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JUN 17 1958
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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

TYNESIDE

NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB’

1851—1854.

VOL. I.

NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE:
F. & W. DODSWORTH, COLLINGWOOD STREET.
LONDON:
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO.
MDCCCLIV,

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HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY
INGRAHAM FUND
Sly Ss; 19%
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* * The Committee of the Tynesrpz Naturauists Fretp Civus
beg to state that the authors alone are responsible for
the facts and opinions entertained in their respective
papers.

MUS. COMP. ZOSL
LIBRARY

JUN 17 1958

HARYARD
wneVEaSiTY

ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE TYNESIDE
NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,

DELIVERED AT THE FIFTH ANNIVERSARY MEETING, HELD IN THE
COMMITTEE ROOM OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,
NEWCASTLE, MARCH 22, 1851. By DENNIS EMBLETON, Ese.,
M.D., PRESIDENT.

GENTLEMEN, — Happily the President of a small republic of
Naturalists is not liable, ike the head of larger political com-
monwealths, to very serious stress of mind, either from the cares
and labours of office, on the one hand, or from the harassings of
an untiring and relentless opposition on the other.

The occupiers of this chair, at least, after having all enjoyed
their position in harmony and peace, have hitherto retired, with
considerable honor, amid the thanks of the constituency.

The chief duty, indeed, devolving upon your President, is that
marked out by the 9th rule of our constitution; namely, “to
provide, at the end of his term of office, an Address, containing a
written summary of the proceedings of the Club, at the several
Field Meetings; together with such observations, from himself,
as he may deem conducive to the welfare of the Club, and the
promotion of its objects.”

At the end of this, our first Lustrum, I shall not be considered,
I trust, as transgressing the spirit of that Rule, if I attempt, in
addition to the customary report, a brief review of the whole of
our past efforts, and of our present condition ; and endeavour to
find therein some grounds for our encouragement, some instructive
indications for our future course.

In the first place, the reports of our Field and other meetings
must be brought up to the present time.

At our last Anniversary, an evening meeting and six excur-
sions were planned ; but, unfortunately, the weather, on three of
our Field days, proved so unpropitious, that the meetings were

rendered either altogether, or very nearly abortive ; whilst, on
WOls TI. PT. T. A

2 FRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

the other days, no great success attended the researches of those
ambitious of new discoveries. Altogether then, our Field Meet-
ings, for the past year, make a sorry figure ; yet I trust evidence
enough is adducible to substantiate the assertion that, in the
intervals of the meetings, both at Newcastle, and elsewhere, the
Club has not unsuccessfully wooed both the Flora and the Fauna
of the district.

Our Sxconp Evening Mzerrne was held in one of the roomsof the
Literary and Philosophical Society, on Thursday, the 4th of April,
and was attended by many of our most influential and industrious
members. The Rev. R. C. Coxe, Vicar of Newcastle, being called to
the chair, a continuation of the papers by Ralph Carr, Esq., “On the
Composite Names of Places, chiefly of Anglo-Saxon derivation,”
was read, in the absence of the author, by Mr. Storey. Mr.
James Hardy presented to the Club a printed copy of his “Essay
on Insects, injurious to the Turnip Crop,” for which a vote of
thanks was awarded to him. Two small papers were contributed
by myself, “On the short Sun Fish,” and “On the Old English
or Black Rat.” These were illustrated by prepared skins, skeletons,
&c., and by drawings of the digestive and other organs, from the
accurate pencil of Mr. Albany Hancock. Conversations on the
subjects of the papers, and on other interesting topics ensued ;
afterwards Messrs. J. Taylor, jun., Gainsford Bruce, and W.
Daggett, of Newcastle, were elected members.

On the 4th of May, at a Committee meeting, for making arrange-
ments for the Field Meetings, and other business, the names of
Messrs, W. Trueman, Durham; EH. I. J. Browell, East Boldon; and
M. W. Lambert, Newcastle, were added to the list of members.

Tue First Fretp Meerine of the year, was held at Stanley
Burn, on Friday, the 17th of May; but the attendance of members
on this excursion was thin. The weather proved sufficiently fine
to allow of a pleasant ramble along the wooded, picturesque banks
of the burn; towards evening, however, rain compelled the party
to seek shelter at the small inn, near the Wylam station, where
they frugally dined. The plants gathered on this occasion, were
chiefly of the common species.

Tue Seconp Frevp Mzetine took place at Staward Peel, on

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 3

the 14th June, when nearly thirty members were present. The
heavy rain, which fell during the greater part of the day, rendered
any very extensive botanical or other investigation of this most
interesting and famous locality impossible. The principal plants
observed were the following :—Cochlearia officinalis, Cerastium
vulgatum, Vicia sylvatica, Hieracium murorum, H. prenanthoides,
Taxus baccata, Habenaria viridis, Neottia Nidus-avis, Avena
pubescens, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Botrychium Lunaria, and
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum. Mr. Bold obtained examples of
the following beetles :—Omaseus Orinomum, on Langley Common,
Deliphrum tectum, Megarthrus depressus, Telephorus lituratus,
Aplotarsus rufipes, Polydrusus cervinus, Apion subulatum, &c.
Mr. Thomas Belt took also a few Lepidoptera.

The majority of the party, on their return, followed the down-
ward course of the romantic and rugged Allen, and all, drenched
to the skin, hungry, and weary, gained, at dinner time, the hospi-
table Anchor Inn, at Haydon Bridge ; where, I have heard, the
wardrobes of both host and hostess were laid under contribution
to furnish forth dry clothing, for the weather-beaten Naturalists.

The following members were elected :—The Revds. R. H. Baxter,
M.A., Vicarage, Seaham; T. Finch, B.A., and W. T. Shields,
Morpeth ; and Messrs. Jos. Leithart, Thomas Belt, G. C. Warden,
W. B. Scott, H. Smiles, Newcastle; Mr. Robert Vint, Sunderland ;
and Mr. A. 8. Moffat, Bewick Folly, near Alnwick.

Tue Turep Frey Mzetine was at the Northumberland Loughs,
on Friday, July 5th. The party, which was rather small, ascended
from Bardon Mill, as on a former occasion, to Chesterholm; visited
the Roman Station; the miiliariwm, still standing, as of yore, by
the side of the ancient road, leading eastward from the station ;
and the collection of antiquities of the neighbourhood, preserved
in the prettily situated residence of the late Rev. Anthony Hedley.
They then proceeded onwards, climbing, successively, the minor
ridges of outcropping strata, running east and west, till at length
they gained the crowning line of basaltic crags, on whose sharp
and jagged crest, stand ruinous fragments of the famous Roman
Barrier. The northern perpendicular face of the crags, which
shows well here and there the columnar form of basalt, forms a

4 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

secure dam for the waters flowing southward, from the northern
waste of bogs and mosses. The rocky bases of the crags, the
margins of the loughs or tarns, and the bogs in the vicinity
were examined, but nothing new was met with.

The party returned, in detached groups, to a late dinner at
Haydon Bridge, and elected the following members :—The Revds.
S. B. Maughan, Morpeth; and J. M. Mason, Jarrow; Messrs. Thomas
Gray, John Fenwick, Thomas Burnett, jun., and W. J. Hardcastle,
of Newcastle; W. Depledge, Gateshead; A. 8. Donkin, M.D.,
Morpeth; W. B. Ferguson, James Allison, jun., and H. Allison,
Monkwearmouth; and Robert Brown, solicitor, Sunderland.

Tue Fourta Fretp Mretine, appointed to be held at Holy
Island, July 24th, did not take place, owing to the unfavourable
state of the weather. The next day fixed was the 7th of August,
when eight members attended. They separated into two parties,
one alighting at Belford, the other at Beal; the greater part of
the Island, with the ruined Abbey and Castle, having being visited,
some members passed over to St. Cuthbert’s Island. On their
return, a good fish dinner was done justice to, at a small Inn, on
Holy Island, and the party regained the main land. Five of the
number spent the night at Bamburgh, and next morning, having
been kindly furnished with the necessary order from Mr. Smeddle,
Steward at the Castle, took boat at North Sunderland, for the
Fern Islands. Several of these were coasted, and the pinnacles,
one of the outer group, and basaltic like the rest, were especially
noticed for their peculiar tower-like character, and for their
affording, to the Guillemot, secure breeding places. This pleasing
excursion terminated the meeting. The usual plants were collected
on Holy Island ; and Messrs. P. Laws, East Heddon ; J. Shield,
jun., Stote’s Hall ; J. Salmon, South Shields ; Matthew Brumell,
M.R.C.S. bi stpath: C. Thompson, Jun. Wyatlakens and B. Barkus,
M.D., Gateshead, were elected stn aee

Tue Firtn Fretp Meerine, on the 16th of August, was at the
Fourstones Station of the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway. The
party, which was not large, proceeded at once to the elegant seat of
Nathaniel Clayton, Esq., and were kindly conducted, by Mr. John
Clayton, over the remains of his extensive Roman Cavalry Station

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 5

Cilurnum. The ruined Hypocaust ; Mrarium ; the foundations
of the ancient bridge, over the North Tyne ; the situation of the
Roman Cemetery; and the bold and extensive outline of the Station
itself, as well as the valuable collection of sculptured and inscribed
stones, carefully preserved by Mr. Clayton, were all attentively
noted. For an accurate account of this remarkable station, and
its memorabilia, I would refer to the Rev. J. C. Bruce’s interesting
and erudite work, “On the Barrier of the lower Isthmus,” recently
published. From Chesters, the gratified party took their way
over the Common, to Haughton Castle; and after having examined
the embattled gateway and exterior, were politely conducted over
the interior, by the lady resident in that edifice. Without doubt
this castle is one of the most curious specimens of medizval archi-
tecture that can be seen. It impresses the spectator with the idea
of its being an ecclesiastical edifice, encased within a feudal castle ;
and, by modern hands, converted into a habitable and very
delightful mansion. It would form an admirable study for any
of our architectural or antiquarian members, and a good subject
of a paper for our Transactions. Revolving in their minds the
probable history of this castle, the party were ferried over the
river to Barwesford, on their way to Gunnerton Crags, a minor
outbasseting of the great whin-sill, and a continuation, to the
north-east, of the range from Sewingshields, Crag Lough, We.
Here some rather good botanizing ground exists. Hence the party
returned through Humshaugh to Fourstones, to dine, and to listen
to the reading of an abstract of a paper by Mr. Albany Hancock
and myself, on the anatomy of Doris, a Nudibranchiate Mollusk.
The chief feature, in this paper, was the discovery of a sympa-
thetic or ganglionic system of nerves in Doris and other Mollusks,
and of other organs in Doris hitherto undescribed. The following
plants were obtained during the day: Dianthus deltoides, Geranium
columbinum, G. lucidum, Spirea Filipendula, Rosa rubiginosa,
Scabiosa columbaria, Gentiana campestris, Origanum vulgare,
Cynoglossum officinale, Allium vineale, probably the var. compac-
tum, and Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum. Daucus carota was found,
in great profusion, in a field near Walwick Grange. The following
new members were enrolled:—The Rev. H. B. Tristram, M.A.,

6 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

Castle Eden; Joseph Backhouse, Esq., Consett Hall; and G. W.
Stable, Esq., Jesmond.

Tae Srxta Frerp Merrine was appointed to be held at Hartle-
pool, September 5th. The weather was wet, and only two or three
members attended. They proceeded as far as Castle Eden, and
there, being joined by one or two more, spent the day with the
Rey. H. B. Tristram; walking in the dene, and examining Mr.
Tristram’s collection of rare birds, and enjoying his hospitality.
Rowland Burdon, Hsq., Castle Eden, was elected a member of the
Club.

To Mr. Storey, our assiduous Secretary, and to Mr. Thomas
Belt, I mainly owe the botanical part of the reports of our summer's
excursions just concluded. To Mr. Storey, again, I am indebted
for the following interesting communication, relative to the pro-
ceedings of our botanical friends, in the intervals of the meetings
of the Club :-—

“During the past year, very considerable attention has been
paid to the botany of this immediate vicinity. Within a circuit
of five miles, round Newcastle, the following species have been
noticed, and the habitats recorded: Ononis spinosa, Peplis Portula,
Silaus pratensis ; Daucus Carota, plentiful; Pulicaria dysenterica,
Lycopus Europeus, Mentha rubra, Sm. Potamogeton perfoliatus,
P. pectinatus, Sparganium natans, Typha latifolia, and, in con-
siderable abundance, 7. angustifolia; Scirpus lacustris, Nastur-
tium terrestre, and Myriophylium spicatum have been met with
near Blaydon; and, in Ravensworth woods, Callitriche peduncu-
lata, DC. and Quercus intermedia, Don. both new to the Flora of
Durham. By the side of the Team, Scrophularia aquatica, of
luxuriant growth ; someof the plants being about six feet in height.
On the banks of the Blyth, about fourteen miles from Newcastle, I
collected very beautiful examples of Juncus maritimus, and in the
same locality, Faeniculum officinale, a species which had been intro-
duced in ballast, was growing in great quantity. On the alluvial
deposits of the Blyth, I observed, what will probably prove to be
the Zostera angustifolia, Reich. ; but, as the season appeared to be
too far advanced for procuring fruit, the plant could not be, with
certainty, determined.

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 7

On a short botanizing excursion, in company with Mr. Thorn-
hill and Mr. D. Oliver, jun., Stachys ambigua was found near
Lamesley. Mr. Oliver, who has this year discovered, in Ireland,
a plant new to the Flora of the British Isles, the Naias flexilis,
Rostk., has also detected, on the Town Moor of Newcastle, Juncus
diffusus, Hoppe, a plant not hitherto known to grow in Northum-
berland.

In the month of August last, Mr. Joseph A. Marshall collected,
in flower, near Scotswood, fine examples of Utricularia vulgaris.
Isubsequently visited the station, and found the plant in profusion.
In the same month, Miss Clayton, of Chesters, very obligingly sent,
for my inspection, a large example of Bovista gigantea, which was
subsequently shown to some of our members. This fungus measured,
in circumference 3 feet 3x5 inch; in depth 7x5 inch; and weighed
dib. avoirdupois.

But it is not in this district only, that our Botanists have exerted
themselves; during the past year, some, in the north of Northum-
berland, have not been idle. The following species, given on the
authority of my friend Mr. George Tate, F.G.S., have recently been
found, and, for the most part, in the neighbourhood of Alnwick :—
Ranunculus hirsutus, Hippurus vulgaris, Crepis succisefolia,
Serratula tinctoria, Melampyrum pratense, b. montanum, Johnst.,
Calamintha acinos, Neottia Nidus-avis, Juncus maritimus, Blysmus
rufus, Scirpus maritimus, Carex muricata, Sesleria coerulea. The
particular habitats of these species will be named in the Floral
list to be published in our Transactions.”

Mr. Bold has kindly furnished me with the following note on
the Entomology of the past summer:—“On looking over my
journal, for 1850, I find that, from ill health, and an unfavourable
season, I have very little to note. Owing to the cold and snow,
in April and May, I did not collect, and it was not till the 2nd
of June, that I saw any white butterflies; even so late as July
11th, I find a note to the effect, that the few flies, in the windows,
appear to be half torpid with cold.” Mr. Bold then enuwerates
the beetles taken at the Staward Peel meeting, which have already
been given under that head, after which he proceeds—*In the latter
part of June, and in the beginning of September, I got specimens

8 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

of Zantholinus tricolor, amongst vegetable refuse, and, on the 19th
of July, caught a worn specimen of the Humming-bird, Hawk-.
moth ( Macroglossa stellatorum,) feeding on some verbenas in the
garden, at Long Benton. Such is the very sorry account of my
insect doings, in 1850. I can only hope that better fortune awaits
me in 1851.”

Mr. Alder has obtained from the stomach of a Codfish, at Cul-
lercoats, a species of Cuttlefish, new to Great Britain. It is the
Sepia biserialis of Verany, and probably synonymous with the
Sepia Rupellaria of Ferussac, the bone or gladius of which was
found a few years ago on the Irish coast.

Mr. Albany Hancock declares that only one other Mollusk has
been caught in our toils.

On Ornithology, Mr. John Hancock reports that of the Fulmar
(Procellaria glacialis, Linn.), a northern species, a fine specimen
was found alive on the coast near Whitburn, on the 11th of October
last, by William Hutchinson, fisherman. It was in a feeble state
when obtained, and died the following day. That Mr. Charles
Adamson, on the 28th of November last, shot, at Prestwick Carr,
a female of the Gadwall, (Anas Strepera, Linn.) This is the first
well-attested occurrence of this species in Northumberland.

Tue Tarp Hventne Mestre, the final one of the year, was held
yesterday evening, in the Museum of the Natural History Society.
Though the weather was, unfortunately, again unfavourable, about
the usual number of members attended, with several of their ladies.
Close attention was given to another part of Mr. Carr’s work,
“On the Composite Names of Places, chiefly of Anglo-Saxon de-
rivation,” by which the value of such researches, both in a philo-
logical and ethnological sense was amply demonstrated. Mr.
Storey read an abstract of his Paper on the Flora of our imme-
diate vicinity, and also handed in a notice, by Mr. Albany Han-
cock, of the discovery of Diphyllidia lineata, an Infero-branchiate
Mollusk, procured by the Rev. G. C. Abbes from the fishermen,
at Whitburn. This animal has only, once before, been taken in
the British Seas, namely, off the Shetland Islands.

Thanks were voted to Mr. Carr and to Mr. Storey for their
valuable papers, and the members afterwards examined a beautiful

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. )

collection of Alge and Corallines kindly offered for their inspec-
tion by Miss Errington. Numerous examples of dried British
flowering Plants, and of British and Foreign Ferns, contributed
by Mr. Daniel Oliver, jun., and myself, were laid on the tables.
Several important illustrated works on Natural History, were
exhibited, and a very agreeable Naturalist’s Soirée was spent.

The annual report of our meetings having now been brought
up, let us see what has resulted from our five years’ association.
The Club was founded in 1846, and since that time it has printed
five parts of Z'’ransactions, forming a goodly volume of 438 pages,
with eight copperplate-. This volume, in addition to the account of
the foundation, and the rules of the Club, notices of the various
Field Meetings, included in the President’s annual Addresses, list
of Members, and Index, contains sixteen original Papers, and three
Catalogues of certain portions of the Fauna of the district; namely,
of the Mollusca ; of the Insects, Part I., and of the Permian Fossils,
with a notice of the Magnesian Limestone district. Ofthe sixteen
Papers, ten are on Zoology, two on Botanical subjects, three on
Geology, and one on local Glossology. Beside the above valuable
contents, will be found sixteen abstracts or notices only, of other in-
teresting communications on various branches of Natural History.

Over and above this printed Volume, the Club has in hand,
ready for the press, a further large portion.of the Catalogue of
Insects, and the following papers, namely :—

Parts IL. and III. of the local Glossology.

Abstract of a Paper on the Anatomy of Doris.

On the short Sun Fish.

On the Old English or Black Rat.

An Enumeration of Plants growing within five miles of New-

castle.

Notice of the discovery of the Mollusk, Diphyllidia lineata.
These, with the present Address, will probably occupy, of our
second volume, two parts, the printing of which will come under
the consideration of a Committee ; but it is to be hoped, that ere
long, they will be in the hands of our members.

- It is due to the kindly feeling of one of my predecessors in this

Chair, that I should here mention his handsome offer of bearing
VOL. I. PT. 1, B

10 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

the expense of printing the second part of his paper, “On the
Composite Names of Places,” &c. This timely aid in our present
temporary financial debility, I am sure, the Club will duly appre-
ciate, and accept, from Mr. Carr, with an unanimous and cordial
vote of thanks. And now that we are escaping our early diffi-
culties through such liberality, and the increase of subscriptions,
let us and other young Clubs remember, and let older and more
influential and dignified societies recollect, that one great means
of adding to our usefulness is to keep our finances free from
embarrassment.

From what has been already said, it will appear that, considering
our members are, with few exceptions, engaged in professional
or commercial affairs, and our district has been previously explored
by many able Naturalists, there has been no lack of contributions
to our Zransactions. Let us, in the next place, ascertain the
quality of these contributions, and how they stand the test of
public criticism ?

The Literary Gazette, of December 14, 1850, after dwelling on
the delight of social Natural History excursions, and holding up
Newcastle as a model for the interest she has long taken in Natural
History, ends an interesting article thus, “ We cannot but here
offer our thanks to the Tyneside Club, for the very agreeable and
useful volume which this fifth part concludes. Like its forerunners,
it contains matter popularly interesting and scientifically valu-
able, and we venture to say that these Z’ransactions will occupy
an important position in the Natural History literature of our
country. We need not say to the Club, go on, we are sure they
will, and that they will kindle a spirit of love to science, which
will continue in the district in which they now meet. But we say
to others, do likewise. Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Leeds,
Sheffield, what are youdeing? Forget not, amid the smoke and
hubbub of your machinery and commerce, that the making of
clothes and tools is not the only end for which man was ordained.
Around you, on every side, are the sea, the rivers, the hills, the
fields, all teeming with beauty, which to understand and to appro-
priate will be to refresh you, and to fit you better for the toils and
eares of those pursuits which now—for the want of breathing time,

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. ll

and of hours to feel and know that there are things higher and
better than those which so entirely engross you—threaten to crush
and destroy the nobler and better faculties of your souls.”

The Botanical Gazette, for the present month, contains the fol-
lowing notice of our Z’ransactions. “The present part concludes
the 1st vol. of these Transactions, which contain Papers of a high
character. There is little in this portion relating to Botany, almost
all the memoirs being Zoological, still, in a sketch of the doings
of the past year, we see that the botanical members are not inactive;
and we have but to repeat the good wishes we have expressed
towards the Club on a former occasion, and again to hold it up as
an example to Naturalists in other parts of the country.”

The Phytologist, for February last, compliments the Club by
claiming to be “the first periodical that invited the attention of
Naturalists to the published Zansactions of this energetic and
praiseworthy band of Naturalists, and, at the same time, ventured
to hold up the example to observers in other parts of the country,
and to express his humble opinion that it was worthy of all
imitation.”

In these extracts, and I will not recall past eulogies which have
been reported to you on each anniversary, we find sufficient evi-
dence that the labours of the Club have not been devoid of value ;
sufficient assurance that they have not gone unappreciated; and
sufficient stimulus to urge us on to more frequent and persevering,
and, therefore, it is to be hoped, more successful efforts in the
delightful study of those elevating sciences, which we are banded
together to cultivate. Let us endeavour that the high and spon-
taneous encomiums bestowed upon our first, be better merited in
every succeeding volume.

But, Gentlemen, let us apply another and more searching test
to our Acta. How far have we really carried the landmarks of
our local science beyond their old position? How many species
of living animals and plants have we added to the lists of five
years ago? What geological or antiquarian discoveries have we
achieved? Through the kindness of my friends around, I am
enabled to give distinct categorical answers to those questions.

Anima Kinepom.—In the vertebrate Sub-Kingdom, no Mam-

12 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

mals new to the district have been found; one, however, the black
Rat, which was thought to be extinct, has been noticed as still
occurring in it. Four species of Birds, new to the two counties,
areenumerated; namely, the Thrush Nightingale (Sylvia turdoides
major), the Fulmar (Procellaria glacialis, Linn.), the Gadwall
(Anas Strepera, Linn.), and the White Stork (Ciconia alba, Linn.) ;
the first of these is new also to Britain.

One Reptile, new to the district, the Red Viper (Coluber
Chersea) has been recorded. Of Fishes, the Black Fish ( Centro-
lophus Pompilius ) is new to our coasts. The Ribbon Fish (Gym-
netrus Banksir) was at first thought to be new, but further research
has shown that it is occasionally found. The short Sun Fish
( Orthragoriscus Mola), though not new, is comparatively rare ;
but has been, with the Ribbon Fish, newly described.

In the Molluscan Sub-Kingdom, Messrs. Alder and Hancock re-
port sixty species, of which nineteen are altogether new to science,
seven, new to Great Britain, and thirty-four new to our district.

In the Articulate Sub-Kingdom, Messrs. Hardy and Bold, besides
“a century of unrecorded Coleoptera,” declare a return of new
Insects so large, and yet so indeterminate, owing partly to the
absence of previous lists, that I am compelled to omit this class
altogether in the enumeration. Of Crustacea, two species, new
to the district, have been pointed out by Mr. Richard Howse, jun. ;
and Mr. Albany Hancock has done us the honour of introducing
to our notice, an entirely new order of Articulata, belonging to the
class Cirripedia ; the order he has named Cryptosomata, and the
new animal, the only representative of the only genus, Alcippe
Lampas.

In the RadiateSub-Kingdom, Messrs. Alder and Hancock report
the acquision of six species new to science, and one new to Durham
and Northumberland. Of Sponges, according to Mr. Albany
Hancock, four species altogether new, and one new to the coasts
of our two counties, have been discovered; they belong to the
singular and almost altogether new group of “ boring sponges.”

VucETasLe Kingpom.—Our indefatigable Secretary, Mr. Storey,
informs me of six species of plants, new to our limits, discovered by

himself; four added by Mr. Daniel Oliver, jun.; one by Mr. John

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. he

Thompson ; and one by Mr. George Tate. These twelve new species
belong to the seven following natural Orders, viz: —to Hyperi-
cacex, one; to Leguminiferee, one; to Haloragez, three; to Amen-
tiferee, one; to Fluviales, four; to Juncacex, one; to Filices, one.
Besides these discoveries, many new Habitats of our rarer plants
have been added by the above named gentlemen. Hence our local
Botany has been materially advanced.

Thus, then, I am enabled to state, that, during its five year’s
existence, the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club has contributed
to our Zoology, one new Order, and eighty Species, of which twenty-
nine are new altogether; eight new to Great Britain; and forty-
_ three new, within the range of our researches ; and it must be borne
in mind that in this summary, the Class of Insects is omitted, since
no definite report of the numerous discoveries of Insects, has been
received.

To our local Botany, the Club, as above stated, has contributed
twelve new species.

In general Geology, it must be confessed that our observations
have fallen short of discovery ; nevertheless, the Club has made
itself more or less familiar with several of the most important
features of the two counties ; thus, the neighbourhood of Shotley
Bridge, and of Allenheads, in which the lower members of the
Carboniferous series are well seen, have been explored. Mr.
Hutton, in the former locality, having kindly acted as our chief
informant ; Mr. Sopwith, in the latter, having been our instructor
and hospitable entertainer.

At the former place, the Mountain Limestone, the lowest member
of the Carboniferous group, covered first by the Millstone Grit,
there of great thickness, and next by the lower strata of the true
Coal Measures, was, with its concomitants, well observed in section,
along the banks of the Derwent. . In this district, both coal and
lead are wrought, the latter even in the Millstone Grit.

At the latter locality, was found again the Mountain Limestone,
with its metalliferous veins; but thrown up here to the west, by
the Burtree-Ford Dyke, which runs nearly north and south, and
bounded to the north by the Great Stublick Dyke, which, running
nearly east and west, throws down the Coal Measures to the north.

14 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

On the visit to Allenheads, through the kindness of Mr. Sopwith,
the various processes of lead-mining, washing, and smelting, and
the extraction of silver from the lead, were witnessed in full
operation. |

The Club has also examined the rock which lies, in succession,
immediately over the Coal Measures; namely, the Magnesian
Limestone, or Permian system, of Murchison. The peculiarities of
this system, near Cullercoats, where it is thrown down to the north
by the great ninety fathom Dyke, were remarked. The capping
of the Coal Sandstones, by this system, at Tynemouth-Castle cliff,
and the endless modifications of form, assumed by the Magnesian
Limestone, were examined and admired, in a delightful walk from
Marsden Rock to Roker, near Sunderland.

Lastly, the course of the Great Whin Sill, the ancient grand
disturber of our strata, where it bassets out in the irregular range
of Crags, from Thirlwall to Gunnerton, has been travelled over
during different excursions, and the extreme north eastern end of
this singular basaltic stratum, which Mr. Hutton (Trans. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Durh. and Northd., vol. ii.) has traced and lucidly de-
scribed for 100 miles—from Westmoreland to Holy Island—has
also claimed our attention at “the castled crags ” of Dunstan-
borough and Bamborough, and at the Fern and Holy Islands.
The metamorphic action of the basalt upon the Mountain Lime-
stone, which accompanies the basalt throughout its above -men-
tioned course, has been both described in his geological paper, in
our volume, and demonstrated personally to the Club, by our
respected fellow member, Mr. George Tate, of Alnwick. The
Mountain Limestone has also been touched upon by Mr. Loftus,
now on the government surveying expedition in Persia, in his
paper on “ Diluvial Action,” as seen near Belsay.

And here, I believe, I shall be acting in accordance with the
feelings of our entire Society, if I express publicly that we are
under great obligations to ouresteemed friend, Mr. John Thompson,
whose self-acquired, extensive, and accurate knowledge of the
Botany, Geology, and Antiquities of our district, particularly of
the Tyneside, has been, in the kindest manner, at the service of all.

In Antiquities, the only branch which has, as yet, shown proof

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 15
of cultivation at our hands, is that in which Mr. Carr has laboured,
namely, the study of the remains of the old languages of the North
of England, with a view of advancing the science of Philology, by
the construction of an Archaic and Orthographical map of North-
umberland ; a work which will have a peculiar interest and value.

It now only remains for me to bring into one short review the
names of those places, all of them famous, at least, in local story,
at which, in our wanderings, we have not unthoughtfully lingered,
or by which we have not unregretfully passed. Thus the Roman
Wall has been traced from the North Tyne to the Tippald, and
its stations of Cilurnum, Procolitia, Borcovicus, Vindolana, Aisica
“Magna, and Amboglanna, and their intermediate castra, explored.
Thus we have viewed the romantic Peel of Staward, the Castles
of Thirlwell, Langley, Haughton, and Hexham, with its venerable
Abbey; Dilston, Prudhoe, and others, each contributing its own
interesting portion to the mass of historic associations that crowd
the dale of Tyne. Thus we have seen the ruins of Morpeth, Bothal,
and Mitford Castles, and Newminster Abbey, on the Wansbeck ;
and the dilapidated remains of Dunstanborough and Warkworth.
We have visited, too, the restored strongholds of Alnwick and of
Bamborough, now the abodes of wealth, learning, and charity.
We have, moreover, rambled in kindly sociality, and with mutual
instruction, through the sylvan and picturesque scenery of Gibside,
and of the delightful denes of Castle Eden, Dipton, Hazleden,
Horden, Ryhope, and Whittle. We have, lastly, been down to
the swampy basin of Prestwick, of ornithological fame, and
ascended to the heights of the rainy but beautiful and health-
giving Gilsland.

I have now laid before the members of the Club, I trust, suffi-
cient extrinsic evidence of our having hitherto followed a good
path; and I congratulate them that, at least in the account
rendered of their discoveries, ample intrinsic proof has been ad-
duced that their labours have not been hitherto in vain; and yet
it must not be concealed that the Club is in reality numerically
weak in workers; for the number of discoverers and other con-
tributors to our stock of papers is only about the tenth part of the
the whole number of members, namely, 150.

16 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

Let us now turn our attention to the future, and see what lies
before us to be done. I find that at the first general meeting of
the Club, in May, 1846, there was passed a. resolution—* That
collections of specimens of the Natural History of the district
be formed, and placed, with the consent of the Natural History
Society, in their Museum ; and that such collections shall become
the property of that Society. Further, that the Club undertake
the formation and publication of correct lists of all the natural
productions of the district, with such observations as their authors
may deem necessary. Also, that a succinct account of the Geology
of the district be formed.”

The collections contemplated have not yet been systematically
begun. In the Animal Kingdom, the Catalogue of the Vertebrata
is still wanting, but that of the Mollusca, by Mr. Alder, has been
for some time in print. Then, as Messrs. Hardy and Bold’s list
will only comprise Insects, the remaining classes of the Articulata
require to be taken in hand. The list of Radiata, also, is not yet
drawn out. It is also desirable that some investigation of the
Infusoria should be commenced, animportant group of microscopic
organisms, which are now being partitioned out as germs of Vege-
table or animal existences, or classed as complete forms among the
lower sub-kingdoms of the animal scale.

To Mr. Storey the list of plants has been confided, and already
a large amount of time and labour expended, has enabled him to
make good progress in its formation.

It is matter of great regret, that whilst our local systematic
Botany has been fast advancing towards its culminating point, the
now highly important sciences of Botanical Anatomy and Physio-
logy should have found in our Club only a very small number of
cultivators. Let us confidently anticipate that at the end of our
second Lustrum the number will be found largely increased.

The Permian system, of Murchison, is the only part of the
Geology of our district which has been described at length.

Unquestionably the fossil Flora—too much neglected since the
publication of Lindley and Hutton’s work in 1831-37—and the
fossil Fauna, too, though less rich, will yield a plentiful geological
harvest.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. I yj

Let us believe, in the last place, that our Antiquarian brethren
of the Club will not long withhold the interest that would largely
accrue to our 7’ransactions, from their important contributions,
extracted from the relics of the successive occupiers of our territory.

Such, gentlemen, is our past progress, such our future work.
Let us now, in conclusion, glance at the great ends we have in
view, and the ways and means employed in their attainment. The
Student of Natural History does not go forth merely to enjoy a
healthful summer day’s ramble over hill and dale, or to pick up
isolated scraps of information about plants and animals; but to
amass stores of well-digested knowledge, to be turned to the
material benefit of his kind, and to search into the truth of nature ;
to be enabled to demonstrate the ways of God to man, and thus
to promote the glory of God, and to contribute to the good of man.

Every discovery of a new mineral, vegetable, or animal, or of a
new organ in any living being, is a step, however small, towards
these great results; even the verification, by the tyro, of any new
item of science may be said to help us on in the same direction.

The cultivation of our scientific field demands various imple-
ments and processes, and requires all possible aids and appliances.
Our excursions bring us at once face to face with nature, and then
come to the help of the eye and hand, in their multifarious research,
the hammer, the pick, the spade, the net, the dredge, the knife,
the vasculum. Much is thus obtained, both of matter and know-
ledge; and these might, perhaps, be turned to greater general
profit in Zoology and Botany, than has hitherto been the case, by
somewhat curtailing the extent of our day’s wanderings, and pro-.
viding for the giving of some explanatory viva voce address, at any
convenient time, during the ramble, or at any place which, from
the peculiarity of its characters and productions, might seem to
require it. Such notices of Geological features have already been
given with great benefit to the Club. Much more, however, of
information remains to be extracted from the day’s collection,
when we reach home; for we are not field Naturalists exclu-
sively. The specimens are to be carefully examined, compared,
classified, and preserved; new forms, organs, or tissues are to

be carefully studied, now with the unaided eye, now with the
VOL. II. PT. 1. C

18 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

potent help of the microscope, or by the assistance of mechanical
or chemical means, the processes involving much time, labour,
and thought. :

The internal structure, as well as the external form and pro-
perties of natural bodies, claims our investigation; a knowledge
of both is required to enable us to understand the adaptation of
the creature to the world around it, and to determine its true
position in the scale of life; the former is more important indeed,
than the latter, and is that which more particularly characterizes the
organism, and on which its properties and manifestations mainly
depend. It is a much easier task to assemble and group living
animals according to external characters only, and in that path
undoubtedly much of detail has been successfully worked out; but
the masters of Natural History have, ever since the great enuncia-
tion, “the blood is the life,” betrayed their consciousness of the
high value of internal structure as a basis of classification. |

Aristotle arranged all animals as Anaima or Enaima, or those
with and those without blood: after his time it was found more
in accordance with nature, to class, under the former of these
names, the animals with colourless blood, and under the latter
those with red blood. The genius of Lamarck seized upon the
vertebral or spinal column, as a standard, and, at once, the whole
of the animal scale stood ranged in two great sub-divisions.

Cuvier more recently perceived the paramount importance of
the nervous system, and this enabled him to divide Lamarck’s
Invertebrata into three sub-kingdoms.

Since the time of Lamarck, Cuvier, and Hunter, the importance
of the internal structure of animals has been more fully acknow-
ledged, and hence our science has progressed with increasing
rapidity. The ignorance of the necessity of the combined study
of internal structure and external character continues however,
up to the present time, to be evidenced by the hosts of imperfect -
arrangements which have been promulgated to the confusion and
despair of the student, and which are monuments of human
ingenuity and impatience. It must, however, be a source of pride
to us that the true method of study has been so clearly and so
successfully illustrated as it is in the first volume of our Z’ran-

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 19

sactions, and especially by the admirable article on “the Fresh
Water Bryozoa.”

Repeated and well verified observation of both interior and
exterior, must be followed by correct reasoning and careful
deduction, and the results recorded by faithful delineation and
clear description; and we shall be gratified in finding that,
healthful and instructive as our field excursions undoubtedly are
the consequent closet studies are more productive of the finer
results of science, and more prolific of those higher and purer
enjoyments which surely flow from the proper investigation of
the unknown things of nature; and thus shall we hope to keep
alive, along the banks of our busy Tyne, that love and that study
of nature which have long, and not undeservedly, been attributed
to the inhabitants of Newcastle.

Mr. Carr read the concluding part of his paper on the “ Com-
posite Names of Places”; after which the following gentlemen were
elected members :—George Robinson, M.D., Eldon Square; Capt.
Moody, R.E., Carlton Terrace; Mr. J. B. Falconar, jun., Picton
House; Mr. Frederick J. Peck, 12, Brandling Place; Mr. G. B.
Richardson, Clayton Street; Mr. G. A. Hutton, Bigg Market ;
Mr. James Forster, Sedgwick Place, Gateshead; Mr. Thomas
Stephens, M.R.C.S., Dockwray Square, North Shields; Rev. Joseph
Depledge, Chester-le-Street; and Rev. Cuthbert John Carr, Witton
Gilbert.

The days and places for the Field Meetings were fixed as

under :—
Friday, May 30th, ...... Bywell and Riding Mill.
June 20th, ...... Durham and Finchale.
Wednesday, July 23rd .. ... Allenheads.
Avg. 20th... Staward Peel.
Friday, Sepe. 12th, 03. Roker and Whitburn.

Cc ard... Corbridge and Stagshaw

20 OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.

The under-mentioned gentlemen were appointed office-bearers
for the ensuing year :—
PRESIDENT.
Rosert Inenam, Ese.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.
Dennis Empieton, M.D.
Mr. Wiiiiam Ket.
Rey. J. F. Biees,. B.A.

TREASURER.
Mr. Tuomas Burnet.
SECRETARY.
Joun Storey, F.B.S.E.
COMMITTEE.
Rev. G. Cooper Apszs, B.A. Mr. R. Y. GREEN.
Mr. JosHua ALDER. Mr. Georce Tats, F.G.S.
Mr. Aupany Hancock. 7 Mr. Rospert CurRIE.
Mr. Joun Hancock. Mr. Epwarp. MATHER.
Mr. Joun THOMPSON. Mr. THomAs JEFFERSON.

Mr. T. J. Bown. Mr. D. OLIVER, JUN.

21)

I—A Catalogue of the Insects of Northumberland and Durham
(Part ii.) By James Harpy, and Tuomas Joun Boup.

(Presented, at the Anniversary Meeting, March 1, 1850.1]

Stirps 3. BRACHELYTRA, Latr.
Famity 1. STAPHYLINIDA, Leach.*
Susp-Famity 1. STAPHYLINIDES, Mannerheim.
Secrion 1. STAPHYLININI GENUINI, Erichson.
119. Srapnyiinus, Linneus.
Sus-G. Creopuiuus, Kirby.
1. S. maxinuosus, Linn.

Gyll, Ins. Suec., ii., 279.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
348.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii, 235,—Creophilus
maxillosus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 202.

Abundant in carcases, &c., and on the coast under decaying
sea-weed.

Sus-G. Tricnoperma, Stephens.
2. S. nEBuLosts, Lab.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 282.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v. 204.—
ELrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 360. — Trichoderma
nebulosum, Steph. Manual, No. 3051.

Rather rare: “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esqg. Long Benton and
Jesmond, in May; and in Fungi at Gibside, in September.—7.
J. B. Winlaton Mill and Marsden, in June.—/J. H.

According to Mr. Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon., iy., 45,
this, and not the following species, is the Staphylinus murinus
of the Linnean cabinet.

3. S. muninus, Fab.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1., 283.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v. 205.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 361.—Trichoderma muri-
num, Steph. Manual, No. 3052.

Rare: “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s
Durham. Gibside, in June—J. H. Mr. John Hancock has
also specimens taken within the district.

* By J. Hardy.

23 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

4, 8. pusescens, De Geer.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 284.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v. 205.—
Curt. Brit. Ent. pl., 758.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec., Staph,
372.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., u., 235.—Trichoderma
pubescens, Steph. Manual, No. 3053.

Of frequent occurrence. Black Fell—Mr. A. Hancock. Gos-
forth, Long Benton, Ravensworth, Gibside; and very common
on the sea-coast near South Shields, Marsden, and the vicinity of
Hartlepool, in April. |

It feeds upon Aphodii, Tachini, and other coprophageous
insects.

Sus-G. STAPHYLINUS.
5. 8. Cmsarius, Cederheim.
richson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 378.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv.,
i, 250.—Staphylinus erythropterus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii.,
293.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 205.
Rare: “Twizell.”— P. J. Selby, Hsq. Gibside, and near
Bensham.—J. H. Woods above Gibside.—Z’. J. B. June.

6. S. ERYTHROPTERUS, Linn.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 377.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv.,
1, 251.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ., 236.—Staphylinus
castanopterus, Grav. Micr, 10.—Gyll. Ins. Suec.,i1., 295.—
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 206.

Not unfrequent. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, sq. Black Fell.—
Mr. A. Hancock. Dunston, Bensham, Gibside, Gateshead Fell,
Ravensworth, &e.

It usually appears in May, but in the Ravensworth woods, it
has occurred under bark as early as January 27.

7. S. sTERCORARIUS, Oliv. |
Gyll. Ins. Suec.. 11., 296.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 206.—
Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 380.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., i1., 236.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Newcastle—Mr. Albany Han-
cock. Sunderland.—Mr. W. Peacock.

bo
Ae)

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.

8. S. LATEBRICOLA, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 382.—Heer, In. Col. Helv.,
i., 252.—Hardy, Ber. Club. Proc., 1., 236.
ericeps, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 206.
Taken at Twizell by P. J. Selby, Hsq.

Staphylinus

120. Ocreus, Kirby.
Sus-G. Gorrtus, Leach.
1. O. oLENns, Aull.

Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph, 405.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., 1., 237.—Staphylinus olens, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i..,
286.—Goérius olens, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 208.

Common on the sea coast, and elsewhere, especially in
autumn.
2. O. BRUNNIPES, Fab.

Erichson, Gen. et. Spec. Staph., 410.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proce., ii., 237.—Staphylinus brunnipes, Gyll. Ins. Suec.,
u., 289.—Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 207.

Not uncommon. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Prestwick
Car, Long Benton, Boldon, Marsden. April— August.

3. O. FuscATUS, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 411.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., ii., 237.—Staphylinus morio, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii.,
228.—Goérius Morio, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 209.—
Staphylinus Cantianus, Kirby, Steph. l.c., v., 207.—
Goérius confinis, Kirby, [b. l.c., v., 211. — Staphylinus
semipolitus, Holme, Trans. Hnt. Soc. Lond., iii., 118.

Rare: In decayed wood, near Axwell Park, and on the sand
links near South Shields.— 7. J. B. Under stones near Marsden.—
J. H. April. : |

Staphylinus punctulatus, of Marsham, cited in the Berwickshire
Club’s Proceedings, after Gyllenhal and Erichson, as a synonyme
of this species, appears rather to be Ocypus similis of Fabricius.

4. O. cupreus, Rossi ?
Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 412 ?—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv,
i., 255 1—Staphylinus aeneocephalus, Steph. Illust., Mand,

24 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

v., 207 2— Wils. and Dunc, Ent. Hdinensis, 311 !—Ocypus
picipennis, Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., i1., 238.

Common on the coast, and in dry upland situations, in spring
and autumn.

When describing this species in the Berwickshire Club’s Pro-
ceedings, I mentioned circumstances in which I could not recon-
cile it with Erichson’s description of O. picipennis. Having,
through the kindness of the Rev. W. Little, obtained the sight of
a French example of O. picipennis, I am now able, in some measure,
to rectify my error. There still, however, exists some discrepancy,
which cannot be removed without specimens; from none of the
descriptions of 0. cupreus, nor of Staphylinus aeneicollis, with which
it is synonymous, mentioning the bronzed elytra, nearly con-
colorous with the head and thorax. It stands in probably the most
of British collections as Staphylinus ceneocephalus.

Sus G. Tasatus, Leach.
5. O. ater, Grav.

Erichson, Glen. et Spec. Staph., 416.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc.,
il., 239.—Staphylinus fuscatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 474.—
Goérius fuscatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 210.—Goérius,
Kirbu, Leach, Steph., l.c., v., 210 ’—Tasgius confinis, Curt.

Brit. Ent., fol. 438.
Rare. On the sand banks near Hartley, in September, and at
the foot of the cliffs at Tynemouth Castle, in August.—Z. J. B.

Sus-G. Anopus, Vordmann.
6. O. morto, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 417.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., ii., 239.—Staphylinus Morio, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv.,
373.—Ocypus similis, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 211.—0O.
picipes, Steph., l.c., v., 212.—O. angustatus, Kirby, Ib., l.c.,
v. 212. (mas )—Emus angustatus, Boisd. et Lacord. Faun.
Ent. Paris, 1., 369.

Not uncommon on the coast, and in dry inland pastures and
heaths. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsqg. Coast’ near Monkshouse,
Hartley, Whitley, South Shields, Gateshead Fell, Cleadon Hills,
&c. April—September.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 25

121. Purtontuus, Leach.
1. P. wamrnatus, Creut.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 226.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
430.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 240.—Staphylinus
laminatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 298.—Philonthus eneus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 227 ep. coxatus, Curt. Brit.
Ent., fol. 610 (immaturus ).

Generally distributed. _March—October.

2. P. onatcevs, Steph.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 227.—Staphylinus intermedius, De
Jean, Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, i, 338.—
Philonthus intermedius, Hrichson, Gren. et Spec. Staph.,
429,

Var. With the oblique punctures on each side of the disk of
the thorax placed nearly in a line.

Philonthus xratus, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v. 228.

A single specimen of the variety was taken near Hartlepool, in
April. It is a male, and has the head and thorax minutely
punctulate as in Ph. laminatus, and Ph. scutatus, and the fourth
abdominal segment beneath is prolonged at the apex, as in the
males of those species.— J. Z.

3. P. spLENDENS, Lab.

Steph. Ilust., Mand., v.,227.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
429.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 240.— Staphylinus
splendens, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 297.

Common.

4, P. mneus, Loss.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 437.—Steph. Manual, No.
3133.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 240.—Staphylinus
eneus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 314.—Philonthus puncticollis,
Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v. 228.—Philonthus politus,
Steph. l.c., v., 228.

Under garden refuse, &c. Abundant.

5. P. cARBoNARIUS, Gy/ll.
Philonthus carbonarius, Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 437.—

Steph. Manual, No. 3134.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 259.—
VOL. I. PT. I. D

26 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Staphylinus carbonarius, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 310.—
Philonthus microcephalus, Steph. Lllust., Mand., v. 229.

Rare. “Twizell..—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Long Benton.—Z’ J.
B. Ravensworth woods.—J. H.

This very much resembles females of Ph. eneus, but the sides
of the thorax are more slightly impressed, the elytra are of a deeper
green, and the abdomen above is more distinctly, and by no means
so thickly punctate, nigro-pubescent, metallico-versicolorous.
The anterior tarsi are simple in both sexes. Gyllenhal’s name
was given to a variety, which has not occurred within the district,
but Erichson has adopted it to designate the typical representatives
of the species.

6. P. scuratus, Hrich.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 438.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proe., u1.,241.—Philonthus cognatus, Steph. [llust., Mand.,
v., 229.—Ph. lucens, Jb., Manual, No. 3136.
Under stones; and in moss. “ Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.
Long Benton, and elsewhere.—7. J. B. Ravensworth woods.—
J. H. Tt is a perennial insect.

7. P. pEcorus, Grav.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 230.—EHrichson, Glen. et Spec.
Staph., 442.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 241.—Staphy-
linus decorus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 241.
In moss in woods. Common. April—October.

8. P. pourrus, Kab.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 443.—Steph. Manual, No.
3135.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 242.—Staphylinus
politus, Gyll. Ins. Suec.,ii.,317.—Philonthus maculicornis,
Kirby, Steph. Illust. Mand., v., 229.—Ph. melanopterus,
Wilkin, Ib., U.c., v., 229.

Common : on the coast near Monkshouse, and among moss in
woods.

9. P. mararnatus, Lab.
Steph. Illust. Mand., v., 233.—Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. 610.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 444.—Hardy, Ber. Club

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. ot

Proc., ii., 242.—Staphylinus marginatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec.,
ii., 322.
Common.

10. P. umBRATILIS, Grav.
Erichson, Glen. et Spec. Staph., 445.—Heer. Fn. Col. Helv.,
L, 261—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 242.—Staphylinus,
subfuscus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1i., 236.—Philonthus subfuscus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 233.

Not Common. “Twizell.".—P. J. Selby, Esq. Budle Crag,
and banks of Wooler Water, below Langleyford. Hartlepool and
South Shields—J. H. Ona hot-bed, Long Benton.—7Z. J. B.
April—Septemher.

11. P. varius, Gy/ll.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 447.—Steph. Manual, No.
3141.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 242.—Staphylinus
varius, Gyll. Ins. Suec., u., 321.—Philonthus carbonarius,
Steph. Illust. Mand., v. 230.—Ph. chalcopterus, Marsh.
Ib., l.c., 231.—Ph. picipes, Kirby, I6., l.c.

Common, in moss and under stones. March—October.

12. P. atzrpEs, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 449.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv.,
i., 261—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 242.—Staphylinus
albipes, Gyll. Ins, Suec., ii., 8327.—Philonthus nitens,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 236 ’—Quedius caliginosus, Z0.,
tg. We, 223.

Rare. “ Twizell.,—P. J. Selby, Hsqg. Long Benton.—Z. J.
B. Ina field near Swalwell.—J. H. April.

In Mr. Bold’s examples, the legs are more testaceous than mine
but they do not come up to the bright colour observable in con-
tinental specimens. The same remark is applicable to British
specimens of Philonthus fulvipes, and Ph. inquinatus, Kirby (Ph.
rubidus, Erich.), in which the legs and the base of the antennz
are usually duskier than descriptions would lead us to expect
13. P. xantHoLoma, Grav.

ELrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 452.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc.
i, 243.—Staphylinus xantholoma, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii.

bo
OO

CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

323.—Cafius xantholoma, C. lateralis, C. littoralis, et C.
tessellatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 246. 247.
Beneath sea-weed on the coast, very abundant Feb.—Oct.

14. P. Fuctcota, Leach.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 454.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., ii., 243.—Cafius Fucicola, Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. 322.—
Steph. Manual, No. 3172.
Beneath sea-weed at Marsden.—J. H. May.

15. P. cEPHALOTES, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 455.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.
i., 263.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., 11., 245.—Staphylinus
cephalotes, Gyil. Ins. Suec., i., 320.—Bisnius cephalotes,
Staph. Illust., Mand., v., 247.— Bisnius rotundiceps,
Kirby, Steph., l.c., v., 248. .
Coast at Hartlepool, and in Ravensworth woods.—/: H. Ina
a cellar at Newcastle, also at Long Benton.—7Z. J. B. April.

16. P. rrmeTartius, Grav.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v. 232.—E richson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
456.— Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., i1., 245.— Staphylinus
fimetarius, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ., 324.—Philonthus lucidus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v. 232.

Notunfrequentin garden refuse; under dead birds, &c. “Twizell.”
—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Coast at Hartlepool and South Shields, Ravens-
worth, and Swalwell, and at Long Benton. March—September.

When first exposed to view, it often grasps some neighbouring
object with its mandibles, and remains perfectly quiescent and
deadlike; till, finding everything still, it suddenly rushes off, and
disappears.

17. P. sorprvus, Grav. |
Steph. Lllust., Mand., v. 233.—LHrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
456, — Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii, 245.—Staphylinus
sordidus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., u., 326.
Not Common, “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq. Hartlepool,
South Shields, Marsden, Ravensworth, Long Benton, Budle Crag,
and coast near Shoreston. April—September.

w
NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 29

18, P. SANGUINOLENTUS, Grav.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 238.—Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
467.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., i., 246. .
Rare. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Near Tynemouth, and
at Long Benton.—7. J. B. June.

19. P. prpustuLatus, Panz.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 238.—Lrichson, Gen et Spec. Staph.,
468.—Staphylinus bipustulatus, Gy/l. Ins. Suec., 11., 339.
A single specimen was taken on the links at Hartlepool, in
April.—J. H.

20. P. varians, Payk.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 470.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., ii., 246.—Staphylinus opacus, G'yll. Ins. Swec., i1.,
340.—Philonthus lituratus, Kirby, Steph. [llust., Mand.,
v., 238.—Ph. aciculatus, Z0., lc, v., 238.

Var. a. Larger, entirely deep black, except the anterior coxe,
which are testaceous.

Staph. aterrimus, Marsh. Ent. Brit., i, 513.—Philonthus
aterrimus Steph. Illust.. Mand., v., 235.

Var. b. With the legs fuscous.

Philonthus punctiventris, Kirby, Steph. Illust., A/and., v.
235.—Ph. opacus, J0., l.c., v., 236.

Var. c. With the underside of the first joint of the antennz
testaceous or piceous.

Philonthus obscuripennis, Kirby, Steph., Illust., Mand., v.,
237.—Ph. longicornis, Kirby, Steph., l.c.

Var. d. Black, immaculate.

Philonthus intaminatus, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
235.

Var. e. Black, elytra fuscous, with the tip ferruginous, legs fuscous,
excepting the testaceous anterior coxe.

Staphylinusagilis,Grav. Mon.,77.—Gyll. Ins. Suec.,ii., 341.—
Philonthus agilis, Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 237.—Gabrius
suaveolens, Kirby, Steph., l.c., v., 249 %

Generally distributed. “Twizell.".—P. J. Selby., Esq. Sea
coast near Bamburgh, Wooler, Long Benton, Ravensworth, Gib-
side, South Shields, Hartlepool, &c. March—July.

&
30 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

21. P. vENTRALIS, Grav.

Steph. Illust. Mand., v.,237.—LHrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
473.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 247.—Staphylinus
ventralis, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 334.

Not common. On a hot-bed, Long Benton.—7. J. B. Budle
Crag, and Hartlepool— J. H. April—September.

22. P. piscorpEus, Grav. ;
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 474.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i., 268.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 248.—Staphylinus
discoideus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1., 331.—Quedius discoideus,
Steph. Manual, No. 3109.—Q. suturalis, Steph. Illust.,
Mand., v., 224. |
In garden refuse, &c., not rare. Long Benton, Ravensworth,
and Gibside. Sea-coast at Budle, Bamburgh, Hartley, Whitley,
South Shields, and Marsden. April—September.

23. P. spLENDIDULUS, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 478.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i, 269.—Staphylinus splendidulus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii.,
348.—Staphylinus nanus, Grav. Mon., 96.—Gyll. Ins.
Suec., ii., 347.—Gabrius nanus, Steph. Lllust., Mand., v.,
251.—Gabrius albipes, 0., l.c., v., 252.
Three specimens taken at Long Benton.—Z. J. B. June—
September.

24. P. micans, Grav.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 240.

_ “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq. In a dried-up marsh near
Dunstanborough Castle. June.—/J/. H.

25. P. rutvrires, fab.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 485.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i, 270.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., i1., 248.—Staphylinus
fulvipes, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii.,343.—Philonthus rubripennis,
Kirby, Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 239.
On the borders of gravelly brooks. “ Twizell.”—P. ‘J. Selby,
Esq. Wooler Water.—J. #.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, ot

26. P. ATERRIMUS, Grav.

Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 492.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv.,
i, 271.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., 1i., 249.—Staphylinus
aterrimus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., u1., 349.—Gabrius aterrimus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 250.—Gabrius pallipes, Kirby,

Steph., l.c., v., 250.
In moist situations, rather rare. “'Twizell.”—DP. J. Selby, Esq.
Shoreston, Wooler, Cramlington, Long Benton, Gibside, Ravens-
worth, South Shields, Marsden, Hartlepool. March—September.

27. P. minax, Kirby.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 241 (mas. )—Philonthus Watsoni,
Kirby, Steph., l.c., (foem.)—Ph. impressicollis, Steph, l.c.,
v., 436, (var.)—Bisnius puncticollis, Howitt, Steph., l.c.,
v., 439 (mas.)—Philonthus parumpunctatus, Lrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 499.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii.,

249. Staphylinus punctus, Gtyll. Ins. Suec., 1., 346.
“Twizell "—P. J. Selby, Esq. Budle Crag and Hartlepool.—
J. H. Prestwick Car and Long Benton.—7Z. J. B. April—July.

122. Queprus, Leach.
1. Q. LATERALIS, Grav.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,216.—LHrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
525.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., 11., 251.—Microsaurus
lateralis, Curt. Brit. Hnt., pl., 638.—Steph. Manual, No.
3082.—Philonthus lateralis, Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., i., 273.

“Pwizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq.

2. Q. FuLerpus, Lab.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. —e 525.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proce., ii., 251.

Var. a. Black, with elytra concolorous.
Staphylinus nitidus, Grav. Miecr., 31.—Quedius nitidus,
Steph. Manual, No. 3087.—Staphylinus variabilis, Gyll.
Ins. Suec., i1., 303.— Quedius variabilis, Steph. Illust.
Mand., v., 218.—Philonthus variabilis, Heer, Fn. Col.
Helv., i., 273.

ve CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Var. b. Black, with elytra red, the legs, arms, and margins of the
abdominal segments often rufo-piceous. |
Staphylinus fulgidus, Lab. Syst. £1., 1., 596.—Philonthus _
fulgidus, Heer, Yn. Col. Helv., 1., 273.—Quedius hoemop-
terus, Kirby, Steph. [llust., Mand.,v.,217.—Q. hcemorrhous,
Kirby, Steph. lc.—Q. rufitarsis, Marsh. Steph., lc, v.,
220.—Emus floralis, Boisd. ef Lacord. Faun., Ent. Paris,
1., 380. .
In cellars, and under refuse near houses, and in shady woods.
Newcastle, Sunderland, Long Benton, Ravensworth. April—
October.

3. Q. ImpREssus, Panz.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,219.—Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
530.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc. u., 252.—Staphylinus
impressus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 307.

Not uncommon. February.—November.

4, Q. MoLocHinus. Grav.

Wils. and Dunc., Hnt. Edinensis, 314.—Hrichson, Gen. et
Spec. Staph., 535.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., i., 253.—
Staphylinus molochinus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 302.—
Quedius picipennis, Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 216.

In moss, and beneath stones; not very frequent. “ Twizell.”—
P. J. Selby, Esg. Summit of Hedgehope (2,347 feet), Long
Benton, Dunston, Ravensworth, Gateshead Fell, Marsden.

When immature, the elytra are of a bright pale red, like that
of Var. b. of Q. fulgidus; but in this species they are much more
punctate. The scutellum is also punctate, and the thorax is
wider than the elytra, the sides not obliquely impressed.

5. Q. Frontatis, Vordm.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 536.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., ti., 253.—Quedius tristis, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
215.—Emus tristis, Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris,
1, rios

Common in dry fields.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 33

6. Q. FULIGINOsUS, Grav.

Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 537.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., 11, 253.—Staphylinus tristis, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii.,
301.—Quedius picicornis, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
215.—Q. gracilis, Steph., l.c.

Common in damp woods, &c., throughout the season.

7. Q. prcrprs, Mannerh.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 537.—Steph. Manual, No.
3084. — Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., u., 253. — Quedius
pyrrhopus, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 228.—Philon-
thus gracilicornis, Heer., Fn. Col., Helv., i., 274.

In moist woods, and damp situations. Long Benton, Ravens-
worth, Gibside, Marsden. February—June.

8. Q. RuFIcoLLIs, Kirby.
Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., i1., 254.—Raphirus ruficollis, Steph.
Iilust., Mand., v., 244,—Manual, No. 3125.
Long Benton. —7Z. J. B. A specimen has also been taken by
Mr. Albany Hancock. It usually occurs under moss in fir woods.

9. Q. peLtatus, Hrich.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 540.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., ii., 255.—Raphirus attenuatus, Steph. [llust., Mand.,
y., 242.—Quedius precox, Hrichson, Kaefer der Mark
Brand., i.,492.—Philonthus precox, Heer., Fn. Col. Helv.,
ay 2d Os
Rare. In marshy situations in the Ravensworth woods, and
in the woods above Swalwell—J. H. January—October.

10. Q. sremrozscurus, JZarsh.

Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., ii., 255.—Raphirus semiobscurus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 241. — Quedius umbrinus,
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph, 541. — Staphylinus
maurorufus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1., 309.

By the marshy margins of rivulets and ditches, not rare.

Ravensworth woods, Swalwell, Long Benton, February—March.
VOL. II. PT. I. E

34 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

11. Q. MAuROoRUFDS, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 542.—Hardy, Ber. Club .

Proc., ii., 256.—Raphirus maurorufus, Steph. Manual,

No.3116.—Staphylinus preecox, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 310.—
Raphirus preecox, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 245.

In the same situations with the preceding, but rarer. Ravens-

worth, Gibside, and in the woods above Swalwell.—J. H. In

moss from Cramlington.—7Z’. J. B. In spring.

12. Q. PrcriPENNIS, Steph. ,

Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., 11., 256.—Raphirus picipennis,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 243.—Quedius semiobscurus,
Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 544.

Rare. In moss from Ravensworth woods, and under stones
on Gateshead Fell—J. H. Long Benton.—7Z. J. B. February—
June.

13. Q. atrenvatus, G'yll.

Wils. and Dunc., Ent. Edinensis, 315.—Erichson, Gen. et
Spec. Staph., 546.—Hardy, Ber. Club Proc., u., 257.—
Staphylinusattenuatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1.,311.—Raphirus
nitipennis, Leach, Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 242.

Not common. Ravensworth woods, Dunston, and Gateshead

Fell—J. H. January—November.

14. Q. Boops, Grav.

Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 548.—Hardy, Ber. Club
Proc., 257.—Staphylinus Boops, G'yll. Ins. Suec., i1., 812.—
Raphirus Boops, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 242.

Under stones and among moss. Ravensworth, Swalwell, South
Shields, Budle Crag, Homildon Hill, Yeavering Bell, Hedgehope,
&e. March—July.

15. Q. Fuscrpus, Kirby.

Niger nitidus; capite thoraceque nigro-eneis; antennis
pedibusque fuscis, his geniculus tarsisyue ferrugineis ;
elytris piceo-ceeners, sat fortiter crebre punctatis; fronte
inter oculos punctis 4 transversalibus impresso; scutello
levissimo. Long. 22 lin,

Raphirus fuscipes, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 243. — Jb.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. da

Manual, No. 3122.—Raphirus nigricornis, Holme, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., iii., 127%

About the size of large specimens of Y. Boops, more of the habit
of Q. attenuatus; the head less than in Q. Boops, and the eyes
scarcely prominent. Black, shining; head, thorax, and scutellum
polished and shining, nigro-zneous; elytra also shining, piceous,
subeneous. Antenne longer than in Q. sciutillans, not quite so
long as the head and thorax, slightly thickened towards the apex,
third joint scarcely thinner and very slightly longer than the
second, the rest gradually shortening, and somewhat thicker, ninth
and tenth nearly transverse, the last largest, obliquely truncate
and acuminate at the apex beneath; dask fuscous, the basal joint
beneath, and the base and apex of the three first joints above
ferruginous. Palpi fuscous, apical joint acute. Mouth piceous.
Head about the size of that of Q. attenwatus, narrower than the
thorax, rotundate, rather convex, with four small but deepish
punctures placed transversely between the eyes, of which the
inner is close on the margin itself, and two larger placed obliquely
behind the eyes on each side, of which the largest is nearest the
eye; sides behind the eyes extremely finely punctulate. yes
large, scarcely prominent, nearly in the same arc as the sides of
the head. Thorax rather narrower than the elytra, convex, some-
what narrowed, compressed, and deflexed at the anterior angles,
the length about equal to its breadth at the base, sides slightly,
base and posterior angles strongly rounded ; dorsal series of three
small oblique punctures, of which the two posterior in each row
are placed very near, more approximating than in other species,
before the middle of the disk, the anterior smallest, rather
approaching the apex, and situated nearer the second, than the
first, or all nearly equidistant; then outwards are two minute
punctures on each side, placed in.a line, and rather apart; then
two deep approximating punctures towards the anterior angles,
and one within, close upon each angle. Scutellum polished and
smooth. LHlytra about the length of the thorax, widest towards
the apex, slightly convex above, depressed along the suture,
more deeply at its apex, strongly, somewhat thickly, but not quite
closely punctate, thinly griseous pubescent, shining piceo-sneous,

36 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

the apex narrowly more dilute. Abdomen moderate, not the length
of the anterior part of the body, narrowed gradually from the base -
to the apex; rather dull, black, somewhat metallic versicolorous
above, thickly and finely punctulate, with a long, rather dense,
somewhat shining, griseous pubescence; apex of the fourth and
fifth segments above, and the margins of those beneath sometimes
obscure ferruginous. Legs fusco-rufescent; femora and tibiz in
the middle fuscescent; their bases and apices narrowly, and the
tarsi rufous; anterior tarsi strongly dilated. :

Near a dung heap on Budle Crag.—J. H. One specimen taken
at Long Benton, in April.

The description is taken from the specimen captured at Long
Benton, compared with another from Edinburgh. It is quite
distinct from Q. scintillans described in the Berwickshire Club’s
Proceedings, ii., 258, to which, following Stephens, it was doubt-
fully referred. Raphirus nigricornis, of Holme, may be a speci-
men with a pair of the punctures obliterated, or placed out of
view.

Secr. 2. STAPHYLININI XANTHOLININI, Erichson.
123. Ornius, Leach.
1. O. FuLvipEeNNis, fab.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 295.—Steph. Manual, No.
3195.—Staphylinus fulminans, G'yll. Ins. Suee. i1., 357.—
Othius fulgidus, Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 253.

Common in moss, in woods, and elsewhere.

2. O. MELANOCEPHALUS, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 295.—Steph. Manual, No.
3199.—Staphylinus melanocephalus, Gyil. Ins. Suec., i1.,
360.—Othius angustus, Kirby, Steph., Illust., Mand., v.,
255.

Var. more obscure, the thorax fuscous.

Othius ater, Steph. Illust., Mand. v., 255.—Othius ustu-
latus, Steph. l.c.

Under moss in woods and barren places; sometimes also
under bark. “ Twizell."—P. J. Qelby, Hsqy. Budle Crag,
Homildon Hill, Hedgehope, Long Benton, Hartley, Ravens-
worth, Swalwell, Marsden.—February—November.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. Se

The dark varieties occur principally in shady fir plantations,
and the hill specimens are somewhat larger than those of the
lowlands.

3. O. prticorNis, Payk.
Qteph. Illust., Mand., v., 254.—Hrichson, Gen. et Spec.
Staph., 296.—Staphylinus pilicornis, Gyll. Ins. Suec.,
ii., 359.—O. alternans, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 254.—
O. glabricornis, Kirby, Steph., l. ¢.
Under bark of trees, especially pines. “ Twizell."—P. J.
Selby, Esq. Whitsunbank Hill, Greencroft, Gosforth, Ravens-

worth ; and once from the sea-coast, at Marsden. February—
November.

124. Xantuoiinvs, Dahl.
1. X. Funerpus, fab.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 319.—Steph. Manual, No.
3206.—Staphylinus pyropterus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i,
356.—Gyrohypnus pyropterus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
258.

Rare. Tyneside, and Long Benton, in May.—7’ J. B.

2. X. GLABRATUS, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 319.—Steph. Manual, No.
3207.—Gyrohypnus cruentatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
260.

Common. Twizell, Long Benton, Shields, Marsden, Hartle-
pool, &c. April—October.

Monstrous individuals occasionally occur, with the punctures
of the head and thorax nearly effaced, and the surface much dis-
figured. These are usually found under heaps of rubbish, and
appear to have acquired this malformation while the imago was
in a soft, compressible state, and not free to arrive at its full
development.

3. X. PuNoTULATUS, Payk.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 328.—Steph. Manual, No.
3209.—Staphylinus punctulatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., u.,

353.—Gyrohypnus punctulatus, Steph. LUlust., Mand., v.,
263.

2
38 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Var. Hlytra, antenne, and legs rufo-piceis, or rufo-testaceous,
the anus and the margin of the fifth abdominal segment above
testaceous.

Staphylinus ochraceus, Giyll. Ins. Suec., U., 352.—1v., 480.—
Gyrohypnus ochraceus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 263.—
Xantholinus ochraceus, Heer., /’n. Col. Helv., i., 245.

Common. The variety is rare, and has occurred at Long
Benton, Ravensworth, and Gibside.

Small varieties have the thoracic punctures in the dorsal
series multiplied ; and those in the lateral arcs are often very
numerous. AXantholinus angustatus, and X. guadratus, Steph.,
appear to be formed from these diversities. The lighter coloured
examples, named J. ochraceus, have the difference of colour in
their favour, and the head is less triangular, with the posterior
angles rather more rounded, than in the type.

4, X. TRIcoLoR, Jab.

Erichson, Glen. et Spec. Staph., 331.—Steph. Manual., No.
3208.—Gyrohypnus tricolor, Steph. Illust., Mand., v..
261.—G. affinis.—ZJ6., l.c.

Under stones; not common. Long Benton.—7Z’. J. B. Near
Marsden.—J. H. April—July.

5. X. LINEARIS, Oliv.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 332.— Steph. Manual,
No. 3212.—Gyrohypnus linearis, Steph. Lllust., Mand.,
v., 261.—Stapylinus longiceps, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 350.—
Gyrohypnus longiceps, Steph. Lllust., Mand., v.,262.—
Staphylinus ochraceus, Grav. Micr., 43.—Xantholinus
ochraceus, Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, i., 416.

Common.

125. Lepracinus, Hrichson.
1. L. paRnumpunotatus, Cyll.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 335.—Staphylinus parum-
punctatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 481.—Gyrohypnus
parumpunctatus, Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 262.—-Gyro-
hypnus semistriatus, Kirby, Steph., l.c.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 39

Rather rare. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq. Near a hot bed
at Long Benton.—7’. J. B. September.
2. L. Batycurus, Anoch.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 335.—Steph. Manual, No.
3218.—Staphylinus batychrus, G'yll. Ins. Suec., iv., 480.—
Gyrohypnus batychrus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 263.—
Gyrohypnus quadrisulcus, Kirby, Steph., l.c., v., 264.—
Gyrohypnus diaphanus, MJarsh., Steph., l.c., v., 259.—
Gyrohypnus longicollis, Kirby, Steph., l.c—Xantholinus
episcopalis, Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 1., 416.

Hot-beds and dung-heaps. “ Twizell.,.—P. J. Selby, Esq.
Long Benton.—7Z. J. B. Ravensworth.—J. H.

Very variable in the number of punctures which constitute the
thoracic series, which appears to depend upon the size of the
specimen, and the length ofits thorax. In some examples, various
supernumerary punctures are found crowded together in some
part of the range, as if the dimensions of the individual did not
allow of their being arranged in extension. Gyrohypnus apicalis,
Kirby, judging from the description, appears to belong to this
species or the preceding.

3. L. LINEARIS, Grav.
Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., i., 243.—Gyrohypnus sulcifrons, Kirby,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 260.— Gyrohypnus pusillus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 264.

In the same places with the preceding, but much more frequent.
Long Benton.—Z. J. B. Under sea-weed at Marsden.—J. Z.
May.

This, which Erichson accounts a variety of the preceding, is
very uniform in its characters, and often occurs without the other
accompanying it.

Sus-Famirty 2. PAXDERIDES.
126. Cryprosium, Mannerheim.
1. C. Fracticorns, Payh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 271., pl. xxvii, f. i—Lrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 575.—Lathrobium fracticorne, Gyll.
Ins. Suec., 11., 369.
“Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq.

4() CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

127. Latnrosium, Grav.
1. L. Brunnipss, Fab.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 366.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 266.—
Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 588.
In moist meadows and woods. Common.

2. L. ELonaatTum, Linn.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., u., 363.—Steph. Ilust., Mand., v., 267.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 589.—Lathrobium atriceps,
Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 267, (immatur. )
In similar places with the preceding, and equally common.
This species, as well as the next, 1s often confounded with L.
rufipenne, apparently a very rare British insect. It is nearly —
similar in colour to L. elongatwm, but is a much smaller, and
more linear insect (about the size of LZ. multipunctum) ; the head
is more deeply punctate, and its sides, as well as those of the thorax,
are straighter; the thorax, also, is more oblong, and the elytra
are longer, than in that species. From L. fulvipenne it is much

more distinct.

3. L. FULVIPENNE, Grav.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ., 865.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 267.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 590.
Under stones, generally distributed: has been taken near the

summit of Hedgehope.

4, L. MULTIPUNCTUM, Grav.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1i1., 705.—Steph. Manual, No. 3233.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 591. — Lathrobium
punctato-striatum, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 268.

“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Under rejectamenta on the
banks of the Derwent, above Winlaton Mill.—J/. H.

5. L. quapratum. Payk.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1., 8367.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 266.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 595.—Lathrobium pilosum,
Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 1., 426.
Long Benton.—Z. J. B. Near Sunderland.—WMr. W. Peacock.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 4]

128. Lirnocnaris, Dejean.
1. L. ocnracna, Grav.

Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 1., 432.—Lrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 623.—Sunius ochraceus, Steph.
Lilust., rubricollis, Gyll. Ins.
Suec., 1i., 376.—Sunius rubricollis, Steph. [llust., Mand.,
Vestatoe

Budle Crag, and near a marsh at Dunstanborough Castle.—
J. H. In hot beds, at Long Benton.—7Z. J. B. May—August.
129. Srinicus, Latredlle.

1. S. ruripss, Jfiller.

Niger, antennis pedibusque rufis vel rufo-piceis; thorace

obsolete carinato, creberrime punctato; elytris subtiliter

punctatis, apice plus minusve piceis. Long. 24-23 lin.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 631.—Rugilus rufipes, (eer,
Fn. Ool. Helv., i., 231.—Rugilus immunis, Kirby, Steph.
Illust.. Mand., v., 278 1—Rugilus orbiculatus, var., L6.
Manual, No. 3251?

Black, slightly shining, elytra more shining, head and thorax
opaque, finely and shortly pubescent. Antenne one half longer
than the head, scarcely thickened towards the apex, third joint
somewhat longer than the second, 4—10 gradually shorter, 4—6
sub-obconic, 7—10 nodose, the last slightly larger, rufous, the
apex more dilute. Palpi rufous. Labrum piceo-rufescent, “ its
apex in the middle acutely bidenticulate;” oral parts rufous
beneath, their slight pubescence rufous. Mandibles rufo-piceous.
Head large, of the breadth of the elytra, orbiculate, very thickly
and strongly punctate, longitudinally subrugulose, a very short
smooth shining line on the crown; slightly pubescent. Thorax
somewhat mitre-shaped, wider than in the following species, one
half narrower than the elytra, a little longer than broad, obliquely
narrowed in front, slightly narrowing to the base, the sides some-
what straight; moderately eonvex, very thickly and strongly
punctate, subrugose, with a narrow longitudinal shining line,
slightly elevated posteriorly, not quite reaching the base, and
disappearing towards the apex, slightly canaliculate; on each side

of which posteriorly the disk is ay depressed. Elytraa little
ety Ey. PT.

42 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

longer than the thorax, subquadrate, sparingly and finely punctate,
most so at the apex, the punctures of various sizes; depressed on
each side of the suture towards the base, and again slightly before
the base, within the shoulders; fusco-piceous, shining, slightly
subseneous, the apex by degrees subdilute; shortly griseous pubes-
cent. Abdomen black, rather shining, thickly and very finely
punctate, with a fine rather abundant griseous down, the apex
and the margin of the fifth segment sometimes piceous. Legs
red or rufo-testaceous; the tips of the femora occasionally some-
what darker.

Rare. At South Shields, and on the banks of the Derwent,
near Axwell—J. H. May.

This is larger than any other British species I have examined.
2. S. arrinis, Hrich.

Niger, antennis fusco-rufescentibus, pedibus testaceis, femo-
ribus apice tibiisque infuscatis ; thorace carinato ; elytris
subeeneis, subtiliter punctatis, apice testaceis. Long. 2-24
lin.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 633.—Rugilus affinis, Heer,
Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 232.

About the size, or slightly larger than §. orbiculatus, black,
head and thorax opaque, shortly and finely pubescent, elytra
shining subeneous. Antenne a little longer than the head,
subincrassate towards the apex, third joint longer than the
second, scarcely one half longer, 4—10 gradually shorter and
thicker, piceo-rufous, or obscure rufescent, the basal joint sometimes
darkened above, the apex having a testaceous ring. Maxillary
palpi rufo-piceous, third joint fuscescent. Labrum piceous, the
margin rufescent. Head scarcely of the breadth of the elytra,
orbiculate, very thickly and strongly punctate, longitudinally
rugulose, with a smooth shining line on the front. Thorax almost
twice as narrow as the elytra, shaped nearly as in the last, obliquely
narrowed in front, and gently towards the base, a little longer
than broad, moderately convex, very thickly and strongly punctate,
with a broader central longitudinal line, finely canaliculate
throughout, though less distinct in front. Hlytra a little longer
than the thorax, more transverse, or wider in proportion to the

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 43

thorax, than in some other species, sparingly and finely punctate,
more obsoletely at the apex, the punctures more equal than in J.
rufipes, depressed at each side of the suture, nigro-piceous sub-
aeneous, shining, apical margin testaceous, better marked than
in S. orbiculatus, sparingly pubescent. Abdomen very thickly
and finely punctulate, shining, with a distinct, short appressed
pubescence. Legs testaceous, the anterior and intermediate coxe,
piceous, posterior red, sometimes all rufescent, the femora at the
apex and the tibie more or less saturate with fuscous, tarsi
rufescent. In damp situations, not common. At Budle Crag,
South Shields, Marsden, and on the banks of the Derwent, near
Axwell.—J. H. April—May.

3. 8. orBIcuLATUS, Payk.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 634.—Rugilus orbiculatus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 278.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i., 232.
Rare. Under stones, at South Shields, and on the Derwent.—
J. H. Uong Benton, and Cullercoats.—7Z. J. B.

Sus-Famity 3. STENIDES, Mannerheim.
130. Dranous, Leach.
1. D. carvrescens, Gy/ll.
Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 107.—Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
689.—Steph. Manual, No. 3260. — Stenus ccerulescens,
Gyll. Ins. Suec, ii., 463.— Dianous rugulosus, Steph.
Iilust., Mand., v., 436.
Rare. One specimen found in the Ouseburn Dean, in April.—
d LN a 5

131. Stenus, Latreille.
Div. 1. TVarsi with the fourth joint simple.
Sus-piv. a. Abdomen margined.
* Elytra spotted.
1. S. praurratus, Linn.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 464.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 302.—

Erichson, Gen. et. Spec. Staph., 690.
Banks of streams, Gosforth, Tyne side, banks of the Derwent

44 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

above Winlaton Mill, and near the monument at Gibside, with
the next species. June.

2. S. gurruna, Wiihler.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 691.—Steph. Manual, No.
3263.—Stenus Kirbyi, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 499.—Curt.
Brit. Hnt., pl., 164.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 302.
On the banks of gravelly streams. Wooler Water, the Till,
the Tyne and Derwent, up to the foot of Cheviot, and elsewhere.

3. 8. BIMAcULATUS, Gy/ll.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., u., 466.—Steph. Illust. Mand., v., 301._—
Frichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 692.—Stenus Juno, Grav.
Micr., 154.—Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, i., 441.
Under rejectamenta, &c. in marshes. Wooler, Dunston, Ravens-
worth woods, Swalwell, &e. February—July.

** Hlytra ommaculate. Legs black.
4, §. suno, Fab.
Gyll, Ins. Suec., i., 467.—Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 803.—
Erichson, Gen. e Spec. Staph., 694.—Stenus Boops, Grav.
Mon., 226.—Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, i., 447.
In marshes, and by the sides of ponds. Ravensworth woods,
Dunston, and abundant at Gosforth, on pond plants. January—
June.
This species is frequently named Stenus lineatulus, Kirby,
but that is probably referable to S¢. asphaléinus, Hrich., which
has been taken in Kent, by Mr. Janson.

5. S. BUPHTHALMDS, C'rav.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 475.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 296.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 699.—Stenus canalicula-
tus, Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 1, 449.
In marshy places. Banks of the Till, Ravensworth woods and
Gibside—J. H. Gosforth.—7. J. B. January—July.

6. S. arratutus: Plumbeo-niger, nitidulus, albido-pubescens,

fortiter profunde punctatus; capite coleopteris fere
dimidio angustiore, fronte leviter bisulcato, interstitio sub

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 45

carinato ; thorace angusto, oblongo-ovato, equali, in disco
posteriore foveola impresso ; elytris thorace longioribus ;
abdomine densius punctato. Long. 14-14 lin.

s. atratulus, Hrich., Gen. et Spec. Staph., 701.—Heer, Fn.
Col. Helv., i., 219, 19.

Three specimens near the Wooler Water, above Turvielaws, in
June.—J. H.

With the appearance, and almost the puncturing of S¢.
nigritulus, but with a distinct margin to the abdomen ; rather
small, narrowish, black, shining, with a fine whitish pile; antennz
black, shortish ; palpi black, the first joint testaceous ; head some-
what broader than the thorax, about half or less of the breadth of
the elytra, deeply and thickly but not very strongly punctate,
the front with two lateral rather shallow depressions, with the
interval moderately elevated longitudinally ; thorax slightly
convex, narrowish, rounded before the middle, contracting pos-
teriorly, rather strongly, deeply, and thickly punctate, furnished
behind the middle with a short shining elongate foveola ; elytra
more than double the width of the thorax, and about a third
longer, depressed lengthways along the suture, and slightly
towards the disc and the sides behind the shoulders, rather
strongly, thickly and deeply punctate ; abdomen gradually
narrowing towards the apex, thickly, but more finely punctate ;
legs black, tarsi shortish.

7. S. meLanopus, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 299.—Stenus nitidus, Boisd. et
Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris., 1., 450.—Hrichson, Gen. et
Spec. Staph., 703.
Not common. Ravensworth woods.—/. H. At Gosforth, on
the bottom of the lake, where the water was dried up.—7. J. B.
February—July. .

8. S. pusitius, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 301.—Stenus exiguus, Hrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph. 706.
Not uncommon in moss. Ravensworth woods, above Swalwell,
Long Benton, &c. January—May.

46 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

9. S. wanus, Steph.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 301.—Stenus pusillus, Hrichson, -

Gen. et Spec. Staph., 705.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 221.

Not rare in moss. Ravensworth, Gibside, Long Benton, &c.
January and February.

*** Hlytra unmaculate. Legs pitchy or testaceous.
10. 8. Boors, Gyll.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1i., 469.—Heer., Fn. Col. Helv., i., 216.—
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 293.—Stenus nigricornus, Kirby,
Steph., t.c.—Stenus clavicornis, Steph., l.c., 294.—Stenus
speculator, Boisd. et Lacord., Faun. Ent. Paris, 1., 415.—
Hrichson, Glen. et Spec. Staph., 706.

A common species, not confined to damp soils. “ Twizell.”—
P. J. Selby, Esq. Shoreston, Wooler, Long Benton, Dunston,
Ravensworth, South Shields, Gateshead Fell, Marsden, d&ec.
February—J une.

Sus-piv. b. Abdomen not margined.
11. S. nierrruLus, Gyll.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1v., 502.—Hrichson, Glen. et Spec. Staph.,
719.—Stenus unicolor, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
286.

Two specimens, probably taken at Long Benton.—7Z. J. B.
On the borders of a dung heap, near a pool on the top of Budle
Crag.—J. HH.

It varies considerably in size, the larger specimens being
about the dimensions of St. bupthalmus.

Div. 2. Varsi with the fourth jount bilobed.
Sus-piv. a. Abdomen margined.
12. S. Brnotatus, Liungh. |
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 474.—Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent.
Paris, i., 448.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 721.—
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 223.—Stenus levior, Kirby,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 297.
Borders of ponds. Gosforth, Long Benton, Boldon Flats.—
T. J. B. May—June.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 47

13. S. puBESCENS, Kirby.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., v.,297.—Stenus subimpressus, Lrich-
son, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 722.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i
223.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. On Hquiseta, and other plants
in ponds, at Gosforth.— 7. J. B. May—June.

br)

14. S. patuirarsis, Kirby.
Steph. Itlust., Mand., v., 298.—Stenus binotatus, Var. b.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 500.—Stenus plantaris, Hrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 722.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 223.
A single specimen taken in the woods on the Team, near
Ravensworth, and two others in a marsh on the Till.—J. Z.

15. 8. nrtrpus, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 300.—Stenus pheopus, Kirby, Ib.,
288 ? (forte male descript.)—S. plancus, Hrichson, Gen.
et Spec. Staph., 723.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Ravensworth woods.—J. H.
Gosforth and Long Benton.—7. J. B. January—May.

16. S. prorpEs, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 288.—Stenus rusticus, Lrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 724.—Stenus obliquus, Heer, Fn.
Col. Helv., 1., 224.
In damp places; not common. Ravensworth woods.—-J. H.
Gosforth and elsewhere.—7. J. B. January—July.

17. S. nrrrpiuscutus, Kirby.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 292.—Stenus tempestivus, Hrich-
son, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 724.

In very wet marshes, and on the borders of rivulets.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esqy. Ravensworth woods, and near
South Shields.—J. H. Gosforth and Long Benton.—Z. J. B.
Ryhope Dean.—Mr. W. Peacock. March—July.

18. S. rmmpReEssus, Germ.
Germ. Spec. Ins., 36.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 728.—
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 224, -—Stenus Aceris, Steph.

48 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Illust., Mand., v., 292.—Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent.
Paris, 1., 445.
Common. “Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Summit of Hedge-
hope (2347 feet), Cramlington, Gibside, Ravensworth, Boldon
Flats, &c. March—October.
It sometimes occurs in flowers, or rambling over the foliage
of shrubs.

19. S. proBoscrpEvs, Gyll.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii.. 476.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 225.—
Stenus ossium, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 290.—
Stenus canaliculatus, Kirby, [0., l.c., 294.—Stenus palus-
tris, Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 1., 729.

Not uncommon in boggy situations. Long Benton, Gosforth
and Boldon Flats.—7Z. J. B. On the upper part of Hedgehope,
Gibside, Ravensworth woods, and Marsden.—J. H. April—
July.

20. S. PALLIPES, Grav.
Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 1., 416.—Hrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 731.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 225.—
Stenus immunis, Marsh. Steph., Illust., Mand. v., 290.
Rare. Guibside and Ravensworth woods, in moss.—J. JZ.

January.

21. S. ruavipres, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 289.—Stenus filum, Hrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 731.
Rare. Long Benton and Boldon Flats —Z7. J. B. Near
Dunstanborough Castle, Gibside, and Ravensworth. —J. #H.
Ryhope dean.—Mr. W. Peacock. March.

Sus-piv. b. Abdomen not margined.
22. S. TarsaLis, Liungh. 7

Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1i., 472.—Steph. Ilust., Mand., v., 286.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 732.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i., 226.—Stenus nigriclavis, Kirby, Steph. [llust., M and.,
v., 285.—St. rufitarsis, Kirby, Ib., l.c—St. flavitarsis,
Wilkin. Ib., lc.

In damp bogs. Taken at “Twizell,” by P. J. Selby, Esq.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 49

23. S. ocuLatus, Goetze.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ti., 471.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 282.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 733.
In damp places; common. Budle Crag, Twizell, Gosforth,
Long Benton, Ravensworth, &c. May and June.

24. §. rutvicornis, Kirby.
Steph. Illust.. Mand., v., 284.—Stenus paganus, Hrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 742.
Rare. Gibside and RavensworthJ. H. A specimen taken
within the district—7. J. B. January.

25. S. BrunnipEs, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 285.—Stenus latifrons, Hrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 743.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., 1., 227.
At the roots of grass, and among moss; common everywhere.
This species feeds upon Acari and Podure.

Sun-Famity 4. OXYTELIDES.
Sect. 1. OXYTELINI GENUINI, Erichson.
132. Buepivs, Leach.
1. B. opacus, Block.
Erichson, Gien. et Spec. Staph., 771.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i., 210.—Hesperophilus hcemopterus, Kirby, Steph. Illust.,
Mand., v., 310.—Bledius castaneipennis, Ziegl. Boisd. et
Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, i., 457.
Rare: two specimens were dug out of sand on the banks of
the Derwent, near Axwell Park — J. H. Abundant in the estuary
of the Tees.— Rev. G. 7. Rudd. June.

2. B. supterranevs, Merkel.
Niger, sub-opacus, pedibus pallidis, femoribus nigri-cantibus,
thorace, leviter canaliculato, subtiliter obsoleteque punctato.
Long. 13 lin.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 777.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
ijk):
Black, head, thorax, and elytra sub-opaque, the last with a con-
spicuous short griseous pubescence abdomen shining. Antenne

somewhat longer than the head, pernoary thickened outwardly,
Vidi t, | BT: Ti

0 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

third joint thinner, and one-half longer than the second, the rest
of the joints short, 6—10 transverse, the last largest, rotundate, .
nearly obtuse; black, the two basal joints sometimes piceous.
Mandibles prominent, slender, slightly arcuate, rufous. Palpi
piceo-testaceous, third joint nigro-piceous. Head short, sub-
triangular, narrower than the thorax, finely and obsoletely scattered
punctate, the front down the middle rather elevated, longitudinally
but obsoletely depressed on each side at the base of the antenne.
Hyes very prominent. Thorax sub-semicircular, the front being
rather wider, almost one-half narrower than the elytra, a little
shorter than broad, the sides neatly rounded, sinuate narrowed
behind the middle, posterior angles obtuse, sub-prominent, base
and sides slightly margined ; convex above, opaque, rather thickly,
finely, and obsoletely punctate, very finely canaliculate. Hlytra
almost double the length of the thorax, rather convex, somewhat
widest posteriorly, exterior angles rather rounded, slightly shining,
thickly and finely punctate, clothed with a shining griseous down.
Abdomen deeper black, more shining, very finely and thickly
punctate. Legs piceo-testaceous, or testaceous, the femora some-
times fuscescent.

On the banks of the Derwent, above Winlaton Mill. On those
of Wooler Water, below Langleyford, and near Wooler, and of the
Till.—J. H. June.

It burrows under the sand, raising little heaps like worm casts,
and comes abroad towards evening. Where I met with it, it was
prayed on by a colony of Formica rufa. It occurs on several of
the Berwickshire rivers, and has, I believe, likewise been taken
in Ireland, by Mr. Halliday.

133. Puatystetuus, Mannerhein.
1. P. morsrrans, Payk.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 312.—Hrichson, Gen. et Spee.
Staph., 782.—Oxytelus morsitans, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i,
451.—Platystethus trilobus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
312.—PI. sulcatus, Marsh, [b., l.c.,315.—Pl. brunnipennis,
Ib., l.c.—Platystethus pallidipennis, Heer, Pn. Col. Helv.,
i, 207.

Common.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 51

134. Oxyrenus, Grav.
1. O. ruaosus, Kab.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 316.—EHrichson, Gen. et Spec.
Staph., 786.—Oxytelus carinatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11,
452.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 315—Heer, Fn. Col.
Helv., 1., 203.

Var. O. pulcher, Grav. Micr., 107.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
315.—O. terrestris, Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris,
i., 462.
Common.
In winter, it often occurs in moss, or in the soil; in the pith of
reeds and thistles, or under bark.

2. O. scuLptus, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 788.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i., 205.—Oxytelus antennatus, Kirby, Steph. [llust., Mand.,
Mole.
Under garden rubbish, &e. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq.
Long Benton.—7. J. B. Budle Crag.—J. H. March—July.

3. O. SCULPTURATUS, Grav.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 456.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v.. 317.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 790.
Common, everywhere.

4. O. nrvens, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v.. 316.—Oxytelus luteipennis, Hrich-
son, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 792.
Ravensworth, Gateshead Fell,and under sea-weed at Marsden.—
J. H. Prestwick Car.—Z7. J. B. March—July.

5. O. FLAVIPES, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 318.

Beneath sea-weed at Newton-by-the-Sea, near Beadnell, Hartley,
Cullercoats, Tynemouth, Marsden, and Hartlepool. February—
May.

This very distinct species is related to O. politus of Erichson.

52 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

6. O. niTIDULUS, Grav.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 319.—Hrichson, Glen. et. Spec.
Staph., 795. — Oxytelus ruficrus, Kirby, Steph. Iilust.,
Mand., v., 320.

Near North Sunderland, Wooler, on the Till, Ravensworth
woods, and rather abundant at Marsden—J. H. Newcastle.—
DT ce AR LAY,,

7. O. PALLIPES, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 319.—Oxytelus ren Gyll.
Ins. Suec., i1., ee ee complanatus, H’richson, Gen.
et Spec. Staph., 795.
In dung, &c. Near Beadnell, South Shields, Marsden, and ~
Hartlepool. J. H. Long Benton.—Z. J. B. March—May.
Much resembling O. sculpturatus, but smaller, the interstices of
the sulci of the thorax narrower, more elevated, carinated, head,
thorax, and elytra opaque. In O. sculpturatus the posterior
tibie are spinose after the middle; in this they are not visibly
spined. The head, thorax, and elytra are longitudinally strigose.

8. O. DEPREssus, Grav.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 318.—LHrichson, Glen.-et Spec. Staph.,
796.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 206.—Oxytelus opacus,
Kirby, Steph, Illust., Mand., v., 321.—O. pusillus, Leach,
TOs ic:

Common.

135. Trocopuiavs, Mannerheim.
1. T. prninEatus, Kirby.

Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 806.—Carpalinus bilineatus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 324., pl. xxvii., f 4,—Oxytelus
corticinus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ., 645.

Under garden rubbish, dung heaps, and by the banks of rivulets.
Ravensworth woods.—J. H. Long Benton.—7. J. B. Jan.—May.

2. T. FuLIGINosUS, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 808.—Carpalinus fuliginosus,
Steph. Ilust., Mand., v., 325.
On the banks of the Till, below Weetwood Bridge. July.—
J. aT,

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 53

3. T. PUSILLUS, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 811.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i., 202.—Aleochara pusilla, Gyll. Ins. Swec., u1., 409.—
Tenosoma pusillum, Steph. Jllust., Mand., v., 323.—
Oxytelus fuliginosus, G'yll. Ins. Suec.,ii., 460.—Carpalimus
picipennis, Kirby, Steph., Illust., Mand., v., 325%
In similar places with the preceding. Long Benton.—Z’. J.
B. Budle, North Sunderland, Wooler water, and the banks of
the Till—J. H. May—July.

Sec. 2, OXYTELINI COPROPHILINI, Erichson.*
| 136. Copropuitus, Latreille.
1. C. striatuLus, fab.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 345.—Krichson, Gen. et Spec.
Staph., 816.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i, 199.—Omalium
rugosum, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 233.—Anthobium rugosum,
Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 469.

Rare. From the sea coast at Hartlepool—J/. H. Under sea
weed, near Sunderland.—l/7. W. Peacock.

137. Micratymma, Westwood.
1, M. BREvVIPENNE, Gyll.

Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph., 820.— Omalium brevipenne,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1.,234.—Micralymma Johnstonis, Westw.
Mag. of Zool. and Bot., ii., 130, pl. iv., f. 1.— Steph.
Manual, No. 3414.

Under stones between tide marks, between Budle and the
Heather House, and more sparingly in the fissures of a shady
sandstone, near Monkshouse, in July.—J/. 7.

Mr. Halliday remarks that this species was described about
the period of Linnzus. I have not been able to find its earliest
appellation thus referred to. Schiodte has described a second
species from Greenland, with terrestrial habits.

138. Syntomium, Curtis.
1. S. ayzeum, Diller.

ELrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 821.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helu.,

1, 199.—Omalium eneum, (yll. Ins. Suec., iv., 466.—

* Schiodte is of opinion that this section should be united to the Omalides.

o4 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Syntomium nigro-eneum, Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 228.—
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 329.
In moss from damp places. Gosforth, Long Benton, and
7. J. B. Ravensworth woods.—J. H. February.

Sus-Famity 5. PHLQ@Z2OCHARIDES.

139. Putamocuaris, Mannerheim.
1. P. sustinisstma, Mannerh.
Steph. Manual, No. 3375.—Hrichson, Glen. et Spec. obupie
845.

Under bark of mountain ash, and other trees in Ravensworth
woods; and under bark of paling, at Gibside—J. H. March—
October.

Sus-Famiry 6. OMALIDES.

140. ANTHOPHAGUS, Grav.
1. A. Carasorpes, Linn.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 192.—Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
850.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 195.—Lesteva Caraboides,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 360.
On shrubs, and among herbage. “Twizell.,—P. J. Selby,
Esq. “Castle Eden dean.” — Ormsby’s Durham. Gosforth,
Gibside, &c. June.

2. A. TESTACEUS, Grav.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., Fe Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
851.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 194. Pepin Cara-
boides, var. ¢., Gyll. Ins., me Livel Oe:

On the leaves of akaatwood Giside 7 . H, June.

The elytra are longer than in the preceding, and the thorax is
more quadrate, and not so much narrowed posteriorly. Gyllenhal
considers that the differences are to be attributed to the robustness
of the specimens, whence also arises the deeper puncturing of the

head and thorax.

3. A. aupinus, ab.
Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph., 849.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1,
196, 6.—Lesteva alpina, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 361.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. ae

Under stones, at the summit of Hedgehope (2347 feet) in July —
J. H.

The specimens taken are all males, and have their heads armed
with sharp horns. One specimen has the antennz testaceous ; in
the others the tip of these is pitchy, as in foreign examples. The
mouth is red, and the head and thorax are black, excepting the
rufous margins of the latter.

141. Gzopromus, Heer.
1. G. pLacratus, Fab.

Heer, Fn. Ool. Helv., i., 572.—Geobius plagiatus, Jb., l.c., 1,
193.—Anthophagus plagiatus, G'yll. Ins. Suec., 11., 195.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 852.—Lesteva plagiata,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 362.

Var. With the elytra black, concolorous.

Anthophagus nigrita, Miller, Germ. Mag., iv., 226.—-Lesteva
globulicollis, Mannerh. Brach., 56.—Steph. Itlust., Mand.,
v., 360.

A specimen of the variety has occurred on the banks of the
Derwent, near the monument at Gibside.—J. H.

142. Lestseva, Latreille.
1. L. Bicotor, Fab.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 855.—Anthophagus obscurus,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., u., 196.—Lesteva, obscura, Steph. Lllust.
Mand., v., 361.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 192.

On the banks of gravelly streams. Common.

In a small shady glen near Winlaton, I observed great numbers
on the border of the rivulet, feeding upon drowned Hilare and
other Diptera, that are accustomed to hover over pools.

2, L. impressa, Kirby. .
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 363.—L. punctata, Lrichson, Gen.
et Spec. Staph., 857.
Under herbage, in the wettest swamps. Near Wooler, Ravens-
worth woods, and the woods above Swalwell.—J. H. January.
To adapt it to its situation, it appears to have, like L, bicolor,
an oily coat to repel moisture.

56 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

143. Arpepium, Hrichson.
1. A. BRACHYPTERUM: Piceum, parum nitidum, parce pubescens, ~
capite thoraceque subquadrato parce subtiliterque punctatis,
hoc utrinque profunde foveolato, elytris crebre fortius
punctatis. Lon. 13 lin.
Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph., 859.—Omalium brachypterum,
Grav. Micr., 114, 5.
Under stones, in peaty soil, near the summit of Hedgehope.—
fal el |
Body oblong, sub-depressed, piceous or ferrugineo-piceous,
rather shining, abdomen still more splendent, with a sparing,
bristled, and rather distinct pubescence; head sub-triangular, |
about one-third less than the thorax, slightly convex along the
middle, sparingly, finely, and obsoletely punctate, rather smooth
anteriorly, front between the eyes with two minute deep longitu-
dinal striz, and anteriorly between the antennze with two more
obsolete foveole, black, the mouth piceous; antenne slender,
scarcely thickened outwardly, about the length of the head and
thorax, rather pilose, and as well as the maxillary palpi rufo-
piceous ; labial palpi testaceous ; thorax sub-quadrate, about the
width of the base of the elytra, a little shorter than broad, with
the sides slightly rounded, the base and apex truncate, all the
angles rounded, above slightly convex, sparingly and obsoletely
punctulate, the puncturing more conspicuous on the sides and
the posterior angles, a minute rounded deep fovea on each side
at the lateral margin a little before the middle, fusco-piceous or
ferruginous; scutellum sparingly, finely, and obsoletely punctate ;
elytra one half longer than the thorax, wedge-shaped, broadest
backwardly, the outer angles rounded, rather flattish, with a longi-
tudinal depression on each side of the scutellum, thickly and
rather strongly punctate; abdomen still increasing in width after
the termination of the elytra, and then narrowed at the apex ;
about the length of the anterior part of the body, shining, very
minutely thickly and obsoletely punctulate, nearly glabrous, the
sides broadly margined ; legs rufo-testaceous.
I have met with this rare insect, in the collections of Dr.
Greville and the Rev. W. Little, who probably took it in the

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 57

Scottish Highlands. This, however, is the first time it is recorded
as British.

2. A. suspuBEscENS, Kirby.

Omalium subpubescens, Steph. Jllust., Mand., v., 350.—
Arpedium humile, Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 860'—
Arpedium myops, Haliday, Entomologist, 187.

On the flowers of broom and furze. North Sunderland, Budle
Hills, Embleton, Wooler, foot of Hedgehope, wood above Winlaton
Mill.—J. H. Long Benton.—Z. J. B. June.

Haliday was the first to notice the generic relations of the
British insect, and the anomalouscircumstance of its being destitute
of ocelli. Erichson’s A. humile, from the Uralian mountains, was
a solitary example, and appears to have been immature.

144, Actpota, Leach.
1. A. crenata, Fab. °
Steph. Illust., Mand,, v., 358, pl. xxvi. f. 6.—Boisd. et
Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 1., 476.—Erichson, Gen. et
Spec. Staph., 861.—Omalium crenatum, Gyll. Ins. Suec.,
i1., 230.
A pair from the woods above Ravensworth Castle—J. H.
February.

145. OLopurum, Lrichson.
1. O. prceum, Gy/ll.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 864.—Steph. Manual, No.
3409. — Omalium piceum, Gyll. Ins. Suec., u1., 200.—
Anthobium piceum, Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 541.

Under withered leaves, &c., in such swampy places as Chrysos-
plenium alternifoliwm flourishes. Long Benton, Gosforth, Ravens-
worth, Swalwell, and on the coast near South Shields. February—
May. |

146. Laturimazum, Hrichson.
1. L. atrocerHatum, Gyll.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 870.—Steph. Manual., No.

3403.—Omalium atrocephalum, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 463.—

Anthobium atrocephalum, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 342.—
VOL. I Py. 1 H

58 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Anthobium melanocephalum, Marsh, b., l.c., v., 341.—A.
longipenne, Kirby, [b., l.c.?—A. unicolor, Marsh, ToS:
l.c., 343% (jun. ?)

In humid situations, under herbage; also under bark, and at
the sap of felled trees. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Cram-
lington, Gosforth, Long Benton, Gibside, Ravensworth. J anuary—
September.

147. DetipHrum., Lrichson.
1. D. tectum, Payk. |
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 872.—Steph. Manual, No.
3402.—Omalium tectum, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 203.—
Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 1., 487.—Anthobium
tectum, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 340. |

At sap of felled trees; in horse dung, &c. “ Twizell.”—P. J.
Selby, Esq. Long Benton, Heaton, Gosforth, Gibside, Ravens-
worth, South Shields. March—May.

148. Pateonomus, Heer.
1. P. wvFiatus, Gyll.

Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 185.—Omalium inflatum, Gyll. Ins.
Suec., ii1., 700.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 883.—
Lathrimeum inflatum, Steph. Manual, No. 3408.

Rare. Under decayed bark of trees, in the upper parts of
Ravensworth woods.—J. H. February—October.

2. P. roprerus, Kirby.

Omalium iopterum, Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 349.—Omalium
sordidum, Jb. /.c.—Omalium lucidum, Hrichson, Glen. et
Spec. Staph., 881.—Phlceonomus lucidus, Heer, Fn. Col.
Helv., i., 185.—Omalium brunneum, var. b., Gyll. Ins.
Suec., i1., 227.—Omalium mesomelas, Holme, Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond., 1i1., 1281
Under bark of trees and paling. Ravensworth woods and

Gibside—J. H. January.

3. P. pusriuvs, Gyll.
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 186.—Omalium pusillum, Gyll. Ins.

Suec., i1., 220.—Steph. Illust., Mand., 353.—Erichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph.. 879.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 59

Under the bark of Pinus sylvestris. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby,
Esq. long Benton and Gosforth.—Z. J. B. May—September.

149. Omatrum, Gravenhorst.
1. O. RIvULARE, Payk.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ti., 214.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 354.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 875.—Heer, Fn. Col.
Helv., i., 176.
Common, especially on the flowers of Allium ursinum. June.

2. O. LzZviIuscuLuM, Cyl.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 464.—Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
. 887.—Omalium leve, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 352.
Common beneath sea-weed, along the coast. Budle Bay,
Beadnell, Newton-by-the-Sea, Hartley, Tynemouth, South Shields,
Marsden, Sunderland. February—September.
Distinguished from O. rivulare, by the fineness of its punctur-
ing.
3. O. Exiauum, Giyll.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1i., 218.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 350.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 876.
One specimen on the sand at South Shields —J. H. May.

4, O. OxyYacaANTHA, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 877.—Omalium piceum,
Kirby, Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 354.

“Mwizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Beneath sea-weed at Shields
and Marsden.—/. H. Newcastle and Cullercoats—Z. J. B.
May.

5. O. FrossuLtatum, Hrich.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 877.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i., 176.—Omalium caesum, Gyll. Ins. Suec.,ii., 215.—Steph.
Illust., Mand., v., 354. |

Notunfrequent. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Long Benton,

Ravensworth, Marsden, Swalwell. May.

6. O. conrormatum, Hardy.
Nigrum, nitidum, sublineare, pedibus testaceis, antennis
elytrisque subnigris, capite thoraceque creberrvme punctatis ;

60 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

hoc dorso foveolis duabus sub-oblongis, parum profundis
umpresso, basin versus subangustato, margine laterali non -
explanato. Long. 1—14 lin.

Sublinear, of the size of O. exiguwm, to which it is nearly allied,
but the head and thorax are less deeply impressed, and the elytra
less deeply punctured; with the fover of O. rivulare. Black,
shining. Antenne of the length of the head and thorax, slightly
thickened towards the apex, 9th and 10th joints sub-transverse,
the last rather larger, abruptly acuminate; black, or nigro-piceous
in the middle. Palpi nigro-piceous. Head rather flattish, thickly
and rather finely punctate, two deepish rounded fovee behind
between the eyes, and two approximating more obsolete sublinear
impressions anteriorly between the base of the antenne, the apex
of the head not smooth. Thorax transverse, subquadrate, of the
shape of that of O. rivulare, considerably narrower than the elytra,
nearly one half of their breadth at the apex, thickly and finely
punctate as in the head; the sides slightly, the anterior angles
considerably rounded, slightly narrowest towards the base, base
truncate, posterior angles nearly right angled; slightly convex
transversely, the back with two sub-arcuate, rather shallow, sub-
oblong fovese, widest and deepest behind, narrowing and vanishing
in front, with a third obverse-lanceolate, more obsolete, interme-
diate fovee at the apex, and the trace of a fourth triangular,
still more shallow one at the base before the scutellum; sides
anteriorly narrowly margined, at the middle, on each side, rather
strongly impressed, by which means a triangular flattened space
is formed at each of the posterior angles Scutellum smooth.
Elytra more than double the length of the thorax, sometimes
widest externally, lateral margin very narrow, exterior angles
rounded ; not quite flat, slightly longitudinally depressed on each
side along the suture, and at the base near the shoulders; very
thickly and rather strongly punctate, concolorous, or slightly
fuscous. Abdomen very obsoletely punctulate, rather dull. Legs
testaceous, the femora sometimes dusky.

Very nearly allied to O. cwswm, Erich., O. owyacanthe, Gyll.,
which appears to be more opaque, and has the sides of the thorax
flattened out.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 61

At a dead hare, in Ravensworth woods, and also at South
Shields. —J. H. March—May.

This species has also occurred in Berwickshire, and there are
specimens in Mr. Walker's collection probably taken near London.

7. O. FLORALE, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 350.—E richson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
879.—Omalium Viburni, Gyill. Ins. Suec., 11, 224.—
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 351.
On the flowers of broom, hawthorn, &c. Swalwell, dean above
Winlaton Mill, Gibside, and under sea-weed at South Shields.—
J. H. Wong Benton.—7Z. J. B. April—June.

8. O. pusititum, Gyll.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 218.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 353.—
LErichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 879.—Phleonomus pusillus,
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 186.
Long Benton, Gosforth —7Z. J. B. May—September.

150. Xytopromus, Heer.
1. X. concrnnus, Marsh.
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 567. —Omalium concinnum, Steph.
Illust., Mand., v., 347’—EHrichson, Glen. et Spec. Staph.,
886.

Under rubbish, and in shops and cellars. Newcastle, Gates-
head, Long Benton. June—October.

It often appears on windows. Our insect agrees better with
Erichson’s description of Omaliwm concinnum, than with O.
deplanatum, to which specimens are often referred. The elytra
are always longitudinally substrigose. Stephens’ description is
so indefinite, that it is difficult to decide as to which of the two
closely allied species it belongs.

151. AntHosium, Leach
1. A. TRIvIALE, Hrich.

Nigro-piceum, ore, antennis pedibusque testaceis; thorace
transverso, angulis posticis rectis ; elytris fuscis, confertim
sat fortiter punctatis, thorace duplo longioribus, in utroque
sexu truncatis. Long. 14 lin.

62 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 892.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv.,
i., 180.—Omalium Primule, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., .
v., 3562

About double the size of A. minutwm, more elongate, with the
habit of an Omaliwm, nigro-fuscous, rather shining, glabrous, ab-
domen indistinctly pubescent. Antennz longer than the head and
thorax, rather slender, slightly thickened towards the apex, (the
last five joints) ; testaceous, the base rather palest, pilose. Mouth
and palpi testaceous. Head triangular, much less than the thorax,
two minute fovez between the eyes, and two rather shallow ones
at the base of the antenne, margin of the apex elevated, a very
slightly elevated transverse bent ridge crossing the middle of the
head before the ocelli, scarcely punctate, at the border of each
eye finely longitudinally strigose; black, slightly shining. Hyes
very prominent. Thorax transverse, truncate cordate, or sub-
quadrate, a little narrower than the elytra, scarcely one half
longer than broad, the sides rounded, slightly margined, more
distinetly at each of the posterior angles, consequent on a very
obsolete lateral impression, slightly narrowed towards the base,
base and apex truncate, anterior angles rounded, posterior angles
right angled, bluntish; slightly convex, scatteredly and rather
finely punctate, an obsolete rounded impression at the base before
the scutellum; rather shining, fuscous black, lateral margins
rufescent. Scutellum smooth. LHlytra more than twice as long
as the thorax, widest behind, the sides deflexed, apex slightly,
external apex obliquely rounded, interiorly truncate in both sexes,
thickly and strongly punctate, at the apex narrowly smoothened,
and with the puncturing finer, some of the punctures next the
apex, suture shewing a tendency to arrangement in a series, rather
widely depressed along the suture, and slightly near the shoulders;
fusco-rufescent, apical and sometimes the lateral margins more
dilute, shining. Abdomen, behind the elytra, about half their
length, exceedingly finely punctulate, black, somewhat shining,

apex testaceous, in the female with two very short styles.
This agrees so closely with Stephens’ description of Omalium
Primule, that I cannot but regard it as the same; but since it
is placed in his division, with “the thorax deeply foveolated,” there

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 63

isroom fordoubt. In Switzerland, A. triviale frequents the prim-
rose, whence it has been likewise named by Chevrier, Omaliwm
Primule. Kirby found his 0. Primule, “abundant in the flowers
of the common primrose, in May, 1809; when first captured it
has a most fetid odour.” (Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 357.) See
also Kirby and Spence, Introd. to Entomology, ii., 242.

Taken in the flowers of the Guelder Rose ( Viburnum Opulus );
and of the Hawthorn, at Gibside—J. H. May and June.

2. A. rorguatum, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 339.—Anthobium mucronatum,
Kirby, Ib., l.c., (fem. )—Omalium montivagum, Chevrier,
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 184.—Anthobium scutellare,
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 895.—Anthobium nigri-
ventre, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 343%
In flowers of furze and broom; common. Budle, Twizell,
Tynemouth, Gibside, &c. June and July.

3. A. Sorst, Gy/ll.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 338.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
895.—Omalium Sorbi, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 206.
Var. Silpha lutea, Marsh. Ent. Brit.,i.,128.—Anthobium luteum,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 338.
In flowers of hawthorn, mountain ash, broom, &c. ; very common.
June and July. |

4. A. minutum, Fab.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 896.—Steph. Manual, No.
3398. — Anthobium Ranunculi, Jb. Jllust., Mand., v.,
337.—An. picipenne, Kirby, Jb. Lc.

In the flowers of the Ranunculacez, common.

Sus-Famity 7. PROTEINIDES.
152. Prorstnus, Latreille.
1. P. BRacuypTERuvs, Fab.
Steph., Illust., Mand., v., 334,—Hrichson, Gen. et Spec.
Staph., 903.—Omalium brachypterum, Gyl/, Ins. Suec.,
ii., 207.—Proteinus ovalis, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand.,
V., doo.

64 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

In Fungi, and decaying substances, not uncommon. Gibside,
Axwell, Ravensworth, South Shields, &c.

153. Mrcarturus, Kirby.
1. M. pepressus, Payk.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 905.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i., 171.—Omalium depressum, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 210.—
Megarthrus pusillus. Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 333.—
Omalium macropterum, Grav. AZon., 215, via. . Megarthrus
id, Steph. l.c. ?
In Fungi, cow-dung, &c. Budle Crag, Prestwick Car, Long
Benton, Gibside, Ravensworth, South Shields. June—October.

2. M. stnvatocotus, De Jean.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 905.—Phlceobium sinuato-
colle, Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 1., 493.—
Megarthrus depressus, Steph. Illust. Mand., v., 332%

In Fungi. Gibside and elsewhere. July.
In this species there is a blunt tooth on the sides of the thorax,
behind the middle.

3. M. pentico.uts, Beck. |
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 906.—Megarthrus marginatus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 333, (foem.) — Megarthrus
emarginatus, Kirby, 1. 1.c.,3321—Phleobium marginicolle,
De Jean, Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Hnt. Paris, 1., 493.—
Megarthrus marginicollis, Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., i., 171.

In garden rubbish, &c. Long Benton.—Z. J. B. Gibside.—
J. H. March—August.

The male has the intermediate femora thickened, and the tibie
slightly bent; the posterior femora are also thickened, the tro-
chanters strongly dilated, the tibiee emarginate before the apex,
and the apex is furnished with a claw.—( Hrichson. )

Sus-Famity 8. MICROPEPLIDA.
154. ake Latreille.
1. M. porcatvs, fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 55.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
911.—Omalium porcatum, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1., 211.
In garden rubbish, and in damp places, not uncommon.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 65

2. M. Srapnyurnorpes, Marsh.

Steph. Illust., Mand., pl. xvi., f. 6—Manual, No. 990.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 913.—Nitidula Staphy-
linoides, Marsh. Ent. Brit., 1., 137.

Flying over old thatch and dung at Long Benton.—7”. J. B.
Under stones near Marsden.— J. H. May—October.

Stephens’ description of J. Staphylinoides, as Mr. Haliday
observes (Hntomologist, 187), is chiefly taken from Gyllenhal,
whose insect was the JZ. TVesserula of Curtis, which has the
interstices between the ridges on the elytra smooth, while they
are punctate in IZ. Staphylinoides. It is perhaps owing to this
error, that I. Tesserula, which is represented with the interstices
“very minutely punctured,” is found in Mr. Selby’s List of the
Insects found on Twizell estate.

Sus-Famity 9. TACHYPORIDES.
155. Hypocyprus, Schuppel.
1. H. tonercornts, Payk.
Boisd. e Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, 1.,521.—Steph. Manual,
No. 2975.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 215.—Cypha
rufipes, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 187.
In Fungi, &c. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, sq. Gibside, Shields,
Hartlepool. April—September.

156. Conurus, Stephens.
1. C. nirtcreus, Linn.
Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 762.—Erichson, Gren. et Spec. Staph.,
219.—Steph. Manual, No. 2981.—Tachyporus cellaris,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ti., 244.—Conurus cellaris, Steph. [llust.,
Mand., v., 189.—Tachinus angularis, /0., l.c., 193.
Under decayed bark of trees in damp places, rare. Woods on

the Team, near Ravensworth, and on the Derwent, near Swalwell.—

J. 2. Apu.

2. C. PUBESCENS, Grav.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 189.—EHrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
221.—Tachyporus pubescens, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1., 243.—

Conurus Marshami, Steph. Jllust., Mand., v., 189.
VoL.I. PT. 1 I

66 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Under bark and rubbish, in damp places ; common within the
district round Newcastle.

3. C. pyRRHOPTERUS, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 434.— Conurus obscuripennis,
Kirby, Ib., l.e., v., 1911—Conurus lividus, Hrichson, Gen.
et Spec. Staph., 229.
Common, on sandy sea coasts. March—September.
This species is uniformly of a rufo-testaceous hue.

157. Tacuyporus, Grav.
1. T. ostusus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 182.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
232.—Tachyporus analis, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 239.—Steph.
Lilust., Mand., v., 182.—T. melanurus, Marsh., Jb., l.c.,
183.
Var.? T, nitidicollis, Steph., l.c., 184.
In moss, common.

2. T. Hypnorvum, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 184.—Frichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
234.—Tachyporus marginatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1., 237.—
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 183.—T. nitidulus, Marsh., Ib.
l.c., 184.—T. subtestaceous, Jb. l.c., 183. (Immatur. )
In moss, common.
The young immature testaceous varieties are found about mid-
summer,

3. T. curysometines. Linn.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 236.—Steph. Illust., Wand., v., 181.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 235.—T. merdarius, Steph.
Illust., Mand., v., 182.—T. marginellus, Marsh., [b., l.c.

In moss, common.

4, T. pyrrHopTeRrvs, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 181.
Not common. In moss from Ravensworth and Gibside.—J
H. January.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 67

5. T. RUFICOLLIS, Grav.
Steph., Illust., Mand., v., 180.—LHrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
239.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 288.

Not very common; in moss, from Gibside, Long Benton,
Ravensworth, and the sea coast. January.

Erichson describes the antenne as entirely testaceous; but in
our specimens the apex is black or nigro-fuscous, with the base
testaceous. In other respects the characters given are those of
our insects.

6. T. pusILuus, Grav.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 241.—Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 180.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 239.—T. atriceps, Steph.
Iilust., Mand., v., 181.—T. nigripennis, Z0., /.c., 180.

In moss, not uncommon. “'T'wizell.”— P. J. Selby, Esq.
Shoreston, Ravensworth, Gibside, Gosforth, South Shields, Marsden.
January—August.

7. T. BRuNNEvS, Fab.

Erichson, Gren. et Spec. Staph., 241.—Tachyporus nitidulus,
Gyll. Ins. Suee., 1., 242.—Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent.
Parisi; 517. moe Fn. Col. Heilv., i., 290.

In moss, not very common. Gosforth, Long Benton, Gibside,
Ravensworth. January—June.

Under this species and the preceding, the Ricaee number of
the species enumerated in Stephens’ first section are probably to
be arranged as varieties.

158. Tacurnus, Grav.
1. T. SrupHorpns, Linn.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1i., 267.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 194.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 245.
Abundant in hot beds, also in horse dung. “ Twizell.”—P. J.
Selby, Hsq. Cheviot.—Dr. Johnston. Long Benton, Gibside,
South Shields, &c. June.

2. T. nuFipEs, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 196.—Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
254.—Tachinus pullus, Grav. Micr., 140.—Gyll. Ins.

68 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Suec., ii., 262.— Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 196.—T. apicalis,
Ib. lc., 195.—T. fulvipes, 16. l.c—T. pallens, Gyll. Ins...
Suec., ii., 259.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,198. (Immatur. )

Common.

3. T. HUMERALIS, Grav.

Gyll. Ins. Suec.. i1., 257.—Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent.
Paris, i., 507.—Frichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 256.—
Tachinus cinctus, Marsh., Steph. [llust., Mand., ¥, 19
T. scapularis, Jd. .c. |

In carcases, Fungi, &c. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Gib-
‘side, Ravensworth, Long Benton, South Shields, &&. June—
November.

4. T. suBTERRANEUS, Linn.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 252.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 198.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 259.
Not uncommon. It is usually a vernal insect, appearing in

February.

5. T. mareinetius, Wad. }
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1i., 265.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 194.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 263.—Tachinus laticollis,
Grav. Micr., 141.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 194.
Common. February—November.

6. T. coLLARis, Grav.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 266.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 193.—
Erichson, Glen. et. Spec. Staph., 264.—Tachinus corticinus,
Grav. Micr., 141.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 193.
Not common. “ Twizell.”—/P. J. Selby, Hsq. Long Benton,
and South Shields.—7Z’. J. B. March—June.

7. T. evoneatus, Gy/ll.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 251.—Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 199.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 265.—Tachinus aterrimus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 199.
Not common. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Banks of Wooler
water, and in the woods, above Winlaton Mill—J. H. August.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 69

159. Bouterosius, Leach.
1. B. anauis, Payhk.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., i.,269.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i.,297.—Megacronusanalis, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,165.—
Tachinus analis, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1., 269.

In moss and under stones. “ T'wizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.
Long Benton, Wolsington, South Shields, Gateshead Fell, Marsden,
Ravensworth. January—August.

2. B. Formosus, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 271.—Megacronus formosus,
Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 167, pl. xxvu., f. 5.
Rare. One specimen taken in a quarry near Fugar Bar.—J.
H. November.

3. B. castaneus, Steph.
Megacronus castaneus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 166.—Bole-
tobius rufus, Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 273.
Rare. One specimen taken at Long Benton.—7Z’. J. B.

4, B. atricapittus, Lab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 172.—E richson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
276.—Tachinus atricapillus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 273.
In Fungi: common. This, according to Zetterstedt and West-
wood is the true Linnean Staph. lunulatus.

5. B. trimacunatus, Payk.
Steph. [llust., Mand., v.,172.—E richson, Gren. et Spec. Staph.,
279.—Tachinus trimaculatus, G'yll. Ins. Suec., ii., 275.
Var. Boletobius trinotatus, Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 279.
In Fungi, under bark, and on trunks of trees. “ Twizell.”—
P. J. Selby, Hsq. Gibside, Ravensworth, woods above Swalwell.
April—October. |

6. B. ancuLaris, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 173.—Boletobius exoletus, Zrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 280.
In Agarics. Gibside, woods on the Derwent, above Winlaton,
and Gosforth. August.

70 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

7. B. pramaus, Panz.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 174.—Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
280.
In Agarics,common. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsqg. Gosforth,
Gibside, Ravensworth, &c. July and August.
Stephens has given several other species, but they may nearly
all be reduced to varieties of B. angularis, and B. pygmcus.

160. Mycrtoporus, Mannerhevm. |
1. M. toneuuus, Mannerh.

Elongatus, niger, nitidus; antennis nigris, basi testacers ;
thorace nigro, disco utrinque puncto uno alterove vmpresso ;
elytris rubris, scutello, summo basi plerumque, et margine
exteriore nigris, utrinque tribus seriebus punctorum obsitis,
harum stria dorsali regulart,; abdomine longo, nigro, crebre
fortiter punctato, margine postico segmentorum tenuiter,
apiceque, rufo-piceis; pedibus rufis, femoribus posticis
interdum nigricantibus. Long. 24 lin.

Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. Paris, i., 503.—Erichson, Gen.
et Spec. Staph., 283.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 296 —
Mycetoporus nigricollis, Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 434%

Under moss, in shady and damp places. “Twizell.”"—P. J.
Selby, Esq. Prestwick Car, Gibside, Ravensworth. — J. ZH.
South Shields and Gosforth—7. J. B. January—May.

This is usually considered as J. splendens. From the abstract
given of its character, any further description here will be un-
necessary.

2. M. Lepipus, Anoch.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 284.—Steph. Manual, No.

3020.—Tachyporus lepidus, Gyll. Ins. Swec., ii., 247.—
Ischnosoma lepidus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 169.

Var. Ischnosoma punctato-striatus, Steph. l.c.

In similar places with the preceding. Ravensworth, Gibside,
Shields, Hartlepool— J. H. In the dried-up bed of the lake at
Gosforth. 7. J. B. March—July.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. ; 71

3. M. spLENDIDUs, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 287.—Steph. Manual, No.
3023.—Ischnosoma splendidus, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
170,—Tachyporus splendidus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 249.

Rare. Coast near Monkhouse, and in moss from the low part
of the Ravensworth woods.—J. H. March.

Sus-Famity 10. ALEOCHARIDES.
Sect. 1. GYMNUSIDA, Heer.
161. MytLtana, Hrichson.
1. M. pusra, Grav.
Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph.,210.—Steph. Manual, No. 2931.—
Gymunusa dubia, Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 430.—Centro-
glossa conuroides, Matthews, Ent. Mag., v., 195, f. 1.—
Steph. Manual, No. 2934.
Among gravel, under the foot bridge over Caer burn, on the
way to Langleyford.—J. H.

2. M. aractuis, Heer.

Ferrugineo-vel piceo-testacea, subnitida, cinereosericea, elytrr
fortiter transversis, thoracis angulis posticis obtusiusculis.
abdomine, margine segmentorum posticorum, anoque
testaceis, exceptis, nigricante; antennis pedibusque testaceis
Long. 1—1 lin.

Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 303.

Intermediate in size betwixt JZ. minuta and dubia, somewhat
shining, rather thickly finely griseous pubescent, head, thorax,
and elytra of a dull ferruginous. Antenne scarcely longer than
the head, shorter than in JZ, dubia, thin, scarcely thickened out-
wardly, apical joint rather large, shortly rotundate ovate, abruptly
pointed, dull testaceous. Mouth and palpi testaceous; third joint
of the latter with its apex rather pointed. Head inclined, sub-
triangular, rostrum much sharpened; much less than the thorax ;
above convex, rather dusky ferruginous. Thorax ofa considerable
size, at the middle broader than the elytra, narrowed anteriorly ;
sides slightly widened, rounded before the middle, as well as the
anterior angles deflexed, base truncate, posterior angles nearly
right angled, rather blunt; considerably convex transversely,

72 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

finely shortly pubescent, rather shining, testaceous, or with the
disk more obscure. Elytra almost narrower than the thorax, and °
much shorter, transverse, slightly convex, apex sinuate, slightly
cut out at the exterior angles; very minutely and closely punctu-
late, piceo-ferruginous, sometimes duskier. Abdomen longer than
the anterior part of the body, at the base of the breadth of the
elytra, gradually narrowed towards the apex, fuscous black, edges
of the segments sometimes narrowly, half of the fifth, and the
apical one entirely, ferruginous, the sides and the apex setulose ;
clothed with rather a dense, shining, silky, fine, griseous pubes-
cence. Legs testaceous.

In damp places. Sides of the Derwent, and in the Ravens-
worth woods.— J. H. March—June.

An active insect, found in swamps, running out of view like
a Conurus. At first I was dubious in referring our insect to the
Swiss species, from the brighter colour ascribed to the latter. In
Mr. Wollaston’s collection, however, there is a specimen from the
Isle of Wight, almost entirely testaceous ; and the Rev. W. Little
has furnished me with a Continental type of Heer’s insect, identical
with my specimens. Of Myllena grandicollis of Kiesenwetter,
said likewise to be of a ferruginous hue (Ray Soc. Reports, 1847,
p. 328). I have not had an opportunity of consulting the
description.

Sect. 2, HOMALOTIDA, Heer.
162. Gyropnana, Wannerheim.
1. G. compricans, Kirby.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 184.—Encephalus complicans,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 164, pl. xxvi., f. 4.

Rare. Woods above Swalwell.—/. H. In moss from Cram-
lington. 7. J. B. March—June.

“This is a very singular little animal, in some circumstances
agreeing with Agathidium. By applying closely its head to its
breast, and covering its elytra with its abdomen, it assumes the
appearance of a minute shining black stone.”—Kirby.

2. G. nana, Payk.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 184.—Steph. Manual, No.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 73

2872.—Aleochara nana, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 414.—Steph.

Illust., Mand., v., 152.—A. fasciata, Marsh, Ib., l.c., 151.

In Agarics. Greencroft and Gosforth—Z. J. B. Woods above
Swalwell—J. H. June.

163. Oxieora, Mannerheim.
1. O. pustnLima, Grav.
Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 179.—Steph. Manual, No.
2865.—Aleochara pusillima, G'yll. Ins. Suec., iv., 491.—
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 431.
Rare. In moss, under rubbish, &c. Ravensworth woods.—J.
H. Newcastle—T7. J. B. March—July.

164. Puytosus, Rudd.
1. P. sprnrrer, Rudd.
Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. 718.—Steph. Manual, No. 3333.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 178.

Under decaying sea-weed, or in the sand which it covers.
Hartley.—7’. J. B. Monkhouse, near Beadnell, South Shields,
and Marsden; also under stones below high water mark, near the
Heather houses —J. H. April— August.

The males occur much more numerously than the females.

165. AtgocuaRa, Gravenhorst.
1. A. FuscrpEs, Fab.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., u., 430.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 160.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 163.
In carcases, &c. “Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Esq. Coast near
Shoreston, Tyneside, Gateshead Fell, &c. July.

2. A. nivipa, Grav.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 435.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 159.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 167.—Aleochara Cursor,
Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,; 159.—Holme, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., ii., 62.

Under dung and sea-weed, especially on the coast. “Twizell. —
P. J. Selby, Esq. Budle, North Sunderland, Hartley, South

Shields, Ravensworth, Marsden, Eeerilepgel April—July.
i ie

74 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

3. A. LANUGINOSA, Grav.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 432.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 157.—.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 168.
Common.

4, A. masta, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 170.—Steph. Manual, No.
2890.—Aleochara concolor, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand.,
v., 153.—Aleochara fumata, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 434.
Not so common as the preceding. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby,
Esq. Long Benton, Ravensworth, South Shields. May.

5. A. RUFICORNIS, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 170.—Aleochara Daltoni,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 161.—Ceranota Daltoni, J6.,
Manual, No. 2906.

In woods, rare. In moss, from Gosforth woods.—Z. J. B.
Ravensworth woods.—J. H. June.

6. A. morIon, Grav.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 155.—EHrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
175.—A. exigua, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 433.

Rare. Budle Crag, Wooler haugh, Bamburgh, Embleton, and
South Shields.\—J. H. Cullercoats and Prestwick Car.—Z’. J.
B. April—July.

The legs, as well as the base of the antennz, are pitchy in our
specimens.

7. A. OBSCURELLA, Grav.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 403.—Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.,
176.—Polystoma obscurella, Steph. Manual, No. 2758.—
Aleochara dubia, Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 1127—A. micans,
Kirby, Ib., l.c., 118.—A. Kirbii, Z0., .c., 118.—A. sericea,
Leach, Ib., l.c., 155.

Under sea-weed, common on the sea-coast.

166. Oxypopa, JZannerheim.
1. O. umBrata, Gyll.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 144.—Aleochara umbrata,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., li., 424.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 148%
Under garden rubbish, Fungi, &c. Ravensworth, Hartlepool,

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 75

and near Swalwell— J. H. Ouseburn dean and Long Benton.—
T. J. B. April—August.

2. O. LONGIUSCULA, Grav.
Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 144.—Steph. Manual, N ¥
2914.—Aleochara longiuscula, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 485.
Under herbage and rubbish, in damp places. On the banks of
the Team, near Ravensworth, and on the sea coast at Marsden
and Hartlepool—J. H. March.

3. O. ALTERNANS, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 145.—Steph. Manual, No.
2920.—Aleochara alternans, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ., 419.—
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 432.—A. concinna, Leach, Jb.
lc, LAT.
In Agarics. Near Axwell —Z. J. B. Ravensworth woods.—
J. H. August—November.

4. O. testacna, Hrich.

Hlongata, rufo-testacea, subtiliter sericeo-pubescens, thorace
brevi, lewmter convexo, abdomine distinctius punctato,
segmentis intermediis basi fuscescentibus. Long. 13 lin.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 146.

Small, elongate, somewhat less than Homalota circellaris, shaped
not unlike a Zachyporus or a Myllena, dilute rufo-testaceous,
rather shining, clothed with a fine, depressed griseo-sericeous
down, more conspicuous on the abdomen. Antenne short, not
so long as the head and thorax, much thickened externally, base
thin, 2nd joint a little larger than the 3rd, 4—10 shorter, strongly
transverse, very compact, forming a club, the last largest, sub-
globose, obtuse at the apex, testaceous, hue of the apex deepest.
Head sub-ovate, not large, closely applied to the thorax, piceo-
rufous, very finely punctate. Thorax equal in breadth with the
elytra, considerably shorter than broad, not very much narrowed
in front, sides slightly, base scarcely rounded, anterior angles
obtuse, deflexed; transversely convex, shining testaceous red.
Elytra scarcely longer than the thorax, sides parallel, very thickly
and finely punctulate, ferrugineo-testaceous. Abdomen elongate,

76 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

at base of the width of the elytra, parallel, narrowed and rather
subulate towards the apex, very thickly and finely punctate, .
obscure rufo-testaceous, intermediate segments sometimes with
the base duskier, the apex more dilute. Legs testaceous.
Sometimes entirely testaceous.
Closely allied to the German O. ferruginea, but more robust,
lighter coloured, the antenne stouter.

Rare. In moss, brought from Ravensworth woods.—J. #.
March.

5. O. BREVIcoRNIS, Kirby.
Steph. Manual, No. 2917.—Aleochara brevicornis, /b. [llust.,
Mand., v., 149.—Oxypoda cuniculina, Hrichson, Gen. et
Spec. Staph., 149.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 320.
Under rubbish, &c. “Twizell.,.—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Woods
on the Team, South Shields, and Marsden.—J/. H. March—
June.

6. O. LentuLa, Hrich.

Brevis, nigra, subopaca, subtiliter pubescens, antennis
brevibus, gracilioribus, nigri, pedibus. nigro-picers, thorace
transverso, basi supra scutellum vis impresso. Long | lin.
et plus.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 150.

Much resembling O. brevicornis, but smaller, darker, the antennze
less thickened; black, thickly and very finely punctulate,
slightly sericeous pubescent, sub-opaque, abdomen slightly shining.
Antenne short, about the length of the head and thorax, very
slightly thickened towards the apex, 3rd joint slightly shorter
than the 2nd, the rest short, slightly transverse, the last some-
what thicker than the two preceding, and about their united
length, subovate, obtuse; black, the base obscure piceous. Palpi
nigro-piceous. Head ovate, small, the front convex. Thorax
behind nearly of the breadth of the elytra, a little narrowed
anteriorly, anterior angles sub-deflexed, transverse, the length
scarcely equal to half the breadth, the sides strongly, the base
slightly rounded ; slightly convex, the base scarcely foveolated,

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 77

the back with a very obsolete longitudinal depression. Elytra
considerably longer than the thorax, above not quite flat, broadest
at the apex, concolorous. Abdomen rather short, not quite of
the length ‘of the anterior part of the body, finely punctulate,
more distinctly pubescent, slightly narrowed at the apex, the
apex piceous, edges of the segments beneath, concolorous. Legs
piceous, tibize and tarsi more dilute.

Darker than Hrichson’s description would lead us to infer, but
appears to differ in no other respect. Wooler, South Shields, and
on the Team, near Ravensworth.—J. H. March.

167. Homatota, JZannerheim.
1. H. GRAmMINIcoLA, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 81.—Bolitochara graminicola
Steph. Manual, No. 2785.
Under moss and rubbish, in damp places. In the marshy woods
on the Team, below Ravensworth.—J. H. January—March.

2. H. nivauts: Sub-linearis, nigra, nitida, subdepressa; antennis
nigris, articulo primo piceo; thorace coleopteris latitudine
subequali, ad basin obsolete foveolato; abdomine segmentis
tribus primis crebre, ceteris sparsim punctatis; pedibus
piceis. Long. 14 lin.

H. nivalis, Kvesenwetter, secund. Exampl. penes me.

Beneath stones in mossy soil, towards the summit of Hedge-
hope.—J. H.

Allied to A. graminicola, but considerably smaller, and having
the antennz somewhat differently constructed; black, shining,
sub-depressed, sub-linear, with a thin dark griseous pubescence ;
antennz about the length of the head and thorax, less gracile
than in H. graminicola, the joints.rather closely set, and con.
siderably thickened towards the tip, the thickened joints short
cup-shaped, the terminal one larger, slightly lengthened-ovate,
scarcely as long as the two preceding, the tip acuminate, black,
the first joint piceous or nearly concolorous; palpi black, the
minute apical joint piceous; head somewhat rounded, narrower
than the thorax, very finely punctulate, with, in some specimens,

78 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

a very slight depression near the crown; thorax anteriorly about
- the breadth of the thorax, slightly narrowed posteriorly, very finely -
and rather thickly punctulate, with a very obsolete depression at
the base, which is produced along the back anteriorly till about
the disk; elytra sub-depressed, short, about the length of the
thorax, black, scarcely piceous, more strongly and thickly punc-
tured; abdomen sub-parallel, narrower towards the apex, the
first three segments rather strongly and thickly punctate, the
next three smooth, with a few scattered punctures, the sixth, in
the male, roughened, with raised points, the apex piceous; legs
piceous; the tibiz and tarsi rufescent.

H. graminicola is a much larger insect, and scarcely so depressed,
with longer and more slender antennz, and with the elytra more
unequal and more strongly punctate, and markedly broader than
the thorax.

The Continental example of Kiesenwetter’s species that I have
cited, came from Paris, and is, unfortunately rather imperfect.
It is a small female, and seems identical with our specimens. I
am unable to refer to the author’s description.

3. H. victna, Kirby.

Aleochara vicina, Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 116.—Bolitochara
vicina, Steph. Manual, No. 2807.—Homalota umbonata,
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 82.

Rare. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Links, near Shoreston,
woods above Swalwell, and at Marsden.—J. H. March—Aug.

4, H. Area, Hardy.

Linearis, nigra, subnitida, tenurter griseo-pubescens, ventana
punctata, antennis nigris, basi picers ; pedibus preeis, tarsis
flavis; thorace subquadrato, subtiliter omnium tenue longr-
tudinaliter impresso; elytris quadratis, utringue apice
exteriore in denticulum minuta in products; abdominis
apice sub-piceo. Long. 14 lin.

Dilutiora antennis fusco-ferrugineis, basi, ore, pedibus anoque
testacers.

Aleochara carbonaria, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 123?—
A. subpubescens, Kirby, Ib. l.c.?

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 79

In the dark specimens, very much resembling Z’achyusa foveola,
in shape and colouring, but much less, with more evident punc-
turing, and the colour somewhat deeper. Linear, black, rather
shining, abdomen more shining, with a slight griseous down, more
distinct upon the elytra. Antenne rather short, of the length of
the head and thorax, rather slender at the base, not very much
thickened externally, 2nd and 3rd joints slender, sub-elongate
nearly equal, the rest short, separate, 4th very small, 7—10
incrassate, 9th and 10th sub-transverse, the apical still larger,
rotundate ovate, shortly acuminate; black, the three basal joints
scarcely piceous; or, in the variety, externally more or less
fuscescent, the basal joints ferrugineo-testaceous. Palpi piceous at
the apex ; mouth rufo-piceous; in the variety, mouth, mandibles,
aud palpi at the base testaceous, apical joint of the last, fuscous.
Head very little narrower than the thorax, sub-rotundate, rather
convex behind, thickly and finely punctate, more widely on the
forehead, front withaminute obsolete longitudinal foveolet. Thorax
not much narrower than the base of the elytra, sub-rotundate,
short, rather shorter than broad, scarcely narrowed behind, the
angles more than the sides rounded, base slightly rounded, sub-
convex, base scarcely impressed, the back with an obsolete rather
slender depression or channel, sometimes imperceptible, thickly,
closely, and finely punctate. Elytra quadrate, the sides straight,
about a third longer than the thorax, not quite flat, shoulders
rather prominent, the apex at the exterior angles slightly excavated,
and the angle produced into a distinct prominent tooth-like pro-
cess; very thickly, closely, finely, but distinctly punctate, clothed
with a more distinct griseous pubescence, less shining, concolorous.
Abdomen narrower than the apex of the elytra, sub-parallel,
shining, of a deeper black, first three segments above finely and
thickly punctate, 4th with fewer punctures, 5th smoother but
scarcely less punctate than the 4th, 6th again thickly punctate,
the apex scarcely piceous; in the variety, apical half of the 5th,
the 6th entirely, and the anus ferruginous. Legs nigro-piceous,
femora and tibie darkest, anterior tibize sometimes rufo-piceous ;
tarsi flavescent ; in the variety entirely ferrugineo-testaceous.

In one specimen, the 6th segment above has in the middle, a

50 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

little before the apex, a slight elevation, to which behind there
is a shining depressed margin. It is one of the more dilute
specimens, and is probably a male.

Under sea-weed at Marsden.—J. H. Hartley.—7Z7. J. B.
March and April.

This is, perhaps, the Aleochara carbonaria, Kirby, ai Holme
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., iii., 11.) represents as being found under
sea-weed in the south of England; the description given by
Stephens, however, is insufficient to allow of its being recognized.

5. H. cauuicera, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 84.—Callicerus Spencii, Steph.
Illust. Mand., v., 165.— Curt. Brit. Hnt., pl. 443.—
Callicerus obscurus, Steph. Manual, No. 2778.—C. hybri-
dus, Hal. Curt. Brit. Hnt., fol. 443.—Aleochara terminalis,
Kirby, Steph., Le., v., 121.

Rare. Budle Crag, Homildon Heugh, Whitsunbank Hill, and
at the borders of fields above Swalwell.—J. H. February.

Taken by sweeping, and occurred only in the early part of
spring.

6. H. ELoNGATULA, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 89.—Aleochara elongatula,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 398.—Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 127.—
Aleochara terminalis, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1., 397.—A. teres,
Gyll., Le, 1., 390.

In damp situations, not common. Ravensworth woods, Marsden,
and between the fissures of decayed magnesian limestone, and
among gravel, on the beach of a little bay, south of the links at
South Shields, where a run of water comes over the bank.—J/. H.
Long Benton.—Z’. J. B. April.

On the sea coast, it was feeding on a species of Coelopa.

7. H. mumersa, Lich.

Linearis, depressa, nigra, nitida ; antennarum bast pecibn al
testaceis; fronte, thoraceque subquadrato late impressis,
supra parce punctatis ; elytris crebrius distinctius punctatis.
Long. 3—1 lin.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 96.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 81

Flat, black, linear, sparingly and indistinctly pubescent
Antenne slender, of the length of the head and thorax, 3rd joint
very minute, shorter than the 2nd, 4—10 nearly equal, very
minute, transverse obconic, the last very considerably larger, ovate ;
dark piceous, the base pale testaceous. Head of the breadth of
the thorax, and a little shorter than it, transverse subquadrate,
rather abruptly contracted before the eyes, flat, the whole front
impressed; viewed laterally, having an obsolete longitudinal
central channel, vanishing anteriorly; finely and sparingly
punctate. Thorax subquadrate, anteriorly a little narrower than
the elytra, somewhat dilated before the middle, rather narrowed
towards the base, finely and sparingly punctate, flat, with a broad
shallow depression from the base to beyond the middle. LElytra
nearly one half longer than the thorax, and very considerably
broader than its base, flat, the sides straight, concolorous (fusco-
testaceous, Hr.), thickly and distinctly punctate. Abdomen
narrower than the elytra, sub-parallel, or wider towards the apex,
the last segment alone narrowed, the first four segments rather
strongly impressed across the base, black, shining, the apex piceo-
testaceous, with a scattered almost invisible punctulation. Femora
nigro-piceous, their apices, the tibiz, with a slight duskiness in
the middle of the posterior ones excepted, dilute piceo-testaceous,

Rare. Under the bark of mountain ash at Ravensworth, in
spring.—J. H. March. .

8. H. crrcELLarRis, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 98.—Aleochara circellaris,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 388.—Bolitochara circellaris, Steph.
Manual, No. 2784.—A. cingulata, Kirby, Steph. Illust.,
Mand., v., 126.

In moss, generally diffused.

9. H. ruresozns, Kirby.
Aptera, nigra, thorace, antennarum basi apiceque, pedibus,
anoque rufis, elytris sat fortiter punctatis, sublacunosis,
abdomine postice sublatiore. Long. 1 lin.

Var. Nigra, abdominis apice, pedibus, antennarum basi rufis.
vou. b: PT. 1. L

82 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Aleochara rufescens, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 128.—Bolito-
chara circellaris, var. 2b. Manual, No. 27 84.

Closely allied to ZH. circellaris, but smaller, head and inte
shorter, the elytra more deeply punctate, not quite so depressed,
the abdomen somewhat wider towards the apex, the penultimate
segment of the abdomen above in the male, with a short elevated
shining ridge, instead of a prominent tooth; the colours also
brighter. Shining, nearly glabrous. Antenne slightly longer
than the head and thorax, gradually thickened exteriorly, not so
stout as in H. circellaris, dusky, ferruginous, the base and apical
joint paler, or in dark specimens, rufous only at the base, the
joints short, compact, the last rounded, abruptly acuminate.
Mouth and palpi testaceous. Head short, closely applied to the
thorax, narrowed anteriorly, black, finely punctate. Thorax
about the breadth of the elytra, somewhat orbicular, the apex
truncate, sides and base nearly equally rounded, bright rufous or
concolorous, convex above, thickly and finely punctate, the base
obsoletely foveolated. Hlytra short, about the length of the
thorax, and somewhat broader, scarcely depressed, as a whole,
surface, especially in the male, deeply depressed behind the
scutellum, and longitudinally on the disk behind the shoulders
thickly, rather strongly, and distinctly punctate, black. Abdomen
rather narrowed towards the base, and becoming wider towards
the tip, the apex abruptly narrowed, first four segments thickly
and finely punctate, but more distinctly than in H. circellaris, Sth
smoother, obsoletely punctate, the male marked with a raised
shining ridge in the middle, which is nearly one half of the length
of the segment; the apex, and sometimes the two basal joints
rufous.

In Polypori, and under bark, but never in moss. Ravensworth
woods, Gibside, &c. March—November.

In some collections, this is named Bolitochara inquinula.

10. H. prunnea, Fab.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph.., 98.—Bolitochara brunnea,
Steph. Manual, No. 2802.—Aleochara depressa, Gyll. Ins.
Suec., u1., 401.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 83

In Fungi. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Gibside.—J. ZH.
August.

Varieties of this species form the Aleochara cinnamomea, A.
zonalis, A. atriceps, A. nigriceps, and A. thoracica, of Stephens.—
Vide Manual, ubi sup.)

11. H. sertcans, Grav.
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 327, 17.—Aleochara sericans, Gyll.
Ins. Suec., ii., 404.—Bolitochara sericans, Steph. Manual,
No. 2803.

Beneath sea-weed and stones, near the mouth of Waren water,
at Budle.—J. H.

This is distinguished from ZH. socialis, with which Erichson, in
his latest work, has combined it, by the shorter and much stouter
antenn, the last joint of which is thick ovate and bluntish at
the tip, and the colour ferruginous or piceous; by the somewhat
greater distinctness of its puncturing; by the roundness of the
thorax, which is obsoletely channelled up the middle; and by
the piceous or concolorous elytra.

12. H. soctauis, Payk.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 102.—Aleochara socialis,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11.,406.—Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 134.—
Aleochara euryptera, Jb. Illust., Mand., v., 135.—A.
xanthoptera, Kirby, 1b. l.c., 116.—A. femorata, Jarsh,
TG. ber U2,

In Fungi, at the sap of felled trees, &c. Common. Twizell,
Gosforth, Ravensworth, Gibside, &c.

13. H. autumyatis, Hrich.

Linearis, nigra, nitidula, antennis nigro-fuscis, basi
dilutioribus, pedibus testaceis, thorace postice canaliculato
impressoque, abdomine supra segmentis quatuor primis
creberrime punctatis. Long. 14 lin.

Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 113.

Of the appearance of H. elongatula and Tachyusa frontalis,
but smaller, nearly glabrous, antenne shorter and thinner; head
small, immersed in the thorax. Linear, elongate, sub-depressed,

84 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

black, shining, with very indistinct pubescence. Antenne a little
longer than the head and thorax, rather slender, slightly thickened -
at the apex, 2nd and 3rd joints sub-equal, the rest short, obconic,
7—10 slightly transverse, the last scarcely thicker, elongate ovate,
moderately acuminate, black or nigro-fuscous, the basal joint, and
the bases of the 2nd and 3rd piceous, or several of the basal joints.
testaceous. Palpi testaceous at the base, the tip fuscous. Head
rotundate, sunk into the thorax, and narrower than it, rather
convex, very finely punctulate, obsoletely longitudinally impressed.
Thorax not quite of the breadth of the elytra, sub-quadrate, scarcely
so long as broad, sides before the middle slightly rounded, scarcely
narrowed behind, anterior angles rounded, posterior obtuse, sub-
convex, an impression at the base connected with an elongate
channel, which is sometimes obsolete anteriorly. Elytra consider-
ably longer than the thorax, nearly equal in length and breadth,
flattish, depressed down the suture, thickly and exceedingly finely
punctulate, nigro-fuscous. Abdomen parallel, narrowed at the
tip, which is piceous, above with the first four segments closely
and thickly punctate, the two last segments more shining, sparingly
punctate, with the punctures in one sex raised into granulations.
Legs testaceous, posterior tarsi short.

In marshy situations, not uncommon. On the Team, at
Ravensworth, Gibside, Marsden, Hartley, Long Benton, Dunstan-
borough Castle, banks of Wooler water, and of the Till. January—
October.

14, H. anauis, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 114.—Bolitochara analis
Steph. Manual, No. 2793.—Aleochara inquinula, Kirby
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 128.—A. foveolata, Id. l.c.—A.
nigro fusca, Jb. l.c., 129.
In moss, and at the roots of grass, common.

15. H. aneusta, Steph.
Aleochara angusta, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 139.

Under sea-weed and stones, at South Shields, and Marsden,—
J. H. March.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 85

16. H. cauta, Lrich.

Nigra, nitidula, pedibus nigris vel fuscis, thorace transverso,
leviter convexo, basi obsolete canaliculato, abdomineque
supra bast confertim, postice parce punctato margine
pilosellis. Long 1—1 lin.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 122.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv.,
i, 335.—Aleochara atricornis, Steph. [llust., Mand., v.,
28301

Somewhat of the shape of H. longicornis, but much smaller,
more linear, and rather more shining. Black, shining, head,
thorax, and elytra with a slight senescent tint, sides of the thorax
and abdomen with long projecting hairs. Antenne of the length
of the head and thorax, very thin at the base, the apex very
slightly thicker, 3rd joint rather longer than the 2nd, 4—6 sub-
globose, 7—10 sub-turbinate, not thicker than long, the last
elongate, ovate, about the length of the two preceding, and
appearing rather thicker, sub-acuminate; entirely black. Palpi
black. Head narrower than the thorax, nearly rotundate, thickly
and finely punctate, a minute round foveolet on the crown.
Thorax narrower than the elytra, shorter than broad, sides and
posterior angles slightly rounded, anterior angles strongly rounded,
deflexed ; above transversely convex, finely and thickly punctate,
the base slightly impressed, with a short obsolete channel. Elytra
a little longer than the thorax, its sides straight, not quite flat,
very thickly and finely punctate, black, with the disk fusco-
nigrous, Abdomen more shining, rather tapered towards the
apex, the first four segments very thickly and closely punctate,
the rest smoother, sparingly, and more obsoletely punctate, sides
and apex bristly. Legs black or nigro-piceous, tibie piceous, or
flavescent, tarsi more dilute; tibie with two short projecting
hairs.

In careases, dung, &e. Common. March—September.

17. H. cenata, Lrich.

Nigra subnitida, pedibus fuscis vel nigris, thorace transverso,
parum convexo, basi obsolete canaliculato, abdomine supra
toto confertum punctato. Long. ? lin.

Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 122.

86 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Much resembling the preceding, but smaller, and still more
linear, sub-depressed, of a deeper black, and less shining. Antennz
about the length of the head and thorax, thin, slightly thickened |
exteriorly, joints 4—10 very short, nodose, the last oblong-ovate,
of the length of the two preceding, sub-acuminate, black. Palpi
black. Head a little narrower than the thorax, rotundate, thickly
but indistinctly punctate, a slight channel on the front above
Thorax as in the preceding, sides not pilose. Hlytra longer than
the thorax, rather flat, thickly and finely punctate, black.
Abdomen rather parallel, the sides scarcely pilose, thickly and
very finely punctate throughout. Legs fuscous or black, tarsi
yellowish, tibie, and the base of the femora, occasionally more
dilute; bristles on the tibize imperceptible. |

Common, in company with H. cauta.

18. H. nonatcornis, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 129.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
i., 323.—Aleochara longicornis, Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,
114.
Var. Aleochara consimilis, Kirby, Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 116.
H. longicornis, var. a., Zeer, Pn. Col. Helv., i., 323.
Not very common. Ravensworth, Gibside, and South Shields.—
J. H. Wong Benton.—Z. J. B. March—June.
The tibiz are furnished with two long bristles, and the sides
of the thorax, and abdomen, and the apex of the latter are pilose.
The elytra and femora are often nigro-piceous.

19. H. trvipipennis, Mannerh.
Evrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 129.—Oxypoda lividipennis,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 432.
Not common. Bamburgh, Beadnell, Wooler, above Swalwell,
and at South Shields—J. H. Hartley and Long Benton.—7.
J.B. March—May.

20. H. nyaropoia: Fusiformes; nigra, nitidula, creberrime
punctulata; thorace transverso, suborbiculato, cumque
elytris pariter minus conveuis; his fusco-piceis vel nigris ;

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 87

abdomine punctulato, segmentis ultimus via leeviorrbus ;
ultimis duobus interdum piceo-testaceis; antennis rufo-
testaceis, apicibus vix fuscescentibus; palpis pedibusque
pallide testaceis. Long. corp. lin. 14.

Homalota hygrophila, Hardy, ISS.

Under rubbish by the sides of streamlets; banks of the Team,
Wooler water, &c.—J. H.

Spindle-shaped ; black, shining ; head sub-triangulate, consider-
ably narrower than the thorax, finely punctulate, not impressed ;
antenne rather long and slender, longer than the head and thorax,
gradually thickening outwardly, the last joint about the length
of the two preceding, and not thicker than they, oval, and slightly
pointed, rufo-testaceous, sometimes duskier towards the tips;
palpi pale testaceous; thorax sub-orbicular, slightly transverse,
all the angles rounded, the posterior sub-depressed, only slightly
convex above, very finely and closely punctulate, the base not
impressed ; elytra sub-quadrate, a little broader behind, not much
longer than the thorax, and, excepting the depression down the
suture, nearly of the same degree of convexity; very thickly and
more distinctly punctate, and less shining than the thorax, black
or fusco-piceous, in the latter case deepest tinted towards the
base, shortly griseous pubescent; abdomen gradually tapering
from the base to the tip, black, shining, the apex of the penulti-
mate, and the terminal one entirely sometimes testaceous or
piceous; closely and thickly punctulate throughout; the base of
the two last scarcely more obsoletely or sparsely; a few black
hairs at the lateral margins of the segments and several around
the apex ; legs pale-testaceous.

168. Puuozopora, Lrichson.
l. P. reprans, Grav.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 77.—Steph. Manual, No.
2774.—Aleochara reptans, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1., 389.—
Aleochara confinis, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 127.

Not common. Under bark of Scotch fir, at Ravensworth, of
the willow, above Swalwell, of a dead elm, near Dunston hill, and
of paling, at Gibside.—J. H. Gosforth—Z. J.B. Jan.—Aug.

88 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

2. Pu. cortricatis, Grav.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 77.—Steph. Manual, No.
2775.—Aleocharacorticalis, Steph. Illust., Mand.,v., 127.—
Aleochara teres, Jd. l.c., v., 117.
Under the bark of Scotch pine, on Whitsun Bank hell in
July.—J. H.

169. Tacnyusa, Hrichson.
1. T. constricta, Hrich.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 70.—Steph. anaes, No.

2772.
Not unfrequent. On the Till, below Weetwood Bridge, in
July.—J. H.

It runs about in the sunshine, on the fine sandy mud, with

extreme celerity, carrying its abdomen curved upwards.

2. T. carve, Sahlberg.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 76.—Aleochara ccerulea,
Sahlb. Ins. Fenn., i1., 851. —Ischnopoda chalybea, Rudd,
Steph. Manual, No. 2767.—Tachyusa chalybea, Hrichson,
Gen. et Spec. Staph., 916.
With the preceding, on the banks of the Till—J. H.
I do not observe blue tints on the legs, but in other respects
Sahlberg’s description agrees well with the specimens. I possess

a German type of Hrichson’s species.

3. T. FOVEOLATA, Leach.
Aleochara foveola, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 124.—Tachyusa
umbratica, Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 73.

Beneath decaying sea-weed, at Embleton Bay, Shoreston, South
Shields, Marsden, and Hartlepool, and under rubbish in the
Ravensworth woods, and above Swalwell.—J. H. March and
April.

I have examined both German and French specimens of 7.

umbratica, with which our specimens entirely agree.

4. T. uvipa, Lrich.
Nigra, subnitida, antennis pedibusque fuscis; abdomine
lineari; minus subtiliter punctato, thorace subquadrato
fronteque late canaliculato. Long. 14 lin.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 89

Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 916.

Coloured like 7. foveola and Homalota Alge, and about the
size of the latter, black, rather shining, finely griseous pubes-
cent; head, thorax, and elytra of the lurid black colour of
Ae foveola, abdomen deeper black, more shining. Antenne
longer than the head and thorax, slender, of nearly equal
thickness throughout, 2nd and 3rd joints equal, the rest shorten-
ing, sub-cylindric, the last of moderate length, not so long as the
two preceding, and scarcely thicker, bluntish, fuscous, the base
more dilute. Palpifuscous. Head of the breadth of the thorax,
sub-quadrate, with the angles rounded, or sub-rotundate, in the
hinder part rather transverse, narrowed in front of the antenne,
very thickly and finely, though distinctly, punctate, the whole
front depressed, with a channel in the centre of the depression.
Thorax posteriorily one half narrower than the elytra, its length
about equal to its greatest breadth, broadest before the middle
towards the anterior angles, and distinctly narrowed towards the
base, the sides straight, the base slightly rounded, posterior angles
obtuse, apex obliquely truncate on each side, anterior angles
strongly rounded; sub-depressed, thickly and finely punctate, in
the male deeply and rather widely channelled throughout, in the
female more obsoletely, the channel ending in a fovea before the
base. Elytra scarcely longer than the thorax, sub-quadrate, sub-
depressed, very thickly and very finely punctate. Abdomen
linear, shining, very thickly but much less finely punctate, the
extreme apex piceous, and rather distinctly pubescent. Legs
pale fuscescent, the tibize and tarsi more dilute.

This differs from Erichson’s description in the darker colour
of the legs and antennze, which, in his specimens were testaceous.
To explain the discrepancy, it is only necessary to suppose that,
like Homalota Alge, and I may add Philonthus Xantholoma, it
is liable to vary in this respect.

One specimen taken at Marsden, under decaying sea-weed,
in company with Z’. foveola and Homalota Alge.—J. H.
March.

Specimens taken by Mr. Walker, at Plymouth, do not present

any difference.
Tiina Pt. I, PS

90 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

5. T. rrontauis, Kirby.
Nigra, antennarum apice subincrassata, elytris fuscis, pedibus .
testaceis; fronte umpressa ; thoracis basi transversim foveo-
lata, dorso minime profunde canaliculato. Long. 14 lin.
Aleochara frontalis, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 111.—
Ischnopoda frontalis, Steph. Manual, No. 2769.—Tachyusa
immunita, Hrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 916%

Of the size, and much resembling Homalota elongatula; black,
clothed with a short, rather thick fulvo-griseous down, somewhat
shining, head, thorax and elytra dullest. Antenne of the length
of the head and thorax, gradually thickened outwardly, 2nd and
3rd joints sub elongate, sub-equal, the rest gradually shorter and
thicker, obconic, the last rather large and stout, not so long as
the two preceding, ovate, moderately acuminate, fusco-piceous,
basal joints paler, especially at their bases, or testaceous. Palpi
and mouth ferruginous. Head sub-orbiculate, not immersed in
the thorax, the sides straightish, thickly and finely punctulate,
rather convex behind, flattened anteriorly, the front with a deepish
elongate fovea fading out anteriorly. Thorax a little narrower
than the elytra, sub-depressed, rather narrowest posteriorly, sides
rounded and slightly widened before the middle towards the
anterior angles, which are deflexed, thickly and finely punctulate,
a shallow obsolete channel down the back, ending in a transverse
rather deep fovea. Hlytra rather broad, longer than the thorax,
flattish, somewhat unequal, depressed rather deeply behind the
scutellum, and very slightly at the base within the shoulders, very
thickly and almost indistinctly punctulate, dark fuscous. Abdo-
men broadish, rather narrowed at the tip, shining, first four
segments thickly and finely punctulate, the last two more shining,
the 5th nearly smooth, with a few punctures, and a few wide
minute granulations, 6th also smoother, again thickly punctulate,
the apex piceous. Legs testaceous.

I have a single specimen from a marsh in the Ravensworth
woods; and others from the borders of rivulets in Berwickshire.—
J. H. March.

6. T. ruavitarsis, Sahlb.
Nigra, subnitida, subdepressa, subtilissime pee es

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 91

antennis gracilibus, elongatis, nigro-piceis ; pedibus nigro-
Fuscis, tibtis ferrugineis, tarsis testaceis; capite vmpresso ;
thorace subquadrato, postice subangustato, leviter canalicu-
lato. Long. 1? lin.

Aleochara flavitarsis, Sahlberg, Ins. Fenn., i., 349.—Aleo-
chara ruficrus, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., ii?

Of the habit of 7’. frontalis, sub-depressed, black, head, thorax,
and elytra of the dull black colour of 7. foveola, abdomen of a
deeper black, still more shining. Antenne longer than the head
and thorax, sub-filiform, thin, first joint long, 3rd joint slightly
thinner, and rather longer than the 2nd, 4th equal to the 7th,
5th and 6th slightly longer than these and equal, 8—10 obconic,
slightly shorter and scarcely thicker, all the joints elongate, with
their apices widest, and their bases finely narrowed, the apical
one elongate ovate, not quite equal to the 9th and 10th taken
together, gradually acuminate; fusco-piceous, tips of the two
basal joints scarcely paler, mouth and palpi nigro-fuscous. Head
not so broad as the hinder part of the thorax, orbiculate, very
thickly and finely punctulate, slightly impressed or flattened
between the eyes, with a deepish small round fovea on the front.
Thorax sub-quadrate, always narrower than the elytra, broadest
anteriorly, sides dilated a little behind the anterior angles, sub-
deflexed, rounded before the middle, and the anterior angles
rounded, considerably narrowed from behind the middle, base and
apex truncate, posterior angles obtuse; very thickly and finely
punctulate, with short indistinct pubescence, sub-depressed above,
with a slender obsolete central channel ending in a shallow fovea
before the scutellum. Scutellum small, thickly punctured.
Elytra broader and longer than the thorax, its apex wider, emar-
ginate at the apex of the suture, rather flattened, somewhat deeply
depressed at the suture behind the scutellum, with a short griseous
pubescence, very minutely and thickly punctulate. Abdomen
broadish, behind the elytra of the length of the body, deeper
black, shining, the first four joints thickly and finely punctulate,
dth and 6th shining, the former much depressed transversely
across the base, and slightly at the sides, with a few minute granu-
lations, 6th finely punctured, with a very obsolete longitudinal

92 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

narrow depression at its apex; thinly griseous pubescent, more
densely round the apex. Legs elongate, all the femora compressed,
the femora fusco-piceous. their tip more dilute, tarsi still more
so, the apex lighter, tarsi testaceous ; or gradually paler from the
femora outwards; hinder tarsi elongate.

A single specimen taken near Long Benton, in March. Jag
B. Among gravel, near the foot bridge over Caer burn, on the
way to Langleyford.—J. H.

Sahlberg describes the last joint of the antenne as abtwse at
the apex, and the elytra convex above, which is not the case in
our insects.

The tibie are usually testaceous, and the tint of the thighs
varies from pitchy to black.

7. T. carnponartia, Jannerh.

Atra, nitida, griseo-pubescens, antennis tenuibus | nigris ;
pedibus geniculis, tibiis apice, et tarsis pallide ferrugineis;
capite subimpresso ; thorace subquadrato, postice foveolato.
Long. 1} lin.

Aleochara carbonaria, Sahlb. Ins. Fenn., 1., 351.

About the size of 7’. atra, but more convex, ie antennee shorter
and less gracile ; also resembling Homalota graminicola, but much
more finely punctured. leaden black, head, thorax, and elytra
neatly punctured as if polished, shining, clothed with a rather
dense shining griseous pubescence, which makes it duller in
certain positions. Antennz rather short, somewhat longer than
the head and thorax, thinish, slightly thickened towards the
apex, the joints short, obconic, 9th and 10th slightly thicker,
not transverse, the last oblong ovate, about the length of the
two preceding, and slightly thicker, slightly acuminate; entirely
black. Palpi black, the base scarcely piceous. Head a
little narrower than the thorax, sub-orbiculate, rather convex,
slightly longitudinally foveolate on the front, very thickly and
finely punctulate. Thorax short, scarcely longer than broad,
somewhat narrower than the elytra, subquadrate, neither narrowed
at the base nor the apex, the sides and the angles slightly rounded
sub-convex above, with a distinct fovea before the scutellum,

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 93

ending anteriorly in a very obsolete channel, which at length
disappears, thickly and very finely punctulate, thinly griseous
pubescent. LHlytra longer than the thorax, rather transverse, and
widest towards the apex, sub-convex, shoulders rather prominent,
depressed behind the scutellum, very finely and closely punctulate,
more thickly griseous pubescent. Abdomen a little narrower
than the elytra, of a deeper black, not very long, sub-parallel,
the apex abruptly narrowed, finely and thickly punctulate, with
a distinct griseous pubescence, the first three segments with their
bases transversely depressed, the others more convex. Legs
moderate, black, joints of the femora and tibie, tibie at the tip
narrowly, and the tarsi entirely, pale ferruginous ; posterior tarsi
shortish ; basal joint sub-elongate.

A pair taken at Gosforth, on mud, in the bed of the Lake.—
Todo duly. |

Although unrecorded as a British insect, it occurs in various
parts of the island. I have a pair taken on the border of a pond,
in Berwickshire; and have seen others found by Mr. Walker, at
Plymouth, and by Mr. Janson, on the banks of the Brent, near
London.

170. CaLopERA, Mannerheim.
1. C. niertcouiis, Payk.
Lrichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 64.—Steph. Manual, No.
2752.—Aleochara nigricollis, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 384.—
Steph. Itlust. Mand., v., 125.
Under dead leaves, &c., rare. From the Ravensworth woods,

in spring.—J. H.

2. C. tonarrarsis, Kirby.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Slaph., 66.—Aleochara longitarsis
Steph. Itlust., Mand., v., 110.—Ischnopoda longitarsis,
Steph. Manual, No. 2765.

Under stones, decayed leaves, &c., by river sides.“ Twizell.”—
P. J. Selby, Esq. Wooler, Bamburgh, Hartley, Long Benton,
Prudhoe, sides of the Tyne and Derwent, dean near Winlaton,
&e. May—July.

94 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

3. C. RuBIcUNDA, rich.
Rufo-picea, subtilissime punctulata, subtiliter cinereo-pubes- .
cens, capite abdomineque segmentis 4 et 5 fuscis; thorace
subovato, basi leviter foveolato, abdomine supra subtilissime
punctato. Long. 14 lin.
Lrichson, Glen. et Spec. Steph., 66.

Rather less than small individuals of C. nigricollis, much more
finely punctulate throughout. Body piceo-testaceous, rather
shining, with a slight fine pubescence. Antenne straight, a little
longer than the head and thorax, slender at the base, and gradually
increasing to a moderate thickness outwardly, about that of those
of A. longitarsis, the joints compact, 2nd and 3rd joints equal,
the last large, oblong-ovate equal to the two preceding, its apex
blunt; rufous, towards the base testaceous. Palpi and mouth
dilute testaceous. Head a little narrower than the thorax, shortly
ovate, the base rather strongly constricted, thickly and finely
punctate, convex, piceous, shining, Thorax narrower than the
elytra, rather long, the sides before the middle and the anterior
angles rounded, rather narrowed from before the middle to the
base, rather convex, thickly and very finely punctulate, with a
very minute foveola before the scutellum, not so shining, dull
ferrugineo-piceous. LElytra scarcely longer than the thorax, sub-
depressed, thickly and finely punctate, coloured like the thorax.
Abdomen punctured equally finely with the rest of the body, first
three segments above strongly depressed across the base, 4th and
oth nigro-fuscous. Legs pale testaceous.

One specimen from the Ravensworth woods.—J. H. _ April.

171. OcatEa, Lrichson.
1. O. prcata, Kirby.

Steph. Manual, No. 2757.—Aleochara picata, Steph. Illust.,
Mand., v., 125.—Ocalea castanea, Hrichson, Gen. et Spec.
Staph., 60. |

Under herbage, and withered leaves, in damp woods. Ravens-
worth woods, and the woods above Swalwell—J. H. March—
November.

It sometimes causes its antenne to vibrate like those of A/yr-

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 95

medonia canaliculata, and occasionally puts on its threatening
movements,

172. Boxtrrocnara, Mannerheim.
1. B. punuata, Payk.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec Staph., 58.—Steph. Manual, No.
2780.—Aleochara lunulata, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ., 386—
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 124.

Under bark of decaying trees, and upon Polyporus versicolor.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Ravensworth woods, and Gibside.—
J. H, February—November.

2. B. opriqua, Lrich.
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 59.—Steph. Manual, No.
2781.

Under bark of decayed trees, not unfrequent. “ T'wizell.”—
P. J. Selby, Esq. Gibside, Ravensworth, Gosforth. February—
November.

It feeds upon Rhizomorphi and Polyporus versicolor. As well
as the preceding species, it erects itself in defiance, in the manner
of Myrmedonia canaliculata.

173. Fanaeria, Leach.
1. F. sutcata, Payk.

Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 49. ay Manual, No.
2740.—Aleochara sulcata, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 378.—
Falagria sulcatula, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 103.

Not common. On boards round hot beds, at Long Benton.—
7. J. B. Ravensworth and Marsden.—J. H. March—May.

2. F. raoractca, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 105.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 462.—
Erichson, Gen. et Spec. Staph., 52.
“Castle Hden dean.”—Rev. G. 7. Rudd.

3. F. opscura, Grav.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 104.— Erichson, Gen. et Spec.
Staph., 54.—Aleochara obscura, Gyll. Ins. Suec., u1., 379.

96 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Rare. On boards round hot beds, at Long Benton, and at
Tynemouth.—7’. J. B. July—August.

In one sex, the front is convex, and the disk of the thorax has
usually a short line; in the other, the back part of the head, and
the apex of the thorax, are impressed.

174, Auratta, Leach.
1. A. imprEssa, Oliv. i
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 101.— Frichson, Gen. et Spec.

Staph., 47.—Aleocharaimpressa, Gtyll. Ins. Suec., 11.,381.—
Autalia plicata, Kirby, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 101._—
A. ruficornis, /6., /.c., 102.

* In decaying Fungi, common. “‘Twizell, Gosforth, Long Benton,

Gibside, Ravensworth, &c.

2. A. RIVULARIS, Grav.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 102.—Erichson, Glen. et Spec. Staph.,
47.,—Aleochara rivularis, Gyll. Ins. Suec., u., 382.—
Antalia aterrima, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 102.—A.
angusticollis, Lb. .c.

At sap of felled beech trees. Gosforth—7Z. J. B. May.
Wooler water, and at Budle Crag.—J. H. June.

175. Myrueponra, Hrichson.
1. M. canaricunata, Jab.

Erichson, Gren. et Spec. Staph., 36.—Aleochara canaliculata,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., i1., 891.—Astilbus canaliculatus, Steph.
Tilust., Mand., v., 106.

Common on the sandy sea coast, in moss in woods, and under
stones on heaths ; often tenanting the nests of ants, and preying

on the inmates.

Paurey Qe PERUAPH TDA, ene

176. Bryaxis, Knoch.

1. B. suncorum, Leach.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 90.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., i., 358.
In bogs and marshy places. Ravensworth woods.—J. #.
Winlaton mill.—7’. J. B. January—May.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 97

177. Byrutnus, Leach.
1. B. securicer, eich.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 95.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 359.
In moss, from the Ravensworth woods, in spring.—J. H.

2. B. puuprrer, Reich.
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 359.—Arcopagus bulbifer, Steph.
Iliust., Mand., v., 94.
“Newcastle."—G. Wailes, Hsq. In moss, from Ravensworth
woods.—J. #7.

3. B. Curtisu, Leach.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 94.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 360.
In moss, from Gibside.—J. H. March.

4, B. GLABRICOLLIS, eich.
Arcopagus glabricollis, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 93.
In moss, from the Ravensworth woods.—J. H. March.

5. B. punoticouuis, Denny.
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 360.—Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 93.
In moss, not uncommon. “ Newcastle.”— G. Wales, Esq.
Gibside, Ravensworth, and Marsden.—J. H. Long Benton.—
T.- J.B. »Mareh.
178. Tycuus, Leach.
1. T. nicer, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 92.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., i., 361.
In moss. “ Newcastle.”—-G. Wailes, Hsq. Long Benton and
Cramlington.—7. J. B. Ravensworth woods.—J. H. Cleadon.—
Mr. W. Peacock. March.

179. Evpiectus, Leach.
1. E. nanus, Reich.

Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 362.—Pselaphus nanus, Gyll. Ins.
Suec., iv., 237.—Huplectus Reichenbachii, Leach, Steph.
Lilust., Mand., v., 97.

“Durham.”—Ormsby’s Durham. Ravensworth woods,—J. H.
2. E. minutus, Marsh.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 97-—Euplectus sanguineus, Denny,

Monog. Psel. 10.

“ Durham.”—Ormsby’s Durham.
VOL. I. Pf. I. N

98 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES,

Il.—Observations on Composite Names of Places (chiefly in
Northumberland) of Anglo-Saxon Derivation: being a Con-
tribution of Materials towards the formation of an Archaic
and Orthographical Chart of the County. (Part u.) By
RatpH Carr, Ksq.

{Read, Thursday, April 4, 1850.]

Hore: a shortupland dale, suchas are generally situated near the
head of the principal dale of a moorland stream, or diverge on
either side, as short branches of the principal vale, and contain
frequently the tributary burns. The hopes are much shorter
than dales, and wider than gills. They are lost in most instances,
ere long, in the hill-sides, but during their short extent form
pastoral recesses of great beauty, and dear to all the natives of
those wild tracts. They are most frequently watered by a rapid
burn, but this is not essential. The hopes give their own names
to the burns, and do not receive them from the latter. Thus we
have Thornhope burn, not Thornburn hope; Harthope burn, not
Hartburn hope; and so throughout: showing that the leading
idea is taken from the conformation of the land, not from the
stream that happens to accompany it.

I have not been able to trace the word distinctly in the Anglo-
Saxon, though we can scarcely doubt that it existed in that tongue,
nor do I despair of its yet being found. In the Old-Norse, we
have hép, recessus, derivatio fluminis, also the verb hopa, to recede,
withdraw. The leading idea seems to be that of a recess or inlet.
The Norsemen applied the expression to mouths of rivers, and to
havens into which a stream discharged itself.

There is, in the County of Durham, at least one instance of this
word occurring in a maritime situation—that of Ryhope; and at
no great distance, though more inland, is Tunstall hope.

The moorland hopes, or side vales and vale heads, are spots of
great attraction to all who are within reach of them, from their
sheltered and often sunny position, their beautiful verdure, their

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION. 99

beds of bracken and blackberry, or thickets of short birch, thorn,
and hazel, mingled with the fragrant raspberry and wild rose.
Their names often bear allusion to the native trees and shrubs that
clothe the slopes, or to the wild animals that formerly haunted those
solitudes, and such names still speak pleasantly to the imagination
of a sportsman, a naturalist, or a lover of the hills. Of such a
character are Harehope, Harthope, Hindhope; Swinhope (from
the wild boar;) Rowhope, (whether from the roe-deer or the
rowen-tree;) Birdhope, Hawkhope, Oakhope, Thornhope, Birk-
hope, Hazlehope. Some appear to be from personal names, as
Blenkins-hope, Kers-hope; written also without the hyphen, as,
Blenkinsope, Kersope. Weardale, Tynedale, and the Scottish
vales, on the other side of the Water-shed, are the centre of the
tract over which this term is found to prevail. It extends but
little into Yorkshire; but curiously enough it reappears in Derby-
shire, where we find Glossop, Rushope, Ashope, and Hope wood-
lands.

We must not omit here to mention some indefensible corrup-
tions of good old names, as Rodderup, properly Rotherhope, (A.S.
Hrythera-hope, vale of cattle ;) Harrup, for Harehope; Heslop,
for Hazelhope; Howship, for Hows-hope, or perhaps House-hope ;
Herselop and Horsop, for Herdsel-hope or Hirsel-hope (from
herdsel, a sheep fold;) and Pontop, for Pont-hope. In all such
cases it is desirable to restore the final e, and to have recourse to
the use of the hyphen, whenever the latter becomes necessary to
prevent an undue coalition of consonants, tending to confuse the
pronunciation and obscure the meaning, especially when uttered
by strangers to our northern districts.

We may here observe that the name of Hedgehope, the second
in elevation among the Cheviot hills, was thought by the late
Mr. Hedley to be derived from A.S. heah, high, and hope: but
such a combination could only form Heah-hope or High-hope.
It is more likely, I think, to have been simply Heddes-hope
(heafodes-hép), from the rounded head-like summit which over-
hangs the hope or hollow at the foot of the hill.

Cleugh; Anglo-Saxon cleofa, fissura, a cleft or chasm. The
cleughs are narrow and often rugged chasms, for the most part

100 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES,

among the moorlands. Those on the higher moors are among the
wildest spots in the country, and their designations show them to.
have been the last resort and refuge of the wolf and wild cat, as
they still are of the fox, the raven, and the falcon. We find
accordingly Wolfscleugh, Catcleugh, Hartlawcleugh, Ravenscleugh,
Corbiecleugh. In the peak of Derbyshire the word assumes the
form of clough, and is of common occurrence.

Haugh: Anglo-Saxon haga, agellus, predium ; Old-Norse hagi,
pascud, pascuus. In our northern English this well-known word
is significant of the alluvial grass lands which skirt so many of
our streams, and are often among the richest pastures of the
country. It occurs in various composite names, as Fairhaugh,
Humshaugh, Hindhaugh, &c., and is highly characteristic of the
north country, having but little extension southwards.

Dale: Anglo-Saxon dal, is now characteristic of our northern
nomenclature, though in Chaucer’s time it was applied to certain
river vales in the south of England. Like other names of places,
these with this termination have often become surnames of persons,
whose ancestors had proceeded from the places so denominated.
Thus John of Weardale became John Weardale or Weardel, and
and so Teasdale, Tyndal, and some others. It would be rash,
however, to infer that Wardle is always to be deduced from
Weardale, since it may have come from a very different origin,
namely Ward-hill.

Gill: from the Old-Norse gil, with the same signification as our
familiar word. It is of most frequent occurrence in names of
places situated in portions of the country which supply many
traces of a large infusion of Norse or Danish Elements into the
popular idiom. Thus Thorsgill is not more evidently a name
imposed by Danes than Baldersgarth and others of like charac-
ter. Names composed with gill are prevalent in the South
Western part of Northumberland, and in Cumberland, Westmore-
land, Durham, and the North Riding.

Comb, or Coum ; Anglo-Saxon comb, but this probably from
the British or Welsh wordcum. This latter is rendered by Pugh
in his learned dictionary of the Welsh, as “A deep valley where
the sides come together in a concave form.” Bosworth in his

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION. 101

Anglo-Saxon Dictionary explains comb as “ A low place enclosed
with hills, a valley.” Hence certain names of places situated in
valleys and in combs, as Alcomb, Boscomb, Chilcomb, &c. Some-
times the names of the owner is annexed, as Comb-Basset, Comb-
Raleigh. Sometimes 6 is changed into p, as Compton.”

To this excellent account I may add, that such names, though
less frequent than in the Southern and South Western Counties,
are to be met with in the North also.

The situation of Comb-field, upon the Derwent, above Shotley
Bridge, is in the bosom of the vale, at a point where it expands a
little, and assumes, as it were, a cuplike conformation. It is
bounded by varied and picturesque banks which appear to form
almost a circle around Comb-field. Near the head of Chirdon-burn,
there is a place called Greencomb Shield, but with the locality I
am not acquainted. Another spot upon Tarset-burn is called
simply Comb.

It may be observed, that these places all lie in wild and remote
tracts, where the British inhabitants must long have lingered, and
which they probably never entirely left ; remaining doubtless, until
they were lost by intermarriage with the more powerful and more
advanced, if not more civilized, invaders. When we cross the hills
into the still more British region of Cumberland, the coums (as
the word is there written) become more numerous in the nomen-
clature of localities.

Dene, A.S. denu, but believed to be a word of ancient British
origin, is of frequent use to designate those beautiful sylvan
ravines which abound in the north country; as Shawdon Dene,
Castle Eden Dene, and numberless other instances. But the word
is scarcely to be met with in close and proper composition.
The term den which has been supposed to be the same, is now
known to be entirely distinct. This latter will be considered
hereafter in its proper place among the designations for woods
and thickets, as it enters largely into our nomenclature as an
element of composition.

In this place perhaps may be introduced an element of com-
position no longer extant as an independent word but of extended
occurrence in names of places, since it may be distinctly traced

102 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES, ETC.

in probably every county of England, and is associated with
many sites of singular beauty and of old historical renown.

There will be found a class of names terminating in over, our,
ore, or, and er, as Bolsover, Windsor, Cumnor; the origin of
which ending is the Anglo-Saxon word ofer, (in the dative ofre,)
signifying a bank or margin. It is the German ufer, which has
the same sense. This in the Low German is over, and occurs in
the name of Hanover.

In Doomsday Sook this termination generally appears in the
form of the dative or ablative case with the final e as Calnovre
or Calnouvre, Balcovre, Edensovre, now Edensor near Chatsworth,
Belsovre, Essovre, &c., allin Derbyshire. In Yorkshire is mentioned
Ulsigovere, from this element appended to the personal name UI-_
sig or Wolfsig, in later English, Wolsey. Shotover near Oxford,
and Bolsover still retain their terminations uncontraeted.

The stately site of Windsor itself was in early English days
designated under the forms of Windlesovra, Windlesora, Windes-
ora, Windesoure: the first part of the word alluding, it is thought,
to the Windels, or basket-osiers, cultivated on the banks of the
Thames. The arc of bulrushes even was expressed in Saxon by
the term windel. |

The truth is that old significant names, however humble and
homely in their first origin, are never out of place, but lend them-
selves easily to the highest and most dignified associations. They
spring from the vernacular speech of the country, bearing the
traces of its old inflections, and perpetuating its archaic forms.
Hence they possessan historical worthand weight which no modern
coinage can attain. Thus it matters not, whether a North
American town be called Athens, or Utica, or Buffalo ; the stamp
of modern vulgarity is there, proclaiming how low English taste
had fallen in the days when we colonized those regions.

It is unfortunate that Bagsore, in Shropshire, because the g
happens to be pronounced soft, has come to be written Badger.
Had reference been made to Doomsday Book, some such compro-
mise as Badgesor would have been preferred, so as to reconcile
etymology and pronunciation as nearly as possible. As the
study of national antiquities and language proceeds, names

DR. EMBLETON ON THE TWO SPECIES OF RAT, ETC, 103

that are so very corruptly written will inevitably be modified
and corrected. |

In Northumberland, from whence we have wandered too far,
the only names that I can recollect as referable to this element,
are Wooler (anciently Wolover, Wolowre, Wollore), and Lucker
or Luckor, which I doubt not to be the place from which one
Nich. De Leuknor, often mentioned in the Pipe-roll of Northum-
berland. received his title. It is obvious that in cases where the
spelling is not definitely fixed, the forms in or, or ore (the dative
case,) are preferable to that in er, though the latter cannot be re-
garded as corrupt. It is less eligible, however, because less
distinct, and more likely to be overlooked or misunderstood.

Scar ; in Old-Norse skér, a rock in the sea. Allied to this,
- probably, is our English adjective sheer: “ Abrupt and sheer the
mountains sink.” Mr. Brockett well defines a scar to mean, “a
bare and broken rock on the side of a mountain, or on the high
bank of a river.” I may add that many of the dangerous marine
rocks on our coast are denominated scars, after the true Oid-Norse
usage. This word in its full form does not enter into close com-
position. But, if I mistake not, car, a word at first sight
different, is merely the softened form of scar, when used as part
of a compound name, and constituting an unaccented or feeble
syllable, as in Bondycar, Redcar.

Ill. — On the two Species of Rat in England. By Dennis
EmseTon, Esq., M.D.

[Read, Thursday, April 4th, 1850.]

Tue number of our strictly British Mammalsis small. Fleming,
in his History of British Animals, 1827, could only sum up about
fifty species, exclusive of those that have been domesticated,
naturalized, and extirpated. Jenyns, in his Manual of British

104 DR. EMBLETON ON THE TWO

Vertebrata, 1835, can only, with the same exclusion, enumerate
sixty-one species.

It seems probable that, at the present day, there remain un-
discovered few, if any, Mammalia indigenous in our island; but
it may admit of question whether we have worked out a full
and accurate knowledge of even the sixty-one species described
by the latter author.

The external characters of the animals have been repeatedly,
and, no doubt, correctly rendered ; it is in their internal structure
only that we can expect to find anything new; and our descrip-
tions cannot be deemed complete if the account of the organs,
concealed by the skin, be neglected or excluded.

During the past summer, I have examined our two species of
rat, the Mus Rattus, Linn., and the Mus Decumanus, Pall,
having had some specimens of the former sent over by some friends
at Stockton, which is, as far as I know, the only locality in our
district where the black rat is yet to be found. A few anatomical
points have presented themselves, which are, perhaps, worthy of
being recorded; partly because the black rat is becoming rarer,
and possibly may, at no very distant period, become extinct in our
island; partly because the points alluded to show that there are
differences of internal structure which, independently of external
characters, may be grounds sufficient for establishing a specific
difference between the black and the brown rat; and partly, also,
because I do not find these points noticed in any of the books on
Natural History or Comparative Anatomy to which I have access.

Fearing to be too exclusively technical, I have prefixed to the
anatomical details a few words on the history of our rats, which,
like the dogs of the east, are the abhorred and unclean, but very
useful scavengers of our dirty towns.

I will not, however, occupy your time with discussing the
sanitary offices performed by rats, or attempt to explain their
instinctive flight from the falling house or the sinking ship, or
notice either their wonderful migrations, or their deadly feuds and
massacres in times of scarcity, or their amazing fecundity, or their
scrupulous cleanliness whenever their indiscriminate and voracious
appetite is for a time appeased ; or even their tender filial affection,

SPECIES OF RAT IN ENGLAND. 105

of which some very touching narratives are in print; but the
history of the transportation and diffusion of one, and the conquest
and destruction of another race of rats, forms a short chapter in
animal geography, which may have interest enough to detain us
a few moments, if it were merely to trace a certain occasional
resemblance that exists between the movements, respectively, of
rats and men.

Iam not aware of any record of the existence of rats in our
island, during the early historical periods ; but it appears that the
black rat was first noticed, during the middle ages, on the Continent
of Europe, to which it had penetrated from some unknown region,
conjectured to be America. Milne Edwards says it was not known
to the ancients. Gesner, of Zurich, in his Historia Animalium,
1558, is the first modern author who describes and figures it. It
is highly probable that it came over to England, from the Continent
of Europe; and this opinion is strengthened by the information
given by Mr. T. Bell, in his “ British Quadrupeds,” viz., that the
name for the black rat, in Welsh, means French mouse.

About the year 1730, according to Pennant, when the black
rat held undisputed possession of our drains, cellars, house and
barn walls, stables, &c., there was brought, by ship, from India, a
new species, larger, more powerful, and bolder than the old, and
as soon as the strangers had gained a firm footing in the island,
they began to war upon the natives, and as, in the case of man,
the more vigorous race gradually overpowers the weaker, so in
that of the rat, the stronger gradually overran the whole island ;
and now, after the lapse of 120 years, has not only long since
completed the conquest of its predecessor, but has nearly extirpated
it from the country.

The new species thus established is the brown, or Norway rat.
Why this latter name was given to it does not appear; for it was
so called before it really existed in the Scandinavian peninsula.

Of the two great parties of rats, contending for supremacy in
England, during the last century, the black was called the Jacobite,
the brown the Hanoverian, in obvious historic allusion.

It is not on record, that I can find, from what part of India

the brown rat was brought hither; but in twenty years after its
mom i. PT. I. o

106 DR. EMBLETON ON THE TWO

arrival, we find it noticed as a stranger about Marly and Versailles,
and then in Paris. Books on Natural History show that from
that time to this the numbers of the brown rat, or surmulot in
France, have gone on increasing, whilst those of the black species
have been diminishing. Shaw, in 1801, states that in Paris the
brown was much less frequent than the black, but we find the
proportion very greatly in favour of the brown rat in the official
account of the result of the famous chasse aux rats, held in the
autumn of the year 1849. oi

The brown rat spread over France, though unequally, driving
out or destroying the black, and passing at the same time east-
ward; but in 1766, on the word of Milne Edwards, had not
penetrated into Russia. Shortly after that date, it was found to
have arrived, in great numbers, from the west, on the banks of
the Volga, near Astracan; to have passed that river, and gone
further to the eastward. It occurs, it is said, plentifully, in
Persia, but is wanting in Siberia. During the last hundred years,
our vessels have given these scavengers a free passage, at their
own risk, to America, Australia, New Zealand, and almost all
other parts of the world, including, of course, their original India.
We may venture to hope that our present brown rat, the conqueror
of England, and many other parts of the world, as he is of moderate
size, and can be kept under, may not be superseded, and conquered
in his turn, by that other Indian rat, the Bandicoot, of the size
of a rabbit, which might prove a really formidable and dangerous
pest. The black rat, however, is not yet extirpated from Britain,
any more than the Welshman, or the Highland celt; he continues
to hold his own in some of the cellars and stables of London, and
in which he is even sometimes more numerous than the brown;
according to Mr. T. Bell, and, from the report of Dr. Fleming, he
is very common in some parts of Edinburgh, and appears to live
there even in harmony with the brown invader. In (Griffith's
Cuvier, we are told that the two species will live peaceably together,
and even inhabit contiguous burrows; but this peace will probably
continue only as long as food is plentiful, when it is scarce, the
weak will inevitably fall a prey to the stronger.

The following description of the black rat of Pennant and Shaw,

SPECIES OF RAT IN ENGLAND. 107

the Mus Rattus of Gesner, Linneus, Desmarest, and Fleming, was
drawn up after the examination of several specimens :—

The first and largest was a female, its dimensions were, length
of head and body, 7 inches; of head, 12 inch; of tail, 8 inches.

Colour cinereous black, on the back and sides, belly, and other
under parts of the body paler, a male was observed to be not so dark
as the female. The fur is composed of two kinds of hair, as in
rats generally, long and short, the long predominates on the back
and sides, giving a glossy appearance to this fur, which that of
the brown rat wants. The cinereous colour is owing to the
admixture of black and white hairs, the white hairs are more
numerous on the under parts of the body.

Nose rather sharp, eyes black round and bright, whiskers black
and very long, the longest project as far as, or even beyond,
the tips of the ears. ars almost an inch long, large, ovate,
expanded, delicate, black and naked, epidermis in minute pave-
ment-like spots. 7'av/, black, in some round, in others squarish,
and has about 180 rings of scaly epidermis, from under cover of
these rings project backwards whorls of short stiff black hairs.
Mamme, five pairs, two pectoral, the first being placed between
the fore legs, the second close to the lower margin of chest.
Separated from the pectoral, by a considerable distance, are the
other three pairs, of which the middle one is placed very near to
the last. The two last he between the hinder legs, and a very
short way in advance of, and external to, the genital orifice.
feet of same colour as body and tail; five toes on both fore and
hinder feet; but the thumbs on the fore feet are minute, rudimen-
tary, and furnished with a small flattish delicate nail. All the
other toes have claws. Length of sole, fore foot +; inch; hinder
foot, nearly 14 inch. Five pads on sole of fore, six on that of
hinder foot. Y'ecth, small, delicate, incisors two, molars six, in
each jaw, the anterior molar the largest. Length of skull, 18 inch;
of lower jaw, % inch.

Inrerton:—<Abdomen. Liver, 6-lobed, two lobes much larger
than the rest. No gall bladder.

Pancreas, of considerable size, diffused. Spleen, narrow, thin,
13 inch long.

108 DR. EMBLETON ON THE TWO

Stomach, of rather simple form, like others of the Rodent family,
larger curvature very great, lesser extremely small, as the cardia
and pylorus lie very near together; left end of stomach a good
deal produced, pylorus not strongly marked outside.. Greatest
length of stomach, when moderately inflated, 243 inches; greatest
breadth, 14 inch. The left end of the stomach is lined by cuticle,
and the edge of this cuticle projects about } inch, all round into
the cavity of stomach, marking off the cardiac 3, from the pyloric 4;
it surrounds the cardiac orifice, and projects towards the pylorus,
along the lesser curve of the stomach, for rather more than 1 inch,
in the form of a small spade-shaped flap. Surface of cardiac part
of stomach white, and rather warty looking, cuticle easily detached,

showing a smooth white surface beneath. Pyloric part of stomach,

lined by epithelium, red, highly vascular, delicate and rugose.

Smallintestine coiled a good deal, but smooth, and pretty uniform
in size, measures 3 feet 1 inch long, diameter about 3% inch.
Duct. hepaticus enters duodenum at about 13 inch below pylorus,
mucous membrane of this part of intestine rather obscurely
reticular and villous.

Large intestine 94 inches long, length of coecum, along greater
curve, nearly 3 inches. Total length of alimentary canal, about
4 feet. Diameter of colon, at 2 inches below coecum, l}inch. The
coecum is curved almost in a circle round the termination of the
small intestine, it is by far the most capacious part of the canal
below the stomach. Where the ilium joins the colon, the latter
becomes dilated, and beyond the junction the coecum widens out
to 2 inch diameter, it then bends at once upon itself, and ends
in a blunt cul de sac that projects about 1 inch beyond the entrance
of the ilium into the colon. This latter part is provided with two
series of fine projecting folds of the mucous membrane, obliquely
arranged, one on each side of the tube, these colic valvulz con-
niventes are broadest at their middle, and fade gradually away
towards each end; thus the two series are separated by two plain
lines runniug along the intestinal wall, one of these corresponds to
the attachment of the mesentery, the other to the opposite part of
the wall of the tube. There are about two dozen folds in each series.
The faeces in the colon are are of a greenish black hue, and become

———- +

SPECIES OF RAT IN ENGLAND. 109

divided into elongated pellets, after passing away from the valvular
part of the canal.

The anus is placed close under the tail, quite behind, and apart
from, the genital aperture.

~The kidneys are very convex, unlobulated, and of considerable
size. The supra-renal bodies, yellowish white, large.

Uterus bilobed, with a coiled Fallopian tube, ovoid shaped ovary,
The right horn held three, the left five foetuses advanced in de-
velopment. Organs of chest, and head not examined.

The brown rat is altogether a larger and stronger animal,
measuring in length of head and body 9 or 10 inches, or even more,
with a tail not so long in proportion as the black rat, being scarcely
so long as the head and body together. Head larger and stronger
in proportion.

Colour of body yellowish brown, gradually passing into white
on all the under parts of the body, of the two kinds of hair the
undergrowth predominates, and thus the fur feels thicker, but
softer, than on the black rat. Muzzle blunter and broader. yes
much the same as in the black species. Whiskers black and
white, though chiefly black; on the whole, not so long as in the
other species. ars about ? inch long, therefore shorter, they are
more broadly ovate, and nearly covered on both surfaces with
short hair, colour of skin of ears much lighter than in black rat.
Tail round, has at least 200 rings of epidermic scales, with whorls
of hair as in the JZ. Rattus, only the hairs are dark brown, and
the rings of scales and skin of tail white, instead of black. Mamme,
alike in the two species. eet, pale flesh-coloured beneath,
covered with white hair above. Digits and pads of soles alike
in both species; length of sole of fore foot 2 inch, of hinder 13 inch,
Teeth same in number and disposition, but larger, more robust,
and the lower jaw also somewhat larger in proportion to the skull,
and of rather different form from that in the black rat.

All the viscera larger; stomach shaped a good deal like that of
black rat, but its left end produced into a distinct bulbous-
like pouch, between which and the rest of the organ is a marked
constriction.

The cuticular lining of left end seems to vary in extent in

110 DR. EMBLETON ON

different individuals, but has the same projecting valve-like free
edge at its cessation towards the right end of stomach, and the
pylorus more strongly marked than in the other species. Liver
has same divisions, there is the same want of gall bladder, and
the ductus hepaticus opens into duodenum, about 2 inches below
pylorus. Pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and supra-renal bodies like
those in the the other rat.

The small intestine is 4 feet 8 inches long, cecum 3 inches.
large intestine 7? inches. Total length, therefore, of alimentary
canal about 5 feet 6 inches, against 4 feet in the black rat. The
ceecum of the brown rat is less capacious than that of the other
rat, shorter and less curved; the small intestine longer, and the
large intestine shorter. The valvular folds of the colon are from
24 to 36 pairs in the brown rat, about 24 in the black, but their
number seems to vary, and to increase with the size of the animal.

The female genitalia are similar in the two species. The male
parts in both species, as in other Rodentia, are very complicated,
but there are differences of detail peculiar to each species of rat.

EXPLANATION, OF PLATES) 1.) anpeid
Fig. I.—Stomach of Black Rat.
— Il.—Cecun, &c., of ditto.
— IU I.—Stomach of Brown Rat.
— 1V.—Cecum, &e., of ditto.

IV.—On the short Sunjish, (Orthragoriscus Mola.)—By Dennis
EmsBueton, Esq., M.D.
[Read, Thursday, April 4th, 1850.] :
From Pliny, we learn that the Sunfish was known to the
ancients by the name of pig; he says “ Apion maximum piscium
tradit esse porcum, quem Lacedzmonii Orthragoriscum vocant:
grunnire eum, cum capiatur.” Young pigs were called in Sparta,
sebexyopicxovs, (from cebeos tempus matutinum, and ‘wyogdZw

THE SHORT SUNFISH. lil

vendere,) because they were carried about for sale early in the
morning. Gesner, who gives this derivation, was the first, in 1558,
to describe and figure the short and the oblong Sunfish, the latter
being about twice as long as broad; he says he has heard the
grunting of the fish, and seen its phosphorescence by night, it
grows to the size of four, five, or six cubits. He adverts to its
being taken in various parts of the Mediterranean, and once off
the Cape de Verde Islands. He had heard of one that was said
to be as big as two oxen, and so strong that even ships were over-
whelmed by the resistless stroke of its fins!

La Cepéde, in 1798, names the fish Zetrodon Lune. It is
ealled, he says, Sun or Moon, from its disk-like form and phos-
phorescence. It reflects the sunlight strongly, so that it is bright,
even in day time, but in the dark it shines with a phosphoric
splendour all its own. Shoals of the fish have been seen at night,
presenting a most interesting tremulous illumination, beneath
the agitated waves of the ocean. It makes a well-marked purring
sound like the Zetrodons. It attains a diameter of 12 feet; one,
said to be 25 feet long, was caught, in 1735, off the Irish coast.
Its weight is said to reach 300 or even 500 pounds. La Cepéde
believes the short and the oblong to be varieties of the same
species.

Shaw calls the sunfish Cephalus, from its resemblance to the
head of a fish, and mentions a new species, C. Pallasianus, as
inhabiting tropical seas, and being only a few inches long.

In Griffiths Cuvier the old name has been restored, and a specific
one, Jola, added, derived from one name of the fish at and about
Marseilles, namely mole.* Two other species are noticed, but
scarcely any description of them given.

Professor Jacob has given in the Dublin Philosophical Journal,
1836, the most detailed account of the anatomy of the Sunfish
that I have met with, and in the second volume of Professor
Owen’s Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, are to be found many
valuable facts relating to its internal structure.

This curious fish, which vies occasionally, as it would appear,

* Other French names are Molebout and Bout; it seems probable that the
term bout may be the origin of the English terminal dwt, occurring in names
of fishes, as in Holibut.

112 DR. EMBLETON ON

in bulk with the huge sharks and rays, is, in several particulars
of its confirmation, closely allied to, and was long ranked with,
the Zetrodons and Diodons, or balloon and globe fishes, though
it wants the power of inflating itself which these possess. It is
now included with them in the family Gymnodontes of the Plec-
tognathi, or Sixth Order of Fishes in the arrangements of Cuvier
and Owen. Itis found in the Mediterranean, and in the Atlantic,
from the Cape of Good Hope to the northern parts of the North
Sea, including all the coasts of the British Isles.

Our specimen was caught about five miles off Cullercoats, in
September, 1849, by a fisherman, who found it, still alive, lying
on its side, on the surface of the water. It was rather a small
specimen, and weighed 17tbs. Its colour, a steel grey, was said to
have been at first very brilliant, it grows silvery white towards the
mouth and the abdominal border, blackish grey towards the dorsal
ridge and tail. Head not distinguishable from trunk. Skin
scaleless, and spineless, thick, rough, much wrinkled, and closely
studded with minute bony particles beset with short sharpish
points.

Lateral line absent. Dimensions of body as follows :—From tip
to tip of fins, 2 feet 6 inches; from lips to farthest point of tail,
1 foot 9 inches; depth of body just in front of dorsal and anal
fins, 1 foot 23 inches; greatest thickness of body (just above and
behind the eye) 4 inches, Mouth very small, on median horizontal
line. Jaws undivided, palate and lingual teeth wanting. Jaw-
teeth, a pair of strong horny or bony beaks consolidated with the
jaws, upper beak enclosing the lower when the mouth is shut.
Lips thin, and partially exposing the teeth. Tongue, large, fleshy,
and firm, filling the floor of the mouth, its whole surface, particu-
larly at the point, studded with numerous papille. At the back
of the mouth are three rows of sharp, thorn-like pharyngeal teeth,
projecting backwards on each side, above these an oval rough
callosity. Of the fins, the pectoral is attached on the horizontal
median line, 7 inches behind the lips, is thin and inclined gently
backwards, upper border arched, fifth ray the longest.

The dorsal and anal lie so far back, that a perpendicular drawn
through the anterior border of their bases, strikes the horizontal

THE SHORT SUNFISH. 113

median line at 13 inches from the front of mouth, and 8 inches
in front of end of tail. They are continuous behind with the
caudal, which forms the posterior, convex, sharp, and scalloped,
border of the fish; along the bases of these fins, runs a continuous

band of soft pliant skin.

inch. | inch. inch.
Length of pectoral fin 2} | Breadth ...... 21 | Number of rays 13
Ditto of dorsal ......... 92 | Ditto............ 4 | Ditto .........++ 17
Ditto of anal............ 95 | Ditto............ 4 | Ditto .........+ 16
Ditto of caudal......... 33 | Ditto ......... 104 | Ditto ............ 14

This account agrees with that of Jenyns, but not with those of
Yarrell and Fleming. The anal and dorsal rays, after passing
straight on for some distance, bend successively backwards, and
divide into numerous divergent filaments terminating at the
posterior border of the fin, which is very thin, and finely scalloped.
The anus is about an inch in front of the anal fin. The lower
edge of the body is thinner and sharper than the upper. A
little above the mouth is an oval rough hard callosity, slightly
projecting—a sort of snout. The eye is placed nearly half-way
between the point of the mouth and the branchial aperture, the
palpebral opening is elliptical, long diam. 1} inch, shorter ditto ?
inch. The eyeball, which is nearly flat in front, is large, sub-
elliptical,and has a diam. much greater than the palpebral opening.
Iris small, dark blue, witha white rim round the inner margin, pupil
elliptical, with long diameter horizontally placed. Choroid gland
and pecten, as described by Cuvier, were not examined. Two
minute nasal apertures on each side, elliptical in a direction nearly
vertical, are placed { inch in front of the eye, and close together.
The posterior is only half the size of the other. The branchial
aperture is partially guarded by a fold of skin directed backwards,
and is covered by a fold of branchiostegal membrane, the posterior
free border of which rests on the scapula. This aperture lies
directly in front of the pectoral fin, its long diameter, vertical, is
Z inch, its short, horizontal, $ inch. It leads into a capacious
branchial chamber, which, with its walls, forms the bulk of the
apparently enormous head of the fish. The size of the branchial

chamber, compared with that of its external openings, is very
VOL. II. PT. I. P

114 DR. EMBLETON ON

remarkable. There are five gill-arches, that farthest back is about
half the size of the rest, which are very largely developed.

The abdominal cavity is large, much compressed, and of an
irregularly triangular shape, the superior angle or apex lying just
above the top of the pectoral fin, the posterior just behind the
anus, the anterior 74 inches in front of this, and beneath the
branchial chamber. The greater part of the cavity is occupied
by a well-defined packet of intestine, enveloped in peritonceum,
and by the liver.

The Liver is very unequally divided into two ve the left
being the larger. The Gall Bladder is large, and attached to the
right lobe. The hepatic duct joins the cystic, at the posterior edge
of the gall bladder, and the common bile duct, 24 inches long, runs
backwards, and opens into the alimentary tube at a point about
44 inches from the top of the cesophagus, a curious arrangement,
which will be more fully noticed below. The colour of the liver
is an obscure olive, varied with reddish flesh colour. There is
no pancreas and no air bladder. The spleen lies in contact with
the gall bladder, and anterior end of the stomach, is small, soft,
most friable, and of the usual colour.

The esophagus, one inch in diameter, is about 24 inches long,
2 inches of which lie in the abdomen, beyond this the tube, slightly
dilated, passes backwards, nearly horizontally, between the lobes
of the liver for 5 inches; it is then bent suddenly upon itself, and
passing downwards and forwards, enters the packet of intestines ;
from this, after a good many convolutions, the canal passes back-
wards and downwards to the anus, which is large, and externally
projecting. The whole length of the canal is 7 feet 6 inches.
It is only when it is laid open that its peculiarities can be well
seen. Its lining, or mucous membrane, for a short distance below
the pharyngeal teeth, is smooth and uniform, then occurs an
irregular circular line, the termination of the cuticle. Below
this, the mucous membrane is longitudinally plicated, and the
canal somewhat contracted, being 2 inches in diameter, but with
thicker walls, the plicee here and there coalesce, and have a series
of smaller folds running across their intervals. This disposition
of the surface extends for 24 inches from the cuticular border,

THE SHORT SUNFISH. 115

and appears to mark out the extent of the esophagus. The
plice are then succeeded by an irregularly honey-combed membrane,
extending for about 34 inches further. The tube at this part has a
diameter of 2? inches, and its walls are thick and fleshy, The
meshes of the mucous membrane are elongated in the direction of
the canal, and enclose a still finer pattern of net work. A quantity
of thick tenacious mucus, like what is usually found in the
stomach of other fishes, was seen adherent to the folds at the upper
part of this region of the tube. The duct from the liver opens
here on a stout papilla, placed at the distance of only 1{ inch
from the bottom of the cesophagus, at the right side, and where
the tube is widest. There is no constriction, no pyloric valve,
either above or below the entrance of the bile duct. Vill are
found scattered over the inner surface, beginuing, though sparingly
at first, just below the esophagus, gradually increasing in quantity
and in size for 3 or 4 inches downwards. They are found, also,
on the papilla of the bile duct. The net work of ruge dies out
a short way below the entrance of the bile duct, and is gradually
succeeded and replaced bya beautiful shaggy pile of villi, measuring
nearly + inch in length. This change seems to mark the end of
the gastric, and the commencement of the intestinal portion of
the tube. The stomach, then, is between 4 and 5 inches long,
and is peculiar in possessing villi, and permanent folds of the
lining membrane, in receiving the secretion of the liver into its
cavity, and also in not presenting any well-marked dilatation,
or anything like a pyloric constriction. Indeed, the canal down-
wards almost imperceptibly diminishes in calibre, and in thickness
of its walls, for half its length; it then remains rather small to
within about 1 foot of the anus, after which it is irregularly
sacculated for about 3 inches, and at 5 inches from the orifice there
is a narrow, obliquely placed, valvular fold of the lining membrane.
The villi gradually diminish in length and number towards the
sacculated portion of the intestines, below which they are replaced
by a minute reticulation, which is continued to within an inch
or two of the orifice.
Cuvier, in the Régne Animal, merely mentions that the gall
duct opens into the stomach. Professor Jacob gives a figure of

116 DR. EMBLETON ON

the gall duct opening, just below a small dilatation, which he names
stomach, into the duodenum, beneath which is a slight constric-
tion, marking off the duodenum from the rest of the alimentary
tube. The Professor, in noticing the existence of villi on the
lining membrane of the stomach, points them out as not remark-
able for their abundance, but he mentions the unusual length of
those in the duodenum.

Our illustrious countryman, Ray, had long ago said that the
gall duct opens into the gastric cavity. From the examination
of the specimen before us, it must, I think, fairly be concluded
that Ray and Cuvier are correct, and their opinion is not alto-
gether unsupported by analogy, for according to Professor Owen,
(Lectures vol. ii. p. 244,) in the Bream, “the short cystic duct is
found opening into the fore part of the cardiac portion of the
stomach”. This latter anatomist shows us also, that the want of
a distinct gastric compartment is chiefly confined to the lower
fishes, as the Lampreys, Myxines, and Sandprides, and in the
Lancelet, the lowest of all, it is especially remarkable ; that a
reticulate lining membrane rarely occurs in fishes, it is met with,
however, in the Sturgeon, and in the Gymnotus; and that villi
in the stomach are found more rarely still. It appears then, that
the Sunfish is rather an exception to the rule as regards its gas-
tric structure, and it would almost seem as if the characters of an
intestine had, in this fish, been continued up unusually high, so
as to deprive the stomach of a part of its speciality, and reduce
gastric digestion almost to its minimum.

Judging from the conformation of the mouth, teeth, and tongue,
one would be led to suppose the food of the Sunfish to be soft,
easily taken, not bulky, but of some sapidity ; from the enteric
form of the stomach, from the presence of gastric villi, from the
bile entering this part of the canal, and from the absence of
pyloric valve and pancreas, one would infer that the food is such
as to require little solution or digestion, that, indeed, it is sus-
ceptible of being at least partially absorbed as soon as it has been
swallowed. The structure of the mucous membrane, of the rest
of the fintestinal tube, shows it to be an apparatus highly
organised for absorption, but the tube is not very long, and has

THE SHORT SUNFISH. LiF

none of those complications that are met with in many fishes.
All these things being considered it must be concluded that the
food of the Sunfish consists most probably not of Fuci, as Mr.
Couch thinks, but of naked or thin shelled mollusks, small, ten-
der crustacea, or the spawn of these and of fishes; indeed, I find
that Donovan states that fragments of testacea and small crabs
have been found in the stomach. This sort of food would easily
be found among the fissures of rocks at the bottom of the sea of
which the Sunfish is most probably a denizen. The alimentary
canal of our specimen contained merely a quantity of uniform
creamy looking fluid and mucus.

Two Entozoa, colourless, subpellucid, in form like elongated
hydatids or cysts, about 1$ inch long, were found among the
folds of the packet of intestines, also in the branchial chamber
attached to the gill rays were detected, asis not uncommonly the
case, two or three specimens of the parasite Entomostracon,
Cecrops Latreilleit.

Urinary AND RepropuctivE Oreans ; the Kidneys, six inches
long, occupy the usual position, and are somewhat enlarged at
both ends ; the ureters, coming out of their lower surfaces at
about 14 inch from the posterior end and running backwards
converge to the median line, and unite into one tube which
enters the bladder at the termination of the upper 4 of its pos-
terior surface.

The bladder is elliptical, and about the size of a hen’s egg, it
tapers below to a short urethra which opens externally, behind,
and distinct from, the anus. There are no suprarenal glands.
The reproductive organs in this specimen are not in a state of
activity, they are pale and shrunken, but consist of a pair of
small tubes, distinct above, and tapering to points about the
middle of the bladder, united below, where they open as one into
the urethra just within its external orifice. They lie as usual
between the intestine and the urinary organs.

Tue Herr is small, as is its venous sinus ; two oblique semi-
lunar valves lie between this and the auricle. The auricle is
large, its inner surface shows slender, but pretty strong reticula-
tions of fleshy columns. Four semilunar valves, of nearly equal

118 DR. EMBLETON ON THE SHORT SUNFISH.

size, arranged in one row, guard the auriculo-ventricular orifice.
The ventricle is thick, fleshy, and strong, its fleshycolumnsshortand —
thick. The aortic opening has four semilunar valves, two of which
are large, two very small. The bulbus arteriosus is small, but fleshy
and strong. No opening between the pericardium and the peri-
toneum is apparent. The vascular system was not further pursued. |

The nervous system was not examined, but from the second
volume of Professor Owen’s Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, we
learn that the spinal cord is found “shrunk into a short, conical,
and according to Arsaki, gangliated appendage of the encephalon.
In the Diodons, which much resemble the Orthragoriscus, there is
a long cauda equina. The cerebellum is an oblong, single, longi-
tudinally fissured ganglion, in front of which are a pair of large
optic lobes, a much smaller pair of cerebral ganglia, and a minute
pair of olfactory lobes supported by slender pedicles.

When the skin, abdominal muscles, and viscera have been re-
moved, the body presents two broad compressed masses, the head
and the trunk, united by a very narrow isthmus, the upper part
of the spine. The dorsal muscles, separated on the median line
by a thin ligamentum nuche, arise from the occiput and from a
fibrous membrane attached to the side of the bodies of the verte-
bre, and which runs down as far as the posterior part of the
abdominal cavity, beyond this the muscular bundles arise from
the upper half of the bodies of the vertebra, and from the neural
spines and interspinous bones. These muscles all converge to-
wards the base of the dorsal fin; the vertebral, which overlap the
occipital bundles, are inserted upon a series of strong tendons,
which go to be attached to the fin rays ; the occipital mass of
fibres passes backwards and is partly inserted upon the vertebra,
and partly upon the series of tendons of the fin rays just men-
tioned. The muscles for the anal fin arise from the lower half of
the bodies of the vertebrae behind the abdomen, and from the
heemal spines and interspinous bones, and converge to be inserted
upon a series of tendons attached to the rays of the anal fin.
Small short muscular bundles pass backwards from the bodies
and processes of the posterior vertebra, diverging to the different
portions of the caudal fin. The abdominal muscles are thin.

HANCOCK AND EMBLETON ON THE ANATOMY OF DORIS. 119

We have here strong apparatus for the rapid lateral motion of
all the large fins, and for drawing forward and spreading the rays
of the dorsal and anal fins, and further, for the vertical, as well as
horizontal, motion of the head and spine.

The bones generally are light, spongy and soft. Some of the
cranial bones, and the bodies of the vertebrae, are the hardest.
There are eighteen or nineteen spinal vertebr, of which several
caudal ones are cartilaginous. The first five behind the skull
have their neural spines very short, inclined backwards, and im-
bricated upon each other, but this part of the spine is very flex-
ible in all directions, Nearly all the other vertebre have their
neural spines very long and straight. At the tenth vertebre the
hoemal spines commence, and are at once of full size. There are
no transverse processes. The interspinous bones are long, particu-
larly the hcemal, flattened and featherlike at their proximal,
narrow towards their distal ends, which present a small head for
articulation with the fin rays.

The great apparent size of the head is owing almost entirely |
to the unusual developement of the bones of the hyoid apparatus,
the opercular pieces, and the scapula. The branchiostegal rays
are five in number, long and attenuated. The maxillary and
premaxillary bones are anchylosed.

Circumstances have occurred which have prevented a more
detailed description of the bones of the cranium. )

V.—Summary of Observations on the Anatomy of Doris, a Nudi-
branchiate Mollusk. By Aupany Hancock, Esq., and Dennis
Empueton, Esq., M.D.

[Read, August 16th, 1850. ]

We have proposed to ourselves to communicate to the Club the
principal points of the Anatomy of Doris. The following species
have been examined, and are referred to:—D. tuberculata, D.
tuberculata, Verany, D. Johnstoni, D. tomentosa, D. repanda, D.

120 HANCOCK AND EMBLETON ON

coccinea, D. verrucosa, D. pilosa, D. bilamellata, D. aspera, D.
depressa, but D. tuberculata has been taken as the type of the
genus, and as the standard of comparison for the rest.

The digestive organs come first; the mouth in all the species is
a powerful muscular organ, provided with a prehensile tongue,
beset with siliceous spines, which, when the organ is fully developed,
are arranged in a median and two lateral series; most frequently
the median series is wanting, in those species, in which the median
series is not developed, there are two principal forms of tongue,
one, as in D. tuberculata, broad, consisting of many rows, the other,
narrow and strap like, as in D. bilamellata, with only two rows.
In addition to the tongue, certain species possess a prehensile
spinous collar on the buccal lip, and some of these have also
rudimentary horny jaws. The mode of development of the lingual
spines is quite analogous to that of the teeth in the Vertebrata.
In that division of the genus of which D. bilamellata is typical,
the mouth has, opening into its upper wall, a well-characterised,
lentil-shaped gizzard.

The Hsophagus varies in length and form; in some it is dilated
at its commencement, forming a crop; in others it is simply dilated
previously to penetrating the liver mass.

The Stomach, has two forms; one, as in D. tuberculata, is very
large, receiving the cesophagus behind, giving off the intestine in
front, and lying in front of the liver, the other is received within
the mass of the liver, and is very small.

The liver in all is bulky, mostly bilobed, and variously coloured,
and pours its secretion by one or more very wide ducts into the
cardiac end of the stomach.

A small lamellated pouch—a rudimentary, Pancreas is attached
in some species to the cardiac, in others, to the pyloric end of the
stomach. |

The intestine is short, of nearly the same calibre throughout,
rather sinuous in its course, and terminates at a nipple-formed
anus in the centre of the branchial circle.

The reproductive organs are male, female, and hermaphrodite ;
the male organs consist of a penis and testis, the latter is connected
by its external end to the penis, by its internal to the oviduct.

THE ANATOMY OF DORIS. 121

in some species the testis is a loosely convoluted tube, of no
great extent, in others it is complicated with a fusiform mass of
minute, densely-packed, and convoluted tubule. Two species are
in addition provided with a provocative stiletto, to which is
attached a gland.

The female organs are, ovarium, oviduct, and mucus-gland.
The ovarium is spread over the surface of the liver, in the form
of a branched duct with terminal ampulle.

The oviduct is always a good deal dilated as it nears the mucus-
gland, is more or less convoluted, and previously to passing into
that organ, it has its communication first with the testis, and
then with the androgynous apparatus. The mucus-gland is
voluminous, formed of a convoluted tube arranged in two masses,
one imbedded in the other, the tube being differently disposed in
each. This gland secretes the mucous nidus for the ova, on their
passage from the oviduct to the exterior.

The androgynous apparatus is a tube or vagina opening from
the exterior into the oviduct, having one or two diverticula
spermathece communicating with it in its course.

On the right side of the body, beneath the cloak, and not far
from the anterior extremity, opens a common vestibule, which
receives the orifices from the three parts of the reproductive organs
the male orifice being anterior to the others.

In the connexion of the testes with the oviduct, we recognise
the channel whereby self-impregnation may be effected, which,
from the solitary habits of many of the species, may not uunfre-
quently be rendered necessary.

The spermatozoaare developed within large and fusiform sperma-
tophora, which are observable in the spermathece. The spermatic
filaments themselves, fully formed, are found in vast abundance in
the dilated part of the oviduct, they have been, likewise, detected
in the ovary itself. When fully grown, they are elongated, slender,
and waved, having at one end a small, curved, fusiform enlarge-
ment.

Organs of circulation and respiration.—The circulatory organs
are a systemic heart, arteries, lacune, and veins. The existence

of true capillaries in the liver mass seems probable. There is also
Olt, PY. 1 Q

122 HANCOCK AND EMBLETON ON

a second heart having a portal character. The systemic heart
lies immediately beneath the dorsal skin, in front of the respiratory -
crown, and made up of an auricle and ventricle, enclosed within
a pericardium. An aorta branches off to supply all the viscera
and the foot; on the stomach, genitalia, and other organs, a fine
arterial network has been demonstrated. From all the viscera,
except the liver mass, comprising liver, ovarium, and renal organ,
the blood finds its way into the intervisceral spaces, and general
abdominal cavity, from which it passes into orifices on the sides of
the abdominal walls, and enters an extended network of canals or
lacune, forming a spongy tissue in the substance of the skin
This tissue is on each side drained by a venous trunk canal, which
passes backward, increasing in calibre as it goes, and penetrating
the inner surface of the skin behind the ventricle of the heart,
debouches into the posterior lateralangle of the auricle, as a distinct
isolated vein. This is the systemic circle, and it is evident that
the blood running in it is returned to the heart without having
passed through a special respiratory organ.

Tt is that blood only which is returned from the liver mass that
circulates through the branchie. On the liver mass vascular
injection shows a very close reticulation of minute arterioles, and
we are inclined to believe that in this organ there is a true
capillary system, the blood is undoubtedly conveyed away from the
liver by veins, ending in a common hepatic trunk, which passes
directly backwards to the branchie. But this is not the whole
of the hepatic circulation, for venous blood also is thrown into
the liver mass, and that by means of the second or portal heart.
This heart lies beneath the pericardium, and is the vesicle of
Cuvier, which he thought opened at the orifice, by the side of the
anus. This heart is a ventricle, and receives venous blood from
the pericardium, as from an auricle. Venous blood reaches the
pericardium through numerous minute orifices on its floor, these
communicate with the general abdominal cavity; below, the
heart is continued into a tube, the numerous branches of which
form with each other, and with branches of the hepatic artery,
a complicated net-work upon the walls of a branched cavity,
situated on the dorsal aspect of the liver mass, (liver and ovarium).

THE ANATOMY OF DORIS. 123

This cavity is that of the renal organ. It is lined with a very
beautiful glandular tissue, and opens externally at the small
orifice above mentioned as situated close to the anus. The blood
from the network on the walls of this renal organ passes into the
_ tissue of the liver, and thus, with the rest of the blood of the
liver, is carried backwards by the great hepatic trunk vein to the
branchie.

It will be observed that the renal organ, the liver, and, pro-
bably the ovarium, all receive a supply of venous, as well as of
arterial blood: the arterial blood is sent to them by the systemic
heart along the aorta, the venous by the second heart along a
system of vessels, which may fairly be said, as well as this heart
itself, to have a portal character, inasmuch as they convey blood
which has already arrived at the venous stage of the systemic
circulation.

This is the first notice in the mollusca of a portal apparatus
which, in them, as in the lower fishes, subserves the renal and the
hepatic organs.

At the root of the branchial crown there are, within the skin,
two concentric canals, the inner receives from the front the great
hepatic vein, and communicates with the outer by means of
channels, which run up the inner and down the outer side of the
branchial leaflets. The outer circle opens freely in front by a wide
short canal, into the posterior margin of the systemic auricle, on
the median line. This is the course of the branchial circula-
tion.

It is, then, apparent that in these mollusks there is a triple
circulation. First, the systemic, in which the blood propelled along
arteries to the viscera and foot, is returned, with the exception of
that from the liver mass, to the heart, through the skin. There
it becomes partially aerated, the skin being provided with vibratile
cilia, and otherwise adapted as an instrument of respiration,
Second, the portal: in which venous blood from the system is
driven, by a special heart, to the renal and hepatic organs, and
probably to the ovarium, whence it escapes, doubly venous, with
the rest of the blood which has been supplied to these organs from
the aorta, and which is therefore only singly venous, to the

124 HANCOCK AND EMBLETON ON

branchie. Third, the branchial circulation, in which flows only
the more deteriorated blood, brought by the hepatic vein, but im ~
which also that blood undergoes the highest degree of purification,
capable of being effected in the economy, namely in the speciak
organ of respiration.

This triple circulation has not, so far as we are aware, been
heretofore described as existing in the Molluscan Sub-Kingdom.
From the fact of the blood in Doris being returned to the heart
in a state of partial aeration, it is clear that this animal is on a par
with the higher crustaceans, and from the blood arriving at the.
heart in the same condition, according to the researches of Garner
and Milne Edwards into Astrea and Pinna, the great Triton of
the Mediterranean, Haliotis, Patella, and Helix, it can scarcely
be doubted that this arrangement will be found throughout the
mollusca. In the brachiopods, according to the observations of
Professor Owen, the blood must be assumed to be returned to the
heart in the same condition, since no special respiratory organ
exists in these animals, with the exception of Lingula, in which it
is in a rudimentary state. From a consideration of the facts cited
it may be deduced that the skin or mantle is, in the mollusca,
the fundamental organ of respiration, and that a portion of that
envelope becomes evolved into a speciality, as we trace upwards
the development of the respiratory powers.

Organs of innervation.—These are in two divisions; one cor-
responding to the cerebro-spinal system, the other to the sym-
pathetic, or ganglionic, system, of the vertebrata. The existence of
the latter is now, for the first time, fully established. The first
system is made up of seven pairs of ganglia, and a single one, with
fifteen pairs of nerves, and four single nerves. The pairs of ganglia
are symmetrically placed with regard to each other, and to the
median line. The single ganglion, not before described, has been
named visceral. Of the seven pairs, five are supra-cesophageal,
two infra-cesophageal ; the single ganglion is attached to the under
surface of the supra-cesophageal ganglia of the right side.

Of the supra-cesophageal ganglia three are large; the anterior
pair, the cerebroid, supports the olfactory and the optic ganglia, and
also the auditory capsule. The cerebroids supply with nerves the

THE ANATOMY OF DORIS. 125

oral tentacles, the lips, and the channel of the mouth. The
olfactory give their nerves to the dorsal tentacles, which we consider
as organs of smell. The posterior, or branchial, ganglia distribute
nerves to the whole of the mantle, and a branch on each side to
the branchial sympathetic system.

The lateral or pedial ganglia supply the foot. The visceral is
attached to the branchial ganglion of the right side, and sends off
four nerves, which go to the sympathetic ganglia ef the organs of
reproduction, the stomach, the hearts, and the branchia. The
cerebroids are connected with both pedial and branchial ganglia,
and these two last with each other. The cerebroids communicate
with each other acrosa the median line. There are three nervous
collars around the cesophagus; the first passes from one cerebroid
ganglion to the other, the second from the same to the buceal ganglia
of the infra-cesophageal, the third is composed of three strands, two
of which pass from pedial to pedial ganglion, the third from the left
branchial to the visceral. The infra-cesophageal are two symme-
trical pairs, buccal and gastro-cesophageal. These give off six
pairs of nerves. The former ganglia supply nervous twigs to the
buccalmass and tongue, the latter to the salivary glands, esophagus,
and stomach. The two chiefnerves from these ganglia are applied
to the cesophagus, and these communicate freely with the cso-
phageal sympathetic plexus, and terminate in ganglia of the
sympathetic system at the cardiac end of stomach. These are the
stomato-gastric nerves of previous authors, and correspond to the
gastric portions of the par vagum of the Vertebrata.

There are twenty-one pairs of nerves, and four single nerves
given off from the above esophageal ganglia.

The sympathetic system exists, and is more or less demonstrable
in the skin, the buccal mass, and on all the internal organs. It
consists of a vast number of minute and distinct ganglia, varying
in size and form, the largest quite visible to the naked eye, of a
bright orange colour like the ganglia around the esophagus, and
interconnected by numerous delicate, white, nervous filaments,
arranged in more or less open plexuses. This beautiful system
is connected, as already indicated, with both sets of cosophageal
ganglia.

126 HANCOCK AND EMBLETON ON

Around the cesophagus is a very delicate open network of twigs,
and scattered ganglia, connected, as above stated, with the nerves
of the par vagum. This plexus is in connexion, above, with the
buccal, and below, with the gastric. Around the cardiac end of
the stomach is a chain of ganglia and nerves. Two of the largest
ganglia receive the gastro-cesophageal nerves, or par vagum, and
one of them receives besides a branch of one of the four nerves
emanating from the visceral ganglion, and thus these gastric
centres are brought into relation with the supra-csophageal.

From the cardiac chain of ganglia off-sets pass forward on the
stomach and pancreas, and backwards on the hepatic duct into
the liver, joininga complicated interlacement of numerous filaments
and small ganglia, on all these parts, particularly on the under
surface of the stomach. ‘This we name gastro-hepatic plexus.

Towards the pyloric end of stomach, the ganglia are thickly
strewn, and present the appearance of another collar or chain
around that part. From this there is a continuous and minute
plexus of nerves and ganglia, down the whole intestinal tract to
the anus. This is the intestinal plexus.

The branchial or branchio-cardiac plexus is composed of rather
large and irregularly-formed ganglia, lying across and in front of
the branchial crown. Twigs pass backwards from this plexus,
to the branchial leaflets, and forwards to the hearts. Two branches
are received from the visceral, and one on each side from the
branchial supra-cesophageal ganglion.

Slight traces of a renal plexus have been noticed.

Networks, varying somewhat in character, have been observed
upon the base of the penis, the female channel, the mucus gland,
and the oviduct. These are brought into communication with
the supra-cesophageal ganglia, and with the gastro-hepatic and
sympathetic plexus, by means of branches of the visceral ganglion.

The ganglia of the sympathetic system seldom contain more
than a few nerve globules. These are granular, nucleated, nu-
cleolated and coloured like those of the oesophageal centres, but
generally have two caudate prolongations. These are, to all
appearance, continuous with the nerve tubules. Having found
the sympathetic nervous systems in several species of Doris, in

THE ANATOMY OF DORIS. 127

FLolis papillosa and in Arion ater, we believe it to exist in all the
more highly organized mollusca.

The supra-cesophageal nervous centres in the mollusca are, in
some instances, so concentrated, as to have led to the idea that
they form only one mass; in others, the ganglion are more or less
distinct, and separate from each other. Doris is taken as the
representative of one class, Aplysia of the other, and on compari-
son of both the supra and infra-cesophageal ganglia of these classes
with each other, we find a perfect correspondence between them,
with the exception of the visceral ganglia. The single one in
Doris is represented in Aplysia by a pair of ganglia; situated in
the posterior part of the body, near the root of the branchiz.
The supra-cesophageal ganglia, in the Lamelli-branchiata, appear
homologous with those of Doris.

Having determined the existence of a true sympathetic or
organic nervous system in Doris, we feel ourselves more in a
position to trace a parallelism between the cesophageal nervous
centres of Doris, and other mollusks similarly organized, and the
cerebro-spinal system of the Vertebrata, and accordingly we find
that there is a very close correspondence between them, even to
the individual pairs of ganglia, of which they respectively consist ;
the general result being, that the whole of the ganglia grouped
around the cesophagus, in the above Mollusks, answers to the
Encephalon, and a small portion of the Hnrachidion of the
Vertebrata.

Organs of the senses—The auditory capsules are microscopic,
composed of two concentric vesicles, the inner enclosing numerous
oval, nucleated otolithes, The eyes are minute, black dots beneath
the skin, attached each by a pedicle to a small ganglion. They
are made up of a cup of pigment, receiving from behind the nerve,
and lodging in front the lens, having in advance of it a cornea,
the whole enclosed by a fine capsule. We believe that we have
shown the dorsal tentacles to be the olfactory organs. The organs
of touch are, the general surface of the skin, but more particularly
the oral tentacle or veil. Taste is most probably located in the
lips and channel of the mouth, the tongue being a prehensile organ,
and ill-adapted as the seat of such a function.

128 MR. STOREY ON INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZED PLANTS,

In conclusion, we have only to state our conviction that the
Doride rank with the most highly-organized Gasteropods, and
that the genus, as at present understood, will require to be broken

up into several groups.

VI.—WNotice of the occurrence, on the Durham Coast, of Diphyllidia
lineata. By Aupany Hancocr, Esq.

, (Read, March 21, 1851.]

In the early part of last year, the Rev. G. C. Abbes brought to
me a small mollusk which he had obtained from the boats at
Whitburn. On examination, this creature proved to be Diphyllidia
lineata, a most interesting addition to the marine fauna, not only
of the district, but of England. It has occurred only once before
in the British seas; in September, 1849, a single specimen having
been dredged off Shetland by Mr. Barlee. These two, the only
British examples, are much smaller than those obtained in the
Mediterranean, and are more attenuated in form. Thinking,
therefore, that our specimen might possibly be a distinct species,
I was induced to examine its internal structure; and Mr. Alder
having kindly supplied individuals of the true D. lineata, a strict
comparison was instituted, and has resulted in determining that

the two forms are identical.

VII. —An Enumeration of Plants, indigenous and naturalized,
occurring within five miles of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. By Joun
Storey, F.B.8.E.; Corresponding Member of the Botanical
Society of London, &c.

(Read, March 21, 1851.]

Harty in the month of March, 1850, I received a communica-
tion from Mr. Hewett Cottrell Watson, author of the Cybele

OCCURRING WITHIN FIVE MILES OF NEWCASTLE. 129

Britannica,* inquiring if I could furnish him with a list of all
the plants growing within a circle, having Newcastle for its centre,
of six or eight miles in diameter. Believing that, from the botanical
materials in my possession, and from other sources of information
within my reach, I could draw up such a catalogue of Newcastle
plants, as would meet the wishes of Mr. Watson, I at once signified
my willingness to undertake the task. Considering, however,
the area proposed as too circumscribed, a circle, having a radius of
five miles, was substituted for one of four. Jor some years, it had
- been my practice to enter in a note-book, the names of the species
of which I had collected examples, either for my own Herbarium
or for distribution among my friends and correspondents. But
I found, on looking over my memoranda, that no record existed
of numerous plants which, from their very general occurrence, could
scarcely be absent from our vicinity. Many of these I had, no
doubt, often noticed in both counties; yet, in the absence of such
proofs as alone could satisfy my own mind, I saw that a personal
survey of the district, in question, was indispensable. Accor-
-dingly, in the end of March last, I commenced my observa-
tions, my first excursion being to Heaton Dene, where I met with
several desiderata. It is unnecessary to mention the different
localities examined ; it will be sufficient to state that after many
pleasant rambles, in almost every direction, I had registered, at
various periods, nearly four hundred and fifty species and varieties.
The remaining species are given partly on the authority of Mr.
John Thornhill; the Flora of the late Mr. Winch, in particular ;
the unarranged collection of the late Mr. William Robertson,
lately purchased by the Natural History Society of Northumber-
land, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and of the Herbarium
of Miss M. Hancock.t Having premised these remarks, it may be
proper here to exhibit, in a tabular form, the number of species,
in each natural order, within our limits. The nomenclature used

* Or “ British Plants and their Geographical Relations.’’ A very valuable
work, of which the first two volumes have been published ; the third is in the
press.— March, 1852.

+ Since this was written, Mr. Thomas Belt, a Member of our Club, has
favoured me with a few additional habitats.

VOL. TI.. PE i R

130 MR. STOREY ON INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZBD PLANTS,

is that of the Cybele Britannica, and of the London Catalogue of
British Plants, published under the direction of the Botanical
Society of London ; Second Edition.

Species,
3 | | 8 =|
Orders. 6 jeg! g z §

Slee|e|> |™

3 |3*| 2

pa
Ranunculacse ...+++| 15 pon Ih Go. Tig}
Nympheeaceze .,..+- at Dal eke 1
Papaveraceze .....-| 3); 4] 2. | ee 7
Cruciferveic.s---«e-s} 181 5} 42] 1h 98
Resedaceze ....----} 1 At roe 2
Cistacece ....e0+e+-| 1 Bae te ore 1]
Violacese *..c0.2.200) 4 1 1 6
Drosevace® scccseoo! DV jive. | os é 1
Polygalaceze.....+e+-}| 1 ae 1
Caryophyllaceze .. Mle apes 2 | 26
Limaceee..cececccees| 2] oo hh Gc 3
Malvacece .o..ss00-+) 3 Ee iliists 3
Hypericacese......+-| 6] .. Jez 4f 0
ACEYACEE cecceccces 1 ee ; 1
Geraniace®e ...++...| 7 | Dal Wale 9
Oxalidacee ...... Ae | oR NooeWooet ho 1
Welastrateci- es cesiec| lel) |ase BG 1
Leguminifere ...... PAT RI she [oti Gy
Rosace®e .cccsesee-| 25 ecco 8 | 34
Onagracee ...... oe]. 5 1 :
Haloragaceee ......| 6 oe

Lythrace®.....cco+-!| 2
Cuecurbitacee ...... 1

Portulacaceze ....-.| 1

Ilecebraces: esc... | 1
Berberacee ..... pier

Grossulariacee ....| 1
Crassulaceze...... FO.| Pee
Saxifragacee ......] 4

Araliaceze ......-...| 2

Umbelliferze........! 23
Loranthaceze ......] ..
Caprifoliacee ...... 3

Rubiacese ji isc. cece |. 29
Valerianacese ......| 3
DipSaces? ss cecccs ss 3

ns . 1
2 oe 5
“ 9
Wy ioe | 4
1 4
27 | 19.) 141955

Orders.

Brought forward.. 195 |

Compositz ........
Campanulacez ....
Ericacee ...

NCACEE: etlecte cis steie
Jasminace®....-ee.
APpOCynace®.eeevee-
Gentianace®....-.0-
Convolvulacee,.....
Solamaceze...ecceess
Scrophulariacez....
Orobanchacex......
Lamiaces...secose.-
Boraginaceze ......
Pinguiculaceee......
Primulacee ........
Piantaginacee ....
Chenopodiacee ....
Polygonacee ......
Euphorbiacee......
Waxticaeesenacejacecise
Amentifere ......:.
Conifersed cn: .iherccis
Orchidacese ......e0.
Tridiaceee se ae sss we eis
Amaryllidacez......
Liliaceze

Trilliacee..

WamMacesze yc cc/cievecas
Alismaceze ........
VIALS ices cisielestels
ATACESS <0 eieistaieicrsyeters
UMNCACE ol s/elelviciels
Cyperacee ........
Grantina:. fesse

Hilices): tc necneecen
Pteridioides .....0..

Species.
En so 8 es
Sissi a1 8] ea
Blea) 8) >
air | 4

27 | 19 | 14 |255
48 | Soa. eas
2 Lj soles
Oiiner. : - 6
1 ada a
1 jes. | A aa
we Meet) OE 1
2 | cc) Sl awiges
veh Ol a ee ae
ris ey le? Nee fe See ie
Ort | ee wales
1 eet alles 1
22 ere 2, 4 | 28
(eal Te lines 9
2 oe 2
ee A ge 10
EMule os
6 2 8
ise att a

NI
_
eo]

.

.

.
nnwo— = OW NH WY DW WD

10 | .. 4] 14
29 | .- | -. | oe | 29
53 ]° 1) 6) 6] 66
14].. 1] 15
8B] .- ehaline 8
503 39 | 43 | 39 '624

OCCURRING WITHIN FIVE MILES OF NEWCASTLE. Pat

ANALYSIS OF THE FOREGOING TABLE.

Brought forward .. 261
yy a ee 32 Vilabied lee Wities.naeds vnc: 55
eee iio cene ss dno has 65 Agrestal ye. igicasd as 66
PRICet al seen ween 24 GTarest cece sos. eee 46
JOE RS ASS 34 Rupestral rise. 11
Lacustral.. <i 0: s..005. 23 Septal...) 2a .cutsna ae 78
eS Se 65 Sylvestral.<. ts .3 aca. 99
Berne abal . foes. ces we 18 Ligtoraleestelor. cease 8
261 | Total of species and
WATIOUIOS «| orig tan 624
PICAMELRNHONES leis. Ge lietel i Phd eer 430
PRON GENEVE MOWESY ool 8 es ess Ae iceisl cada eee ek 13%
Penne AND ALLIED PEANTS): J. ..205) 20... 675002. eile od 22
Total of Species)... 2.052 «se: 585

BALLAST-HILL PLANTS.
NATURALIZED SPICIES.

Sinapis muralis. Feeniculum vulgare.
Geranium pyrenaicum. Pastinaca sativa.
rotundifolium. Dipsacus sylvestris.
Medicago maculata. Artemisia vulgaris.
Eryngium campestre. Beta maritima.

Cynosurus echinatus.

SPECIES IMPERFECTLY NATURALIZED.—Lepidium ruderale, Reseda
lutea, a chalk plant; Melilotus alba, Ginothera biennis, “ from
North America ;” Solanum nigrum, Cynoglossum officinale,
Salsola Kali, Mercurialis annua, Phalaris canariensis, and Gly-
ceria rigida.—Of these ten, seven are recorded by Mr. Winch,
in his Flora, published in the Transactions of the Natural History
Society, in 1832. But, although they still attract the notice of
the botanist, the frequency of their presence among us is owing
chiefly to their repeated importation among ballast.

The total number, therefore, of species ascertained to grow
within the given circle, embracing an area of seventy-eight and
a half square miles, is 585. And, if to these we add some species
of the genera Rubus, Salix, and Rosa, and a few others, which
future examinations of the ground will probably bring to light,
620 species will doubtless be found as a pretty close approxima-

132 MR. STOREY ON INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZED PLANTS.

tion to the actual number. This estimate will appear large
when we keep in view the somewhat unpromising aspect of the |
locality under consideration. For if any one, unacquainted with
the neighbourhood, will take the trouble to inspect a large map
of the Newcastle coal-field, he will perceive, at a glance, how
much the surface of the country is intersected with roads, wagon- |
ways, and railways ; and if there be taken into the acconnt, the
ballast-heaps, and coal-heaps; the multitude of cinder-ovens,
collieries,* glass-works, and alkali-works, it will excite surprise,
that, under circumstances apparently so unfavourable to vegeta-
tion, the phenogamous plants and ferns, springing up around us,
should equal in number, two fifths of the entire British Flora.

* On Bell’s map of the “‘ Great Northern Coal-Field, in the Counties of
Northumberland and Durham,”’ published in 1850, there are laid down, within
our area, no fewer than fifty-two Collieries and Coal-pits.

(133)

ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE TYNESIDE
NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,

READ AT THE SIXTH ANNIVERSARY MEETING, HELD IN THE
COMMITTEE ROOM OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,
NEWCASTLE - UPON-TYNE, APRIL 5TH, 1852. By ROBERT
INGHAM, Esq., PREesIDENT.

GENTLEMEN, — There are three main characteristics of our
Society; the study of Natural History in all its branches; the
study of the Antiquarian History of the district, in all its branches
likewise, (comprising the relics of the language and customs of
the various races of our predecessors, as well as the material
evidence of their residence in the sites of our present homes) ;
and, thirdly, the prosecution of these studies, not exclusively in
the closet or by solitary investigations, but socially, by “ Clinical
Lectures,” to use the hospital term, where objects of interest can
be examined on the spot of their occurrence, and theory can be
corrected by eyesight. It will now be my duty, in compliance
with established practice, to read you a summary of what has
been done in the preceding year, at our several meetings; and
the Secretary of our society has collected and arranged for me
ample memorials of our proceedings for that purpose.

But it has also been the practice in these presidential speeches
to add some remarks connected with the objects of the society,
and not simply descriptive of the operations on our field days.
It would be clearly out of place if 1 were to attempt, with my
limited knowledge of Natural History, to occupy your time by
any speculations on what you have discovered or observed.
Neither have I any thing to proffer on the subject of antiquities
which I could suppose capable of enlarging your information
upon the subject. I would rather add a few remarks upon what
I think may introduce a new topic of interest into our rambles,
and which has some connection, although a fantastic one, with

our twofold functions as naturalists and antiquaries.
VoL, i. PP. 11. s |

134 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

I think it would be worth the while to inquire into and to |
note any traditions, however extravagant and wild they may
seem, which are found lingering in the remoter scenes of our visits,
and refer to the supposed physical character of the country in old
times, and of the creatures then living in it. Lawyers are some-
times said to be hard of belief, and to raise cavils at evidence in
court, on which in ordinary life we act readily. It must, I doubt,
be admitted that, knowing the sway of interest and passions,
we are loath to accept, in its full colour and dimensions, any fact
from a partisan witness; but our experience, on the other hand,
leads to the belief that cases entirely of invention are rare; there
is a kernel of truth in every statement, and what we have to
guard against is what men embellish, not what they invent. To
carry this into our special pursuit, I think we may find that
- some physical fact of interest lies at the core of many distorted
and inflated traditions. I should like to see registered such wild
stories as those of Conyers and the Serpent; the Linton Worm,
in Roxburghshire; the Dragon of Wantley; the Wormhill at
Lumley ; or the tale, cited from Procopius, by Mr. Bruce, in his
exhaustive work on the Roman Wall, of the swarms of serpents
that infested the county beyond that barrier. I know that modern
ingenuity has tried to find some allegory or heraldic emblem under
these ancient stories; but I confess my belief that they actually
shadow out the existence in early times, when our island was swamp
and forest, of some gigantic monsters of the serpent tribe, like the
Aboma of Surinam, described by Stedman as amphibious, and fre-
quenting low and marshy places, and which have disappeared from
Europe as the primitive jungle has been cleared away. It is strange,
otherwise, that there should be such uniformity in the charac-
teristics of these traditions. It is not the Phoenix of Egypt, or the
Roe of the Arabian tales which we hear of, but always some enor-
mous reptile; and even when there is no legendary account of
their ravages, we may trace the popular belief in the names of
ancient places, as the Drachenfels on the Rhine, and the Draclaw,
or the Dragonlaw, which is noticed in one of Mr. Carr’s interesting
papers on our local etymology.

It may be worth a sentence or two to consider what is the

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 13a

testimony of remote classical times to the universality of this be-
lief.* Not to dwell on the accounts, plainly fabulous, reported by
/Blian, of the Dragons of India and Ethiopia, nor on the history
given by several authors of the monstrous serpent which obstructed
, the troops of Regulus, in Africa, I would remark that Pliny, in his
8th book, considers that tale credible, because there had been
killed on the Vatican Hill, in the time of Claudius, only 20 or 25
years before Pliny wrote, a boa-serpent of such dimensions as to
have swallowed an infant entire, which was found in the animal
when opened. This is nearly contemporary testimony, and is, I
think, conclusive of the existence then, in Italy, of some enormous
reptile which has now become extinct; and it countenances my
supposition that, in our country, these wild legends of worms and
dragons may have their origin in a like physical fact. Aristotle
mentions also, in his 8th book, that on the coast of Africa, serpents
had been reported to have pursued vessels near the coast, and to
have upset them. We have not indeed heard of sea-serpents in
the Mediterranean; but I confess my opinion that the evidence
we already have on the subject would convince any honest jury-
man of the fact of their existence in other seas, though our men of
science, from what I think an excess of scepticism, doubt, or rather
deny it. I will not fatigue you by the details, but will simplyremind
you that the existence of some serpent-form monsters of the deep
had beenattested by three independent bodies of evidence before we
had the positive testimony of Capt. M‘Quhae, R.N., viz.: the evidence
of the witnesses who had observed it in the Scotch Sea Loughs; that
of the Norwegians, whose testimony is summed up and credited by

* Since this address was delivered, I have read in the proceedings of our
sister society, the “‘ Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club,” a paper of great
ingenuity and research, by Dr. Charles Wilson, on ‘‘ Linton and its Legends ;”’
his inference being that, if there were any physical foundation for those stories,
it was probably to be found in some accidental denudation of strata presenting
to the rude natives, in remote times, skeletons of the Megalosaurus in such
perfection and fulness of its giant proportions, as must never be looked for in
our days; but, in corroboration of the view I have ventured to take, I would
cite the Life of the late Mr. Surtees, of Mainsforth, recently published by the
Surtees Society, in which it appearsto have been the belief both of Mr. Surtees
and Sir Waiter Scott that these traditions referred to some extinct animal of
the serpent kind inhabiting swamps, it being generally in the neighbourhood of
some pool or flooded country that the site of these traditions is placed.—See
“* Surtees Society,”’ vol. xxix., p. 98.

136 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

Sir Arthur Brooke; and the reports of the intelligent American
eye-witnesses, collected and examined by Sir Charles Lyell. Sir
Charles states, that when in America, he believed in the existence
of the sea-serpent, but, on his return to England, he relapsed into
the incredulity which is, as I have hinted, too much in vogue with
British philosophers, and required, as Professor Owen requires,
the evidence of some portion of the skeleton of the animal cast
on the shore. Butisthis reasonable? Fossil animals, submerged
in scalding mud by some catastrophe of our planet, and petrified
in the course of ages, may now be preserved through all time;
but how soon do the remains of a recent skeleton waste away on
exposure. We have no doubt of the existence of wolves and
beavers in our northern country, not more than a few centuries
ago, yet we do not find any skeleton or bone of them in our fields ;
and I cannot think, therefore, that it is a reasonable test to
require of the existence of sea-serpents at the present day, or of
the traditionary worms in former times, that we have none of their
remains to submit to the osteologist. Let me give another instance
in which I think we may find a foundation of truth in what
naturalists of late have rejected as fabulous ; [ mean the unicorn.
Whenever that animal is written of, it is now said to refer to the
rhinoceros ; and that the one-horned Indian ass of the ancients is
mere fiction. In the edition of Pliny, published in Paris, in 1829,
there is an elaborate note by Cuvier, in which he says that the
English seem more desirous than any other people of finding the
unicorn in nature, because it is one of the supporters of the royal
arms; and he considers that what has been taken for a unicorn,
has either been an imperfect representation of the rhinoceros or
an animal with two horns, as the Oryx, shown in profile. As to
this, I would refer you to the engravings of the obelisk in the
Nineveh antiquities, of which a copy is in the Newcastle library.
There is, in one row of animals, a bull, a unicorn, and an animal
of the stag kind. The unicorn has its single horn projecting
from the forehead, not from the nose, as the rhinoceros has; it is
less bulky than the wild bull, whereas the rhinoceros would be
bulkier; and the Assyrian artist never meant to show a profile
view of a pair of horns, because he has tried to represent in the

~

or

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 137

sculpture both horns of the bull and both horns of the stag,
between which two-horned animals the unicorn is placed.

It is time that I should pass from these speculations, which are
too flimsy, I fear, for our practical society, to the record of our
substantial doings in the past year, according to the authentic
documents furnished me by Mr. Storey.

Tue First Fretp Menrine of the year was held at Bywell and
Riding Mill, on the 30th of May, when nearly 30 members were
present, and, the weather proving remarkably fine, it was a day
of much enjoyment. By permission of Mr. Beaumont, the party
inspected the woods and grounds at Bywell ; several students of
antiquity lingered round the parish churches and the old castle ;
whilst the botanical section examined the woods and river-banks
on both sides of the Tyne, and collected several interesting plants
mostly in full flower, of which the following are the principal :—
Trollius europcus, Thlaspi alpestre, Cochlearia officinalis, Draba
verna, Cardamine amara, Arabis thaliana, A. hirsuta, Arenaria
trinervis, Malva moschata, Geranium pheum, Huonymus europeus,
Astragalus glycyphyllus, Prunus Padus, Rosa spinosissima, Ribes
rubrum, Myrrhisodorata, Origanum vulgare, Lysimachianemorum,
Armeria maritima, Salix pentandra, Juniperus communis, Orchis
mascula, Paris quadrifolia, Scirpus lacustris, Carex paniculata,
Lquisetum Telmateia, E. limosum, and EL. hyemale.

After a long and pleasant ramble, the party, to the number of
26, sat down to an excellent dinner at the inn, at Riding Mill,
and 20 new members were elected.

It is to be regretted, that, in our local histories, there are no
details of the ancient condition of Bywell, and of the origin of
the twin parishes of St. Peter and St. Andrew. Both parishes
compose but one township, and are evidently, therefore, a sub-
division since the Saxon era, and of. the Castle itself, familiar as
its aspect is to every lover of scenery as a favourite subject with
our artists, but little is known historically. The barony passed
from the Balls to the Nevilles, and possibly some armorial
shield may be discovered on the building to speak to its date.

Tus Seconp Mzertrne was held at Durham, on the 20th of June,
and was attended by 23 members, The great attraction of the

138 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

day was a survey of the ruins of Finchale Abbey, and to listen to
a very elaborate and instructive paper, read to them on the spot,
by Mr. Sidney Gibson, in which he entered, with much lucid de-
tail, into the legendary history of the founders of the Abbey, and
into the evidence of their hospitalities and of the manners of the
times, derived from the publications of the Surtees Society. On
the motion of Dr. Embleton, the thanks of the meeting were given
to Mr. Gibson for his interesting paper; and to Mr, John Storey
jun., for his kindness in furnishing plans and drawings illustrative
of the past condition of the Abbey. ‘The only drawback to the
success of the day was the uncertain state of the weather, which,
after a few delusive gleams about noon, settled down to rain, and
prevented our party from enjoying the rare beauty of the scene
immediately around the Abbey, and in the Kepier and Franklyn
woods, of which the very names are suggestive of antiquarian
associations. The botanists observed some interesting plants,
viz.:—Geranium sylvaticum, Saxifraga granulata, Aigopodium
Podaararia, Lactuca muralis, Veronica montana, and Cares
vulpinda.

Av tHe Tuirp Fietp Meeting, on the 23rd of July, the party
consisted of the following gentlemen, viz.:—R. 8. Coward, H.
Smiles, T. Jefferson, John Thompson, George Thompson, John
Coppin, George Oliver, E. I. J. Browell, W. Sawyer, Thomas Walton,
J. W. Swinburne, Dr. Barkus, Rev. H. F. Woolrych, Robert
Ingham, Rev. Angus Bethune, Captain Collinson, John Storey,
John Storey, jun., W. Depledge, Thomas Belt, and Thomas
Coates.

They arrived at Allenheads, about 11, and during breakfast
the proposed arrangements of the day were explained by Mr.
Sopwith, and, by permission of Mr. Beaumont, every facility was
afforded to the members of the society for viewing the mines and
mining district in the vicinity of Allenheads. The party was
divided into three groups, one of which, twelve in number, entered
the lead mines by an adit, or level, in waggons drawn by horses,
and, after travelling half a mile, descended to the deeper parts of
the mine by means of the hydraulic engine and machinery, lately
erected by Messrs. W. G. Armstrong & Co., of Newcastle, and

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 139

were conducted through part of the workings by Messrs. William
and John Curry, returning by another shaft which brought the
party at once to “the day.”

A botanical party, under the guidance of Mr. William Brown,
visited Allen’s-Cleugh plantations and the adjacent moors; but as
the locality selected was situated at a considerable distance from
Mr. Sopwith’s residence, it was much regretted that time would
only allow of a very cursory examination of the ground, which,
there is reason to believe, would well repay a much longer visit.
The species noticed were the following :—2ubus Chamemorus,
Sedum villosum, Saxifraga stellaris, Vaccinium Vitis-idea, Vac-
cinium Myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum, Listera cordata, at an
altitude of from 1,800 to 1,900 feet; Aira flexuosa, and Lastrea
Oreopteris.

A third party remained at Allenheads to inspect the out-door
arrangements for crushing and washing the lead, &c.

Mr. Sopwith met the whole party on their arrival, and gave
explanations of the several departments, and also read a paper,
of which the following is the substance, on the geology of the
mining districts :—

Mr. Sopwith first adverted to the general configuration of this
part of the kingdom, and more especially as regards the great
coal and lead mining districts, the former on the east and west
coasts, and the latter occupying the high midland district of the
Penine Ridge. The mountains of Cross Fell and Kilhope Law
form as it were the centres from which the geological structure
of this part of England could be most conveniently described.
A section of the strata, made under Mr. Sopwith’s direction, ex-
hibited a clear view of the rocks which form the lead mining dis-
tricts of Allendale and Alston, and it includes the summits of
both the mountains above mentioned. The general character
and arrangement of these rocks were described, and also the re-
markable extent and chief results of the vast denuding influences
which have operated upon these hills, adverting at some length
to the close connection of the glacial theory with this subject, and
describing the external evidence which yet remains of glacial

action.
} :

140 PRESIDENT’S ADDREsS.

It would be doing injustice to all who were present at this
successful expedition, if I were not to say how greatly its plea-
sures were enhanced by elements of gratification which we have
no right to reckon upon simply as a naturalists’ field-club. I
allude not only to the hospitable welcome, cordial and liberal as
it was, with which we were received and entertained, but to the
opportunities given to us of seeing the noble establishments on
the property of Mr. Beaumont, for the education of the children
of parents engaged in his mines, and the intelligent and kindly
arrangements of our host and colleague, Mr. Sopwith, for the
instruction, the social enjoyment, and general well being of the
adult population who are happily under his care.

Tue Fourta Frenp Meerrtne of the year was on the 20th of
August, at Staworth Peel. The day was propitious, and ought to
have attracted a fuller muster of members than attended. There
were but ten, and the little band was broken up into several sub-
divisions, rather to enjoy the sunshine and scenery on the banks
of the Tyne and the Allen, and by the ruins of Langley Castle
and Staworth Peel, than on any special scientific destination.
When we met together at our well-provided board at Hethering-
ton’s, at Haydon Bridge, and the spoils of the day had to be
produced, I believe the specimens were chiefly icthyological,
and yet we had not trout enough for a dish.

There is little left at Staworth, save one columnar gable, yet
the Peel is well worthy of a visit, from the singular beauty of the
site, occupying a peninsula commanding a view over several folds
of the valley. Langley Castle is in fine preservation, solid and
spacious. I cannot but remark, that I think we ought to make
examination of our border castles and mansions a more prominent
object with us, when they lie in the course of our expeditions,
than they hitherto have been made. I venture this remark from
having observed how much our opportunities are prized by
writers of authority. In the last (fifth) edition of “ Parker's
Glossary of Architecture,” he dwells much on the interest attached
to our border fortresses, of which he says Belsay is the finest ; and
he remarks, also, on the fortified rectory houses, such as Hdling-
ham, Rothbury, and Elsdon; and I would add, too, as worthy of

~

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 141

attention, our fortified churches, as Ancroft and Corbridge, where
it is supposed the ecclesiastics took refuge from the incursions of
hostile borderers, a practice which would seem to countenance
the recent hypothesis of Dr. Petrie, that the round towers in
Ireland, in the neighbourhood of cathedral and mother churches
had been for the like purpose of protection against the Danes.
Tue Fiera Mextine was held at Roker and Whitburn, on the
12th of September, when the beauty of the day, and the oppor-
tunity of ready access from all our chief towns brought together
a muster of 37 members. ‘To suit the convenience of as many
members as possible, arrangements had been made for proceeding
by two trains; one leaving the Central Station, in the Forth, at
9, the other at 10 a.m. The second division, on arriving at
Cleadon, was joined by the Rev. G. Cooper Abbes, who had
kindly undertaken to act as guide to the various objects of in-
terest in that locality. Those who had set out by the earlier
train, on alighting at Monkwearmouth, soon became scattered.
Some might be seen wending their way to the docks, others to
the coast, botanists looking for plants, geologists chipping with
their hammers, the magnesian limestone rocks, and some searching
for mollusks. No new discoveries, however, appear to have been
made. Near Roker, Melilotus alba, a somewhat rare plant, but
not indigenous in Durham or Northumberland, was noticed in
considerable abundance. JHere also Sinapis muralis, another
ballast importation, was observed. Below Roker, Hlymus arena-
rvus was met with in profusion. This species, from its extensively
creeping roots, is said to be of great value in preserving our own
coasts and those of Holland, from the encroachments of the sea.
Reseda lutea, Glyceria rigida, Papaver Argemone, P. Rheas,
Trifolium arvense,and Senecio viscosus were also found upon the
ballast heaps. More northerly, on the limestone, Helmintiia
echioides, Pyrethrum maritimum, and Lrythrea centaurium were
collected. Z'ragopogon minor ( Fries) occurred in the same neigh-
bourhood; this plant closes its flowers before twelve o’clock, and
has acquired, if we mistake not, the appellation of “ John-go-to-
bed-at-noon.” The weather, during the whole of the day, being

most delightful, the excursion ie highly gratifying.
FOU. IL. PL 1b

142 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

T cannot pass to the Sixth Meeting without repeating my sense
of the kindness of my brethren who returned home with me, and
by their friendly disregard of no little crowding and acceptance
of what they met with, gave me one of the most enjoyable evenings
T ever had at Westoe; nor ought I to omit that Captain Collinson,
R.E., who was unfortunately prevented by indisposition from
joining us, sent us for inspection some interesting specimens from
Australia and the Indian Archipelago, including skins of the
Ornithorhynchus paradoxus; the vegetable caterpillar, and other
curious objects.

Tue Srxta and LAst Mretine was at Corbridge, on the 3rd of
October, and was attended by twelve of our members. I have no
minute supplied of the scientific proceedings of the day; but, as
I find that the party visited Aydon Castle, of which Mr. John
Storey, jun., took a sketch, I have some hope that we may hereafter
meet with some notices of the day’s work, illustrative of the anti-
quarian objects, if not in an express paper.

It now only remains for me to read the notices of what has
been respectively done as to Botany, Entomology, and the investi-
gation as to Mollusks, on other occasions than those of our Field
Meetings; and to state, that at every meeting there was a large
addition to our Society, by the admission of new members, and
that, now, we number 206, being an increase of 56 members above
our strength in the last year.

Botanical Notices. By Mr. Joun Storey. —“In the intervals of
the Field Meetings, a few important additions have been made
to our local Flora. In the Autumn of 1851, I met with Zostera
mana, Roth., on the shores of the Blyth. This plant has hitherto
been confined to one or two of the southern counties of England.
It was noticed, in 1847, in Poole Harbour, Dorsetshire, by Mr.
Borrer, by whom it is well described in the Supplement to English
Botany, where it is beautifully figured. Myr. Borrer observes that
“‘few of those who have written on this plant have seen it alive ;”
perhaps fewer still have seen the mature fruit. Fructus perfectos
Z. nane nondum vidi. Koch, Syn. ed. 2. p. 783.

In September last, Mr. John Thompson, in company with Mr.
T. Belt, collected specimens of Ulex Gallii, Planch., near Baron

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 143

House, in the west of Northumberland. U. Gallu has also
occurred in one or two other localities in the same county.

In October, Mr. T. Belt discovered, near Ryton, 7. ydrocharis
Morsus-rane, a species new to the Flora of Durham; at least it
is not recorded in the Flora of the late Mr. Winch, or in any local
list that I have seen.

Mr. G. R. Tate, eldest son of our esteemed member, Mr. G. Tate,
informs me that he lately gathered, near the Cheviot Hills, speci-
mens of Crepis succisefolia, which he had previously found in the
neighbourhood of Alnwick. This species was first added to the
Flora of Northumberland by my worthy friend Mr. J. Thompson,
who noticed it at Hareshaw Linn, near Bellingham, on the North
Tyne; and in moist meadows, near the Roman Station of Little
Chesters. The two last named localities, Mr. Winch, in the
Addenda to his Flora, pronounces to be the “southern limits”
of the plant. It can, therefore, now be traced throughout the
entire length of the county.”

Notice of the capture of new and rare Coleoptera. By Messrs.
James Harpy and Tuomas Joun Botp.— In Entomology, we
have several interesting additions to our local Fauna. Mr. James
Hardy, in June and July, examined the northern borders of our
district, and reports the occurrence of the following Coleopterous
Insects, not hitherto noticed within our limits :—Calathus microp-
terus, Aépus fulvescens (which he observed feeding on a small
Crustacean, apparently the young of Orchesia littorea ), Colymbetes
fontinalis, C. bistriatus, C. angustior, Anthophagus alpinus, Micra-
lymma brevipennis, Lesteva punctata, Arpedium brachypterum
(new to the British Fauna), Homalotanivalis (also new to Britain),
H. sericans, Tachyusa chalybea, T. constricta, Trogophleus fuligr-
nosus, Stenus atratulus (new to Britain),two species of Agathidium,
apparently undescribed (A. pumilum and A. Lycogolae MS.),
Catops Watsoni, Philhydrus testaceus and P. afinis, Morychus
( Byrrhus) ceeneus, Aplotarsus (2?) maritimus, Cryptohypnus quad-
rum, Ceutorhynchus Echit, Omias sulcirostris, Otiorhynchus maurus
(“hitherto regarded as a native only of the cloud-capped mountains
of Wales”), Orchestes scutellaris, Hylastes piceus, Chetocnema
aridella, and Coccinella quatuordecim-guttata.

144 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

He has also added many localities for species before recorded.
Several Dipterous Insects, apparently new, were noticed, but not
having a catalogue of that order, it is not necessary to enumerate
them here. Mr. Bold has captured Ragonicha pilosus, near
Heaton; and also mentions the capture of Astynomus Adilis, on
board of a grain laden ship from Stettin. The latter, which is a
northern species, is only of interest, in so much, as it indicates
how liable our fauna is to be increased by our commercial inter-
course, and shows the great care with which catalogues of our.
indigenous species should be compiled.”

Notices of rare Mollusks found or taken on the Coast of Northum-
berland,in 1851. By Mr. R. Howssz, Jun.—*I obtained from the
fishing boats which visit the inner edge of the Dogger Bank, in
the early part of the year, two living specimens of Buccinum
Dale. This rare mollusk first appeared in our sea during the
formation of the tertiary deposits of Norfolk and Suffolk. It is
very interesting, therefore, to find it still inhabiting the deep
water of our coast. Dead specimens, also, of Z’rochus alabastrum,
Tellina proxima, and Astarte arctica were brought in from the
same fishing ground. These have not yet been taken in a living
state, on the east coast.

Mr. M‘Andrew, of Liverpool, paid a visit in his yacht, this
summer, for the purpose of exploring the marine fauna of our
coast; but, owing to the want of precise information relative to
the position of the fishing bank, did not meet with a very abun-
dant harvest. The following, however, occurred new to the
district: —Ovula acuta, Syndosmya intermedia, and Cardiwm
Suecicum. Some species, before considered rare, were also met
with in considerable abundance.”

Notice of the occurrence of Cenia Cocksti, on the Durham
Coast. By Mr. Atpany Hancocx.— “I took a single individual
of Cenia Cocksii, last July (1851), on Marsden Rock. This
curious, minute, and rare mollusk has hitherto been met with only
at Falmouth, where it was discovered, in 1847, by the gentleman
after whom it is named. By its occurrence in the North of
England, it would appear, however, to be widely distributed on

our shores.”

ANNIVERSARY MEETING. 145

MEMBERS ELECTED SINCE THE LAST ANNIVERSARY MEETING :—

On the 10th of April, John Heron Wilson, and Lonsdale Maving
Cockroft, Newcastle; William John Carr, Alnwick; Thomas
Broomfield, Felton.

On the 30th of May, Rev. J. S. Nichol, Hetton-le-Hole; Rev.
R. W. M‘All, Sunderland; Messrs. G. B. Reed, Henry Bell, W.
L. Newcombe, George Oliver, John Blackwell, jun., Thomas
Gibson, George Luckley, jun., John Irwin, M. Gleizal, Joseph A.
Marshall, and Edward Mounsey, Neweastle; J. W. Swinburne,
Henry Brady, George Hawks, jun., and Frederick Depledge,
Gateshead; Thomas C. Squance, Sunderland; John Coppin, North
Shields; George Thompson, jun., Winlaton.

June 20th, H. Bourdillon, John Hernaman, R. 8. Coward,
Thomas Wilson, W. F. Buist, Robert Gilpin, and Hugh Fraser,
Newcastle; Charles Potter, Heaton Hall; Rev. H. F. Woolrych,
South Hetion; John Bustin, Hetton-le-Hole; The Venerable
Archdeacon Thorp, D.D., Warden of the University of Durham ;
Rey. A. Crowder, Shadforth; Rev. T. N. Wannop, Sherburne;
George Garnham, Sherburne Hill, Durham.

July 23rd, Capt. Collinson, R.H., Boldon; Rev. Dickens Hazle-
wood, Hasington; W. Sawyer, East Boldon; Thomas Walton,
Newcastle; Thomas Coates, M.R.C.S8., Haydon Bridge.

August 20th, Alexander 8. Stevenson, South Shields; J. L.
Lightfoot, Monkton Paper Mill, Jarrow; Thomas John Bewick,
Allenheads; John Benson, Newcastle. |

September 12th, Henry Stapylton, Esq., Durham; John Bacon
Grey, Newcastle.

October 3rd, Rev. Richard Skipsey, B.A., Sunderland; Nicholas
Lowes, Allen’s Green, near Bardon Mill, Northumberland.

Mr. James Hardy read a paper, entitled “Journal of an
Lxcursion into Northumberland, in June and July, 1851 ;” after
which the following gentlemen were elected members:—-James

B, Browning, Charles John Gibb, M.R.C.S., F. W. Bunning,

146 OFFICERS OF THE CLUB.

William Johnson, William Glover, and Robert Irons, M.R.C.S.,
Newcastle; John Straker, North Shields; Robert Douglas, Ber-
wick-upon-T weed.

The days and places for the Field Meetings in 1852, were fixed

as under :—
MonpdaAy, May BA Se cman Lumley.
FRIDAY, June a ae Haltwhistle and Featherstone.

July L GER uses! Castle-Hden. ‘i:
WepneEsDAY, August l1th,...... Bamborough. .
September 1st,...... Otterburn.

The under-mentioned gentlemen were appointed Officers for the
year ending February, 1853:—

PRESIDENT :
Tue VENERABLE THE ARCHDEACON THorP, D.D.

VICH-PRESIDENTS :
WitiiAm KELL.

THOMAS JEFFERSON.
Dennis Emsrteton, M.D.

TREASURER :
THomas BuRNET.

SECRETARY:
Joun Storey, F.B.S.E.

COMMITTRHE :
Rev. G. Cooper ABBEs. Rev. W. FEatHERSTONHAUGH.
JosHua ALDER. Rogpert Currie.
Arpany HANcocK. JouNn THompson.
J. H. Fryer. Ricuarp Howsz.
R. Y. GREEN. R. S. Cowarp.

E. Maraer. Tt. J. Bou,

(147)

VIII.—Observations on Composite Names of Places (chiefly in
Northumberland) of Anglo-Saxon Derivation: being a Con-
tribution of Materials towards the formation of an Archaic
and Orthographical Chart of the County. (Part ii.) By
Rapa Carr, sq.

[ Read, March 22nd, 1851.]

Ler: legh, leigh, are the terminal forms of the word lea or
lee, pasture land, or land allowed to lie for a time in grass. In
Anglo-Saxon it was written leag, leah, lega. This is one of our
commonest terminal elements, especially in connection with
various words indicating the plants or trees growing on or near
the place, the domestic animals depastured there, or the wild
animals that haunted it. Thus, in many different counties, such
names as the following are continually met with, and are always
characteristic of the spot either in its present or its former state :—
Heathley, Hethley, Hedley, from the heath; Fernley, Brackley,
from the fern or brake; Hawley, Hagley, from the hawthorn or
the hagberry; Birchley, Birkiey, Berkley, and Birtley, from the
birch; Saughley, Sawley, from the willow (especially Salix
Caprea) ; Aspley, Espley, from the asp or aspen ; Oakley, Akeley,
Aukley; Ashley, Hshley; Lindley, from the linden or limetree;
Rowley and: Quickley, from the rowan or quicken, the popular
term for the sorb or mountain ash; Maperley, from the mapuldor
or maplor (Germ. masholder), the great maple or sycamore, a
word which occurs also in Mapledurham, that is Mapledur-ham.

From cultivated plants we have Hayley, Wheatley, Ryeley,
Oatley and Otley, Beanley and Binley, also Linley (from the lin
or flax).

Domestic animals have given rise to another no less obvious
series; yet, notwithstanding the self-evident nature of such com-
pounds, some of them have been corrupted, as Sheepley or Shepley
into Shipley, and Wetherley into the no less false and absurd
spelling of Weatherly. To this analogy, perhaps, belongs

148 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES,

Heckley, for a kid was known by the term hecen in Anglo-Saxon.
Stirkley, from stirk a steer, takes also the form of Stirchley.

From wild animals we find not only Hartley, Harely, Foxley,
Brockley, and Wolfsley, but even Crowley, and Gledley from the
large hawk called a glede, which forms its nest upon the ground.
In other instances streams of water or conspicuous boulder-stones
have given their appellations to the lea; as Burnley, Brockley,
Stoneley, Stoneleigh, Stanley. We find also Binley and Botley,
signifying, probably, the inner and the outer lea, as the country-
man still speaks of the but and the ben of his dwelling.

So long a list of these plain and self-evident compounds, by
help of the term lea or ley, would not have been worth insertion,
had not many of the class been subjected to illiterate corruption,
so as to appear in the form of adverbs or adjectives, such as Slowly,
Quickly, Softly, Gladly, Starkly, and the like.

Moor, A.S. mor, is the origin of many expressive compounds
in every part of England, but chiefly in the north.

Myre: in Old-Norse myri,a morass. It is met with chiefly in
the nomenclature of places in Cumberland, as Blamire (or Black-
mire), Lowmire, &c.; being one of the many indications of a large
Scandinavian infusion in the north-western population.

Mere: A.S. mere, a lake or considerable sheet of water, occurs
sometimes, though not frequently, in our Northumbrian names:
as, in that of Kimmere lough, near to Eglingeham, equivalent,
perhaps, to Kye-mere. Not far from West Boldon, in Durham,
is the White-mere-pool, a small sheet of water generally turbidly
white from the plunging of cattle in the light-coloured clay which
surrounds it.

The wisdom of modern times, however, to render the appellation
more intelligible, has conspicuously hung up the likeness of a
white mare upon the public house near the spot, and there is not
a man in the parish who would hesitate to say that the mare
gave her name to the pool, not the white muddy pool to that
imaginary beast.

On a high bleak table-land, between Wooler and Chillingham,
is a considerable sheet of water and morass, known as Cold Martin
Moss, (or, as some learnedly pronounce it, Cold Martinmass!) It

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION. 149

is difficult not to believe that the Anglo-Saxon name was JZere-
den-meos, that is, the moss of the Mere-forest, or chase.

Fen: A.S. fen, is common as the prior element in compound
names, as Fenham, Fenton, Fenwick. Though less common as
the terminal or substantive member, we find it in Matfen, and in
Moulsfen and Meresfen the early designations of two places, now
absurdly called Mousin and Mason, the first situated near Bam-
burgh, the latter a township not far from Ponteland, on the margin
of Prestwick Car. Without much violence to modern pronun-
ciation, both might be brought nearer to their etymology if written
Mouls’en and Meres’en.

Ford: A.S. ford, is also written forth in composition, as Mains-
forth. Gosford, or Gosforth, must have received its name from
the lake, there situated, having being a favourite haunt of wild
geese, which indeed still resort to it. Rutherford, which must have
been originally the name of a site, before it was assumed by the
famous Border Clan as a family appellation, would, in Anglo-
Saxon, appear under the form of Hrythera ford, that is, the ford
of cattle, being nearly synonymous with Oxford.

Wade, wath: from the Anglo-Saxon wadan, to wade, to ford,
to traverse. In Old-Norse vad signifies a ford, and vedh a
fordable stream. It is probable that wath, in Anglo-Saxon, bore
the same primary sense, although it is poetically used in that of
a flight or wandering-forth.

As an initial member, this term is very frequent in the nomen-
clature of sites upon fords or fordable waters, as Wadebridge,
Wadworth, Watton, Wedmore; and, without any addition, as
Wade, Wath, Waith.

As a termination, it appears in Biggleswade, Lasswade.

Keld: Old-Norse kelda, palus, a sheet of water. This is the
sense attributed to keld by Brockett; in his valuable Glossary of
North-Country Words. But we have it also, I think, in the sense
of a spring head or well. In the Old-Norse we find also kyll
(pronounced kyd1) nearly in this latter signification; and in the
Scandinavian dialects, the sound of dl often glides into that of
Id; as Old-Norse jfiallr, pronounced fadir, a mountain range,

becomes, in modern Norse, field, as in Dovre-fiéld.
VOL, II. PT. I. Vv

150 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES,

Names ending in keld, as Salkeld, are found extensively among
the other traces of the Northmen, in Cumberland. In Northum-
berland we have Akeld, the first syllable of which has been
deduced from the Anglo-Saxon @, always. But such an adverbial
element is not in the genius of the Anglo-Saxon idiom. We
ought, rather, to look to the adjective wce, perpetual, or to the
noun dc, an oak, On the former supposition the name would
signify unfailing spring; on the latter, it would be synonymous
with Oakwell. |

Well, or welle, is Anglo-Saxon, and is extensively used in the
formation of names of localities, as Holiwell, Haliwell, Fulwell;
all of which, perhaps, indicate an ancient baptismal use of the
spring (fulwian, to baptise,) Cresswell, Oakwell.

Even this simple and obvious and pleasing termination has
been vitiated by the unthinking and perverse. What etymology
can be imagined clearer and plainer than that of Caldwell? and
who would suppose that by a mere stroke of the pen the cool
refreshing spring has been converted into Caudle, and so printed
for the benefit of those who prefer the warmer beverage?

Pool, pow, Anglo-Saxon pil: in fiverpool, Heathpool. In the
eastern parts of Scotland a pow signifies a slow-running brook, a
term which formerly was in use in Northumberland, as may be
observed in the name of Pow-burn, in the parish of Whittinge-
ham.

Ridh, or Ridhig, Anglo-Saxon, a runnel, rivulet, a trench, or
water-cut, in Low-German rie.

T insert this word from Lye and Boswell, because it may possibly
be found to be the source of a remarkable term, used in the com-
position of some North-country and Border names, which has not
been satisfactorily explained, namely, siding in Nun-riding,
Hard-riding, Riding Mill, Kitridding, Glenridding, and some
others. Compare the German termination vewth in Baireuth and
other similar compounds.

: Laide, A.S. a lode or water-cut. In Weetslad or Weetslet, near
Seaton-burn ; Somerlad, in Yorkshire (from Domesday Book, ) and
some few others.

Burn, burne, bourne: Anglo-Saxon burne, fem., a streamlet.

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION. 151

In former times, as we may perceive from the pages of Spenser,
Drayton, Stowe, and other authors, this word was as well-known
in the south of England as it now is in the northern counties ;
though it must not be confounded with bowrne, from the lrench,
borne (la), a boundary. It is not generally known that the
important quarter of the metropolis, the name of which is vulyarly
written Mary-le-bone, by a most vicious spelling, was formerly
called either St. Mary-la-bourne or St. Mary-lez-bourne: bourne
signifying either a streamlet that ran there, or otherwise a
boundary. Clearly either the old orthography ought to be restored,
or otherwise, the name should be accurately contracted into Mary-
bourne, by omission of the article or preposition.

In Domesday Book, ia the description of Dorsetshire, an estate
is named Ceseburn or Ceaselburn, which latter form supplies us
with the key to interpret the meaning of Cheseburn, in Northum-
berland ; for ceasel signifies gravel or sand, still sometimes called
chesel.

Ha, the Anglo-Saxon word for water or a river, occurs in the
name of Pontealand, for so it would be more accurately spelt, and
in Eland (or Ealand) hall, close by. The Pont-ea, for the river
Pont, is pure Anglo-Saxon. At Lanchester we have the Brown-
ea, or river Browney.

Beck, A.S. bec, Old-Norse beckr, a small river, is rare in North-
umberland, common in the Danish tracts of Durham, Yorkshire,
Cumberland, Westmoreland, and not unfrequent even in Nor-
mandy, as Caudebec, &e.

Forse: Old-Norse fors, a cataract. Hence High-forse, upon the
Tees, ought to be so written, and never with the letter c. In
modern Norse the word fos is extensively applied to the water-
falls that descend from the Scandinavian mountains, some of
which are so celebrated for their impetuosity or picturesque
attractions.

Wood, A.S. wudu, enters into many names, and has been
applied in this manner, perhaps more extensively in modern, than
in earlier times. In Domesday Book we find it strangely dis-
guised in terminations, under the forms of with, wit, weth. wid,
so as not to be easily recognized at first sight. In Danish, the

152 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES.

cognate word is ved, pronounced vedh; and it is not impossible
that the transformations that appear of the termination in Domes-
day Book, may be partly attributable to the influence of Danish
pronunciation in Hngland. Ringwood, in Hampshire, appears
as Rincwede; Ravenswood, in the North Riding, seems to be
represented by Ravenswett ; a place called Rocvid, in the West
Riding, was equivalent doubtless either to Rockwood or Rook-
wood; in Hampshire again is Hsewit, evidently Eshwood or
Ashwood.

In like manner, saugh-with, beech-with, birch-with, appear to
have given rise to family names, originally names of estates, and of
which the composition is still perceptible, notwithstanding con-
siderable variations of spelling.

From Birchwith or Birchet, (or, as it is said, from Birch-hope,)
the township of East Bolton, in Northumberland, has assumed
the strange disguise of “ Bridget,” and is commonly so written!

There is, indeed, no limit to corruption in language but a careful
examination of etymology.

Wald, wold, A.S. weald, is assigned in Yorkshire and elsewhere
to wild unreclaimed tracts. It is used in composition, as Hasing-
wold, Cotswold, but is quite distinct from the preceding. The
cognate word in Old-Norse is, if I mistake not, vollr, campus,
viretum, pronounced voédlr.

Hurst, hirst, A.S. hyrst, in Germ. horst, a thicket: frequent in
composition in the South of England ; and occurring sometimes
in Northumberland, as Longhurst, Linhurst.

Holt: A.S. holt (es, masc.,) Dutch hout, Germ. holtz, a wood
or grove. Not so frequent in the composition of Northumbrian
names as in those of southern counties. Contracted sometimes
into hot and of in its final position, as, Eshot.

Den, A.S. (neuter). The dens were those portions of the mark,
or outlying lands, (surrounding the cultivated ground of an Anglo-
Saxon community,) which were most resorted to by the hart, the
roe, the fallow-dear, hares, and other game and beasts of chase ;
and where herds of swine were turned out to forage, and to fatten,
as best they might, upon grass, earthworms, haws, and acorns,
Respecting this term, which is one of great interest, I must refer

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION. 153

the reader to Mr, Kemble’s work, “ The Saxons in England,” vol.
i, appendix, whence my own information has been drawn. The
true application and import of the word is there examined and
elucidated, together with the part it has borne in the formation
of compound names of localites.

Our present use of the word, to signify the cavern or retreat of a
beast of prey, is, of course, much more restricted. But in Scotland
at least, its earlier sense is not extinct, as may be inferred from
the beautiful song called the “ Gentle Hugh Herries,” where “the
den” of the gallant outlaw probably only imported some tangled
thicket or lone recess among the hills, like that which is afterwards
alluded to as “far in the wild glen, ’mid banks of blaeberries.”

We owe to Mr. Kemble the observation, that when names of
places terminate in den, it is this term, and not dene, a woody
ravine, which so enters into composition: an observation which is
strongly confirmed by the popular mode of speaking of “ Castle
Hden dene” and “ Hazleden dene,” in the county of Durham; as
if there were an idiomatic consciousness that no pleonasm is
committed, no unmeaning repetition. Shawdon is written Shaw-
den in some of the oldest notices of the spot, and is so pronounced
by the inhabitants of the neighbourhood, who yet habitually speak
also of “Shawden Dene.” In like manner, Brandon was written
also Branden, and the no less familiar “ Brandon Dene” was pro-
bably of old a haunt of the wild boar; bran being still in use to
signify the the male swine. In these, and similar instances, the
inference must naturally be, that the den or chase, with its wild
pasturage, was much more extensive than the dene or ravine
which is now perhaps the only wooded and uncultivated portion ;
the rest of the ground, once constituting the den or chase, having
long ago been brought under the plough.

Garth: Old-Norse gard, but represented also in the Anglo-
Saxon, and even in the British. Itis, however, most frequent as
a topothetic term, wherever the Danes have left the strongest
traces of their presence. Hence we may infer, that though the
cognate word was familiar to the Anglo-Saxons, under the form
of geard, (Eng. yard,) yet the garths may be considered of Danish
origin. Its signification is that of close or enclosure. Gard, in

154 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLAUKS;

Old-Norse, is stated to mean also the estate of a noble, or man of
note, and the word may also have heen used in this sense in the
north of England. When it occurs in close composition, it has
not been exempt from the process of vulgar corruption. In the
neighbourhood of Stanhope, Hogarth is pronounced Hogget, and
is even found so written.

Wick, or wich: A.S. wic, a dwelling place, village, or street:
and allied to the Latin vicus, Greek o:zo;. As a termination, it 1s
found chiefly in connection with obvious elementary nouns or
adjectives, or with the names of rivers, &e.

It would not combine harnioniously with some words which we
find with the terminations ham and tum, whence we may infer that
considerations of euphony were not without their weight. Such
designations as Morwick, Fenwick, Sandwich, require no explana-
tion. Dewick was not improbably so called froin the remarkable
bow or elbow of the hills and river which occurs there. In this
case its Anglo-Saxon form would be Bygewie, and the pronuncia-
tion nearly as at present. ‘The uncouth appellation of Mugegles-
wick receives an explanation fromits form in oldon Look, where
it is written, in pure Anglo-Saxon, Moclingeswick: that is, the
wick of the Muclings or descendants of Mucca, which was a well-
known Saxon personal name.

—ton: Anglo-Saxon tiin, a town, a village, or group of houses,
being the centre of a township. The Anglo-Saxon verb tynan,
(in Germ. zauncn,) is froin the same root, and signifies to hedge-
in; wyrt-ttin, moreover, signifying an enclosure for worts or herbs,
is the ordinary Anglo-Saxon tersa for a garden. In a more
extended sense, tin imported an enclosed or definite portion of
land. Thus the purcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son
Joseph, (John iv. 5,) is rendered by the word ttin alone; and in
Genesis xlvii. 11, “Joseph sealile his gebrothrum tin,” Joseph gave
to his brethren a possession, or apportionment of land. This ending
is thoroughly Anvlo-Saxon. Neither the cognate word zaun in
German, nor any kindred term in the Scandinavian tongues, has
assumed a similar development in topothetic application.

Lye, in his Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, well interprets tin by the
expression septum quodvis, something hedged-in; and I conceive

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION, 155

that our numerous villages, so designated, were each in possession
of a certain tract of land, clearly defined by a fence or by boundary-
stones, and that sometimes the hamlet itself might be surrounded
by some rude kiud of wall, mound, or palisade. Above all, the
Saxon ttin was a community separated from others by its own
distinct system of self-government. It was, as we should now
say, a township.

Names of places with this termination have been formed in
great numbers from Anglo-Saxon patronymics, or fanuly names
distinguished by the syllable ing, as Hasington, Bassington,
Ovington, (in A.S. Easingatiin, Bassingatin, Oilingatiin ;) that is,
the town of the Esings or progeny of Esa, of the Basings, (progeny
of Basse,) of the Offings, sons or family of Offa. To make this
observation more clear to those who are not familiar with the
extensive application of these patronymics in Anglo-Saxon, the
following passage from the Sxen Chronicle may be uscfal:—
“A.D. 545. This year Ida began his reign ; from whom first arose
the royal kindred of the Northumbrians. Ida was son of Hoppa,
Hoppa was son of sa, Esa was son of Ingwy; (/da wes Lopping,
Hoppa wes Lsing, Esa wes Ingwing.) Ida reigned twelve years:
he built Bamburgh, which was first surrounded by a hedge and
afterwards by a wall.”

—ham: Anglo-Saxon ham, home. Over great part of England
this termination recurs continually, though there are districts
where it has oftener given way to others.

In the form of heim we find it very frequent in certain parts
of Germany, especially along the Rhine. It appears in the Low-
Countries as hem, em, wn. And again, under the form of hjem,
(Old-Norse heimi,) we meet with it in Norway and Sweden.

It conveys the idea of home or fixed abode, and to those con-
sequently who appreciate its import in times of old, it is full of
interest and home-feeling, wheresoever recognized. To bring
forward instances of so common an ending, would be idle. Like
the termination ton, however, it is often affixed to Anglo-Saxon
family names ining, which, being of themselves ofan historical cha-
racter, become all the more interesting to us when linked to a term
like this, which points to the very hearth-stones of the rude Anglo-

156 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES,

Saxon kinships, at the period when they first settled down as
industrious cultivators of the soil, from which they had driven its
British possessors. Such are the names of Immingham, Willing-
ham, Frodingham, in Lincolnshire ; in Anglo-Saxon Immingaham,
Willingaham, Frodingaham ; the additional syllable, consisting of
the vowel a, being the sign of the genitive case plural. Now of
this vowel there is no trace in the names of towns with this ter-
mination over the greater of the kingdom, which are pronounced
with the g hard, as Nottingham. But in the Northumbrian
dialect and pronunciation, the a of the genitive plural, having
slid into the sound of the narrower vowel e, has coalesced with
the preceding g, and softened its power; so that we pronounce
Ovingeham, Whittingeham, with the ge soft ; and assuredly so we
ought to write, in conformity at once with the example of early
documents, and with existing usage in speaking. In like manner
should be written Yglingcham, Edlingeham, Ellingeham, Eltringe-
ham, Bellingeham. The race of the Bellings must have become
numerous, from the extensive diffusion of their appellation in its
abridged form, as a surname in our northern county.

In connection with the sober and inductive study of etymology
and orthography, the pages of the Pipe Roll, of Boldon Book, and
of other muniments (whether national or appertaining to the
northern counties only,) are most instructive. Their early forms
of spelling, when not manifestly capricious, are entitled to our
best attention: they are often links connecting the present aspect
of our Janguage with its earliest and least-alloyed forms; and,
while they are thus historical and rich in old associations, they
sometimes come closer to the existing pronunciation, than the
inaccurate and ill-considered penmanship that has superseded
them for a time. In the above instances we may perceive that
the vowel of the old genitive plural has had hold enough upon
popular utterance to modify the power of the g in Ovingeham,
Whittingeham, when followed by a gentle aspirate ; whereas,
when another final syllable is substituted, as in Ovington, Whit-
tington, all trace of the vowel is lost. But this is no reason for
omitting to insert it in the former. On the contrary, the analogy
is incomplete, and the difference real. The vowel e may claim to

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION. 157

be admitted in the former instances, no less reasonably than to be
left out in the latter. The Pipe Roll suggests to us the etymology
of Edlingeham, for we find therein Edelingham and Edelwingham.
Now Edelwing would mean the son of Edelwin or Ethelwin.

In like manner Eglingeham must have received its name from
a family or race of Hglings, whose ancestor may have borne the
appellation of Egulf, Egwald, or, perhaps, of Eega; all of which
were common amongst our Saxon forefathers, and the last perhaps
identical with the name of Ocga, who was a prince of Northum-
bria. Distinct from both of these must have been the race of
the Hllings at Lilingeham.

Mere contraction, which prevails so extensively in all tongues,
is not necessarily a process of corruption, though it is too often
but the first step towards it. As an inoffensive contraction we
may adduce Ingram, of old Angerbam or Hangreham, probably
from the personal name Ingwar or Hingwar: Roddam, less elegant
than the earlier Rodeham, (or Rodham,) of the Pipe Roll: Bolam,
formerly Bolham or Boleham. To this analogy belongs, if I
mistake not, Mindrum, though it has been hastily referred to a
Gaelic term, of which there are no probable traces in our neigh-
bourhood.

As we have been led to refer to the subject of Anglo-Saxon
patronymics, it may not be out of place to observe that they
frequently stand without any addition, to designate the settlements
of families or kinships; as Horning, Dorking, Stelling, Rising,
Felling, Hawking.

Thorp: A.S. thorp (es, masc.,) (Germ. dorf, Low Germ. dorp,
Old Norse thorp, Dan. Swed. torp,) a village. It prevails chiefly
in Yorkshire and the North Midland Counties, and is liable
to a transposition of letters which somewhat disguises it, being
sometimes pronounced and written throp and drop. In the north
we have Thorpe, near Hasington, Thropton, and Throphill, (vulgarly
Thropple and Thrapple;) Staindrop, and perhaps some other
examples. Thorp, in the Anglo-Saxon Glossary of Milfric is
rendered by compitum, vicus, a meeting of cross ways, a country
village. Adelung considered the word to be allied to the Germ.

tv'upp, a troop or assemblage, to the Old-Norse thyrping, congre-
VOL, Il, PT. II. Ww

158 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES,

gatio; to the Latin turba, and the Greek @og»o;; and that its
import was a gathering together or throng, whether of men or of
dwellings. From the Danish and Swedish torp are derived the
many terminations in trop, trup, and rup, which are observable
in the maps of the Scandinavian territories.

Many Mnglish village-names have been formed by the combina-
tion of thorp with the personal name of an early settler or
possessor, as the following from Domesday Book:—Ardwalfesthorp,
Durandesthorp, Fulcarsthorp, Ragheneltorp (Rennelthorp), Si-
wardrop, Janulfestorp, Oglestorp. .

—worth, —worthy, the latter found in southern counties:
A.S. weorthig, worthig, wurthig, worth, (genit. es,) signifying a
field, portion of land, an estate, also a street, a public way. This
termination meets the ear and eye everywhere in Yorkshire and
the Midland Counties. It is more rare in Northumberland, not
unfrequent in Durham. Killingworth, Warkworth, Ravensworth.

This term must not be confounded with one at first sight similar,
which occurs in Germany, along the course of the great rivers,
namely, werth, signifying island, holm, or river beach. The
corresponding Anglo-Saxon word to this is waroth, wearth, the
sea-shore, but which I have not yet met with as an element in
the formation of names of sites in this country.

—by: Old-Norse byr, a dwelling, a village. As a termination
it is diffused everywhere in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Cumberland,
and other districts where the Danes were strongly established,
or which they oftenest overran. North of the river Tyne it is
more rare. It was casily adopted by the Anglo-Saxons, who
possessed the verb buan, or byan, to inhabit, or to cultivate, and
in some instances this ending may have been purely of Anglo-
Saxon origin.

We find it, however, too often appended to Danish personal or
family names to allow us to doubt that its general character is
Scaudinavian. The following instances are from Domesday Book,
treating of Yorkshire :—Turgilby (Thorkilby,) Toresbi (Thorsby,)
Ormesbi, Turoldsbi, Denebi, Asebi, Englebi now Ingleby.

Those who remember the old north road will recollect a hand-
post in the North Riding, directing the stranger to Osmotherley.

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION. 159

in Domesday Book we find Asmundrebi, that is, Osmunderby,
showing that the personal name of Osmond was the root also of
the inexplicable Osmotherley, which ought to have been written
Osmonderley, or at least Osmoderley.

Botle, vulgarly bottle: A.S. botl, an abode, dwelling, mansion,
hall or mansion with its appurtenances, hence a village: “ Zha
cyninges ealdor botl,” the king’s royal abode, (Bede) ; “Pharo eode
into his botle,’ Pharoh went into his house, (Lxodus); cynelic
botle, a kingly abode, a palace; botl-weard, a house steward.
Such is the account to be gathered from our best dictionaries,
and from Anglo-Saxon usage, of the word which modern taste is
content to write bottle. I shall take the liberty of returning to
the old orthography, in transcribing the village names, which
terminate with this interesting old word, even at the risk of
offending those who prefer something that reminds them of the
uncorking of the familiar flask, to any dry and musty reminiscences
of our forefathers, The following are the principal names of this
formation :—Harbotle, Lorbotle, Shilbotle, Wallbotle, Newhotle,
to which may be added the old main street in Gateshead, known
as the Botle Bank, and often of recent years erroneously called
the Battle Bank, by those who imagine that some contest on the
spot may have originated the designation.

In Yorkshire, as well as in the Midland and Southern Counties,
certain names of villages terminate in an inverted and softened
form of this word, that of bold; as Newbold-on-Avon, in War-
wickshire.

Both forms were in full use when the survey handed down to
us in Domesday Book was made, but we may presume the harder
northern one to have been the earliest, especially as it approxi-
mates so closely to the term booth, which is unquestionably the
root. An analogous transposition of sound is that which has
been already mentioned, where the Old-Norse fall, pronounced
fiadl, a fell or chain of mountains, has become jie/d in modern
Norwegian.

Cote: A.S. cota or cote; in Germ. kathe, kath; Old-Norse kot,
kota; in Latin casa; in Welsh cwt. Thus widely is the term
diffused through the Indo-European tongues.

T60 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES,

The signification in all these languages is simply, cot or cottage.
Such is the simple and venerable old word, which in these days
of superfine cloth and supereminent attainments we write coaé, in
“Cullercoats,” “Carrycoats,” “Coldcoats.” It occurs in almost every
county of England, from Northumberland to Hampshire. In the
description of Hertfordshire and of Middlesex, in Domesday Book,
there are many instances, such as Heathcote, Kingscote; in Buck-
inghamshire, Ashcote, or Ascot, &c. The signification of Culler-
cotes is sufficiently evident, cwlfra being the ordinary Anglo-Saxon
expression for a pigeon, columba; so that Culfracote, in early
English Culvercote, or, rapidly uttered, Cullercote, was doubtless
a dovecote, which afforded no unwelcome tribute to the kitchen .
of Tynemouth Priory.

Like the endings ton and ham, it is met with in connection
with patronymics or ancient family names, as Hthelimgcote, in
Yorkshire, and Siwardingescotes, in Derbyshire, from Domesday
Book. Medlicote, also, is evidently a name of similar origin. And
T have no doubt that Carricotes was a settlement of the Cerrings
or Carrings, like Carrington and Charrington; indeed J am bound
to maintain it stoutly, not only for etymological reasons, but
because my name would class me with their kindred.

Stall: A.S. steall, (es, masc.) a stall, stable, homestead. In
composition it forms Tunstall, Whittonstall, Dunstall; the latter
being another form of the name of Dunston, in the parish of
Whickham, prevalent among the oldest inhabitants of the neigh-
bourhood. Such double forms of nomenclature are of no rare
occurrence in early documents, and are quite in the genius of
popular speech. Stell, in the sense of a walled enclosure or fold,
to afford shelter to moorland sheep during a snow-storm, is another
form of the same word. But the name of Stelling, in Tyneside,
though at first sight referable to this source, is, I have little doubt,
an Anglo-Saxon family-name, indicating a settlement of the Steal-
lings, like Stallington, in Staffordshire, and Stallingborough, in
Lincolnshire. It will be seen, on reference to Mr. Kemble’s
inestimable work, “Zhe Saxons in England,” how continually the
family-name by itself, and without any adjunct whatever, was used
to denote the spots where settlers took up their abode.

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION. 161

—-set, sete, side: A.S. sect, (es, masc.), a settler, an inhabitant,
more frequently used in the plural in Anglo-Saxon compounds,
as Somerszetas, Dorseetas, the settlers in Somersetshire and Dorset-
shire, and thence those shires themselves. (We find also in A.S.
set, set, (es, masc.,) a station, a camp; and in Old-Norse setr
(neut.) a seat or dwelling.) From this origin are derived those
names of houses and hamlets which now terminate in side, more
properly seide, as Hartseide, Sunnyseide. In Domesday Look,
Boldon Book, the Pipe Roll, and other early authorities and
muniments, this whole class of names is found with the ending
set or sete; and it is much to be regretted that so expressive a
term should have become effete, and should have assumed a
different form. One only instance do I at this moment recollect
in our northern district where the original word has been retained,
and this is Conset, near Shotley Bridge. Only since the place
has become populous has it begun to be written Conside ; whereas
it is strictly in analogy with Dorset, Somerset.

Set, or sete, in old documents, (and side in modern spelling,)
is often found in connection with patronymics or family names,
To this class, I doubt not, are to be referred Bebside, Hartside,
Hasleyside, Hollinside, Gibside, Sunnyside; from the Anglo-Saxon
families, the Bebingas, Heartingas, Haslingas, Hollingas,Gipingas,
Sunningas; (See Kemble’s Saxons in England). . 'To which I may
add Simondside, from the personal name Sigmund or Simond. It
is very desirable that this termination side should be known and
acknowledged, as equivalent to seat or settlement, except in the
instances where it is connected with the name of a river, as
Tyneside, Tweedside.

Shield, shiel, and in Scotland shieling: A.S. scyldan, to protect,
whence scyld (es, masc.) a shield, or protection : in this last sense
the Old-Norse has skiél, (neut.,) which also signifies refuge, or place
of retreat. It occurs in names assigned chiefly to small groups
of dwellings, of the humblest kind, often situated on the moors
or moor edges, such as Linshiels, Blackshields, Espershield,
Gairshield, Bruntshield. The idea conveyed is that of shield
or shelter from weather, and it is not improbable that originally
the shields were only temporary huts of herdsmen and shep-

162 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES,

herds resorted to at the season when their cattle were upon the
hills.

Stead: A.S. sted (es, masc.) a site or station. Akin to the
German stadt. In the south of England it occurs in a large class
of names like Wanstead, Newstead, Hampstead. In Northum-
berland we have Gaystead, above Bellingeham.

Distinct from this, but closely connected, is the word steath, in
A.S. steth, (es, neut.), signifying that which is firm, solid; and
hence applied to a shore or landing-place. It is in familiar use
still, but scarcely occurs in close or true composition.

—house: occurring in composite names of family dwellings,
which have since, in many cases, been adopted as the family name,.
with a contracted termination in ws, having at first sight a strange,
and as it were a sort of Latin or scholastic aspect. In Domesday
Book, however, such designations will be found written in full;
as Lofthouse, Barkhouse, Falkhouse, &c. A similar metamorphose
of this good homely termination has been extensively made in the
Netherlands, and in some adjoining countries.

Hall: A.S. heall, hell, halh, (Germ. halle, fem.; Old-Norse
holl, fem.); a hall, the principal apartment in a dwelling, where
the family and guests assembled; a house of the better order.
So extensively has this term been adopted in the formation of
the names borne by detached houses and farmsteads all over
England, that it must have indicated any substantial country
house—such as the Anglo-Saxon yeomen (ead-menn, estatesmen,)
were wont to inhabit. Often it has been handed down to us in a
form which we can recognize, in other instances so greatly obscured
that its presence is only known to antiquarian inquirers.

It is desirable, however, that in an archaic map, the original, or
fuller form of each name of this kind, should accompany that which
now prevails, in order that the latter, although perhaps not easily
admitting of amendment, may be used with a better knowledge
of its import.

Thus Whittle, in the parish of Ovingeham, was White-halle.
Hepple was Heppe-halle,—whatsoever that might signify. Howtell,
in Glendale Ward, was Holthall; Beadnal or Beadnell was Bead-
enhall; Etal was Et-hall; many of the Ryles or Ryals were Rye-

OF ANGLO-SAXON DERIVATION. 163

hall; rye, (in A.S. ryge,) having been the bread-corn of the north
of England, long before wheat was generally cultivated there.
Two designations of places in the county of Durham, Poca and
Stella, are of such soft and southern aspect, that one might wonder
from what Italian or Iberian shore they had found their way to
the cliffs of Monk-wearmouth, and the banks of the Tyne. I
conceive, however, that time was, when our forefathers called
them, in plain northern English, the Rock-hw and the Stell-hw ;
though documentary proof does not enable me to speak with
certainty.

Gate, (pronounced also by the people yett,) was in Anglo-Saxon
gat, geat, (es, neut.) Its signification was not limited to its
ordinary modern English sense, but was extended to that of the
German gasse, the Old-Norse gata, and Danish gade, namely,
the street of a town; or, at least, such streets as led to the old
portals.

Tt is applied in this manner in the city of Durham, where
certain streets are called Framwellgate, Gilligate, Southgate, ce. ;
another is designated Elvet, and the conjectural derivations
hitherto given in explanation are not satisfactory. Probably some
early document may hereafter show, that the last syllable is merely
an abbreviation of gate, whilst the preceding may represent, by
the same process, one or other of the Anglo-Saxon personal or
family names, beginning with Z/f This latter surmise is, how-
ever, made with due reservation of any plea that may be urged
by the Elfen race, who, unsubstantial as they may be deemed,
may nevertheless be able to show very substantial claims to the
street.

(164)

IX.—A Catalogue of the Insects of Northumberland and Durham.
(Part iii.) By James Harpy, and Tuomas Joun Botp.

Tribe 2. CHILOGNATHOMORPHA, Mac Leay.
Sus-Trise 1. CORDYLOCERATA, Westwood.
Stirps 1. CLAVICORNES, Stephens.

Famity 1. BYRRHID&, Leach.

180. Byrruvs, Linn.
1. B. priuna, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., i11., 136.

“ Newcastle.” — W. C. Hewitson, Esq. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby,
Esq. Town Moor, Black Fell—Wr. A. Hancock. “ Durham.”—
Ormsby’s Durham. Ueaton, Long Benton, and Gibside.—Z’. J.
B. Homildon Heugh.—/J. H. Morpeth.—J/r. John Scott.

2. B. rascratus, Lorst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 137.
Homildon ei heath at Gateshead Fell; sandbanks near
South Shields; and at Hartlepool. Natok Naren

3. B. porsatis, Mab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 137.

Var.b. Black, the ferruginous dorsal band of the elytra wanting,
and its white margin alone remaining, in a series of connected
spots.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 190. Byrrhus ater, Fab. Syst. £1, i
104.

Both type and variety occur at Gateshead Fell. TI have also

taken it elsewhere—J. H. March—Ocetober.

181. Cytitus, Hrichson.
1. C. sericeus, Yorst.
Byrrhus sericeus, Steph. [llust., Mand., i11., 138. —Byrrhus
varius, Lab. Syst. £1., 1., 105.—Gyll. Ins, Suec., 1., 197.—
Heer, F'n. Col, Helv., 1., 448.
“Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Hsq. “Durham.”—Ormsby’s Durham.

CATALOGUE OF INSECTS, ETC. 165

South Shields and Prestwick Car—J. H. Morpeth.—Mr. John
Scott. April.

182. Morycnvs, Poerster.
1, M. anervs, Fab.
Foerst. Kifer—f. der Rheinprovinz, 423.—Byrrhus zneus,
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iii., 371.
One specimen under a stone, in the vale, below Langleyford.—
J. H. July.

183, Asprprpnorus, Ziegler.
1, A. orBicuLaTus, Gy/l.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 131.—Curtis Brit. Ent., pl. 450.—
Nitidula orbiculata, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1., 242.
Among moss, in a field, near the Derwent, opposite Axwell
Park.—J. H. June.

184. Srmprocaria, Jarsham.
1. S. semistrrata, J//.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 140.—Curtis Brit. Ent., pl. 335,
Amongst herbage, and once upon Fungi. Gosforth, Long
Benton, South Shields, Marsden, Winlaton Mill, Ravensworth,
Gibside, Hartlepool, Morpeth, Bamburgh. April—October.

Famity 2. HISTERID A, Leach.
185. Hister, Linn.
1. H. untcotor, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 145.
“ Newcastle.” —G. Wailes, Hsq. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq.
Long Benton, Tyneside, on the Derwent, above Winlaton Mill;
coast between Sunderland and Ryhope. April— August.

2. H. capaverinus, Ent. Hefte.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 145.
Common.

3. H, prmacunatus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 148.
Rare. “Newcastle and Marsden.”—G. Wailes, Esq. South

Shields—J. H. Long Benton.—Z. J. B. April—August.
VOL. II. PT. II. x

166 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

4. H. pvoprcimstriatus, Schrank.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 264.—Steph. Illust., Mand., i1., 147.—
Heer, Fn. Col. Helw., 1., 458.
Not common. Long Benton.—Z. J. B. Tyneside.—J. H.
J une—October.
The stria on the front is curved, not straight, as Stephens states
in his Manual of British Coleoptera, 149.

5. H. necuectus, Zenker.
Germar, Mag., i., 120.—Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 150.—
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 456.
Very rare. I found one specimen at South Shields, in spring.—
A Mg &
6. H. carponarius, Lnt. Hefte.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii1., 150.
Not unfrequent. “Newcastle,” &e.—G. Wailes, Esq. “Twi-
zell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. “ Durham.”—Ormsby’s Durham. Long
Benton, South Shields, &c. June.

7. H. purpurascens, Lab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 152.
Rare. “Durham.”—Ormsby’s Durham. Long Benton.—T.

Jee.
186. Saprinus, Lrichson.

1. S. nrtipuLus, fab.
Hister nitidulus, Steph. Illust., Mand., 111., 153.
Notfrequent. “Newcastle."— W. C. Hewitson, Esq. “Twizell.”—
P. J. Selby, Esq. Tong Benton.—Z. J. B. Links, near Shore-
ston.—J. /7.

2. S. angus, Fab.
Hister eneus, Steph. Illust., Mand., 111., 154.

“Newcastle."—G. Wailes, Hsq. Abundant on the sandy sea-
coast, as at South Shields, &c. May—September.

3. S. MARITIMUS, Steph.
Hister maritimus, Steph. Jllust., Mand., i11., 155.
Sea coast at South Shields. —J. H. Cullercoats and Marsden.—
T. J. B. “Stockton-on-Tees.” —Rev. G. T. Rudd. Near
Cambois.—Ur, John Scott. April. and May.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 167

4, §. virescens, Payh. .
Hister virescens, Steph. [llust., Mand., iii., 157.
“Sea shore, Marsden.”—G. Wales, L'sq.

5. 8. rotunpatvs, J71.
Hister rotundatus, Steph. [llust., Mand., iii., 157.
Very rare. A single specimen was taken at Roker, by Mr.
William Peacock.

187. OntHopuitus, Leach.
1. O. striatus, Forst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 143.

Not frequent. “ Newcastle."—W. C. Hewitson Esq. “Meldon
Park.” —G. Wailes, Esq. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esg. Whit-
burn.— Ur. A. Hancock. Bradley.—Z. J. B. Hartlepool.—J. H.
April—June.

188. Apraus, Leach.
1. A. auozosus, Ent. Hefte.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 142.
Washington, and rather plentiful at Long Benton, on boards
placed round a hot-hed.— 7’. J. B. May—October.

Srrres 2. LAMELLICORNES, Latreille.

Race 1. PRIOCERA, Dumeril.

Famity 1. LUCANIDA, Leach.

189. StnopEnpDRon, Jab.
1, S. oyLinpRicum, Zinn.
Steph. Lilust., Mand., iii., 167.—Curtis Brit. Ent. pl. 478,
mas.

“Newcastle."— W. C. Hewitson, Hsq. “Meldon Park, Walling-
ton, &¢.”—G. Wailes, Hsq. It is abundant in the district round
Newcastle, but has not been found any further north than Morpeth.
It prefers the ash, but likewise attacks decayed oaks, The perfect

insect has been found as early as February, but its usual time of
appearance is May.

168 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF
Race 2. PETALOCERA, Dumeril.

Sus-Race 1. SAPROPHAGA, Mac Leay.
Famity 1. GEOTRUPIDA, Mac Leay.

190. Grotrupss, Latreille.
1. G. syntvaticus, Fab.
Steph. Ilust., Mand., iii., 182. of
In woods, not unfrequent. “ Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Es.
Ouseburn Dean, Winlaton Mill, Gibside, &c. May—July.

2. G. stERcorARIUS, Linn.

Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 185.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Lamell, 356, 1.—Scarabzeus foveatus, Marsh. Ent. Brit., i.,
21.—Geotrupes foveatus, Steph. [llust., Mand., ii1., 183.—
Scarabeeus mutator, Marsh. Ent. Brit., 1., 22.—Geotrupes
mutator, Steph., l.c., 184.—G. punctato striatus, Kirby,
Ib., 1.¢., 183.—G,. puncticollis, Zb., 2.c., 184.—G,. subleeviga-
tus, 16., Uc. 185.

Common.

Famity 2. APHODIIDA, Mac Leay.
Division. APHODIARII, Mulsant.
Sus-Division. APHODIATA, Mulsant.

191. Apuoptus, Llliger.
Sus-c. 1. CoLosorrerus, Mulsant.
1. A. ERRaticus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 188.— Colobopterus erraticus,
Mulsant, Col. de France, Lamell.,.165, 1.
“Near Newcastle.” —W. C. Hewitson, Hsq. Bradley Mill; in
May.—Z. J. B.
Sus-c. 2. EupLeurus, Mulsant.
2. A. SUBTERRANEUS, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 188.—Eupleurus subterraneus,
Mulsant, Col. de France, Lamell., 170, 1.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 169

“Meldon Park, Marsden, &c.”—G. Wailes, Hsq. Prestwick
Car, Long Benton, Gateshead and Gateshead Fell, South Shields,
Boldon, &c. March—October.

Sus-c. 3. OropHorus, Mulsant.
3. A. HHMORRHOIDALIS, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 188.—Otophorus hemorrhoidalis,
Mulsant, Col. de France, Lamell., 173, 1.
“Twizell.,—P. J. Selby, Esq.

Sus-c. 4, Tevcuestes, Mulsant.
4, A. Fossor, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 187.—Teuchestes Fossor, Mulsant,
Col. de France, Lamell., 176, 1.
Common. “ Meldon Park, Tynemouth, &c.”"—G. Wailes, Esq.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Prestwick Car, Long Benton,
South Shields, Throckley Fell, Boldon, Gibside, &e.

Sus-c. 5. ApHopius, Mulsant.
5. A. scyBaLarius, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ui., 190.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Lamell., 179, 1.

Not unfrequent. “ Dilston, Tynemouth, &c.”—G. Wailes, Esq.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Bamborough, Prestwick Car, Long
Benton, Hartley, South Shields, Sunderland, Boldon, Axwell,
Gibside, &c. April—November.

The elytra in some specimens are entirely black.

6. A. rorTENs, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 190.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Lamell., 183, 3.—Aphodius estivalis, Steph. Manual, No.
1269.

“Sea-shore at Marsden.”—G. Wailes, Hsq. South Shields,
Boldon, on the Derwent above Winlaton, Gibside, &c. June and
July.

7. A, FImEtTARIUS, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 189.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Lamell., 186, 4.
Common.

170 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

This is “the small beetle with red elytra, and a black head and
thorax,” of Wallis, which he says “is frequent in woods.”—( Hist.
of Northumberland, i., 365).

8. A. Lapponum, Gyll.
Gyll. Ins. Suec,, i., 15.—A. Rhenonun, Zetterstedt, (De Jean,
Cat. 160.)—Aphodius subalpinus, Hardy, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., xix., 380.
Near Yeavering Bell, and almost at the summit of Hedgehope,
where some of the specimens are entirely black. A small variety
occurs at Prestwick Car, June.

9, A. meLANopus, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iti., 198.—Hardy, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Host.; xix., 382.

Rare. Prestwick Car, in April.

This is very nearly related to, if not the same as A. constans,
Megerle ( Duftsch. Faun. Aust.,i.,94); but the characters of this
species given by Heer, (fn. Col. Helv., i., 515,) do not quite
authorize us to displace Kirby’s name.

10. A. ater, De Geer.

Mulsant, Col. de France, Lamell, 195, 8.—Aphodius terres-
tris, Lab. Syst. El., i., 71.—G@yll. Ins. Suec., 1., 13.—Steph.
Iilust., Mand., iii., 194.—Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., i., 511.—
Scarabeeus pusillus, Marsh. Ent. Brit.,i., 18.—S. obscurus,
Ib. lc. — Aphodius obscurus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii,
195.—Aphodius terrenus, Kirby, Lb. l.c.—Aphodius ater,
Wb. ties 200,

Common, and occurring throughout the season.

11. A. e¢ranartius, Linn.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1., 18.—Steph. Lllust., Mand., iii, 197.—
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 519.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Lamell., 198, 9.—Aphodius niger, Creutzer, Ent. Vers., i.,
20.—A. putridus, Dujts, (De Jean. Cat. 162. )—Scarabeeus
hemorrhoidalis, De Geer, iv., 371.—Marsh. Ent. Brit., i.,
19.— Aphodius carbonarius, Stwrm, Fn., i, 128.—A.
emarginatus, Steph. Illust,, Mand., iii., 198.

“ Meldon Park.”—G@. Wailes, Lsq.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. Len

12. A. pusrtius, Herbst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 205.—Heer, Pn. Col, Helv., 1.,
518.—Mulsant, Col. de France, Lamell, 212, 15.—A.
granarius, Jab, Syst. Hl, i, 75.—A. granum, Gyll. Lns.
Suec., i., 19.—Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 205.—A. coenosus,
Panz.—Steph. Illust., Mand., i1i., 205.

Not uncommon, especially on thesea-coast. “Near Whitburn.”—
W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Bradley Mill, Winlaton, South Shields,
on the Wear above Southwick. May—July.

13, A. utiarnosus, Hardy.

Hardy, Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist., xix., 382.

In the dung of cattle and sheep, at Prestwick Car, at Yeaverirg
Bell, and near the base of Cheviot.—J. H.

In the female, the thorax is narrowed anteriorly, and is rather
more strongly and closely punctate than in the male; the clypeus
is not tuberculate, and has a bent raised line, nearly evanescent
in the middle, and there is a deep depression before the apex. I
have this sex from the Pentland hills, and it is probably the A.
4-maculatus of Entomologia Edinensis. A. uliginosus appears
to be allied to A. tristis, but the hinder tibiz are in nowise extra-
ordinarily dilated towards the apex, as those of the male of that
species are said to be.—J. H.

14, A. rurEscens, Fab. .

Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 27.—Steph. Illust., Mand., iti., 190.—
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 523.

“ Sea shore, Marsden,’—G. Wazles, Hsq. South Shields, Boldon,
Prestwick Car, Long Benton, Gibside, &c.

Mulsant, following Llliger, considers this a variety of A.sordidus.
Even Fabricius, who proposed the species, was not certain whether
or not it was a mere variety of that species, (Syst. #U., i, 74.)
There is, however, no difficulty in distinguishing the two, of which
sordidus is very local, while rufescens is generally distributed.
15. A. sorpipus, Fab.

Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1., 26.—Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 190.—
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 522.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Lamell., 220,18. (Excl. var.)

Rather frequent on the coast at South Shields, July.

172 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

16. A. merpArRtus, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iti., 204.
Common.

17. A. conspurcatus, Linn.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 24.—Steph. [llust., Mand., 1i1., 192.
| Haydon Bridge, Sunderland, Ryhope, Ravensworth, Winlaton,
Hartlepool, Seaton Carew. April.

18. A. rnquinatus, Lab.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 22.—Steph. Illust., Mand., 1i., 193.—
Mulsant, Col. de France, Lamell., 243, 27.
Gibside, Swalwell, South Shields, Sunderland, Hartlepool,
Seaton Carew. April—June.
In 1846, it appeared as early abroad as the 3rd of March.

Suns-a. 6. Acrossus, Mulsant.
19. A. RuFIPES, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 200.—Acrossus rufipes, dZulsant,
Col. de France, Lamell., 271, 2.
Common.
In darkevenings, it is often attracted by the light of the windows,
and dashes itself against the glass.

20. A. nreripEs, Yad.
Var, a. Black.

A. nigripes, Fab. Syst. H1., i., 76.—Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 32.—
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 201.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1.,
529. Var. a.?— Acrossus luridus, M/ulsant, Col. de
France, Lamell., 274, 3. Var?

Var. b. Hlytra red, or clouded with pitchy.

A. depressus, Fab. Syst. E1.,i., 80.—Gyll. Ins, Suec., i., 33.—
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii. 201.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i.,
530.—Acrossus depressus, MZulsant, Col.de France, Lamell.,
278., 4.

Var.a. Common. Twizell, Prestwick Car, Long Benton, South
Shields, Boldon, Gibside, &c.

Var.b. Rare. “ Durham.”—Ormsby’s Durham. On the heath
at Prestwick Car. May—July,

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 173

All authors from the time of Fabricius make A. depressus a
distinct species, Gyllenhal alone appearing to regard it as “ vix
species distincta.” Among the specimens with red elytra, varieties
of many intermediate hues occur approximating to the type of A.
nigripes, from which the puncturing does not vary in the slightest
degree. One of my specimens is marked by a black cloud round
the scutellum, and another cannot be distinguished from A.
nigripes, excepting by a small red spot on each shoulder. This
variety is confined to wet moorland situations, which have a
similar influence on some other black species, as for instance, A.
Lapponum, A. ater, and A. granarius. These remarks apply
not only to the local specimens, but to the variety wherever it
occurs—J. H,

21, A. turipus, Fab.

Fab. Syst. Ei, i., 76.—G@yll. Ins, Suec., 1., 33.—Steph. Illust.,
Mand., iii., 201.— Acrossus luridus, Mulsant, Col. de
France, Lamell., 274, 3, (partim,.—Aphodius nigripes,
Heer, F'n. Cot. Helv: 1,529. Vas. b., ¢., a5,

“Twizell.,—P. J. Selby, Esq. Bradley Mill—Z’. J. B. At
the base of Cheviot, near Langleyford; Carr’s Hill, and Gateshead
Fell.—J. H. May and June.

The puncturing of this is so distinct, that it is not easy to
account for its being referred to A. nigripes, or for that species
being ranked as a black variety of duridus. We have never seen
any specimens entirely black.

Sus-c. 7. MELINopTERUS, Mulsant.
22. A. propRomus, Brahm.

Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i., 525.—Melinopterus prodromus,
Mulsant., Col. de France, Lamell, 283, 1. — Aphodius
prodromus, G'yll. Ins. Suec., i., 36, (foem ).—Steph. Illust.,
Mand., iii., 203.—A. sphacelatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 37
(mas ).—Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 203.—A. marginalis,
Steph l.c. (mas).

Common, during greater part of the season.
VOR. It. . Pv. i Y

174 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

23 A. contaminatus, Herbst.
Steph. Ilust., Mand., ii1., 202.—Melinopterus contaminatus,
Mulsant, Col. de France, Lamell., 291, 3.
Common, especially from autumn to winter

Famity 5. TROGID A, Wac Leay.

192. Psammonpivs, G'y/ll.
1. P. Sasuxeri, Payk. |
Gyll. Ins. Suec., i, 7.—Steph. Illust., Mand., iii, 210.—
Heer, Fn. Col, Helv., 1., 532.—Oxyomus Sabuleti, Steph.
Manual, No. 1324.—Diastictus Sabuleti, Wulsant, Col.
de France, Lamell., 319, 1.

A single specimen was taken on the banks of the Derwent, by
Mr. Thomas Pigg; and another near Morpeth, by Mr. John Scott,
This is the species on which Gyllenhal formed the genus
Psammodius. According to the observations of Heer, the structure
of its mouth places it amongst the 7’rogide.—V. Heer, Fn. Col.

Helv., i., 532. Erichson, Roy. Soc. Reports, 1845, 188.

193 Merauia, Latreille.
1. AX. etozoga, L711.
Steph. Ilust., Mand., i1i., 213.

“Sea shore, South Shields, abundant.” — G. Wailes, Esq.
“Plentifully on the sea coast, (near Bamburgh).”—P. J. Selby,
Esq. Uinks, near Hartlepool, North Sunderland, Camboise,
Tynemouth, South Shields, &c. April—July.

Sus-race 2. THALEROPHAGA, Mac Leay.
Famity. MELOLONTHIDA, Jac Leay.

194. Sertoa, Mac Leay.
1. S. BRunNEA, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii1., 219.

“Sea banks, Tynemouth; Newcastle, &c., common.” — G.
Wailes, Esq. “Twizell.,—P. J. Selby, Esq. “ Plentiful on the
sand banks on the coast, near Castle Eden.”—Ornsby’s Durham.
Sea banks near Cullercoats, abundant on the yellow ladies’ bed-

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 175

straw, in the dusk of the evening.—WM/r. Albany Hancock. Sand
banks near South Shields.—7’. J. B. Gibside and Homildon
Heugh.—/J. ZH.

“T have dug the pupa up in grassy places, on the magnesian
limestone, about three or four inches beneath the surface.”—G.
Wailes, Esq. The specimen taken at Gibside, was dug out of the
soil, in which the insect lurks, till the closing shades of night
indicate the proper period for going abroad.

195. Ruizotrocus, Latrevlle.
1. R. sonstrtrauis, Linn.
Amphimalla solstitialis, Steph., [dlust., Mand., ii1., 221.

“Ramparts, Tynemouth Castle, the only locality known to me
in this part."—G. Wailes, Hsq.

196. MrtotontHa, Fabricius.
1, M. vonearis, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iti., 222.

“On different kinds of trees, in May, June, and July, near
Stockton.—Hogg’s Stockton. “ Newcastle, Meldon Park, &e.”—
G. Wailes, Esq. “Twizell.".—P. J. Selby, Esq. “ Durham.”—
Ornsby’s Durham. Long Benton, Jesmond, Ouseburn, Ravens-
worth, Swalwell, Axwell, Winlaton Mill, Gibside, &e. May—
July.

“The chestnut-brown beetle, or hedge chafer; in very warm
summers, appears in shady vales, by the sides of brooks and
streamlets, and sometimes is heard buzzing against the windows
of our houses, Alis tonans. Hence it is called by the French,
Aliton. The many rookeries with us is partly the reason why
we have so few chafers, even in the hottest summers; seldom more
than one or a pair being seen at a time.”— Wallis’ Hist. North.,
i, 365. We place little confidence in the worthy historian’s
doctrine of the distribution of insect species being dependent upon
the animals that devour them.

197. Puytuopertua, Kirby.
1, P. Hortrcona, Linn,
Steph. LIllust., Mand., iii., 224.

On the leaves of trees and hedges. Abundant in the vicinity

of Newcastle. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsg. “Durham.”—

176 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Ornsby’s Durham. Holy Island.—Dr. Johnston, On the river
Glen; in June.—Dr. Robert Hood. June—July.

198. AnomaLa, Kippe.
1. A. Juut, Fab.

Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., i., 540.—Melalontha Julii, Gyll. Ins.
Suec., 1, 62.—EHuchlora Julii, Maulsant, Col. de France,
Lamell., 475, 1.—Melalontha Frischii, Fab. Syst. EL, ii.,
172.—G@yll. Ins. Suec., i., 62.—Anomala Frischii, Steph.
Lllust., Mand., i11., 225.

“T have found two specimens at Westoe, near the sea.—G@. 7.
Fox, Esq., Memorandum in Donovan’s British Insects, of date
Feb., 1816. “Sandy links, near South Shields, abundant.”—G.
Wales, Hsq. It still occurs in this locality. Holy Island.—Dr.
Johnston.

Varieties, with the elytra dull green, or bronzed black, occa-
sionally occur.—Z’. J. B.

Mr. Wailes (Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 373,) mentions that
“the abdomen and elytra” of Anisoplia agricola, “were once found
on the sea shore near South Shields.”

Sus-Trise 2. PRIOCERATA, Westw.
Stires 1. MACROSTERNI, Westw.

Famity. HLATERIDA, Leach.

199. ApRrastus, H'schscholtz.
1. A. uimpatus, Fad.
Cataphagus limbatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., ii, 248.—A.
acuminatus, Steph. l.c. ?
In woods, and on hedge banks, common. June and July.
It often occurs on the underside of brake and bramble leaves,
and likewise frequents the flowers of Galiwm cruciatum.

200. Doxopius, L’schscholtz.
1. D. marcinatus, Linn.
Cataphagus marginatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 248.
In woods, and among herbage, common. May—ZJuly.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 177

201. Acriotss, Lschscholtz.
1. A. spurator, Linn.
Cataphagus sputator, Steph. Illust., Mand., ii1., 249.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esy. Long Benton.—Z. J. B. At
Marsden and Ryhope Dean.—J. H. April and May.

2. A. opscurus, Linn.

Cataphagus obscurus, Steph. Illust., Mand., 111., 249.
Common.

3. A. LinEAtTUS, Linn.
Cataphagus lineatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., i11., 250.
Banks of the Derwent, below the monument at Gibside.—J. H.
Castle Eden Dean.— Wr. 7. Pigg. June.

202. Limontus, Lschscholtz.
1. L. cyztinpricus, Payk.
Elater cylindricus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 253.
Flowers of brambles, and amongst herbage. Above Swalwell,
Axwell, Winlaton Mill, Gibside, &c. June.

203. Ampenus, Megerle.
1. A. BaLtEatus, Linn.
Elater balteatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., ii1., 258.
_ “Prestwick Car, near Newcastle.”— W. C. Hewitson, Esq. It
was also taken there by Mr. Albany Hancock. I have since
found a single specimen at the edge of the heath, on the south-
west side of the Car.—J. H. May and June.

204. Dracantuvs, Latreille.
1. D. nonosrricevs, Fab.
Elater holosericeus, Steph. Illust., Mand., 1ii., 259.—Pros-
ternon holosericeus, Steph. Manual, No, 1413,
“Near Newcastle.”"—W. ©. Hewitson, Hsq. “ Durham.”—
Ornsby’s Durham. Yeavering Bell, and at South Shields,
April.—J. H.

178 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

205. Lacon, Laporte.
1. L. murinvs, Linn.
Elater murinus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 259.—Argypnus
murinus, Steph. Manual, No. 1414.
Not common, “Neweastle.”"—W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Links
at South Shields, and Hartlepool; in spring.

206. CrypronyPnus, Germar.
1. C. quapRoum, Gill.
Elater quadrum, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 357.—Hypnoidus
Agricola, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iii., 261.
One specimen on the banks of the Till, below Weetwood; in
July.—J. ZH.

2. C. r1parius, Lab.
Hypnoidus riparius, Steph. Illust., Mand., i., 260.—
Hypolithus riparius, Steph. Manual, No. 1417.
Beneath stones: common. ‘T'wizell, Tyneside, Gateshead Fell,
Ravensworth, Bamborough, Wooler, &c. March—December.

3. C. rivuLARtius, Gyll.
Hypnoidus rivularius, Steph. Lllust., Mand, iii., 261.—
Hypolithus rivularius, Steph. Manual, No. 1417.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

4, C. quapripustuLatus, Fab.
Steph. Manual, No. 1420.— Hypnoidus quadripustulatus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 261.
Beneath stones, on the sandy banks of the rivers Derwent, Till,
and Wooler Water.—J. H. Banks of the river Glen.—Dr.
Hood. June and July.

207. Mutawotus, L’schscholtz.
1. M. runvirzs, Herbst.
Perimecus fulvipes, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 263.
In decayed oaks, on the banks of the Tyne at Redheugh, near
Gateshead; and in ashes and willows near Dunston.—J. ZH.
May—December.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 179

208. Corymerrss, Latretlle.
1. C. pectinicornis, Linn.
Ctenicerus pectinicornis, Steph. Illust., Mand., 11., 265.

“Near Newcastle; females rare.” — W. C. Hewitson, Esq.
“Meldon Park, common.” —G. Wailes, Esq. “ Durham.”—
Ornsby’s Durham. Axwell, Gibside, &c.—7’. J. B. Morpeth.—
J. Scott. June.

This appears to be Wallis’s “black Hlater, with a splendent
yellowish green on the exterior wings and thorax.” He observes
that “the antenne of the male are curiously pectinated. The
wings (elytra) of the female are more tinged with green, and the
thorax with yellow (bronzed), which is the difference of colour
between them.” He prettily remarks :—*“The Zaters are sting-
less and harmless, sprightly and active insects, of a nimble wing;
and delight much to rest on a dry wall, on the sides of poles, or
a tree, in the sunshine.”— Wallis’s Hist. North., i., 352.

2. C. cupreus, Fab.
Ctenicerus cupreus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 266.
Common. Twizell, base of Cheviot, Homildon Heugh, Meldon
Park, Gosforth, Long Benton, Ouseburn Dean, Axwell, Gibside,
Prudhoe, Sunderland, &e. May and June.

3. C. TESSELLATUS, Linn.
Ctenicerus tessellatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 267.
“Sea shore, Tynemouth.”—G. Wailes, Hsqg. Prestwick Car; in
May.—Mr. A. Hancock. J have also taken it in this locality, in
June.—J. H.

209. CarpiopHorts, Lschscholtz.
1. C. Equiset1, Herbst.
Caloderus Equiseti, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 270.

“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

Wallis, in his History of Northumberland, i., 352, records a
species which appears to be Cardiophorus ruficollis. He describes
it as if he had a specimen before him:—“It is adorned with a
beautiful red lunulated spot on the back, turned towards the
head; the exterior wings bluish, and striated. It is only seen

180 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

with us in warm summers.” We must leave to future inquirers
to establish the claims of this species as native to the district.

Sus-c. ApLorarsus, Stephens.
2. C. TEstaceus, ab.
Aplotarsus testaceus, Steph. [llust., Mand., iii., 271.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Gibside, Ravensworth, woods
near Winlaton Mill—J/. H. Cox Green.—7Z’. J. B. June.

3. C. ruFIPEs, Fab.
Aplotarsus rufipes, Steph. Illust., Mand., 272.
On willows and alders, common, June and July.

4, C.? maAritimus, Curt.
Aplotarsus maritimus, Curt. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., v.,
278.
One specimen under a stone near the Wooler Water, below
Wooler.—J. H. June.
This species frequents river banks, and on this account is very
inappropriately named.

210. Atnous, Hschscholtz.
1. A. nicER, Linn.
Anathrotus niger, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 274.—Elater
nigrinus, Marsh. Ent. Brit., i.,389.—Anathrotus nigrinus,
Steph. le.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Gibside—Z. J. B. Winlaton
Mill and Homildon Heugh—J. H. June.

2. A. HAEMORRHOIDALIS, Fab.

Anathrotus haemorrhoidalis, Steph. Illust., Mand., 111., 275.—
Elater ruficundis, Gyll. Ins. Succ., i., 409.—Hlater elon-
gatus, Marsh. Ent. Brit., i, 385, 257—Anathrotus elon-
gatus, Steph. l.c., 276%

Common.
Immature specimens are entirely dull testaceous.

3. A. vittatus, Fab.
Anathrotus vittatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iiti., 276,
“Twizell.”-—P. J. Selby, Esq.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 181

211. Campytus, Fischer.
C. LINEARIS, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 278.
In moist woods, not unfrequent. “Newcastle.” — W. C.
Hewitson, Esq. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Dean above
Winlaton, Gibside, &c. June and July.

Strrps 2. APROSTERNI, Westw.

Famity 1. CEBRIONIDA, Leach.

212. Atopa, Paykull.
1. A. cervina, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 280,—Dascillus cervinus, Curtis,
Brit. Ent., pl. 216.

“Marsden, and near Newcastle.” — W. C. Hewitson, Esq.
“Mwizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Near Axwell—Z.J. B. Near
Earl, Homildon Heugh, Yeavering Bell, and near Gibside.—J.
H. Banks of the river Glen.—Dr. Hood. June.

Famity 2. CYPHONIDA, Steph.

213. Cyenon, Paykull.
1. C. paturpus, Fab.
C, melanurus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 283.
Borders of rivulets. “Twizell.”—-P. J. Selby, Esq. Gibside,
Dunston, Wooler, and Langleyford. June and July.

2. C. u1vipus, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 284.—C. assimilis, Jb. Uc. 2—C.
obscurus, Jd. U.c., 285.
“Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq. Dunston.—J. H.

3. C. marornatus, Lab.
Steph. Illust., Mand , iii., 285.
Among ferns, &c., by the sides of rivulets, in shady woods.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Wooler, Langleyford, and in a

damp dean above Swalwell._—J. 7. June.
You. ii, PT, 11. Z

182 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

4, C. pusEscens, Jab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 285.
Common: Wooler, Langleyford, Gibside, Dunston, Ravensworth,
banks of the Team, &c. April—July.

5. C. griseus, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 285.
“Twizell.”——P. J. Rites ae Prestwick Car, and in a a bog
on the top of Whitsunbank Hill—/J. H. June.

6. ©. Pant, Zinn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 287.
Banks of the Derwent, above Winlaton Mill—J. H. July.

7. C. immunis, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 415.
“ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq.

214. Husria, Ziegler.
1, EH. patustris, Germ.
Westw. Introd. to Entom., i., 246. Fig. 25. No. 18—
Steph. Manual, No. 1472.
“Upon Samolus Valerandi, in a ravine, a little to the north
of Castle Eden Dean.”—Rev. W. Little, (Ornsby’s Durham, 203.)

Famity 3. LAMPYRID A, Leach.
215. Lampyris, Linn.
1. L. noctituca, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 290.

“ Stella." W. OC. Hewitson, Esq. “ Twizell."—P. J. Selby,
Esq. “Near Brancepeth.”—WMr. J. T. Bungey. “On the sea
banks, near Castle Eden Dean.”—Ornsby’s Durham. Morpeth.—
Mr. John Scott.

Famity 4. TELEPHORID A, Leach.

216. Treernorus, De Geer.

1. T. cuypeatus, LU.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 298.
In woods, rare. Gibside-—Z. J. B. Winlaton Mill, and the

woods opposite Axwell Park Js 7, Jime:

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 183

2. T. pispar, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 299.
In woods and gardens. Common, June.

3. T. NiaRicans, Lab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 299. — Telephorus discoideus,
Steph. l.c.
Common. May and June.

4, T. cyaneus, Curt.
Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 215.—Steph. Illust., Mand., i11., 300.
“ Castle Eden Dean.”—G. Wailes, Esq. Banks of the Derwent,
at Gibside; Swalwell, Axwell, and Prudhoe. May and June.

5. T. peyiucripus, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 301.
Common. June and July.

6. T. prtosus, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii1., 298.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Benton Bank—Z.J.B. June.

7. T. nusticus. allen.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 302. — Cantharis rustica, Gy/ll.
Ins, Suee., 1., 330. |
Common. May and June.

8. T. tivipus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 302.

Common. May—July.

I dug recently developed specimens of this species out of the
sandy banks of the Derwent, near Axwell Park, on the Ist of
June.—TZ. J. B. )

In some individuals the elytra are dusky.

9. T. tituRAtus, Fallen.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 308.—Cantharis liturata, Gyll
Ins. Suec., 1., 348.—Telephorus maculicollis, Steph. [llust.,
Mand., v., 415.

184 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

In boggy places, and hedge banks. Gibside, Prestwick Car,
near Newcastle, Dunston; on the Wear, above Southwick.

It varies much in size, and in the colouring of the elytra and
thorax. The variety named Z. maculicollis is nearly the type of
the species. The small variety, only one-half the size, mentioned
by Gyllenhal, occurs in damp fields, above Swalwell.

10. T. Brcotor, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand, iii., 304.
Common. May—July.

217. Popasrus, Fischer.
1. P. auprnus, Payh.
Telephorus alpinus, Steph. [llust., Mand., iii., 304.
Banks of Wooler Water, Gibside, and on the banks of the
Derwent, not uncommon. June—July.
It shows a preference to the birch.

218. Ragonycna, Lschscholtz.
1. R. menanoura, Jab.
Telephorus melanurus, Steph. [llust., ee Hi, 20%
On thistles, meadow-sweet, &c. ean Nay Oe

2. R. pauurwa, Lab.
Telliphorus pallidus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 297.
Common. June and July.

3. R. FLAVILABRIS, Fallon.
Telephorus flavilabris, Steph. Illust., Mand., ii1., 295.
Among thistles, &c. Common. June and July.

4, R. panuposa, Gyll.
Cantharis paludosa, Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 336.—Telephorus
Aithiops, Curtis, Ann. Nat. Hist., v., 279, (1840).

In bogs and marshy places. Wooler Water, below Langley-
ford; Whitsunbank Hill, near the base of Hedgehope, Gibside,
banks of the Derwent, and in the dean above Winlaton Mill.—
J. H. May—July.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 185

The specimen from Hedgehope is very deeply coloured, and
has the sides of the thorax entirely, and the legs and tarsi nearly
concolorous; and the antennz only slightly pitchy beneath.

This is probably the 7. ater of Mr. Selby’s list. The pubescens
is griseous, not ochreous, as represerted by Curtis.

5. R. testacea, Linn.
Telephorus testaceus, Steph. Lilust., Mand., iii., 296.
Common. May—July.

219. Matrutinus, Latreille.
1, M. Fuaveouvs, Payk.
Steph. Illust,, Mand., iti., 205.
On oaks and hazels. Gibside, Prudhoe, Long Benton, Gosforth,
Lamesley, &c. June and July.

2. M. sreuttatus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii1., 308.—Cantharis biguttata, Gyll.
Ins. Suec., 1., 342.
Budle, Dunston, Gibside, and Ravensworth. June.

3. M. sanauinoLentus, Fallen.
Cantharis sanguinolenta, Gyil. Ins. Suec., i., 343.—Malthinus
sanguinocollis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 309.—Malthinus
rubricollis, Leach, Hd. Encyclop., ix., 86.

Var. With a spot on the disk of the thorax.
Malthinus melanocephalus, Marsh., Steph. Illust., Mand.,
ui., 310.
Glororum, in the vicinity of Bamborough, and at Gibside.—
J. HH. May.

4, M. minimus, Linn.

Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 309.—Cantharis minima, GYy/l.
Ins. Suec., 1, 344.—Malthinus marginatus, Leach, Ed.
Lncyclop., ix., 86.

Glororum, hedges at Dunston and Gibside—J. H. June.

186 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

5. M. Brevicoiis, Payk. .
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii1., 310.—Cantharis brevicollis, G‘yil.
Ins. Suec., 1., 345.— Marthinus Pinicola, Steph. Jilust.,
Mand., i11., 308%
Near Earl; and sides of the Team, below Ravensworth.—J. H.
June and July.

Famity 5. MELYRIDZ, Leach.
220. Matuacuivus, Fab.
1. M. anevs, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., i., 311.
“On plants in hedges, in May, June, and July.”—Hogg’s
Stockton. Newcastle—Mr. A. Hancock.

2. M. sreustuLatus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 312.
Common in the district round Newcastle. May—July.

221. Dasytus, Payk.
1. D. viripis, Ross.
Steph. Ilust., Mand., iii., 319.
“Durham.”—WUr. 7. J. Bungey.
We find this recurded in the History of Durham, by the Rev.
George Ornsby, p. 204. It has always been considered as confined
to the south coast of England.

2. D. mratus, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 319.—Dasytes serricornis, Kirby,
Ib. l.c., 320.
Among nettles and herbage, rare. Ina dean, on the Derwent
above Winlaton Mill, and in the Gibside woods.—J. H. May
and June. :

Famity 6. CLERIDA, Westw.
222. Tiuus, Oliver.
1. T. enoneatus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 322.
This species is recorded in Ornsby’s Durham. We are un-
acquainted with its history.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 187

223. Tuanasimus, Latreille.
1. T. rormrcoartius, Linn.
“Tynemouth.”—Mr. Wailes. (Curt. Brit. Ent., fol. 398.)
Ouseburn Dean.— Mr. G. B. Richardson. Mr. Pigg had also
living specimens brought from a garden in the dean. Aug.

224, Necropta, Olivier.
1. N. Quapra, Jarsh.
Clerus Quadra, Marsh. Ent. Brit., i.,323.—N ecrobia violacea,
Steph. Tilust., Mand., iii., 327.
In carcases and bones, Common.

2. N. ruricotuts, Oliv.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 327.
In carcases; and at “scutch,” or refuse of glue, &c. Not
uncommon. June—August.

3. N. RuFIPES, Oliv.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iii., 327.
In carcases, Long Benton; and among cheese, in shops, New-
castle—7’. J. B. Among the refuse of glue, Gateshead.—J. H.
August.

Famity 7. PTINIDZ, Leach.
Sus-Famity 1. PTINIDES, Westw.

225. Prrnus, Linn.
l. P. ruripes, Mab.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., i., 305.—Steph. Illust., Mand, i., 333.—
Ptinus germanus, Steph. Lc.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

2. P. sexpuncratus, Panz.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 333.—Curt. Brit. EH nt., pl. 646.
“Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Lsq.

3. P. Fur, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., i1., 334.
In houses, &c. Common.

188 CATALOGUE OF THE INSEOTS OF

$4. P. nototEevcos, Lald ?
' Steph. Manual, app. 433.
In houses, shops, &c. Newcastle, Sunderland, &c.

5. P. crenatus, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., i11., 334.
In houses and cellars. Common.

226. Grapium, Kugellan.
1. G. scotras, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 336.—Curt. Brit. Hnt., pl. 342.
In houses, &c. “ Newcastle.”—G. Wales, Hsq. Long Benton.—
T. J.B. Gateshead.— Wr. John Thornhill. In coal pits, at
Scremerston.— _/r, Broderip.

227. Prizinus, Fab.
1. P. pectrnicornis, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., 1i1., 331.
A dead specimen in Scotch pine, near Ravensworth. ay fe §
Sunderland.—-I/r." W. Peacock.

Sus-Famity 2. ANOBIIDES, Westw.
228. Anosium, Fab.
1. A. castaneum, Jab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., u1., 338.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Near Prestwick Car, Long
Benton, Washington, above Winlaton Mill, Gibside, Yeavering
Bell, &c. May—ZJuly.

2. A. striatum, Oliv. (The Death Watch.)
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii1., 340.

Abundant in old houses, perforating the furniture.

“The small scarab, called the death-watch,”’ observes Wallis,
in a passage almost classical, “is frequent among dust, and in
decayed rotten wood, lonely and retired. It is one of the smallest
of the Vagipennia, of a dark brown, with irregular ight brown
spots, the belly plicated, and the wings under the cases pellucid,
like other beetles; the helmet turned up, as is supposed, for

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 189

hearing; the upper lip hard and shining. By its regular pulsa-
tions, like the ticking of a watch, it sometimes surprises those
that are strangers to its nature and properties, who fancy its
beating portends a family change, and the shortening of the thread
of life. Put into a box, it may be heard and seen in the act of
pulsation, with a small proboscis, against the sides of it; for food,
more probably than for hymeneal pleasure, as some have
fancied.” —Hist. North., 1., 367.

3. A. PANICEUM, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 340.
In shops, Neweastle.-—Z. J. B.

4. A. mote, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 341.
“Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Esq. In Scotch fir paling, at Benton °
Bank.—7. J. B. In windows, at Gateshead.—J.H. May—
~ September.

5. A. Asretis, Fab.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iii., 341.
“ Twizell."—P, J. Selby, Esq.

Famity 8. BOSTRICHIDA, Westw.
$229. Ruyzoprertua, Stephens.
tl. R. pusitia, Fad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 354.
Amongst rice, and once in abundance in Egyptian wheat.—
Ds Sew. Te
It is a native of the East Indies.

¢2. BR. crnora, Vewman.
Newman, Ent. Mag., ii., 203.—Steph. Manual, No. 1625.
“ This insect is, I believe, unique in the cabinet of Mr. Wales,” —
Newman, l.c. |
From its being associated with R. pusilla, this is probably a
foreign insect. Unfortunately, the description only gives us the

colour, without any allusion to the sculpture.
WOW. 11. PT, 1. 2a

190 CATALOGUE OF THE INSEOTS OF

230. Crs, Latreille.
1. C. Bouter, Fad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 344.
In Polyporus versicolor. Common, January—November.

2. C. restivus, Panz.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., i11., 381.—Ptinus pygmeus, Iarsh., i., 862—
Cis pygmeus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 3461
Fusco-testaceous, narrow, thorax anteriorly truncate, elytra
irregularly punctate. with a thin, stiff, short pubescence. Head
transverse, fusco-testaceous, very finely punctulate, with the ante-
rior margin reflexed. yes globose, nigro-brunneous. Antenne
a little shorter than the thorax, pale testaceous. Thorax a little
wider than long, anteriorly obliquely truncate, the anterior angles
not produced, the sides and posterior angles exactly rounded,
narrowly margined; the base truncate, and narrowly margined ;
above moderately convex, equal, fusco-testaceous, very finely and
thickly punctulate, sprinkled with very short, rigid, shining
pubescence. Scutellum small, rounded, concolorous. EHlytra of
the breadth of the middle of the thorax, and almost three times
longer than it, narrow, convex above, equal, fusco-testaceous,
everywhere very thickly finely punctate, sprinkled with pubes-
cence, like that of the thorax. Legs pale testaceous.—/( yl. )
Length {—1 lin.
A single specimen from Ravensworth woods.—J. H.

3, OC. nitr1pus, Yad.
In Polyporus versicolor. Common.
This species occasionally produces a clicking noise, like that

of Anobium striatum.

4, C. prpentatus, Marsh.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii1., 384. eee Illust., Mand., iit., 374.—
Curt. Brit. Ent., 402.—Ptinus bidentatus, Marsh. Ent.
Brit., i., 86, (mas.)—Ptinus inermis, Jd. l.c., 87, (foem.)
In Polyporus versicolor, rare. Ouseburn Dean.—Z. J. B.
Gibside and Rayensworth woods.—J. H. Morpeth.—Mr, John
Scott. March—November,

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 191

Famity 9. SCYDM NIDA, Steph.
231. Seypmanus, Latreille.
1. 8S. rarsatus, Kunze.
Steph., Illust., Mand., v., 80.
“In hot-beds, on Gilesgate moor,” Durham.—fev. W. Little.
Two specimens at Long Benton.—7Z’. J. B.

2. §. nrrticouiis, Gyll.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1., 286.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 80.
“Tn hot-beds at Gilesgate Moor.”—fev. W. Little. Not un-
common on hot-bed frames at Long Benton.— 7. J. B. August—
September,

3. S. PusILLUs, Kunze.

“In hot-beds, on Gilesgate Moor.”—Rev. W. Little. Near
Shoreston, Homildon Heugh, and in moss from Gibside, Ravens-
worth, and Marsden.—J. H. March—July.

Sect. 2. HETEROMERA, Leatreiile
Tribe]. TRACHELIA, VWestw.
Famity 1. NOTOXIDA, Stephens.

232. Antuicus, Fab.
1. A. Froratis, Linn.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 1., 495.—Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 75.—
Lytta fusca, Marsh. Ent. Brit., i., 486.—Anthicus fuscus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 74.
On hot-beds, dunghills, &c. Common. May—September.

Famity 2. PYROCHROIDA, Leach.
233. Pyrrocuroa, Fab.
1. P. ruBEns, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 63.

“Common on white thorn hedges, in the spring.”—LHogg’s
Stockton. Near Morpeth, Cramlington, Ouseburn Dean, Dilston,
and Boldon.—7’. J. B. Banks of the Tyne, at Dunston.—J, 7.
Castle Eden Dean.— Mr. 7. Pigg. May and June.

192 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Famity 3. LAGRIIDA, Westw.
234. Laeria, ab.
1. L. wirta, Linn.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 33.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 598.

“ Neweastle.”"— W. C. Hewitson, Hsq. “Common on the coast
near Bamburgh.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Common on dead thistles
at Blyth and Sunderland. Mr. A. Hancock. Blyth links.—
T. J. B. July and August. ;

Famity 4. MORDELLIDA, Leach.
235. Awnaspts, Geoffroy.
I. A. FRonTALIS, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 42.

Tn flowers of hawthorn, broom, &c. Common. May—June.

Specimens have, in two or three instances, been found under
bark, in January and February. They may have passed the pupa
state there. There is a minute slender variety(?) with the sides
of the thorax, and the elytra behind the shoulders dull fuscous ;
the legs dull testaceous, and the antenne slender, the five last
Joints distinctly larger, black, with the base piceous. It is,
perhaps, a small immature individual.

2. A. RUFICOLLIS, Oliv.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 43.
In the flowers of hawthorn, broom, &c. May—June.

3. A. MELANOPA, Yorst.

Steph. Illust., Mand., v.,44.—Mordella obscura, Jarsh. Ent.
Brit., i, 492.—G@yll. Ins. Suec., i1.,618.— Var. ? Mordella
pallida, Marsh. Hnt. Brit., 1., 492.

In flowers of the Guelder rose, meadow sweet, &c. Common.
June—July.

4, A. rusca, Jlarsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 45.—Mordella fusca, JJarsh. Ent.
Brit., i.,493.—Anaspis subtestacea, Steph. [llust., Mand.,
v., 45.—Mordella testacea, Warsh. Ent. Brit., 1., 493.
In flowers of the Guelder rose and hawthorn, near Dunston;
rare.—J. H. June.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 193

Dull, testaceous, the apex of the elytra often dusky, breast and
abdomen nearly concolorous, the six apical joints of the antenne
rather large, black; more convex than A. melanopa.

5. A. rascrata, Lorst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 46.—Anaspis biguttata, Marsh.
Steph., l.c.
In the flowers of the hawthorn and whin. “ Twizell.”—P. J,
Selby, Hsq. Ravensworth, and above Swalwell.—/. 7. Gibside.—
T. J.B. June.

236. RiprpHorus, Fab.
1. R. parapoxtvs, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 51.— Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 19.
“On the sea-coast of Durham.”—W/r. 7. J. Bungey. Side of
the Derwent, above Winlaton Mill—J. H. In a wasp’s nest in
the vicinity of Alnwick.— WV. George Selby. August.

Famity 5. CANTHARIDA, Leach.
237. Menor, Linn.
1. M. Proscarasaus, Linn.
Proscarabeeus vulgaris, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 66.
On banks, and in fields; common in spring.

Famity 6. SALPINGID A, Leach.
238, Rurnosomus, Latreille
1. R. nvricoitus, Linn.
Salpingus ruficollis, G'yll. Ins. Suec., ii., 640.—Steph. Illust.,
Mand., iv., 217—Anthribus Roboris, Fab. Syst. El, ii.,
410.
Under bark, not unfrequent. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq.
Gibside, Ravensworth, near Swalwell, Morpeth, &c. March—
November.

2. R. VIRIDIPENNIS, Zeigl.
Salpingus viridipennis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 217.—
Anthribus ruficollis, Panz. Yn. Germ., xxiv., f. 19.
Under bark, rare. Ravensworth, and in the woods above

194 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Swalwell—J. H. Long Benton.—Z. J. B. Morpeth.—Zd/7.
John Scott. January—May.

Rostrum, short, very broad, flat, red. Antenne black, ferrugi-
nous at the base. Thorax subcylindric, punctate, shining, red.
Elytra atro-ceruleous (or green), punctate-striate, immaculate,
shining. Legs testaceous. Abdomen black.—( Panzer. )

Stephens cites Panzer’s figure for the Linnean S. rujicollis,
but Mr. Janson, who obligingly examined, at our request, Panzer’s
work, remarks that the insect figured by that author, “has the
broad rostrum of the common Salpingus planirostris, and the
head entirely red.” In other words, it is S. viridipennis.

3. R. puaAntrostris, ab.
Salpingus planirostris, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 217.
Under bark. Common. January—November.

239. Satpryeus, lliger.
1. S. ater, Payk.
Spheeriestes ater, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 218.

Rare. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Fawdon.—Z. J. B.
South Shields.—J/. HY.

There is in some specimens a small fovea on the vertex of the
head. It is also to be observed in some, and not in other indi-
viduals of S. ¢mmaculatus, and is, perhaps, a sexual distinction.

2. S. rimmacuLatus, Steph.
Spheriestes immaculatus, Steph. [Uust., Mand., iv., 218.
Rare. Greencroft and Gosforth.—7. J. B. Sept.

Famity 7. Gipemrerips#, Leach.
240. IscunomERA, Steph.
1. I. puripa, Jarsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 55.
“Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham, 205.
$2. I. mananura, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 54.
This species was bred, in considerable numbers, from the de-

caying timbers of a vessel belonging to Sunderland, by Mr.
William Peacock.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 195

Famity 8. MELANDRYIDA, Leach.
241. Menanprya, Jab.
1. M. Carasorpes, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 34.

“Gibside."— W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Plentiful in an old post
there—Mr. John Hancock. Near Axwell, running up an oak
gate-post, in which were numbers of the nests of Chelistoma
florisomnis.—T’. J. B. Ina field above Winlaton Mill—J. ZH,
June—August.

242. OrncueEsrA, Latreille.
1. O. minor, Walk.
Walker, Hut. Mag., iv., 83.—Steph. Manual, No. 2591.

Rare. On the flowers of the hawthorn and Guelder rose, between
Dunston and Swalwell.—/. H. One specimen near Morpeth.—
Mr. John Scott. June.

In pale specimens, the base of the antennz and the apical joint
are testaceous, and the legs more ferruginous. The elytra are

_ either concolorous, or indeterminately fusco-ferruginous across the

base and along the sides.

Trise 2. ATRACHELIA, Westw.
Sus-TrRIBE 1, VARICOLORES, Westw.
Famity 1. CISTELIDA, Leach.

243. Cistena, Fab.
1. C. castanea, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 29.
“Twizell.,—P. J. Selby, Hsq.

2. C. murina, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 30.—Cistela fusca, Marsh. Ib. lc.
On dry warm banks, and among Ammophila arundinacea, on the
sea-coast, and elsewhere, July.

Famity 2. HELOPIIDA, Steph.
244, Henops, Fab.
1. H. striatus, Oliv.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 26.
Gibside.—Mr. John Hancock.

196 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Famity 3. DIAPERID A, Steph.
245. Puatypema, Laporte and Brulle.
1. P. anes, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 14.
Four specimens taken beneath a log of wood in Ryhope Dean.—
Mr. W. Peacock.

Sus-TrRiBE 2. MELASOMATA, Latreille..

Famity 1. TENEBRIONIDA, Leach.

246. Trenesrio, Linn.
1. T. motitor, Linn.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., v., 8.
In bake houses and shops. Common.

+247. Utoma, Megerle.
t1. U. cornura, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 10.
In flour shops at Sunderland.—M/r. W. Peacock. Shops, &c.,
Newcastle, 7, J. B.
This species is a native of Portugal, the Barbary States, and
Madeira.

$248. Srenz, Kirby.
+1. S. rerrvainea, Yad.
Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 9.
In sugar, &c., rmported.
A native of both the Indies, according to Fabricius.

249, Sarrorrium, Jlliger.
1. S. muticum, Linn.
Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 314.—Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 5.
“Near Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland.”— W. C. Hewitson,
Esq.
Famity 2. BLAPSIDA, Steph.
250. Buars, Fab.
1. B. optusa, Fab.
Mortisaga, Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 23
In cellars, bake houses, &c. All the year.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURILAM. 197

According to M. Victor de Motschoulski, the common long-
legged Slaps of this country, which has hitherto been regarded
as mortisaga, is the true obtusa; whilst the thicker species, with
shorter legs (also common in many localities), standing in British
cabinets as obtusa, is fatalica.

T. V. Wollaston, Esq. (to whom I am indebted for this infor-
mation), informs me that mortisaga is a very rare species, only
three specimens existing in the whole of the British Museum
collection, which are said to have come from Odessa.

The only British example of mortisaga that I have seen is in
my own collection, and was taken in Scotland. It is cylindric,
considerably elongate, somewhat depressed, and has the elytral
processes much developed.—7". J. B.

Sect. 3. PPEUDOTETRAMERA, Westw.
Strres 1. RHYNCOPHORA, Latreille.*
Famuity 1, BRUCHIDA, Leach.
SuB-FAMILY 1. BRUCHIDES, Westw.

{251. Brucuus, Linn.
{1. B. rurruanus, Schinh. ;
Steph. Manual, No. 2087.— Walton, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., xiii., 208.
Imported into Newcastle, amongst a cargo of beans, from
Sicily.—7. J. B.
Sus-raMiLy 2, ANTHRIBIDES, West.
252. ANTHRIBUS, Geof'r.
1, A. auBinus, Linn.
Steph. Itlust., Mand., iv., 208.—Curtis, Brit. Ent., pl. 726.
“ Plentiful, near Newcastle.” —G@. Wazles, Hsq. Gibside—/r.
John Hancock.

* Under this division we have generally followed the nomenclatnre of Mr.
Walton, in his valuable papers in the Annals and Magazine of Natural H istory.
The synonymes of our native species being sufficiently elaborated by that writer,
it would be foreign to our object to give even a digest of what he has executed
so happily.

VOL, II, PT, IL 2B

198 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF
Famity 2. ATTELABID A, Westw.
Sus-FAMILY 1, ATTELABIDES, Westw.

253. Apopsrvs, Oliv.
1, A. Avettana, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 206.
“On hazel, in Castle Eden Dean.”—Ornsby’s Durham, 204.

254. ArreLaBus, Linn.
1. A. curcuLionripEs, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 205.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl., 710.

“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

255. Ruyneuites, Herbst.
1. R. Betuna, Linn.
Deporaiis Betula, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 198.
On the birch, not unfrequent towards the beginning of June.

2. R. MEGACEPHALUS, Germ.
R. cyaneopennis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 199.
“ Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.

3. R. nanus, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 200.
Two specimens found near Newcastle, and one from Long
Benton.—Z’. J. B.

4, R. conrcus, J.
R. Alliariz, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 200.
Several specimens taken within the Newcastle district.—
AREY Be s18

5. R. pPauxiuuus, Germ.
R. atrocwruleus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 201.
One specimen taken within the Newcastle district.—7. J. B.

6. R. germanicus, Herbst.
R. minutus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 201.
In hedges, not unfrequentin June. Gibside, Dunston, Swalwell,
and on the sea banks, near Manshaven.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 199

7. R. cuprevs, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 203.

“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq.

If Wallis could be depended upon, the splendid Rhynchites
Betuleti (Betule Steph.) might have a place in our list. He
says :-—“The small, green, purple, and gold-yellow horned beetle is
sometimes, but rarely, found on heaths and mountainous pastures
in Juneand July,in warm summers. The head, face, thorax, belly,
and legs, are of a beautiful purple, bright and shining, like silk.
The elytra are of a grass-green, elegantly spotted with a gold-
yellow. The clavated antennz, or horns, and the eyes are a glossy
black; the latter full and prominent. I met with this here
described in the rectory garden at Simonburn, in a remarkable
warm summer. JI have since observed it on Wark common,
among the heath, near Wordley-sheels, in Tynedale, in July.”—
Wallis Hist. North., 366, The references given are to . Letuleti ;
but did the author not see Cicindela compestris, in some of the

localities mentioned ?

256. Ruamputs, Clairville.
1. R. punicarius, Herbst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 197.
On whitethorn, blackthorn, willows, &c. Long Benton, Axwell,
Budle, Gibside, Shotley Bridge, Sunderland, base of Cheviot.
June—September.

257. Oxystoma, Dumeril.
1. O. Unicts, Lorst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 196,
On furze, in the seed pods of which it breeds, sometimes appear-
ing in a fresh state in the end of I'ebruary.

258. Apion, Herbst.
1. A. Craccm, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 166.
On Vicia Cracca: fields above Swallwell, opposite Axwell
Park.—/J. H. SBothall; near the bridge above Gibside; and at
Gosforth, in July.—7Z. J. B.

200 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

2. A. Pomona, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 167.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

3. A. suBULATUM, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 167.
On Lathyrus pratensis, at Bothall, Blyth, Gosforth, the sea
coast north from Whitley, Marsden, and Shotley Bridge.—7. J. B.
At Gibside, and near Winlaton Mill —J. H. June—Sept.

4, A, mancuicum, Herbst.
A. Rumicis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 169.
On Rumex Acetosella. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Hedge ~
sides, near Dunston.—J. H. Gosforth and Gibside.—Z. J. B.

June—August.

5. A. arrine, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 169.
Amongst herbage, in hedge rows, near Axwell, and at Gibside.—
T. J.B. AtSouth Shields, and in fields above Swalwell.—J. ZH.

June—September.

6, A. HUMILE, G'erm.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 170.
In pastures, &c., common. June—Sept.

7. A. sEnicuLus, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 171.
Fields: Bothall, Axwell, and Gibside.—Z’. J. B. Near Dunston,
and above Swalwell—J. H. June—August.

8. A. vionaceum, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 172.
Common.

9, A. FRUMENTARIUM, Linn.
A. hematodes, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 174.
“Twizell."—-P. J. Selby, Hsq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.

Whitsunbank Hill—J. ZH.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 201

10. A. sAncuinEum, De Ger.
Walton, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii., 452.
« Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq.

11. A. cruentTAtuM, Walton.
Walton, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii., 452.
Fields: near Axwell,and at Gibside.—Z’. J. B. Near Swalwell,—
J. H. May—Sept.

12. A. Onopornp1, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 175.
Rare. Bothall, Washington, and Gibside—7'. J. B. Fields
on the Derwent, above Swalwell—J. H. June—Sept.

13. A. Raprotvus, Alarsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 176.

On Malva sylvestris, abundant, but local. “ Twizell."—P. J.
Selby, E'sq. By the side of the turnpike near Swalwell, and also
near Cullercoats. May—Sept.

Dwarf, ill-formed specimens might be taken for a distinct
species.

14. A. anEeum, Fab,
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 177.
On Malva sylvestris, abundant, but local. “Twizell.”—P. J.
Selby, Hsq. Swalwell, Ravensworth, Dilston, Cullercoats, Whitley.
February—September.

15. A. Carpuorum, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 177,
On thistles, common. June—September.

16. A. RuFIRostRE, ab.
Steph. Lilust., Mand., iv., 178. -
Gibside; rare.—Z’. J. B.

17. A. paLuipes, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 178.
“Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq. I have two specimens, one from
a field above Swalwell, and the other from a wood on Lobley
Hill—J. H. June.

202 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

18. A. striatum, Jarsh,
A. Pisi, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 180.

On furze and broom. “ Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Esq. Gibside,
Shotley Bridge, on the sea coast near Whitley, and abundant at
Blyth, on Genista tinctoria—T. J. B. Near Middleton Hall.—
J. H. June—September.

19, A. mmunz, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 181.
On broom, near pan Gibside, Shotley pee &e. July—
September.

20. A. Sort, Herbst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 181.
One female specimen from Gibside.—7’. J. B. Ihave two males
from the same vicinity—J. H. July.

21. A. Ervi, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 182.
On Lathyrus pratensis, not uncommon. Shotley Bridge, Swal-
well, Dunston, Washington, Gosforth, Prestwick Car, Hartley,
Budle. June—August.

22. A. puNcTIGERUM, Germ.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 182,
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Gibside, in a field near Axwell,
and at Washington —7Z’. J. B. June.

23. A. Spencit, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 183.
On Vicia Cracca and V. sepium. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq.
Whitley, Long Benton, Gosforth, Swalwell, Dunston, Winlaton
Mill, Gibside, Shotley Bridge. July—September.

24, A. virnens, Herbst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 184.

In fields. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Gosforth, Long
Benton, Washington, Gibside, and Prudhoe.—Z. J. B. Ravens-
worth woods, Swalwell, and South Shields—J. H. Morpeth.—
Mr. J. Scott.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 203

25. A. Lot, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 185.
On Lotus corniculatus. On the Team, near Ravensworth; and
hedge sides, near Dunston.—J. H. Prudhoe, and at Blyth.
T. J.B. April—July.

26. A. arEer, Schinh.
A. puncticolle, Steph. Manual, No. 2035.
In fields. Bothall, Gosforth, Long Benton, Washington, Marsden,
and Prudhoe.—7. J.B. Ravensworth woods, banks of the Team,
Swalwell, Dunston, and South Shields—J. H. April—June.

27. A. FLAVIPES, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 186.
In clover fields; common.
28. A. niariTARSE, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 187.
In clover fields. “ Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Gibside.—
Ti deBy Danston.—J. 2. June.

29. A. asstmILE, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 187.
In clover fields; common. April—June.

30. A. Faar, Linn. |
A. apricans, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 188.
In clover fields; frequent.

3l. A. Trirott, Linn.
A. estivum, Steph. Iilust., Mand., iv., 189.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Blyth—TZ.J. B. July.

32, A. VARIPES, Germ.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 190.
Gibside; rare.—Z’. J. B.

33. A. Victz, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 192.
On Vicia Cracca and Lathyrus pratensis; common. July—
September.
The legs and antenne are sometimes nigro-fuscous.

204 CATALOGUE OF THE INSEOTS OF

34, A. Ononts, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 192.

On Ononis arvensis, on the sandy parts of the sea-coast.
March—September.

35. A. vornax, Herbst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 193.

“Twizell.,"—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Sea banks near Whitley, and
abundant among tares, at Gosforth. 7. J. B. Among heath, in
a wood, on Lobley Hill; and a specimen found near Raversworth
Castle—J. HT. August—September.

36. A. Pis1, Megerle.
A. punctifrons, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 193.
In clover fields; abundant. June—September.

37. A. Airutors, Herbst.
A. subsulcatum, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 193.
Not uncommon in bean fields, and on Vicia sepium. Twizell,
Long Benton, Prestwick Car, Gosforth, Axwell, Swalwell, Dunston,
Ravensworth, Washington, and South Shields, June—Sept-

38. A. GyLLENHALIU, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 190.
A pair taken within the district.— 7. J. B.
We are unacquainted with the A. Limonii, A. velox, and A.
bifoveolatum of Mr. Selby’s list.

Famity 3. CURCULIONIDA, Leach.
Lrecion 1. BRACHYRHYNCHI, Schénh.

Diviston 1. BRACHYDERIDES, Schénh.

259. Stropuosomus, Billberg.
1. 8. Coryur, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 126.
On hazels, &c.; common. February—August.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 205

2. S. opEsus, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 127.
At Winlaton Mill, and on Gateshead Fell—J. H. Guibside,
Shotley Bridge, Prudhoe.—7Z. J. B. June—December.

3. S. RETUSUS, JZarsh.
S. squamuLatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 128.
In meadows, and on bare grassy hill sides; not uncommon.
May—September.

4, §. raBer, Herbst.
8. chetophorus, Steph. [llust., Wand., iv., 129.—S. pilosellus,
Tb. hes 1v., 130,
Two specimens on a wall at Low Barns, near Sunderland.—
Mr. W. Peacock.

). S. timBatus, Fab.
S. Sus, Steph. Lilust., Mand., iv., 130.
On heath; Prestwick Car, Gosforth, and Gateshead Fell.
April— December.

260. Cnzroruinus, Schinh.
1. C. gemrnatus, fab.
Philopedon geminatus, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 124.
On sandy sea-coasts; not unfrequent. April—August.
We have observed it feeding on Galiwm verum and Ammophila
arundinacea.

2. C. exaratus, JJarsh.
Philopedon exaratus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 125.
In meadows, near Axwell; and at Elswick, in June.—7Z., J. B.

261. Scrapuitus, Schinh.
1, S. muricatus, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 131.
In meadows, and on the borders of woods; not uncommon.

May—September.
VOL. II, PT. 11. 2¢

206 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

262. Tanymecvs, Germ.
1. T. panuratus, Yad.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 152.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

263. Srrowa, Germ.
1. S. nisprpuLa, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 134.
On furze and tares; common.

2. S. sutURALIS, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 138.
Long Benton, and on sand banks on the sea-coast.—7Z’. J. B.
On the banks of the Team, opposite Ravensworth Castle, and
at Dunston.— J. H. April—September.

3. S. Recentstetvensis, Herbst.
8. Ulicis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 133.
On furze and broom; common.

4, S. suncrrrons, Thunb.
Steph. Manual, No. 1933.—S. tibialis, Steph. Illust., Mand.,
iv., 138.—S. subaurata, Jd.
In pastures, &c., not unfrequent. June.

5. S. nineata, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 135.

Abounds amongst peas, beans, and tares, to which it often
proves highly injurious, especially to the young crop. It some-
times occurs in immense swarms on the sea-coast, a been
drifted from inland situations by the winds.

6. S. puncticonus, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 187.— Walton, in Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., xvii., 229.
Common.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 207

7. S. FLAVESCENS, JZarsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 137.— Walton, in Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., xvii., 230.
Common.

8. S. HumERALIS, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 138.
Rather unfrequent.

9. S. trprauis, Herbst.
Walton, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvii., 233.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Hartlepool, Gibside, and the
vicinity of Bamburgh.— J. H. June,

10. S. crrnita, Oliv.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 139.
“Twizell.,—-P, J. Selby, Hsq.

11. 8S. arisza, Fad.
S. fusca, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 140.

On the Links, near South Shields, occasionally ; not unfrequent.
March—April.

264. PoLtyprusus, Germ.
1. P. unpatus, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand, iv., 144.
In woods, &c., common. May—September.
Specimens sometimes occur without bands on the elytra.

2. P. micans, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 144.
On hazels and oaks; Axwell, Winlaton Mill, Swalwell, Gibside,
Prudhoe. May—June.
It deposits its eggs in a pouch formed of the leaves of the
hazel._—J. 7.

3. P. preRYGoMALIS, Schdnh.
Walton, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvii., 17.—Curculio
flavipes, Marsh. Ent. Brit., i., 311.
On hazel, ngt unfrequent; Gibside and Axwell.—Z. J, B.
In the woods above Swalwell—J. H. May.

208 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

4, P. cervinus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 183.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Axwell, Swalwell, and Gibside.

May and June.

Division 2. CLEONIDES, Schanh.
265. Creonus, Schinh.
1. C. suncrRrostRis, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 155.
On thistles, sandy sea-coasts. Bamborough, Shoreston, Hartley,
South Shields, and Hartlepool. April—September.
The second brood appears about the end of July—J/7. A.

Hancock.

266. LiopuLavs, Germ.
1. L. nusiivus, fab.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 112.
Among thick herbage in woods; not uncommon, June—

July.

267. Barynortus, Germ.
1. B. opscurus, Fab.
Merionus obscurus, Steph., [llust., Wand., iv., 111.

Under stones, abundant.

This is a very abundant and destructive species, coming abroad
towards evening, and destroying many of the choicest flowers of
the florist, such as the polyanthus, auricula, pansy, &c.; it has
also been seen to eat the foliage of beans, clover, and Ranunculus
repens.

Tt would appear to be very tenacious of life, as I often find
living specimens which have been much mutilated; frequently
wanting legs and antenne; and one that I swept into my net,
had lost the whole of its abdomen, yet was quite active.—Z". J. B.

2. B. marens, (ad.
Merionus elevatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 111.
Damp, shady bottoms. “Twizell.”— P. J. Selby, Esq.
“Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham. Marsden.—Z7. J. B. Axwell,

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 209

Gibside, Swalwell, and banks of the Team.—J. H. Tunstall
Hill— Mr. W. Peacock.

It is sometimes very destructive to auriculas and polyanthuses,
by cutting off the plants by the neck, and nibbling the leaves.

268. Troprenorus, Schinh.
1. T. Mercurtratts, Fab.
Barynotus Mercurialis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 110.—B.
Terricola, Newm. Ent. Mag., v., p. 173.

In meadows, and on the borders of shady woods, common.
April—September.

It feeds on various herbaceous plants, and sometimes nibbles
the flowers of the gardener, about the roots of which it lurks during
the day. It has also been met with on the flowers of Z'ussilago
Farfara and Antennaria dioica.

269. Anopuus, Schinh.
1. A. trIgutTtatus, Fad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 109.
Common in meadows. May—September.

Division 3. MOLYTIDES, Schénh.
270. Hytosius, Germ.
1. H. Astetis, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 107.
In fir, woods, common. July.

271. Letosoma, Kirby.
1. L. ovatuna, Clairv.
L, punctata, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 106.
On Ranunculus repens, common. Feb.—Sept.

272. Limosius, Schinh.
1. L. pissruruts, Gy/l.
Rhyncheenus dissimilis, Gyl/. Ins. Suec., 1ii., 116.—Hypera
fulvipes, Steph. Illusi., Mand., iv., 98.
On Geranium sanguineum, on the Links, near Hartlepool.—
J. H. Castle Eden Dean.—W/7. 7’. Pigg. On Geranium san-
guineum, on the Links, near Blyth, in July.—Z. J. B.

210 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Walton (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd Ser., i., 300), on the
authority of Mr. S. Stevens, erroneously gives Newcastle, as the
locality for my specimens. Geranium sanguinewm abounds on
the Links between Beadnell and Tuggal, but I have looked for
the insect there in vain.—J. H.

273. Hyprra, Germ.
1. H. punorata, Fad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 92.
In fields, but sparingly distributed. Twizell, Long Benton,
Whitley, Gibside, Homildon Heugh. June—Sept.

2. H. Potyeontr, Linn.
Steph. Illust , Mand., iv., 93.

“Twizell.”,—P. J. Selby, Esq. Near Bamborough Castle.—
He: el

The larva feeds on the seeds of the spurrey (Spergula arvensis ),
of the common chickweed (Stellaria media), and of the ragged
robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi), the neat yellowish reticular globular
cocoon is suspended upon various plants. The perfect insect is
probably a general feeder. In gardens, it commits great ravages
on the foliage of the sweet William ( Dianthus barbatus ).—J. H.

3. H. Rumicts, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 95.
“Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham Morpeth.—Wr. John Scott.
The larva feeds upon the leaves of the dock ( Rumex obtusi
folius). The rust-tinted cocoon is attached to the flowering tops
of the plant, as was long since remarked by Ray, (Hist.
Insectorum, 85 ).

4. H. nrarrrostris, Lab.
Steph. Illust , Mand., iv., 98.
In meadows, and on sandy sea-coasts. Common. March—
Sept.

5. H. Puantacinis, De Geer.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 99.
“Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq. Sea banks, near South Shields.—
T. J. B. Budle Crag, near Wooler, and Langleyford.—J/. H.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. ott

I once received numerous recently developed specimens from a
hay loft in Newcastle.-—7Z’. J. B.

6. H. varrasrtis, Herbst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 101.
Somewhat sparingly distributed. ‘“ Twizell."—P. J. Selby,
#sq. Abundant on Trefoil, in a field, near Gibside; South
Shields, Dunston, Gateshead Fell, &c.

7. H. susprcrosa, Herbst.
H. Miles, Steph. Itlust., Mand., iv., 102.—H. pedestris, Jb.
lc.

Not very frequent. Long Benton, Heaton, Dunston, Gibside,
Greencroft, &c.

Mr. Selby (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., iii., 369,) gives H.
Pollux, H. murina, and H. elongata, amongst the insects occurring
near Twizell. Walton, however, having shown that Stephens’s
insects are not the true species designated by these names, they
are omitted until further examined.

Divison 4. PHYLLOBIDES, Schénh.
274. Puytuosius, Schinh.
1. P. cancaratus, Fab.
Steph. Manual, No. 1956.—P. Pyri, Steph. Illust., Mand.,
iv., 147.—P. cesius, Jd. Le.
Common in woods, on the alder, hazel, and birch.

2. P. Atneti, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 148.
Among nettles, near hedge-rows. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby,
Esq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham. Near Dunston and Gib-
sid.—J. H. June.

3. P. Prat, Linn.
P. Mali, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 149.
On elms, willows, and other trees, and among herbage; common.
May—June.
4, P. AnaentATUs, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 148.
On trees and shrubs; very common. May—June.

212 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

5. P. Macuntcornis, Germ.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 148.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, sq. On birch, in a haugh, opposite
the monument at Gibside—J. H. Near Morpeth—Mr. G. B.
Richardson. Bothall—TZ. J. B. June—July.

6. P. opLtoneus, Linn.
Nemoicus oblongus, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 146.
On hedges, fruit trees, and in woods; frequent. May—Sept.

7. P. Pomona, Oliv.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 149.—P. uniformis, Jb. l.c.—P.
albidus, Jd. U.c., 150.
Among nettles, &c.; common. June—July.

8. P. unrrormis, Marsh.
P. parvulus, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 150.—P. minutus,
1d, &e.
Hedge banks, in dry soil. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.
Above Winlaton, and near Bamborough Castle.—J. H. Bothall,
Gosforth, Long Benton, and elsewhere.— 7. J. B. June—July.

9. P. viripicoLiis, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 151.
Generally distributed, and found on a great variety of plants.

Diviston 5. CYCLOMIDES, Schénh.
275, TracuypuLaus, Schinh.
1. T. scaBer, Linn.
T. tessellatus, Steph. Lllust., Tee iv., LBk
One specimen, taken on Tunstall Hill, Ag Mr. R. Howse.—
PirTew.

2. T. scaBricuLus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 122
A single specimen on the sand at Marsden.—J. H. July.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 218

276, Omtas, Germ.
1. O. nrrsutuLus, Fab.
Brachysomus hirsutulus, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 132.
“Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Under stones on Carr’s Hill, near
Gateshead; Gibside, fields above Swalwell, and on the summit of
Homildon Heugh, near Wooler.—J. H. Sand banks near Sun- |
derland.—Mr. W. Peacock.

2. O. Bonemant, Schonh.
Walton, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xix., 3195.
Rare; in fields above Swalwell, opposite Axwell.—J. H.
June,

3. O. suLctiFRoNs, Schinh.
Walton, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xix., 447.
Under stones, in grassy places, on Belford Moor; and on
Homildon Heugh, and Yeavering Bell—J. H. July.

Diviston 6. OTIORHYNCHIDES, Schénh.

277. Orronnyncuus, Germ. |
1. O. sutcatus, Mab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 114.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Occasionally found in New-
castle, having been brought from the south, amongst fruit.—
TPB:

2. O. prcrpEs, Mab.
O. notatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 114.—0. singularis,
16,51;0,, 115.
On plants and trees; common. June—August.
The larve of this and the preceding species are great pests to
gardeners and florists, by gnawing the roots of plants; and the
perfect insects make similar havoc of the foliage, flowers, and

tender shoots.
VOL. Il. Pf. It. 2D

214 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

3. O. RUGIFRONS, Gy/ll.

Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 115.—Curculio rugifrons, Gyll.
Ins. Suec., 111., 319.—Otiorhynchus rugicollis, Steph. [llust.,
Mand., iv., 120.

On the sea-coast. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq., (perhaps
from the coast at Bamborough). Marsden, and between that place
and Whitburn; also at South Shields. April—May.

4, O. ovatus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 116.
Common on the sea-coast. Occurring inland at Twizell,
Gateshead Fell, Carr’s Hill, near Gateshead; Homildon Heugh,
Yeavering Bell, and the vale below Langleyford.

5. O. aTRo-apterRus, De Greer.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 117.

On sandy links on the sea-coast; common.

Occasionally it resorts to thistles, or to Cerastiwm tetrandrum,
but its principal fare appears to be the blades of the sea-reed
(Ammophila arundinacea), the edges of which it pares neatly
down by taking off repeated slices. '

6. O. scaerosus, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv-, 119.

Under stones, in dry grassy upland places. “'T'wizell.”—P. J.
Selby, Hsq. Gateshead Fell, Budle Crag, and Yeavering Bell.—
ava 8

Towards evening, I have remarked it feeding on the foliage of
milfoil (Achillea Millefolium).—J. H.

7. O. LianEts, Oliv.
O. scabridus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 119.
Under stones, in dry grassy uplands. “ Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby,
Esq. obley Hill, vale below Langleyford, and Homildon
Heugh.—J. H.

8. O. maurRus, Gyll.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 120.—Curculio mauris, Gyll. Ins.
Suec., iii., 293.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 215

Under stones, on and near the summit of Hedgehope, where
bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) grows, also a single dead speci-
men on the top of Yeavering Bell, near a thicket of the same
plant. Ihave similar specimens from the summit of Ben Lomond,
presented by the Rev. W. Little—J. H. July.

9, O. Ravous, Mab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 120.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq.

Lrecion 2. MECORHYNCHI, Schénh.
Division 1. ERIRHINIDES, Schénh.
278. PissopEs, Glerm.
2. Poa, Lon.
Steph. [lust., Mand., iv., 87.

On bark of recently felled Scotch firs, Gosforth ; two specimens
were also taken on the pier at Sunderland— 7’. J. B. At the
roots of fir trees, Dinsdale wood.— _I/r. W. Peacock. Gibside.—
Mr. T. Pigg. Often found in timber yards near Newcastle.—
Mr. John Hancock.

The male is generally smaller than the female, with the rostrum
shorter, stouter, and, together with the thorax, more roughly
punctured than in that sex.

In July, I dug out of a stump of Scotch fir, about an inch
below the surface, a pale coloured specimen, which had evidently
undergone its transformations in the cavity where it was found.

This species is occasionally found in timber-yards, and at our
sea-poris; most probably brought from inland localities on the
unbarked young pine trees (which are extensively used for sup-
porting the roof in the workings of collieries), and not in foreign
timber, which generally comes to this country without the bark,
and squared.— 7. J. B.

279. Maapauts, Germ.
1. M. canponarta, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 162.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 212.
This occurs in a Newcastle collection, and is said to have been

taken near Gibside.

216 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

2. M. aterrima, Pad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 163.

Rather unfrequent. May—June.

At Gibside, I found it constantly on the leaves of the elm
( Ulmus montana), adhering firmly to the under surface.—J. H.

On the trunks of recently felled elm trees, near Bothall, in July.
A good many pairs were in copula; and some of the larger
specimens, most probably females, had the rostrum buried to its
base in the bark. Some older trees, lying near, had evidently
served as a breeding place for a former brood.—Z". J. B.

280. Noraris, Germ.
1. N. acrrputus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 82.
Among herbage and rubbish, in damp places; common.

2. N. srmacunatus, Lab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 82.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

281. Procas, Steph.
1. P. prorprs, AZarsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 91.
“Twizell."=—-P. J. Selby, Esq.

282. Dorytomus, Germ.
1. D. nonermanus, Forst.
D. vorax, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 82.
Under the bark of the osier (Salix viminalis), on the banks
of Team, near Ravensworth Castle, in January.—J. ZZ.
The Curculio longimanus of Fabricius (Syst. HL, ii., 519) isa
Brazilian insect.

2. D. Tortrrx, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 83.
“Twizell."—P, J. Selby, Hsq. “ Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.

3. D. MevaAnoprHaLmus, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 84.
“TPwizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.
On willows; Gibside and Gosforth. June—July.—Z’. J. B.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 217

4, D, masauis, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 86.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. “Castle Eden Dean.”—Lev.
W. Little, (Ornsby’s Durham, 204. )

5. D. aanatuus, Dahl.
Walton, Ann. Nat. Hist., second series, vil., 315,—Erirhinus
agnathus, Schinh., Gen. et Spec. Curc., vii., pars. 2, 174.
On willows, near Axwell Park.—Z’. J. B.

6. D. macunatus, Jarsh.
Curculio maculatus, Jarsh. Ent. Brit., 1., 292.

On the sallow (Salix caprea) in summer, and in interstices of
the bark during winter. Washington, Swalwell, Axwell, and above
Winlaton Mill. This is the D. validirostris of Ornsby’s Durham,
found in “ Castle Eden Dean.”

7. D. rayratus, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 86.
“Castle Eden Dean.”—Ornsby’s Durham, 204.
The Rev. W. Little contributed most of the localities to the
work cited, and his specimens represent the insect which is at
present considered as D. teniatus.—J. H.

283. Ertrurnus, Schinh.
1. E. Ngerets, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 77.—Var. HE. Arundineti, Steph.
Illust., Mand, iv., 80.—Inquisitor, 70. lc.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

284. Grypripius, Schinh.
1. G. Equiset1, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 78.
“ Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Hsq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.
Sea-coast, near Cullercoats; Axwell, Gibside, and on the sides of
the Carlisle Railway, above Dunston. June.

218 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

285. Hypronomvus, Schonh.
1. H. Autsmatis, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 77.
«Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. On Alisma plantago, in a pond,
on the sea-coast, near Whitburn.—J. H. July.

286. Extescus, Germ.
1. E. prpunctatus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 103.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.
This insect frequents Salix aurita in August.—J. H.

287. AntHonomus, Germ.
1. A. Pomorum, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 73.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 562.

Long Benton.—7Z’. J. B.

“The larve were found on the 8th of May, in pear and apple
blossoms, eating out the whole inside, and leaving only the petals
and calyx: they were observed to be in pupe, on the 21st, and
on the 25th, they hatched.”—Curtis.

2. A. Umut, De Geer.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 74.
Gibside and Long Benton. July.—Z. J. B.
Curtis remarks that this species “inhabits the elm, in buds of
which tree the larvee live.”

3. A. PEDICULARIUS, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 75.—A. fasciatus, 1b. Le., 74.
“Mwizell.,—P. J. Selby, Hsq. In the flowers and on the leaves
of the white thorn ; Swalwell, Dunston, and Ravensworth woods.—
J. H. May—June. )
In spring, it is occasionally found under the bark of trees.

4, A. Rust, Herbst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 76.—A. ater, Lb. Le, 75.—A.
obscurus, Jd. U.c.—A. clavatus, Jb. Lc., 76.

Common.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 219

At South Shields and Hartlepool, the large variety frequents
thickets of dwarf Rosa spinosissima ; the dwarf variety is that
which is most frequent in inland localities, At the foot of Hedge-
hope, it occurred on the raspberry (Rubus ideus).—J. H.

288. Bataninvs, Germ.
1. B. vittosus, Herbst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 69.
On the hazel, above Swalwell; and in the woods, above Win-
laton Mill—J. H. Near Axwell._—Mr. 7. Pigg. Morpeth.—
Mr. J. Scott. June.

2. B. Brassica, Fad.
B. Salicivorus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 71.
On willows, not unfrequent.
Early in January, I observed large numbers, that had under-
gone their transformations, under the bark of a decayed osier
(Saliz viminalis), which was lying in a ditch, near Dunston.

Several were still pitchy or rufescent.—J. H.

289. Miccotroaus, Schinh.
1. M. crnerascens, JZarsh.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 573.—Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 57.
One specimen found on the coast, near Marsden, on the 25rd
of February.—J. ZH.

290. Anopius, Schinh.
1. A. prantarRis, Vozén.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 52.
On alders and birch. Common. May—July.
“Habitat in Betule et Alni foliis, sat frequens ; tarde saliens,”—
Gyllenhal.

291. Orcuestss, Llliger.
1. O. Quercus, Linn.
Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 59.
On oaks. “Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Esq. Gosforth.—Z. J. B.
Ravensworth woods.—J, H. Morpeth.—l/7. J. Scott. May—
June.

220 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

The larva, as has been frequently remarked, mines the leaves
of the oak, and is transformed into the pupa and imago, within
the withered blotch, which its operations have occasioned. The
autumnal brood is much paler than that which appears in spring.

Some individuals hybernate under bark, or in decayed wood.—
fa A.

2. O. scuTELLARIs, Jab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 59. |
One specimen on the alder, in a small wood at the northern
base of Yeavering Bell, in Glendale—J. H. July.

3. O. Fao, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 62.
On the foliage of the beech, abundant.

4, O. Birasctatus, Payk.
Steph. Itlust., Mand., iv., 64.—O. Rusci, Steph. Manual, No.
1801.

Gosforth 7. J. B. Wood, near Yeavering Bell.—J. H.
May—July.

Gyllenhal mentions the birch as its favourite tree. We always
find it in thickets of Saliz aurita, whence it strays upon oaks and
other trees.

292. TacuyErcss, Schinh.
1. T. Carrea, Fab.
T. Salicis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 66.
On Salix aurita, S. cinerea, and 8. caprea; common, June—

July.

2. T. stiema, Germ.
Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 67.
On sallows and hazel. Gibside—Z. J. B. Above Swalwell
and Winlaton Mill—J. H. June—July.

3, T. Satioceti, Fab.
Steph. Tilust., Mand., iv., 66.
On willows. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq. “On willows, in
the Pelaw Leazes, in August.”—Rev. W. Little, (Ornsby’s Durham,

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 221

204.) Above Dunston and Swalwell, and on the Wear above
Southwick.—/J/. H/.

293. Ortuocnates, Muller.
l. O. sETIGER, Germ.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 90.
“Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Hsqy. “Sandy places,” near Durham.—
Mr. T. J. Bungey, (Ornsby’s Durham, 204. )

Division 2. CRYPYTORHYNCHIDES, Schénh.

294. Cryptoruyneuts, Llliger.
1. C. Lapatut, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 46.

On willows. “Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Near Axwell
Park.—7’. J. B. Winlaton Mill—J. H. June.

Mr. Selby remarks that C’.. Lapathi has only once occurred at
Twizell House. “The larve were found in the stem of a black
poplar, and were first detected by the saw-dust produced by the
the grub, and which was observed protruding from the holes in
the bark of the tree."—( Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., iii., 361. )

295. Pacuyruinus, Kirby.* |
1. P. Comart, Herbst. |
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 50.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 558.
On Comarum palustre, at Prestwick Car, in July.—7. J. B.

2 P. tevcogaster, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 50.—Rhbynchenus Myriophylh,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., 111., 152.

“Taken on the water-dock, at Newcastle, by Mr. Wailes.”—
Curt. Brit. Ent., fol. 558. Boldon Flats and Prestwick Car.—
i a

The statement of its occurrence on the water-dock appears to
be a mistake, as it occurs among Myriophylium spicatum, and
other aquatic herbage.

* This genus is the Phytobius of Schmidt.
VOL, If: «PT. It: 25

bo

22 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

3. P. QUADRITUBERCULATUS, Jab.
Rhinonchus 4-tuberculatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 43.
Somewhat uncommon. Three specimens taken near Long
Benton, and one at Gosforth—7’. J. B. Gibside, and Wooler
Haugh.—J. H. May—July.

296. CaLIopDEs, Schiinh.
1. C. Geran, Payk.
Ceutorhynchus Geranii, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 24.

“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. On Geranium sylvaticum,
between Winlaton Mill and Axwell Park, and at Gibside; on G.
sylvaticum, at Hartlepool. June.

The larva feeds in the seed pods of the Gerania, and the perfect
insect shatters the leaves, :

2. ©. Quercus, Herbst.
Ceutorhynchus Quercus, Steph. Illust., Mage LVig: Sas
On oaks; Gosforth, Axwell, Gibside, Seat Monpath. May—
June.

3. C. nuBER, Marsh.
Ceutorhynchus ruber, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 22.—C.
runrostris, Jb. Lc, 29.
With the preceding, in the woods at Gibside, and near Winla-
ton Mill.

4. C. nuBtcunpus, Payk.
Ceutorhynchus rubicundus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 23.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Gosforth—7Z. J. B. August.
Gibside—J. H. June.
This species frequents the birch.

5. C. pipymus, Payk.
Ceutorhynchus didymus, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 24.
On nettles. Common.

6. C. gurruLa, Fab.
Ceutorhynchus guttula, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 25.
“Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Links at South Shields.—J/. H.
Long Benton.—7Z. J. B. Morpeth—Mr. J. Scott, March—
May.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 223

297. Ceurnoruynouns, Schorh.
1. C. suscrcoiiis, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 26.
Common, on the flowers and leaves of Cruciferous plants.
The larva inhabits a tubercular gall, on the roots of turnips,
cabbages, dc.

2. C. asstmiuts, Payk.
Nedyus assimilis, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 28.

Common, on the flowers of turnips and other Crucifere.

Both larva and perfect insect are very hurtful to the growth
of turnip seed; the former pierces the pod with its snout, and
extracts the substance from the seeds—the latter dwells in its
interior and devours them.

3. CO. Erysrm1, Payk.
Nedyus Erysimi, Steph. Zllust., Mand., iv., 28.—N. chlor-
opterus, J6. l.c., 29.

“Twizell,”"—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Long Benton and Washington.—
T. J. B. On Cardamine amara, in Ravensworth woods; and on
the banks of the Derwent, above Winlaton Mill—J. H. Feb.—
May.

4. C. contractus, Jarsh.
Nedyus contractus, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 29.

On the flowers and young leaves of the Gace ; frequent.

The larva, in its earliest state, is probably a miner in the leaves
and stalks of turnips, cabbages, &c., (See my Lssay on the Insects
Injurious to the Turnip Crop,-20. Edin. 1849.) The perfect
insect is often very obnoxious to the cultivator, by nibbling and
perforating the cotyledons of turnips, cabbages, radishes, &c. In
some seasons, after the March winds, it occurs in vast profusion
on the sandy coast at South Shields.—J. H.

5. C. nigrinus, Marsh.
Nedyus nigrinus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 29.—Rhynchenus
depressicollis, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iti., 147. :
On the water-cress ( Vasturtiwm oficinale ), in Wooler Haugh.—
J.H. July.

224 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

6. C. rtorauis, Payk.
Nedyus floralis, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 30.
“Twizell.",—P. J. Selby, Hsqg. Above Winlaton Mill.—J. Z.
August.

7. ©. pyrruHoruynouvs, Marsh.
Nedyus pyrrhorhynchus, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 31.
On flowers, near the Spa well, Axwell.—Z. J. B. Ryhope
Dean.—Mr. W. Peacock. June.

8. CO. mELANARIUS, Kirby.
Nedyus melanarius, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 31.
“ Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.

9. C. Erica, Gyil.
Rynchenus Erice, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iii., 147.—Nedyus Hrice,
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 33.

On heath (Calluna vulgaris ), at Gosforth and Prestwick Car.—
T. J. B. At Prestwick Car, I found it on Hrica Tetrahx; on
Hedgehope it frequents the Calluna vulgaris, and is distributed
from the base to near the summit.—J. H. June—August.

10. C. ovatis, Linn.
Nedyus ovalis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 33.—Rhynchenus
hitura, Gyll. Ins. Suec., 11., 222
On thistles; South Shields, ee Gibside, &c. July—
August.

11. C. pottinarius, Forst.
Nedyus pollinarius, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 34.
On nettles; common. June—Sept.

12. C. Boraainis, Payk.
Nedyus Boraginis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 34.
Long Benton, rare.—Z. J. B. On the water-cress, at Budle
and Wooler Haugh.—/. H. May—July.

13. C. nucuLosus, Herbst.
Nedyus rugulosus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 395.
One specimen, from the Links at South Shields.—/. #.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 225

14. C. Asperrotiarum, Kirby. |
Nedyus Asperfoliarum, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 37.
Near Walbottle Dean, 11th May, 1827.—Mr. A. Hancock.

15. C. Ecut, Fab.
Nedyus Echii, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 38.
On viper’s bugloss (Hchium vulgare); Wooler Haugh.—J. H.
July.

16. C. Horripus, Panz.
Nedyus horridus, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 38.
One specimen, on a thistle; banks below Westoe, 24th July,
1826.—Mr. A. Hancock.
Mr. Hancock remarks, that when he caught this, it made a
squeaking noise.

17. C. Trogiopytes, Fad.
Nedyus Troglodytes, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 39.
Grassy places; common. April—Aug.

18. C. marernatus, Payk.
Nedyus marginatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 39.
Gibside.—Z’. J. B. Prestwick, fields above Swalwell, Ravens-
worth, and near Marsden.—J. H. May—June.
According to Gyllenhal, it frequents the clovers by preference.

298. Podpuacus, Schinh.
1. P. Stsymprir, Lab.
Nedyus Sisymbrii, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 27., pl. xx.,
fio:
On the water-cress ( Vasturtium officinale ), at Wooler Haugh.—
tH. sully:

An excellent and graceful swimmer.

299. Rurtvencus, Schinh.
1. R. pericarpius, Linn.
Steph. Ilust., Mand., iv., 40.
Widely distributed. Twizell, Gosforth, Long Benton, Ouseburn
Dean, Gibside, Prudhoe, Wooler. June—July.

226 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Gyllenhal states that it is very fond of the dock, and that it
commits great depredations on its foliage.

2. R, treats, Steph. |
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 41.
Not rare, at Gosforth—7’. J. B. Ravensworth, and above
Winlaton Mill—J. H. June—August.

3. R. Castor, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 41.
Gibside.—J. H. June.

4, R. 1nconsprctus, Herbst.
Rhynchenus inconspectus, Giyll. Ins. Suec., i, 158.—
Rhinonchus canaliculatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 48.
Rare; Prestwick Car. July.—Z. J. B.
Gyllenhal mentions it as occurring on Polygonwm amphibium,
which it often entirely destroys.

300. Oropitus, Germar.
1. O. cyaneus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 21.

“Castle Eden Dean.”—G. Wailes, Lsq., (Hnt. Mag., i., 41. )—
Near Axwell.—Z. J. B. June.

I have many times reared the perfect insect from the white
larva, enclosed within the pericarps of the dog violet ( Viola
canina).—J. H.

Division 3. CIONIDES, Schonh.

301. Cronus, Clairville.
1. C. ScropuuLarta, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 17.

On Scrophularia nodosa; common. June—July.

The slimy slug-like larve inhabit the leaves of the Scrophu-
laria, to which, as well as to the stems and flower stalks, the
round, bladdery brown cocoons are agglutinated. The manner
in which the cocoon is constructed is described by Huber, in the
“ Mémoires dela Société de Physique et d Hist. Nat. de Genéve,”

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 227

1843-4. Our countryman, Ray, was, perhaps, the first who
described its transformations.—(See his Hist. Ins., 86.)

2. O. Buarrartia, Clairv.
Steph. Illust , Mand., iv., 18.
“ Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.

The pale green glutinous larva feeds on the leaf of Scrophularia
nodosa.

302. Cuieopus, MWegerle.
1. C. puncnetius, Herbsé.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 19.
On Scrophularia nodosa. Common, in the immediate vicinity
of Newcastle; as at Dunston, above Winlaton Mill, &c. May—
June.

303. Gymnatron, Schionh.

1. G. nicer: Wiger, nitidus, parce cinereo-pubescens, thoracis
lateribus pectoreque albido-squamosis, antennarum basi
Fferruginea, elytris plerumque pedibusque concoloribus.
Long. 1—1+ lin.

Gymneetron niger, Walton WSS. ?—Rhynchenus Beccabun-
ge, var. e., Gyll. Ins. Suec., iii., 123.

Of the same shape, but smaller, and much less pubescent than G.
Beccabunge ; black, shining ; rostrum on the upper part, and the
crown with a slight, short, pale grey pubescence; antenn ferru-
ginous, or rufopiceous at the base, the club black; thorax, with
a faint longitudinal ridge along the middle, thickly punctate, with
a thickish, pale greyish, white scaliness on the sides and breast,
and the fore and hinder margin also somewhat pale greyish, the
disk nearly glabrous, and shining; elytra moderately broad, and
but. slightly convex, black, shining, the tip sometimes ferru-
ginous, with a dash of the same tint on each elytron, distinctly
punctate-striate, the interstices thickly punctulate, with a short
inconspicuous ashy pile, somewhat disposed in lines ; sides beneath
with thickish, light greyish, white scales; legs black, the tarsi
and the base of the tibize, sometimes piceous.

On Veronica Anagallis; at Gosforth, and one specimen from

228 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Shotley Bridge.—7, J. B. Not uncommon at Wooler Haugh,
and by the side of the turnpike, near Weetwood Bridge.—J. H.
July.

Specimens of the insect were sent from London, by Mr. S,
Stevens, as the G. niger of Walton.

2. G. rricotor, Warsh.
Rhinusa tricolor, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 15.

In meadows; Gosforth, Cleadon, Axwell, and Gibside.—Z’. J. B.
Above Swalwell, near Prestwick Car, and on the Wear, below
Hylton Castle—J. H. Morpeth—2Mr. John Scott. June—
July.

' It occurs most frequently where the ribwort plantain ( Plantago
lanceolata) grows. On the Continent, it is better known as the
G. labilis = Cure. labilis, Herbst.

304. Mrcrnus, Germar.
1. M. semtcyiinpricus, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 12.

In meadows and old pastures; common. Feb.—Aug.

The larva inhabits a long green, or reddish gall, on the flower-
stalk of Plantago media, where its transformations likewise take
place. Neither this genus nor the preceding, it may be remarked,
appears to have a close affinity with Cionus and Cleopus.—J. H.

Division 4. RHYNCOPHORIDES, Schénh.

305. CaLanprRA, Clairv.
1. C. epanaria, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 9.
In granaries; abundant.

+2. C. Oryza, Fab.
Steph., Illust., Mand., iv., 9, note.

Frequently imported in rice, but it appears to live only for a
short time after reaching this country. I have seen a parcel of
foreign wheat, in which it was breeding freely; both larva and
perfect insect being in great numbers.—7Z’, J. B.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 229

Diviston 5. COSSONIDES, Schénh.

306. Barrpius, Schinh.
1. B. T-atsum, Linn.
Baris Atriplicis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 10.
Boggy places; Prudhoe, Gibside, Morpeth, Budle Crag, Belford
Moor, &. July.

Famity 4. SCOLYTIDA, Westw.

307. Hytastes, Lrichson.
1. H. aver, Lab.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iti., 363.
Beneath bark of felled Scotch pine; common.

2. H. anaustatus, Herbst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 364.
Along with the preceding, and equally numerous.

3. H. rurus, JZarsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand.,, iii., 365.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

4, H. pictus, AZarsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., 1i1., 365.

About one-third less than 1. angustatus; narrow, short, fuscous
black, faintly shining, head black, thickly, and somewhat finely
punctate; thorax rather longer in proportion than in H, angus-
tatus, and considerably more thickly and finely punctate, rather
shining, with a scanty, short, griseous pubescence, a fine, slightly
raised keel down the middle, evanescent anteriorily, and not quite
reaching the base, the anterior margin slightly reddish; elytra
narrow, cylindric, a little wider than the base of the thorax, and
concolorous with it, regularly punctate striate, the edges of the
strize somewhat sharply raised, interstices thickly rugulose punctate,
shoulders slightly prominent, with a rufous tint, shortly griseous
pubescent; under surface dark fusco-piceous; antenne bright
rufous; thighs pitchy, the tips rufous; tibie and tarsi rufescent.
Length somewhat more than a line—/J. H.

One specimen in a fir wood, on Budle Crag. June.—J. H.
Pole i. . PL. I, 2F

230 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

5. H. rnopopactyius, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 365.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Above Winlaton Mill, and at
Prestwick Car.—J. H. June—July.
Both larva and perfect insect live between the bark and the
wood of decayed broom and furze; their food appears to be the
partially rotten wood, in which they cut out channels,

308. DrnpRoctonus, Hrichson.
1. D. prntperpa, Linn.

Hylastes piniperda, Steph. Lllust., Mand, ii., 363.
Under the bark of felled Scotch pines, and perforating and
eating up through the leading or side shoots of young trees; —

generally distributed. May—August.

309. Hyzestnus, Fab.
1. H. crevatus, fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., 111., 360.

In bark of partially decayed ash trees; Heaton, Dunston, Gib-
side, Morpeth. June—October. .

fH. crenatus makes a brisk chirping noise, by rubbing the
abdomen against the elytra. JI frequently notice them in the
evening, with the apex of their abdomen protruded from the
orifice of their holes.—7. J. B.

2. H. Fraxrni, Panz.
Steph. lust , Mand., i11., 360.
Under bark of felled ash trees; common,

3. H. sericeus, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 361.

Minute, narrow, subcylindrie, pale fuscous, opaque, elytra paler ;
head piceo-fuscous, thickly and finely punctate; antennz rufes-
cent, the longish-ovate, moderately stoutish, club, slightly fuscous ;
thorax conic, considerably narrowed anteriorly, but moderately
convex, a faint elevated longitudinal line from the hinder margin,
till about the disk, closely and thickly covered with testaceo-
cinereous scales, the anterior part and disk piceo-fuscous, the

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 238i

hinder portion paler; abdomen not wider than the base of the
thorax, and of about the same degree of convexity, pale fusco-
ferruginous, with some scattered darker specks, thickly clothed
with testaceo-cinerous scales, and regularly and distinctly striate,
the interstices not elevated, with a short, stiff, griseous, some-
what scanty pubescence, body beneath black, shining, thickly and
closely punctate; legs ferruginous, the thighs slightly fuscescent.
Length { line.

This does not quite agree with Stephens’s and Marsham’s
descriptions, particularly where it is stated that the insect is
“totus villis cinereis vestitus.” Some of the incongruities may
arise from the defective state of my specimens. The name I had
attached to them was H. pumilio.

Two dead specimens, under the bark of elm paling, in a haugh,
opposite to the monument at Gibside.—J. H.

310. TrypopENDRON, Stephens.
1. T. pomesticum, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 354.

Rather abundant, under the bark of felled beeches, in a state of
partial decay, in a small angle of wood on the south bank of the
Derwent, nearly opposite to Axwell Spa Well. Two specimens have
also occurred in the Ravensworth woods, one of which was found
beneath the bark of a rotten branch of oak. The wood of the
beeches was perforated with holes, resembling those of the Anobia,
which were probably formed by this insect.—J. HZ. January—
March.

311. Tomicus, Latrevlle.
1. T. Bivens, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., uii., 357.

Under bark of Scotch pine, and larch, particularly in the small
juicy branches; Gosforth and Gibside—Z. J. B. Between
Gibside and Winlaton Mill, on the south side of the Derwent.—
J. H. May—August.

In addition to the pair of large decurved teeth, on the upper
edge of the excavation, at the tip of the elytra in the male, there
are two blunt teeth towards the apex, and on the sharp border of

232 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

the intervening space, a pair of tubercles on each side. In the
triangular depression above the excavation, there is an additional
pair of tubercles, above and within the decurved teeth.

This is evidently the Bostrichus bidens, of Gyllenhal, as appears
from his description (Ins. Succ., ili., 357, iv., 623); but it is
distinct from a closely allied insect, found by the Rev. J. F.
Dawson, in the twigs of Clematis vitalba, in the Isle of bi
which Chevrolat regards as the true 7’. bidens.

The latter differs in the greater breadth of the retuse impression,
in the straight short teeth at the apex, and in the thorax in front
not being scabrous. If not already named, it may be designated
T. Clematidis.

Stirps 2. EUCERATA, Westw.
Faminty 1. CERAMBYCIDA, Leach.
SuB-FAMILY 1. CERAMBYCIDES, West.

312. Cauuipium, Fab.
1. C. Aunt, Linn.
Steph. Iilust., Mand., iv., 249.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Long., 45.
“ Gibside.”—G. Wales, Lsq.

313. Cuiytus, Fab.
1. C. Arretis, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 243.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Long., 81. .
Common, in the Newcastle district. “ Twizell.”——P. J. Selby,
Esq.

2. C. ancuatus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 243. — Platynotus arcuatus,
Mulsant, Col. de France, Long., 73.
A specimen of this insect was caught by a boy, in a wood,
between Bill Quay and Hebburn Quay, and brought to Mr. John
Thornhill, schoolmaster, Bill Quay.

bo
qo
w

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.
Sus-raminy 2. LAMIIDES, Westw.

314, Terrors, Kirby.
1. T. prausta, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 242.
“ Gibside.”—G. Wailes, Esq.

315. SaperDA, Fab.
1. S. scaLarRtis, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 239.
“Langle’s Pastures, on the willow.”— Ornsby’s Durham, 205,

316. Puytacra, De Jean.
1. P. rerrea, Schrank.
Saperda ferrea, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 239., pl. xxii, f. 1.
On the flowers of the meadow-sweet, above Winlaton Mill._—
J. H. June.

317. PoconocuERus, Serville.
1. P. nisprpus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 234.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Long., 159.

Between Dunston and Ravensworth, and on the road between
Dinnington and Prestwick Car.—ZMr. A. Hancock. Beneath
moss, on the limestone rock, near West Boldon, in April.—J/r.
John Hancock. Ouseburn Dean.—7. J. B. Tunstall Hill.—
Mr. W. Peacock. Walker; in August—Mr. Thomas Belt.

318. Letopus, Serville.
1. L. nesutosus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 235.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Long., 150.
On the flowers of Angelica sylvestris, &c., not unfrequent.
June—July.

Famity 2. LEPTURIDA, Leach.
319. Ruagium, Fab.
1. R. Inquisrror, Linn.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 254.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Long., 225.

234 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Not uncommon, in old woods.
Mr. Selby says that the larva lives upon the decayed trunk and
roots of the birch ; we have likewise found it in the alder. June—

July.

2. R. prrascratum, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 254.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
. Long., 222.
Common, in old woods.
The larva prefers the rotten fibre of the Scotch pine, though it

is sometimes met with in decaying oaks.

320. Toxorus, Megerle.
1. T. MERIDIANUS, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 256.—Mulsant, Col. de France,
Long , 234.
“Castle Eden Dean, and Witton-le-Wear.”—G. Wales, Hsq.
“Castle Eden Dean, on umbelliferous plants."—W/r. 7. J. Bungey,
(Ornsby’s Durham, 205.)

321. Srraneata, Serville.
1. S. ELoneata, De Geer.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 257.—Leptura calcarata, Fab.
Syst. El, u1., 363.
On flowers of the meadow-sweet, and of umbellifere; Durham,
Lamesley, Axwell, Winlaton Mill, Gibside, Shotley Bridge, Haydon
Bridge. June—July.

322. Leprura, Linn.
1. L. quaprirascrata, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 209. — Strangalia 4-fasciata,
Mulsant, Col. de France, Long., 252.—Leptura apicalis,
Curt. Brit. Fnt., pl., 362. .

“ Gibside.”"—G@. Wailes, Esq. “Near Newcastle."—W. C-
Hewitson, Esq. “ Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Esq. Near Axwell
Park, and at Winlaton Mill.—7. J. B. June.

The larva, Mr. Selby remarks, lives upon the decayed trunk
and roots of the birch.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 235

2. L. MELANURA, Linn. |
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 261. — Strangalia melanura,
Mulsani, Col. de France, Long., 265.
“Gibside, Castle Eden Dean, &e.—G. Wailes, Esq.

323. GramMopTeERA, Serville.
1. G. Lavis, Fab.
Laptura levis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 263.
On the flowers of umbellifere; common in the Newcastle

district. June—July.

2. G. ruFIcornis, Fab.
Leptura ruficornis, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 263.
On the flowers of whitethorn, holly, mountain-ash, and of
umbelliferee ; common, in sheltered woods, near Newcastle.
May—June.

324, Pacuyta, Megerle.
1. P. ocromacunata, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 266.
On the Guelder rose (Viburnum Opulus), and the flowers of
Myrrhis odorata, &c.; Gibside and Winlaton Mill, not unfrequent.

June—July.

Stires 3. PH YTOPHAGA, Kirby.
Race l. PARAMECA, Westw.

Famity CRIOCERIDA, Leach.

325. Donacta, Fab.
1. D. crasstpes, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 268.
“ Prestwick Car.” —G. Wailes, Esq.

2. D. cinota, Germ.
Steph, Illust., Mand., iv., 268.
On Potamogeton natans, common. July—August.

3. D. pentipss, Yad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 270.
“Meldon Park.”—G. Wailes, Esq.

236 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

4. D. Sacittarta, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 271.
“ Prestwick Car.” —G. Wailes, Hsq.

5. D. Protsvus, Kunze.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 273.
In boggy places ; generally distributed. June—July.
In April, I dug out two fresh specimens from under Sphagnum,
at Prestwick Car.—J. H.

6. D. tinearis, Hoppe.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 275.
“Twizell.”— P. J. Selby, Esq. Prestwick Car, and near —
Hartley.— Mr. A. Hancock. Near Gosforth, Boldon Flats, and
Gibside.—7’. J. B. On the bur-reed (Sparganium ramosum ),
in ditches, to the north of Prestwick Car.—J. H. June—July.

7. D. Typua, Brahm.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 276.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 494.
On aquatic plants, in a pond, near Marsden.—7. J. B. July.

8. D. Hyprocu arrvtis, fad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 276.
“ Prestwick Car.” —G. Wales, Esq.

326. Crioceris, Geoffroy.
1. CO. cyanetua, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 281.—C. obscura, Jb. L.c.
Common. The variety obscwra, which is Lema cyanella, var. b.
of Gyllenhal, has occurred at Twizell.

2. C. mELANoPA, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 281.

“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. “ Meldon Park.”—G. Wales,
Esq. Near Axwell, and at Gibside, by sweeping red clover.—
7. J. B. Border of a wood at Winlaton Mill—J. H. Aug.—
Sept.

The larva feeds on the leaves of the Cerealia, under the pro-
tection of a slimy excrementitious excretion.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 237

Race 2. CYCLICA, Latreille.

Famity 1. CASSIDIDZ.

327. Cassipa, Linn.
1. ©. RuBrernosa, ZZ.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 366.
On thistles, and Centaurea Jacobea; common. Sept.

2. C. Equrstris, Yab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 367.
“Twizell."—P. J Selby, Esq.

3. ©. opsoneta, Z77.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 368.
“ Newcastle.”—G. Wailes, Hsq. Between Akeld Hill and
Homildon Heugh.— J. H. July.
This species usually occurs about the roots of grass.

4. C. sANGUINOLENTA, Jab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 369.
Castle Eden Dean.— Wr. A. Hancock.

Famity 2, GALERUCID A, Stephens.

Sus-FaMILy ]. GALERUCIDES.

328. AgeEnastica, Chevrolat.
1. A. HALENSIS, Linn.
Adimonia halensis, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 286.
Local, but abundant; South Shields, Dunston, Gibside. July.
It feeds on Galiwm Mollugo, and G. verum ; and sometimes strips
the plants almost entirely of their foliage.

329, Apimonta, Laichart.
1. A. Tanaceti, Linn.
Galeruca Tanaceti, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 287.
“Marsden.”—G. Wailes, Hsq. “Twizell.”—P, J. Selby, Esq.

“Near Horden.”—Mr, 7. J. Bungey. “Near Anton Style, on
VOR. it. PT..1 26

238 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

scabious.”—Ornsby’s Durham, 205. Marsden; and on the banks,
a little south of Sunderland.—/7. A. Hancock.
The larva feeds on the leaves of Scabiosa succisa.—J. H.

2. A. Capres, Linn.
Galeruca Caprez, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 288.
On Salix aurita, in bogs; common.

330. GALERUCA, Geoffroy.
1. G. Visuryt, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 289.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 371.
“Newcastle, abundant.”—G@. Wailes, Hsq. In great numbers
on the Guelder rose, Scotswood Dean.—Mr. A. Hancock.

2. G. Crataei, Forst.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 289.
“Mwizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

3. G. Nympnaa, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 289.
“Prestwick Car.”—G. Wailes, Esq. “ Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby,
Esq.
On Comarum palustre, Whitsunbank Hill.—J. H.

4. G. Catmanriensis, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 299.
“Twizell."—P, J. Selby, Lsq.

5. G. Lyturt, Gyll.
Steph. Itlust., Mand., iv., 291.
“Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, sq.

6. G. LinEoLa, ab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 291.
“Mwizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq.

7. G. XANTHOMELENA, Schrank.
Steph. Ilust., Mand., iv., 291.
Beat out of bushes, near the Derwent, above Winlaton Mill.—
J. H. August.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 239

8. G. TENELLA, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 292.

“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. On Salix aurita, in a boggy
field, above Swalwell, opposite to Axwell Park, and in a bog below
Hylton Castle—J. H. Boldon Flats—Z. J. B. Morpeth.—
Mr. J. Scott. June.

331. Catomicrus, Dillwyn.
1. C. crrcumrusus, Warsh.
Steph., Illust., Mand., iv., 294.—Luperus Brassica, Cust.
Brit. Ent., pl. 370.
“ Prestwick Car.” —G. Wailes, Esq.

332. LupErus, Geoffroy.
1. L. nurrpses, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 293.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Gosforth—Z. J. B. July.

2. L. FLAVIPES, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 293.
On trees, abundant. June—July.

Sus-FAMILY 2. HALTICIDES,.

333. Hatrtica, Jlliger.
A. PHyLitotTrReta, Chevrolat.
1. H. nraroAENngA, Jarsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 298.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

2. H. quapricurtata, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 299.
In a field, opposite to Axwell Park, where the water ragwort
(Senecio aquaticus) was growing.—J. H. June.

3. H. wemorum, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 296.
Common.
This is the “ turnip fly” of the farmer and gardener.

240 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

4. H. virrata, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 297.
On Cardamine amara, above Swalwell and Winlaton Mill, and
in Ravensworth woods.—J. H. Boldon Flats, and at Gibside,
beneath moss; in January.—Z. J. B. June.

B. AprHona, Chevrolat.
5. H. atro-ca@runea, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 299.
On the Links, at Hartlepool; in April—J. H.
In Curtis’s Catalogue, this stands as a variety of H. Huphorbve ;
our specimens, however, are much smaller than in that species,
and the legs are entirely testaceous.

6. H. Psrupacori, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 300.—H. ccerulea, L6. Lc.
“ Prestwick Car.”—G. Wailes, sq. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby,
Esq.

7. H. zrata, Marsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 301.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

8. H. Rust, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 301.—H. striatula et brunnicornis,
Lb. be.
“ Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Common, on brambles, above
Swalwell, also at Gibside, and near Dunston.—J. H. June.

c. CrepipoDERA, Chevrolat.
9. H. trransversa, Jarsh.
H. ferruginea, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 302.
Common.

10. H. zxoneta, Fab.
H. flava, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 303.
Common.
Variable in colour; specimens from the sea-coast are frequently
of a dark mahogany tint.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 241

11. H. Moprgri, Zinn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 304.

Washington, Axwell, and Gibside.—Z. J. B. On the meadow-
sweet (Spirea Ulmaria ), above Dunston and Winlaton Mill, and
on the banks of the Till, below Weetwood Bridge.—J. H. June—
July.

12. H. rurrpes, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 304.

“Meldon Park.”—G@. Wales, Hsq. “Twizell.”—P. J. Selby,
Esq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham. Ouseburn Dean and
Gosforth.— 7. J. B. Roadside, above Dunston.—J. H. July—
August.

13. H. wEeLxines, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 305.
On willows, common. June—July.

D. GRAPTODERA, Chevrolat.
14. H. onpracea, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 306.—G. indigacea, Jd. l.c., 307.

On heath (Calluna vulgaris), and Helianthemum vulgare,
common,

334, Lonerrarsus, Latreille.
1. L. tasrpus, Fab.
Thyamis tabida, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 308.

“Twizell.” —P. J. Selby, Esq. Prestwick Car. — Ur. A.
Hancock. On the sea-coast, near Hartley and Whitley.—7. J. B.
On the ragwort (Senecio Jacobea), at South Shields.—J. H.
June—September.

2. L. aTRicrLua, Linn.
Thyamis atricilla, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 309.—T. atriceps,
Ib. l.c., 310.—T. suturalis, Jb. U.c., 311.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

3. L. MELANOCEPHALUS, Gy/l.
Haltica melanocephala, G'yll. Ins. Suec., iii., 553.—Thyamis

picipes, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 309.—T. confinis, Jb.
l.c., 310.

242 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Boldon Flats—Z. J. B.
Marsden, Swalwell, and Winlaton Mill—/. H. June—July.

This species frequents G'aleopsis Tetrahit, and various species
of Veronica.—J. H.

4, L, FemMorALIS, JZarsh.
Thyamis femoralis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 309.
Gosforth and Shotley Bridge.—7.J.B. Abundant on the viper’s
bugloss (Zchium vulgare), near Wooler.—J. H. June—July.

5. L. ocuroieveous, Marsh.
Thyamis ochroleuca, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 311.
Two specimens taken within the district.— 7. J. B.

6. L. Nasturti1, Fab.
Thyamis Nasturtii, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv.,-311.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Prestwick Car, Whitley, Whit-
burn, and Boldon Flats —7. J. B. April—September.

7. L. tHoractcus, Kirby.

Thyamis thoracica, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 312.—T. fusci-
collis, 7. d.c., iv., 312.—T. dimidiata, Z0., v., 423.—T.
atricornis, Jb. l.c.

“Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq. On ragwort (Senecio Jacobea J,
Winlaton Mill, Ravensworth, Marsden, South Shields, Bamborough
Castle, &c.—J. H.

8. L. pRATENSIS, Panz.
Thyamis pratensis, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 312.
On the sea banks, north of Whitley.—Z’. J. B.

9. L. aprcaLis: Sub-ovalis, convexus, angustus, pallidus, flavus,
nitidus; capite testaceo vix fuscescente; ore oculisque
nigris; antennis elongatis, flavis, extrorsum plus minusve
piceis; pedibus pallidis, apicibus femorum posteriorum
extrinsecus, articulationibusque duabus ultimes tarsorum
plerumque, anoque, infuscatis. Long. 1. lin.

“Thyamis apicalis, Waterhouse MSS.”
Rather small, narrow, sub-oval, pale straw-yellow, shining ;

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 243

head, and sometimes the anterior part of the thorax, of a shining
testaceous, scarcely approaching to brunneous; both finely punc-
tulate, the former more minutely; a slight keel between the eyes ;
eyes and mouth black; antennz long, as long, or longer, than the
body, pale yellow at the base, fuscescent towards the apex ; elytra
somewhat obovate, not very wide, considerably convex, finely, and
somewhat widely punctate, the punctures more distinct towards
the base, pale straw-yellow, the suture sometimes rufo-testaceous,
scarcely ever fuscous; body beneath pale fusco-testaceous, the tip
of the abdomen dusky or blackish; legs pale straw-yellow, the
hinder thighs more testaceous, with a black or piceous patch on
the outerside of the tip; the last, or sometimes the two last joints
of the tarsi piceous, or rufo-fuscous.—J. H.

Common on Achillea Millefolium and Senecio Jacobea, June—

July.

10. L. pustiivs, Gyll.
Haltica pusilla, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iii., 549.—Thyamis pusilla,
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 313.
Sea-banks, near Whitburn.—7,, J. B. September.

11. L. turipvs, Cyl.

Haltica lurida, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ui., 537.—Thyamis lurida,
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 314.—T. castanea, Jb. l.c.—T.
brunnea, Jd. J.c.—T. fuscescens, Lb. l.c.,315.—T. nigricans,
Lb. tc.

Common.

12. L. parvuuus, Panz.
Thyamis parvula, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 316.
“Twizell."—-P. J. Selby, Hsq.

13. L. Punex, Marsh.
Thyamis Pulex, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 316.
“Twizell.”.—P. J. Selby, Esq.

14. L. Housaticus, Linn.
Thyamis Holsatica, Steph. Jilust., Mand., iv., 317.
“ Newcastle.” —G. Wailes, Hsq. “ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq.

244 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

335. PsyiuiopEs, Latreille.
1. P. Nap, Gyll.
Haltica Napi, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii1., 567.—Macrocnema Napi,
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 318.

“Twizell.,"—P. J. Selby, Esq. On Cardamine amara, C.
sylvatica, and Nasturtium officinale, near Dunston, in Ravensworth
woods, Lobley Hill, and Budle—J. HZ. I have two specimens
taken near Newcastle—Z. J. B. Morpeth.—Mr. John Scott.
March—September.

2. P. ERYTHROCEPHALA, Linn.

Macrocnema Rape, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 319.—Haltica
chrysocephala, Giyll. Ins. Suec., 111., 568.—Macrocnema
chrysocephala, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 319.

Gardens, Long Benton.—7Z. J. B. May—Sept.

3. P. Spercuia, Gyll.
Haltica Spergule, Gyll Ins. Suec., ii., 571.—Macrocnema
Spergule, Hardy, Ber. Club. Proc., ii., 195.—M. picicornis,
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 321.—M. apicalis, J0. L.c.
“Twizell.,—P. J. Selby, Hsq. Hartlepool and Marsden.—
J. H. Sea banks, near Whitley —Z. J. b. Morpeth—Mr. J.
Scott.
It frequents the cotyledons of cruciferous plants in spring, in
company with Haltica nemorum.

4. P. marcripa, Jl.
Macrocnema marcida, Steph. [llust., Mand., iv., 320.
On the sea-rocket (Cakile maritima ); sea coast, not uncommon.
August—September.

5. P. arrinis, Payk.
Haltica affinis, Gyll. Ins. Suec., ui., 553. — Macrocnema
exoleta, Steph. Illust., iv., 321.
A pair, from a ditch, near Dunston.—J. H. Not uncommon
at Boldon Flats, on the bitter-sweet (Solanum Dulcamara).—
T. J.B. June.

6. P. prcrna, Marsh.
Macrocnema picina, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 322.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. Q45

«Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esg. Among grass, by the side of
the Derwent, above Winlaton Mill—J. H. One specimen, above
Gibside.—7’. J. B.

This is much larger, and is differently shaped from Haliica
Rubi, of which Gyllenhal cites it as a variety.

336.. Puectrosce.is, Chevrolat.
Sus-c. Manrtoura, Stephens.
1. P. semranea, Fab.
Mantura semiznea, Steph. [Tust., Mand., iv., 323.

Var. Concolor, Hardy MSS. Deep bluish green, the apex of
the elytra slightly piceous, legs and antenne black, the tibie
scarcely piceous at the base.

“ Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. Whitley and Gosforth—Z’. J.
B. On the curled dock (Rumex crispus ), above Dunston, where
a single individual of the variety occurred J. H. August.

2. P. Carysantuemt, nt. H.
Mantura Chrysanthemi, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 324.—M.
senea, Jb. l.c.
“Twizell."—-P. J. Selby, Esq.

Sus-c. CH£ZTOCNEMA, si anc
3. P. aRmpeLua. Lnt. H.
Chetocnema aridella, Steph. Illust., Wand., iv., 326.
One specimen at Wooler Haugh.—J. H. July.

4, P. concrnna, Marsh.
Chetocnema concinna, Steph. Iilust., Mand., iv., 327.—
Haltica dentipes, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iil., 573.
Common.
It frequents various plants, but appears to prefer the Polygonee,
especially the dock, rhubarb, and climbing buck-wheat. In spring,
it occasionally attacks the cotyledons of the turnip.

337. SpHEZRODERMA, Stephens.
1. S. testaceum, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 328.

On thistles and knapweed ; common.
VO; 11s) PY..1.

246 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

2. S. Carnpur, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 328.
On thistles; common.

3. S. orsrcuLAtuM, JZarsh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 329.—Haltica Graminis, Lnt.
Hefte, ii., 47.
In woods, among herbage. Gibside—Z. J. B. Above Winla-
ton Mill—J. H. May—September. :

338. Mniopuina, Stephens.
1. M. Muscorum, H'nt. H.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 330.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq.

Famity 3. CHRYSOMELIDA, Leach.

339. CrypTocEPHALUS, Geoffroy.
1. C. sericeus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 356.
“ Marsden.” —G@. Wailes, Hsq. “ Upon Cistus, on the sea-banks,
near Castle Eden.”—Ornsby’s Durham. Dinsdale Wood.—Jr.
W. Peacock.

2, OC. srmiuis, Leach
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 357.
On flowers; five specimens in an old quarry at Marsden.—/r.
John Hancock. July.
T have not seen these insects, but I may remark here that my
specimen, so called, obtained from a London collector, is merely
a small male of C. sericeus.—J. H.

3. CO. Linzona, Lab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 358.
“On hawthorn, in Castle Eden Dean.”—Ornsby’s Durham, 205.

4. ©, Mora, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 359.
“Castle Eden Dean.”—G. Wailes, Lsq.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 247

5. C. paBratus, Linn.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 361.
“ Newcastle.”— W. C. I ewitson, Esq. “Castle Eden Dean.”—
G. Wailes, Hsq. On hazel, above Winlaton Mill—J. H. Gib-

side.—Z. J. B. June.

vo. OC. minutus, Fad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 362.
“ Newcastle.’"—G. Wazles, Lsq.

340. Crytura, Laichart.
1. C. quapripunctata, Linn,
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 354.
“Witton-le-Wear and Prudhoe, in great profusion, in 1829,
but local.”"—G. Wailes, Hsqg. Bywell; in June—W/. 7. Belt.

341, Menasoma, Dillwyn.
1. M. zvevum, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 351.
“Durham.”—W/r. 7. J. Bungey, (Ornsby’s Durham, 205. )

342. CuRYsoMELA, Linn.
1. C. HoEMoPTERA, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 347.
Marsden.—__/r. John Hancock, On the coast, south from
South Shields, where the rocks rise—J. H. April.

2. C. varrans, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 347.

“Newcastle.” —G. Wailes, Esq. “Durham.” — Ornsby’s
Durham.

On Hypericum perforatum, in a ae above Winlaton Mill;
and along with its larva, on the side of the Derwent.—J. Z.
Bothall—7Z’. J. B. May—August.

Ch. Graminis is stated (Ber: Nat. Club Proc., ii., 118, ) to have
occurred on the plant just cited, in “a new-made plantation at
the west end” of Spindlestone Crag. We have not, however, seen
any specimens of the insect.

248 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

3. C, Fastuosa, Linn.
Pheedon fastuosa, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 337.
“Twizell.".—P. J. Selby, Esq.
This species frequents Lamium album, and Galeopsis Tetrahit.

4. C. pourra, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 345.
On bog mint (Mentha hirsuta) ; common.

5. C. Stapnyima, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 344.
Common.

6. C. namina, Lab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 342.
“ Marsden, Meldon Park, &c.”—G. Wales, sq.

7. C. marernata, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand.,, iv., 341.
“Twizell.,"—P. J. Selby, Esq. “Meldon Park.”—G. Watles,
Li sq.
Sea coast, near Hartley, South Shields, and Marsden; also near
Lamesley, and on the top of Homildon Heugh, near Wooler.
March—August.

8. C. geminata, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 541.
Two specimens taken within the district.—7Z. J. B.

9. C. Hyperict, Fors.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 342.
“Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham. On Hypericum perforatum,
at Spindlestene Crag, by Mr. Selby.— Ber. Vat. Club Proc., ii., 118.
Near Axwell—7Z. J. B. September.

10. C. Lirura, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 340.
On broom (Sarothamnus scoparvus) ; common,

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 249

11. C. pauirpa, Linn. |
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 338.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Esq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.
Morpeth.—/r. John Scott.

12. C. pecEmpuncTatTa, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 388.
“Durham. —W/r. 7. J. Bungey, (Ornsby’s Durham, 205.)

345, PuaciopERA, Chevrolat.
1. P. Armoracraz, Fab.
Phedon Armoracie, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 332.
“ Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq. “Meldon Park, Newcastle, &c.”—
G. Wailes, Esq.

344, Gastropuysa, Chevrolat.
1. G. Potycont, Linn.
Pheedon Polygoni, Steph. Iilust., Mand., iv., 336.
On Polygonum aviculare, &c. ; common.

2. G. Rapuant, Fad.
Pheedon Raphani, Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 336.
Boldon Flats—7. J. B. Morpeth—AMr. J. Scott. April.

345, Puratora, Chevrolat.
1. P. Vireniinaz, Fab.
Phedon Vitellinz, Steph. Lilust., Mand., iv., 335.—Var.
Ph. unicolor, Marsh., Ib. lac.
On willows; common, both varieties.

346. Puzpon, Megerle.
1. P. Betuns, Linn.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 333.—P. Cochleariz, 7b. lc.

“ Meldon Park, Newcastle, &c.”—G. Wales, Hsq. “Twizell.?°—
P. J. Selby, Esq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham. At Prest-
wick Car, on Veronica scutellata; at Gateshead Low Fell, on JV.
Beccabunga; and on the Wear, above Southwick, about the roots
of Triglochin maritimum.—J. H.

250 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

Both varieties are united by Gyllenhal (Jns. Suec., iii., 479, )
under the Chrysomela Cochlearie of Fabricius. Stephens erro-
neously describes Ph. Betulew, as having the interstices between
the striz of the elytra impunctate.

2. P. rumipua, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 334.
On the leaves of the cow parsnep (Heraclewm Sphondylium ),
on which the larva feeds. Common. |

047. Henopvzs, Payk.
1. H. Beccasunea, Payk.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 353.
“Twizell.”—-P. J. Selby, Hsqg. “Durham.”—W”. 7. J. Bungey,
(Ornsby’s Durham). On Veronica Beccabunga, and V. Anagallis,

near Wooler.—J. H.

2. H. Poetuanprit, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 352.
On Helosciadium inundatum, &e. Common.

3. H. MARGINELLA, Linn.
Pheedon marginella, Steph. Ltlust., Mand., iv., 334.
On crowfoots; common.

4, H. avota, ab.
Pheedon aucta, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 334.
Not unfrequent.

Section 3. PPEUDOTRIMERA, Westw.

Famity 1. HROTYLIDZ.

348, Triptax, Payh.
1. T. anna, Fad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 89.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 706.
On a dry fungus, in the inside of a decayed willow, on the Team,
opposite to Ravensworth Castle—J. H. On fungi, near Winlaton
Maill.— 7, J. B.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 251

Famity 2. ENDOMYCHIDA, Leach.

349. Enpomyonus, Payk.
1. E. cocctnevs, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv, 399.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 570.

“<Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, Esq. On Polyporus versicolor, growing
on decayed beeches and oaks, in the woods, above Swalwell, on
both sides of the Derwent. February.

Small drops of a pink juice liquor exude from the joints of the
legs in fresh insects.

Famity 3. COCCINELLIDA, Leach.

350. Cuttocorus, Leach.
1. C. BrpustuLatus, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 874.—Muls., Col. de France,
Securipalp., 170.
“Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, sq.

2. CO. quapRipustuLatus, Linn.

Exochomus quadripustulatus, Iuls., Col. de France, Securi-
palp., 172.—Chilocorus quadriverrucatus, Steph. Iilust.,
Mand., iv., 375.

Prestwick Car, Newcastle, &c.—G. Wailes, Esq. “ Durham.”—
Ornsby’s Durham. |

351, CoccInELLA, Linn.
1. C. puopEcImPuNcTATA, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand.,iv., 375.—Micraspis duodecimpunctata,
Muls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 163.
“Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Hsq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.

2. C. QUATUORDECIMGUTTATA, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 377.
On willows, near the Till—/J. H. July.

3. C. BISSEPTEMGUTTATA, Schaller.
Steph. Lllust., Mand., iv., 378.—Calvia bisseptemguttata,
Muls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 144.
Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, sq. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.

252 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

4, OC. pEcemcuTtTata, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv , 378.—Calvia decemguttata, MWuls.,
Col. de France, Securipalp., 143.
“Twizell.”,—P. J. Selby, Hsq.

5. CO. optoncocuttata, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 378.—Mysia oblonguttata, ee
Col. de France, Secur mtok 129.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. On firs, at Gosforth.—7Z’. J. B.
Morpeth, common.— Wr. J. Scott. Whitsunbank hill—J. 7.

June—July.

6. C. ocentata, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 379.—Curt. Brit. Hnt., pl. 208.—
Anatis ocellata, WZuls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 133.
“Tynemouth ”"—G. Wailes, Hsq. “Twizell..—P. J. Selby,
Esq. Banks, a little south of Hartley —Mr. A. Hancock. Coast,
near Whitley.—7. J. B. July.

7. C. seprempunotata, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand, iv., 380.—IMuls., Col. de France,
Securipalp., 79.

On thistles, &c., widely distributed, occurring sometimes in
great numbers. According toa local MS. writer, it was abundant
near Newcastle, in 1750 ; and Mr. A. Hancock remarks, “ We had
several hundreds sent us, which were caught a little below New-
castle,” (in 1826). This is the common “Lady Cow” (* pueris
notissina” ), as Ray remarks.

8. CO. quinquepuncTATA, Linn.
Muls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 76. — Steph. Illust.,
Mand., iv., 380.
Beneath stones, at the side of the Deewsne below Gibside ; and
of Wooler Water, below Langleyford ; and near Wooler.—J. H.
June—July.

9. C. vicintTIDUOPUNCTATA, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 381.—Thea vigintiduopunctata,
Muls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 159.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 253

“ Beach, Northumberland.” —G. Wales, Lsq. “ Twizell.”—P:
J. Selby, Esq. “Maiden Castle wood.”—Mr, 7. J. Bungey,
(Ornsby’s Durham.) On thistles, a little to the south of Sunder-
land.— Mr. A. Hancock. Near Ryhope.—M/r. W. Peacock.

10. C. varrapruis, L7/.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 381.— Muls., Col. de France,
Securipalp., 95.
On trees; common.

1l. C. srpunotata, Linn.
Idalia bipunctata, Iuls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 51.—
Coccinella dispar, Steph. Mand., iv., 384.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsqg. “Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.
On nettles, Gallowgate, Newcastle—Mr. A. Hancock. Morpeth.—
Mr. J. Scott. September.

12. C. impustuLata, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 385.
Ravensworth woods.—J. H. Sunderland.— Wr. W. Peacock.
Gosforth. 7, J. B. May—September.

13. C. unpEcImpuncTATA, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 386.—Muls.,. Col. de France,
Securipalp., 71.
Extremely abundant, on sandy sea banks, where the stones may
frequently be seen quite red with congregated myriads of these
insects. March—November.

14. C. nrzrociypaica, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 387.
Tunstall Hill—Mr. W. Peacock. One specimen, amongst
herbage, on the sea banks, a little south of Hartley.—7. J. B.
September.

15. C. oorepecimeutrata, Linn.
Steph, Illust., Mand., iv., 387.—Myrrha octodecimguttata,
Muls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 125.
“Twizell."—P. J. Selby, Hsq. On firs, at Gosforth—Z. J. B.

Common, in the vicinity of Morpeth,—_U/. J. Scott. June.
Vol, Ti, @ PT: IL 21

254 CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF

16, C. tREDEctMPuNcTATA, Linn.
Steph. Ilust., Mand., iv., 388.—Hippodamia tredecimpunc-
tata. Ifuls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 31.
“Meldon Park.”—G. Wailes, Esq. “Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby,
Lisq. “ Durham.”—Ornsby’s Durham.

17. ©. trvipa, De Geer.
Idalia livida, Muls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 44, —-
Coccinella M-nigrum, Steph. Manual, No. 2502.
Amongst herbage, sea banks, near Whitley.—7. J. B. In fir
woods, on Whitsunbank hill—/. H. July.

18. C. auoposa, Schneid.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 389.—Lasia globosa, Muls., Col.
de France, Securipalp., 197.
Gosforth.— 7, J. B. September.

352. Scymnus, Herbst.
1. S. nrarinus, Kugelann.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 392.
Veryrare. A single specimen beat out of Scotch fir, at Gosforth,
in July. —Z. J. B.

2. S. parvuus, fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 393.—S8. fulvifrons, Jb, J.c.
On the Links, at Hartlepool—J. H. April.
One specimen has the upper surface entirely black, a variety
which is mentioned by Gyllenhal.

3. S. LimBatus, Kirby.
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 399. —Coccinella discoidea, var. b.,
Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 193%

On the sandy sea-coast, at Hartlepool, Embleton, Beadnell,
Bamborough, and Budle.—J. H. April—June.

This is uniform in size and appearance, wherever it occurs. It
appears to be parasitic, on a large Coccus, found at the roots of
grass.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 255

353. Ruyzosrus, Stephens.
1. R. Litvrna, Fab.
Steph. Illust.. Mand., iv., 396.—Muls., Col. de France,
Securipalp., 262.
“Twizell.”"—P. J. Selby, Esq. On the coast, at South Shields
and Budle; and above Winlaton Mill—J. H. Camboise.—J/r. J.
Scott. April—August.

354, CocorpuLa, Kugelann.
1. C. nura, Herbst.
Muls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 269.—Cacicula pectoralis,
Steph. Illust., Mand., iv., 397.
Amongst herbage, on the sandy sea-coast; common; inland,
ai Winlaton Mill. June—August.

2. C. scuretiata, Herbst.
Muls., Col. de France, Securipalp., 268.—Cacidula scutellata,
Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 144.—Cacicula scutellata, Steph.
Lllust., Mand., iv., 398.
“Twizell."—P, J. Selby, Lsq.

iS)
Or
o>

APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS

APPENDIX.

Since the publication of the early portion of this Catalogue,
several insects additional to the local Fauna have occurred.
These it is proposed to append here, along with the localities, since
ascertained, of some of the rarer kinds, accompanied with such
corrections in the list, as, upon mature consideration, appear to
be requisite. Of late years, the subject of nomenclature has
engaged the attention of several eminent continental entomolo-
gists; and advantage has been taken of their researches, to make
such alterations, where apparently well founded, as shall place
the local Insect-Fauna in harmony with those of other parts of
Kurope. The European species of the Bembidiides, having been
recently treated of in a monograph by M. Jacquelin Duval,* one
of the writers (Mr. Bold), through the medium of M. Javet, had
a series of the local species submitted to that author, while occupied
with his work, and he has had the goodness to attach names to
them, in accordance with his views. As they do not differ
materially from those now generally entertained, his arrangement
has been adopted in the revision that the local species have
undergone. The numbers correspond to those of the genera and
species as entered in the Catalogue; except in the instance of the
Bembidiides, to which, having been re-united under the generic
term of Bembidium, this method of reference was inapplicable.

GEODEPHAGA.

Famity 2. CARABID A.
3. Dromivs.
5. D. rasctatus. Sea-coast, at Bamborough, Beadnell, and Em-
bleton, in June.—J. #.
7. D. Froveoutus. Beneath stones, Wooler Haugh, and on Homildon
Heugh.—/. #7.

* De Bembidiis Europexis. Ann. dela Soc. Ent. de France, ser. 2, t. ix.,
441—576, and t. x., 101—236. Paris, 1851—1852.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 257

4a. Tarus, Clairville.
1. T. Basais, Gyll.
Steph. Illust., Mand., i., 177.—Curt. Brit. Lnt., pl. 235.
Rare; on the moors, near Twizell.”—P. J. Selby, L’sq.

5. CuIivina.
2. C. conzarts. Banks of the Till, in July.—J. #.

6. Dyscuirivs.
1. D. erssus. Near Monkhouse, Dunstanborough Castle, and
Wooler.—J. H.

2. D. mneEvs, Zeigler.
Steph. Illust., Mand., 1., 42.
Two specimens; Camboise.—Mr. John Scott. May.

7. Patrosus.
1. P. nuripes. This is P. excavatus, Payk. Carabus rufipes, of
Fabricius, has been ascertained to be a different insect.
This species is found on the summit of Hedgehope.

8, CALATHUS.
3. C. FuLVviIPES, Gyll,=C. ruavipes, Payk. On the coast, near
Bamborough.—J. H.

5a. OC. MICROPTERUS, Sturm.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 437.
Beneath stones, near the summit of Hedgehope.—J. H. July.

15. Agonum.
4, A. versutum, of Stephens, as well as A. leve, lugubre, and
afrum, according to Dr. Schaum (Ann. Nat. Hist., N.S.,ii1.,
35,) belong to A. mestum.

6. A. quapripunotatum, De Geer. Dr. Schaum having stated,
in his remarks on the British Geodephaga, in the Annals
of Natural History, for January, 1849, that the Agonwm
quadripunctatum, of Stephens, “differs entirely from A.
quadripunctatum, De Geer,’ I was induced to send my
specimens to Paris, for comparison with the specimens in

APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS

the cabinets there. It was returned to me as the true
Agonum quadripunctatum, of De Geer, and is the only

known British example of that species. —Z. J. B.
7. A. atratum. This, as well as No. 9 A. picewm, belongs to A.
fuliginosum, Knoch. A. Simpsoni, pullum, striatum,
fuscipenne, fuliginosum, and gracile, of Stephens, likewise

rank under this head. It occurs near Langleyford, and

at the base of Yeavering Bell.
10. A. prcrpEs, Fab.

This, according to Mr. Haliday, is the A.
piceum of the Linnean collection.

20. OMASEUS.
1. O. Ornrnomus. Two specimens, on Langley common ; in June.—

T. J. B. On the upper part of Hedgehope.—/. ZH.

3. O. meLanarivs, Jlliger. =O. vutearis, Linn. Col.! ( Haliday
MS.)

21. STEROPUS,
2. S. Airntops. On the upper part of Hedgehope.—/J. H.

27. AMARA.
This is A. acuminata, Sturm.
la. A. stminata, Gyll.
Steph. Itlust., Mand., 1., 128.
Near Wooler.—J. H. June.

2. A. TRIVIALIS.

]. A. EURYNOTA.

Near Langleyford and Wooler.—J/. H.
oa. A. spRETA, De Jean.

Steph. Manual, No. 255.
On the Bents, at South Shields—J. H. May—June.
4, A. FAMILIARIS, Creutzer.

Steph. Illust., Mand., 1., 133.

To this belong A. levis, and A. cursor, of the Catalogue.

7. A. vrpranis. Langleyford Vale and Wooler; and on Gateshead
Fell.—J. H.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 259

9, A.incenvA, Duft. According to Dr. Schaum, there is no British
insect agreeing with this. Stephen’s specimens, under this
name, belong to A. ebsoleta. We have not had an oppor-
tunity of examing the example in the possession of Mr.
Wailes.

29. CuRTONOTUS.
1. OC. prcnvs, Fab. = sprnivzs, Linn. Col., (Haliday MS.)

30. HArpa.us.
1. H. rurimanus, Jarsh. = H. tarvvs, Llliger.

2. H. urmpatus, Duft. In Mr. Haliday’s MS. list of the Coleop-
tera of Ireland, this is stated to be the Latus of the Linnean
collection.

32, TRECHUS.
1. T. porsauis. This is a variety of No. 7—Z. placidus.

2. T. nuFicotuis? This is identical with No. 8—Z. collaris.

4a. T. coanatus, Gyll.
Harpalus cognatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 455.—-Trechus
suturalis, Steph. Illust., Mand., 1., 168.

Morpeth _U/r. John Scott. Whitsunbank. Hill and Hedge-
hope.—J. H.

5. T. prunnipes. Itis doubtfulif this is more than a dark variety
of No. 6, 7. fulvus, Marsh., (7. harpalinus, De}. )

8. T. conmaris. Whitsunbank Hill and Belford Moor.—J. H.

33. Buemvs.
1. B. patuposus. Among the gravel of Caer Burn, on the way
to Langleyford.—J. Z.

2. B. patuipus. This is B. lapidosus, Dawson, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
N.S., ui, 214. Zrechus pallidus, Sturm, is a different

insect.

3. B. micros. Morpeth; in March.—Mr. John Scott.

260 APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS

74. Heapurus.
1. E. szoatts. Among the gravel of Caer Burn, on the way to
Langleyford.—J. Hf.

34a. Arpus, Leach.
1, A. roLvescens, Leach.
Steph. Illust., Mand., i, 174.—Curt. Brit. Ent., pl. 203.
Beneath stones, between tide marks, near Budle, and North
Sunderland.—/. H. June.

37. TRIMORPHUS.
1. T. HumERALIS. Castle wood, Morpeth.—WUr. John Scott.

4], Lursrus.
3. L. Janus. This is an immature state of L. fulvibarbis.

4, L. sprntuaBris, fab. This, along with LZ. rufescens, forms the
FERRUGINEUS of the Linnean collection (Haliday MS.)
L. spinilabris occurs at Monkhouse.

42, HELoBIA.
2. H. n1vauis. Wooler Water, and without exhibiting any differ-
ence; under stones, &c., near the summit of Hedgehope.

44, HuaPHurvs.
1. E. cuprevs. Base of Hedgehope.
2. EH. nrparius. Vale, below Langleyford.

45, NotiopHi.vs.
2. N. vrprauis, Steph. = patustris, Duft. Hr. (non. Steph.)
Abundant, near the summit of Hedgehope.

46, Bremprptum, Jlliger.*
1. B. ruaviess, Linn. Catalogue, No. 2. Banks of the Till._—
hs dd.

2. B. paturpus, Duft. Catalogue, No. 3.

3. B. patuposum, Panz. Catalogue, No.1. Mitford, and banks
of the Till.

* By T. J. Bold.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 261

4. B. punctuLatum, Drapiez. —
Tachypus striatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., 1., 28.—Catalogue,
No. 5.—T. chlorophanus, Steph. l.c.
Whittle Dean, Mitford, and banks of the Till.
B. striatum, of Fabricius, is a distinct species, and not met with
in the district.

5. B. srpunctatum, Linn.
Tachypus bipunctatus, Steph. llust., Mand., i1., 28.—Cata-
logue, No. 4.

6. B. tampros, Herbst.
Tachypus celer, Steph. Illust., Mand., i1., 26.—Catalogue
No. 1.—T. properans, Steph. l.c.—Catalogue, No. 2.—T.
chalceus, Steph. l.c., 27.—Catalogue, No. 3.—T. acutus,
Steph. l.c.—T. orichalcieus, 7d. l.c.—Lopha pulchella, 7d.

b:t., 23.

7. B. atuvrers, Sturm.
Jacquelin Duval, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1851, 520.—Lopha
nigra, Steph. Illust., Mand., i1., 24.—Catalogue, No. 2.

8. B. pusitium, Cyl.
Lopha minima, Steph. Illust., Mand., 11., 24.—Catalogue,
No. 3.—L. nana, Steph. l.c., v.. 387? L. pulicaria, 7d. l.c.,
li., 24.
Roker, Boldon Flats, &e.—7. J. B. February—June.

9. B. Doris, Panz.
Lopha assimilis, Steph. [llust., Mand., i1., 23, pl. 10., f. 5.
One specimen, on the Till—/. H. July.

10. B quaprieurratum, Fab.
Lopha quadriguttata, Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 22.—Cata-
logue, No. 1.
In some plenty, at Cottingwood, near Morpeth.—M/r. John

Scott.
VOL. i. PY. 1, 2k

262 APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS

11. B. nurrpes, Sturm.
Peryphus decorus, Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 14.—Bembidium
brunnipes, De. Icon., iv., 412, pl. 218., 2.— Peryphus
albipes, Steph. l.c., v., 386.

Var. a. “ Elytris oblongo-ovatis, converis; antennis nonnunquam
testaceis.”
Bembidium stomoides, Dej. Icon., iv., 413, pl. 218, 3.—B.
albipes, Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., i., 133. f
The variety has occurred, but very sparingly.—7. Bias

12. B. nrvrpuLum, Marsh.
Peryphus nitidulus, Steph. Illust., Mand., 1i., 14.—Catalogue,
No. 6.—P. affinis, Steph., v., 386.—P. rufipes, Steph.
Manual, No. 415.
This species varies much in size, form, colour, and sculpture.

13, B. monticuLum, Sturm.
Peryphus agilis, Catalogue, No. 8.—P. monticulus, Steph.

Illust., Mand., v., 386%

14. B. pecorum, Panz.
Peryphus decorus, Catalogue, No. 7.—P. viridi-aeneus, Steph.
Illust., Mand., i1., 15.—P. agilis, Id. L.c.
Among gravel, near the junction of Caer Burn with Wooler
Water.—J. H.

15. B. Prasinum, Duft.

Jacquelin Duval, Ann. Soc. Hnt. France, 1852, 104.—
Peryphus olivaceus, Steph. IUust., Mand., i, 16.—P.
Leachii, Jd. l.c.—Catalogue, No. 10.

Very sparingly distributed, occurring generally singly, rarely
in pairs. It has been found at a short distance beyond the district,
on the banks of the Irthing, in Cumberland.—7Z’.. J. B.

16. B. vascrotatum, Daft.
“Supra obscure viridi- ceneum, depressiusculum; thorace

brevi, subcordato, postice sat fortiter coarctato, angulis
posticis leviter prominulis; elytris elongato-ovatis, fortiter

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 263

striatis, striis seepius distincte punctatis, vitta lata sub-
margimalr obsoleta rufo-brunnea ; antennarum articulo
basalt, tibiis tarsisque rufo-testaceis.”

Jacquelin Duval, Ann. Soc. Hint. France, 1852, 109.

Var. a. “Supra obscure cyaneum; elytris concoloribus,; anten-
narum articulo basali, tibiis tarsisque obscure rufo-testa-
ceis.”

Bembidium ceruleum, De. Lcon., iv., 398, pl. 216, 3.—Boisd.
et Lacord. Fn. Ent. Paris, i., 278.—Heer, Fn. Col. Helv.,
fee Ba

Var. b. “Minor, capite thoraceque viridi-cyaneis, elytris obscure
cyaneis, concoloribus; antennarum articulo basali, tibiis
tarsisque rufo-testaceis.”

Peryphus atroceruleus, Steph. [llust., Mand., 1i., 17.—Cata-
logue, No. 11.—Bembidium cyanescens, Wesmael, Bull.
Acad. Roy. Bruzx., p. 48, 18395.

Var. c. “Supra viridi-eneum aut viridi-cyaneum, subdepressum ;
thorace subquadrato, postice minus coarctato, basi rectius
truncato, angulis posticis prominulis , elytris olongo-ovatis,
concoloribus; antennarum articulo basali, tibiis tarsisque
testaceis.”

Hlaphrus tibialis, Duft. Faun., 11., 209.—Peryphus tibialis,
Steph. Iilust., Mand., i1., 15,—P. enemerythrus, Steph.
Manual, No. 421.—Catalogue, No. 9.

M. Jacquelin Duval has united the apparently distinct insects
above cited. Taking, as the type, B. fasciolatum, Duft., he finds
the distinct reddish band of the elytra diminish gradually, till
it at length disappears; the colour at the same time losing its
bronzed hue, and becoming more or less blue. It then forms the
B. coeruleum, Dej., from which, by cyanescens, Wesm. (atro-
ceruleus, Steph.), he passes on to tibialis, Duft. (tibialis and
enemerythrus, Steph.) ; remarking, that the form of the thorax is
of little value, since it is subject to considerable variation.

The type does not occur in this country, but specimens some-
what approaching to corulewm are of occasional occurrence;
atroceruleus, the intermediate variety, and more especially ¢ibialis,
are exceedingly common throughout the year.—7’. J. B.

264 APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS

17. B. trrcotor, Lab.

Heer. Fn. Col. Helv., i., 128.—Jacquelin Duval, Ann. Soc.
Ent. France, 1852, 120.—B. scapulare, Dej. Icon., iv., 370,
pl. 212, 5.—Heer, l.c., App., 564.—Hlaphrus testaceus,
Duft. Fn, ii, 214.—B. obsoletum, Dey. Icon., iv., 384,
pl. 214, 4.—Heer, l.c., 130.—Peryphus saxatilis, var.,
Catalogue, No. 4.—P. neglectus, Dawson, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
N.S., i, 214.

18. B. saxariue, Giyll.

Peryphus saxatilis, Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 12, é&e.—Cata-

logue, No. 4.—P. elegans, Steph. l.c., v., 386.
19. B. BruxenLensz, Wesmael.

“ Viridi-ceneum, subdepressum,; thorace brevi, subcordato,
bast distincte punctulato; elytris oblongo-ovatis, fortiter
punctato-striatis, striis postice obsoletis, septima tenut,
maculis duabus magnis testaceis; antennarum articule
primo, sequentibus bast, pedibusque rufo-testacers, femoribus
brunneis vel obscuris, palporum articulo penultimo obscuro.”

Wesmael, Bull. Acad. Brucxel., 47, 1835.—Jacquelin Duval,
Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1852, 130.—Bembidium femor-
atum, Gyll. Ins. Suec., iv., 406.

This species, which, till Dr. Schaum pointed it out in Stephens’
collection, was confounded by the most of British entomologists
with B. femoratum, is rare; the only specimens that I have seen,
were taken on the mud of Gosforth Lake.—7. J. B.

M. J. Duval remarks, that in this species the dilatation of the
sutural colour is just in the middle of the elytra, whereas it is
behind the middle in femoratum.

20. B. rEmoratum, Sturm.

“ Viridi-eneum, subdepressum; thorace breve, subcordato,
basi obscure punctulato,; elytris elongato-ovatis, subtiliter
punctato-striatis, striis postice obsoletioribus, septima nulla ;
maculis duabus majoribus testaceis; antennarum articulis
duobus primis aut primo tantum, sequentibus basi, pedi-
busque rufo-testaceis, femoribus brunneis vel obscuris, pal-
porum articulo penultimo obscuro.”

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 265

Peryphus femoratus, Catalogue, No. 1.

The type is rare; I have only met with a few specimens of it
on the banks of the Derwent, above Gibside. A pretty variety,
with the legs mostly pale, is more common, being the most abun-
dant species on the banks of upland streams, and occurring
throughout the year.—7Z’. J. B.

21. B. concrnnum, Steph.
Peryphus concinnus, Catalogue, No. 2.

22. B. ruprestre, ab.
Peryphus rupestris, Catalogue, No. 3.— Peryphus tetra-
spilotus, Steph. [llust., Mand., v., 389.

M. J. Duval, contrary to the opinion of all recent naturalists,
considers this to be Carabus ustulatus, of Linneus. As this
opinion is subject to much dubiety, it appears preferable to adhere
to the name by which it is more generally known.

23. B. punatum, Duft.
Peryphus lunatus, Catalogue, No. 5.—P. ustus, Steph. Lllust.,
Mand., u., 14.

This species affects the banks of upland streams. I have found
it on the banks of the Irthing, in Cumberland, where it occurs
most plentifully in June, but has been found so late as October.—
Te fs Ds.

24, B. optiquum, Sturm.
Deg. Icon., iv., 347, pl. 210, 2.— Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., i.,
125.—-Jacquelin Duval, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1852,
157.
One specimen, on the bed of the lake, at Gosforth, in August.—
T. J. B. Notaphus obliquus, Stephens, belongs to B. ustulatum,
Fab., (varium, Jacquelin Duval. )

20. B. sreurratum, Fab.
Philocthus biguttatus, Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 8.—Cata-
logue, No. 3.—P. fuscipes, Catalogue, No. 2.—P. subfenes-
tratus, Steph. /.c.—Bembidium vulneratum, Dej. Icon., iv.,
448, pl. 222, 4.—Philocthus guttula, Steph. l.c., ii., 9.

266 APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS

26. B. mnEum, Germar.
Philocthus zneus, Steph. [llust., Mand., ii., 7.—Catalogue,
No: .).

M. Jacquelin Duval is in a mistake, when, asa trait of difference
between this and the preceding, he considers this as- exclusively
maritime.

In Berwickshire, it constantly occurs inland, and I found it
among the gravel of Wooler Water, not two miles from the base
of Cheviot. At Dunstonborough, on the other hand, it occurred
in the same marsh with the two well-marked states, registered in
the Catalogue as Philocthus fuscipes and P. biguitatus, and which
I still consider as presenting claims to distinction.—J. ZH.

27. B. gurruna, fab.
Philocthus guitula, Catalogue, No. 4.—Tachys binotatus,
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 5.— Catalogue, No. 1.—T.
vittatus, Steph. l.c.—Philocthus hemorrhous, L0. lc., 9.

28. B. optusum, Sturm.
Tachys immunis, Steph. Illust., Mand., i., 6.—Catalogue,
No. 2.—T. obtusus, Steph. lc. —T. pusillus, Id. — TT.
gracilis, Jd.
Equally as common as the preceding. It is often found plenti-
fully during the winter months, in moss.

29. B. quinquestRiatum, Cyl.
Gyll. Ins. Suec., ii., 34.—Hlaphrus Pumilio, Duft. Faun, u.,
214.—Ocys currens, Steph. Illust., Mand., 11., 10.—Cata-
logue, No. 1.
Morpeth—_ Ur. John Scott. Benton Bank.—Z. J. B. Aug.
30. B. RuFESCENS, Guérin.
Boisd. et Lacord, Faun. Ent. Paris, 1., 273.—Heer, Faun.
Col. Helv., i., 123.--Ocys melanocephalus, Steph. Lllust.,
Mand., ii., 10, pl. x., f. 2.—Catalogue, No. 2.—O. tem-
pestivus, Steph. lc., 11.

+31. B. iscurvum, De Jean?
Tachys minutissimus, Catalogue, No. 3.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 267

This is not indigenous, being a native of the banks of the
Mississippi, in North America. ‘How it got introduced into my
collection, I can only conjecture. In preparing for the Cata-
logue, I found it standing among the insects from the locality
cited for it; but it may have been inadvertently placed there by
the party who set up the insects, and who may have found it
floating in his tea-cup.—J. H.

32. B. LATERALE, Leach.
Cillenum laterale, Catalogue, No. 1.
Tn abundance, near Camboise, in May.—W/7. John Scott. Under
stones, between tide-marks, near Budle, in June.—J. ZH.

HYDRADEPHAGA.

Famity 1. DYTICID &.

52. Hawipuvs.
3a. H. conrinis, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 41.—H. lineatus, 4 ubé. Heer, Fn.
Col. Helv.,i., 162.—H. obliquus, Catalogue, No. 3. Var. 2.
Kenton, Gosforth, Marsden, Boldon Flats, &c. April.

56. Hyproporvs.
5. H. porsauts. Not uncommon, at Gosforth—7. J. B. July—
October.

9a. H. GytuEnaAit, Schiddte.
H. rufifrons, Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 56.
Very rare; Gosforth.—7. J. B.

96. H. raistis, Payk.
Heer, F'n. Col. Helv., i., 158.
Not common; Prestwick Car. July.—Z. J. B.

10. H. aneustatus. Gosforth—Z. J. B. Whitsunbank Moss.—
del 2

268 APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS

10a. H. opscurus, Sturm.
H. umbrosus? Steph. Illust., Mand., u., 55.
Rare; Gosforth, and Prestwick Car.—7. J. B. May—July.
This appears to be a very local species, and hitherto only taken
in a small mountain tarn, near Killarney, in Ireland.—7’. J. B.

100. H. eranunaris, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 58.
Tolerably abundant in pools and ditches, at Boldon Flats.—
T. J. B. May—June.
10c. H. cemrinus, Fab.
Steph. Ilust., Mand., ii., 57.
One specimen, from a pond at Gosforth—7. J. B. August.
13. H. Memnontus. Gosforth, Boldon Flats, and Whittle Dean.—
ZT’. J. B. May—September.

17. H. rtvautis. Wooler Water.—J. H.

59. CoLYMBETES.
3a. C. BIsTRIATUS, Berg.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii, 71. .
In a moss, on Whitsunbank Hill—/J. H. July.

4a, CO. FONTINALIS, Steph.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 66.
In a clear stream, on Hedgehope.—J. H. July.

5. ©. cyatconotus. Dunstonborough Castle, and Whitsunbank
Hill.—J. ZH.

6. C. arrinis. Boldon Flats, and very abundant, in a pond, at
Gosforth.— 7. J. B. May—July.

7. OC. patuposus. Near Dunstonborough Castle.—J. ZH.

8. C. FEMoRALIS. Gosforth and Boldon Flats, in abundance.—
7’. J. B. May—October.

8a. C. pispar, Bold.
Zoologist, 1849, Supplement, xxiv. — Tyneside Nat. Club
Trans 1 AVE.
Boldon Flats.—7. J. B. May—June.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 269

15a. OC. aurtiar, Gyll.
Steph. Illust., Mand, ii., 81.
In abundance, in a pond, at Gosforth.— 7. J. B. May—Oct.

15d. ©. anaustior, Gyll.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 81.
In a moss, on Whitsunbank Hill—J. #. July.

PHILHYDRIDA.
Famity la. HETEROCERIDA, Mac Leay,

63a. Hrterocervs, Bose.
1. H. mareinatus, Fab.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 100.
On mud, at Gosforth—Z. J. B. Banks of the Till, below
Weetwood Bridge—J. H. May—July.

2. H. pusrttius, Hope.
Steph. Illust., Mand., v., 395.
One specimen at Camboise.—Mr. John Scott.

Famity 1. PARNID A.
65. Enis.
1. E. Votxmarr. Whittle Dene and elsewhere. — 7. J. B.
April—August.

bho

. E. tusEercunatus. Washington and Whittle Dene—Z\. J. B.
May—July.

4, E. PARALLELIPIPEDUS. Whittle Dene and Ouseburn; not un-
common.—7’. J. B. May—July.

5. H, meus. Base of Hedgehope, and in Wooler Water.—J/. H.
July.

Famity 2. HELOPHORID &.

66, HeLopnorus.
4, H. viripicouis. In the marsh, at Dunstanborough Castle.
I take it for a highly-coloured variety of H. granularis,—

ds dP
VOL. II. PT. Il. Zt

270 APPENDIX TO THE OATALOGUE OF THE INSEOTS

66a. Hyprocuvus, Germar.
1. H. enoneatus, Fad.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 110.—Curtis, Brit. Ent., pl. 359.
Rare; Boldon Flats; in May.—7’, J. B.

2. H. srevis, Herbst.
Steph. Ilust., Mand., 1i., 110.
Not rare; Gosforth, and near Long Benton, May.—Z. J. B.
It frequents the shallow muddy parts of ponds, and is very
lethargic in its motions.

+3. H. parumoocutatus, Hardy.
Angustatus, subcylindricus, testaceo-brunneus, opacus; thorace
incequalr vie foveolato ; coleopteris obsolete crenato-striato-
punctatis, sutura, interstitusque 4-parum elevatis; tarsis
elongatis; oculis minutis. Lon. corp. vix. lin, 1.

Very narrow, nearly cylindric, light brown, dull, not brassy ;
eyes minute, not prominent; thorax cylindrical, unequal, indis-
tinctly foveolated; coleoptera somewhat faintly crenate striated,
the suture and four interstices, two on eaeh elytron, slightly
elevated ; legs brunneo-testaceous, longish, tarsi testaceous, curved,
elongate, especially the last joint; antennz thin, and with the
rather short palpi, testaceous.

I have no record for this beyond finding it in my collection,
made near Newcastle. I take it for a foreign insect, introduced
in the same manner as Bembidium incurvum.—J. HH.

67. OcHTHEBIUS.
2. O. exscutptus. Abundant, on stones exposed to the full force
of the stream. Mitford, Morpeth, Washington, and Whittle
Dene. April.—Z. J. B.

2a, O. BicoLoR, Kirby. ,
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 115.— Iuls., Col. de France, Palpi-
cornes, 64.
Not uncommon, on the mud of a runner, at Gosforth.— 7’. J. B.

July.
68. HypRm=zNA.

1. H. prearta. Ina small stream, near Akeld Hill—J. 7.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 271

2. H. nrertra. The most abundant species, of this genus, in the
district. Morpeth, Gosforth, Ouseburn, Boldon Flats, and
Whittle Dene.—7. J. B. March—October.

Faminy 3. HYDROPHILIDZL.

69, LiMNEBIUS.
2a. L. Papposus, Julsant.
Muls., Col. de France, Palp., 92.—L. mollis? Steph. Iilust.,
Mand., ii., 121.
Shotley Bridge—7. J. B. July.

70a. Puituyprus, Solier.
1. P. meLANocEPHALUs, Jab.

Muls., Col. de France, Palp., 137.—Hydrobius melanoce
phalus, Steph. Illust., and., 11.,129.—Var. H. testaceus,
fab. Syst. El, 1., 252.—Id. Steph, l.c.—H. torquatus,
Id.—H. ochropterus, Jd. l.c., 130.

The variety testaceus, in old peat heaps, on Whitsunbank Hill.—
he EP

2. P. MARGINELLUS, Fab.
Muls., Col. de France, Palp., 141.—Hydrobius affinis, Steph.
Illust., Mand., ii., 131.—H. marginellus, Jd. Lc.
With the preceding, but more abundant.—J. H. July.

71. Laccostus.
3. L. Marsnamr. This is probably a variety of Z. globulis and,
like it, is generally distributed.

71a. Cumtarturia, Waterhouse.
1. C. semrnuLum, Payh.
Steph. Illust., Mand., ii., 1385.—Id., v., 401.
Among rubbish, near the mill-lead, at Winlaton Mill. —J. HW.

Faminty 4. SPH ARIDIID &.

74, CycLonorum.
1. C. oxprcunare, In a pond, at Gosforth—Z. J. B. May.

272 APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS

Famity 5. AGATHIDIID &.

75. PHALACRUS.
1. P. cornusous, Payk. Steph. Illust., Mand., ti., 161.—P. Ulicis,
Catalogue, No. 1.

76. EpuistEemvs.
1. EH, etosutus. Near Axwell Park.—Z. J. B. Yeavering
Bell—J. H. i

77. Letopes.
4. L. punta, lliger. Anisotoma dubia, Hrichson, Ins. Deutsch.,
iu1., 60.—L. rufipennis, Catalogue, No. 4.

6. L. numerALtIs. Under bark of Scotch pine, amongst a dense
collection of Stemonitis fasciculata; Whitsunbank Hill.—
oe iy

SU

LL. ABDOMINALIS. One specimen with the preceding.—J. H.

78. AGATHIDIUM.
3. A. atrum. Whittle Dene, and in fungi, at Gosforth.—7. J. B.
Budle Crag.—-J. H. May—October. <A. rufipes, of
Stephens, belongs to this species.

5. A. pumitum, Hardy.

Parvum, obovato-globosum, valde convexum, nigrum, nitidum,
thoracis limbo postico ferrugineo-brunneo, elytris post
basin pariter cum thoracelatitudinis, postice sub-acuminatis,
dense evidenter punctatis, apice, suturaque interdum, picers
ferrugineisve; stria suturali nulla; pedibus antennisque
rufis; clava harum picea vel nigra, articulo yltimo
pallidiore. Long. corp. lin. 3—1.

A. orbiculare, Catalogue, No. 5.

Small, obovate-globose ; somewhat less than A. levigatum (A.
orbiculare, Steph.); considerably more convex, and with a narrower
thorax; black, polished, shining; antenne red, the club rufo-
fuscous, but sometimes black, with the apical joint rufous at the
tip; club thickish, of three joints, the two first transverse, cup-
shaped, the third semiglobose ; head and thorax finely and closely

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 273

punctulate; the former black; the oral parts piceous or rufo-
piceous, the left mandible large and prominent; thorax consider-
ably convex, narrowish, not broader than the widest part of the
elytra, the hinder and lateral margins nearly forming a semi-
circle; the fore angles ina smaller arch; sometimes piceous; the
lateral and hinder margin rufo-brunneous, which tint is broadest
at the posterior angles ; sometimes also the fore-margin is narrowly
of this hue; scutellum triangulate, smooth, of considerable size ;
the elytra very convex, somewhat gibbous, in breadth nearly in
proportion with the thorax; truncate obliquely at the shoulders ;
slightly narrowed behind; the suture prominent; very thickly
and distinctly punctate; no sutural stria; either entirely black,
or, with the apex, and the suture, particularly posteriorly,
brunneous; legs rufous.

Occasionally under bark of trees, but more frequently among
moss, or beneath stones and rubbish; Carr’s Hill, Ravensworth,
North Sunderland, Hartlepool. In Scotland, it has occurred in
Berwickshire and Aberdeenshire.—J. ZH.

6. A. Lycogatm, Hardy.

Parvum, obovato-globosum, multum convexum, nigrum, niti-
dum; thoracis limbo laterali, ferrugineo-brunneo; elytris
post basin pariter cum thorace latitudinis, apice sub-acumi-
nato, minus dense, subtiliter punctulatis, stria suturali
dimidiata; antennis pedibusque rufis, clava ilarum nigra,
apice articuli ultima plerumque piceo. Long. corp. lin,
2—l.

Amisotoma rotundatum, G'yll. Ins. Suec., iv., 513?—Agathi-
dium nannum, Calalogue, No. 6.

Somewhat less than A. pumilum, and very closely resembling
it; the elytra scarcely quite so convex ; black, shining, polished ;
antenne nearly as in the preceding, the base rufous, the club black,
the apical joint somewhat piceous at the tip; oral parts rufo-
piceous, sometimes rufous; the left mandible strong and projec-
ting, pitchy; head and thorax extremely finely, but not very
closely punctulate; the lateral margin somewhat widely, and the
hinder, and sometimes the anterior, very finely rufo-brunneous,

274 APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS

but the two latter are often concolorous; scutellum of considerable
size; elytra at the widest, nearly of the breadth of the thorax,
rather narrowed behind, at the shoulders truncate obliquely, very
convex, finely, and somewhat thickly punctulate; a short stria
on each side of the suture posteriorly, which reaches, before it
fades out, about half-way between the tip and the base; the apex
rarely piceous; wings dusky; legs rufous, hinder edge of the
thighs, rarely piceous. d
Under bark of Scotch fir, amongst Stemonitis fasciculata. In
Berwickshire, both perfect insect and larva occur in Lycogala
miniata. It has also been found in Aberdeenshire.—J. H.

79. CLAMBUS.
1. C. Anmapitius. In some plenty, on a board, laid on rotten
dung, at Long Benton.—7Z. J. B. June.

NECROPHAGA.
Famity 1. SCAPHIDIIDZ.

81. ScapHIsoMA.
1. S. Acariornum, Linn.
Var. “Rufo-piceum, elytrorum apice, antennis pedibusque
testaceis.”
Erichson, Ins. Deutsch., iiit., 9.—S. Boleti, Steph, Illust.,
Mand., ui., 4.

In July, I took twenty-five specimens, in a bunch of Agarics,
at Gosforth. The same Agarics were tenanted by a colony of
Formica flava. Jhave also taken this species in decaying fungi,
so late as October.—7Z. J. B.

82. CaTors. _
3. ©. ruscus, Panzer. OC. picipes, Catalogue, No. 3.
4. CO. CurysomeELorpes. On the sea-coast, near Shoreston.—J. H.

5a. C. tRistis, Panzer.
C. clavicornis, Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 9.
In Ravensworth woods.—J. H.

6. O. niaricans, Spence. C. nigrita, Catalogue, No. 6.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 275

8a. C. Watsont, Spence.
Ptomophagus Watsoni, Steph. Lllust., Mand., iii., 6.
One specimen, with C. chrysomeloides, on the links, near
Shoreston.—J. ZH.

Famtty 2. SILPHID &.
87. SrupHa.
4. S.opaca. Long Benton.—Z. J. B. Morpeth—Z/r. John
Scott.
90. Nirrpuna.
6. N. prpustunata. Gosforth, in June.—Z. J. B.

li. N. pusrtua. At sap, on the stumps of felled beech trees,
Gosforth—7. J. B. May.

12. N. pyamma. Under bark of felled Scotch pine, at Gosforth,
common.—7Z’. J. B. May—-August.

95, CATERETES.
1. C. srpustoLatus. At Washington, in July.—7. J. B.

2. C. nuFILABRIS. Gosforth—Z. J. B.

Faminty 4. ENGIDA.
97. Ips.
la. I. QUADRIPUSTULATA, Linn.
Steph. Illust., Mand., i11., 93.
Rare; on Scotch pine, Gosforth —Z. J. B. October.

99. RuyzopHaeus.
4. R. caruteus, Waltl.

Waltl. Isis., 1839, 225.—EHrichson, Ins. Deutsch., 111., 236.—
Synchita nitidula, Duft. Faun. Aust., iii1., 150.—Rhyzo-
phagus cyanipennis, Hardy, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
xix., 379.—Catalogue, No. 4.

Famity 5. MYCETOPHAGID A.
109. AToMARIA.
1. A. pustiua, Payk.
Heer, Fn. Col. Helv., 1., 452 —A. pheogaster, Steph. Illust.,
Mand., iii., 65.—Catalogue, No. 1.
Near Shoreston.—J. H. June.

276 APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE OF INSECTS, ETC.

2. A. arrtcAPILLA. Near Shoreston, North Sunderland, and
Embleton.

3a. A. MESOMELAS, [erbst.

Steph. Illust., Mand., iii., 67.—Erichson, Ins. Deutsch., ii1.,
386.—Corticaria dimidiata, Warsh. Brit. Ent., 1., 112.—
Atomaria dimidiata, Steph. l.c.

A pair taken at Gosforth, in July.—7Z. J. B.

5. A. Fuscipes. Budle Crag.—J. H.

115. Cortrcartia.
2. C. crENuLATA. On the sandy sea-coast, at Bamborough, North

Sunderland, and Embleton; and likewise at Marsden.—
J. H. May—June.

5. ©. atpposa. At Budle Crag, along with C. TRANSVERSALIS.—

5 ae 2 be
124. XANTHOLINUS.

4, X. rrtcotor. I frequently find this species under vegetable
refuse, in gardens, more particularly in autumn.—T’. J. B.
131. Srenus.
16. S. prcrpes. Axwell and Washington.—Z. J. B.
148. Puimonomts.
2. P. loprervus. Gosforth—Z. J. B.
149. Oma.ium.

7. O. FLORALE. Gosforth—Z. J. B.

161. Mytuana.
1. M. pusra. Gosforth.—Z7. J. B.

166. Oxypopa.
4. O. restacEA. Gosforth.—Z. J. B.

167. HomAtota.
7. H. mmersa. Gosforth.—Z. J. B.

171. Ocanea,
1. O. proata. In fungi, Gosforth. October.—7. J. B.

OBSERVATIONS INTRODUCTORY TO THE CATALOGUE, ETC. 277

OBSERVATIONS.

Previous to the publication of Mr. Selby’s “Pawna of Twizell,”
in 1839, the notices of Coleopterous Insects, found in the counties
of Northumberland and Durham, are extremely meagre. Wallis,
in his “ Vatural History and Antiquities of Northumberland,”
published in 1769, remarks, that “insects and reptiles are
numerous, and might filla volume. I shall only take notice of such
as are most remarkable for beauty and curiosity, and shall point
out, in my way, their culinary, medical, tinctorial, and other uses,”
(vol. i., 347.) However, he appears to have paid most attention
to the Lepidoptera, of which he enumerates a considerable number,
for when he comes to speak of Coleoptera, he remarks (p. 364),
“ Vagipennia, or insects with case-wings, of beauty or curiosity,
are not observed with us in any great variety.” He enumerates
only four species, viz., J/elolontha vulgaris, Aphodius fimetarius,
Rhynchites Betule, and Anobium striatum. One of these, R.
Betule, is doubtful. In Hoge’s “ Natural History of the vicinity
of Stockton,” published in 1827, as an Appendix to Brewster’s
“ History and Antiquities” of that place, fourteen species of beetles
are enumerated, none of them, with the exception of Malachius
ceneus, of any rarity. Mr. Selby’s “ Mauna of Twizel,’ published
in Vol. III. of the “Annals of Natural History,” enumerates
“upwards of 600 species of Coleoptera.” With the exception of
a few doubtful synonymes, this list has been cited throughout.
To promote the objects of the present Catalogue, the respected
author has kindly forwarded a series of the Brachelytra, from his
estate, including most of the species that he has enumerated.
The only other writer, whose remarks have been published in a
collected form, is the Rev. George Ornsby, to whose “ Sketches of
Durham” (1846), is appended, with other Catalogues, a “ List of
some of the Insects found in the county.” Of the 194 species of
beetles mentioned, about half-a-dozen have not since been met

with, and, consequently, stand on his authority.
VOL. 1%, Pv, EI, 2M

278 OBSERVATIONS INTRODUCTORY TO THE CATALOGUE OF

In the record of species, we have been under obligations to
several local collectors, The collections of Messrs, Albany and
John Hancock have furnished many rarities; and the Catalogue
will testify how much the Entomology of the district owes to the
researches of Mr. Wailes.

The system generally followed in the Catalogue, is that of Mr.
Westwood, given in the “Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects,”
appended to the 2nd volume of the “Jntroduction to Hntomology.”
ILis list of genera, however, has undergone various modifications,
derived from more recent sources. It has been the writers’ aim
to employ the oldest, or most legitimate epithet, to which each
species is entitled; they are aware, that in some instances, in this ~
respect, they are behind the mark; but regret this the less, that
the precedence of several names, at present in vogue, does not,
in every case, appear to be satisfactorily established.

The Cataloguecontains 353 genera, and upwards of 1,170 species,
certainly more than one-third of the whole British Coleoptera.
To this number, it is probable there are several others to be added,
for the limited time at the disposal of the writers has not enabled
them to examine the southern and western portions of the district,

From the want of materials for comparison, in the absence of
local works of a similar design, little can be said regarding the
distribution of the species of Coleoptera included in the Catalogue,
further than as they occur within the limits to which it is
confined. ‘There are scarcely any data for determining to what
degree the character of the rock formations of the district modify
the distribution of the Coleoptera; or, whether the supposed rela-
tions between these is not merely dependent on a false analogy.
The hygrometric condition of soils overlying rocks, together with
the nature of the herbage which they produce, exert a much more
sensible influence on insects than a difference of mineral consti-
tuents in the substrata, or even in the soils which result from their
decomposition. Wherever uniformity prevails, as in cultivated
districts, dry pastoral tracts covered with grass, or wide heathy
moors, insects will be found, whatever be the subjacent rock, to
be equally deficient in species and in individuals, A varied
mechanical state of the soil, an alternation of moisture and dryness,

THE INSECTS OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, 279

fertility and barrenness, of height and hollow, of shelter and
exposure, cold and heat, in short, a happy combination of extremes,
appear to afford the ground work for a rich insect fauna, It is
on the borders of the ocean, by the banks of rivers and lakes, the
edges of swamps, mosses, and heaths, in the shelter of the hedge-
row, by the borders of fields, in the glades and margins of woods,
and the open sylvan glen, rather than the sunless depression, or
the shady depths of the forest, and the vicinity towards the apex,
rather than the bulk of the mountain, that the Coleopterist gathers
his richest harvest. Among the diversities of condition, it would
be easy to point out a series of districts, each characterized by
peculiar inhabitants. ‘The most marked of these is the sea-coast,
or littoral region, This may be again sub-divided into the
littoral, and sub-littoral or maritime. ‘To the former belong the
Coleoptera that frequent the sand-hills and the sea-banks, of which
we have as representatives :—Dromius fasciatus (not exclusively),
Calathus flavipes (fulvipes, Gtyll.), C. mollis, Broschus cephalotes,
Ophonus puncticollis, O. pubescens, Blenvus lapidosus (for the most
part), Licinus depressus, Corticaria crenulala, Saprinus mariti-
mus, Aigialia globosa, Huchlora Juli, var. Lrischii, Apion
Ononis, Cneorhinus geminatus, Sitona grisea, Cleonus sulcirostyis,
Otiorhynchus rugifrons, O. atro-aplerus, Psylliodes marcida, Laaria
hirta, Sarrotrium muticum, and, for the most part, Rhyzobvus
Litura, and Coccidula rufa, de. To the latter belong the species
dwelling under sea-weed, or in sand, or that find a lurking place in
the fissures of rocks, or beneath stones daily submerged by the tide.
Such are—A ¢pus fulvescens, Bembidium laterale, Cercyon littorale,
Philonthus Xantholoma, Ph. Lucicola, Oxytelus flavipes, Micra-
lymma brevipenne, Omalium laviusculum, Phytosus spinifer,
Aleochara obscurella, Homalota Algw, H. sericans, and Tachyusa
wvida. The occupants of cultivated and pastoral districts, of the
woodlands, of marshes and of river banks, of stagnant or
running waters, &c., might, in like manner, be classified, but they
are too numerous to admit of special indication. Heaths afford
a well-marked selection, borrowing, however, occasionally from
the adjacent bogs. ‘To these belong :—Z'arus basalis, Olisthopus
rotundatus, Angutor Anthracinus, Omaseus Orinomus, Steropws

280 OBSERVATIONS INTRODUCTORY TO THE CATALOGUE OF

Aithiops, Trechus similis, T. cognatus, 7. collaris, Loricerapilicornis
(not always thus limited), Carabus arvensis, CO. nitens, Staphylinus
Latebricola, Myrmedonia canaliculata (in common with the sea-
coast), Aphodius Lapponum, Strophosomus limbatus, Ceutorh ynchus
rice, and Haltica oleracea, (sometimes, however, locally attached
to Helianthemum vulgare). The mountain district is formed
from a conjunction of the heath, bog, and pastoral divisions, pro-
longed to such an altitude, as shall permit species of an alpine
character to descend, mingle with, and at length displace the
hardier natives of the inferior region, that venture to intrude into
the domain of clouds and snow. It is only in the Cheviot range
that this limit is attained, and the species characteristic of it, so -
far as a limited and partial survey has permitted of their being
ascertained, are:—Carabus glabratus, Calathus micropterus, Gleo-
trupes vernalis, Anthophagus alpinus, Arpedium brachypterum,
Homalota nivalis, and Otiorhynchus maurus.

It might be expected that the Phytophagous Beetles would
occur in company with the plants on which they depend for sub-
sistance, wherever these spring up in abundance. This is far,
however, from being the case, even in places situated within the
same parallel. ‘Thus, at Wooler, the Zchium vulgare yields Ceu-
torhynchus Hchii, and Longitarsus femoralis, while at Budle, this
plant is destitute of insects; and in the same manner, Veronica
Anagallis is rich in Gymnaétron niger near the one place, while
it is absent from it at the other. The Water-cress is inhabited
by a variety of insects, often differing according to the locality.
Geranium sanguineum so profusely distributed among the sand-
hills of North Northumberland, is unfrequented by insects, while,
near Hartlepool, it supports Limobius fulvipes and Ceelioides
Geranit. The reason of these beetles being present at Hartle-
pool, appears to be that they primarily proceed from Castle Hden
Dene, which links the inland region with the coast.

From Northumberland being nearly encircled with moors on
the west, and by the Cheviot and its spurs to the north, from the
Lammermoors of Berwickshire, still farther behind, drawing a
still broader line of demarcation, to intercept whatever might
advance either towards the north or south, along the narrow

THE INSECTS 0F NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 281

passes; it happens, as might be anticipated, that several Coleop-
tera, belonging to the east coast of England, fail to surmount
the barriers thus reared to impede their progress. The most
important interruption, whatever be the cause, takes place
before even the nearest of these limits is arrived at, in the tract
a little to the north of Newcastle. The following species either
keep to the south of the Tyne, or do little more than cross it, or,
at least, have not been detected farther to the north than the
vicinity of Morpeth, viz. :—Anchomenus oblongus, Agonum quad-
ripunctatum, Platyderus rujicollis, Argutor Anthracinus, Pteros-
tichus parumpunciatus, Trechus placidus, Licinus depressus,
Leistus spinibarbis, Bembidium rufescens, B. tricolor, B. obliquum,
B. gilvipes, Haliplus cinereus, Hydroporus dorsalis, Hyphidrus
ovatus, Poelobius Hermanni, Colymbetes dispar, C. guttiger,
Gyrinus Urinator, Agathidium Globus, Scaphidium quadrimacu-
latum, Scaphisoma Agaricinum, Phosphuga polita, Thymalus
limbatus, Nitidula pygmeea, Rhyzophagus ceruleus, Cerylon His-
teroides, Latridius angusticollis, Corticaria linearis, Philonthus
splendidulus, Xantholinus fulgidus, X. tricolor, Phleocharis sub-
tilissima, Phleonomus inflatus, Anthobium triviale, Boletobius
Jormosus, B. castaneus, Homalota immersa, Phleopora corticalis,
Tachyusa uvida, Calodera rubicunda, Falagria sulcata, F.
thoracica, F’. obscura, Saprinus virescens, Aphodius subterraneus,
A. fetens, Rhisotrogus solstitialis, Hubria palustris, Telephorus
clypeatus, Malachius bipustulatus, Dasytes viridis, Tillus elongatus,
Pyrochroa rubens, Ischnomera lurida, Platydema cenea, Anthri-
bus albinus, Rhynchites conicus, R. Pauxillus, Apion affine, A.
rujirostre, A. pallipes, A. Sorbi, A. afer, Cneorhinus exaratus,
Balaninus villosus, Lachyerges Saliceti, Ceutorhynchus pyrrhor-
hynchus,C. melanarius, C. Asperifoliarum, C.marginatus, Cleopus
pulchellus, Trypodendron domesticum, Callidium Alni, Clytus
arcuatus, Tetrops preusta, Saperda ferrea, Toxotus meridianus,
Cassida sanguinolenta, Galeruca Viburni, G. Xanthomelena,
Calomicrus circumfusus, Haltica flexuosa, H. 4-guttata, Longi-
tarsus pusillus, Psylliodes affinis, Cryptocephalus sericeus, OC.
minutus, and T'riplax cenea, The following proceed further
northwards, but are not known to cross the Tweed, viz.:—

282 OBSERVATIONS INTRODUCTORY TO THE CATALOGUE OF

Dromius melanocephalus, Calathus flavipes (fulvipes, Gy/il.),
Colymbetes vitreus, C. angustior, Leiodes abdominalis, Cateretes
rufilabris, Typhea fumata, Philonthus micans, Stenus atratulus,
Homalota Callicera, Tachyusa constricta, T. caerulea, Apion
nigritarse, Hrirhinus scirrhosus, Galeruca Cratcegi, and Phedon
Armoracie. Some of these may yet be traced to a further dis-
tance, but this will not impeach the accuracy of the conclusion,
that the majority of them attain their northern limit within the
district. Some Coleoptera, that are common to the district, with
the south and west, and the inland parts of Scotland, appear to
branch off from, or towards the western coast of the island, since
no trace of them has been found further to the north-east, these
are: — Badister (Trimorphus) humeralis, Argutor vernalis,
Bembidium pusillum, Haliplus confluens, Phalacrus coruscus,
Phosphuga sinuata, Orceoptoma thoracica, O. appendiculata, O.
dispar, Campta lutea, Ips quadriguttata, Tychus niger, Sinoden-
dron cylindricum, Melanotus fulvipes, Dasytes eratus, Phloiophi-
lus Edwardsii, Helops striatus, Melandrya Caraboides, Magdalis
carbonaria, Clytus Arietis, Pogonocherus hispidus, Strangalia elon-
gata, Cryptocephalus Lineola, C. labiatus, and Clythra 4-punctata.*
Pachyta octomaculata, so frequent at Gibside, has, as yet, been
repeated in Scotland by only a single specimen, observed in the
east of Berwickshire. JZelolontha vulgaris, another familiar
insect, has offered a few individuals in the lowlands of Berwick-
shire; but there isa gap of fully fifty miles before it again appears
in the vicinity of Edinburgh. To the latter place, however, there
is uninterrupted communication with the west of Scotland, which
the species also frequents. In common with many of the Mollusca,
several Coleoptera reach a higher latitude on the western side of
the island than on the eastern.

In the course of the Catalogue, the following species have, for
the first time, been characterized as British, viz. :—WStilicus rufipes,
S. affinis, Stenus atratulus, Bledius subterraneus, Arpedium
brachypterum, Omalium conformatum, Anthobium triviale, Myl-
lena gracilis, Oxypoda testacea, O. lentula, Homalota nivalis, H.

* Some of these results are obtained by a comparison with Mr. Murray’s
“* Catalogue of Scottish Coleoptera,’’ now in the press.

THE INSECTS OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 283

Alge, H. immersa, H. autumnalis, H. cauta, H, celata, H. hygro-
phila, Tachyusa uvida, T. flavitarsis, T. carbonaria, Calodera
rubicunda, Gymnaétron niger, Longitarsus apicalis, Bembidium
Brusellense, Agathidium pumilum, and A. Lycogole. Agonum
quadripunctatum, Bembidium tricolor, B. obliquum, Colymbetes
dispar, Catops montivagus, Rhyzophagus coeruleus, Aphodius
Lapponum, and A. uliginosus are likewise recent additions to the
British Fauna.

The relative number of species in each family, will be seen from

the following Table :—

BeCINGOMO RS 5... ccrssshca<weacdases ns 1 Brought forward .........++: 770
PUTRI os ore Scan des cen rece ote e dT 1 ROHEPIUE ccavncactetoet enor reen ee meena 5
DRO a ils can omaccahsnlssciowwon dete 62, |) Btiniidse (5.0 cones Sisco tancwemes seueeaiens 12
RR ERERIG PS 2, caslacaione sp innoapdaveous | 2 B@Strichilee v.cckce tscencoweccaueutee 6
BPCCCROCEEIGS cecissscceccecunecneaseae 2 ) Scydmenide... onl paguamainc oe ate?
RETIN es snot a ned ake nd nen omens sicnean eh A LOLA MNUES — as aeuaent vavasvuaractean cisco
Piclophoridee:. + :5.2:2.-2s-<s.se0rersnce 15. | Pyrochroidd .....04.s.c0s0e cikudaee rae i
EiydrOphividee: ......s-<cnnses-overeco dd.) Muapriide ...... Si puscutcudesceaen alee eee
RU EWIOIIOEE cc cces.2<saccetbacccsesss skOr | CNLOTOCHIOTE Scsescrccesasoscetaccanes ashe, ws
1 C 1 16 | Cantharide ....... Sey aey Eas Riese |
RUCHIBRIOUIIIE coc c case caoonccmrcevenass.. 4% |) MONTECITO DE vcccscccdesscccscs seseennessas 5
By. oc nce casnccacecaceeasce See O).| \ORMOIIOTINGS 2c. ccas Sacare iesaerecasnvantn 0
PREPARE 2c. -icsocccencsennecascmiocswec Coy |. (URCLAMOEV 10 GCascrcnencenuecesncewane saieba a et
Engide .. UN. eueeeuacecneccbatar eee it CABUCINUE!. “Selcesctavendectonctsoct cacnee aan
Mycetophagidze seeincaees eae ccemtebeg (kh 1D WERE MICIO® 0 sasevaceuccacse te Gdaceoseneeen a atl
WOSPIBESI AG oie ices ccaceese cvecscvenes » . Oo) Diaperids t.ic0053.45 srelesipcesessccsastni ee
SEAN FAIGE ais Soinaeed csscenewsinees 242 | Tenebrionide ...... kiuawaanematnn seat oe
PSEIAGMMS ooo cee ccccscscsaccsaueteateie tts || SSPAPISIOUE | sascauacchsaseoncscneeereeare ate ae
BUENO oo. orazc so anccecsbshanaase asi), f/)URACLIGEE onies nn vocewanne sees: sup paan eames
PAMSLCEMIEE foo coc ccceson ve decave sincowes 14 | Attelabidze ........0.00 Sienseecs aanneneaaet
WG CARIAE) >. lacecesdaccecendabeeseiccexe Dy) Cirrenliomid ss. cisssvesccteceeccccssencaue tee
SATA TE: ory. noma e dnet nen seagnetces De | MGOLVUIGE nacnennecsensascentonne Seer ll
MEP QUINOTE . 55 cnc saaceavs ccc sssseascesne 24 | Cerambycid@........csceve. sodsucuseaee) ao
ROPE oo canansaciecs apvinnes doisaency soe BN uC BUMEWE anecevedencacssasasesennesonmell tt
PMG IAMLNIAGE oes c.c e.scveosecoserdver, OF | CTIOCETIDIE vencenveccccsnenvarcs aad 1,
IRIE oe ce Oi nie dace secant wsustately GOOIy| LEDSSIGIOES cncuscanc cade iacuacceanateasts hte
RC PIPAIOGE eects ecceassosscsssoxstopeiun 0); CUALCTUCIAD rescce ensceascvonssscarnsnss - 56
PP RUGBIGD » cenec cvennsstsrncisivs slope Si Chrysomielid de: voccsncsonccscsestctcces OU
ONTOS ee cn abixta und os oossca nares 1 | Erotylidae ..cccccccccecccvccees Seaaeen a ae
Telephorid2 ... .-.crs0-0- wee wccevece 21 | Endomychidae’ <.iccccecccccccccssesese I

POCOOS ao ereressee0 4

Melyridze ......00-...

Carried forward ............ 770

Coccinellidz 00 COreeeresveseesreesescen 26

No Of Species..ccosccccceeee 1,172

(284)
INDEX TO THE GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.*

The first and third columns of numerals refer to the volume, the second and

Abax i lag, 48
PUIPIOAE ots cpcdinasiesteancbeneswaaees ii., 167
PCI OLDE aah 2. « scoeseutenneethsnetees sh ood
SUITES sc ate ailvenacsuunarncasce@esiane i., 66
DANPADESUR boc... Haleteie (Wek boosh al is 02
WANT MIIAS «Sep cpeasseencseoceenaress il... gor
Aidrasivig: tet edt ek HAAS
PEIPTANE os usaisincs. case dpitdecusinntwas li., 174
PC VIS Ss 5a2 802 cat ces caosceee TOM
Prog thid nam josef Liacc:cnas namemaiade ny
Agelastica Lauidaeee Sn ear
SA SHOBEATIY. 5's wack oaemaunece’ te: coals i. 257
PUPTIOUES Arcane ars us vaccarancat ocieet Les hd:
Aleochara has et auneadsateeaons lek Zo
PRLOPTIIS! 5252. thet coe suee Sth es ii., 209
SG C1 Men ee ae i., 46, ii., 258
Ampedus.. ee bet Bias et dr
Amphyginus . isleboosdeceecsessuae? dey MALO
NASTIS ewe ce canbe ces k aaa ii., 192
PATICHOMIEDUS "2. fcncks sce ces pheens te 4)
OUTV SE) 6\ 1 tke ee pape dats SPN: ||
PRIA PUMIET cores c ct ecl ae fecteaandees Tees
PAGE G: erate an died te te craieasseat Whew eed:
POMLOUNGL A a 5c ceneoectices eet cece “ALO
PODS fetches caterees eel aeee eee ii., 219
parca Nebel Sesasiensaaeene ass ie 08
Anthicus.. Ba crbepmridina tint. | iL
Anthobium .. {3 cian |
Anthonomus . Sedobie Baa Seat tal oo li., 218
Anthophaeus o1 ici t cs cea sont li., 54
POTIEHTENUS | oc Scr nce chnctececonsees ie,? ot
Anthribus ApS Reni etempem ma 1 is 2),
ADHOUINS creer ceeoss there enac ees ii., 168
WARYIGUAN ote ac cco etanse ste ce oceece Tio
ADIOTGFSUS (oo ics ccs anstetscacsens Wee tou
PUIIIUEEUS esc. restate ence eeees ii., 198
URECRTON oss ase ccekecns ceca oeetee: eee S|
MEMCUMUEN ca ccccccctee Mean t~< Fs ecen it, 0G
PUSMGIP HOES c.5.sc 02 eset eten-ces lies, LOS
PEAIROITS oh ecsesockeecsarcrcarescctess ii., 180
PELGUIBPIA ccstscacesicasesee Icy Os) Sieber eo
ECE Cc) eens seenr edhe pe as ii., 181
RUEAP CHATS bcccacerets cece eaacacs i., 94
INT IEIAOMS chy dccecectusscncsasecete laa AOS
PUMGALEDS wtreleh sons spl Toe i eoeon lien OO
AG isterit.scecicrics yonosecakeceee, Tg od
1 SEALE PINT £1 eee eS ii., 219
MES GPAI dinctecsavatevesconcst li., 229
Barynotus | aiuadincewseeuns vones ion - ii., 208
Bembidium, 5.....<.-<s0s0. Iss) 09) May 200
Blaps seeeee Hie, 196
PERNT cee cs es scone skioue feu ees ane li., 49
Blemus ...... i., 50, Tey 209
POUND eh coc oacaatacios anne hae Le ak
MSOWETODIOS fcicccoicasensssesanccicd Alas COO
pe eeahera Sueinhosttigesinuacesmes cus Jc bien sheer
Bradytus .. i, 47
I (ooo cou etuscaonacocewece i., 45
Bruchus ......... (Ee. Pee seer ii., 197

fourth to the page.

BAIVAKIS «3 ccsseccvscrcvepseatoecsvuna: Aiea
EXVENIUS scsi sce ovenwaéeusaas ees li., 164
PAVE HITUIS) 5.02550 00 sox esanucceace ses een
By GUbUS ~ Varese vdectaerctceenencewe i., 84
AU LUOUES Ses pc seditysn cs cuanhaceteres Hay aoe
Calandra, ‘ii. 2. sehos tase teeter ii., 228
Calathus ioc... .03200.55h0s 1 SOR ieee
Callidigni vets os cctevsavesssaeaen-e ll., 252
Calomicrus .isi.. ccisenssseeooees ii., 239
CalOGer a. eiisd iossacesenasnaesteece |e
Camipta:. ccnccrvss vacacdsstenentecer i., 82
CampylisScecsteccedes{ssscacuecsesas) Me gmeen
Caraws 4.3 ceteehteer eee Ie» OL
Cardiophorus sisesiscecccdesctacee eee
Car pophilus. Sidvacadddddapesesanente i, Oe
Cassida sii: dcucacedecsevexstedeecsates Mien
@ateretes .vrcssss-shiere is, 83; Ik, 27a
Cato ps dvccbesiaeciecieadiss Wy) d delle
Colitis wise vee ecodteda ean i, 47
Cercyom iss scstesedescesacseceesges eines
Cerylon> snetivwaevetes teu 1:,°(86
Ceutorhynchus ...........eseee0s ii., 223
Chestarthriacis.cc.eucsiwaste ee lie, 27k
Chetocnema:v.iccccesersevcesccsee Iles 240
Chilocorus: ...-sracivsce steed i.) 254
Chirysomela votesivesvssvvecetiieee ii., 247
Cicin dele: 4:2 2scics saradadetareetes i Oe
Citlenumy ss: <:ccaesetesds. dos sock
CONUS 232256. eesak tiasesees eter ee

18%: ii., 190
Cistelasisssa.sccessecssbtsancsoestee li., 195
Clambus é i., 76, ii., 274
Cleomus *s3352s01550sveassaede oceans li., 208
Cleopus ssissdzencgnssabsceideasane 11:3 227
Clivina ase eis i., 39, iL, 207
Chytliraicc2sstsrs2i cee esses seackeeee ii., 247
Cy tis isc westiacsiscstiocesoecesaaes il., 292
Cneorhinus 555222 ce scoceeree ii,, 205
Coccidula:s.: sc scccct2ecscdessszsie e
Coccinella ........ Sage ceteseaaneee ie, 20)
Colobupterus iiscisisieeaciceey ii., 168
Colon i727 reece toe tee eae Pa eo)
Colymbetes <.00.. 0000.2. 1s, 64, the eee
Conurtis-5i.iceec aan se ed ace eee
Coprophilus....-ca.sacesoqucspectes li., 93
Corticaria:y2::.csee 1.) 92h tee
Corym DIGS |. ccte saaat.wesvecencee 11., 179
CreODhilus cosecsasssuccuscaedcones Ape:
CROGEYIS, 2 oss scsnesaceneccsseeeeee ii., 236
Cryptobiam..c. cccscecee eee it., ao
Cryptocephalus. ...c.iccsesscevane, Uegeeu
Cry ptohypAus....icsseeccnceceocees ii., 178
Gryptophaeussctecosessscheaeee i. uao
Cryptorhynchus ....c.sssessccosed ii... cok
Cucujus eaieecineents 1, OS
GUTEONOMIS \accace veesacen: a - ., 48, ii., 259
CYCHTUS si Kaeee eee 1. Ok
Cyclonotum |...5<.-3..5.000 dey dap dle
Cy pho ttn. asescadscisassteestea keen

* The Sub-Genera are in Italics.

INDEX TO THE GENERA AND SUB-GENERA,

MUU NES setts nc sscinashibhsyssynove<- cute
PG coho ecenarans'<ss,dpisenese
MPGRIIMTITL) . sounadsaies<oecnnsse00s
MR INPIGS cic 5 ckbacnauscasaaksss:
TISHATGCLONUS sve iceneesesceesesis.
MS RIAPEIGR socks vadsvasesis actake
WRRCOREMTIG fok0~7varcen ues ycnseexes
NIE ooo ooiic de cacaneniecoanen its
MIS Sovgad ins one geigea'gcstonnss
Danaca:....:. 13: OS ae ee
PGE INAS 60 oc<i soy es cen sives sees
CCl. 0 een Ae 7 f
WIPSOICWAS, © a-cssyernscn os dey O95
NINO Iso oSsu capa. shes xsasse Qos useisne
PUGDATOS o55 53-5 0ceececveces Tey O45
EB se cous shaves ce acs eats
BEATS Pees Sosccn ences eceyse Joy OO
Endomychus Sh cistn'adip kau shape
Le oe i., 50,
Ephistemus .............5- Iesheoy
iret y HUH o choc Sc ccccsccesssazncte

ii, 164, Lampyris ...... panseevianosevapteses) Tas toe
i, 186 | Lathrimzeum | .....sec0.sc0cserece Te, 57
13.508 |) EegtHP OPE Sees otestcnenen.<.tee wok Thy CAD
li, Od) |, RGSUPOIN ea sxee nas Nesiameeenss aaees e105 OE

ij., 230 Dither Wegeaaatas wis Ls
1., 93 | Leiosoma ese. saith
HG LVE Leeioptsssvsmeee aan beSenn ci sieeceud
Meade: | LCGHS es0< pitusopsswaraasder hig
ite,ohv6' | Hentacina |. savseciesanvear asa

ii., 235 oie eeereeres CO eeeeeneaseres ii

ii., 216 | Lesteva..
ii., 256 | Licinus...... Sasaaacee wasiwanveces ae

li., 257 Timm EDU Sisccaccsarcemsenss ley 70, i

1s, 06. || LAMODIUG! <c ence sncosesnes x avaaed
He AGO | DsIMMONIUS cesnanesnecpscevsioes onaiad
Hey OS! |} Tie p bleeds <.. ssecacosecussennue=

Hi., 269 | Lithocharis ...ssesssssssesseeseeoss i.

Aes od |. LiONSATSUS sievessacsest~n cer aedecs
1155, 260) | Lopha sesscssccsnscceres cosucecncsss
BSP | UkOTICCEa > sansuesegeasecnscaccnsades i
115; 217 | LUperus: ... ccccasesssvesescesess

PIAA eget ccacesns-c-5aepacsesesse Magee. | MIARGR)IS ©. ccasscc sen, cssasnccsceeee nies
WEI GRUNS sec cbs 5cscee canine as aiese 13.50 97 1 Makachins? ...c092.ccsennex, cass eee ii., 186
POIPUIUS © vat cas s cancexcepataeasin ii., 168 | Malthinus .......... aeeeneeae ecose ii, 185
NAS pene canawpssna-ose cen cue He, 95 | MAntUrd oooccer.scercessscvescadeee! Mey 240
REESE scsvon con csachhncaecseaseee lag OO) | WECCIHUGS, cacnccrasesssence: vemseeved Dees

GAR ERPHG RA. cieececcnts ces ssenee
CEORE OTIS a5 0 .0i5<<isnexeeadcuessse
GEOMMIUS: os oc)ccc scarce cesicanssonee
CINE, os oven ocninss cp osaccecepeee
GBPS wart ae seein int sibeee eee
ASP OIAWAO DUCK cas aninectineisssiencict
Sara RUNTEED a ee cola Sia pan yen sea
SS AP ELEOU ans cos se sere hasan ads
RRNA Foo wn, soe sn aneesadesaponae
GCRTOPNING ois. scaseascaasancexs
MAAS, 025 doce madanness 1, 59,
Was iacias cake tc pan ardacwupe’s
PRS e MNS o.ceve ne: asi ns as0< lap 495
PROMI es ccuraicssasrcaapsea Leg Dy
Helodes Maem aeeeee esas naie
SACIGBNGFUS 5.505. ....-<<0 10; 685
Helops ...... eee reat nes
PACLEEDCOIUS. 05 << s00sadsasqecs cases
BPR ges irs egincocacatics ag cceuteanes
EAOLQVATAMECUS ........0creecesee
RUCIUIIUR 523 5-se2cnceesecesse Ile,
BIG OIOR, x25 055 desea s«ceen 1e5, 705
MAP ORINIES ahs seniesspsescacaecsiee
PAV APO CUS << 05. < ans oes vcxdstiues
PAV APOTIOMUS 6.c0.0..000ceowscnce
El ydroporus ......:..:.-... 5.5 60;
IEC coi oo anneead nid cna enderness
a Cee ea
ES oso ork nt orcwaceany anowadiwe
BAY GU. nao nng veesks node cen cess?
Pig Bras incescspotpeccss cael
Hypocyptusve.......006 one: evcacnes

PS aceveccceses oe cereceverece Jey O4,
BSCR MOMENG «sowasccnipress: kenaer ana
MEACODIIG, son csnvursocupacpa da5 0 ke
PACCOpHUUG ...ccccecccosuvparsascae

AOOE. is cdipasessans sunscreen ivais
RAGE satsscensses: asauaqaeeee
Lamprias aauass coerce ceseccoceoess

VOL. Ti. PT. Ii.

a 249) | Wherartlnas si... ccs.s:sancascscten sie
Hegre | Miclamdrya sass :uusccpececeneuvsot ell

ay AGS |} NielanGtus |. ..s6e0.7cvsecwavsacneds ii., 178
Mey 88 | MelasGtias.:.0.:..0<crapcscnapnnssee ile eee

ii., 23 | Meligethes .cccccce- scone

- 1, 235 | Melinopterus aosscceeee ancestsseue) (Mle
ii., 217 | Meloé ..... Ss essaneubip acs =eeususeeey i

ie 2y | CLONING: ncre-pesscaxtey sos sakswieiicg Lae
1., 66 | Miccotrogus cccccccos sopespeevds degnelo
ii., 72 | Micralymma. .....ccc peepee eee i}., 53
11.5.267 | Mieropeplus. secseseu-02. oneases/iliog ) Me

I ee | MEIER sen ceneces seancccdeaees wl

1i., 259 | Monatoma .ecsoese. Saneaaeen
rie 960 Morychus... eee te te’ Sereeeessevesea

> ii., 250 | Myceteea. .......2. Saspasaes essedess
Hi-, 269 | Mycetoporus -.csccocs.scoaee wooed

i. 270 Notiophilus medusamniebee eee 1.5 54;
Be eS 1) OCRIER cpsdansncanssoe Seal eenes ii.,

19.5) 207 || COCHHEDIUG eas ocssesiecnaseae Je, 09) BI
Ti., 229°} Ocypus .cccscrcscccees esacsasnaaan!
5) Ate A MO CYS’ + ssany spans ncheapuataergascanaet

Be 209 Oiceoptoma POCO CTOe ee Hee EeeeEe Eee

» Te, 210 | Oligota ...ccccccccecce.coe cicpeseeash i

1, GA | Olisthopus <esecsscccess teanewaree

ae, 669.) Oop brain, * Sedscsennsava sunceenan Sit

ie, 275 Omalium Serer eeer reeset eseeereree Hag
U7., 194 | Ommaseus ccecccoceccercecee lay 44,

ii., 271 | Omias .......- SEERA eee coun! TK
j., 60 | Onthophilus ........ vheseaweeebee li.

Ling 178 |} Ophonus cccoccscsrencccccscencssven

Rec 192 | Orchesia ....... bite agasykeahine west 2
Wy 38 | Orchestes.cccccpsscasseacescscsavens I

., 195 | Mylleena.....ccccccess. pene eee lie, Zk, 276
. ., 269 | Myrmedonia ...sc..c0..00 pucsiiea: Mies 90
TBD. 1 INCEKO DIS | csscensiasnqnnanaaes wicenda My LOE
Fee POE 1 ANCCIOOES) cess enmpauatnapaens waeseese eee]
77, 276 | Necrophorus ecoc..cs...ccccees Bo
th 270 4. Witidulazccsceccsses = hy 81, i, 270
Pom NO UAEIS os nunpengn-asss'aaeeee aauun sian ij., 216

286

Dpectochewus: oo ose cwesrse vc
RORTOTNANTES «00s scx too e's 06. 016 ere alae
CSrtHOehetesd |... s-< ce eewiee
WU RRTES cob sca icin sore aizrtenterna ere
WitorbyNehus. 6 wis ssiciactee-nene%
Otophorus

Geypoia. «2.004 il.
Dey SCONE 5 Sects ono vials oss
Orytelas. oasis cc-cic eis oorrageat de

PachyMinuss. <s00 dessa wee
PACHY CE. jac: dinlwretes owrlo serene tte
Bel oas as aesreinetwrs vet araverete
IPAEBTIS soo isis crew wiaverneniestee
PatFODUS, acie hacen’ sevetey Oe
GV AUIIS <a: icieecinsc¥as ie ceraetre
PEPE GN: srdveiciniawieieteate are
Phalacrus s.s:000%°s/
IPD UTUS scab veins stcclccee
PHPGCHAGS 46 ad seieivrear dere ade
Philonthus ......
Phloeocharis ......
PIGeGpOtar. ss os etaw aietterserss
Phloeconomus,........
Phioiephilus ..< esis sce sires ce
PRGSPHUGA is o:0'c ersers ooo eae
[ELC R0) eee ey eS
Py lODIUS \eeers clad cere
Phyllopertha ......
MW UGSCa)< 2000.5 ec nie wraie'e'e "e's a
PHVtOSUS wists ecs
PISSOMES. cauiiarannsaicertemeee.e
Pityophagus ......
Plaeiadera wa sae se-sstoweuer
Platydemias «ocas-secews Svecee
Platyderus Cece escerecereee
PUR S eicteicts che ctoetcutssiete ee
PIBEVS MA. oh ilcie watesinleceelelt
Platystethus -. esse side dele iet
Plectroscelis’ isi. vie sc:s'selsa we
Podabrus «.-4)< s< ss
GC CUGS 405.6555 apie cide sie ae tae
Posonocherus i. s<0dcie ssl cs
POMVOTUSUS fgisisis'elewicte civ slo
POG PWAGUS § sii. w ais seers a eclare
PIStONYCHUS 66a. o es ws tesa
PPTOGAS) iste wYareie a sicle lee outa’
WFOtEIMUS 55. 50682 sie kid hale Vere
PsaAMAMOGIUS: i6! ss i'w oie bei s'e o's
(Psy lliodes k-és:i0-dsizate'swsrdcerere
WPEerOSbIChUS:~ ii06:ss/se\es' ness
PaMUTAGS 5 65 cfvlee'e'sisie'e's shew feces
PRS 5 hak ce tale elearoware
PPS TOCUTOA: Hare wc Wie eis a Maeree
Quedius
APOMVENA: <6 s400 05's ies setebiele
AR AAGUMIN «, 5 die 'cidts s oo'e sia cherele
Rhamphus 06.0 s:0 aves
Rhinonchus........
RUDIMOROMUS «.. be die cite sule's
RUMISOtORES): 6c-ouiabs sta aneret
un yNChAates 3 a eis eivve'e sie
RhyZObUsS sve ee ces iice weet
Rhyzopertha ....00se.
Rhyzophagus ........ i., 85,

eeeeae

Siaidley TOME

it 67
ii., 226

Ae, NOT
ii, 257

ii, 174
ii., 244
i, 45
ii., 188
ii., 187
ii, 191
ii., 31
ii., 184
ii., 233
ii, 199
ii., 225
ii., 193
ii, 175
ii., 198
ii, 255
ii., 189
ii., 275

INDEX TO THE GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Rapiphorus «55 \s-é0:< ssw ce seat
Sal] GAIA sass 0's’ 0 hae ae
Saperda

eer e@e@eoeewee ee Oeove & ee
APIUAUS «2 b's a eh'o isis hare cate
SSrFOCIUM sesicive'as Tere ee os

Scaphidium........
Scaphisoma.....
Sciaphilus .......
SCV AMBENUS 6 o's s's'eis atau ctetice
SEVMIUS: <.u'6 see =
SELiCal ys syehesisee we wa
Silphar. 3.0.25
SilvVaNUS iso 63 aie ce cee eee
Simplocaria..isvsesvieotats
Sinodendron .........
Sitona ..... i etelneikic! bial oletnteete
Splieridium ss: 2s ceees ae sales
Spheeroderma .....scecesece
Sphodrusit 2% ovicevsne
Staphylinus........
Stene......
Stenus! s.caetars codes
Steropus*secdees teed
Stilicus). oye sits cee ee
SEOMIS< 242s cease Baa wes eee
SGranpalias cus eic0'<
Strongylus <.)..c5 seiseee cctee
Strophosomus.......
SYNUCHUS:.\.. 0% e068 =
SYMtOMMUM 5 0665 «ces scleaiae
WAChinus's vices aac es ce aieteetde
Tachyerges: se. <¢s sewdee ee
Tachyporus .... 22 eee.
Tachypusi sss ssids*ee oe ss
Tachys sais geote secs
Tachywsa-es o< és.
Tanymecus ....0..
Tarus b cieiel ours e
Pasgius © s..) Saks sess Gas
Telephorus 0. ovistcwesstcswaes
Tenebrio via ma ehe wie iaie
Tetratoma <. iGisteteseeess
Tetrops.. i... seet een bestwetee
Teuchestes oc .iwivies
Thanasimus., so. cisaes
Thymalus... <3 %c¢ seem ances
Tillus e'sareeid
Tomicus §: 0% eciw svete
TOXOGHS': = sravica cere’
Trachy plocws (6-4 .:30:s ctasne 2 ae
"TrECHUBS i <'de/ oe ces oat Mes as
Trichoderma vo eeivs va os coves
TrichopteryX. .csss sedciceies
Trimorphus .......... 1

eeeeees

esr eeeeee

Driplax c/w. weeswisaieents era

Trogophleus ....

LEOZOSIED -5 2. ss owes deen eee

Tropiphorus’ vee asad ae
Trypodendron.. ..s0 6.5000 s0
Tychus .5... owes vaevewsee
Typhea..... siblelbieivie elaiete
Uloma aha talareiaolarisin aa! tae
Mantholinus \ o..-cévesrsareecbey
Aylodromus... vo06 vseo seve.

eees

eee Sage ii

sect hey pee

iy 82
ii., 165
ii, 167
ii., 206
itil
ii, 245
i., 40
ii., DT

ii., 204
i, 40
i., De
ii., 67

(287)

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORITIES.

Op i eg: Sa ee Botsduval and Lacordatre
i Nip 9 OL ee ey ie nn ee ee Bonetti.
eo Sos Se ckin wav scneses Creutzer.
Re ee Aaa ks ys mad saniquaiseaues Curtis.
Mer eirg stiern gy iu om saivioud astmeny ae De Jean.
By Rad ES cote easa.coswnsiec aden eedend tes Dufischmid.
RM RPE as craic godsicras ap iaisldaaevainws Entomologische EHefte.
Erich, Lrichs. sevevseces sbsctuleneeoecdwus Erichson.
CM Bin See tee SRO) Oe ORR Fabricius,
IA sia sakpelas vatkanwod aurtcacstuéddanveabee Fischer.
Pee AS is AEE suid duuldt aaleewistodee te Forster.
EOTF: 255 > nso» es Cee shinsdcagnnaea « Geoffroy.
NE eras Cie ds nacagsias Sasinkans acdiinain’ . Germar.
GPO kee ccess RWnansineuiesnvanitenateances pew Gravenhorst-
gl? Bediti cbs leietess tease’ Reathucos dete sd Gyllenhal,
PHO fF, FLAG. o+0sssccacenvsveversesvererses Hoffmansegq-
RPTL IG, ncextaencsssnce bobs ecavecosccces Liliger.
ORNs pocasndnnswaocunscnsaspt~secacsess Kugellan.
REE naciedimccananwasestene savesieners sooee Latreille.
PM a pceabisc tas ankaripecdedevsasenssondvde, LMNs.
Mannerh. | scvcuscvecesi Bavvae ceases sdvwoes - Mannerheim.
PE Siig) avcnsucsakouveseetsas eevee avers eee Marsham.
BEG ne sche ns beet wan=riabsnenwesciacts oane Mlepene,
MMS ines Woe cies beds ceceswosus kaneu Miilier.
DT ee aise fae in dcamen sa htatn cis Newman.
BA ee Sinai d doi winppiche verti wooed eh ccccevee JVicolai.
EA IRE Ya gO RR eS Nordmann,
MEGS < Socaerscnsdatetnyebedeceetusens sdseawes Olivier.
aE scknecsades Sea doureaRutone meedtees exes Panzer.
Payk, «+++: eRe Ner eer ne Segccdausaduons - Paykull.

Ti geles, suvsesscecdsseaness Secdeae estas Dts «ee Reichenbach.
tlh occ dela tidin Sdasdh sods pctnesbch aees Sahlberg.
aN haan Cass doce by acbaasdadounee Schinherr'
Sehiip, saesccerecorsccseseeccseccnsoncesces Schiippel,
7 DR As SR eee as Shuckard
Steph. serseerecceresesesseccsereeecenveres «+» Stephens.
ee 2 ean tats aunsabne ncoaiencieda Thunberg.
Water. sccccersesecresves Gandeesvewere .»» Waterhouse.
Westw. .--sc0e JiuGaEeaieeeseueensvosey an Westwood.

bo
°

VOL. II. PT. II.

(288)

ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE TYNESIDE
NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,

READ AT THEIR SEVENTH ANNIVERSARY MEETING, HELD IN THE
COMMITTEE ROOM OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, MARCH 30TH, 1853. By THE Presi-
pent, CHARLES THORP, D.D., F.R.S., ArcHpDEAcon oF
Duruam, WARDEN or THe University or Durnaw.

GENTLEMEN,—-It is my duty to bring before you, as briefly and
as clearly as I may, the transactions of the past year.

In doing so, let me acknowledge the high and undeserved
honour you have conferred upon me, by calling me to this chair ;
and also entreat you to extend to me the indulgence I so greatly
need and so earnestly desire, seeing how little I am qualified, by
previous habits and pursuits, to fill this place to your satisfaction
and my own.

True it is, the study of nature has ever been a delight to me;
pleasure beyond price to watch 7

the living herds profusely wild
Spread o’er the deep-green earth—

to mark their various properties and virtues ; to

pierce into those secret stores
Of health, and peace, and joy—

and, in the contemplation of the wonders of creation, to adore

—w—— the Source of beings, who, with a master’s hand,

Hath the great whole into perfection touched.
But the cares and callings of active life hath left but short
intervals for such enjoyments, or the studies and investigations
connected with them; and, with an ardent love of nature, I
cannot but feel myself altogether wanting in the scientific
information which the President of such a Society as yours
ought surely to possess.

Happily, the knowledge I so greatly covet, but cannot hope to

acquire, is widely spread among our members. You number

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 289

with yourselves men of research and eminent attainments, with
whom it is a pride to be associated in any walk of science, and
whose success, in the branches you cultivate, gives the best
stimulus and encouragement to those who humbly follow, though
at adistance, in their steps. Let me exhort you to pursue, at
any cost of labour and denial, the objects of our search ; and
with severer studies, that you may the better prosecute them, I
would urge you to embrace all the opportunities of social inter-
course and friendly communication our periodical meetings
afford, and freely also to enjoy the innocent, peaceful, improving
relaxations, and healthful pleasures, to which the Naturalists’
Field Club invites us.

For, not unrecompensed the man shall roam,

Who at the call of summer quits his home.

Dear is the forest frowning o’er his head,

And dear the velvet green-sward to his tread.

Moves there a cloud o’er mid-day’s flaming eye,
Upward he looks, and calls it luxury.

Kind nature’s charities his steps attend ;

In every babbling brook he finds a friend ;

Whilst chastening thoughts of sweetest use, bestowed
By wisdom, moralize his pensive road.

I cannot doubt but that I shall best consult your wishes and
convenience by going at once iz medias res, and presenting an
account of our proceedings from the very interesting notes which
your able Secretary has prepared, and put into my hands for
your use.

The First Mretine of the vear was held at Lumley, twenty-
five members being present on that occasion ; and the happy
selection of the place gave the opportunity not only of examining
the many natural objects with which the locality abounds, and
acquainting the Society more fully with the productions of an
important district, but also of visiting two remarkable places of
the county of Durham, Lumley and Lambton Castles, distin-
guished by beauty of scenery and historic monuments, with the
ancient collegiate church of Chester-le-Street, not less curious and
engaging to many of our members, filled with memorials of the

290 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

past, and suggesting to the mind instructive reflections, civil and
ecclesiastical. Some of the ancient architectural features (e.g. very
rich sedilia) have been uncovered within a fewdays. No foreign
or native scenery can exceed the charm of the river in these
parts, and onwards to Durham, though here and there deformed
by the works of man, as forsooth at Lumley, where we find the
inhospitable lock barring the transit of the breeding fish, and
sacrificing to mere unprofitable selfishness the noble salmon, one
of the best productions and ornaments of our waters ; for it is
notorious that the salmon is lost to the Wear.

The pleasing incidents of this day were closed by the addition
of sixteen valuable members to our body.

The Szeconp AssEMBLY, of sixteen associates, was at Featherstone
and Haltwhistle, on the 14th of June; when the lovely and striking
scenery of the country, of the wild moors, and of our noble
river Tyne, assuming there a very different character from what
it bears in this our busy mart of commerce, a pure and silver
stream, save when perchance the foaming torrent pours down
the brown and turbid waters of the mountain and the fen, gave
to our friends exquisite pleasure and satisfaction.

Every one who has known these scenes, whether in his rambles
of exercise, or sport, or curiosity ; tracing the ancient Wall, the
boast of the Roman, the reproach of the destructives who levelled
it with the dust ; or gathering flowers by the running brook, or
the bluebell and gowan of the haugh ; or breathing the fragrance
of the blooming heather of the uplands; will recal these hours
of enjoyment with delight.

Neither can I think of them without reference to my early
friend, the historian of Northumberland, Mr Hodgson, to whom I
owe my first acquaintance with the North Tyne—an excellent
and gifted man, whose praise it was to give the first impulse in
these parts to the innocent studies of our Club; and who passed
among us a blameless and useful life, respected and beloved, in
the duties of his holy calling, and in the pursuits of natural
science and archeological research, apart from the struggles of
the world, and superior to the vulgar objects of selfishness and
ambition.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS, 291

I can render no greater service to our younger members than
to exhort them to cherish the memory of such a man, and
emulate the bright example of diligence, faithfulness, humility,
and truth, which his character commends to our imitation.

Four members were, after a frugal banquet, which closed a
pleasant day, enrolled in our Society.

The Turrp Mzrrrna, appointed at Castle-Eden the 16th July
failed, in some measure, from the General Election, which then
engaged the public attention. Men’s minds were otherwise
occupied at that time, and I find no other result than a resolu-
tion you will not fail to accomplish, to explore at some other
season the wonderful Dene, so famous and so attractive ; Hesel-
dene also, and the country around it. No spot, perhaps, on the
earth’s surface presents in so small a space such a variety of
interesting natural objects as Castle-Eden Dene. Here we have
the Lady's Slipper—I prefer the old English names, when they
sufficiently indicate the plant—not found elsewhere, and now
scarce, for would-be botanists are apt to misappropriate what
they cannot secure and enjoy, in vain attempts to propagate, in
other soils, plants which only thrive and flourish in their own ;
and others of great curiosity and rarity, such as the Narrow-
leaved White Helleborine, Fly Orchis, Butterfly Orchis, and Basil
Thyme. |

Rare insects, too, are found in this place—of butterflies,
Clouded Saffron, Camberwell Beauty, Durham Argus, and others,
particularly those which affect the magnesian limestone. Their
appearance is capricious, regulated by no known law ; they are
each, from time to time, and in successive swarms, seen in great
abundance ; while in other years the entomologist makes his
toilsome search in vain.

In Heselden Dene, I would remind the young enquirer, curious
plants and animals exist, some of which we do not find in its
neighbouring dene.

Our Fourrn Visir was to Bamburgh, a locality of peculiar
attractions andinterest ; forwe find, in this neighbourhood, Twisel
House, the seat of our most eminent northern ornithologist, my
valued friend at school, and college, and through life, Mr. Selby,

292 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

with his magnificent collections ; Spindleston, the retreat of the
loyal Harls of Derwentwaiter, still lovely, though rudely, and in
idle vengeance, stripped of its former splendour ; Lindisfarne, in
the distance, the Znsula sacra of Venerable Bede, with the ruins
of its Abbey and Abbey Church, the parent church of Durham,
and the model of its architecture ; the Jslands of Farne, the
louely resting-place of St. Cuthhert, where he died, and where his
Chapel and Cell are still seen, not uncared for ; and then, the
proud Castle, crowning its majestic rock, towering over the sur-
rounding district spread far beneath ; with the honoured Parish
Church, to which, before St. Cuthbert, Aidan resorted in his walks
of piety, and which bears his name ; its Chancel and Crypt,*
flanked by the poor remains of the monastic houses once so
distinguished there ; and the Glorious Sea, studded with twenty
islands, lying at the Castle’s foot, and filled with objects of
unrivalled curiosity and interest.

No one day, no one week, could suffice for these things ; no
single valedictory address could do them justice. Hach would
employ a separate visit and require a separate theme ; and the
multiplicity of objects before our eyes forced upon us the con-
clusion, that for your information other meetings must be held in

* In the year 1847, this crypt was opened, and found to consist of a highly
finished chamber, with a groined roof, having two narrow windows at the east
end, above the altar, the supporters of which are broken off. In the south wall
is a piscina, beneath a small window; and the entrance door. In the roof is
an iron staple fit to suspend a lamp.

In the north wall is a square opening three and a half feet high, leading to a
narrow vaulted chamber, finished with plaster and a stone curnice, and having
a window east.

The first apartment has clearly been a chapel; but the purpose of the
second is a matter of conjecture. It may have been a receptacle for the dead
previous to interment, and it was called the Dead-house, or a chamber for the
dying brought hither for extreme unction.

Here lies General Forster, condemned to death for high treason, A.D. 1715,
but delivered from prison, by his sister Dorothy, now lying by his side. She
rode to London, on a double horse, behind an Adderstone blacksmith, and
getting an impression of the prison key, liberated her brother, and like Ma-
dame Lavalette, remained a prisoner in his place. Such is woman’s love
The smith’s name was Purdy, and his descendants are still smiths of Adder-

stone.

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 293

other seasons for the examination of the Holy Island, of Farne,
and of Bamburgh itself. The memorials of Holy Island are the
history of the Early English Church, its literature and science ;
of Bamburgh Castle, the history of Britain ; and the Farnes, their
rocks and waters, their flocks of sea-fowl, containing seventeen
species, their submarine gardens, so beautiful to behold, their
mineral, vegetable, and animal treasures ; supply to the naturalist
and to the moralist the richest materials of profitable study, and
of holy thought and meditation. Here, we might say, but we
must not say it, Here we would rest for ever.

There were present twenty-one members, and eight new
associates were elected.

I have pleasure in referring to a valuable paper, read after our
repast by the Secretary, from the pen of Mr. Hancock, describing
the curious habits of the Stickleback (a lowly denizen of our
waters) ; the care of its young, and its nidification—a thing
known to Aristotle, but not, as I believe, noticed by modern
writers. Mr. Hancock’s accurate observations leave no doubt of
the fact, and illustrate in a beautiful manner this wise provision
of nature, which secures by the instinct, say rather the reason and
affections, of this little animal, the continuance of the species. I
could wish this document to be read ; but if this may not be at
present, let it have, as it deserves, from the interest of the
narrative and the genius of the writer, the widest circulation in
our Club.

A plant, new to this district, Hquisetum polystachion, a variety
of Z. palustre, was seen by Mr. Storey, to the south of the Castle
on the Links.

On this coast, and at no great distance, we have a curious relic,
fast disappearing in the sea. It is the site of a temple of the
northern deity Woden, and afterwards of a Christian church, of
which last building, as of the first, the record only remains ;
for the green hill on which they stood is now an islet of the river
Alne, and crumbles daily into the waters beneath. Woden’s
name survives in that of the township, the township of Woden,
and carries us far back to times of darkness and barbarism.

294 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

This churchyard furnished to Bewick one of the most instruc-
tive of his “ tail-pieces,” the broken gravestone—

Saered to the Memory of

“ One gone and forgotten,”

the crack, all through, leaving nothing legible, the rest covered
with the praises and virtues of the unknown deceased. :

I would mention that, in connection with Spindlestone, we have
the legend of the Laidley (or loathsome) Worm, an enormous
serpent that devoured the substance of the country, and scared
the people ; revelling in the muddy waters at the base of the trap —
rocks thrown up in this district, then a general swamp ; and
coiling itself up in a cave on the hill above, which even to my
day had escaped the ruthless hammer, but now paves the streets
of London. Thus, in the old song of 1272, founded on this
tradition—

At this day may be seen the cave,
Which held her folded up,
And the stone trough, the very same
Out of which she did sup,
But they are seen no longer. It may be that the remains of some
such monster may still lie hid in the bogs beneath, to gratify a
- future excavator ; and I mention the tradition here, as it goes
far to confirm the views of your late President, given in an able
paper to the Club, and clearly indicates what we cannot hesitate
to recognize, the real existence in our island at an age not far
distant of some great reptile of this species, which haply may yet
be found alive in the remote regions with which we are about to
make acquaintance.

Let me say that these local tales are not to be despised. They
carry a hidden meaning, are usually founded in truth, and curious
in themselves (with the property of always interesting the hearer),
are to be taken and observed as a part of our domestic history,
and of the annals of mankind.

In the same hills, I remember plots of ground, crofts called
Friars’ dales, with gardens, for the reception of lepers, reserved

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 295

to the religious houses for that purpose, shewing the recent pre-
valence of this noxious disease.

It is with regret that I have to record the fall of the best
remaining portion of the old Priory Church of Lindisfarne, on the
first of this month, the beautiful west end; the north wall
having tumbled into ruin in November last. It is to be feared
that the building is shattered beyond repair ; whatever was most
interesting has disappeared, and the material glory of Lindisfarne
is lost to us for ever.

The Friern and last place of resort this year was, Utterburn,
where the Club met on the hospitable invitation of Mr. Coward,
the 2nd and 3rd September, six members being present on these
days.

The places visited were Elsdon Castle, once a Peel tower,
frowning defiance on the Scotch marauder, the property to a late
period of the Umfreviiles, but now a peaceful parsonage ; the
famed Mote Hills; the Silver-nut Well, which throws up from
time to time nuts, preserved, impregnated, and silvered by the
gaseous strata through which its waters flow ; Otterburn, known
to northern story, and celebrated in song musical to our ears ;
no longer the field of war and blood and violence, but the seat
of peace and friendship and social happiness ; and the station of
High Rochester, Brementum, for a description of which, and the
works in progress there, under the Duke of Northumberland, as
no new discoveries were made this day, I refer you to our anti-
quarian annals, to the paper of Mr. Kell, and to the report
tendered last year to the Archeological Institute, then sitting in
Newcastle.

I pass these subjects of discussion, not as foreign to our Society,
for they are strictly ours ; but because the time will not allow me
to dwell upon them.

Yet you will agree with me that few objects of your enquiry
are more interesting and important than those connected with the
archeology of the North, especially of Durham and Northumber-
land. They illustrate the manners and situation of the people,
mark the progress of civilization, with the development of arts
and science, and tell of events of which no tongue speaks to us,

VOL, II. PT. IIL. 2P

296 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

and of which the pen says nothing. Little should we know of
our island in the times past, or of our ancestors, its inhabitants ;
little of the Celtic or Saxon age, of Rome herself in Britain, if the
antiquary was silent ; and but for the ancient ruin, the hidden
temple, the buried villa, the broken wall, the tottering fortress,
which shew us what is past and what to come, we should forget
the law and condition of our being, the irrevocable decree, the
sure decay and final disappearance of every work of man, of
every thing human, and of the earth itself.

Mr. Headlam, the worthy representative of Newcastle, in
Parliament, became a member this day.

The Evenrne Merrine, which took place in the Literary and
Philosophical Society’s Library, Tuesday, 16th November, six-
teen members and some ladies being present, closed the year,
when I find a paper was read, commanding great attention, by
my young friend, Mr. Featherstonhaugh, M.A., of Durham, upon
_ the Evidences of the Roman Occupation of Chester-le-Street. I
have not seen the notes whence this paper was delivered, but I
learn that it evinced much power of research and observation ;
and I congratulate you on the active services of a member so
talented and well informed as Mr. Featherstonhaugh undoubt-
edly is.

I hope he did not fail to call attention to the genius of a modern
Chester artist, preserved in a garden by the road-side, and osten-
tatiously exhibited—a mason, who thinking the Roman sculptor
had not done justice to himself or his work in an altar of some
value, re-dressed the relic in the improved fashion of the
eighteenth century.

I would notice a few plants and animals of Durham, such as
the Dame’s Violet, the Yellow Star of Bethlehem, the White
Meadow Saxifrage, the Yellow Pansy of our banks; and a few
charming songsters I remember when a school-boy, with the
Willow Wren, Redstart, Tree Pipit, Fly Catcher, Wood War-
bler, and other wanderers, which still gladden us from April to
September. Some plants, I used to pick up at Houghall, were
said to have been cultivated by the monks, men of learning and

PRESIDENT’s ADDRESS. 297

curiosity, skilful botanists, expert also in science and in art;
witness, were evidences wanting, the Church of Durham, and the
splendid MSS. which adorn the Chapter Library.

The birds, I say so with much pain, are fast disappearing from
the banks and walks of Durham, by reason of the ruthless prac-
tices of the egg collectors, and among them my schoolfellows,
who debase the calling of the naturalist by purchasing the
specimens they should gather; thus bribing the needy children
of the city to plunder the nests of our little friends, deprive our
neighbours of a rich enjoyment, inflict wanton pain, and destroy
one of the most charming of nature’s works. When will man
learn to remember that his dominion over the animal creation is
given as a trust ?

It is pleasant to recur to these scenes of early youth, although
the recollection tells us that the freshness, the sentiment, the
poetry of life is gone.

I remember, I remember, the fir-trees dark and high,

I used to think their slender spires were close against the sky.

I remember, I remember, the roses red and white,

The violets and the lily cups, those flowers made of light,

The lilac where the robin built . . . . a

I remember, I remember, when I used to swing,

And through the air would rush as fresh as swallow on the wing,

My spirit flew in feathersthen . ., . ie
And though these days had their sorrows ies we eStaaie with re-
gret of the change from such joyous scenes to the sad realities
of after-life, and forget that all this is in the order of Providence,
all subservient to the great purposes of our being, all in advance
towards the higher state of happiness and intelligence to which
we are invited.

And now, gentlemen, I am admonished to close the sitting ;
thanking you, which I do most cordially, for the patient hearing
and attention you have given to my story.

The year’s transactions are in all respects encouraging, and
shew you, in what has been done, how much more is within your
reach. You have a rich field of enterprise and usefulness before
you ; and whatever be your measure of success, this you cannot
doubt, that the studies and pursuits of the Club, the occupation

298 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

they give, the thoughts they inspire, the tempers they cherish
and communicate, gratifying to ourselves, are wholesome to indi-.
viduals and to society.

We may aspire to higher things ;—some are blessed with lei-
sure and ability to attain them ;—we may desire to scan the glo-
ries of the heavens, and dive into the deep recesses of the earth.

Lunzeque labores :
Unde tremor terris: qua vi maria alta tumescant,

od

rursusque in se ipsa residant :

to penetrate, as Newton did, the mysteries of the universe, and
look with him beyond the stars; to store up with Solomon all |
natural knowledge, “from the cedar of Lebanon to the hyssop on —
the wall, and animals and fish and reptiles ;” and fortunate and
illustrious we may account him to be who boasts such vast
acquirements, and grasps and masters these things—
Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas,
Din, has He POSslM. . . «+ «, ¥
if this be beyond our reach; if time or power or genius be
wanting to us, there are humbler paths, not less honourable,
not less safe, not less engaging, of pleasure and improvement
within our reach.
Rura mihi et rigui placeant in vallibus amnes ;
Flumina amem sylvasque inglorius,

Despise not such quiet satisfactions. Cultivate these simple
tastes, these unobtrusive habits. Separate yourselves from time
to time, and as your engagements may allow, from the busy world
its cares and its perplexities :

Talk with high objects, with enduring things,

With life and nature, purifying thus
The elements of feeling and of thought.

Every step you take in your field-walks may be, with God’s
blessing, a step in the way of wisdom and cf peace ; every object
you behold, the fertile glebe, the wild moor, the sea, the skies of
heaven, the living creatures which adorn them, pour forth to the
thoughtful mind ;—as to our own poet Wordsworth, nature’s
true child, who like the bee drank copiously, as the naturalist

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 299

will do, from every leaf and stone and flower, on every hill and in
every dale ;—pour forth, I say, lessons of wisdom, precious as the
teaching of the sage; all ministering to our knowledge and
advancement, carrying us from earth to heaven, and leading us
upwards to the Cause of all we see and know, and can imagine ;
all that is, or was, or shall be; to the beneficent Creator, the
Father, the great “I AM,”

To whom we bend the knee, to whom our thoughts

Continual climb.

Botanical Notices. By Mr. Jonn Srorry.—The recent ad-
ditions, to our Flora, of new plants, or of new habitats of rare
species, though few, are not unimportant. At the Second Field
Meeting of the Club, held in June last, I observed, on the banks
of the Tyne, near Featherstone Castle, Arenaria verna and Ar-
meria maritima.

Thlaspi alpestre, in flower and fruit, was growing plentifully
in the same locality. In July, in company with Mr. Burnet, the
elegant Vicia sylvatica, in full flower, and Cnicus heterophyllus,
were met with, near Hareshaw-Lynn. On the same occasion, the
following species were noticed :—Crepis succise/olia, on the es-
tate of the Duke of Northumberland, not far from the borders of
Roxburghshire ; luxuriant examples of the beautiful Galeopsis
versicolor, a little to the westward of Kielder Castle; on the
slopes of the Dead-water Fell, Melampyrum pratense, @ mon-
tanum, Johnst.; and, near the highest point of the Dead-water
Fell, Rubus Chamcemorus. In the month of August, Asp-
lenium germanicum, Weiss., was found, on basaltic rocks, in the
north of Northumberland, by Mr. G. R. Tate, who has since
obligingly favoured me with a frond of this very rare fern.

Mr. D. Oliver, jun., has noticed Carex muricata, at Newburn,
and Scirpus acicularis, by the Tyne, near Wylam.

The habitats of many of the commoner species, in both counties
have also been recorded, for the purpose of illustrating the Geo-
graphical distribution of Plants.

Entomological Notices. By Mr. T. J. Boup.—A few interest-
ing additions have been made to our local Coleoptera, by the
occurrence of some of the rarer forms of our native HWydrade-

300 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

phaga. Hydroporus Gyllenhati, an exceedingly rare species,
has been taken at Gosforth. Prestwick Car has furnished Hy.
tristis, and Hy. obscurus, both interesting from their rarity ; the
only locality, hitherto recorded for the latter, being a small
alpine tarn, on the summit of a mountain, near Killarney, in
Ireland. It has also been taken at Gosforth, in company with
Hy. angustatus. At the same time was captured a small, obscure
species, also an addition to our catalogue, and apparently new to
the British fauna.

Cercyon centrimaculatum has been detected at Long Benton,
where it was found in some plenty. Limnebius Papposus has
occurred at Shotley Bridge and at Gosforth. The last mentioned
locality, has likewise furnished, Jps quadripustulata, Atomaria
mesomelas, and Scymnus nigrinus : the last is a very rare British
insect, and was beat out of the foliage of a scotch fir. Another
interesting addition, is Odmorphus concolor, which was taken
near Bothall, in July.

I have observed one of the Fossorial Hymenoptera, Pemphredon
unicolor, to excavate the stems of rasps and brambles ; in which
it forms several oblong cells, provisioning them with a green
wingless Aphis. The same species has also been noticed, but
more rarely, burrowing in decaying white thorn stumps: and
then was observed to have made use of the common black Aphis,
which infests the bean, for provisioning its nidi.

Notice of a New Shrimp. By Mr. Josuva AtpErr.—At Culler-
coates, last autumn, I met with a new Shrimp which had been des-
cribed by Mr. Spence Bate, in the Annals of Natural History, only
a month or two before, under the name of Hippolyte Barlei, from
a specimen got in Shetland. It is a small species, inhabiting
pools among the rocks, and is often very prettily coloured. The
prettiest variety has an opaque white carapace and a rose-coloured
abdomen, with blue stripes on the legs. Mr. Bate described the
species from a specimen in spirits which had lost its colours.

MEMBERS ELECTED SINCE THE LAST ANNIVERSARY MEETING, HELD
APRIL OTH, 1852 :—

At the Lumizy Meetine, May 31st, 1852.—Revds. W. W.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 301

Liddell, Easington Rectory ; T. EH. Lord, West Rainton ; Messrs.
Lewis Legge, jun., F. C. Legge, the Grove, Houghton-le-Spring ;
F. H. Johnson, surgeon, Sunderland ; John Williamson, John J.
Stephenson, South Shields ; Francis Sutton, John Robert Mather,
C. T. Maling, W. H. Budden, R. C. Frost, John Mawson, W. A.
Falconar, B. B. Blackwell, J. P. Dolphin, Newcastle.

At Hatrwuistiz, June 25.—Messrs. John Nicholson, surgeon,
Hexham ; Benj. Gilpin, W. H. Crowder, George Greenwell
Russell, Newcastle.

At Bampuren, 11th August.—John Hogg, Esq., Norton,
barrister-at-law ; Messrs. Alex. Christison, Robert Falconar,
John §. Pearse, M.R.C.S., John Gibson, William Gowan, New-
castle ; George Hadfield, Haltwhistle.

At Orrersurn, 2nd September.—T. E. Headlam, Esq., M.P.,
30, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London.

It was moved by Mr. Kell, and passed unanimously,—

lst.—That the number of Vice-Presidents be increased from
three to six.

2nd.—That those two members of the Committee, who, during
their year of office, shall have least frequently attended the Com-
mittee meetings, shall be ineligible to be of the Committee for
the ensuing year.

3rd.—That Rule VI. be altered by striking out the following
words :—“ That the cost of any lithographic or other illustrations
be defrayed by the author of the paper for which they be re-
quired,”

On the motion of Mr. Burnet it was resolved,—

That Rule 10 be altered so as to stand thus :—That all candi-
dates, for membership, shall be proposed by two ordinary mem-
bers, at any meeting of the Club: the proposal shall be in writing,
and shall state the name and residence of the person proposed ;
a majority of votes shall determine every election ; and the sub-
scription for the current year, of every person so elected, shall be
paid at the time of his election.

The following gentlemen were elected members :—John T,

302 OFFICERS OF THE CLUB.

Stephen, South Shields; H. C. Armstrong, Thomas Austen,
Arthur Umphelby, Newcastle. |

DAys AND PLACES FoR THE FreLD Merrtinas 1n 1853.

FRIDAY, MA hy 2TH. ves Southwick and Washington.
FUNE UT Goss anes Alston.
THURSDAY
and July 21st & 22nd, Teesdale.
FRIDAY, -
WepwespAY, Aug. 17th......... Bardon Mill and the Northum-
berland Lakes.
FRIDAY, ee, WGP nas ccace Widdrington and Chibburn.

The under-mentioned gentlemen were appointed Officers for
the year ending February, 1854 :—

PRESIDENT :
Sir Water C. TREVELYAN, Bart.

VICEH-PRESIDENTS :
W. KELt.
Dennis Emepxeton, M.D.
JosHuA ALDER.
JosEPH FRYER.
RaupH Carr.
Tomas Sopwitn, F\R.S.

TREASURER :

Tuomas Burnet.

SECRETARY :
Joun Storzy, F.B.S.E.

COMMITTEE :
Rev. G. Cooper ABBES. Rev. W. GREENWELL.
Aupany Hancock. Rev. W. FEATHERSTONHAUGH.
JoHn THOMPSON. Ricuarp Howsz.
T. J. Boup. JOSEPH BLACKLOCK.
R. Y. Green. R. S. Cowarp.

Epwarp MATHER. Jonn Storey, Jun.

(303)

X.—Journal of an Excursion into Northumberland, in June and
July, 1851. By James Harpy.

[ Read, at the Anniversary Meeting, April 5th, 1852.)

On the 23rd of June, I reached Shoreston, near North Sunder-
land. June 24th—lI examined the sandy links between North
Sunderland and Bamborough. <A few good Diptera were taken,
Anthomyia mitis, whose maggot is a miner in the leaves of the ~
dock, was observed, in large numbers, freeing itself from the
puparia, which had remained during the winter covered by the
sands, The leaves of Sonchus arvensis, bore many of the purple
pimples, occasioned by the larvee of the small midge, Cecidomyia
Sonchi; the terminal buds of Veronica Chamedrys were also
attacked and distorted by those of C. Veronice ; and the globu-
lar fleshy knots formed on the stems of Galium verum, by
another species, C. Molluginis (Loew), were likewise conspicuous,
The curious Hupelix cuspidata, one of the Homoptera, was swept
from the herbage. Beetles were scarce, and were mostly taken
by the hand, after beating the banks. The following were the
most characteristic :—Phytosus spinifer (under sea-weed), Aleo-
chara Morion, Conurus pubescens, Mycetoporus splendidus, Scym-
nus discoideus, var. limbatus, Corticaria crenulata, Calathus
flavipes, Payk., and C. mollis, Saprinus nitidulus, Atomaria
pusilla, Payk. (Pheogaster, Marsh.), Dromius fasciatus, Dys-
chirius gibbus, in a swampy spot, Hypera Polygon, Catops
Watsoni, new to the district, C. chrysomeloides, and a new species
of Agathidium, A. pumilum, MS. Micralymma brevipenne was
detected in some limestone shale near Monkshouse. The sandhills
near Bamborough, produce an immense crop of ragworts (Senecio
Jacobea), many plants of which were affected with a disease
occasioned by the presence of swarms of a small black Thrips,
apparently Thrips Physapus, Linn. and Holiday, (Ent. Mag. iii.,
449, and List of Homoptera, Brit. Mus. iv.), which prevents the
plant from acquiring its due stature, and hinders the expansion

VOL, 11. PT. II. 2Q

304 MR, HARDY’S JOURNAL OF AN

of the flowers, which, as well as several of the cauline leaves, are
rendered quite hoary with a dense long wool-like down. Aphis
Hederc and A. Pastinace were noticed at Shoreston, the latter
on fennel ( Feniculum vulgare ).

June 25th.—I visited the basaltic height called Budle Crag.
A few good insects were taken, such as :—Agathidiwm atrum,
Atomaria fuscipes, Stenus nigritulus, Quedius fuscipes, Aleochara
Morion, Stilicus afinis, Lithocharis ochracea, Otiorhynchus scab-
vosus, and Dioctria rufipes. Ina small wood on the N.W. side
of the hill, I got Hylastes piceus, Marsh. The leaves of the elms
here were pouched and twisted by Aphis Ulmi. Ceutorhynchus
- Boraginis was met with on water-cresses, both here and at Budle, ~
at the latter place accompanied by Psylliodes Napi. 1 was still
more successful on reaching the sea-coast, within sight of the
Heather Houses, where the following rare insects occurred under
stones immersed at each return of the tide, viz :—Aépus fulves-
cens, Micralymma brevipenne, Bembidium (Cillenum ) laterale,
Phytosus spinifer, and Homalota sericans. These were accom-
panied-by numbers of the blue, sluggish A chorutes maritima, the
Podura maritima of Otho Fabricius, (Faun. Greenl. 212.) Aépus
fulvescens feeds on small Crustacea, apparently the young of
Orchesia littorea, which it carries about in its mandibles, like a
little terrier. On my return I followed a track skirting the
shore, but excepting Calodera longitarsis, under stones at a
swampy spot, where the Budle Hills terminate in the sea, I re-
marked nothing of interest.

June 26th.—I traversed the coast to zhi south, as far as
Dunstanborough Castle. From the prevalence of sand links,
there was little diversity in this dreary tract, from what I had
seen on previous days further to the north. Cynips aptera and
Homalota lividipennis occurred near Beadnell, as well as the
customary species that frequent marine rejectamenta, such as :—
Phytosus spinifer, Omalium leviusculum, Oxytelus flavipes, and
Aleochara obscurella. After passing Beadnell, I observed several

of the terminal buds of Cerastium tetrandrum much tumefied by
the presence of Aphis Stellarie (North Brit. Agriculturist, ii,
788, 1850.) in their interior. Geranium sanguineum, which

EXOURSION INTO NORTHUMBERLAND, 305

flourishes profusely here, did not furnish a single insect. Coast-
ing the pretty bay of Embleton, solitary individuals of the fly,
figured by Curtis as Helcomyza ustulata (Actora estuum, Meigen)
fled my advancing footsteps along the beach. The sand here has
an ochreous tinge probably acquired from the iron that enters
into the composition of the adjacent basaltic rocks. Near the
crags at Dunstanborough, Philonthus micans, Lithocharis och-
raced, and Stenus jilum were found secreted under decaying
herbage, on the site of a dried up pool. Colymbetes chalconotus
frequented the stagnant ditches, and C. paludosus the running
waters. Behind the wall of the Castle, near the brink of the
famous “Rumble Churn,” I picked up Dyschirius gibbus. The
Cynthia Cardui was sporting about here, as it had done on the
previous day, on the heights near Budle, and this species has been
rather common during the season. In connection with this, it
may be worthy of notice that M. Ghiliani, of Turin, has re-
corded an extensive migration of this butterfly, observed on the
26th of April, 1851, in many provinces of Piedmont. The flight
was directed towards the N.N.E. (Aun. Soc. Ent. France, 1851,
Bulletin, lv.). Can any portion of these wanderers have reached
our shores? Some of the basalt here is pitted, as if riddled with
small shot.

June 27th.— While examining the fissures of the limestone
rocks to the south of North Sunderland, I dug out Aépus fulves-
cens. ‘The wild thymes ( Zhymus Serpyllum) here had many of
those enlarged cottony buds, caused by the larvee of a mite occu-
pying them. This was first pointed out by Loew (Dipterologische
Beitriige, iv., 24., Posen, 1850), and was at one time considered
to be owing to a Psylla ( Chermes, Lightfoot, Flora Scot., i., 18),
or to the larve of a gall-midge (Cecidomyia) that harboured
within them. The older botanists accounted plants in this con-
dition as a distinct species. It forms the Serpillum vulgare,
minus, capitulis lanuginosis of Caspar Bauhin (Pinax, 220), and
of Tournefort (Hist. Plant. Paris, 149). Tournefort, however,
who had examined into the nature of several galls, ascribed the
appearance to an insect. While leaning against a grassy wall, I
got stung by one of the solitary bees, Halictus rubicundus. I

306 MR. HARDY’S JOURNAL OF AN

merely mention this to state, that the smart was like the burn
of a nettle, or that occasioned by the sting of a pismire, but it
soon subsided. These bees rarely use their defensive weapons,
On the surface of the sandstone rocks, within sea-mark, to the
north of the town, I observed numerous impressions, resembling
those coils of sand cast up, at the present day, by marine worms.
In former times, a portion of this district appears to have been
wooded. Several years since, while a field was being drained
below New Shoreston, a large quantity of hazel nuts was dug up,
along with the antlers of a species of deer. The prevalence of
wild oats (Avena fatua) in this district is remarkable, and very
annoying to the cultivator. In one place I observed them mown
like a crop of meadow grass, preparatory to turnip-making. The
yellow mustard (Sinapis arvensis) isalso a frequent weed, whence a
popular adage has arisen :—“Runches and Wild Oats are the
Badge of Bamboroughshire.” At the period of my visit, the tur-
nip beetle ( Haltica Nemorum) had attacked many of the early
sown turnips. The great pest of the turnip crop, this season,
however, has been the small green caterpillar of Plutella Cru-
ciferarum.

June 28th.—I walked to Belford, and thence over the moors
to Wooler. The weather, as it had been on previous days, was
remarkably sultry. The only insects met with worthy of notice
were Omias sulcirostris and Bradycellus collaris. ‘These were
found under stones on the heights above Lyham.

June 30th.—I found myself on new ground. I first tracked
the Wooler water upwards from the Mill to near the Haugh-head.
Ceutorhyncus Echii, Longitarsus femoralis, the latter abundantly.
frequented Lchium vulgare ; Helodes Beccabungee and Gymnae-
tron niger, the Veronica Anagallis; and Podphagus Sisymbri
and Ceutorhyncus niger, the water cress. Here also were Chetoc-
nema aridella, Amara tibialis, and Dromius foveolus in the drier
places ; Philonthus fulvipes and Bembidium fascrolatum, vars.
atroceruleum and tibiale, amongst the gravel; and Cryptohyp-
nus quadripustulatus and Bledius subterraneus on the sands. A
specimen of a rare fly (Xylophagus ater) was also captured. I
had met with it previously in Scotland, sitting on trunks of trees,

EXOURSION INTO NORTHUMBERLAND. 307

and have since reared it from the larve found in decaying birches,
alders, and mountain ashes. Between Wooler Mill and Turvie-
laws, the rare Aplotarsus ? maritimus of Curtis was found by the
water’s edge ; as was also Dyschirius gibbus and three specimens
of Stenus atratulus, Hrichson, a species unrecorded as British.
July 1st.—In the morning I set out for Hedgehope. Near
Karl, I took Malthinus brevicollis and Atopa cervina. Entering
the vale that conducts to Langleyford, among the gravel below
the footbridge over Caer burn, a rivulet that joins the Wooler
water here, were the following rarer beetles, viz :—Zachyusa
flavitarsis, Myllena dubia, Hpaphius secalis, Blenus paludosus,
and Bembidium decorum. In the sandy places by the side of
Wooler water, Cryptohypnus quadripustulatus and Bledius sub-
terraneus were prevalent on the sands, as were Lesteva impressa
in marshes, and Stenus guttula and Helobia nivalis amongst
gravel. A single specimen of Monychus (Byrrhus) ceneus occur-
ed under a stone. IJ found many dead specimens of a large brown
Coccus on the sloe thorn (Prunus spinosa), which is closely
allied to a species that occurs in Berwickshire, on the Huonymus
europeus. Other insects worthy of notice were :—Amara tibi-
alis, Tachinus elongatus, Ragonycha paludosa, Athous vittatus,
Podabrus alpinus, Otiorhynchus ligneus, Aphodius uliginosus at
the foot of Cheviot, and Cionus Scrophularie on Scrophularia
nodosa near Langleyford. The birches at the base of Hedgehope
offered only, Anoplus plantaris and Bythoscopus flavicollis.
Elmis ceneus was found on Pontinalis antipyretica in the streams.
Ceutorhynchus Hrice accompanied the heath (Calluna vulgaris )
from the base nearly to the summit. Here Ragonycha paludosa
assumed a very dark colour, and I imagined, but perhaps the
observation was illusory, that Rhagio scolopaceus and Panorpa
communis were unwontedly large, There was little to interest
till I had surmounted the boggy ground, towards the upper part
of which flourished the Saxifraga stellaris and Trientalis euro-
pea, the latter dwarf and single-flowered, and a profusion of
Chrysosplenium oppositifoliwm that matted over little rills of
water of a crystal purity and of an icy coolness. Here Omaseus
Orinomus, Steropus Athiops, and Bradycellus cognatus began to

308 MR. HARDY’S JOURNAL OF AN

appear under stones and sods, along with numbers of Helobia
nivalis, a species that ascended nearly to the summit. J had now
gained the steepest part of the hill, which, where not interrupted
by stripes of stones, is covered by short heath, so closely inter-
woven that it resembles a carpet. This was embellished by the
snowy flowers of the Cloudberry, whose fruit is here called
“ Noops,” the pale yellow and purplish spikes of the Cow wheat,
and the delicate waxen bells of the Cowberry ( Vaccinium Vitis-
Idea). The insect productions were fully as interesting, and
occurred for the most part under stones and peat “ haggs.” Here
for the first time, I met with Calathus micropterus, Arpedium
brachypterum and Homalota nivalis, the two last new to Britain.
Aphodius Lapponum also marked this point of elevation, inclu-
ding what I consider to be a black variety. There were, Lath-
robium fulvipenne, Stenus proboscideus, Quedius frontalis, small
specimens, Q. molochinus, Othius melanocephalus, Lesteva obscura,
Trechus minutus, Notiophilus aquaticus, N. palustris, Duft.
(tibialis Steph.), N. biguttatus, Homalota analis, Loricera pili-
cornis, Carabus violaceus, Colymbetes fontinalis, in the clear rivu-
lets, Calathus melanocephalus, in some instances with the thorax
pitchy, Patrobus excavatus very prevalent, and Cryptohypnus ri-
parius. Wireworms were not unfrequent, and appeared to be
those of Oryptohypnus riparius and Corymbites cupreus. The
summit is grassy, and near the apex there grow little thickets of
stunted bilberry ( Vaccinium Myrtillus). These places were in-
habited by Ociorhynchus Maurus, a native of the cloud-capped
mountains of Wales, and the Scottish Highlands. <Anthophagus
alpinus, another upland species, also appeared here, at an alti-
titude of 2,347 feet above the sea. The lowland accompani-
ments were Stenus impressus, Quedius Boops, Othius melanoce-
phalus, Patrobus excavatus, and the Notiophili. Thestones that
sheltered these insects were mostly those that had lain for a long
period undisturbed. A pretty moth, of a kind I had not seen
before, fluttered about ; many long-legged Tipule ( 7’. horten-
sis ?) were whisking athwart the heath ; and in the black, bare
peaty rifts, there arose little parties of Medeterus nebulosus. The
descent was soon accomplished, The blackbird piped his evening

EXCURSION INTO NORTHUMBERLAND. 309

lay in the vale below Langleyford, as I passed along, and at
intervals I heard the cuckoo’s cheerful note. Some naturalists
would have us to believe that the cuckoo ceases to call before the
endof June. Theair was particularly fragrant, indicating an ex-
cess of moisture.

July 2nd.—Was wet and cold, but on the 3rd good weather
returned. On this day I ascended the hill called Humbleton
Heugh (locally Hummil Heugh), and thence struck across the
heights to Yeavering Bell, returning by the turnpike. These
elevations composed of the same sort of porphyritic rock, have
much in common, and being clothed almost exclusively with grass,
are not favourable to a variety of entomological productions. On
Humbleton hill the principal were, Athous niger, Hypera punc~
tata, Atopa cervind, Serica brunnea (beneath a stone), Cistela
murinda, Byrrhus Pilula, M althinus brevicollis, Dromius foveolus,
Corymbites cupreus, Acocephalus bifasciatus ; and on the summit,
Omias hirsutulus, O. sulcirostris, Scydmenus pusillus and Chry-
somela marginata. The dwarf plants of Achillea Millefolium
that grew on the top of the hill, had about their bases numerous
stiff, bud-like productions, invested with a dense down. They
were probably produced by the gall-midge Cecidomyia Millefolii,
but were of nearly double the usual dimensions. This height
commands an extensive prospect over many a fertile field, and
many a scene of fatal border strife. At the base lies the battle
field of Homildon, still called “Bloody Riggs.” I descended
towards the N.W. and wound up a deep waterless ravine on the
bank of Akeld hill, where grew some scattered plants of Z'ces-
dalia nudicaulis, which likewise occurs on Yeavering Bell.
Descending next into a boggy slack called Gleed (i.e. crooked)
Cleugh, I met with Hydrena riparia abundant in its little burn ;
and also Cassida obsoleta beneath a stone. On the next eminence,
Whitehill, I found the black variety of Aphodius Lapponum.
Yeavering Bell now rose before me, the highest peak of the ridge
that here places limits to Glendale. Omias sulcirostris, Otior-
hynchus scabrosus, Cistela murina, Prosternon holosericeus, and
Formica graminicola were its insect occupants. Like Hedgehope
it wears round its summit a small circlet of dwarf bilberries,

310 MR. HARDY’S JOURNAL OF AN

amongst which were the remains of Otiorhynchus Maurus. A
solitary hive-bee was reposing in this airy region. The descent
by the northern side is exceedingly abrupt. At its base, which
is swampy, grows a bosket of scrogey alders, birches, guelder-roses,
and willows. Orchestes scutellaris, O. bifasciatus and Anobium
castaneum were its more select inhabitants. I reached the turn-
pike at the agricultural hamlet of New Yeavering. About a
mile to the west, is Adgebrin or Old Yeavering, once, a.v. 627,
the palace of the Saxon Kings of Northumberland.

July 4th.— My first object to-day was to visit Whitsunbank
hill to the Hast of Wooler. The banks by the side of the road
leading to it are a favourite resort of solitary bees. Those I took
were, Andrena cingulata. A. analis, Halictus minutus, H. niti-
diusculus, and a Nomada allied to guadrinotata. On the heath
Bradycellus cognatus and B. collaris were picked up. The
dredge net brought up in the moss-pools Colymbetes bistriatus,
C. angustior, Philhydrus testaceus, and P. Affinis, all desirable
additions to the local Fauna. In this moss the Cranberry, Vac-
cinum Oxycoccos, grows in abundance. I swept up Ragonycha
paludosa, Telephorus dispar, and Cyphon griseus. Coccinella
livida was met with in an adjoining fir plantation, as also under
the bark of decaying Scotch pines, were Phloecopora corticalis
and Othius alternans. Another tree, which was smutted with a
sooty fungus, Stemonitis fasciculata, produced Leiodes humeralis,
L. abdominalis, and an Agathidium, apparently new, A. Lyco-
gole, MS. I descended on the N. H. to the turnpike, where
Gymaétron niger, as at Wooler, was the occupant of Veronica
Anagallis. At Weetwood Bridge, I reached the Till, whose
muddy banks, as I followed its windings downwards, presented
a new field forinquiry. Sledius subterraneus was equally abun-
dant as on the Wooler water ; but was accompanied here by
what I take for Heterocerus marginatus, but the specimens were
remarkably dark. Both burrow in the mud. Stenus guttula
was coursing about in the sunshine, along with the rare Zachyusa
chalybea, and the equally rare and singular 7’. constricta. Stenus
bupthalmus was very abundant, and S. plantaris lurked in the
marshes. .In the gravelly spots were Bembidiwm paludosum, B.

MR. HANCOCK ON NIDIFICATION, ETO. 3t1

flavipes, and B. punctulatum ; also B. (Lopha) Doris, B. obtu-
sum. var. hemorrhoum, and Clivina collaris. Cryptohypnus
Quadrum, Coccinella quatuordecimguttata (beat from willows),
Haltica Modeeri, and Trogophleus fuliginosus exhaust the cata-
logue of this day’s rarities in Coleoptera. The marshes were
frequented by numbers of Ortalis crassipennis, a rare and
pretty fly.
July 5th.—TI returned to Scotland.

Penmanshiel, by Cockburnspath, Berwickshire,
February 10th, 1852.

XI.—Observations on the Nidification of Gasterosteus aculeatus
and Gasterosteus spinachia. By AuBpany Hancock,

(Read, at Bamburgh, August 11, 1852.]

It is only within the last few years that naturalists have clearly
determined that some species of fish make nests for the reception
of their spawn ; though Aristotle was actually acquainted with
the fact about twenty-two centuries ago. |

Five or six kinds are now ascertained to nidify ; and of these,
two belong to the genus Gasterosteus,—one, G. aculeatus, the
Three-spined Stickleback ; the other, G. spinachia, the Fifteen-
spined Stickleback. The former is a well-known, active, and
pugnacious little fish, inhabiting almost every pool and rivulet
in the kingdom ; the latter is much rarer, and is a denizen of
the sea. 3

Mr. Jonathan Couch states, in his interesting work entitled
“T)lustrations of Instinct,” that the first detailed notice of the
nest-building of the Three-spined Stickleback occurs in a little
magazine, “The Youth’s Instructor,” for the year 1834. This
notice is from the pen of Mr. T. Crookenden, a gentleman unknown
as a naturalist ; but who has given a very faithful account, so
far as it goes, of the nidification of this species, It contains all

YOu. 1%. . Pv. 10, 2R

312 MR. HANCOCK ON THE NIDIFICATION OF

that is at present known on the subject, and its accuracy can be
verified by any one who will take the trouble to look into almost
any pool of water during the summer months,—the breeding sea-
son of the Stickleback. At this time these fish will be observed
near to the margins, busily engaged in building and guarding
their nests ; and shoals of the fry may be seen, in different stages
of development, swimming about in all directions. But if we
Wish to study, to advantage, the nidifictaion of this species, a few
specimens should be placed in confinement about May or*June ;
and then all their movements can be narrowly watched and accu-
rately observed. Care must be taken, however, that they be left
unmolested, and that their new abode resemble, as much as pos-
sible, their usual haunts. I have lately had an opportunity of
noticing the habits of this fish, during the breeding season, under
the above favourable conditions.

We have, for some time past, kept a glass trough filled with
aquatic plants and animals ; the bottom of this vessel is covered
with mud, and the rock-work, piled up in the centre, is overgrown
with a delicate hair-like Conferva ; a few floating plants spread
over the surface of the water, and innumerable H'ntomostraca,
and other small Crustaceans, as well as various animalcules,
swarm in all parts ; the minute, but deadly, poison-armed Hydra
also prevails where food is so plentiful ; and a solitary individual
of the great water beetle, Dytiscus marginatus, rambles over its
watery domain, lord and master of all. Several of the freshwater
Mollusca also people the trough, which on the whole has much
the appearance of a miniature pond. Into this new home were
put four or five sticklebacks last May ; and they, at once, made
themselves perfectly at ease. One, without the least hesitation,
took possession of a certain spot, which it guarded with the
greatest pertinacity, attacking vigorously any of its companions
that might happen to approach the chosen locality. The beetle
too, which sometimes came slowly paddling by, was pounced upon
and unceremoniously tumbled over ; but secure within his scaly
armour, as the knights of old, he little heeded the onslaught of
his naked assailant ; so overpowering all opposition he scrambled
onward in his undeviating path.

GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS, ETC. 313

This fish was rather small, had the throat of a bright red
colour, and the eyes of a brilliant bluish green. At first, all the
others were pale ; but, in the course of a few days, one of them
gradually assumed the rich hues of that just described, and soon
afterwards it also became attached to a spot, taking up its abode
in one of the corners of the trough. On examining attentively
the two selected localities, a nest was found in each, composed of
a collection of delicate vegetable fibres, resting on the bottom of
the trough, and matted into an irregularly circular mass, some-
what depressed, and upwards of an inch in diameter ; the top
being covered over with the same materials, and having, in the
centre, a large hole. The fishes scarcely ever strayed from their
nests, but were constantly on guard, defending or repairing them ;
they were perpetually prying into the hole at the top and thrust-
ing their heads right into it. On one occasion, one of them
entered by this hole, and slowly forced itself right through the
side of the nest ; as it gradually moved onwards, its body had a
peculiar, lateral vibratile motion. They would frequently seize
hold of the nest and give it a violent tug, shaking and tearing
loose the vegetable matter of which it was composed ; at other
times they would carry to it, in their mouths, fine conferva-stems,
and press them with considerable force into the walls of the nest,
or thrust them into the hole, which by this means, was sometimes
partially concealed. Occasionally, each was observed hovering
over its nest, with the head close to the orifice, the body being
inclined upwards, at an angle of about 45°, fanning it with the
pectoral fins, aided by a lateral motion of the tail. This curious
manceuvre was apparently for the purpose, so to speak, of venti-
lating the spawn, which could be distinctly seen through the orifice
at the top ; at least, by this means, a current of water was made to
set in towards the nest, as was rendered perfectly evident by the
agitation of particles of matter attached to it. This fanning or
ventilating process was repeated, at short intervals, during the
day, and every day until the spawn was hatched, to accomplish
which took between two and three weeks.

Only one nest contained spawn ; the other was torn in pieces,
and the materials scattered about, in the hope that we might have

314 MR. HANCOCK ON THE NIDIFICATION OF

the pleasure of seeing it reconstructed. In this we were not
disappoimted ; the fish immediately began to form a new nest in
exactly the same spot, and by the following day it was more than
half completed. It took a mouthful at a time, and was at some
pains in adjusting each load, spreading the materials out, and
pressing them down with its mouth ; it then drew its body slowly
over the whole, vibrating, all the time, in the same peculiar
manner as when it forced its way through the nest as before
stated.*

On the 13th of June, the hole at the top of the fruitful nest was
found to be much enlarged, so that the entire mass of spawn was
exposed to view ; and, on looking attentively, afew of the newly
hatched fry were seen flitting about the walls of the nest. The
assiduity of the parent was now greatly increased ; it never left
the spot ; by night it rested either on the nest or by its side, and
during day nothing was allowed to approach. It fiercely
seized a quill that was passed down towards the object of its so-
licitude, with such vigour that the shock of attack was distinctly
felt by the hand. Combats with its companions became more
frequent ; but its ire was chiefly directed against its neighbour,
which, like itself, was engaged in parental duties. This having
also a nest to defend, never shrank from the conflict, and the en-
counters were therefore fierce and prolonged; but, nevertheless,
conducted with all due caution, and apparently with much science
as the gentlemen of the ring would express it. The sparring was
very wary, and generally lasted a few seconds before the com-
batants closed. The attack was usually commenced by one
quietly creeping up, watching its opportunity; on this the other,
acting on the defensive, would turn its broad side to the enemy,
and raising the ventral spine wait to receive the onslaught ; the
assailant, intimidated by this formidable demonstration, would
then slowly retreat, and in its turn had in the same manner to
defend itself. After thus advancing and retreating for a few
times, one, taking advantage of an unguarded moment, would

* It is probable that it is the male fish which builds and guards the nest ;
and, if so, it might, perhaps, be shedding the milt when dragging its body over
and through the nest in the manner described.

GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS, ETC. 315

rush in upon its opponent and butt at it with its head, apparently
endeavouring to bite ; the other, rallying, returned the compli-
ment, and after dashing at each other in this way two or three
times, with extraordinary rapidity, the round would terminate,
and each fish retreat to its nest, to recommence its more imme-
diate nidimental duties.

The fry were at first so minute and transparent that they
could scarcely be discerned as they lay partially concealed amid
the meshes of the nest : every now and then a slight fluttering
motion betrayed their position, otherwise it was almost impos-
sible to distinguish them. As I was closely watching their mo~
tions, at this time, one of the newly hatched fishlings, with
intrepidity beyond its experience, ventured to pass the limits of
its cradle: in an instant the watchful parent was there, and with
gaping mouth seized the little wanderer, which immediately dis-
appeared, the jaws having closed upon it. Seeing this, I at once
gave up the fry for lost, deeming that here was an instance of
instinct at fault, and that all the affectionate solicitude of the
parent was to end in its devouring its offspring. In this I was
mistaken : the old fish, quietly returning, dropped the straggler
into its nest lively and uninjured. During the whole of this day
none of the fry were permitted to ramble beyond the precincts
of their fold ; when any attempted to do so—and many did at-
tempt—they were invariably brought back in the mouth of the
parent : none escaped its vigilant eye, and it was amusing to see
with what a hurried, fluttering motion the little things dropped
almost perpendicularly down into the nest, so soon as they were
released from the jaws of the parent.

It was three days before all the eggs were hatched, and the
attention of the parent, during. all this time, was unremitting.
On the second day, I marked its manceuvres for five minutes, and
found that, in this short period, it ventilated the nest eight times,
warded off an attack of the neighbouring fish, and brought back
to the nest a straggler or two. During this day the spawn was
frequently examined by the parent, who would occasionally seize
hold of it and give it a good shake ; apparently for the purpose
of throwing off adherent matter, that the water might freely cir-

316 MR. HANCOCK ON THE NIDIFICATION OF

culate about the eggs. The parent would then dive, head fore-
most into the nest and bring out a mouthful of mud, which it
would carry to some little distance and discharge with a puff.

The third day was passed much in the same manner, only as
the eges were now all hatched, the nest was less frequently fanned
or ventilated ; and the fry, about forty in number, were allowed
greater liberty ; the strongest being permitted to recreate them-
selves among the Conferve that grew on a stone about 2 inches
from the nest. On the fourth day the fanning had ceased alto-
gether, and the rambles of the young were less restricted. They
were not yet, however, permitted to pass beyond certain limits ;
when any transgressed these bounds they were immediately seized,
as heretofore, and carried back to the nest ; into which they were
always very glad to escape from the clutches of their ardent
parent. Notwithstanding all her vigilance, one contrived, on the
fifth day, to escape her eye, and passing the fatal boundary was
immediately devoured by the other fish, which now seemed
always on the watch, neglecting its own barren nest, being in-
tent only on appropriating to itself the nestlings of its fruitful
neighbour. In this act of cannibalism we see the reason for the
parent’s anxious care and its jealousness of its kind ; and it is
evident from Mr, Crookenden’s account, previously quoted, that
they greedily devour each other’s spawn. The young fry, how-
ever, have other enemies as well as their own species. One day
a favourite Hydra (H. fusca) was observed to be distended in a
most extraordinary manner; on examination, it was found to
have swallowed the head and shoulders of one of the young fish
many times larger than itself ; and the caudal extremity, which
was too much for it, and which was projecting out of its mouth,
had been seized upon by another Hydra. Thus, it would appear
that these low organized, but powerful and voracious animals
occasionally regale themselves on the flesh of the Vertebrata.
This happened when the fry were three or four weeks old.

All the old fish, with the exception of that with the young,
were, in consequence of their cannibal propensities, turned out
of the trough ; and danger being thus removed, the fry were no
longer restricted in their rambles, but enjoyed the whole range

GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS, ETC. 317

of their crystal abode. Henceforth the parent’s assiduity gra-
dually relaxed, though for days afterwards it was its custom to
take the young occasionally into its mouth, and after carrying
them a little distance to let them drop out again. I took one of
the fry out one day for examination with the microscope ; on re-
turning it to the trough, it was in so sickly a state as to be
scarcely able to leave the vessel, which was held in the hand.
The old fish, perceiving the helpless condition of its offspring,
came up to the surface of the water, and seizing hold of the ex-
hausted young one carried it off almost from amidst my fingers,
and taking it to some distance puffed it out of its mouth into a
tuft of Conferve. This courageous act of ‘our little fish would
seem, In some measure, to give credence to the assertion, so fre-
quently made, that some of the sharks protect their young by
receiving them into the mouth, on the approach of danger.

Other facts might be related evincing parental attachment ;
but perhaps enough has been said to satisfy those, who take an
interest in such matters, that in this respect the Three-spined
Stickleback is scarcely, if at all, inferior to the hen, whose affec-
tionate regard for her offspring has ever been the theme of ad-
miration. Incubation, with the fish, is out of the question ; it
attends its nest, however, as diligently as any of the feathered
tribes, keeping it in constant repair, fanning it with its fins, and
removing anything that might obstruct the free action of the
water upon the eggs ; it defends its young with the same undaun-
ted courage, and though it cannot gather them under spreading
wings as the hen gathers her brood, yet all those which stray are
brought back to the nest, that they may be under the protection
of their ever-vigilant and courageous parent.

The nest of the Fifteen-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus spi-
nachia) was first noticed by Mr. Jonathan Couch, on the Cornish
coast, in 1842. Since then it has been observed two or three
times on the coast of Northumberland. It is composed of pen-
dant seaweeds bound together, by a silk-like thread, into pear-
shaped or fusiform masses : the spawn is deposited in the centre
of the mass. Mr. Couch says, “One of these nests was visited
every day for three weeks, and the old fish was found invariably

318 MR. HANCOCK ON THE NIDIFICATION OF

guarding it ; it would examine the nest on all sides, and then
retire for a short time, but soon return to renew the examination.
On several occasions,” continues this gentleman, “I laid the eggs
bare by removing a portion of the nest, but when this was dis-
covered great exertions were instantantly made to recover them.
By the mouth of the fish, the edges of the opening were again
drawn together, and the other portions torn from their attach-
ments and brought over the orifice till the ova were again hid
from view. And as great force was sometimes necessary to effect
this, the fish would thrust its snout into the nest, as far as the
eyes, and then jerk backwards till the object was effected. While
thus engaged, it would suffer itself to be taken in the hand, but
repelled any attack made on the nest, and quitted not its post so
long as I remained.”

Mr. Richard Howse, who found three or four of these nests in
a pool among the rocks at Tynemouth, a year or two ago, informs
me that each was attended by a fish, and that they scarcely ever
left their nets, but kept hovering about, attentively examining
them, and thrusting their projecting muzzles amidst the seaweeds
of which they were composed ; the fish would occasionally poise
themselves close to the nests, and fan them with the pectoral fins
in the same manner as the Three-spined species. And, indeed,
it is quite evident, from the accounts given by these two gentle-
men, that the habits of both species, in all that concerns nidifica-
tion, perfectly coincide ; both guard the nest with the same
unwearied perseverance, drive off enemies, make all necessary
repairs, fan or ventilate the nest, and keep it in all respects in
good order.

It is satisfactory to observe this exact similarity of habits, for
Mr. Couch has changed his opinion, apparently upon insufficient
grounds, respecting the nest, which he attributed to the Fifteen-
spined Stickleback. He now considers it to belong to the com-
mon Shanny (Blennius pholis), arriving at this conclusion after
having examined the young hatched from ova taken out of one
of the nests. “Being from the first,” says this gentleman,
“ impressed with the conviction that they were the young of the
Fifteen-spined Stickleback, I was much surprised to notice the

GASTEROSTEUS AOULEATUS, ETC. 319

great difference of their shape from that of their supposed
parent, more especially in the parts before the eyes, which, instead
of being elongated and slender, were short and round. In con-
sequence of this, they were closely examined with glasses, and
drawn with the aid of a microscope of low power ; and, though
I failed to detect satisfactorily the ventral fins of that fish
(chiefly perhaps from their slender form and transparency), yet,
from the declivity of the head, protuberance of the belly, the
pectoral fin, and the length of the dorsal and anal fins, which
in some specimens were continuous with the caudal, and in others
separated by a slight notch, I had no hesitation, in referring
them to the common Shanny.”

Now, the young of the Three-spined Stickleback differ just as
widely from the mature fish, as the young of the Fifteen-spined
species are stated to do; and what is of still more importance
the differences are of exactly the same kind. In the former
(pl. iv., fig. 1 and 2) as well as in the latter, the parts before the
eyes are short and round, and can scarcely be said to project at
all in front ; the declivity of the head is consequently great ; the
belly is protuberant, and the dorsal and anal fins are long and
continuous with the caudal. The young of the Three-spined
Stickleback would therefore appear also to possess, at first, the
characters of the Shanny ; bui as development goes on (pl. v.,
fig. 1 and 2), the jaws are pushed ont, the belly is reduced in
comparative size, and the dorsal and anal fins are shortened, and
become ultimately separated from the caudal. Thus, in course of
time, the young gradually assume the form and characters of the
parent. And there can be little doubt that this would have been
found to be the case with the young of the Fifteen-spined Stickle-
back, had Mr. Couch watched their development a little longer.
The obtuse form of the head, on which that gentleman places
much stress, is the embryonic condition of all fishes ; the clonga-
tion of the jaws is always an after-development.

In conclusion, it may be remarked, that of the three or four
other species of fish, described to nidify, one, a native of Demerara,
is stated to remain by the side of the nest with as much solicitude
as the hen guards her eggs ; the same is said respecting another

WOU, FL) i) PE: ITI. 28

320 MR. HANCOCK ON THE NIDIFICATION, ETC.

species inhabiting the Black Sea: but in none, so far as I am
aware, has parental attachment been observed to equal that evin-
ced by the Three-spined Stickleback. Yet we must not, therefore,
conclude that it does not exist to the same extent in others of
the finny tribes. The habits of these animals are very little
known ; and who can say what time may bring to light respecting
the economy of the inhabitants of the deeper regions of the sea!
It is only, as it were, the other day that nothing was known of
the nidification of the Three-spined Stickleback,—a resident of
almost every pool, river, and rivulet in the kingdom.

P.S.—Since the above paper was read, I find I am wrong in ©
assuming that Mr J. Couch is the author of the Memoir on the
Nidification of the Fifteen-spined Stickleback, which was pub-
lished in the Transactions of the Royal Institution of Cornwall ;
this memoir is, I am informed, from the pen of Mr. R. Q. Couch.
Not being able to refer to these transactions, I quoted from the
“Tllustrations of Instinct,” the work of the former gentleman ;
and in it the author’s name, of the communication in question, is
not given. Mr. R. Q. Couch has assured me that he still enter-
tains the opinion he originally expressed, that the nest described
by him really belongs to the Fifteen-spined Stickleback.

I have also recently ascertained that so far back as 1839, Dr.
Johnston described the nest of this fish, in the Transactions of the
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club. In the Doctor’s communication
it is stated that, “In an early volume of the ‘ Edinburgh Philo-
sophical Journal,’ there is a slight notice of fishes’ nests found on
the coast of Berwickshire, by Admiral Milne; but the species of
fish, by whom they are constructed, is not mentioned.” And it is
further stated that, “ Mr. Duncan, of Eyemouth, has ascertained
that they belong to the Fifteen-spined Stickleback, a fact con-
firmed by the Rev. Mr. Turnbull, to whom the Club is indebted for
specimens.” The nest and habits of the fish are then accurately
described ; and in a concluding note it is announced that Mr.
Maclaren, of Coldinghame, had seen and watched the Stickleback
in the act of making the nests,

It would therefore appear that the credit is due to these gentle-

MR. KELL’S NOTES, ETC. ‘ 321

men, not only of publishing the first observations on this inte-
resting subject, but also of determining the fact that these nests
belong to the Fifteen-spined Stickleback.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV. anv V.
PuateE IV.

Fig. 1. Side view of Gasterosteus aculeatus four or five days old.

Fig 2. Back view of same.

Prate V.
Fig. 1. The young of G. aculeatus about eighteen days old, shewing the
fin rays in a state of development.
Fig, 2. The same a few days older, exhibiting the fin rays and spines
considerably advanced.

XI1.—Wotes on the Fifth Field Meeting, held at Otterburn, on
the 2nd and 3rd September, 1852. By Wiuutam Keut, Ksq.,
F.A.S.

The party availed themselves of the opportunity afforded by a
halt at Belsay Inn, while the horses were being fed, on the morn-
ing of the 2nd, to walk up to the old castle of Belsay, and after
having inspected the interior, and enjoyed the splendid panorama
from the battlements, the members were prepared to verify
Hodgson’s description of the tower, as being “certainly one of
the most perfect, and by far the most imposing specimen of cas-
tellated architecture in Northumberland :” and from the arms of
Middleton impaling those of Strivelin being over the uppermost
window of its south side, it is supposed that it was built by John
de Middleton and Christian his wife, in the time of Edward III.
In an adjacent garden, which the party visited, is a very fine
collection of Arawcarias, and other plants of recent introduction
into England ; the collection includes some very fine trees of the
Araucaria excelsa and Araucaria imbricata; of the latter, a

323 . MR. KELL’S NOTES

splendid specimen, about 35 feet high, is said to be the finest in
England. Time did not permit the party to solicit a visit to
the contiguous modern mansion of Sir Charles M. L. Monck,
Bart.*

Leaving Belsay, the party had a delightful drive past Cap-
heaton, Kirkharle, and Little Harle Tower, to Kirkwhelpington,
where, as they passed, they viewed with deep interest the church
and parsonage, erewhile the seat of the duties and the residence
of the Rev. John Hodgson, the historian of Northumberland ;
and it is gratifying to learn that a memoir of him has at length
been undertaken by the Rev. James Raine, author of the history
of North Durham, a kindred spirit of the highest order, in whose
hands the warmest friends of Mr. Hodgson feel that his memory
will be honoured.

The route now changed in character, from the rich and well
cultivated plains, teeming with splendid crops of ripe grain, the
only want being reapers, to bleak and swelling hills of moorland.
The day being beautifully fine, the view from Ottercaps was un-
usually extensive ; and having at length reached Otterburn, the
party was met, at the entrance to the town, by Mr. Coward, (on
whose invitation the place of meeting had been selected,) and
were escorted by him to his shooting box at Dean Head, where
they received attentions and hospitality which merit their
warmest acknowledgments.

The party, under the guidance of Mr. Coward and one of his
keepers, visited the Roman Station of Bremeniwm (High Roches-
ter), where they found a party of workmen engaged in exploring
the station, at the instance and expense of the Duke of Northum-
berland: the progress and results of the operations had been re-
ported to the Newcastle Meeting of the Archeological Institute,
on the preceding day, in a very interesting paper by the Rev. J.
C. Bruce. Mr. Coulson, under whose directions the excavations
were being made, exhibited the Altars and other inscribed and
carved stones, coins, fibule, and fictile wares which had been re-

* Had time permitted, I should have referred to Mr. Hudson Turner’s

interesting Notice of Belsay Castle, in the volume of “‘ Ancient Domestic
Architecture,’”’ published since these Notes were written.—W. K.

ON THE FIFTH FIELD MEETING. $23

cently discovered in the station, and conducted the party over the
newly exposed streets of its former warlike inhabitants. The in-
telligence and zeal evinced by Mr. Coulson were gratifying to
the members, who returned by way of Horsley to a late dinner
at Mr. Coward’s, by whom they were accommodated with sleeping
quarters.

On the morning of the 3rd, Mr. Coward accompanied the party
to Elsdon Tower, the parsonage mansion of the Rector of Elsdon,
the Rey. Percy Gilpin, by whom they were kindly shewn over
the entire building, and also over the Mote Hills, and the church.
The tower, or, as it is called, “ Elsdon Castle,” is a fortified resi-
dence modernized, but still retaining many interesting vestiges
of its antiquity, and of the manners of the age in which it was
built. When it was built is unknown, but it was repaired circa
1470, and a tablet of arms placed in the battlement of the south
front. They are the arms of Umfreville, with the inscription
“33 JB v rede” (Robertus Dominus de Rede). Sir Walter
Taylboys assumed the arms of Umfreville, on his inheriting, in
1436, in right of his great grandmother Elizabeth Umfreville, the
lordship of Rede, per regalem potestatem. His successor, Sir
William Taylboys, was at the battle of Towton, on the side of
Hen. VI., and at the battle of Hexham (1464), whence he fled to
his own franchise of Redesdale, where he was taken, carried to
Newcastle, and there beheaded, and his estates confiscated. Sir
Robert Taylboys was restored to the possession of the family
estates under the style of Lord of Redesdale and Kyme, and the
arms on the castle are supposed to be the Coat of this Sir Robert
Taylboys, who repaired or re-built it ; and there is a shield simi-
larly emblazoned on Whitton Tower, the parsonage of Rothbury,
in which place the Taylboys were lords of Hepple. The Mote
Hills are a very interesting feature, both in the appearance and
in the history of Elsdon; and the town green must not pass
unnoticed, its peculiarly beautiful verdure was very striking ; it
is a large open space of several acres, sloping upwards towards
the north. On the upper side stands the church, overlooked by
the town beyond, which again is flanked by the mote hills. The
church has recently undergone extensive repairs, which are in

324 MR. KELL’S NOTES, ETC.

good taste, and in the course of which, a good deal of church-
wardens’ whitewash has been removed. (For the style, see Hodg-
son’s History).

The party next visited Otterburn tower, where they inspected
three of the five Roman Altars found in 1844, upon Mr. James’
estate at Rutchester, ( Vindobala, per lineam Valli,) and de-
scribed in the fourth volume of the Archwologia Aliana. These
altars are placed in the entrance porch of the tower, in a situation
calculated to preserve them, and to exhibit them to great advan-
tage. Mr. James had procured, for the inspection of the natu-
ralists, some hazel nuts, which presented a bright metallic
appearance: these nuts were brought from a well situate between
Otterburn and the river Reed, and called “ the Silver Nut Well,”
from the circumstance of such like nuts being frequently thrown
up by its water. The metallic appearance may probably be
attributed to the presence of sulphur in the strata, through
which the water forces its course: the party were much
disappointed at not heing able to visit the well. After receiving
much hospitable attention from Mr. and Mrs. James, the mem-
bers returned to Newcastle, in the evening.

The meeting was not productive of much interest to the natu-
ralists, but to the antiquaries it afforded a rich treat, and to all
a pleasant excursion.

Sept., 1852.

Notre —The history of Otterburn tower, and of the last proprietor of the old
edifice, James Ellis, a good antiquary, and correspondent of Sir Walter Scott.
See the Minstrelsy of the Border.

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ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE TYNESIDE
NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,

READ AT THEIR EIGHTH ANNIVERSARY MEETING, HELD IN THE COM-
MITTEE ROOM OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, MARCH 15, 1854. By THE PRESIDENT,
Sir WALTER CALVERLEY TREVELYAN, Barr.

I regret much, gentlemen, that I was, during the last season,
prevented from attending any of the meetings of our Club, and
consequently, that losing, as I have done, the benefit of those
occasions, I am also unable, from my own observation, to give
you any account of the proceedings ; for any particulars regarding
which I am indebted to your worthy Secretary.

Your attendance here, as well as the support you have given
to the Club, shows that it is not necessary for me to enlarge on
the pleasures and advantages which are conferred by the study and
cultivation of Natural History, and how, independently of other
advantages, it not unfrequently renders interesting to its vota-
ries places in which it may be their lot to dwell, and which, to
those devoid of such a taste, might be most uninteresting and
irksome.

Before proceeding to give a short notice of the different meet-
ings of the Club, during the past year, I will suggest what I think
might prove a fertile field for observation and discovery, if it has
not already been explored by any of our members. I allude to the
microscopic insect world inhabiting the waters of our lakes and
rivers, and probably also to be found in beds, whether of ancient
or modern lacustrine deposits,—the richness of some of which, in
the genera and species of their remarkable forms, is sometimes
wonderful. Professor Gregory of Edinburgh has, for some time,
been engaged in examining an earth brought from the Isle of
Mull, probably a tertiary or post-tertiary deposit, in which, up
to this time (and he has not yet completed his investigations), he
has found about 150 different forms or species, many of them
new to science,

VoL, Il, PT, IV. 27

326 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS,

There is another subject, which it has struck me might, espe-
cially in this district, be profitably investigated by our members ;
that is, the structure of the many varieties of coal, when examined
microscopically. It is a subject which, as you are probably
aware, has, for some time, engaged the attention of many men of
science in Edinburgh ; and the opinions of those scientific men
have been almost as various as the speakers,—showing how much
yet remains to be achieved in this department. The particular
mineral about which the discussion was originally raised, is, I
have no doubt, both in its geological relations, its chemical con-
stitution, and its economical appliances, coal—one of the numerous ~
varieties of coal ; for they are probably as numerous as are the
varieties of sand, lime, or any other stone. It is, I consider, im-
possible to define whether a substance is or is not coal, by the
proportions of its various constituents, any more than by the
structure it displays under the microscope.

Perhaps the term may be properly confined to those inflam-
mable strata, which, there can be little doubt, are of vegetable
origin ; not to limit it, as was attempted by some learned men
in Edinburgh, to those which show only the woody structure of
Coniferc, or to any other vegetable structure in particular ; for the
varieties of vegetables which assisted in forming the ancient beds
of coal were probably, as indicated by the remains found in the
coals and their associated beds, very numerous; more so, consider-
ing the tropical vegetation which they indicate, than will, in future
ages, be discovered in the beds of coal which, we may presume,
will be formed out of our beds of peat. But, even in them,
will be found very various structure. In some, the woody will
prevail, as many trees—oak, birch, pine, alder, &c., are imbedded
in them ; others, again, are principally composed of heath and
fern, mosses and sedges. As Professor Balfour very judiciously
remarked, at a meeting of the Royal Society in Edinburgh, when
this question was discussed, ‘“‘ That to give an accurate definition
of coal, is simply impossible. Coal includes many kinds of
combustible materials, derived from plants ; not from Conifere
alone, but from the Stigmarie, and many others. So abundant
indeed, is the coal Flora, that no less than 500 coal plants-have

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 327

been described : of these 346 were acrogens, of which the ferns
are examples ; and 135 gymnosperms, of which the Conifere, or
pines, are examples. The qualities of various coals depended
greatly on the nature of the plants, the pressure and heat they
were subjected to in the earth, the length of time elapsing during
their conversion into coal, and the amount of earthy matter
intermixed with them. In one coal-field, certain tribes of plants
might predominate ; in another field, a different tribe, which
alone, were all other conditions similar, would give rise to differen
kinds of coal. Moreover, these varieties existed even in the same
bed, showing the influence, not merely of the predominance of
certain kinds of plants, but also proving the action of various
mechanical and chemical forces in the formation of coal.”

Trusting that I have said enough to show that there is a wide
field of investigation open, and one especially interesting to the
inhabitants of this district, I will now proceed to give a short
notice of each of the meetings of last season.

The First was held, on the 27th of May, at Southwick and
Washington, when several interesting localities were visited,
including the Banks of the Wear, and that fine specimen of a
baronial border residence, Hylton Castle, though now in a
melancholy state of decay. I may mention, that there is, in
“Surtees’s History of Durham,” an engraving of it, from a fine
drawing by our late great painter, Turner.

The more remarkable plants which were observed on this
occasion, were—Arenaria trinervis, Stellaria nemorum, Apium
graveolens, Wnanthe crocata, Valeriana dioica, Aster Tripolium,
Artemisia maritima, Plantago maritima, Daphne Laureola,
Carex pendula.

Thirteen members were added to the Club this day.

The Seconp Meerrne was held at Alston, on June 16-17. This
is a most interesting locality, especially to the geologist and
mineralogist ; and I regret that I have not been furnished with
a note of any observations which were made on that occasion.
I am, however, reminded, when thinking of the rich mineral
productions of that district, of the remarkuble fact, which has
been, not long since, ascertained, that scarcely an ore of lead

328 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

has yet been examined, without finding in it traces of gold,
which, in fact, appears to be a much more universally disseminated
metal than has hitherto been supposed ; and though it has not
yet, I believe, been found in the lead in sufficient quantities to
make its separation profitable, yet, in the improvements of science,
a method may eventually be discovered, by which it may be
economically extracted from the galena, in which it probably
exists in combination with the silver, which is almost always
contained in it, as is well known.

Three members were elected at Alston,

The Turrp Meetine took place, at Teesdale, on the 20th, 21st,
and 22d of July. This is one of the richest botanical districts
in the North of England, and has seldom been visited by an
active botanist without rewarding his researches. It is also a
district of much interest to geologists ; one of the most renowned
of whom, Professor Sedgwick, described some of its most remark-
able features, some years ago, in the “Transactions of the Cam-
bridge Philosophical Society.” (Vol, II, pt. 1.) It also affords
many picturesque subjects to the artist, containing much varied
scenery, and one of the finest waterfalls in England. It is also not
uninteresting to the engineer, to know that the first suspension
chain-bridge constructed in Europe, was standing, a few years
ago, until it was superseded by the present more scientific struc-
ture. The old Winch Bridge was erected by miners about the
beginning of last century, and was formed of planks, suspended by
chains fastened in the basaltic rocks, on the banks of the Tees.
For an interesting notice, which I will now read, of the principal
plants observed in this district, | am indebted to a very acute
botanist, our member, Mr. D. Oliver, jun. :—

“From the very brief time occupied in the excursion, but a
portion of two consecutive days, it was impossible to attempt
anything like even a general survey of the Upper Tees Valley,
a district so deservedly esteemed by botanists as one of the most
productive, in species of high interest and rarity, as almost any
of equal area in our island ; and although our rapid excursion does
not seem to have added any plant of importance to our previous
knowledge of its Flora, yet we must not assume its riches to have

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 329

been exhausted. It is but about two years ago, indeed scarcely so
long, that a species, entirely new to the British Flora, was added to
the already teeming catalogue of Upper Teesdale rarities, by two
botanists, to whom we are indebted for previous valuable labours
in the same track—James Backhouse, sen. and jun., of York.

“The plant alluded to is Polygala uliginosa (Reich.), a species
included by Babington in a recent communication to the Botanical
Society of Edinburgh, as a variety of P. austriaca (Crantz.). The
typical form does not occur, to our knowledge, in Britain, nor,
it is stated, does it seem to growin the North of Europe, yet the
differences, so far as observation has yet discovered, between P.
austriaca and P. uliginosa are so slight, that Babington did not
consider himself justified in separating them specifically.

“P. uliginosa differs from our common Polygale, at first sight,
in its rosette of apparently radical obovate and obtuse leaves,
of considerable size compared with those of the flower-shoot.
The flowers are small, and more or less of a pale lilac.

“Speaking of this genus, I may perhaps be permitted, although
rather out of place, to add, that it seems probable that one of the
Polygalas of our moors, having long, wiry, and prostrate stems,
and the lower leaves often crowded and small, may be the P.
depressa (“ Wend.,” Coss. and G., &c.), distinguished, as a variety
of the Linnean P. vulgaris, by Babington, in the paper referred to,

“ Another plant, which, at about the same time as the Polygala,
was added to the Flora of this district, was J/yosotis suaveolens
(Kitt.), J/. alpestris (Sw.), a species, the occurrence of which
was previously limited, in Britain, to the mountains between
Lochs Tay and Rannoch, in the Highlands (Watson's Cybele).
It was discovered by the Backhouses, at an elevation of 2,500
feet, on Mickle Fell. )

“ A comparatively small number of the rare Teesdale species
were observed, during the excursion of the Club, for the reason
we have mentioned. Upon Widdy-Bank Fell, near the Cauldron-
Snout, on the Durham side of the river, grow—TZhalictrum
alpinum, Tofieldia palustris (Huds.), Llyna caricina (M. and K.),
Juncus triglumis, and Carex capillaris. We sought in vain, on
this occasion, for the little inconspicuous Arenaria uligenosa

330 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

(Schl.), one of the rarest of our indigenous species, and which
we had, on two or three previous visits, collected, in its known
station on the limestone, apparently attended by igneous action,
near Widdy-Bank.

“ Almost close by the Cauldron Snout did grow, at one time,
Woodsia ilvensis. From the increased demand for our more
uncommon ferns, arising no doubt, in part, from the very popular
fashion of their ornamental culture in the Wardian case, it
becomes a matter of needful prudence to retain to ourselves,
under the terms of a vague and general locality, the exact spot
where such may be found ; in the case of Woodsia, this care is
especially desirable.

“ Teesdale abounds in Hieracia, but, from the unsettled state

of the nomenclature of our species, and our very imperfect
knowledge of the extent of their variation, we can only indicate
such as may be pretty readily recognised, and of which we have,
in Teesdale, gathered specimens. These are Hieracium iricum
(Fries.), H. Lapeyrousti (Bab.), H. anglicum (Fr.), H. murorum
(L. 2). H. vulgatum (Fr.), H. gothicum (Fr.), H. crocatum (Fr.),
and its narrow-leaved form, H. angustutum (Fries.), Hf. boreale
(Fr.), H. umbellatum. Besides these, Hireracium pallescens,
H. saxifragum (Fr.), H. corymbosum, H. tridentatum and H.
cesium (Fr.), are stated to occur in Teesdale. But a portion,
however, of the above were gathered on the occasion of our recent
-visit to the Valley of Tees ; nor did we renew our acquaintance
with several other and well known rarities, which every collector
knows the district to afford. Potentilla fruticosa, of course, one
cannot help seeing growing almost by the margin of the river,
each bush dotted over with its conspicuously bright yellow
flowers ; but the Cronkley plants, Dryas octopetala, Helianth-
enum canum, Polygala uliginosa, and others, were beyond our
reach.

“ Melampyrum sylvaticum grows plentifully on an island in
the Tees, by the Winch Bridge ; the neighbourhood of which
was visited by a section of the Club at a late hour of the day ;
but yet the dim light revealed amply its romantic and beautiful
effect. One of the recently introduced Continental species of

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 331

Thalictrum, T. flecuosum (Reich.), a plant confounded pre-
viously by us with 7. minus and 7’. majus, has been stated to
grow by the Tees, near this spot.

“T have but little to report of botanical interest, as having
fallen in my way during the past year, which may affect the Flora
of our counties. estuca pratensis passing into its form, the 7’,
loliacea of Huds., gathered near Willington, are laid on the table,
together with Hordeum pratense (Huds.) from the same locality.

“ Festuca bromoides I have noticed on the old rubbish heaps
of Benwell Colliery.” |

One member only was added to the Club at this meeting.

The Fourtu Mzerrne was held, on 17th August, at Bardon Mill,
and the Northumberland Lakes, a district which I unfortunately
am not acquainted with, but one which, I believe, is interesting
to botanists and geologists, but still more so to the antiquary,
as, in its neighbourhood, have been discovered many of the most
curious remains of our early civilizers, the Romans, well described
by the amiable and able historian of Northumberland, the late
Rev. John Hodgson, and subsequently, and, of course, with the
advantage of later researches, by the indefatigable investigator,
Mr. Bruce.

Mr. D. Oliver informs me that he gathered, near Walltown
Crags, “luxuriant specimens of the hispid Melampyrum, referred
by botanists to the JZ. montanum of Johnston, and, not far from
the same station, a Jyosotis, probably repens of Don.”

At this meeting the Wild Balsam (Impatiens Noli-me-tangere )
was noticed by a lady, Miss Meredith, as I learn from a letter
addressed to the Secretary, Mr. Storey, by Mr. George Wailes.*

Two members here joined the Club.

*4, RipLey PLace, Newcastte,
bd February, 1855.

DEAR Str,—I1n compliance with your wish to know the circumstances con-
nected with the discovery, in Northumberland, of Impatiens Noli-me-tangere,
by my niece, Miss L. E. 2. Meredith, I have to state that she joined the
meeting of the Club, held on the 17th August, 1853. After traversing the
district of the Crag Lough, and crossing the Muckle Moss, the party returned,
under the guidance of Mr. Thomas Coates, across some fields, and proceeded,
by-a country cart road, in the direction of a few cottages, called, I believe,
** Stand-alone,” near to which had been the workings of a small pit. Crossing
a burn here, the road led through a wood of about 30 or 40 yards’ width, and

gue PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

The Firra and Last Mezttne of the season was appointed to be
held at Widdrington and Chibburn, on September 16th, but, from
the awful visitation of cholera prevailing at this period, there
was present only one member of the Club,* whom, had he been
here to-day, I should have requested to favour you with any ob-
servations he may have made in his solitary excursion, for I know
that he is a very accurate observer, and has already, I believe, re-
corded many interesting discoveries which he has made in the
departments of botany and geology ; and he has especially attended
to the indications which occur in the north of the county, of the
former existence of glaciers, which appear to have had so much
influence in the distribution of the Boulders which cover so much
of the country, and probably of many of the banks of gravel, the
remains of ancient moraines ; and I have little doubt, that, when
glaciers existed to any great extent, or when the whole of the
land was covered with a coating of ice, like Greenland at the
present day, of which there is, I think, much evidence to be
found, that great part of the soil and subsoil, now covering the
subjacent strata, was formed by the destruction, by attrition, of
the rocks over which that icy covering was constantly moving ;
and by this action also, I have little doubt, that the undulations
of the surface of the land were considerably modified.

Mr. Joshua Alder has favoured me with a note of the following
interesting discoveries, made by himself in the autumn of the
past year, when he got, at Cullercoats, a new species of Holts.
Two specimens were obtained from small zoophytes, brought in

near to the bed of the stream. ‘The whole of the party were considerably in
advance of my niece and myself; and as we were leisurely walking up the
ascending road, she said to me suddenly, ‘‘ here is the Wild Balsam ;”’ and sure
enough, at about two yards’ distance, was a fine plant ofit in full flower. This
she at once gathered ; but we looked, in vain, for others at this spot; and
being, as I observed above, considerably behind the other members of the Club,
who were hastening on to the inn, at Haydon Bridge, we did not search the
upper part of the wood. She was well acquainted with the species, having
collected examples of itin the south of England. On reaching Haydon Bridge,
she gave the greater part of the plant to the botanists of the party, and after-
wards deposited a specimen in the Herbarium of the Natural History Society,
as a inemento of the discovery.
I am, Dear Sir,
Yours truly,
The Secretary of the GEORGE WAILES.

Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club. .
* Mr. Tate, of Alnwick.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS, 333

on the fishermen’s lines. It is distinguished from all the species
previously described by the granulated character of the papillae,
and will be published in the “ British Nudibranchiate Mollusca,”
under the name of Holis pustulata. He also discovered, in tide-
pools, among the rocks at Cullercoats, a new zoophyte, of the
family Corynide, apparently belonging to the genus Podocoryna
of Sars. The only specimen found was parasitical upon Corallina
officinalis, associated with Coryne pusilla and Clava multicornis.

Mr. Wm. Backhouse, in October, met with living specimens of
Akera bullata (Bulla Akera) among sea-grass (Zostera), on the
mud-flats at the mouth of the Tees, near Seaton Carew. They
were of large size, the shell of the largest being nearly an inch in
length. This is the first time that this fine mollusk has been
met with on the east coast of England.

Mr. Albany Hancock has supplied me with-a note, that, in the
spring of 1853, he took, on the rocks at Cullercoats, a specimen
of Holis exigua, a minute and beautiful species of Nudibranch,
which was originally discovered in Sweden, and has since occurred
in Cornwall and Wales, but it had not, hebelieves, been taken any-
where else in Britain, until its capture on the Northumberland
coast. And the same gentleman has also recorded the occurrence
of two interesting Permian Fossils in the limestone, near Sunder-
land. These were found by a young geologist, a relative of his, Mr.
James Kirkby, of Bishop Wearmouth. One is the shell of a gas-
teropodous mollusk of the genus Chemnitzia ; it is very perfect,
nearly one-fourth of an inch long, with six or seven strongly-ribbed
whorls. In Mr. Howse’s Catalogue of the Permian Fossils, pub-
lished in our “ Transactions,” a fragment of a ribbed Chemnitzia
is mentioned, which probably belongs to the same species, but
which was too imperfect to admit of description. The other is
the tail of a Macrourous Crustacean. ‘T'wo specimens were found,
the larger of which is about three-eighths of an inch long, and
consists of four plates, in very good condition ; but, on account
of the deficiency of parts, I am afraid it will be impossible to
determine the genus.

As no remains of the higher Crustaceans had been previously
obtained in the Permian rocks, the discovery of these fragments

VOU. it, PT. Ty. 2U

334 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

is of considerable interest, and sufficiently attests that, though
much has been done of late years to obtain specimens from this
formation, it is not yet exhausted, and that it still contains
treasures to reward the diligent collector.

Whilst on this subject, I would suggest to the fossil-hunting
members of the Club, the probability of pearls being occasionally
found among fossil shells. There is no reason why they should
not be preserved, as well as the shells which produce them, for I
believe they are not more destructible. Of course, they must
always have been, as they now are, rather scarce, especially pearls
of the large size and perfect shape of this one which I exhibit, |
and which, had it retained its pristine beauty, would have been
of very great value. This pearl was found in one of the tertiary
beds of Suffolk—in the Red crag near Felixstow, at which place,
as well as in other parts of the county of Suffolk, there are beds
containing large quanities of what were at first supposed to be
coprolites, but which are now generally regarded as phosphate
nodules. These nodules have now become very valuable, fur-
nishing as they do, when reduced to powder, a manure not much
inferior to guano, I believe, for some crops, in the estimation
of agriculturists.

This is, I believe, the first well-authenticated instance of the
discovery of a fossil pearl ; but I have since seen, in collections
of crag fossils, much smaller objects, which had puzzled collectors,
but which, I believe, also to be pearls.

It has also been suggested, that pearls should have been found
in the excavations made in Nineveh, and other places in the Hast,
had they not been very perishable. I think this is a mistake—
that they are not more perishable than the shells which have been
found in those excavations, but that having, by age, lost all their
peculiar nacreous beauty, would be passed over ; though now,
perhaps, if attention were drawn to it, they might yet be disco-
vered ; and I would suggest that any friends of Mr. Loftus, or of
any of the other gentlemen now employed in excavations in the
ancient cities of the East, should mention this matter to them.

We have, as usual, some additions to our Insect Fauna to
record. Mr. Thomas John Bold has taken—

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 335

1, Hyproporus rurirrons, Dujts.=priceus, Steph. In ditches
at Boldon-Flats. April—June.

2. Hy. umprosvs, Gyll.= minutus, Steph. Very local, being
confined to a single pond at Gosforth, April—October.

3. Oxrpopa mauRA, Hrichs, Gosforth—very rare. May.

4, CERCYoN CENTRIMACULATUM, Sturm. At Long Benton and
elsewhere, on dung, and in vegetable refuse—not rare. From
early spring to autumn.

5. Epuisremus GLoposus, Walél., Zrichs. Very rare. Long
Benton. June.

6. CryPToPHAGUS BADIUS, Sturm. Newcastle.

7. Crypt. acuraneutus, Gyll, Newcastle.

8. Crypt. pentatus, Herbst. Gosforth. June.

9. Crypt. SUBDEPREsSUM, G'yll. Newcastle.

10, A single specimen of an apparently undescribed species of
SALPineus, which will be described hereafter.

The same gentleman noticed the very rare, and local Bemii-
dium tricolor (hitherto only found on the Derwent), on the south
branch of the Tyne, above Haltwhistle, in July. Near Feather-
stone Castle, the rare little Bee, Andrena analis, was found
breeding in a heathy hedge-row,and was accompanied by Nomada
flavoguttata. |

Another very rare Bee, Andrena coitana, was taken near the
same locality, a few weeks later, by George Wailes, Esq.

Mr. Wm. Peacock has made a valuable addition to the Longi-
corn section of our Coleopterous Fauna, having captured a pair
of the very elegant Gracilia minuta, near Sunderland.

This branch of Natural History gains additions probably,
not only by the discovery of species hitherto overlooked, but also
by the frequent introduction of new forms imported, either in
the ege or in the larva state, about the roots of plants now so
often brought from distant countries.

In conclusion, I am happy to congratulate the members of the
Club on its flourishing state, as shown by the reports of the Trea-
surer and Secretary ; and thanking you, gentlemen, for the kind
attention with which you have listened to what has been, I fear,
a very imperfect address, I beg to say, that I hope, on a future

336 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

occasion, to have the pleasure of guiding you to some of the
interesting localities in the neighbourhood of Wallington, near
which, as you are probably aware, are the only stations, hitherto
discovered in England, of two rare plants, Linnea borealis and
Nuphar minima; and, in the same neighbourhood, were dis-
covered the first recorded English specimens of native sulphur in
minute crystals, and of garnets, in the mill-stone grit, indicating,
with its other constituents, quartz, mica, and felspar, the source
from which that rock was derived, viz. from the disintegration
of granite, and the dispersion by water of its fragments.— Vide
“Brewster's Hdinburgh Journal of Science,” October, 1826,
p- 375 ; “ Hodgson’s Northumberland,” part 2, vol. 1, pp. 292-329.

— ee

Memsers ELECTED SINCE THE ANNIVERSARY MEETING, HELD
Marcu 30rTu, 1853.

At the Wasuineron Meetine, May 27th, 1853.—Rev. James
Fred. Turner, University College, Durham ; Messrs Joseph
Swan, George Belt, Henry Turner, John Warwick, New-
castle ; Charles Ferguson Davie, Castle Eden Parsonage ;
William Dickson, Alnwick ; Edward Boyd, Urpeth ; John
Moor, College Green, Durham ; Francis Blackbird, South
Hylton ; J P. Mulcaster, Blaydon ; William Hutton, West
Hartlepool ; Septimus Peacock, Alexandria, Egypt.

At Atston, June 16th.—Joseph Dinning, Langley Hill Top,
Haydon Bridge ; Frederick Iliff, M.A., Bishopwearmouth
Grange ; William James Young, Eden House, Sunderland.

In TexrspaE, July 20th, 21st, and 22d.—P. K. Lamb, Newcastle

At Barpon Mrtiand the NortnuMBerRLAND Lakes, August 17th.
—William Crighton, Newcastle ; William Edward Wilcox,
Whitburn,

March 15th, 1854.—Messrs Clifford Crighton, D. H. Goddard,
O. E. Ellison, and R. W. Bleasby, Newcastle ; W. Green,
Framwellgate Colliery, Durham.

OFFICERS OF THE CLUB. 337

Days AND Puacks For THE Freip MEETINGS THIS YEAR.

TS LT a a ey Dilston and Devilswater.
TRRIRANT P6 CU... eicusiae anecsd oane'ts dhs Brinkburn.

aUREDA YS Je DOE... occas ene ssadsiscnses Lindisfarne.

COS ET a ee a Castle Eden.

Miareneney A trapacsh Mae 5 ac sdcesssnne x Northumberland Lakes.
THURSDAY, Asgust S1st, <n... -s00c0sse 0a Alnwick.

The following gentlemen were elected officers for the year
ending February, 1855 :—

PRESIDENT.
Thomas Sopwith, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., &e.

Vick-PRESIDENTS.
Sir Walter OC. Trevelyan, Bart.
Wiiliam Kell, F.S.A.
Dennis Embleton, M.D.
Joshua Alder.
Joseph Fryer.
Ralph Carr.

TREASURER,

Thomas Burnet.

SECRETARIES.

John. Storey, F.B,S,E.
Edward Mather.

CoMMITTEE,
Rev. G. Cooper Abbes, B.A. R. Y. Green. ;
Rev. W. Greenwell, M.A. Joseph Blacklock.
Albany Hancock. Richard Howse, jun.
T. J. Bold. John Storey, jun.
John Thompson. F, J. Peck.

Daniel Oliver, jun., F.L.S.

(338)

XIII.—Wotes on the Effects of the Hutreme Wet Winter of
1852—3, on Insects. By Tuomas Joun Bot.

[Read at the Anniversary Meeting, March 15, 1854.]

WE read, in Entomological books, “that extreme wet is more
prejudicial to insect life than severe cold.” Wishing to test the
truth of this axiom, I have, during the past season, carefully
noted the appearance of insects ; and although those notes are not
so conclusive or satisfactory as I could have wished, yet, per- —
chance, they may possess sufficient interest to warrant my laying
them before the Club, hoping thereby to draw attention to a:
very interesting subject.

Every one will recollect the prodigious fall of rain during the
autumn and winter of 1852-3. The preceding summer had
been ungenial, and of a moist character. In August, we began
to have frequent showers—an earnest of what was to follow.
September, with little exception, was characterised by heavy
rains ; but, in Octeber, November, December, and January, we
had such tremendous and continuous rains, that many parts of
the country were flooded, and our heavy clay lands, as well as
much of the finer soil of the Tyne vale, and elsewhere, so com-
pletely saturated with wet, that farmers found it quite impossible
to sow the usual quantity of wheat ; indeed, in many districts,
none whatever of that valuable cereal could be sown, either in
autumn or spring ; the land, consequently, having either to lie in
“fallow,” or crops of oats, barley, or other grain, to be substi-
tuted ; thus causing a great deficiency of one of our most highly
valued articles of food, and a consequent enhancement of value,
which is now pressing severely upon many of the labouring
classes.

The wet continued up to the 10th of February, when intense
frost set in, and we had a heavy fall of snow, which covered the
whole of our district until the latter end of March, when we had
a few days of mild weather, which, however, soon gave way to
cold, ungenial, piercing winds, which partially dried the surface

MR. BOLD’S NOTES, ETO. 339

of the country, but quite retarded the development of both
plants and insects, April, May and June, were alike so un-
seasonably cold, that, even in the latter month, it was no
unusual sight to see the people in our streets muffled up in
coats and wrappers, as they are in mid-winter.

This cold, continued so far into the summer months, would
unquestionably retard the development of insects, and render
my notes less satisfactory than they would have been had the
weather been of a more genial nature.

Of Coleopterous insects, or beetles, all those species which pass
the winter months as larve, pup, or in the imago state, in the
earth, were either very few in numbers, or totally wanting. The
Geodephaga, even of the commonest species, were seldom to be met
with, and never do I recollect meeting with so few Bembidions ;
but this was what might naturally be expected, for, dwelling
near the water in all their stages, their retreats would be at the
mercy of every flood. Hven the Hydradephaga, or water
beetles, were not abundant ; but this was perhaps the effect of
the cold weather in spring, which always (so far as my ex-
perience goes) causes a scarcity of that family during the rest
of the year. Of the other sections of Coleoptera—the Staphy-
linida, the Lamellicornis, the Curculionida—indeed all that live
on or near the ground, and resort to it in some of their stages,
were far from common ; whilst those that find their pabulum
in decaying wood, such as some of the Htateridia, the Longi-
cornes, and others, were mostly in average numbers, and one or
two species in actual abundance. Thus Synodendron cylindri-
cum was to be seen on almost every suitable stump, and
Pyrochroa rubens on every leaf ; both insects, in the generality
of seasons, being only casually to be seen in the vicinity of
Newcastle.

The collector of Hymenoptera has seldom had a worse season
to contend with. This was not only the case in our immediate
district, but also in many other parts of the kingdom ; some of
my correspondents, who pay great attention to this order, in-
forming me, that they can scarcely recollect so unproductive a
year. One or two exceptions to this are perhaps worthy of

340 MR. BOLD’S NOTES, ETC.

mention. Wasps were abundant, and the same may be said of
some of the Saw-flies; whilst the common species of Apathi
(which are parasitical on Humble-bees) were swarming on every
flower during the autumn.

The commoner species of Lepidoptera were both exceedingly
few in number, and remarkably late in appearing. Proprietors
of gardens could not but note the almost total absence of the
common white butterflies, the larva of which makes such havoc
amongst cabbages and turnips. Large moths were scarce, but I
never before saw such numbers of minute ones, which were
literally swarming towards the end of summer. Perhaps this
may be accounted for by their mostly passing the winter as eggs
on the stems of plants ; and being covered by a water-proof com-
position, they are not so liable to casualties as the larger species,
which being buried in the earth as larva, or pupa, must suffer
greatly from a superabundance of wet.

But the great peculiarity of the season was the sudden appear-
ance of myriads of Aphides, which coming at the time of the
late epidemic, caused a great deal of unnecessary alarm in the
minds of many people, who, not acquainted with the economy of
these insects, looked upon them as the forerunner, if not the
primary cause of the malady, and thence called them “ cholera-
flies.” I need scarcely mention that Aphides (at least the major
portion of them) are produced from eggs in spring, and are
then all wingless females, which are viviparous, and produce
other wingless creatures in their turn. This is repeated through
several generations (varying from eight to twelve, and under
peculiar circumstances to a much greater number*), until, on the
approach of autumn, winged males and females are produced,t

* See Westwood on the ‘*‘ Modern Classification of Insects,”’ vol. ii, 440. who
remarks that Keyer observed a colony ‘‘of Aphis Dianthi which, on being
brought into a constantly heated room, continued to propagate for four years
with a single impregnation of a female by a male, the young being constantly
produced of the female sex.”’

t+ Ina paper published in the Berwick Advertiser, my friend Mr. James
Hardy, speaking of Aphis Rumicis, remarks that ‘‘ the principal winter-quar-
ters of the insect is the whin or furze, on which it either deposits its eggs in
autumn, or, if the weather is mild, continues to propagate a living progeny
till the spring- ; During the summer the insects are viviparous, and there isa
winged and wingless race produced alternately ; the former migratory and

destined to extend the geographical limits of the species; the latter, for the
most part, stationary upon the plant whence first it drew the vital nutriment.””

MR. BOLD’S NOTES, ETO. 341

which mounting on wing, scatter themselves far and wide, on
the important mission of continuing their species ; the females
depositing their eggs on the stems of such plants as are suited to
the tastes of the young broods which appear in spring.

They (the Aphides) were first noticed near Newcastle, in the
last week in August, and kept increasing in numbers until the
middle of September, when they began to diminish ; their ranks
about that time being much thinned by heavy rain, accompanied
by some brisk winds ; but a warm, still, sunny day, during the
remainder of the month, and in October, never failed to bring
out its legions. However, we had sharp frosts at the close of the
latter month, which put a period to their lingering existence.

When “the plague of flies” was at its worst, the streets and
lanes were filled by the dense multitudes, which borne along by
the breeze, clung to the unfortunate wayfarers, and covered them
as with a sooty mantle, causing exceeding annoyance by the
tickling of their feet on exposed portions of the skin, and filling
both eyes and mouth, if incautiously opened. Some days they
were in such dense masses, that it was absolutely necessary to
cover the face with gauze, or a pocket-handkerchief. In the
country, you saw people waving a leafy branch before their faces
as they walked along the more sheltered lanes:

Buildings and other places, then in course of being painted,
are to this day speckled by the corpses of those which the winds
carried against their adhesive surfaces. On windy days, it was
curious to observe them congregated by thousands on the ends
of door-steps, or behind any jutting prominence that sheltered
them from the breeze, Country people likened such gatherings
to “swarms” of bees.

They were noticed in Edinburgh, Berwick, Belford, Alnwick,
Morpeth, Newcastle, Shields, Sunderland, Durham, and further
south, but in diminished numbers. East and west they appear
to have extended in a dense mass from sea to sea.

The great majority of the myriads in our vicinity consisted of
Aphis Rumicis, most probably migrants from the fields of beans,
which I had previously noticed to be much infested by that
species. They appear, however, to have an almost omnivorous

Wie: bic PTA Ly: ax

342 MR. BOLD’S NOTES, ETC.

appetite, for I noted them feeding and breeding upon many
different plants.* Cabbages, pease, beans, kidney -beans, dahlias,
nasturtiums, poppies, and many others suiting them equally well
for food. A green species might occasionally be seen in the
ranks, but were very few in numbers, certainly not more than
one in a thousand of the others. This (Aphis Brassica) com-
mitted sad havoc upon our turnip crop, destroying whole fields,
even on the valuable land of the Tyne-side and elsewhere.
Wheat and oats were infested to a great extent by a reddish-
brown species, which were in some places so numerous that they
had to be shaken off before the sheaves could be bound up. A
field of oats that I passed through had them clustering on every
spikelet, giving to the grain the appearance of having been
saturated by “bloody rain.”

In Dipterous insects, the same remark before made of Lepi-
doptera will hold good, for the large and more conspicuous
species were not in their usual numbers; yet house-flies were
numerous, and the various species of Chieronomys were abundant,
weaving their mazy dance in every sheltered lane, Probably the
larvee of the latter are aquatic, and pass the winter in that state ;
if so, their numbers are easily accounted for. It is not so easy
to account for the abundance of the former.

From the foregoing jottings, hasty and imperfect as they are,
I think there can be no doubt but that extreme wet, followed
(as in this instance) by severe cold, is exceedingly prejudicial to
insect life. However, at some future time, I hope to have an
opportunity of comparing the effects of each agent separately,
as I fancy that extreme wet, unaccompanied by a very low
degree of temperature, or vice versa, will give more decided and
characteristic results,

THOMAS JOHN BOLD.

* Mr. Hardy, L.C., remarks that a “‘list of no less than eighty-two plants
has been drawn up, on which it (Aphis Rumicis) has been detected feeding ;
and the number could be easily augmented.”’

LIST OF MEMBERS, CORRECTED TO MARCH 14, 1854.

Abbes, Rev. G. Cooper, B.A....

Adamson, Charles,
Adamson, William, .-.
Alder, Joshua, =... «..
Allison, James, jun.
Allison, W. H.
Armstrong, George,
Armstrong, Joseph,
Armstrong, H. C....
Atkinson, G. C., Esq. ...

Atkinson, J. Ismay, m.R.c.s....

Austen, Thomas, ...
Backhouse, William,
Balmer, George, ...
Barkus, Benj., M.D.
Baxter, Rev. R. H.

Bell, Thomas,

Belt, George,... i
Bethune, Rev. Angus, ...
Bewick Thomas John,...
Bigge, Rev. J. F., B.A....

Blackbird, Francis, M.R.0.8....

Blacklock, Joseph,
Blackwell, John, jun. ...
Blackwell, Benjamin B.
Bold, Thomas John
Bourdillon, H.

Boyd, Edward,

Brady, Henry,

Brady, G. &....

Cleadon, Sunderland
Rock Cottage, Jesmond
Tynemouth
Ravensworth Terrace, Newcastle
Monkwearmouth
Monkwearmouth

60, Dean Street
Higham Place
Northumberland Street
Wylam Hall

Wylam

36, Mosley Street
Darlington

High Bridge
Gateshead

Vicarage, Seaham
Cumberland Row
Groat Market

Seaham Harbour
Allenheads

Vicarage, Stamfordham
South Hylton

Percy Street

Ellison Place

Westgate Street

Long Benton

Oxford Street

Urpeth

Gateshead

Gateshead

344

Broomfield, Thomas
Brown, Robert,

Browning, James B.
Browell, E. I. J. ...

Bruce, Rev. J. C., LL.D., F.S.A.

Bruce, Gainsford,...

Brumell, Matthew, m.z.c.s. ...

Budden, W. H.

Bulman, George ...
Bunning, F, W.

Burdon, Rowland, Hsq...
Curnet, Thomas, ...
Bustin, John, M.R.c.s. ...
Carr, Ralph, Esq....
Carr, Rev. Charles, M.A.
Carr, Rev. H. Bysmasii:
Cart, Rev. C.J, Bae uae
AETV Vici icin vs ’
Caswell, Rev. John, B.a.
Charlton, Edward, m.p.
Christison, Alexander ..
Clarke, George ...
Coates, Thomas, M.R.C.s
Cockcroft, L. M. ..
Collinson, Captain, 2.5.
Coppin, John, Esq.
Coward, R. S.

Coxe, Venerable Archdeacon,

Crawshay, Edmund,
Crawshay, [lerbert,
Creighton, William,
Crighton, William, jun.
Crowder, Rev. A. Fi.
Crowder, W.

Davie, C. F.

Dees, R. R.

De Mey, W. F., mp.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Felton

Sunderland

Leazes Terrace

Kast Boldon

Percy Street

Percy Street

Morpeth

Summerhill Terrace
Sandhill

65, Westmoreland Terrace
Castle Eden

Summerhill Terrace
Hetton-le-Hole

Hedgley, Alnwick
Whitworth, Barnard Castle
Rectory, Whickham
Witton Gilbert

Alnwick

Lowick, Northumberland
Eldon Square

Central Station, Newcastle
Walker

Haydon Bridge

St. Mary’s Place

Boldon Rectory

North Shields

Carlton Terrace
Kglingham, Northumberland
Bensham

Bensham

Morpeth

1, Adelaide Terrace
Dunse, N, B.

21, Northumberland Street
Castle Eden Parsonage

St. Mary’s Place

Eldon Square

LIST OF MEMBERS, 345

De Pledge, William, ... ... Gateshead
De Pledge, Rev. Joseph, ... Chester-le-Street
De Pledge, Frederick, ... ... ‘High Street, Gateshead

Dickson, William, ibe , eee Alnwick

Dinning, Joseph, .... ... ... LangleyHill Top,Haydon Bridge
Dobson, John ..._... ... New Bridge Street

Dodd, William, .:. ... ... 45, Bigg Market

Dodsworth, Frederick, ... Collingwood Street
Dolphin, J. P., Solicitor
Donkin, A.S.,u.p. ... ... Morpeth

Douglas, Robert, ... .... .... Berwick-upon-Tweed
Ellison, Nathaniel, Esq. ... Morton House, Durham
Embleton, Dennis, m.p. ... Northumberland Street
Embleton, R. C., u.n.0.8. -.... Embleton, Northumberland
Falconar, J. B., jun... ... lLeazes Terrace
Haleonar, WesAcesg | +2225 J...) Leazes ‘Terrace
Falconar, Robert, -«» » Leazes Terrace
Featherstonhaugh, Rev. W., m. a.

Fenwick, John, F.3.A, .... ... Ellison Place

Ferguson, William, ... .... Alnwick

Fineh, Rey. T., Basic. .2,°° 3’). Morpeth

Forster, W. J. 2... ses 405 Tynemonth -

Forster, James, .. .... .. White House, Gateshead
Fraser, Hugh, Bt ctstmet, Deanoporect

Pras ree osetia wide tata’ Exoton: Biweo

Fryer, J. H.... .. ... .. Whitley House, Tynemouth

Garnham, George, m.R.¢.8. .... Houghton-le-Spring
Gibb, OC. J..m.R.08. ... ... Westgate Street
Gibson, W. Sidney, F.3.A., F.a.8. Tynemouth

Gibson, Thomas, Architect ... Westgate Street

Gilpin, Benjamin, -» .. Pilgrim Street
Gleizal, Mons, ... ... ... French Consulate, Grey Street
Glover, William, .... ... ... Walbottle Dene House

Glynn, Edward, ... ... ... Grey Street

Gowan, William,... ... ... at Mr.Brockett’s,Solicitor,Grey St
Gray, Thomas, .... ... .« Grey Street

Green, Rev. Robert, w.a. ... St. Mary’s Place

346 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Green, Rev. T. R., M.A,
Green, R. Y.

Greenwell, Rev. W., M.A.
Hadfield, George, ...
Hancock, Albany,
Hancock, John, ...
Hardcastle, W. J.
Hardy, James,

Hare, John, ...

Hawks, George, jun.

Headlam, T. E., Esq., M.P. ...

Hernaman, John,

Hogg, John, Esq.
Houseman, John, M.D....
Howse, Richard, jun. ...
Hunter, Samuel, ... ...
Hutton, William,...

Ingham, Robert, Esq., M.P. ...

Tiff, Frederick
Jefferson, Thomas,

St. Mary’s Place

Mosley Street

University College, Durham
Haltwhistle

St. Mary’s Terrace

St Mary’s Terrace

St. John’s Lane

Penmanshiel, Berwickshire

Grey Street

Redheugh, Gateshead

30, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London
Grey Street

Norton, Stockton-on-Tees

Percy Street

35, Saville Street, South Shields
Ravensworth Terrace

2, North Ter., West Hartlepool
13, King’s Bench Walk, Temple
Bishopwearmouth Grange
Hexham

Johnson, Frederick H., m.n.c.s., Sunderland

Johnson, William, Solicitor,

Kaye, William,
Kell, William, F.s.A.
Manip, £2)...
Lambert, M. W. ...
Leefe, Rev. J. HE. ...
Legge, F. C....
Legge, Lewis, jun.
Leathart, Josh.
Liddell, Rev. W. W.
Lightfoot, J. L.
Loftus, W. K.

Lord; Rev. T. E.. ...
Lowes, Nicholas ...
Luckley, George, jun. ...
Makepeace, Robert

Mosley Street

Blackett Street

Gateshead

Albion Place

Grey Street

Cresswell

The Grove, Houghton-le-Spring
The Grove, Houghton-le-Spring
Gallowgate

Easington Rectory

Monkton Paper Mill, Jarrow
Newcastle

West Rainton

Allen’s Green, Bardon Mill

St. James’s Street

Forth

LIST OF MEMBERS. 347

Manne Cs "E:
Mather, Edward, ... ...
Mather, John Robert, ...
Marshall, Joseph,...
Mason, Rev. J. M...
Mawson, John
Maughan, Rev. J. B.
Moffat, A. S....

Moor, John, ...
Mounsey, Edward,
Mulcaster, J. P. ...
Newcombe, W. L....
Newton, Rev. J. H., B.A.
Nichol, Rev. J. S.

Nicholson, John, M.R.c.8. ...
Oliver, Daniel, jun., F.L.3.

Oliver, George,
ipavbinson,: By La)...
Peacock, Reginald,
Peacock, Septimus,
Pearse, J. S., M.R.C.S.
Peck, Frederick John, ...
Plummer, Robert, s
Fotter, H..G., 0.8.0:8.:. ..
Potter, Charles, Ly.
Reed, G. B., Solicitor, ...
Robinson, G F. ...
Robinson, G, M.D.
Robson, George, ...
Robson, E. Capper,
Russell, G. G.

Salmon, J.

Sanderson, R. B., jun. ...
Sanderson, John, M.D, ...
Sawyer, William, ...
Scott, W. B.

Sewell, Joseph,

Shield Field

Grey Street

58, Percy Street
Sandyford

Jarrow

Mosley Street

Morpeth

Folly, near Alnwick
College Green, Durham
Sunderland

Blaydon

Trafalgar Street
Kirkharle

Rectory, Hetton-le-Hole
Hexham

Bigg Market

Rye Hill

Scotts’ House, Gateshead
Sunderland

Alexandria, Egypt
Nelson Street

Branch Bankof England, GreySt
Byker

Jesmond High Terrace
Heaton Hall

Bank Buildings

Bridge Street, Sunderland
Eldon Square

Carlton Terrace
Sunderland

5, Queen Square

South Shields

Jesmond

Jesmond

Hast Boldon

St. Thomas’s Street
Heaton

348 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Shephard, Joseph,
Shield, G. R.

Shield, J., jun.

Shields, Rev. W. T.
Sidney, M. F. J., Esq. ...
Skipsey, Rev. R., B.A. ...
Smiles, Henry,

Sopwith, Thomas, F.R.S., F.G.S.,

Spence, Joseph,
Squance, T. C.

Stable, G@ W.
Stapylton, Henry, Esq.
Stephen, John T....

Stephens, Thomas, M.R.¢.8. ...

Stevenson, Alexander 8.
Stevenson, John J.
Storey, John, F.B.S.E. ...
Storey, John, jun.
Straker, John, ...
Sutton, Francis

Swan, Joseph,
Swinburne, Joseph W.
Talmadge, A. H., M.R.c.s.
Tate, George, F.G.S.
Taylor, John,
Thompson, John, ..
Thompson, Rev. R.
Thompson, E. P. ..
Thompson, C. jun.
Thompson, G., jun.
Thorp, Ven. Archdeacon
Trevelyan, Arthur, Esq.

Trevelyan, Sir W. C., Bart...
Tristram, Rev. H. B., ma. ...

Trueman, William,

Turner, Rev. J. Frederick .

Turner, Henry,

Carliol Street

Mosley Street

Grey Street

Ovingham Rectory

Cowpen

Sunderland

Central Station

Allenheads

Sunderland

Sunderland Joint Stock Bank
Jesmond

Judge of the DurhamCountyCourt
15, Fowler Street, South Shields
Dockwray Square, North Shields
Newcastle

South Shields

South Parade

South Parade

North Shields —

46, Clayton Street West

7, Victoria Ter., Cemetery Road
West Street, Gateshead
Northumberland Street
Alnwick

Lovaine Place

Bloomfield Terrace, Gateshead
Unthank, Shotley Bridge
Lovaine Crescent _

Winlaton

Winlaton

Ryton

Tyneholm, Tranent, N. B.
Wallington

Castle Eden

Durham

University College, Durham
Heaton Dene

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Vint, Robert,

Wailes, George, =
Wallis, Robert, ... «.
Walton, Thomas, ...

Wannop, Rey. T. N.

Warden, G. C.

Warwick, John, =
Weatherley, Captain J. D.
Wilcox, W. Edward,

White, D. B., mp.
Williamson, John,

Wilson, Thomas, ... ae
Winship, William, m.n-c.s. ...
Woolrych, Rev. H. F. ...

Young, Wm. James, Solicitor,

VOL Tia PTs. Lic

349

Sunderland

Ridley Place

South Shields

North Terrace
Sherburne, Durham
Edinburgh

43, Westmoreland Terrace
New Bridge Street
Whitburn, Sunderland
Portland Place

South Shields
Summerhill

Percy Street

South Hetton, Durham
Eden House, Sunderland

INDEX TO VOL. IL.

Akera bullata, 333.

Alder, Joshua, on a new Shrimp,
300; New species of AXolis, 332.

Anas Strepera, 8.

Andrena coitana, 335.

Aphis Rumicis, 341.

Asplenium germanicum, 299.

Authorities, Abbreviations of, 287.

Birds, Notices of, 8, 12.

Bold, T. J., Catalogué of the Insects
of Northumberland and Durham,
21—97, 164—255; Appendix to,
256—276; Observations introduc-
tory to, 277—283; Entomological
notices by; 299—300; Insect Fauna,
additions to, 334—5; on the Effects
of the extreme wet winter of 1852
—3 on Insects, 332.

Bovista gigantea, 7.

Carex muricata, 7, 299.

Carr, Ralph, on the composite names
of places of Anglo-Saxon deriva
tion, 98103, 147163.

Crepis succisfolia, 7, 143.

Embleton, Dr. Dennis, Acdress of,
I—19; on the two Species of Rat
in England, 103—110; on the
short Sunfish, 160—119; Obser-
vations on the anatomy of Doris,
119—128.

Eolis exigua, 333:

=— pustulata, 333.

Equisetum polystachion, 293.

Excursion into Northumberland and
Durham, in June and July, Jour-
nal of, 303.

Field Meetings, Stanley Burn, 2;
Staward Peel, 2; Northumberland
Lakes,3; Holy Island, 4; Your-
stones, 4; Hartlepool, 6; Bywell
and Riding Mill, 137; Durbam,
137; Allenheads, 138; Staward
Peel, 140; Roker and Whitburn,
141; Corbridge, 142; Lumley, 239 ;
Featherstone, 290; Castle Eden,
291; Bamburgh, 291; Otterburn,
295; Southwick and Washington,
327; Alston, 327; Teesdale, 328;
Bardon Mill, 331; Widdrington
and Chibburn, 332.

Galeopsis versicolor, 299.

Gasterosteus acuieatus and G. spi-
nachia, on the nidification of, 3il
$21; Gracilia minuta, 335.

Hancock, Albany, on the anatomy
of Doris, 119—128 ; on the Occur-
rence, on the Durham coast, of Di-
phyllidia lineata, 128; Notice of
Cenia Cocksii; Observations on
the nidification of Gasterosteus
aculeatus and G. spinachia, 311—
321; on ABolis exigua, 332.

Hardy, James, Catalogue of the In-
sects of Northumberland and Dur-
ham, 21—97, 164--255; Appendix
to, 256—276; Observations intro-
ductory to, 277—283; Excursion
into Northumberland and Durham,
Journal of, 303—311.

Howse, Richard, on rare Mollusks.
found or taken on the Coast of
Northumberland, 144.

Hydrocharis Morsus-rane, 143.

Hydroporus Gyllenhaii, 300.

Impatiens Noli-me-tungere, 331--332.

Indigenous and Naturalized Plants,
Enumeration of, 128—132.

a Robert, Address of, 133—

44,

Insect Fauna, Additions to, 334-5.

Insects, Notices of, 3, 7, 143-144.

—— of Northumberland and Dur-
ham, Catalogue of, 21—97, 164—
255; Appendix to, 236—276; Ob-
servations introductory te, 277—
283; Index to, 284—286.

Juncusmaritimus, 7.

: diffusus, 7.

Kell, William, Notes on the Fifth
Field Meeting, held at Otterburn,
321—324.

Myosctis suaveolens, 329.

Nuias fiexilis, 7.

Neottis Nidus-avis, 3, 7.

Nuphar minima, 335.

Oliver, Daniel, jun., Notes on the
Meeting held in Teesdale, in July,
1853, 328.

Plants, Notices of, 3, 5, 6, 7, 131,
137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 327,
328—33!. P

Polygala uliginosa, 329.

Ranunculus hirsutus, 7.

Rosa rubiginosa, 5.

Rules of Club, alierations in, 301.

Scirpus acicularis, 299,

Sepia biserialis, 8.

Sesleria caerulea, 7,

INDEX.

Spirea Filipendula, 5,

Stachys ambigua, 7.

Storey, John, on Indigenous and
Naturalized Plants, 128—132; Bo-
tanical Notices by, 142, 299,

et aa Address of, 288
—299.

Trevelyan, Sir W. C., Bart., Address
of, 325—336.

351

Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club,
members of, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 19, 145—
146, 300—302, 336.

—— Corrected List of, 343-9,

Typha angustifolia, 6.

Ulex Gallii, 142.

Utricularia vulgaris, 7.

Zostera nana, 142.

sg el DS a a 4

PLATE I. {ine y

eet { Fig. 3.

Stomach of Black Rat.
Caecum, &c., of ditte.

Stomach of Brown Rat.

Fig. 4. Czecum, &c., of ditto.

» IIL. Short Sunfish (Orthragoriscus Mola).

Fig. 1.

» IV. Fig. 2. Back view of
Fig. 1.

Ne a 2,

Side view of young of Gasterosteus aculeatus.

ditto.

More advanced stage of growth of G. aculeatus.
The same a few days older.

END OF VOL. If.

Printed by M. and M. W. Lambert, 44, Grey Street, Newcastie-upon-Tyne.

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“IN MEMORY OF
FRANKLIN TEMPLE INGRAHAM

CLASS) OF 1914

| SECOND LUEUTENANT
COAST ARTILLERY CORPS
UNITED STATES ARMY

WELLESLEY, MASSACHUSETTS
MAY 23.1891 APRIL 11,1918

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