum House, Old Meldrum.
Lawson & Son, Messrs Peter, Edinburgh.
Leeeat, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Abernethy Nursery, Strathspey.
LEIsHMAN, Richard, Forester, Muncaster Castle, Ravenglass, Cumberland.
Lemon, Thomas, The Gardens, Convamore, Ballyhooly, Ireland.
Lenox, William, Forester, Keir, Dunblane.
Lippet1, Rev. J. R., The Manse, Kirkliston.
Linporgs, Gavin, Assistant Forester.
Liyxstong, James, Assistant Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Lirrie, Alexander, Forester, Castle Menzies, Aberfeldy.
Loraine, Edward, The Riding Mill, Northumberland.
Lorutan, The Most Hon. The Marquis of, Pinnelheugh House, Jedburgh.
M‘Arnsu, Robert, Assistant Forester, Drumore, Stirling.
M‘Autster, Alexander, Rossie Priory, Dundee.
Macseta, J., Land Steward, Stobhall, Perth.
M‘Catuium, James Thyne, Nursery and Seedsman, 60 Buchanan Street,
Glasgow.
M‘Cauuvm, G. K., of Braco Castle, Braco.
M‘Cott, James, Forester, Clifton Park, Kelso.
*M‘CorquovatEz, Donald, Forester, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie.
M‘Corquopate, D. A., Assistant Factor, Panmure, Forfarshire.
*M‘CorquopaLe, William, Forester, Scone Palace, Perth.
M‘Creatu, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Culzean, Maybole, Ayrshire.
M‘Curcueon, Robert, Assistant Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn.
M‘Dona.p, Alexander, Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
M‘Donatp, Charles, Superintendent, Phoenix Park, Dublin.
M‘Donatp, Donald, Assistant Forester,
*M‘DonaLp, John, Forester, New Scone, Perth.
M‘Fapyen, Duncan, Forester, Dunmore, Stirling.
M‘Gratu, Patrick, Assistant Forester, Galtie Castle, Mitchelstown, Co.
Tipperary.
APPENDIX. 35
M‘Grecor, Archibald, Assistant Forester, Hopetoun House, South
Queensferry.
M‘Grecor, W. S., Forester, Dupplin Castle, Perth.
M‘Harpy, Charles, Forester, Castle Newe, Strathdon.
M‘Hartigz, John, Seedsman, Northgate, Chester,
M‘Intosn, Angus, Forester, Glashill, Killeigh, King’s County.
Mackay, John, West Dean Estate, Chichester.
M‘Kay, James, Forester, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk.
M‘Kay, Thomas, Forester.
M‘Kerru, Archibald, West Coates Nursery, Edinburgh.
M‘Kenziz, Donald F., Forester, Meldrum House, Aberdeenshire.
Mackenzig, Alexander, Warriston Nurseries, Edinburgh.
MackeEnzi£, James, 1 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
Mackenztg, John Ord, W.S., of Dolphinton, 7 Royal Circus, Edinburgh.
M‘Kenzir, K, Stewart, of Brahan Castle, Dingwall.
Macxiz, John, Assistant Forester, Ballogie, Aboyne.
Mackrntosu, Rh. T., Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
M‘Laeay, John, Forester, The Cairnies, Methven, Perthshire.
*M ‘Laren, Hugh.
M‘Larey, John, Ballencrieff, Drem.
*M‘Laren, John, Forester, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry.
M‘Laren, John, Forester, Darnhall, Eddleston, Peebles.
M‘Laren, Peter, Forester, Altyre, Forres.
*M‘Laren, Peter, Sub-Agent, Sittenham, York.
M‘Lean, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Rutherford, Kelso.
M‘Leay, John, Forester, Swainston, near Newport, Isle of Wight.
M‘Lean, Malcolm, The Gardens, Gosford, Drem.
M‘Lzan, William, Forester, Eglinton, Castle, Irvine.
M‘Leay, William, Messrs Methven & Sons, Nurserymen, Edinburgh.
M‘LE.LLAN, Duncan, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow.
M‘Leop, Alexander, Forester, Gosford, Drem.
M‘Miuay, Samuel, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Macnaucuton, Alexander, §.S.C., Arranmore Villa, Stanley Road
Edinburgh.
M‘Naveuroy, Archibald, Forester, Williamwood, Cathcart, Glasgow.
M‘NEILL, James, Forester, Abercairney, Crieff.
M‘NEILL, James, Forester, Houghton Hall, Rougham, Norfolk.
M‘NeE 11, D., Timber Agent, Kirriemuir.
M‘Rar, John, Forester, Auchendennan House, Alexandria, Dumbarton-
shire.
M‘Rag, Robert, Assistant Forester, Cullen House, Cullen.
M‘Rircuie, T. E., W.S., 4 Gayfield Square, Edinburgh.
Matin, Joun, Forester, Bryan Hall, Ferrybridge, Yorkshire.
Marin & Co., Messrs A. & J., Wire Fence Manufacturers, 7 Renfield
Street, Glasgow.
36 APPENDIX.
Matcoum, George, Bangholm Nursery, Edinburgh.
Maitrianp, William, Assistant Forester, Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire.
Marr, John, Assistant Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
*MarsHALL, J., Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham.
MarsHALL, James, Forester, Preston, Dunse.
MarsHAL., Robert, Forester, Horton Manor, near Epsom.
MarsHaAt., Robert, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
Martin George, Forester, Dunecht House, Aberdeen.
Martin & Sons, Messrs, Nurserymen, Cottingham, Hull.
Marutsson, Donald, Meikleour, Perth.
Maxton, Robert, Forester, Strathallan Castle, Auchterarder.
MeEtrosz, John, Wood Merchant.
Metrosz, William, Forester, Byram Hall, South Mitford.
Mewnzigs, George, Agent, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent.
Menzizs, William, Forester, Craigton Cottage, Causewayhead, by Stirling.
Metaven, John, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
*Micuiz, Christopher Young, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen, Banffshire.
*Micuikz, James, Forester, Wemyss Castle, Kirkcaldy.
Mipptemass, Archibald, Forester, Dunans House, Colintraive, Greenock.
Mitye, James, Forester, Glenmuick, by Ballater.
*MILLER, John, Forester, Ochtertyre, Stirling.
*MircHELL, David, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.
MitcuHe t, Forbes, of Thainstone, Kintore.
MrircueEt., Garlies, Nurseryman, Stranraer.
MircueE.t, James, Aldie, Kinross.
MircHeti, James, Forester, Knossington Grange, Oakham, Leicestershire.
Morrat, Adam, Forester, Hindlip Hall, Worcester.
Morrat, Henry, Forester, Monkray, Whitehaven, Cumberland.
Morrat, James, Forester, Newbattle Abbey, Dalkeith.
Morrat, John, Forester, Kimmerghame, Dunse.
Morrison, John, Coney Park Nursery, Stirling.
Morrison, R., Nurseryman, Elgin.
Muir, William, of Inistrynich, Inverary, Argyllshire.
*Muiruead, John, Forester, Bicton, Budleigh Salterton, Devonshire.
Muttens, J., Gardener.
Monro, James, Forester, Invermorriston, Inverness-shire.
Munro, James, Assistant Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
Monro, John, Assistant Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
Morray, David, Forester, Dunira, Perthshire.
Murray, Robert, Nurseryman, Lanark.
Mytss, James, Forester, Portmore, Eddlestone, Peebles.
Net, Archibald, Forester, West Grange, Culross.
Newpsieeine, Alexander T., Nurseryman, Dumfries.
Nico, W., Assistant Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine.
APPENDIX. or
Nicot, William, Forester, Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire.
Norman, David, Nursery Foreman, Dean Park Nurseries, Edinburgh.
*Oartvy, David, Assistant Forester, Cortachy, Forfar.
O’Ner11, Richard, Auctioneer, Old Castle, Co, Meath.
*Ormiston & Renwick, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Melrose.
*PatmMER & Son, Messrs John, Nurserymen, Annan.
*ParKER, James, Forester, Belvoir Castle, Grantham.
Parker, Robert A., Nursery and Seedsman, Lanark.
*PareErson, Andrew, Surveyor, Exton, Oakham, Rutland.
Paterson, Charles, Factor, Castle Menzies, Aberfeldy, Perthshire.
PEEBLES, Andrew, Highclere Castle, Newbury, Berks.
PrenvDeER, John, M.P., of Minard Castle, Argyllshire.
PEnpDREIGH, John, Assistant Forester, Port Bannatyne, Rothesay.
Puiurp, John, Wood Merchant, Bonnyrigg, Lasswade.
*Puiuip, Robert, Minsterley, Shrewsbury.
Pierson, Joshua, Forester, Old Shields, Airdrie.
Piris, John, Forester, Blackhall, Aberdeenshire.
Powerscourt, The Lord Viscount, Powerscourt, Enniskerry, County
Wicklow.
Powner, George, Forester, Willey Hall, Broseley, Shropshire.
Powner, Thomas, British Workman’s Rooms, Wellington.
Presstey, D., Gardener, Knockmaroon, Chapelizod, Dublin.
Prices, J., Forester, Garnstone Castle, Hereford.
Rart, James, Forester, Castle Forbes, Whitehouse, Aberdeen.
RaAMSDEN, Sir J., Bart., M.P., Buckden, Skipton, York.
RANKINE, Thomas, Nurseryman, Hamilton.
Ratrray, Thomas, Forester, Westonbilt House, Tetbury, Gloucester-
shire. :
*RAVENSCROFT, Edward, “ Farmer” Office, India Buildings, Edinburgh.
Rea, Archibald Henry, Assistant Forester, Ury House, Stonehaven.
*Rerip, George, Nursery and Seedsman, Aberdeen.
Reip, James, Assistant Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
Ricuarpson, Adam, Assistant Forester, Arniston, Gorebridge.
*RIcHARDSON, Alexander, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge.
‘Rieny, William, Messrs King & Co., 45 Pall Mall, London.
Riytovu, Henry, Leith Walk Nurseries, Edinburgh.
Ritcuiz, Henry, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells.
*Ritcuiz, Walter, Forester, Dinnas Mawddwy, Shrewsbury, N. Wales.
Rosertson, D., Albert Hotel, Hanover Street, Edinburgh.
Rosertson, David, Estate Manager, Curraghmore, Portlaw, Waterford.
Rosertson, George, Forester, Benmore, Kilmun, Greenock.
RoBERTSON, James.
38 APPENDIX.
Rozertson, James, Forester, Drummond Castle, Grief.
Rovgerrtson, John.
Roszertson, John, Forester, Minto House, Hawick.
RogBertson, John, Assistant Forester.
Rogertson , Forester, Markree Castle, Collooney, Co. Sligo.
Rosertson, P. 8., Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
Rosgertson, Thomas, Forester.
Rosertson, William W., Forester, Carolside, Earlston.
*Rogson, Alexander, 10 Hospital Street, Dundee.
Rosgson, David, Assistant Forester, Arthur Stone, by Meigle.
Rogson, John, Forester.
Rosson, Ralph, Nursery and Seedsman, Hexham.
Roncer, Hugh, Factor, Cleland, Motherwell.
*RUSSELL, John, Craigie, Ayr.
RussE., Robert, Forester, Mostyn, Holywell, N. Wales.
Rust, Joseph, The Gardens, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
*RuTHERFORD, Andrew, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Kelso.
*RUTHERFORD, James, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh.
*RUTHERFORD, James, Agent, Kirkleatham, Redcar, Yorkshire.
RutHeERFoRD, John, Assistant Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh.
RUTHERFORD, Robert, Manager, Invereshie, Kingussie.
RvutTHERFORD, Thomas, Hothfield, Ashford, Kent.
*SapieR, John, F.R.Ph.S., Experimental Cottage, Edinburgh.—Secretary.
*Samson, John, Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
*Sanppacu, Henry R., Hafodunos, Llanrwst, Denbighshire.
Scartu, T. W., Land Agent, Keverstone, Staindrop, Darlington.
Scorr, Adam, Forester, Southwick Park, Fareham, Hants. ;
Scorr, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Newton Don, ‘Kelso.
*Scorr, D., Wood-Manager, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
*Scort, David, Forester, Broadford, Limerick.
Scort, John, Forester.
*Scorr, John W., Delgany, County Wicklow, Ireland.
Scott, Walter, Forester, Oxnam, Jedburgh.
ScrimcEor, James, Under Forester, Altyre, Forres.
Seaton, Allan. Assistant Forester, Curraghmore, Portlaw, Co. Waterford.
Service, George, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Service, James, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
SHanp, James, Gardener, Meldrum House, Aberdeenshire.
Suanxs, John, Forester, Kildrummy Castle, by Mossat.
Suepparp, John, Tweedside Cottage, Roehampton, Surrey.
Sm, William, Nurseryman, Forres.
*Surpson, J., Forester, Alloa Park, Alloa.
Simpson, Peter, Assistant Forester, Daughty Mill, Kirkealdy.
*Simpson, Thomas, Forester, Glenferness, Nairnshire.
APPENDIX. 39
Sinton, David, Assistant Forester, Charlton, Malmesbury, Wilts.
Sinton, J., Forester, Stourhead, Bath.
Sinton, John, Forester, Charlton, Malmesbury, Wilts.
SKELDoN, John, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Sxirvine, Archibald, Forester, Duncombe Park, Helmesley, York.
Sxirvine, John Finlay, Assistant Forester, Duncombe Park, Helmesley.
Sxirvine, William, Nursery and Seedsman, Liverpool.
*SiaTeR, Andrew, Forester, Lofthouse, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Yorkshire.
SuiaTer, Andrew, jun., Assistant Forester, Aske, Richmond, Yorkshire.
*Smart, A. H.
Surry, A., Factor, Douglas Castle, Lanarkshire.
Suiru, G. B., Wire Fence Manufacturer, 56 West Regent St., Glasgow.
*Smiru, James, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
Smiru, James, The Gardens, Exton Park, Oakham, Leicestershire.
Smiru, John, Forester, Windmill Cottages, Ladybank, Fife.
Smiru, John Crombie, Assistant Forester, Drummond Castle, Crieff.
Smiry, Thomas, Nurseryman, Stranraer.
Suity, W. Baxter, Messrs Little & Ballantyne, Nursery and Seedmen,
Carlisle.
Smit & Smuimons, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Howard St., Glasgow.
*Smitu & Son, Messrs William, Nursery and Seedsmen, Aberdeen.
Sou.y, Professor Edward, F.R.S., Parkstone, near Poole.
SomERVILLE, Samuel, M.D., F.R.C.P., 17 Hart Street, Edinburgh.
SPENCE, Cliarles, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
SrauKer, Donald, Assistant Forester.
Sraprtton, Major, Myton Hall, Borobridge, Yorkshire.
STEELE, David, Forester, Skene House, Aberdeen.
STEPHEN, James, Forester, Dochfour, Inverness.
STEPHEN, John, jun., Assistant Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
STEVENSON, David, Forester, Kelly, Wemyss Bay, Greenock,
*STEVENSON, James, Forester, Cobham Park, Surrey.
Stewart, Alexander, Chancelot House, Ferry Road, Edinburgh.
Srewart, Alexander, Forester, Gringle Park, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, York-
shire.
Stewart, D., Manager, Dalnavert, Aviemore.
SrEewart, James, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Stewart, John, Forester, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Stewart, John, Forester, Castlecary, Denny.
Stewart, Peter, Gardener and Forester, Castle Wellan, Co. Down.
Stewart, William, Land Steward, Dalhousie Castle, Lasswade.
Stewart, William, Nurseryman, Dundee.
Srewart, William, Assistant Forester, Underley Hall, Kirkby.
Stewart, William, Assistant Forester, Logie Almond, Perth.
Srrane, William, Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
Stuart, John, Forester, Castle Grant, Strathspey.
40 APPENDIX.
*Stuart, Lewis A. G., Forester, Netherdale House, Turriff.
Srvart, William, Forester.
Sroart & Mery, Messrs, Nurserymen, Kelso.
Surriz, James, Evington, Ashford, Kent.
Sway, R. G., Auctioneer, Dunse.
Swinton, A. Campbell, LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Kimmerghame, Dunse.
Syme, David, 1 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
Symon, John, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn.
Symon, Peter, Forester, Forres.
Tait, David, Forester,,Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorkshire.
Tait, Walter, Seedsman, 45 Chapel Street, Dublin.
Taytor, David, Barskimming, Mauchline.
Tayor, George, Forester, Monymusk, Aberdeenshire.
Tartor, George, Nursery and Seedsman, Inverurie.
THomson, James Scott, Strathallan Castle, Auchterarder.
THomson, Lockhart, 8.8.C., 22 Coates Crescent, Edinburgh.
Tuomson, Thomas, Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
THornton, Thomas, Heatherside, Frimley, Surrey.
TIvENDALE, William, Forester, Houston, near Paisley.
Tomurnson, J., Brocklesby Park, Ulceby.
Tomirnson, Wilson, Assistant Forester, Belvoir Castle, Grantham.
TURNBULL, James, Nurseryman, Hawick.
TuRNBULL, William, Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Kelso.
Turner, James, Assistant Gardener, Blithefield Hall, Rugeley, Stafford-
shire.
TWwEEDIE, John, Forester, Dunglass, Cockburnspath, Berwickshire.
VertcH, John, Nurseryman, Falkirk.
Veircu, William, Hedger, Arniston, Gorebridge.
Wanpprneton, David, Crosshouse, Airdrie.
Waobps, Phillip, Gardener, Moore Abbey, Co. Kildare.
Watxer, George, Forester, Collessie, Ladybank, Fife.
WaLker, William, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
Watt, G. Y., jun., Exchequer Office, Durham.
Watuaceg, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
*WarpD, James, Forester, Hawkhead Abbey, Paisley.
Warerer, Anthony, Nurseryman, Knaphill, Surrey.
Waters, Denis, Forester, Kelburn Castle, Largs.
Waterson, A., Wood Manager, Glenart Castle, Arklow, Co. Wicklow.
Watson, Tahun: Gardener, Stravithy, St Andrews.
Watson, William, Assistant Forester, Peth, Longtown, Cumberland.
Watson, W. J., Niecy and Seedsman, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Wart, James, Tors Little and Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle.
APPENDIX. 41
Wart, William, Forester, Nisbet House, Dunse.
Wesster, David, Bangholm, Edinburgh.
Wesster, J., The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers.
Wetsu, Duncan, Gardener, Mount Merrion, Dublin.
*Wutsu, James, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
*WrusH, William M., Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
West, Charles Elis, Land Steward, Cartoon, Maynooth.
Wuituis, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
White, George, Seedsman, Paisley.
*WHITEFORD, Robert, Assistant Hedger, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
Wituiams, B. §., Paradise Nursery, Upper Holloway, London, N.
Wi.uiams, Robert, of Bodelwyddn, St Asaph, North Wales.
Witson, John, Forester, Greystoke Castle, Penrith.
Wutson, John, Forester, Auchendolly, Castle-Douglas.
Wixtson, John, Assistant Forester, Arniston, Gorebridge.
Witson, John, Assistant Forester, Sudbourn Hall, Wickham Market,
Suffolk.
Witsoy, Peter, Forester, Whitehill, Lasswade.
*Wixson, Robert, Forester, Pewsey, Wilts.
Witson, Stephen, 132 Union Street, Aberdeen.
Woop, James, Factor, Haigh Hall, Lancashire.
Woop, John, Gardener, Hatton Castle, Aberdeenshire.
Wruiz, James, Assistant Forester, Douglaston, Milngavie, Glasgow.
*WYLLIE, George, Estate Overseer, Ballogie, Aboyne.
YELLOWLEES, George, Wood Merchant.
Youne, John, Messrs Imrie & Son’s Nurseries, Ayr.
SUBJECTS OFFERED FOR COMPETITION DURING
1873-74.
I. For the best and approved Essay on the Pruning of Timber-
trees, considered physiologically, and in relation to the production
of the greatest value. (Prize of Five Guineas offered by George
Reid, Nursery and Seedsman, Aberdeen.)
II. For the best and approved Essay on the Literature of Scottish
Arboriculture. (Prize of Five Guineas offered by the President.)
III. For a full and complete account, from published descrip-
tions (the authorities distinctly quoted), personal observation and
experiment, of the history and present state of the cultivation
in Great Britain and Ireland of Cedrus Deodara (C. Libani, and
C. atlantica, allnow classed as one species). (Special Medal, value
Three Guineas, offered by the President.)
IV. For the best and approved Report on the most extensive,
complete, and judiciously arranged Arboretum. (A Medal.)
The Arboretums described in 1872 are excluded.
V. For the best and approved Essay on the present state and
future prospects of Arboriculture in the county in which the com-
petitor resides. (A Medal.)
Yorkshire and Aberdeenshire are excluded, having been reported
in 1873.
VI. For the best and approved Report on the conservation of Old ~
and Remarkable Trees in Britain. (A Medal.)
VII. For the best and approved Report on the Drainage of Plan-
tations, both by Open and Covered Drains. (A Medal.)
VIIL For the best and approved collection of Cones exhibited
from and grown in the county in which the competitor resides.
(A Medal.)
Wigtownshire is excluded, having been reported in 1873.
IX. For the best and approved collection of prepared sections of
different kinds of Wood grown in the county in which the com-
petitor resides. (A Medal.)
X. For the best and approved series of Geological Specimens
illustrating the different rocks and formations on which Forest Trees
and Shrubs grow in the county in which the competitor resides.
The specimens to be accompanied by a Report. (A Medal.)
APPENDIX. 43
XI. On the employment of Locomotive Engines in Forestry,
especially for the transit of Timber, and on the working of portable
saw-mills. (A Medal.)
XII. For the best and approved Report on the distances at which
Forest Trees, coniferous and hardwood of different species, should
be planted apart in different soils, altitudes, and situations. (A
Medal.)
XIII. For an approved Report on the Plantations of which the
competitor is Forester. (Three Medals.) One to be awarded for
the best Report from each of the countries—England, Scotland, and
Treland—and competition to be confined to each country respec-
tively.
Those counties already reported on are excluded.
XIV. For an approved Report on the management of Forests in
Germany, France, or other places on the Continent. (A Medal.)
XV. For an approved Report on the different Ages at which the
various sorts of Timber Trees usually grown in Scotland may be
most profitably felled in different soils and situations. (A Medal.)
XVI. For an approved Report on the Diseases most incidental to
Forest Trees, including those that affect the roots as well as the
bark, branches, and foliage. (A Medal.)
XVII. For an approved Report on the results obtained by expe-
rience of Seedlings of Coniferze, being the produce of trees grown
in Britain, as compared with plants obtained from foreign-ripened
seed. (A Medal.)
XVIII. To any Member of the Society who shall send to the
Secretary from abroad, cones or seeds of Forest Trees of new or rare
varieties, capable of germination and of thriving in this country.
(A Medal.)
XIX. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject
- connected with Arboriculture. (A Medal.)
XX. For any marked improvement on any of the Implements
used in Forestry. (Models or Implements to be accompanied by
a Report.) (A Medal.)
For conditions of Competition, see Proceedings of Annual General
Meeting of 5th November 1873.
All Essays and Reports intended for Competition must be given in to
the Secretary not later than 25th September, and all Collections of
Cones, Woods, and Geological Specimens not later than 25th October
1874—each bearing a motto, and accompanied by a separate sealed
envelope bearing the same motto outside, and containing a card with
the name and address of the Author.
44 APPENDIX.
Abstract of the Laws of the Scottish Arboricultural Society,
as amended to November 1873.
The object of the Society shall be the promotion of the science of
Arboriculture in all its branches, by periodical meetings of the
Members for the reading of Papers; by offering Prizes for Essays
and Reports on the Practical operations of Forestry, and publication
of the same; and by such other means as may be found advisable.
The Society shall consist of the following classes of Members :—
1. Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, and others, paying an annual
subscription of Half-a-Guinea ; 2. Head-Foresters, and others, paying
an annual subscription of Five Shillings; 3. Assistant Foresters,
and others paying an annual Subscription of Three Shillings.
Any Member may becomea Life Member by compounding for his
annual subscriptions by a single payment—those of the First Class
paying Five Guineas ; and those of the Second and Third Classes,
Three Guineas.
The Society shall elect a limited number of Honorary Members,—
gentlemen who have acquired eminence in the Science of Arboricul-
ture, or who are otherwise deemed worthy.
All annual Subscriptions shall be payable in advance, at the
Annual General Meeting in November.
In addition to the annual subscriptions above stipulated, the
Society shall receive, from those friendly to its objects, Donations
of larger or smaller amount.
A Candidate for admission into the Society must be reeommended
by at least one Member, and shall, on payment of his annual sub-
scription, be immediately admitted a Member of the Society, subject
to the revision of the first General Meeting thereafter. Any Member
of the Society introducing a New Member shall be held responsible
for the first year’s subscription of such party.
The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a President, five
Vice-Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, and fifteen Coun-
cillors—these office-bearers to be elected annually at the General
Meeting in November ; the three Councillors at the top of the list
to go out annually, but one to be eligible for re-election.
A General Meeting of the Members shall be held on the first
Wednesday and Thursday of November annually, for the election of
New Members, the appointment of Office-Bearers, awarding of Prizes,
the reading of Papers, Discussion on selected subjects, &c.
JOHN SADLER,
Secretary.
ba |
APPENDIX. Ai
OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1873-74.
PRESIDENT.
Hueu Cuircuory, of Stravithy, M.D., F.R.S.E.
VIOE-PRESIDENTS.
Wetuiwoop H. Maxwe u, of Munches.
Rosert Hurcurson, of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E.
Joun Grant Tuomson, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey.
Rozert Fouts, Forester, Fordel, Fife.
Wituiam Gitcurist, Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
COUNCIL.
Joun AnpDERSON, Nurseryman, Perth.
Grore@E Rep, Nursery and Seedsman, Aberdeen.
Rogerr Broveu, Forester, Balnagowan, Ross-shire.
Joun M‘Laren, Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry.
Hueu Fraser, Stanwell Nursery, Edinburgh.
Davin Mircuett, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.
Joun M‘Greeor, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld.
ALEXANDER Ricuarpson, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge.
James Morrat, Forester, Newbattle Abbey, Dalkeith.
James Suita, Forester, Donibristle, Fife.
Professor Batrour, M.D., F.R.S., University, Edinburgh.
Witu1aAm M‘Corquopatr, Forester, Scone, Perth.
Wituiam Tuomson, Deputy-Surveyor, H.M. Chopwell Woods, Durham.
Joun Aan, Forester, Dalmeny Park, South Queensferry.
James Micuig, Forester, Wemyss Castle, Kirkcaldy.
SECRETARY.
Joun SApuLeER, F.R.Ph.S., Lecturer on Botany and Zoology in the Royal
High School, and Assistant to the Professor of Botany in the Univer-
sity, Edinburgh.
TREASURER.
Tuomas Meruyen, of Messrs T. Methven & Sons, Nursery and Seedsmen,
15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
AUDITOR.
Joun OrpD Mackenzig, of Dolphinton, W.S.
JUDGES.
Witu1am Gitcurist (Convener), Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
James Ratt, Forester, Castle Forbes, Aberdeen.
Witi1am Gouen, Wood Manager, Wykeham, York.
COMMITTEE ON TRANSACTIONS.
The Secretary (Mr Sapter), Editor, with Dr CLecuorn, Mr Hurcuison,
and Mr Witir1am Gorris, as a Consulting Committee.
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GENERAL ABSTRACT OF THE ACCOUNTS
OF THE SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY
For the Year ending 31st October 1874.
CHARGE.
To Balance on hand, . ‘ : : : £/ 10° 0
, David Mitchell (Special Prize), j : . 5 5 0
is ; Received for Copies of Transactions Sold, : ° . Or ate
,, Interest on Sinking Fund Account, ; 2 5 4
DO OL) Ordinary Account, ; : : 09 0
,, Annual Subscriptions, : : : : : Of 7 26
», Arrears Recovered, . ‘ ; ‘ ‘ 39 0 6
,», Life Membership Subscriptions, ; : ‘ : yah he 0,
», Balance due Bank, . ; Z ; ; : 138s Zz
£196 2 7k
DISCHARGE.
By Printing and Publishing Transactions, : F « £16 6
oe Advertising, Stationery, &c., . : : é 418. 0
», Prizes and “Medals, ‘ ; i F : 13) 9570
», Secretary's Salary, ‘ 5 ‘ : 25 <0) 0
>, Expenses connected with Annual Meetin (0a * 4 Seno
»» Postages, &c., : : eee 1315 4
»» Paid over to Capital Account, s : ‘ 5 29/8) 10
», Balance due Bank last year, 4 ; : ; PASM AG LiAl
»» Interest, : A : ‘: z . : OP tars
re Balance on hands. =: 5 : A j ; 419 7}
£196 2 72
CAPITAL OR SINKING FUND ACCOUNT.
CHARGE.
To Balance, including 7s. 9d. interest, . en este al, oth
, Received Life Membership Subser iptions from Ordinar y Account, 24 3 0
ae ; Paid to Account of Sum due Capital Account, : ‘ Di gowO
», Interest on Deposit Receipts, . . ; : Lol aae ds
£80 3.4
DISCHARGE.
By Deposit Receipt, —. ‘ : - £7718 0
», Interest paid over to Ordinar y Account, : ; : 2 Oo 4
£80 3 4
EpINBuRGH, 3d November 1874.—Having examined the foregoing Account of
Charge and Dischar ge, and the relative Capital or Sinking Fund Account be-
tween the Scottish Arboricultural Society and their Treasurer, Mr Thomas
Methven, for the year ending’31st October 1874, and compared the same with
the vouchers and instructions thereof, I have to report that the same are accu-
rately stated and sufficiently vouched. At the close of the Account of Charge
and Discharge there was a balance due by the Society to the National Bank of
Scotland of Thirteen pounds eighteen shillings and twopence (£13, 18s, 2d.),
and there remained in the hands of the Treasurer a sum of Four: pounds nine-
teen shillings and sevenpence halfpenny (£4, 19s. 74d.). The amount of the
Sinking Fund is now Seventy-seven pounds eighteen shillings (£77, 18s.),
which is placed on Deposit Receipt by the N ational Bank in name of the Society.
JOHN ORD MACKENZIE, Auditor,
é
Scottish Arboricultural Society.
PATRON.
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
LIST OF MEMBERS.
CoRRECTED TO Marcu 1875.
* Members who have given Subscriptions, in order to form a Capital
or Sinking Fund.
All Subscriptions are payable at the Annual General Meeting in November.
Members whose Subscriptions are Two Years in Arrears are not entitled to receive
the Transactions.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Batrovur, John Hutton, M.D., A.M., F.R.SS.L. and E., Professor of
Medicine and Botany in the University of Edinburgh—President.
Branpis, Dietrich, Ph.D., Inspector-General of Forests to the Government
of India.
Butten, Robert, Curator of Botanic Garden, Glasgow.
*Hourcuison, Robert, F.R.S.E., of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
Lawson, George, LL.D., Ph.D., Professor of Natural History and
Chemistry, Dalhousie College, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
M‘Nas, James, F.B.S.E., Curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
LIFE MEMBERS.
Avam, The Right Hon. W. P. of Blairadam, Kinross-shire, M.P.
Barzour, George F., of Bonskied, Pitlochry, Perthshire.
Bet, William, of Gribdae, Kirkcudbright.
Bosanquet, Rev. G. H., Broom-y-Close Court, Llanwarne, Ross, Here-
fordshire.
Bruce, Hon, T. C., 24 Hill Street, Berkeley Square, London, W.
CurcHory, Hugh, M_D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithy, St Andrews, Fife.
CrawForD, William Stirling, of Milton, Glasgow.
APPENDIX, 49
Dewar, Colonel A., of Vogrie, Ford.4
Duncay, Alexander, of Knossington Grange, Oakham, Leicestershire.
Duypas, Robert, of Arniston, Gorebridge.
Fisu, D. T., Hardwick, Bury-St-Edmnnds.
Firzwituiam, The Right Hon. The Earl, K.G., Wentworth, Rotherham
Yorkshire.
Gorpon, John, of Cluny Castle, Aberdeenshire.
*GouaH, William, Wood Manager, Wykeham, York.
Grant, John, Forester, Bridge-of-Wier, Renfrewsbire.
GranTHAM, George, Barcombe Place, Lewis, Sussex.
Grimmonp, Alexander D., of Glenericht, Blairgowrie.
Herpert, H. A., of Muckross, Killarney.
Horr, H. W., of Luffness, Drem.
Hours, Louis, of Possingworth, Hawkhurst, Sussex.
Innes, James, of Wroxton, Banbury.
Kinnear, William Balfour, Foo-Chow, China.
Lestiz, Charles P., of Castle-Leslie, Glasslough, Ireland.
Macpownatp, Ronald, Factor, Cluny Castle, Aberdeenshire.
M‘Grecor, John, Ladywell, Dunkeld, Perthshire.
MackeEnziz£, Colin J., of Portmore, Eddlestone, Peebles.
M‘Timr, Alexander Walker, of Durris, Aberdeenshire.
MaxwE LL, Wellwood H., of Munches, Dalbeattie.
*Meruven, Thomas, Nursery and Seedsman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Minto, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Minto House, Hawick.
Moors, Thomas, F.L.S, Curator, Botanic Garden, Chelsea.
Portsmouts, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Eggesford, North Devon.
Riptey, G., 2 Charles Street, Berkeley Square, London, W.
Rosesery, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Rosstyn, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Dysart House, Fife.
Starr, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire.
*TALBERT, Peter, Forester, Glenericht, Blairgowrie.
*THomson, John Grant, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey.
Trotrer, Colonel, R.A., the Bush, Edinburgh.
Uraquuart, B. C., of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire.
Waveney, Lord, Flixton Hall, Bungay, Suffolk.
Wemyss, Randolph Gordon Erskine, of Wemyss and Torry, Fife.
Win, A. E., Assistant Conservator of Forests, Punjaub, India (6 George
Street, Sheffield).
Witsoy, John, F.R.S.E., Professor of Agriculture, University, Edinburgh,
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Anpisz, Alexander J., Rockville, Linlithgow.
Arruiz, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Cortachy Castle, Forfarshire.
Arrcuison, William, Forester, Workington Hall, Cumberland.
50 APPENDIX.
ALDER, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
ALEXANDER, James, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
ALEXANDER, James, jun., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.
ALEXANDER, John.
ALEXANDER, John, Assistant Forester, Benmore House, Greenock.
ALEXANDER, William, Assistant Forester, Lochlinchart Lodge, Dingwall
Atay, Andrew, Rankeillor, Cupar, Fife.
*ALLAN, John, Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Awnperson, Alexander, Forester, St Fort, Newport, Dundee.
AnpeERsON, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
AnpeErson, Alexander, Gardener, Oxenford Castle, Dalkeith.
Anverson, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Hawkhead, Paisley.
ANDERSON, James, Bangholm Nursery, Edinburgh.
ANDERSON, James, Meadowbank, Uddingston.
ANDERSON, John, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham.
*ANDERSON, John, Nurseryman, Perth.
ANNAND, Charles Forester, Cromar Estates, Tarland, Aberdeenshire.
ANNANDALE, Robert Burns, The Gardens, Fonthill, Tisbury Wilts,
ARcHER, James, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole.
ARCHER, John, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole.
*ARCHIBALD, Thomas, Forester, Virginia, Co. Cavan, Ireland.
Arnott, Alexander, Hedger, East Wemyss, Fife.
AsHpown, Samuel Harding, Land Agent, Uppington, Wellington, Salop.
Austin & M‘Ausuan, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Glasgow.
Baicriz, Andrew, Forester, Mote Park, Ballymurry, Co. Roscommon.
Baicri£, William, Forester, Echo Bank, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh.
Batiuiz, William, Wood Manager, Cortachy, Kirriemuir.
BarnsripeeE, C. M., of Dissington Hall, Newecastle-on-Tyne.
Bairp, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
BapEN, James, Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington.
Ba.ven, Joseph, Overseer, Houghton Estate, Preston.
*BALDEN, Peter G., Forester, Vaenol Park, Bangor, North Wales.
*BaLpEN, William, Appleby Castle, Appleby.
*BALLANTYNE & Son, Messrs John, Nursery and Seedsmen, Dalkeith.
BALLINGALL, Robert, Factor, Eallabus, Islay, by Greenock.
*Barrik, David, Forester, Durris, Aberdeen.
*BaRRIE, James, Forester, Stevenstone House, Torrington, Devonshire.
Barter, Frederick, Assistant Gardener. .
Barron, James, Assistant Forester, Scone, Perth.
Baty, David, Forester, Lowther Castle, Penrith.
Baty, William, Forester, Netherby, Longtown.
Baxter, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
Baxter, William, The Gardens, Riccarton, Currie.
*Bayne, Lewis, Forester, Kinmel Park, Abergele, North Wales.
APPENDIX. 51
Brae, John, jun., Factor, Durris, Aberdeenshire.
Bex, James, Strathfieldsaye, Winchfield, Hants.
Betu, James, Forester, Newcastleton, Carlisle.
Bett, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Bewnert, Alexander, Forester.
Berry, George, Longleat, Horningsham, Warminster, Wiltshire.
Berry, Thomas Walter, Forester, Brynkinalt, Chirk, N. Wales.
Bieer, Matthew, Marsham Hatch, Ashford, Kent.
Brreuw, John, Assistant Gardener, Tinnchinch, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow.
*BirniE, John, Normanby Park, Brigg, Lincolnshire.
Bisserr, David, Land-Steward and Forester, Alva House, Stirling.
Bissett, William, 8., Land-Steward and Forester, Moncrieffe House,
Bridge of Harn, Perthshire.
Buarr, Peter, Dunse.
*Boa, Andrew, Land-Steward, Dalton House, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Boa, Andrew, jun., Assistant Factor, Blackwood, Lesmahagow.
Boa, James 8. M., Agent, Fettercairn, Fettercairn.
*BortTuwick, William, Forester, Dunnichen, Forfar.
Boston, Thomas C., Nurseryman, Liverpool.
Bortomer, Frederick, The Gardens, Mackree Castle, Ballisodare, Sligo.
*Brovig, James, Land-Steward, Glasslough, Armagh, Ireland.
Brovueu, James, Assistant Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
Brovueu, Robert, Forester, Balnagowan, Tain, Ross-shire.
Brown, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Portmore, Eddleston.
Brown, J., Bretby, Burton-on-Trent.
Brown, James, LL.D., Nurseryman and Wood-Surveyor, Craigmill,
Stirling.
Brown, James, Carnwath House, Carnwath.
Brown, John E., Craigmill, Stirling.
Brown, William, Land Valuator and Estate Agent (N. America).
Brown, William, Nursery and Seedsman, Stamford, Lincolnshire.
*Bruce, Peter.
Bruce, T. R., of Slogarie, Lauriestown, Castle-Douglas.
Bryan, F. G. D., Factor, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Brypon, John, Assistant Forester, Inverleith Nurseries, Edinburgh.
Bucuan, Alexander, F.R.S.E., Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological
Society, Edinburgh.
Bucuan, George, Forester, Bakewell, Derbyshire.
Bucuanan, Robert R., Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Burnett, James, Assistant Forester, Durris, Aberdeenshire.
Caper, Frederick, Forester, Brucklay Castle, Aberdeenshire.
Cattocutn, John, Assistant Forester, Houston, Paisley.
Cameron, Alexander, Forester, Countlich Lodge, Ballinluig, Perthshire.
Cameron, Angus, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
52 APPENDIX.
Cameron, Henry, Assistant Forester, Linkwood, Elgin.
Cameron, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Novar, Evanton Ross-shire.
*CAMERON, John, Assistant Forester, Fowlis Wester, Crieff, Perthshire
Cameron, Robert, Forester, Galtie Castle, Mitchelstown, Tipperary.
CaMpBELL, Alexander, Forester, Gray House, Liff, Dundee.
*CAMPBELL, James, of Tillichewan Castle, Dumbartonshire.
CamMPBELL, John, Forester, Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire.
CampBELL, Peter, Assistant Forester, Invereshie, Kingussie.
CarrnpurFr, Andrew, Forester, Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co., Ireland.
CarRLIsLEz, John, of 49 Hanover Street, Edinburgh.
CARMICHAEL, John, The Gardens, Glen Tulchan, The Cairnies, Perth.
CuAtmers, James, Duchal, Port-Glasgow.
Cuamsers, William, of Haford, Aberystwith, Wales.
CHAPLAIN, George, Assistant Forester, Glamis Castle, Glamis, Forfarshire.
CHAPMAN, James, Assistant Forester, Grinkle Park, Saltburn-by-the-Sea,
Yorkshire.
CuappLow, John, Glencoin Cottage, Patterdale, Penrith.
Curistiz, A. D., Foreman, Heaton Park Gardens, Manchester.
CurisTIE, David, Forester, Abington House, Lanarkshire. —
*CHURNSIDE, Francis, Forester, Ladykirk, Berwickshire.
CHURNSIDE, Robert, Forester, Edlingham, Alnwick.
Ciark, David, Assistant Forester, Ury House, Stonehaven.
CiarKk, George, Liberton, Edinburgh.
Cuark, J., Nursery and Seedsman, Messrs Fowler & Co., Glasgow.
*CLARK, J., Forester to the Earl of Kintore, Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire.
CiarKk, James, Forester, Balvaird Cottage, Strathmiglo, Fife.
Ciark, John, The Nurseries, Cupar, Fife.
*CuarK, John, jun., Forester, Esslemont, Ellon, Aberdeenshire.
Cuark, Thomas, Beechwood Gardens, Bortly, Hants.
Ciark, William, Assistant Forester, Hawkhead, Paisley.
CLEETON, Edward, Curator, Albert Park, Middlesboro’.
*CLEGHORN, William, Forester, Ayton Castle, Ayton.
CuERK, Sir George D., Bart., Penicuik House, Penicuik.
Coppayn, John, Wood Agent, Wentworth Woods, Rotherham.
Cocxgurn, William, Forester, Coats, Penicuik.
Cocker, James, Nurseryman, Aberdeen.
Cooxss, Rev. W. H., Astley Rectory, near Stourport.
Cooper, George, Messrs Hurst & Son, Leadenhall Street, London.
Coreet, James, Forester, Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland.
*CowAn, James, Forester, Bridgend, Islay.
Cowan, Robert, Forester, Park, near Paisley.
Cowe, John, Luffness, Drem.
Cow1E, John, Assistant Forester, Mount Stewart, Rothesay.
Cowrer, R. W., Assistant Agent, 81 High Street, Sittingbourne.
*CRABBE, James, Forester, Glamis Castle, Glamis, Forfarshire,
APPENDIX. 53
*Craia, James, Bailiff, Weston Park, Shifnal, Salop.
Craic, Nathan, Cherry Cottage, Anowe Park, Birkenhead.
Craic, Richard, Forester and Gardener, Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
Craic, Robert, Levens Hall, Milnthorpe.
Cranston, G. C. Trotter, of Harvieston, Gorebridge.
Cranston, James, Assistant Forester, Floors Castle, Kelso.
*CricHToN, George, 18 Princes Street, Edinburgh—TZreasurer.
Crossiz, John, Forester and Ground Officer, Ballindalloch Castle, Ballin-
dalloch, Banffshire.
*Cross, David G., Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh, Ireland.
CruicKsHAnks, Robert, Forester, Ballykilcavan, Stradbally, Queen’s Co.
Cummine, Donald, Assistant Forester, Newbattle, Dalkeith.
Cunnincuam, D., The Gardens, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
CunnincuaM, John, Forester, Ardross Castle, Ross-shire.
Curri£, John, Gardener, Salisbury Green, Edinburgh.
*CuTieR, D., Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
Dauetrisu, John J., of Ardnamurchan, 8 Athole Crescent, Edinburgh.
Dats, Joseph, Forester, Blanepant, Llandyssil, Carmarthenshire,
DatryMP_E, Charles, Forester, Mitchelstown Castle, Mallow, Co. Cork.
DanteEts, Peter, Forester, Slindon Hall, Arundel, Sussex.
Darien, James, Assistant Forester, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry.
*Daruine, John, Forester, St Martins, Perthshire.
Davinson, George, Land-Steward, Carriden, Linlithgow.
Davipson, James, Coonoor, Neilgherries, 8. India.
*Davipson, John, Forester, Aldbar, Brechin.
Davipsoyn, John, Forester, Firth, Roslin.
*Davipson, John, Overseer and Architect, Belmont Castle, Meigle.
Davipson, Richard, Scottish Colour Works, Leith.
Davipson, W., Leager House, Chuseburn Grange, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Dawson, James, Forester, Kilmun, Argyleshire.
*Dawson, John, Messrs J. & J. Dawson, Alloa.
Dnay, Richard, Ealing, London.
Dempsey, Charles, Assistant Forester, Powerscourt, Enniskerry.
Dick, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Scone, Perth.
*Dicxson, George, Stronvar, Lochearnhead.
Dicxsov, J., Messrs Edmonston Brothers, 9 Dame Street, Dublin.
Dickson & Sons, Messrs James, Nursery and Seedsmen, Chester.
*Dicxson & Sons, Messrs James, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Dickson, Thomas, Nursery and Seedsman, Chester.
Donps, George, Overseer, Leinster Estates, Prospect House, Athy.
Don, John, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
Donatp, Alexander, Forester, Woodhall House, Airdrie.
Dowapson, J., Forester, Brechin Castle, Brechin.
Dovetas, J., Gardener, Kilkea Castle, Mageney, Co. Kildare,
54 APPENDIX.
*Dow, Thomas, Forester, Idvies, Forfar.
*DowniEe & Larnp, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Doyze, James, Land-Steward, Heywood, Ballinakill, Queen’s County.
Drummond Broruers, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Drummonp & Sons, Messrs William, Nurserymen, Stirling.
Dorr, James, Factor, Blackwood, Lesmahagow.
*Durr, James, Meleund, Aberlemno, Forfar.
Durr, James, Wood Manager, Bayham Abbey, Tunbridge Wells.
Duean, Charles, Assistant Forester, Cally House, Gatehouse.
Duncan, Charles, of Woodend, Rothesay.
Duncan, John, Forester, Blanepant, Llandyssil.
Duncan, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Meldrum House, Old Meldrum.
Duncan, William, Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
Dunuop, Alexander, Factor, Luffness, Drem.
Dunn, David, The Gardens, Heaton Park, Manchester.
*Dunn, Malcolm, The Gardens, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
Durwarp, Robert, Manager, Blelack, Aberdeenshire.
Dykes, John, Nursery and Seedsman, Kilmarnock.
Dyxes, Thomas, Factor, Maybole, Ayrshire.
Earnsuaw, L., Forester.
Even, The Hon. R. Henley, Estate Agent, The Coigne, Minchinghampton.
Epear, Thomas, Forester, Torry, Fife.
Evrpank, Right Hon. Lord, Darnhall, Kddlestone, Peebles.
Exxiot, Robert, Forester, Blairquhan, Maybole, Ayrshire.
Ewine, David, Assistant Forester, Urie House, Stonehaven.
FAarrBAIRN, William, Land Steward, Manderston, Dunse.
Frereuson, A., Gosfield Hall, Hallstead, Essex.
Frreuson, James, Forester, Benmore and Kilmun Estutes, Greenock.
Frereuson, John, Forest Department, Madras.
Frreuson, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses.
Ferrniz, Robert, Forester, Balcarres, Colinsburgh, Fife.
Fertes, Francis, Assistant Hedger, Ury House, Stonehaven.
Fryeuanp, J., Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.
Finn, P. W., Forester, Borris House, Borris, Co. Carlow.
FisHer, William, Forester, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, Yorkshire.
*ForbeEs, Andrew, Forester, Stracathro, Brechin.
Fores, William, Assistant Forester, Castlecary, Denny.
Forean, James, Wellwood Cottage, Kinnoull, Perth.
Forrest, William, Melfort Cottage, Lochgilphead.
Fouuts, Robert, M.D., Cairnie Lodge, Cupar, Fife.
Fouuis, Robert, Forester, Fordel, Inverkeithing, Fife.
Fowter, Archibald, The Gardens, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.
France, Charles, Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole, Ayrshire.
APPENDIX. 55
*FRrANcE, C. S., Overseer, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
*FRANcE, George, Overseer, Glenelg, Lochalsh.
France, James, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole, Ayrshire.
Fraser, Archibald, Forester, Skipness Castle, Tarbert, Greenock.
*FrasEerR, Duncan, Forester.
Fraser, James, Forester, Cabairdy, Huntly.
Fraser, James, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Fraser, P. Neill, Canonmills Lodge, Edinburgh,
Fraser, Hugh, Stanwell Nursery, Edinburgh.
Fraser, Simon, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeenshire.
*Fraser, Thomas, Forester, Oriel Temple, County Louth.
Freeman, Timothy.
Frost, Philip, Gardener, Dropmore, Maidenhead.
Gattoway, George, Park Hall, Oswestry, Shropshire.
*GARDINER, R., Wenalt House, Crosswood, Aberystwith, South Wales.
GARDINER, James, Forester, Hawkstone Park, Salop.
Garean, James, Land Steward, Kells, Moynally, Co. Meath, Ireland.
Garner, John, Assistant Gardener, Cantley Hall, Doncaster, Yorkshire.
GerxKi8, P. M., Factor, Cortachy, Kirriemuir.
GerrisH, Edward, Wood Overseer, Maiden Bradley, Bath.
Gisp, John, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Gipson, William, Nursery and Seedsman, 14 Lower Ormond Quay, Dublin.
GILBERT, James, Forester, Ardverikie, Kingussie.
*GritcHRist, Andrew, Forester, Ury House, Stonehaven.
Giicurist, Daniel, Messrs Main & Co., 15 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
*Gitcurist, William, Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
GLENDINNING, George P., Dalmeny Park, South Queensferry.
GoopvreLtow, Andrew, Forester, Wolfelee, Hawick.
GoopizER, George, Assistant Gardener.
Gorpon, James, Assistant Forester, Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Gorpon, John, Forester, 17 Bon-Accord Street, Aberdeen.
Gorriz, Archibald, Forester, Holkham Hall, Holkham.
*GorRIE, William, Rait Lodge, Trinity, Edinburgh.
*Gossip, James, The Nurseries, Inverness.
Gow, James, Forester, Camperdown, Dundee.
Gow, John L., Factor, Raith, Kirkcaldy.
Gow, John, jun., Assistant Agent, Grinkle Park, Saltburn-by-the-Sea.
GraHam, Andrew, Agent, Ormesby House, near Middlesboro’.
GRanDIson, James, Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
Grant, Colonel James A., C.B., C.S.1., 7 Park Square, Regent’s Park,
London.
Grant, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch.
Grant, James, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
Grant, John, Assistant Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
56 APPENDIX.
Green, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole.
GreEN, William, Assistant Forester, Charleston, Malmesbury, Wilts.
GREER, Robert, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
*GREIG, Gavin, Forester, Parkhill, Aberdeen.
GRIEVE, George, Gardener, Dalkeith.
GRIEVE, James, Messrs Dickson and Co., Nurseries, Leith Walk, Edinburgh.
*Gricor, John, Nurseryman, Forres.
GutuRiE, Colonel, Carlogie House, Carnoustie.
*HALL, Peter, Forester, Huntly Lodge, Huntly.
Hamiuton, David, Forester.
Hamitron, John B, Baillie, of Arnprior, Cambusmore, Callander.
HanpasypE & Davipson, Messrs Thomas, Nurserymen, Musselburgh.
Harpikz, A., Manager, Monboddo, Fordoun.
*Harvigz, Walter, Forester, The Hall, Norwell, Newark, Notts.
*Haruey, Andrew, Penybout, Radnorshire.
HARROLD, George, Gardener, Mount Henrie, Queen’s Co., Ireland.
Harrower, William, Forester, Glenapp, Ballantrae, Ayrshire.
- Hart, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Yester, Haddington.
Hartianpd, Richard, The Lough Nurseries, Cork.
Havetock, Thomas, Forester, Raby Park, Staindrop, Co. Durham.
Havetock, William, Forester, Dilston, Corbridge, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Hayman, John, jun., Overseer, Dumfries House, Old Cumnock.
Heats, William, Dean Park Nurseries, Edinburgh.
Heiman, George, Assistant Gardener.
Heiman, William, Gardener.
Henperson, Alexander, The Gardens, Dalziel, Motherwell.
*HenpERsON, Archibald, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s County.
HENDERSON, John, Land Steward, Knockdrin Castle, Mullingar.
HeEnpDERSON, John, Forester, Cardoness, Gate-House, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Henverson, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Henpry, David, Bangholm Nurseries, Edinburgh.
Herpory, James, Forester.
*HEpPBuRN, William, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
Hermiston, James, Assistant Forester, Floors Castle, Kelso.
HetTHERTON, Walter, Forester, Heanton, Satchville, Bedworth, N. Devon,
Hitz, John, Land Steward, Whitehill, Lasswade.
Hitson, John, Assistant Forester, Floors Castle, Kelso.
*Hocartu, James, Forester, Duthill, Strathspey.
Hoae, Thomas, Forester, Hampton Court, Leominster, Hereford.
Hoop, James, Assistant Forester, Langlee, Jedburgh.
Hopp, William, Gardener, Glasslough, Ireland.
Home, Edward, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Home, George, Assistant Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill.
Horspureu, James, Forester, Yester, Haddington.
APPENDIX. 57
Howrr, Charles, Eden Cottage, Largo, Fife.
Huesarp, Egerton, M.P., of Addington Manor, Winslow, Bucks.
Home, Andrew, Forester, Wansford, Peterborough.
*Hunter, Patrick, Overseer, Glenarm Castle, Larne, Ireland.
Hunter, William, Forester, Castlemilk, Glasgow.
Hussey, Samuel M., Estate Office, Tralee.
*Hourtton, James, Forester, Moy, Forres.
TRELAND, John, Seed Warehouse, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Jamieson, D., Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Nottinghamshire.
JEFFREY, John, of Balsusney, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
JEFFREY, John, Forester, Craighall, Blairgowrie.
JounsTon, George, The Gardens, Glamis Castle, Glamis.
JOHNSTON, James,
Jounston, William, Fencer, Lee, Lanark.
JOHNSTONE, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Arniston, Gorebridge.
JounstoneE, Alexander, Forester, Lee Castle, Lanark.
*JoHNSTONE, William, Bangholm House, Ferry Road, Edinburgh.
Joss, John, Assistant Forester, Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire.
*Kay, James, Forester and Hedger, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
*Kepzi£, Walter, Forester, Arundel Castle, Arundel, Sussex.
Kerr, David, Forester, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
*Kemp, John, Assistant Forester, Midmar, Aberdeenshire.
Kenmare, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Killarney House, Killarney.
Kenvnepy, Duncan, Assistant Forester, Underley, Kirkby, Lonsdale.
Kewnepy, G. G, Allan, Assistant Forester, Gothic House, Morden, Surrey.
Kewnnepy, John, Forester and Ground Officer, Glen Urquhart, Drumna-
drochit.
Kennepy, William, Overseer, Carradale, Greenock.
Kipp, James, Assistant Forester, Morden Park, Surrey, S.W.
*Kincuorn, Adam, Forester, Rochsoles, Airdrie.
Kriycuorn, James, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse,
Larne, James, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
LAMBERTON, Hugh, Forester, Orwell Park, Bucklesham, Ipswich.
Lamont, John, Inverleith Nurseries, Edinburgh.
LanpretH, Burnet, of Bloomsdale, near Philadelphia, U.S.
*LAUDER, William, Messrs Carr & Co., Timber Yard, Walker-on-Tyne.
Lauriston, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Meldrum House, Old Meldrum.
Leceat, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Abernethy Nursery, Strathspey.
Leren, William, of Woodchester Park, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire.
LeisHman, Richard, Forester, Muncaster Castle, Ravenglass, Cumberland,
58 APPENDIX. *
Lemon, Thomas, The Gardens, Convamore, Ballyhoolly, Ireland.
Lenox, William, Forester, Keir, Dunblane.
Lustiz, The Hon. George Waldegrave, Leslie House, Leslie, Fife.
Lippert, Rey, J. R., The Manse, Kirkliston.
LinksTong, James, Assistant Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
Lirrie, Alexander, Forester, Relugas, Dunphail, Morayshire.
Loraine, Edward, The Riding Mill, Northumberland.
Lorutan, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, Pinnelheugh House, Jedburgh.
M‘Arnsu, Robert, Assistant Forester, Castle Menzies, by Aberfeldy,
M‘Auister, Alexander, Rossie Priory, Dundee.
Macsetu, J., Land Steward, Stobhall, Perth.
M‘Catium, James Thyne, Nursery and Seedsman, 60 Buchanan Street,
Glasgow.
M‘Catium, G. K., of Braco Castle, Braco.
M‘Cott, James, Forester, Clifton Park, Kelso.
*M‘CorquoDaLz, Donald, Forester, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie.
M‘CorquopatE, D. A., Assistant Factor, Panmure, Forfarshire.
*M‘Corquopa.Ez, William, Forester and General Wood Surveyor, Jeanie
Bank, Perth.
M‘Crearu, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Culzean, Maybole, Ayrshire.
M‘CurcHeEon, Robert, Assistant Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn,
M‘Donatp, Alexander, Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
M‘Donatp, Charles, Superintendent, Phcenix Park, Dublin.
M‘Dona.p, Donald, Assistant Forester.
M‘Fapyen, Duncan, Forester, Dunmore, Stirling.
M‘Grata, Patrick, Assistant Forester, Galtie Castle, Mitchelstown, Co.
Tipperary.
M‘Greeor, Archibald, Assistant Forester.
M‘Harpy, Charles, Forester, Castle Newe, Strathdon,
M‘Hartiz, John, Seedsman, Northgate, Chester.
M‘Intosu, Angus, Forester.
Mackay, John, West Dean Estate, Chichester.
M‘Kay, James, Forester, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk.
M‘Kay, Thomas, Forester, 3 Harbour Terrace, Aberystwith, S. Wales.
M‘Kerru, Archibald, West Coates Nursery, Edinburgh.
Mackenziz, Alexander, Warriston Nurseries, Edinburgh.
M‘Kenziz, Donald F., Forester, Meldrum House, Aberdeenshire.
MackeEnzik, James, 1 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
Macxkenzigz, J. Ord, W.S., of Dolphinton, 7 Royal Circus, Edinburgh—
Auditor.
M‘Kenziz, K. Stewart, of Brahan Castle, Dingwall.
Macktg, John, Assistant Forester, Ballogie, Aboyne.
Macxintosu, R. T., Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
M‘Lacan, John, Forester, The Cairnies, Methven, Perthshire,
APPENDIX. 59
*M ‘Laren, Hugh.
M‘Laren, John, Ballencrieff, Drem.
*M‘Laren, John, Forester, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry.
*M‘Laren, John, Forester, Darnhall, Eddlestone, Peebles.
M‘Laren, Peter, Forester, Lilleshall, Newport, Salop.
*M‘LarsEn, Peter, Sub-Agent, Sittenham, York.
M‘Lean, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Rutherford, Kelso.
M‘Leay, John, Forester, Swainston, near Newport, Isle of Wight.
M‘Lean, Malcolm, The Gardens, Gosford, Drem.
M‘Leay, William, Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine.
M‘Leay, William, The Gardens, Eaglejurst, Fawley, Southampton.
M‘Letxay, Duncan, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow.
M‘Leop, Alexander, Forester, Gosford, Drem,
M‘Leop, Angus, The Gardens, Newbaittle Abbey, Dalkeith.
M‘Lzop, J., Nurseryman, Crieff, Perthshire.
M‘Mutan, Samuel, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
M‘Nas, Malcolm, of 59 North Hanover Street, Edinburgh.
Macnaveuton, Alexander, 8.8.C., Arranmore Villa, Stanley Road,
Edinburgh.
M‘Naveuton, Archibald, Forester, Williamwood, Cathcart, Glasgow.
M‘NEILL, D., Timber Agent, Kirriemuir.
M‘NEItL, James, Forester, Abercairney, Crieff.
M‘NEILL, James, Forester.
M‘Rag, John, Forester, Coplawhill Nursery, Glasgow.
M‘Rag, Robert, Assistant Forester, Cullen House, Cullen.
M‘Rircuig, T. E., W.S., 4 Gayfield Square, Edinburgh.
Matin, John, Forester, Bryan Hall, Ferrybridge, Yorkshire.
Main & Co., Messrs A. & J., Wire Fence Manufacturers, 7 Renfield
Street, Glasgow.
Martuanp, Sir A. C. R., Bart, M.P., Cliftonhall, Ratho.
MairLanp, Wiliam, Assistant Forester, Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire.
Matcoim, George, Bangholm Nursery, Edinburgh.
Manson, Robert, The Nurseries, Kelso.
Manton, William, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
Marr, John, Assistant Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
* MARSHALL, J., Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham.
MarsHALL, James, Forester, Preston, Dunse.
MarsHALL, James, Assistant Forester, Scone, Perth.
MarsHatt, Robert, Forester, Horton Manor, near Epsom.
- MarsHatt, Robert, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Greenock.
Martin, George, Forester, Dunecht House, Aberdeen.
Martin & Sons, Messrs, Nurserymen, Cottingham, Hull.
Marursson, Donald, Meikleour, Perth.
Maxton, Robert, Forester, Strathallan Castle, Auchterarder.
Me rose, John, Wood Merchant.
60 APPENDIX.
Me rose, William, Forester, Byram Hall, South Mitford.
Menzigs, George, Agent, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent.
Menzixs, William, Forester, Craigton Cottage, Causewayhead, by Stirling.
Meruven, John, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
*Micure, Christopher Young, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen, Banfishire.
*Micui8, James, Forester, Wemyss Castle, Kirkcaldy.
Mippiemass, Archibald, Forester, Dunans House, Colintraive, Greenock.
Mixyg, James, Forester, Glenmuick, by Ballater.
*Miuuer, John, Forester, Ochtertyre, Stirling.
*MircuE.y, David, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.
MircHE 1, Forbes, of Thainstone, Kjntore,
MircuHet.1, Garlies, Nurseryman, Stranraer.
MircHeEtt, James, Aldie, Kinross.
MircHeEtt, James, Forester, Knossington Grange, Oakham, Leicestershire.
Morrat, Adain, Forester, Hindlip Hall, Worcester.
Morrat, Henry, Forester, Monkray, Whitehaven, Cumberland.
Morrat, James, Forester, Newbattle Abbey, Dalkeith,
Morrat, John, Forester, Kimmerghame, Dunse.
Morrison, John, Coney Park Nursery, Stirling.
Morrison, R., Nurseryman, Elgin.
Moir, William, of Inistrynich, Inveraray, Argyleshire.
*MurrHeEaD, John, Forester, Bicton, Budleigh, Salterton, Devonshire.
Munro, James, Forester, Invermorriston, Inverness-shire.
Munro, James, Assistant Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
Munro, John, Assistant Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
Murray, David, Forester, Dunira, Perthshire.
My zs, James, Forester, Portmore, Eddlestone, Peebles.
Nem, Archibald, Forester, West Grange, Culross.
Newstiecine, Alexander T., Nurseryman, Dumfries.
Nicot, W., Assistant Forester, Loudon Castle, Galston.
Nicot, William, Forester, Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire.
Nicort, Alexander, The Gardens, Clova, by Lumsden, Aberdeenshire.
Norman, David, Nursery Foreman, Dean Park Nurseries, Edinburgh.
*Oaiivy, David, Assistant Forester, Cortachy, Forfar.
O’Ner11, Richard, Auctioneer, Old Castle, Co. Meath.
OxtreR, John Clement, of Beauchamp House, Enfield, Middlesex.
*Ormiston & Renwick, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Melrose.
*Patmer & Son, Messrs John, Nurserymen, Annan.
*ParkER, James, Forester, Belvoir Castle, Grantham.
Parker, Robert A., Nursery and Seedsman, Lanark.
*PareRson, Andrew, Surveyor, Exton, Oakham, Rutland.
Paterson, Charles, Factor, Castle Menzies, Aberfeldy, Perthshire,
APPENDIX. 61
Prrsies, Andrew, Highclere Castle, Newbury, Berks.
Penper, John, M.P., of Minard Castle, Argyllshire.
PenpReIen, John, Assistant Forester, Port Bannatyne, Rothesay.
Puitie, John, Wood Merchant, Bonnyrigg, Lasswade,
*Puiurp, Robert, Minsterley, Shrewsbury.
Pierson, Joshua, Forester, Old Shields, Airdrie.
Piriz, John, Forester, Blackhall, Aberdeenshire.
Puarr, Major, Langairfechan, near Bangor.
Powerscourt, The Lord Viscount, Powerscourt, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow.
Powner, George, Forester, Willey Hall, Broseley, Shropshire.
Powner, Thomas, British Workman’s Rooms, Wellington, Shropshire.
Pressey, D., Gardener, Knockmaroon, Chapelizod, Dublin.
Price, J., Forester, Garnstone Castle, Hereford.
Ratt, James, Forester, Castle Forbes, Whitehouse, Aberdeen.
Ramspey, Sir J., Bart., Buckden, Skipton, York.
Rankine, Thomas, Nurseryman, Hamilton.
Rarrray, Thomas, Forester, Westonbilt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire
*RAveENscrorFT, Edward, “ Farmer” Office, India Buildings, Edinburgh.
Raw tence, James, of Bulbridge, Wilton.
Rea, Archibald Henry, Assistant Forester, Ury House, Stonehaven.
*Reip, George, Nursery and Seedsman, Aberdeen.
Rep, James, Assistant Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
Renton, James, Forester and Land-Steward, Cleghorn, Lanark.
Ricuarpson, Adam, Assistant Forester, Arniston, Gorebridge.
*Ricwarpson, Alexander, Land-Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge.
Rieuy, William, Messrs King & Co., 45 Pall Mall, London.
Riytovut, Henry, The Gardens, Hawick Hall, Alnwick.
Rireutz, Henry, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells.
*RitcHi£, Walter, Forester, Dinnas Mawddwy, Shrewsbury, N. Wales.
Rosertson, D., Albert Hotel, Hanover Street, Edinburgh.
Rosertson, David, Estate Manager, Curraghmore, Portlaw, Waterford.
Rosertson, George, Forester, Benmore, Kilmun, Greenock.
Rosertson, George, jun., Assistant Forester, Thirlstane Castle, Lauder.
Rosertson, James.
Rosertson, James, Forester, Drummond Castle, Crieff.
Rogertson, John,
Rosertson, John, Forester, Minto House, Hawick.
Robertson, John, Assistant Forester.
Rosertson, Robert, Forester, Markree Castle, Collooney, Co. Sligo.
Rosertson, Peter, Gordon Castle, Fochabers, Morayshire.
Rosertson, P. §., Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
Rosertson, Thomas, Forester.
Rosertson, William W., Forester, Blinkbonny, Earlston,
*Rosson, Alexander, Duchfour Woods, Lochend, Inverness,
62 APPENDIX.
Rosson, David, Assistant Forester, Arthur Stone, by Meigle.
Rozson, John, Forester, 15 Supple Street, Bishopfields, Chestrie.
Rosson, Ralph, Nursery and Seedsman, Hexham.
Roneer, Hugh, Factor, Cleland, Motherwell.
Ross, Archibald, Overseer, Skipton Castle, Skipton-in-Craven, Yorkshire.
Roz, John, Forester, Monymusk, Aberdeenshire.
*RuSSELL, John, Craigie, Ayr.
Russet, Robert, Forester, Mostyn, Holywell, N. Wales.
Rost, Joseph, The Gardens, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
*RuTHERFORD, Andrew, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Kelso.
*RUTHERFORD, James, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh.
*RUTHERFORD, James, Agent, Kirkleatham, Redcar, Yorkshire.
RurgerrordD, John, Assistant Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh.
RvuTHERFORD, Robert, Manager, Invershie, Kingussie.
RuTHERFORD, Thomas, Hothfield, Ashford, Kent.
*Sapier, John, F.R.Ph.S., Experimental Cottage, Edinburgh—Seeretary.
*Samson, John, Forester, Abernethy, Strathspey.
*SanpBAcuH, Henry R., Hafodunos, Llanrwst, Denbighshire.
ScartuH, T. W., Land Agent, Keverstone, Staindrop, Darlington.
Scorr, Adam, Forester, Southwick Park, Fareham, Hants.
Scorr, Andrew, Assistant Forester.
*Scorr, D., Wood Manager, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
*Scort, David, Forester and Land-Steward, Broadford, Limerick.
Scort, John, Forester.
*Scort, John W., Delgany, County Wicklow, Ireland.
Scorr, Walter, Forester, Oxnam, Jedburgh.
ScrrmcEor, James, Under Forester, Altyre, Forres.
Szaton, Allan, Assistant Forester, Curraghmore, Portlaw, Co. Waterford.
Sepewick, A. O., of 38 High Street, Watford, Herts.
Service, George, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
SERVICE, James, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse,
Service, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
SHAnND, James, Gardener, Meldrum House, Aberdeenshire.
SHanks, John, Forester, Kildrummy Castle, by Mossat.
SHEPPARD, John, Tweedside Cottage, Roehampton, sai
Sim, William, Nurseryman, Forres.
Sue, John, Timber Merchant, Rafford, Forres.
*Srupson, J., Forester, Alloa Park, Alloa.
Snrpson, Peter, Assistant Forester, Daughty Mill, Kirkcaldy.
*Srmpson, Thomas, Forester, Glenferness, Nairnshire.
Sryton, David, Assistant Forester, Charlton, Malmesbury, Wilts.
Sinton, J., Forester, Stourhead, Bath.
Sryton, John, Forester, Charlton, Malmesbury, Wilts.
SKELDoN, John, Assistant Forester, Dunse Castle, Dunse.
APPENDIX. 63
Sxkirvine, Archibald, Forester, Duncombe Park, Helmesley, York.
Sxirvine, John Finlay, Assistant Forester, Duncombe Park, Helmesley.
Sxirvine, William, Nursery and Seedsman, Liverpool.
*SLATER, Andrew, Forester, Loftus, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Yorkshire.
Siater, Andrew, jun., Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
*Smart, A. H.
Smiru, A., Factor, Douglas Castle, Lanarkshire.
Smiru, G. B., Wire Fence Manufacturer, 56 West Regent St., Glasgow.
*Smitu, James, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
Smiru, James, The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton-Buzzard, Buckingham-
shire,
Smyvu, John B., Forester, Melville, Ladybank, Fife.
SmirH, John Crombie, Assistant Forester, Drummond Castle, Crieff.
Smiru, Thomas, Nurseryman, Stranraer.
Smitu, W. Baxter, Messrs Little & Ballantyne, Nursery and Seedsmen,
Carlisle.
Smitu & Simmons, Messrs, Nursery and Seedsmen, Howard St., Glasgow.
*Smitu & Son, Messrs William, Nursery and Seedsmen, Aberdeen.
Souty, Professor Edward, F.R.S., Parkstone, near Poole.
Srence, Charles, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
SraLKeER, Donald, Assistant Forester.
Srapy.LTon, Major, Myton Hall, Borobridge, Yorkshire.
Srark, John, Assistant Forester, Woodhall, Airdrie.
STEELE, David, Forester, Skene House, Aberdeen.
STEPHEN, James, Forester, Dochfour, Inverness.
SrerHEN, John, jun., Assistant Forester, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.
Srevenson, Alexander, Forester, Cahir Estates, Co. Tipperary.
SrEvENsON, David, Forester, Kelly, Wemyss Bay, Greenock.
*STEVENSON, James, Forester, Cobham Park, Surrey.
Stewart, Alexander, Edinburgh.
Srewart, Alexander, Forester, Gringle Park, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, York-
shire.
Stewart, D., Manager, Dalnavart, Aviemore.
Srewart, James, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
Stewart, John, Forester, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Stewart, John, Forester, Castlecary, Denny.
Srewart, Peter, Gardener and Forester, Castle Wellan, Co. Down.
Stewart, William, Land-Steward, Dalhousie Castle, Lasswade.
Srewarr, William, Nurserymen, Dundee.
Srewart, William, Assistant Forester, Underley Hall, Kirkby.
Stewart, William, Assistant Forester, Logie Almond, Perth.
SrracHan, W. B., Manager, Dalkeith Nurseries, Dalkeith.
Srrane, Alexander, Forester, Rendlesham Hall, Woodbridge, Suffolk.
SrraneG, William, Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
Sruart, John, Forester, Castle Grant, Strathspey.
64 APPENDIX.
Sruart, Lewis A. G., Forester, Netherdale House, Turriff.
*Struarr, William, Forester.
Sruart & Mery, Messrs, Nurserymen, Kelso.
SutTriz£, James, Evington, Ashford, Kent.
Swan, R. G., Auctioneer, Dunse.
Swiyron, A. Campbell, LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Kimmerghame, Dunse.
Syme, David, 1 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
Symon, John, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn.
Symon, Peter, Forester, Forres.
‘ait, David, Forester, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorkshire.
Tarr, Walter, Seedsman, 45 Chapel Street, Dubiin.
Taytor, David, Barskimming, Mauchline.
TayLor, George, Forester, Monymusk, Aberdeenshire.
Taytor, George, Nursery and Seedsman, Inverurie.
THomson, James Scott, Strathallan Castle, Auchterarder.
Tuomson, Lockhart, 8.8.C., 22 Coates Crescent, Edinburgh.
THomson, Thomas, Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
TuHornToN, Thomas, Heatherside, Frimley, Surrey.
TIVENDALE, William, Forester, Houston, near Paisley.
Tomuinson, J., Brocklesby Park, Ulceby.
Tomutnson, Wilson, Assistant Forester, Belvoir Castle, Granthani.
TURNBULL, James, Nurseryman, Hawick.
TourRNBULL, William, Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Kelso.
‘Turner, James, Assistant Gardener, Blithefield Hall, Rugeley, Stafford-
shire.
Twerepi£, John, Forester, Dunglass, Cockburnspath, Berwickshire.
Veircy, John, Nurseryman, Falkirk.
Veitcu, William, Hedger, Arniston, Gorebridge.
WappineTon, David, Crosshouse, Airdrie.
Waopps, Phillip, Gardener, Moore Abbey, Co. Kildare.
WALKER, George, Forester, Collessie, Ladybank, Fife.
Waker, William, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik,
Wat, G. Y., jun., Exchequer Office, Durham.
WaLLacg, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Drumpellier, Coatbridge.
*W arb, James, Forester, Hawkhead Abbey, Paisley.
Warerer, Anthony, Nurseryman, Knaphill, Surrey.
Waters, Denis, Forester, Kelburn Castle, Largs.
Warerson, A., Wood Manager, Glenark Castle, Arklow, Co. Wicklow.
Watson, John, Gardener, Stravithy, St Andrews.
Warson, William, Assistant Forester, Peth, Longtown, Cumberland,
Warson, W. J., Nursery and Seedsman, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Watt, James, Messrs Little and Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle.
Wart, William, Forester, Nisbet House, Dunse.
APPENDIX.
Wexsster, Ancus, D., Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
Wesster, David, Bangholm, Edinburgh.
WexsstEr, J., The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers.
Wesster, John Blaikie, Verner’s Bridge, Moy, Ireland.
Wetsu, Duncan, Gardener, Mount Merrion, Dublin.
*WeELSH, James, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
*WetsH, William M., Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
West, Charles Elis, Land-Steward, Cartoon, Maynooth.
Wuittis, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuil.
Wuire, George, Seedsman, Paisley.
*WHITEFORD, Robert, Assistant Hedger, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
Wittiams, B. S., Paradise Nursery, Upper Holloway, London, N.
Wituiams, Robert, of Bodelwyddn, St Asaph, North Wales.
Witson, John, Land-Steward and Forester, Borthwickbrae, Hawick.
Witson, John, Forester, Greystoke Castle, Penrith.
Witson, John, Forester, Auchendolly, Castle-Douglas.
Witson, John, Assistant Forester, Arniston, Gorebridge.
Witson, John, Forester, Sudbourn Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk.
Wixtson, Peter, Forester, Whitehill, Lasswade.
*Witson, Robert, Forester, Pewsey, Wilts.
Witson, Stephen, 132 Union Street, Aberdeen.
Woop, James, Factor, Haigh Hall, Lancashire.
Woop, John, Gardener, Hatton Castle, Aberdeenshire.
Worma.p, J. D., W.S., 93 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Wrutiz, James, Assistant Forester, Douglaston, Milngavie, Glasgow.
*WYLLIE, George, Estate Overseer, Ballogie, Aboyne.
YELLOWLEES, George, Wood Merchant, St Boswells.
Youne, James, of Durris, by Aberdeen.
Youne, John, Messrs Imrie & Son’s Nurseries, Ayr.
SUBJECTS OFFERED FOR COMPETITION DURING
1874-75,
I. For the best and approved Essay on the Pruning of Timber-
trees, considered physiologically, and in relation to the production
of the greatest value. (Prize of Five Guineas offered by George
Reid, Nursery and Seedsman, Aberdeen.)
II. For a full and complete account, from published descrip-
tions (with authorities distinctly quoted), personal observation and
experiment, of the history and present state of the cultivation
in Great Britain and Ireland of Cedrus Deodara (C. Libani, and
C. atlantica, allnow classed as one species). (Special Medal, value
Three Guineas, offered by Dr Cleghorn.)
III. For the best and approved Report on the most extensive,
complete, and judiciously arranged Arboretum. (A Medal.)
The Arboretums reported on in 1872 are excluded.
IV. For the best and approved Essay on the present state and
future prospects of Arboriculture in the county in which the com-
petitor resides. (A Medal.)
Yorkshire, Hampshire, and Aberdeenshire are oxalate having
been reported on.
V. For the best and approved Report on the Old and Remark-
able Trees on the estate on which the competitor resides; correct
measurements of the circumference of the trunks, at 1 foot and 5 feet
from the ground, must be given; also height of tree, spread of
branches, &c. Photographs are desirable. (A Medal.)
VIL On the Economic Value of the Effects of the Gale of
October 21, 1874, upon Trees of Position, and Woods in Scotland,
with Statistics of the details of these Losses. (A Medal.)
VII. For the best and approved collection of Cones exhibited
from and grown in the county in which the competitor resides.
(A Medal.)
Each cone (or series of cones of one species) must be accompanied
by a label giving the name of the species, the estate and county
where produced, and the year grown. The Prize collection to
become the property of the Society.
Wigtownshire is excluded, having been reported in 1873.
APPENDIX. 67
VIII. For the best and approved collection of prepared sections
of different kinds of Wood grown in the county in which the com-
petitor resides. (A Medal.)
Each section must have a label attached, bearing the name of the
wood and the estate and county where grown. The Prize collection
to become the property of the Society. The successful competitors
for woods in 1872 cannot compete.
IX. For the best and approved series of Geological Specimens
illustrating the different rocks and formations on which Forest Trees
and Shrubs grow in the county in which the competitor resides.
The specimens to be accompanied by a Report. (A Medal.)
The successful collection to be the property of the Society. Bute-
shire, having already been reported on, is excluded.
X. For the best and approved Report on the distances apart at
which Forest Trees, of different species, should be planted in differ-
ent soils, altitudes, and situations. (A Medul.)
XI. For an approved Report on the Plantations of which the
competitor is Forester. (Three Medals.) One to be awarded fer
the best Report from each of the countries—England, Scotland, and
Ireland—and competition to be confined to each country respec-
tively. Reporters must state the extent of plantations under their
charge, the kind of timber grown, soil, situation, management,
age, &e.
The counties already reported on are excluded.
XII. For an approved Report on the management of Forests in
Germany, France, or other places on the Continent. (A Medal.)
Special reference to be made to any appliances or modes of cul-
ture and treatment not generally adopted in this country, but
followed in such arboricultural schools as those of Nancy and
Hanover, and elsewhere abroad. Foreigners are specially invited to
compete.
XIII. For an approved Report on the different Ages at which the
various sorts of Timber Trees usually grown in Scotland may be
most profitably felled in different soils and situations. (A Medal.)
XIV. For an approved Report on the Diseases most incidental to
Forest Trees, including those that affect the roots as well as the
bark, branches, and foliage. (A Medal.)
XV. For an approved Report on the results obtained by expe-
rience of Seedlings of Conifers, being the produce of trees grown
in Britain, as compared with plants obtained from foreign-ripened
seed. (A Medal.)
XVI. To any Member of the Society who shall send to the
Secretary from abroad, cones or seeds of Forest Trees of new or rare
species or varieties, capable of germination and of thriving in this
country. (A Medal.)
To be awarded when fifty of any sort, or fifty plants in all, have
been successfully raised. These plants to be the property of the
68 APPENDIX.
Society, and to be balloted for amongst Members intimating their
desire to have them. The packages to be delivered free of cost to
the Society at any British port.
XVII. For an approved Essay or Report on any subject con-
nected with Arboriculture. (A Medal.)
XVIII. For any marked advantageous improvement on any of the
Implements used in Forestry. (Models or Implements to be accom-
panied by a Report.) (A Medal.)
For conditions of Competition, see Proceedings of Annual General
Meeting of 4th November 1875.
All Essays and Reports intended for Competition must be given in to
the Secretary not later than 25th September, and all Collections of
Cones, Woods, and Geological Specimens not later than 25th October
1875—each bearing a motto, and being uccompanied by a separate
sealed envelope bearing the same motto outside, and containing a card
with the name and address of the Author.
APPENDIX. 69
Abstract of the Laws of the Scottish Arboricultural Society,
as amended to November 1874.
I. The object of the Society shall be the promotion of the science
of Arboriculture in all its branches, by periodical meetings of the
Members for the reading of Papers ; by offering Prizes for Essays
and Reports on the Practical operations of Forestry, and publication
of the same; and by such other means as may be found advisable.
II. The Society shall consist of the following classes of Members :
—1. Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, and others, paying an annual
subscription of Half-a-Guinea ; 2. Head-Foresters, and others, paying
an annual subscription of Five Shillings; 3. Assistant Foresters,
and others paying an annual subscription of Three Shillings.
III. Any Member may become a Life Member by compounding for
his annual subscriptions by a single payment—those of the First
Class paying Five Guineas; and those of the Second and Third
Classes, Three Guineas.
IV. The Society shall elect a limited number of Honorary Members,
—gentlemen who have acquired eminence in the Science of Arbori-
culture, or who are otherwise deemed worthy.
V. All annual subscriptions shall be payable in advance, at the
Annual General Meeting in November.
VI. In addition to the annual subscriptions above stipulated, the
Society shall receive, from those friendly to its objects, Donations
of larger or smaller amount.
VII. A Candidate for admission into the Society must be recom-
mended by at least one Member, and shall, on payment of his annual
subscription, be immediately admitted a Member of the Society,
subject to the revision of the first General Meeting thereafter. Any
Member of the Society introducing a New Member shall be held
responsible for the first year’s subscription of such party.
VIII. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Pre-
sident, five Vice-Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, and
fifteen Councillors—these office-bearers to be elected annually at
the General Meeting in November ; the three Councillors at the
top of the list to go out annually, but one to be eligible for re-
election.
IX. A General Meeting of the Members shall be held on the first
Wednesday and ‘Thursday of November annually, for the election of
New Members, the appointment of Office-Bearers, awarding of Prizes,
the reading of Papers, Discussion on selected subjects, &c.
JOHN SADLER,
Secretary.
70 APPENDIX.
OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1874-75.
PRESIDENT.
Joun Hurron Barrour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS.L. and E., Professor of
Botany in the University of Edinburgh.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
The Right Hon. W. P. Apam, of Blairadam, M.P.
Hueu Ciecuorn, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithy, St Andrews.
Wettwoop H. Maxwett, of Munches, Dalbeattie.
Roserr Hurcutsoy, F.R.S.E., of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
Joun Grant THomson, Wood Manager, Grantown.
COUNCIL.
Joun M‘Laren, Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry.
Hucu Fraser, Stanwell Nursery, Edinburgh,
Davin MircHeti, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.
Joun M‘Grecor, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld.
ALEXANDER Ricuarpson, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge.
James Morrart, Forester, Newbattle Abbey, Dalkeith.
James Surv, Forester, Donibristle, Fife.
Witut1am M‘Corquopate, Forester and General Wood Surveyor,
Jeanie Bank, Perth.
vant TuHomson, Deputy-Surveyor, H.M. Chopwell Woods (de-
ceased),
Joun ALLAN, Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh..
James Micuig, Forester, Wemyss Castle, Kirkcaldy.
Tuomas Merruven, Nursery and Seedsman, Edinburgh.
CuHar.ezs S. France, Overseer, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
D. Scorr, Wood Manager, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
Joun AnpDERsoN, Nurseryman, Perth.
JUDGES.
Wiuiam Gitcurist (Convener), Forester, Cluny Castle.
Joun M‘Larey, Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry.
D. Scorr, Wood Manager, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
COMMITTEE ON TRANSACTIONS.
The Secretary (J. SADLER), Editor.
Dr Circuorn, of Stravithy, St Andrews.
Roxsert Hurcuison, of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
Witu1aM Gorriz, of Rait Lodge, Edinburgh.
SECRETARY.
Joun Sapuer, F.R.Ph.S., Lecturer on Botany and Natural History in the
Royal High School, and Assistant to the Professor of Botany in the
University of Edinburgh.
TREASURER. :
GxorGe Cricuton (of Messrs G. & M. Crichton), 18 Princes Street,
Edinburgh.
AUDITOR.
Joun OrpD Macxenziz, W.S., of Dolphinton.
= = > 5 4
nn *
a
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIET
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
EDITOR AND SECRETARY
JOHN SADLER, F.R.P.S.,
LECTURER ON BOTANY IN THE ROYAL HIGH SCHOOL, AND ASSISTANT TO THE REGIUS
PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE AND BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH,
VOL. VUL
“
eT
Bz
ree
EDINBURGH:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY M‘FARLANE & ERSKINE.
MDCCCLXXVIII.
CONTENTS OF VOL, VIL
The Society, as a body, is not to be considered responsible for any facts or
opinions advanced in the several papers, which must rest entirely on the authority
of the respective authors.
PAGE
I, Address delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Meeting. By
JouN Hutron Batrour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS.L. & E., Pro-
fessor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh, - - 1
II. Experiments in Planting Sand-hills. By JAmes HvTTOoN,
Forester, Moy, - - : . - . 19
III. On the Present State and Prospects of Arboriculture in Hamp-
shire. By ANDREW Purses, Highclere Castle, Newbury, . 25
IV. Pruning in relation to the’Production of Timber. By Joun B,
SmytTu, Forester, Duff House, = : - 5 54
| V. The Failures of the Larch. By WitL1AM Gorriz, Rait Lodge,
Trinity, : 5 ; : : : : 61
VI. On the Age at which various Timber Trees in Scotland may be
most Profitably Felled. By D. F. M‘Kernziz, Forester, Mel-
} drum House, . < : ‘i 5 5 70
VII. On the Distances at which Forest Trees should be Planted on
} different Soils and Situations. By Lewis Bayne, Forester,
Kinmel Park, Abergele, é : 4 A : 77
VIII. The Age of Trees, ; : , ; - c 84
IX. On the most Profitable Mode of disposing of Home-grown Tim-
ber. By D. F. M‘Kenztn, Forester, Meldrum House, . : 88
X. Onthe Anatomical Structure of the Leaf as a means of determining
the species of Abies. By W. R. M‘Nas, M.D., Professor of
Botany, Royal College of Science, Dublin (with Plate), - 93
XI. Onthe Timber Supply of Australia. By the Hon. Mr Kricnavrr,
Member “of Legislative Assembly of South Australia. With
Note by R. Hurcutson of Carlowrie, V.-P.S.A.Soc., so LO
—
vi
XIII
XIV.
XVIII.
XIX,
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXYV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
CONTENTS.
. On the Cheapest and most Effectual Means of Clearing Land
for Planting. By D. F. M‘Kewnziz, Forester and Overseer,
Meldrum House, Old Meldrum,
On the Disease of the Larch. By D. F. M‘Kewnziz, Forester
and Overseer, Meldrum House, Old Meldrum, i
Report on Old and Remarkable Trees growing on the Estates
of Bayham Abbey and Wilderness Park, in the County of
Kent. By James Durr, Wood Manager, Bayham Abbey,
. On the Arboriculture of the County of Kent. By James
Durr, Wood Manager, Bayham Abbey, Tunbridge Wells,
. On the Deleterious Effects of Sulphur upon Iron Fencing.
By Tuomas WILKIE, Forester, Invergarry, Fort-Augustus,
. Report on the Meteorological Observations made at Carnwath,
Lanarkshire, By ALEXANDER BucHAN, M.A., F.R.S.E.,
Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society, .
On Two New Modes of Fencing. By THomas WILKIE
Forester, Invergarry, Fort-Augustus, = 5 %
On Insects Injurious to Forest Trees, and their Destruction.
By Matcotm Dunn, Palace Gardens, Dalkeith, .
. Brief Account of the Royal Forest School at Vallombrosa.
By Hueu CiecHorn, M.D., Stravithie, St Andrews,
On the Best Method of Seasoning Timber. By THomas
Wixi, Forester, Invergarry, Fort-Augustus,
Address delivered at the Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting.
By the Right Hon. W. P. Apam of Blairadam, M.P.,
The Movements of Fluids in Stems, considered in relation to
the Felling and Seasoning of Timber. By W. Ramsay
M‘Nas, M.D., F.L.S., ; > : -
Report on the Forests of India. By C. F. Amery, Forest
Department, North-West Provinces, India,
On Forest Schools. By Rey. J. CroumBiz Brown, LL.D.,
On the Woods and Plantations of the Mackintosh Estate in
Brae Lochaber. By JAmMEes Hutton, Sub-factor, Roy
Bridge, Kingussie, P : : ; -
On the Use of Dynamite and Tonite in Forestry. By D. F.
M‘KeEwnziz£, Forester, Murthly Castle, Perthshire, 7
On the Best Kinds of Wood for Charcoal, and the Process of
Charring. By Roperr Baxrer, Forester, Dalkeith
Park, , 3 , A : A
PAGE
136
140
147
153
165
168
171
173
182
190
193
203
213
225
233
241
246
CONTENTS.
XXIX. Cryptogamic Plants Injurious to Forest Trees, and their
Treatment. By Matcorm Dunn, the Palace Gardens,
Dalkeith Park, - p ,
XXX. Report on the Meteorological Observations made at Carnwath,
Lanarkshire, in connection with the Influence of Forests
on Climate. By ALEXANDER BucHAN, M.A., F.R.S.E.,
Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society, .
XXXI. On Tree Measurements. By Sir RopertT CuristIson, Bart.,
APPENDIX (A)
. Abstract of the Annual Account for the Year 1874-75,
. List of Members, corrected to January 1876,
. Subjects offered for Competition during 1875-76, -
. Abstract of the Laws of the Society, as amended to November 1875,
. Office-bearers for 1875-76, . ; : 5
of WD Ee
APPENDIX. (B)
. Abstract of the Annual Account for the Year 1875-76,
. List of Members, corrected to February 1877,
. Subjects offered for Competition during 1876-77,
. Office-bearers for 1876-77,
© ON A
APPENDIX ()
10. Abstract of the Annual Account for the Year 1876-77, . é
11. List of Members, corrected to March 1878, 2 3 -
12. Subjects offered for Competition during 1877-78, - :
13. Office-bearers for 1877-78, . : : : : -
14. Laws of the Society, ‘ : ‘ : : 4
vil
PAGE
250
25
26
at
47
49
50
68
71
72
a
«~
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
VOL. VIIL—PART I.
EDITOR AND SECRETARY.
JOHN SADLER, F.R.PhLS.,
LECTURER ON BOTANY IN THE ROYAL HIGH SCHOOL, AND ASSISTANT TO THE PROFESSOR OF
MEDICINE AND BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH.
WM,
Z NT S
- LIBRARY
oa
» new YORK Ay 4 2 1979
CONTENTS.
The Society, as a body, is not to be considered responsible for any facts or
opinions advanced in the several papers, which must rest entirely on the authority
of the respective authors.
I.
bt
he
RV.
v.
VI.
VII.
Vit
IX.
om oF bD
Address delivered at the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting. By
JOHN Hutron Batrour, M.D., M.A:, F.R.SS.L. and E.,
Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh, .
Experiments in Planting Sand-hills. By JAmMEs HurTrton,
Forester, Moy,
On the Present State and Prospects of Arboriculture in Hamp-
shire. By ANDREW PEEBLES, Highclere Castle, Newbury,
Pruning in relation to the Production of Timber. By Joun B.
SmyrvuH, Forester, Duff House, ..
The Failures of the Larch. By Witi1AM Gorrie, Rait Lodge,
Trinity, . ; : ; ; :
On the Age at which various Timber Trees in Scotland may be
most Profitably Felled. By D. F. M‘Kenziz, Forester, Mel-
drum House,
On the Distances at which Forest Trees should be Planted on
different Soils and Situations. By Lewis Baynz, Forester,
Kinmel Park, Abergele,
The Age of Trees, .
On the most Profitable Mode of disposing of Home-grown Timber.
By D. F. M‘Kenztz, Forester, Meldrum House,
APPENDIX.
. Abstract of the Annual Account for the Year 1874-75,
List of Members, corrected to January 1876,
aed
. Subjects offered for Competition during 1875-76, ,
. Abstract of the Laws of the Society, as amended to Nov ote 1875,
. Office-bearers for 1875-76,
PAGE
84
88
—————————
Gy & MES Bees aN
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eee eee as
DESIGNS MADE AND ESTIMATES FURNISHED FOR PRESENTATION PLATE
MARBLE CLOCKS ranging in Price from 80s to £80
Ormolu Clocks and Side Ornaments for the Brawing Boom
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ADVERTISEMENTS.
NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN TO THE QUEEN,
AND
MOST OF THE NOBILITY AND LANDED PROPRIETORS IN THE KINGDOM.
FRANCIS & ARTHUR DICKSON & SONS,
SEED GROWERS, MERCHANTS, AND NURSERYMEN,
106 EASTGATE ST., AND UPTON NURSERIES,
eS ee
FARM SEEDS,
FIELD ROOT SEEDS.—Turnips, Mangolds, and other Field Root Seeds of
Specially Select and Improved Stocks. We have for many years devoted much
time and the greatest possible pains to the Improvement of Field Roots, by con-
tinued progressive Selection of Roots of the most perfect type. Our Stocks of
these are therefore so pure and fixed in character, and altogether of such high-
ca qualities, that they cannot be excelled, and are very superior to those gener-
ally offered.
CLOVERS, RYE GRASSES, and NATURAL GRASSES.—Finest Samples all
thoroughly cleaned and perfectly free from weeds. Samples and Prices on appli-
cation.
MIXED NATURAL GRASSES and CLOVERS for PERMANENT PASTURES,
ROTATION CROPS, &c., composed of the Finest Seeds, are prepared to suit every
description of Soil, Situation, and Climate.
Ee FARM SEEDS of the Value of £2 and upwards sent Carriage
Free to any Railway Station in the Kingdom.
VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS,
These Seeds are of the most select character, each having been saved from the
Purest and Best Stock known of its kind, and they are such as cannot fail to merit
the approval of the most fastidious cultivator.
GARDEN SEEDS of the Value of £1 or upwards sent Carriage Free
to any Station,
NURSERY DEPARTMENT,
We respectfully invite attention to our almost unlimited Stock of Trees and
Plants of every kind and size, all of splendid quality, much superior to those
generally offered in Nurseries, which includes :—
Forest Trees, Puants for Coverts, HEDGEs, &c.
HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES, CONIFER®, &c.
EVERGREENS, FLOWERING PLANTS, and SHRUBS.
Fruit TREES.—Over 20 Acres, Magnificent stuff. Many Fruiting Trees.
Rosres.—Many Acres, Extra Strong Blooming Plants.
VineEs.—Well-ripened, for Planting and for Fruiting in Pots,
STOVE and GREENHOUSE PuantTs, &c., in perfect health.
F, & A. D. & Sons’ Nurseries cover more than 150 Acres, and their Trees and
Plants have the important recommendation of being—1st, unusually hardy; 2d,
remarkably well-grown ; and 3d, abundantly rooted.
The extremely bleak and exposed situation of their Nurseries renders their
Plants unusually robust and hardy ; and their practice of planting thinly on the
ground, and repeated transplantation, causes compact, handsome growth, with
abundance of roots so that safe removal to any distance is insured without per-
ceptibly retarding the growth of Plants.
*,* Inspection Invited.—Note to ask for the ** Upton.” NURSERIES,
2s. Cab Fare from Chester Station.
The following Illustrated and Descriptive Priced CATALOGUES
will be forwarded FREE by POST on application :—
FOREST AND HARDY ORNAMENTAL AGRICULTURAL SEEDS,
TREES, SHRUBS, Xe. VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS,
FRUIT TREES, DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS,
STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS. | ’ ROSES AND HOLLYHOCKS.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE
LAWSON SEED & NURSERY COMPANY
Garver TE),
EDINBURGH anp LONDON,
Successors to the late Firm of
PETER LAWSON & SON,
The Queen’s Seedsmen, &c.,
Most respectfully invite personal inspection of the NURSERIES, comprising
GOLDEN ACRE, WINDLESTRAWLEE, WARDIE, and BANGHOLM, which abound
in every description of Forest TrEEs, ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS,
Fruit TREEs, Rosxs, &c., &e.
8
CATALOGUES FREE UPON APPLICATION.
London Address: 54 BISHOPSGATE STREET WITHIN, E.C.
Registered Office: 1 GEORGE IV. BRIDGE, Edinburgh.
PLANTING SEASON.
THOMAS METHVEN & SONS
Beg to request the attention of those about to plant, to their Stock of
SEEDLING & TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES,
ORNAMENTAL TREES anp SHRUBS,
RHODODENDRONS, &c.,
which is very extensive and in a healthy vigorous condition.
Samples and Prices on application.
LEITH WALK AND WARRISTON NURSERIES,
EDINBURGH.
a
ADVERTISEMENTS,
ESTABLISHED 1833.
SEEDLING anp TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES
AnD GENERAL NURSERY STOCK.
Weare. LALR YD & SINCLAIR,
NURSERYMEN, SEEDSMEN, ayp FLORISTS,
DUNDEE.
Nurseries—Monifieth and Broughty Ferry.
Ten minutes walk from Monifieth Station (Caledonian Railway).
To Landed Proprietors and their Agents.
WILLIAM GORRIE,
LANDSCAPE GARDENER, GARDEN ARCHITECT,
CONSULTING FORESTER, &c.
Terms for Advice, Plans, Reports, &c., may be had on application.
Address—RAIT LODGE, TRINITY, Epinzurcu.
IRON FENCING.
Fencinc, Improved WIRE Frencinc, Iron HurpLes, TREE and PLANT
Guarpbs, FreLD and ENTRANCE GATES, IRon BripcEs, STasLE FITTINGS,
&e., &e.
Game-Proof and Poultry Wire Netting at Greatly Reduced Prices.
A new Illustrated Catalogue is now Published and will he
forwarded free on application.
Lawn-Mowers by all the Best Makers, GARDEN SEATS and CHatrs, Rou-
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ARcHWAYS and BorpERING, Iron and Wire EspaLiers, PEA-TRAINERS,
SEED PROTECTORS, &c., &c.
25 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh; and
Clydesdale Iron Works, Possil Park, Glasgow.
ADVERTISEMENTS,
CHARLES FRANCE & SON,
NURSERYMEN, SEEDSMEN, anp FLORISTS, LANARK.
Forest Trees, Ornamental Trees, Fruit Trees,
Shrubs, and Roses.
GREENHOUSE anp BEDDING PLANTS, &c., &c.
Reports and Specifications for laying down New and filling up Old
Plantations, Valuations of Growing and Cut Timber, &c., &e.
Contract Planting Executed on the most Moderate Terms.
Gardeners, Foresters, and Land-Stewards,
Recommended.
Gentlemen who apply to us will find the characters of the
individuals we may recommend such as we describe.
The Nurseries are Five minutes’ walk from Lanark
Railway Station.
BALFOUR’S BOTANICAL WORKS.
I. CLASS-BOOK of BOTANY. Third Edition. 8vo, pp. 1114, with 1800
Wood Engravings. Price 21s.
Il. INTRODUCTION TO PALHONTOLOGICAL BOTANY. §8vo. Illus-
trated. Price 7s. 6d.
Ill. MANUAL OF BOTANY. New Edition. Crown 8vo, with 963 Wood En-
gravings. Price 12s. 6d.
Ty. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. New Edition, with 427 Wood Engravings.
Feap. 8vo. Price 3s. 6d.
This Work is used at the Examinations of the Highland and Agricultural Society.
By J. Hutton Batrovur, M.D., Professor of Medicine and Botany in the
University of Edinburgh.
Epinsurcu: ADAM & CHARLES BLACK.
This day is published,
I. HANDY BOOK OF ORNAMENTAL CONIFERS, and of RHODODEN-
DRONS and other AMERICAN FLOWERING SHRUBS suitable for the
Climate and Soils of Britain. With descriptions of the best kinds, and con-
taining Useful Hints for their successful cultivation. By HucH FRasErR,
Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Crown 8vo, 6s.
A New Edition, revised and enlarged.
II], DOMESTIC FLORICULTURE, WINDOW GARDENING, and FLORAL
DECORATIONS. Being practical directions for the Propagation, Culture,
and Arrangement of Plants and Flowers as Domestic Ornaments. By
F, W. Bursipce. Crown 8vo, with numerous Tllustrations, 7s, 6d.
A New Edition, enlarged and brought up to the present time.
Ill, HANDY BOOK of the FLOWER GARDEN. Being practical directions
for the Propagation, Culture, and Arrangement of Plants in Flower Gardens
all the Year Round. Embracing all classes of Gardens, from the largest to
the smallest. With Engraved and Coloured Plans. By Davip THOMSON,
Editor of The Gardener. Crown 8yo, 7s. 6d.
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, EDINBURGH AND LonpDoN,
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
I. Address delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Meeting. By
Joun Horton Batrour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS.L. and E.,
Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh.
I am deeply sensible of the honour which you have conferred upon
me, in electing me President of the Scottish Arboricultural
Society, and I shall now endeavour to discharge a part of the
duties of that office, by giving you a short address, at the com-
mencement of another Session.
Since we last met we have to record the death of one of our
oldest Members, who may be called the father of the Society,
William Thomson, Chopwell. He was born in Fifeshire, on
the estate of the Earl of Moray, in 1828. When he was quite
young the family removed to Inverness-shire, where his father
acted as Forester on the estate of Petty till the year 1843.
During this time William attended school at Ballochy, where he
obtained the rudiments of his education. In 1843, his father,
having been appointed Forester to the Earl of Stair, removed
to Wigtonshire. Here the son acquired his first knowledge of
forestry. Lord Stair’s woods and plantations in Galloway are
very extensive and varied, and afford ample opportunities for
acquiring a knowledge of arboriculture. Thomson’s father was a
thorough practical forester, and gave excellent instruction to his
son, who, after serving his apprenticeship, went to Cally and acted
as journeyman. When twenty years of age William accepted the
superintendence of the woods of the Marquis of Londonderry at
Wynyard Park, and remained there till 1851. After filling
various situations with credit and efficiency, Mr Thomson was, on
VOL, VIII, PART I. A
2 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875.
the recommendation of Mr Brown, appointed in 1853 to the sur-
veyorship of the Chopwell Woods, which office became vacant
about that time. At Chopwell he carried out plans, previously
suggested by Mr Brown, and he did so to the entire satisfaction of
the Crown. His work there is well known to all foresters, and
need not be dwelt upon. He was the founder of this Society, and
took a deep interest in its proceedings and its prosperity. He
died suddenly from heart-disease, leaving a widow and five chil-
dren.
Our Society has now fully attained its majority—having existed
twenty-one years—and the number of its Members has largely
increased. Good work has been done by associating together
Scottish arboriculturists and others interested in forestry, by holding
an annual meeting for the reading of papers and for discussion, as
well as by the publication of “ Transactions,” which now amount
to seven volumes, and embrace papers on many important ques-
tions connected with the cultivation and preservation of forests.
The reputation of the Society has been widely extended, and we
have Members from all parts of the United Kingdom, as well as
from foreign countries.
Many landowners have joined our ranks, and I trust that
ere long we shall number on our list a larger number of pro-
prietors in Scotland. The subject of forestry is of great import-
ance, whether we regard the landscape, the climate, or the re-
sources and productions of a country. Our object is to encourage
this department, to see that our foresters are properly instructed ;
that our woods are judiciously managed ; and that thus the pro-
sperity of our country is advanced.
The effects of trees on the climate of a country were long ago
noticed by Humboldt, who showed that, by the rash cutting down
of trees and the denudation of countries, the water supply of large
districts had been seriously injured, and the character of the
climate changed for the worse, while, at the same time, the means
of procuring timber and fuel were destroyed. The great function
of the leaves of trees is the evolution of oxygen gas, by means of
which the purity of the atmosphere is maintained, This function
of plants is antagonistic in its results to animal respiration, for
while the latter takes oxygen from the atmosphere and replaces it
by carbonic acid, the former remove carbonic acid, fix carbon, and
give out oxygen. The processes of respiration and combustion
are pouring into the atmosphere a large quantity of carbonic acid
es on
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875. 3
gas, while the leaves of plants are constantly removing it, and
under the action of light substituting oxygen. The life of man
and animals is thus intimately connected with the vegetable pro-
ductions of the globe, not merely as regards the materials for their
food, but also in reference to the air they breathe. ‘“ How inter-
esting,” says Johnston, “is it to contemplate the relations, at once
wise and beautiful, by which dead organic matter, intelligent
man, and living plants are all bound together! The dead tree
and the fossil coal lie almost useless things, in reference to animal
and vegetable life ; man employs them in a thousand ways as min-
isters to his wants, his comforts, or his dominion over Nature ;
and in so doing he himself directly, though unconsciously, minis-
ters to the wants of those vegetable races, which seem but to live
and grow for his use and maintenance.”
When forests are destroyed, as they are everywhere in America
by the European settlers, with an imprudent precipitation, the
springs are entirely dried up, or become less abundant. In those
mountains of Greece, which have been deprived of their forests,
the streams have disappeared. The inconsiderate felling of woods,
or the neglect to maintain them, has changed regions noted for
fertility into scenes of sterility. The sultry atmosphere and the
droughts of the Cape de Verd Islands are attributed to the
destruction of forests. In large districts of India the climate
and rainfall have deteriorated from a similar cause, and the
Government are now using means to avert and remedy the mis-
chief. In wooded countries, where the rains are excessive, as in
Rio Janeiro, the climate has been improved by the diminution of
the trees. Gardner says, that since the axe has been laid on the
dense forests surrounding the city of Rio Janeiro, the climate has
become dry. In fact, so much was the quantity of rain diminished,
that the Brazilian Government was obliged to pass a Jaw prohibit-
ing the felling of trees in the Corcovado Range. Miller states
that the cultivation of grain, which has so completely transformed
one part of the wilderness of Australia, has already exercised a
most beneficial influence on the increase of rain,
The conservation of forests is unquestionably a subject of great
importance. It is now occupying the attention of the Govern-
ment of India, and of many other Governments, and it will
sooner or later engage that of all our colonies. The physical
history of every country proves incontestably that a mode-
rate extent of forests, especially on mountain slopes and ele-
4 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875.
vated rocky ground, where tillage is impracticable, promotes in a
high degree both the agricultural and manufacturing interests of
individuals, as well as the physical soundness and productive
resources of extensive countries. It appears that the influence of
forests in a physical, economical, and hygienic point of view, is
deserving of a more complete investigation than it has yet re-
ceived, By felling trees which cover the tops and sides of moun-
tains, men in every climate prepare, at once, two calamities for
future generations—the want of fuel, and the scarcity of water.
In reference to the climate of Malta, and the want of trees
in the island, Mr Milne Home has written to me as follows :— -
“Having been a couple of months in Malta, and seen the evils
arising from want of water, I wrote a paper on the subject,
which appeared in the Transactions of the Scottish Meteorological
Society. Copies of this paper having been sent to Malta, the
Governor and Legislative Assembly appointed a Commission of
scientific men to take my paper into consideration. The Com-
mission reported in favour of my views. In order to carry them
out, the Governor (Sir Patrick Grant) sent a message to the
Assembly to recommend £1000 a year to be appropriated for
ten years, to carry out the scheme of planting the island. The
Assembly agreed to vote £800 a year for ten years.
“The scheme was begun to be put in operation in 1873, so that
there has been scarcely time to have many plantations made, and
still less to judge of the effects. But I have received written
reports mentioning the places where plantations are being formed,
and specifying the kinds of trees planted. ‘There is, as you will
understand, no possibility of getting young trees from any other
country. It is only by seed got from other countries, and grown
in the island, that young trees can be raised, in order to be formed
into plantations. I can only say, further, that the scheme is in
progress, though, of course, many years will elapse before any
good effects can become visible.”
Mr Milne Home’s plan, you will thus perceive, has been taken
up in earnest by the authorities of Malta. His proposals have
been favourably noticed in foreign journals, and reprinted by the
Austrian Meteorological Society.
In the last part of our Transactions (p. 285), there is a report by
Mr Buchan on the Meteorological Observations made at Carnwath,
Lanarkshire, on the influence of forests on climate, particularly
as connected with rainfall, The observations have been carried
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875, 5
on for some time by Mr Currie at Winterlaw and Gallowhill,
Lanarkshire, kindly placed at the disposal of the committee by
Mr Maclean, Carnwath. The results are interesting, and are
given in a tabular manner in the Transactions (vol. vil, p. 285).
They are, however, still imperfect. It will require a series of
years to bring out satisfactory results. It is, therefore, of im-
portance that the committee should continue the work, and that
Mr Currie, who is an excellent observer, should be engaged to
carry on the observations. The work requires some extra expen-
diture in the way of instruments, etc., for which the sum of £8
or £10 will be required. If the investigation is carried on, the
committee will be able to report to the British Association meet-
ing at Glasgow in September.
Forests may thus be regarded as influencing, in a marked
degree, the climate of a country. They are also necessary for the
production of timber ; and, in this point of view, it is of great im-
portance that trees should be properly planted, and that their
roots and branches should have free scope.
If we wish trees to be firmly rooted, we must allow the branches
to spread freely. When they are so planted that the branches
and leaves of contiguous trees do not interfere with each other,
and thus all parts are exposed to air and light equally, the roots
spread vigorously and extensively, so as to fix the plants in the
soil, and to draw up copious supplies of nourishment. But in
crowded plantations, where the branches are not allowed freedom
of growth and exposure, the leaf-buds are either arrested or feebly
developed and the roots are of necessity injured. They do not
spread, and the trees are lable to be blown over by the wind ;
they exhaust the soil in their vicinity, circumscribed by the roots
of the trees around; their functions become languid, and thus
they react on the stem and branches, so that the additions to the
wood are small, and the timber is of inferior quality. In such
a plantation there is a marked difference between the trees on
the outside and those in the centre; the former, having their
branches and leaves fully exposed on one side, grow with com-
parative vigour, and form excellent timber on that side of the
stem where light and air are admitted ; while the latter, hemmed
in on all sides, are drawn up like bare poles, and produce a
small amount of ill-conditioned wood. A crowded plantation, in
which the trees are allowed to increase in size until they interfere
with each other, cannot be easily reclaimed ; for every attempt at
6 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875.
thinning in this advanced stage of growth is accompanied with the
risk of exposure to the blast, which speedily levels trees having no
firm hold of the soil.
Forests, in some countries, are the chief source whence fuel can
be obtained, and it becomes necessary to guard the plantations, to
see that the trees are properly cultivated for the purpose, and that
the stock of fuel is kept up by constant renewed planting.
Dr Cleghorn, our late President, so far back as 1851 called
attention to the need of commencing a system of forest conservancy
in India, with a view to securing a permanent supply of timber
and fuel, and he pointed out the danger of their exhaustion unless
proper means were taken for the protection of the forests. I
understand that the organisation of the Indian Forest Department
is steadily progressing, and that there are now about seventy trained
officers distributed over the numerous provinces of that vast
empire. An Annual Report on the valuation surveys, and the
progress of the work in all the districts, is published, and may be
consulted in the library attached to the Edinburgh Botanic Garden.
It is worthy of notice that a Forest Conference was held at Simla
on 4th October. Dr Brandis, President, and thirty-four officers were
present. This is the third annual gathering for considering diffi-
cult questions of forest administration. The first number of a
monthly periodical called The Indian Forester, edited by Mr Schlich,
was published at Calcutta in July. It is intended to supply a
medium for the interchange of ideas among forest officers, and for
the record of observations and experiments.
In his late address, Sir John Hawkshaw, at Bristol, pointed
out the importance of economy in fuel, the enormous consump-
tion of it at the present day, and the risk of exhaustion of our
coal beds. His remarks on the expediency of economising fuel
apply even more strongly to those countries in which the chief
supply is furnished by the forests.
The conservation of forests in many countries thus becomes a
very important matter, and nowhere is this more necessary than
in our Indian possessions. It is essential, therefore, that a proper
staff of officers and men should be employed in the department of
forestry in India. Such a staff can only be obtained by the proper
training of men for the purpose. In Continental countries, espe-
cially in France and Germany, forestry is taught as a regular
system, practical instruction and lectures being given in the forests,
the extent of which gives large scope for the training of young
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875. 7
foresters. There can be no doubt that forest schools might be
established in this country, which would fulfil all the important
conditions required for the student.
There are certain matters connected with forest management
which may be best illustrated on a large scale, but there seems to
be no reason why our students of forestry should be sent to the
Continent for their training. There ought to be sufficient means
in Britain for imparting practical instruction in the management
of forests.
The Secretary of State for India has adopted the plan of send-
ing the students abroad. By so doing, the students are compelled
to study the language of these countries in the first instance, for
it is impossible to understand lectures and demonstrations without
a thorough knowledge of the language in which they are given,
and especially with the peculiar technical language used (and
which cannot be got in books). Much time is thus spent, which
might be better employed in studying some of the languages of
India, so as to fit the forester for his employment in that country.
I am disposed to think that the education of foresters should be
conducted on some such plan as the following :—
In the first place, we must suppose that students have had a
fair education in English, arithmetic, writing, and composition.
Instruction should next be given in the elements of natural
sciences, especially botany, with its bearings on arboriculture, the
nature of soils, and their adaptation for different kinds of trees,
along with a knowledge of elementary chemistry. In studying
botany, the young forester should attend to the mode in which
plants are nourished, the functions of the root, stem, and leaves,
the structure of the wood, the effects of vegetation on climate, rain-
fall, etc., the diseases to which trees are liable, and the mode of
prevention and cure. The necessary information in regard to the
elementary sciences can now be acquired at many of our schools,
A certain amount of knowledge of Latin is valuable for the names of
trees. The instruction given in science should not be merely from
books, but should be by practical demonstration, and by teaching
the principles of forest cultivation. Schools for practical forestry
might be established in the vicinity of well-wooded districts, where
draining, planting, thinning, pruning, felling, drying, and trans-
portation could be practised, and the remedies for diseases tested.
I believe that the requisite instruction for candidates for the
forest departments in India and our colonies could be acquired
8 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875.
in this country if Government took up the matter, and called in
the aid of the Scottish Arboricultural Society. If the student
acquires a thorough knowledge of the principles and practice of
Arboriculture in this country, he could easily get the additional
information required for such countries as India in the way of
forest management and rules. These details must be acquired on
the spot, as they vary in different places.
The Highland and Agricultural Society is now offering burs-
aries for youths who prosecute natural science studies in schools,
especially such departments as botany, physical geography,
chemistry, and geology. The announcements are as follows :—
1. That the Society shall grant annually ten bursaries of £20
each, and five of £10 each, to be competed for by pupils, at
schools to be approved of by the Directors, which include, or are
willing to introduce, the teaching of chemistry, and the follow-
ing branches of natural science—physical geography, botany, and
geology, into their curriculum.
2. That the £20 bursaries shall be tenable for one year at the
University of Edinburgh for the purpose of enabling the holders
to take the classes necessary to qualify for the Society’s Certificate
or Diploma; and the £10 bursaries to be tenable for the same
period, to enable the holders to receive another year’s preparation
at the schools.
3. That the bursaries shall be determined by examination held
in Edinburgh by the Society’s examiners.
For instruction in arboricultural principles botanic. gardens in
this country offer many facilities. There is at Kew an excellent
arboretum, illustrating all the most important trees now culti-
vated in this country. Dr Hooker has done excellent service in
this respect, following in the footsteps of his distinguished father.
We have, in the Botanic Garden here, a very good collection of
forest trees, but the space is far too limited for the purpose of
arboricultural study ; and, hence I have requested Government to
purchase grounds, lying in the vicinity of the Garden, for an
Arboretum. There is now an opportunity of acquiring Inverleith
grounds, on the west of the Garden, and I hope that Govern-
ment will not lose the opportunity now offered of acquiring
them, from the trustees of Fettes College. These grounds have
been recently visited by many eminent arboriculturists and landed
proprietors, and all agree in the importance of securing them.
The difficulty, on the part of the Treasury, is the purchase money.
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875. 9
I hope that this may be removed by the indefatigable exertions of
our Lord Provost, so that this addition may be made to the Botanic
Garden, and may be supported by an annual Government grant.
The following is the proposal made in a recent document entitled
The Edinburgh Municipal Police Amendment Act :—‘ That the
Magistrates and Council be empowered to acquire by agreement,
or, failing such agreement, compulsorily, under the Lands’ Clauses
Consolidation (Scotland) Acts, for the purpose of enlarging the
Royal Botanic Garden in Inverleith Row, all or so much of the
lands of Inverleith, situated to the west of the said Royal Botanic
Garden, as may be considered necessary.”
I may here express my obligations to Lord Provost Falshaw,
the Duke of Buccleuch, the Lord Justice-General, the Right
Honourable W. P. Adam, M.P., Sir James Elphinstone, Sir
Robert Christison, and Dr Lyon Playfair, for the warm interest
they have taken in the matter.
The grounds now proposed to be incorporated with the Botanic
Garden are well situated, have a varied surface, a fine exposure,
and are enclosed to a considerable extent.
Our Society has supported the scheme, and last year memorial-
ised Government on the subject. The matter is an urgent one,
and will be again brought under the notice of Government; and
I hope that the Members of our Society who are also Members
of Parliament, will give their support.
Sir Robert Christison, in his opening address to the Botanical
Society last session, entered fully into the importance of acquiring
the Inverleith grounds for an Arboretum. The address is pub-
lished in the Transactions of the Society for 1875.
Various important publications on Arboriculture have been
recently issued ; among others, I may mention a work by Messrs
Dupont and De la Grye, on the “ Physiology, Culture, Productive
Quality, Industrial, and Commercial Uses of Indigenous European
and Foreign Woods,” which contains ample details on all these
subjects. The work is drawn up by a naval architect and a con-
servator of forests. It is hoped that it may be translated into
English. The authors commence with the physiology of plants, and
make remarks on the effects of climate, elevation, moisture, and
dryness on the cultivation of trees. Next, they treat of cultiva-
tion ina commercial point of view. The forest statistics of various
countries are then noticed ; and remarks are made on the working
of forests and the production of charcoal ; on the quality of timber
10 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875.
and its defects ; the mode of desiccation and the quantity of water
existing in wood at different seasons; the felling of timber and
the machinery to be used in its manipulation.
The attention of our colonies also has been directed, of late years,
to the conservation of forests and the cultivation of trees fitted for
various economical purposes. I would especially allude 10 reports
on the durability of New Zealand timber in constructive work,
ete., recently published in that colony.* One of these is by Mr
T, Kirk, who points out the differences observed in the durability
of timber in different localities, arising chiefly from the following
causes :—
lst. Trees having been felled during the growing season.
2d. Timber having been used immediately after being felled.
3d. Trees having been felled before the heart-wood was suf-
ficiently matured.
4th. The use of defective timber, whether shaky, worm-eaten,
or soft, from having been grown in unsuitable situations.
5th. Defective workmanship. No care having been taken to
exclude rain from imperfect joints, exposed hewn beams left with
a concave upper surface, so as to retain rain, etc.
6th. The application of paint and tar, etc., to the surface when
the timber is in an unseasoned condition.
Mr Kirk also states that it is important that timber for public
works should be selected in the forest by some competent person,
so that unsuitable timber, whether defective from having grown
in situations not naturally adapted for the particular kind required,
or from not having arrived at maturity, might be rejected at the
outset. The seasoning of timber also requires special attention.
Mr Kirk alludes to the various attempts made to increase the
durability of timber by the absorption of mineral solutions.
Mr Kirk has given a list of the more important trees in Australia,
with their qualities. A report has also been given by Mr J. M.
Balfour, engineer at Dunedin, on the strength of the New Zealand
woods, and by Captain E. W. Ward on their capability of bearing
pressure.
In Vol. VIL. of the Transactions of the New Zealand Institu-
tion, edited by Dr Hector, issued July 1875, there is a valuable
paper on Forest Culture by Mr F. C. Firth. In this article the
author speaks of the effects of forests on the landscape, as a shelter
for birds which devour insects, as well as for timber and for
* See Article in Edinburgh Review for October 1875.
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875. 11
fuel. He dwells specially on the destruction of forests, and makes
the following remarks :—
“The effect of the destruction of forests is the result of the per-
sistent and reckless disregard of a plain natural law. To strip a
semi-tropical country of its forests is to convert it into an arid
deserte In more temperate countries denudation of timber pro-
duces barrenness of soil, increases insect life, creates drought,
diminishes rain, accelerates evaporation, causes floods and un-
timely frost, lessens the production of food, diminishes population,
and finally degrades a nation. The glory of many an ancient
empire has departed with its forests. To-day Persia and Spain
present sad but warning spectacles of desolation and degradation,
which, though partially due to various causes, have been intensified
by the destruction of their forests.”
Mr Firth points out the necessity for conservation of forestsin New
Zealand, otherwise some of the best trees, such as the Kauri, will be
doomed to extinction. He maintains that Government should not
sell for cultivation any forestland. The forest lands in the hands of
natives ought to be purchased by Government as quickly as possible.
Mr Firth points out that forestry, as practised in Europe, can
only apply to the cutting of timber in New Zealand in its general
principles because the trees there are much larger than in European
forests. The Kauri (Dammara australis), and many other forest
trees, vary from 3 feet to 9 or 10 feet in diameter, and grow on
the sides of valleys or gullies more or less precipitous. It is not
easy to know how trees of this diameter, and running up to 70 or
80 feet without a branch, can be felled without inflicting much
damage on the surrounding young timber.
Baron von Mueller, director of the State Garden, Melbourne,
has published a pamphlet on Australian Vegetation. In speaking
of the baron’s exertions, the Marquis de Beauvin, in his “ Voyage
Round the World, 1866-68,” says :—
“ Besides the charming public gardens at Melbourne, there is a
Botanical Garden situated on a verdant hill. This is the little
kingdom of Dr Mueller. The misfortune of Australia is the want
of water. Dr Mueller wishes to remedy this; he is succeeding,
He distributes over the interior of the country thousands of shrubs
and young trees reared in his nurseries. Little streams form
rapidly round the young woods. The results are splendid already ;
and each year confirms this, On barren plains he has created
woods and streams in more than a hundred places.”
12 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875,
Recent reports have also been given on the Bavarian forests,
and Professor Ebermeyer has written a work on the study of the
Physical Influence of Forests on the air and soil, their effect on
the climate, and their hygienic importance.
The following is an extract from a letter by Mr M‘Vean,
Japan :—
““YoKOHAMA, 10th August 1875.
“The other day the Minister of Public Works called and
asked if I could help him to get some Indian tree seeds. For
some years back in this country the people have been using up all
the timber to make charcoal, and have neglected to plant new
trees, so now they are nearly out altogether, and some of the
mines cannot be worked for want of coal and charcoal. What is
wanted specially are some quick growing trees suitable for the
making of charcoal, also some of the best hardwood trees of
different kinds, and generally the seeds of useful trees, and
especially hard woods.”’
~The New York Times declares that the reckless destruction of
the American forests is fast producing a condition in which there
will be occasion for real alarm. In the whole United States, we
are told, there is left but one really great tract of timber. It lies
in the far extremity of the country, and consists of about one-half
of Washington Territory, and one-third of Oregon. California
has perhaps about 500,000 acres. In New York there is no con-
siderable forest left, except the Adirondach Region.
Railroads have been the means of levelling at least 150,000
acres of trees annually for ties, of which there are 60,000,000 yearly
required. Farmers are also enormous consumers of trees. The
extravagant waste of timber, caused by the felling of forests and
burning of the trees to bring the land under cultivation, goes on
still at a fearful rate. From 1860 to 1870 no less than 12,000,000
acres of forests were thus wantonly destroyed. For fuel, also, vast
tracts are cleared. It took 10,000 acres of forest to supply
Chicago with fuel for one year, 1871. The necessity for a Com-
mission of Forestry, and the need of efficient law for the preserva-
tion of forests in all the United States, needs no further argument
than these facts.
Another important question is the growing of trees in our towns
and cities. This is most important not merely as regards amenity
and landscape beauty, but also in reference to hygiene. The Bir-
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875, 13
mingham Town Council has voted £1000 for the purpose of
planting trees in the open spaces of that town, and protecting them
with guards. It is difficult for trees to grow well in the midst
of dwelling-houses, unless space is allowed, and unless means are
taken for consuming smoke, especially in the case of mills and
manufactories ; and of preventing the issue of noxious vapours,
such as sulphurous acid and hydrochloric acid. The injury done
to trees by alkali works is very great. This subject was investi-
gated many years ago by Sir Robert Christison and Professor
Turner of London, and they found that a very small amount of
these gases in the atmosphere, even so little as 5555 part, Injured
the leaves of trees, and made them fall off.
A. subject of great importance, and which must necessarily
engage the attention of foresters, is the causes of disease and decay
in forest trees. This subject has been strongly brought under notice
by the falling off in the Larch, and other forest trees. The most
common causes of disease are,—improper soil, ungenial climate,
frosts, long-continued rains, great drought, violent storms, parasitic
plants, insects and worms.
The diseases of plants may be divided in the following way :—
1. Diseases which are caused by an excess or deficiency of those
agents which are necessary for the vigorous growth of plants;
such as soil, light, heat, air, and moisture. 2. Those which are
either originally caused, or, at all events, aggravated and modified
by the attacks of parasites, more particularly belonging to the
natural order Fungi. 3. Those due to the action of poisons, either
taken up from the soil or from the atmosphere. 4. Those caused
by mechanical injuries of different kinds, as by the attacks of
animals, more particularly insects. Diseases caused by changes
in the atmosphere are often epidemic, and spread over extensive
districts of country. Those which are due to parasitic fungi are
propagated by contagion—the minute spores being carried by the
winds. Exciting causes operate with great intensity in cases
where plants are previously predisposed to disease. Thus, if a
plant is in an enfeebled or weak condition, it is very liable to
suffer both from epidemic and contagious diseases.
The cryptogamic diseases of plants must be considered con-
tagious, since they are produced by the contact of one portion of
organic matter with another. The contact of diseased cells pro-
duces disease in healthy cells. The action is analogous to what
takes place with ferment when introduced into a saccharine liquid.
14 ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875.
The liability of the plant to the development of epidemic disease
is produced by the state of the atmosphere as regards moisture,
the prevalence of hot or cold weather, the amount of light, and
probably the electrical condition of the air and earth. The natural
decay of plants also renders them liable to attacks of fungi, ete.
Thus leaves, before they fall, are often affected. The trunk and
branches of a tree become most frequently gangrenous when they
have attained maturity. Most epidemic diseases may be averted
by keeping plants properly exposed to light, air, and moisture.
The influence of the sea breeze, carrying with it saline matter,
is prejudicial to most plants. Plantations are frequently injured
from this cause. A good illustration is seen at Gosford, near
Edinburgh, where the trees, on reaching the top of a wall, are
stopped in their growth by the sea breeze, and their tops form an
inclined plane proceeding inwards from the wall as a base. Some
plants withstand this influence better than others.* The following
trees, shrubs, and herbs have been recommended as withstanding
the sea air :-—
Acer Pseudo-Platanus. Hippophae conferta.
Pinus Strobus., Tamarix gallica.
Pinea. —— germanica.
Cembra. Pyrus japonica.
Pinaster. _ Leycesteria formosa,
Quercus Ilex. Spirea salicifolia.
Pyrus Aria. Colutea cruenta.
Hippophae rhamnoides. Sambucus racemosa.
The attacks of parasitic fungi cause extensive injury and disease
in trees. Some think that the spores of fungi coming into contact
with the plant act both as the predisposing and exciting cause of
disease ; others, perhaps more correctly, think that some change
is first produced in the cells, which enables the spores to find a
nidus, and then the disease goes on rapidly, assuming a peculiar
type on account of the presence of the fungus.
Dry rot is a disease to which the wood of trees is liable. It
may be traced, in the first instance, to some alteration in the
woody tissue produced by moisture or other causes, and the sub-
sequent development of a fungus which spreads its mycelium
through the texture, and produces rapid disorganisation, Trees
* See two Papers by Mr William Gilchrist and Mr C, Y. Michie, in vol. v.
of the Transactions of the Society.
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, NOVEMBER 3, 1875. 15
growing in wet and ill-drained soil are subject to rot. The more
abundant the alburnum or sap-wood, the more liable are trees to
decay. The disease which has recently attacked the larch is
attributed by some to the roots reaching ungenial soil, and to the
production of dry rot. This rot in the larch begins in the heart-
wood, near the root, and it spreads outwards ; layer after layer
crumbling like saw-dust. Among the crumbling mass is to be
found, in abundance, the mycelium of some fungus. When the
rot has reached the alburnum a thick leathery white formation
appears between the bark and wood, which formation is identical
with the appearances connected with dry rot. In dry rot the
decay takes place, in the first instance, in the contents of the
woody tubes, and thus a suitable soil is supplied for the spores of
fungi, such as Merulius lacrymans or vastator, and Polyporus
destructor. When these plants begin to grow, they spread their
mycelium with great rapidity. IEf air is allowed to circulate freely
around wood, dry rot does not attack it, But if it is placed in
a damp situation, without a circulation of air, then decay takes
place. The spawn of the dry-rot fungus deprives the woody tubes
of their contents, for the purpose of getting the nourishment it
requires, and the wood loses its consistency and toughness, the
walls of the tubes becoming brittle, and ruptured.
The great cause of decay in wood is moisture. Wood in a dry
state may be preserved for a long time, as may be seen in the
case of wood in some old buildings, as Westminster Hall. Saw-
dust is wood in small pieces ; when wet it soon rots, but when
dried thoroughly it may be kept for an indefinite period. To have
timber in the driest state, it ought to be felled between the fall of
the leaf and the spring, the nearer the former time the better.
The timber of some trees is much more subject to decay than that
of others. The wood of the cypress is very durable. Dilan. 20 0 0O| 8th and 9th,, F 1d. .0> 0
» 56 5 Gihiies 18 0 0/}.10th ss . Shr nO a0)
TE Oo A fay os. 17 0 0| Final cutting, - LOS OE 0
£140 0 0 £420 0 0
By these figures it will be seen that the profits from underwood
during the early periods of growth are much in excess of larch
plantations. Thirty-eight years after planting, the returns are
nearly equal, but from that date the larch profits are far in excess
of those accruing from alder gullies. Perhaps a more equitable
comparison might have been made with hop-wood, hurdle-rods,
or hop-poles, all of which are grown in soil suitable for larch.
None, however, except hop-poles, give so large or so quick a
return as alder gullies. Hop-poles under careful supervision
would be a little in excess, but no coppice wood can compare with
larch plantations, which yield larger returns in a given time than
any other crop.
In Berks and Oxon innumerable willow pollards adorn the
banks of the Thames. The principal produce of these pollards is
firewood, and the returns are often meagre and unsatisfactory. In
Hampshire they are not so numerous, but frequently occur in the
water meadows, and by the sides of rippling brooks and streams.
What an improvement it would be to introduce the black poplar
in these positions—a valuable tree almost unknown in the south,
but superior to willow pollards, both in remuneration and scenic
effect. In its young state it is not so valuable as the larch, but
this is more than compensated by its rapid growth. Black poplar
matures timber of large dimensions sooner than any other tree.
In forty years from planting the final cutting may take place, so
that the planter may often realise the profits in his lifetime. The
following statement shows the approximate profits, exclusive of
ARBORICULTURE IN HAMPSHIRE. 43
expenses, of an acre of black poplar, at fixed periods of five
years :—
STATEMENT SHOWING THE Proceeds oF AN ACRE OF BLACK POPLAR
IN Forty YEARS.
At 10 years old, 1st thinning, . : ‘ Ul.
ets |, o 2d es : : : il.
», 20 ‘s 3d 93 : : Soto: 3M) Sa
oe zs 4th ss, : : sae Or oe
» 90 es pc), ; ; “eee OO
moO 5 Gul. +2. 5, ; : i. OU 1. CO
AU 4s final cutting, . ; Pe SY AC gel
£210 OO
From this it appears that an acre of black poplar may realise a
clear profit of £270 in forty years, or an annual rental of £6, 15s.
for the time the crop has occupied the land. This will appear
large to those who cut from time to time without keeping a record
of their transactions. They will be astonished to see such profits
from a crop of which the first and second thinnings are quoted as
“nil.” But the black poplar, comparatively worthless when
young, is one of our most profitable timber trees, well adapted for
planting on tracts of wet, cool soil, of little value for agriculture.
The Lombardy poplar is better known, and frequently planted
adjacent to farmhouses and villa residences, for ornamental pur-
poses. The timber is of little value, but is of rapid growth, and
the tall conical heads, towering like church spires, are excellent
landmarks, and break the monotony of level masses of trees,
Their extreme height renders them more susceptible of motion
than other trees, and the least blast makes them wave from top
to bottom. They form a natural and beautiful accompaniment to
buildings, and small clumps are more effective than single speci-
mens. These and the aspen poplar are the only two varieties
well known in the south. The tremulous motion of the leaves of
the aspen is curious, and has occasionally given rise to supersti-
tious notions, The long, grey, horizontal branches are not devoid
of beauty, but as an ornamental tree it will never take a prominent
position. Its wide-spreading roots ramify beneath the surface, and
produce numerous suckers which render it unsuitable for lawns or
44 ON THE PRESENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF
pleasure grounds. When the trees attain a large size, they are
invariably hollow in the centre; but even when the timber is
sound, it is short-grained and of little value. It is curious that
the two poplars best known and most cultivated in the south, are
those of least value for timber. The Abele tree, or great white
poplar, produces timber superior to either of the preceding, grows
rapidly, and is more ornamental, but like the black poplar it is
practically unknown in Hants. It makes a tall and graceful
specimen, with smooth, silvery bark, spreading head, and beautiful
white woolly leaves. Its silvery appearance, especially when
agitated by the wind, contrasts well with trees of a glossy green
or sombre hue. It would prove a great acquisition to English
parks and pleasure grounds, and yet it rarely occurs in our most
picturesque landscape scenes. Jt delights in a moist loam and
sheltered situation, but does not succeed if exposed to prevailing
winds. The timber is of good quality, makes excellent flooring,
and, in common with all varieties of poplars, has the commendable
advantage of being peculiarly uninflammable.
In treating of mixed hardwood plantations, I give precedence
to the oak, because it is more extensively cultivated than any
other tree. The oak is indeed the “monarch of the forest,” and
stands unrivalled for majestic grandeur and picturesque effect.
Its principal characteristics are the great firmness, power, and
strength with which it takes a secure hold of the ground, stout-
ness of limbs, twisting of branches, short elbows, abrupt twigs,
horizontal arms, expansive head, and bold irregularly swelling out-
line. Other remarkable characteristics might be mentioned, such
as extreme longevity, extraordinary dimensions, hardness, and
durability (what Shakespeare terms the unwedgeable and gnarled
oak). It has been termed the bulwark of Old England, the key-
stone of her “wooden walls,” and the mainstay of her navy. The
bark also is extolled as a useful article of commerce, and an un-
failing source of profit. In regard, however, to the “wooden
walls” alluded to, and the large profits from bark, these are things
of the past. Iron ships are rapidly superseding those wooden
walls, and there is no longer the great demand for oak timber of
large dimensions. Those knees and elbows that foresters were
once so careful to preserve intact, have not the fictitious value
which once prevailed. The time has passed for reserving low,
crooked, staghorned oaks for Government contractors, and strip-
ping Spanish chestnut of large dimensions to send to the dock-
ARBORICULTURE IN HAMPSHIRE. 45
yards instead of oak, is also obsolete. Oak bark, which formerly
sold readily for £12 or £13 per ton, is now difficult to dispose
of at one-third the amount; still the oak continues a favourite
tree, and is cultivated extensively not only as coppice timber, but in
forming new plantations from acorns or transplanted trees. It is
very accommodating in regard to soil and situation, but luxuriates
in a deep heavy loam resting on a substratum, through which
water percolates freely. When the roots meet with obstructions
in passing through the strata, the stem and large limbs pursue a
similar deviating course, which produces those knees and elbows
once so valuable, and still so picturesque. This character is most
distinctly seen when the oak is planted in a heavy soil superin-
cumbent on chalk. While the roots remain in the surface soil,
the tree grows rapidly and erect; but as the roots approach the
chalk the vigour decreases, and it acquires a bushy habit of
growth, ‘This peculiarity is strongly marked in several enclosures
of the New Forest; not from the roots coming in contact with
chalk, but from being planted in poor, gravelly soils, equally un-
suited to their healthy development. The New Forest, on the
whole, is well adapted for oak, but there are extensive tracts of
light, gravelly moorland, which can never produce oak of large
size. To plant such tracts with oak-trees and Scotch fir would be
injudicious. All soils capable of producing a healthy crop of oaks
will grow larch firs, the best nurses for hardwoods. They occupy
less space than Scotch firs, are more valuable at all ages, do not
overtop the permanent trees so soon, require less attention to pre-
vent damage to the main crop, promote a better circulation of
air, and are decidedly the most appropriate nurse trees. When
Scotch fir and oaks are planted together, one or other of the crops
is out of place. If the land is not good enough to grow larch of
useful size, oaks are certainly not admissible ; and if it is capable
of producing healthy oaks, Scotch firs should be discarded for a
better nurse, and more profitable tree. When oaks are planted
in poor moorland soil, a large proportion never start into growth,
and those that become established take such devious paths in
search of food, that they soon exhibit the same peculiarity as
those planted on the chalk formation of North Hants. Sucha
case, however, would not be a fair example of the capabilities of
the New Forest to produce navy timber. In former times, some
of the finest oak timber sent to our Government dockyards was
supplied from it, and it still boasts of many magnificent trees,
46 ON THE PRESENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF
containing three to four loads of timber each. The New Forest is
in the southern division of the county, and its geological forma-
tion is London clay, or plastic clay sand and marl. An imaginary
line, from Liphook in the east to Winchester and Salisbury in the
west, divides the county into two large divisions. Geologically,
these consist of chalk and chalk marl in the north, and London
clay and plastic clay sands in the south. These London clays are
cold and retentive; but if not too wet, and the superincumbent
soil of an adhesive nature, they produce magnificent oaks and
excellent timber. Light, sandy, or gravelly soils on substratums
of cold plastic clays have a tendency to grow oaks short of stem,
with large bushy heads. This is caused by the roots ramifying
rapidly in the light, warm surface soil, and producing masses of
fibrous rootlets incapable of penetrating the impervious subsoil.
If, on the contrary, the superincumbent soil is adhesive, the roots
acquire a tapering and pointed form, with strong penetrating
rootlets, which overcome almost any resistance. This propensity
to produce fibrous rootlets in warm soils, and to become “ carrotty
rooted” in heavy soils, is common to all trees, but is more marked
in some species. Every forester has probably observed that
shallow roots produce short stems, and that twisted grotesque
heads indicate the same general formation of roots. This explains
why the oaks planted in the New Forest gravels are never likely
to make noble specimens, or produce valuable timber.
Hardwood Plantations are advantageously treated as a whole, as
it seems undesirable to classify the several varieties. The term
mixed hardwoods is indefinite, and may include few or many sorts,
planted alternately, massed according to the number of varieties,
or indiscriminately mixed. The sorts generally planted in the
south are oak, ash, birch, beech, and lime-tree. The English elm
(Ulmus campestris) is grown extensively in hedge-rows but seldom
in enclosures, and the Spanish chestnut, sycamore, and plane trees,
are rarely planted except for ornament. The varieties enumerated
are placed according to the frequency in which they occur in our
woods. The ash frequently occurs in mixed hardwood plantations
and is a useful and profitable acquisition, In them it is difficult
to define its value as a crop, but when planted in masses it affords
more certain data. In deep loamy soils and sheltered situations
the ash is a profitable tree. It is a rapid grower, can be closer
confined than most hardwoods, and is valuable at all ages, In
the south 3500 trees may be planted to an acre, and as the
ARBORICULTURE IN HAMPSHIRE. 47
smallest thinnings can be disposed of at remunerative prices,
we may calculate on selling 2700 at a profit. This, however, can
only be expected in favourable situations, and where hares and
rabbits do not prevail. It is disputed among practical foresters
whether the ash or the larch is the most profitable crop in a
given number of years. Some uphold the ash, others the larch,
and others maintain that a combination of the two gives the best
results. Much depends on the nature and condition of the soil.
Cool, moist, loamy soil, in which ash luxuriates, is not suited
for a healthy crop of larch, and vice versd. If the crops in each
case are equally adapted to the surrounding circumstance, then the
locality in which they are grown will exert a controlling influence
on the final results. A larch crop under favourable conditions is
undoubtedly the most profitable in Scotland, yet in the south of
England the case is occasionally reversed. Larch commands a
ready sale in this county, but prices are not so well sustained
where the local demand is limited, as where there is easy access to
collieries, If large consumers are distant from the plantations,
the expense of transit limits competition, and depreciates the value
of the timber. Consequently larch, though easily disposed of, does
not command such prices as in the mining districts of the north.
Again, ash thinnings are put to more varied uses in England
than in Scotland. The suitability of ash to various industries
causes a continually increasing demand at advancing prices.
During the past five years the price has advanced 5d. per cubic foot,
and the value of small thinnings in a proportionate ratio. In the
same period the price of larch has only advanced 2d. per foot, and
small poles have not altered in value. Thus we must con-
sider the locality in which the crop is to be grown when
deciding these respective crops. The following statement
shows the approximate value of an acre of ash in Hamp-
shire in seventy years. We suppose the trees are planted at
34 feet apart, and allowing for 800 casualties, we have 2700 for
thinnings.
48 ON THE PRESENT STATE AND* PROSPECTS OF
ACRE OF ASH PLANTATION.
At 6 years thin out 700 trees at 5s. per 100,
Deduct expenses of thinning, ete.,
At 10 years thin out 600 trees at 10s. per 100,
Deduct expenses, etc., ‘
At 14 years thin out 400 trees at 25s. per 100,
Deduct expenses, etc., -
At 18 years thin out 250 trees at 6d. each, .
Deduct expenses, ete.,
At 22 years thin out 150 trees at 1s. each,
Deduct expenses, ete.,
At 26 years thin out 120 trees at 1s, 8d. each,
Deduct expenses, etc.,
At 30 years thin out 100 trees at 3s. 6d. each,
Deduct expenses, ete.,
At 35 years thin out 80 trees at 5s. each,
Deduct expenses, etc.,
At 40 years thin out 60 trees at 10s. each,
Deduct expenses, etc.,
At 45 years thin out 60 trees at 25s. each, .
Deduct expenses, etc.,
At 50 years thin out 50 trees at 30s. each,
Deduct expenses, ete.,
At 55 years thin out 40 trees at 40s. each, .
Deduct expenses, etc.,
At 60 years thin out 40 trees at 50s. each, .
Deduct expenses, etc.,
At 70 years, final cutting, 50 trees at 60s. each,
Deduct expenses, etc.,
Expenses of sales and original planting,
Trenching and making good the ground,
Net proceeds of an acre of ash in seventy years,
£1 15 20
Le OR 0
ae Up (0)
1 TORO
6) 0) 0)
2-080
6 5 0
200)
710 0
2° L030
LOS OO
33 ad) (0)
LjeelOr x6
3810 0
20: «0 0
4 0 0
30 0 0
5210" 10
fow 0710
ya ie
10> SOO
(eh
80 0° 0
8, 0) 0
LOOMOT 9
9:10), 0
150 Oe
12 0 0
26 0
8) 30220
£015 0
110 0
4 0 0
4 5 0
SOG
Teo
14 0 0
16 0 0
25 0 0
68 0 0
68° 0 "0
ia 00
90 10 0
138 0 0
“614 0 0
34 0 0
£480 0 0
We have thus a clear profit of £480 for seventy years, or an
annual rent of £6, 17s. per acre.
This seems large, and yet I
believe that under favourable conditions the actual receipts will
ARBORICULTURE IN HAMPSHIRE. 49
exceed the preceding quotations. I avoid retaining an excessive
number of trees towards the end of the periodical thinnings. I
have also valued the trees under, rather than over, their value.
For instance, at sixty years old forty trees are cut, which are
entered at 50s. each, certainly not an extravagant value. If ash
trees are planted in deep loam and sheltered situations, no one will
consider 30 feet an unusual growth for sixty years, The selling
price of growing ash is 2s. per foot, so that trees containing 30
feet of timber should be valued at 60s. each, clear of expenses.
It will further be observed that I only cut ninety trees after they
are fifty-five years old, whereas it is not unusual to retain that
number after the last thinning.
Birch is a valuable underwood, but unprofitable as a timber
tree. It rarely acquires large dimensions, and its timber is of
little value. It prefers a dry, warm position, but succeeds
tolerably well in cool moist soils, provided water does not stagnate
at the roots. It grows rapidly when young, but its rate of growth
decreases as the tree increases in size. It is a graceful tree, with
long, slender, drooping spray. After rain, the leaves emit a deli-
cious odour, which makes birches desirable specimens for lawns
and pleasure grounds. In mixed hardwood plantations, their
silvery bark, glittering among the stems of other trees, is pecu-
liarly picturesque. They seldom occupy prominent places in
mixed hardwood plantations, but frequently occur in Scotch fir
enclosures on gravelly moors. They are accommodating in regard
to soils, and often spring up spontaneously on moorland covered
with heath and furze. In such soils they are sometimes con-
sidered more remunerative than Scotch firs, but in my opinion
this is a fallacy. The early returns are superior; but at the end
of sixty years, a Scotch fir plantation judiciously managed will
realise 30 per cent. more than birch. The thinnings are valuable,
because the whole of the spray is made into brooms, and the
stems are utilised for brush or rake ware ; whereas the Scotch fir
thinnings are only fit for firewood or inferior fencing rails. The
usual practice in birch plantations is to plant the trees 34 feet
apart, and to allow the whole to grow undisturbed for nine years.
It is then sold standing ; but previous to sale, about 500 trees per
acre are marked and reserved for a permanent crop. The stems
shoot again, and are recut after another period of nine years, and
the trees are thinned as much as required at the same time.
This is repeated from time to time until all the trees are cleared,
VOL. VIII., PART I. D
50 ON THE PRESENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF
and succeeded by stockshoots, which have been reserved in the
same way as the previous crop.
Another system is to treat the whole as a plantation from the
beginning, when the trees are thinned early and frequently, and
the undergrowth is a secondary consideration. All the cut stems
where the trees have been thinned are allowed to shoot, and the
spray is invariably converted into brooms previous to each
periodical thinning. Of the two systems I prefer the first, but
both are open to objection, and not so profitable for gravelly,
moorland soils, as a crop of Scotch firs. To mix birch with
Scotch fir I consider to be a mistake.
Having referred to the beech and lime trees, little more requires
to be said. Both occupy prominent positions in our parks and
pleasure grounds, but not in our mixed plantations. Some sixty
or eighty years ago, beech was extensively planted in North Hants
for ornament, and probably also for profit. At that time large
beech timber was valuable, but its value has depreciated, and is
held in little repute. The beech is now only planted in excep-
tional cases, causing a scarcity in the country ; and as the demand
exceeds the supply, prices are again rapidly advancing. Within
six years the price of beech has advanced from 10d. to 1s. 6d. per
cubic foot ; but in its young state it is still difficult to dispose of.
At present rates, I consider it the most profitable tree for the
chalk formations, in situations too exposed for the lime-tree. The
reaction in regard to planting beech has not yet begun, but in a
few years we may see it more extensively planted in North Hants
than hitherto.
In sheltered positions, the lime-tree excels the beech for rapidity
of growth, is more valuable when young, and when mature, sells
readily for 2s. 3d. per cubic foot. Even the limbs and large
branches are valuable ; and if over six inches in diameter, can be
disposed of at prices varying from 1s. 3d. to 1s. 9d. per cubic foot.
It is not adapted for elevated positions ; and if exposed to prevail-
ing winds, assumes a stunted and unhealthy appearance. For
avenues, and planting by the sides of roads, it is a general
favourite. When planted in double rows, as is frequently done, it
forms a spacious canopy, whose shade is an agreeable resort in the
sultry summer months. In July and August it is pleasant and
refreshing to walk under its umbrageous head, listening to the
busy hum of myriads of bees, and enjoying the sweet perfume of
its fragrant flowers. Like the beech, it has hitherto been culti-
ARBORICULTURE IN HAMPSHIRE. 51
vated principally in parks and pleasure grounds, but it is increas-
ing in favour, and is now occasionally introduced in mixed hard-
wood plantations. It stands pre-eminent for profitable planting
on soils superincumbent on chalk, and is worthy of more attention
than it has hitherto received.
Puture Prospects.
The intelligent forester will have gathered from the preceding
remarks that the future prospects of the woods and plantations of
Hampshire are, on the whole, unsatisfactory, particularly in districts
where underwood is in good demand at remunerative prices. The
area of underwood and coppice is steadily increasing, while that of
timber plantations is gradually diminishing. Larch, Scotch and
spruce fir enclosures, as they become matured, are generally suc-
ceeded by underwood, for which there is a demand in the neigh-
bourhood. Occasionally a few mature trees are left to retain the
wooded appearance of the district, but these are a poor substitute
for a healthy crop of timber. Scotch and spruce firs are seldom
planted in new enclosures, even where the soil is incapable of
growing any other crop. Larch is more frequently planted, but the
new plantations on private properties are not nearly equal to the
areas annually cleared or converted into other crops. This defici-
ency, however, is more than compensated by the large enclosures
periodically planted in the Government forests. Several of these are
in Hampshire, the principal one being the New Forest, where there
are large tracts of unproductive land, over which freeholders and
proprietors of adjoining estates have certain rights. Freeholders’
rights, however, do not preclude the Crown from planting any
portion of these wastes so soon as the trees on an equal portion of
the enclosed forest are out of danger from cattle, and thrown open
in exchange. Thus large tracts are enclosed and planted from
time to time. These are probably more than equivalent to the
decrease of larch plantations on private properties. On soils suit-
able for larch, underwood is generally cultivated, and on soils
only adapted for Scotch fir, larch is occasionally planted. This, I
believe, is caused by the greater demand for larch poles than
Scotch firs of the same age. The difference in value tempts
people to plant larch in poor gravelly soils, and the result is a
diseased and unprofitable crop. The prospects of arboriculture in
Hants would be improved if larch was more planted in soils at
present occupied with coppice; if Scotch fir was not so com-
52 ON THE PRESENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF
pletely ignored where large tracts of land exist, incapable of
growing any other crop; and if the various hardy coniferz re-
ceived a fair share of attention.
The cultivation of underwood has a more deteriorating influence
on oak coppices than on any other sort of trees, as will be apparent
from the following facts. The general practice is to reserve a
number of stockshoots for permanent trees. These are afterwards
severely thinned to encourage the growth of underwood, often the
main consideration. Under any circumstances, they tend to pro-
duce short stems, with wide-spreading bushy heads, which damage
the undergrowth. When severely. thinned, this peculiarity is more
marked, and the trees soon acquire a sickly and stunted appear-
ance. The fewer trees left, the more money will each successive
fall of underwood realise. By thinning severely, therefore, we
increase the value of future crops of underwood, and augment the
profits by the sale of the timber trees, This system gives excellent
results so long as the timber trees last ; but when these are cleared
without a succession, the prospective value of the crop is seriously
diminished. To prevent deterioration, a subsequent crop of trees
must be planted to succeed the stockshoots which are removed.
It is also requisite that the blanks occurring by the decay of old
stools should be regularly filled up with young trees. Where
planting is systematically neglected, the underwood rapidly
deteriorates until it may be decided to trench the ground for
agricultural purposes. One case may be cited near Andover,
where an enclosure of over 1000 acres is at present being con-
verted into an arable farm. ‘The enclosure consisted chiefly of
hazel underwood and oak timber. Both crops had been rendered
permanently defective by neglecting to plant, and injudiciously
clearing the oak timber. Such cases are the result of mismanage-
ment. With careful attention and adequate planting, the prospects
of our coppice woods might be much improved. On many well-
regulated estates, where present profits are not the chief con-
sideration, coppice woods are not only remunerative, but are
increasing in value.
The prospects of plantations cultivated exclusively for timber
are more encouraging. They are, on the whole, healthy and
vigorous, and promise larger profits than can be derived from any
other source, whether the plantation consists of Scotch firs,
spruce, larch, oak, ash, lime-tree, or mixed hardwoods. If planted
for timber, and judiciously managed, the result will be more satis-
ARBORICULTURE IN HAMPSHIRE, 53
factory than striving to accomplish two things at once. When
these are planted in favourable soils, and are afterwards thinned
and regulated as they require, there can be little doubt as to the
future results. The only cases where failure may be anticipated
are when by due care the crop has not been adapted to surround-
ing circumstances. This occasionally occurs in mixed plantations,
but more frequently where only one sort of tree is planted. The
reason is obvious. Where various trees are intermixed, those
that are misplaced can be removed in the usual course of thinning.
If the forester has discretion to remove the worst and all un-
healthy trees, those best suited to the soil and situation will soon
predominate, and a healthy crop be secured. This is the best way
of treating a plantation where trees have been planted in un-
genial positions. The time, however, is approaching when such
mistakes will be things of the past; when the ultimate result
of planting a piece of land will be so correctly ascertained, and so
clearly defined, that mistakes cannot occur; when particular trees
will no longer be planted, because they are in demand, but because
they are specially adapted for the geological formation and soil ;
when every arboriculturist will be as conversant with the physio-
logy of trees, as the farmer is with the nature and habits of the
animals under his care; and when practical foresters will be as
cheerfully and liberally rewarded as their abilities and superior
intelligence deserve. When this is the case, we will be able to
report more favourably on the present state of our woodland, and
the prospects of private properties will improve so rapidly that
employers will be amply repaid for any encouragement they give
to those in charge of their woods and plantations.
54 PRUNING IN RELATION TO THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER,
IV. Pruning in relation to the Production of Timber. By Joun
B. Smyru, Forester, Duff House.
Arboriculture may be looked upon as the oldest of all sciences,
and can be traced back to the earliest existence of man upon earth.
Scriptural records inform us that in the past ages our ancestors
laboured as we ourselves labour. In the remotest centuries we
are told by oral tradition that planting and felling of timber
formed subjects of legal enactment.
Need we wonder that a science so old and so useful, and which
displays so beautifully the works of an all-wise Creator, has been
extolled by the writers of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as by
modern anthors? Evelyn, in his “Sylva,” says—‘ Men seldom
plant trees till they begin to grow wise, and that is when they
grow old.” But we are well aware that the science of Arbori-
culture is not in that stage of advancement which it justly de-
serves. Many engaged in the science at the present day have no
fixed principles, their only theory being that their fathers before
them did it. Doubtless, many things have been discovered by
chance, while others have been the result of accident. However
skilful a person may become by experience, more success is to be
expected when he acts upon fixed rules, the soundness of which
has been ascertained. At the present day, there is no want of
empirical rules, based upon practice only, supposed to be suc-
cessful ; but our opinion is, that no man is capable of performing
the operation of pruning until he be conversant with the laws of
vegetable physiology.
In the first part of our subject, viz., pruning physiologically,
we hold that every man should have a thorough knowledge of the
growth of trees, so that his operations may be in harmony with
the laws of vegetable physiology. In the second part, viz., “In
relation to the production of the greatest value of timber,” we are
of opinion that this requires practical skill, combined with know-
ledge of the foregoing laws, in order that a wound may cause the
least possible loss of blood. It is also essential to know whether
the wound produced will be beneficial, or otherwise, to the plant
operated upon.
In the art of pruning, we are convinced there is nothing more
detrimental than extreme measures. It is essential to success, in
this branch of forestry, that we act upon fixed principles. We
PRUNING IN RELATION TO THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER. 55
are all aware that plants are living beings, although they have no
power of locomotion, and are entirely destitute of sensation,
We propose to give a brief description of pruning, physiologi-
cally considered, in the form of a dialogue between a proprietor
and his forester, and hope that it may tend to establish sound
principles of practice.
Dialogue between my Lord Buchan and his forester :—
Lord Buchan—Having selected you to undertake the duties of
forester on my property, I should like to hear your opinion upon
pruning, the more so that you are a member of the Scottish Arbori-
cultural Society. JI am aware that pruning is a subject to which
you have devoted great attention. You say that no man should
attempt pruning unless he is acquainted with the laws of vegetable
physiology. I shall therefore ask you several questions relative
to these laws ; and, first, What are plants ?
Forester—Plants are organised bodies endowed with a principle
of life, capable of being either starved to death or fattened by
abundant matter ; in fact, they are analogous to animals. Plants
also consist of masses of tissue, both vascular and cellular, and
woody fibre, each performing their various offices.
Lord Buchan—Let me hear what the root is, and what office it
performs.
Forester—When a seed is deposited in the soil, and begins to
grow, the root is that part that strikes into the earth, and con-
tinues to lengthen beneath the soil, sometimes to a considerable
depth ; but for the healthy execution of its functions there must
be access of air. The office of the root is to fix the plant in the
soil, and to absorb food, although not absorbing by all parts of its
surface. The chief supply of the plant is from the extremities of
the newly-formed roots ; these are called spongioles, and are of the
most delicate structure, and easily injured, therefore, in removing
plants from one place to another, the greatest care is necessary for
the preservation of these organs. The spongioles have no power
in selecting food, but whatever the earth or air may contain, they
suck up, provided it be fluid enough to pass into their mouths,
or through the sides of their tissue, so that they are capable of
absorbing that which is injurious as well as that which is suitable.
Lord Buchan—N ow, tell me as to the stem—its structure and
development.
Forester—The structure of stems in their earliest state is ex-
tremely ‘simple, being merely a mass of cellular tissue, which is
56 PRUNING IN RELATION TO THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER,
the first trace of the pith. The most vigorous stems are those
that grow most erect, therefore the more a stem deviates from
that position the less vigorous it is. Stems increase annually in
diameter by the addition of new matter to the outside of the
wood and inside of the bark. In the case of the oak, for instance,
the duramen or heart-wood is hard, dark, and more durable than
the alburnum or sap-wood. The duramen or heart-wood, when
young, was simply alburnum or sap-wood, and afterwards became
solidified by secretions peculiar to the species. Stems have also
the power of propagating their own species by means of leaf buds ;
and they also form the channels through which the sap flows from
the roots to the leaves.
Lord Buchan—What are leaves, and what office do they per-
form ?
Forester—The leaves are the lungs of the plants; they are
traversed by veins, and enclosed in a skin or epiderm, which pro-
tects them from great variations in temperature. It is in the
leaves that all the secretions of plants are formed, and the more
they are exposed to light and air, the more active will the vital
powers be. This clearly explains why plants languish and die if
deprived of their leaves and if crowded to the exclusion of solar
light and heat. You will find the same effect from excessive
pruning, for if you lop off branches with the leaves close to the
trunk, you remove a number of its essential organs.
Lord Buchan—I shall now revert to our particular subject, and
ask you—What effect pruning has upon plant life?
Forester—There are various methods of pruning, some of which
are injurious to plant life. Close pruning is a system practised by
many; this is doubtless very injurious and detrimental to the
value of the timber. Another system of pruning, viz., foreshorten-
ing or disbudding, I consider to be beneficial for the future develop-
ment of the tree. This system also produces the greatest quantity
of sound timber, and consequently the greatest value.
Lord Buchan—How is close pruning injurious to plant life?
Forester—Trees, like most other plants, derive their nourish-
ment from the soil, and their nutritive organs are the roots, the
stem, and the leaves with the branches—the leaves acting as the
lungs of the tree, or its breathing organs. In spring, when the
ground is sufficiently warm, the spongioles absorb the nutritive
fluid or sap, and pump it into the tree, after which it describes
two courses, viz., an ascending and a descending one. The ascend-
PRUNING IN RELATION TO THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER. 57
ing sap is simply the water of the soil; but after it reaches the
leaves it combines with the gases absorbed from the atmosphere,
through the pores or hairs of the leaves ; here it exhales the fluids
not essential to vegetation, and is changed into the nutritive food
of the plant. It is thus evident that to lop off a branch close by
the stem is to divest the tree of a portion of its essential organs.
You had an instance this year, on the 13th March, when you saw
a number of men pruning on a neighbouring estate by the road-
side, and asked my opinion as to the system practised. I said
that the trees were individually weakened by the loss of so many
of their nutritive organs. There was also nothing done to arrest
the progress of contending leaders, nor of overstrong side branches
—nearly as large as the trunk itself. The large wounds were like-
wise injurious to the value of the timber, for it is impossible for
nature to heal them over without causing a defect in the bole.
On the 20th of the same month, your lordship returned and ex-
amined the trees, and saw that they were all bleeding, especially
the sycamore or plane tree, which was bleeding severely, and there
was a hole in the earth as if made by water from a spout. Un-
questionably such a loss must be injurious to plant life. You had
also an example among your own oaks, which were taken out
some years ago. ‘These had been all close pruned, the result being
that the quality of timber was greatly marred by the wounds not
having healed ; and from the water having got into the wound,
the wood was materially damaged. I therefore maintain that
close pruning is injurious, and should never be resorted to, especi-
ally after the plants have attained any size.
Lord Buchan—I am satisfied with your explanation. I re-
member looking at those large wounds referred to, and at my own
oaks, and observing that the timber was damaged in both cases,
evidently by the close pruning to which you object. I wish you
now to prove that foreshortening or disbudding is beneficial to
the quality of the timber, and, at the same time, not injurious to
the trees.
Forester—In the operation of pruning, it is easy to overstep
judicious limits, and the actual evils have arisen, no doubt, from
abuse of the practice. It would be as unreasonable to suppose
that the accumulation of timber should be increased by reducing
the roots as by reducing the foliage, both being necessary, as we
have shown. Foreshortening or disbudding the branches is
beneficial to the timber in this way: If you reduce a branch by
58 PRUNING IN RELATION TO THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER.
one-third of its original length, more sap or vigour is thrown into
the main stem, and this branch does not appropriate too much of
the food of the plant for its own support; and also those large
wounds on the bole, so injurious to timber, are avoided—indeed,
this system of foreshortening causes no injury to the tree. It
cannot be injurious to plant life in this way, for although you
have foreshortened the branch to about two-thirds of its original
length, there are still as many leaves on the remaining portion as
keep up a healthy action, which is all that is necessary. Again,
supposing a tree to be possessed of several lateral branches, claim-
ing to be the main stem or leader, by foreshortening or disbudding
a number of these branches, in proportion as the case may be, but
selecting or leaving the best for its future leader, by its having the
terminal bud left, it will make a much larger growth than any of
the others, and will soon gain a supremacy over them all. This
method is beneficial to the timber, because it prevents those large
wounds on the bole; and by reducing the branches indicated, it
throws more vigour into the main stem. Again, although you
have foreshortened or disbudded the branches, you have left as
many branches and leaves on the tree as are essential for its
future support. Further, by foreshortening or disbudding, you
can even bring a tree of a branchy habit to a more formal appear-
ance without injuring or weakening its system. Your lordship
saw the effects of this system on your own young larches, some of
which lost their leaders. By disbudding all the lateral branches
save one, some of them made large growths the same season,
while those left untouched in the same plantation did nothing.
You will also recollect those hardwoods which we pruned this
spring on April 15th by foreshortening, and that you were well
pleased with the effects. On close examination, you admitted that
it was impossible it could be injurious to plant life, or detrimental
to the quality of the timber, because those large wounds: on the
bole were avoided that would have been inflicted by close pruning.
You also saw that there was no bleeding. You are further aware
of my having been in the Edinburgh Botanical Garden, and
haying examined the deodars pruned by Mr M‘Nab by fore-
shortening. Then trying the same experiment on a few of our
own, we found that the method tended to increase the growth of
the main stem.
Lord Buchan—I am satisfied with your explanation, and can
corroborate all you have said. From the fact of my having wit-
PRUNING IN RELATION TO THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER, 59
nessed your operations, I confess that the evils of pruning have
arisen from abuse of the practice. Now, then, as the second part
of our subject is “ Pruning in relation to the production of the
greatest value of Timber,” let me ask you—Suppose I wish a
mixed hardwood plantation to produce the greatest value of
timber, whether should I have recourse to pruning on the system
suggested, or allow the trees to grow, so as to prune themselves ?
Forester—By all means have recourse to pruning on the
principles already laid down, so as to produce the greatest value
of timber, and keep the trees from pruning themselves, 7.¢., nature’s
pruning.
Lord Buchan—Why should I avoid nature’s pruning ?
Forester—If timber trees stand so close upon the ground, so that
nature prunes them herself, the branch is amputated and the wound
healed at the same time. This she does gradually but surely ; but
she heals also a portion of the decayed branch. By this method of
pruning, you will often see on the timber, on its being sawn up, a
defect in the bole, caused by these black knots so common in such
cases. For example, you will recollect the sale of hardwood this
year. The ash sold was tall and clean when growing ; the planta-
tion had never been attended to, the trees being allowed to prune
themselves. These ashes, after being sawn into barrel-staves, were
unsaleable, owing to the black knots, some of which went through
the stave—in fact, two-thirds of the wood had to be burned, This
is the general result of nature’s pruning, upon hardwoods especi-
ally. But by “foreshortening or disbudding the branches,” you
prevent all this, for by gradually pinching in the branches, you
prevent the growth of over strong side branches, thereby throwing
more sap and vigour into the main stem.
Lord Buchan—I remember the circumstance you allude to.
Then, suppose I was to grow a young plantation of Scotch pine,
with a view to produce the greatest value of timber, would you
advise close pruning, foreshortening, or nature’s pruning ?
Forester—In the pine or fir tribe there is a great amount of
resin, which, if you apply close pruning, will doubtless bleed
very much—in fact, some of the species, if severely cut, will bleed
for years. Severe close pruning is injurious to all forest trees, but
more especially to conifers. Foreshortening or disbudding is
applicable to all classes, and in the pine tribe it may be more
freely practised. Ifa pine loses its leader, you will assist the tree
greatly in forming a leader, by foreshortening the upper tier of
60 PRUNING IN RELATION TO THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER.
lateral branches but one, for that branch having its terminal bud
left will unquestionably make the largest growth, and ultimately
form the leader ; if this plan was more freely adopted, there would
be fewer trees with large bushy heads and wide-spreading arms in
our plantations, In allowing pine woods to prune themselves, the
system is no doubt abused. The trees are overdrawn by excessive
crowding upon the ground ; and after the timber attains size, then
thinning is often too freely administered, so that the wind gets too
ready access ; and from the want of roots the trees are unable to
withstand severe storms, especially in exposed situations. arly
thinning, boldly, but systematically performed, when the planta-
tions are young, is the only way to establish a good sound crop of
timber, as well as timber of the largest dimensions, and conse-
quently the greatest value.
Lord Buchan—You are still in favour of foreshortening; then
how would you prune those small dead branches in that fir wood—
would you saw them off or leave them as they are?
forester—I would not advise sawing them off, because generally
a piece of the dead branch is often left within the bark, and as the
tree grows, it heals over it. I prefer breaking them off, for the
branches will then break within the outer bark, leaving no dead
wood to be enclosed. You thus assist nature in performing that
operation, and she has nothing to do but commence the healing
process,
THE FAILURES OF THE LARCH. 61
a
V. The Failures of the Larch.* By Wuiiuiam Gorriz, Rait
Lodge, Trinity.
The failures of the larch, whether considered economically or
scientifically, is the most important subject that now forces itself
upon the attention of both forest-owners and foresters ; for not
only have failures of the larch involved vast pecuniary losses in
many districts of Britain, but the diversity in appearance which
the plague-stricken trees present under apparently similar, as well
as very different influences, has led to the adoption and dissemina-
tion of many theories regarding their causes and prevention, most
of which have not stood the tests of minute inquiry and careful
experiment. Under such circumstances, I cannot expect that the
opinions I now promulgate will entirely coincide with those of
many members, so that ample room will be afforded for eliciting
information on the important subject before us. And in regard
to the opinions, or rather convictions, that I express, I may state
that they are the results of long-continued as well as widely-
extended practical observations.
The principal causes of larch failures I shall notice under three
heads :—
I. Heart-rot, dry-rot, or pumping.
Il. Surface-rot, cancer, cankeriing, or blistering, and top-rot.
III. The larch bug, or blight (Adelgis laricis of Vallot, and
Coccus laricis of previous authors), which is also frequently desig-
nated the Aphis disease.
I. Heart-rot, dry-rot, or pumping.—The outward indica-
tions of fully-established heart-rot are—the tree becoming per-
ceptibly thickened under about two feet from its base; the
bark of both stem and branches assuming an unhealthy, dried,
and more or less moss or lichen covered appearance — the
length and abundance of such covering being in proportion to
the atmospheric dampness of the situation; and the stunted, de-
creasing growth of the annual shoots and foliage, till the tree
becomes partly and ultimately wholly dead. When cut down, the
internal appearances are—first, unhealthy, darkish discoloration of
the portions of the red or heart-wood, spreading and changing from
* Read by the author at the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting in opening a
discussion on the Failures of the Larch.—Ep.
62 THE FAILURES OF THE LARCH.
dry rottenness to total decay and hollow-heartedness or pumping ;
the decrease in the width of the annual wood-layers being propor-
tionate to the increase of rottenness till arrested by death. These
symptoms occur at all ages, but are most frequent between ten
and thirty-five to forty years, and are attributable to occasional
droughts, as well as occasional over-saturation ; to fungoid attacks
on the roots such as emanate from decaying remains in ground
previously occupied by Scotch fir; and by lopping off or other-
wise destroying the roots. In fact, by anything that thoroughly
checks or materially weakens the root action, that in those of the
larch when once fully stopped, is incapable of resuming sap
circulation, hence these must inevitably decay, when they first con-
vey their rottenness to those parts of the stem that are in most
direct communication with them, from whence it spreads with
rapidity proportionally to the extent of the root injury. The cor-
rectness of these remarks being assumed, it follows that the only
prevention of dry-rot is to avoid planting larch in places likely to
produce it. The only remedial measures that can be adopted—for
cure there is none—are cutting down the trees when it first
appears, and replanting the ground with other more suitable kinds.
II. Surface-rot, cancer, cankering or blistering, and top-rot
presents the appearance of a dark, flattish, thickish margined
bruise or cancerous-like wound, from which more or less thickish
resinous matter exudes. Frequently several of these exist on one
stem, and they occasionally include the base of the branches, so
as to deprive them of vitality. Sometimes they are also to be
found on the branches themselves. Wherever they appear, the
injury to the stem or branch has only been at first partial, a suffi-
cient portion having been left sound to admit of the sap flowing
beyond ; and when only slightly affected, the tree often resumes
and maintains a healthy growth, soas to’nearly, if not entirely, ob-
literate all traces of the injury. If, on the other hand, the injury
is of such an extent as to prevent the further ascent_of the sap,
all above speedily dies without presenting the appearance of
blistering, but merely that of dead tops or top-rot.
Canker and top-rot are due to the effects of late spring frosts
occurring after the sap-flow and growth is in full progress, and to
early autumn frosts setting in before the growths of the season
are fully matured, The late spring frosts are, however, those most
generally productive of canker, from the facility with which they
THE FAILURES OF THE LARCH. 63
penetrate to the lower and earlier leaf-covered portions of the
tree, when on its upper extremities the leafage is yet undeveloped,
and the sap-flow comparatively limited as well as languid. On
the other hand, late autumn frosts are those most productive of
top-rot, from the upper extremities being the latest in maturing, as
well as the least protected. And it may be here remarked that
this most common form of top-rot, and that to which the name is
most generally applied, is not to be confounded with the before-men-
tioned, which proceeds from internal decay or heart-rot ; whereas
in both the forms of failure (canker and top-rot) here associated,
the heart timber remains comparatively sound, unless the trees
have been affected with heart-rot prior to suffering from either
early or late frosts, a by no means uncommon occurrence.
Canker and top-rot may be induced at all stages of larch growth,
being occasionally observable in one-year-old plantations, but both,
and especially the former, become comparatively scarce after from
forty to fifty years of age. Cure for these injuries being out of
the question, and cases of that recovery being very limited as well
as uncertain, the best procedure is to clear them away, as recom-
mended under the last head, and replant with other kinds suitable
for the soil and situation. And the only prevention for the
wide spread and heavy losses that occasionally arise from canker
and top-rot lies in the judicious selection of soils and situations in
which to plant young larches, avoiding warm southerly exposures
that excite their too early spring growth, and more especially all
low, flat, moist-surfaced districts, that are subject to cold ground
fogs and hoar-frosts. These severe early and late frosts are not of
frequent occurrence, but when they do happen they are occasion-
ally very disastrous.
The following examples may be adduced in confirmation of the
forestated conclusions regarding the cause of canker and top-rot in
the larch :—
About the middle of May 1837, I left Huntly for Edinburgh,
where I had been conducting planting operations on the Duke of
Richmond’s estates, the most extensive, I believe, that have ever
been done within the same space of time. Proceeding by the
*« Defiance ” coach to Aberdeen, continuous frost, with occasional
snow showers, lasted throughout the day. At night the frost be-
came much more intense ; next morning a covering of snow con-
cealed the ground surface and hung thickly on the trees, especially
on the larches, which were then in full leaf. By the time we
64 THE FAILURES OF THE LARCH.
reached Laurencekirk, most of the snow had melted under the in-
fluence of bright, warm sunshine. As we proceeded, the sun heat
became still more intense, and the larch leaves became more and
more flaccid or flagged, till on nearing Forfar and onward they
hung so pendant as to appear irrecoverably injured. In travelling
through the same and other parts of Strathmore the following
autumn, I found many of the larches entirely killed, and most of the
rest more or less injured. These effects were specially marked in
a fifteen to twenty year old low-lying plantation by the road side
between Forfar and Cortachy, which was in course of being cut
down, many of the trees having entirely succumbed, and among
the others were innumerable examples of canker or blistering which
only wanted more time to become transformed into the hard,
swollen-edged, matter-discharging sores, to which the terms, canker
or blistering, are applied. Again, I think in 1853, we had a cold
late season, with an early and severe autumn frost, which effected
much larch injury and destruction in the shape of blistering or
canker, as well as in top-rot. The last became conspicuous next
season in the district of Gala Water, as well as along other
middle tributaries of the Tweed, the lower slopes of the Lammer-
moors, the Moorfoot and Pentland Hills, Peebleshire, etc.
At Prestonhall, where I then resided, many fine young Lombardy
poplars, of from 15 to 25 feet in height, were entirely killed, none
in fact escaping except such as were sheltered by plantations on
their northerly and easterly sides, a decided proof of the severity of
that early autumn frost, as well as of the unpreparedness of late-
maturing plants for resisting it. As before mentioned, many of
the larches that were only slightly injured recovered, and by cut-
ting up these and counting the annular layers of wood that they
have formed since the injury was sustained, the year in which
that injury was produced can be ascertained with accuracy ; and
the dates of other like injuries in the same manner.
In 1835 there appeared in the Quarterly Journal of Agricul-
twre, a paper on the native larch forests of Switzerland, by that
most eminent vegetable physiologist M. de Candolle of Geneva, in
which he mentions that although he had traversed these large
larch forests in different situations, he and his “ numerous cor-
respondents can name the larch as the alpine tree which is less
liable to disease than any other,” although “ sometimes it is seen
having a wound or resinous cancer ;” seemingly the same as that
noticed under this heading. . From his paper we further learn
THE FAILURES OF THE LARCH, 65
that these native larch forests predominate on the northern slopes
of the mountains; that the larch is not particular about where
it grows, and seems only to fear extremes. Marshy grounds are
the only ones it essentially dreads, nor is it found on those that
are often too dry. ‘“ What appears to be most necessary to the
larch is, that it have its roots in a soil habitually but moder-
ately damp, and its top exposed to the direct rays of the sun.”
“ Larches generally thrive on the declivities of our mountains,
seldom on flat places; because on declivities there is always a
little dampness in the earth, coming from the summit; and at the
same time the trees, on account of the inequality of their bases,
have more space at their tops and are better exposed to the light ;
whereas flat places are often too dry, and the trees being all of
the same height, overshadow each other. Among declivities, these
which are connected with summits covered with perpetual snow
are those where larches grow best.”
Those descriptions of the situations in which the native larches
thrive best, are in conformity with the experiences of home planters;
and were larches only planted in such, growers would have little
to fear from either of the fore-mentioned injuries, nor would the
larch bug become very hurtful, provided clean young plants were
planted, and that the young plantations were sufliciently removed
from old infested ones, to prevent contamination.
III. The larch bug or blight (Adelgis laricis of Vallot, and
Coccus laricis of previous authors).—In the winter or leafless period
of the year bug-infested larches are readily distinguished by the
darkish colour of their bark, the somewhat reflexed or drooping
appearance of their branches and branchlets, and notably, by
the abbreviated as well as attenuated growths of the previous
season. Microscopic examinations of the expanding buds in
spring show them to be thickly covered with the so-called bugs
and their eggs, the former emitting a honey dew-like discharge,
which in the warmer portions of the day may often be fairly said
to “wet with misty showers” the trees themselves, as well as
the undergrowing herbage, and even the clothes of underwalkers,
covering all with a hurtful, honeyed viscidity.
Unless checked by adverse weather or other causes, these
insects go on breeding successively and abundantly throughout
what may be termed the active growing season of the larch, the
successive broods becoming winged in due time, and flying away
VOL, VIII., PART I. E
66 THE FAILURES OF THE LARCH.
to spread their kind after the most rapacious feeding period of
their existence is past; while in summer and autumn they
assume that white cottony or flaky appearance, by which their
presence is most distinctly and unmistakably marked.
The larch bug infests trees of all ages, but in their nursery
growth it is comparatively rare on what are termed “ one-year
seedlings ;” while on “‘two-year seedlings,” and “ one-year seedlings
one year transplanted,” although seldom entirely absent, it is fre-
quently nearly so. But on older plants it is generally much more
evident, sometimes even to the extent of permanently withering
their foliage, commencing with that of the lower branches and
proceeding upwards. Hence nurseries that can produce ‘‘ two-year
seedlings, two-year transplanted larches,” free, or nearly so from
the bug, deserve favourable attention from intending planters.
William Boutcher, a famous nurseryman at Comely Bank Garden,
Edinburgh, who dedicated a treatise on forest trees to Henry,
Duke of Buccleuch, in 1775, therein recommended that larches
‘intended for planting where beauty and shelter were immediately
required” should have three nursery transplantings previously,
and be “finally removed when ten to twelve feet high.” Who
would think of practising this nursery treatment of larches now ?
Or if it were attempted, assuredly the blight-stricken plants would
neither be objects of beauty nor subjects for shelter. In planta-
tions, the larch bug is most prevalent in low, hollow, and flattish,
shéltered situations, more especially where timeous thinning has
been neglected; in fact, just in such places as blistering or
surface-rot is most likely to be produced ; hence some have formed
the erroneous opinion that it is the cause of that injury. M. de
Candolle, in his treatise before referred to, leads us to infer that
the bug is unknown as an injurious infectant of the larch in its
native forests. Most probably it may there be associated with
some other insect which preys upon it, and thus keeps it within
harmless bounds. Many other plants have their health-destroy-
ing “mealy bugs,” or white blights, such as the silver fir, beech,
apple, etc. ; but all these are essentially different from that of the
larch, which I have never found feeding upon any other plants.
This would favour the conclusion that it is not naturally indi-
genous to Britain, but that it has been introduced with the larch.
In fact, that the latter has been brought to us with its bane, with-
out the antidote, as were orange trees to the Cape of Good Hope,
and nutmeg plants to Pulo-Pinang, where, in consequence of the
THE FAILURES OF THE LARCH. 67
absence of the latter, the former prevailed to such an extent that
many plantations had to be abandoned before curatives were dis-
covered.
In this country the larch bug seems to have first attracted
notice in 1785, when it was observed in the plantations at Raith,
in Fife, where it increased in an alarming manner in the three
dry, warm summers of 1800, 1801, and 1802; but from 1806 it
decreased, till by 1815 it had almost disappeared. Previous to
1795, it was noticed in the Athole forests, and then, and for eight
to ten years afterwards, it materially retarded the growth of the
larch, but thereafter became comparatively scarce and harmless.
Observing that it did not appear at higher altitudes than 600 feet,
the Duke of Athole transferred his planting of larch generally to
higher elevations. In 1779, James Webster, who acted as gar-
dener and forester at Munches for more than forty years, noticed
the larch blight in that south-western district of Scotland ; and
writing thirty-six years after, he stated that he had since watched
the disease carefully in all the plantations he was concerned with,
and in others, and was satisfied that trees so infested did not make
the progress in growth which those do that are not infected. And
going to one of the best nurseries of the district in 1834 to select
plants, he there discovered a number infected with the disease,
which he “advised the nurseryman to destroy, and he did so.”
Turning now to the able comments on the diseases of the larch,
in the second volume of our Transactions (1863), by Mr M‘Cor-
quocale, of Scone, it is therein stated that the ravages of the Aphis
disease were fearfully abundant among young larch plantations in
Scotland for the four years 1838-1842, but since then the insects
had, comparatively speaking, ceased. This irregularly alternating
_ great increase and decrease in the larch bug is in unison with the
habits of many other plant insects, and although pretty correct
ideas may be formed as to some of the causes, we are still quite in
the dark as to others. Here, then, is much scope for investigation.
And I fear that this disappearance or diminution of the larch bug
noticed by Mr M‘Corquodale, must only have been local, as during
the period assigned for it, I found it injuriously prevalent in Mid-
lothian, where I then resided, as well as throughout the lower
parts of Lanarkshire and elsewhere. And that it has again
returned to Perthshire in unwelcome abundance, is evident to
passengers along the Highland Railway, where to practised eyes
its abounding presence is observable in the adjoining plantations ;
68 THE FAILURES OF THE LARCH.
and notably in those at the Murtkly station, where young blight-
stricken larches are maintaining a hopeless struggle with Scotch
firs,
It is now nearly forty years since my attention was attracted to
a large break of two-year transplanted larches in the vicinity of
Edinburgh, where nursery crops have long been supplanted by
dwelling-houses. Early in the summer, two small circular patches
appeared where the foliage presented a whitish tint. Both of
these patches increased in size and whiteness, till the presence as
well as the effects of larch bug was unmistakable, even when
viewed from a considerable distance, each patch being whitest in
the centre, and shaded off to clean, healthy green, at its cireum-
ference. In autumn the diminution in growth of the plants in
both was proportionate to the whiteness, being shortest in the
middle, and rising gradually to their junction with the surround-
ing uninfected plants. Just before the falling of the leaves, the
centres presented a brownish, withered-like appearance; and
throughout the winter a shaded-off blackness held the place of the
former whiteness. In the succeeding summer those indications
became much extended, as well as intensified, each of the patches
widening to about 20 yards in diameter, while the plants in their
centres made very short growth, and these around the circular
margins remained clean and healthy. Since the period here indi-
cated, continuous as well as extensive observations of nursery
larch crops throughout the kingdom have still furnished me with
more distinctive evidence than the above of the regular and rapidly
progressive spread of the bug over previously healthy young larch
plants. And these observations have further shown that while
no nursery visited was entirely clear of this plague, its virulence
among many of the older transplants showed that the fire was
the only proper place for them.
After larches have suffered from late spring frosts, the bugs
often become so conspicuously abundant as to induce the unten-
able notion that they have been produced by the frost ; while that
injuring agent may only be blamable for more fully exposing and
concentrating them by its partial removal of their leafy covering,
and limiting of their feeding ranges, by its restricting or stunting
the growths of both the young shoots and foliage,
It is a very common notion that weak and unhealthy plants are
the most susceptible of injury from insects. The insects are,
however, much more frequently the cause than the effect of such
THE FAILURES OF THE LARCH. 69
unhealthiness, and this is specially evident in the case of the
larch. Hence the importance of planting out only clean plants,
more particularly in places so distant from previously existing
plantations that the insect plague is not likely to be transmitted
from them. And as nursery plants are seldom, if ever, entirely
clean, it is highly desirable that a steep or other curative be found
that will destroy any insects or their eggs which may be on plants
intended for transplantation, without affecting the health of the
latter. No better subject than this can be chosen by this Society
for which to offer a high premium; and next to it would rank
one for a detailed account of the transformations, propagation,
and habits of the larch bug, founded on minute, careful, and fre-
quently-repeated observation, extending over two or three years ;
for as yet little or almost nothing is definitely known of the
natural history of this and other most troublesome members of
the Coccide and the Aphide.
In conclusion, I have only to add that, while admitting that as
in the case of the Scotch fir, a diminution in the size of larch trees
may to some extent be induced by long continued collecting of
the cones from the easiest got at plants, or dwarf sub-varieties ;
I have no belief in the often-advanced theories that degeneracy or
weakness of constitution has been produced in the larch by rearing
the young plants from seeds that have not been produced in its
native climate; by collecting seeds from so-called diseased, but
which are actually injured trees ; by over-heating the seeds, in order
to their more easy extraction from the cones, or other like un-
tenable supposed causes ; for if the seed is sufficiently matured
and sound to produce healthy young plants, no bad results can
follow from the trees on which it grew having been injured by
drought, saturation, frost, insects, and other causes, or from the
seeds being over-heated in the kiln-drying of the cones.
70 THE AGE FOR PROFITABLY
VI. On the Age at which various Timber Trees in Scotland may be
most Profitably Felled. By D. F. M‘Kenzis, Forester, Mel-
drum House. ’
The question discussed in this paper involves the consideration
both of bulk and quality. It is the producer’s interest to have
the greatest possible bulk of timber in a given time. Any one
who has given attention to arboriculture, knows that after a cer-
tain time most trees, though growing and apparently healthy,
cease to produce sufficient timber to warrant their being left to
occupy the ground. It is therefore the producer’s interest to have
the crop removed as soon as this is determined, and replaced by
another crop. Were consumers of timber fully alive to their own
interests, they would look more to good quality than they do;
it would then pay the producer to let the crop stand till full
maturity. Distance from market and places where large quanti-
ties of timber are consumed, has much to do with the time at
which to fell timber to advantage, as for example, near mining
districts ; but this is the exception, not the rule, for generally
when pit and spar wood fetch high prices, larger sizes also increase
in value.
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior).—The ash is one of our most useful
timber trees, and can be cut with profit from thirty years old and
upwards. It luxuriates in a rich deep loam, well drained by the
natural formation and position of the ground. It does not suc-
ceed on poor soil, especially in exposed situations. Though found
in a natural state in some parts of the Highlands, it is only pro-
fitable when planted in good soil. In exposed situations the wood
is brittle and almost useless for many purposes to which it is
generally applied.
Alder (Alnus glutinosa). — The wood of the alder is more
valuable now than many imagine. It is in great demand for
herring-barrel staves and heads, and this season (1875) I received
for alder the same price per thousand superficial feet, as for the
best larch for the same purpose. Im 1868 alder was scarcely
worth felling, except for bobbins, powder works, etc. ; this year
it fetched 100s. per thousand superficial feet, 31 inches broad, by
2 inch thick; free on rail, two miles from the saw-mill. It thrives
best in damp soils along the margin of lakes and streams, and can
be cut to advantage after a growth of thirty-five years.
FELLING TIMBER TREES. 71
Beech (Fagus sylvatica).—Beech timber is not valued so much,
and is not so largely planted as it was a century ago. It is still
used for wringing and mangling machines, lasts, carpenters’ planes,
and partially for bushes in machinery ; but lately, another market
has opened up for beech in a manufactured state ; it is now used
for mining purposes in blocks from 20 inches to 3 feet long,
and from 4 to 8 inches square, to which is given the name
chocks. I have disposed of many thousand chocks during the
last few years, and have found them pay well. Beech thrives on
most dry soils, but not on stiff clay, even though tolerably dry.
Although a hardy tree growing on exposed places, it prefers a low
sheltered situation, where it may be felled at about seventy years
of age.
Birch (Betula alba), — The birch is very graceful, but of
moderate size compared to many of our forest trees. Since the
introduction of Norwegian birch for barrel staves and other pur-
poses to which our birch was generally applied, it has been little
asked for, except for bobbins and turnery ; but well-grown trees
still fetch good prices. It is not particular as to soil or situation,
and when cut down springs readily from the stool. It may be
felled profitably every thirty years, and at present is in demand
for bobbinwood, chocks, and burnwood.
Spanish Chestnut (Castanea vesca).—The sweet chestnut is a
timber tree of the third class, and never attains large dimensions
even in favourable situations. The wood is durable and useful for
many purposes ; and the tree from its rapid growth is well adapted
for planting among others which require longer time to mature,
from among which it can be thinned out at twenty to thirty years
of age. It is then fit for any purpose to which the timber is
applicable. It answers well for barrel heads, and I frequently
receive a good price for it. I have also found, on comparing the
price of an acre of larch with an acre of sweet chestnut, taking
larch to be mature at seventy years, and sweet chestnut at forty,
that the annual value yielded by the sweet chestnut exceeded that
yielded by the larch. In favourable situations this tree may be
felled when about thirty-five years old.
Horse Chestnut (Aisculus hippocastanum).— This tree, like
the foregoing, is a rapid grower, but of little use for timber. The
wood is soft and not durable, and may be used like the willow and
poplar for railway brakes, agricultural implements, saddlers’ cut-
ting-boards, patterns, etc. It can be recommended for lawns,
72 THE AGE FOR PROFITABLY
avenues, roadsides in plantations, and solitary trees in parks: it
requires good soil and sheltered situation. Though a hardy tree
as regards cold, yet the young wood is so brittle as to break under
ordinary storms. It can only be felled with profit when of large
dimensions, which in good soil would be when about eighty years
old.
Scotch Elm (Ulmus montana).—Next to the oak, the elm is
the most useful of our deciduous timber trees. Its timber, which
is of great strength and durability, is much used by coachbuilders,
cartwrights, and cabinetmakers, and also for agricultural imple-
ments and cooper-work. To grow the elm well it must be planted
in deep loam, resting on a dry porous subsoil, and it can only be
cut down with profit when of large dimensions, which under ordi-
nary circumstances it attains when about eighty years old. Thin-
nings of the elm 6 inches in diameter can be profitably disposed
of, being used for barrel staves, drawing bars, ete.
English Elm (Ulmus campestris). — Generally speaking, the
English elm furnishes better and larger timber than the Scotch,
and is used for the same purposes. Its wood is usually more cross
in the grain, and better adapted for wheel naves. It cannot be
felled to advantage before ninety or one hundred years of age.
Oak (Quercus robur var. pedunculata, and var. sessiliflora).—
Since iron has become the principal material for the construction
of our navy and large trading vessels, large-sized oak is not so
much in demand. It is used for constructing coasting vessels,
agricultural buildings and implements, and in mining operations.
The bark is also much used for tanning. In favourable situations
it can be felled with profit when about one hundred years old.
Sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanus).—The sycamore is one of
our hardiest timber trees, and grows well on most soils and situa-
tions. When of great age, if of fair quality, it commands a high
price. Cabinetmakers give fabulous prices for some trees of large
dimensions. It is largely used for veneers, and is stained in imi-
tation of various woods. On account of this it is difficult to esti-
mate the time at which it ought to be felled. I am aware, how-
ever, that it is profitable to cut it at any age over forty years. At
this age it is suitable for barrel staves, and would exceed in value
any crop of larch. It is also an excellent coppice wood, springing
readily and rapidly from the stools, and in many cases growing
4 to 6 feet in length in one season. I have seen in good soil
and sheltered situations shoots 20 feet long in four years, but
FELLING TIMBER TREES. 73
this is exceptional. Considering the value of a cubic foot of old
timber, we believe it to be most profitably felled when mature,
which, in good soil and sheltered situation, it would be when about
120 years old; in inferior soil and exposed situation it should be
cut down earlier when signs of maturity appear.
Willows and Poplars.—All the timber varieties of willows and
poplars are fast growers, and are generally soon matured. Their
timber is used for railway brakes, cutting-boards, agricultural
- implements, barrel staves and heading, and for patterns in most
engineering departments. They succeed only in moist soils, and
moderately sheltered situations, and can be profitably felled at
thirty-five to forty years of age, after which they become stag-
headed and unsightly, and liable to warp at the heart. In good
soil and sheltered situation they grow to very large dimensions,
and are longer of coming to maturity.
Larch (Larix Europea).—This is the most useful and rapid
growing pine cultivated in Scotland, and without doubt the most
valuable. Of late years it has shown a great tendency to disease,
especially heart-rot. When larches are planted in hardwood plan-
tations as nurses, they may be thinned out with profit at twenty-
five years of age. If well grown, they command a high price for
mining operations, fence posts, etc. In soil suitable for this crop
the time to remove it would be about sixty-five years old. On
thin soil, however, it matures much sooner.
Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris)—None of our timber trees are
more extensively cultivated than the Scotch fir, its timber being
applied to almost all purposes to which common wood is applicable.
This tree is not particular as regards soil or situation, and it can
be cut down with profit at thirty-five years of age and upwards.
I felled a large wood of Scotch fir on an estate in the North, on land
worth less than 2s. 6d. per acre. The age of the plantation was
thirty-five years, and the net return after manufacture was £33
per acre. The ground is again planted, and the crop, considering
that the soil is thin and resting on rotten sandstone at two feet
from the surface, promises to do well. The wood referred to
showed signs of maturity, and ceased to grow. Many of the trees
were dying. It may be stated, however, that the quality of the
timber was inferior. It was sawn into staves and pit props, for
which the same prices were obtained as though it were superior
timber. The most profitable time to fell the Scotch fir is when
about sixty years old.
74 THE AGE FOR PROFITABLY
Spruce (Abies excelsa).—The spruce fir is a very useful tree,
its wood being largely used in the erection of agricultural buildings.
Byres fitted up with spruce are admitted to be more durable than
those fitted up with planted Scotch fir, and not inferior to those
with natural grown pine, It is not affected by the cattle breath, _
nor liable to the attack of moths or beetles. It is also used for
mining-poles and other pit wood, and for railway sleepers. It
likes good moist soils, which may be considered too damp for other
timber, willows and poplars excepted, provided there is no stag-
nant water near its roots. When this is the case, even on good
soil, the tree dies prematurely. The most profitable time to fell
this tree is when about sixty years of age; if, however, the soil is
dry and hard, the tree will be ready for cutting when about forty
or fifty years old. On deep moss it requires to stand longer—
say from ninety to one hundred years. I felled a wood of spruce
at 125 years. It grew on boggy moss, from 3 to 9 feet deep,
resting on a bed of gravel mixed with blue clay and sand. On
examining this wood, I found that taking all the crop, it averaged
only 4 inches in diameter during the first twenty-five years of
its growth. Those trees on the shallow parts of the moss grew
double this diameter in the same time. The slowness of growth
can only be accounted for by the want of imorganic matter in the
soil. After the decomposition of the leaves of the trees and other
vegetable matter which supplied the soil to a certain extent with
inorganic and healthy humus, they grew rapidly. From seventy
years of age to seventy-five they made 3 inches, when they
diminished till about one hundred, after which they seemed to add
little to their timber. A short distance from this wood was an-
other spruce wood planted on a rather dry soil, on a hard gravelly
bottom. It was only fifty years old, and most of the trees were
decayed at the heart.
Silver Fir (Picea pectinata).—Till twenty years ago the silver fir
was planted more for ornament than for its timber. It is now
largely cultivated, and will be used for fitting and roofing farm
buildings, for which it is well adapted, especially if grown in good
soil, and in cold but sheltered situations. It grows rapidly after
the plants are well established, and thrives best in deep, damp,
loamy soils. It is not, however, particular with regard to soil,
provided the situation is not very exposed. Seventy-five years of
age may be the average time to fell the silver fir with profit.
It may be stated that wood, like most other crops, is sooner
FELLING TIMBER TREES. 75
matured on light soils and moderately exposed situations, and has
much less bulk than that grown in good soils and in sheltered
situations.
Soils of the same class differ greatly ; they are, however, esti-
mated according to the proportion of clay, lime, humus, and sand,
in a given number of parts ; and are divided into seven or eight
classes, and subdivided into sixty different species ; but properly
speaking, soil consists of two parts, organic and inorganic matter,
the latter also consisting of two parts—the soluble and insoluble.
To distinguish soils they require to be analysed, but the experienced
eye knows pretty nearly by turning up the soil and examining it
and the surrounding herbage.
Appended is a table giving an average of the age at which the
timber trees referred to cease to grow profitably on different soils
and situations.
This table, however, is imperfect, and I believe that no definite
rule can be laid down. I have therefore given only the average
ages at which I found, during eighteen years’ experience in the
management and manufacture of timber, the varieties men-
tioned could be most profitably felled in the different soils and
situations, considering the producer’s interest. My data were
taken on the ground on which the timber grew, in eight counties,
and over forty estates, a list of which is given below :
ABERDEEN.—Auchry, Ballater, Blelack, Byth, Meldrum, Mid-
mar, Dunecht, Monymusk, and Delgaty Castle.
Banrr.—Auchlunkart, Auchanacie, Arndilly, and Rothiemay.
Inverness.—Aigas, Aldourie, Belladrum, Beaufort, Dochfour,
Drumaglass, Erchless, Faraline, Foyers, Lentran, Newton, Rothie-
murchus, Castle Grant, Duthel, Abernethy.
Moray and Natrn.—Altyre, Brodie, Cawdor, Darnaway,
Dumphail and Kilravock.
Ross and Cromarty.—Ardross, Brahan, Conon, Coul, Balna-
gown, Culrossie, Highfield, Ord, Raddery, Flowerburn, Kilcoy,
Redcastle.
Prertu.—Abercairney and Ochtertyre.
THE AGE FOR PROFITABLY FELLING TIMBER TREES.
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SUITABLE DISTANCES FOR PLANTING FOREST TREES, 77
VII. On the Distances at which Forest Trees should be planted on
different Soils and Situations. By Lewis Bayne, Forester,
Kinmel Park, Abergele.
There is probably no point in forestry on which the opinion of
practical men has undergone less change than as to the distances
at which forest trees should be planted ; and it is a matter of im-
portance, as the first start of a plantation has much to do with its
after progress—that is, whether it will turn out a profitable or a
losing investment.
The nature and quality of the soil, the situation, and altitude at
which trees are planted, will in great measure settle the ques-
tion, as the better the soil, and the more sheltered the situation,
the fewer plants will be required, and vice versd on poor thin land
and exposed situations.
In planting hardwood trees that are to form the ultimate crop,
particular attention should be directed to the size they are likely
to attain in the different soils and situations, so that after the
plantation has been regularly thinned, those to be left may stand
at proper distances apart, before arriving at timber size. In con-
sidering this, it should be borne in mind that in most cases larch
and other coniferous trees are of more value when young than
hardwood trees of the same age ; and that accordingly in view of
the after thinning, the former class, larch, etc., should be thickly
planted, and the hardwoods as widely apart as the circumstances
will admit of. It must, however, be carefully guarded against
planting the latter too thinly, as the system of planting the exact
number of hardwood trees required for the main crop, and filling
in the remainder with quick-growing trees of more value when
young, would be impracticable, because the hardwood varieties, in
order to thrive, require an amount of sun, light, and air, which
would be denied them by the great shade of the tall and faster-
growing trees of the fir tribe.
The same objection is not applicable to close planting of coniferous
trees, providing they are thinned in proper time, but by planting an
unnecessary number per acre, extra expense is incurred in plants
and labour, when it may be the labour is required elsewhere ; for
instance, the trees required to plant an acre at 3 feet apart
exceed the number by over two thousand, if planted at 4 feet
apart, which at 20s. per thousand (including carriage and labour),
78 SUITABLE DISTANCES FOR
would make a difference in expense of over £2 per acre. Ona
large plantation this would amount to a considerable sum, which
might be saved or expended to better advantage in draining the
plantation, or other useful purposes.
Further, when trees are planted very close together, they are
more liable to be drawn up by overcrowding, if not thinned at an
early age. But while this is the result of too close planting, the
opposite extreme should be avoided, for in the case of too thin
planting, especially in exposed situations, the trees get one-sided,
by the want of shelter to one another from prevailing winds,
and become to a great extent starved and scrubby, and make but
little progress.
From the small value of the early thinnings of plantations, it
seems a pity that trees will not thrive if planted at such distances
apart that the first thinnings might be of considerable size and
value. If this were practicable, it would do away with close and
thick planting, which ruins many young plantations that are
left without timely thinning, with the view of the first thinnings
becoming of the greatest possible value before being taken out.
When trees are planted in clumps or masses, they can be more
regularly dispersed than when the mixing system is adopted, as
some trees are of faster growth than others, have a greater spread
of branches, and require more room. It is proposed, therefore, to
consider the question of distance in regard to each variety of
tree under the clump or massing system of planting. The oak,
in favourable condition, grows to a great size, with considerable
spread of branches ; and as a good revenue may be derived from
its bark and branches, for tanning and charcoal, etc., it should
have room to develop itself. When it is planted in a good soil,
low altitude, and moderately-sheltered situation, a distance of
20 feet from each tree, with the spaces filled in with Scotch
fir, larch, or spruce as nurses, at 5 feet apart, will not be found
too wide. In such favourable circumstances the plants will
make rapid progress, taking their girth with ample branches and
foliage, and laying a good foundation for after-growth, and these
will be of more value at the first thinning than if planted close
together. But when planted in less favourable soil, at higher
altitude, and in an exposed situation, a distance of 12 feet apart,
with the intervals filled in with Scotch fir or larch to 3} feet
apart, will be wide enough, as neither the principals nor the nurses
will make such progress as in good soil and sheltered situation.
PLANTING FOREST TREES. 79
Neither will the oaks grow to such a size, nor require so much
room to mature. Moreover, after the first thinnings of the hard-
woods, and the removal of the nurses, they will require little more
thinning until they arrive at good size and value.
Ash requires to be grown more clean and lengthy than most
timber trees, and should therefore be more closely planted than
other hardwood kinds of large dimensions ; and when the soil is
good, altitude low, and situation moderately sheltered, 15 feet
apart, intermixed with nurses at 5 feet, is a fair average distance.
If the soil is of a thin and inferior quality, 9 feet apart, with
nurses at 3 feet, will not be too close. From the ready sale of,
and demand for, good clean ash of small dimensions, the thinnings
are more valuable than most others of the hardwoods, which is in
itself a good reason for not planting ash too widely apart.
Lm (Scotch) is of little value when young, and although a tree
of great spread of branches when mature, it should not be planted
too widely apart when grown for the market. In good dry loam
and subsoil, 16 feet apart, with nurses to 4 feet, will be a suitable
distance ; but in less favourable soils, and more exposed situations,
12 feet apart, with nurses to 3 feet, will not be too close.
Lim (English) is a fast-growing tree, of an upright habit of
growth, and, although of less spread of branches, is of larger size
when grown in suitable soil and situation than the Scotch or Wych
elm. On this account, therefore, and also because it is of little
value when of small dimensions, it should be allowed ample room,
and not planted too closely, as it is less hable than many hard-
wooded trees to be over-topped or shaded by firs or other nurses.
When the soil is dry and good, and the situation sheltered, 20
feet apart, with nurses to 5 feet, will not be too wide; while in
less suitable situations, 14 feet apart, with nurses to 3} feet, will
be about the proper distance.
Beech is seldom planted in first-class soils for profit, but fre-
quently for landscape effect ; and in the case of a light, dry soil,
and moderately sheltered position at a medium altitude, it may be
planted at 16 feet apart, with nurses 4 feet apart; but in an
exposed situation, 12 feet apart, and 3 feet for the nurses, will be
sufficient.
Sycamore and Norway Maple may be planted in good dry soil,
moderately sheltered, and medium altitude, at 16 feet apart, with
nurses to 4 feet; and on thin and poor soil, and more exposed
situation, 12 feet apart, and filled in with nurses to 3 feet.
80 SUITABLE DISTANCES FOR
Alder being a tree of smaller dimensions, and in most cases cut
before arriving at old age, may be planted moderately close. In
sheltered situations and dampish soil (free of stagnant water, how-
ever), it may be planted at 12 feet apart, with nurses to 4 feet
apart ; and on poor soil and high elevations, at 9 feet apart, and
filled in with nurses to 3 feet apart ; but when planted as coppice-
wood, or in swampy places, a preferable course would be to plant
the trees at from 5 to 6 feet apart, without nurses.
The Birch is a tree that does not require much room, for its
spread of branches is not very wide, having an erect tendency of
growth. It is often grown on poor soil and high elevations, in
which position 9 feet apart, the spaces planted- with nurses of
Scotch fir to 3 feet apart, will not be too close; or the trees may
be planted in masses at 4 feet apart, without nurses. When in
low elevations and good soil, and moderately sheltered, the birch
may be planted at 12 feet apart, with nurses to 4 feet.
The Poplars all grow rapidly to large dimensions, and require
considerable room for their development, with the exception of
the Lombardy poplar (Populus fastigiata), which is of upright
growth, and requires little room. But it is seldom planted for
profit in plantations, and 5 feet apart, without nurses, will be
found suitable in favourable soils and situations. The other
varieties of poplar, viz., Black Italian, Balsam, Ontario, Silver,
etc., may be planted in good loam and sheltered situation, 6 feet
apart, without nurses ; but in less favourable situations and soils,
at 9 to 10 feet apart, with larch and spruce nurses at 44 to 5 feet
apart. The same distance is equally applicable to the mountain
poplar, filled in with Scotch fir, or other nurses, to 3} feet apart.
Willows are fast growing trees, and require plenty of room ;
when planted in good and rather moist soil, and sheltered situa-
tions, without nurses, 6 feet apart will be close enough.
Chestnut (Spanish) luxuriates well with the oak ; and the same
distances, in the same varieties of soil, altitude, and situation,
will be suitable for its growth.
Chestnut (Horse) being principally grown for ornament, should
be planted widely, so as to allow abundance of room to expand
its branches; and when the soil is good, and the position well
sheltered, 18 feet apart, with nurses to 4} feet, will be a suitable
distance.
The Lime, although a valuable timber tree, is more frequently
planted for ornament than for profit, and requires considerable
X
PLANTING FOREST TREES. 81
room for its growth. It may be planted at distances ranging
from 16 to 18 feet apart, with nurses from 4 to 4} feet apart.
Coniferous trees grown by themselves require to be planted much
more closely than hardwoods, as they constitute both principals
and nurses.
When the Scotch fir is planted in good soil, at a moderate
elevation, and in a sheltered position, 44 feet apart will be found
close enough ; but when the elevation is high, and the soil poor,
3 feet apart will not be found too close. Although the Scotch fir
is one of our hardiest forest trees, if planted widely apart on
poor, thin ground, and exposed situations, it becomes scrubby and
branchy, especially when the ground slopes towards the exposed
_ or windy side ; but on level ground they may be planted at wider
distances towards the interior of the plantation, having the margin
more close to break the prevailing winds.
The Larch is a tree of fast growth, and in favourable soils and
situations soon outreaches the Scotch fir. Planted in moderately
sheltered situations, 5 feet apart, and in more exposed positions,
higher elevations, and less favourable soils, 34 feet, are suitable
distances ; but being less hardy than the Scotch fir, Austrian
and Corsican pines, it is preferable to substitute some of these, or
to mix them with larch, rather than to plant larch alone at a closer
distance in poor and exposed situations—the latter to be removed
at the early thinnings.
Spruce should never be planted alone, in exposed situations, nor
in high altitudes, but in favourable soils and situations it may
be planted at 4 feet apart, and in less favourable places at 34 feet.
Austrian pine being of fast and strong growth, and thick, dark
foliage, should not be planted too close, on account of the amount
of shade it produces, thereby depriving one another of the necessary
amount of sunlight. It is particularly adapted for exposed
margins of plantations, and when so placed, should never be
planted closer than 434 feet apart, except in very exposed situa-
tions, where 3} feet will be a good distance.
The Corsican pine is of more upright growth, and less shady
and spreading in its habit than the Austrian pine, and although
a rapid grower, it requires less room. It should seldom be planted
wider than 44 feet, nor closer than 3% feet.
The Cluster pine (Pinus pinaster), when planted in dry or gravelly
soil, may be placed at the same distance apart as the Corsican pine.
The Douglas pine has a little of the habit of the common or
VOL. VIII., PART I. F
82 SUITABLE DISTANCES FOR
Norway spruce, and may be planted at the same distance apart, or
at 8 to 9 feet apart, with common spruce or larch as nurses. This
latter course is recommended on account of the superior quality of
the Douglas pine timber, and the expense of the plants over the
spruce fir, thus placing it in the same position as a hardwood tree,
using the others as nurses.
Silver fir being more hardy than the common spruce, may be
extended to more exposed situations, and planted at a distance of
34 feet apart; in good soils and sheltered situations at 43 feet apart.
The writer’s experience in growing other varieties of coniferous
trees is too limited to warrant his remarking upon them specifically,
or at any length, as he has done with the more common varieties.
Most of those which have been planted in this country are princi-
pally confined to the Pinetum, or pleasure ground, or as orna-
mental specimens in plantations. In few instances have they, to
any great extent, been planted for profit, but rather as a trial
of their hardiness in standing the winters and climate of Great
Britain, and to prove whether they are worthy of being ranked
amongst first-class timber trees.
Only one or two general observations fall now to be made.
When planted in a moderate soil and sheltered situation, the
Corsican pine (Pinus laricio) is one of the best conifers for
attaining, from its erect habit and fast growth, a good size
before thinning; but the larch is most valuable when young in
this country, in consequence, perhaps, of the quality of its timber
being better known than that of the Corsican pine.
Poplars, without nurses of the fir tribe, may, from their fastness of
growth, be planted at a greater distance apart, and be more remun-
erative, from their first thinnings, than any of our hardwood trees.
In planting hardwood trees, it is preferable to place them at as
wide distances apart as the circumstances of the case will allow,
and to fill in the spaces with coniferous trees; for when hard-
wooded trees are cut down, in the case of thinning, their roots send
forth numerous shoots in the shape of underwood, while the roots
themselves continue to grow, and draw the nourishment from the
soil, thus impoverishing the trees left growing.
The following schedule shows, in a detailed tabular form, the
distances apart at which the various kinds of trees referred to
may be planted in certain circumstances. The altitudes are dis-
tinguished as follows: low, 30Q ¢eet and under; medium, 300
feet to 700 feet ; and high, above 700 feet :
83
PLANTING FOREST TREES,
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