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TRANSACTIONS OF THE |
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OF SCIENCE = F®CEIvEo .

APR 1 8 1921

OF PHILADELPHIA | scssrorse 9

EABODY MUSEUM

VOLUME IX—PART 2
MARCH, 1921

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
MONTGOMERY AVE. AND SEVENTEENTH ST.
PHILADELPHIA
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TRANSACTIONS OF THE
My SONER FREE INSITUrE
OF SCIENCE

OF

PHILADELPHIA
VOL. IX—PART 2

MARCH, 1921

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
MONTGOMERY AVE. AND SEVENTEENTH ST.
PHILADELPHIA ~

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE OF
PHILADELPHIA

TRUSTEES
SAMUEL WAGNER, President Emeritus.
SAMUEL TOBIAS WAGNER, President.
SYDNEY T. SKIDMORE, Secretary. J. VAUGHAN MERRICK, Treasurer.
HARRISON S. MORRIS. HENRY LEFFMANN, Chairman.
JOHN WAGNER, Jr.

FACULTY
WIKEIAM HEALEY DALIC AM. Se:
Honorary Professor of Invertebrate Paleontology.
HENRY LEFFMANN, A.M., M.D., Ph.D.
Honorary Professor of Chemistry.

WILEIANMG Be] SCOii AM. Ph De ie)
Honorary Professor of Geology.

GEORGE VEY SuRADEING eh»:
Honorary Professor of Physics.

SAMUEL TOBIAS WAGNER, B.S., C.E.
Professor of Engineering.

SPENCER: PROMTERS MED:
Professor of Zodlogy.

SAMUEL EG SECHMUCKER: sens) aD: Se
Professor of Botany.

ESEIE BB. SERIA BAe
Professor of Physics.

CHAREES Ho IcAWALIES Pha\icsD!Sc:
Professor of Organic Chemistry.
DAVID W. HORN, Ph.D.
Professor of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry.
MAY VIEGE We si WilmtChHiEEL eheb:
Professor of Geology.

JOHN WAGNER; Jr.; B:S. In GE. GCE.
Lecturer on Engineering.

JOHN G. ROTHERMEL, Director.

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC
CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN, OMMASTREPHES SLOANI
PACIFICUS

By MADOKA SASAKI
The Hokkaidé Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan
(With nine figures)

INTRODUCTORY

MONG the Japanese marketable cuttlefishes the species of the most
A economic importance is Ommastrephes sloani pacificus Steenstrup,
which is popularly known as “Surumé-ika” or ‘“‘Nibanzurumé.”’ Ac-
cording to the statistical reports of the Agricultural and Commercial Depart-
ment of the Japanese Imperial Government, the total annual catch of the
species has often exceeded 70,000,000 kilos.

Rather suddenly there occurred a marked decrease of catch, as it took
place in certain provinces some years ago. The condition is often repeated,
so that villages which have been living upon this fishing industry suffer serious
loss. The people of these localities are anxious to learn what causes this de-
crease, hence investigation is urgent. This condition caused me to undertake
the present investigation at the request of one of the provinces which has
suffered since some twelve years ago.

I have had several opportunities to visit the villages where cuttlefish
catching is carried on, and to be on board fishing vessels. I spent the summer
of the year 1919 in Sado, Oki, Tsushima, and Utsuryoté (Dagelet I.), islands
scattered in the Japan Sea and the most famous places in all Japan for the
cuttlefish industry and enjoyed special advantages for observing conditions.
I have occupied myself in angling for the animal, in order to observe at the
same time the physical conditions of the sea. The present paper embodies the
results thus obtained except some parts, of which the investigation is still in
progress to be published on a future occasion.*

*Tn this connection I wish to express my warmest thanks to Prof. S. Hatta and Dr. L. Balder-
ston for their courtesies. My thanks are also due to Mr. Kitahara, leader of the Oceanographic
Institute of the Agricultural and Commercial Bureau, Tokyo, for his kind advice and help in the

course of the present investigation. Further, I am also indebted to Mr. S. Takarabé, Governor of
Shimané-ken, and Vice-governor K. Iwamoto for their assistance in my work.

I

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ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

Besides the life history of the species, this paper deals with the morphology
of the seminal receptacle, and the results of artificial fertilization of the eggs, as
well as certain facts of the hydrography around the Japanese Islands, so far as
these have important bearings on the present investigation.

DISTRIBUTION

According to the statistical reports referred to, the fishing places for Niban-
zurumé appear to extend throughout the coasts of the Japanese Islands from
Hokkaid6 on the north to Loochoo on the south. It must, however, be borne
in mind that the name Nibanzurumé is so vaguely used that it does not always
indicate the species above referred to, but implies different species. In Loochoo,
for instance, the name is applied to Sym plectoteuthis ouolaniensis, which is
caught there in plenty for market. In the northern parts of Hokkaidé,
furthermore, both Onychoteuthis banksit and Ommastrephes sloani pacificus
are taken together into the statistics under the name of Nibanzurumeé.

The statistics of the reports are, though incomplete, enough to give a fair
idea as to the density of distribution of the cuttlefish. From the statistics I
have estimated, in respect to each prefecture or even each district, the mean
amount of the annual catch of the species from 1908 to 1917. In the accom-
panying map (fig. 1) I endeavored to show the mean annual catch obtained in
this way by dottings in the definite number per unit area, so as to give the
density of the coastal distribution. From the map it is clear that on the whole
the species is much more abundant on the coast of the Japan Sea than on the
Pacific side. In the former the animal seems to live not only along the coast,
but also in the open sea, at least in summer, in which season it is reported that
cargoboats bound between Vladivostock and Japan have made good catches
on their way. Similar facts have been communicated by Mr. K. Kuroda,
teacher of fishing in the Hokkaidé Imperial University, who caught the species
on almost every part of the line between Hokkaidé and Vladivostock in Sep-
tember, 1915. On the contrary, on the Pacific side of the Japanese Islands the
distribution is quite limited within a few miles off the coast, except along
Aomori-ken and Iwaté-ken where it may extend some twenty miles in summer
and autumn.

Sn

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SEASONAL AND DAILY MIGRATION

In all the coasts which I have visited, it is said that every year schools

or shoals of the cuttlefish come

from south or west and go away.

to north or east as a migratory
fish does. For instance, in Sado,
it is said, the schools appear for
the first time in the Noto Penin-
sula in the early part of May,
reach the west coast of Sado in the
middle part of the same month,
and then come to its east coast
towards the end of the month.
Thereafter the schools turn north-
ward to Hokkaidé. In Oki the
people say that the schools are seen
some ten days after their appear-
ance in Utsuryoté, and then after
a fortnight the fishing takes place
around the Noto Peninsula. In
Utsuryot6, fishermen say, the cut-
tlefish come over from Tsushima,
while the people of the latter isle
believe the home of the animal to
be in Kiushiu. Taken together,
the information from these sources
points to the conclusion that the
animal migrates northwards from
Kiushiu as far as into Hokkaido.
In spite of my efforts, however, I
could not gather reliable data to
support this conclusion. It is true,
so far as concerns the beginning of

ws
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A Ay

UTsURYOTO

Ree
ee
° KI

18G., 2,

Map showing the density of distribution of Niban-
zurumé (Ommastrephes sloani pacificus): compiled
from the Statistical Reports of the Bureau of Agri-
culture and Commerce.

the fishing season, which grades in time from south or west to north oreast. In

fact the season begins, on the whole, earlier and ends later in the southern seas

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

than in the northern part of Japan. In Hokkaidé the fishing is carried on usually
from July to November, while in Oki its season continues all the year round
except March and April, when the sea water there is coldest. The cuttlefish is
usually most abundant everywhere in summer, so that sometimes it is called
“Natsu-ika”’ (summer squid). The cuttlefish of the northern waters differs
from that of the southern waters in the modes of the development and matur-
ation of the reproductive organs as well as in certain characters of the habit,
which will be considered later (pp. 13,14). At all events these facts all tend to
disprove the view of a long migration of the schools from Kiushiu to Hokkaid6.

The fishing is carried on daily from evening to morning, the best catch
being obtained at somewhile after sunset and before sunrise. Even in day-
time, by the use of suitable methods, one may catch the animal, though small
in amount. Repeated experiences of angling show that in the daytime the
cuttlefish are most abundant in the water strata from 50 fathoms to 100
fathoms, although such strata of the thickest population seem to differ in some
degree in different seasons and localities. Numerous hydrographic observa-
tions made while fishing show us that the water temperature suited for the
living of the cuttlefish is from 10° C. to17° C., but that the animal of the north-
ern seas is adapted to colder water than the southern form. From the facts
above mentioned we may guess the daily migration of the cuttlefish to be as
follows: They swim in daytime usually in the strata from 50 to 100 fathoms
which are the part of the sea hardly penetrated by the daylight, as has been
proved in oceanography. As the sun sets, they come up and are crowded
together in the sea strata of about 20 fathoms or even near the surface, as if
seeking a region of weak daylight. Towards midnight they again scatter
themselves or sink, but are gathered once more near the surface before the sun-
rise. During these daily vertical migrations, however, the animal seems not
much affected by the change of temperature, since this often varies greatly in
the different water strata which it crosses.

Although there seems to be no special leader among a school, they are apt
to move after a member which is excited; it is from this peculiar habit that one
of the members angled up is followed by the remainder, which are thus easily
brought up toward the surface; and when one is frightened by an enemy or
by any other cause, all will at once disappear.

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FOOD

The chief method of catching is by angling. The implements vary
according to different localities, but the squid jig is the most universally used
(fig. 2). The jig is pulled through the water, so that it resembles a rapidly
swimming fish. This feature of the fishing stands in close
relation to the natural food, on which the animal lives. I
have examined the contents in the stomach of about 250
grown individuals from various localities. Of the contents
examined, about 70 % consisted of fishes, 20 % of cuttle-
fishes, and the remaining 10 % of crustaceans and others.
The species determination of these was of course by no
means easy, because they were greatly mangled and so well
digested that only their hard parts were left. The size of the
food animals was, therefore, likewise not easy to be deter-
mined, but we may roughly infer it from the size of the jig
which the animal likes to take, which varies, as is well
known, from 60 mm. to 100 mm. in length. The fishermen,
who are well aware of what size is best suited for the cuttle-
fish at a given period, use larger jigs as the fishing season
proceeds. In some places fishermen use a larger anchor-
shaped hook, through the stalk of which a grown mackerel is
put as bait. When the cuttlefish are closely crowded, fisher-
men can draw up three or four of them together. This sug-

gests that the cuttlefish may attack fishes larger than them- Sand ueaee

selves, : ee

In younger individuals below 85 mm. in mantle length, ae a oe
the natural food is quite different from that of the adult so mae et ro =
far as my examinations show. It consists of smaller floating _ piece made of bone
organisms and among these microcrustaceans predominate. ee nde ook

Fic. 2.

RATE OF GROWTH

With the material so far examined it has not been possible to determine
the exact age of maturation and the duration of life. The anatomical structures
I have examined do not furnish any index of the age of the cuttlefish as do the
scale and otolith of ordinary fishes, by means of which the annual rate of growth

6 TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

may be estimated. A collection of specimens from Hokkaidé placed at my
disposal provides, however, a key for estimation of the rate of growth, as seen
in the following table, which is arranged according to the order of the months:

Number of
No. specimens Date of catch Mantle length
i I July 5, torr 15.5-17.5 mm.
ii 5 July 15, 1910 T7O-1O4 vise
ili I Aug. 30, 1912 TOS He
iv 3 Oct. 15, 1912 Igo-215 “
Vv 8 Nov. 1, git 2TO— 222i
vi 2 Nov. 26, 1912 218-235 “
Vii 2 Dec. 14, 1914 205— 22 OMe
Vili 7 Dec. 28, 1914 I95=2501 “

We see that the individuals caught in July are the smallest and those in
December the largest, while gradual growth is going on in the intervening
months, so that it is not difficult to find the rate of growth. This method of
estimation could not be, however, extended and applied to the specimens
from other localities, which could neither be obtained in so regular an order nor
in so fresh a state. On the other hand, it has been found that the individuals
grow heavier as the fishing season proceeds. The following is compiled from
the returns from merchants of Sado and Tsushima who have long been dealing
in the dried cuttlefish:

DRIED CUTTLEFISH FROM SADO

Average weight Month of catch
ca. 15 grams May and June
Cal, ip July and August
CANS eee Sept. and Oct.
CaaO Sipe Nov. and Dec.

SAME FROM TSUSHIMA

ca. 10 grams May

Cale 20) ies June and July
Canggu ys’ Aug. and Sept.
2, Ge), Oct. and Nov.

From the above table it is, therefore, also true that the animal is, in
accordance with the estimation of the previous table, increasing in weight as the
months proceed. This fact can not be proved to be true in some localities.
In Toyama Bay, for instance, I got in the same month, April, specimens of
every grade of age from very young ones to adult, and in Oki, on the contrary,
there have been found grown individuals nearly all the year round. These

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facts doubtless show that in these regions the spawning of the cuttlefish con-
tinues throughout nearly the whole year.

It is interesting that very young individuals with mantle length measuring
only 60 mm. are in many places caught in plenty with fishing nets in March
or April—a month in which, as seen from the tables above given, there is very
little or no catch at all, for instance, in Hokkaid6é, Sado, Tsushima, etc. It
follows, therefore, that these individuals may be derived from spawning of the
previous autumn or winter, and grow at the rate as above mentioned during the
succeeding summer and autumn. It is further true that they may become
mature in a year.

DEVELOPMENT OF MALE GENITAL ORGANS AND PAIRING
SEASON

The hectocotylus is the left ventral arm, of which the full-formed structure
has already been described by Dr. Ishikawa (1913).

The rate of its development varies to some extent in different localities.
In Hokkaidé, as far as I have been able to ascertain, its transformation be-
comes discernible for the first time in the male of about 190 mm. mantle length,
while Oki males of 176 mm. mantle length show fairly distinct hectocotyliza-
tion, so that compared at about the same stage, the transformation of the arm
is generally further advanced in the specimens from Oki than in those from
Hokkaidé. Moreover, in Hokkaidé occurrence of full-formed hectocotylus
is confined to December, which represents, in this locality, the final part of the
fishing season, whereas in Oki, so far, hectocotylized males may be caught
nearly all the year round. These facts as to the hectocotylization are parallel
with the development of the internal genital organs, as given in the following
tables:

Microscopic examinations show that the testis becomes mature when it
attains a length of about 80 mm. As shown in the above tables, the testes
of all the males from Oki are longer than this measurement and mature, and
numerous spermatophores are found at any time of the year, while in Hokkaidé
males provided with a testis so much developed are confined to December.
It is thus evident that the maturation of the testis goes hand in hand with the
hectocotylization so as to be ready for pairing. Such a seasonal contrast as
between Oki and Hokkaidé, in respect to the maturity of the male genital

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ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

(oe)

organs, is found also between other colder and warmer seas: in the latter, ma-
ture males are caught abundantly all the year round, with the exception of
spring and early summer, during which seasons mature males are less numerous
than immature ones.

SPECIMENS FROM HOKKAIDO

Number of i Number of sper-
Date of specimens Length of mantle Length of testis matophores in
catch examined Needham’s sac
June 25 6 84-102 mm. 18-20 mm. °
July 5 3 170-175“ 26-27“ °
July 15 3 I90-193 “ 26-28 “ °
Aug. 30 2 194-195 ‘‘ 27-28 < °
Oct. 3 5 200-205 “ S545 ems °
Nov. 1 5 210-220 “* 48-55 “ °
Dec. 14 2 215-230 ‘“ 85-90 ‘ 0-20
Dec. 28 3 TO5a205) 82-95 “‘ 0-20
SPECIMENS FROM OKI
Sept. 7, 1918 7 210-230 mm. 95-120 mm. 98-142
Octar2r 5 205-220) go-102 “ 67-212
Decw2a es 5 210-240 “ Q5-112 “‘ 78-142
Jan. 24, 1919 6 2207-232) ian 90-110 “‘ 76-183
Reb arsaics 6 TOS 220M ie ORB 52-121
May 12, ‘“ 5 196-214 “ 88-105 “‘ 48-115
ulyaerosen 7 178-217.“ 7o-110 “ 0-165
JeXib hess 3 8301 4 200-210 “ 96-102 ‘ 70-130
JN, BY IO 195=233) 1s Ioo-IIo =“ 0-202

Now we see that the principal pairing season continues in warmer waters,
for instance, in Oki, from summer to winter, while in colder waters, as in Hok-
kaid6, it is limited to the early part of winter.

Another evidence in regard to the pairing season is concerned with the
spermatophores sticking in the buccal membrane of the female. Grown
females have a number of spermatophores adhering to the buccal membrane,
as in the Loliginidae and Sepiidae. Their adhesion would not occur unless
the mating took place beforehand; this fact can, therefore, be regarded as an
undisputable announcement of the pairing season of the cuttlefish and goes
far to justify my assumption that the spawning season in Hokkaidé is confined
to December, and that in Oki it extends from summer to winter.* It is
hardly necessary to add that at the season mentioned the male reproductive
organs are ripe.

* In Oki the season is continued into spring, as shown by catch of a small amount in this season.

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The buccal membrane of the female has in its tissue about thirty
seminal receptacles arranged in a circle (fig. 3). In the mated female
the receptacles appear opaque white in color, being full of spermatozoa
which have undoubtedly penetrated into the tis-
sue, being set free from the spermatophores on the
membrane. It is noteworthy that many females
examined had an immature ovary, though they are
provided with spermatozoa in their receptacles.
The spermatozoa may, of course, remain alive in the
receptacles. It follows that the pairing season does

not necessarily exactly coincide with the spawning
season. I may be permitted to add that the above me. 3:
mentioned position of the receptacles is not without Inner view of the buccal

- membrane of a mated fe-

significance but stands in an important connection male WNibanzurwmé, nat.
size. bm, Buccal mem-

with the spawning habit of the animal,* a subject brane; ii, inner lip; ol,
é 2 outer lip; sr, seminal re-
to which I will return later (see pp. 13, 14). ceptacle.

MATURATION OF FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS AND SPAWNING
SEASON

The nidamental glands of the female make their first appearance in
females of about 150 mm. mantle length and reach a size of about 20 mm. in
those of about 200 mm. mantle length, while in fully mature females, which
are above 280 mm. mantle length, the glands attain a length of about 180 mm.
and a weight of about 60 grams, being quite as large and heavy as in the littoral
cephalopods like the Loliginidae (fig. 4).

The ovary is still immature in the females below 200 mm. in mantle length.
In the fully mature females referred to above, the ovary is about 48 grams in
weight, occupying the posterior half of the mantle, and is filled up with the
mature eggs only. The oviducts of these females, full of mature eggs, weigh
about 30 grams each.

Fully mature females, such as above mentioned, are very rare. I have
obtained them in the Bay of Toyama in spring and in Hokkaid6 in summer.

* The Loliginidae and Sepiidae are provided with a pair of dendritic or racemose seminal
receptacles in the tissue of the buccal membrane, in a similar way to that just mentioned, and
deposit eggs fixed on the sea bottom or something found there.

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ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

The mature females ordinarily met with are not so fully matured, with their
ovary less than half full of mature eggs and with the nidamental glands less
than 120 mm. in length. The table gives, among various data, the sexual

Ti

TEN

ASTM rer ee >
ee
is ;

deere = -

rey EVEN AY

OE

|
Zz
Z
=
2
2
2
z
17%
\Z
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.

IBiG3Ae

Mantle of a fully mature female
Nibanzurumé, dissected along the
midventral longitudinal line, X 14.
n, Nidamental gland; no,
external orifice of nidamental
gland; od, oviduct; og, oviducal
gland; oo, genital opening; ov,
ovary.

maturity of the female specimens which I have
obtained from Oki.

From the table on p. 8, based upon ana-
tomical examinations, we conclude that in Oki
the principal spawning period confines itself
to about September and October, even
though the spawning continues all the year
round, while the principal pairing period is
extended from summer to winter; in short,
the principal spawning period is much shorter
than the principal pairing period. From the
occurrence of the animal parallel data can also
be collected. In nearly all warmer seas plank-
ton feeding juveniles of the cuttlefish as
caught with various kinds of fishing nets are
most abundant synchronously with spring.
In addition to this, the individuals caught at a
certain season of the year are, on the whole, of
approximately the same size. The gregarious
occurrence of the same- or nearly same-aged
individuals indicates a certain season in which
they have been hatched out, and which repre-
sents, accordingly, a principal spawning per-
iod. On the other hand, in the collections
taken all over the year there are found numer-
ous young specimens measuring up only to 30
mm., proving that the spawning is taking
place all the year round. As before men-

tioned, in the Bay of Toyama nearly all stages of growth were collected at a
time and in Oki grown individuals have been caught at nearly all seasons.
In other words, the spawning season continues throughout the year, just as

we have pointed out from the anatomical side.

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Number of
Number of — specimens Number of Length of

Date of specimens sexually mated nidamental Length of

No. catch examined matured specimens gland mantle

i Sept. 7, 1918 3 B 3 65- 90 mm. 220-250 mm.

ii Octin2750 se 5 5 5 7o- 95‘ 210-248 “
iti IDyeeyy ayy I fe) I OMe 2I52 naace
iv Jan. 24, 1919 2 I 2 Ee 9a) 2ACH es
Vv Rebaians sue 4 fe) 4 gi joy Ue 230-235 “<
vi April 12, ‘ 5 I fo) es 198-232 “
Vii uliysetossen 3 I I o-115 “ 17 82312
Vili JaNieeay GE 6 4 4 o-105 “ I1s—255 “
ix SepearOnme: 7 4 7 75-100 “ 257-285 “
x Septa2 7a 9 6 9 79-121 “ 230-279 “
xi Ofez, avi, © 9 8 9 gi-121 ‘“ 255-288 “
xii Dec. 26, ‘“‘ 9 I 8 C= FO TO 3O3) en
xili Jan. 5, 1920 3 I 3 60-106 “ 260-303 “*

MATURE EGGS AND THEIR INCUBATION IN THE NATURAL
STATE

The mature eggs in the ovary or oviducts are easily distinguished from
immature ones; the former are brown and transparent, while the latter are
white and opaque. ‘They are oval, measuring 0.6 mm. byo.7mm. The eggs
deposited in the natura] state have not yet been seen by naturalists nor known
to any fishermen with whom I am acquainted. No exact datum on this point
has been secured from the plankton investigations hitherto described, even
though it has been suggested by observers that Oegopsid Cephalopods in
general discharge eggs floating on theocean. My efforts to prove them in the
plankton collections made in Oki have also been in vain, although these collec-
tions represent every month in a region where mature females occur nearly all
the year round. At first sight this seems very strange, bearing in mind that
the species is among the commonest inhabitants in Japanese waters. To get
light on this difficulty we have to turn to the anatomical details in relation to
the nidamental glands and genital openings.

The nidamental glands are fused together and situated at the midventral
part of the viscera. When mature they become so large as almost to cover the
ventral surface of the visceral mass, and external orifices of the glands are found
widely separated from those of the oviducts, in contrast, for instance, to
W atasenia which is known as depositing pelagic eggs. Moreover, the latter
genus has no seminal receptacles on the buccal membrane. ‘The peculiar
topographic relation of the genital openings to the nidamental orifices as seen

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ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

in the present species causes, therefore, the occurrence of the seminal recepta-
cles on the buccal membrane which indicates the habit of depositing demarsal
eggs. As Iam convinced from these anatomical data, the present species can
with reasonable certainty be said to discharge eggs which have not yet been
observed, but will be detected in future imbedded in masses of a Jjelly-like sub-
stance deposited on the sea bottom or fixed to something on or near the bottom,
at a depth accessible only by means of a proper dredging implement. On the
other hand it has been made out by my experiments that the artificially fer-
tilized eggs which have been reared so far as to be divided into segments, are
denser than sea water. They must, therefore, be demarsal eggs, affording a
strong positive evidence for my assumption just given.

ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION

In Oegopsid Cephalopods, as far as I have been able to ascertain, the re-
sults of artificial fertilization have not as yet been fully described on any species.
In 1912 I attempted it with Watasenia scintillans, but was obliged to break off
the experiment before it succeeded. Last summer I was so fortunate as to
have a good opportunity of undertaking the experiment on Ommastirephes
sloani pacificus, which was done twice. On the first occasion, on August 27,
1919, the material employed for the purpose consisted of one male and one
female which were caught two miles off Saigo, Oki Islands. They were
brought to me at 11 o’clock p. m., when they were still active. I took eggs out
of the oviducts, and the spermatozoa from the spermatophores contained in
Needham’s sac of the male. The sexual elements were mixed together by the
dry method and put into a basin containing sea water brought in from the
offing. The eggs thus treated all sank to the bottom of the basin and did not
float as in the case of Watasenia above referred to. They developed fairly
rapidly, attaining the blastula stage by the next morning. The segmentation
was partial and the cleavages extended on the yolk sphere nearly as far as in
the case of Loligo. Towards noon the eggs began to die and by 3 o’clock p. m.
all were dead and had become opaque.

In this experiment the eggs which developed were about 20% of the
whole eggs treated, another 20% were dead shortly after the fertilization, and
the remainder at last showed no sign of fertilization, although they remained
as if living for some time. ;

FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

13

The second experiment was performed on the succeeding day at about the
same hour as the first. The material consisted, in this case, of one male and
two females caught at the same part of the sea as in the last case, and unfor-
tunately all the specimens were found dead twenty minutes before reaching
my hand. The eggs I took out of the oviducts of the female as in the last
experiment, but the spermatozoa were prepared from two different sources:
firstly from the spermatophores of the buccal membrane of the females, and
secondly from the spermatophores of Needham’s sac of the male. Notwith-
standing the experiment had been carried out as carefully as possible yet the
rate of fertilization was much lower than the former experiment, the fertilized
eggs being 10 % of the whole eggs treated with the spermatozoa from the first
source and 5 % of those with the second. This low percentage of fertilization
compared with the former occasion is undoubtedly due to the genital elements
having been taken from dead individuals. The development was also not nor-
mal but mostly pathologic. Their final fates were the same as in the last.

Due to the bad condition of the sea, I had no opportunity for further ex-
periment. At all events, however, from the two experiments referred to, I
convinced myself that the artificial fertilization of the species in question is
not difficult at all, wherever living material can be obtained, and that only one
female is enough to afford the sexual elements for an experiment, and further
that the early development does not widely differ from that of Loligo. More-
over, I call attention to the fact that the eggs remained on the bottom of the
basin throughout the development so far examined, because this shows the eggs
to be demarsal in the natural state also.

RELATION OF PHYSICAL CONDITION OF SEA TO HABIT OF
NIBAN-SURUME

The daily catch of the cuttlefish fluctuates very irregularly. This is, per-
haps, largely due to the biologic characteristics of the cuttlefish relating to its
food and enemies, as mentioned before (p. 4). These are, of course, combined
with daily and seasonal changes of hydrographic and meteorologic conditions,
which control the work of the fishermen. For instance, in autumn and winter
the Japan Sea is usually so very rough that only the strongest and most skilful
men can practise the fishery, and this, only in relatively quiet parts of the
sea, sheltered from wind; this diminishes greatly the crop of the season,

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

14

even though the cuttlefish are as much crowded as in summer when the
sea is usually quiet.

The above fluctuations of the crop are, however, a rather usual occurrence.
Since some ten years ago, cases of great decrease of the catch have occurred
from causes quite unknown to the fishermen. The chief provinces where this
unfortunate condition has continued to occur are Sado, Oki, Tsushima and
Utsuryoté6. In all these places, it is said, formerly the cuttlefish were abundant
the whole year, being most numerous in summer. In this season the sea is
usually quiet as mentioned above, and the fishery can be carried out with ease
so that formerly it was very successful, along the whole coast of the islands,
so as to bring the total annual catch to a great amount. In recent years,
however, this has been greatly changed, the cuttlefish being as a whole very
scarce and the season when they are most abundant is not the summer but
autumn or even winter, or, as in Sado, at every season they are so scarce that
the catch does not pay for the labor. What is then the factor which caused
the barrenness of the fishing places and the change of the shoaling mode of
the cuttlefish? Not only from the economic point of view but also from the
theoretic, we have to clear up this question which forms the final chapter of the
present investigation.

Confronted by such a problem as this, one might assume as the causal
factors uncontrolled exhausting fishing of the creature under consideration,
together with the ecologic changes which may take place in consequence of
such an irreplaceable catch as noted. These are, it seems to me, in reality not
the principal factors, for the decreased crop in one province is compensated by
the increase in others, so that the total catch is not changed. As a good ex-
ample of the reciprocal change of catch, I refer here to the case between Hok-
kaidé and the prefecture to which the famous fishing place of Sado belongs,
Niigata-ken. In Hokkaid6é the annual catch has been increased year after
year, while in Niigata-ken the opposite has been the case, showing a decrease
roughly proportional to the increase in the former, as seen from the annexed
curves (fig. 5).

The further our studies go, the clearer is made the fact that there is no
evidence of decrease at all, but rather a great increase, in the total annual catch.
As seen in the following table which represents the total annual catch from 1905
to 1917 reported by the Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce:

PREESINSPIPUME (OF sSClENCE 15

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

1905 5,536,889 kan* 1912 16,489,756 kan
1906 6,496,634 “ 1913 19,257,698 “
1907 8,333,680 1914 20,210,660 “
1908 4,802,423 IQI5 12,095,727

1909 5,173,717 1916 §=21,913,438
1910 7,726,278 1917 17,880,940
IQII 9,153,038

* 7 kan=ca. 3.8 kilos.

73
ce

cé
6c

cc
66

a
n

”
n

This increase iS = Kan(=ca.s.sx)
43000000

probably due to the in-
crease Of) professional) 7)

population as well as

IM PrOVEMent wOhu a yess

the
fishing methods and

statistics. At any rate,
however, it is true that
there is seen even no
tendency towards de-

10000000
9000000

crease. 8.000000
is

From what
700000 |
wy

rg
£
s
s
§
$
z
above said, the eco- g
es)
logic changes, if there gy
r)
have really been such
changes, can not neces-
sarily beassumed tobe °°”
caused by fishing with-
out control. an
The third factor
° 3000000
which comes under
consideration is that veh /
i 2000000 | °° via /
due to the physical con- ;
ditions of the sea. Set- /
i x i 1000000
ting aside the daily and
seasonal changes, and
those, as rarely hap- ib was
pens, by volcanic agen- Fic. s.
cles, we See a great fac- Curves of the annual catches of Nibanzurumé in Niigata-ken
é : and Hokkaid6, compiled from the Statistical Reports of the Agri-
tor in the hydrographic cultural and Commercial] Bureau of Japan.

v

6000000

3
§
~
¢
3
&
ro
3
v
Bo
a)
wi
Sy
w
3
§
©

Curve of the annual catches of the cuttlefish.
Lace -y «6 Niigata-ken

ert
~ >
x

(ie 1913 IIS G7 Year

‘6 TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

agencies which regulate and have extraordinary influence upon ecologic life
of the animal, consisting in its distribution, migration, and habit of repro-
duction. It has been considered above, that the seasons, warmer and colder
waters, affect the catch; a weak daylight seems also to favor the creature, but
the chief natural agency favoring it is a certain temperature that stands
between 10° C. and 17°C.., as it flourishes best in this temperature of water. As :
thermal regulators of ma-
rine water are first of all
to be taken into account
the oceanic currents. Let
us take a glance at the
currents around the Japa-
nese Islands.

As is very well known,
we have on the Pacific
side two principal cur-
rents of different tem-
peratures (fig. 6). The
warmer is the well-known
Kuro-shiwo (the Japan
Stream) which is peculiar
by its high salinity and
flows northwards and
eastwards along the Loo-

choo group and the south-
Fic. 6. ern coasts of Kiushiu and
Currents in the upper water-layers of the seas around Japan. Shikoku, extending a lit-

The smaller arrows are referred to Wada’s observations of the
drift bottles, and the larger arrows, to the current chart for ] re northerly than
the North Pacific, Jan.-Dec., published by the Hydrographic Be re y
Department, Tokyo.

the middle part of Hon-
shiu. Hereafter, it di-
verges from Japan so as to form the North Pacific Drift. The colder current
is known as Oya-shiwo, which flows west and south along the east coast of the
Kurile Group and of Hokkaidé, and reaches the northern part of Honshiu,
where it meets with the aforesaid Kuro-shiwo. Both currents vary in strength
in different seasons: the Kuro-shiwo is strongest in the warmer season and

weakest in the colder, while the reverse is true of the Oya-shiwo; hence the

BREESINS Pile OR SCIENCE

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

17

meeting point of these currents is shifted sometimes up and sometimes down,
oscillating along the northeastern coasts of Honshiu.

In the Eastern and Yellow Seas (Tun-hai and Hwang-hai) there is a coastal
water of low salinity which, according to Wada’s testing of drift bottles (1915,
J. c.), seems to circulate slowly counterclockwise. It is combined with some
branches of the Kuro-shiwo near the Japanese coasts so that the climate of
the western coast of Kiushiu is much affected by the high temperature of the
Kuro-shiwo. The strength of these branches differs in different seasons: they
are very weak in winter as proved by Mr. Marukawa (10918, J. c.) but strong
in summer, some entering the Japan Sea through the Tsushima Strait.

The Japan Sea is an enclosed basin with four narrow outlets: the Tsu-
shima Strait (Korea Strait), Tsugaru Strait, Soya Strait (La Pérouse Strait)
and Mamiya Strait (the Gulf of Tartary). In this sea two currents flow: one
which is called the Liman Current, is colder, and flows south along the Amur
coast, and the other, which is known under the name of the Tsushima Cur-
rent, is warmer and runs north along the Japanese coast. Schrenck and
Makaroff likewise mention that the Liman Current originates in the Okhotsk
Sea, entering the Japan Sea through the Mamiya Strait, and going into the
Eastern Sea through the Tsushima Strait along the Korean coast, while the
Tsushima Current is a branch of the Kuro-shiwo, which comes into this sea
basin through the strait of its name, and goes in part into the Pacific Ocean
through the Tsugaru Strait and in part into the Okhotsk Sea through the Soya
Strait.

This view is, however, not wholly correct, since the Mamiya Strait is
really so shallow as not to let pass such a constant stream as the Liman Cur-
rent, while the Tsushima Current is distinguished from the Kuro-shiwo, being
by no means so high in salinity as the latter. There is, on the other hand, a
strong reason to believe that the water of the Japan Sea is not really oceanic
but rather coastal, circulating counterclockwise, as is usual in such an enclosed
sea in the North Pacific. The said two currents represent, therefore, in most
of their parts, nothing but sections of this large circulatory current. Of
course, the water is by no means simple or isolated, but compound and con-
nected with those of other seas. For instance, it is combined in the southern
corner of the Japan Sea with the warmer water coming through the Tsu-
shima Strait, which water consists, in its turn, of branches of the Kuro-shiwo
and the coastal water of the Eastern Sea, so that the said Tsushima Current

18 TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

is a mixed water from three different sources, of which the relative propor-
tions, of course, vary greatly according to different seasons.

The Tsushima Current flows northward as illustrated by Schrenck and
Makaroff, bathing the northwestern coast of Honshiu. At the northeastern
part of the Japan Sea it is divided into two courses, one of which passes through
the Tsugaru Strait to come out into the Pacific Ocean, and the other goes on
its way still northward to bathe the western coast of Hokkaidé. It is a neces-
sary consequence that the Pacific branch strikes against the Oya-shiwo, and
then turns itself to the right side as is the rule in the Northern Hemisphere,
taking for some distance a southern course parallel with the Oya-shiwo. It
is this southern course that has a great significance for our present problem,
for along the coast of Iwaté-ken the currents of different temperatures are put
in an interesting hydrographic arrangement: the warmer current, 7. e., the
said branch of the Tsushima Current passes nearer to the coast, as if pressed
against the shore by the Oya-shiwo, the colder current. The relative strength
of the two has much to do with the crop of some fishes.

The second portion of the Tsushima Current turned northwards gives off
a branch passing through the Soya Strait into the Okhotsk Sea, while the main
current extends to the west coast of South Sakhalin to turn round, as it is
highly probable, to contribute to the formation of the said Liman Current.

Having given a rough sketch of the oceanic currents around the Japanese
group of islands, we turn to inspect how these affect the distribution of the
cuttlefish. Fig. 1 is a map intended to show the density of population of the
animal. As the representation is simply based upon the statistical annual
amount of catch, it is clear that the density shown with dots on the map does
not exactly express the actual occurrence of the animal, but is represented at a
measure lower than actual in some localities, for instance, as in the coasts of
Yamagata-ken and Akita-ken, owing to comparatively small crop brought
about by reason of several circumstances, under which the cuttlefish-fishing
can not profitably be carried out. Putting aside such an apparent rupture
of the zone of population, the density describes, first of all, a zonal curve with
the densest part in coincidence with the extent of the Tsushima Current which
contains in a proper depth of water strata of 10~-17° C. (fig. 7) favorable
to the life of cuttlefish, as seen along the northern coasts of Honshiu and also
on the coast of Shimané-ken, where a great catch of the cuttlefish was made
throughout August of last year. The accompanying hydrographic section

PREES INST EROUDE*OR SCIENCE

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

19

shows the results of the observations carried out, just at the beginning of the
catch, by an official experimental boat along a line extending 100 miles off the
coast. A warmer water of the Tsushima Current, the lowermost stratum of
which is nearly of the temperature best suited for the cuttlefish to live in, is
found, as seen in the section, close to the coast, being very probably pressed
from the oceanic side by a big body of colder bottom water of the Japan Sea.

As mentioned before, the warmer water of the Tsushima Current comes
out into the Pacific side of the northern part of Honshiu, passing through the
Tsugaru Strait and bathes the coast of Iwaté-ken. In this place, when the
current is strong as in summer, it extends over the Oya-shiwo of the offing, and
when the latter is enlarged as in winter, the former is compressed into a narrow
zone towards the shore. The seasonal population of the cuttlefish in this
prefecture is much connected with this relative strength of these two currents.

Fic. 7.

Hydrographic section off Shimané-ken, showing vertical distribution of temperature on July 14-15,
1919 (from a hydrographic observation made by the Fishing Experimental Station of Shimané-ken).

This is shown by an unusually good catch taking place 5-10 miles off the coast
in the latter part of October of last year, when an official boat of the local
government was carrying out, along a line extending 80 miles off the coast,
observations the results of which are represented in the section shown in fig. 8.
There appears close to the shore in the section a zone of warmer water of 12°
16° C. which represents nothing but the said branch of the Tsushima Current
inhabited by the cuttlefish. In the offing there is a large water body illustrated
by isothermal lines of 4°C.and 8° C.; this is probably the Oya-shiwo, which is of
a temperature lower than that best for the creature under consideration. This
current which was just enlarging at that time, as occurs usually in later autumn,
seems to have strongly pressed the warmer current against the shore into a
narrow, but deep vertical zone of roughly 10 to 20 miles in breadth, where the
said good catch was made. Under such a hydrographic condition it is probable

- TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

20

that the cuttlefish, that were found scattered over the horizontal extension of
the warmer water when this was expanded, are carried up with the water in
which they lived, so as, so to speak, to be crowded in the narrow zone just
mentioned and can easily practice their daily vertical migration, having
temperature suited for themselves at every stratum. As it is in coincidence
as regards the season, the large catch above referred to can certainly be em-
ployed as an illustration of this occurrence.

Let us now examine the ecologic relation of the cuttlefish to the two other
currents, 7. e., the Oya-shiwo and. Kuro-shiwo. With regard to the first

tomer e wc cmc pacer wee eee e reece seer. ~5

»
‘
.
o
»
'
a
‘
'

~=-4/50

TG aS

Hydrographic section off Iwaté-ken, showing vertical distribution of water temperature on Nov. 1,
1919 (from a hydrographic observation made by the Fishing Experimental Station of Iwaté-ken).

current, I have already alluded above to its relation to the distribution of the
animal. In a comparison of the map of currents (fig. 6) with that of the
population of the creature (fig. 1), one would not hesitate to recognize that
this current is by no means favorable for the cuttlefish, owing, as mentioned
above, chiefly to its low temperature. The unfitness of the colder current in
this respect is most obvious at the coast of Fushima-ken, and also at the
eastern coast of Hokkaidé (Tokachi): both the places stand alike at the front
of the lands, against which the current strikes, flowing straight down from a
region east of Kamchatka.

Concerning the latter locality, a zone of relatively warmer water in which

BREESINSiT Dp UE OF SCIENCE

21
ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

the cuttlefish may live is recognized at Nemuro along shore, as inferable from
the taking of a good catch of the cuttlefish in this water zone, together with
several fishes proper to warmer waters, such as bonitoes, which sometimes
make a large part of the product of the fishing villages about the town of
Nemuro. It can not at present, however, be told with certainty whether this
body of water is a branch current from the Pacific or the Okhotsk division
of the warmer water crossing down the Nemuro Canal. In the eastern section
of the coast of Kitami the population zone of the cuttlefish is also broken off,
owing either to small fishermen population or to the presence of the Okhotsk
water of very low temperature, as illustrated by Schrenck.

Occurrence of the cuttlefish is also very rare along the coasts of Ishikari

Station
A B Cc i?) E (62 miles off the coast)
CASHIZURI (KGCHIN¢cEN) if Fathow

AN
CON

FIG. 9.

Hydrographic section off Kochi-ken, showing vertical distribution of water temperature on July 25-
31, 1917 (from a hydrographic observation made by the Fishing Experimental Station of Kochi-ken).

and Teshiwo, both lying at the western side of Hokkaidé; this is, however, not
from the influence of the colder water above referred to, but because the littoral
zone is too shallow for the cuttlefish and also because fishermen are engaging
in much more profitable pursuits, such as salmon fishing.

The second current, the Kuro-shiwo, is to be shown also as unfavorable
for the animal to live in (see again figs. 1 & 6), owing in the main doubtless to
its high temperature. The southwestern coast of Kiushu, as well as the
southern coasts of Shikoku (comprising Kéchi-ken and Tokushima-ken),
Wakayama-ken, and some provinces of Tékaidé like Miyé-ken and Kanagawa-
ken, all of which the current bathes, afford best illustration of the assertion.

It is, however, sure that cuttlefish are caught in a certain profitable
amount wherever water strata of 10°—-17° C. are found on the sea bottom close

TRANSACTIONS OF WAGNER

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

22

to the coast. An actual case is represented by the government of Kéchi-ken,
where it is recorded that good catches of the cuttlefish have often been made
(fig. 9). The water strata in question lie, as seen in the section, in such a
position as just mentioned and parallel with the contour line of the coast.
It is not unreasonable to assume that this stratification of water is brought
about by water strata of higher temperature, 7. e., Kuro-shiwo, pushed towards
the shore of rapid inclination, as quite obvious in the section just referred to.

From what has been stated, we do not hesitate to assume that the cuttle-
fish occur in an ecologic relation which is brought about first of all by a water
temperature of 10°-17° C., and that the reason a large body of the Tsushima
Current is most profitable for cuttlefish fishing is due principally to its having
this favorable temperature in moderate depth, 7. e., 50-100 fathoms.

SUMMARY

The facts stated above may be summarized as follows:

(x) The cuttlefish inhabits, around Japan, on the whole the deeper parts
of the coastal water (s. J.) of a definite temperature, so that in the Japan Sea
it is thickly and widely distributed, its thickest distribution roughly coinciding
with the extension of the Tsushima Current. In the Pacific Ocean, on the
other hand, the distribution is usually limited to the deeper part of the oceanic
margin, being brought about by the pressure of the oceanic currents like the
Oya-shiwo and Kuro-shiwo.

(2) The animal lives in the coastal waters chiefly because they have a
temperature 10°-17° C. in proper depth, 50-100 fathoms, which affords the
ecologic conditions most suited for the creature, but in exceptional cases the
animal may be adapted to colder as well as to warmer water, as it is the case
in northern and southern seas.

(3) The horizontal migration of the cuttlefish is not so wide as from Kiu-
shiu to Hokkaidé, but limited to a relatively small sea area. Its vertical
migration takes place every day, extending from 50-100 fathoms in daytime
to o-20 fathoms at the twilight of sunset and sunrise. During the daily verti-
cal migration it seems to be not greatly affected by the change of water tem-
perature met with in its travel through different water strata.

(4) The cuttlefish becomes mature in a year. Young individuals live on
floating micro-organisms, but when grown their food consists chiefly of living

BREE SINS Pirie ORRSClIENCE

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

23

fishes. The plankton-feeding young are found most frequently in spring,
with their mantle measuring below 85 mm. in length.

(5) In warmer seas the principal pairing season continues from summer
to winter, but in colder seas it occurs only in early winter.

(6) The male sticks the spermatophores on the buccal membrane of the
female, the membrane having about thirty seminal receptacles arranged in a
circle around the mouth.

(7) In warmer seas the principal spawning season occurs as a rule in
autumn, even though the spawning may take place nearly all the year round.

(8) It is highly probable that the eggs are deposited on the sea bottom and
embedded in a gelatinous mass.

(9) The artificially fertilized eggs which develop to a certain extent are
much heavier than sea water and repose on the bottom of the basin. Their
cleavage is partial, somewhat resembling that in Loligo.

(10) The habit of the cuttlefish is to a large measure regulated by the
hydrographic condition of the sea, changes of which stand in relation to the
large or poor catch of the animal.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. BIOLOGY

AppPELLOF, A. 1886. Japanska Cephalopoder. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., XXI (13), pp. 5-40,
pls. i-iii.

BaTHerR, F.A. 1887. The Habits of the Young Sepia (officinalis). Journ. Malac. IV, pp. 33-34, 2
pls.

Berry, S.S. 1912. A Catalogue of Japanese Cephalopoda. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1912, pp. 380-444, pls. v-ix; 4 textfigs. ~

DEAN, B. igor. Noteson Living Nautilus. Amer. Natural. XXXV, pp. 819-837; 15 textfigs.

Dérinc, W. 1908. Ueber den Bau und Entwicklung des weiblichen Geschlechts-apparates bei
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FAussEK, V. 1g00. Untersuchung iiber die Entwicklung des Cephalopoden. Mitth. Zool. Stat.
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Hornell, J. 1896. The Eggs and Young of Cephalopods. Journ. Mar. Zool. II, pp. 64-66, 1 pl.

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years 1873-76. Chall. Rep. XVI, pp. 1-246; 33 pls.

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IsHIKAWA, C. 1913. Note on the Hectocotylized Arm of the Pacific Form of Ommastrephes, O.
sloani sloani Gray. Zool. Anz. XLII, pp. 586-580, 4 figs.

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ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

24

KorscHELt, 1893. Ueber den Laich und die Embryonen von Eledone. Géesells. Naturf. Fr. Berlin,
1893, No. 2, pp. 68-73.

Lanc, A. 1900. Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der wirbellosen Tiere, III. Jena, 1900.

Levy, F. 1912. Ueber die Copulation von Sepiola atlantica. Zool. Anz. XX XIX, pp. 284-290.

MarRcHAND, W. 10907. Studien itiber Cephalopoden. 1. Der mannliche Leitungsapparat der Di-
branchiaten. Zeitsch. wiss. Zool., LXXXVI, pp. 311-415, 66 textfigs. Si

MrvasHIcE, S. & Nacava, K. 1913. Report on the Investigation of the Surume Fishery, I (Japa-

nese). Suisan Kenkiushi X (3), 14 pp.

& 1917. Report on the Investigation of the Surume Fishery, II (Japanese).
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NISHIKAWA, T. 1898. On Development of Loligo (Japanese). Zool. Mag. Tokyo, X, pp. 157-162,
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pp. 310-314, pl. vi.
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STEENSTRUP, J. 1880. Orientering i de Ommastrephagtige Blaecksprutters indbyrdes Forbold.
Overs. Denske Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1880, pp. 73-110.
1882. Zur Orientirung iiber die Embryonale Entwicklung verschiedener Cephalopoden-
Typen. Biol. Centralbl. 2. Jahrg., 1882, pp. 354-365.
Tropa, M. 1015. A Contribution to the Investigation of the Surume Fishery (Japanese). Nii-
gata-ken Suisan Chosa Hokoku 1915, pp. 53-66.
WatasE, S. 1891. Studies on Cephalopods. 1. Clevage of the Ovum. Journ. Molph. IV (3),
Pp. 247-302, pls. ix—xii.
Witxer, G. 1910. Ueber Japanische Cephalopoden. Doflein Beitrige Naturgesch. Ostasiens,
71 pp. 5 pls.

Il. HYDROGRAPHY

Asano, H. 1913. Temperature and Specific Gravity of Seawater and Floating Organisms around
the Kurile Islands (Japanese). Gyogyo Kihon-chosa Hokoku III, pp. 81-91, 3 atls.
1915. Hydrographic Investigations in the Hokkaido and Adjacent Seas (Japanese). Ibid.
IV, pp. 65-75; 4 pls.
t915a. Hydrographic Investigations ‘of the Sea between Izu-oshima and Shio-misak of
the Kii Province (Japanese). Ibid. IV, pp. 75-97; 8 pls.
1918. Report on the Oceanographic Investigations off Kinkwazan (Japanese). Ibid. V,
pp. 27-56; 16 pls.
1919. Hydrographic Investigations of the Korea Strait and Tokara Islands (Japanese).
Ibid. VII (2), pp. 1-10; 7 pls.
Asano, H., & Ninacawa, T. 1918. On the Sections off Kinkwazan, and Shioya-saki (Japanese).
Ibid. VI, pp. 30-38; 2 pls.
— & 1918a. On the Section within 60 miles off Takobana of the Shimane Prefecture
(Japanese). Ibid. VI, pp. 38-41; 1 pl.
— & 1918b. On the Section off Tsukiyama, Kinkwazan, and Shioya-saki (Japanese).
Ibid. VII (2), pp. 31-46.
Bercuaus, H. 1891. Atlas der Hydrographie. Gotha.

EREESINSEIRUP EOE SCIENCE

ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN ECONOMIC CUTTLEFISH OF JAPAN

25

Frnt, J. M. 10905. A Contribution to the Oceanography of the Pacific. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.
_ No. 55; 59 pp; 14 pls.

Hirata, T. 1919. Currents and Atmospheric Conditions of the Korean Seas (Japanese). Ann.
Rep. Korean Gov. 1917. pp. 4-20; 2 maps.

Hort, H. 1913. Oceanographic Investigations on the Broughton Strait, made by the Imperial
Fisheries Institute Steamer ‘‘Hayatori-maru”’ (Japanese). Gyogyo Kihon-chosa Hokoku
III, pp. 62-66; 3 pls.

KajryamMa, E. 1919. On the Sections made by the local Fishing Experimental Stations during 1917
(Japanese). Ibid. VIII (2), pp. 1-54; 72 pls.

Finpray, A. G. 1906. A Directory for the Navigation of the North Pacific Ocean. London.

KiTAHARA, T. 1913. On the Reports made by the Captain of the Whaler ‘“‘ Kinkwa-maru” for the
year 1912 (Japanese). Gyogyo Kihon-chosa Hokoku III, pp. 66-71; 6 maps.

1915. On the Sections of Genkai-nada and the Krusenstern Strait (Japanese). Ibid. IV,
Pp. 40-43; 3 pls.

KrtmmMet, O. 1911. Handbuch der Ozeanographie Bd. 1; 2. Stuttgart.

Marvuxkawa, H. 1918. Hydrographic Investigations of the Yellow Sea of China (Japanese).
Gyogyo Kihon-chosa Hokoku VI, pp. 41-54; 2 pls; 2 tables.

Maruxawa, H. 10918. Investigations of the Currents, Organisms, and fishing places of the
Okhotsk and Japan Sea, and off Kinkwa-san (Japanese). Ibid. VI, pp. 54-129; 21 pls; 1
table.

1919. Report on the Investigations of the Hydrographic Conditions, Organisms, and Fish-
ing Places of the Okhotsk Sea and off Kinkwa-san (Japanese). Ibid. VII (2), pp. 11-91; 1
pl; 1 table; 16 maps.

Marvuxkawa, H., & KAwAKAmI, S. 1915. Report on the Hydrographical and Biological Investiga-
tions in the south-western Sea of Kiushiu (Japanese). Ibid. IV, pp. 1-40; 3 tables.

Morray, J., & Hyort, J. 1912. The Depth of the Ocean. London.

OxamuRA, K. 1913. On the distribution of Sea-weeds on the Korean Coast (Japanese). Gyogyo
Kihon-chosa Hokoku III, pp. 114-126; 1 pl.

SCHRENCK, L. 1873. Strémungsverhdltnisse im Ochotskischen und Japanischen Meere und in den
zunachst angrinzenden Gewdssern. Memoires de L’Academie Impériale des Science de St.
Petersbourg, VIIe¢ Série XXI, No. 3.

Wana, Y. 1894. Investigation of Sea Currents around Japan, Report I (Japanese). Suisan Chosa
Hokoku II (1), 28 pp. 1 map.

1895. Investigation of Sea Current around Japan, Report II (Japanese). Ibid. III (1).
34 pp. 2 maps.

Wana, Y. 1904. Température moyenne annuelle de la surface de la mer dans l’océan Pacifique
occidental. Bull. Centr. Meteor. Obs. I, 5 pp.; 15 table pp.; 13 maps.

1913. On the Circular Currents in the Sea of Japan (Japanese). Journ. Geogr. Tokyo,

XXV, pp. 235-247; 312-322; 404-410; 701-708.

1915. Investigation on Ocean Currents in the Japan Sea and East Sea of China (Japanese).

Ibid. XX VII, pp. 146-158; 232-242.

Yanaci, K. 1918. Hydrographic Investigation of the Sagami Sea (Japanese). Gyogyo Kihon-
chosa Hokoku V, pp. 65-76; 6 pls.

Yanacl, K., & YoNEDA, T. 1918. On the Sections off Kinkwa-san (Japanese). Ibid. V, pp. 56-

58; 1pl.

& 1918a. Sections in Genkai-nada and the Krusenstern Strait (Japanese). Ibid.

V, pp. 58-65; 5 pls.

Official Publications and Others:

Kaiyo Chosa Yoho (Report on the Hydrographic Investigations), Vol. I-VI. Publ. of the
Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce, 1918-1919.

Nihon Kinkai Kaiyo Chosasho (translation of Rear-admiral Makaloff’s Le “‘ Viliaz”’ et L’Ocean
Pacifique into Japanese). Publ. of the Suisan Doso-kai, Tokyo, 1915.

Nihon Suiroshi (A Directory for the Navigation of the Japanese Seas), Vol. I. Publ. of the
Hydrographic Department, Japan, 1915.

Current Chart for the North Pacific Ocean, Jan.-Dec. Publ. of the same, 1918-1919.

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VOL. 1.

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VOL. 9.

Explorations on the West Coast of Florida and in the Okee-
chobee Wilderness. Prof. Angelo Heilprin

Report on Some Fresh Water Sponges Collected in Florida.

Edward Potts

- Notice on Some Fossil Human Bones. Prof. Joseph Leidy

Description of Mammalian Remains from Rock Crevice in

Florida. Prof. Joseph Leidy
Description of Vertebrate Remains from Peace Creek,
Florida. Prof. Joseph Leidy

Notice of Some Mammalian Remains from Salt Mine of
Petite Anse, Louisiana. Prof. Joseph Leidy
On Platygonus, an Extinct Species Allied to the Peccaries.
Prof. Joseph Leidy
Remarks on the Nature of Organic Species.
Prof. Joseph Leidy

Part 1—Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida.
Prof. William H. Dall

Part 2 (Continued). Prof. William H. Dall
Part 3 (Continued). Prof. William H. Dall
Part 4 (Continued). Prof. William H. Dall
Part 5 (Continued). Prof. William H. Dall
Part 6 (Concluded). Prof. William H. Dall

Fossil Vertebrates from the Alachua Clays, Florida.
Prof. Joseph Leidy
Study of Hawaiian Skulls. Dr. Harrison Allen
Notes on the Paleontological Publications of Prof. William
Wagner. Prof. William H. Dall
Selenodont Artiodactyls of the Uinta Eocene.
Prof. William B. Scott
Part 1—Contributions to the Mineralogy of the Newark
Group in Pennsylvania. Dr. Edgar T. Wherry
A Comparative Study of the Radioactive Minerals in the
Collection of the Wagner Free Institute of Science.
Carl Boyer and Dr. E. T. Wherry
Part 2—Studies in Carbohydrates. Composition and Di-
gestibility of Wheat Breads and Allied Foods.
Prof. C. H. LaWall and Sara S. Graves
Part 3—Vegetation of South Florida.
Prof. John W. Harshberger
Special Lectures by the Teaching Staff of the Institute.
(Under Westbrook Free Lectureship)
Part 1—The Vegetation of the Hackensack Marsh: A
Typical American Fen.
Prof. John W. Harshberger and Vincent G. Burns
Part 2—On the Life History of an Economic Cuttlefish
of Japan, Ommastrephes Sloani Pacificus.
Madoka Sasaki

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