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PR ANSACTIONS OF THE
WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE
OF SsCiENCE
OF PHILADELPHIA

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VOLUME VY.
JANUARY, 1898

WAGNERVEREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
MONTGOMERY. AVE. AND SEVENTEENTH ST.
ot PHILADELPHIA

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PHILADELPHIA
VOL. WY,

JANUARY, 1898

1. A STUDY OF HAWAIIAN SKULLS
BY HARRISON ALLEN, M.D.

2. NOTES ON THE PALEONTOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS
OF PROFESSOR WILLIAM WAGNER

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL, A.M.

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
MONTGOMERY AVE. AND SEVENTEENTH ST.
+ PHILADELPHIA

ees ULWAY

nee ATI AN SKULLS

HARRISON ALLEN, M.D.

VWAGNE Karine ceaINSiiUa: Ok SCIENEE
QUF [PISUILAIDIBIC PISA

¥

WNUSPEES

SAMUEL WAGNER, President.
RICHARD B. WESTBROOK, Treasurer. JOSEPH WILLCOXxX, Secretary.
J. VAUGHAN MERRICK, JR. S. T. SKIDMORE.
HARRISON S. MORRIS. SAMUEL TOBIAS WAGNER.

RACE

HENRY LEFFMANN, A.M.,M.D., President of the Faculty,
S: T. WAGNER, B.S., C.E., Secretary of the Faculty.

¢

HENRY LEFFMANN, A.M.,M.D., Professor of Chemistry.

J. T. ROTHROCK, M.D., S. T. SKIDMORE, A.M.,
Professor of Botany. Professor of Physics.

W. B. SCOTT, A.M., ROBERT ELLIS. THOMPSON, A.M.,
Professor of Geology. Professor of History, Literature,

and Political Economy.

S. T. WAGNER, B.S., C.E., THOMAS H. MONTGOMERY, Jr., Ph.D.,
Professor of Engineering. Professor of Biology.

WILLIAM HEALEY DALL, A.M.,
Honorary Professor of Invertebrate Paleontology.

THOMAS L. MONTGOMERY, A.B., CHARLES W. JOHNSON,
Actuary and Librarian. Curator of Museum.

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INE AT OI IN@ Iie

*

N presenting this remarkable craniological study to the scientific public, a
few words in reference to its lamented author and to the chief results
which it reaches will not be unwelcome to readers.

This memoir was the last of Dr. Allen’s many contributions to our
knowledge of organic forms and their modifications. Only a week before his
sudden death he handed it to the Publication Committee, prepared so carefully
that it was in all respects ready for the printer. As on several occasions he
showed me his manuscript and explained to me what features in it he con-
sidered of special importance, it may be well in these introductory lines, which
the Committee on Publication has kindly suggested I should write, to single
out these points for comment.

In a general sense this memoir is a continuation of Dr. Allen’s previous
earlier article on “ Crania from the Mounds of the St. John’s River, Florida,”
etc., published in the Journal of the Academy of. Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia (vol. x., November 24, 1896). The same terminology is adopted and the
lines of investigation are analogous. That paper attracted most favorable
attention from the leading craniologists of Europe, and Professor Emil Schmidt,
of Leipsic, did not exaggerate its merits when he closed his review of it in
the Centralblatt fir Anthropologie (Bd. ii., Heft 3, p. 258) with the words,
“ Allen’s work is the most important craniological investigation which Ameri-
can scientific literature has had to show for a long series of years.”

It was one of Dr. Allen’s chief aims to establish some other, and if pos-
sible more stable criteria of cranial comparison than those in common use;
and, on the other hand, to subject the latter to a much closer criticism than
they have heretofore received.

In the former direction he emphasized the significance of the presence of
the prenasal fossa as determining grade; pointed out the value of the infra-
orbital suture, which is generally neglected; and offered as entirely new the
comparisons of the pyramidal process of the palatal bone and the prominence
or recession of the zygoma when the skull is viewed from above. He esti-

Vil

vill PREFATORY NOTE

mated with precision the signification of pedomorphism as a sign not so
much of arrested as of incompleted development.

Undoubtedly the most striking of the results demonstrated in the present
memoir, and that on which in conversation he laid the greatest stress, was in
his own words that ‘‘the differences between the crania are not due to race,
but to methods of living, and in some degree to differences of mental strength
in individuals.” This modest statement by no means conveys the full import
of his demonstration. What his laborious, skilful, and accurate measure-
ments, taken in conjunction with the proved unity of race but diversity of
nutrition and culture-conditions of his specimens, show, is that the ordinary
contrasts in skull-forms, upon which many stately theories of races and
schemes of prehistoric interminglings have been erected, are of such minor
and doubtful significance that they are inadequate for that purpose.

Pursuing this line of research further, Dr. Allen asked himself, What is
the proximate and remote etiology, what are the immediate and more distant
factors, in the modification of skull-forms? In the present memoir he brings
out some of these with force, while others, which, had he lived, he would have
developed fully, are merely suggested. Thus, the correlation of the loss of
the upper front teeth with important variations in cranial conformation is ad-
mirably set forth; and the influence of diseased action causing disuse, and
thus, in turn, lessening nutrition and modifying shape and contour, is clearly
explained.

The tentative inquiries which he placed in the paragraph previous to
his “concluding remarks” were of far more weight in his own mind than his
expressions indicate. In the last conversation I had with him, a few days
before his decease, he asked my attention particularly to the consideration
whether the whole range of exanthemata, and especially measles, to which the
white race has been time out of mind exposed and is now largely immune,
are not chargeable with many of its peculiar characteristics in facial and
cranial anatomy. It was clearly his intention to present this from a much
wider comparative scheme than the present memoir permitted.

He also almost incidentally refers in the present paper to a subject which
interested him deeply and on which he would have made more extended ex-
aminations; that is, as above mentioned, the mental capacity of the individual
as a distinct cause of modified skull-form. While this in itself is not new,
he aimed to approach it by novel tests.

The last lines of the memoir are indicative of his loftier estimate of

PREFATORY NOTE ise

craniology than asa mere criterion of race. As such, he did not esteem it
highly ; but he saw in the investigation of the nutritive, psychical, cultural, and
morbid processes which alter the cranial contours admirable illustrations of
those profound forces which shape and mould life-forms everywhere, and are
the underlying momenta of all morphology, whether of plants or of animals.
In this loftier sense craniology takes just rank among the great and leading
subjects of scientific investigation.

In conclusion, some reference should be made to the novel graphic
method which Dr. Allen devised, and which is published for the first time in
this memoir. He called it the “terrace” method, and points out its superior
advantages over the graphic system of comparison by curves. Its excellence

for this and allied purposes will be obvious to the student at a glance.

D. G. BRINTON, M.D.

INTRODUCTION

-

HE study of the skulls of the Hawatian Islanders is of exceptional interest.
The specimens represent the most remote, yet isolated, locality of a vast
range of distribution which began in Southeastern Asia at a period varying
in estimation from the fifth to the eleventh centuries.” The accounts pre-
served of the methods of burial are sufficiently exact to define two kinds of
crania,—one of a noble class from the caves, and one of the people from the
superficial graves. The crania of the time before and that after the European
conquest can be distinguished, and the sad record of deterioration due to
infectious diseases traced in indubitable characters.

In no other series of crania of a primitive people is the student similarly
assisted, not only by chronology, but by the operation of factors which have
modified the form in recent and relatively short periods of time.

That the distinction between three social classes—the nobles, the priests,
and the people—into which the ancient Hawaiians were divided extended
into their methods of burial, we are informed by W. D. Alexander.* Accord-
ing to this authority, the deified bones of the chiefs were generally carefully
concealed in secret and inaccessible caves. This statement is confirmed by J.
M. Whitney,” who says, “The most ancient and favorite of these places of
interment were in the old lava caves, with which the island of Hawaii particu-
larly abounds. A lava stream flowing from some opening on the mountain-
side would cool first on the surface, leaving the still flowing lava within to
empty itself on the country below, and thus long irregular caves of varying
dimensions would be formed, many of these open from mountain-sides, and
often from apparently inaccessible precipices.’ Alexander, indeed, qualifies
these accounts with reference to bones that have been found in ancient coral
beds that evidently are of great antiquity. Also, in steep cliffs running down
to the water’s edge at Kealakeakua Bay, are a great number of ancient
Hawaiian burial-places, which appear to be readily inspected by the casual
observer. The remains of Captain Cook himself lie buried in one of these

caves. Yet, as a whole, the caves are said by Dr. Whitney to be the ancient
Xi

Xi INTRODUCTION

sepulchres, while the coast burials are more recent. The specimens herewith
studied appear to have come from one or the other of these localities. It
must be acknowledged that the account of W. Ellis’ of a depository of the
dead is of separate value. A house is described by him built of fragments of
lava, laid up evenly on the outside, generally about eighty feet long, from four
to six broad, and about four feet high. Some were apparently ancient, others
evidently had been standing but a few years. The bodies of the priests were
buried within the precincts of the temple, while those of the common people—
though in some instances placed in caves and subterranean caverns—were, as
a rule, buried in small pits near houses or in the sand. The number of the
priests is necessarily small and can be here excluded. I am of the opinion
that the statements here made do not invalidate the conclusion that the
material forming the basis of this paper represents two classes of crania,
which are separated into a high and a low class group.

The difference noted in mortuary customs harmonizes with certain con-
trasts in physical proportions between the upper and lower caste. The
nobility were of large stature. They had more abundant food than the lower
caste; indeed, were great gluttons. Dr. Chapin‘ describes them, as late as
1837, as eating three or four heavy meals of flesh and poi daily and becoming
excessively corpulent. Diseases local to the alimentary canal and lungs were
common. The people were subject to apoplexy and asthma, and a mild form
of rheumatism attacked both classes. Nothing was known of the systemic
diseases with which Europeans are afflicted, such as measles, typhus fever,
typhoid fever, scarlet fever, whooping-cough, mumps, and syphilis. Malarial
diseases and leprosy were also unheard of.

But both classes had much in common. The supply of food in pre-
European times was monotonous. With the exception of a few fruits and an
occasional fish, hog, or fowl, the islanders subsisted on poi, a farinaceous dish
prepared from the taro (Colocasia antiquorum).

In 1893 a collection of skulls was made by Dr. Whitney, under circum-
stances which make it certain that they are all of the noble class. In the
same year Professor Benjamin Sharp, of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
and Professor William Libbey, of Princeton University, made a collection at
Kipakai, on the island of Kauwai, which are as certainly of the lower class.
The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia possesses a miscellaneous
series of Hawaiian skulls which have been collected from superficial graves,

and most of them of recent origin. All the specimens above named, sixty-five

INTRODUCTION Xill

in number, fortunately came under my observation. The specimens of the
cave crania are of two series collected at one time by Dr. Whitney from a lava
cave on the island of Hawaii. One of these, eighteen in number, he presented
to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; the other, fourteen in
number, he presented to the Museum of the Harvard Dental School. The
coast crania studied, thirty-three in number, are in the main in the series
represented in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and in
Princeton University. Sixteen of these were collected by Messrs. Sharp and
Libbey. 3

In general appearance the specimens form two groups, those having a
uniform Isabella brown tint and those which were bleached in whole or in
part. The statements of residents explain these contrasts. The brown speci-
mens are from the caves and the bleached specimens are from the superficial
graves. The cave skulls are undoubtedly more than a hundred years old,
since the natives ceased to use the caves for burial purposes after European
intrusion, yet they are intact, the smallest processes in the interior of the nose,
and even the tartar and food detritus on the teeth, being undisturbed. The
coast skulls, on the other hand, are rarely perfect. The teeth are often lost by
dropping out, or even sometimes knocked out. The laborers introduced from
other islands of late years, according to Dr. Whitney, seek everywhere for the
skulls, and remove the teeth for the purpose of making necklaces.

The cave skulls are, for the most part, free from disease affecting the
periphery, but are commonly the subject of defective nutrition, the bones
being often thin and occupied with numerous foramina of absorption; together
with this, and in a measure concomitant, were numerous small exostoses
and arthritic deformations. The specimens, with few exceptions, are well
developed, but, as will be seen, show evidences of low grade in many details.

The coast skulls, on the whole, are of a lower structural type as compared
with those of the cave, and show a greater variety of diseased action. The
miscellaneous series of the Morton cabinet exhibit in marked degree evidences
of diseases of inflammatory origin; they are often stunted, almost uniformly
of an inferior grade, and are bleached and deteriorated in other ways by
exposure to the air.

It is impossible to say to what extent the above differences were due to
caste, through the operation of which the bodies of the ruling class were
buried in the caves and the lower classes in the sand, or to what degree

Whitney’s statement can be accepted, that the coast crania are all more recent

XIV INTRODUCTION

than those of the caves, and by inference that they show detrimental effects of
contact with Europeans, not only in the abrupt departure from a diet to which
the people had been accustomed, but in the character of the attacks of
infectious disease to which they were in no degree immune.

In recording the peculiarities of these crania two methods were enter-
tained. The first included measurements, the second a systematic record of
selected characters. The conclusions drawn from these methods is that the
first, all things being considered, is most fruitful, the ranges of anatomical
variation between the cave and coast groups being naturally much the same,
since the ethnic type had been long isolated. But while the contrasts between
the two series in measurement was striking and expressed in terms of pre-
cision, the differences in percentages of anatomical variation was also found to
be of considerable interest.

The specimens will be often mentioned by the names of the institutions
where they are owned or by the initials of the same.

The crania of the Hawaiian Islands have received attention from Retzius,®
Uhde,” Dumoutier, J. B. Davis,’ Flower,” Turner, and Virchow.

The most elaborate studies are those of Davis and Turner. The former
measuring thirty-two examples (four of which were from caves) and the latter
thirty-seven, with nine from the caves. It will be seen that the number of the

cave series in this paper is much the largest of any that has been observed.

HAWAITAN SKULLS

Sex

The sex of all the skulls examined is male with the exception of five,—
namely, one P. U., one H. U., and three A. N.S. The female skulls have
been excluded from all the studies of averages and indices, and being so few
in number, I have contented myself with recording their measurements.

In the Hawaiian crania studied by Turner, nineteen were found to be
males and fourteen to be females. The discrepancy between this result and
mine is so great that a word of comment is demanded. Turner had but four
cave skulls under observation, all of them being males; this corresponds
nearly to the skulls in the largest series of this paper, since but one female
was found in all the cave crania. In the tabulated twenty-seven crania from
Oahu, expressly stated by Turner not to be from caves (and, therefore, com-
parable to my coast series), there were twelve females. It is probable that the
smaller number of females noted by myself is due to the fact that the coast

crania were for the most part collected from an ancient battle-field at Kipakai.

Measurements

CupicaL Capacity.—The cubical capacity of the cave series shows fifteen
(fifty-two per cent.) to be megacephalic, ten (thirty-four per cent.) to be meso-
cephalic, and four (fourteen per cent.) microcephalic. In Turner’s series of
four cave crania, only one was mesocephalic, one megacephalic, and two
microcephalic ; yet, according to the law of averages, this series is regarded
by Turner to be mesocephalic. Of the coast series, seven (twenty-three per
cent.) only are megacephalic, fourteen (forty-five per cent.) microcephalic, and
ten (thirty-two per cent.) mesocephalic; a conclusion in full harmony with
other deductions drawn in contrasting the two series of skulls. In Turner’s
group of Oahu crania (eighteen tabulated) the three kinds of crania were
about evenly distributed,—viz., seven megacephalic, six mesocephalic, and
five microcephalic.

Breapvtu Inpex.—The analyses of the breadth index in the cave series
show that twenty-one (sixty-five per cent.) are brachycephalic, ten (thirty-one

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TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

MEASUREMENTS OF

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No. 1104 to No, 1122—Ilarvard University.

PREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

HAWAIIAN SKULLS nd
CAVE SKULLS
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24 | 42 |107/100} O | O | 53/136] 70/53] 0 | O | O | 25| 16/64/20] 0 | © | 40 /144/138 125| fe)
25 | 49 |105| 97) 47) 58] 55 |t19) 79| 47 | 29| 35|53| 25|14|56| 16| 11 | 16] 57 |102/127 120 IIo
25 | 49 |105) 98) 46) 57 | 52 |126| 72 | 48 | 29 | 38] 54 | 24| 14] 61 | 16] 14 | 12 | 56 |134|130 123) 112
26 | 55] 95] 86] 45 | 50] 49 |119] 65 | 48| 26| 38|50| 0 | o | o ie 12) 12| 47 |124|122)120 lige

No. 1749 to No.

1766—Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

18
HAWAIIAN SKULLS
MEASUREMENTS OF
eo We a cele hei) We ale].
So eee (oleae eae ee Peis ls
E Pe | eS ee Pee Te Ee | a | a)
Zz is |e SB (Plelelele if lalslelalela|sisis) ea
© SE lo1S jas | ays |e slalela lls /f8)e/E i] 8] 3
Ee LS (SLR ISISIEIEISIS/ eel el Bla ie ere 2 eh es
yo || 3) =] Se Wes) BA as os eel Sa Se Sa se eS eae Se eS OS
Sale EP See eS ee ee 2 ae |e les igs pas |B
Sale| Sls) So is (sistas laleleiois)S 166 is) 2
1023} 35 | | 1280/170| 137?|139|124] 80 110] 81 | $2 |485| 104/107 103}115| 85; 20 | 35 | 36] 97
1863) 35 | g' | 1540|191) 133P/143/136| 91 |120 70 | 75 |525 106 0 | o |115) 94| 25 | 35 | 37 | 95
1999| 40| | 1480|183) 1358|139|130) 95 123] 74 | 76 510) 109/105) 96/120}100} 25 | 4o | 38 |105
2003] 30 | g' | 1270|169| T303/133 127) 87 |118)| 80 | 79 |495 98] 105 107/109] 92] 21 | 33 | 36) 92
2000) 40 | §)| 140 |180} 130P)1 38/126) 84 | 100, 72/77 500] 97) 90 93/100] 95| 18 | 36 | 35 |L03
572| 25 | S | 1210|175| 134?|132| o | 80 120| 77 | 75 493 100 95) 95|200) 93) 25 |.34 | 33 |£93
1957| 50| Q'| 1240|182| 1348) © |125] 93 |118) 74 © |510| o |olo He 103] 25 | 33 | 36| 92
1300 | 1335/74] 145P/138|130] 88 |122) 83 | 79 495)/105|106| ror 109} 97| 20 | 35 | 36 | 97
565 S| 1390|174) 144P/130|125] 90 |117, 83 | 75 |505) 94) 98/04) 109] 95) 25 | 36| 37 | 97
1872] 40 | S| 1310|175| 133P)135]130| 85 |100) 76 | 77 |490| 99|100|100,102) go} 20 | 30 | 33) 91
1861] 25 | | 1325/170| 1348)136]126) 90 |119) 79 | 80 |500| 97) 97 100 10 90| 25 | 34 | 34 |100
| | | | |
2087) 35 | gd | 1405/170 139°) 137 134) 91 |120| 82 | 81 |500 100) 96 96 109 96} 24 | 35 | 35 |100
2088] 35 | J | 1285|162) 135?|130/123/ 85 |114| 83 | 80 |480) 93] 86 92/103| 95) 22 | 35 | 33 |106
2089] 30 | S$) 1555/174) 143P|143/135) 92 121/82 82 © | 95) 94) 99105) 94) 22) 32 | 35 | 91
2090} 30 | G* | 1295171, 138?)140/127] go j108 81 | 82 500 103 105 102 103 93 24 | 33 36 | 93
2092] 35 | g'| 1230|166) 135?|135/132| 8o x11) Sr | 81 493) 98) 96 98 105) 95) 26 32 | 341 94
2093) 35 | Sf | 1270 *79| 1325]135|28] 87 |114) 74 | 75 |505/105) 97| 92/109] 96} 23 | 35 | 37) 95
2094) 26| $1 | 1360/165) 140? 140/123] 89 |117| 85 | 85 |482|/100) 97 97 115/108) 29 | 38 | 36 |106
|
I) 30| g'| 1470185) 135?|140)127] 90 |x19) 73 | 76 |514)105| © | © /109| 95| 24 | 34 | 35 | 97
2 | & | 1475/177| 144?|134/127/ 91 | o | 81 | 76/507) .99) 91} 92|)100)103] 28 | 34 | 36 | 94
t |
| Ira |
4 60) J 1445/165| 125P/126/135| 87 |127| 76| 77 |470\105|101 96 109 100] 23 | 37 | 35 |105
5| 30| g| 1204/162) 133P/139|123] 86 |104) 82 | 86 |458) 97|/102)105|109| 90) 23 | 31 | 33.) 94
6) 40) J) 1505/194) 142P/135/129] go |121) 73 | 70 |523/109/105) 96/103) 98) 25 | 35 | 36) 97
71 0\8 1285|165) 135\140|128| 87 |r15| 81 | 85 |475|100|104|104/109] 96) 23 | 35 | 35 |L00
8] 25 | § | 1245/170) 130P|130|120} $7 or! 76| 76 |485| 99] 95] 96|100] 87| 25 | 35 | 35 |Z00
9| 24 | S| 435/170] 140°/135|425] go |112| 82 | 79/498) 98) go/1O1!105) 95) 20 | 36 | 37 | 97
II16) 30) J | 1340168) 136P/134)124) 85 | 0 | 81 | 80 |485|/104) 95) 9I\109) 92) 21 | 33 | 35 | 94
II17|35|o 1375|184| 135 |130/122] $7 |115| 73 | 71 |558|104|100| 96|102| 89] 20 | 35 | 36| 97
1768) 35 | S| 1375|182| 134P|139|127] 90 |119| 74 | 76 |507|105)105|100| 109) 97) 26 | 34 | 35 | 97
Aver'ge, | 1356)174) 136 |136/127/ 88 115) 78 | 79 498/101} 99} 98}108| 95] 23 | 34 | 35 | 97
| | |
2161 0 | © | 1475|173) 139°/138|131] 85 120] 80 | 80 490/100 | 102 100/100] 95) 20 | 32 | 35] OL
2091 25 Q | 1235/2163) 130P/13 1/122 85 |112] 80] 80 496] 96] 92] 96)105] 94) 24 | 32 | 32 |100
3 25 Q | 1190)166) 1108125 117] 86 103 66 | 75 |467) 98) 99|10t/100) 88) 21 | 30 32) 94
1767) 30) 2 | 1225/175 127/429 114] 83 1117.72 | 74 485) 99 94] 95] 97) 87| 20 | 32 | 34| 94
Aver'ge 1281/169! 126 |131/121) 85 1113! 74) 77 '484| 98) 97] g8lror| gt! 2x | 31 133 | 95

No. 1 to No. g—Princeton University. No. 1116 and No. 1117—Harvard University.

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‘ UG)
HAWAIIAN SKULLS
COAST SKULLS
| wilEl | | 2

Peale alec leale leans. Blelal=| \slel é

SEES ISISIBISISIGIS lel Sle elle lel sileigisl =
aS pe et oO SS Bia a SUSE Say SB) Bol ele oe is day

SSUES ats PS] SS Bia eee SS eee Be) &

444 Ee (elle leas | (Ole) | sis ie yelieie |e ie
26 | 53| 98] 64/56) 57| 54 [119] 66| 40| 29| 32| 56] 25| 12] 48] 20|\15] 7] 0 130|120|130| 105
27 | 60 |110/100} 84 | 60 | 53 |129| 70] 45 | 27 | 35 | 55 26 | 15 57| © | 15] © | © }125/135]150| 10
25 | 43 |107/100] 89 | 58) 57 |125] 75 | © | 27) 31| 56) 24) 15 | 62] 19] 15] © | © /£05]}125|/130) 110
26 | 59/103) 87| 62 | 52] 52/119] 66] 50! 28 | 48 | 53 | 21 12|57| 18/14 1o| © |117\123/111) 113
25 | 50/100, 91] 65 | 57 | 44123] 70| 50 | 26) 33| 50] 25| 15 | 60) 13|}10/ 0 | o | o 135/130 123
25 | 48 |100 91] 65 | 54 | 40|120| 78 | 50| 26 36 | 47 21|15| 71 15 | 11] 11 | 59 |123]120]125| 110
27 | 54110] 99| 0 | 0 | 53] o | 71 | 46| 28] 32| 51| 25| 12] 48| 0 | 10 © | © |123/125| oO
25 | 52 \100) 92/65 | 58] 54|128] 70] 40} 28 | 35 | 55) 25 | 14/56) 18] 10] 9 | oO |120/120\110) IIo
23 | 48 |106|100} 58 | 54} 57/118) 71 | 40 | 28 | 34) 55 | 20 13. 65 I5| 10} 0 © |125)110) 115
24 | 52) 95) 89/56) 54| 54/125] 66 | 47 | 26 | 32| 55 | 22/13) 59/17/10) 10 © |£30)115| 113
22 | 49} 98) 90] 35 | 55 | 47 |120| 62 | q1 | 27 35149 20/11) 55)\ 15) 10} 0 | 58 )116)123 120, 110

|

25 | 51 |103|} 96 63| 55 40 |125] 65 | 47 30/3652 21 14 67/15) 12) 0 | 67 |140/135/120) 95
22 | 48} 96) 90} 59 | 49 | 47 |117| 65 | 46 25) 31) 47) 22/12/55 | 11) © 8 |°89 |120|120)125) 113
22 | 49 |100} 91] 66 | 61 | 45 |127] 72| 50| 29 | 37 | 52| 22] 12) 55,| 20| 19 | 10 | 53 |136|135|122| 122
25 | 55 |103/ 85 59 | 60 49 |126) 66 45 | 24 3455 22/12/55 13 | 20 II | 0 |/146)130, 110) 130
26 | 56/103] 96| 55 | 55 | 54/119] 69| 46 | 25 | 36, 55| 22] 12| 55 | 16| 11] 13| 59 |130\127/120| 11
25 | 54 |105| 95) 50| 56| 52/127] 70) 45 | 25/35/50} 0) O | 0/15) 7] 8) 83 |150|130)130) 105
25 | 45 |105 100 48 | 59|47| 0 | 69 4731 44] 51] 26/16/61) 20) 17] 16] 59 102/128 115 114
25 | 50|103] 94) 51 | 56) 52/122] 70) 46| © | o | O | 22/13) 59] 13] © | 14] 85 | 98|135;120, IIo
24 | 47 |III|/100) 50/55 | 52] 0 | 66| 46) 30] 36) 46 | 22/13) 59| 11 | 12] 12| 53 |120)120,120) 115
25 | 44 |100| 98| 60| 65 | 47 |tog) 75 | 46] 21 | 33] 51 | 27/13) 48) 8 © | 53 |104)110 120) 105
25 | 50] 98) 90) 45 | 55 | 47 |123| 67 | 50| 28] 37) 55| 25) 14/56/17) © | 11 | 60 /130)124)130, 104
28 | 51} 98 97| 40/| 60| 55 |t20) 75 | 52| 29 | 40| 54 | 26 15 |57 15! 19| 12] 40 |126)135|135; 113
25 | 48/105) 96] 48 | 55 | 46/125| 70 | 49! 26} 35 | 57 | 21 12| 57 10| 8| 8] 120 118,118 110
28 | 57| 95| 95] 42| 55 | 50|115| 72! 40| 271351 55|19| 13/68) 15) 0 | 14] 47| © 1120 120 115
24 | 54 |103] 97| 42 | 50| 49 |121] 65 | 45 | 29 | 37 | 55 | 20 14/70 18 | 16 15 | O |144)120|120| 110
25 | 51 |101| 92| 77 | 66| 50 |115| 64 | 46] 27|29| 46) 0 | 0 | o 15 15 fo) 124 I19)120 115
22 | 45 |t00| go 68) 50 53 |126] 65 | 46| 26] 32] 52/22/12) 55 15) 0 | 10} 0 I18/120|120| 122
25 | 51 |107|101) 48 | 57 | 50 |123) 69 | 50] O | O | 51/24) 15 62) 18 10| 10 |L0O 140 120 123) 125
25 | 51 |102| 93 57 | 57 50 |122! 69 | 46 | 27 | 35 | 52| 23) 13) 58) 15) 13] 11 64 124) 125|122| 112
28 |56| 97/120) 42 | 54 | 50|123| 70] 45 | 30| 34 53 22 12,55 Pe fo) | © |132/130|120| 115
25 | 51| 95) 90) 60| 53] 55 |117| 68 | 46| 21 | 31 50 22 12/55 15 10 11 | 46 140)£20|115) 1c5
28 | 61 |100| © | 44 53 | 47 \109| 61 | 47 | 25 | 33 | 50 27 | 12) 44) 10, 13| O | 86 122 110)120) 105
20 | 45 |101| 89] 42| 53] 59 |\104]| 59 | 42 | 24 | 32 | 49 | 24 12) 58| 19 | 13] 0 | 0 140 106 125) 108
25 | 531 98| 75| 47 | 531153 (rt3| 64 | 45 | 25 | 32150 24/22] 53| 14 | 11 | 11 | 66 |r34|116|120| 108

The remaining numbers—Academy of Natural Sciences.

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

per cent.) mesaticephalic, and only one (No. 1104 H. U.) is dolichocephalic,
This skull is described under the head of Diseased Action as an example of
change in skull-form, due to disease. Turner’s cave series were all brachy-
cephalic. The coast series, on the contrary, exhibit fifteen (fifty per cent.)
brachycephalic, ten (thirty-three per cent.) dolichocephalic, and five (seventeen
per cent.) mesaticephalic. The Oahu series of Turner exhibited seven brachy-
cephalic, eleven mesaticephalic, and fifteen dolichocephalic.

ALVEOLAR INDEX.—Of the cave series, eight (twenty-seven per cent.) are
orthognathous, sixteen (fifty-five per cent.) mesognathous, and five (seventeen
per cent.) prognathous. In the Turner crania two were mesognathous and
two were orthognathous. In the coast series thirteen (fifty per cent.) are
orthognathous, nine (thirty-four per cent.) mesognathous, and four (fifteen per
cent.) prognathous. In Turner’s Oahu series seven were orthognathous, six-
teen mesognathous, and three prognathous.

OrpitaL INpEX.—The orbital index exhibits in the cave series twenty-
four (ninety-two per cent.) megaseme, two (eight per cent.) mesoseme, and
none microseme. Turner’s conclusions are practically the same. In the coast
series there are no examples which are not megaseme. This statement is of
interest, since Turner regards the Oahu crania to be mesoseme.

Nasat InpeEx.—Of the cave crania, ten (thirty per cent.) are leptorhine,
seventeen (fifty-one per cent.) mesorhine, and six (eighteen per cent.) platy-
rhine. This series embraces skull 1753 H. U., which has a very well pro-
nounced prenasal fossa. It is doubtful in what manner skulls having this
peculiarity should be measured for this index, since the limitation for height
is a difficult matter to determine. It may be well to say, in taking the meas-
urement, I selected the nasion for one point, and the top of the incisor crest
as the second. Of the. coast series, five (sixteen per cent.) are leptorhine,
fifteen (fifty per cent.) mesorhine, and ten (thirty-three per cent.) platyrhine.
According to Turner, in the cave series two were mesorhine and two lepto-
rhine, and of the Oahu crania, three were platyrhine, six mesorhine, and two
leptorhine.

By the vomerobregmatic height (see Florida Skulls,’ p. 412) I denote the
distance between the bregma and the alz of the vomer as they join the body
of the sphenoid bone, to indicate (when this measurement is compared to the
basibregmatic) the degree of inclination of the basilar process. It must be con-
ceded, however, that this height may measure the degree of depression of the

bregma itself. I do not consider it, therefore, a measurement of great value.

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS

Observations on the Collation of Measurements

It must be acknowledged that the results obtained by the measurement
of skulls have not met the expectation of those who have made them. The
average measurement is often inadequate as a means of expression of general
conclusions. I venture to propose a method of treatment of the figures which
appears to me to have advantages over mere summation or the securance of
averages,—an .arrangement which will include all the numbers of a given
series in order from the minimum to the maximum, and which will indicate
precisely those measurements most frequently recurring as well as those
which are absent. I will illustrate my meaning by reference to the measure-
ments of the /uterorbital Width, because this is subject to the least amount of

variation. The figures as copied from the table are as follows:

CAVE. | Coast. CAVE. Coast. | CAVE. Coast.
26 | 20 20 25 | 20 Z. 23
30 | 25 26 24 | 25 23
20 | 25 26 22 | 25 25
25 21 23 22 | 20 23
25 18 25 24 II 29 25
22 25 | 24 26 26 20
26 | 25 23 23 24 21
19 20 20 29 2 20
20 25 25 2 2 26
23 20 22 28 i 25

These figures when arranged with the maximum number at the top and

the minimum at the bottom, and grouped as indicated by braces, are herewith

given:

: gerd ts z Ci pee LY : | eee
CAVE. Coast. CAVE. Coast. Cave. | Coast. || Cave. | Coast.
30 29 ll # 28 | 25 { 24 24 | 20 21 )
29 28 | | 25 25 | U an. 24 I || 20 Bi).
27 a 25 25 laa | Ch 3 28 ee
26 aif 25 | 25 | [ Bar S| 2 x0

2 4 23 2 2
26 z 25 25 | | es | 3 | 20 ae
26 25 25 se ia 20 6 | 36
2 22 | 23 | oa
a | 2 Seas a Vee I | 20
26 . 285} 23 Jo Wl 2, | 24 ol :
| 22 | |
re |
2 22, || 19 18

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

bo
nN

In each of the columns ten kinds of numbers are recorded, and in each
there has been two breaks in sequence,—namely, between 20 and 22, 27 and
29, in the cave, and between 18 and 20, and 26 and 28, in the coast: in both
these occur towards the ends.

In attempting to record these peculiarities in a graphic manner I have

placed the numbers on quadrille paper as follows :

CHART I.

ERORBIT/ DI
INTERORBITAL WIDIH

Eee ie

PESE abr aaa eee
Sar sooo een SEE oe

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23
HAWAIIAN SKULLS is
CHART II.
LONGITUDINAL OccIPITAL ARC
] ie rf
| | AL | =a i"
a [ ++ JL
: euga
SL: [
S- | - eae oo
ne pif
x
x oe |
x
x
7 I IL Co
Wt ole lef o|e
aye |e =] °
x Apel eo |e |.
« 4 Rest
“ =|-
x (al Oy} elelelelele|ele
| | be — IL J
° a
wee < 2G a |e |e
Qhe %) x
Oo} .| -| o a let
Bae i Ct Boos x
x“ if CO] |. |- \
i ==
2 o|e|o|e ellie x
lacve lies liaaelsesaiaaal
i LS x [ee ee
bd x
S ° e x [se Ll
x x
g e e x
iy ESYES x
(=) e|;e e e | x
Saal
>) a@}e ° x (Mere
K/OPo lela
> ne
&) ¢] .
a 4.
i} e
malas x
a
fe} e

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

The line is to be read from below upward. The number fg in the cave
series indicates that the minimum measurement is 19 mm., and that is repre-
sented by a single square of the paper, marked by a central dot, which indi-
cates that there is one specimen in the series which has an interorbital diam-
eter of Ig mm. The number above that of 19 is 20, there being six skulls in
the series of this measurement of 20 mm.; but between 20 and 22 there is a
break in the sequence, and since there is no skull in the series having a meas-
urement of 21 mm., an asterisk is employed in place of the missing number.
Reviewing the entire series, it is seen at a glance that the number which is
most frequently represented is 25. Comparing the line for the cave series with
that of the coast, it will be noted that the most constant number in this series,
also, is 25, and the general appearance of the two records is much the same.

I contrast the zxterorbital width with the longitudinal occipital arc, since
this measurement is of the most variable. It is evident that the dissimilarity
between the coast and the cave series is marked, not only in those numbers
which repeat themselves most frequently, but in the breaks in sequence,—the
coast series exhibiting constancy in many instances, but also greater breaks
in sequence in others. The differences in these measurements is more easily
detected by mapping out the lines in the manner above indicated than in any
other way known to me.

The dcauricular measurement and the ofticonasion measurement are,
also, herewith presented, in evidence of contrasts which can be accepted as
corresponding to the distinctions between the high and low caste. All things
being the same, I believe a measurement of the oftzconaszon (which is approxi-
mately for the base of the anterior frontal lobe) correlates, in this group, with
mentality, for we learn that the cave series show not only a higher grade of
numbers (the series running from 47 to 60, while the coast series is but 30 to
57), but that the cave series, save in two instances only, exhibit no breaks in
sequence, while that of the coast shows five such interruptions at the same
time that the cave series is disposed to be relatively more constant. There
are five crania measuring 48 mm. in the oféeconasion length, seven measuring
50 mm.,, five measuring 53 mm., and four measuring 55 mm. In the coast
series there is a less marked disposition for the skulls to have the same num-
ber,—-five skulls only being in the same series, namely, 47 mm. The dcauric-
ular measurement can be accepted as having the same significance as the
opticonasion.

The greatest breadth, as a rule, is interparietal for both cave and coast

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS
CHART III.
BIAURICULAR

HEE REESE
eel zg rat | ac Be
Eieeissorteeettig ivis

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

26
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

series. The instances of the greatest breadth being intersquamosal are more
frequent in the cave than in the coast, as shown in the figures 9 for the former

and 4 for the latter.
CHART IV.

OPTICONASION

In the greatest diameter of the face a notable contrast is detected between
the series. The numbers that are absent in the coast series are those best
represented in the cave series. On the whole, the disposition for constancy is

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS

best marked in the former, while at the same time the interruptions of the
sequence is greater, fourteen numbers being represented in the cave and eight

only in the coast.
CHART V.

GREATEST DIAMETER OF FACE

LES
: DEES RRREE BIR
i Ee ES

8

a a a a SEA
es a Se VL
In the biauricular measurement, important because it approximately

represents the transverse measurement of the base of the brain, the contrast

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

i)
(ove)

between the two series is noteworthy, the cave series showing fewer breaks in
sequence and more constancy.
The prominence of the root of the nose, or “ radix,” is well seen in the

measurements of the nasomalar line. There is more constancy in the coast

CHART VI.

BIMALAR LINE

=

Beas
a a

|

|
Es

than in the cave series, while those of the cave series are all of higher grade.

The bimalar diameter, when compared with the greatest facial diameters,

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS

shows curious contrasts, the degrees of constancy being greater in the cave
group.

The ofticonasion measurement is also important, since it is an approxima-
tion to the length of the frontal lobes.

CHART VII.

NASOMALAR LINE

The dotted squares represent numbers of skulls of the measurement in
millimeters, represented over the dotted vertical row. The horizontal lines
are breaks in the numeration. Thus, in the coast series the line between 30

and 34 represents that the numbers 31, 32, or 33 are absent in the series.

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

It will be seen that there are more breaks in the coast than in the cave
series, and less disposition for the skulls of the same measurement to form
clumps. In a word, as a rule, there is less uniformity. These facts, taken
with the lower figures themselves (viz., 47 mm.,60 mm., as opposed to 30 mm.,
57 mm.), indicate inferiority, a conclusion which is harmonious with the results
obtained from other observations on the same group.

The widths of the face, as shown in the greatest face diameter, the b:malar

fine and the xasomalar lines, also exhibit striking contrasts.

Studies in Variation

I concede that, in the almost numberless ways in which the subject of
variation can be approached, something must be left to the personal inclina-
tion or interest of the observer. The following features are held by me to be
worthy of comparison, for I had in the paper on Floridan skulls? made obser-
vations on the same peculiarities. My method consisted in tabulating all the
characters which form the basis of this section, and afterwards using them as
data for the brief conclusions here preserved. It is not thought to be neces-
sary to print the tables themselves.

The word “terrace” is an appropriate term to use in arranging the
numbers and lines on the quadrille paper, and appears to me more instructive
than would a curve, which is usually employed in making graphic records.

The reader is referred to the Florida Skull Memoir for explanation of all
terms. Some of these, as in the curves of the profile, the description of the

nasal bones, and the anterior nasal aperture, are innovations.

Chameprosopy

In races which are leptoprosopic the few chamzprosopic skulls become
of special interest. I have noted such in the paper on Floridan skulls, and I
again invite attention to three examples found among the Hawaiians. The
frowning expression, the projecting jaw, the receding chin, are striking char-

acters. All the chamzprosopic crania closely resemble one another.

In both Nos. 1107 (plate i.) and 1105 (plate ii.), H. U., the skull-rest is on

condyle and opisthion. The glabella is large, the nose-root (radix) depressed,

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,
I
HAWAIIAN SKULLS Y)

the anterior nasal spine and incisor crest rudimentary, and the temporal
impression not interrupted at the stephanion. The chief contrasts are noted
in the degree of projection of the upper jaw. In No. 1105 this is highly pro-
jecting, while in No. 1107 it is straight. In the specimen, 1105, the skull is
massive and heavy.

In specimen No. 1104, H. U., which is described in the section on dis-
eased action, the type is also chamzprosopic. It is dolichocephalic and

massive. The skull-rest is condyle-opisthotic.

Pedomorphism

The retention of the child type of skull in the adult, or of individual traits
of the child’s skull, is much more conspicuous in the coast than in the cave
series. Indeed, it may be said to be almost absent in the latter. Among the
former three, Nos. 565 and 1300, A. N.S., and 1116, H. U., striking examples
of the retention are seen, especially in the proportions of the parietal bone,
in the retention of an open sagittal suture, and in the flat hard palate. In No.
1300, the admission of the malar bone into the sphenomaxillary fissure is
exceptionally large. The nasal bones, the mastoid processes, and the shape

of the temporal impression are almost exactly as in the skull of a child.

Inflated Maxille
Two rhombocephalic skulls, No. 1755, A. N. S., cave, and No. 2094, A.

N. S., coast, show peculiar inflation of the superior maxilla. The anterior
surfaces of the bones are convex, and give a swollen appearance to the face.
The infraorbital canal is 10 mm. below the orbital margin. In sharp contrast
to the maxilla, the premaxilla exhibits well-defined depressions. The skulls
resemble one another in having wide pterygoid plates and markedly hyper-
bolic hard palates. In the cave skull the malar bone is remarkable for joining
the lachrymal bone. Well-developed tympanic exostoses and small prenasal
fossee are seen in both specimens. The cave skull is much higher in grade
than the coast. The malar bone in the cave skull enters the sphenoidal
fissure, while in the coast skulls it does not; in the former the bone is without
suture trace, while on the right side of the coast skull the bone is deeply

furrowed on the inner side.

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

ios)
ie)

It appears that both specimens are of persons who belonged to the same
variable type, as seen in the resemblances above noted, yet were separated by
circumstances in conditions of life which embraced differences in nutrition,

and yielded some equally striking individual contrasts.

The Lachrymal Bone

While classified with the bones of the orbit, one cannot separate the
lachrymal bone from the outline of the nasal chamber, or, indeed, as compara-
tive anatomy teaches, from the face. It is of interest to note that the hamular
process will not infrequently articulate with the maxilla, where the base of the
ascending process enters into the composition of the inferior orbital margin.
Specimen No. 1751, H. U., which, in many respects, showed evidences of
interstitial absorption in the wall of the nasal chamber, exhibits the hamular
process marked by numerous minute foramina and of different textures; a

peculiarity, in all probability, the result arising from a centre of ossification.

The Prenasal Fossa

In the specimen No. 3, P. U., et. 25, 2, the nasal eminence (qa) is raised
well above the floor of the nose. The fossa proper (0) is defined between this
eminence and the openings (¢, ¢, ¢, c) which are placed over the roots of the
incisor teeth. The vomer (¢) retains the sulcus for the accommodation of the
triangular cartilage. The well-defined contours of the bone overlie the incisor
crest just over the basal eminence. The maxille exhibit marked asymmetry
at the incisor region. On the right side the parts are of normal proportion.
But on the left they are stunted, a peculiarity embracing the alveoli of the
incisor, which are scarcely half the size of those on the opposite side. The
left fossa, while as wide as the right, is not so deep, and extends over the
region of the roots of the teeth. The alveolar line (@) is unusually bold and
trenchant on the right side, but is not well defined on the left below the level
of the basil eminence. Indeed, the fossa is insensibly blended with the alveolar
region over the almost rudimentary incisors. Other peculiarities of the
maxillee should not escape notice. The infraorbital margin of the left maxillze
is with open suture. The part here called the ectal (see [nfraortital Suture)

passes over the eva/, thus excluding it from the margin and entering into

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&
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composition of the ductus ad nasum. On the right side the union between
the ectal and ental portions is obliterated. Again, on the right side the
lachrymal crest at the base is advanced so as to form part of the outer wall of
the ductus ad nasum. on the left side it is excluded. The other parts of the
face present nothing unusual.

In varying degrees of development the prenasal fossa is present in thirty-
nine per cent. of the cave series as opposed to twenty-four per cent. of the
coast, thus showing that is of significance in determining grade. The actual

number-was seven in the former and fou:teen in the latter.

The Pyramidal Process

The pyramidal process of the palatal bone is a character which has been
overlooked, so far as I know, in the comparative study of the skull. I noted
the subject in the study of the Florida skulls, where reference is made to the
large size of the process in the Hawaiian form. In the study, as now com-
pleted, the process is found to be 12 mm. wide at the free margin in the cave

and II mm. in the coast.

The Lower Faw

In specimen No. 1752, A. N.S., the lower jaw presents an extraordinary
variation in both the body and the ramus. The body presents a convex lower
border in the region answering to the teeth, as accurately shown in plate iv.
I have seen but one example similar to this in my examinations of crania,
which now embrace many individuals. The variation is probably due to pre-
mature symphysal union. The ramal peculiarity was confined to a foramen
on the inner side of the base of the coronoid process, and just above the
beginning of the inferior dental canal. The position is shown by the arrow
engraved on the figure.

Comparisons of the degree of angulation on the condyles of the lower
jaw—the degree of concealment of the last molar by the base of the coronoid
process, the position of the mental foramen with respect to the teeth, the
peculiarities of the genial spine and crest—were made in all examples. The
entire number of bones examined was twenty-two, but the number of lower

jaws in the coast are so few as to make results inadequate.

a

~)

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

The disposition for the condyloid process to be angulated is more marked
in the cave series than in the coast, six examples being found in the former
and two only in the latter.

The partial concealment of the third molar by the base of the coronoid
process, thus indicating a disposition for the body of the bone to be short-
ened, is present in three of the cave series, and in one only is the molar dis-
tinctly in advance of the process. It would be desirable to select a measure
by which the relative degree of growth of the body of the bone could be
fixed.

The short goniosymphyseal length is well seen in an Hawaiian skull
figured by Dumoutier.

The following tables of measurements of the lower jaw will prove use-

ful. Some of the specimens are unaccompanied with the skulls.

CAVE.
Width, Height, Of
Lower Jaw. Lower Jaw. | a Ramus.
bast | Leh iemeeweneAc Ibs
eee = £
| o& 3 g = A a
8 S g ic g 3 ey Z
a i] a a o o a ss
hitb Si | 2 j
W722 7,2 97 29 2B | FO 100 67 34
1752 85 100 24 30 | go 56 33
1773 83 92 29 2) || Fo 105 72 45
1771 79 100 30 25 || OF 98 60 37
1775 79 80 35 29 56 go 55 32
I 107 80 93 32 AR ||) 100 54 40
1105 82 93 31 ag | We 102 69 41
1104 80 9! 31 29 7° 93 73 35
III4 79 $2 3) eS Ok OS 86 55 35
1120 88 89 BB |) BS 59 85 53 35
1106 76 85 29 30 58 85 2 30
1751 82 89 34 35 74 100 72 40
1749 87 99 35 31 67 87 67 37
Averages 81 gl 30 29 66 94 62 36

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS 35
Coasr.
Width, Height, | | OF
Lower Jaw. Lower Jaw. | a Ramus.
on

2 wees sales

| | i A s

s 3 Hoke 2 A

is 3 a | = e : a

8 So & |) oe 8 3 Z

a a a a | iS) ©) Ey <

1863 86 99 32 fo) 62 89 60 35
1999 | 87 | 8 See ee 2 et i© 93 or
BOO) || 7G || 6 29 1 25 65 S38) Gr | BB
1957 ‘| fo) fo) fo) fo) 68 fe) o | fo)
1872 75 78 31 A | fo) 80 60 36
2093 74 87 31 ay || Gy 89 63 35
goo 2e | 83 83 25 24 56 77 54 31
1116 | go 23 26 | 57 89 55 30
Averages| 80 87 | 29 ay | 8 87 59 34
2091 9 | 83 83 23 | 22 | 57 86 55 32

The [nfraorbital Suture

Halbertsma, in 1859, described a suture which extended upward from
the infraorbital foramen into the floor of the orbit. In 1885, Turner re-
described this suture. In examining the Hawaiian crania with reference to
its presence, I find that in the cave series it was found in twenty-two examples.
In the coast crania it was present in eleven instances only.

The malar bone holds varying relations to the maxilla in the region of
this suture. In nine of the cave series it joins that portion of the maxillary
margin lying to the outer side of the suture. In the coast series the malar
bone was so situated in but five examples. That the malar bone should ever
cross the suture is not mentioned either by Halbertsma or Turner, but I find
it so placed symmetrically in ten of the cave series and in six of the coast.
In this group of variations the infraorbital suture, of course, does not extend
into the orbit, but juts directly against the zygomatic process of the malar
bone. The following observations were made upon three crania in which the
entrance of the zygomatic process into the composition of the lower orbital

margin took place to the mesal side of the infraorbital suture asymmetrically.

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

Table correlating the Position of the Infraorbital Suture to Orbt-

tal Measurements

| Orbital Height. | Orbital Width.

IN@p itAOva, ToANE Sos bg b. || SY aon, mm.
Left side, with malar bone 5 | os 37
ae ° UC Pennies Clk} (ar Serer ey err at |) a5. 37 ass
crossing infraorbital su- s | |
IN@s TROY, EAMES 5 5 Gk BGS aXe) 0
ture.
Gp ONS uatah Sen watwarsiin sue (03 37 ite
|
|
Right side, with malar bone f xy a |
t 2 Z OS MWUOB, tavedoeg <6 5 62 6 | 3 it <
crossing infraorbital su- De | HW |
| UE RUCS I Dineen, cea este orl (e eSflo 3 Ome
ture. | |

The most striking difference was noted in the shape of the superior
orbital margin. In Nos. 1764 and 1104 the margin on the left side in both
specimens was inclined downward to a greater degree than on the right side.
In a word, the malar bone appeared to be pushed downward and inward
(mesad) by the initial inclination of the external frontal process, to extend to
a corresponding degree mesad, and the end of the zygomatic process to
reach beyond the infraorbital suture. In the third specimen (No. 1115) no
essential difference obtained between the two frontal processes, though the
right orbit was the larger. That the side having the mesad disposition of
the zygomatic process is the stronger side is shown by numerous minute
signs. In No. 1115 the impressions of the internal pterygoid and masseter
muscles are the stronger, and the measurements of the lower jaw larger, on
the right side.

In No. 1755 the zygomatic process extends on each side mesad as far
as the lachrymal bone which it joins.

I propose calling that portion of the inferior orbital margin of the max-
illa lying to the outer (lateral) side of the infraorbital suture the ec¢a/ por-

tion, and that lying to the inner (mesad) side the eal portion.

Miscellaneous Notes

The proportion of the phenozygous crania to the cryptozygous is confirm-

atory of the relative grades of the two castes. The percentage in which the

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ios)
NI

zygoma is concealed, when the skull is viewed from above, is nearly twice as
large in the cave series as in the coast.

Respecting the shape of the skull, it can be said that it is in harmony
with other facts. Thus, there are but eight oval skulls in the cave series and
twenty-three rhombecephalic, whereas there are nineteen oval skulls in the
coast series and thirteen rhombecephalic.

The basal aspect of the petrosal portion of the temporal bone, as it lies
near the basilar process, is disposed to be swollen (z.2., inflated) in the lower
caste group.

The disposition for the alsphenoid to unite with the parietal bone, or, in its
absence, permitting the sguamosal element to join with the frontal bone, is made
the subject of special scrutiny. The frontosquamosal junction is found in

‘two examples of cave crania and in one, only, of the coast. In one cave and
in one coast cranium the junction is found on the right side,—the left being
alisphenoidoparietal.

The xasal septum is straight, as a rule, in both groups. It is deflected
to the left in thirty-two per cent. of the cave skulls and in fifteen per cent. of
the coast,—facts which bear out the conclusion that high-grade people exhibit
a tendency for the nasal septum to be deflected to the left.

In my memoir on Florida skulls I noted the curves seen in the profile of
the brain-case. At first sight it would seem that a well-developed skull is an
expanded one, and would tend to present a single curve (opisthioglabellar)
from opisthion to the glabella. Yet in the cave series such a curve is present
in twenty-three per cent., while in the coast it is found in twenty-six per cent.
The next grade is found in an interruption of the curve (opisthioinion ; inio-
glabellar) by a prominent inion; this process, being created by muscle traction,
appears to have no connection with grade, for in the cave series it is present
in forty-two per cent., and only in three per cent. of the coast; so the curve
must be read not by the standard of intellection, but of muscular power,
which, nevertheless, is best expressed in the first grade. When the inion is
over-prominent and yet the rest of the cranial curve (opisthioinion; inio-
interparietal; interparietoglabellar) interrupted at the intertuberal portion of
the sagitta, or a little farther in advance of this place near the bregma, we
have a great preponderance of the coast grade over the cave, as shown in the
following statement: for the cave series nineteen per cent. and for the coast
series fifty-two per cent.

The remaining curves are so few in number as not to be thought worthy

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

of expressing by percentages. It is of interest to note, however, that but one
cave skull shows a depression at the lambda sufficiently marked to cause an
interruption of the profile curve, while three of this kind are found in the
coast series. In the coast series in one skull (No. 3, 9, Princeton Univer-
sity) a marked depression is found at the obelion, marking an opisthioinion ;
inio-obelial: obelial intertuberal curve, which is of the lowest grade possible,
since it indicates a retarded expansion of both the occipital squama and the
parietal bones.

The g/abella is slightly larger in the cave people, being 5 mm. as against
3 mm. in diameter. The junctions of the nasal bones with the frontal bone,
the maxilla, and premaxilla are as follows: with frontal bone, 3 mm. for both
series; with maxilla, 20 mm. for the cave and 19 mm. for the coast ; with pre-
maxilla, 4 mm. for the cave and 3 mm. for the coast.

The xose-root (radix) is 9 mm. long in cave and 8 mm. for the coast; the
angulation 83° of the former as against 82° of the latter. The salient is 14
mm, long in the cave and 12 mm. in the coast, with a salient of 35° in the
former as against 41° of the latter. In all the crania, therefore, a singular
uniformity is noted in the characters selected for comparison excepting the
nose salient, where the projection is more marked in the coast.

The position of the mental foramen is subject to slight variation. In the
cave series the foramen is opposite the second premolar in four examples,
between the premolars in three, and between the second premolar and first
molar in one.

The genzal spine is double as a rule. It is present in nine cave bones
and in seven coast, and single in one cave and two coast.

The genial crest is developed in the same way in both series and appears

to have little significance.

The Hard Palate

Since the hyperbolic form is found in advanced stages of civilization, it is
natural to infer that the cave series would show a higher percentage than the
coast,—7.¢., eighty-nine per cent. as against eighty-five per cent. The para-
bolic form, on the other hand, is found in lower types, and the four per cent.
of the cave as against fifteen per cent. of the coast was to be expected.

The foramen lacerum medium, whether present or absent, is a study which

has interested me. It is closed in lower types both of quadrupeds and of

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men. The comparison here is rather against than in favor of the proposition
as stated, for the percentage of the closed foramina while small is confined to
the cave series.

The spinous process of the sphenoid bone when overlapping the petroso-
sphenoidal suture is assumed by me to indicate an advance from the juvenile
expression, and all things remaining the same, from the primitive adult type.
But the examination does not bear out this conclusion, for the cave series
exhibits the overlapping in twenty-one per cent. as against twenty-seven per
cent. of the coast.

The anterior nasal opening yields some interesting contrasts in the two
groups. The high incisor crest is found only in the cave series, where it
exists in the proportion of six per cent. It is absent in the coast series. On
the contrary, the absence of the crest, a sign of low grade, is more frequent
in the cave than in the coast, as seen in the figure, sixty-eight per cent. of
the former as compared to the fifty per cent. of the latter.

The temporal line as it crosses the coronal suture in the coast series is
more uniform than in the cave series, and is, therefore, an indication of the
harmony of development existing between the frontal bone as compared with
that of the parietal. Such uniformity is indicated in the percentage, seventy-
five per cent. of the coast as contrasted with the sixty-three per cent. of the
cave.

The lambdoidal suture near the asterion is determined by causes which
largely relate to the volume of the return blood from the brain, as shown
in the position of the venous sinuses. In a morphological sense the region
of the asterion is a weak part of the skull, and, all things remaining the same,
the sutures will close less firmly in the higher types, so it is reasonable to
find forty-three per cent. of harmonic suturation in the cave series as against
thirty-three per cent. in the coast, and but fifty per cent. of serrate suturation
in the cave as against sixty-seven per cent. in the coast. We have found the
weaker of the two temporal muscles to be associated with the harmonic
variety of suturation in specimen No. 1104 (page 47) showing that the weaker
temporal muscle naturally correlates with luxury and the more sedentary life
of the higher caste.

The skudl-rest as it effects the occiput is of importance in studying the
relation between the brain and the skull. The skull rests on the occipital
bone well up from the foramen magnum in the coast series only, and here

but twenty per cent.; it rests in thirty-three per cent. of the series as against

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

40
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

twenty-eight per cent. of the coast on the posterior border of the foramen
magnum, while it rests on the occipital condyles in thirty-nine per cent. of the
cave as against twenty-seven per cent. of the coast, thus showing a marked
difference in the two groups, though it is difficult to assign reasons for it. It
can be stated in definite terms that the lower the type of the Hawaiian skull
the more convex and more depressed becomes the occipital bone in the posi-
tion answering to the position of the cerebellar hemispheres.

The marginal process of the malar bone has been accepted to be a char-
acter of sex. I took observation on the presence or absence of the process
to ascertain if it might not also be a character of grade. The contrast of the
presence of the process of fifty-six per cent. in the cave series as opposed to
sixty-two per cent. in the coast would indicate that it is disposed to be such a
character.

The sphenomaxilary fissure when admitting the malar bone into its com-
position expresses the fact that the bone is disposed to be large and the
temporal fossa at the region of the frontal bone deep. If we accept this
method of reasoning, we are not surprised to find that the malar bone enters
into the fissure in seventy-two per cent. of the cave series, while it is present
but in sixty-five per cent. of the coast. The contrast is striking even if the
above attempt at explanation be not accepted. Froment (see Henle’s Anat-
omie) notes three hundred and seventy-five skulls in which in one hundred
and five times the malar bone entered the fissure on both sides and eighty-five
times on one side.

The sature trace on the inner side of the malar bone is present in twenty-
eight per cent., only, of the cave series, while in forty-seven per cent. of the

coast.
It will be convenient to present some of the foregoing variations in

columns, as follows:

CAVE, CoAsT.
Hard Palate.
f Hyperbolic. 5 . 24, 89 per cent. 22, 85 per cent.
+ Parabolic i ; ene Ura speicents 4, 15 per cent.
[ U-shaped c ¢ un 2) e7apelacents (o)
Foramen Lacerum Medium.
( Open . : 6 25 os pemcent: 27, 87 per cent.
Closed . 0 é elon es ypemicents fo)
| Nearly closed . ¢ v4 igupermcent. 4, 13 per cent.

The opening was small in two examples.

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41

CAVE. Coast.
Spinous Process.
Overlapping . A Ne Owziepenicent= 9, 27 per cent.
1 Not overlapping : 22 7 Oupeiicent= 24, 73 per cent.
Nasal Vestibule.
( Macrolophic 2, 6 per cent. fo)
+ Microlophic . : =) 10, 20) percent: 16, 50 per cent.
Analophic 0 : . 21, 68 per cent. 16, 50 per cent.
Temporal Ridge.
§ Interrupted. ; . 10, 34 per cent. 8, 26 per cent.
\ Not interrupted : . 19, 65 per cent. 23, 75 per cent.
Lambdoidal Suture.
Harmonic 6 5 . 13, 46 per cent. II, 33 per cent.
Serrate = . : . -15, 54 per cent. 22, 67 per cent.
««Skull-rest.”’
Conceptum Cerebellum . 0 6, 20 per cent.
Opisthion : : Oo 2onpeLicents 10, 33 per cent.
Condyloid Process . . II, 39 per cent. 8, 27 per cent.
Mastoid Process : PONS Zapemacent. 6, 20 per cent.
Malar Bone.
f In Sphenomaxillary Fissure 21, 72 per cent. 21, 65 per cent.
Not in Sphenomaxillary
\ Fissure ‘ : toy Zonpeuicent. II, 34 per cent.
( Suture trace on Malar Bone 9, 28 per cent. 15, 47 per cent.
No Suture trace on Malar
| Bone : ‘ 3 we /eAbemcent= 17, 53 per cent.
Marginal Process on Malar Bone.
IESSMNE oo 6 - 15, 56 per cent. 20, 62 per cent.
Absent . F P . 12, 44 per cent. 12, 37 per cent.

The Teeth

The teeth exhibited much variation in size and anomaly. No. 2092,
A. N. S., aged twenty-one years, the second right lower molar showed a sup-
plemental denticle 10 mm. long on the buccal border posteriorly ; in the upper
jaw the second right deciduous molar remained in position. On the left side
the tooth had been lost, but its space in the alveolar arch was reserved, though
the second permanent premolar had not taken its place. The third molar
was absent. No. 2091, A. N. S., the right second premolar had not been

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

erupted, though the space for it had been reserved. No. 2087, FXG INI Soy WOE
third upper molar had not been erupted. No. 2094, A. N. S., the third upper
molar showed a supplemental cusp interposed on posterior border between
metacone and hypocone. Ina Princeton skull the third upper molar on both
sides was absent. No. 2089, A. N. S., the hypocone of the first molar ex-
tended forward back of the protocone; in the second molar the metacone and
hypocone were rudimental and reduced to a mere posterior hem, while they
were absent in the small nodular third molar.

No. 1105, H. U., exhibited lower molars 3°-2°, upper molars 4 3 3.
The lateral upper incisor almost conical. The first left upper premolar in-
clined forward the canine, with which tooth it is functionally associated... The
second and third upper molars were with protocone occupying the entire
palatal aspect of the tooth; the metacone was rudimentary, while the hypo-
cone was absent. The left third molar resembled in form that of the pre-
molar; the left third molar was absent. In No. 1999, A. N. S., the third
upper molar was very large, measuring 13 mm. within outward and 10 mm.
from side to side. It was composed of six large cusps. In No. 2092, A. N.
S., age twenty-five years, the deciduous second premolar had been retained on
the right side and but recently lost on the left. The third upper molar was
not erupted. The right exoccipital bone was smaller than the left and de-
formed. The lower central incisors have been prematurely lost, or possibly
may never have appeared. The second lower molar, right side, possessed a
supplemental cusp. The third lower molar was present. The body of the
lower jaw was markedly convex on the lower border, as in No. 1752, A. N.
S., and like this tooth retained an accessory opening to the outer side of the
inferior dental canal. The genial spine was enormous and double. The skull
can be regarded as an example of retarded development. It appears to have
been arrested in growth at about the thirteenth year, when the second per-
manent premolar should have made its appearance. The disposition for the
right squama and parietal to be very convex is marked, while the correspond-

ing parts of the opposite side are flat.

The Leffects of Disuse

That disuse creates alteration in the bones is a statement accepted by all
anatomists. The establishment of the initial loss or tendency is of importance

to study in every instance, and I assume, both in the interest of the etiology

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of the variation in skull form, as well as in the more restricted problems of
the influence of environment over the primary factors in the pathology of a
race, that the following observation may be accepted as germane in a com-

parative study of crania.

The Loss of Upper Front Teeth determining Important Changes
wm the Shape of the Skull

Some or all of the upper incisor teeth were found wanting in nine speci-
mens,—namely, Nos. 1117, 1120, H. U., 1749, 1755, 1757, 1763, A. N. S., of
the cave, and Nos. 1957, 2088, 2089, A. N. S., of the coast series. It is
evident that these losses had occurred at a time sufficiently early to permit
the alveoli to be completely absorbed, while the remaining teeth were scarcely
at all worn, and the sagittal suture remained open. In three specimens all
the incisors were lost; in one the centrals; in two the laterals; three speci-
mens showed loss of one tooth only; in one all the teeth on the left side were
wanting. The crown being removed, though the root remained in the socket,
it was interesting to note the attempt on the part of the alveolus to cover
in the root. In two specimens only (Nos. 1117, H. U., and 2088, A. N. S.)
were the lost teeth to be accredited to age. I believe it is tenable to associate
this peculiar condition of the teeth with the following statement. The natives
of the Sandwich Islands were in the habit of knocking out some of the upper
front teeth as a sign of mourning for the death of a chief. W. Ellis states
that a front tooth was broken off. The loss of a single front tooth sufficed
for an occasion of mourning, but the mutilations being repeated, few men
were seen with an entire set of teeth (p. 165). According to S. Dibbles, “ The
people not only wailed, but shaved their heads, burnt their bodies with sharp,
pointed sticks, and knocked out their front teeth” (p. 84). A similar account
is given by W. D. Alexander. If the men deferred the operation, an oppor-
tunity was taken by the women to do it for them while they slept. It is
evident, from the fact that more specimens of the premature loss of teeth are
found in the cave specimens than in the coast, that the chiefs were subjected
to the same mutilation as the lower class.

In a lower jaw without skull (No. 1773, A. N.S.) the right canine and
the left incisor had been early lost. The changes subsequent to their loss
had increased the interval between the right premolars by moving the first

premolar forward while having no influence upon the second. This corre-

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

44 HAWAIIAN SKULLS

sponds to the statement made in my memoir on Florida Crania,* that the
second premolar relates in the main to the molar series. The loss of the left
incisors leaves an interval of but 7 mm., and is associated with the left canine
moving forward.

Specimen No. 1221, H. U., without lower jaw, male, estimated age thirty
years, the individual had lost all the left upper teeth excepting the central
incisor, which had been broken off close to the socket and was partly encysted
in bone; the third molar had probably been lost posthumously. The alveolus
from the central incisor to the molar series was hard, sharp, and thin, but that
of the molar series was porose. The study of the cranium led me to.believe
that the loss of such an extensive series of teeth might have led to changes
in the skull, which would correspond to loss of masticatory power on the left
side of the head as compared with the right, the teeth being scarcely worn.
The following comparisons were accordingly instituted. The face seen from
in front exhibited osteophytes along the lines of the malomaxillary suture,
and the suture itself was open. The infraorbital foramen retained an osteo-
phyte on the inner margin. The suture between two parts of the maxilla in
the infraorbital margin was rugose and elevated. On the right side of the
face all these conditions were reversed. A hyperostosis directly back of the
last molar on the left side, while there was none on the right. This hyperos-
tosis as usually seen in edentulous skulls gave the impression that the
retention in position of the last upper molar had not been sufficient to prevent
the left side of the jaw undergoing the same change as though all the teeth
had been lost. The left external pterygoid plate was much narrower than the
right. The squama on the left side was provided with numerous coarse
denticles at the posterior half of the upper margin. On the right side these
were confined to the middle third, and were much larger than on the left side.
Numerous details in the texture of the surfaces of the temporal fossz indicated
that the left temporal muscle had been less powerful than the right.

The part of the asterion into which the parietal bone enters was provided
with harmonic sutures on the left side, while on the right they were coarsely
lobate. When the skull was examined by transmitted light the left half was
seen to be more opaque, at the same time several small areas on the frontal
bone were translucent. On the right side the entire region of the squama
was normally translucent, and no isolated translucent areas were seen. The
surface for contact of the semiarticular cartilage of the left glenoid cavity was

much smaller than on the right side.

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS 45

Making allowance for the difference the observer expects to find between
the two sides of any skull, the contrasts noted above were of a kind and
degree different from what is usually found, and in my opinion should be
associated with the gross changes in the upper jaw in the region of the teeth.
That absorption should go on in the maxilla of the left side is in full conso-
nance with what is known of the laws controlling use and disuse. © The parts
above the alveolus no longer receiving the stimulus arising from impact and
not yet entering into the senile state showed the effect of prolonged disuse.

The presence of the osteophytes on the disused side is of interest, since
it shows that they may appear under conditions of disuse.

The small size of the left external pterygoid plate, the small impression
general of the left temporal fossa, the harmonic suture at the posterior part of

the temporal fossa, all show weakened left temporal muscle.

Diseased Action causing Disuse, with resultant Changes tn

Skull-form

The result of disuse are beautifully illustrated in No. 1104; in this
instance not from loss of teeth but from disease of the jaw. The specimen is
that of a male, aged about forty years; the right lower jaw exhibits a large
mass of hyperostosis on the free surface of the right condyloid process,*
which doubtless interfered with mastication, and notably on the corresponding
side, as shown in the great amount of wear of the molars and premolars.
Notwithstanding that the disease had presumably appeared after the skull had
become mature, the affected side shows a number of characters due to disuse
which are not noted upon the other. The infraorbital margin has a minute
exostosis on ectomaxillary element at the suture; the outer pterygoid plate is
perforate in the centre; the parietotemporal line is more remote from the
lambda than on the opposite side; the lower border of the malar bone is
thin.

The great contrast between the external pterygoid plates in the above
specimen is also a feature in a skull of the Princeton series (No. 6), forty
years of age. The teeth on the right side are lost or worn down to stumps;
in other respects the series is intact. The left zygomatic arch showed the

effects of fracture with displacement of the fragments. Correlated with these

* Several examples of hyperostosis of the condyles are described by J. B. Davis 5
P YP y y

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46
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

conditions, the left external pterygoid plate is much smaller than the right,
and the teeth on the corresponding side of the skull are not worn. The left
maxillary sinus is open posteriorly and expanded anteriorly. The left orbito-
sphenoidal septum is absorbed in part and the sphenomaxillary fissure enor-
mously widened. The ascending process of the malar bone measures 15
mm. on the left side and 17 mm. on the right. The alisphenoidosqua-
mosal suture remains open on the base of the skull, but is closed on the
right. It is evident that a blow on the left zygoma had thrown an excess of
labor in mastication on the teeth of the right side. They were, indeed, worn
away before the fortieth year. The act of chewing, however, had strengthened
the muscular impression on this side of the skull. From disuse the parts on
the left side remained uniformly less developed than on the right.
: The asymmetry of the external pterygoid plates is marked in a skull
from a dissecting room, in the collection of Professor M. H. Cryer, of the
University of Pennsylvania. The right plate measured 15 mm. and the left
20 mm. in diameter. In addition the left extended to the spinous process,
and was perforated at its base near the oval foramen. Coincident with the
larger plate was obliteration of the articular eminence, a greatly reduced
condyloid process of the lower jaw, and a relatively strong impression for the
left temporal muscle. The skull was that of a nearly edentulous female
whose sutures were closed, this statement even including the squamosa-
parietal suture. ;

The wear of the condyloid process is sometimes so great as to cause the
expanded. part normally articulating with the glenoid cavity to disappear.
Such lower jaws really articulate with the neck of the bone, which is thus
adventitiously converted into a condyle. In one specimen of the lower jaw,
from a dissecting room, in my possession, of a nearly edentulous individual,
the left condyle measured but 10 mm. in length and 7 mm. in width. Ina
second specimen the condyloid process had been worn away to the level of
the beginning of the posterior dental canal; the coronoid process being
apparently elongated on the condyloid recedent so that it represents a height
from the alveolus of 33 mm.

In No. 1104, H. U., a markedly dolicocephalic skull, massive, had with
prominent glabella a large outgrowth of bone, the result of arthritis at the
right condyloid process, was accompanied with numerous minute changes in
the corresponding half of the skull. The changes were apparently the results

of disuse following the inefficiency of the right mandibulosquamosal articu-

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS 47

lation, and are as follows: the right teeth less worn than the left, the mid-
temporal crest 53 mm. from the sagitta on the right, while, as it is 48 mm.
from the same on the left, and the posterior part of the temporal right 41
mm. distant from the lambda, where it was but 22 mm. distant on the left
side, a difference of 19 mm., thus indicating in low degree of development of
the right temporal muscle, the right ramus of the lower jaw was 3 mm.
narrower than the left; a greater distance from the orbit to the alveolus at the
second molar on the right side as compared with the left, 4o mm. on right
35 mm. on left; the right upper orbital margin was straight or nearly so,
while the left was greatly inclined downward ; the orbital measurement on the
two sides were as follows: right, 35" X 38”; left, 34" x 38”. A distinct
though small exostosis was seen at the junction of the ectal and endal tribu-
taries to the infraorbital margin, while no exostosis was seen on the left side.

While the greater measurement in the above enumeration was on the
left side, the greater coracoid height was on the right side, the distance being
71 mm., while on the left side it is but 66 mm.,a difference which answers
pretty nearly to the amount of new bone deposited on the right condyloid
process by reason of the old arthritis. In addition to these the left orbito-
sphenoid was perforated at its pedicle.

I am of the opinion that the exostosis noted in the above specimen on
the weaker side harmonized with the appearance in the specimen No. 1121,
H. U., in which similar outgrowths were noted in the infraorbital region of
the weaker side, and the suggestion is received that in the skulls generally
the weaker or less well-nourished specimens are apt to exhibit the greater
number of nodosities or osteophytic outgrowths; this tendency is shown
even in the crests at borders of some muscular impressions, as in No. 1761,
A. N. S., a skull of light texture and thin walls, yet which showed large
shelf-like projections of the superior semicircular line of the occipital bone.
No. 1109, H. U., exhibited two small nodosities on the left side of the frontal
bone in the temporal fossa, one being on the line of the closed coronal

suture.

Diseased Action

Among the difficulties associated with craniology the changes of form,
due to disease, holds a prominent place. No people, however primitive they
may be, appear to have been free from these pathological conditions, though

it must be said that the tendency is increased among the civilized. The

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48
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

effects of malnutrition in determining the time of the closure of sutures; the
inability of the base of the skull to resist flattening from the weight of the
superimposed head; the hyperostosis, probably rheumatic, as shown in the
increased thickness of the cranial vault, are familiarly seen in every osteo-
logical collection, no matter of what people or of what grade. Gross varia-
tions, probably pathological in character, are of greater frequency in some
groups than in others; among these may be named the auditory exostoses so
common among Peruvians and the islands of the South Seas, and the exos-
toses on the inner side of the lower jaw in the northern examples of man in
America.

Among the appearances to be noted in the Hawaiian skulls are the
following: osteoporosis; ostitis and hyperostosis; defects in maxilla; pre-
mature closure of sutures; effects of measles on the conformation of the
facial bones.

It has been already noted (page xiii) that the cave skulls were disposed
to osteoporosis, minute exostoses, and arthritis, while the coast skulls were
prone to effects of ostitis. Statements are here made in more detail respect-
ing these conditions.

Osteoporosis

Two specimens, Nos. 1112, H. U., and 1756, A. N.S., were very light
and exhibited the effects of interstitial absorption, with concomitant disposi-
tion to superficial hyperostosis. In No. 1112 the process was less developed
than in No. 1756, and confined to the region of the face. The turbinated
bones were perforated by numerous foramina. The maxillary sinus on each
side was inflated back of the malar process, both towards the nasal chambers
where the outer wall was convex posteriorly, and towards the sphenomaxillary
fissure, where the tuberosity was conspicuously distended and porose. While
the age of the individual was not over forty years, the teeth were much
protruded from their sockets, and the second and third molars were lost. A
disposition to hyperostosis was co-ordinate. Ossicles in the facial suture lines
were numerous. ‘The process for the superior oblique muscle was prolonged,
the exostoses on the tympanic bones were conspicuous, and the frontal and
sphenoid bones in the temporal fossee were rugose. The alisphenoid at the
level of the orbit was occupied by a large vacuity. The floor of the right
orbit exhibited a large vacuity near the infraorbital canal.

In No. 1756 the process of absorption was more diffuse, and had caused

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS

49

the outer plate of the parietal bone to give way and expose the diploe to a
great extent on the left bone at the vertex, in front of the tuber, and to a
slight extent on the right bone near the coronal suture. The lambda was
also the seat of a similar exposure. The alisphenoid, basiocciptal, and orbital
plates of the frontal bones were the locations for numerous venous openings.
Hyperostoses were present in the tympanic bone as it entered into the com-
position of the external auditory meatus, at the lower orbital margin. The
specimen, while not over thirty years of age, exhibited the teeth distinctly
protruded. The frontal and sphenoid bones were distinctly rugose as they
entered into the composition of the temporal fossz.

The process of absorption shaded off, and, while detectable in Nos. 1760
and 1751, A. N.S., was not present in sufficient degree to demand detailed
description. No. 1751, the inner wall of the right orbit had in great part
given way, as well as the floor along the line of the infraorbital canal. No.
1760, a similar absorptive area was seen on the floor of the left orbit. The
only specimen possessing a lower jaw was No. 1751. The bone was massive
and exhibited a convex lower margin to the body.

In No. 1749, A. N.S., about fifty years of age, the disposition to porosis
was moderate in degree, yet the tendency to exostosis marked. This is noted
in many places, chiefly in the suture lines of the face, the outgrowths on the
tympanic bone in the external auditory meatus, the marginal hyperostosis for
the origin of muscle at the occiput. A remarkable nodule 1: mm. in width
at base was attached to the frontotemporal crest, near the stephanion. While
these outgrowths were so conspicuous, the postglenoid process was rudimen-
tary. The teeth were scarcely prolonged. Maxillary tuberosities were greatly
pitted and rugose. The condyloid process had undergone inflation and sub-
sequent wear.

No. 2094, A. N. S., the skull was light, teeth unworn, yet the sagittal
suture had disappeared. The sinuses of face were inflated. The pyramidal
processes were of great size (see page 31). The uncinate processes were
placed transversely to the axis of the nasal chamber, and conspicuous exos-
toses were seen in the external auditory meatus. The sconce was marked
with numerous depressions in the same locations as in the specimen in which
this region had given way. The left side of the hard palate was remarkably
deflected and had the best developed teeth, the second molar having the
hypocone well developed, while on the right side of the corresponding tooth

this cusp was rudimental.

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50
HAWAIIAN SKULLS

Ostites

Besides osteoporosis, the coast series showed many evidences of diseased
action. Knowing of the terrible devastation to which the natives were sub-
jected after European contact, it is not strange that the bones should in some
sense record it. In No. 1023, the skull of a young woman, the turbinated
bones and vomer were in part destroyed. The superficies of the face were
covered with a new growth from the periosteum, the result of ostitis. The
abrupt changes in contour of the sconce in many of the coast crania belong-
ing to the Academy of Natural Sciences, the presence of node-like swellings,
which are doubtless of inflammatory origin, give the impression that many of
these skulls had been collected after the natives had become infected with
syphilis.* The specimens obtained by Messrs. Sharp and Libbey at Kipakai
appear to be free from syphilis. The only effect of inflammation being

apparent in the bones of the nasal chamber.

Fyperostosts of the Condyloid Process of the Lower Faw retaining
the Normal Division of the Articular Surface
In 18673 I described the variations in the form of the condyloid process,

especially considering the degree of angulation, due to the wearing away of

the outer half of the process, and the tendency for the inner half (being rela-

* The following notes on crania which were collected after diseases of European origin had
left their impression on the natives may prove of interest.

No. 1860. Much diseased; ostitis of frontal bone; caries of the turbinals.

No. 1863. Age, thirty-five, a good example of a dolichocephalic skull, with large prenasal
fossa. Alveolar process diseased and prematurely absorbed. Central incisors lost, probably from
caries. Excessive ostitis in right nasal chamber, involving the nasal bones; the sutures in the orbits
closed, excepting that between the ethmoid and lachrymal bones. The molars and second premolars
lost and alveolus absorbed.

No. 2003. Nasal bones almost 72/. Ostitis of the bones of the vertex, evidently syphilitic
inflammation of childhood. Coronal suture wide, low at stephanion. Lambdoidal suture very large,
wide, coarse, and open. Wormian bones present. A rudiment of transverse occipital suture present
on both sides. Marked symmetrical convexity seen below the frontotemporal crest.

No. 2009. Nasal bones compressed, narrow, large, depression on left frontal bone apparently
the seat of a syphilitic gumma.

No. 1957. Much diseased, apparently from syphilitic ostitis; ethmoidal suture broad and
coarsely lobate. Front teeth knocked out, probably post mortem. After loss of molar teeth, instead

of the customary absorption of alveolus a hyperostosis set in.

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I
HAWAIIAN SKULLS 5

tively free from friction effects) to extend upward and inward. In specimen
No. 1749, A. N. S., the left condyloid process exhibits great wear on both
inner and outer facets, at the same time indicating effects of diseased action.
Notwithstanding the confusion naturally incident to these combinations, the
inner and outer regions are clearly separated by an irregular fissure, thus
demonstrating that a pathological process is limited to the areas which have
already been determined by physiological action.

See also page 46 for description of hyperostosis of the condyloid process

changing the form of the skull.

Tympanic Exostosts in the External Auditory Meatus

Tympanic exostosis was noted in twelve specimens. Good examples are
seen in Nos. 1112, 1120, H. U., and Nos. 1752, 1749, 1756, 1999, A. N. S.
The specimens were equally distributed between the cave and coast series.
In seven specimens the exostosis was confined to the upper margin of the
tympanic bone as it entered into the composition of the meatus. In two ex-
amples only was the outgrowth in the form of elliptical swellings in adjacent
parts of the canal. It would appear, from this examination, that the exos-
toses result, in the main, as outgrowths of the tympanic bone. Instances of
similar tendencies are seen in the styloid process and the perpendicular plate
of the ethmoid bone. The conclusion that some bones continue to grow, un-

less checked by pressure from an opposed bone, is a tentative conclusion.

Defects in the Maxilla

In two cave specimens, Nos. 1124 and 1114, H. U., the superior maxille
exhibited a peculiar stunting in the regions of the sinuses. The anterior sur-
faces were deeply concave beneath the orbits. No. 1124, H. U., aged thirteen
years, showed the effect on the incisors and canines of an inflammation of the
gums at a time before the teeth were erupted. In No. 1114, aged eighteen
years, the effects were less. marked, though of the same kind as in the fore-
going, though the teeth were well formed. (See description of this skull
under the head of Premature Closure of Sutures.) No. 1860, A. N. S., coast,
aged about thirty years, possessed a peculiarity similar to the above. The
bones of the vertex and the interior of the nasal chamber showed the effects

of chronic inflammation, probably of syphilitic origin.

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS

Premature Closure of the Sutures

The cave series exhibited twelve instances (nearly one-half) of absolute
or almost absolute closure of the sagittal suture, while the coast showed thir-
teen instances of the same. When the average age of the two series is borne
in mind, it is seen that the closure of the suture tends to take place earlier
than in other races, at least earlier than in the European. I was unable to
give the condition of the suture much weight in ascertaining the age of the
individual. No connection between the state of the suture and the degree of
tooth wear could be ascertained. I am of the opinion that this tendency to
early obliteration of the suture is pathological.

On page 53 several instances are noted of the premature closure of the
sutures of the orbit. ;

Premature union of the sutures of the Hawaiian skull has been noted by
J. B. Davis, who gives brief descriptions of some of them.

OBLITERATION OF RiGHT HaLF OF THE LAMBDOIDAL SuTURE.—The speci-
men No. 1114, H. U., that of a youth about nineteen years of age, is remark-
able for the disappearance of the right parieto-occipital suture from the
lambda to near the asterion. In the inner two-thirds of the line all traces
of the suture are lost, the skull being as smooth as over the parietal eminence.
In the outer third the suture position is evident, and at the asterion is open,
a small Wormian appearing at the asterial point, which is not seen on the
left. The left parieto-occipital suture is open throughout.

The loss of the right suture is accompanied by a depression on the right
side of the skull from the sagitta to the parietal eminence, but in all other
respects the skull seems normal. The parietal bones retain the subacuminate
eminence seen in childhood. The obelional foramina are absent on both
sides.

Measurements of the parietal bones in No. 1114:

Right. Left.
Skull Height and Bregmatic j 6 6 : 126 122
Bregmasquamosal Length . 6 : 0 0 92 go
Pterioasterial Length . . 6 : 6 é 97 97
Coronal Length . ; 6 6 4 , : 98 96
Lambdoidal Length . : : . a eae go 80
Sagittosquamosal Circumference over Tuber . : 130 138
Bregmasquamosal we ss sei 0 II5 105

Bregma-auditory ue uy Oe, ; 150 145

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS

The measurements of the two parietal bones are in essentials the same,
excepting on the lambdoidal border, where the affected side is 10 mm. longer.
The circumference, however, often contrasts ; the measurement on the sagitto-
squamosal suture being 8 mm. less on the right than on the left side, while the
bregmasquamosal is 10 mm. more. The skull height is greater on the right

side by 4 mm., and the bregma-auditory circumference greater by 5 mm.

An Account of a Child’s Skull whose Teeth exhibit the Effects of
Measles on the Enamel: these Appearances being correlated

with Changes im the Facial Bones

Six skulls of children are not accounted for in the above enumeration.
In two of these the six-year molar had not been erupted, and the interfrontal
suture was open. -The remaining skulls (Nos. 695, A. N.S., 1680, A. N.S.,
2096, A. N.S., and 1124, H. U.) will receive some notice. The six-year molar
was erupted in all, and the interfrontal suture was closed. With the excep-
tion of 1124, H. U., which was about thirteen years of age, the skulls were
from individuals barely twelve years of age. Still, the skulls as numbered
can be compared, for the general appearances of age were in all much the
same.

The measurements of the facial region were as follows:

Nasal | Orbital | Interorbital Least FaciallGreat Facial| Face Palate | Palate

Index. | Index. | Diameter. Diameter. | Diameter. | Height. Length. | Width.
695 53 | so | 22 es Sil 109 59 48 | 37
iGO || AB | OF | 20 84 92 61 | 43 | 36
2096 53 | eo 22 1oo | fo) | 88 47 34
TGA AS | 100 14 | 6) || on | 5 Leama faa | 31

It will be observed in these figures that the proportion of the nasal index
to the orbital index in specimen No. 1124 is of higher grade than in any
other crania. This can scarcely be due to age, since there is not more than a
year’s difference between the skulls. The interorbital diameter in this skull
is also much the smallest of the series, a striking fact when the tendency
to constancy of this measurement is remembered. The least and greatest
facial diameters, face height, and palatal length and width are all smaller than
in the other specimens.

The acutely arched nasal bones, the ascending process of the maxilla

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS

or
4s

lying nearly parallel to the inner wall of the orbit, the deep recession of the
anterior aspect of the body of the maxilla, the wide megaseme orbit, all indi-
cate a pinched, narrow, under-developed facial region. Yet precocity of a
certain kind is seen in the closure of the sutures in the infraorbital margin
and the disappearance of the intermaxillomaxillary suture on the hard palate.
Asymmetry is seen in a prenasal fossa, being confined to the right side, and
a small pteriotic bone being found on the left, while there is none on the
right side. What cause can be given for these features occurring in so young
an individual? And why should the oldest skull in a series of four show the
smallest face proportions? I venture to believe that it is to be found in an
attack of measles, which has left characteristic impressions. The central in-
cisors are pitted on the crowns near the cutting edges, the remaining single-
rooted teeth are gibbous (¢.2., abruptly convex at the base of the crowns pos-
teriorly): all the teeth are stunted. A wide interval lies between the centrals,
and all the single-rooted teeth are intervalled on the left side. The interior of
the nose shows signs of inflammation.

The other appearances above noted are probably the outcome of the
attack. It must be recalled that measles was unknown to the Hawaiians
until it was brought to them by the Europeans. It was terribly devastating,
the survivors exhibiting many evidences of the ordeal through which they
had passed. It is fair to assume that the skull, so different from other
Hawaiian crania of about the same age, yields the sequel of a virulent type
of the disease.

Reflecting upon these features I was lead to ask myself the question, To
what extent does the action of the exanthemata modify the skull in our own
people? The deformities in the Hawaiian child were impossible before the
measles came to the community of which he was a part. How many of the
deformations of our own children’s heads are due to the exanthemata whose
ravages are familiar in the communities of which they are a part? To what
extent do these diseases, caused by the operation of the law of transmission
of acquired characters, produce a gradual alteration in the ethnic type which

is unknown to the peoples to whom the exanthemata are also unknown ?

Concluding Remarks

In the study just completed I have described a new graphic method of

collating measurements. I have endeavored to establish the proposition, that

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HAWAIIAN SKULLS

the differences between the crania called here the “ cave and the coast crania,”
are not due to race but to methods of living, and in some degree to differences
of mental strength in individuals. The cave series represents the dominating
and superior type and the coast series the weak and conquered type. I have
suggested that some of the contrasts that obtain in the proportions of the
face of the crania after European contact may be traced to the impress made
upon the individual by the action of the exanthematous diseases. I remain
of the opinion that the interest attached to the study of the human skull is
not confined to attempting to limit race, but to the study of the effects of

nutritive and even morbid processes upon the skull form.

LJ BRAN WT WIRE

1. ALEXANDER, W. D., A Brief History of the Hawaiian People. American Book
Company, 1891, page 75.

ALLEN, HARRISON, Crania from the Mounds of the St. John’s River, Florida. ;

iS}

Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. New Series, 1896, vol. x.
No. 4.

ALLEN, HARRISON, Dental Cosmos, 1867.

ies)

4. CHAPIN, ALONZO, American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1837, vol. xx. page 43.

5. Davis, J. BERNARD, Thesaurus Craniorum,, London, 1867, page 325.

6. DIBBLES, SHELDON, Travels in the Sandwich Islands, Labainaluna, 1843.

7. DumoutTrIeR, Voyage au Pole Sud (Astrolabe et Zélée), Anthropologie, plate 32.

8. Dwicut, THomas, American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1892, page 156.

Euis, W., Missionary Tour through Hawaii, London, 1827.

Io. Emerson, N. B., The Long Voyages of the Ancient Hawaiians. Proceedings
Hawaiian Historical Society, May 18, 1893.

11. FLower, Wm. H., Osteological Catalogue, 1897, page 136.

12. FROMENT, Recherches sur plusieurs Points d’ Anatomie, Paris, 1854, page 55.

13. HALBERTSMA, H. J., Amsterdam Verslagen, Akad., 1859, vol. ix., page 177, plates 1-3.

14. TURNER, W., Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1885, vol. xix., page 218.

15. TuRNER, W., Voyage H.M.S. Challenger, vol. xi., Report on Human Crania, 1884,
page 62.

16. Rerzrus, Uber Schadel von Sandwich Insulaner Ethnologische Schriften, fol., 1864.

17. Unube, C. W. F., Uber die Schidelform der Sandwich Insulaner, 4to, 1861.

18. WuuitNney, J. M., Dental Cosmos, Philadelphia, 1893, page 1.

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No. 1114, H. U.

TRANSACTIONS WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

PLATE XII.

No. 1749, A. N.S.

NORES ONSITESEAPEONTOLOGICAL PUB
CATIONS OF PROFESSOR WILLIAM WAGNER

BY
WILLIAM HEALEY DALL, A.M.,

Professor of Invertebrate Paleontology, Wagner Free Institute of Science.

¥

ROFESSOR WAGNER'S best-known publication on American Paleon-
tology is his paper in the eighth volume of the first series of the Journal

of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. This article occupies
pages 51-53, is illustrated by Plate 1 of this volume, and was published in
1839, having been read before the Academy January 2, 1838. It is probable
that extra copies of this paper were printed some time in 1838, as such a
copy, though not dated, is now before me, which differs in typography,
pagination, and plate numbers from the text of the Academy’s Journal. The

following collation will show the discrepancies :

Extra copy. Academy’s Journal.
No date of reading. “Read January 2, 1838.”
Pecten marylandicus, p. 1, pl. 2, fig. 1. [Same] p. 51, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Venus inocertformis, p. 2, pl. 2, fig. 2 OG (Ds Gily le iy sakeR, ike
Panopea goldfussit, pp. 2, pl. 2, fig. 3. GG p. 52, pl. 1, fig. 3.
Mysia nucletformis, jp. 3, pl. 2, fig. 5. G6 {> B2p jolla thy te, Ap
Trochus eboreus, p. 3, pl. 2, fig. 4. SG fb BA, fol i, me, Go

In the Academy’s text the references to the figures of Pecten marylandi-
cus and Venus inoceriformis are printed “ figure 1” and “ figure 2” respectively,
but on the plate the numbers are reversed.

I conclude from these discrepancies that the extra copy appeared at a
time when it was supposed another plate would precede Professor Wagner's in
the Journal, and hence before the printing of the latter and not subsequently.

From the figures and descriptions it appears that Pecten marylandicus is

7

8 TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

probably identical with a form subsequently named Pecten tenuis by H.C. Lea
[Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2d ser., ix., p. 246, pl. 35, fig. 33, 1846], but which is
not Pecten virgintanus Conrad, as supposed by Heilprin [Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. for 1881, p. 420]. Professor Wagner's name for this Pecten will,
therefore, be retained. Specimens are in the Academy’s collection.

The species is most nearly related to P. ¢slandicus of Miller. Like the
other species of this paper it is of Miocene age. VPanopea goldfussit is a
good and well-recognized species. Venus cnoceriformis is now referred to the
genus Clementia Gray. Mysia nucleiformis is undoubtedly a Diplodonta, but,
in the absence of the type specimens, it will be difficult to discriminate the
species. Zrochus (now Calliostoma) eboreus is a well-recognized species. Its
synonymy has been discussed in the Transactions of the Wagner Free Insti-
tute of Science, volume iii., page 398.

About the year 1839, Professor Wagner had prepared three plates illus-
trating other fossils supposed to be new and contained in his collection.
These were lithographs of a very good quality for the time, and the printed
sheets have for the most part remained in the Institute ever since. No text
appears to have been printed, yet certain copies with manuscript names
attached to them were evidently circulated, as the names have entered into
the literature. For this reason it was deemed best to issue the edition with
explanatory references, especially since several of the species are perfectly
good and have not been described or figured elsewhere, notwithstanding the
lapse of half a century.

In the Handbuch einer Geschichte der Natur von H. G. Bronn (Dritter
Band, 1ste und 2te Abtheilung) is included an Index Palezontologicus com-
piled with the assistance of Professors Goppert and von Meyer. This is a
classical work, known to and used by every paleontologist, indispensable to
every library of reference. The first part, or Nomenclator, alphabetically
arranged, was printed at Stuttgart in 1848. In 1849 the Enumerator, or
systematic arrangement of the material, with discussions on the development
of organic life, was also issued. That the editor or compilers of this work
were acquainted with the plates of Professor Wagner is certain, as under their
list of abbreviations (p. Ixxx.) appears “ Wagn. Wm. Wagner in Philadelphia
(Konch.),” and throughout the volumes are scattered references to the various
species figured on the plates in question, though with no reference to any text.
In the following references the titles of Bronn’s volumes will be abbreviated

as “ Bronn, 1848,” and “ Bronn, 1840,” respectively.

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FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE 9

PLATE 1.

Figure 1. Pyrula nansemondi Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, pp. 1070-71; 1849,
p- 457.| This is now referred to the genus Mdgur and is probably
identical with 7. maximum Conrad, Fos. Tert. Form, No. 2, cover, pl. 48,
fig. 1, 1840. The name seems to imply that Professor Wagner's speci-
men came from the Miocene beds on the Nansemond River, near the

town of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Virginia.

Figure 2, A, B. This is the only species figured to which I have not been
able to discover a reference in Bronn. Either it is omitted or is inserted
under some generic name which has not occurred to me. I have been
disposed to regard it as representing the upper valve of Déscintsca lugu-
éris Conrad, which is not uncommon in the formation from which several

of the species here figured are known to be derived.

Figure 3. Arca virginie Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 99; 1849, p. 283.] This
is an excellent species of which the figured types are still in the Wagner

collection.

Figure 4. Arca carolinensis Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 93; 1849, p. 283.]
This also is a well-characterized species to which no name has been
applied during the half-century which has elapsed since it was figured
from the types still existing in the Wagner collection. A valve in the
collection of the U.S. National Museum was obtained from the Upper
Miocene of Duplin County, North Carolina.

PLATE 2.

Figure 1. Fusus fragilis Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 513; 1849, p. 453.]
This resembles Fusws egualis Emmons (Geol. Rep. N. Car., p. 250, fig. 111,
1858) so much that it is probably identical with it. It will be observed
that the species was undescribed when figured by Professor Wagner.
Specimens in the National Museum were obtained from the Upper Mio-
cene of the Natural Well, Duplin County, North Carolina. A broken
fragment, without label, in the Wagner collection may perhaps be the
remains of the type, though this is doubtful. This fragment is hardly
identifiable, but may represent (sus exis Conr. rather than / equals.

Figure 2. Fusus umbilicatus Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 517, cites this in the
synonymy of /. guadricostatus Say (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, iv., p.

IO TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

127, pl. 7, fig. 5, 1824); Bronn, 1849, p. 455, cites it as a variety of
Say’s species.] There is no doubt of its identity with one of the varieties
of Ecphora quadricostata of our Atlantic Miocene.

Figure 3, A, B. Modiola gigas Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 736; 1849, p.
274.| This differs a good deal from Modiola ducatelit Conrad (Fos.
Medial Tert., p. 53, pl. 28, fig. 2, 1840) in outline, though Professor
Wagner’s specimen has been somewhat distorted by pressure. If the
differences are normal there is no doubt of the validity of both species.
Specimens somewhat approaching the figure of JZ gigas have been
obtained from the Miocene of Maryland by the collectors of the Mary-
land Academy of Sciences.

PLATE 3.

Figure 1, A, B. Chama agassizii Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 282; 1849, p.
292.) The type in the Wagner collection appears to be a senile speci-
men of Chama corticosa Conrad (Am. Journ. Sci., xxili., p. 341, July
1833).

Figure 2. Cardium ingens Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 282; 1849, p. 465.]
This is a fine species, seldom found in good condition, but abundant in
the Maryland Miocene. It appears to be identical with the shell described
as C. laqueatum Conrad (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., vi., p. 258,
1831; Fos. Medial Tert., p. 31, pl. 17, fig. 1, 1838), though I have never
seen a specimen with so many as the forty-three ribs ascribed to /ague-
atum in Conrad’s diagnosis. The number appears to be usually thirty-
six or thirty-seven. Under Cardium virgimianum in Conrad’s Medial
Tertiary Fossils (part 2, 1840, p. 33) occurs the following note: “The
specimen figured belongs to the fine cabinet of William Wagner, Esq., who
procured it with other fine fossils in Virginia. He gave it the name of
C ingens and read the description at a meeting of the Academy of Natural
Sciences in the winter of 1838-39. As I do not recognize a species until
the description appears in print, it is necessary to adopt the name under
which it was published in April, 1839.” This appears to be one of those
cases in which Conrad exercised his unrivalled capacity for mixing things
up. It is probable that his note should have been placed under the de-
scription of C. Jagueatum. It is useful in showing that Professor Wagner
read his account of these fossils as early as the winter of 1838-39, and

that the date of the plates may be as early as 1839. A cessation of

FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE i it

publication by the Academy occurred between the early months of 1839
and the year 1842, for reasons unknown, and this long delay may have
had something to do with the failure of the Academy to publish Professor
Wagner’s paper, for the illustration of which these plates were evidently
intended.

Figure 3. Cancellaria antiqua Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 208; 1849, p. 465.]
This species has not been recognized. From the figure it should be
nearly related to the C. ¢enera Philippi, of the Pliocene and recent faunas,
and in the Miocene to C. perspecttva Conrad, from Duplin County, North

Carolina.

Figure 4. Trochus cinctus Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 1298; 1849, p. 418.]
This species in the absence of its typical specimens can hardly be recog-

nized with certainty. It is probably a Cadfostoma.

Figure 5. Pectunculus virginie Wagner. [Bronn, 1848, p. 940; 1849, p. 283.]
This well-marked species has been described at a much later date by
Tuomey and Holmes (Pleiocene Fossils of S. Carolina, p. 50, pl. 17, fig.
5, 1855), from the Pliocene of the Waccamaw beds, South Carolina,

under the name of Pectunculus levis.

From the above notes it will be observed that the species figured come
from the Upper Miocene and Pliocene of the Atlantic slope, from Maryland,
Virginia, and the Carolinas. When Professor Wagner read his descriptions at
the Academy of Natural Sciences in the winter of 1838-39, with few excep-
tions the species were conspicuous, characteristic, and undescribed. It is an
obvious commentary on the want of interest which, up to ten years ago, was
felt in the Tertiary faunas of the United States, that in all the years which
have passed since these fossils were brought to the attention of the Academy,
a fair proportion have not been named or, indeed, noticed in any way
whatever. It seems highly appropriate under the circumstances that we
should very largely owe to the Wagner Institute the stimulus which has

brought about a renewed and deeper interest in our Tertiary Paleontology.

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