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“Vol. 2.
TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Waener Free Institute

OF SCIENCE

OF

PHILADELPHIA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE FACULTY.
December, 1889.

PHILADELPHIA:
WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE,

MONTGOMERY AVE. AND I7TH ST.

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

OF

PHILADELPHIA.

PROSE S:

SAMUEL WAGNER, President. RICHARD B. WESTBROOK, Tveasurer.
JosEPH WILLCOX, Secretary.

J. VAUGHAN MERRICK. S. T. SKIDMORE.

PaAcCul TY

ProF. JOSEPH LeErpy, M. D., LL. D., President.

Department of Chemistry (including Agriculture and Analytical Mineralogy),

PRoF. HENRY LEFFMANN, M. D.

Department of Geology (including Paleontology and Descriptive Mineralogy),

Pror. ANGELO HEILPRIN.

Department of Biology (Zoology, Botany and Physiology),
Pror. BENJAMIN SHARP, M. D.

Curator of Museum, Librarian,

ANGELO HEILPRIN. THomAs L. MONTGOMERY.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
~ Report upon Some Fresh-Water Sponges collected in Florida. By Edward Potts. 5

Notice of Some Fossil Human Bones. By Prof. Joseph Leidy

eae selene sccanuea neste sscus 9
Description of Mammalian Remains from a Rock Crevice in Florida. By Prof.
TORSO USC Wiyaccocce concnnsbsecseseae soceqcoo cgdado6qcn sou s6 0 Ud USOC ECUOoHE I GosOnp SEES aR PEE EeCOToooHeEoeToo 13
Description of Vertebrate Remains from Peace Creek, Florida. By Prof. Joseph
ILGTGNY ccecebccadsadeeescacce coctncs6 pe p0n000s CS55C 4 BECOS Oo eI BOD CODER COCUD SC UOnEEE TaD CERES pancoEaEaREECTS 19
Notice of Some Mammalian Remains from the Salt Mine of Petite Anse, Louisiana,
Baym LO Len OSE DOMICCI AY naira co trentne acco caae ineae ce ncesa ts eared sassinsasoscnassencuwusescsscceece es 33

On Platygonus, an Extinct Genus allied to the Peccaries. By Prof. Joseph Leidy... qr

vRemarks on the Nature of Organic Species. By Prof. Joseph Leidy..................... 51

REPORT UPON SOME FRESH-WATER SPONGES COLLEOTED IN
FLORIDA BY JOS. WILLCOX, ESQ.

BY EDWARD POTTS,

These sponges, although not strikingly novel in character, are of great
interest on account of the unusual situations and circumstances in which
they were found

The larger number, as well as the largest specimens, had grown upon
the stems of coarse grasses, forming spindle-shaped masses I-4 inches in
length by an extreme of, say, 2 inches in thickness. Mr. Willcox writes:
“The sponges on the stems of grass and roots of mangrove trees were
found on the meadows or prairie on the margin of the Everglades of
Florida, near the head of Allen’s Creek, which empties into Chuckalusky
Bay, about fifteen miles north of Lostman’s Key and ten or twelve miles
east of the Gulf of Mexico. The meadow or prairie is not more than 12
inches higher than the water in the creek, which at the time of my visit
was salty. The nearest residents to that vicinity state that during the rainy
season of the summer and autumn the land there is flooded with fresh
water, which subsides in December or January. After the subsidence of
the fresh water the land is occasionally flooded with salt water during the
prevalence of southwest gales. The fresh-water sponges are found there in
great abundance, usually lying upon the ground; their weight, when wet,
in most cases having caused the prostration of the stems of grass after the
subsidence of the waters.”

Their temporary submergence in salt water is shown by the fact that all
the specimens were either partially or entirely covered by a salty efflores-
cence. Notwithstanding this and their subsequent desiccation of weeks or
possibly of months, the gemmules of these sponges still retained their
vitality, as they germinated freely after being placed in water in a watch-
glass. In another experiment, a complete sponge that had been weighted
and sunk to the bottom of a jar containing water, remained for many weeks
apparently unchanged, then gradually disintegrated, and the liberated
gemmules on rising to the surface of the water germinated there.

I find that these sponges belong to the genus Meyenia, and may be
classed with the well-known species M. fluviatiis ; their most obvious

6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

feature being an unusual abundance of gemmules—a fact particularly notice-
able in those from the mangrove roots. A more minute examination shows
that the gemmules of the latter are roughened, while the surfaces of those
from the grass-stems are singularly smooth, and that this difference is
caused by the unequal lengths of the gemmule birotulates in the one case
and their uniformity in the other. Their average length is rather less in
the latter sponge, but this is almost the only difference between them.
Both forms remind the observer of Meyenta subdivisa from the St. John’s
River, Florida, in the general character of the gemmule spicules and in the
subdivision of their spines, but neither equals the typical forms of that
species in the robustness of its parts. The shafts of the birotulates of both
are, however, much longer than those of the ordinary type of AZ. fluviatilrs.
On the whole, I cannot satisfy myself that either can properly claim specific
distinction, and I incline, for the present, to consider them only as connect-
ing links amongst the many fluviatiloid forms.

Another package received from Mr. Willcox contained fresh-water
sponges, many of which incrusted such well-known marine organisms as
barnacles and the calcareous tubes of Serpule. He writes: “ The sponges
adhering to the barnacles were found on the rocky bottom of a rapidly
flowing creek four or five feet deep, about twelve to fifteen miles east of
Lostman’s Key, which is twenty-five miles north of Cape Sable, on the
southwest coast of Florida. The presence of the barnacles can only be
accounted for by the action of the strong southwest winds which some-
times back up the salt water into the rivers and creeks. The young bar-
nacles, having followed the influx of salt water and attached themselves to
the rocks on the bottom, may have attained a portion of their growth
while immersed in fresh water, after the subsidence of the salt water.”
He names Dr. Leidy as supporting the probability of this theory, and also
as stating that their early growth must be relatively rapid, from the size
they are known to have attained upon such perishable supports as apples
and cranberries.

A few of the sponges collected at this place are J/eyenias and do not
seem to differ from those just mentioned ; the greater number, however,
belong to the genus Spongilla and are clearly allied to the cosmopolitan
S. lacustris. Two points alone seem to warrant me in honoring it, at least
provisionally, with the name of the noble institution of which Mr. Willcox
is an active manager. These are the abnormal local conditions just men-
tioned and the unprecedented multitudes of its dermal spicules.

Anticipating the technical description given below, I would call atten-
tion to the unusually white color of these sponges when dry, and to the
appearance of a compact incrustation resulting from the massing upon the
surface of the dermal spicules just alluded to; to the singular habit of hiding
away their gemmules within the barnacles or amongst the convoluted stems

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 7

of the serpule ; to the upright positions of the spicular armature of these
gemmule (resembling in this respect certain lacustrine forms already
described, as found upon the Catskill Mts., N. Y., at White Haven, Pa., and
at May’s Landing, N. J., and in strong contrast with the idea of a typical
tangential position) ; and to the striking resemblance of these spicules to
those of Spongilla fragilis, rather than to the corresponding spicules of any
form of S. lacustris.

Spongilla Wagneri. N. sp.

Sponge (as examined), white ; incrusting, thin. Proper skeleton texture
loose and open, but entirely hidden by a compact layer of dermal spicules
upon the outer surface, where they crowd even to the projecting points of
the skeleton spicules, thus presenting a comparatively flat but greatly
roughened surface.

Gemmules rather abundant within the lower layers of the skeleton
spicules or, more generally, hidden away within the cavity of the barnacles
or amongst the coils of the serpula upon which the sponge has grown.
Chitinous body relatively small, but surrounded by an extremely thick
granular crust, charged with an abundance of unusually long gemmule
spicules, erect, but crossing each other’s lines in every direction.

Skeleton spicules long, robust, smooth, fusiform, slightly curved; grad-
ually sharp-pointed.

Dermal spicules excessively abundant, both upon the outer and inter-
stitial surfaces ; long, slender, delicately pointed, curved, entirely spined;
spines erect, cylindrical, round-ended, longest near the middle of the spicule.

Gemmule spicules relatively long, cylindrical, irregularly curved, entirely
spined; spines acute, erect; distant along the body of the shaft, often
recurved and more numerous at the extremities of the spicules, where they
form a head or bur.

Measurements: Skeleton spicules, 0.0144 inches long by 0.0007 inches
thick ; length of dermal spicules, 0.0049 inches; of gemmule spicules
0.0048 inches.

NOTICE OF SOME FOSSIL HUMAN BONES.

BY PROF. JOSEPH LEIDY.

Science confirms the declaration of Ecclesiastes that “a man hath no pre-
eminence above a beast,” and in our accepting the theory of animal evolution
we may reasonably look with confidence for the discovery of the “ missing
link” connecting him with his immediate predecessor. In this view, all
remains of man coming in the category of fossils are examined with in-
terest. We have satisfactory evidence in fossil remains that man was
contemporaneous with many well-known and now extinct animals far back
in the quaternary period. The aboriginal man was probably as restricted in
his habitation as are now some of his nearest relatives, the orang and
gorilla; and this may be a reason why his remains are so rare or absent
among those of his numerous cotemporaries of other species and genera.
The nearer relation of man with the old- than with the new-world primates,
the many discoveries of prehistoric races in Europe and contiguous coun-
tries, and traditions together, render it probable that he had his origin in
the old world and migrated elsewhere. Hence early traces of man are
scarcely known in America. To be sure, instances of their occurrence have
been reported, but generally they have not been convincing and in most
cases are untrustworthy.

In 1846, Dr. M. W. Dickeson exhibited to the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia a collection of fossil bones, obtained by him in the
vicinity of Natchez, Mississippi, among which was a human os innomina-
tum.* The collection of fossils, yet contained in the museum of the
Academy, are well preserved, firm in texture and stained chocolate-brown
from ferruginous infiltration. The fossils consist of a nearly entire skull
and other bones of Megalonyx Jeffersont, teeth of Megalonyx disstmilis and
Ereptodon priscus, bones of Mylodon Harlani, bones and teeth of Mastodon
americanus, and teeth of Aguus major and of Bison latifrons. The human
innominatum, somewhat mutilated, presents the same condition of preserva-
tion and color as the other fossils with which it was found associated. As
the specimen has been the subject of much curiosity, it is now represented

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1846, 107.

10 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

in figure 1, plate II. It differs in no respect from an ordinary average speci-
men of the corresponding recent bone of man. At the time of the first
published notice of the discovery of the specimen, when the attention of
naturalists was awakened to the importance of such evidences of the
earlier existence of man than had previously been believed, it so much
interested Sir Charles Lyell, that on the occasion of his last visit to
this country he was induced to extend his trip and examine the locality in
which the bone was found. The specimen, with its associated fossils, was
obtained, in a ravine, from a deposit of clay, the talus of a neighboring cliff,
on the top of which were some old Indian graves. In a subsequent inter-
view with the writer, Mr. Lyell expressed the opinion that although the
human bone may have been contemporaneous with those of the extinct
animals with which it had been found, he thought it more probable it
had fallen from one of the Indian graves and had become mingled with
the older fossils which were dislodged from the deeper part of the cliff.
At the time of making his communication, Dr. Dickeson intimated that the
human bone was found at a lower level, beneath bones of the Megalonyx,
etc., but this would not prove its age to be greater than or contemporaneous
with the latter. In the wear of the cliff the upper portion, with the Indian
graves and human bones, would be likely to fall first and the deeper portion
with the older fossils subsequently on the latter.

In the spring of 1886, Mr. Joseph Willcox and Prof. Angelo Heilprin,
while cruising in Sarasota Bay,-on the west coast of Florida, were informed
by the captain of their vessel that fossil human bones had been found on
the eastern shore of the bay. Prof. Heilprin visited the locality, where
from a partially indurated ferruginous sandstone he obtained a rock frag-
ment containing a pair of human vertebrae, of which he has given an
account in his interesting article, “ Explorations on the West Coast of
Florida,” -published in‘the first volume of these Transactions. The follow-
ing spring Mr. Willcox visited the locality and obtained several additional
specimens of human fossils, of which the best preserved is a calcaneum,
represented in figure 2, plate II. The bones are well preserved and are actu-
ally converted into hard limonite. They do not differ in any respect from
corresponding recent human bones. Mr. Willcox again visited the locality
last February, but found no other human fossils. He informs us that the
bones were found in a hard, ferruginous sandstone, which is exposed on the
shore of the bay and is there subjected to the action of the water at high tide.
The formation is overlaid by the surface soil from fifteen to eighteen inches
in depth. In one position, in which a trench was dug through the rock, it
was found to be from two and a half to three feet thick, with sand beneath.

Human bones, of the same kind, from Sarasota Bay, are noticed in the
Seventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum of Archeology and
Ethnology, Cambridge, 1874, p. 26, remarkable for their weight, due to the

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. Te

infiltration of iron oxide. A thigh-bone is stated to weigh 492 grains,
while a recent one of the same length weighed 353 grains. About fifty feet
north of the locality where the former bones were found, the rock occupy-
ing the same relative position beneath the surface soil is lighter colored and
harder, and apparently is of the same age as that containing the bones.
About seventy-five yards north of the locality, what appears to be the
same sandstone is also lighter and harder, and is overlaid by a soft sand-
stone. The latter where visible is not more than eight to ten inches thick
and full of fossils, among which were recognized Fulgur perversus, Strombus
pugilis, Fasciolaria gigantea, Melongena corona, Venus Mortont, etc.

A letter from Mr. Wm. H. Dall states that he had received for identifica-
tion from Mr. Willcox some rock specimens with fossil shells supposed to
be the same as that to which the fossil bones belong. Mr. Dall continues, the
rock is composed of silicious and calcareous sand with shells, and is of the
same kind as that on the little island on Lake Monroe, near Enterprise,
Florida, where Portales found human bones thirty years ago. The shells are
all of living species and consist of Donax variegatus Say, Natica pusilla Say,
Glandina truncata Say, Helix uvulifera Shuttl., Helix cereolus Muhlf. var.
microdon Deshayes, Succinea avara Say, Strobila labyrinthica Say, etc.,
all common in the vicinity to-day.

A more characteristic human fossil, found in a similar position and de-
posit almost half a dozen miles south of the former locality, was submitted
to the writer for examination by the Smithsonian Institution. The speci-
men consists of the base of a skull, the vault broken off and lost, but retain-
ing part of the face and a fragment of the mandible. The alveolar portions
of the jaws and teeth are also absent. The fossil beneath is embedded in a
' mass of hard bog ore, while the bottom of the cranial cavity is occupied by
fine coherent silicious sand. It was found in digging a trench through the
formation enclosing it, by Mr. John G. Webb, of Osprey, Florida, and was
presented by him to the Smithsonian Institution. By request, Mr. Webb
made further search in the place where the skull was discovered, and found
a number of broken bones in the same condition as the skull. Mr. Webb
remarks that the bones were “in a heap, as if the man to whom they be-
longed had been buried in a sitting position.” Such an observation would
make it appear as if a human body had been buried in the formation in
which the remains were found, and therefore that they do not actually be-
long to it as cotemporary fossils.

The fossil skull itself is converted into limonite, like the bones obtained
by Prof. Heilprin and Mr. Willcox, and the portions where exposed are
well preserved and not in the slightest degree eroded or water-worn. The
specimen, represented in figures 1, 2, plate I., indicates a well-proportioned
ovoid skull, and closely approximates in shape an ordinary prepared French
skull, such as the writer has lying at the side of the fossil. The forehead

12 TRANS. OF THE WAGNER I'REE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE,

and contiguous portions of the face accord with the usual condition in a
white man’s skull. The superciliary ridges are but moderately produced
and the nasal bones are large and prominent. The occiput has the usual
appearance, while its muscular markings are not more developed than
commonly, '

Comparative measurements of the fossil with a French skull are as

follows :

Fossil Skull. French Skull.
Glabella to occipital protuberance, ; : 170 mm. 178 mm.
Breadth above the auditory meatuses, sete besa aye 32 ane
Breadth of forehead at the temporal ridges, PalO2ma ee LOAN

Among the discoveries of Mr. Willcox, in Florida, are.some remains of
the great extinct Lzson latifrons, consisting of a huge horn-core, subse-
quently lost by accident, and the proximal portion of a radius. The speci-
mens were found on Rocky Creek, thirty miles north of Sarasota Bay, about
two anda half or three feet below the surface, in a formation which Mr.
Willcox regards as of more recent age than the sandstone in which the
human bones were discovered.

The fragment of the radius mentioned comprises eleven inches of the
proximal portion of the bone. It accords closely in anatomical character
with the corresponding portion of the radius of the recent Lzson americanus,
differing only in its greater size. Its comparative measurements are as

follows :

B. latifrons. B. americanus.
Proximal end of radius, transversely, . : 130 mm. g2 mm.
Middle of shaft of “ cs ; Aad (Oleh Asie

i « a in thickness, . ; 5 alg BOM tes

DESCRIPTION OF MAMMALIAN REMAINS FROM A ROCK
CREVICE IN FLORIDA.

BY PROF. JOSEPH LEIDY.

In a visit to Florida, last winter, Mr. Joseph Willcox obtained a small
but interesting collection of quaternary mammalian fossils from the vicinity
of Ocala, Marion Co. The fossils were discovered in a crevice of the rock
exposed in quarrying limestone on the property of Mr. F. M. Phillips, who
obligingly presented the specimens remaining in his possession to Mr. Will-
cox; others having been carried away as curiosities or lost. The limestone,
in which was the crevice, is chalk-white, nummulitic and regarded to be of
oligocene age. In some masses of the rock, in a quarry of Mr. B. P. Rich-
ards, in the vicinity, Mr. Willcox found embedded some remains apparently
of a Zeuglodon or perhaps of a Sgualodon. The fragments consist of a
portion of a mandible with the much mutilated traces of a couple of large
two-fanged molar teeth, part of the crown of a large conical tooth with
strongly rugose enamel, and portions of several immature vertebrz with
fragments of a detached epiphysis of a centrum. The remains are too im-
perfect to determine positively to what species or even genus they may
belong.

The fossils from the limestone rock crevice submitted to examination
consist of remains of a species of Horse, Llama, Sabre-tooth Tiger and an
Elephant. They present the usual appearance of fossils from dry caves,
being well preserved in form, not rolled or water-worn, and white and friable
from the loss of ossein. Other specimens were lost, as usual under such
circumstances, leading to the sad reflection that many similar records of the
past, after having been sealed up and preserved for ages, on discovery are
destroyed through ignorance of the finder.

The most interesting of the fossils are fragments of the skull of a Sabre-
tooth Tiger, which was about as large as the existing Tiger of Asia. The
two fragments comprise the nearly complete cranium and the greater por-
tion of one side of the face retaining the alveoli, as represented in fig-
ure 1, plate III. The skull when found appears to have been entire and
contained the teeth, including the characteristic long canine, but
these unluckily were extracted by the finder and distributed as relics.

14 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

An effort has been made to recover them, but thus far without success.

The Ocala skull compared with the plaster cast of that of the Wachar-
rodus neogacus of Brazil, preserved in the Natural History Museum of
Paris, shows a close resemblance, but exhibits differences which are perhaps
sufficient to indicate another species, and in this view the name of Machai-
rodus floridanus would seem to be appropriate.

The Ocala skull is rather more than an inch less in its chief measure-
ments than that of the JZ. eogaeus and the zygoma is actually of greater
depth and is flatter on its,outer face. The alveoli in the specimen are those
for the incisors, the canine and for two molars :—a premolar and the succeed-
ing sectorial tooth. A tubercular molar had been shed and its alveolus is

obliterated.
The canine alveolus measures 41 mm. fore and aft, and 20 mm. trans-

versely, and would therefore accommodate a tooth nearly as large as that of
the Machairodus neogacus, represented by Dr. Burmeister in figure 8, plate
IX., of his description of that animal, found in the Argentine Republic.*
The hiatus back of the canine alveolus is 16 mm.; and that in advance is
considerably smaller than in M. neogaeus, indicating a proportionately
smaller inferior canine tooth.

The alveolus of the sectorial molar is 36 mm. fore and aft, and would
thus indicate a considerably smaller tooth than that of MZ neogaeus as
represented in the plate of Dr. Burmeister.

In comparison with the skull of the Bengal Tiger the cranium of the
fossil has nearly the same size and proportions. The temporal fossz are of
much greater depth, but proportionately of less width, as the zygomz are
not so prominent laterally. The posterior root of the zygoma is deeper
and its anterior surface more vertical.

The mastoid process, very much larger than in the Tiger, appears as a
conspicuous fore and aft compressed cylindroid process directed obliquely
downward and forward to the outer side and extending below the audi-
tory bulla. It is horizontally truncated and transversely notched at the
lower extremity. From its greater prolongation and direction the archway
to the auditory meatus is of much greater vertical depth than in the Tiger,
and instead of expanding is contracted below.

The paramastoid process is a pyramidal tuberosity behind the base of
the former and of the auditory bulla, tapering horizontally inward to the
basi-occipital.

’ The auditory bulla is fore and aft laterally compressed oval. Its anterior
extremity is impressed with a pit just behind the entrance of the carotid canal.

The neural foramina at the base of the cranium and those of the sphenoid
bone directed toward the orbit have about the same character and relative
position as inthe Tiger. The median part of the cranial basis is much

* Description Physique de la Republique Argentine ; Mammiferes, 1881,

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 15

narrower and not flattened as in the Tiger, and the basi-occipital is more
strongly carinated and deeply impressed at the sides for muscular
attachment.

The occiput is much less narrowed above than in the Tiger, and its
ridges and depressions are more strongly produced.

The glenoid articulation is of less transverse extent, but is wider fore and
aft, especially at the inner part, so that in outline it appears more transverse-
ovoid than elliptical.

The hard palate is less level than in the Tiger, and exhibits the same
conspicuous depressions represented in Dr. Burmeister’s figure of the same
part in Machairodus neogaeus.

Comparative measurements of the skull of Machairodus floridanius, the
cast of the skull of 47. neogaeus of Brazil, from the Paris Museum speci-
men, and Dr. Burmeister’s figures of the same animal of the Argentine
Republic are as follows :

Length from occipital condyle to incisive Florida. Brazil. Argentine.

border, . / )285 mm 360 mm) .330) mm.
Breadth of skull at lest part ai zygoma, 190 “ 23080 220 es
Depth of skull at post-glenoid tubercle, 125 “ 1OO 1OAS as
Distance from back of zygoma to incisive

border, . : 2 : aR Ov in: PAA 2A
Breadth at mastoid processes, . AG AO e iiiey
Width of narrowest portion of cranium, 57 “ Bytes
Breadth at paramastoid processes, . LO be a L2ieaes
Breadth at occipital condyles, . 635 605°
Breadth of occiput above the latter, Re LCOW

Transverse diameter of occipital foramen, 30 “
Length of occipital condyle from above

downward, . Ghole
Width of space fewecn the mneherer

bullz, : Bays
Length of mastoid process, . : Sige He ae
Thickness fore and aft, : : : Pale (at
Breadth of face at sectorial teeth, . SON pe 17 ONm
Breadth of face at canines, ; O4man anes DUE Ag
Fore and aft space of the teeth, . PaRLAGS LOS tes R46. ©
Fore and aft space of two molars, .. 5 Sta 637 Cora
Transverse space of incisors, . bl MON no hE Me mee 667
Width fore and aft of canine Leslas, 40° Sob fa ASE
Width fore and aft of premolar ss noe Se Poy es fehl

Width fore and aft of sectorial molar al-
veolus, . : ; : : fad ie Ve tone AZ ot 43

160 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

Florida. Brazil. Argentine.
Length of palate to incisor alveoli, . 136 mm.
Width transversely of glenoid articula-

tion, : 5 Oris 50 mm.
Width fore and aft of elena aifioule:

HOM, Dien Dive ae
Depth of face at ine Schiele marcin, OO) n 53 mm. as) bor
Depth of zygoma, . ; Aon Agimair Eco
Vertical diameter of infra- cate force DA os
Transverse, “ of ‘s . TAY
First incisor alveolus fore and aft, _.. TAa7s
First incisor alveolus transversely, . : Bae
Second incisor alveolus fore and aft, . TAR he
Second incisor alveolus transversely, Sau
Third incisor alveolus fore and aft, . 1 ae
Third incisor alveolus transversely,. . 11 “

The fossils found in .association with the Machairodus skull are mostly
the remains of young animals and are perhaps remnants of the feasts of the
great carnivore. Those of the Horse consist of a broken cervical vertebra,
six lower molar and five incisor teeth. The specimens accord in size and
other respects with the corresponding parts of the ordinary sized Domestic
Horse, presenting no anatomical marks of having belonged to a different
species. The molar teeth indicate at least three different individuals; half
of them, including the last of the series, being entirely unworn. Another
last molar is just sufficiently worn so as to exhibit the usual characteristic
folding of the enamel of the triturating surface; anda third specimen is
about one-fourth worn away, exhibiting the same arrangement of the enamel
folding. Of the incisor teeth, two lateral ones are folded at the sides and
have a wide groove behind, but do not enclose an enamel pit as in the other
incisors which pertain to the intermediate ones of the series,

Remains of Horses, not distinguishable in anatomical character from the
corresponding parts of the Domestic Horse, are of frequent occurrence in
our quaternary deposits in association with those of well-recognized species
and genera of extinct animals. Some of these with little doubt pertain to

‘the Domestic Horse and are accidental associates of the other fossils, but
there appears strong evidence that many if not most of them actu-
ally belonged to an indigenous species of Horse, whose osteological and
dental characters, so far as we know them, were the same as in the domestic
animal. In this view, the remains of the Horse found in association with
the Machairodus skull may be regarded as having pertained to the species
which I have elsewhere named Aguus fraternus.*

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1858, 11.

INSHIBULE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 7

From a pliocene shell bed, on the Caloosahatchie River, Florida, Mr.
Willcox obtained some remains of a Horse consisting of two cervical vertebra
and the fragments of a mandible with the first and second molar teeth. The
interior of the jaw fragment is filled with limestone, with shells of Planxorézs,
etc. The remains in no respect differ from the corresponding parts of the
ordinary sized Domestic Horse, and probably pertain to the Aguas fraternus.

The remains of a Llama found with the former consist of a single speci-
men, a last inferior molar tooth, represented in figure 5, plate III. It is
like the corresponding tooth of the recent Auchenia Uama of South America,
but is larger. It probably pertains to the smallest of three species which I

-recently named Auchenia minimus, minor and major, from a number of bones
found in association with those of a Rhinoceros and Mastodon, at Archer,
achuaLevy County, Florida. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., p. 11, 1886.)

Comparative measurements of the fossil are as follows ;

Fossil Llama. Recent Llama.
Fore and aft diameter of last lower molar, 35 mm. 26 mm.
Transverse diameter at fore part, : : Te ictees Tans

The remains of the Elephant of the rock crevice are two teeth. Of these,

one is a first milk molar and resembles in shape and size the corresponding

, tooth of the Alephas primigenius,as represented in Mr. Leith Adams’ Mono-
graph on the British Fossil Elephants. The tooth has a long trihedral crown
with a pair of fore and aft divergent fangs. The rounded triturating surface
exhibits four transverse series of enameled tubercles enclosed in an abundance
of cementum. The tubercles in succession are one, two, two and three, and
the summits of most of them are just worn through so as to expose the
interior dentine. The specimen, represented in figures 6, 7, plate III., meas-
ures 18.5 millimetres fore and aft and 17 millimetres transversely.

The other tooth, presented to Mr. Willcox by Mr. E. W. Agnew, of
Ocala, represented in figures 8, 9, is an upper left second or third milk
molar. It is nearly complete and is worn away at the anterior two-thirds,
exposing an oval, flat triturating surface crossed by seven enamel lobes.
The unworn, rounded back portion of the crown appears to contain four
additional lobes. The worn enamel lobes present ellipses with wide cemental
intervals, characteristic of the so-called coarse-plated variety of the Elephas
americanus, or the E. columbi. A single fang occupies the fore part of
the tooth, followed by a pair, one outer and the other inner, and behind these
is a quadrate column of connate fangs.

The measurements of the tooth are as follows:

Fore and aft diameter of the crown, ‘ : : : 110 mm.
Greatest thickness, : : ; : : : : AG.
Fore and aft diameter of the worn triturating surface, . 4 oy

Greatest transverse breadth of triturating surface, : ; AAs

DESCRIPTION OF VERTEBRATE REMAINS FROM PEACE CREEK,
FLORIDA.

BY PROF. JOSEPH LEIDY.

The fossils which form the subjects of the present communication are
for the most part from Peace Creek, Florida. Some of them were obtained
by Mr. Joseph Willcox, who recently visited the locality accompanied by
Mr. William M. Meigs. The gentlemen were aided in their search by Mr.
T. S. Moorhead, manager of the Arcadia Phosphate Company, who has
since sent to Mr. Willcox additional specimens of interest. The fossils were
collected in Peace Creek, at Arcadia, from a sand-bar which is exposed when
the water is low. The bar is explored for so-called phosphates, which occur
in nodular masses, and are collected in large quantities for commercial pur-
poses. Mr. Moorhead informed Mr. Willcox that the source or main bed,
from which the materials of the bar are chiefly derived, extends for miles
along the shores of Peace Creek, and is about eight feet thick. Others of
the Peace Creek fossils were previously received by the writer for examina-
tion from the Smithsonian Institution.

The fossils of Peace Creek, besides a number of mostly uncharacteristic
fragments of bones and other specimens undetermined, consist of the
following :

1. Three well-preserved crowns of upper molar teeth, and fragments of
others of those of a Tapir, in no respect differing from those of the existing
Tapirus americanus of South America.

2. Teeth of Horses; 13 upper molars, 7 lower molars, and 2 incisors, of
different individuals ranging in size and age. They indicate animals about
the size of ordinary varieties of the Domestic Horse, large and small, but
not so large as the largest variety of the living form. In several of the
upper molars, the worn triturating surface exhibits the characteristic enamel
islets with a somewhat more folded condition than is usual in the Domestic
Horse. It is very uncertain whether to regard these teeth in part or whole
as having pertained to an indigenous species of Eguus, or to view them as
belonging to the Domestic Horse.

Accompanying the teeth is an ungual phalanx having the same charac-
ter and size as the corresponding bone of the Domestic Horse. Another

20 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

phalanx and an astragalus, in the collection from the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, likewise accord with the same bones in the latter animal.

3. An interesting fossil from Peace Creek is a pastern bone or first
phalanx, which I suspect to belong to the three-toed Horse, Hippotherium.
The specimen, represented in figure 2, plate III., indicates a small animal of
slender proportions. It is related in size with an astragalus and an upper
molar tooth, from Archer, Levy Co., Florida, on which were based the
Hippotherium ingenuum, noticed in the Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, p. 33, Philadelphia, 1885. The three specimens accord
in size with one another, as do three corresponding specimens from Archer,
Florida, on which was based another species under the name of //7pfo-
therium plicaiile.

The pastern, from Peace Creek, regarded as belonging to H/ippotherium
wngenuum, in comparison with that of A. plicatile from Archer, and another
found in association with the former and not differing from the pastern of
the Domestic Horse, show the following comparative measurements :

H. ingenuum. H. plicatile. Equus.
Length of the pastern, : : 58mm. 5omm. 6omi»,
Transverse diameter of proximal extremity, 23 “ Aes 50u
‘s is middle of shaft; -. 15 ¢ Bipinde Ronee

i zs distal extremity, IG) Die is 42a

The astragalus of //ippothertum ingenuum from Archer, Levy County,
Florida, is represented of the natural size in figure 4, plate III. It differs
in no respect anatomically from the corresponding bone of the Domestic
Horse except size. Its comparative measurements with a specimen pertain-
ing to 7. plicatile from the same locality, and another of the Horse from
Peace Creek, are as follows:

H. ingenuum. H. plicatile. Equus.
Height of the tibial trochlea internally, 36mm. 49mm. 67 mm.
Width of the tibial trochlea at middle, Bs & Ao © GOnRs
Fore and aft width of scaphoid articulation, 20 “ 20 ine Vee
Transverse width of calcanean articulation, 26 “ sie SOuam

The upper molar tooth originally described as characteristic of Hzppo-
therium imgenuum is represented in figure 3, plate III. In its extreme
length, at the outer fore part, it is 47 mm.,and in size approximates a
similar tooth, from the phosphate beds of Ashley River, South Carolina,
described under the name of Aippotherium venustum, in Holmes’ Post-
pliocene Fossils of South Carolina, 1860, p. 105, pl. XVI., fig. 33. In the
Ashley specimen the inner column of the tooth is lost, but otherwise the

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 21

arrangement of the enamel on the worn triturating surface is sufficiently
like that of the Archer tooth, as represented in the subjoined woodcut,
to render it probable they might belong to the
same species. However, in another specimen from
Ashley River, as seen in fig. 32 of the work just
indicated, the inner column of the tooth is retained
and is observed to be cylindrical or regularly cir-
cular in transverse section, whereas in the Archer
tooth it is compressed cylindrical or in section
elliptical, from which difference it may be inferred
that the latter pertains to another species from the former.

Later, an additional specimen, received from Archer, is a last upper
molar referable to H.zzgenuum. It is scarcely worn and so closely accords
in size and other respects with the tooth above described as even to render
it probable it may have belonged to the same individual.

In relation with the above, it is a fit opportunity to describe a few re-
mains of another species of Aippotherium, previously noticed in the Pro-
ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1882, p. 290,
under the name of Aippotherium montezuma, The specimens, submitted to
the examination of the author by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, were presented to it by Mr. Ellis Clarke, Jr., who obtained them from
near Lacualtipan, Hidalgo, Mexico. They consist of a couple of bone
fragments and three molar teeth, and are stated to have been found in a bed
of clay beneath one of shell limestone and above a four-foot bed of coal.
The strata are probably of late tertiary age.

The fossils indicate an animal smaller than A/zppotherium plicatile and
about the size of H. zzgenuum. Of the bone fragments, one is the upper
extremity of a metatarsal, represented in figs. 5, 6, plate V. It exhibits at
the sides well-marked impressions of the lateral, smaller metatarsals. The
articular end measures 27 mm. transversely and 23 mm. fore and aft. The
other fragment is the extreme, proximal articular end of a pastern repre-
sented in fig. 7, of the same plate. It is considerably wider transversely
than the corresponding part in HZ. zxgenuum and of less.width fore and aft,
measuring 29 mm. in the former and 16.5 mm. in the latter direction. It
would appear to indicate a broader, less thick and perhaps shorter foot than
in /7/. ingenuune.

Of the teeth, two are lower molars, apparently from different individuals.
One, a fourth or fifth of the series, is little worn, and it has lost its exterior
cementum. It is about 2 inches long and at the triturating surface is
20 mm. fore and aft,andg mm. transversely. The other, probably the third
molar, is about half worn, but is broken away below and yet retains its
exterior cementum. It measures 19 mm. fore and aft and I1 mm. trans-

Hippotherium ingenuum.

versely.

22 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

The remaining tooth, the most characteristic of the specimens, is an
upper molar, probably the fourth of the right series, represented in fig. 10,
plate V. It is but little worn; just sufficiently to expose the

— ey, course of the enamel folding on the surface of the tritu-
NS rating surface, represented in the adjoining woodcut. It is
K well preserved and retains completely its exterior cemen-
LIES) tum. It is a little larger than the tooth attributed to 7.

mgenuum, but its inner enamel column is nearly double the

H. montezuma. é
fore and aft diameter. The measurements of the tooth

compared with those of corresponding teeth regarded as characteristic of
the species H. ingenuum and H. plicatile are as follows :

H. montezuma. H. ingenuum. H. plieatile.

Fore and aft diameter externally, 20 nim. Ig mm. 20 mm.
Transverse diameter at middle, Ite ee, Gus 22 «
Fore and aft diameter of internal column, 8.2 “ EApene 7s

4. An upper true molar tooth and a first phalanx of an Ox according in
size with those of Lzson americanus.

5. Fragments of antlers, bones, and teeth of Deer, not differing from the
corresponding parts of Cervus virgimianus.

6. Remains of the American Elephant. Incidentally Mr. Willcox tells
us that in his visits to Florida he had received information of the occurrence
of teeth of the Elephant in different parts of the State.

A nearly entire specimen, a last upper molar tooth of huge size, repre-
sented in plate VII., from Peace Creek, was presented to Mr. Willcox by the
finder, Mr. T. M. Rickards, of Candler, Marion County, Florida. In its
present condition it weighs 2434 pounds, and it now measures about 13
inches long and 11 inches in breadth fore and aft. It has about twen-
ty-three constituent plates; the exact number being somewhat obscured
from the posterior extremity of the tooth being doubled on itself, a deformity
which is not uncommon in the existing Elephant, due to a want of sufficient
room in the jaw for the perfect development of the tooth. The worn tritu-
rating surface, 8 inches fore and aft and 3% inches transversely, displays
ten of the usual characteristic ellipses, according with so many plates or
lobes of the tooth.

In a Monograph of the British Fossil Elephants, the author, Mr. A. L.
Adams, records many specimens of the last upper molar of the Alephas
primigenus. In the dwarf variety of this to the largest form, the tooth
ranges from 634 inches in fore and aft extent to twice that dimension, and
with from eighteen to twenty-seven ridges, or constituent plates, which,
however, hold no proportion with the size of the tooth. In the largest
molars, from 10% to 13% inches in breadth, eight plates occupied a space

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA.

i)
Us

ranging from 34 to 5 inches. In the Peace Creek molar eight plates of the
triturating surface occupy a space of 62 inches.

In a recent visit to London, in the British Museum, the writer observed
a specimen similar to the Peace Creek molar, labelled A/ephas primigenius,
San Felipe de Austin, Texas.

A sketch of another specimen, preserved in the cabinet of Wabash Col-
lege, Crawfordsville, Indiana, has been submitted to the writer by Prof. E. O.
Hovey, who gives the weight of the tooth as 21% pounds and the dimen-
sions as follows: Length from the upper back to the lower fore part, 15
inches ; height, 13 inches; fore and aft breadth of the triturating surface, 7%
inches; transverse breadth, 334 inches. The triturating surface of the sketch
displays about a dozen transverse ellipses or plates.

Submitted to the writer, from the Smithsonian Institution, are two speci-
mens pertaining to the American Elephant, both from Peace Creek, and
presented to the Institution by Mr. J. F. Le Baron. One of the specimens
is the intermediate and greater portion of a last upper molar tooth agreeing
with the corresponding portion of the tooth above described. The other
specimen is the greater part of the right ramus of a mandible containing
the last molar tooth. It is represented in figure 2, plate VIII. The jaw-bone
accords pretty closely with the corresponding part of that of the Alephas
primigenius as represented in Mr. Adams’ Monograph above quoted. The
tooth is worn its entire breadth, and on the triturating surface measures
1034 inches fore and aft and 34 inches transversely, and displays twelve
ellipses or plates, which appear to be the complete number entering into
the constitution of the tooth. Eight of the ridges occupy a space 62
inches.

In the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia is
a specimen consisting of the posterior and greater portion of a last molar
tooth from the Caloosahatchie River, Florida, presented by Mr. Hamilton
Disston. It resembles the corresponding portion of the tooth in the jaw
fragment above described. Of the triturating surface 44 inches are occupied
by the posterior eight constituent plates.

In his Monograph, Mr. Adams says he has not seen a lower last molar
of the Elephas primigenius with so low a ridge formula as eighteen plates.
He records a number of specimens ranging from g to 13 inches in breadth
with from nineteen to twenty-four plates. In different teeth eight plates
occupied a space ranging from 3% to 5 inches.

The Florida teeth evidently indicate an Elephant with much coarser-
plated molars than those ascribed to the Elephas primigenius of Europe,
Northern Asia and Northern America. As first distinctly indicated by Dr.
Falconer (Palzontological Memoirs, 1868, Vol. II., page 212), they pertain
to another variety or perhaps species, which he named the Elephas Coluimbi,
and which lived in the regions bordering the Gulf of Mexico. :

24 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

7. Perhaps the most interesting of the Peace Creek fossils are a number
of dermal plates of several species of the giant, armadillo-like Glyptodonts,
heretofore chiefly known from their remains found in the quaternary forma-
tions of South America.

Five specimens submitted to my examination by Mr. Willcox, and two
others by Mr. Meigs, resemble so closely two similar ones from bone cav-
erns of Brazil, represented by Dr. Lund, and described by him under the
name of Chlamydotherium Humboldti,* that it is not improbable they may
have belonged to the same species. They are also exceedingly like a num-
ber of similar specimens recently observed by me in the collection of the
British Museum and labelled with the same name, from the caves of Minas
Garaes, Brazil. Four of the Peace Creek specimens are represented in fig-
ures 3-6, plate IV. Five of the plates are variably hexahedral in the outline
of their breadth as exemplified in figs. 3, 6, one is petagonal, fig. 5, and the
other oblong quadrate, as seen in fig. 4. The thinnest hexagonal plate,
nearly uniform, is 8 mm. thick ; three other hexagonal plates, nearly alike in
thickness in different parts, are from 9g to 10 mm. thick; the pentagonal
plate is from 7 to 13 mm. thick; and the oblong quadrate plate is 7.5 mm.
thick at one extremity and 11 mm. at the other. The hexagonal plate of
fig. 3 is the thickest, and measures from 11 to 16 mm.

The exterior surface of the plates to within 3 to 5 mm. of the borders
is elevated and is everywhere more or less porous. The elevated portion
of the surface is somewhat depressed concentrically, but rises in a variable
low, elliptical eminence centrally. The borders of the plates are rugged,
and the under surface is slightly concave and exhibits a few perforations.

The hexagonal plate, figure 3, is 49 mm. in its greatest breadth; an-
other is 55 mm.; that of fig. 6 is 48 mm.; and another is 45 mm. The
pentagonal plate, fig. 5, is 44 mm. broad; and the oblong quadrate one, fig.
4, is 55 mm. in its greater and 29 mm. in its smaller breadth.

Since writing the foregoing, Mr. Willcox has submitted to my examina-
tion a collection of twenty-eight additional plates, collected in Peace Creek
and presented by Mr. T. S. Moorhead. Most of the plates accord with
those already described, but several are different. One of them is penta-
hedral, oblong, 55 mm. in its greater and 36 mm. in its smaller breadth.
One, probably a marginal plate, is pentahedral, with an angular border above
and a convex border below. Another, represented in fig. 12, plate V.,
probably a marginal plate, is pentahedral, angular at the upper border and
convex below, and with its exterior produced in a conical eminence with
the apex directed downward. Its breadth is 36 mm., its height about the
same, and its thickness to the apex of the conical eminence 22 mm.

Of fifteen hexahedral plates, the largest is 52 mm. in its greatest breadth,
35 mm. in its smallest breadth and 15 mm. in thickness ; the smallest is 42

* Danske Vidensk. Selskab., Afhand., 1841, taf. XI.

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 25

mm. in the greater and 33 mm. in the lesser breadth and g mm. in
thickness.

Several of these plates have been previously noticed by me in the
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1880, p.
97, and are referred to a species with the name of Glyptodon septentrionalis.
They probably belong to the same species as the Chlamydotherium Hum-
boldtu of South America.

Other Glyptodon remains from Peace Creek, collected by Mr, T. S.
Moorhead, and sent to Mr. Willcox, consist of five dermal plates, which
resemble those of Hoplophorus euphractus of Dr. Lund, found with Chlamy-
dotherium Humboldt, in the bone caverns of Brazil. In the American
Naturalist, 1888, p. 345, Prof. Cope described a dermal plate of a Glyfto-
don from Nueces Co., Texas, which appears to be of the same kind as those
under consideration. Prof. Cope several years previously reported the exist-
ence of a nearly complete carapace of a Glyptodon in the National Museum
of Mexico, and another, together with the jaws and teeth, in the Museum of
the School of Mines, discovered in the valley of Mexico.* The Texas
specimen Prof. Cope refers to a species with the name of Glyptodon peta-
liferus, and says it is of the same type as the Glyptodon of Mexico, but is
doubtful as to its identity.

The Florida plates are thick and hexahedral, with rugged borders. The
exterior surface presents a nearly circular raised area surrounded with
smaller areas divided from each other by radiating grooves. The surfaces
of the raised areas are on the same plane, and are closely pitted. The
dividing grooves are also pitted, and that enclosing the circular area exhib-
its to one side two larger perforations. In the specimen, represented in
figure 9, plate IV., the greatest breadth is 44 mm., and the thickness 1g
mm. A second, rather larger specimen has the same thickness; a third,
about the same size, is not quite so thick, and a smaller specimen is 16 mm.
thick. The remaining specimen, represented in figure 1, plate VI., is 53
mm. in its greatest breadth, and is 15 mm. thick. The areas of its outer
surface are less coarsely pitted than in the others.

Accompanying the foregoing there is a specimen of an ungual phalanx,
somewhat water-worn, probably pertaining to the fore foot of a Glyptodon.
It is 52 mm. in length along its upper part, and is 28 mm. high and 30 mm.
wide at base. The articular surface, somewhat broken, has been about 22
mm. wide and 17 mm. high.

Among the Peace Creek fossils sent by Mr. Moorhead to Mr. Willcox
are a number of somewhat enigmatic character, which are nevertheless sup-
posed to be dermal bones of Glyptodonts. They bear a general resem-
blance to the conical bones of the tail of Glyptodon or Schistopleurum

* Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Phila., 1885, 2.

26 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

asper,as represented in Dr. Burmeister’s plate XL., in the Annales del
Museo Publico de Buenos Aires, 1870-74.

A specimen, represented in figure 11, plate V.,is a stout cone with
the apex bent downward. The base is thick, irregularly circular, rounded
and imperfectly defined from the cone by a shallow, irregular groove.
Beneath, it is slightly concave, and the sides of the cone are smooth. The
greater breadth at base is 42 mm., the smaller 38 mm., and the height 28
mm. A second, rather larger specimen is nearly like the former. A smaller
specimen with an hexagonal oval base, 39 by 34 mm. in breadth, is Ig mm.
high and has the apex to one side, but not abruptly bent as in the former.

A fourth specimen, smaller than the preceding, has a hexahedral base,
and the cone partakes in a measure of the same form. It is 30 mm. in its
greater breadth and 20 mm. high.

Five specimens, most alike, have the form of an oblique cone with the
apex to a variable degree on one side. The base is circular or more or less
rounded polygonal, slightly concave or flat beneath, and obtusely rounded
at the border. It is also more or less defined by an irregular partial groove.
In one of the largest specimens, the sides of the cone are most promi-
nently convex, and the apex is rather abruptly bent so as to overhang the
base. In a second specimen, of greater width in one direction than the
former, the apex of the cone is not so prominent and does not overhang
the base. In the third specimen, nearly as broad as the first, the cone is
much depressed, being about a third lower, is flattened especially on the
longer side, and has the apex straight and more blunt. The remaining
two specimens, of which one is represented in figs. 2, 3, plate VI., are
nearly the same size, but much smaller than the others. They are flattened
cones with the apex overhanging the base; the one being considerably

.more depressed than the other. The measurements of the specimens are
as follows :

Greatest breadth of base, . . 41 mm. 43 mm. 39 mm. 24 mm. 24 mm.
Smallest its ce ‘ 37 “ce 38 ce 35 cc 22 “cc 20 ce
Height of cone, ; : £28 BR. ES ON i Si.) alae emma

A dermal bone, of much greater breadth than the preceding specimens,
hasa mammillary eminence most prominent to one side, and defined from
the thick, ovoidal, flat base by a continuous groove. Its greater breadth
is 57 mm., its smaller one 50 mm., and its height 23 mm.

A small dermal bone witha hexagonal base has a conical eminence with
the apex to one side. Its greatest breadth is 29 mm., the smaller 26 mm.,
and the height 22 mm. :

Another specimen is a flat, pointed cone with an elliptical convex base.
Its greater breadth is 24 mm., its smaller one 11 mm., and its height
29 mm.

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 27

Three dermal bones of greater length than breadth are variably curved
conical, and have a thick base. That represented in figs. 10, 11, plate III,
is nearly straight and has its base nearly flat. In another, about the same
size, the cone is most curved and pointed, and the base is thick and convex.
In the remaining and largest specimen, the cone is more pyramidal and the
base thicker and convex. It is hollow and contains a nucleus which rattles
when the specimen is shaken. The measurements of the specimens are as.
follows :

Breadth of base, . ; : F a) 24mm 27 mm. 34 mm.
Height of cone, : : : , 4Oms aa Toy

A more enigmatic specimen than the conical dermal bones above de-
scribed is the one represented in figures 7, 8, plate IV. It has a thick,
elongated hexagonal basis, from which spring two unequal conical tubercles
separated by a valley, divided by a grooved ridge. The measurements of
the specimen are as follows:

Length of the bone, . ; : : : . : : > 5G) fanhan

Thickness of the base, . 3 ; : . : : i eae
Breadth opposite the larger tubercle, . 5 ; : : Sates OL es
Breadth opposite the smaller tubercle, . ; : ; : De cs
Height at the larger tubercle, . : : : : ‘ na SN
Height at the smaller tubercle, : : : : : ‘ 20"

8. Among the Peace Creek fossils occurs a single bone of the Megalo-
nyx Jefferson, a first phalanx, like that represented in figures 3, 7, plate X.,
of “A Memoir on the Extinct Sloth Tribe of North America.” The length
of the specimen is 30 mm., its depth 52 mm., and its breadth 32 mm.

g. Fragments of ribs of a Manatee, Manatus antiquus.

10. Half a dozen vertebre and several teeth of several Cetacea of the
family of the Dolphins; undetermined.

11. Remains of several species of Emyds, consisting of fragments of
the carapace and plastron. Among them the only specimen sufficiently
characteristic for determination is the nuchal plate represented in fig. 1,
plate IV. It is remarkable for its deeply sculptured condition, greatly ex-
ceeding in this respect the corresponding bone in our known recent species
of Emys. The areas defining the scutes which impress the plate are deeply
cut and are crossed by prominent ridges separated by deep furrows. The
fossil probably indicates an extinct species, for which the name of Amys
euglypha* has been proposed. The measurements of the specimen are as
follows :

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., 1889, 97.

28 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

Length of nuchal plate in median line, : : . . - 57mm.
Breadth vat lateralmanclesaae : : ; : To es
PN ier cubaes “| atanterioniextremitysa, |i. : 5 7/euam
hig relates “at posterior border, . 2 : : Zanini
Thickness at the first marginal suture, . : ; : : 02a
Length of first vertebral scute impression, _. : i 4 38. ae
Breadth of “ a 2 ws 3 3 : : » = 50%
Length of nuchal scute impression, . 5 ; . F : 20
Breadth of first marginal scute impression, . : ‘ 3 :) 3Ovaia

12. Fragments of the carapace and plastron of one or two species of
Trionyx, undetermined.

13. Remains of a huge Tortoise with a very thick shell, estimated to have
been about five feet in length, presented by J. F. Le Baron to the Smith-
sonian Institution. They consist of a number of fragments of the shell and
some of the limb bones of one individual mingled with a few fragments of
the shells of two others. A number of the specimens are so imperfect that
I have failed to correlate them.

A single vertebral plate, of greater breadth than length, is hexagonal,
with the exterior surface rugose and porous, but not sculptured. A strong
carina beneath marks its conjunction with the corresponding vertebre. Its
measurements are as follows :

Greatest breadth between the lateral angles, : ; ; . I50 mm.
Breadth at the anterior border, . .; : : : ‘ LOOM
Breadth at the posterior border, ; 5 : : ; Bae) On
General thickness, . : : : 4 : : 5 ; 20s
Depth at the median carina, : : : 4 : : se SOR
Length fore and aft in the median line, . 3 : 5 5 [OO] ts

Of two fragments of costal plates one is 135 mm. wide fore and aft and
is 25 mm. thick.

A large marginal plate is everted and has a thick, obtusely rounded free
border, rugose or much eroded in the specimen. Its upper surface forms
a continuous concave curve from the inner to the outer border, and is
crossed about the middle by a groove defining the investing scutes. The
under part of the plate is concave above, and convex below where marked
by the scutal areas. The measurements of the specimen are as follows:

Breadth in a straight line transversely above, . , ; . 230 mm:
Breadth fore and aft at the outer border, : 3 ‘ ‘ 1 Ones
Breadth of the scutal border transversely beneath, . ; Sy, AO
Thickness toward the outer border, : ; : , : Ln ay

Thickness of the upper orinner border, . : i : ti SO

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 29

Another marginal plate of much less breadth than the former is strongly
concave above in a transverse direction and has the free border obtusely
rounded. The upper surface is marked by grooves above and below, as well
as along the middle, separating the upper scutal areas from those beneath
the plate; but this condition may be anomalous in the specimen, and is not
obvious in others. The measurements of the plate are as follows:

Width in a straight line transversely, . : : : : . 120mm.
Breadth above fore and aft, . 5 é z : ; ; Woo
Greatest thickness, . ‘ : : : A E 5 sve ks

Two other marginal plates, somewhat mutilated, have nearly the size
and form of the preceding, but have their free border acute, and resemble
the corresponding everted plates in the Red-leg Terrapin, Ayzys rugosa.
They are crossed by grooves of the investing scutes, but do not exhibit
those running near the outer border in the former specimen.

A fragment, the outer part of a marginal plate, which has been about
200 mm. in breadth fore and aft, is very thick and rounded, and resembles
in these respects the specimen of a marginal plate, referred to Eupachemys
rugosus, from the phosphate beds of Ashley River, S. C., described in the
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1877, p. 232,
plate XXXIV,., figs. 4,5. Itis uncertain whether it belongs to the same
individual, or even species, with the former specimens.

Considerable portions of the anterior and posterior extremities of a
plastron, which in its entire extent was upwards of four feet in length. The
anterior portion, represented in figure 4, plate VI., consists of the greater
part of the left epiplastron with the contiguous part of the entoplastron and
the outer portion of the corresponding hyoplastron, and part of the right
epiplastron. The posterior portion consists of the posterior and outer parts
of both xiphiplastrons, with the adjacent outer parts of both hyoplastrons
adjoining the inguinal notches, as represented in figure 5, plate VI.

The plastron beneath, coextensive with its fragments, is quite flat, rough
and porous, but nowhere sculptured, Its anterior extremity is moderately
projecting beyond the postero-lateral borders of the gular scute areas. The
posterior or caudal notch is broad and shallow.

The groove defining the gular scute area behind crosses the epiplastron
in advance of the middle, at first curving inward from the free margin of the
plastron, and then abruptly backward and inward on the anterior extremity
of the entoplastron. The area of the pectoral scute is large, and the groove
defining it behind passes in a slightly oblique line from the axillary notch
backward and then turns directly inward. The groove defining the caudal
scute areas in front crosses the xiphiplastrons a short distance back of their
middle, making an abrupt bend at the outer third of its course.

30 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

Measurements of the plastron, in part approximate and estimated, are
as follows :

Length of anterior extremity in median line to a level with the

bottom of the axillary notches, . : 280 mm.
Length of posterior extremity to a level with the potter BF ihe
inguinal notches, . : : 260s
Depth of axillary notch from ore nant of Sinton. é . _ 30000
Depth of inguinal notch from end of xiphiplastron, : : Ese”
Breadth of plastron at bottom of axillary notches, . : - 520mm
: ey SS IbANSATUN RAY GR ; : 5 20mmee
“at posterior groove of the pectoral scutes, . : :\ O40) ie
“at anterior groove of the femoral scutes, . : ; 640 “
Greatest thickness of epiplastron af median suture, . : . Ome
Breadth of xiphiplastron along anterior suture, : : : 250nas
Greatest thickness of hyoplastron, . : : : : « AOR
Breadth of entoplastron, : : ‘ : 4 : 25 Onmes
Breadth of caudal notch, . ; 2 : ' : : : 200 ree
Depth of “f : ; Any aa
Thickness of hyoplastron near patton of inguinal notch at
groove of the inguinal scute, : -. Ome
Breadth of xiphiplastron along anterior groove of the oaecel Scute,” ASOne
Length of caudal scute area laterally, . ; d : : > TOOT

The specimens of the limb bones consist of fragments of the bones of
the shoulder and pelvis of one side, the shaft of a humerus, a mutilated
femur, and a tibia, all of which resemble the corresponding bones of recent
Tortoises, Of the scapula, the intermediate portion with the glenoid articu-
lar surface is preserved. The adjacent part of the acromial process is 47
mm. in its greater and 22 mm. in its lesser diameter.

A mutilated coracoid from the glenoid articulation is 155 mm. long, and
at the articulation is 60 mm. in breadth.

The shaft of a humerus is much more robust than the corresponding
portion of the femur. The deltoid insertion, strongly marked, extends to
near the middle of the shaft. A shallow but conspicuous groove descends
from the front of the latter towards the outer condyloid ridge and appears
to substitute the vascular canal in a nearly similar position in recent Tor-
toises. The measurements of the specimen are as follows :

Circumference of shaft of humerus where narrowest, . 3 125 mm.
Fore and aft diameter “ i z 5 3 7213 bag oa
Lateral “ce “e ce “ is 7 43 «ec

Breadth of distal extremity, estimated, : : . ; eo 2

INSTITUTE QF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 31

The measurements of the femur, figure 6, plate VI., are as follows;

Length of femur, . : : 210 mm.
Breadth of proximal enc inaed A. outer tr behamen ; KOOMD,
Breadth of head laterally, A : , ; : ; , SOnue
sé tore and ait, : : : : ; Osers
Circumference narrowest part of shaft, . : ; ; : WAOME a
Diameter fore and aft, : : : ; : ‘ : 7G)
fs laterally, ‘ : ; 5 : : Bea Mt
Breadth of distal extremity a nrersely: : : ‘ : Son =
e ‘ : fore and aft externally, : ; Com

The tibia, figure 7, plate VI., closely resembles the same bone in recent
Tortoises. Its measurements are as follows:

Extreme length outwardly, . : ; ‘ ; : 5 8 TA iain
Length in front at the middle, . : : : ; WAS
Circumference of shaft where narrowest, : : : : Stee
Fore and aft diameter 2 # ; : . ; Be
Lateral a i: ; : : : 2m
Breadth of head transversely. . : : ; : : Osis

% “fore and aft, , ’ ; ‘ : : ACW a:
Breadth of distal end transversely, .. : : ; : AS)

i a “fore and aft, : : ; : 5 20700

The species, which seems to be distinct from known forms, may be named
Testudo crassiscutata.

14. Two vertebre of a large serpent, undetermined.

15. Several teeth, a fragment of the mandible, and several dermal plates
of a Crocodile, probably the A/Zgator mississippiensis. A dermal plate has its
greater breadth 70 mm. and its shorter 53 mm. Its boss is elliptical and
thick, 43 mm. by 15 mm. and 27 mm. high. A smaller plate, represented
in fig. 2, plate IV., is 50 by 45 mm. in breadth, and has its boss 40 by 20
mm. broad and is 24 mm. high.

16. Associated with the foregoing are a few remains of fishes consisting
of several vertebrze of Sharks and Teleosts, the swollen interspinal bone of
Ephippus gigas, several large caudal spines and dermal tubercles of rays and
teeth of Diodon, Myhobates, Oxyrhina and Galeocerdo.

4
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=

NOTICE OF SOME MAMMALIAN REMAINS FROM THE SALT MINE
OF PETITE ANSE, LOUISIANA.

BY PROF. JOSEPH LEIDY.

The subject of the present communication is a collection of fossil bones
and teeth from the salt mine of Petite Anse Island, on the coast of
Louisiana.

The fossils were presented to the Smithsonian Institution in 1883 and
1884, by Mr. William Crooks, of the American Salt Works, New Iberia,
Louisiana, and were submitted to the examination of the writer by the
Secretary of the Institution, the late Prof. Baird.

Several letters accompanying the collection give the information that the
fossils were found while sinking an air shaft, to the salt mine, in a ravine
the surface of which is about 20 feet above mean tide; the hills bounding
the ravine being from 20 to 50 feet higher. The bed of salt at this point is
from 19 to 21% feet below the surface of the ravine and thus practically
about the sea level. The overlying strata consist of the following : 1, super-
ficial sandy soil, 6 feet; 2, sands, 4 feet; 3, black earth, like that of the
neighboring bogs, containing fragments of pottery, 4 feet; 4, sands, 2 feet;
5, dark coarse sand and gravel, in contact with the salt bed, and varying in
depth from 6 inches to 2 feet according to the dip of the latter bed. In
this deepest layer the fossil bones together with vegetal remains were found,
many of them close to if not actually in contact with the salt. The bones
and teeth are stained chocolate brown and black, are otherwise little altered,
and are not rolled or water-worn. They consist of remains of Wastodon
americanus, Mylodon and of a Horse. The Mastodon remains, besides
several fragments of vertebre and other bones, consist of well-preserved
molar teeth, the last two of the lower series.

The remains of Mylodon consist of a mutilated malar bone, a cervical,
two thoracic and four caudal vertebre, the distal articulation of a humerus,
two tibiz, an ungual phalanx, and three teeth.

The malar bone, with its three branches, nearly resembles that of Mylo-
don robustus, as represented in plate II. of Owen’s “ Description of the
Skeleton of an Extinct Gigantic Sloth,” London, 1842.

The distal fragment of a humerus exhibits the radio-ulnar articulation,

34 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

which is like that of Mylodon robustus, as represented in the same work.
The breadth of the articulation is 130 mm.

The tibia, of which a representation is given in figure 1, plate V., also
closely resembles that of the JZy/odon robustus, both in its form and propor-
tions, as given in Prof. Owen’s figures, plate XX., of the work above
mentioned. It is a short, exceedingly robust bone, the breadth of the proxi-
mal extremity being upwards of three-fourths its length. The shaft,
compressed cylindroid and expanding towards the extremities, at its nar-
rowest part is nearly twice the width transversely that it is fore and aft. The
proximal surface, reniform in outline, exhibits the usual pair of articular
surfaces. Of these, the outer, very much the larger, is oval and deeply con-
cave, with its longer diameter directed obliquely from before inward and
backward. The outer articular surface, nearly plane except a small portion
behind, is half circular outwardly and forms two sides of a square inwardly.
The patellar tubercle isa thick triangular eminence bent outwards. Beneath
the tuberosity supporting the outer condylar surface is that for the fibula;
a large elliptical plane sloping from without inward and backward and
looking downward, and surrounded with a thick rugged border for liga-
mentous attachment.

The distal extremity of the tibia presents the articular surface of the
ankle-joint divided into three portions, of which the inner two are for the
astragalus, and the third, smallest, outer, half circular one for the fibula. Of
the astragalar articulation the inner division is a deep, half conical, concave
recess; the outer a wide, reniform, nearly flat or slightly concave surface.

The internal malleolus presents a deep, wide groove descending obliquely
from the back of the shaft forward for the flexor and adductor tendons of
the foot. The outer part of the distal extremity forms a thick, rough
tuberosity for ligamentous attachment with the fibula.

The measurements of the tibia are as follows: -

Extreme length along the inner border, « . ; : : .' 233 mms
Length along the fibular border, . , : ; ; : LS3 98
Breadth of proximal extremity, . : 3 : «4 18Onie
Longer diameter of the inner condylar iciculariont : 5 O5 am
Shorter i is > s a ; ‘ i Oy a
Transverse diameter of outer articulation, ‘ 5 : : 2
Fore and aft = 2 i : E : : fly FO a
Extreme breadth of distal extremity, . : : 5 ; ia
Greater of A es fore and aft, : 5 3) LOO! ning
Breadth of distal articulation transversely, . 3 ; ‘ 3
i f “ ‘ fore and aft, . : PNT OY A
Greater breadth of upper fibular articular surface, . : 4 C4

Smaller (73 ii « iv “ i 34 ce

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 35

Circumference of shaft where narrowest, , : : , 236 mm.
Transverse diameter % S . : : : oa
Fore and aft “ s aad aie : . : : Invi

In comparison with two tibiz of AZjlodon harlant, from Missouri, re-
ferred by Dr. Harlan to the Orycterothertum missouriense, in “A Description of
the Bones of a New Fossil Animal of the Order Edentata,” American Jour-
nal of Science and Arts, 1843, 69, the corresponding measurements are as
follows :

Louisiana specimens. Missouri specimens.

Total length, . ; ; é 10: in. 10 in. 10% in.
» Transverse diameter proximal extremity, 75“ Sf Os
¥ 3 distal % Sits Bey seen
Circumference at middle of shaft, . : 9% “ 9%“ 10,5 “

In comparison with the tibia of MZylodon robustus, as described in Prof.
Owen’s memoir, the measurements are as follows;

Mylodon harlani, M. robustus.

Greatest length along the middle, . ; . LO in: 8 in. 6 lines.
Smallest circumference of the shaft, . : Ore Chpliness - oma OGn:
Breadth of proximal articular surface, . ey ee ee GARG.
“" distal hae : Age ors s An anO? a

The ungual phalanx, represented in figure 2, plate V., resembles that of
the second toe of the hind foot of Mylodon robustus, as seen in Prof.
Owen’s figures in the work above indicated. It pertains to the largest of
the four toes of the foot. The specimen has its osseous sheath of the nail
broken away, except the root or base. The lower part of this extends nearly
half the length of the bone beneath. The matrix of the claw is thick and
transversely convex above as well as in the length. The measurements of
the specimen are as follows :

Extreme length to the end of the bone, ; ; : , . 166 mm.
Depth obliquely at the proximal extremity, . : : : Oo
Transverse breadth at the ‘“ & 5 : : : a, WiSOR Ty

‘In comparison with the corresponding phalanx of AZjylodon robustus as
given in Prof. Owen’s memoir, the measurements are as follows :

M. harlani. M. robustus.
Bencth, . : ; , : : ; 6 in. 8 lines. 5 in. 4 lines.
Greatest height near middle, ; : shalt og 2p ts Ti a LOM
Circumference “ € 5 : : Oe ae GSS tae

Breadth rr at : , : Beer aby In OMe

30 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

The three teeth above indicated, from their association with the bones
just described, and from their relation with others previously referred to
Mylodon harlani, are regarded as also belonging to this species, the den-
tition of which is yet imperfectly known.

One of the specimens accords in form and size with the third molar
contained in the fragment of a mandible, from Big-bone-lick, Kentucky, on
which the species was originally established, represented in figures 1, 2,
plate XIV., of “A Memoir on the Extinct Sloth Tribe of North America,”
by the writer. It also accords in character with an isolated tooth of the
Mylodon harlani, from Missouri, referred by Dr. Harlan to Orycterotherium
missourtense, represented in figs. 3, 4, plate I., of the American Journal of
Science and Arts for 1843.

The triturating surface of the tooth, the greater part of its extent, forms
a horizontal plane, worn off in a short slope at the inner fore and outer
parts and with a concave pit on the inner lobe. The breadth of the tooth
at the middle obliquely from without forward and inward is 28 mm.; the
fore and aft breadth of its inner lobe 24 mm. and of its outer lobe 14 mm.
At the constriction between the lobes it is 12 mm.

A second specimen accords in form and size with the first lower molar
retained in a fragment of the mandible of JZjlodon harlani, from Missouri,
represented in figure 2, plate III., of Dr. Harlan’s description above indi-
cated. The tooth is reniform in transverse section, and in this respect
accords with a fragment of the tooth in the mandibular specimen on which
the species was first established. The
biting extremity is remarkably dif-
ferent from that of the corresponding
tooth of Mylodon robustus, as repre-
sented in the plates of Prof. Owen’s
memoir, in which it ends in a single
slightly oblique plane. In the speci-
men under consideration, as repre-
sented in figure 3, plate V., and in the
subjoined woodcut, it forms an acute
pyramid, from the apex of which a
sharp crest extends inward and

1 2 downward; and from the crest a
First lower molar tooth, Mylodon harlani. i, plane slopes downward and forward,
outline of upper extremity ; 2, transverse section.
and a steeper, longer and curved
surface descends behind ; so that the tooth resembles more the tooth of the
living two-toed Sloth, Uzau, than that of the AZylodon robustus, or the more
posterior molars of the species to which the tooth belongs.

The remaining tooth, regarded as a first upper molar of JZylodon harlani,

figure 4, plate V., is also remarkably different from the corresponding tooth

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. By

of M. rebustus. Its proportions indeed are so different, that it may be ques-
tioned whether it really belonged to the same animal as the preceding speci-
mens, and if so, in view also of the difference in the first lower molar tooth,
whether it does not indicate another genus. It resembles more nearly the
first molars of both jaws of Megalonyx in its proportions and form than it
does the corresponding teeth of Mylodon robustus. In its proportions it is
like the last lower molar, but in form is more like the first one of Megalonyx.
In transverse section it is elliptical, more convex internally, somewhat flat-
tened externally and indented slightly along the anterior third. The biting
extremity descends in a point
at the anterior third, but toa
far less degree than in the lower
tooth. The point extends ina
transverse crest whence the
triturating surface slopes for-
ward ina short plane, and back-
ward in a longer sloping con-
cavity. An outline of the ex-
tremity of the tooth and of the

1 2 transverse section are repre-
First upper molar tooth, Mylodon harlani. 1, outline of ; aie
lower extremity ; 2, transverse section. sented in the subjoined wood-

cut, The fore and aft diameter

of the tooth is 33 mm., the transverse diameter 18 mm.

The remains of the Horse, of the Petite Anse collection, consist of half
a dozen broken vertebrz, portions of several limb bones, fragments of a
mandible and a number of teeth of several individuals which were about the
size of the largest variety of the Domestic Horse. Though they present
no anatomical characters distinguishing them from the corresponding parts
of the latter, from the circumstances under which they were found, in asso-
ciation with the remains of undoubted extinct animals, and at a considerable
depth, taken into consideration with similar evidence from other sources, it
is rendered probable that they belonged to an indigenous and extinct species
of Horse.

Two specimens of the atlas show the following measurements :

Breadth at the anterior or condylar articulation, . - gi mm. g8 mm.
Fore and aft length of the vertebral arch, . : ; AO 4)

The distal extremity of a humerus at the articulation is 84 mm. in
breadth.

The distal extremity of a radius is 83 mm. in breadth, and at the carpal
articulation is 68 mm. wide.

The distal extremity of a tibia has the greater breadth 95 mm. and fore
and aft 54 mm,

38 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

The teeth consist of nine upper and five lower molars and five incisors,
and appear to have pertained to three different individuals. Seven of the
upper molars seem to have belonged to the same individual, young but
mature; the teeth being but slightly worn. One of them measures along
the fore part of its outer curvature 112 mm. in length. Two other upper
molars appear to have belonged to an older and somewhat smaller indi-
vidual; and the lower molars toa third, larger and still older individual.
The teeth have the sharper part of their roots broken away as if they had
been somewhat water-rolled, and their cavities are filled with indurated
gravel.

Specimens of upper molars of the Horse found under similar circum-
stances as the preceding, when approximating in size more or less those of
the largest variety of the Domestic Horse, and exhibiting on the worn
triturating surface of the teeth a variably greater degree of folding of the
enamel than usual in the latter, have been supposed to belong to an indige-
nous extinct species, which was named by Dekay the Aguus major.

Other specimens of upper molar teeth, found associated with the former
or under similar circumstances alone, not differing in any respect from those
of ordinary varieties of the Domestic Horse more than the teeth of this do
among themselves, have been conjectured to indicate another indigenous
species, for which the name of Aguus fraternus has been proposed. Ad-
mitting the probable former existence of these two indigenous species,
many specimens which have been found of intermediate character render it
impossible in many cases to separate or distinguish them.

The remains of the Horse of the salt mine of Petite Anse, from their
relative size and the in general somewhat greater degree of complexity of
folding of the enamel in most of the upper molar teeth, we would refer to
the Eguus major.

The adjoining figure represents one of the specimens, an upper first
large molar tooth, in which the triturating surface presents no greater
degree of folding of the enamel than is usual
in the Domestic Horse. The tooth presents
the following measurements :

Length of crown at its back outer

i ay border, . : 5 : 50 mm.
Wie lili Be Fore and aft breadth of the tritura-
oD ting surface, Sey ate ee: AAs

Transverse breadth, . ; : 20) ES

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. . 39

The second figure represents a third large upper
molar, in which the triturating surface presents
rather more folding of the enamel than is com-
monly observed in the corresponding tooth of the
Domestic Horse. The measurements of the tooth
are as follows :

Length of crownat the fore part outward, 70 mm.
Fore and aft breadth of triturating surface, 31.5 “
Transverse < s i 31

«

An inferior molar measures 33 mm. fore and aft and 22 mm. trans-
versely.

A lateral incisor has no pit, but is slightly incurved at the sides. It is
20 mm. in breadth. An intermediate incisor on the worn triturating sur-
face is 22 mm. broad transversely and 13 mm. fore and aft.

Incidentally may be described a specimen, the fragment of an upper jaw
with teeth of a Horse, submitted to my examination by Prof. A. H. Worthen,
State Geologist, Springfield, Illinois. It was found in a bog on the confines
of Bond and Fayette County, Illinois. A view of the triturating surfaces
of the teeth is represented in the subjoined woodcut.

The teeth in the jaw consist of the anterior small premolar and the
succeeding three large ones, all worn sufficiently to display the course of
the enamel on the triturating surfaces. From the size of the teeth and the
greater degree of folding of the enamel than is seen in ordinary varieties of
our Domestic Horse, I suspect the specimen to belong to the indigenous
species Eguus major ; though it may be a fragment from a variety of the
introduced Horse. In the specimen, in the maxilla, which is preserved in
advance of the premolars to the premaxillary articulation, in a distance of
3% inches, there is no trace of a canine alveolus. The measurements of
the fossil are as follows:

40 TRANS. OF THE WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE.

Length of maxilla from behind the fifth molar alveolus to the

premaxillary articulation, : : : : : “y. 224 male
Fore and aft diameter of first premolar, : : ; ; Oe
ifs ifs “ce second ifs 42 ce
“ “ “ third “c Y 3 i : 32 (79
« “ ifs fourth ce 31 if3
Transverse diameter of first premolar, : : : : a ee
ce a second “ } : : : ; 20N e
. “ third and fourth premolar, 3 : 31a

In a collection of fossils from Northern Nicaragua submitted to the in-
spection of the author by Mrs. Dr. B. F. Guerrero, and forming the subjects
of a notice in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences, 1886, page 275, were two molar teeth of
the Horse in association with remains of Elephant,
Mastodon, Megatherium, Ox, Toxodon burmeisteri and
Hydrochoerus robustus. The teeth of the Horse, most
probably of an indigenous species, are not distinguish-
able from those of the Domestic Horse, and most likely
pertain to the South American extinct species dis-
tinguished by Prof. Owen with the name of Aguas cur-
videns. One of the specimens, of which a view of the
triturating surface is given in the upper subjoined cut,
is 65 mm. long at its outer foré part and has a breadth
of 26.5 mm. The other specimen, considerably more
worn, has the crown at the outer fore part 40 mm.
long, and the triturating surface, represented in the
annexed cut is 23 mm. fore and aft and 27 mm. transversely.

ON PLATYGONUS, AN EXTINCT GENUS ALLIED TO THE PECCARIES.

BY PROF. JOSEPH LEIDY.

Platygonus is an extinct genus, closely related with the Peccaries, Dzco-
tyles, of which two species, the D. /abiatus and D. tajassu, live in South
America, and according to Prof. Cope, a third, the D. axgulatus, in North
America extending up to Texas. The remains of Platygonus belong to the
quaternary formations of North America.

Recently, the writer procured through purchase for the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from the able naturalist and explorer, Prof.
Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, New York, a collection of remarkably well-
preserved remains of two adult individuals of Platygonus compressus, which
were found in making a railway excavation, ina gravel bank, a few miles
from Rochester. Of one individual there is the greater part of the skeleton,
consisting of the nearly perfect skull with the teeth, represented in figure 1,
plate VIII., twenty-one vertebra, the sacrum, the long bones of both pairs
of limbs, the imperfect scapulze, an innominatum and part of a second, both
pairs of principal metacarpals, one pair of principal metatarsals, an astraga-
lus, a calcaneum, portions of a sternum and fragments of three ribs. Of
the second individual there is a less perfect skull with the upper teeth, but
without the mandible.

In the collection of Prof. O. C. Marsh, at Yale College, New Haven,
Conn., I saw the less well-preserved remains of half a dozen skeletons of the
same species of Platygonus, found near Columbus, Ohio.

Formerly I described a nearly complete skull, admirably preserved, of
an individual which though nearly adult had not yet shed the temporary
molar teeth. It was found in a cave in Kentucky in 1805, and remained in
the collection of the American Philosophical Society nearly half a century
before its character was discovered. The specimen is described and figured
in the Transactions of the Society for 1856, page 323, plates XXXV.
and XXXVI.

The genus was originally made known by Dr. John L. Le Conte, from
remains found in the crevices of the lead-bearing rocks near Galena, Illinois.

42 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

(Am. Jour. Sci., 1848, 102; Mem. Amer. Acad. Sci. and Art, 1848, 257.)
The two skulls of Platygonus compressus, from New York, found to-
gether, are nearly identical in condition of age and anatomical character.
As exemplified by figure 1, plate VIII., of the better preserved specimen,
the skull approximates in size as well as in shape and construction that of
the larger South American species of Peccary, Dicotyles labiatus. It is on
the whole somewhat larger, and especially has the cranium of greater
breadth and the face considerably longer and more tapering. The temporal
fossze are of less extent fore and aft and have nearly the same depth and
width, so that they have actually less proportionate capacity and thus indi-
cate less powerful temporal muscles. The sagittal crest has about the same
extent, but the temporal ridges are shorter and are more widely divergent.

The forehead is of much greater breadth, but proportionately shorter,
and it is flatter, while the supra-orbital ridges are more elevated or brought
nearer to the same level. Its fore part, nearly ona line with the front of
the orbits, slants more abruptly, and the top of the face is thence to the end
of the snout more convex.

The orbits are situated more posterior and higher and are of greater
depth. The supra-orbital ridge is more prominent outwardly and the infra-
orbital ridge is everted. The entrance is more open behind and is bounded
in front by a larger and conspicuous conical lachrymal eminence defined by
deep notches.

The supra-orbital foramina hold nearly the same relative position, but
are not quite so much advanced, and from them proceed conspicuous neuro-
vascular grooves in the same manner as in the Peccaries. -

The zygoma has the same form and construction as in Dzcotyles labiatus,
but is of considerably greater vertical depth. Its posterior abutment with
the ascending angular process and relative position of the glenoid articula-
tion and auditory meatus is the same. The quadrate notch forming the
outer limit of the temporal fossa is deeper, but of less extent fore and aft.
The malar portion of the arch is more elevated above the temporal zygo-
matic process, so that the latter seems more projecting beneath and the
glenoid articulation appears more dependent. The outer face of the malar
is more vertical and is concave.

In Dicotyles labiatus, the malar crest, forming the most prominent por-
tion of the skull laterally, appears as an acute ridge defining the zygoma
below and ascending obliquely from the glenoid articulation to near the
middle of the face. In Platygonus it forms a semicircular ridge defining the
malar below from behind the post-orbital process to the maxilla, where it is
continuous with a less acute ridge not extending so far as in the Peccaries.
The malar crest ceases above the position of the infra-orbital foramen, cor-
responding with that of the last premolar tooth. The surface in advance of
the orbit slopes as in the Peccaries, but is less depressed, and is remarkably

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 43

roughened, extending to the fore part of the malar crest, instead of being
smooth.

The masseteric groove beneath the zygoma is more conspicuous, being
longer, wider and deeper than in Dicotyles ladiatus, indicating larger mas-
seter muscles, to compensate for the smaller temporals, than in the latter.

The depth of the face below the anterior abutment of the zygoma is
very much greater than in Dicotyles labiatus. The deep fossa in the latter,
below the malar crest in advance of the masseteric groove, is represented by
a shallow impression in Platygonus.

The infra-orbital foramen is placed above the last premolar, intermediate
to the position it occupies in Drcotyles labiatus,and D. angulatus. A fora-
men at the fore part of the fossa, into which the former opens, extends as
a canal above the alveolar border of the jaw.

The muzzle of Platygonus is not only longer and more tapering than in
Dicotyles labiatus, but is of more uniform thickness transversely from above
downward. It is especially prolonged in advance of the position of the
molar teeth, the hiatus between these and the canines being very much
greater. The top, formed by the nasals, is more regularly demicylindrical
or less flattened, and turns more down at the end, which is much narrower
and tapering.

The remarkable process of the canine alveolus is more conspicuous than
in the Peccaries, having a considerably greater size than in Dicotyles labiatus,
though the canine teeth are smaller. Its upper extremity is more produced,
and reaches to about the middle of the position of the lateral nasal notch,
whereas in the Peccaries it is more posterior in relation with the latter.

The premaxillaries are narrower and more tapering than in the Peccaries.

The occipital region or inion closely resembles that of Dicotyles labia-
tus, except that its upper part is of greater relative width compared with
the lower part, and has a comparatively thin, delicate border instead of the
thick, rough one of the latter.

The basi-occipital region conforms to that of the Peccaries. The basilar
process is much more strongly marked, and its fore part is produced with
a conspicuous pair of tuberosities instead of the shallow, roughened emi-
nences of the latter. The paramastoid processes, auditory bullz, and occi-
pital condyles have the same character and the contiguous foramina the same
relationship as in the Peccaries. The guttural region does not exhibit the
narrow, contracted condition of the latter, but a remarkably inflated arrange-
ment. The basi-sphenoid turns up almost at a right angle from the basi-
occipital, and with the pre-sphenoid curves forward and produces a deep
carina articulating with the vomer. On each side of this, included by the
pterygoids, the sphenoid forms a pair of capacious, deeply concave recesses,
opening forward into the nares; a condition which is an exaggeration of
that in the same position of the Peccaries. Further, between the nares and

44 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

the roof of the mouth is another capacious and deeply concave recess
bounded laterally by the palate bones and pterygoids. Below the bottom
of the orbit a cellular expansion extends backward from between the max-
illa and the palate bone, as in Dicotyles labiatus, but proportionately much
greater.

The roof of the mouth or hard palate is narrower than in Dicotyles
labiatus, and though in general roughened, it scarcely exhibits the trans-
verse lateral ridges of this animal. In advance of the molar teeth it re-
sembles more that of D. angulatus than of the former, and the incisive
foramina are larger. Its back part, from the position of the last molars, is
depressed into a broad cavity instead of a narrow groove as in Ducotyles
labiatus.

The glenoid fossz have a more downward position than in the Pecca-
ries, and they are less transverse, 2. ¢., their long diameter has a more back-
ward inclination.

The mandible is nearly like that of Décotyles. The angle is of greater
extent fore and aft; is produced less backward and more downward and
forward. Its outer surface slopes downward and outward, while in the Pec-
caries it is quite vertical. Its semicircular border is decidedly everted and
forms a strongly projecting ridge which is but feebly produced in the latter
animals.

The symphysis of the jaw, instead of forming a flat inclined plane as in
Dicotyles, is contracted into a prominent obtuse carina.

The fore part of the jaw is more tapering and less robust than in Daco-
tyles labiatus.

The ascending portion of the ramus of the mandible of Platygonus is
shorter than in the latter and is directed backward to such an extent that
the condyle forms the most posterior part of the jaw, whereas in Decotyles
it bends forward and the angle is the most posterior part of the mandible.
The coronoid process is shorter than in Dzcotyles labiatus, less tapering and
slightly inclined backward instead of forward as in the latter.

The mandibular condyle is decidedly smaller than in Daecotyles labiatus,
and in comparison with that of the latter is, as it were, cut off at the inner
extremity.

The formula of dentition of Platygonus is the same as in Dicotyles, and
the teeth have the same essential construction, but proportionately are not
quite so robust.

The molar teeth in general conspicuously differ in the greater propor-
tionate production in length of the chief constituent lobes of the crown,
which appear separated by deeper and more conspicuous valleys, and they
are further provided with a more distinct basal ridge. In the Peccaries the
malars have a decided suilline aspect, but in Platygonus they assume to a
greater degree than in the former an ordinary ruminant likeness.

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 45

In the premolars of Dzcotyles there is an evident disposition to continue
the appearance of the true molars, being less well developed forms of the
same pattern, whereas in Platygonus they exhibit but a single pair of well-
produced lobes with a well-developed and distinct basal ridge.

The true molars of Platygonus are narrower transversely in proportion
to their extent fore and aft than in Dicotyles.

The last premolars of Décotyles especially are less well developed forms
of the succeeding molars, with four constituent lobes to the crown. In
Platygonus they consist of a pair of well-developed lobes with a distinct
and wide tubercular heel behind and a narrower basal ridge in front.

The second premolars of Dicotyles are more reduced patterns of the
molars, while in Platygonus they are smaller repetitions of the last premolars.

In the first upper premolars of Dicotyles labiatus, there are usually three
constituent lobes to the crown, with a fourth more rudimental one. Those
of Platygonus repeat the condition of those behind reduced in size.

In the first lower premolars of Dzcotyles, the hinder lobes of the succeed-
ing teeth are reduced into the condition of a strong tubercular heel and the
anterior pair of lobes are completely connate.

In Platygonus, the first lower premolars are like the succeeding ones,
with the constituent lobes quite distinct.

The canine teeth of Platygonus are like those of Dicotyles, but are pro-
portionately more slender and less robust, and they are laterally less
divergent.

The number of incisors in Platygonus is the same as in Dicotyles, but the
third or last of the series appears to be later retained in the latter; for in
the adult mandible of the former it is absent and its alveolus is obliterated,
and in a younger specimen both alveoli are so shallow as to render it prob-
able the teeth had been shed.

The incisors of Platygonus are very much smaller than in Ds
barely more than half the size.

The young skull of Platygonus, mentioned in the early part of the
present article, is a little longer and narrower than the adult specimens
above described. The zygoma below the orbit is almost flat on the outer
surface from the absence of the eversion of the upper and lower borders in
the adult skulls. The angle of the mandible is less produced downward, is
less everted and has the bordering ridge less well developed.

Comparative measurements of the skulls of Platygonus compressus, adult
and young, and of Dicotyles labiatus, adult :

PLATYGONUs. DICOTYLES.
Length of skull from top of inion to end Adult. Young. Adult.
of nasals in median line, . ; . 292mm. 304mm. 268 mm.

Length from anterior margin of occipital
foramen to end of premaxillaries, . 268 4“ 275. pes BAe Tt

-

40 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

Length of forehead from inion to line of
infra-orbital foramina,
Breadth at post-orbital processes,
“of face at middle of zygomas,
u “at lachrymal eminences,
Height of cranium from a level,
‘““ supra-orbital margin from a level,
of face at infra-orbital foramina,
Height of face at middle of canines,
Width of face at last molars,
ob “at first premolars,
at side of nose in same line
with the latter,

Width of face at canine ape

Width of premaxillaries,

Depth of zygoma from end of post- sarbiell
process to end of preglenoid process,

Depth of zygoma at middle below the orbit,

Length of temporal fossa from inion to post-
orbital process,

Depth of temporal fossa, .

Depth from angular process on Hot of
zygoma to end of post-glenoid process,

Distance of angular process to post-orbital
process of zygoma,

Height of inion,

Breadth of upper part of inion,

Breadth opposite the auditory bulle,

Breadth at the glenoid fosse,

Breadth of occipital foramen,

Height of 2 :

Distance between ends of paramastotd
processes, ;

Distance between post- Blea processes, .

Length of hard palate from back of last
molar tooth to premaxillaries,

Width between the molars of the two sides,

Length of molar series,

Length of hiatus in advance of Eeee

Height of canine tuberosity,

Length of mandible from condyle to Siar
physis,

Height of mandible at the cone ;

“

«cc «6

Annis oO ae
103mm. 98mm.
Tier Gs BR ee eS
TigiGyotan TOS, et
TOS Ose
Ti a ua
LOSa0 s LOSmns

cya

Gara"

Se, 62) he

28 suas Oman
ALS oma

Gon) * J) 5 Srila
29) S538
69,5 62

30.08 seats

SOnma So)
TA tow TOT) Oy
OAS) 30 / ae

ah SOs

OA RY SOIR
Gone ise
itd) TO2ea
Do aor TON

260 KO

Doan BY a a

50. 52h.

So Ni SOM
LZ Ohi 180 “

Quai Ca hs

73. econ

Ay i AON Na

3) SOM:
22.0 ee 223 1%

lA jo

DICOTYLEs.
Adult,

I2I mm.

94
118

II!
120

154

FAFA

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE,

Height of mandible at coronoid process,
Depth of mandible below the premolars,
Depth obliquely at the symphysis,

Width at the canine alveoli,

Length of the lower molar series,
Length of the hiatus in advance.

Transverse diameter of the condyle,

PHILADELPHIA.
PLATYGONUS.

dult. Young.
82 mm. 84 mm.
eke a
78 “ 73 ity
36 “ 35 “cc
78 “ 82 “
52 “ 54 iis
24 “cc 23 “cc

47
ew Raut.
94 mm
38 “
os ©
36 it
og
ca
30

Comparative measurements of the molar teeth in two adult skulls and

a young skull of Platygonus compressus.

their functional position and all are worn.
nent premolars and the last true molar had not protruded and are there-

fore unworn. Measurements in millimetres:

Length of the molar series,
“ ofthetrue molar series,

Length of the premolar

series,

Fore and aft diam. Tage rte
molar,

Transverse diam. re true
molar,

Fore and aft diam. cad
true molar, .

Transverse diam. second
true molar,

Fore and aft diam. first true

molar,

Transverse diam. first true
molar,

Fore and aft diam. last ae
molar,

Transverse diam. last pre-
molar,

Fore and aft diam. pecan
premolar,

Transverse diam. second
premolar, :
Fore and aft diam. first pre-

molar,

Transverse diam. rst pre-
molar,

Upper teeth. mates Lower teeth.
74mm. 74mm. 80mm.
AS Tere One Ou,
ZO Zones 205i
LO} n 17 « 22
Lyssa DZ sere 12a!
1A Balog 105° sae
EG a ree 12a oo:
112) sl Are ioe aa
Tae i a LOS
j(o)) 114 ip ae LL te
135.2 je ka eh 5
ro: .* LOu 19 Met
(setae Lh. her
Obie. = Ot mew Ole

os 95 Ba

Upper.

80 mm.

16 “

In the former the teeth occupy
In the young skull the perma-

maTower
83 mm.
De Ge
cre
22s
17) Baie
nae
yg
TASS) a
1OL5)
1S
LOW
ie)
9 “
9g «
8 “

48 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

Measurements of bones of an adult skeleton of Platygonus compressus :

Humerus—Extreme length from greater nee LO Ouer ws

condyles ie ‘ : 190 mm.
Length from head to poston process Oni inner ceicile 16Semn
Greatest breadth of proximal extremity, : ; 2 yaaa

Greatest breadth of head, _ . E , : ; 33 mm.
if 2 of distal extremity, : P , : Zum
as of distal articulation, : : : 3O iam
Ulna—Extreme length, : ‘ : 3 5 : , Dee
Radius— “ : : : : : 1efoy
Breadth of proximal aricularion 5 : : ; 20m
Ulna and radius—Breadth of distal diene, : : ‘ 207s
Femur—Extreme length, head to inner condyle, . : : 1630
Diameter of head fore and aft, : : : : 2s
“transversely, é : : ; cvan
Breadth at condyles, . : ‘ ; : ; ; 40
<< of trochlea, : ‘ ; : : ; p Die
Tibia—Extreme length internally, : : : TOOms
Breadth proximal extremity,. . : : : ; AC me
< "distal a : ; : : 2Or le
Metacarpals—Extreme length foaether, : 4 : : Os
Breadth proximal articulation, . ~. ( ° ; Zhi
« distal - gu. : é : é 300
Metatarsals—Extreme length, ~ . : : : ; ; 100;
Breadth proximal articulation, : : , : 293 i
Scapula—Length along posterior border, . ; : : 184, *
Greater width of glenoid articulation, . : : 23) ae

First thoracic vertebra—Length from anterior infeniot margin

of centrum to end of spinous process, : [AON
Length of centrum, : : : 3 : . 2A
Lumbar vertebra—Extreme Heiehes ; : : ; slop
Length of centrum, : : ; : 3 ; : 345
Sacrum—Length at middle, ; : : : 120M
Breadth at base, : é : i : ? : S3ie
<> ot lumbar aviculaten, ; : ; : : 33 As
“of wposterion extremity, 5 Be An ; ‘ 305%
“of coccygeal articulation, : ; : : Ui
Innominatun—Extreme length, . : ‘ : : : Baan it
Extent of pubic symphysis, : : : : ; 68.
Diameter of acetabulum, : ; PAE : : et eae
Astragalus—Extreme length, ; : : ; : Agta

Breadth, ; ; ; , ; : : : Diliia*s

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 49

Calcaneum—Extreme length, . 5 : F i : 76 mm.
Depth at fore part, : ; ; é A : , sony

Remains of Platygonus compressus, less complete than those above indi-
cated and described, from other localities, I have mentioned in “‘ Observations
on the Extinct Peccary of North America,” published in the Transactions of
the American Phijlosophical Society, 1856. They were from Benton County,
Missouri; Augusta County, Virginia, and from Iowa. Prof. Cope also
noticed the occurrence of remains of the same species from Tequixquiac,
Mexico. (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1885, 15; Annales del Museo Nacional
de Mexico, 1886, 339.)

Remains of a larger species, found in Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, I
have noticed in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1883
301, under the name of Platygonus vetus. A fuller account of the same,
with illustrations, will shortly appear in a “ Notice and Description of Fossils
in Caves and Crevices of the Limestone Rocks of Pennsylvania,” to be pub-
lished in one of the reports of the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.
Remains, more complete, apparently of the same species, from Guanajuato,
Mexico, under the name of Platygonus alemani, are described by Dr.
Alfredo Duges, with illustrations, in La Naturaleza, Mexico, 1887, page 16,
plates I., II.

Prof. O. C. Marsh has given brief notices of several other species, as
follows: Platygonus Ziegleri, from Grizzly Buttes, Uintah Mountains,
Wyoming; P. striatus, from the pliocene sands of Loup Fork River, Ne-
braska, and P. ? Condoni, from the pliocene beds of Oregon. (Am. Jour.
Sc., 1870, 40, 41.)

The various remains originally described and now regarded as pertain-
ing to Platygonus compressus were early attributed to nearly half a dozen
different species and genera, founded on slight differences, which, before the
prevalence of the evolution theory, were looked upon as being of a fixed
character and all-sufficient for the distinction of species, and were so
adjudged by a master who has since passed from among us.

Of the remains described by Dr. Duges, under the name of Platygonus
alemanit, in La Naturaleza, all those represented in plates I. and II., except the
upper jaw with the molar teeth and the scapula, have been submitted to my
inspection through the Smithsonian Institution.

The mandible with the molar teeth is an amplified repetition of that of
Platygonus compressus and appears to differ only in the less backward posi-
tion of the condyle, which in this direction is less than the angle as in the
Peccaries. The angle is very conspicuously everted, is bounded by a strong
ridge, and is deeply concave on the outer surface. The coronoid fossa is
also deeply impressed.

5° TRANS. OF THE WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE.

The measurements of the specimen are as follows :

Height of mandible at condyle, 5 : ; ; 3 . 100mm,
x coronoid._ process, ; ; , ‘ « MOA Es
Depth at premolars, . d ; : : A : 5 AS me
Space occupied by the molar series, . : : 9 : 30 lage
Length of hiatus in advance of series, . . : : : 62 ies
Breadth of condyle, . : ; : ; : cee - 33a

One of the specimens consists of the bones of a hind foot except those
of one toe. The metatarsals are co-ossified. The entire length of the foot
from the end of the heel is 285 mm.

The calcaneum is 85 mm. long; its depth at the fore part 46 mm.

The astragalus is 44 mm. long and 26 mm. broad.

The extreme length of the co-ossified metatarsals is 110 mm.

Platygonus and the Peccaries of the genus Dicotyles appear to have been
the substitute for the Hippopotamus and Hog in America, for as yet no
authentic remains of the latter genera have been discovered in our country.

REMARKS ON THE NATURE OF ORGANIC SPECIES.

BY PROF. JOSEPH LEIDY.

The now prevailing idea as to the nature of an organic species is widely
different from what it was formerly. Then it was regarded as an independ-
ently created form, distinguished by characteristic marks which were
within a limited range permanent; now it is viewed as a peculiar form com-
paratively stable in distinctive characters, but descended from others by grad-
ual transformation. Could we see all the organic forms which have existed,
we would fail to recognize any species, for all, through infinite variation,
would blend with one another. The distinction of species at any given
time is generally fairly marked and of ready reference, but in many cases
also it fails in its application. While we all look at the Horse, Ass and
Zebra as distinct species, we do not look on the White Man, the Mongolian
and the Negro in the same light. In the inspection of any extensive series
of a genus we commonly recognize a number of well-marked species, but
closer investigation often reveals intermediate forms which more or less in-
validate the distinction. In some large collections of fossil shells of the
later tertiary formations, I have repeatedly been struck with evidences that
many of our recent species are really the direct descendants of recognized
and distinct fossil species. Among several cases in point, my friend Joseph
Willcox has recently directed my attention to an instance. He writes: “I
submit to you some shells which may interest you, and of which you are
at liberty to publish a notice if you think it worth the while.” He con-
tinues : “ The shells are part of a considerable series which appear to illus-
trate the transformation or evolution of an extinct form into that of a living
species. All, except the recent specimen, were collected by me in a plio-
cene bed of South Florida. From an inspection of the series (see plates
IX., X.) I think it may be admitted that the fossil /u/gur contrarius, hereto-
fore regarded as extinct, is still living in a modified form as /ulgur perver-
sus. Fig. 1, plates IX., X., represents the Florida form of Fulgur contrarius,
the original of which was found in the miocene formation of North Caro-
lina, and was described by Conrad in Am. Journal of Science, XX XIX., p.

52 TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE

37; also illustrated by him in ‘ Fossils of the Miocene Formation of the
U.S. ples feoaan,

“ Conrad’s type was stated by him to be 4 in. long. The specimens which
he gave to the Academy of Natural Sciences are still smaller. The speci-
men which I send to you is 7% in. long; but one, of the same species, 9
in. long was found by Prof. Heilpriti and myself in Florida in 1886.

“Fig. 2 represents the same species with the shoulder angle slightly
developed, but it has no rudimentary spines.

“Tn Fig. 3 the angle of the shoulder is a little more pronounced, and
rudimentary spines are visible.

“In Fig. 4 the spines are still more developed on one side.

“ Fig. 5 represents the fossil /u/gur perversus with spines not developed
to the proportions of the common living species.

“ Fig. 6 represents the typical fossil Lulgur perversus.

“Fig. 7 is a fair sample of the /ulgur perversus now living on the west
coast of Florida. A few specimens of this species when young have been
found nearly similar to the fossil Fig, 3. They are not common; but they
indicate an occasional reversion towards the original ancestral form Fig. 1,
which is now extinct, as well as Fig. 2.

“More specimens are seen like Fig. 4, and still more like Fig. 5; but
they are not common.

“T have other shells, from the same bed, which illustrate intermediate
characters between all the forms in the collection which I send to you.

“Tn the same pliocene bed, while such great changes were progressing
with the Fulgurs, there were other species of shells which, at the time, indi-
cated great stability in character ; though they evince a considerable amount
of variability at the present time. I refer to the Strombus pugilis and the
Melongena corona.

“More than one hundred specimens of fossils of the former have been
examined without finding any spines on them; while, at the present time,
this species is found on the west coast in great abundance, with the spines
in all the different stages of development. It thus appears that the non-
spinose variety Strombus alatus was the original form of S. pugilis.

“ Another shell, the AZelongena corona, found in the same bed, manifests
great uniformity in structure; while, at the present time, it is probably the
most variable shell living on the coast of Florida. The form found in the
fossil bed is considered by Prof. Heilprin to be entitled to be classed as a
different species from its descendant, the living form; and he has described
it as Melongena subcoronata.

“We thus find, in the same bed, one genus that was widely variable in
character, which now manifests much greater stability in structure ; and also
two genera that were quite fixed or stable, that, at the present time, are very
inconstant.

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, PHILADELPHIA. 53

“An apparently anomalous condition of affairs existed, when this fossil
bed was being deposited, which promoted at the same time such a diversity
of action among several different genera. The following suggestion is
offered as a possible explanation for it.

“No species has been found to be constant or permanent during a long
period of geological time; and there appear to have been periods of rest
and periods of activity in the transmutation of species.

“Surviving from the miocene age, the Fulgur contrarius may have been
ripe for a change, which was stimulated into action by a cause that would
not affect other species, especially such as had not been in existence long.
For the same reason the Melongena corona and the Strombus pugilis may
be active in their inconstancy now, as they have survived from a former
geological period.”

(Se BNR GR
Nats i 4

TRANS. OF THE WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, 55

PEATE I.

Two views of a fossil human skull, embedded in bog-iron ore, from Florida. Natu-
ral size. See page 11.

Fig. 1. Upper portion of the face and base of the cranium, with a portion of the
mandible, right side.

Fig. 2. Front view of the portion of the face.

BARB aie

Fig. 1. Fossil human innominate bone, from near Natchez, Mississippi. Outer view.
Natural size. See page 9.
Fig. 2. Fossil human calcaneum. From Florida. See page Io.

PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Machairodus floridanus. View of the right side of a skull, one-half
natural size. From Ocala, Florida. See page 13.

Figs. 2-4. Hippotherium ingenuum. Natural size. Page 20.

Fig. 2. Pastern, front view. The upper articular surface is represented in figure 8,
plate V. From Peace Creek, Florida.

Fig. 3. Upper last molar tooth, outer view. From Archer, Florida. Fig. 4. Astraga-
lus. Front view of the left bone. From the same locality.

Fig. 5. Auchenia. Last lower molar tooth, right side, outer view. Natural size.
From Ocala, Florida. See page 17.

Figs. 6-9. Hlephas. From Ocala, Florida. Page 17.

Figs. 6,7. First milk molar. 6. View of the triturating surface. 7. Outer view.
Natural size.

Figs. 8, 9. Second or third milk molar, one-half natural size. 8. Triturating surface.
g. Lateral view of the tooth.

Figs. 10, 11. A conical dermal bone of asupposed Glyptodon. Natural size. From
Peace Creek, Florida. 10. View of the base. 11. Lateral view. Page 27.

PAP AE LV

All the figures of the natural size. Specimens from Peace Creek, Florida.
Fig. 1. Emys euglypha. A nuchal plate, upper view. Page 27.

Fig. 2. Alligator mississippiensis. Dermal plate. Page 31.

Figs. 3-6. Chlamydotherium humboldtii. Dermal plates. Page 24.
Figs. 7 and 8. Two views of an enigmatic bone. Page 27.

Fig. 9. Glyptodon petaliferus. A dermal plate. Page 25.

PLATE V.

Figs. 1-4. Mylodon harlani. Half the natural size. All from New Iberia
Louisiana. Page 33.

Fig. 1. Front view of the left tibia.

Fig. 2. Under view of an ungual phalanx.

Fig. 3. First lower tooth, right side, outer view.

Fig. 4. First upper tooth, left side, outer view.

Figs, 5-10. All of natural size.

Figs. 5-7, 1o. Hippotherium montezuma. From Mexico. Page 21.

56 TRANS. OF THE WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE.

Fig. 5. Upper extremity of a right metatarsal, front view.

Fig. 6. Articular surface of a right metatarsal.

Fig. 7. Upper articular surface of a pastern.

Fig. 8. Upper do. of Hippotherium ingenuum. From Peace Creek, Florida.
Page 21.

Fig. 9. Upper do. of Hippotherium plicatile. From Archer, Florida.

Fig. ro. Right upper molar tooth, outer view, Hippotherium montezuma. The
triturating surface represented in woodcut on page 22.

Figs. 11, 12. Dermal bones of a Glyptodon. Natural size. From Peace Creek,
Florida. Page 26.

Fig. 11. Lateral view of a dermal bone.

Fig. 12. Outer view of a dermal bone.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Glyptodon petaliferus. A dermal plate, natural size. Page 25.

Figs. 2,3. Dermal bone of a Glyptodont. 2. Outer view. 3. Lateral view. Natural
size. Page 25.

Figs. 4-7. Testudo crassiscutata. 4, 5. Anterior and posterior portions of the
plastron, one-fourth the diameter, Page 29.

Fig. 6. Femur, of the left side, front view, one-half size. Page 31.

Fig, 7. Tibia, of the left side, front view, one-half size. Page 31.

PLATE VII. _

Elephas columbi. A last upper molar tooth, right side, lateral view, one-half
the natural size. From Peace Creek, Florida. See page 23.

PEARE Ville

Fig. 1. Platygonus compressus. Complete skull, one-half the natural size.
From near Rochester, N. Y. Page 41.

Fig. 2. Elephas columbi. Left ramus of a mandible with the last molar tooth,
with a view of the triturating surface of the latter; one-half the natural size. From
Peace Creek, Florida. Page 23.

PLATES IX. AND X.

Fig. 1. Fulgur contrarius. From the Pliocene formation of Florida, closely con-
forming to the original of that species from the Miocene formation of North Carolina.
The illustration of Conrad’s type of the species is from a male individual. That of our
figure 1 and several others of the same plates are from female forms; the canal in these
being wider than in the male forms. Size of the shell 7% inches. Page 5r.

Fig. 2. The same species, with the angle of the shoulder slightly pronounced.
358 inches.

Fig. 3. The same, with angle still more pronounced and with rudimental spines.
4 inches.

Fig. 4. The same, with spines better developed. 6 inches.

Fig. 5. Fossil Fulgur perversus, with less produced spines than usual. 7% inches.

Fig. 6. Fossil Fulgur perversus. 55 inches.

- Fig. 7. An average specimen of the living Fulgur perversus of the west coast
of Florida. 7% inches.

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