oteg te cay erngnlerity COCR eS 2 PO Se aro ayer . Sr ae en ct an a a ye t ire aay hig on) ae i l if NEL AS } “Xt TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE GP SEIENCE OF PHILADELPHIA x VOL. TE PART VI. OCTOBER, 1903 WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE MONTGOMERY AVE. AND SEVENTEENTH ST. jy PHILADELPHIA DAY APU iA" if eat Sy ey Ay), WANGINTOIR, Jelsdele UN STINU INE Ole SCUEINCHs OF PHILADELPHIA TRANSACTICGINS lee Wate WONGINGalS Jeiele INS ITTMO Ie OF SCIENCE Ol IP Jal LAN ID) le Le al VOLES IE PART VI. OECTOWIEI, L©@Z WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE MONTGOMERY AVE. AND SEVENTEENTH ST. PHILADELPHIA CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ee AINA OF FLORIDA WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SILEX BEDS OF TAMPA AND THE PLIOCENE BEDS Ob mine CALOOSARAN CEES RIVER INCLUDING IN MANY CASES A COMPLETE REVISION OF THE GENERIC GROUPS TREATED OF AND THEIR AMERICAN TERTIARY SPECIES BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL, A.M. PALEONTOLOGIST TO THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY; HONORARY PROFESSOR OF INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY IN WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE PART VI. CONCLUDING THE WORK CEG faeh % a Ht [Pine le aCe S foreshadowed in the Preface to Part V. of this Memoir, the present contri- bution completes the work begun in 1885. It contains the remainder of the Pelecypoda and the Brachiopoda, together with a general summary of the geological and paleontological results and a few additions and corrections to earlier parts. As the student of these volumes will have observed (as is inevitable in such an undertaking, extending over eighteen years of labor in the field and in the laboratory), there are some modifications of the original method, some shifting of the point of view with greater knowledge of the facts, and the introduction of some improvements due to increased experience. It may be well to restate the conditions under which it was prepared, at the suggestion and with the cordial cooperation of Mr. Joseph Willcox, of the Wagner Institute. Originally the exploitation of the Tampa silex beds, the Chesapeake Miocene, and the rich fauna of the Caloosahatchie marls was contemplated. In the field work necessary to make our collections complete within these limits other horizons were examined, and the codperation of the United States Geo- logical Survey through its officers, Mr. Gilbert D. Harris (now of Cornell University) and Mr. Frank Burns; of the Wagner Institute through Mr. Will- cox and Mr. C. W. Johnson; of the Hon. T. H. Aldrich and Professor E. A. Smith, of Alabama, was constant and cordial. New material came in each season, until in self-defence much of it had to be put aside in order to complete the work at all. Tn the earlier part of the work it was recognized that the so-called Miocene of Florida comprised two very dissimilar faunas, and to the earlier the term Old Miocene was applied in this work. Further study and material showed that this “ Old Miocene” had nothing to do with the Miocene of the United States in its most typical development, as in Virginia and Maryland, but repre- sented a group of horizons strictly analogous to those which had received from European geologists the name of Oligocene. These horizons contained a very rich warm-water fauna which was soon tound to be more or less distinctly represented in the Tertiaries of Middle America and the West Indian Islands. This fauna then had to be examined and collections made at Bowden, Jamaica, and other important points in order vill vill PREFACE that the correlation of the Antillean and continental beds might be discovered and duplication of descriptions avoided. It was found that the connection between the Atlantic and Pacific faunas ceased at about the climax of the Oligo- cene, and that the relations between the faunas were so intimate that the Pacific coast forms could not safely be entirely neglected. This condition of things will account for the references to faunas not strictly Floridian, of which this work contains so many, yet which were essential to the proper under- standing of both the paleontological and geological evolution of the region concerned. The accumulation of material has been so constant and so great that, if the work were to be begun now for the first time, it is probable that the number of species would be greatly increased in the gastropod groups treated of in Parts I. and II. But this sort of thing would go on forever, so great is the richness of our Tertiaries, and an attempt to include the novelties thus passed over would have prolonged indefinitely the task in hand. Enough is known to render such a course unnecessary for drawing the broad conclusions which form the most important result of these studies. For the details of these, too extensive to be properly included in a preface, the reader is referred to the general sum- mary of results at the end of this volume. Here it may be said that, among other things accomplished, several distinct Oligocene faunas have been worked out with fulness and their relations established; a wide extension has been given to the Pliocene deposits, long confused with those of the upper Miocene; the geological relations of the beds between the Vicksburgian and the Pleisto- cene have been established in their main lines more clearly than has hitherto been the case in the region studied; the species of half a dozen faunas have been revised, their nomenclature modernized, many new forms recognized, described, and figured; old confusions have been cleared up, old errors rectified, © and a substantial advance in the Tertiary paleontology of our southeastern coastal plain has been secured. In a work including such a host of details it would be unreasonable to expect that the author has not occasionally erred. Nor is it to be supposed that in matters where confusion has reigned the author’s judgment will prove infallible, or to the taste, in every instance, of others who may study the same data. But, with all such allowances made, it is probable that for future stu- dents (may their tribe increase) the way to an understanding of the subject has been made much easier than it was eighteen years ago. The fact that the generally accepted Tertiary column of 1885 was really a sort of skeleton or scaffolding, in which the accepted divisions were merely the PREFACE 1X particular horizons which accident or special conditions of preservation of the contained fossils had made conspicuous, and that numerous other beds also im- portant stratigraphically and faunally remained to be exploited, was not then and is hardly yet appreciated. The excellent work of Professor Harris on the Midwayan and Chickasawan divisions of the lower Eocene in his “ Bulletins of American Paleontology,” and the results set forth in the present work, aided by the advances in faunal knowledge of the vertebrate Tertiary faunas made by Scott, Osborne, and other energetic workers, have rendered the last ten or fifteen years more fruit- ful in American Tertiary geology than any period since that of Lyell. When we remember that the successive Tertiary strata on our southeastern coastal plain are composed of nearly identical materials, one stratum being often built of the débris of those immediately preceding it; that their chemical and mineralogical constituents are necessarily practically the same; that the soft nature of the rocks, even when consolidated, lends itself to erosion and to obscuration by the subtropical luxuriant vegetation,—it would seem hardly necessary to reassert the truth so often lost sight of, that geological work which does not take careful account of the paleontological data in this region is practically futile. Nearly all the errors into which geologists have been led in this part of the country, practically all the inaccurate theorizing and inci- dental controversy, have arisen from ignorance of or too superficial examina- tion of the fossil contents of these rocks. The work already done is still insuf- ficient for any final consensus of opinion. Those beds which have afforded a well-preserved fauna are doubtless fairly well understood, that there are others like them not yet known is eminently probable, and that there are numerous others in which the removal of the fossils by solution has delayed recognition of their existence and relative importance is ¢ertain. The latter, affording only casts, or, in some fortunate cases, silicious pseudomorphs of the contained fossils, can only be intelligently studied when the intervening better-preserved faunas are thoroughly known. Thus a rich field is open for the paleontologist, and the explorations and publications of the Wagner Institute have had exceptional importance in calling attention to the opportunities it presents. It is earnestly to be hoped that the students needed to reap the harvest will soon be forthcoming. A certain number of the belated accessions to the collection which belong to groups which had been passed in the text before they were received were described by me in the “ Proceedings of the United States National Museum,” No. 1035, volume xviii., pp. 21-46, 1895. These species were not then figured, xX PREFACE but the illustrations of them appear now, to complete the data needed by the student, as well as figures of a few other interesting forms from similar material received too late to be utilized in the body of the work. In the years which have elapsed since this Memoir was begun the subject of zoological nomenclature has been much discussed and the general consensus of opinion seems to trend towards the acceptance of names for which no diag- nosis was originally supplied, provided the species cited under them are identi- fiable. This change from the British Association rules of 1842 is responsible for much unnecessary overturning of formerly accepted names with no visible benefit to science, but since it appears to express the will of the majority it seems useless to oppose it, and in Parts IV.-VI. it has been complied with except in the case of the anonymous auctioneer’s catalogue known as the “Museum Calonnianum.” This compilation from a manuscript of Hwass, edited by Da Costa, and printed for the auctioneer, George Humphrey, has usually been credited to the latter. I confess my desire to settle the nomen- clature on a firm basis, though great, has not been equal to the acceptance of these anonymous, undefined, worthless names, which would involve the loss of much that is most fundamental in the nomenclature of mollusks. I still hope that the common-sense of naturalists will find a way—if necessary, an arbitrary way—to eliminate this publication from authorized sources of nomen- clature. The “ Museum Boltenianum” stands on a different footing, and the principal change which its acceptance involves in the earlier part of this work is the substitution of the name Busycon for the more familiar Fulgur. Acknowledgments are due not only to the Wagner Institute of Science and its secretary, Mr. Joseph Willcox, for cordial codperation and sympathy in the work exemplified in this Memoir, but also to the United States Geological Survey and its directors, the late Major J. W. Powell and the Hon. Charles D. Wal- cott, by whose permission it was carried on, and to Dr. Frank Burns and Mr. T. Wayland Vaughan, of the staff, for hearty codperation; to the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum by the secretary and ex officio director, Dr. S. P. Langley, for the use of collections, library, and other facilities to an extent only limited by the needs of the occasion; to Professor W. B. Clark, director of the Maryland Geological Survey, for the loan of type specimens for comparison; to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and other officers of the Academy of Natural Sciences for free access to the collections and other courtesies; to numerous friends and correspondents at home and abroad, among whom should especially be mentioned the Hon. T. H. Aldrich, of Birmingham, Alabama; Professor Eugene A. Smith, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Dr. L. T. Chamberlain, of New PREFACE x1 York; Colonel Thomas L. Casey, United States Engineer Corps; Mr. Edgar A. Smith, of the British Museum, and M. Maurice Cossmann, of Paris. Dr. J. C. McConnell, of Washington, D. C., who has supplied the admirable pen drawings which are reproduced in the illustrations, has been an indispen- sable collaborator. When the plates of this work are compared with the muddy and often wholly worthless heliotypes which disfigure so many pretentious modern paleontological publications, both the author, the Institute, and the student must feel that they are entitled to congratulate themselves on the quality of Dr. McConnell’s work, which is certainly unequalled in America, if not in the world. Wittiam HeEarey DALL. SMITHSONIAN INstTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D. C., March 31, 1903. Me ey Ae Penge! PABEEROESCONMENMS: ORDER TELEODESMACEA (Continued). + JETS: Shcaton oa uid OOMnG Cao Seta D CRI Horio Icn ae cheek eI Cas Eoear aO aea reer vil. SUPERFAMILY VENERACEA (Concluded). JRAIMEB EN? WADI fol ay.01 aa Greta Araneta enc eee cn ceetetoeues crete Sean CUS A TERS No or RRR Ue 1219 SUPERFAMILY LucINACEA (Concluded). VAC ETTaVean OVIR ES NITE TeT Dao aa te inrcags tava avn @earseescie 12 oi ee One R OO TN RTS Le aT eee heen aN 1334 .Famity THYASIRIDE 1335 EDAU VEAL ae LEU CLINID A pensp sei, eaeeestiey sesysi ca vested octets ese rss oo rs SIS See Lehi I eet SERIA Coe os EAD EVAN Iet Te Vel @ORBUD IAS reps reyes eeencieyees Py h keke oVaiy rev a) AS Gp ls anoneneT aT To soto Fie aE Se EN eye QOL SUPERFAMILY CHAMACEA. PEvAV Men Te vag CETANNVE TD ey eae eay ea teams aman ey trenaicet iy sey cusiieie eqn epirisrtaveuts asad cocked al exon spel sia: geateoe eestor 1393 SUPERFAMILY CARDITACEA. FaMILy CARDITID 1406 VAINETTE Ve COND MU OCARDIND AE ery arereteatecrct atest nab cialer alsa cits Ate ogee tne yaa eye vou Melman 1436 SUPERFAMILY CYRENACEA. FAMILY CYRENIDE 1439 FAMILY SPHERIID 1455 SUPERFAMILY ASTARTACEA. FVANETTAVe CRASS ATER TET DID VBE a efor lebalegerel cteietovsie celevelsocteneeie tare ieee haeicis Secenes ocr) eee LAO BEWARE TI Yew ANS TVA TID Zs Spayshs era ore casieh cre aste Ns lov enei aie aralrercrsles Mustaves ar Sievensley sien spe are Drea aloes Ucar 1481 SUPERFAMILY CYPRICARDIACEA. VANE TE VE EP E EUROPE ORID As yichie. cccratveyctene fa enero ie veaielio eters snincs si pietoerain oe aidese auseeaia Sarees, TAGO. ORDER ANOMALODESMACEA SUPERFAMILY PoROMYACEA. DAMTTAY. CUSPIDARTID Hote raieit ay sm ceneiste tals larereye, xray evaeen eye ais dats ernie obs sevens eelacuteines L503 VAM Va ORO MMA CUD Amn repre aay etter ete cree eho sealer ere ooo le 1ST eT es eee so ae 1508 AVNET Va VERDICORDILD Au eeaierocs seals sien svals eoieeteteneieaciate Sone Gin a cs cieere tis eters, vaeieueis as at 1509 SUPERFAMILY ANATINACEA. IRVIN RENE SLPAOINISTOUNYG ONS pio ato mcto-o'oty orks rb bra EOE OO RCRC Me EO OI a eS oe POR tes or 1513 IDAMATING INRA S.dGs 5-00 pie od 6 OU OSS RO eee Tue BRL CIO OIG Dito ated GREE Rasen age 1515 XiV CONTENTS INANE TEV INER RUA CLED AR peepee ec petetersrckere sess soars’ s_ sve) satianetereneis os/apachau eee eaeenp tele Rarer neato ES oes aRetene 1522 PA MITAY MP ERIPLO NDA TID AE sy ct yc ny croceretore ors Sheree apace) TeV Tei ace eS eRe ie 1528 VAMILY: ZANATINAD ANS cverayestcis sashes es eis s/cus cue sevens tara wrelleeuers wie Ora aENo cslene icine 1530 CAINET LY. PoE OLADO MAYAN CLD Ae oey- ere elicsastcieie elicieure tanh lee ene RR eeceeaelo eee RLS GIL CLass BRACHIOPODA. VATE V4) ES GUNGID IR eares testy Seevaras sesso esa aecieu erat ris ty Sie eae Tao eT eae oer eee eae 1534 CA MOTL Vey RYN. CHONELTID Att 7. (ojo s/t wiceeisys/als axsie sesuslenctactaciaisteisictetvstercitver iether ecenete 1535 ANETISVeM PREBRATULID aoe haves ants usrepeicial- tops pi ane meen eet rp eT eee 1539 VAIL VAX PERERA TEED UD Ab jis: sys cic sos leider deeilo)avecvisig heheh see sere RET ROE EIE aN oreR pate eset Tet eT ere 1530 DIscUSSION OF THE GEOLOGY. DIN DRODUCTORY yp coors sauces eS evens cee eie cis eoesea ore Me deia sayeth eter key aus oe ecard eee a ae a 1541 SEE IVT CRSBURG SH LETNOES TONE orayters hsvjay-nev=to Corey cuore nttaretexerc tate te Rotarer Poke nel reer IK rer eae 1553 JGHE OHELEMBEUPE GROUP. sty-tencpscone cnr Retin aide tet eset cemee eve TORS oe 1555 THE OCAMAGIETIMIES TONE) Ac .crcicccjorns oe iat aote oe oinecee Cane e lace Ta lech Ton ere aero 1556 “isi (Crergersasoocsans Goel: cobeosonscobsoogsboddoscvdccddouccouncsosuooseDS 1558 AIEEE) IVANEP ARS TEE GU BIED She ray scnucyascssea cra sch sl coehosedcerok au och uatat oe TeU Ue Ea RU Tea be ae 1504 Wyrsnan Wy NCIsh, Iigentin GN WNSOMN IBS? Goo odponcccodesooudououddagacoessaocecd MEO SEE VIVAMIP AN ETMBSTONES OR ORBITOLITE BED) eeeineeieirciseiiciticerenceeiareriat 1570 WED, JACRORIORO: Wistar) ILE, Gopcocson nd deds0acnoo dD Gda0e00005 0000006 1573 WEnRA Sr TPOMAM BEDS ie usesitars fesse sit tea afeneis eye oA IE RI Se Eee CIN TRS TRE ESE RCR ELS /2 TELE WB @ WIDE NasIVENR epee) <2 Nis Scysecoe los ee avoy Satake Sek ere ee EE ee Eee Pes CO TE OAK (GROVE SANDS) sts(s xis ss ele 5 Uae Siene Seve eS STOR a ee TIC eer Ree LEG OS Terai: STE OE IVEARTES srerrersiaten sve eters sus2. chee sortovepaset HAs eee tere roe aerate mere te eterno 1592 INE, HPORIDEANS NETOGENE™Gei\aar ie ceca ceen an more Gk nee crane eee meee een 1504 THE MD UPLIN, MTOCENEM Sei iacitee ane ae eae ee ie ae a Reo Ce eC rie eee OS ANeiD (GAIOORVAIsUNNerstidn) IBIS on.cooubadoonesog onda da doeaonodobcpcodobduangonoo 6 1603 aNais nooo Om mst, CANONS 5 .condccdbccscocssncc dogo cd susosaodacessenso NGA Aisa, IPirisusocismps, Wis INORUNEE CAKE ooo coccnnoccnde aacaboascsopdDUDGaDEdoCED0N IOI5 ABLE I) STATISTICS OF THE HOSSIEm VIOLEUSK—WAUINAS) eisepyaeetiteie-ieielstsry ciel istere 1617 TABLE 2. RtsE, CULMINATION, AND DECLINE OF THE FLoripA NEOcENE MoLiusK- TEVACUNAS oho eee rc aOR AS eee eee es ese Uses tee Tepe eg Cie Ca CREE eer 1619 EXPLANATION OF PLATES .......- Pee Terai a eMRNIE eicpatance sO ct acoicerr Ste tae availa stale enoten te D ores 1621-34 IE in) SS Gene aCe ERT ee sn a I i ee era y aosL Oooo) MONS AXDMENONIS Ain) (COICO coocodscovsqs00s0c0nn DocbadaReosenoNSDDOUDGOGGCSRC00N 1653 SACP CER NICHOL Lear e a. - Rien aaaan in Hine hk hn eto PRA GMamOn Ona O00 OUorop.cr OCS 1654 TIBIR TUNIC IEAWIN Ole Ie ORI Dey cd Superfamily VENERACEA (Continued). Famity VENERIDAE. HE most beautiful, genetically the most highly developed, and one of the most prolific in the recent faunas, this family has had a varied history and complicated elucidation. The Linnean genus Venus was naturally heterogeneous, comprising animals now scattered in several distinct families. If the whole subject were to be revised here for the first time, there is no doubt the best course would be to adopt as the type of the genus Linné’s first species, Venus dione, not only be- cause it stands first, and was cited as an example in the “ Fundamenta Testa- ceologica” by Linné himself and by Cuvier in his “ Tableau” of 1798, but also because it was the species selected by Linné upon which he based the technical terms used in the description of the group, and it was widely known collo- quially among collectors and naturalists as “the true Venus shell,” and by similar appellations indicating that it was generally considered in the eighteenth century as the particular exemplar of the group. In view of the fact that Lamarck selected another form in his ‘“ Prodromus,” which has been generally accepted as a type for the restricted genus, it would be unwise to attempt to reverse the course of history. The first work in which any revision of the Linnean genus was attempted is that of Scopoli in 1777, who, following Adanson, segregated Dosimia and Codakia, but otherwise contents himself by pointing out that the group typified by Venus meretrix Linné has a hinge which does not fit the Linnean diagnosis of the genus. A year earlier Da Costa, who at that time had not accepted the Linnean system of nomenclature, proposed for a group practically synonymous with Venus the name Pectunculus, including under this designation speciés of Cyprina, Chione, Dosinia, and Arcopagia, as appears in his “ British Con+ chology” of 1778, in which he at last uses a consistently binomial nomenclature. In the anonymous “ Museum Calonnianum,” edited by Da Costa from a manu- 1219 TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1220 script of Hvass for Humphrey, the London auctioneer, the name Pectunculus is retained for the Linnean Venus. A genus Cuneus, for bivalves with the beaks near one end, was proposed in the “ Elements” with a fossil Trigonia as example; in the “ British Conchology” Donax, Saxicava, Rupellaria, etc., are included; in the ‘““ Museum Calonnianum” all the identifiable species belong to Donax, and it may be regarded as a synonym of Donax L. Bruguiére practically made no change, for though he instituted the genus Lucina for some of the Tellinas of Linné, the species of Codakia, which the latter had included in Venus, still remained there on the plates of the “ En- cyclopédie Méthodique” in 1797. The first person to break up the Linnean genus was Bolten, whose posthu- mously printed catalogue of 1798 contains a host of new generic names. A study of Bolten’s lists shows that it was still the external ornamentation and general form, rather than such characters as the hinge, pallial sinus, or mus- cular impressions, upon which he relied to discriminate his groups, but he had a keen eye and instinctively brought together species which on the whole were, by modern standards, to be regarded as akin. His groups may be described as follows: Paphia Bolten. Shells compressed, elongate-ovate, smooth or feebly concentrically sculp- tured. The group contains Venus gigantea Gmelin (a Macrocallista), V. meroé Gmelin (a Sunetta), and four species of Tapes. Gafrarium Bolten. Oblong shells with strong reticulated sculpture. It contains Venus fimbriata Gmelin (a Corbis), V. pectinata Gmelin (= Crista Roemer), and Venus reticu- lata Gmelin (a Cytherea). Cytherea Bolten. Orbicular species, which he divides into two groups: 1, flattened forms, containing Venus granulata Gmelin (Timoclea), V. tigrina (a Codakia), V. concentrica Born (a Dosinia), Venus scripta Gmelin (a Circe), V. rugifera Lam. (Circe), Venus histrio, V. exoleta, and V. sinuata Gmelin (Dosina) ; 2, convex species, containing Venus puerpera, rugosa, and verrucosa Gmelin, and V. juvenilis Lam. (a Dosinia). Venus Bolten. Subtriangular species, which are divided into-two groups: I, subovate; 2, triangular, these last being also separated into smooth and sulcate subgroups. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA In the first group are associated Meretrix chione, lusoria, morphina, macu- lata, erycina, and lilacina of authors. In the second group, smooth section, we find Venus tslandica (Cyprina); V. tumens Gmelin (Pitaria); V. mercenaria L.; V. opima Gmelin (Tapes) ; four varieties of V. castrensis Gmelin (Circe), treated as species; V. chione L. (Meretrix); Venus tripla and corbicula Gmelin (Tivela). In the sulcate section of the second group are to be found Venus dione L.; V. circinata (Meretrix); V. striata Chemnitz, V. paphia, gallina, dysera, pli- cata, marica, and donacina Gmelin; V. rostrata Chemnitz (Anomalocardia) ; and V. fluminea Bolten (Galatea) = hermaphrodita Gmelin. In the same year Cuvier, in the “ Tableau Elémentaire de l’histoire natu- relle,” simply accepts the nomenclature of Bruguiére, which brings us to the epoch-making “ Prodrome” of Lamarck in 1799.* Lamarck systematically utilizes for the first time the valuable characters furnished by the hinge of bivalves as well as the anatomical data of Cuvier, but in the Veneride this paper merely selects a type, VY. mercenaria, from among the forms grouped under the name of Venus by Bolten, segregates Meretrix as previously indi- cated by Scopoli, and uses the names Pectunculus and Paphia in a sense dif- ferent from that in which either was originally proposed. In his ‘“ Systéme des Animaux sans Vertébres” two years later he discriminates the genus Petri- cola which had been included by Linné in the genus Venus. It may be noted here that the name Galatea for Venus paradoxa Born, which appeared in 1797 ’ on plate ccl. of the “ Encyclopédie Méthodique,” is preceded by the use of the same name for a crustacean by Fabricius in 1793; the substitute Potamophila Sowerby, 1822, is preoccupied by Latreille for Crustacea in 1817, and the genus will have to take the name of Egeria Roissy, 1805. Link in 1807, follow- ing Adanson, segregated Sunetta and Tivela, but left the mass of species under Venus. * As a matter of principle I have omitted consideration of works in which the Linnean binomial nomenclature was not consistently adopted and the names in which (until adopted by some binomial author from whom alone they will take date) have merely an historic interest. Such are the works of Klein, Da Costa’s “ Elements,” Meuschen, Poli, and Dumeéril, as well as the worthy but pre-Linnean Adanson. Among the names sometimes found in the literature and cited from these works are Pectunculus Da Costa; Chame formes and Chame, Meuschen; Callista and Arthemis, Poli, 1791, with their complements, Callistoderma and Arthemiderma, Poli, 1795; and Venusarius Duméril. TRANSACTIONS OF’ WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 4 iS) i) iS) We are now in a position to take stock of some of the Boltenian names before proceeding further. From Paphia Bolten, Sunetta and Meretrix have been eliminated, leaving only species of the genus ordinarily called Tapes (Muhlfeld, 1811), which must retain Bolten’s name. From Cytherea Bolten the subtraction of Codakia and Dosinia leaves only species of the type of V. puerpera and granulata Gmelin and scripta Gmelin. From Venus Bolten the subtraction of Venus (typical), Meretrix, Tapes (sp.), Tivela, and Egeria or Galatea leaves only species of the type of IV. islandica, tumens, castrensis, dione, and rostrata. ” In Megerle von Muhlfeld’s “ Essay at a New System of Conchology,” 1811, a number of new names appear: Cuneus Megerle, based on Venus meroé L., is a synonym of Sunetta Link; Tapes Megerle is the equivalent of (the elimi- nated) Paphia Bolten; Chione Megerle includes such forms as l’. cancellata and V. gallina; Fimbria Megerle (a preoccupied name) was afterwards named Corbis by Cuvier; Trigona Megerle, preoccupied in insects, is Tivela Link; Orbiculus Megerle is a compound of Dosinia and Codakia Scopoli. Lamarck seems to have repented of using the somewhat indelicate name of Meretrix, and in 1805 Roissy cites a genus Citherea “ Lamarck” which is the equivalent of Meretrix. In the “ Annals du Museum” (vii., p. 132) Lamarck definitely substitutes the name Cytherea for Meretrix, which was afterwards very generally dropped in favor of the new name. The Cytherea of Lamarck, however, is not Cytherea Bolten, the latter having priority over the former as well as over Meretrix. The next most important advance was made by Schumacher,* though a number of the groups he segregated had been previously named. Anomalo- cardia Schumacher was proposed for a group of Veneride typified by Il’. fluc- tuosa L.; Mercenaria for the typical Venus Lamarck, 1799; Tapes Megerle is adopted ; Arctica is proposed for Venus tslandica (L.) Miller; Tridonta for the group which had the year before been named Astarte by Sowerby, and was to be named Crassina by Lamarck after Leach in the year following; Lentillaria for Codakia Scopoli; Meroé for Sunetta Link; Cytherea Lamarck is adopted and Venus, for which l’. dione, V’. circinata, and Dosinia exoleta are cited as examples. The genus Circe is proposed for Venus scripta L.; Trigona is used for Link’s Tivela; Antigona for a new species allied to Cytherea Bolten; Idothea, a name preoccupied in Crustacea, is given to Megerle’s Fimbria. Schumacher’s names reduce Cytherea Bolten to Veneride of the type of * Essai d’un Nouveau Systéme des habitations des vers testacés, Copenhagen, 1817. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 4 i) is) ios) Venus puerpera, tor which it must be retained. They also clear up the un- appropriated residue of Venus Bolten, except V. tumens and V. dione. Gafrarium Bolten is by this time relieved of the genus Corbis and retains only Il’. reticulata L. and the Circes of the group later called Crista by Romer. V. reticulata belongs to Cytherea Bolten. There is no essential change in the “ Animaux sans Vertébres” of Lamarck in 1818. In 1838 Gray, in the “ Ana- lyst,” * contributes a Catalogue of Cytherea (Lamarck, not Bolten), in which he proposes a genus Chione which is not Chione Megerle, but has a small anterior lateral tooth and was based on Venus chione L. A genus Dosina, based on Venus verrucosa L., is identical with the Cytherea of Bolten as eliminated. Early in the century Dr. William Elford Leach, of the British Museum, was active in systematic biology and coined a large number of generic names which appeared on labels of the Museum and were used in his correspondence and quoted in synonymy by Lamarck, Risso, Brown, Gray, and other pupils or contemporaries. These names were frequently changed by him, many of them were never properly described, and even after his death Dr. Gray published a work of Leach which, without adding much to knowledge or exhibiting any very marked dependence on the anatomical characters of the Mollusks for guidance, increased very largely the number of synonyms and uncertain desig- nations of the British Mollusca. A number of names were proposed by Captain in 1827, part of which were derived from Leach, and none of which were defined. Others appear in , Thomas Brown in his “ Illustrations of Conchology’ Gray’s very helpful but not always reliable “List of Genera of Recent Mol- lusca” in 1847, in his “ List of British Animals” (Mollusca) in 1851, and in his “ Arrangement of the Figures” in Mrs. Gray’s ‘“‘ Figures of Molluscous Ani- mals,” vol. v., 1857. Among important publications for the nomenclature of the Veneride in the nineteenth century is the arrangement of Morch in the second part of his “Catalogue of the Yoldi Collection,” 1853, where many non-binomial names of Klein and others are for the first time employed in binomial nomenclature, though without definitions or citation of especial type species. About the same time, in the British Museum duodecimo series of publications, Deshayes published a “ Catalogue of the Conchifera, Part I.,” including the Veneride. Though the laws of nomenclature were not adhered to with any strictness, and some of the names therefore cannot stand, this marked a considerable advance on previous literature of the subject. In 1857 Eduard Romer printed as an inaugural dis- * Vol. viii. No. xxiv., pp. 302-9, London, 1838. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER Nae TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA sertation for the doctorate of philosophy a “ Kritische Untersuchung” of the Linnean genus Venus, in which a systematic arrangement of the species was proposed which has had a strong influence on subsequent literature of the subject. Unfortunately, Romer’s ideas of nomenclature were rather bizarre; , he divided his subgenera into “ families,’ and proposed new names to cover groups composed of genera of older date which he reduced in rank. Though his paper contained a vast amount of information, his disregard of the rules and ignorance of certain works bearing on the nomenclature of the group render his arrangement more or less defective. Later this author prepared a number of monographs of groups of Veneride, with very beautiful and accu- rate plates, which will permanently associate his name with the study of this attractive group of Mollusks. The reviews of the genera in Stoliczka’s “ Cretaceous Pelecvpoda of India,” 1871, and Fischer’s painstaking ‘“* Manuel de Conchyliologie,” 1887, must be consulted by all students of the Veneride. A revision by the writer, covering the family Venerid@, was published in the “ Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Museum,” xxvi., No. 1312, pp. 345-306, 1902. This family is here divided into four subfamilies, Dosiniine, Meretricine, Venerine, and Gemmine. Subfamily DOSINIINZ. This group is composed chiefly of orbicular shells with concentric sculpture, which have a large arcuate foot and long, closely united siphons. The hinge, except in Clementia, which is somewhat degenerate and has the hinge much reduced in relative size, has three left and four right cardinals. There are usually no posterior laterals, and the anterior laterals, when present, are usually practically obsolete. The group recedes in time to the Eocene and has never been very abundant in species. A number of species have been described from the Cretaceous and even from the Jurassic, but, as Stoliczka has pointed out, these are mostly not true Dosinias, but belong to Cyprimeria and other groups which are precursors of the Veneride. The earlier representatives of the subfamily have a corrugated area on the adjacent surfaces of the nymphs and posterior lateral teeth, and it is interest- ing to note that in the nepionic young of Dosinidia, sometimes even up to a size of ten millimetres, this corrugation is retained, though, as the shell grows, it becomes obscure and finally disappears. As in many shells with broad FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE 1225 TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA nymphs and strong ligament, a carious process goes on below the beaks, re- sulting in the decay of the shelly matter and the formation of a small cavity under the anterior end of the ligament which sometimes encroaches on the posterior cardinals. This has been mistaken by some writers for a normal formation, but is merely the result of decay due to the access of seawater and senility of the adjacent portion of the ligament. A. Anterior and posterior laterals present, the lunule impressed but not defimtely limited. Genus DOSINIOPSIS Conrad. Dosiniopsis Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1864, p. 213 (D. Meekw Conrad, loc. cit.) ; Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri, p. 179, 1876; Tryon, Str. and Syst. Conch., p. 178, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1079, 1887. Cytherea Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 151, 1870. The type of this remarkable group is Cytherea lenticularis Rogers, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi., p. 372, pl. xxviii., fig. I, 1839, a more solid and heavy variety of which was named by Conrad D. Meekit.* It is an orbicular shell, with a dark and heavy periostracum, which is fre- quently well preserved in the fossils, covering a concentrically striated surface. The inner margins are smooth, the pallial sinus is short, free, acutely angular, and ascending. The lunule is impressed but not distinctly circumscribed, and there is no defined escutcheon, though the area in which the ligament is seated is depressed below the hardly carinated dorsal margins. The hinge is strong and remarkable in being the only genus of the family in which there is a dis- tinctly developed posterior lateral tooth. This enters an excavated socket in the left valve which is not bounded by any lamin. The nymphs are corru- gated and there is a strong corrugated left anterior lateral. The posterior right cardinal is broad and deeply channelled above. If Stoliczka had seen the typical species he would not have referred the group to Cytherea Lamarck. The dental formula is L-°*tor10r0, The genus, so far, is only known positively from the Eocene of Sac and eastern North America; the two British species, Venus plana and Cyprina planata of Sowerby, referred to Dosimopsis by Mr. Conrad in 1866, appear from the figures to be respectively a Meretrix and a * See Clark, U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 141, p. 78, pl. xviii., figs. Ia-1g, 1896. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1226 Cyprina, while the Californian form, D. alta, is still too little known for exact determination. Except in the number of cardinals and the presence of a sinus Dosiniopsis is conchologically a Cyprina, but the above characters indicate its proper place to be in this family. Subgenus AEORA Conrad. Zora Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., vi., p. 72, 1870 (type 4fora cretacea Conrad, Cretaceous of New Jersey); Whitfield, Brach. Lam. Raritan Clays, p. 168, pl. xxiii., figs. 16, 17, 1885. This species and genus is still known only by Conrad’s type. So far as I am able to discover, it does not differ in its characters from Dosiniopsis, except as a smaller, more delicate, and more elongated shell might differ from a heavy and orbicular one. The presence or absence of the right posterior lateral is not yet determined, but the excavation of the left hinge-plate leads to the proba- bility that there is a tooth to occupy it. Professor Whitfield was mistaken in supposing that Stoliczka referred this group to the Tellinide. In reality, he placed it next to Thetironia among the precursors of the Veneride. Subgenus PELECYORA Dall, 1902. Type Cytherea hatchetigbeénsis Aldrich, from the upper Chickasawan Eocene of Hatchet- igbee Bluff, Alabama. See Harris, Bull. Am. Paleont., ii., pl. xviii., figs. 11, 12. Shell orbicular, with rugose nymphs, simple anterior lateral and socket; no posterior lateral; the pallial sinus narrow, angular, ascending, rather long; otherwise as in Dosiniopsis. The right posterior cardinal is bifid, the others entire. This group differs from Dosiniopsis in its smooth lateral and socket, ab- sence of the posterior lateral, and relatively deeper pallial sinus. The same characters, as well as its orbicular form and entire left cardinals, distinguish it from ora as described. B. An anterior left lateral tooth present, the lunule distinctly limited by an imcised line. Genus DOSINIA Scopoli. Dosinia Scopoli, Introd. ad Hist. Nat., p. 399, 1777. Type Le Dosin Adanson, = Dosinia africana Hanley. Cytherea (sp.) Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 177, 1798; ed. ii., p. 124, 1819; Lamarck, FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA = is) No NI An. s. Vert., v., Dp. 572, 573, 1818; Turton, Dithyra Brit. p. 162, 1822; Menke, Synop. Meth. Moll., p. 116, 1830; Macgillivray, Moll. Scotl., p. 212, 1844. Orbiculus B (sp.) Megerle, Entw. Neuen Syst. der Schalth., Mag. d. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, p. 58, 1811; Venus exoleta L. (not Orbicula Cuvier, 1708). Arthemis Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturg., p. 229, 1815, after Poli, 1791; (Venus exoleta L.) Blainville, Man. Mal., p. 556, 1825; Deshayes, An. s. Vert., ed. ii., vi, p. 205, 1835; Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschr., i., p. 171, 1844. Artemis Conrad, Fos. Tert. Form., p. 20, 1832; Anton. Verz., p. 6, 1839; Sowerby, Conch. Man., ed. ii., p. 78, 1842; Nyst. Coq. foss. Belgique, p. 183, 1846 (not of Mulsant, 1851). Asa Defrance (after Leach MS.) in Basterot, Mém. géol. env. de Bordeaux, p. 90, 1825; Gray, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xx., p. 272, 1847. Arctoé Risso, Eur. Mérid., iv., p. 361, 1826, Venus exoleta L. Exoleta Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., pl. xx., figs. 2, 3, 1827 (V. exoleta L.); Zool. Textb., i., p. 450, 1833; Conch. Textb., ed. iv., p. 127, 1839. Arctoa Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Mal., i., p. 76, 1846. Cerana Gistel, Naturg. Thierr., p. viii, 1848; Venus exoleta L. Assa (Leach MS.) Gray, List. Brit. An. Brit. Mus., p. 3, 1851. Amphithea Leach, Syn. Brit. Moll., p. 312, 1852. Arthemis Gray, Analyst, viii., No. xxiv., p. 308, 1838. Dosinia-Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., p. 5, 1853; Romer, Mon. Dosinia, p. 7, 1862; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 430, 1857; Tryon, Str. Syst. Conch., ii., p. 180, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1082, 1887; Dall, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 56, 1880. Not Dosina Gray, Analyst, viii., No. xxiv., p. 308, 1838; P. Z. S., 1847, p. 183, No. 542; Venus verrucosa L. Animal with a large arcuate foot and closely united siphons. Complete dental formula (the posterior right cardinal, being extremely thin, is often broken off, eroded, or obsolete) Fc rororo.ore, The thick middle cardinals are . IOIOIOI,IOL often bifid or excavated. Valves suborbicular, generally compressed, with a long and strong ligament seated in a groove and enfolding a heavy resilium; lunule small, impressed; escutcheon narrow, nearly linear or absent; hinge- plate broad and thick; valve-margins smooth; pallial sinus rather long and usually acute, anterior lateral teeth nearly obsolete and usually simple; sculp- ture usually of elegantly concentric grooves and interspaces, sometimes raised into lamellz at the borders of the lunule and escutcheon, crossed rarely with weak radial threads; coloration of the recent species rarely disposed in pat- terns and usually pale, many species being white. The periostracum is usually thin and polished. The group may be divided into sections as follows: TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA I bo i) Co Section Dosima s. s. Type Le Dosin, Adanson, = Dosinia africana Hanley. Senegal. Lunule small, impressed; escutcheon narrow elongate, flattish, bordered on each side by a ridge or keel at which the concentric sculpture tends to become lamellose; lateral tooth small, smooth; pallial sinus angular, ascending, usu- ally narrow and elongated; valves moderately convex. The escutcheon may be merely a flattening of the posterior dorsal border, often unequal in the two valves, or it may be a well-defined area bordered by distinct keel, more or less lamellose where the concentric sculpture intersects the carina. Between these types almost continuous gradation may be traced. Section Orbiculus Megerle, 1811. Type Venus exoleta Linné. In this section there is no escutcheon, the pallial sinus is very long and narrow and the anterior lateral is smooth and strong; otherwise it agrees with Dosinia s. s. Arthemis (Poli) Oken, Artemis Conrad, Arctoé Risso, Arctoa Hermannsen, and Cerana Gistel are synonyms. Orbiculus a of Megerle is a typical Dosinia, and the second species of Orbiculus 8 was a Codakia. The posterior cardinals in the young are not corrugated. Section Austrodosinia Dall, 1902. Type Cytherea anus Philippi. New Zealand. Lunule deeply impressed; escutcheon impressed and bordered by prominent keels; pallial sinus short and angular; anterior cardinals and especially the anterior lateral with the pit into which it is received sharply corrugated. This group is also represented in Japan. Section Dosinella Dall, 1902. Type Cytherea angulosa Philippi. East Indies. Valves suborbicular, with a shallow, flattish lunule; the escutcheon narrow, flattish, hardly defined; pallial sinus deep, ample, ascending, bluntly rounded at the anterior end; anterior lateral and posterior right cardinal teeth absent or obsolete. There are a few small species, such as D. hepatica Philippi, which have the bight of the pallial sinus rounded instead of angular, but in this large form the discrepancy is so marked, that, in connection with the obsolescence of the teeth. it seems that a sectional separation is warranted. Section Dosinorbis Dall, 1902. Type Arthemis bilunulata Gray. Japan. Lunule and escutcheon deeply impressed, the former small, set in a large impressed area which, like the escutcheon, is bordered by a lamellated keel; valves compressed, beaks produced; the sculpture of the middle of the disk FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA ine obsolete, becoming lamellar laterally; pallial sinus short, angular, horizontally directed; lateral tooth smooth, feeble; middle left and two posterior right cardinals bifid; right posterior margin beyond the hinge-plate grooved to receive the edge of the opposite valve. In the young the edges of the valves adjacent to the ligament pout more or less obviously, a character lost or obscure in the adult. Section Dosinisca Dall, 1902. Type Artemis alata Reeve. Areas of the lunule and escutcheon pouting mesially, defined by a pro- nounced sulcus, forming a posterior wing which recalls Phacoides; sculpture of fine, rather distant, sharp lamellz, sometimes with radial striation; valves thin; pallial sinus deep and angular; lateral tooth entire. This group is distributed in Australia and Japan. Section Dosinidia Dall, 1902. Type Venus concentrica Born. America. Valves suborbicular, more or less compressed, white, with a sculpture of concentric grooving, the interspaces never lamellose; furnished with an obvious periostracum ; lunule small, impressed; escutcheon absent; pallial sinus ample, ascending, angular in front; middle cardinals broad, sulcate or bifid, anterior lateral small, feeble, smooth. This group is confined to the tropical and warmer temperate waters of America, where it replaces all the other sections of the genus. The nepionic young have the posterior cardinals corrugated and there are obscure traces of a posterior lateral, but these characteristics are soon lost and leave no traces in the adult. Dosinia (Dosinidia) chipolana n. sp. PLATE 54, FIGURE 4. Oligocene of the Chipola horizon on the Chipola River, Calhoun County, Florida, at Alum Bluff and the silex beds at Ballast Point, Tampa Bay. Shell rather small and thin, suborbicular, moderately convex, with full, pointed beaks, with fine, sharp concentric grooves having the distal side more abrupt, the interspaces flattish and hardly raised towards the ends of the shell; lunule lanceolate, impressed; beaks sculptured like the rest of the shell; an- terior dorsal margin convexly arched; hinge-plate rather short and wide; teeth normal; the adductor scars large; the pallial sinus ample, ascending, acute in front, terminating two-thirds the distance forward from the posterior to the anterior adductor. Height 37.5, length 40.0, diameter 17.0 mm. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA The nepionic young of this species have very much the form of the adult and are usually sculptured in much the same way. Dosinia (Dosinidia) liogona n. sp. PLATE 53, FIGURES 4, 7; PLATE 54, FIGURE II. Uppermost Oligocene at Oak Grove, Santa Rosa County, Florida; Burns. Shell much resembling the last, from which it differs by the less convex posterior dorsal margin; smooth or feebly sculptured beaks, sculpture rising into a sharp, fine lamellz towards the ends of the shell, smaller adductor scars, narrower hinge-plate, and different form of the nepionic young. Height 45, length 48, diameter 18 mm. The young shells are proportionately more elevated and shorter than the adult and most of them are smooth or very sparsely concentrically grooved. At first sight they would hardly be recognized as the same as the adults. The posterior cardinals are elegantly crenate. In the adult the anterior left and posterior right cardinals are grooved on the distal edge. Dosinia (Dosinidia) acetabulum Conrad. Artemis acetabulum Conrad, Fos. Tert. Form., p. 20, pl. vi. fig. 1, 1832; Fos. Medial Tert., p. 20, pl. xvi., fig. 1, 1838. Cytherea obovata Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii., p. 132, 1834 (young shell) ; Fos. Medial Tert., p. 14, pl. viii., fig. 4, 1838. Dosinia acetabulum Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862, p. 575, 1863; Meek, Checkl. Inv. Fos. Miocene, p. 10, 1864; Whitfield, Mio. Moll. N. J., p. 73, pl. xiii., fig. 2, 1895. Dione obovata Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862, p. 575, 1863 (young shell) ; Meek, Mio. Checkl., p. 9, 1864. Dosinia obovata Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., vi., p. 77, 1870 (young shell); not of Bush, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vi., p. 477, 1885 (= young of D. elegans Conrad). Miocene of New Jersey (artesian boring at Atlantic City); of Maryland, at St. Mary’s River (type locality), one mile north of Greensboro’, near the Choptank River, Calvert County, Plum Point, and Jones Wharf on the Pa- tuxent River; of Virginia, at Grove Wharf and also near Smithfield on the James River; Coggins Point; three miles above Yorktown, on the York River ; Petersburg; and in various places near Suffolk on the Nansemond, and in the marl below the peat of the Great Dismal Swamp; of Florida, in the Chesa- peake Miocene horizon at Alum Bluff on the Chattahoochee River (variety obliqua). FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA This large species, which Conrad at one time seems to have confounded with the recent D. concentrica Born, of the Florida Keys, has two mutations which are more or less connected by intermediate forms. The typical form is somewhat transversely suborbicular and convex with the sculpture tending to obsolescence on the middle of the disk. It is shown by very perfect topotypes to have had in life a dark brown periostracum, very rarely preserved. The other extreme, which may be called variety obliqua (pl. liv., fig. 13), is more compressed and higher, with the basal margin obliquely produced. It is found with the others, and though at first I supposed it to be a distinct species, I have been obliged to give up that idea. The nepionic young, less than ten millimetres in height, from Suffolk, Virginia, were described by Conrad as a species of Cytherea. They are often proportionately higher than the adults and show the evanescent corrugations of the posterior cardinal teeth, which recall its relations to Dosimiopsis of the Eocene. Dosinia (Dosinidia) elegans Conrad. Artemis elegans Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i., p. 325, 1843; Am. Journ. Sci., 2d Ser., ii., p. 393, 1846. Artemis concentrica Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi., pl. it., fig. 1, 1850; not of Born, 1780. Dosinia concentrica Tuomey and Holmes, Pleioc. Fos. S. Car., p. 82, pl. xxi., fig. 7, 1855. Dosinia elegans Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., p. 29, 1853; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 431, 1857; Dall, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 56, 1880. Artemis transversus Emmons, Geol. Rep. N. Car., p. 295, figs. 223, 224, 1858. Dosinia intermedia Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862, p. 575, 1863; Meek, Checkl. Mio. Fos., p. 10, 1864. Pectunculus albidus, etc., Lister, pl. cclxxxviii., fig. 124, 1685. Upper Miocene of the Chesapeake horizon at Alum Bluff, Florida, and of the Sumter district, South Carolina; Pliocene of Florida, in the Caloosahatchie beds on the Caloosahatchie River, at Shell Creek and Alligator Creek; Pleisto- cene of North Creek, near Osprey, Florida; Dall. Living in the warm water off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; Charleston, South Carolina; west mouth of the St. John’s River, East Florida (Britt) ; West Florida, Tortugas, Texas and southward to Yucatan and St. Thomas. ‘This fine, flat, and evenly concentrically sculptured species is one of those long confused under the name of concentrica, but it is not the Venus concen- trica of Born. Misled by the confusion, I referred the species collected at Porto Rico to this name, but the specimens really belong to D. concentrica, as subsequent study has shown me. The Pliocene form described by Tuomey TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA a to is) i) and Holmes under the name of Dosinia concentrica is not the same as the Pleistocene one later identified with it by Holmes. The latter is Dosimia discus Reeve. The young were referred to Dosimia obovata Conrad by Miss Bush in 1885, but D. obovata is the young of D. acetabulum Conrad. Dosinia (Dosinidia) discus Reeve. Artemis concentrica Conrad, Am. Marine Conch., p. 55, pl. xii., 1831; Philippi, Abb. und Beschr., ii., p. 171, 1844; Conrad, Am. Journ. Sci. 2d Ser., ii, p. 393, 1846. (Not Venus concentrica Born.) Cytherea concentrica De Kay, Zool. N. Y., v., p. 216, 1843. Dosinia concentrica Holmes, Post-Pl. Fos. S. Car., p. 37, pl. vii., fig. 4, 1860. Artemis discus Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi. pl. ii. fig. 9, 1850; Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi. p. 320, 1853; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 657, pl. cxl., fig. 9, 1852. Dosinia discus Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., p. 10, 1853; Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 30, 1854; Tryon, Am. Marine Conch., p. 161, pl. xxx., fig. 399, 1873; Dall, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 56, 1880. Pliocene of the Brunswick Canal, Georgia, J. H. Couper; of the Caloosa- hatchie beds on the Myakka and Caloosahatchie Rivers and Shell Creek, Florida; Pleistocene of South Carolina at Simmons Bluff. Living from Cape May, New Jersey, to Vera Cruz, Mexico, but not authentically identified from any of the Antillean Isands. This is the most compressed of our east coast species and is characterized by finer and closer concentric striation and a notably darker coloration of the yellowish-brown periostracum, which is generally shaded in darker and lighter zones. Dosinia (Dosinidia) concentrica Born. Venus concentrica (ex parte) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3286, 1792; Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., Vii., p. 10, 1784. Venus concentrica Born, Mus. Vindob., p. 71, pl. v., fig. 5, 1780. Venus dilatata Solander, Mus. Calonnianum, p. 48, No. 905, 1797. Cytherea (Arthemis) patagonica Philippi, Abb. und Beschr., 1., p. 169, pl. ii., fig. 1, 1844. Venus Philippi Orbigny, Voy. Am. Meér., p. 553, 1847. Artemis patagonica Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi., pl. vii., fig. 40, 1850; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 657, pl. cxl., fig. 8, 1852. Artemis concentrica Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 655, pl. cxl., fig. 1, 1852. ? Artemis nitens Reeve, Conch. Icon., Artemis, pl. iii., fig. 12, 1850. ? Artemis distans Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 655, pl. exl., fig. 3, 1852. Dosinia concentrica H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 431, 1857. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE 12 TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 33 ' Dosinia floridana Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., ii., p. 280, pl. xv., fig. 4, 1866. Dosinia elegans Dall, Rep. Moll. Porto Rico, p. 486, 1901, not of Born. Pleistocene of Cuba, Orbigny; living in the Florida Keys (Conrad), Martinique, Porto Rico, Aspinwall, or Colon, and southward to Rio de Janeiro. The early writers, misled by the similarity of the species, confounded under the name concentrica a number of Dosinias. The first to give an original figure upon which the name may depend was Born, who gave an erroneous synonymy but an excellent figure of the present shell. Orbigny, later, discriminated be- tween D. elegans Conrad (Lister, pl. cclxxxviii., fig. 124) and D. concentrica, but, regarding elegans as the original concentrica, gave a new name to the shell which Philippi erroneously ascribed to Patagonia, but which agrees with Born’s figure, which elegans does not. The confusion between the species has been so general that it is unsafe to cite habitats from the literature, but we have it from Colon, on the Isthmus of Darien, and an immature specimen is said by Conrad to have come from the Florida Keys, and was named by him D. floridana. It is somewhat smaller than D. elegans, more convex, and the sculpture is less persistent on the middle and base of the shell, while the lunule is much larger. Dosinia (Dosinidia) ponderosa Gray. Artemis ponderosa Gray, Analyst, viii., p. 309, 1838; Reeve, Conch. Iconica, Artemis, pl. i., fig. 4, 1850; Hanley, Descr. Cat. Rec. Sh., p. 109, pl. xix., fig. 38, 1843; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 656, pl. cxl., fig. 2, 1852. ’Artemis distans Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 655, pl. cxl., fig. 3, 1852 (young shell). Cytherea (Artemis) gigantea (Sowerby MS.) Philippi, Abb. Beschr. n. Conchyl., p. 33, pl. vi., fig. 1, 1847. Venus cycloides Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mérid., p. 562, 1847; B. M. Cat. Orb. Moll., p. 67, No. 596. Dosinia ponderosa Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., p. 7, 1853; Carpenter, Maz. Cat., p. 60, 1857. Pleistocene of San Diego and San Pedro, California, Hemphill; living from San Ignacio lagoon, west coast of Lower California, to Payta, Peru. This is the finest species of the genus, unless the D. grandis Nelson (Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., ii., p. 201, 1870) from the Tertiary of Peru, which is un- figured, may perhaps exceed it. There are about a dozen other species of the Pacific coast Tertiary which have been referred to this genus, but I have not access to material which would enable me to discuss their relations. The only other species of this genus which has been described from the TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA eastern Tertiaries of the United States is the Eocene D. mercenaroidea Aldrich (Journ. Cinn. Soc. N. Hist., 1887, p. 82; and in Harris, Bull. Pal., ii., p. 172, pl. i., figs. 10, 10a, 1897). This shell has the aspect of a Meretrix, and I doubt its pertinence to the genus Dosinia. C. Lateral teeth and lunule absent. Genus CYCLINA Deshayes. Cyclina Deshayes, Traité Elém., i, expl. pl. xiv., bis, figs. 20-22, 1849; Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., i., pp. 3, 30, 1853; Venus sinensis Gmelin (syn. excl.) ; not Cyclinus Kirby, Coleoptera, 1837. Cyclina Morch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 29, 1853; Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 16, 1857; Mon. Dosinia, p. 4, 1862; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 432, 1857; Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 157, 1871; Tryon, Str. and Syst. Conch., iii., p. 180, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1082, 1887. The soft parts in this genus agree with those of Dosinia according to Adams. The dental formula is eee ~The fourth, or posterior, right cardinal is nearly obsolete; the one in front of it and the anterior left cardinal are bifid. The shell is suborbicular, nearly equilateral, and plump; the ligament uncovered but deepset; there is neither a defined lunule or escutcheon, the sculpture is faint and chiefly concentric, feebly reticulated by radial striz; the hinge-plate is broad, the inner margins of the valves crenulate, the pallial sinus moderate in size, acutely angular in front, and obliquely ascending. There is no trace of lateral teeth; the periostracum is polished and translucent, the coloration tinted, without a distinct pattern. The typical forms are denizens of China, Japan, and Korea. The two American forms which have been referred to this genus by Deshayes are discussed under the head of Cyclinella and are probably allied to Mysia. They differ conchologically by having smooth inner margins to the valves, a defined lunule, no trace of the fourth right cardinal tooth, and purely concentric sculpture. Genus CLEMENTIA Gray. Clementia Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus., p. 74, 1842; P. Z. S., 1847, p. 184; Pfeiffer, Mal. Blatt., xiv., p. 144, 1868, and xvi. p. 190, 1870; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 433, 1857; Stoliczka, Cret.-Pel. India, p. 157, 1871; Tryon, Str. and Syst. Conch., iii., p. 181, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1084, 1887; Venus papyracea Gray. Blainvillia Hupé, Rév. de Zool., 1854, p. 219; not Blainvillia Desvoidy, 1830, Diptera. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA This remarkable animal is stated by Woodward (Man., p. 306) to have long united siphons and a large crescentic foot such as is found in Dosinia. It ap- pears to be now an inhabitant of the Indo-Pacific and west American regions only, but in Eocene and Oligocene times was well represented in tropical northeastern America. Dental formula He setae. Shell thin, inflated, with prominent beaks, a ligament external and enfold- ing the resilium and extending slightly in front of the beaks; the anterior left and two posterior right hinge-teeth more or less bifid; there are no lateral teeth; the pallial sinus is long, angular, narrow, ascending; valve-margins entire, and the valves delicately sculptured, concentrically" striate or undulate, sometimes with oblique decussating strie. Clementia dariena Conrad. Meretrix dariena Conrad, Pacific R. R. Rep., v., p. 328, pl. vi., fig. 55, 1856; not op. cit., Vvi., p. 72, 1857. Clementia dariena Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d Ser., viii. p. 344, pl. xliv., fig. 16, 16a, 1881. Eocene(?) of Gatun, on the line of the Panama Canal, Newberry; Oligo- cene of Vamos-a-vamos, near the canal, R. T. Hill; of Sapote, Costa Rica, Gabb; of Santiago de Veraguas, Isthmus of Darien, O. Hershey. This appears to be a quite characteristic fossil of the middle American Oligocene and has been well figured by Gabb. Clementia tzeniosa Guppy. Arcopagia teniosa Guppy, MS. Clementia teniosa Guppy and Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix., p. 327, pl. xxx., fig. 8, 1896. Tertiary (Oligocene?) beds of Savaneta, Trinidad; Guppy. This is a more trigonal form than any of the others, but there is little doubt that it is a species of Clementia. The type is in the National Museum. Clementia inoceriformis Wagner. Venus inoceriformis Wagner, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii., p. 51, pl. i. fig. 1, 1839; (extra copies, p. 2, pl. ii., fig. 2, 1838?) Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., v., p. 7, 1897. Clementia inoceriformis Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiv., p. 575, 1864; Meek, Checkl. Mio. Fos., p. 10, 1864; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., v., p. 8, 1897. Miocene of Porto Bello, St. Mary’s River, Maryland, Wagner; also one mile above Plum Point, Maryland, in the layer of clay below the Miocene marl, TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Harris; an internal cast from the Miocene clays of Gay Head, Martha’s Vine- yard, Massachusetts, may possibly be referable to this species. This species is quite similar to C. dariena, but more delicate and with fewer and less prominent undulations. Clementia Grayi Dall. PLATE 37, FIGURE 12. Clementia Grayi Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., iii., part v., p. 1193, pl. xxxvii., fig. 12, 1900. Uppermost Oligocene at Oak Grove, Santa Rosa County, Florida; Burns. Shell thin, convex, rude, concentrically coarsely and irregularly striated, near the beaks concentrically undulated, without lunule or escutcheon; internal margins smooth, adductor scars large, pallial line with a long, narrow, acute sinus extending forward more than two-thirds the way from the posterior to the anterior adductor; cardinal teeth entire, the middle cardinal strongest. Height 55, length 63, diameter 32 mm. This fine species is not unlike the C. Vatheleti Mabille, living in Korea. The only recent species now known to inhabit American waters is C. solida Dall, from the west coast of Mexico; the C. subdiaphana Carpenter, recent and fossil in California, is not a member of this genus, and the C.? gracillima Carpenter is unidentifiable and founded on a nepionic shell which has not assumed adult characters. Subfamily MERETRICIN&A. We now come to a group a large part of which was formerly included in a general way under Meretrix or Cytherea, but which, on closer study than it has usually received, we are obliged to divide into a number of separate groups or genera. A few general remarks may not be out of place here. This great group contains a large proportion of the Veneride and many of the more elegant and beautiful forms. They are characterized in general by a smooth or concentrically sculptured surface, often with a vernicose periostracum; smooth inner margins to the valves; a single anterior lateral lamella in the left valve, received in a pit or between two less conspicuous lamelle in the opposite valve; three cardinal teeth in each valve, of which some may be grooved or bifid; the lunule circumscribed and defined by an incised line, the escutcheon not defined or circumscribed except sometimes by color markings or the absence of surface sculpture; the ligament is external though sometimes depressed, the pallial sinus varying from almost obsolete to deep and angular ; siphons of moderate length with papillose orifices, the tubes united for a great FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA part of their length; the margin of the mantle largely free, more or less papil- lose; the foot large, hatchet-shaped, not byssiferous. The nymphs and adjacent teeth are sometimes corrugated and the posterior right and anterior left dorsal margins of the valves beyond the hinge-plate are often grooved to receive the bevelled edge of the valve opposite. The shells are always porcellanous. Many names have been given to the different mutations of the type, of which some among the most familiar, as Dione, Callista, Caryatis, and Cytherea, are pre- occupied in other cases. The forms which are precursors occur as early as the Cretaceous, and even possibly in the Jura, but most of these early forms are not typical, and the genera really begin to assume typical form only in the Eocene. It is known from the researches of Bernard that the anterior and posterior teeth of the same valve are originally continuous lamin; thus the superior lamina of the left valve breaks up into the posterior cardinal and the anterior lateral, while the inferior lamina divides to form the two other cardinals of that valve. Ordinarily, the primary connections are lost sight of in the adult, and the cardinal teeth appear to spring from an imaginary centre under the hinge-margin above them. In certain groups, such as Callocardia, Atopodonta, or Veneriglossa, however, the anterior and posterior right cardinals remain connected as well as the anterior and middle left cardinals, and when the valves are closed the former are inserted above the latter and between them and the hinge-margin, while the middle right cardinal fits in below the united pair of the left valve, thus giving an odd look to the hinge, the reason for which requires some study to recognize. As a whole the Meretrix group represents an earlier type than typical Venus and one with somewhat more archaic hinge characters. Of these Callocardia is unquestionably the least developed. Owing to the weight of other characters and the fact that no linear arrange- ment can adequately represent the intricate relationship of such a group as the V enerid@, 1 have not placed Callocardia at the head of the subfamily, but rather at the head of the portion of the series following Meretrix, to which it seems, by other characters, to be allied. It may be well, however, to contrast the hinge characters that their features may be clearly understood. The subfamily as a whole is distinguished from the Veneride by the in- variable presence of one or more anterior lateral teeth. This tooth, when there is but one, is on the hinge-plate of the left valve and is received into a pit, or between two much more feeble anterior laterals.in the right valve. In such groups as Cytherea Bolten the anterior lateral is degenerate, and in senile specimens nearly obsolete, but traces of it may always be detected in youthful TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA or normal adult specimens. After passing the groups where the hinge is more or less rugose or peculiar and reaching the most typical forms of the subfamily, such as Meretrix, we may observe two types of hinge which in peripheral species, as in their evolution in time, tend towards each other. A. Meretrices in which the development of the teeth is checked, while the primitive laminz still connect what would normally be distinct cardinal teeth, as in the left valve the two anterior cardinals, in the right valve the anterior and posterior cardinals, so that when the valves are closed the arch of the left valve spans the right middle cardinal and the arch of the right valve spans that of the left, separating it from the dorsal hinge-margin, while the left posterior cardinal and the anterior laterals are left isolated. The formula is eee. . OIOIOI.IOI There may also be a groove in the left anterior and right posterior dorsal margin to receive the bevelled edge of the opposite valve, but this is not invariable. B. Meretrices in which the development of the cardinals continues until the right ones are separated from each other, and, in the adult shell, appear to start from a point on the dorsal margin immediately below the umbo. The formula will then be the same as in the preceding division with the omission of the connecting brackets. Traces of the original connection sometimes remain visible (Amuantis), but the teeth are in touch with the dorsal margin, from - which in Callocardia and Agriopoma they are separated by a deep groove. Genus GRATELOUPIA Desmoulins Donax (sp.) Basterot, Géol. env. Bordeaux, p. 84, 1825. Grateloupia Des Moulins, Bull. Soc. Lin. de Bordeaux, ii., p. 243, 1828; Donax irregu- laris Basterot; Deshayes, Encyc. Méth., iii., p. 173, 1830; Bronn, Leth. Geogn., p. 956, 1838; Ind. Paleont., i., p. 552, 1848; Sowerby, Conch. Man., ed. ii., p. 155, 1842; Hoernes, Fos. Moll. Wiener beck., ii., p. 148, 1870; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1081, 1887. Gratelupia Rang, Man., p. 307, 1829; Lea, Contr. Geol., p. 59, 1833; Potiez et Michaux, Gal. de Douai, ii., p. 410, 1844. Cytheriopsis Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., i., p. 146, 1865 (Cytherea hydana Conr.), iii, p. 14, 1867; Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 154, 1871; not Cytheropsis McCoy, 1849, Crustacea. This genus appears to be the precursor of Tivela, in which the rugosities of the hinge have not become all fully developed into separate cardinal teeth. It FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE 12 TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 39 has three cardinals in each valve, the posterior in one valve more or less fused with a series of obliquely transverse rugosities carved in the inner and ventral mass of the nymphs which interlock between the two valves. There appear to be two groups or subgenera as follows: Subgenus Cytheriopsis Conrad.* Type Cytherea hydana Conrad (+ Grate- lupia moulinsi Lea). Valves trigonal, the left posterior cardinal fused with the nymphal rugosities, the pallial sinus short and rounded in front. Eocene of Alabama. Subgenus Grateloupia s. s. Type Donax irregularis Basterot (+ Grateloupia donaciformis Desm.). Valves elongate oval, the posterior right cardinal fused with the nymphal rugosities, the pallial sinus long and acute, reaching to the vertical of the anterior lateral lamina. Miocene of Bordeaux and Vienna. Grateloupia (Cytheriopsis) hydana Conrad. Cytherea hydana Conrad, Fos. Tert. Form., No. 3, p. 36, Aug., 1833; Hlarris’s reprint, pl. xx., fig. 3, 1893. Gratelupia moulinsi Lea, Contr. Geol., p. 59, pl. ii., fig. 33, Dec., 1833. Cytheriopsis hydana Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., i., pp. 7, 146, 1865; ili., p. 14, 1867. Meretrix Dalli Cossmann, Notes Compl., p. 10, pl. i., figs. 9, 10, 1894; very young shell. Claiborne sands, Claiborne, Alabama. Several authors have, with some reason, refused to adopt Conrad’s name, though it is six weeks earlier than Lea’s, on the ground that his diagnosis, without a figure, was insufficient to identify the species, while Lea gave an excellent diagnosis and figure. However, it is quite certain that the two are identical, and I have therefore used the older name. Grateloupia (Cytheriopsis) alumensis n. sp. PLATE 52, FIGURE 14. Oligocene of the Chipola horizon at Alum Bluff, Florida; Burns. Shell smooth or faintly concentrically striated, subequilateral, trigonal, mod- _ erately thick, base somewhat produced in the middle; beaks pointed, low, sub- central; lunule impressed, bounded by a very delicate incised line, lanceolate ; * If this name should be regarded as too close to Cytheropsis McCoy, of earlier date, Grateloupina might be substituted. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER 1240 TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA a raised thread borders the dorsal margin at the side of the ligament; valves moderately convex, the posterior slightly more attenuated than the anterior end, base prominently arcuate; hinge hardly differing from that of G. hydana, but the pallial sinus wider and more rounded in front. Length of adult valve, about 38 mm., of the younger but better preserved valve figured 15, height 12.5, diameter 8.0 mm.; diameter of adult 20.0, height 32.0 mm. This species is easily distinguished from G. hydana by its more equilateral, trigonal form, smoother surface, and more ample sinus. Genus TRANSENNELLA Dall. Transennella Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi. p. 340, 1883; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1080, 1887; Dall, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 56, 1889; Rep. Porto Rico Moll., p. 486, 1901; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxix., p. 509, pl. xxxi., figs. 5-7, 1902. Shell small, trigonal, with lively coloration; smooth and polished or concen- trically striate; hinge with three cardinals in each valve, the middle left cardinal bifid; an elongated anterior lateral in the left valve, received in a sulcus in the right valve; lunule defined by an incised line, escutcheon not defined ; nymphs without rugosities ; pallial sinus angular, free below, obliquely ascending; internal margins of the valves sharply tangentially grooved with numerous sulci. Type T. conradina Dall. Florida. This group makes its first appearance in the Oligocene, since which it has been a characteristic American type. The well-developed typical species, so far as yet known, are all members of the Atlantic fauna. No indication of vivi- parity has been detected in them. On the Pacific coast, however, a species which is known to be viviparous, the Venus tantilla of Gould (Venus rhysomia Gabb), occurs Pleistocene and recent on the coast of California. The charac- teristic sulcations of the margin are, however, feebly developed in the Pacific shell, and further study may perhaps oblige us to separate it from the Atlantic group. At present the fact may be noted that Transennella tantilla represents in the Meretricine line the genus Psephidia of the Venetine line, the latter being, as far as yet discovered, a purely Pacific type. The recent Atlantic species of Transennella are T. cubamana Orbigny, T. conradina Dall, T. culebrana Dall and Simpson, and T. stimpsoni Dall. Transennella utica n. sp. PLATE 57, FIGURE 12. Oligocene of the Chipola horizon at Alum Bluff, Florida, and on the Chipola River; Dall and Burns. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA aha Shell small, only moderately convex, subtrigonal, inequilateral, polished, with shallow, concentric sulci, less marked in the centre of the disk, diminishing in number and increasing in strength towards the anterior end of the shell; beaks small, erect, acute at the anterior third; lunule narrow, lanceolate, as long as the anterior dorsal slope, slightly impressed, smooth, defined by an impressed line; escutcheon not defined; hinge compact, the anterior left cardinal bifid ; the sulcations of the margin well marked but not as dense as in the larger species; the sinus deep, narrow, rounded in front. Length 7.0, height 5.0, diameter 2.5 mm., but usually smaller. This is thé earliest and smallest species, notable for its acute beaks. These shells vary, some being shorter and higher, others more beaked and elongate. All the species vary in much the same way, but, in spite of the difference in outline, there is a recognizable facies to each. Only one or two species occur in any single horizon. Transennella chipolana n. sp. PLATE 57, FIGuRE 6. Oligocene of the Chipola River, Florida, at McDonald’s Ranch; Dall. Shell small, short, ovate-trigonal; beaks low, anteriorly directed, near the anterior third; anterior dorsal slope short, straight, with a narrow, cordate, slightly impressed lunule; posterior slope convexly arcuate, posterior end rounded, base evenly arcuate; surface covered uniformly with fine, close, sharp, concentric grooves; hinge and margins normal; pallial sinus ample, deep, rounded in front. Length 5.0, height 4.2, diameter 2.0 mm. Only a single valve of this species was obtained, but it is well distinguished by its fine, even sculpture, Chionella-like outline, and ample sinus. Transennella santarosana n. sp. PLATE 57, FIGURE 13. Oligocene sands of Oak Grove, Santa Rosa County, Florida; Burns. Shell small, plump, subtrigonal, polished, and sculptured with numerous slightly irregular concentric sulci; beaks small, subcentral, slightly anteriorly directed ; lunule cordate, narrow, bounded by an impressed line, striated; hinge with the middle cardinals and the anterior lateral large and conspicuous; pallial sinus wide, short, rounded, not reaching the middle of the valve. Length 6.5, height 5.5, diameter 3.8 mm. This is easily distinguished from T. chipolana by its less sharp and crowded sculpture and its more convex valves. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Transennella carolinensis n. sp. PLATE 55, FIGURE 4. Miocene of North Carolina at Magnolia and the Natural Well of Duplin County; Burns, Hodge, etc. Shell small, subequilateral, cytherezeform, rather solid and thick for its size; plump, with low, slightly anteriorly directed beaks; polished, nearly smooth in the middle, towards the ends having somewhat irregularly concentric bevelled sulci; lunule impressed, lanceolate, bounded by an incised line, striated; hinge normal, the middle left cardinal bifid; marginal sulcations strong; pallial sinus short, nearly horizontal, rounded in front. Length 11, height 9, diameter 6 mm. This species was obtained by Hodge in North Carolina more than sixty years ago and was listed as Cytherea carolinensis in several papers and check- lists by Conrad and Meek, but never figured or described. A specimen named by Conrad and collected by Hodge in North Carolina was presented by the latter to the National Institute and subsequently became part of the collection of the National Museum, thus enabling me to recognize the nude name, which I now adopt, as it may have some currency in collections. The species has also been called Dione carolinensis. It is more heavy and trigonal than the follow- ing species, more equilateral and smoother. It is much larger than any of the species antedating the Miocene. Transennella caloosana n. sp. PLATE 57, FIGURE 2. Upper Miocene of Jackson Bluff, south of Tallahassee, Florida, Vaughan ; Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie, Shell Creek, and the Myakka River, south Florida, Dall, Burns, and Willcox; Pleistocene of North Creek, near Osprey, Florida, Dall. Shell elongate-ovate, inequilateral, with small, acute beaks, anteriorly directed and situated at the anterior third; surface polished, smooth in the middle of the disk; towards each end irregularly concentrically sulcate with rather close, somewhat bevelled sulci; the middle of the disk is often crossed by obscure radial threads, which are sometimes strong enough to crenulate the outer margin; lunule impressed, very narrow, lanceolate, bounded by a sulcate line; hinge with the posterior right and middle left cardinals bifid, margins strongly sulcate, pallial sinus small, linguiform. Length, 13.5, height 10.0, diameter 5.5 mm. This species is nearest to T. cubaniana Orbigny of the recent species, but is larger, with less uniform sulcation and shorter pallial sinus. It is more FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA pate inequilateral, more oval and elongate, and with more pronounced sculpture than T. carolinensis. This group is clearly one which prefers relatively warm water. It appears in the transitional Oak Grove sands as the cold water Chesapeake was approach- ing, but disappears entirely when the latter had fully arrived. Again as the Chesapeake began to give way to the milder influences which brought on the Pliocene, the genus appears in the uppermost Miocene of North Carolina and flourishes through the Pliocene, but retreats to Florida during the Pleistocene, to advance again to the northward, after the passing of the ice age, with the present fauna of the Carolinas. Genus TIVELA Link. Tivela Link, Beschr. Nat. Samml. Rostock, ii., p. 152, 1807 (Venus corbicula Gmelin) ; Morch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 28, 1853; Roemer, Krit. Unters. Venus, p. 15, 1857; Mon. Venus, i., p. 1, 1864; Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 150, 1871; Tryon, Str. Syst. Conch., ili., p. 177, 1884. Trigona Megerle v. Mihlfeld, Entw. neu. Syst. Schalth., p. 55, 1811 (Venus mactroides Born). Not Trigona Jurine, 1807, Hymenoptera. Trigona Schumacher, Essai d’un Nouv. Syst., p. 153, 1817; Gray, Analyst., viii, No. 24, p. 304, 1838; Deshayes, Cat. Conch., i, p. 45, 1853; Tate, Woodward’s Man., p. 474, 1871. Trigonella Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii., p. 253, 1837 (Cytherea crassatel- loides Conrad). Not Trigonella Da Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 196, 1778 (= Mactra L.). Pachydesma Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii., p. 31, 1854; CARPENTER, Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1863, p. 640 (= Trigonella Conr., not Da Costa). Eutivela Dall, Nautilus, v., p. 27, Jung, 1891 (Eutivela perplexa Stearns). Donax (sp.) Mawe, Conch., pl. ix., fig. 7, 1823. ?Dollfusia Cossmann, Cat. Illustré bas. Paris, i, p. 116, 1886 (D. crassa Cossmann) ; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1080, 1887. This is a very natural group with the remarkable peculiarity of having the armature of the hinge variable among the different species. The cardinals, especially those which are posterior, are sculptured more or less in a longi- tudinal sense, with sulci or rugosities, and it would seem as if, in thé species with an unusual number of teeth, the excess is due to the splitting into several of originally single teeth. However this may be, the dental formula ranges from Fcororororo.ore (T. radiata Sowerby) to PaceEe (T. abaconis Dall), the latter being quite a small species. The giant of the genus, T. stultorwm, however, has a dental formula with only four cardinals in either valve. The genus has a very solid porcellanous shell, more or less trigonal and TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1244 subequilateral, with a conspicuous, often caducous, periostracum. The valves close tightly, are usually more or less convex, and are devoid of sculpture though often forcibly colored. The pallial line has a small, wide, short sinus rounded in front. There is on the hinge-margin a single anterior left lateral which is received between two more or less distinctly developed laminz in the opposite valve. Some of the cardinals towards the middle of the series are usually broad and bifid. The left anterior and right posterior margins of the valves, beyond the hinge-plate proper, are more or less distinctly grooved to receive the bevelled edges of the valve opposite. The periostracum in the typical section is peculiar in having, over a polished substratum, a layer of silvery color and velvety texture which is very easily removed by friction and is always absent from beach-worn specimens. The genus is divided as follows: Section Tivela s.s. Type Venus mactroides Born. Valves trigonal, with smooth interior margins, and a periostracum super- ficially pilose when fresh; cardinals varying from four to six in either valve in different species. Section Pachydesma Conrad. Type Donax stultorum Mawe. Shell very large, elongate-trigonal, with smooth interior margins, a vernicose dehiscent periostracum, and four cardinals in each valve. Section Eutivela Dall. Type E. perplexa Stearns. Shell small, elongate, with crenulate interior margins, thin, polished perios- tracum, three left and four right cardinal teeth. The genus Dollfusia Cossmann is placed hereabouts by Fischer, but I have not been able to examine a specimen. It belongs to the Parisian Eocene. Tivela jamaicensis n. sp. PLATE 57, FIGURE 9. Oligocene of the Bowden marl at Bowden, Jamaica, rare; collected by Henderson and Simpson. Shell small, thin, plump, smooth, or faintly concentrically striated; beaks nearly central, low pointed, turgid; lunule large, lanceolate, smooth, defined by an impressed line; nymphs short and elevated, dorsal slopes nearly straight, ends bluntly rounded, base slightly arcuate; hinge delicate with three small FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1245 cardinals and a rather long, slender anterior left lateral; margins thin, smooth; pallial sinus small, rounded. Length 6.0, height 5.5, diameter 4.0 mm. This, the only fossil Tivela yet obtained in the Atlantic Tertiaries, is small and delicate, belonging to the group of 7. trigonella Lamarck and T. abaconis Dall, of the recent fauna. Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum Mawe. Donax stultorum Mawe, Syst. Conch., pl. ix., fig. 7, 1823; Wood, Ind. Tert. Suppl., pl. ii., fig. 2, 1825. Trigona stultorum Gray, Analyst, viii. No. 24, p. 304, 1838; Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., i., p. 46, 1853; Hanley, Rec. Sh., p. 106, 1843. Cytherea (Trigonella) crassatelloides Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii. p. 253, pl. xix., fig. 17, 1837; Hanley, Rec. Sh., 1843, p. 106, pl. xv., fig. 17; Hinds, Zool. Sulph. Voy., p. 65, pl. xxi., fig. 1, 1844. Cytherea (Pachydesma) crassatelloides Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii. p. 31, 1854; Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1863, p. 640, 1864. Trigona crassatelloides Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., i., p. 46, 1853; Carpenter, Mazatlan Cat., p. 58, 1857. : Cytherea crassatelloides Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., pt. 12, p. 612, pl. cxxvii., figs. I, 2, 3, 1851. Cytherea solidissima Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal., viii., p. 74, 1851. Cytherea equilatera Romer (not Deshayes), Krit. Unters., p. 60, 1857. Cytherea Lamarckii Reeve, Conch. Icon., Cytherea, pl. iii., fig. 8, 1864; not of Gray, 1838, or Deshayes, 1853. Cytherea stultorum Reeve, Conch. Icon., Cytherea, pl. vi., fig. 22, 1864. Cytherea crassatelloides Reeve, Conch. Icon., Cytherea, pl. i., fig. 3, 1864. Pachydesma crassatelloides Gabb, Pal. Cal., ii., p. 96, 1868. Tivela crassatelloides Romer, Mon. Venus, i., p. 2, pl. 1., fig. 1, pl. ii., fig. 1, 1864; Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi., p. 371, pls. xxiii., xxiv., and xxv., 1898. Not Cytherea stultorum Philippi, Abbild. Beschr., ii., p. 180, pl. xv., fig. 3, 1847. Pleistocene of California from Santa Barbara to Todos Santos Bay; living from Santa Cruz, California, to Cape St. Lucas and perhaps to Mazatlan, Mexico. This fine and well-known shell is one of the most characteristic Californian species. TJ. (P.) inezana Conrad, 1857, from the Miocene of the Santa Ynez Mountains, California, is the only other species known as fossil in the United States. Genus SUNETTA Link. Sunetta Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 148, 1807; type Donax scripta L.; Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 16, 1857; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 427, 1857 (S. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1246 meroé L.); Romer, Mon. Venus, ii., p. 1, 1870; Cossmann, Cat. Illustr. bas. Paris, p. 112, 1886. Cuneus Megerle von Mihlfeld, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, v., p. 50, 1811 (Venus meroé L.); Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., i, p. 41, 1853; not of Da Costa, 1778. Meroé Schumacher, Essai, p. 149, 1817 (V. meroé L.); Gray, Analyst, viii, p. 303, 1838; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 179, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1081, 1887. Sunettina Jousseaume, Le naturaliste, Sept., 1901, p. 208. Type S. sunettina Jousseaume, Aden. This well-known genus may be separated into sections as follows: Sunetta s. s. Shell elongate-ovate, more or less inequilateral, plump, concentrically sul- cate or striate. Type S. scripta Linné. Solanderina Dall, 1902. Shell inflated, smooth, subequilateral, otherwise as in Sunetta s.s. Type S. solandri Gray. Sunettina Jousseaume, Shell suborbicular, compressed, smooth. Type S. sunettina, menstrualis, etc. The dental formula of Swnetta is ee, the edge of the posterior left cardinal is finely granular, though in Solanderina it is smooth. The liga- ment is external but set in a deeply excavated escutcheon; the impressed lunule is unequally divided, the right portion larger; the posterior end of the shell is shorter than the anterior; the pallial sinus is wide, rather short, and rounded ; the inner margins of the valves are conspicuously crenulate. The lateral laminz are rather elongated. The genus Sunetta is now an inhabitant of tropical seas, West Africa to China and the Indo-Pacific region, but in the Eocene it existed in the Paris basin, several fossil species being reported thence. Genus GAFRARIUM Bolten. Gouldia C. B. Adams, Cat. Coll., p. 20, 1847; Thetis cerina Adams; = Thetis Adams, 1845; not Sowerby, 1826; not Gouldia, Bonaparte, Aves, 1850. >Gouldia Dall, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 131; G. cerina Adams; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 179, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1080, 1887; Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, Moll. de Roussillon, ii., p. 334, 1893. Circe (sp.) Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., i., pp. 88-90, 1853, and of numerous other authors, Cista Carus, Prodr. faun. Medit., ii., p. 124, 1889 (?err. typ. for Crista). Venus pectinata Linné; not Cista Hiibner, 1816, Lepidoptera. Contrary to my impression while revising the Lucinacea, I find that the name of Bolten must be retained for the group commonly known as Crista Romer, as I have explained under the head of Cytherea Bolten. This group has short, papillose siphons, the mantle-edge more or less fringed, and the usual geniculate foot. It is not positively known earlier than the Tertiary. The species referred to it from Mesozoic horizons probably should be referred to Cyprimeria. The genus may be divided into two closely allied subgenera, Gafrariwm ° s. s. and Circe. A passage towards Meretriv is found in the group named Lioconcha by Méorch, which was formerly included under Circe by some writers. Subgenus Gafrarium Bolten. Type Venus pectinata Linné. Dental formula: = eee’. Shell equivalve, subequilateral, with a simple . O.OIOIOI. IOI or slightly sinuous pallial line, simple or partially faintly grooved cardinal teeth, surface more or less sculptured. Subgenus Gafrariwm s. s. Surface with strong, SHisiiy vaca, more or less dichotomous sculpture, with the posterior slope sculptured differently from the rest; valves moderately convex, the umbones subcompressed with a narrow lunule and feebly defined escutcheon; pallial line simple; the inner margins of the valves crenulate; the ligament sunken but not covered over; the left middle cardinal tooth feebly grooved. Section Gouldia C. B. Adams. Surface reticulately sculptured, the radials more conspicuous towards the ends of the valves and the concentric sculpture in the middle; no specialized TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1248 posterior area; valves with the umbones not compressed, moderately convex ; pallial line slightly flexuous behind, inner margins of the valves entire, the cardinals not grooved; the ligament and other characters as in Gafrariumt s. s. ?Section Radiocrista Dall, 1902. Type Venus pulcherrima Deshayes, Journ. de Conchyl., viii., p. 381, pl. xiv., figs. 1, 2, 1860. Tertiary. Shell with the form of Chionella, the disk and anterior part elegantly, regu- larly concentrically sulcate; the dorsal posterior area equally divided between the valves, nearly smooth, separated from the disk by strong radial ribbing ; the lunule not definitely circumscribed but indicated by a thickening of its margins and concentrically striated. Interior and geological horizon unknown. This remarkable fossil is provisionally located here pending further informa- tion, It is probably of European Tertiary origin. Section Gouldia C. B. Adams. Gafrarium (Gouldia) insulare Dall and Simpson. Circe (Gouldia) insularis Dall and Simpson, Moll. of Porto Rico, p. 487, pl. lv., fig. 2, IQOI. Oligocene of the Bowden marl, Bowden, Jamaica; living at San Juan and Mayaguez harbors, in Porto Rico, in thirty fathoms sand. After a careful examination of both recent and fossil specimens I am un- able to mention any characters which may be said to constantly differentiate them. On the whole, the fossils are a little more inflated and usually more produced in front, but these features are inconstant. Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum n. sp. PLATE 57, FIGURE 10. Oligocene of the Chipola River, Calhoun County, Florida; Burns. Shell rounded trigonal, rather thin, subcompressed, the surface finely, evenly, closely, concentrically sulcate, with a few almost microscopically minute radial striulae sometimes visible under a lens in the sulci near the ends of the shell; most of the specimens appear to be without radial sculpture; beaks small, pointed, slightly anteriorly directed over a lanceolate lunule bounded by an in- cised line; hinge normal ; pallial sinus barely indicated ; inner margins smooth, the right posterior dorsal margin grooved to receive the bevelled edge of the margin of the opposite valve. Length 8.3, height 7.2, diameter 4.0 mm. This species is especially characterized by its fine, even, concentric sculpture and nearly total absence of radial striz. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Gafrarium (Gouldia) altum n. sp. » PLATE 57, FIGURE 5. Oligocene sands of Oak Grove, Santa Rosa County, Florida; Burns. Shell small, high, rounded trigonal, the beaks small but prominent and rather pustular than pointed; surface with faint, irregular, concentric striz and wrinkles; towards the base and ends the sculpture is more regular, and, near the ends, cut by faint radial striz; lunule lanceolate, impressed; pallial line with a broad, shallow wave posteriorly; right posterior dorsal margin deeply grooved, the other portions of the margin smooth. Length 4.5, height 4.5, diameter 3.0 mm. This species is characterized chiefly by its small size, irregular and feeble sculpture, and wide sinuation of the pallial line. Gafrarium (Gouldia) metastriatum Conrad. Cytherea metastriata Conrad, Fos. Medial Tert., p. 14, pl. viii., fig. 5, 1838. Venus metastriata Orbigny, Prodrome Paleont., iii., p. 108, 1852; Conrad, Am. Journ. Sci., 2d Ser., i., p. 404, 1846; Tuomey and Holmes, Pleioc. Fos. S. Car., p. 79, pl. xx1., fig. 1, 1857; Emmons, Geol. Rep. N. Car., p. 293 (figure excluded), 1858. Circe metastriata Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, for 1862, p. 575, 1863; Meek, Checklist Mio. Fos., p. 10, 1864. ; Miocene of Suffolk (type locality) and Yorktown, Virginia; of North Carolina at Magnolia and the Natural Well, Duplin County, and Wilmington; of Jackson Bluff and other localities south of Tallahassee in northwest Florida ; Pliocene of the Waccamaw district, South Carolina, and of the Caloosahatchie and Shell Creek, De Soto County, Florida. This species is coarsely sculptured with strong radial strie distally, the sulci all over the disk sometimes showing radial sculpture. It is perhaps most neatly allied to Gouldia bermudensis E. A. Smith of the recent fauna, but that species is on the whole a more elongated form with finer and more regular sculpture and less inflated shell. Originally Conrad regarded the G. cerina C. B. Adams as identical with the fossil, an opinion adopted also by Tuomey and Holmes. The species of Gouldia are all very similar, but there is differ- ence enough in this case to render it undesirable to unite the fossil and the recent shells. In the case of Emmons it seems almost certain that the shell figured by him as Venus metastriata is something quite different, perhaps a Lucinoid form like Phacoides radians Conrad. The measurements of G. meta- striatum sometimes reach: length 16.0, height 14.0; diameter 7.5 mm., but the specimens average smaller. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER eke TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA This type appears confined to Atlantic waters; no species has yet been reported from the Pacific coast of the continent, recent or fossil, The species of this section are the sole representatives in America of the genus Gafrariwm, either recent or Tertiary, the Circe carbasea Guppy being a member of the genus Pitaria, section Hyphantosoma; “ Psephis’ cancellata Gabb (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii., p. 373, pl. xlvii., fig. 74, 1881), from the Pliocene clays of Costa Rica, is very probably a species of Gouldia. Subgenus CIRCE Schumacher. Circe Schumacher, Essai, p. 152, 1817 (Venus scripta L.); Gray, List Brit. An. Brit. Mus., p. 6, 1851; Morch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 25, 1853; Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 15, 1853; H.and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 428, 1857; Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 152, 1871; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1080, 1887. Circenita Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, i., p. 208, 1888; Cytherea arabica Lamarck. The subgenus may be divided as follows: Section Circe Schumacher. Surface with only concentric sculpture; valves compressed with smooth, compressed beaks, narrow lunule and escutcheon, the pallial line simple, and the inner margins entire; posterior right cardinal grooved; ligament deeply sunken but not hidden. Type Venus scripta Linné. Section Parmulina Dall. Type Circe corrugata (Dillwyn) Deshayes. Surface with the umbonal region coarsely divaricately ribbed, the remainder of the disk with strong concentric sculpture ; valves with the umbones flattened, the remainder convex; pallial line slightly flexuous behind; inner margins finely crenulate; lunule and escutcheon narrow, flat; ligament visible though sunken; cardinals entire or faintly grooved. Section Circenita Jousseaume. Surface feebly concentrically sculptured; valves convex, plump, the um- bones not compressed, the posterior slope without specialized sculpture; lunule distinct, narrow; the escutcheon hardly defined, the ligament little sunken; the middle cardinals feebly grooved; the pallial line with a minute sinus; the inner margins of the valves entire. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Eee Genus LIOCONCHA Morch. Lioconcha Moérch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 26, 1853 (Venus castrensis Linné); H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 420, 1857; Romer, Mon. Venus, i., p. 147, 1868; Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 152, 1871; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1080, 1887. Tropical seas of the old world. Shell solid, heavy, porcellanous, smooth or concentrically striated, sub- orbicular; lunule sharply circumscribed, impressed; escutcheon absent; liga- ment sunken and almost immersed; pallial line slightly flexuous; inner mar- gins smooth; anterior left and posterior right dorsal margins deeply grooved beyond the hinge-plate to receive the bevelled edge of the opposite valve; anterior lateral teeth large and strong; three smooth, stout, entire cardinals in each valve; periostracum thin and smooth, This group was formerly regarded as a subgenus of Circe chiefly on account of its nearly simple pallial line. It is not represented in the American Tertiary, the “ Lioconcha” Newcombiana Gabb, which occurs Pleistocene and recent on the Californian coast, being a species of Chionella. Genus MACROCALLISTA Meek. Macrocallista Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri, p. 179, 1876; type Venus nimbosa Solander; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 178, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1079, 1887. Chione Gray, Analyst, viii. p. 305, 1838 (Venus chione Linné); P. Z. S., 1847, p. 183; Leach, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 302, 1852; not Chione Megerle, 1811, or Gray, 1851. Dione Gray, List Brit. An. Brit. Mus., p. 6, 1851; Venus chione Linné; not Dione Gray, 1847, or Hubner, Lepidoptera, 1816. Callista Morch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 27, 1853 (Venus chione Linné) ; Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 15, 1857; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 424, 1857; Romer, Mon. Venus, i., p. 43, 1866; Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri, p. 178, 1876; Tryon, Conch., iii., p. 177, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1079, 1887; Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, Moll. de Roussillon, ii., p. 322, 1893; not Calista (Poli) Leach, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 305, 1852. Chionella Cossmann, Cat. Illustré bas Paris, i., p. 105, 1886; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1080, 1887. Type Cytherea ovalina Deshayes. This genus, which contains some of the most elegant of the Veneride, has been called by names which cannot be retained, all of them having been first proposed with a different use. The first binomial author to utilize the name Callista (which had been one of Poli’s quadrinomials) was Leach, who applied it to Venus verrucosa Linné, so that it cannot be used for the present assembly. The name Macrocallista of Meek was intended to designate the Venus TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER 1252 TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA gigantea of Gmelin (= nimbosa Solander), but this is only sectionally distinct from the forms which have been called Dione and Cailista, and Meek’s name will therefore have to be taken as covering them both, while a new sectional name is adopted, which was proposed by Cossmann for Eocene members of the group named Dione by Gray in 1838. The characteristics of the genus are as follows: Shell ovate, solid, porcellanous, microscopically radially lineated, polished, smooth or concentrically waved, usually with a vivid coloration and vernicose periostracum; lunule definitely limited, unequally divided, the right portion slightly larger, internal margins smooth; pallial sinus ample, pointed in front; left anterior and right posterior dorsal margins grooved to receive the edge of the other valve; the anterior laterals and three cardinal teeth present in each valve, the right posterior cardinal more or less distinctly grooved or bifid. Section Macrocallista s. s. Shell elongated, the pallial sinus short, the nymphs smooth, the posterior cardinals very slender and elongated. Type Venus nimbosa Solander, Florida. Section Chionella Cossmann, 1886. Shell ovate-trigonal, the posterior cardinals short, the pallial sinus reaching to the middle of the shell, or nearly. Type Cytherea ovalina Lamarck. Parisian Eocene. In the recent species, like Venus chione, the sinus is nearly horizontal, its apex pointing below the anterior adductor scar; in the Eocene species it is more elevated, and in C. ovalina, which Fischer selected as type (Cossmann having mentioned no type), it points to the upper margin of the anterior scar. But this distinction seems insufficient to base any further subdivision upon, In a general way this section differs from Macrocallista proper in being shorter and more trigonal, the other characters mentioned being functions of the differ- ence in form. Macrocallista reposta Conrad. Cytherea reposta Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii. p. 132, 1834; Fos. Medial Tert., p. 15, pl. ix., fig. 2, 1838. ?Cytherea pandata Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii., p. 132, 1834 (young shell). Cytherea reporta Emmons, Geol. Rep. N. Car., p. 204, fig. 223a, 1858; not C. reposta Emmons, loc. cit., fig. 222 (= C. albaria Say). Dione reposta Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862, p. 575, 1863; Meek, Checkl. Miocene Fos., p. 10, 1864. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA = i) n ios) Miocene of Suffolk and the Nansemond River eighteen miles below Suf- folk, and of the York River, Virginia; of North Carolina at Wilmington, New- berne, the Natural Well, and Magnolia, Duplin County; and sixteen miles southwest of Tallahassee, Florida. : This fine species is shorter and broader than M. mimbosa and thinner and more elongated than M. albaria. A slightly compressed band radiates from the beaks to the lower posterior margin. Macrocallista pittsburgensis Dall. PLATE 36, FIGURE 22; PLATE 43, FIGURE I5. Meretrix (Callista) pittsburgensis Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., ili., pp. 1192, 1199, pl. xxxvi., fig. 22, xliii., fig. 15, 1900. Eocene of Pittsburg, Oregon, in hard black shale; J. S. Diller; rather abundant in the locality cited. Shell very inequilateral, subcompressed, elongate oval, with rather promi- nent, irregular, incremental lines; covered with a conspicuous periostracum which is preserved in the fossils; beaks small, low, somewhat anteriorly directed ; lunule lanceolate, smooth, rather large, bounded by an incised line; anterior dorsal slope short, straight; posterior slope moderately arcuate, long ; ends rounded, base arcuate; hinge normal; posterior right cardinal bifid; pal- lial sinus pointed in front, nearly reaching the middle of the shell. Length 36, height 21, diameter 11 mm.; the beaks one-fifth of the length from the anterior end. Macrocallista albaria Say. Cytherea albaria Say, Am. Conch., pl. lix., fig. 1-2, 1834; Binney’s reprint, do., p. 219, 1858; Conrad, Fos. Medial Tert., p. 13, pl. viii., fig. 2, 1838 (Santee River, S. Caro- lina). Dione densata Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862, p. 586, 1863; Meek, Checkl. Miocene Fos., p. 9, 1864; Am. Journ. Conch., iv., p. 278, 18609. Callista densata Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., iv., p. 278, pl. xix., fig. 2, April, 1869 (Petersburg, Va.). Callista virginiana Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862, pp. 575, 586, 1863; Am. Journ. Conch., v., p. 39, pl. ii; fig. 1, July, 1869 (Petersburg, Va.). Dione idonea Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862, p. 575, 1863; Meek, Checkl. Miocene Fos., p. 9, 1864. Dione albaria Meek, Checkl. Miocene Fos., p. 9, 1864. Dione virginiana Meek, op. cit., p. 10, 1864. Cytherea reposta Emmons, Geol. Rep. N. Car., p. 204, fig. 222, 1858; not of Conrad. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER cos TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Miocene of the lower clay bed at Plum Point, Maryland; of the York River and Petersburg, Virginia; of Edgecombe County, North Carolina, and the Santee River, below the Congaree junction, in South Carolina. This species has suffered from the failure of Mr. Conrad’s memory and other faculties towards the end of his life. Say described the species from South Carolina and figured a half-grown valve. Conrad in 1838 copied Say’s figure and description. In the sixties he became impressed with the idea that the shells from Petersburg represented a different species from that of Say, and in his endeavors to get this idea recorded in print he renamed his own copy of Say’s figure (idonea), and gave names to a pathological young shell (densata) and to the full-grown adult from Virginia (virgimiana). The species appears to be subject to a pathological excessive deposit of shell sub- stance inside the pallial line, as remarked by Say. The old shells are shorter and broader in proportion than the young; an occasional healthy specimen has the shell not much thicker than MW. nimbosa. I see no reason for more than one specific name. Macrocallista nimbosa Solander. Venus nimbosa Solander, Portland Cat., p. 175, No. 3761, 1786; after Favanne, pl. xlix., fig. I. Venus gigantea Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., x., p. 354, pl. clxxi., fig. 1661, 1788; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vi., p. 3282, 1792; Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Rec. Sh., i. p. 202, 1817; Encyc. Méth., pl. cclxxx., fig. 3, 1797; Bosc, Hist. Nat. Coq., iii., p. 59, 1801; Wood, Ind. Test., p. 40, pl. viii., fig. 100, 1825. Pectunculus nimbosa Humphrey, Cat. Calonn., p. 49, 1797. Paphia ala-avis Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 175, 1798; ed. ii., p. 122, 1819. Cytherea gigantea Lamarck, An. s. Vert., v., p. 564, 1818; De Kay, Zool. N. Y., Moll., p. 216, 1843; Hanley, Rec. Sh., p. 97, 1843; Conrad, Am. Journ. Sci., 2d Ser., ii., p. 44, 1846; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 628, pl. cxxxi., fig. 86, 1851. Dione gigantea Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., i., p. 80, 1853; Reeve, Conch. Icon., xiv., Dione, pl. v., fig. 17, 1863. Cytherea multiradiata Menke, Verzeichn. Conch., No. 2668, 1830. Cytherea gigantea Conrad, Tert. Sh. in Morton, Syn. Org. Rem. App., i., p. 2, 1834; not of Sowerby, in Philippi, Abb. und Beschr., Cytherea, pl. vii., fig. 1, = Dosinia sp. Callista gigantea Romer, Mon. Venus, i., p. 54, pl. xv., fig. 1, 1866; Chemn., Man. Conch., ii, p. 87, fig. 382, 1862; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 425, 1857; Holmes, P.-Pl. Fos. S. Car., p. 36, pl. vii., fig. 3, 1860; Tryon, Am. Mar. Conch., p. 160, pl. xxix., fig. 396, 1874. Callista (Macrocallista) gigantea Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri, p. 179, 1876. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Cytherea (Callista) gigantea Dall, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 56, 1889. Callista nimbosa Whitfield and Hovey, Bull. Am. Mus. N. Hist., xi. p. 462, 1901. Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie beds, at Shell Creek, Alligator Creek, My- akka River, and on the Caloosahatchie River, Florida; Pleistocene of Simmons Bluff, South Carolina, and North Creek, near Osprey, Florida; recent from the vicinity of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, south to the Florida Keys (Cuba?), west to Mobile, and the coast of Texas at Matagorda Bay. In the fossil specimens the anterior lateral is apt to be shorter and more pustular, the pallial sinus slightly deeper, and the posterior right cardinal shorter and more distant from the nymph, but these differences are not in- variable and I see no reason for separating the two forms even varietally. Macrocallista acuminata n. sp. PLATE 57, FIGURE 3. Oligocene of the silex beds at Ballast Point, near Tampa, Florida, and of the Chipola beds at Alum Bluff, Chattahoochee River, Florida; Dall. Shell smooth, polished, with faint indications of incremental lines, very inequilateral; the beaks at the anterior fourth or nearly so; the lunule nar- rowly cordate, impressed, not sharply circumscribed; anterior end rounded, base evenly arcuate; shell sometimes a little rostrate near the posterior end; posterior dorsal slope slightly arcuate; posterior end elongated, rather sharp; hinge normal; pallial sinus nearly horizontal, pointed behind, in the young reaching forward more than half the length of the shell. Length 28, height 18, diameter 9 mm. Fully adult specimens, according to fragments obtained, reach a length of 80 mm. This species is not unlike M7. reposta Conrad of the Miocene, but is more inequilateral and more acute behind. It probably does not attain the size of the Miocene form, which is often one hundred and twenty millimetres in length and appears to have a shorter pallial sinus and a more elongate and distant anterior lateral tooth. Macrocallista (Chionella) marylandica Conrad. Cytherea marylandica Conrad, Am. Journ. Science, 1st Ser., xxiii., p. 343, 1833; Fos. Medial Tert., p. 15, pl. ix., fig. 1, 1838; Bull. Nat. Inst., ii., pp. 183, 185, 1842. Dione marylandica Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862, p. 575, 1863; Meek, Checkl. Miocene Fos., p. 9, 1864; Whitfield, Moll. of the Miocene Form. N. J., p. 74, pl. xiii., fig. 1, 1895. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1256 Miocene of the artesian well at Atlantic City, New Jersey; of Maryland, near Easton, on the Choptank River, on the Patuxent at Jones Wharf, at the mouth of Parker’s Creek, and three miles north of Plum Point Wharf, Calvert County; from the marls near Skipton, and at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. This is the largest and finest species in our Tertiary. The posterior right cardinal is bifid and the edge of the fan-shaped anterior right cardinal in all the specimens I have seen is transversely puckered or rugose, though I am not sure that in this case this peculiarity may not be pathological. The pallial sinus is short. Macrocallista (Chionella) maculata Linné. Venus maculata Linné, Systema Nature, ed. x., p. 686, 1758; ed. xii., p. 1132, 1767. Cytherea maculata Lamarck, An. s. Vert., v., p. 566, 1818; Sowerby, Conch. Man., fig. 117d, 1842; Thes. Conch., ii., p. 629, pl. cxxxi., fig. 97, 1851. Chione maculata Gray, Analyst, viii., p. 306, 1838. Dione maculata Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., p. 57, 1853. Callista maculata Morch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 28,1853; Gabb, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d Ser., viii., p. 344, 1881. Meretrix dariena Conrad, App. Blake’s Geol. Rep., H. Doc., 129, p. 18, 1855; not P. R. R. Rep., v., p. 328, pl. vi., fig. 55, 1856 (= Clementia sp.). Cytherea dariena Conrad, P. R. R. Rep., vi., p. 72, pl. v., fig. 21, 1857. Oligocene of the Chipola beds on the Chipola River and at Alum Bluff, Chattahoochee River, Calhoun County, Florida; of the Oak Grove sands at Oak Grove, Santa Rosa County, Florida; and at Shoal River, Walton County, Florida; Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie beds, on the Caloosahatchie, Shell Creek, Alligator Creek, and of the Limon clays of Costa Rica; recent from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, south to the West Indies and Cape San Roque, Brazil, and west to Texas. This is one of the most elegant species of the group, and after careful study I have been unable to find any constant characters which would serve to sepa- rate the Oligocene from the recent shell. The Chipola specimens average smaller than the recent ones, and the Costa Rica fossils are shorter in pro- portion than the average of those now living, but both features may be acci- dental and are paralleled by recent individuals examined. During the cold Miocene epoch this species migrated to more congenial seas, but returned with the milder Pliocene and has since remained on our coasts, Conrad named two species Meretrix dariena, one of which is identified with this by Gabb, and I FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1257 think correctly, the other being a Clementia already discussed in this memoir (see p. 1235). In M. maculata the pallial sinus is ample and rises more from the hori- zontal than in the species previously mentioned, but not as high as in the Parisian forms. It is variable in acuteness, some specimens having the an- terior part pointed, others linguiform, and still others rather blunt, as if obliquely truncated. Callista cuneata Gabb, 1881, from the Pliocene clays of Costa Rica, is evi- dently congeneric, and differs, according to Gabb, from M. maculata by its straight instead of convex posterior slope. Cytherea floridana Conrad, 1846, appears to belong hereabouts, but I have seen no specimens from Ballast Point which agree with Conrad’s figure in the American Journal of Science (p. 400) and his description is quite insufficient. Genus AMIANTIS Carpenter. Amiantis Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, pp. 526, 640, 1864 (Cytherea callosa Conr.); Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xv., p. 178, 1865; Romer, Mon. Venus, i., p. 140, 1868; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 178, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1079, 1887. Amyantis Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 151, 1871. Shell large, solid, ovate, concentrically waved, with vernicose periostracum ; lunule and a linear escutcheon defined by an impressed line; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus ample, acute in front, free below, slightly ascending ; three cardinals in each valve, the anterior one very thin, anterior laterals large and strong. Type Cytherea callosa Conrad, 1838 (+ Dione nobilis Reeve, 1849). Section Amiantis s. s. Shell, except when abnormally thickened, with two obscure radial ribs internally near the middle of the disk; posterior cardinals elongated, strong, the right one bifid; the other teeth entire; the posterior left cardinal and the edge of the right nymph rugose; the posterior dorsal margin beyond the hinge- plate grooved to receive the edge of the opposite valve. Section Eucallista Dall, 1902. Shell with the posterior cardinals short; the opposite faces of the nymphs with interlocking rugosities, the teeth smooth, the interior without radial ridges. Type Cytherea purpurata Lamarck; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Dione, pl. viii., fig. 32, 1863. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1258 This shell has a hinge recalling that of Venus mercenaria and is a strictly Brazilian species, confused by Deshayes with one from West Columbia, on the Pacific coast. It was called Chione purpurascens by Gray in 1838. La- marck himself noted the peculiarity of the hinge, which does not seem to have been referred to since. Amiantis callosa Conrad. Cytherea callosa Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., vii., p. 252, 1837. Venus callosa Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 712, pl. cliv., figs. 44, 45, 1853. Dosinia callosa Carpenter, P. Z. S., 1856, p. 216. Amiantis callosa Carpenter, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d Ser., xv., p. 178, 1865; Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc., p. 640, 1864; Gabb, Pal. Cal., ii., p. 96, 1869. Dione nobilis Reeve, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 126; Conch. Icon., xiv., Dione, pl. iv., fig. 15, 1863. Pleistocene of Southern and Lower California, at San Pedro, San Diego, Todos Santos Bay, etc.; living from Santa Barbara to the Gulf of California. This splendid shell is one of the most characteristic types of the Southern Californian coast. It varies in relative length, the short suborbicular form being Reeve’s Dione nobilis; the more elongated shell is that originally de- scribed from a young specimen by Conrad. This reference to it is included here, as it is the only representative on our coast of the genus to which it belongs. Genus MERETRIX Lamarck. Meretrix Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 85, 17909 (Venus meretrix Linné); Syst. des An. s. Vert., p. 122, 1801; Bosc, Hist. Nat. Coq., iii, p. 42, 1801; Froriep’s Duméril, Zool. Anal., p. 160, 1806; Blainville, Man. Mal. p. 556, 1825; Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 183; Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., pp. 4, 34, 1853; Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., pp. 25, 28, 1853; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 423, 1857; Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 14, 1857; Mon. Venus, i., p. 25, 1865; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1079, 1887. Citherea Roissy (as of Lam.), Moll., vi., pp. 320, 336, 1805 (Venus meretrix L.). Cytherea Roissy, op. cit., p. 339, 1805 (C. lusoria Lamarck) ; Lamarck, Ann. du Museum, vii., p. 133, 1806; An. s. Vert. v., p. 561, 1818; Brown, Zool. Textb., p. 449, 1833; Gray, Analyst, viii., p. 303, 1838; Morch, Yoldi Cat., ii, p. 25 (in syn.), 1853; Rémer, Krit. Unters., p. 14, 1857; Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 150, 1871; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 177, 1884; not Cytherea Bolten, 1798. Cytherea Defrance, Dict. Sci. Nat., xii., p. 421, 1818; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 611, 1851. Nympha Morch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 25, 1853, as of Martini (non-binomial) in Verz., 1774; not Nympha Fitzinger, Reptilia, 1826, or Krause, Lepidoptera, 1838. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Tose Shell trigonal, plump, subequilateral, thin, smooth, with a vernicose peri- ostracum and a peculiar olivaceous tone of coloration; lunule and escutcheon not distinctly defined; cardinals three in each valve, with well-marked anterior laterals; the middle left and two anterior right cardinals entire, smooth, the others grooved or bifid; right nymph and posterior left cardinal corrugated ; dorsal margins, beyond the hinge-plate, grooved to receive the edge of the opposite valve; internal margins smooth, the pallial line with a shallow arcuate flexuosity but no angular sinus. Distribution chiefly in the seas of Japan, China, and the Asiatic islands in the western Pacific. Genus CALLOCARDIA A. Adams. Callocardia A. Adams, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xiii., p. 307, 1864 (C. guttata Ads.) ; E. A. Smith, Chall. Rep., Biv., p. 155, 1885; Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xii., p. 274, 1866 (ex parte); do., xviii. p. 439, 1889; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii. p. 268, 1800; XVili., p. 17, 1896; E. A. Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., iv., p. 81, 1900. Caryatis Sowerby, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 212; E. A. Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., iv., p. 81, 1900; not Caryatis, Hubner, Lepidoptera, 1816. Dione Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 183 (Venus dione Linné); Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., p. 55, 1853; Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 15, 1857; Mon. Venus, i., p. 127, 1868; Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 151, 1871; Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri, p. 178, 1876; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii, p. 178, 1884; not Dione Gray, 1851, or Hitbner, 1816. >Venus Megerle von Mihlfeld, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, v., p. 15, 1811 (Venus dione Linné) ; not Venus Lamarck, 1799. > Hysteroconcha Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1079 (in synonymy), 1887; Venus dione Linné. >Tivelina Cossmann, Cat. Illustré bas. Paris, i. p.° 107, 1886 (Cytherea tellinaria Deshayes) ; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1080, 1887. Pitaria Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi., No. 1312, p. 353, 1902. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1265 Romer in 1857 used an unmodified African vernacular name, taken from Adanson, for this genus, but, later, realizing that this was not authorized by the rules of nomenclature, attempted to substitute for it the name Caryatis, which had already been used in entomology. If it is decided that vernacular names should be excluded (and why should we use one from a negro dialect any more than from English or French?), it will be probably best to give a Latin form to Romer’s name, as has been done with many of Adanson’s, and call the group Pitaria. It may be divided as follows: Section Pitaria s.s. Type Venus twmens Gmelin. Shell subtrigonal or ovate, convex, solid, smooth or concentrically sulcate or waved; pallial sinus ample, deep, reaching the middle of the shell, moder- ately ascending; hinge with a well-developed anterior lateral, the posterior cardinals often grooved; lunule not deeply impressed, bounded by an incised line, escutcheon not limited or well defined; internal margins entire, smooth. This group includes the majority of the so-called Cythereas, which have a subtrigonal solid shell, unpolished, with an inconspicuous periostracum and concentric sculpture of lines, wrinkles, small waves or sulci, not raised into lamellz or distally elevated. They are nearly all tropical and largely Oriental shells. Section Hyphantosoma Dall, 1902. Type Cytherea carbasea Guppy, 1866. Oligocene of Jamaica. Surface with fine zigzag sculpture as in Textivenus of the Venerine series, otherwise as in Pitaria. Section Tivelina Cossmann. Type Cytherea tellinaria Lamarck. Eocene. Shell pointed behind, with a Tellina-like twist to the valves, which are concentrically striate; hinge as in Chionella; pallial sinus short, bluntly rounded. Subgenus HYSTEROCONCHA Fischer. Shell subtrigonal, plump, concentrically laminate; lunule and escutcheon situated in an impressed area and defined by a deeply incised line; laminz spinose near the boundary of the posterior area; coloration tinted, not in pat- terns; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus linguiform, ample, free, slightly ascending; hinge as in Pitaria, the edges of the nymphs finely granular, and the stout middle cardinal sometimes obscurely channelled. Habitat tropical American seas. Type Venus dione Linné. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1266 The animal of this species and of Mactra and some other bivalves was called Callista by Poli, but the name was not used in binomial nomenclature until 1852. The group is Dione Gray, 1847, not Gray, 1851, nor Hubner, 1816; and Venus Megerle, 1811, not of Lamarck, 1799. Fischer cites Hystero- concha in synonymy from Lang, who was nonbinomial. Section Lamelliconcha Dall, 1902. Shell trigonal, subcompressed, concentrically ribbed or laminate, without spines, the escutcheon not defined, the edges of the nymphs smooth, otherwise like Hysteroconcha. Type Cytherea concinna Sowerby. Seas of the tropics, especially west America. Cytherea perbrevis Conrad, 1848, from the Vicksburgian, is a Pitaria and is as a rule more elongate and ovate-trigonal than would be supposed from Conrad’s figure, which represents an unusually short specimen. Meretrix sapotensis Gabb, 1881, from the Oligocene of Costa Rica, and Caryatis Guppyana Gabb, from the Pliocene clays of Costa Rica, near Moen, also belong to this group. Circe (Lioconcha) Newcombiana Gabb, from the Pleistocene of San Diego, California, and living on the same coast, may also be referred to Pitaria. Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) carbasea Guppy. Cytherea (Circe) carbasea Guppy, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., xxii., p. 292, pl. xviii., fig. 13, 1866. Callista carbasea Gabb, Geol. Rep. St. Domingo, p. 250, 1873. Oligocene marl of Bowden, Jamaica; Vendryes, Henderson, and Simpson. The peculiarity of this species, apart from its thin shell, recalling Callo- cardia, is the fine, sharp, divaricate sculpture. In the Chipola species, about to be described, the sculpture is still obvious, but its sharpness and clear definition are gone; in the Pliocene species the divarication may be observed by close scrutiny on certain portions of the disk, but is absent elsewhere, and in some fresh specimens can hardly be distinguished, and, finally, in the recent Pitaria Simpsomi Dall, of the Antilles, no trace of such structure remains on the sur- face. But let the shell be weathered and acted on by erosion and the intrinsi- cally divaricate nature of the shell structure stands revealed. There seems to be a difference in endurance between the sulci and the ridges in such a shell, with the consequence that under the action of water and carbonic acid the little punctures due to erosion arrange themselves in divaricate lines, revealing structure otherwise invisible. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) floridana n. sp. PLATE 54, FIGURE 10. Oligocene marl of the Chipola horizon at Alum Bluff and on the Chipola River at McDonald’s farm; Dall and Burns. Shell subtrigonal, solid, nearly equilateral, sculptured with fine, close, con- centric wrinkles, over and upon which is imposed the faint, close, zigzag sculp- ture of divaricate lines with numerous angles; anterior dorsal slope nearly straight, posterior gently arched, with one or two faint radial ridges indi- cated as extending from the umbo to the posterior margin; lunule long, rather narrow; hinge delicate, anterior lateral prominent, compressed; posterior right cardinal bifid near the dorsal end; grooves of the dorsal margin deep; anterior end rounded; posterior end obscurely truncate, base produced a little in the middle. Length 29.2, height 24.0, diameter 17.0 mm. Young shells were abundant in the marl, full-grown ones comparatively scarce. Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) opisthogrammata n. s. PLATE 54, Ficure 8. Pliocene marl of Shell Creek and Alligator Creek, near Charlotte Harbor, Florida; Willcox and Burns. Shell rounded quadrate, produced and attenuated in front, subtruncate be- hind, with a well-marked, wide, shallow sulcus extending from the beaks backward and downward to the middle of the truncation; beaks inflated, an- teriorly twisted; lunule deeply impressed, subcordate, defined by a sharply incised line, with a second impressed but less conspicuous and regular line in harmony with the lunular boundary and dividing the lunule into two subequal parts; surface concentrically striate, feebly on the middle of the disk and more emphatically towards the ends of the shell; the zigzag sculpture nearly obso- lete but usually discernible on the smoother basal parts of the shell, and stronger in some specimens than in others; pallial sinus ample, linguiform, reaching the middle of the shell, with the upper border, nearly on a level with the bases of the adductor scars; the hinge well developed, the anterior lateral prominent, compressed, triagular. Length 39, height 32, diameter 22 mm. The impressed lunule is more conspicuously depressed in the adult than in the partly grown shell and differs also in different specimens. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Pitaria (Lamelliconcha,)) imitabilis Conrad. Cytherea imitabilis Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, p. 292, 1848; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,.2d Ser., i., p. 123, pl. xiii., fig. 14, 1848. Dione imitabilis Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., i., p. 6, 1865; Checkl. Eoc. Fos., p. 28, 1866. Lower Oligocene of Vicksburg, Mississippi, in both upper and lower beds; of Johnson’s sink, Levy County, and Martin Station, Marion County, Florida ; Willcox. A very characteristic Vicksburgian species. Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) planivieta Guppy. Cytherea (Callista) planivieta Guppy, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., xxii. p. 202, pl. Xviil., fig. 3, 1866. Callista planivieta Gabb, Geol. St. Domingo, p. 250, 1873. Oligocene of the Bowden marl, Jamaica, and of St. Domingo, Guppy and Gabb; of White Beach, near Osprey, Florida, Dall. This identification is probable but not absolute, as the White Beach fossils are pseudomorphs in rather imperfect preservation. Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) Hillii n. sp. PLATE 54, FIGURE 7. Oligocene of the vicinity of Gatun on the line of the Panama Canal, Colombia. Shell elongated, moderately convex, ovate, inequilateral, the beaks within the anterior third, moderately prominent; lunule small, impressed, lanceolate ; surface sculptured with narrow, low, roundish ribs with narrower deep sulci between them; an obscure ridge extends from the beaks to the lower posterior margin, which it almost angulates; anterior end rounded, base gently arcuate ; posterior end blunt rather than truncate; hinge obscured by the matrix; pallial sinus deep, reaching beyond the middle line of the shell, rather narrow. Length about 36, height 22, diameter 13 mm. This has somewhat the aspect of a Paphia, but until the hinge is better known in all probability it will be most suitably placed here. A larger, some- what rudely concentrically striated species also occurs in the same beds but is represented by such inadequate material in our collection that I refrain from attempting to describe or name it. The preceding species have been placed under Pitaria in Lamelliconcha, though in some respects they seem more nearly related to Macrocallista. I am FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1269 not at all sure that it might not accord better with the true relationship to propose another section under Macrocallista for sulcate species and put these shells there. Those which follow are typical or at least are apparently more closely related to Pitaria than to anything else. Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) circinata Born. Venus circinata Born, Test. Mus. Vind., p. 61, pl. iv., fig. 8, 1780; Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells, i., p. 160, 1817. Venus rubra Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vi., p. 3288, 1792. Tellina senegalensis Gmelin, op. cit., p. 3244; Wood, Gen. Conch., p. 199, 1815. Venus rubescens Solander, MS., fide Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. Rec. Shells, i., p. 169. Cytherea juncea Guppy, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxii., p. 582, pl. xxii., fig. 13, 1866. Chione circinata Gabb, Geol. St. Dom., p. 250, 1873. Cytherea alternata Broderip, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 45. Dione circinata Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., p. 77, 1853. Oligocene of Gatun, on the line of the Panama Canal, Colombia, R. T. Hill; of Cumana, Venezuela, Guppy; Pliocene of Trinidad, West Indies, Guppy; living on both coasts of Central America and in the Antilles. Gabb was mistaken in doubting Reeve’s location of this species at Mazatlan. It is one of the very small number of Veneride which occur on both the At- lantic and Pacific coasts of middle America, and in harmony with this excep- tional distribution also occurs in the Isthmian Oligocene. I have compared Guppy’s type with the recent shell and find only the difference that the hinge is more solid and heavy in the fossil, but such differences also occur between recent specimens, and I am therefore driven to the conclusion that, so far as the material at my disposition goes, there is no specific distinction to be drawn between the recent and the Oligocene shells, a conclusion earlier reached by Gabb, who was, however, rather given to inadvisable consolidations. Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) astartiformis Conrad. Cytherea astartiformis Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, p. 292, 1848; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d Ser., i., p. 123, pl. xiii., fig. 13, 1848. Dione astartiformis Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., i., p. 6, 1865; Check]. Eoc. Fos. N. Am., p. 28, 1866. Lower Oligocene at Vicksburg, Mississippi; upper Oligocene of the Chipola beds at Alum Bluff and on the Chipola River, Calhoun County, Florida; Burns and Dall. J TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER Dene TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA This is a well-characterized and interesting species. The lunule is defined only by a feebly incised line which is often indistinguishable in partly worn specimens. The hinge is massive for the size of the shell, the pallial sinus angular and nearly horizontal, and the basal margins entire. The concentric sculpture is low and rounded over the greater part of the disk, becoming higher and sharper near the posterior end of the shell. The specimens I have seen from Vicksburg are from the clay bed and not the marl, and I do not know whether they also occur in the marl or not. Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) calcanea n. sp. PLATE 55, FIGURE IQ. Oligocene of Vicksburg, Mississippi; Johnson and Crutcher. Shell small, solid, subtrigonal, elevated, with prominent anteriorly twisted beaks; lunule impressed, obscurely limited by an impressed line, rather large, cordate; an obscure ridge extends from the beaks backward and downward to the lower posterior end of the shell; anterior end attenuated, rounded; posterior end broader and more bluntly rounded; base arcuate; sculpture of thick, adjacent, low, rounded concentric ribs, smooth except for the ribbing; when partly eroded showing fine, thread-like, concentric structure; nymphs short; hinge solid, concentrated, the teeth entire, the posterior left cardinal slender, the anterior lateral stout and prominent; internal margins entire; pallial sinus linguiform, slightly ascending, not reaching the middle of the shell. Length 17, height 15, diameter 10 mm. This shell is somewhat rude and individuals differ somewhat in form, but all show the elevated and twisted beaks and the broad, low, thick ribs, differ- ing from P. astartiformis, which has narrow ribs terminally acute, separated by deep channels. Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) filosina n. sp. PLATE 57, FIGURE I. Upper Miocene of North Carolina at the Natural Well in Duplin County ; Burns. Shell small, subcompressed, ovate-trigonal, with low, small, pointed beaks ; lunule large, lanceolate, hardly differentiated from the rest of the surface by an obscure impressed line, the surface of the lunule sculptured like the rest of the shell and not impressed; surface with very fine, close, thread-like concentric ribs but no radial sculpture; hinge well developed but delicate; the anterior right, the posterior and anterior left cardinals entire, the others grooved or FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA yee bifid; the anterior lateral inconspicuous; the anterior left and posterior right dorsal margins grooved to receive the edge of the opposite valve, the basal margins entire; the pallial sinus large, linguiform, ascending towards the umbo. Length 7.75, height 7.5, diameter 4.0 mm. This odd little shell recalls Gouldia by its form and Dosinia by its sinus. Nothing very close to it in the Miocene has turned up. Genus CYTHEREA Bolten. Antigona Schumacher, Essai, pp. 51, 154, 1817; sole ex. A. lamellaris Schum., loc. cit., pl. xiv., fig. 2, = Dosina lamarckii Gray, 1838; not Antigonus Hubner, Lepidoptera, 1816. > Cythereites Kriiger, Gesch. der Urwelt, ii, p. 449, 1823; C. rugosus Kruger. Dosina Gray, Analyst, viii., p. 308, 1838, no type selected; P. Z. S., 1847, p. 183; Venus verrucosa L.; not Dosinia Scopolt, 1777. Clausina Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., expl. pls. xix., xx., 1827; ed. ii., pp. 90-91, 1844; Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 183; Venus verrucosa Linné; not Clausina Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 16, 1857 (V. tiara Dillw.). Omphaloclathrum Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 25, 1853; Romer, Mal. Blatt., xiv., p. 29, 1867; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1084, 1887. Venus Swainson, Malac., p. 372, fig. 119¢, 1840; Venus verrucosa L.; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 417, 1857; Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., i., p. 97, 18533 Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 147, 1871; not Venus (L.) Lamarck, 1799. Calista Leach, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 305, 1852; V. verrucosa Linné; not Callista Morch, 1853. Callista Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1084, 1887; V7. verrucosa Linné; not of Morch, 1853. >Ventricola Romer, Mal. Blatt., xiv., p. 115, 1867, ist species V. rugosa Gmelin, no type selected; Sacco, Moll. terz. Piem. e Lig., p. 27, 1900. Cytherea Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi., No. 1312, p. 354, 1902. > Antigona Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 17, 1857, V. puerpera L. > Artena Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., vi., p. 76, 1870, Venus staminea Conrad; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1084, 1887. > Artenia Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 178, 1884; = Artena Conrad. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER 1272 TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Cytherea verrucosa has the siphons short, but mostly free from each other, their orifices and the mantle margin fringed, and the foot geniculate. This genus is divisible into two groups. or subgenera as follows: Genus Cytherea Bolten. Type Venus puerpera L. Dental formula Fo OTOTOTO.F. - 0.01010T.0 Shell large and rotund, valves convex, with strong sculpture in which the concentric element predominates, with well-marked lunule and escutcheon, the latter unequally divided between the valves, larger in the left valve; umbones plump; ligament set in a groove; cardinals large, the middle left and the posterior two right cardinals bifid, the left anterior lateral papilliform, obscure, sometimes obsolete; pallial line with a small, short, rounded sinus; inner margins of the valves crenulate. Subgenus Cytherea s. s. Shell large, reticulately sculptured; the portion of the escutcheon in the right valve (when not defective) forming a thin lamina which projects over the sunken ligament and almost completely hides it; pallial sinus wide, short, and rather rounded in front; lateral tooth minute or obsolete. Section Clausina Brown.* Type V. verrucosa Linné. Shell large, strongly concentrically lamellose with obscure divaricating radials towards the ends; right portion of the escutcheon slightly overlapping behind but not over the ligament; pallial sinus small, narrow, angular. Section Ventricola Romer. Type V. rugosa Gmelin. Shell large with strong, recurved, concentric lamelle regularly spaced, be- tween which are smaller concentric threads; pallial sinus small, angular; lunule deeply impressed. : Subgenus APHRODINA Conrad. Aphrodina Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., iv., p. 246, 1868 (Meretrix tippana Conrad) ; Kerr, Geol. Rep. N. Car., App., p. 7, 1875; Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri, p. 179, 1876; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 177, 1884. Shell concentrically striated, with a circumscribed lunule, but no defined escutcheon; inner margins smooth; pallial sinus ample, free, ascending, rather rounded in front; hinge with three cardinals in each valve, the right posterior *The name Venusarius of Dumeril is older, but was given to the animal alone, under a non-Linnean system of nomenclature. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 72s cardinal bifid; an elongate anterior lateral corrugated on both sides and re- ceived into a corrugated pit in the right valve; nymphs plain. This form, while less orbicular, recalls Dosiniopsis and Cyclorisma by its characters, differing from the former by the absence of granulations on the nymphs and of a posterior lateral tooth, and from the latter by the presence of a defined lunule and an anterior lateral tooth. It is a member of the upper Cretaceous fauna of the southeastern United States. Subgenus ANTIGONA Schumacher. Type Cytherea lamellaris Schumacher (Dosina lamarckii Gray). Shell smaller and more trigonal, less rotund than Cytherea s. s.; the left anterior lateral lamelliform and larger, with a perceptible socket in the right valve; the posterior right cardinal broad and deeply bifid; pallial sinus small, triangular. Section Antigona s. s. Shell rather elongate, with profuse concentric lamellz crenulated by fine radial ribs; the lunule deeply impressed, the ligament exposed, the overlap of the escutcheon small. Section Artena Conrad. Shell trigonal or short, with acute concentric laminz, between which are minute elevated concentric lines; lunule not deep; escutcheon large, not over- lapping; posterior right cardinal narrow; anterior left lateral compressed, narrow, laminar; other features as in Antigona. This section bears to Antigona much such a relation as Ventricola does to typical Cytherea in the other subgenus. Subgenus CIRCOMPHALUS Morch. Circomphalus (sp.) Herrmannsen, Ind. gen. Mal., i., p. 237, 1847; Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 23, 1853; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 422, 1857. No type selected. Circumphalus Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii, p. 176, 1884; V7. plicata Gmelin (=V. dysera Linné, pro parte). Anaitis Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 177, 1884; not of Duponchel, Lepidoptera, 1829, nor of Romer, 1857 (ex parte). Chiona Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 16, 1857; not of Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 24, 1853. Shell cordate, compressed, with distant elevated reflected laminz, more or less phyllate near the escutcheon; lunule and escutcheon impressed, sharply TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1274 limited, striated, unequally divided between the valves, smaller in the right valve; the right portion of the escutcheon somewhat overlapping but not hiding the deeply sunken ligament; inner margins finely crenate; pallial sinus small, triangular; anterior right and posterior left cardinals slender, laminar, entire, the others grooved or bifid, a minute pustular anterior lateral present in the left valve. Type Venus plicata Gmelin. The minute lateral has generally been overlooked and the shell associated with Chione, from which it also differs by the character of its sculpture. Subgenus LEPIDOCARDIA Dall. Lepidocardia Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi., No. 1312, p. 356, 1902. Shell small, compressed, rounded and short in front, elongated and pointed behind, smooth or concentrically striated, polished, with delicate coloration ; lunule narrow, circumscribed, but no defined escutcheon; internal margins smooth; pallial sinus linguiform, horizontally extended, pointed in front, partly confluent with the pallial line below; anterior left and posterior right dorsal margins beyond the hinge-plate grooved to receive the edge of the opposite valve; teeth delicate, anterior laterals well developed; posterior right and two anterior left cardinals more or less distinctly grooved. Type Chione floridella Gray (1838) + Venus africana Philippi, 1843. Africa. This group recalls Gomphina in its general appearance, though much less inflated. The species have been referred to several unrelated groups. The coloration is extremely variable and is not excelled in beauty by any of the Veneride. The Cytherea semipunctata figured (plate xiii., fig. 19) but not described by Conrad, in his memoir on the fossils of the Vicksburgian, of 1848, I have not found any other reference to. It may be a Gouldia or a small species of Pitaria. Cytherea tarquinia Dall. PLATE 38, FIGURES 2, 2a. Venus magnifica Heilprin, Trans. Wagner Inst., i., p. 116, 1886; not of Sowerby, 1853. Venus tarquinia Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., iii., p. 1194, pl. xxxviii., figs. 2, 2a, 1900. Oligocene of the Tampa silex beds at Ballast Point, Tampa Bay, Florida, Willcox and Dall; St. Domingo, Gabb. Shell short-ovate, moderately convex, with low, inconspicuous beaks; sculp- tured with numerous even, regular, thread-like radial riblets, separated by FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1275 narrower interspaces, and with rather distant, slightly elevated, thin crenulate concentric lamellz; lunule lanceolate, small and narrow; escutcheon defined by a deep sulcus, on the left valve almost linear, on the right wider but usually defective in the fossils; hinge normal, anterior lateral small and pustular ; pallial sinus small, short, ascending, rounded in front; basal inner margin minutely crenulate. Length 49, height 41, diameter 26 mm. This species, though similar in a general way to the young of the large species like C. Listert Gray, of which it is the precursor, never attains a large size, the measurements given being taken from a fully adult specimen. It is not uncommon at Ballast Point and is chiefly notable for the regularity of its radial sculpture and the thin and distant concentric lamelle. Cytherea czesarina n. sp. PLATE 53, FIGURE 5. Oligocene of the Chipola marl, Calhoun County, Florida, Burns; and of White Beach near Osprey, Florida, Dall. Shell ovate, inequilateral, the beaks being in or at the anterior fourth lunule ; hardly impressed, concentrically striate, cordate, small; escutcheon long and narrow, wider in the right valve, bordered on each valve with a strong sulcus, the ligament hidden by the right-hand portion; sculpture of numerous narrow, elevated, thickened, concentric lamella, somewhat reflected and with narrower ‘concentrically striate interspaces; these cross fine radial riblets, which are distinct and uniform on the young shell but rapidly become obsolete, though the broad tops of the concentric sculpture are crenulate or, more strictly speaking, articulated by the development on them of channels or sulci corre- sponding to those of the obsolete riblets; hinge strong, the larger cardinals deeply bifid, the anterior lateral small and pustular; pallial sinus small, ample, short, rounded in front; inner basal margins minutely crenulate. Length of figured valve 66, height 58, double diameter 40 mm.; length of an internal cast from White Beach 75, height 60, diameter 42 mm. This fine species is quite distinct from any of the others; the radial sculp- ture, contrary to usage, is more distinct in the middle of the disk than on the distal portions of the shell. It much more nearly resembles the recent west American C. multicostata Sowerby than any species now living on the Atlantic side, and adds in this way an interesting item to the list of those which indicate more or less clearly a tolerably close connection between the two faunas in Oligocene times. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Cytherea Willcoxi n. sp. PLATE 53, FIGURE 3. Pliocene marl of the Caloosahatchie River, near the site of old Fort Thomp- son; Willcox and Dall. Shell large, capacious, with well-rounded, somewhat anteriorly twisted beaks; a cordate lunule unequally divided and larger in the right valve; escutcheon long, bordered by a wide, shallow sulcus more emphatic in the left valve; sculpture of very numerous concentric lamella widened and flattened at the top so that they nearly (and sometimes quite) join over the interspaces, espe- cially towards the base; these lamellze, though sharper distally, do not rise into wide, thin laminz, as in the well-developed individuals of C. Listeri, but re- main of nearly the same height over the whole shell; near the beaks fine radial striation is notable in the interspaces, faintly crenulating the concentric lamellze but becoming almost wholly obsolete as the shell approaches maturity; hinge solid, the two posterior cardinals in each valve deeply bifid; the anterior lateral reduced to a low pustule; inner margins minutely crenulate; adductor scars very large; pallial sinus ample, linguiform, rising above a line joining the bases of the scars. Length 102, height 87, diameter 60 mm. Shell somewhat resembling the recent C. Listeri Gray of the Florida Keys, but differing from it by larger size, much closer and more uniform concentric lamellation, proportionally larger lunule and escutcheon, heavier hinge, pro- portionately larger adductor scars, and more ascending pallial sinus. I take great pleasure in naming this splendid shell after Mr. Joseph Will- cox, to whom we are indebted for so much in connection with the explorations of the Pliocene and Oligocene of Florida, and for the discovery of this and many other of their finest fossil remains. Cytherea (Ventricola) ucuttana n. sp. PLATE 57, FIGURE 14. Red Bluff horizon of the lower Oligocene of Mississippi on Ucutta Creek, Clarke County, Carson’s Creek, and at Red Bluff, Wayne County; Johnson, Burns, and others. Shell small, moderately convex, rotund, with low, inconspicuous, proso- gyrate beaks; lunule small, slightly impressed, bounded by an impressed line; escutcheon very narrow, defined by a radial ridge sharper in the left valve; surface sculptured with numerous low, even, gently rounded, wavelike con- centric ridges and by fine, close, regular, low concentric threads which cover the whole surface; hinge solid, normal, well developed, the anterior lateral FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA U2 distinct; inner margins, except the posterior margin, finely crenulate; palliai sinus very small, triangular; outer edges of the adductor scars usually a little raised. Length 19.0, height 16.5, diameter 8.0 mm. This neat little shell grows to a somewhat larger size, as fragments indi- cating individuals one-third larger than the measurements given are in the collection. It is from this stem that the upper Oligocene and Miocene Artena seems to be derived. Cytherea (Ventricola) Blandiana Guppy. Venus Blandiana Guppy, Geol. Mag., Decade ii., vol. i., p. 444, pl. xvii., fig 8, 1874. Oligocene of Bowden, Jamaica, Vendryes, Henderson, and Simpson; of Haiti, Guppy; of Florida at White Beach, near Osprey, and the Chipola beds on the Chipola River, Calhoun County, and of Curagoa, Dutch West Indies. This species recalls C. strigillina Dall, of the recent West Indian fauna, but has the primary concentric lamelle lower and more distant, the secondary sculpture more distinct, and a more elongated outline. The young shells are more rounded than the adults. Cytherea (Ventricola) rugatina Heilprin. Venus rugatina Heilprin, Trans. Wagner Inst., i., p. 92, pl. xi., fig. 24, 1887; Dall and Simpson, Moll. of Porto Rico, p. 483, Igor. Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie River and Shell Creek, south Florida, Willcox, Dall, and Burns; living from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to the Florida Keys, and at Mayaguez, Porto Rico, West Indies, United States Fish Commission. This fine shell is well distinguished from C. rugosa, as Heilprin has shown. The recent specimens found are all young or adolescent, but agree well with the fossil individuals of the same size. Cytherea (Artena) glyptoconcha n. sp. PLATE 55, FIGURE 24. Cytherea staminea Heilprin, Trans. Wagner Inst., i., p. 116, 1887; not of Conrad, 18309. Oligocene of the silex beds at Ballast Point, Tampa Bay, Florida; Willcox, Burns, and Dall. Shell variable in form from short to rather produced, trigonal with the posterior slope longer and the posterior end subrostrate; beaks (normally) pointed, moderately high, subcentral; lunule cordate, striated, impressed; an- i TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER nage TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA terior end below the lunule rounded; posterior slope nearly straight; a striated narrow area representing the escutcheon is bounded by a rapidly widening radial ridge, in front of which is a shallow sulcus, the whole forming at its intersection with the posterior border a short rostrum; sculpture of heavy, slightly recurved concentric ribs, somewhat expanded on the rostrum and covered with a fine secondary close, concentric striation; base arcuate; hinge heavy, normal, the anterior lateral small but distinct; basal margin minutely crenulate; pallial sinus small, triangular. Dimensions of varying forms: Elongate tee sac wseecescreimmicteracklcs length 22.0, height 15.0, diameter II.0 mm. Normal attra csc secon Co 258, YBa sf 18.0 mm. SHORE A ae re Te CE oer: “ 18.0, My 16.5, o 13.0 mm. A few specimens show faint radial striation on the ventral side of the ribs nearest the base of the shell. This interesting species has the general aspect of Lirophora, the minute sculpture and hinge of Artena. It is one of the more abundant species in the silex beds. Cytherea (Artena) Shepardi n. sp. PLATE 55, FIGURE 16. Oligocene of Hillsboro’ Bay and Ballast Point, near Tampa, Florida; J. Shepard, Willcox, Post, and Dall. Shell small, solid, subtrigonal, concentrically feebly waved, the waves more distinct near the beaks, the whole surface minutely, closely, concentrically striated; lunule narrow, lanceolate, defined by a sharply incised line, but feebly impressed; escutcheon narrow, striated, defined by a sharp radial keel beyond which the concentric waves do not pass; beaks small, pointed, prosogyrate ; hinge normal, anterior lateral well developed; inner margins finely crenulate ; pallial sinus small, triangular. Length 21.0, height 18.5, diameter 12.0 mm. This species recalls C. ucuttana in its sculpture, but it has the C/ione-shape of Artena and an almost rostrate posterior end. It is nearest to C. glypto- concha, but is less produced and wants the prominent ribbing. Cytherea (Artena) undulata Conrad. Artena undulata Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., vi., p. 76, 1870. Cf. Dall, Am. Journ. Sci 3d Ser., xlviii., pp. 300-301, 1804. From the phosphatic rock of the Ashley River, South Carolina, the upper or Miocene member of the Ashley and Cooper marls of Tuomey. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1279 This is a very distinct species, rounded trigonal when young; the older specimens grow faster ventrally than distally, making the form high and short; the surface is covered with fine concentric threads close set, and has in the middle of the disk a few faint undulations. The deep and prominent undulations visible on many of the casts taken from the rock seem to be due to erosion or decay before fossilization; the lunule is cordate and sharply limited by an incised line. The beaks rise high above the hinge, which is normal with a well-developed anterior lateral. The margin of the valves forms a subcircular outline, minutely crenulate. A well-grown specimen: measures, length 18, height 21, diameter 18 mm. Cytherea (Artena) staminea Conrad. Cytherea staminea Conrad, Fos. Medial Tert., cover of No. 1, 1839, pl. xxi., fig. 1. Artena staminea Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., vi., p. 76, 1870; not of Heilprin, Trans. Wagner Inst., i., p. 120, 1887. Venus staminea Conrad, Bull. Nat. Inst., ii., p. 183, 1842; not of Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii., p. 250, pl. xix., fig. 14, 1837 ( = Protothaca sp.). Miocene of Calvert Cliffs, Plum Point, St. Mary’s River, and other localities in Maryland. A characteristic Miocene shell, notable for its inflated form and sharp, re- curved, concentric ribs. The escutcheon is very large and bounded on each side by a strong radial keel. Other species which have been referred to the genus Cytherea are C. ele- vata H. C. Lea, 1845, from the Miocene of Petersburg, Virginia, a minute shell less than eight millimetres long; another C. elevata from the Miocene of Florida was listed by Conrad in 1846, but not described or figured. C,. mussis- sippiensis Conrad, from the Vicksburgian, was afterwards referred by him to Chione. C. nuciformis Heilprin is a species of Chione. C. semipunctata, fig- ured and named, but not described, by Conrad, from the Vicksburgian in 1848, does not appear elsewhere, as far as I can discover, in the literature. C. sobrina Conrad from the same horizon is a Chionella. C. multicostata Sby. has been enumerated as one of the reef Pleistocene fossils of St. Domingo, but doubtless through a misidentification, perhaps of C. Listert Gray, which is known to occur in these beds. Callista acuticostata and C. Tryoniana Gabb, 1873, from the Oligocene of St. Domingo, are referred by Guppy to C. circinata Born. Caryatis Lordleyi Gabb, 1881, from the Pliocene of Costa Rica, is unfigured. The C. Guppyana described at the same time is perhaps a Ciiionella. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Genus SAXIDOMUS Conrad. Saxidomus Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 249, 1837; S. Nuttall Conrad; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 437, 1857; Carpenter, P. Z. S., 1856, p. 215; Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1856, p. 192 ef seq., 1857; Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, p. 641, 1864; Gabb, Pal. Cal., ii, pp. 58, 98, 1869; Dunker, Ind. Moll. Mar. Japon., p. 208, 1182; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 175, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1086, 1887. Venus (sp.) Philippi, Abb. und Beschr., ii., p. 151, 1846. Tapes (sp.) Gould, Rep. Pac. R. R. Expl., v., p. 333, 1856. Saxidomus (pars) Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus., i., p. 186, 1853 (Tapes sp. exclus.). This genus has never been correctly described or clearly understood. The animal has long, large siphons closely united nearly to their orifices, which have inconspicuously papillose openings; the margin of the mantle is slightly festooned rather than fringed; the foot is very large, triangular, with no “heel,” but with a compressed thin margination; there are four rather large plicate palpi; the gills are normal, rounded in front and behind, the leaves subequal, and rather small for the size of the animal; the mantle is open ventrally, as in most Veneride. In harmony with these Meretricine characters we find the dental formula, when correctly stated, to be Feteuetecre, The teeth are much concentrated, so that the left anterior lateral has the appearance of being one of the cardinal series and the anterior right cardinal is frequently in line with the adjacent lateral, so that they have been taken to be one and the same tooth. The posterior right cardinal is deeply bifid, the other teeth are entire and smooth. The ligament is long, strong, and wholly external. There is no circumscribed or impressed lunular area or escutcheon. The internal margins of the valves are smooth, the pallial line with a deep, nearly horizontal sinus, rounded in front. The external sculpture is wholly concentric, though the ridges of the rougher species sometimes inosculate. The radially sulcate series (Saxidomus II.) of Deshayes contains only species of Protothaca. The genus reaches back to the Eocene in time, the species are distributed on the Asiatic and American shores of the Pacific, and their metropolis is on the west coast of America. Saxidomus Nuttallii Conrad, 1837, was an adolescent specimen of the species described by Gould in 1861 as S. aratus, and by Philippi in 1846 as Venus maximus (Anton MS.). The very young smooth stage was named Tapes gracilis by Gould in 1855. It has in the adult state a concentrically more or less sulcate surface and one or more purple patches on the dorsal mar- gin. According to Cooper it occurs in the Miocene, Pliocene, and Quar- FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA ternary of California as well as living on the coast from Baulinas Bay to San Diego. Saxidomus giganteus of Deshayes (as Venerupis, 1839), the S. Nuttalli of Carpenter, 1864, but not of Conrad, the S. squalidus of Carpenter but not of Deshayes, 1853, is the common species of Alaska and Northern California, and is said by Cooper to occur in the Pliocene and Quarternary of Southern California. Saxidomus gibbosus Gabb, 1866, from the Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, and Humboldt County, California, is probably a species of Marcia closely re- lated to M. subdiaphana Carpenter of the recent fauna of the coast. Saxidomus Petitii Deshayes is identical with a variety of Paphia (Proto- thaca) staminea Conrad, 1837, which is abundant from the Miocene up in the Tertiary of California and living on the coast. Subfamily VENERINZ. There does not seem, a priori, any very good reason why the presence or absence of a minute pustule of shelly matter in front of the cardinal teeth should count for much in the classification of species, genera, or still less be the criterion for determination of the subfamily to which a species belongs. Yet in making comparisons of the anatomical features of these animals this little tooth or pustule is found an excellent index to important anatomical differences. So whether it has any intrinsic value or not its correlation with important characters for systematic use must be admitted. The differences indicated already appear with the early Venerid@ in the Mesozoic. The lines of development have been varied. On the one hand we note faint granulation or corrugation near or on the posterior cardinals, grad- ually either splitting up the existing teeth or inducing the establishment of entirely new ones, as in Tivela. On another line the teeth descend from thin ancestral Mesozoic progenitors (Baroda) to the present representatives of the earlier forms (Tapes) with hardly a trace of modification. Anyone who studies these peculiarities must frequently wonder if the key to all of them will ever be attained, and acknowledge with humility the limita- tions of our present knowledge. The present subfamily is characterized by the total absence of lateral teeth. The siphons are usually comparatively short and more or less separate from each other. The foot is hatchet-shaped and, in the adult, not byssiferous except among the nestlers. The young undergo their development outside of the parent shell. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Genus CYPRIMERIA Conrad. Cyprimeria Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1864, p. 212 (C. excavata Morton) ; Am. Journ. Conch., ii., p. 102, 1866; v., p. 98, 1869; Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 157, 1871; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 180, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1082, 1887. ?Cyclothyris Conrad, in Kerr, Geol. Rep. N. Car., App., p. 8, 1875; C. carolinensis Con- rad, loc. cit., pl. ii., fig. 3, 3a, 1875; not Cyclothyris McCoy, Brachiopoda, 1844. This genus is characteristically Cretaceous and has a suborbicular shell, feebly concentrically sculptured, rather heavy and moderately, convex, without any circumscribed lunule or escutcheon, the ligament external but set in a depressed area, on each side of which the valves rise to a rounded dorsal limit but without becoming keeled. The internal margins of the valves are smooth. The hinge formula is Ee 101012. The first anterior left cardinal and the anterior two right cardinals are entire, the others grooved or bifid. There is no trace of any lateral tooth. The pallial line is almost simple; a slight flexuosity, as in Circe, alone represents the sinus. It is obvious that the animal must have had very short siphons, if any, and cannot have been closely related to Dosima, as supposed by Stoliczka, The Indian species with which Stoliczka was familiar are not typical representatives of the genus, and appear to belong to a group to which Conrad gave the preoccupied name of Cyclothyris. This has the dental formula of Cyprimeria except that the middle left and posterior right cardinals are the bifid ones, and the pallial sinus, though not deep, is well developed and ends in an almost rounded arch in front. Stoliczka describes all his Indian species as more or less deeply sinuate, and therefore they must agree with Cyclothyris Conrad. C. carolinensis Conrad and C. Oldhamiana Stoliczka illustrate this form, while C. alta Conrad and C. discus Matheron typify the original Cyprimeria. To Cyclothyris Conrad, not McCoy, I have given the name Cyclorisma in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvi., p. 357, 1902. Genus THETIRONIA Stoliczka. Thetis Sowerby, Min. Conch., vi., p. 10, pl. pxiii., 1826, T. major Sowerby, loc. cit., p. 20, pl. pxiii., figs. 1 to 4; not Thetis Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturg., pp. 278, 280, 1815 (= Tethys Cuvier, 1800), nor Thetis C. B. Adams, 1845. Thetironia Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 158, 1871; Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi., p. 357, 1902. ’Thetiopsis Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri, p. 191, 1876; T. circularis Meek and Hayden, loc. cit., p. 190. ’Tethiopsis Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1085, 1887. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE 1283 TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA This Cretaceous form appears to be one of the precursors of the Veneride, though its hinge is not as well known as could be desired. It appears to re- semble Clementia, but has a smooth surface more or less granulose or punc- tate, with three cardinal teeth in each valve and no trace of lateral teeth. There is no indication of lunule or escutcheon, the internal margins are smooth, and the pallial sinus is exceptionally acute, rising nearly to the hinge-line, and very wide at the base. The form described by Meek from the Cretaceous of Ne- braska is probably an allied but distinct genus in which the shell is smaller, heavier, and smoother, the hinge heavier, and the sinus shorter and more irregular at its anterior basal part. It will be noted that the Cretaceous forms referred to this family mostly agree in having no lunular space set off from the rest of the shell, no lateral teeth, and no tendency to radial sculpture or crenulation of the valve margins. We may therefore conclude that these features are characteristic in this family of a more advanced stage of development, though not absolutely restricted to the most modern types. Genus MYSIA Leach. Mysia (Leach MS.) Lam., An. s. Vert., v., p. 543, 1818 (in synonymy, as communicated by Leach) ; type Venus undata Pennant; Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., rst ed., pl. xvii., figs. 1-2, 1827; 2d ed., p. 98, 1844; Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H., xx., p. 272, 1847; List of Brit. An, Moll., Brit. Mus., p. 5, 1851; Philippi, Handb. Conch., p. 343, 1853. Lucinopsis Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., i., p. 435, 1848. Type Venus undata Pen- nant. Not Mysia Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 195; Conrad, Fos. Medial Tert., p. 30, 1838; Coss- mann, Cat. Ill. Fos. Paris, ii., p. 21, 1887, et al.; = Diplodonta Brown; nor Mysea Billborg, 1820 (Insecta) ; not Mysia Dall and Simpson, Porto Rico Report, Igor. The name Mysia rests on the citation of a synonym by Lamarck under the Lucina undata (Pennant, as Venus) of the latter author. It is connected only with this species, and if retained at all, must be retained for this reason and no other. The fact that Brown, Gray, and others associated other species with the originally unique type does not authorize the adoption of any of these as typical under the rules of nomenclature. The correct course in this instance was pointed out by Gray and Philippi nearly half a century ago. The dentition of Mysia consists, in the right valve, of two slender divari- cating cardinals, the posterior grooved or bifid on the edge; in the left valve are three cardinals, the middle one stout and bifid, the others slender and entire. In Jeffreys’ account of the hinge the valves are reversed by some inadvertence. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1284 The hinge-plate is excavated longitudinally, below the lunule, but there is not a trace of lateral teeth. This genus is sufficiently separated from Dosinia by its separated siphonal tubes and the absence in Mysia of the small anterior lateral tooth found in the left valve of Dosinia. It has been said to have the posterior flexure of Tellina, but I cannot find that this is correct. The specimens I have studied are without it. The dental formula is ae There are no American species. The subgenus Lajonkaireia Deshayes, which has been referred to Lucinop- sis by several authors, is founded on a recent species of Petricola, described as Venerupis Lajonkairei by Payraudeau in 1826; figured in the Encyclopédie Méthodique (pl. cclxxii., figs. 2a, 26) and named in 1827 Venus cyclolites Valen- ciennes by Bory St. Vincent in his explanation of the plates of the Encyclopédie. This has been referred to under Petricola. From an examination of a rather imperfect valve, together with the figures of Nyst and S. Wood, I am led to doubt the identity of the crag fossil of England and Belgium with the Medi- terranean living form. The most conspicuous distinctive character lies in the hinge, which among other differences has a vastly longer ligament and nymphs in the fossil. This, however, is a question which can best be settled by natu- ralists on the spot. Genus CYCLINELLA Dall. Cyclinella Dall, Nautilus, vol. xvi., p. 44, Aug., 1902. Type Artemis tenuis Récluz. Two American recent species have been referred to Mysia,—the Dosima subquadrata of Hanley and the D. tenuis of Récluz. An examination of these shows, however, that they must be separated from Mysia, since they have three cardinal teeth in each valve, the right posterior one bifid, the centrals being stouter than the others but not bifid, the other characters agreeing with those of Mysia. The dental formula is z rere, For this group I have proposed the name of Cyclinella. Carpenter referred the C. subquadrata to Cyclina, which has the central tooth bifid, the margins crenulated, the lunule undefined, and the sculpture reticulate; while in Cyclinella the lunule is circumscribed, though not impressed, the margins are entire, and the sculpture concentric. Cyclina is said by Adams to have the anatomy like Dosiua; so far as one may infer from the shell characters, Cyclinella should resemble Mysia. Both of the latter differ from the other Veneride by their nearly vertically directed pallial sinus and by the unusual distance of the posterior adductor scar from the dorsal border above it. In a dried and quite young specimen the foot appears pointed, small, and triangular. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1285 Cyclinella cyclica Guppy. Dosinia cyclica Guppy, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xxii., p. 582, pl. xxvi., fig. 15, 1866. Cyclina cyclica Gabb, Geol. St. Domingo, p. 250, 1873. Lucinopsis cyclicus Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix., p. 320, 1896. Eocene of Trinidad at Manzanilla, Guppy, and probably of St. Domingo, Gabb. This species has a subquadrate shape and differs from all the recent species in having a close concentric sculpture of fine, sharp, somewhat elevated lines. The lunule is large and lanceolate and the hinge typical. Guppy’s types are in the collection of the United States National Museum. Cyclinella gatunensis n. sp. PLATE 52, Figure 18. Eocene of the Gatun beds on the line of the Panama Canal at Gatun, Colombia; R. T. Hill. Shell thin, suborbicular, nearly equilateral, with inconspicuous beaks ; moderately convex; sculptured with fine, concentric, scarcely elevated lines, near the beaks and on the middle of the disk nearly smooth; lunule elongate, lanceolate, defined by an incised line, not impressed; interior inaccessible. Height 44, breadth 43, diameter about 15 mm. This species differs from C. cyclica in form, in its finer and less elevated sculpture, and in being a more thin and delicate shell. The lunule is also narrower and proportionately smaller. Cyclinella tenuis Récluz. Dosinia (Artemis) tenuis Récluz, Journ. de Conchyl., iii., p. 250, pl. x., figs. 1, 1’, 1852; iv., p. 415, 1853; Krebs, West Indian Mar. Shells, p. 99, 1864; not Artemis tenuis Sowerby, 1852. Cyclina tenuis Beau, Cat. Coq. Guadeloupe, p. 24, 1858. Dosinia tenuis Poulsen, Cat. West India Shells, p. 15, 1878. Lucinopsis tenuis Petit, Journ. de Conchyl., v., p. 155, 1856. Lucinopsis kroyeri Poulsen, Cat. West India Shells, p. 15, 1878; not of Philippi. Lucinopsis gundlachi Dunker, in Arango, Fauna Mal. Cubana, p. 252, 1878. Mysia tenuis Dall and Simpson, Moll. of Porto Rico, p. 487, 1901. Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie River, Florida, Dall; living (in about two fathoms, sand) from Cedar Keys, West Florida, south through the West Indies and southward to San Paulo, Brazil. TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA Genus CHIONE Megerle von Mihlfeld. Chione Megerle von Mithlfeld, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, v., p. 51, 1811; Venus dysera Chemnitz (non Linné) = Venus cancellata (L.) Lamarck, and lV’. gal- lina L.; not Chion Scopoli, 1777, nor Chione Desvoidy, 1830, Diptera; nor Chionea Dalman, 1816, Diptera; nor Chionis Forster, 1788, Aves; nor Chione Gray, 1838. Chione Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 176 (V. gnidia L.), 1884. Chiona Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 24, 1853 (V. cancellata Lam.) ; not Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 16, 1857 (V. plicata Gmelin). Clausinella Gray, List Brit. An. Brit. Mus., p. 12, 1851, VY. fasciata Da Costa; Dautzen- berg, Moll. de Roussillon, ii., p. 382, 1893. Ortygia Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., expl. pls. xix. and xx., 1827; V. gallina L. (not Ortygia Boie, 1826, Aves); Gray, List Brit. An. Brit. Mus., p. 10, 1851; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1084, 1887. Zucleica Leach, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 307, 1852; V7. fasciata’'Da Costa; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1084, 1887. Hermione Leach, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 306, 1852; V7. striatula Da Costa; not Hermione Blainville, 1828, Vermes. Orthygia Morch (as of Leach) in Synon., Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 23, 1853; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 422, 1857. Chamelea Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 23, 1853; V. gallina L. Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 16, 1857; H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 422, 1857. Chamelea Romer, Mal. Blatt., xiv., p. 109, 1867; Tryon, Man., iii., p. 176, 1884; Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, Moll. de Roussillon, ii., p. 355, 1803 (V’. gallina L.). Clausina Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 16, 1857; V7. tiara Dillwyn; not Clausina Brown, 1827, or Jeffreys, 1847. Timoclea Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., expl. pl. xix., fig. 11, 1827 (V7. ovata Pennant) ; ed. ii., p. 91, pl. xxxvii., fig. 11, 1844; Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 23, 1853 (VY. granu- lata L.); H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 422 (olim), 1857; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 176, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1084, 1887. Pasiphaé Leach, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 30, 1852; V7. ovata Penn; not Pasiphaé Spinola, 1851, Hymenoptera, nor Risso, Crustacea, 1826. Cytherea H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 660, 1858; not of Bolten, 1708. Gomphina Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, ii., p. 19, 1853; Venus undulosa Lam. (not H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 424, 1857, or Chenu, 1862, V. donacina Ch.) ; Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 16, 1857; Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 149, 1871; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 177, 1884; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1086, 1887. Omphaloclathrum Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii, p. 176 (in synon.), 1884; not of Morch, 1853. Parvivenus Sacco, Moll. Piem. e Lig., ,xxvill., p. 45, 1900. Type Venus marginata Heernes (= Chamelea Morch, 1853). Lirophora Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862, p. 575, 586, 1863; Meek, S. I. Checkl. Miocene Fos., p. 9, 1864; Venus athleta Conrad. FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE f TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA 1287 Marcia (pars) H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii., p. 423, 1857 (no type selected) ; Chenu, Man. Conch., ii., p. 81, 1862 (lV. undulosa Lam.) ; Tryon, Syst. Conch., iii., p. 178, 1884 (V. undulosa Lam.); not Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1086 (Venus exalbida Lam.), 1887. Leukoma Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 17, 1857, V. granulata Gmelin (not Lewcoma Stephens, 1820, Lepidoptera) ; Malak. Blatt., xiv., p. 92, 1867. Leucoma Stoliczka, Cret. Pel. India, p. 148, 1871; Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 1084, 1887; not Leucoma Stephens, 18209.