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TRANSACTIONS
OF
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
VOLUME XX.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN REGENTS PARK ;:
AND BY MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., PATERNOSTER ROW.
1912-1915.
234821
CONTENTS.
I. The Development of the Starfish Solaster endeca Forbes. By James F. Genin,
M.A., M.D)., DSc., F.ZS., Lecturer in Embryology, Glasgow University, and in
Zoology, Glasgow Provincial Training College. (Plates I-V.). . . . page 1
II. On the Sphingide of Peru. By the Rev. A. Mitus Moss, IA., F.ZS., FES.
WCQ CACC CART: JORDAN, 2s (ylates) Nile XGVe)) eae |e eeeynen (3,
III. Second Contribution to our Knowledge of the Varieties of the Wall-Lizard
(Lacerta muralis). by G. A. Bounencer, 7.2.S., F.Z.S, (Plates XVI.-XXIII.
erayGl A Lexie a AUUREISHM Leas) Roel ig ate Sete es Wat al Ma eva Wn Peal)
IV. On the Crustacea Isopoda of the * Porcupine’ Expedition. By the Rev. T. R. RB.
SIEBBING, MEAS ile. S.) Fo0S.. F-Z.S. . (Plates, XXX1V. OVI.) 3 231
V. An Annotated List of the Batrachians and Reptiles collected by the British
Ornithologists Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New
Guinea. By G. A. Bouuencrr, #.R.S., P.Z.S. (Plates XXVII-XXX.). 247
VI. Report on the Freshwater Fishes collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union
Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By C. Varn —
ICM, JE Ale WEIS {OeMeNee DOO) RMR Sis Go Baugh og Wee OTS
VII. Report on the Mollusca collected by the British Ornithologists Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By Guy C. Rowson, B.A.
(lelaies >XOXGXGIIEy So XOXONG Hand exten ures! O— lls)! neste) een
VIL. Report on the kiver-Crabs (Potamonide) collected by the British Ornithologists’
ion Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By
Ws Mt, Canin, DSe5 LG,» (Messtenennes 14} Cs 8). 5 5 5 aa 5 OU
iv CONTENTS.
1X. Report on the Mammals collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By OuvrietD ‘THomas,
gS CSO a ee RRM A Gb al oo a a OOO BIS)
X. Report on the Arachnida and Myriopoda collected by the British Ornithologists’
Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By
STANIEY HORST, #78.) (Dext-feuress4 05) isle nines) cea)
XI. Report on the Bhynchota collected by the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New
Guincas By NVi lus Distant. \(Elate: XOOxeI() ie ay a enter er an 32.)
XI. The Foraminifera of the Kerimba Archipelago (Portuguese East Africa).—
Part I. By Epvwarp Heron-Auiey, F.L.S., FZ. #.G.S., FR US. and
ARTHUR HARLAND, F.A.MS. (Plates XXXV.=XXXVIT). . . . . . 363
XII. Report on the Diptera collected by the British Ornithologists Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By ¥. W. Evwarps,
B.A, FES. With a Section on the Asilide by K. E. Austen, F.Z.S. (Plate
».0,9 4200 i EEE SSG in 5 vg) 8 gi ohuawug 4 BON
XIV. Report on the Spiders collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By H. R. Hoe, W.A.,
HAS. A(Vext-figures 20-312)! bo Moc ie rine ome ean: Ae ene nee 0)
XV. Report on the Odonata collected by the British Ornithologists Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By Wersert Campion.
(Mext-fiounest3S—40s)ie ie) sk 48 1 ee ae ane ne mache
XVI. Report on the Vermes (Oligocheta) collected by the British Ornithologists
Union Kapedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea.
by Dri Coennrrr pr) Marts, | (lext-iourey1e) sian wees oS
XVIL. Report on the Coleoptera collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union Expedi-
tion and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By Gi.Bert
J. Arrow, Guy A. K. Marsnatt, #.Z.S., C. J. Gaman, and K. G. Buatr.
(Bllate “XO KE) oe a SALI A eae a a 8 HO)
XVIII. The Moraminifera of the Kerimba Archipelago (Portuguese East Africa).—
Part Il. By Epwarp Heron-Auuen, #.2.S., £.Z7.S., #.G.S., FRAILS., and
ARTHUR Haruand, 7.A.S. (Plates XL.—LIIT., and Text-figures 42—-44.). 543
MiphabeticalsMist on the Contributors) 2) einen een) MnO
9
Mir EY Se Sivhate esse Ae yee ag Veneta 2 ech a
TRANSACTIONS
OF
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
Vor. XX.—Parr 1.
(Puares I.-V.)
“nsonian Inst. >
\\ ‘UR
Ne %
APR 19 1912
/
: V4, A
“0ngl Miysoth
LONDON: —e
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIRTY,
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TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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TRANSACTIONS
OF
aE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Or, LOND ON:
I. The Development of the Starfish Solaster endeca Forbes. By James F. GumMILL,
M.A., M.D., D.Sc., F.Z.S., Lecturer in Embryology, Glasgow University, and in
Zoology, Glasgow Provincial Training College.
(Received and read November 29, 1910.)
[Puares I.-V. |
ConTENTs.
f Page
iy SLRU CEU REVAN DB OSEDEON| Maer eas Tala aco pete ika Mele else eens Cech ated Pala orensns deter ay suai ceens oper 3
JOS (Qhyreubols: COSBD ONY chores onat cuts ono, cart cua ton atean veneeedeakcy bic i macieter ols GLaivtoee choice ected eon ieee ena 4
Arrangement and structure of the egg-tubes, 4; muscular tissue and sinus-spaces in
their walls, 4; relation of the latter to genital sinuses and hemal tissue, 5; growth
of the ova, 6; accumulation of yolk-granules, 6; yolk-nuclei, 7; follicle-cells, 7 ;
ege-ducts, 8.
MPS MAT GRATION SPAWININGs PH ERELLIZATIONG GCa lle ysis oe te tetciis ieee ie keel 9
Time of maturation, 9; season, &c. of spawning, 9; the ova in water, 10; membrane of
fertilisation, 11; cross-fertilisation, 11; early and later segmentation, 11; formation
of blastula by egression and of gastrula by invagination, 12; appearance of cilia, 12;
moyements of blastula and gastrula, 13; hypenchyme, 13; chronology, 13.
IV. Exrernat Cwaracrers, Movements, &c. purINs THE FRen-swinine Perrop .............. 14
Elongation of gastrula, 14; formation of arms and of sucker, 14; preoral lobe and body of
larva, 14; formation of hydropore, 14; closure of blastopore, 15; movements of the
larve, 15; ciliation at anterior and posterior ends and over general surface, 15;
commencement of flexion and torsion of the preoral lobe, 16; first appearance extern-
ally of hydroccele lobes and of aboral arm rudiments, 17; chronology, 17.
VOL. XX.—PART 1. No. 1.—February, 1912. B
bo
DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
VY. Generat Hisrory anp Exrernal CHARACTERS DURING AND AFTHR MrraMoRPHOSIS............
Mode and site of attachment by the larval sucker, 17; fate of preoral lobe, and formation
of oral and aboral surfaces, 19; the hydroccele pouches and order of their development,
20; numbering of pouches, 21; the aboral arm rudiments and their adjustment to the
pouches, 22; attachment by first-formed sucker-feet, 22; appearance of the eyes, the
mouth, the anus, and the spines, 23; constant position of anus in specimens with
normal and abnormal numbers of rays, and in S. papposa, 23; movements &e. of the
Starfish before and after formation of mouth, 24; surface-crawling, 24; chronology,
25.
Vie ny nHOPMENTIORNC AvITTes HAND) ORGANS eran een en eerie eer er en iii erie ey ere
Formation of (1) anterior and (2) posterior ccelom, and of (3) middle chamber or enteron,
25.
GORA ntenion ColomiandmutssDenuativesm ere eee enact ei ici cee elt
Formation of right and left lateral diverticula, 26 ; hydroporic canal, 26; preoral
celom, 26; epiderm of preoral lobe partly incorporated with oral surface
of Starfish, 27; separation of the right lateral diverticulum from axial ceelom,
27 ; the hydroceele groove, 28 ; formation of first five radial pouches, 28 ; forma-
tion of succeeding radial pouches, 28; relation of stalk of preoral ccelom to
hydrocele ring, 29 ; relation of pouch I to posterior celom, 29; the dorsal sac,
29; axial part of anterior coelom, 29; internal oral circular sinus, 30; axial
organ, 30; stone-canal, 31 ; relation of madreporic pores to stone-canal and axial
sinus, 31; pouch IX/I of external oral circular sinus, 31.
(OQ) Posiariop Centon GH WHS IDA OUOAS cocccncx ecco oo noec os cons ago0cc DOHDEbODOOKE
Dorsal and ventral horns, 32; extension of the horns, and the part played by them
in separating preoral ceelom from axial and epigastric cceloms, 32; septum in
madreporie interradius enclosing axial complex, 32; interbrachial septa, 33 ;
extension of hypogastric ccelom on oral and aboral surfaces of enteron, 33; cir-
cular epigastric mesentery, 33; aboral ligaments of stomach and paired cxca,
34; formation and extension of pharyngeal ccelom, 34; the circular hypogastric
mesentery, 35; hypogastric ligaments of stomach, 35; formation and subsequent
growth of pouches of external oral circular sinus, 35; genital rachis, &c., 36.
(@) Wa PROD. Sso00060 0060 00s basco ODO oua ODD EK GE ODUaDOUIOODD ODO DONadHORGS
Radial lobes of stomach, 88; mouth, 39; anus, 39; paired radial ceca, 40; rectal
ceca, 40.
WADE, IDsyaaLOpNtoocae Oip Gari) SVAN S a/c poco accddanovdtanuannopogoo oan DT UG abaGQE OOOH RGR
Sequence in appearance of ambulacral and adambulacral plates, 41; plates of central and
marginal parts of disc, 41; terminals double, 42; transition to adult reticulum, 42 ;
development and grouping of spines, 43; the denticles, 43.
VATTMS SEIISTOROG Mie pace Ne ee ES re eure cen Cae sae aR ME ye Re OV er us nenstias tia ats (lone <
Mesenchyme and Yolk, 43; intracellular digestion of yolk, 44; reserve store retained in
the mesenchyme, &c., 44; a more highly-yolked Starfish egg, 44; the hypenchyme, 45 ;
yolk-granules in the enteron wall, 45.
A Statolith-like Body in the posterior ccelom, 46; statocysts in Synapta, 46.
Nervous System of larva, 46; relation to that of adult, 47; larval nervous system in other
Echinoderms, 47.
26
32
36
41
43
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 3
Page
Origin of Muscle-fibrille in larva, 47; muscle causing flexion &c. of preoral lobe, 47.
Ciliation, 48.
TX. Monn or OBrarnIne AND REARING THE LARVH.... 2.2... 6 ee eee ee te eens 48
Spawning in the tanks at the Millport Marine Station, 48; arrangement to retain the ova
and to keep the larve healthy in aquaria with sea-water circulation, and in smaller
aquaria under aeration, 48 ; larvee obtained in tow-netting, &e., 49.
DNS UMITAR Ven OCCHEp PETE anne ays ecient ancrarerste cymiavcraieiet snes Geis he nieanrdladslia clcdsin fellas sista ons) crore, ebouenores 50
External characters, 50; development of cavities, 51 ; development of skeleton, 52; general
comparison with Cribrella, 52; relations with development of other Starfish, 53.
IREREREN CHSt a .cupnneiein a nme cu tives Wee ARES ESET Aba ae chin RUS tacit Paoce dian Sid clad ates sul BRN tno o od 53
FEXPANATTONY OF ME TATHS a tart Wl Vartasea aie soot cep an Mal Wal SreRdn hc Sach Seid ey GEM CEI gone capers ey aaah ese 55
I. Structure anp Position.
IN the classification of Perrier (21) the Solasteride form a Family of the Spinulose,
one of the five Orders into which this author divides Starfishes. Asterina and
Cribreila, the development of which has been carefully investigated (12, 15, 18), come
within the same Order, but are in different Families, viz., the Echinasteride and the
Asterinidee respectively.
The system of Sladen (23) makes the Solasteride one of the ten Families belonging
to the Cryptozonia, the second of his two great Orders of Starfish. Cribrella falls
within the same Order as a member of the Kchinasteride, but the Asterinide are
included in the other Order, namely the Phanerozonia.
As regards Solaster endeca, the following characters should be noted at this stage,
other points of minor importance being referred to later as occasion arises :—
The normal number of rays is nine, but occasionally there are one or two more or
less. ‘The madreporite is single, no matter what may be the number of rays. The
aboral skeleton forms a fine reticulum made up of small plates, many of which carry
bunches of spines. Gills are present everywhere in the interspaces of this reticulum
in groups of two or three. There are no pedicellarie. ‘The tube-feet in each ray
form a double row. The mouth-armature is, on the whole, of the adambulacral type,
but the first ambulacrals are relatively prominent. The globular part of the stomach
shows folded radial lobes; above it the usual radial ceca are given off from the
pyloric sac, each pair arising by a long common duct. There are two small bunches
of rectal ceca. The anus, though very close to the middle of the aboral surface, is
slightly excentric in the direction of the interradius which on developmental grounds
must be entitled V-VI (pp. 20, 23). Strong perforated interbrachial septa are
present in all the interradii.
4 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
II. Ovaries AND Ova.
The gonads are in pairs, interradially placed, and confined to the disc. Each consists
of a bunch of short tubes, whitish in the male and orange-coloured in the female.
These are attached to the inner aspect of the body-wall close to the mid-interradial
line, a short distance upwards from the margin on the aboral side. Here the body-
wall is pierced by the egg-ducts.
In full-grown specimens the number of egg-tubes in each gonad may amount to
several hundreds. ‘These are somewhat indistinctly divided into a few (5-7) main
groups, which in turn are capable of subdivision into small ultimate clusters of three
to seven tubes. The tubes in each of these clusters join together at their attached
ends to open into the same terminal branch of the egg-duct. While the majority are
cylindrical or sausage-like in shape, simple branching may occur, characterized usually
by a single dichotomous division near the free end, and occasionally also by the
presence of one or two short lateral branches on the stem.
The wall of the egg-tubes consists of outer and inner layers separated by irregular
spaces. ‘The outer layer, which is considerably the stronger, is made up of connective
and muscular tissue, the fibres of the latter being arranged chiefly in a circular
direction. It is covered superficially by cubical ciliated cells, and during life the
ciliary movement is such that currents of ccelomic fluid pass along the surface of the
tubes from their attached to their free extremities. The inner layer is thinner and
consists almost entirely of connective tissue, but I find that in addition it contains a
number of muscular fibres which are longitudinal in direction and occur chiefly
towards the attached ends of the tubes.
The spaces between the outer and inner layers of the gonad-wall are best developed
near the attached ends of the tubes. Here they open into an irregular cavity
which almost surrounds the commencement of the egg-ducts, and which in its turn is
continuous with one of the genital branches of the aboral circular perihemal sinus.
An open communication is thus established between the aboral sinus and the spaces
in the gonad-walls. Along this line of communication occur strands of the tissue
interpreted by Ludwig and others as blood vascular or hemal. ‘These strands arise
from the hemal tissue within the aboral circular sinus and end by spreading out
within the spaces between the inner and outer layers of the gonad-walls as fine
branches attached to the inner of these two layers. No open communication exists
between the interior of the egg-tubes and the genital sinuses or between either and
the cavities of the hemal strands. In the adult Solaster endeca I cannot find definite
cellular remains of the genital rachis either in the circular or in the genital sinuses ;
but in a young Solaster papposa of an inch and a half in diameter the rachis was
still represented, in both these cavities, by a thin solid cord of characteristic cells.
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA, 3)
The occurrence of muscle-fibres in the inner layer of the gonad-wall seems not
to be usual, or at least not to be generally recognized. Ludwig (13, p. 599) and
Delage (5, pp. 62-63) speak as if the layer in question consisted entirely of fibrous
connective tissue. In the case of Asterias vulgaris, Field (7, p. 106) states that the
muscular fibres of the egg-tube walls run in various directions, the outer and inner
fibres being at right angles to one another. He makes no mention of spaces between
the layers, nor are such spaces indicated in his illustration.
In Starfish anatomy it seems to be the rule that in hollow structures with muscular
walls the longitudinal fibres lie internal to the circular ones, as, for example, in the
walls of the tube-feet and of the disc itself, as well as in the peristome and the
cesophagus and stomach. WVote.—In this connection attention may be called to the
statement in Bronn’s ‘ Klassen’ (13, p. 580), that in the cesophagus the circular layer is
internal to the longitudinal one. ‘This appears to be an error, as it is also said that
these layers are the continuations of corresponding layers in the peristome, and the
relative position of the circular and longitudinal muscles is correctly given on the
page before.
The statement made above, to the effect that in Solaster endeca the spaces between
the inner and outer layers of the egg-tube wall are continuous with the genital sinus,
was based on a careful examination of serial sections through four gonads in an adult
Solaster of large size, and I have not the slightest doubt as to its correctness for this
particular species.
In Ludwig’s view the spaces in question are lacunar in character (13, pp. 599 &
615), being terminal expansions of the hzmal vessels within the genital sinuses.
Hamann, quoted in Ludwig (13, p. 599), described the spaces as having an endothelium-
like lining and as communicating both with the genital sinuses and with the cavities
of the heemal tissue.
According to Cuénot (3, p. 88) the spaces in question belong to the perihemal
sinus system, while the cavities of the hemal vessels lead directly into the interior of
the ege-tubes. Macbride (15, p. 377, fig. 122) showed that in Asterina the spaces
between the inner and outer layers of the gonad-walls arise as expansions at the ends
of the genital branches of the aboral perihzemal sinus, but apparently in later develop-
ment these spaces become completely shut off, owing to the formation of the septum
through which the growing egg-ducts burrow their way to the outside. However,
the same author (16, p. 449) describes the genital branches of the aboral sinus as
swelling out at their blind ends so as to enclose the gonad cell-masses.
In my series of sections referred to above a distinct cellular lining was present
in the larger spaces occurring around the roots and proximal parts of the egg-
tubes, but further along the tubes it became less definite and finally ceased to be
recognizable.
6 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
This is not the only instance in which a perihemal sinus-cavity divides into
branches which lose themselves within the mesoderm. I find in the adult Solaster
that there is a branch extending aborally into each interbrachial septum from the
corresponding segment of the external oral circular sinus. This branch soon divides
into slit-like spaces, which cease to be recognizable when traced further upwards
in the septum (8 @).
In development the branch in question is not difficult to follow (p. 36), and indeed
I was first led to look for it in the adult from having noted it in a specimen of the
age of four months.
Contents of the Egg-Tubes——The egg-tubes contain: (1) ova in various stages of
growth ; (2) follicle-cells, both covering the ova and lining such parts of the gonad-
wall as are free from ova; (3) irregular cells, free in the lumen of the tube, mostly
rounded and loaded with fat-granules, but sometimes smaller and resembling leuco-
cytes in form.
Ova.—These rest directly against the inner wall of the egg-tubes without the
intervention of follicle-cells. Quite young ova may occur anywhere along the length
of the egg-tubes, but as a rule the youngest are most abundant towards the free ends
of the tubes. The nucleus or germinal vesicle contains a single large nucleolus, and
exhibits in general the characters which are usually found in the nuclei of highly
yolked ova. That is to say, it is large from an early stage, and it increases with the
growth of the egg; its membrane is definite and resistant; there is a delicate
achromatic reticulum; the chromatin is diffuse and difficult to stain; and the fluid
nucleoplasm is abundant and coagulates in shreds.
The cell-contents stain readily with hematoxylin, are finely punctate in character,
and have a rich orange colour which dissolves out readily in alcohol and other
reagents. ‘These facts indicate the early presence of deutoplasmic granules; but
this first deutoplasm is free from ordinary fatty yolk, being quite unaffected by
treatment with osmic acid. Indeed, the growth of the ovum may be divided
into two periods: the first up till the earliest appearance of the yolk-granules
which are fatty in character, and the second till full size is reached and the egg
is ready to undergo the changes of maturation. At the end of the first stage the
egg has reached a diameter of -15 mm., a third of this measurement being occupied
by the nucleus.
Fatty yolk-granules now begin to gather closely round the nucleus, forming a
zone which is at first thin and loose, but afterwards becomes thicker and more crowded,
the additions taking place on the outside of the zone (PI. III. fig. 35). Throughout this
zone only a small amount of protoplasm remains, forming a reticulum between the
granules. Outside of the zone in question there is a layer of protoplasm gradually
increasing in size during the active growth of the egg, but gradually also being
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 7
invaded by the yolk, until in the end there remains under the egg-membrane only
the thinnest possible yolk-free layer.
It should be noted that while the gross aggregation of yolk takes place from the
nucleus outwards, as above described, stray granules may be observed in all stages at
lesser depths, or even close under the egg-membrane. Similar granules along with
many coarser ones occur within the follicle-cells, and it seems not improbable that
during growth the former are transferred through the vitelline membrane to the ovum,
where they congregate round the germinal vesicle, the stray granules above mentioned
being on their passage inwards from the periphery. A remarkable instance of trans-
ference of the granules is given on p. 49.
The yolk-granules on their first appearance are small, rounded, and uniform in size.
As growth proceeds they become slightly larger everywhere, the increase in the full-
sized egg being least at the very surface close under the vitelline membrane.
In the middle and later stages of growth, bodies resembling the so-called yolk-
nuclei are very evident. Their substance is finely punctate. They stain well in
hemalum, but with a characteristic reddish tinge. ‘They are by no means regular
in number, size, and position, though the largest are always found quite close to
the germinal vesicle. They have no definite boundary, but merge at their periphery
into the protoplasmic reticulum in which the yolk-granules lie. They disappear
when the egg has reached full size and maturity. It seems probable that they are
formed by the activity of the nucleus (germinal vesicle), and that migrating outwards
from it they become broken up through contributing to the general protoplasmic
meshwork of the cell. Chubb (2, p. 384) describes the yolk-nucleus in Antedon as
formed by the throwing-out of small globules from the nucleolus.
A vitelline membrane is recognizable from a very early stage. In larger ova it
remains thin, but is moderately tough, though not comparable in this respect with the
membranes of many other ova of similarsize. It seemed to be perforated by numerous
fine pores, and may accordingly be termed a “zona radiata.”
Apart from distortion and facetting due to pressure, the shape of the ova within the
ege-tubes is already that of a spheroid with marked flattening at two opposite poles,
one of which is on the side of the ovum next the gonad-wall. ‘This, the future upper
pole of the egg is bright orange in colour. The lower or yolk pole looks towards the
lumen of the egg-tube and is distinctly paler than the first. The transition between
the two colours is gradual, and occurs at the equator or widest part of the egg. ‘The
diameter in the equatorial plane averages 1 mm., while the vertical diameter is
approximately -8 mm.
Follicle-Cells—The follicle-cells give a covering to the eggs, except where the
latter are attached to the gonad-wall, and also line such parts of the wall as have no
ova resting against them. Here, in places, they are folded inwards in the form of
§ DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
villus-like tufts, on the surface of which they assume an elongated form, many of them
being crowded with granules or globules of fatty nature, while others have a large
proportion of clear mucoid contents.
The larger villi rest on a fold of the inner layer of the egg tube-wall, and this fold
may contain an extension from the spaces previously described as existing between the
inner and outer layers of the gonad-wall.
The follicle-cells surrounding young and half-grown ova are cubical or polygonal in
shape, and provide a covering several layers thick. As growth nears completion, these
become reduced to a single layer made up of cubical or flattened cells. Still later
they seem to undergo complete degeneration, the eggs when shed being destitute of a
cellular covering.
Practically all the follicle-cells contain fatty granules, mostly small and resembling
those within the eggs, but often larger and comparable with ordinary fat-globules.
As was indicated above, it is possible that the smaller granules are transferred directly
through the vitelline membrane into the ovum during growth.
There is no definite lumen within the egg-tube, the spaces between the eggs being
occupied by follicle-cells, and by a small amount of fluid containing some irregular
cells which are probably of leucocytic origin. In some cases masses may be noted
which look like the débris of degenerating ova. These masses are without definite
outline and consist of densely crowded fine yolk-granules, with small nuclei here and
there among them. Round the nuclei a certain grouping of the yolk-granules is
observable, as if each nucleus was establishing a cell-territory. The nuclei are probably
of leucocytic nature.
Eqg-Ducts.—The walls of the egg-ducts contain inner and outer layers corresponding
in structure with those of the gonad-tubes, but the gonad sinus-spaces are not
continued into the depth of the body-wall. The ducts are lined with ciliated
cylindrical epithelium rising into folds and having many cells with clear mucoid
contents. ‘The transition between the germinal cells of the egg-tubes and the
epithelium of the ducts is quite sudden, and even in immature specimens there
is no septum intervening between the contents of the tubes and the lumen of the
ducts.
It is difficult to determine macroscopically the exact number of external genital
openings. During active spawning, however, as many as four eggs emerged at the
same time, but discretely, from a single interradius. Serial sections of an interradius
in the adult showed that each of the gonads had two slit-like terminal ducts formed by
the union of several tributary ducts, some of which joined the terminal one within the
thickness of the body-wall. In Solaster papposa, according to Miiller and Troschel
(quoted from Ludwig, 13, p. 592) and Cuénot (4, p. 623), each gonad has a number of
ducts which pierce the body-wall independently, but close together, the small area on
which they open being thus sieve-like in character.
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 9
My own observations on S. pwpposa, made from serial sections of an interradius in
a half-grown specimen, showed only two external apertures (one for each gonad).
Each of these led to a crypt-like cavity, into the bottom of which several egg-ducts
opened. Eversion of this cavity may occur during later growth or at the periods
of ripeness, thus producing the condition described by the authors above named.
For a further discussion of these points, see under reference 8 a.
III. Maturation, SPAWNING, FERTILIZATION, &c.
Maturation.—Preparation for the maturation-changes begins after the egg has
reached full size, and while it is still attached to the gonad-wall. The germinal vesicle
elongates radially and migrates towards the attached side of the egg until one of its
poles lies close under the surface. The nucleolus becomes vacuolated, ceases to react
actively to stains, and finally disappears. Meantime the membrane of the germinal
vesicle has broken down. ‘The contents remaining in position help to form a tract or
plug, which is free from fatty yolk-granules and extends right to the centre of the egg.
This tract comes to the surface in the middle of what will afterwards be recognizable
as the upper pole of the egg. Here it expands into a small circular disc. After the
eggs are shed this disc appears under reflected light as an area slightly darker than
the rest of the surface, no doubt owing to its greater transparency and freedom
from yolk.
In the ova examined, the formation of the first polar body was in active progress at
the time of shedding. An egg fixed immediately after extrusion showed the first
of the spindles lying obliquely within the disc above mentioned and close under the
surface. In eggs fixed three hours after extrusion both polar bodies were found
extruded and adherent to the surface, while the small female pro-nucleus, now difficult
to detect, lay some distance below. No doubt the pro-nucleus next migrates towards
the centre of the egg.
Spawning.—A pparently the brooding-habit is absent. Spawning occurs in the end of
March or the beginning of April, and extends at intervals over a week or more. For
example, a specimen taken in the trawl off the Marine Station at Millport on
March 22nd, 1910, gave out ova on the 25th, on the 30th of the same month, and
again on April 2nd. No further spawning took place, although the specimen was
kept under observation for the next four weeks. The number of eggs on the first
occasion is not known approximately, but on the second it amounted to over three
thousand, and on the third to between two and three hundred. On the second
occasion (March 30th) the period of most active spawning lasted about two hours.
During this time the Starfish was attached to one side of the tank near the surface,
the body and arms being strongly arched so that only the tips of the latter were
adherent. ‘The ova could be seen emerging as many as four at a time from the genital
VOL. XX.—Par? I. No. 2.—February, 1912. Cc
10 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
apertures in each of several interradii. The same Starfish, when spawning on
April 2nd, took up a somewhat different position, viz., on one side of the tank right at
the surface, with the uppermost arms unattached, bent over, and separated so as to
expose the interradial angles. The ova were emitted chiefly from these interradii, but
also from one or two others, sometimes singly, sometimes two or three together, at
short intervals, for two and a half hours. Some years ago I observed a specimen of
Solaster papposa in the act of spawning. The process was almost exactly identical
with that which has been last described.
At the time of shedding, the eggs may be compressed in any direction, but they very
quickly assume their proper form, that of an ‘“‘oblate spheroid” (p. 7). Being rather
lighter than sea-water, they rise gently to the surface and remain there when un-
disturbed. As was indicated previously, they float with the equator of the spheroid
horizontal. ‘The upper pole is of a rich orange-colour, and has in its centre the small
area free from fatty yolk. The lower pole is paler in colour and of distinctly
greater specific gravity, so that the egg rights itself almost at once, should its balance
be disturbed.
The vitelline membrane is closely applied to the surface of the egg all round. In
the eggs shed on the first two occasions it was quite thin, transparent, and smooth on
the surface, but in those which were shed last there was an additional outer covering,
somewhat frayed on the surface, and with minute granular débris adherent. The
difference is probably caused by the addition to the true egg-membrane of a mucous
coat formed within the ovary itself.
Two other specimens of S. endeca were kept in the same tank as the one which
spawned, and fortunately one of these proved to be a ripe male. On March 30th,
while ova were being shed by the female, the male was observed resting in an
ordinary position on the side of the tank about two feet distant, and sending out
thin streams of sperm from five or six interradii. On this occasion practically all the
ova were fertilized, although in the end only a few of them developed quite normally
beyond the gastrula stage. On the next occasion of spawning (April 2nd) the emission
of sperm by the male was not obvious. All the eggs were, however, fertilized, and a
very large proportion of them underwent normal development.
The eggs of Solaster are much too large and opaque to allow the process of fertili-
zation to be watched under the microscope. It can readily be seen, however, that they
attract the sperm strongly as soon as they are shed, and therefore a considerable time
before the maturation-changes are completed. No doubt the disc at the upper pole
and the stalk leading from it down to the centre of the egg serve as a track of
entrance and guidance to the spermatozoon, which would find difficulty in boring
a way through the densely crowded mass of fatty yolk-granules present every-
where else.
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 11
Segmentation and Gastrulation (Pl. I. figs. 1-6; Pl. III. figs. 24, 25).—In from
three to three and a half hours after they were shed the eggs began to separate
off their vitelline membranes as ‘‘membranes of fertilisation” *. The process was
complete in from four to five hours. ‘The width of the clear space left between
membrane and egg varied considerably, but was on an average equal to about a
seventh of the diameter of the egg itself. This membrane persists throughout
segmentation and until the blastula is beginning to rotate within it—that is, till
about the fifth day after fertilisation.
Segmentation all through is total and equal, the first and second cleavage-planes
(Pl. I. figs. 1-2) being vertical and at right angles to one another, while the third is
horizontal. The succeeding divisions follow with regularity and give rise to a solid
“morula” (figs. 3-4) made up of very numerous cells which are practically equal
in size. As many as three hundred such cells may be counted ina median section.
The flattening at the poles becomes less marked, but the mass floats as before, and the
under half is still paler in colour than the upper. It should be stated that while
equality of segmentation is certainly the normal condition, a slight degree of
* Note on Cross-Fertilisation.—To the membrane of fertilisation is usually ascribed the function of keeping
out other sperms after the entrance of the one which is to fertilise the egg. The sperms crowd actively
round the ova immediately the latter are shed, and yet, as we have seen above, it was not till three hours after-
wards that the membrane even began to separate. This might seem to give ample time, were no other factors
at work, for the occurrence of polyspermy or even for the entrance of sperms of mixed origin.
As is well known, cross-fertilisation may occur between widely different echinoderms. In this connection
a series of experiments I made some time ago affords the following results with reference to Solaster :—The
ova of Solaster endeca are strongly attractive to the spermatozoa of Solaster papposa and are fertilised by them.
Segmentation, though often very unequal, was sometimes quite regular and led to a very considerable degree
of further development. Blastula, gastrula, and early larval stages were easy to obtain. Later, the larve tended
to die off after showing various abnormalities of growth, such as malformation or loss of the larval arms and
vesiculation of parts of the larval body. Serial sections of the larvee showed very marked irregularity in the
internal cavities, the typical arrangement being interfered with in many ways, though there was evidently an
attempt at the formation of all the characteristic coeloms. The presence of several ciliated canals leading to
the surface from one or other of the internal cavities was a common deviation. Some of the hybrid larve
lived for over two months, but none of them entered on the stage of sucker fixation which leads to
metamorphosis.
The ova of Solaster papposa are also strongly attractive to the spermatozoa of S. endeca and are fertilised
by them. The resulting segmentation showed greater irregularity than in the converse experiment, but
unfortunately I had not the opportunity in this case of carrying the observations to later stages.
In my experiments, the sperm of Solaster endeca was also tried with the ova of Hchinus esculentus L.,
Asterias rubens L., Uraster glacialis O. F. M., Cribrella oculata Penn., Brissopsis lyrifera Forb., Echino-
cardium cordatum Penn., and Synapta digitata Mont. The results as regards fertilisation were negative
in every instance, and the eggs of the sea-urchin alone exhibited the power of attracting the sperm.
On the other hand, the ova of Solaster papposa attracted the sperm of Asterias rubens, and underwent
irregular segmentation under their influence. The same ova neither attracted nor were fertilised by the sperm
of the other species mentioned above.
c2
12 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
subequality may also be present in healthy ova. One also comes across cases in which
the early segmentation is very markedly unequal. Such ova may seem to develop
normally during the gastrula and the early larval stages, but none of them which I
isolated entered on the later larval stages or underwent metamorphosis.
Blastula and Gastrula.—The process of blastula and gastrula formation presents
those remarkable features which were first carefully described by Masterman (18,
pp. 378-381) as occurring in the ova of Cribrelia.
A rudimentary primary blastoceele in the form of narrow slit-like spaces develops
within the cell-mass. Numerous small furrows running into one another next appear
all over the external surface, producing a finely lobulated appearance almost as if the
ege were reverting to its middle segmentation-stages. Soon the furrows become fewer
but better marked. This takes place through the levelling up of some and the
confluence and deepening of others. The surface pattern now becomes simpler,
simulating an earlier stage in segmentation. ‘The resemblance is often very striking,
even as far downwards as the 16-, the 8-, and the 4-celled condition. Usually, how-
ever, instead of the knobby segmentation pattern, there is an appearance as of lobes
running together, which may best be described as resembling the convoluted surface of
a cerebral hemisphere. In the end, all the furrows disappear, and the surface becomes
perfectly smooth, at least as seen from above. Sections of eggs at the time when the
furrows first appear show the two following peculiarities: (1) the superficial cells are
elongating and arranging themselves in a single layer at the surfaces between the
furrows; (2) at the same time the deeper cells of the blastula are undergoing a similar
rearrangement with reference to the sides and bottoms of the furrows. It is obvious
that the result will be to produce, out of the originally almost solid cell-mass, a single
greatly folded layer of columnar cells (PI. I. fig. 5) enclosing an irregular and slit-like
central space which may be called the definite blastoceele. A few cells, not falling
into line with the others, remain within this cavity and form the earliest mesenchyme.
The disappearance of the first furrows and the consequent simplification of the
surface pattern is accompanied by further narrowing and elongation of the individual
cells. In this way the blastula-wall, although it is losing in superficial extent, is
still able to accommodate all the cells which first entered into its formation. ‘here
is now also a slight increase in the size of the blastula as compared with the
unsegmented egg, the difference amounting to something like one-eighth of the
diameter of the latter.
It is worthy of note that during all these changes the paler colour of the lower pole
is preserved. Cilia make their appearance on the surface about the same time as the
first blastula-furrows, causing currents within the membrane of fertilisation which still
persists. This membrane now disappears and the blastula begins to perform irregular
rotary movements in the water, its paler side always remaining underneath.
Gastrulation.—Gastrulation takes place by invagination and commences before the
last surface-furrows have straightened out. Indeed, it may be described as beginning by
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 13
the widening and deepening of a large central furrow in the under pole. Accordingly
at first the blastoporic opening is often slit-like in shape. The final smoothing of the
surface-wrinkles advances with the progress of gastrulation, the opening out of surface
provided by the former process compensating in part for that portion of the blasto-
derm which is invaginated. The blastopore now becomes a large circular opening in
the middle of the distinctly flattened under surface, while the upper aspect of the
gastrula is rounded or dome-like in shape. The invagination does not involve the
whole of the pale area at the lower pole. In the fully formed gastrula the line of
colour-transition is found outside the lip of the blastopore, at about a third of the
distance between this and the centre of the dome.
The movement of the gastrula now becomes one of smooth rotation round a vertical
axis, accompanied by slight intermittent horizontal progression, giving a somewhat
epicyclic character to the whole. In the specimens under observation, as a rule, the
direction of movement was dextral * as observed from above, but reversal took place
from time to time, and in the course of a few days there seemed to be longer duration
of the sinistral f than of the dextral periods. Probably the changes occur rhythmically
in nature, though I had evidence that they were hastened by stimulation.
In healthy specimens the archenteron (PI. I. fig. 6) isa large cavity lined by columnar
ciliated hypoblast and separated from the epiblast by a very narrow space containing
stellate mesenchymal cells. The cavity is empty, except for stray yolk-granules and
occasional cells (see p. 45).
In Cribrella, according to Masterman (18, p. 382), the archenteron becomes com-
pletely filled up at this stage by a network of ‘“‘hypenchyme ” cells which are thrown
off from the primitive hypoblast. This does not occur in Sodaster, at least not in healthy
specimens, but at a slightly later stage a certain number of cells are budded off into
the anterior and posterior cceeloms of the young larva. In the latter cavity they
frequently give rise to a homogeneous spherical body, the appearance of which strongly
suggests that it may function as a statolith during the middle and later free-swimming
stages (p. 46).
Chronology.—Vhe following details regarding the progress of the above changes in
examples of a set of ova under observation will be of interest :—
At time of shedding...... The first maturation-spindle lying close under the upper pole of
the egg.
3 hours after shedding... Both polar bodies extruded.
5 x = ... The membrane of fertilisation completely separated.
9 35 35 .... The yolk-free disc at the upper pole becomes oval and then dumb-
bell in shape (10 hours) ; it next divides into two, while the
first cleavage-furrow begins to form (11 hours).
* Same as that of the hands of a clock.
tT Opposite to that of the hands of a clock.
14 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
13 hours after shedding... The first cleavage completed.
15 ne ss ... The second cleavages completed.
18 a ee .... The third cleavages completed.
20 ss Re ... Egg divided into about 16 cells.
28 0 5 eels. hw Oaeees
24 days after shedding... Segmentation completed ; a solid “morula” stage made up of
quite small cells.
As cules - ... Blastula showing numerous furrows externally.
OME 55 ... Only a few furrows now visible ; gastrulation beginning.
Ges yh Gastrulation complete.
(For later chronology, see pp. 17, 25.)
IV. Exrernat Cyaracters, MoveMents, &c. DURING THE FREE-SWIMMING PERIOD.
(Pl. I. figs. 12-14; Pl. II. figs. 15-20.)
In describing the succeeding stages in the development of Solaster I think it right
to make use of the terms /arva and larval (as Masterman does for Cribrella), although
a larval mouth is never formed and the store of food contained in the egg has to last
until the end of metamorphosis. Comparison with other forms, particularly with
Asterina and Cribrella, enables one already to fix the anterior and posterior ends of
the larva. The former is indicated by the summit of the gastrula-dome and the latter
by the blastoporic opening.
The dome-shaped gastrula gradually elongates to form a cone, the base of which is
perforated by the blastopore (Pl. II. fig. 15). The apex of the cone (anterior end of
the larva) next makes a slight bend towards what is to be the ventral aspect (fig. 16).
A yentral concavity or dimple is thus formed near the junction of the anterior
and middle thirds of the cone. All the larval planes and surfaces can now be readily
identified (see p. 37). The three larval arms next begin to grow out around the
dimple above named. All three are directed ventrally. There is an anterior
median unpaired one in front. The other two form a pair, one on each side a short
distance behind the dimple. A little later the cells forming the floor of the
dimple become elongated to form a disc-shaped sucker. The part of the cone which
carries the arms and the sucker is recognizable afterwards as the preoral lobe of
the larva.
Meantime certain changes have become manifest in the posterior part of the cone,
which may now be called the body of the larva. This part becomes flattened from
side to side and correspondingly extended in the sagittal plane (figs. 16-18). The
blastopore lessens in size and the base of the cone becomes slightly oblique (p. 37).
Dorsally on the right side, a little behind the junction of the preoral lobe and the
body of the larva, a pit makes its appearance, at the bottom of which the hydroporic
opening is formed. As will be seen later (p. 26), this takes place through the sinking
in of a short ectodermal funnel to meet a hollow outgrowth from the anterior ccelom.
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 15
Shortly afterwards the blastopore closes, and the larval body becomes marked off from
the preoral lobe by a groove which passes transversely across the back of what may be
called the neck of the larva. This groove is produced in part by dorsal flexion of the
head on the body, and partly through further expansion of the body in the sagittal
plane. The hydroporic opening on the right side is the first, and for a time the only,
departure from the external bilateral symmetry of the larva.
The arms are hollow outgrowths and contain prolongations from the anterior ccelom.
They are at first short, blunt, and ciliated uniformly with the rest of the body. Later
they lengthen and acquire small glandular ridges at the tips, over which the cilia
become reduced. They are then able, acting either singly or together, to cause the
larva to adhere lightly to smooth surfaces. They have also become muscular, so that
they can perform movements of (1) simple shortening or retraction and lengthening
or protrusion, (2) spreading apart so as to expose the sucker, (3) closing together so
as to hide the sucker (PI. II. figs. 18,19). The cilia are now reduced over the glandular
ridges, though still present in the intervening furrows.
The sucker develops as a round, slightly elevated disc of much elongated cells in
the bottom of the concavity between the larval arms. ‘The cells are ciliated at first,
but afterwards lose their cilia.
While the larve are elongating and becoming cone-like in shape, they remain
upright in the water, performing circular movements exactly like those of the gastrule,
though the direction of movement was now sinistral* as seen from above in the
majority examined.
After they have reached full length, one begins to find them from time to time in
an oblique position in the water, the anterior end, however, being still always higher
than the posterior. In this position they are rotating round their own antero-
posterior axis as before, and in addition they are progressing slowly along a straight
line in the direction towards which the anterior end points. Reversal of this latter
movement can occur, especially under stimulation, but it is rare and lasts only for a
short time.
During the first two or three days of the free-swimming stage the larve are rather
lighter than the sea-water and tend to remain without effort near the surface. Later
their specific gravity gradually comes to equal and finally to exceed slightly that of the
water. When this stage has been reached the movement of progression with the
anterior end first will keep them from sinking helplessly to the bottom, while
reversal will ensure that they need not remain continually at the surface. The
characteristic position of the larva in the water indicates that the original difference
in weight between the anterior and posterior ends of the larva has been retained in
some degree throughout the whole free-swimming stage.
The whole surface of the larva is richly ciliated, excepting the sucker and the
* See note on p. 13.
16 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
glandular ridges at the tips of the arms. During life, the action of the cilia can
readily be observed under the microscope by keeping the larve on the stage ina
suitable cell and using strong oblique illumination. While ciliation is fairly uniform
all over, it was noted during the first week that the cilia which covered the anterior
pole seemed larger than the average. They did not, however, form a definite tuft
standing out from the rest. ‘The strongest and most persistent currents produced by
the cilia pass from anterior to posterior end of the larva all along its sides, and it is
this ciliary action which causes the forward progression of the larva. More than once
while I was watching this action under the microscope, the direction of movement
quickly became reversed ; streams of particles began to flow over the anterior end, and
had the larva been free to swim about, it would undoubtedly have moved with the
posterior end in advance. Reversals of this kind occurred with relatively greater
frequency in the specimens I was working with on the stage of the microscope than
in those which remained undisturbed in the aquaria.
At the posterior end of the early larva, external to the blastopore, there is a narrow
annular area of cilia which lash in an outward direction. The current thus produced,
taken along with the stronger currents passing backwards over the general surface of
the body, results in a forward eddy of small particles towards the blastoporic opening.
After tne blastopore has closed, the annulus in question becomes uniform with the
rest of the surface of the body.
It was stated above that the formation of the hydroporic opening on the right side
is the first interference with the external bilateral symmetry of the larva. The next
departure from this symmetry is a more obvious one, and results in a change in the
relative position of the preoral lobe and the body of the larva (Pl. II. figs. 19, 20).
Two movements are involved, namely, (1) lateral flexion of the preoral lobe towards
the left side of the body, (2) torsion of the neck of this lobe in the dextral * direction
as the larva is looked at from the anterior end. Both movements occur together and
in a gradual manner, and both are completed only two or three days after fixation by
the sucker has taken place. Meantime their result is to bring the back of the preoral
lobe obliquely against the left side of the body, a very sharp angle being formed on
this side in the region of the neck (fig. 20). ‘The whole movement is of greater
rapidity and acuteness than can be accounted for simply in terms of differential
giowth, and as a matter of fact it seems to be caused by the action of the special
band of muscular fibrille (Pl. IL. fig. 19; Pl. III. fig. 34) which is referred to further
on (p. 47).
Now commences a process of much interest, whereby the walls of the preoral lobe
are in part incorporated with the left body-wall of the larva (PI. II. figs. 22,23). But
this takes place during metamorphosis and will be described later, along with the
completion of the flexion and torsion of the preoral lobe (pp. 19, 27).
* See note on p. 18.
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 17
The characters of the larva at the end of the free-swimming stage may be summarized
as follows:—The preoral lobe is bent sharply to the left, and twisted dextrally *
through an angle of approximately 75 degrees; the arms are long, glandular at the
tips, muscular, and capable of anchoring the larve temporarily by adhesion to
smooth surfaces ; the body has become disc-like in shape through expansion in the
larval sagittal plane; four notches are beginning to appear on the dorsal and posterior
edges of the disc marking the position of future interradii. A much larger notch
bounded by prominent lips is becoming evident on the right side at the root of the
preoral lobe (p. 22). ‘The first five radial pouches of the hydroceele in some cases
appear externally before fixation, while in most they are not evident till the fixed
stage has begun. It will be more convenient to include the account of their
appearance under the heading of metamorphosis (p. 20).
The above changes took place as follows :—
6 days after fertilisation ... Gastrulation complete.
7 Bs An ... Gastrula elongated to form a cone.
8 ep A ... Ventral dimple present.
9 ss He ... Indication of larval arms, and of ectodermal pit for the
hydropore.
10-11 a i ... Arms longer and coming together so as to conceal the sucker;
the larval body fiattening in the sagittal plane; the blasto-
pore closed.
13-18 $5 as ... Body becomes disc-shaped; the characteristic flexion and
torsion of the arms in progress ; larve able to adhere by
the tips of the arms.
19 a i The majority of the larvee now attached by the sucker.
(For earlier ee see p. 18, and for later, p. 25.)
VY. GENERAL History AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERS DURING AND AFTER METAMORPHOSIS.
(Pl. I. figs. 12-14; Pl. II. figs. 22, 23.)
Under this heading two periods have to be distinguished—the one of attachment by
means of the sucker whose development we have already seen in the larva (p. 14), and
the other during which, the sucker having atrophied, the earliest tube-feet are the
attaching-organs. It is during the first of these periods that the greatest changes take
place. The second is chiefly concerned with the acquirement by the various organs
of their more perfect form and of their functional activities.
Attachment by the Larval Sucker.—In order to attach themselves, the larvee cause
their arms to diverge widely, so that the sucker becomes prominent and is thus
enabled to adhere readily to a suitable surface. The attachment is by true sucking
action and not simply through the formation of an adhesive cement. At this stage
the sucker is oval in shape with the longer diameter transverse, and, like the tips of the
* See note on p. 13.
VOL. XX.—PART I. No. 3.—February, 1912. D
18 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
larval arms, it is of a more vivid orange-colour than the rest of the preoral lobe. ‘The
three arms surround the sucker in tripod fashion, but the right one is now rather
larger than the left, which at this stage is somewhat compressed in the angle between
preoral lobe and body.
The actual site of fixation must depend more or less on chance. At any rate, in
the aquaria I employed, attached specimens were found fairly uniformly over the
bottom and sides alike, a slight preference being shown for a position on the sides
just under the water-level. In those which settled on a vertical surface there was
no strict uniformity as regards which part of the body was uppermost, but in the
majority of instances an upper position was occupied by the neck or region of junction
between the preoral lobe and the body.
Once the larve are attached they keep the same position till movement is possible
by means of the tube-feet. If they are detached without injury during the first day
or two after fixation, they will in many instances (five out of seven in the experiment)
succeed in re-attaching themselves. They are enabled to do this by the muscular
action of the arms, as well as by the action of the cilia on the surface of the body,
which helps to tumble them over until the sucker finds a suitable locality for attach-
ment. Older specimens when detached sink quickly to the bottom, and can fasten
themselves anew only if they happen to fall with the sucker undermost; otherwise
they are unable to right themselves, and, though capable of survival for a considerable
period, they do not undergo a normal metamorphosis. ‘The first few days of fixation
by the sucker are marked by the following important external changes :—
1. Flexion and torsion of the preoral lobe are completed.
2. Much of the wall of the preoral lobe is gradually incorporated into the middle
part of the left side of the larva, and assists in forming the oral surface of the
Starfish. Subject to this reservation, and from the point of view of external
form, the left side of the larva becomes the oral surface of the Starfish.
. Similarly the aboral surface of the Starfish may be described as representing the
right side of the larva; but this statement is also subject to the reservation
(Sis)
that in reality the epiderm of the aboral surface is in great part derived from
that which covered the posterior end of the bilateral larva.
4, The series of radial pouches of the hydroccele comes into prominence on the
oral (left larval) surface. The first-formed pouches acquire lateral branches for
the tube-feet. ‘The 8th radial pouch is added.
5. The aboral rudiments of the arms begin to grow out round the margin. The
whole aboral surface becomes covered with small papille containing the
developing spines.
The later period of fixation by the larval sucker is marked by further outgrowth
and commencement of functional activity on the part of the tube-feet, complete
THE STAREISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 19
disappearance of the whole preoral lobe except the sucker, and, finally, by atrophy
of the sucker itself.
The points mentioned above will now be gone over in more detail, the first three
being taken together.
1, 2, 3. Flexion &c. of Preoral Lobe, and Formation of the Oral and Aboral
Surfaces.—The commencement of the flexion and torsion of the preoral lobe was
noted before the end of the free-swimming stage (p. 16).
The preoral lobe became sharply bent at the neck towards the left side of the body,
and at the same time twisted in the dextral direction as seen from the anterior end.
Roughly speaking, the combined movement may be compared with that which would
result in the human subject from extreme overaction of the left sterno-mastoid muscle,
the head representing the preoral lobe of the larva. The back of the preoral lobe is
brought to begin with obliquely against the left body-wall of the larva. This is the
condition at the end of the free-swimming stage. Later the movements are carried
out to their fullest degree, the leftward flexion being nearly through the full half-circle
of 180 degrees, while the torsion is through a right angle. At the same time, the back
of the preoral lobe is taken into or incorporated with the left body-wall of the larva.
Asa result, the anterior or frontal larval arm comes to look outwards from near the
middle of the left side of the larva, or, rather, of the oral surface of the Starfish, as this
side may now be called. The sucker and the paired larval arms also look outwards
from the oral surface, but are nearer that part of the margin which in the larva was at
the junction between the preoral lobe and the larval body.
The changes above described are illustrated in figs. 21-23 of Pl. II. As they
proceed, the preoral lobe settles down more and more on the oral surface, from which
it finally ceases to project. The smoothing out of its walls involves a considerable
addition to the central area on the oral surface. This is needed in connection with
the very marked widening of the hydroccele ring that is also taking place, and it
provides a sufficient space, in the middle of which the mouth-opening can afterwards
break through.
It will be remembered that the lower pole of the gastrula (posterior end of the
larva) was paler in colour than the upper pole (anterior end of larva). The changes
described above result in the massing of the richly pigmented epiderm (anterior end
epiderm) into the area on the oral side of the Starfish which overlies the circle of the
hydroceele. When the radial canals of the hydroceele grow out they are accompanied
on the surface by corresponding extensions of pigmented epiderm, which are broad
enough also to overlie the sucker-feet when these are formed in their turn. ‘The purely
actinal surface of the young Starfish is thus derived chiefly from the body-wall of the
anterior end of the larva. Conversely, we find that the aboral surface is now covered
with the pale epiderm which in the perfectly bilateral condition was confined to the
posterior part of the larva. It is only in the region of the notch opposite the larval
D2
20 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
neck that traces of the deeper pigment still exist, and even these are lost when at a
later stage the notch becomes filled up.
We see accordingly that on the right side a forward sliding movement of the wall
of the posterior part of the bilateral larva has taken place, and that this movement is
the counterpart of the migration backwards and to the left undergone by the preoral
lobe.
These facts, while they are important in the ontogeny of Solaster (see under Nervous
System, p. 46), may also be of great importance from their bearing on general questions
of asteroid phylogeny.
4. The Hydrocele Pouches.—The radial pouches of the hydroceele appear externally
as an incomplete circle of lobular swellings on the oral (left larval) surface around the
central area where the preoral lobe is becoming incorporated with the body-wall.
The gap left in the circle is opposite to the larval neck. Four of the pouches appear
practically simultaneously and are succeeded almost at once by a fifth. These form
a series the members of which, for reasons that will appear later, are to be numbered
in the dextral or watch-hand direction, as seen from the oral side, commencing with
pouch No. I immediately to the dextral (7. ¢., the larval dorsal) side of the preoral lobe.
In the fully-formed Solaster the normal number of rays is nine, and accordingly four
new pouches remain to be formed in addition to the five that have already appeared.
These are added one by one, extending the series onwards from pouch No. V, still in
the dextral direction as one looks from the oral side. There is a short pause
till VI appears. VII follows after an interval of similar length. VIII is delayed
relatively longer, and 1X longer still. Indeed, 1X is not added until the preoral lobe
has almost completely disappeared, the sucker has begun to atrophy, and the larva is
attaching itself by means of the first-formed tube-feet. Pouch IX at the end of the
series is now adjacent to pouch I at the beginning, and nothing stands in the way of
the completion between these pouches of the ring-canal of the hydroccele.
Soon after they have made their appearance externally, the radial pouches of the
hydroceele become three-lobed in shape. This is due to the outgrowth at their sides
of the first tube-feet, and at their extremities of the terminal tentacle. Later, a second
pair of tube-feet is formed on each radial pouch between the first pair and the terminal
tentacle.
The sequence in the formation of the tube-feet on the radial pouches corresponds
with that in which the pouches themselves were developed. For example, pouches I
to V are provided with two pairs of feet at a period when VIII is still in the tri-lobed
condition and IX has not yet made its appearance. So long as the preoral lobe is
large, pouch I of the hydroccele, being somewhat compressed in the angle between
that lobe and the disc, is not free to appear externally with as great prominence as
the next three pouches in the series ; but after the preoral lobe disappears, the pouch
in question, being no longer hidden or compressed, shows in all respects quite as
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 21
advanced a degree of development as the succeeding members of the series, thus
offering the sharpest contrast with pouches VIII and IX, which are still lagging far
behind.
Although the details fall to be given later (p. 27), it may be stated here that the
ring-canal of the water vascular system is completed in such a way that the cavity of
the preoral lobe occasionally remains in continuity, though for a very short time, with
the axial sinus ccelom by means of a stalk, which, as in Asterina (Macbride, 15),
is encompassed by the hydroceele ring. Soon, however, the cavity of the preoral lobe
disappears, and the sucker atrophies, migrating at the same time outwards beyond the
circle of the ring-canal. The last remnant of it is to be looked for as a stalked papilla
attached a short distance from the margin on the oral surface (PI. I. fig. 13). In four
cases out of five this papilla lies in interradius [X/I, while in the others it either lies
just outside of pouch IX or in the interradius between that and pouch VIII. The
variation is of no importance, and probably occurs in connection with the adjustment
that has to take place between the hydroccele rays and the aboral arm-rudiments
(p. 22).
The stone-canal opens into the ring-canal of the hydroccele between the origins of
radial pouches I and II (p. 31).
Considering the manner in which the radial pouches of the hydroccele are developed,
and in particular the perfectly definite sequence in which the last four of them appear,
one can have no hesitation in numbering the series by the method adopted above—that
is, by commencing it with pouch J on the dextral * side of the preoral lobe as one looks
at the oral surface, and continuing in the same direction from that point.
Leaving out of count such methods of numbering the rays of Asteroids as are based
on other than developmental grounds, we have to distinguish two systems. In one of
these the numbering proceeds as described above (é. g., Macbride for Asterina), while
in the other the order is precisely the converse—that is to say, it begins with ray I on
the sinistral side of the preoral lobe as one looks at the oral surface, and continues the
series counterclockwise from this point (Ludwig, 12, and Goto, 1o@, for Asterina ;
Goto for Asterias pallida, 9, 10; Masterman for Cribredia, 18). The order of develop-
ment in Solaster establishes a presumption that the former of the two systems of
numbering is the right one for Starfish in general.
The short pause between the formation of the first five radial pouches and that of
the sixth is an indication that the Solaster family was derived from a five-rayed
ancestor. Further evidence on this point will appear in connection with the develop-
ment of the anus. I am indebted to Prof. J. W. Gregory for the note that an
apparently authentic member of the family, Solaster moretonis Forbes, occurs as far
back as the Oolite (Forbes in Mem. Geol. Surv. U. K. 1856, dec. v. pp. 1-3).
* See footnote on p. 13.
22 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Formation of Aboral Arm-Rudiments.—The aboral surface is now somewhat disc-
like in shape, with four or five shallow indentations at the margin, and one deep
notch—the nuchal notch—bounded by two prominent lips or lobes, which are at first
a considerable distance apart but afterwards draw closely together. The shallow
indentations separate corresponding aboral arm-rudiments as these grow out, but the
notch (Pl. II. figs. 21-23) is produced in consequence of the sharp leftward flexion of
the preoral lobe, and the subsequent rapid reduction of the walls and internal cavity of
this lobe (see also on p. 27). In a cleared specimen at this stage, viewed from the
aboral side (PI. I. fig. 7), the series of hydroccele-pouches is seen to commence with
pouch I lying underneath the sinistral (¢arval dorsal) lip or lobe of the notch. But
this lip will afterwards be associated with pouch II of the hydroceele in the formation
of ray II of the Starfish. Meantime accordingly it may be designated aboral arm-
rudiment No. 2. Since, to begin with, it overlies pouch I, it must undergo a sliding
movement in the sinistral direction as viewed from the aboral side. This movement
is approximately through an angle of 50 degrees.
The other lip or lobe bounding the notch is the ventral one, with reference to larval
orientation. It must be called arm-rudiment No. 1, since in the end it comes into
relation with pouch I of the hydroccele to form the corresponding ray of the Starfish.
Before doing this it performs an anguiar movement in the same direction as arm-
rudiment 2 but of greater extent, since in order to reach its final position it has to
travel over the area formerly occupied on the right side by the neck of the preoral lobe.
The full range of angular movement undergone by aboral arm-rudiment | may be put
down as something like 60-65 degrees.
The shallow indentations, referred to above, separate other less prominent arm-
rudiments, which appear to the number of three or four just after fixation has begun.
‘These arm-rudiments are to be enumerated in accordance with the numbering of the
hydroccele-pouches with which they afterwards come into relation. Those which now
appear are 3 to 5. They have to undergo a certain amount of angular movement in
the same direction as arm-rudiments 1 and 2, but the amount is less than that of 2,
and it diminishes as one goes down the series. The remaining arm-rudiments—. e.,
6 to J—appear in the same sequence as the hydroccele-pouches with which they are
to become associated, and each is a little later than its corresponding pouch.
Attachment by the first-formed Sucker-Feet.—Kven after the sucker has atrophied
there still remain a number of external changes to be noted before metamorphosis is
at an end. Some of these changes consist in the completion of processes already
begun, and others in the acquirement of new characters or structures.
The former category includes :—Formation of pouch IX of the hydroceele and of
aboral arm-rudiments 8 and 9; partial filling up of the notch between arm-rudiments
1 and 2 to form interradius I/I]—the madreporic interradius ; complete disappearance
by absorption of the larval sucker and arms; increase in the size and number of the
spines.
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 23
These points hardly require further description. Emphasis may, however, again be
laid on the fact that while the larval sucker and arms are actively absorbed, much of
the preoral lobe epiderm is not destroyed, but is incorporated with the oral surface
of the Starfish.
The most important new structures that appear externally during this period are the
eye-spots, the mouth, and the anus.
The Eyes.—In the first seven rays the eyes appear as bright reddish spots at the
base of the terminal tentacles several days before the formation of the mouth. In
rays VIII and IX they appear respectively along with and a little later than this
opening. After death their pigment is extremely soluble and readily washes out, so
that they may easily be overlooked in their earliest stages unless they have been
observed in the living condition.
Formation of the Mouth.—Yhe ring-canal of the hydroccele now encloses a relatively
large central area on the oral surface. ‘The mouth appears in the middle of this area,
usually in the form of a triradiate fissure (Pl. I. fig. 13), the angles of which point
approximately in the direction of interradii I1/III, V/VI, VIII/IX. Later, the opening
becomes circular with slightly crenated edges. ‘That part of the body-wall which lies
between it and the ring-canal forms the soft membrane of the peristome. Still later,
the first pair of adambulacral ossicles in each interradius comes to project inwards
towards the centre of the mouth, carrying spines of larger than average size. The
mouth-armature is accordingly of the adambulacral type, although the first pairs of
ambulacrals do not recede so markedly as in the better-marked examples of this type.
Formation of the Anus—The formation of the anus takes place several days after
that of the mouth. The opening is small, and is to be found near the centre of
the aboral surface, in the interradius which is designated V/VI according to our
system of numbering. It will be remembered that in the ordinary five-rayed Starfish
the anus, when present, falls within interradius V/I according to the same system.
We can say, then, that the anal interradius of Solaster corresponds with that of an
ordinary Starfish, on the assumption, which we have already seen to be well grounded,
that rays VI to [X are later additions or interpolations.
In this connection it is worthy of note that in Solaster papposa, which has a greater
number of rays than our Solaster, the anus is still, to be found in the same interradius,
namely V/VI. Equally striking is the fact, which I have been able to establish for both
species, that in any individual, no matter whether the number of rays is greater or less
than the normal, the anus still occurs in that interradius, which, according to our
method of numbering, is the normal one (8a). The principle that parts forming a
serial succession are specially liable to variation in number may perhaps serve to throw
light on the very great variability of both species, and particularly of S. papposa (x9);
in the number of their arms,
For mesenteric relations of rectum and anus, see p. 39.
In the weeks that succeed the formation of the mouth and anus, the most marked
24 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
new feature in the external appearance of the young Starfish is that the spines become
relatively very numerous and very prominent. ‘The length of a single spine may
amount to about one-eighth of the diameter of the whole Starfish including the arms.
The spines now tend to become grouped in twos or threes, the members of each group
being united by an arching fold of integument which reaches about halfway up their
sides. It should also be noted that meantime a distinct notch has made its appearance
at the tip of each arm outgrowth, and that in these regions the spines become disposed
in two sets. It will be seen afterwards (p. 42) that in Solaster the skeletal plates
occupying the position of terminals are double from the first, the members of each
pair being an appreciable distance apart (Pl. I. fig. 8).
Movements.—Vhe young Starfish may begin to move about with the help of its first-
formed sucker-feet during the sixth week, and therefore prior to the formation of the
mouth. In one of the small aquaria I had with me in Glasgow I marked the position
of eight of them at this period by pencilling circles on the outside of the glass. ‘Two
days afterwards all but three had shifted their position, some of them by as much
as two and a half inches. The young Starfish are now able to right themselves
after being turned upside down exactly in the manner of the adult. hey cling
tightly to suitable surfaces, and if sucked up into a pipette or tube must be released
at once, as it will be difficult to get them out alive and uninjured should they succeed
in taking hold inside.
After the mouth is formed the young Starfish wander about freely over the sides
and bottom of the tanks; but perhaps the most interesting point to be noticed in their
habits is the facility with which they can “swim ”
surface of the water. Movementis fairly rapid, especially where there happens to be a
fine powdering of dust on the surface by which the surface-tension is increased. ‘The
in any direction just under the
rate, as measured in half a dozen specimens of the age of six months and 2°75 mm. in
diameter, varied from 25 mm. in ten minutes downwards. ‘The young Starfish floats by
keeping the tips of a number of its tube-feet protruded slightly above the surface.
Some of these are continually being withdrawn, advanced, and again protruded. With-
drawal is effected by means of a sharp muscular twitch, which pulls the tip at once
below the surface-level. On the other hand, in protrusion, the surface-film seemed to
shed off naturally from the tips of the gently extended feet.
The tube-feet cause progression not by taking a sucker-like hold of the surface-film
as in ordinary movement over solid surfaces, but rather by elbowing the body along,
advantage being taken of the resistance due to surface-tension. At any given time
the tips of a considerable number of feet are protruded, and these have no difficulty
in keeping the Starfish afloat; but as its specific gravity is now much greater than that
of water, owing to the formation of the skeletal plates, the animal will sink very
rapidly to the bottom if once it be depressed ever so little below the surface. To
begin with, it must have launched itself by crawling up the side of the tank, then
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 25
bending the uppermost arms and the body outwards on the surface of the water, as
grown-up Starfish do when seeking a new attachment. It is difficult, however, to see
how a young Sodaster in its natural surroundings could ever have the opportunity
of practising the trick of surface-floating which I have described above. The same
faculty has been observed in other very young Echinoderms.
Chronology.—Vhe following details regarding time supplement those given on
pp- 13, 17 :-—
4-5 weeks ...... Larval sucker no longer functional ; attachment by the tirst-formed tube-
feet.
Cai ees, Formation of mouth; formation of radial pouch IX of the hydroccele.
Wey. Al MR Formation of anus; appearance of aboral arm-rudiments 8 and 9;
diameter of disc and arms about 1:8 mm.
NR ssn elas koctocs Three pairs of sucker-feet on each ray; arm-rudiments 8 and 9 still a
little smaller than the rest ; diameter about 2°2 mm.
5 months ...... Five pairs of sucker-feet ; arms all alike ; diameter about 2:6 mm.
ME S| lcatngy Sh A sixth pair of sucker-feet beginning to appear; diameter 3 mm.
VI. DEVELOPMENT or Cavities AND Oraans. (Pls. III.-V. figs. 24-56.)
The mode of formation of the gastrula has already been described. At the end of
gastrulation the archenteron is a dome-shaped cavity with a uniform lining of columnar
ciliated cells. For the next few days this cavity follows in general the shape of the
growing larva (see p. 14), becoming elongated as the larva lengthens, sending out
hollow processes into the arms as they develop, and flattening from side to side in its
posterior half like what we have called the body of the larva. At the same time the
cavity becomes gradually marked out into three regions, although there is no external
indication that such a change is taking place. ‘The regions are respectively anterior,
middle, and posterior, the anterior being much the largest, while the posterior opens
on the external surface by the blastopore (Pl. IV. fig. 36). The middle region is the
smallest and is much compressed from side to side. It is at first ill-defined, appearing
rather as an isthmus between the other two than as a distinct region. Its mode of
separation is described in detail under the heading “‘ Enteron” on p. 37. The division is
completed by the tenth day. The first and third of the chambers constitute respec-
tively the anterior and posterior celoms of the Solaster larva, while the middle one
becomes the enteron or gut.
- In the further description under this heading I shall give as far as possible a con-
secutive history of each of these cavities and its derivatives, both in the larval condition
and throughout metamorphosis. It is hoped that such difficulties as may arise through
having to speak of the later development of one set of structures much in advance of
others may be minimised by the cross-references throughout the text, as well as by
the illustrations, and the general summary on pp. 50-52.
VOL. XX.—PaRT I, No. 4.—Mebruary, 1912. E
26 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
(1) Anterior Celom and its Derivatives.
As the anterior coelom expands, its lining epithelium for the most part decreases
in height in order to flatten out over the larger surface. In front the cavity of the
cceelom extends into the three larval arms, and posteriorly it grows backward on either
side of the middle chamber in the form of left and right lateral diverticula, which
‘become evident a considerable time before the ceelom itself is separated from the
enteron. The anterior ceelom, as a whole, now rests saddlewise on the middle
chamber, and in the course of time the parts forming the flaps of the saddle,
i.e. the two diverticula, extend backwards so far that they completely overlap the
enteron on either side.
An opening to the exterior—the hydropore—is acquired by the anterior ccelom, on
the right side of the larva in the position already described (p. 14), at about the tenth
day of development. A short funnel-like invagination of the ectoderm meets and
fuses with a similar but longer pouch from the anterior ccelom, rupture of the fused
walls afterwards taking place. The anterior ccelom contributes much more than the
ectoderm to the length of the hydroporic canal. ‘The hydropore is situated from the
first on the right side of the body, but the internal opening of its canal is, to begin
with, a little to the left of the mid-dorsal line. So far as I can make out, the dorsal
sac, or madreporic vesicle (right hydroccele of Macbride), is budded off from the anterior
ccelom dorsally a little to the right of the middle line almost in the angle formed in that
region between the right lateral diverticulum and the celom itself. It separates from
the anterior ccelom shortly after the latter has become finally closed off from the gut.
Its development is difficult to follow, since it remains for only a very brief period in
open communication with its parent cavity. By this time the junction of the preoral
lobe with the body of the larva is indicated by the transverse dorsal furrow referred
to on p. 1d.
The following parts may now be distinguished as derivatives of the anterior ceelom
ef the larva: (1) the fore part of the celom forming the cavity of the preoral lobe
(preoral ccelom) ; (2) the central part (axial coelom) receiving the internal opening of
the hydroporic canal and communicating behind with the two following ; (3) the right
lateral diverticulum, and (4) the left lateral diverticulum ; (5) the dorsal sac, or madre-
poric vesicle. The further development of each of these will now be described.
Preoral Celom.—The general history of the preoral ceelom resembles that of the
corresponding celom in Asterina (15) and Cribrelia (18). It reaches its greatest
development in the later free-swimming stages, though it has begun to diminish a day
or two before fixation actually takes place. During the torsion and flexion of the
preoral lobe the cavity is constricted at the neck (pp. 16, 19) and becomes gradually
separated from the central part of the anterior ccelomn, which, being included within
the body of the Starfish at metamorphosis, remains as the axial sinus. The preoral
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. NT
cavity, now isolated, grows rapidly smaller and finally disappears. In this process its
lumen becomes filled up with wandering cells.
As Macbride rightly stated in connection with the development of Asterina (15),
it is a point of great importance to determine whether, when the hydrocele ring com-
pletes itself, the stalk of the preoral ccelom is encircled by this ring or remains outside.
According to Macbride, the former condition occurs quite definitely in the case of
Asterina. In most of my Solaster specimens, owing probably to the relatively later
period at which the hydrocele ring completes itself, the line of the stalk-cavity was
obliterated at the time of closure of the hydrocele ring. It happens, however, that
variations in the degree of development of different parts occur in different examples,
and in one or two instances I was able to ascertain with certainty the existence, for a
short time at least, of a communication on the oral side of the completed hydroceele
ring, between the cavity of the preoral lobe and that of the axial sinus.
As the relative lateness of closure of the hydroccele ring in Solaster is readily
explicable on the ground that other four arms are, so to speak, intercalated after the
five primary ones, we may conclude that the stalk of the preoral lobe has the same
morphological relation to the hydroceele ring in Solaster as in Asterina.
Meantime the sucker and the tips of the larval arms are actively absorbed, but
normally a large part of the preoral-iobe epiderm is incorporated with that of the
oral surface (p. 19). This brings the cells of the larval apical field into the position
where the ring-nerve is developing, and makes it possible that the nervous system
of the larva should take some part in the formation of that of the adult (see further,
pp. 46-47).
Sometimes the preoral lobe fails to apply itself so closely to the left body-wall as to
allow the incorporation of the epiderm with the left body-wall to be fully carried on as
described above. Such cases, if partial, may in the end develop all right, the redun-
dant tissue being ultimately absorbed. For a time the area (oral field) enclosed by the
hydrocele is smaller than normal, but this gradually rights itself, though there is
some delay in the formation of the mouth-opening.
Right Lateral Diverticulum of the Anterior Celom.—The right lateral diverticulum
becomes separated from its parent cavity on the third or fourth day after fixation,
giving rise to the so-called epigastric ceelom of the Starfish. ‘Two chief factors are at
work in causing the separation. One is the gradual extension of the dorsal and ventral
horns of the posterior ccelom in the larval sagittal plane (pp. 32-33), until in the end
they meet back to back at the madreporic interradius, enclosing between their layers
the various structures of the axial complex to be afterwards described (pp. 29-31).
The other factor is the sharp flexion and torsion of the preoral lobe and the subsequent
atrophy of the stalk-cavity. The notch produced externally on the disc (pp. 17, 22) by
these processes cuts deep into the neck between right lateral diverticulum and anterior
coelom, reducing this to a V-shaped cleft (Pl. IV. fig. 49; Pl. V. fig. 55). The cleft is
E 2
28 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
next obliterated altogether during the process whereby aboral arm-rudiment 1 travels
right across the region where the neck existed in order to reach its final position over
the first radial pouch of the hydrocceele. The internal cavity of arm-rudiment | is
thus derived from the tip of the (larval) ventral horn of the posterior ccelom (p. 32).
Left Lateral Diverticulum of Anterior Celom.—The bottom and sides of the left
lateral diverticulum give rise to the hydroccele and to part of the internal oral circular
sinus, while the central portion of the diverticulum becoming obliterated assists in
providing the area on which the mouth afterwards opens. The development of the
hydroceele will now be described, but that of the internal oral circular sinus is better
taken under the heading of the axial ccelom (p. 29).
While at an early stage in growth the cells lining the greater part of the anterior
ccelom and its derivatives become flattened, those which form the bottom of the left
lateral diverticulum remain cylindrical and crowded together. This part of the diver-
ticulum may be called the hydroccele groove. It is in the form of a crescent with
dorsal and ventral horns, the convexity being directed backwards. The concave side
looks forward into the main cavity of the left lateral diverticulum. The dorsal horn of
the crescent ends with a definite tip raised a little from the ccelomic lining and bending
slightly to the right of the plane in which the rest of the crescent lies.
The wall of the hydroceele crescent and that of the posterior ccelom (p. 32) along
with the intervening mesenchyme form a somewhat thick mesentery attaching the gut
to the left body-wall. The radial pouches appear as hollow outgrowths on the convex
side of the hydroceele groove, and push their way into the tissue of this mesentery.
Increasing in size they project into the posterior ccelom covered by a lining from it,
and keeping as close as they can to the left body-wall. Five radial pouches appear on
the hydroceele crescent at practically the same time. One end of this series is at the
tip of the dorsal horn of the crescent, and here, as was stated previously, our numbering
of the series begins. ‘The other end falls short of the tip of the ventral horn, and it is
to this region that the later-formed pouches are added.
To begin with, the third and fourth rather outgrow the others. Next come the second
and fifth, while the first lags a little behind, probably because it has less freedom to
expand by reason of its position with reference to the preoral lobe and the body (p. 29).
After the formation of the first five pouches there is a short pause before the sixth
makes its appearance. It does so just beyond the fifth on the ventral horn of the
crescent, and is succeeded after a similar delay by pouch VII. By this time the free-
swimming stage is at an end, so that pouches VIII and IX remain to be added during
the course of metamorphosis.
Meantime the hydroceele groove in the region of pouches III and IV has become
nipped off from the rest of the left lateral diverticulum, forming a short canal open at
both ends and gradually extending dorsally and ventrally along the crescent. At the
time of fixation, conversion of the groove into a canal is not quite complete for the
whole of the dorsal horn, and for the ventral horn is accomplished only as far as the
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 29
a
origin of pouch VI. The further extension of the canal follows the development of the
later-formed pouches, and it is only after the preoral ccelom has almost entirely dis-
appeared that the tips of the dorsal and the ventral horns of the hydrocele crescent
meet in interradius 1X/I, thus completing the ring-canal of the water vascular system.
The remains of the stalk of connection of the preoral ccelom with the axial sinus are
traceable as passing oralwards within the completed ring (p. 27). In preparation for
their meeting, both ends of the crescent, but particularly the dorsal one, curve slightly
to the aboral (right larval) side. This bending to the right is evident in the dorsal
horn during the middle free-swimming stage, but in the ventral horn only at the
commencement of metamorphosis.
It should be stated that for a time pouch I of the hydrocele does not have the
chance of projecting into the posterior celom. ‘To begin with, this pouch pushes out
into the somewhat thickened mesenchyme of the anterior ccelomic wall, to which is added
afterwards the tissue produced in this region through the reduction of the preoral
celom. Finally, the ventral horn of the posterior coelom extends round to the madre-
poric interradius, displacing the tissue in question. By this time radial canai I is
embedded in the oral wall of ray I, but the ampulle belonging to the tube-feet of this
ray can project freely into the ccelomic cavity now provided.
Dorsal Sac or Madreporic Vesicle.—The origin of the dorsal sac or madreporic vesicle
has already been noted (p. 26). Almost immediately after its separation the cells
lining it become much flattened. In the larva it lies on the ventral side of the
hydroporic caval, and in the young Starfish just after metamorphosis it will be found
close under the surface, slightly nearer the centre of the disc than the hydropore and
somewhat to the dextral * side of that opening as one looks from the aboral side. This
also is the position it occupies in the adult with reference to the axial ccelom and the
madreporic plate. In early metamorphosis its outer wall, 7. e. that adjacent to the
axial ceelom, becomes invaginated by a fold containing a group of cells continuous
with those forming the axial organ within the axial celom. Later, the tissue thus
folded in the dorsal sac acquires a highly vesicular appearance. At the very end of
metamorphosis a new element is added to the interior of the fold. This is an ingrowth
from the posterior ccelom of the kind of cells which Macbride has described in Asterina
as giving rise to the genital rachis (see under posterior coelom, p. 36).
It will be seen that the place of origin of the madreporic vesicle would suit a
homology with the hydroccele. In no instance, however, that 1 came across did it
actually develop a hydroceele-like structure as in the examples of Asterina put on
record by Macbride. Once I found it provided with an external opening on the dorsal
side close to the hydropore, but this was in a specimen which showed various other
abnormalities. No enantiomorphic specimens were recognised.
Axial or Central Part of Anterior Celom.—lt remains now to give an account of the
axial or central part of the ccelom, 7. ¢. that part which remains after the separation of
* See note on p. 13.
30 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
the hydroceele, the dorsal sac, the epigastric coelom, and the preoral ceelom. The
structures whose development we have thus to describe are: the internal oral circular
sinus, the periheemal pouch of interradius IX/I, the axial organ, and the stone-canal.
We have also to indicate what are the final relations of the axial ccelom and the stone-
canal to the pores of the madrepotic plate.
Internal Oral Circular Sinus.—This sinus is derived partly from the axial coelom and
partly from the left lateral diverticulum. It will be remembered that the hydroccele
ring is nipped off from the bottom of this diverticulum, the rest of the diverticulum
being still unappropriated and opening widely into the axial coelom. From the latter
cavity, indeed, it is now no longer to be sharply distinguished, since at the commence-
ment of the fixed stage, while the preoral lobe is settling back on the left (larval) side,
the axial part of the anterior coelom also undergoes a certain amount of migration
backwards and to the left. Ata later stage in metamorphosis the wall of the enteron
lays itself against that of the oral surface in preparation for the formation of the mouth.
In this process the remainder of the left lateral diverticulum undergoes obliteration of
the central part of its cavity, as well as of that segment of its periphery which is in
the neighbourhood of radial pouches III or IV and V of the hydrocele. The rest
goes to aid the axial ceelom in forming the internal oral circular sinus, which at this
stage is naturally incomplete in the region of the pouches just named. The com-
pletion takes place later by extension of the sinus-cavity from either side, and this
extension seems to be aided by the fact that two or three small lacune have
been left along its track during the process of obliteration referred to above. The
internal oral circular sinus now forms an annular cavity surrounding the mouth inside
the ring-canal of the hydroccele. A ribbon of hemal tissue comes to grow round it in
the manner described below under “‘ Axial Organ.”
The Axial Organ.—The axial organ forms a fold of the wall of the axial ccelom
running parallel with the stone-canal on the dextral * side of the latter, as one looks
from the aboral aspect. As stated above, the cells invaginated into the dorsal sac are
continuous with those of the axial organ. The first appearance of the organ is due to
proliferation in situ of a strip of cells belonging to the lining of the axial colom. A
ridge is thus formed consisting of cells rich in protoplasm, rounded or polygonal in
shape, and with very little intercellular substance. The organ is relatively large in the
middle or later stages of metamorphosis, and even then can be traced oralwards into a
ribbon of similar tissue extending for some distance along the wall of the internal oral
circular sinus in the sinistral * direction as viewed from the oral side. This ribbon
afterwards becomes the circular hemal vessel, which in the adult lies in the septum
between the internal and the external oral circular sinuses.
The genital rachis grows through the upper part of the axial organ (p. 36), extending
downwards at the same time for a short distance, but not nearly reaching to the
internal oral ring.
* See note on p. 15.
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. ol
The Stone-Canal.—The stone-canal takes origin as a groove beginning on the hydro-
ccele, opposite the origin of radial pouch II and passing to the right on the posterior
wall of the axial celom. ‘The outer end of this groove next seems, so far as I could
make out, to leave the surface, and burrowing a way underneath the epithelium in the
same direction emerges again in the axial ccelom close to the inner opening of the
hydroporic canal. The final conversion of the original groove into a canal takes place
about the same time as the conversion into a canal of the dorsal end of the hydroccele
groove itself, 7.¢., a day or two after fixation. By this time also the opening of
the stone-canal into the hydroceele has become shifted to its permanent position in the
interspace between radial pouches I and II of the hydroceele.
There is still divergence of opinion as to whether in adult Starfish the stone-canal
and the axial sinus communicate with one another or are completely separated. How-
ever, the weight of opinion and evidence is strongly gathering in favour of the latter
view (Macbride, 15, p. 351; 16, p. 441; Durham, 6, p. 330; Goto, g, p. 273; Perrier,
20, p. 1146; Hamann, 14). I have given elsewhere in detail the results of an exami-
nation of a series of sections through the madreporic interradius of a large adult
S. endeca (8a). The pore-canals number about four hundred and may roughly be
divided into a set occupying the middle area of the madreporite and a set around the
margin, the two sets being approximately equal in total number. The canals of the
middle set join in small groups to form collecting-spaces opening into a central
chamber within the madreporite, which I have called the ampullary part of the axial
sinus and which is continued directly into the stone-canal. The marginal set also join
a system of collecting-spaces which, on the one hand, lead into the aboral end of the
axial sinus and, on the other, are connected by a number of apertures with the central
chamber mentioned above. ‘Taking into account both development and adult structure,
none of the pore-canals should, strictly speaking, be described as opening into the stone-
canal, and the term ampullary part of axial sinus should be substituted for ampulla of
stone-canal.
Perihemal Pouch [X/I.—The last derivative of the anterior ccelom that falls to be
referred to here is the pouch forming that segment of the external oral circular sinus
which belongs to interradius 1X/I. ‘The origin of the segment in question is difficult
to follow, but I believe I have traced it to an outgrowth from the axial coelom
immediately in front of the first radial pouch of the hydrocele occurring towards the
end of the free-swimming stage. Much later, in one instance, a small outgrowth
from near the tip of the (larval) ventral horn of the posterior cceelom came to open into
the cavity of this perihemal segment, and thus presumably to contribute a little to
its extension. I could not find that this occurred in other cases, but if it does it
might go some way towards reconciling Solaster on the one hand, and Asterina and
Cribrella on the other, in regard to the mode of origin of their oral perihemal
pouches. See page 30.
(Sy)
bs
DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
(2) Posterior Celom and its Derivatives.
The posterior ccelom is at first hardly to be distinguished from the middle chamber
or enteron. The detailed account of its mode of separation is given on p. 37. It
soon begins to extend in the sagittal plane, giving rise to dorsal and ventral horns.
The ventral horn grows with slightly greater rapidity than the dorsal one, and partly
for this reason the opening of this cceelom into the enteron undergoes some degree of
ventral displacement.
The two horns continue to grow forward, insinuating themselves between the body-
wall and the gut, and keeping still in the sagittal plane, except that the ventral one,
which is also the longer, swerves a little to the right side of the middle line.
The dorsal horn extends forward as far as the dorso-anterior angle of the larval
body, where it is brought to a stop meantime by abutting against the central part of
the anterior coelom, into which the hydroporic canal opens. ‘The ventral horn on its
part grows forward as far as it can, and then bends dorsalwards in front of the enteron
in the direction of the hydropore.
During the early stages of metamorphosis, the growth of the ventral horn, aided by
the flexion and torsion of the preoral lobe, plays a chief part in separating the right
larval (or epigastric) and the axial regions of the anterior ceelom from one another,
and also in obliterating the stalk of the preoral celom. In doing this the tip of the
ventral horn may be described as bifurcating temporarily into right and left processes.
The right process is the smaller, and abuts against the neck of the right lateral
diverticulum, which it helps to occlude (p. 27). It then disappears as a distinct
process by merging with the main cavity of the ventral horn.
The other process of the tip of the ventral horn swerves to the left or oral side,
expanding as it does so. This brings it against the stalk between the preoral and
axial ccelom, which it helps to occlude. After occlusion is effected it extends across
the position of the larval neck towards the madreporic interradius, excavating the
tissue in front of it and reaching its final position over the first radial pouch of
the hydroceele. It now ceases to be recognizable as a distinct process by merging with
the general cavity of the ventral horn.
The manner in which these changes occur and the part played by the ventral horn
will be better understood if one refers to what was said on page 22 about the
adjustment of the disc-arm rudiments to the radial pouches of the hydrocele. The
tip of the ventral horn of the posterior ccelom is contained within the (larval) ventral
lip of the nuchal notch on the disc. This lip or lobe has to travel across the region
of the neck in order to reach its final position over pouch I of the hydroccele.
The walls of the dorsal and ventral horns now approach back to back in the madre-
poric interradius to form a thickened mesentery or septum stretching from the enteron
outwards to the body-wall. Within this septum are contained the structures forming
the axial complex, the development of which has already been described (pp. 29-31).
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 33
A great decrease in size on the part of the axial ceelom, with consequent narrowing of
the septum, takes place in the later stages of metamorphosis. Next occurs breaking
down of the part of the septum which stretches between the enteron and the axial
ceelom, so that this ccelom is now attached only to the body-wall.
As the whole body expands in growth, the body-wall leaves a deep inward pro-
longation or septum (interbrachial septum) in each interradius. The inner portions
of the septa become thickened and develop calcareous plates, while the outer portions
seem to disappear, leaving the inner ones as isolated pillars or arches stretching across
the body-cavity from the oral to the aboral surface. The skeletal plate at the oral end
of each piliar forms the so-called odontophore. ‘The axial ccelom, with its contained
structures, is attached to the inner edge of the interbrachial septum belonging to the
madreporic interradius.
The perforation of the outer portions of the septa referred to above had not taken
place in my oldest sectioned specimens, which were six months old.
The posterior ceelom gives origin to the following derivatives :—(1) the general
hypogastric ccelom ; (2) the pharyngeal ccelom ; (3) all the segments of the external
oral circular sinus except that of interradius IX/1; (4) the aboral circular sinus and
the genital rachis.
Hypogastric Celom.—By far the greater part of the cavity which in the adult
surrounds the enteron and its diverticula is derived from the posterior ccelom of the
larva. As the two horns of the latter grow round the enteron in the sagittal plane
towards the madreporic interradius, they, as well as their parent cavity, begin to
invade the right and left sides of the larva so far as other structures allow. However,
the early condition here (Pl. III. figs. 28-33) does not warrant our speaking of right
and left horns of the posterior coelom as Masterman does in the case of Cribrelia. On
the right side the extension of the posterior ccelom is checked by the right lateral
diverticulum of the anterior ceelom (the future epigastric ccelom), and on the left side
by the left lateral diverticulum, the bottom of which, as we saw before, gives rise to
the hydroceele.
The walls of the posterior ccelom, meeting back to back with the walls of these
diverticula, form right and left mesenteries for the enteron, both of which, to begin
with, extend dorso-ventrally and are crescent-shaped, with the convexity directed
backwards. On the right side the crescent becomes a circle when, during metamor-
phosis, the epigastric cceelom is cut off from its parent cavity, and the horns of the
posterior ccelom meet at the madreporic interradius. At first the epigastric ccelom is
of sufficient size to cover the whole of the right face of the enteron. In the later
stages of metamorphosis the enteron expands in the (Starfish) horizontal plane so
much that the epigastric ceelom no longer covers the whole of its aboral surface, but
is confined to a central area around which there is a gradually increasing margin
which is covered by an aboral extension of the posterior celom. As the paired radiai
VoL. Xx.—PaART I. No. 5.—February, 1912. IF
a4 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
diverticula of the enteron grow out, pockets from the epigastric ceelom extend outwards
along their aboral aspect, and these pockets bifurcate as the diverticula themselves
become divided into two. The adjacent walls of the epigastric and hypogastric
cavities now form a circular sheet with paired radial extensions, which, as it stretches
between the enteron and the aboral body-wall, may be called the epigastric mesentery.
Later, the circular part of this mesentery disappears as a continuous structure, being
broken up into very numerous strands of fibrous tissue which serve as dorsal suspensory
ligaments to the walls of the stomach, and leave passages, chiefly interradial in
position, through which the epigastric cceelom communicates with the rest of the
perivisceral cavity. The so-called interradial ceca grow out among these fibrous
strands, but do not extend beyond them. On the other hand, the paired radial
extensions of the mesentery above named do not become broken up into fibres, but
remain as the boundary-walls of the epigastric coelomic pockets, which in the adult
lie above the paired radial diverticula of the stomach (p. 40).
On the left side in the young larva, as was stated above, the wall of the posterior
celom meets that of the hydroccele groove to form a mesentery, which, to begin with,
is crescent-shaped and extends dorso-ventrally, with the convexity directed backwards.
This mesentery is somewhat thickened, and it receives the radial pouches of the
hydroceele as they first grow out. ‘These pouches, in further growth, keep as close as
they can to the left body-wall, and, accordingly, an angular space is left between the
hydroceele and the enteron, which is occupied by a leftward extension of the posterior
celom. ‘This is the first indication of the tendency, afterwards very fully carried out,
for the oral (left larval) aspect of the enteron to be covered by a lining derived from
the posterior ccelom of the larva.
The hydrocele (p. 28) becomes nipped off from the bottom of the left lateral
diverticulum. The left mesentery then separates the posterior cclom from the
remainder of this diverticulum and from the anterior celom. ‘The mesentery in
question has a broad attachment to the wall of the enteron, and later this area of
attachment becomes greatly increased through secondary obliteration of part of the
left lateral diverticulum (p. 30).
From a comparatively early stage (three or four days before fixation of the larva)
the tissue in question begins to be excavated by pockets from the posterior celom,
which, passing for a short distance towards the middle of the left side of the
larva, then elongate in the larval sagittal plane concentrically with the curve of the
posterior ccelom and its horns, but naturally forming parts of a much smaller circle.
So far as I can make out, the constant pockets are two in number and originate one
from the dorsal and one from the ventral horn of the posterior celom. That from
the dorsal horn comes off quite close to the tip of the horn in the neighbourhood
of the second radial pouch, while that from the ventral horn arises near the tip at a
time when the latter is just beginning to extend dorsalwards in front of the enteron
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 39
(see p. 32). I must, however, leave these points in some doubt meantime, as certain
discrepancies appear in my different series. The pockets or diverticula in question
give rise to the so-called pharyngeal coelom which, in the adult, surrounds the lower
portion of the gastric wall.
During early metamorphosis the stalks of origin of these diverticula seem to
become obliterated, but they themselves, extending in the manner previously described,
have already met and united on the side away from the madreporic interradius. Later
they complete the circle of the pharyngeal ccelom by becoming continuous also
over the region of the madreporic interradius. The sheet of tissue which now separates
the pharyngeal and hypogastric coeloms may be called the circular hypogastric
mesentery. ‘This mesentery becomes perforated in each interradius, leaving a flat band
or ligament connecting the stomach-wall with the floor of each of the rays. Still
later, these connecting bands or ligaments also become perforated, each in its mid-
radial line. The hypogastric and the pharyngeal cceloms now communicate with one
another both by radial and by interradial apertures. The remaining parts of the
circular hypogastric mesentery then break up into more or less isolated ribbons, forming
the numerous ligamentous strands which in the adult pass downwards and outwards
from the stomach-walls to an attachment over the junction of the ambulacral and the
adambulacral sets of ossicles.
The External Oral Circular Sinus.—The external oral circular sinus or circular oral
canal of the perihemal system, together with its extensions along the rays, is formed,
as Macbride first described for Asterina, from a series of small diverticula, all but one
of which arise from the posterior ceelom, and which interdigitate with the radial pouches
of the hydroceele. Of these, the first three in Solaster, 7. e. those between pouches
Tand U, IL and III, and III and IV, become evident two or three days before fixation ;
the fourth soon follows, while the rest are delayed in correspondence with the later
formation of the pouches between which they lie. ‘Thus, at a stage in metamorphosis
when the larval sucker is no longer functional, the perihemal diverticula between
pouches VII and VIII and between VIII and IX are still in course of being
budded off from the ventral horn (Pl. IV. fig. 45).
The origin of perihemal pouch [X/I from the anterior coelom has been referred to
on p. 31, and also the possible contribution to this pouch on the part of the posterior
ceelom. In the case of pouch I/II, which in Solaster undoubtedly is to be described
as arising from the posterior ccelom, I have noted an instance (towards the very end
of the free-swimming stage) of a fine canal connecting the pouch in question with the |
dorsal angle of the axial coelom, but believe that this condition is exceptional.
In Asterina (Macbride, 15) and Cribrelia (Masterman, 18), by the same method
of numbering, pouch I/II arises from the anterior cclom, while all the others
(including pouch V/I, which corresponds, in position at least, with IX/I of Solaster)
arise from the posterior ceelom. ‘he differences are thus sharp, but are, perhaps,
F 2
36 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
rendered less unaccountable when one considers the secondary communications which
in all three species make their appearance normally or otherwise between the anterior
ccelom and the tips of the dorsal or ventral horns of the posterior ccelom.
The subsequent history of these diverticula is similar to that which Macbride has
described in the case of Asterina (15). They become constricted off from the posterior
ceelom as small cavities lying one in each interradius between the oral (left larval)
body-wall and the hydroceele ring. They next become U-shaped, the basal part of
each U being turned towards the centre of the oral surface, while the limbs stretch
out along the rays. Each ray thus has a pair of radial perihemal canals which are
derived from adjacent diverticula. In each pair the radial perihemal canals lie
close together on the deep side of the radial nerve-tract. Deeper still, and separated
by a layer of intervening tissue, is the radial canal of the hydroceele.
The basal parts of the perihemal diverticula lengthen out, and, abutting on one
another, form, as was shown by Macbride, the series of segments of a circle which
constitutes the external oral circular sinus. ‘They are at first ciosed off from one
another, and remain thus for the first three months or so. In the adult their radial
extensions communicate with each other between successive pairs of sucker-feet, and
also proximally to the first pair.
Some time after the fourth month, a short vertical branch from each of the peri-
heemal pouches appears, passing aborally in the tissue of what will afterwards be the
interbrachial septum, and apparently ending in the tissue-spaces there. In the adult
S. endeca I have described the occurrence of such a perihemal branch in each of the
interradii. It is unaccompanied by heemal tissue (8 a).
Genital Rachis and Aboral Perithemal Ring.—A small pocket, the bottom of which
is lined by primitive germ-cells, forms during the middle stages of metamorphosis
from the tip of the dorsal horn of the posterior ccelom and pushes its way between
the madreporic vesicle and the axial sinus in the Starfish horizontal plane. The
germ-cells grow also downwards a short distance in the core of the axial organ, but
the cavity of the pocket does not accompany this extension. ‘The pocket seems to
become the aboral perihemal sinus, as described by Macbride in Asterina; but I was
unable to trace it, even in my oldest specimens, across the madreporic interradius, and,
indeed, in these specimens it was only just beginning to extend, together with the
contained genital rachis, on to the body-wall beyond the axial complex towards the
sinistral side as viewed from the aboral aspect, 7. e. towards ray II. In the adult
S. endeca there occurs an interruption of the aboral perihzmal sinus in the madreporic
interradius (8 a).
(3) Lhe Enteron.
It is the middle chamber of the young Solaster larva which gives rise to the
enteron. The mode of separation of this chamber presents certain peculiarities,
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. | ra
a detailed description of which will be of interest in view of the remarkable manner
in which the larval ccelomic cavities are disposed.
Separation of Enteron from Anterior and Posterior Colom (PI. III. figs. 25-33).—As
the gastrula elongates, the cells lining the archenteric cavity become diminished in size,
partly owing to the fact that they are now spread over a larger area, but chiefly because
a considerable amount of mesenchyme has already been formed at their expense.
Even in the early cone stage the diminution in size of these cells may be seen to be
unequal in amount in different places, a zone of larger cells being left rather less than
halfway up the archenteric wall. For purposes of description we may divide the
zone into two bands, an anterior marked A A in figs. 25-27 and a posterior marked B B ;
and it may be stated here that the anterior band contains the tissue which gives origin
to the right and left lateral diverticula of the anterior ccelom, while the posterior will
form the walls of the middle chamber or enteron. Even at this early stage flattening
from side to side of the posterior part of the elongating gastrular cone is beginning to
take place. Usually, also, the base of the cone is slightly bevelled, in such a way that
a rather acuter angle is formed on its postero-ventral than on its postero-dorsal side.
With the help of these indications it is often possible to recognise the different aspects
of the larva from a very early stage. By turning over the cleared larve under the
microscope one can make out (1) that the whole thickened zone (including both
A and B bands) is more definite at the sides than dorsally; (2) that the want of
definiteness seems best marked a little to the right of the mid-dorsal line; (3) that
there is also some slight deficiency of the zone towards the mid-ventral line.
At a somewhat later stage, when the length of the cone is double its breadth and
the ventral dimple is appearing, the following further points may be made out :—
(1) the posterior part of the larva is more distinctly flattened from side to side;
(2) the band marked BB of the archenteric wall is projecting inwards at the sides
but not dorsally or ventrally, thus forming two ridges within the archenteron which
may be called respectively the right and left enteric folds; (3) dorsally the gap
between these folds lies a little to the right of the middle line; (4) ventrally the
corresponding junction lies a little to the left of the middle line; (5) in optical section
the right fold seems to be rather larger than the left, though the apparent size varies
somewhat according to the side from which they are seen, and examination of serial
sections is required to bring out the differences with exactness. The latter method
shows that towards their dorsal junction the right fold is distinctly the larger, though
the less prominent. Ventrally the opposite condition is found, though here the
differences are less. Near the middle the right fold has still a slight predominance
over the left.
The archenteron now shows anterior and posterior chambers with an isthmus
between. ‘The isthmus is short from before backwards, narrow from side to side, but
elongated dorso-ventrally. The right and left enteric folds forming its opposite sides
38 Dk. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
present convex surfaces to each other. These surfaces now flatten, at the same time
increasing in area. Next they become slightly concave, so that, in each, anterior and
posterior lips can be distinguished. The two posterior lips now unite across
the isthmus, the fusion advancing from the dorsal towards the ventral side. The two
anterior lips also unite, but in this case the fusion begins ventrally.
Dorsally the greater size of the right enteric fold causes its anterior lip slightly to
overarch the corresponding lip of the left fold. ‘The opening between the middle and
the anterior chamber is thus gradually reduced to a slit situated dorsally and looking
to the left. On the other hand, the slit to which the opening between the middle
chamber and the posterior coelom gradually becomes reduced is situated ventrally,
but the early predominance in this region of the left enteric fold is not sufficiently
well maintained to cause this opening to be deflected towards the right, and accordingly
it remains practically in the middle line.
The processes above described convert the enteric isthmus into a short flattened
canal leading ventrally and posteriorly, with a slight inclination to the right, from the
anterior to the posterior ccelom (PI. V. fig. 49). The canal now separates itself off
completely from the cavities in front and behind, the anterior aperture remaining open
slightly longer than the other. On the whole, the right gastric fold contributes more
than the left one to the total area of the enteron. One expression of the difference is
seen in the slight ponching to the right of the wall of the enteron, which is indicated
in Pl. HI. figs. 31 & 32. This pouching is much better marked at a corresponding
stage in the development of S. papposa, and for purposes of comparison a drawing
from such a stage is given in Pl. III. fig. 33.
After the separation of the enteron is complete, it is no longer possible to locate its
former junctions with the anterior and posterior cceloms, so as to be able to trace their
position during and after metamorphosis. The growth of the posterior coelom with
its two horns induces the enteron to assume the form of a crescent lying within that
of the ceelom in question. Dorsal and ventral horns may accordingly be distinguished,
and the tips of these, like the corresponding parts of the posterior ccelom in the course
of metamorphosis, come to project into the disc arm-rudiments which we have
numbered | and 2 (p. 22). The shape of the enteron as seen from the side is now
that of a disc with a deep notch opposite the region of the preoral lobe, 7. ¢. between
arm-rudiments 1 and 2. In course of time this notch becomes filled out, owing to
continued expansion of the enteron and to reduction in size of the structures (axial
complex) occupying the notch, in much the same way as the similar notch in the
epigastric coelom (p. 27) gradually disappears.
By this time the enteron shows six or seven short outgrowths into the arm-rudiments.
The two largest of these are constituted by the tips of the horns of the enteron, which
have been already referred to as entering arm-rudiments 1 and 2. The others are
in connection with succeeding arm-rudiments. The last two (8 and 9) are latest in
formation, like the rays to which they belong. All these outgrowths are lobes of
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 39
what will afterwards be recognisable as the stomach of the Starfish, and must not be
confused with the paired radial ceca, which are of still later development (see below).
The Mouth.—The formation of the mouth has already been referred to (p. 23) as
taking place in the centre of the oral surface shortly after the sixth week of develop-
ment. In this region the wall of the enteron fuses with the body-wall and both
become thinner. ‘The mouth-opening then breaks through, and at first the pharynx
is triradiate in cross-section. The angles point approximately to interradii I1/IU,
V/VI, and VIII/IX. There is no stomodeum.
The Anus.—The anus is formed during the seventh or eighth week, in interradius
V/VI. An outgrowth from the enteron fuses with the body-wall, the actual opening
arising afterwards by rupture as in the case of the mouth. The anus is now connected
by a short canal—the rectum—with the pyloric sac, the junction of the two being not
exactly in the middle of the roof of the sac, but slightly excentric in the direction of
interradius V/VI (Pl. I. fig. 11).
The mesenteric relations during these changes require separate description. The
rectum grows up between the layers of the epigastric mesentery (p. 33) in interradius
V/VI, and has accordingly a sinistral and a dextral wing of mesentery when viewed
aborally, the former wing stretching towards radius VI and the latter towards
radius V. In the progress of the rectum towards the middle of the aboral surface
the sinistral wing of mesentery seems to lead the way, by means of a small thickened
part close to the rectum and anus. ‘This part is soon recognisable as a short
stout band, containing muscular fibres, which connects the junction between the rectum
and the pyloric sac with the central knot of the aboral radial musculature. The
muscular fibres of this band are early and definite in their appearance, and the band
itself, still more shortened, remains in the adult, where it must play an important part
in slinging the rectum and pyloric sac to the aboral body-wall. It may also, in con-
junction with the fibrous fold to be next described, serve as a sphincter between the
rectum and the pyloric sac, besides aiding in the evacuation of feces from the
rectum.
(In the development of Asterina, Macbride (15, p. 368) calls attention to a remarkable
group of epithelio-muscular cells in the lining of the epigastric ccelom on the inner
aspect of the body-wall, for which he is at a loss to find a function, unless it be that of
giving origin to the muscular fibres which dilate the anus. I would venture the
suggestion that this group of cells has to do with the formation of suspensory muscular
tissue corresponding with the band described above, and perhaps also with the forma-
tion of the central knot of the aboral radial musculature.)
The dextral wing of the original mesentery of the rectum, 7. ¢. that towards radius V,
does not shorten so much, but remains in part, and in the adult forms a fold chiefly
if not entirely ibrous in character, which stretches from the outer aspect of the
junction between the rectum and the pyloric sac to the aboral radial muscle of ray V,
joining this about half an inch out from the centre of the disc (8 a).
40 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Paired Radial Cwca.—The paired radial diverticula appear as folds on the roof of
the stomach which converge towards a central point, but, owing to the positions of the
anus and the axial complex, they are not disposed in a perfectly symmetrical manner.
The outer extremities of the folds, which, to begin with, fall some distance short
of the ends of the stomach-lobes mentioned above, become elevated from the surface
and grow out as blind pouches into the rays. Closure of the lips of each fold in
its outer part now occurs. The stalks of the pouches are lengthened thereby, and
their openings are all brought together into a small chamber—the pyloric sac—in
the roof the stomach. This chamber is U-shaped, the concavity of the U being
occupied by the anus (Pl. I. fig. 11). The position of the madreporic interradius is
marked by an indentation near the middle of the convex side of the U. This
indentation causes the roots of the radial diverticula to fall into two groups, one
consisting of four pouches belonging to rays II to V inclusive, and the other of five
pouches belonging to the rest of the rays, viz. VI to [X and I. Fig. 11 illustrates
the relation of the roots of the various pouches to one another in a Solaster aged six
months. These relations remain practically the same in the adult, if one allows for
differences in the proportionate size of parts.
During the fourth month the radial diverticula begin to broaden at their outer
ends. This is followed by bifurcation at these ends, with accompanying division
of their suspensory mesenteries and of the pockets of epigastric coelom contained
therein (p. 34).
Interradial or Rectal Cwca.—The so-called rectal ceca are late in development.
They may, however, be recognised during the fifth month. In the six months’
specimen from which fig. 11 was taken they are represented by two outgrowths.
Of these the larger shows division into three lobes, and originates, as nearly as one
might judge, opposite interradius VI/VII. The other arises opposite interradius
II/1I, and, though it has a somewhat crenated margin, is not yet divided into distinct
lobes. In the adult Solaster the ceca in question also come off by two roots occupying
positions similar to those just indicated. That which corresponds with the outgrowth
last described usually gives off five slightly lobulated ceca, 1 cm. in length, which lie
respectively in interradii [X/I, I/II, 11/111, I1I/IV, 1V/V, while the other gives origin
to similar ceca for interradii V/VI, VI/VII, and VII/VIII. The remaining inter-
radius, namely VIII/IX, is oftenest left unprovided with a cecum. Apparently the
larger of the roots in the young Solaster is afterwards outstripped in growth by the
smaller, since it is the latter which provides five out of the total of eight ceca.
It may be of some theoretical interest to point out that the distribution of this set of
five ceca is such that they might be considered as representing a set belonging to the
five-rayed ancestor of Solaster, leaving the rest as interpolations, like the four later-
formed rays. However, it would be manifestly unsafe to lay stress on the relations
of parts so variable in Starfish morphology as are the rectal ceca. Of much greater
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 4]
interest and importance is the constant position of the anus alike in S. endeca and
S. papposa (p. 23).
VII. DevELoPMENT or THE SKELETON. (PI. I. figs. 8, 9,12; Pl. IL. figs. 19 & 20.)
Representatives of three sets of skeletal elements, namely the ambulacral plates,
the plates of the dermal reticulum, and the spines, make their appearance indepen
dently two or three days before the end of the free-swimming stage.
Ambulacral Plates.—The ambulacral plates develop in the mesoderm of the left
side of the larval body, where they form a crescent similar in curvature to the
hydroceele, and, like the hydroccele, having the gap between its horns opposite to
the neck of the larva. As in other Starfish, the innermost or proximal elements
in each ray are first laid down, the sequence in Solaster corresponding with that in
which the radial pouches themselves are formed. Five pairs thus appear almost
simultaneously in connection with pouches I to V of the hydroccele, there being,
however, delay in the formation of the first plate of the first pair in the series,
i. é., that adjacent to the larval neck. A sixth pair appears at the time of fixation,
but the ninth is only added after the mouth has formed. ‘The first ambulacrals are,
of course, to the oral side of the first tube-feet.
A second pair of ambulacrals appears in each ray shortly after the ray has acquired
its second pair of sucker-feet, and so on with succeeding pairs, the formation of the
ossicles being later than that of the correspondingly numbered feet. Thus in a
specimen four months old there were three pairs of ambulacrals, and at seven months
the number had increased to five. The bodies of the first and second ossicles in each
row have united together by the fourth month.
The first pair of adambulacrals appears in each interradius at much the same time
as the second ambulacrals in the adjacent rays. Succeeding adambulacrals appear in
similar sequence. ‘The first pairs are much larger than the others, and they form the
teeth. Small groups of spines early become associated with each of the adambulacrals.
Those associated with the first pair are longer and stronger than the others, and two
or more of these in each interradius project horizontally inwards towards the centre of
the mouth. These form what may be called the denticles, and their development is
slightly different from that of ordinary spines (p. 43).
Dermal Reticular Skeleton.—The plates of the dermal reticular skeleton develop in
the deeper mesodermic layer of the aboral body-wall. ‘Towards the end of the free-
swimming stage on the right side of the larva one finds a middle area with many such
plates in process of formation. ‘This area overlies the right lateral diverticulum of the
anterior ccelom (future epigastric ccelom). It is separated by a narrow plateless
interval from a marginal area overlying the posterior ccelom (future hypogastric
ccelom), in which five or six pairs of small plates may be made out. Comparison with
later stages shows that these pairs are destined to be carried outwards at the tips of
VOL. XX.—ParT I. No. 6.—February, 1912. G
42 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
the various aboral arm-rudiments. So far accordingly they correspond with the single
terminal ossicle in the typical Starfish ray. The first pairs to appear belong to
rays II to V. That of ray I, which lies in the (larval) ventral lip of the nuchal notch,
follows almost immediately. ‘The remainder arise in the same series as the arm-
rudiments to which they belong.
In a five-rayed Starfish such as Asterina the terminals on the one hand, and the central
and primary interradials on the other, develop over cavities corresponding respectively
to the posterior and the right lateral (epigastric) ceeloms of Solaster. In Solaster
the central and the primary interradials are represented by the plates of the middle
area above mentioned, but I was unable to discover any such orderly arrangement of
these plates as would make it possible to recognise among them the homologues of the
typical series. They numbered 25 or 30 in all at the time when there were five pairs
of terminals.
Similar plates now begin to appear all over the marginal area, and a plateless
interval can no longer be made out. Just prior to the formation of the mouth the
total number of plates in the whole aboral body-wall may be put down as over a
hundred. ‘They are uniformly distributed and of practically uniform size, but still
sufficiently small to leave much uncalcified space between them. Meantime the
aboral surface of the disc has been enlarging with greater rapidity than the orai one,
so that the former now curls round at the margin, particularly in the interradii and
along the sides of the rays. This brings the marginally situated plates into contiguity
with the adambulacrals, when these develop in their turn.
All the plates now increase in size at a rate out of proportion to the general growth
of the disc, so that the adjacent edges tend to meet or overlap, the interspaces left
being few and small. It is in one of these interspaces that the anus opens.
The plates are now disc-like as seen from above, and their margins, instead of
showing numerous sharp projecting points as during the earlier period of active
growth, are for the most part smooth and adapted for movement against or over one
another.
Still later (fifth month) larger interspaces begin again to appear on the disc and
arms, but before these have reached any considerable size a secondary plate develops in
each which, by gradually increasing in size, particularly in one direction, comes to
bridge across the space and finally to subdivide it, thus giving rise to the first meshes
of the skeletal reticulum. No doubt succeeding meshes are added ina similar fashion,
as the area of the aboral body-wall continues to increase.
In the adult the form of the plates has changed. Many of them (doubtless
including all the original, as well as the earlier secondary plates) have developed four or
five angular processes for articulation with their neighbours, and form principal nodes
in the skeletal network. The rest, much more numerous and no doubt including the
more recently formed elements, remain somewhat rod-like in shape, since they have only
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 43
to lie along the strands or at less nodal points of the meshwork. In cleared tissues the
former stand out as being slightly larger, more angular, and more densely calcified
than the rest, as well as associated with larger rosettes of spines. They occur all over
the surface, as well as roughly in radial and interradial rows. Sometimes also they
form a ring about halfway between the centre and the margin of the disc. Possibly
this ring has some relation to the former boundary between the right lateral and the
posterior cceloms.
To the dermal skeletal system of plates belong also the plates with which the
interbrachial septa are strengthened. The lowest of these lies between the first two
adambulacrals forming the so-called odontophore.
The Spines.—The spines appear as small nodules in the superficial mesodermic
layer of the aboral body-wall. At first they are uniformly distributed, and twice or
thrice as numerous as the dermal plates of the deeper layer (PI. I. fig. 8). By the
time of fixation their position is marked by small papille standing out everywhere
from the aboral surface.
Later, the papill increase in length (PI. I. figs. 12, 14), and the jagged tips of the
spines stick out from their summits. New papille also appear in the body-wall
wherever space allows. In the fourth and succeeding months the spines form a very
prominent feature in the external appearance of the young Starfish (p. 24, Pl. I.
fig. 14).
Meantime, the inner ends of the spines tend to cluster together in twos and threes,
and each cluster becomes associated with one of the deeper plates, the latter developing
a rounded knob for its support. During later growth new clusters appear and new
spines are added to existing clusters. In the adult the clusters over the main nodal
plates contain from 7 to 9 spines, while over the rest the number is less or the clusters
are absent altogether.
The mode of development of the plates and of the spines closely resembles that
described in other Starfish, ¢.g., by Ludwig in Asterina (12), and need not be repeated
here. It may be noted, however, that those which project horizontally oralwards
from the first adambulacrals are flattened slightly in the horizontal plane, and in their
first appearance resemble an ordinary dermal plate rather than the little closed star or
cartwheel which forms the base of the typical spine.
VIII. Hisronoey.
A number of points may perhaps be most conveniently grouped together under the
heading of Histology. These are: the mesenchyme and the disposal of the yolk; the
statelith (?); the central nervous system; the larval muscular system; ciliation of
internal cavities.
Mesenchyme and Yolk.—It will be remembered that during segmentation the whole
of the ovum is divided up into cells, and that the cell-contents at the upper and lower
G2
44 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
poles retain the peculiarity of colouring which marked these poles in the egg itself.
As development proceeds, the yolk-granules undergo gradual intracellular digestion.
The process continues for a remarkably long time, which it will be convenient to
divide into two periods: (@) up till the beginning of metamorphosis and (6) during the
middle and later stages of metamorphosis.
(a) At the end of the free-swimming stage many granules may be demonstrated
with the help of osmic acid in all the tissue-cells except the epidermal ones forming
the sucker and the adhesive tips of the larval arms. On the whole, they are most
numerous in parts which have as yet undergone little growth, or in which much
growth has still to take place—e. g., lining of enteron, of hydrocele, of portions of
posterior ccelom, and epiderm over posterior part of body. But it is within the
mesenchymal cells, particularly those of the disappearing preoral lobe, that the yolk-
granules are now to be found in greatest abundance, and here their size and staining
capacity is still practically undiminished. During the course of metamorphosis, the
granules disappear from the cells of the tissues generally, but in the case of the
mesenchyme this does not take place till the very end of metamorphosis after the
mouth-opening has formed. The enteron also shows certain striking peculiarities in
this respect which are referred to below.
The mesenchyme thus serves an important function in the development of the
highly-yolked Solaster egg, by retaining for the later stages a reserve store of nutrition.
The diffuse distribution of this tissue will render its store of nutriment accessible to
the cells of the various actively-growing structures. As regards the origin of the
mesenchyme, it will be remembered that at the end of gastrulation only a very small
amount of this tissue is present between the epiblast and the primitive hypoblast.
The amount increases very rapidly during the early differentiation of the three
chambers into which the archenteron becomes divided. The increase takes place
through budding from the basal aspect of the cells lining these chambers. It occurs
earliest and most abundantly from the lining of the anterior ccelom, and _ partly
accounts for the flattening of the walls of this cavity. Less abundant and later is the
production of mesenchyme from the lining of the posterior celom. Little is
contributed by the enteron, as might be expected considering the small original size
of the chamber and the very great expansion which it afterwards undergoes. The
contents of the young mesenchyme-cells consist in chief part of large-sized yolk-
granules. In this connection it is interesting to compare with Solaster the very
heavily-yolked Starfish eggs from the Franklin Islands described by KE. H. Henderson
(11). These specimens were in metamorphosis, and the type of development
corresponded exactly to that shown in Asterina as described by Macbride, the chief
difference being that the embryos under discussion were much larger, and had all the
interstices of the body gorged with yolk to such a degree that it formed nine-tenths
of the whole bulk. The yolk was made up chiefly of large globular or irregularly-
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA,. 45
shaped masses not contained within cells, but penetrating everywhere between the
layers and compressing all the cavities and organs.
Probably the hypenchyme-cells which Masterman (18) describes as being budded
off from the hypoblast into the archenteron of Cribrelia, and completely filling
up that cavity for a time, are loaded with yolk-granules. They may indeed be a
means of withdrawing a certain amount of yolk from tissues which would be
hampered in their activities by its presence in undue amount, the yolk thus segre-
gated being in a position where it can readily be digested and absorbed later on. In
Solaster there is a slight but apparently constant production of hypenchyme-cells
during the period when the archenteron is dividing into its three chambers. A few
such cells may usually be found both in the anterior and the posterior cceloms.
There is, however, another method by which in Solaster a certain small amount
of surplus yolk may find its way into the interior of the archenteron. It seems to be
the rule in the re-arrangement of cells accompanying blastula formation that some
yolk-granules should escape to the free surface. At first I thought the condition was
abnormal, but the high proportion of cases in which it occurred convinced me that,
at any rate, it is not inconsistent with perfectly normal later development. At first
the granules are retained within the membrane of fertilisation which still surrounds
the egg, and one may watch them eddying hither and thither under the action of the
cilia. As gastrulation proceeds they are swept into the widely open blastopore, at the
mouth of which they remain for a considerable time as a kind of plug which is
usually devoid of cellular structure, but sometimes contains a few nuclei evidently
belonging to cells that, like the granules, have been extruded from the surface.
(b) The Yolk-Granules in Middle and Later Metamorphosis.—During this period
perhaps the most remarkable change in the proportionate size of permanent parts is
that undergone by the walls of the enteron. It will be remembered how narrow in
early development was the isthmus between the anterior and the posterior coeloms
which gave origin to the gut.. In the middle and later free-swimming stages the gut
still remains small, and is lined by columnar epithelium of no great height. Afterwards,
it expands enormously, forming not only the sac-like stomach but also the nine pairs of
radial ceeca, and much the greater part of this large cavity is lined by high columnar
epithelium. On staining deeply with osmic acid, the surprising fact emerges that the
whole of this epithelium now contains yolk-granules in profusion. Roughly speaking,
just prior to the formation of the mouth, one-half of the total yolk still present may be
put down as being contained within the cells of the enteron. A gradual transference
of granules from the mesenchyme to the hypoblast cells must have been taking place,
as it is quite impossible that the amount of yolk present in the small enteron of the
swimming larva could suffice for spreading out over the larger enteron at meta-
morphosis. I cannot say where the yolk-granules finally persist longest, not having
applied the necessary methods to old enough stages of Solaster. But in Astertas
46 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
mullert Sars I find it to be within the radial ceca that the yolk-granules occur in
greatest abundance during and after metamorphosis. In Asterina, from sections
which Prof. Macbride kindly showed me, I should judge that a good proportion
of the yolk was aggregated within the cells of the enteron as far back as the gastrula
stage. Indeed, Asterina and Solaster stand in sharp contrast to one another as regards
the relative prominence of the enteron in early stages. In Solaster the development
of this part may be said to be post-dated not only with reference to its broad features
of form and size, but also in the more intimate detail of the accumulation of yolk-
granules within its cells.
A Statolith-like Body.—An interesting modification of the hypenchyme within the
posterior ccelom now falls to be mentioned. ‘This is a spherical, almost homo-
geneous body, about 075 mm. in diameter, which occurs free in the cavity of the
posterior ccelom, in a large proportion of cases, during the middle and later free-
swimming stages (Pl. I. fig. 10; Pl. III. fig. 32). As far as I could make out, it
takes origin from a small mass of hypenchyme which gradually loses its cellular
character, the cell-contents becoming massed together to form the body which has
just been described. I venture to suggest that this body may function asa statolith.
In the hinder wall of the posterior ccelom there is found at this stage an area often
pocketed outwards, where the cells are more elongated than over the rest of the
ccelom-wall (Pl. I. fig. 10). This may possibly be a sensitive area or pit in connection
with the body above described. The changes in the direction of movement which the
larva can exhibit, while itself retaining a definite position in the water, and the long
duration of the free-swimming stage, are circumstances that seem to emphasise the
advantage to the larva of possessing some kind of balancing mechanism.
It is true that, in general, statoliths and statocysts are of ectodermal origin. But
in the case of an echinoderm larva it must be remembered that the greater part, if
not the whole, of the muscular tissue is developed from ccelomic epithelium, while in
the adult it seems to be certain that this epithelium can give rise to nerve-structures
such as those which form the entoneural system.
Synapta provides us with at least one example of an echinoderm larva possessing
statocysts and statoliths. Here it would seem that they are of ectodermal origin
(Semon, 22), although their development is not fully known.
In the Synapta itself the presence of ‘“otocysts” has long been recognized
(Thomson, 1862, 24, p. 136). More recently they have been found also in various
other genera and families of Holothurians, and their function as statocysts has been
ascertained (Becker, 1).
Nervous System.—In the larva perhaps the most definite indication of a nerve-
structure is to be found in a network of fine horizontal fibrils lying between the
inner ends of the elongated sucker-cells, but superficial to the basement-membrane.
These fibrils disappear altogether during the atrophy of the sucker.
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 47
It will be remembered that in the young larva the cilia are longer and lash more
vigorously on a small area at the anterior pole than over the general surface of the
body (p. 15). This condition is transient. More important is the fact that the
epidermal cells of the area in question are distinctly longer than those which cover
the rest of the preoral lobe (Pl. I. fig. 10; Pl. III. figs. 35, 34), and that they remain
so throughout the whole of larval life. It is the basal parts of the cells which are
elongated, and between them a few fine horizontal strands like nerve-fibrils may be
detected, though not in such numbers as under the sucker. The area in question may
be called the apical field or plate. During metamorphosis the walls of the anterior
end of the larva are incorporated in great part with the oral surface of the young
Starfish, the actual epiblast-cells retaining their individuality throughout. What we
have called the apical field of the larva is carried to a position near the centre of the
oral face in the region of the earlier-formed hydroceele-pouches. Here the tissue
of the field is at any rate brought very near to the site of formation of a considerable
segment of the oral nerve-ring, which by extension at the two ends completes the
ring. Certain it is that, like practically all the other structures, the nervous system
is differentiated latest in the last-formed rays.
A nervous system more or less well developed has been described for larvee
belonging to all the five main divisions of Echinoderms.
Thus in Astertas vulgaris Packard, Field (7, p. 113) noted the presence, at the apex
of the frontal field, of an area carrying elongated ciliated cylindrical cells with what
seemed to be nerve-fibres at their bases, and this area he compared with an apical plate.
Macbride (15, p. 853) found underneath the “larval organ” of Asterina a layer of
fibrillee which he considered to be nervous in character.
The larvee of Antedon and Synapta possess well-marked nerve-structures which,
in the case of the latter, help to form the nervous system of the adult. Nerve-tissues
have also been described in the echinid pluteus (Mortensen, 1g; Macbride, 16 a) and
in the larval Amphiura (Russo, quoted from Bronn’s ‘ Klassen,’ ITI. 3, iii. p. 868). They
are said to be recognisable in the latter as far back as the gastrula stage, and to give
rise to the nervous system of the adult.
Solaster, however, furnishes an example in which a larval nervous system of
the apical type comes very near to being carried over during metamorphosis into
the central nervous system of the adult.
Muscwlar Tissue of Larva.—The larval muscular tissue is developed from the lining
of the various coelomic cavities, particularly from that of the anterior celom. The
latter gives rise to the fibres which are in connection with the larval arms and with
the sucker, and to the oblique band which was referred to on p. 16 as in all probability
exercising a gubernacular action in effecting the flexion and torsion of the preoral lobe.
The band in question is illustrated in Pl. III. fig. 54.
This band of fibrille takes origin from the lining of the left side of the anterior
4§ DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ccelom, as well as from the lining of the hydroceele, particularly in the neighbourhood
of pouches III and IV. Its general course is indicated by the line on PI. II. fig. 20.
Anteriorly it can be traced to a little in front of the groove which marks off the
preoral lobe from the body of the larva. At a slightly later stage one finds that the
fibrilla are short and somewhat matted, as might now be expected. One finds also
that they become connected anteriorly with fibrille which, passing to the right side of
the body-wall and joining others coming from the region of the sucker, probably have
something to do with the production of the deep nuchal notch which is found in early
metamorphosis on the aboral side of the disc, and which afterwards in great part
becomes filled up to form the madreporic interradius (pp. 22, 27).
Ciliation.—In the adult the whole of the inner lining of the body-cavity, as well as
of the digestive sac and its appendages, carries cilia on its free surface. It was noted
on p. 13 that the primitive hypoblast of the gastrula is ciliated like the epiblast. In
the latter this condition is carried through and beyond metamorphosis. In the
former, however, it is difficult to trace continuity of ciliation, particularly in the case
of the middle chamber or enteron, but I believe that it occurs.
IX. Mops or OBTAIninG AND REARING THE LARVA.
The best way to secure material for the study of Solaster development is to keep
healthy adults through the spawning-season and to have the water circulation so
arranged that any ova that may be shed will not be swept away in the outflow.
As the eggs are lighter than water, this can readily be effected by drawing the
outflow from the bottom of the tank. In the end of March last (1910) three small
tanks at the Millport Marine Station were set apart for my use and fitted up in the
manner required. The outflow was effected by means of syphon-tubes, the inner ends
of which dipped down to the bottom, while, to prevent the possibility of excessive
emptying, the outer ends in each case dipped into a vessel the water-level in which
could not fall more than a few inches below that of the top of the tank.
To begin with, all the available Solaster endeca were kept in the first of these
tanks. On March 30th one of the Starfish shed a large number of eggs, which
were duly fertilised in the manner previously described (pp. 9-10). All the Starfish
were then transferred to the second of the tanks, and on April 2nd the same female
again extruded a number of eggs which were fertilised in their turn. The Starfish
were then put into the third tank, but no further shedding of ova took place.
It is impossible, so far as I know, from the external characters, to tell with
certainty whether a specimen is male or female. Hence it is advisable to keep a
number together, in order to make sure that both sexes are represented. As happens
in other Kchinoderms, a male is stimulated to emit sperm by the presence in the same
tank, even at some distance away, of a spawning female. Failing this effect, artificial
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 49
ertilisation can be induced without difficulty if specimens are available from which
portions of testis can be removed and shredded into the vessel containing the ova.
It is not satisfactory, however, to cut out portions of the female gonad for obtaining
ova. A great deal of waste material is introduced into the hatching-vessel, and, worse
than that, the eggs hardly ever come out clean, but are still surrounded by follicle-cells
and other débris.
In calm weather, in certain localities near the Millport Station, one may come across
floating larve of Solaster towards the middle and end of April. I have gathered them
on three occasions in the channel between the Station and the Fairlie shore. I failed,
however, entirely to induce these larvee to undergo metamorphosis. This circumstance,
along with the fact that many of them when taken showed minor abnormalities of
growth, would lead to the inference that it is chiefly unhealthy larve which come to
the surface of the sea. They are soft and readily break up against the cloth of
a tow-net. In gathering them from the surface the best way is to lift them one
by one with some water in a dipper.
The two sets of fertilised eggs obtained in the manner previously described were
kept, all through, in their original tanks, specimens being taken from time to time for
examination and preservation. In a week or so, as I had to return to Glasgow, about
twenty were put into each of two small glass aquaria which I took up with me to the
Embryology Laboratory at the University. Throughout the succeeding months an
easy circulation of sea-water was maintained in the hatching-tanks at the Station, the
incoming current being filtered by tying over the nozzle a bag of fine-meshed cloth,
which was cleaned out from time to time. It soon became necessary to guard against
escape of the young larvee, when they began to leave the surface and swim throughout
the tank. One had accordingly to furnish the inner end of the syphon with a filtering
surface, offering no bar to the outflow, but rendering the current so weak that the
larvee would not be injured by being sucked against the cloth. ‘This was done by
attaching a very large filter-funnel to the end of the syphon, the mouth of the funnel
having tied over it a piece of tow-netting material of moderate mesh. Many larve
came to rest against this surface, but a little disturbance of the water near them from
time to time sufficed to clear them off without injury. I cannot speak too highly of the
care and attention paid to the brood all through by Mr. John Peden, the Laboratory
Attendant at the Station.
The tanks employed were of the enamelled fireclay kind, which have proved so
useful since they were fitted up in the Millport Station about ten years ago. ‘Their
contents remained sweet all through, and their smooth surfaces gave suitable attach-
ment to the larvee when they reached the fixation stage, besides being excellent ground
for the young Starfish to travel over after metamorphosis was finished.
Now, at the beginning of November 1910, four * specimens are still alive and
* The last of these survived till February 1911.
VOL. XX.—PaRT I. No. 7.—February, 1912. H
50 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
apparently healthy. Since the end of metamorphosis, however, their growth has been
very slow. Probably the tanks do not afford them the proper kind of food, all that is
available being the fine growths of alge present on the sides and some granular débris
which has settled to the bottom. I hope later to have the opportunity of making
experiments with a view to finding out what their natural food may be, and of rearing
them through further stages in early growth.
So far I have been quite unable, in examining material dredged up from likely
Solaster ground at Millport, to come across examples either in metamorphosis or in
the stages that immediately succeed it.
Of the two glass vessels containing young larve which I took with me to Glasgow,
one had a capacity of half a gallon and the other rather less. Both were shaded
and kept under gentle continuous aeration by means of an aerating apparatus
(8) devised by me in connection with an earlier attempt at the rearing of Solaster.
From time to time a little fresh water was added to make up for the loss caused by
evaporation. Development proceeded in a perfectly normal manner, but with some-
what greater rapidity than at the Station, owing no doubt to the difference in temperature
of the laboratory in Glasgow and the sea-water at Millport. The living specimens in
these aquaria, being always at hand, proved of the greatest use for purposes of
general observation.
I am much indebted to the Superintendent, Mr. Richard Elmhirst, and the Staff of
the Millport Station for the ready and careful manner in which they assisted me all
through in the work of obtaining and rearing the larve. My best thanks are also
due to Mr. Alex. Gray, formerly Curator of the Station, with whose good help a
first and practically successful attempt at the work was made several years ago.
Acknowledgment is also due to Mr. Jas. A. Boyle, Art Master at Hillhead High
School, Glasgow, for much expert assistance in the finishing of the Plates.
X. SUMMARY OF CHIEF FEaTURES IN DEVELOPMENT OF SOLASTER.
(For paging, see under Contents, p. 1.)
(A) Eaternally.
Egg floating, flattened at upper and lower poles, the latter paler in colour; seg-
mentation total, equal; blastula formed by egression of the central cells along numerous
lines, and gastrula by invagination at lower pole.
Closure of blastopore; no formation of larval mouth; a long free-swimming stage ;
“larva” with three glandular arms and a disc-shaped sucker ; for a time, perfect
external symmetry except for hydropore on right side.
Flexion and torsion of preoral lobe towards left side; stage of attachment by the
larval sucker; reduction in size of preoral lobe, and incorporation of much of its
epiderm with the oral surface of the Starfish ; metamorphosis occurring in such @ way
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 51
that, while in point of external form the left side of the larva becomes the oral surface
of the Starfish and the right side the aboral, in reality the epiderm of the oral surface
is chiefly derived from that of the anterior part of the larva, and, conversely, the
epiderm of the aboral surface originates chiefly from that of the posterior part of
the larva.
Five hydroccele-lobes appearing to begin with, the rest being added later in such a
way that the whole series may properly be described as beginning in the hydroporic
region and progressing thence in the watch-hand direction as seen from the oral
surface.
Aboral arm-rudiments also incomplete in number for a time.
Disappearance of the preoral lobe; atrophy of the sucker as the tube-feet become
functional. Development of mouth and anus; outgrowth of the arms and appearance
of the rosettes of spines.
(B) Internally.
1. In Larva.—Archenteron divides into anterior and posterior cceloms and a middle
chamber, the enteron or gut.
Anterior coelom provides cavity of preoral lobe and a central part which gives rise to
right and left lateral diverticula, as also to dorsal sac, hydroporic canal, and perihemal
pouch IX-I. Bottom of left lateral diverticulum becomes hydroccele groove and gives
rise to radial pouches ; five of the latter appear almost simultaneously, and are to be
numbered in the manner indicated for the corresponding external swellings ; groove of
stone-canal opens into hydroceele groove between origins of pouches Land II; pouches VI
and VII are added; hydroceele groove and stone-canal groove begin to be roofed over.
Posterior ccelom sends out dorsal and ventral horns in sagittal plane, and gives
rise to a series of six perihemal pouches and to diverticula for the pharyngeal
celom. It also tends to extend over the left side of the enteron, and in a less degree
over the right.
2. In Metamorphosis.—Preoral ccelom disappears ; central part of anterior ceelom
becomes axial sinus; right lateral diverticulum gives rise to epigastric coelom ;
hydroceele groove is separated off from left lateral diverticulum and extends to form
ring-canal, the last two radial pouches being now added. Rest of left lateral diverti-
culum, along with part of axial ccelom, forms the internal oral circular sinus.
Posterior ccelom with its two horns and two pharyngeal diverticula enlarges to form
hypogastric and peripharyngeal ceeloms. ‘The last two perihemal pouches are given
off, and along with the others form the external oral circular sinus. ‘Tip of dorsal horn
gives rise to pocket with special cells, the rudiments respectively of the aboral circular
sinus and the genital rachis.
Enteron expands greatly and shows blunt swellings in each ray. Mouth and anus
form, as well as the paired radial and the rectal ceca. The anus is in interradius V/VI.
H 2
DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
or
bo
The ambulacral and adambulacral plates appear in a typical manner; but the aboral
skeleton shows numerous small uniformly distributed plates in the disc and two
terminals in each arm-rudiment. Small nodules for the spines appear everywhere over
the aboral surface.
The ambulacral and adambulacral plates increase in size and number; while the
plates of the aboral skeleton increase in size, and at a much later stage in number also.
For a time the latter fit closely with one another; afterwards interspaces, the future
meshes of the skeletal reticulum, appear between them and are bridged over by new
plates. The spines increase in size and form small groups, which become associated
with the first-formed plates.
(C) General.
The development of Solaster agrees in very many points with that of Cribrella (as
described by Masterman), including the remarkable mode of blastula and gastrula
formation and the even more remarkable origin of the hypogastric celom. Like that
of Cribrella, the swimming larva of Solaster with its three glandular arms and sucker
on the preoral lobe can readily be referred to the brachiolarian type. This is all the
plainer since in Solaster, as I could satisfy myself by observation of living specimens,
the tips of the arms lose their cilia and become capable of exercising slight and
temporary adhesive functions. Their primary object, I should judge, in Solaster is
to enable the muscular sucker to be brought into play at the proper time for
initiating the stage of definite fixation.
If one were looking at Cribrella and Solaster alone among Kchinoderms, nothing
could have greater apparent reason in point of form’ than Masterman’s comparison of
the hydrocele with the epigastric ceelom, and it would be alike attractive and
legitimate to accept the homologies he has sought to institute between the various
larval cavities in Cribrella and Balanoglossus. In the case of Solaster it might further
be argued that the posterior annulus referred to on p. 16 gave additional evidence
of enteropneust affinity ; while the manner in which much of the preoral lobe, including
the (rudimentary) apical nervous system, became incorporated at metamorphosis with
the oral surface of the Starfish indicated greater ontogenetic continuity than the more
abrupt changes occurring in the metamorphosis of Asterina and apparently of the
bipinnaria. But attractive as this hypothesis is, it seems to me that it would impose
difficulties of interpretation on the development of other Starfish and of Echinoderms
in general, greater than those from which it could relieve Cribrella or Solaster. ‘he
position has been stated by Macbride (15, 16, 16a, 166), and I must put myself
down as a supporter of his view that in Cribrella (and Solaster) we are dealing with
a form of development modified from that which should be looked upon as typical and
primitive in the Order.
Of course, the question, being one of evidence, may yet be reopened, e@. g., by the
discovery of a feeding bipinnaria in which the hypogastric ccelom originates wholly
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 53
or partly behind the stomach. Meantime we must suppose that in the development
of the yolky Solaster egg the larval alimentary canal has been reduced to the stomach,
and even the development of this part has been greatly post-dated, while at the same
time a sliding-back of the walls of the cavity (or cavities) giving rise to the hypogastric
celom has taken place. The peculiar foldings of the whole blastula-wall, including that
part which becomes invaginated in gastrulation, may provide opportunity during their
formation and disappearance for a considerable amount of rearrangement of the hypo-
blastic tissue ; but, so far, I have not been able in the ontogeny of Solaster to trace
adequately the steps by which the backward migration of the ccelom in question may
be supposed to have taken place. Probably a hint remains in the deficiency dorsally of
the thickened zone A B, referred to on p. 37, while, later, the oblique direction of the
dorsal part of the enteric slit, the greater size of the right enteric fold, and the pouch-
ing to the right of the enteron wall are indications that the backward migration has
been concerned—chiefly, at any rate—with a structure belonging to the left side. But
if this view is accepted, one could not refuse to admit as possible the further inference
that some degree of backward migration had taken place ventrally also, and that it
probably affected a right-sided structure.
The posterior ccelom of Solaster and Cribrella must correspond with whatever gives
rise in other Starfish to the hypogastric ceelom. This, according to the best evidence
available (that of Macbride for Asterina, 15), is the left posterior ccelom alone, though,
as is well known both in Asterina (10 a) and Asterias pallida, Goto (9, 10) states that
a part is contributed from the right side.
The evidence on this point to be extracted from my account of S. endeca only serves
to keep open the question, on which, however, further light may be expected from
an exact comparison of the corresponding stages in S. papposa and possibly also from
a fresh examination of more abundant S. endeca material prepared with a view to the
elucidation of this special point.
Such other comparative notes as it seemed necessary to include in this paper have
been introduced in connection with the structures to which they refer; ¢.g., hydroccele
(p. 21), nervous system (p. 46), anus (p. 23), external oral perihzemal sinus, etc. (p. 35).
New points brought out in regard to the adult anatomy of Solaster are discussed
in 2 separate paper (8 @).
REFERENCES.
1. Becker, 8S.—Die Horblaschen von Leptosynapta bergensis. Biolog. Centralblatt, xxix. p. 413.
2. Cuuss, C. C.—The Growth of the Oocyte in Antedon. Proc. Roy. Soc. lxxvii. p. 384.
3. Cutnor, L.—Formation des Organes Génitaux et Dépendances de la Gland Ovoide chez les
Astérides. Compt. Rend. vol]. 104, 1887, p. 88.
4. ——. Etudes Morphologiques sur les Echinodermes. Arch. de Biol. vol. xi. 1891, p. 628.
54 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
5. Detace et Herovarp.—Traité de Zoologie Concrete. Tome III. Les Echinodermes. 1903.
6. Duruam, H. E.—Note on the Madreporite of Cribrella oculata. Proc. Roy. Soc. 1888,
vol. xlii. pp. 330-332.
7. Fruip, G. W.—The Larva of Asterias vulgaris. Q.J. M.S. 1892, pp. 105-128.
8. Gemmiiu, J. F.—An Automatic Aerating Apparatus suitable for Aquaria &. Journ. Roy.
Mier. Soc. 1910, pp. 9-18.
Notes on the Adult Anatomy of Solaster endeca Forbes: (1) Madreporite, ete. ;
(2) Anus; (3) Egg Ducts; (4) and (5) Aboral and Oral Perihzmal Sinuses. Proc. Roy.
Phys. Soc. Edinb. vol. xviii. pp. 174, 191.
9g. Goro, S.—Vorlaufige Mittheilung iiber die Entwickelung des Seesternes, Asterias pallida.
Zool. Anz. 19, xix. pp. 271-274.
8a.
10. The Metamorphosis of Asterias pallida, with Special Reference to the Fate of the
Body-Cavities. Journ. Coll. Sc. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Japan, vol. x. pt. iii. pp. 239 e¢ seq.
TO a, Some Points in the Metamorphosis of Asterina gibdosa, Ibid. vol. xii. pt. iii. pp. 227
et seq.
11. Henprerson, E. H.—Some Observations on the Development of an Asterid with large Yolky
Eggs from the Franklin Islands. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xvi. pp. 8387-892,
pls. xii. & xiii.
12. Lupwie, H.— Entwickelungsgeschichte der Asterina gibbosa. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.
vol. xxxvili. 1882, pp. 1-89.
(& O. Hamann).—Bronn’s Klassen u. Ordnungen des Thierreichs, Bd. 2, Abth. 3,
Buch ii. 1889.
14. Hamann, O.—As above, p. 653.
15. Macsripz, KE. W.—The Development of Asterina gibbosa. Q.J.M.S. xxxviii. pp. 339-411.
16. ——. Cambridge Natural History. Vol. i. (1906) Echinoderms.
16a. The Development of E’chinus esculentus. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. vol. exev. 1903.
16 0. The Development of Ophiothria fragilis. Q.J.M.S. vol. li. pt. 4, 1907.
17- McInrosu, D. C.—Meristic Variation in the Common Sun-Star (Solaster papposa). Proc.
Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. vol. xvi. pp. 75-78.
18. Masrerman, A. 'T.—The Early Development of Cribrella oculata Forbes, with Remarks on
Echinoderm Development. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xl. pp. 873-417, pls. i.—v.
19. Morrensen, To.—Die Echinodermenlarven der Plankton Expedition. Ergebnisse Plankton-
Exped. Bd. i. J. 1898.
20. Perrier, E.—Recherches sur l’Organisation des Etoiles de Mer. Compt. Rend. vol. cii.
1886, pp. 1146-8.
Res. Scient. Expéd. ‘ Travailleur’ et ‘ Talisman.’ Echinodermes, 1894, pp. 10-15.
22. Semon, R.—Die Hntwickelung von Synapta digitata. Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xxi. pp. 175 et seq.
23. Suapen, W. P.—‘ Challenger’ Reports. Zoology, vol. xxx. pp. xl-xln and p. 452.
24. THomson, Wyvitte.—On the Development of Synapta digitata O.¥.M. Q.J.M.S.un.s.
i. 1862, pp. 131-146.
13.
21.
Ti, Jat, WOT, Gre,
1, 2, and 3, &e.
AGM:
ada.
nr.
THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 55
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I.-V.
Lettering in all the Plates.
The hydroccele pouches as numbered in the manner explained on p. 21.
I. 7,13; II. 22, 28; V. 50-52, 56. In I. 11, however, the above numerals
indicate the paired radial ceca.
The aboral arm-rudiments associated with the hydroceele pouches of same
numbers. I. 7; II. 22, 23.
thickened zone of hypoblast in archenteron. III. 25-27 (p. 37).
anterior larval arm. I. 8,10; IL. 17-23; IIL. 34; IV. 41, 42.
anterior coeelom. III. 25-34.
ambulacral plates belonging to the various rays. I. 8; II. 19, 20.
anus. I. 11.
archenteron. I. 6.
axial celom. I. 10; III. 32-34; IV. 36-44, 46; V. 49-52.
thickened zone of hypoblast in archenteron. III. 25-27 (p. 37).
blastopore. I.6; II. 15, 16; III. 25-30; IV. 36; V. 49.
dorsal side of larva. III. 26.
dorsal horn of posterior celom. IV. 39, 40, 44; V. 50-55.
dorsal sac, or madreporie vesicle. IV. 39, 46; V. 52-56.
adambulacral spines forming denticles. I. 14; IV. 48.
epigastric coelom (right lateral diverticulum of anterior ceelom). IV. 44-48.
statolith. I.10; ILI. 28; IV. 41.
enteron or gut. IV. 36, 38, 40-47 ; V. 49, 50, 53, 56.
genital pocket from posterior celom. V. 56.
hydroporic canal. IV. 39; V. 51, 52, 56.
hydrocele. I.10; III. 28-34; IV. 36-48 ; V. 50-52, 56.
internal oral circular sinus. IV. 46-48; V. 56.
rectal ceca. J. 11; IV. 48.
left side of larva. III. 27.
left larval arm. I. 10; IL. 17-20, 22, 23; V. 50.
left enteric fold. III. 28-33.
madreporic opening. I. 11; II. 17,18; V. 53-55.
mouth. I. 13-14; V. 56.
special muscular bands. III. 34 (p. 47).
nuchal groove or furrow on margin and aboral surface of Starfish disc.
IT. 21-23; IV. 44.
area of heightened epiderm on preoral lobe (larval nervous system). I. 10 ;
IIL. 34; IV. 41-42.
diverticula for external oral perihemal sinus. I. 10; IV. 41, 43, 45-48 ;
V. 51, 56.
posterior colom. I. 10; III. 25-84; IV. 36-46; V. 49-55.
hypogastric celom. IV. 46-48 ; V. 52-56.
diverticula for pharyngeal celom. IV. 44, 47, 48; V. 56.
preoral ccelom.
preoral lobe.
peristome.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA.
I. 10; IV. 36-88, 41, 42, 44, 45; V. 49-55.
right side of larva. III. 27.
rectum. IV. 48.
right larval arm.
radial czeca of stomach.
I. 8; IT. 16-22; IV. 41, 42, 45 ; V. 56.
IV. 48.
I. 8; Il. 17-18, 22, 23; IV. 37, 41, 45 ; V. 53.
right enteric fold. III. 28-33.
right lateral diverticulum of anterior celom. IIT. 28-33 ; IV. 36-38, 40,
42, 44-47 ; V. 53-55.
plates of the aboral reticular skeleton. I. 8, 9.
sucker. [. 8,10, 18; II. 17, 18, 22, 23; IV. 42, 44.
spines. I. 8, 9.
stomach. JI. 11.
IV. 46.
stone-canal.
I. 11; IV. 48; V. 56.
terminal plates (double) belonging to the various rays. I. 8.
ventral side of larva. III. 26.
ventral horn of posterior ccelom.
I. 10; IV. 39, 40, 44; V. 50-55.
yolk-granules swept into archenteron. III. 29 (p. 45).
shah Th
vou, Xx —part 1. No. 8.— February, 1912.
58 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA.
PLATE I. Figs. 1-14.
(For lettering see pp. 55-56.)
Figs. 1-4. Stages in segmentation. (1-3, x 20; 4, x 25.) Im fig. 4 slit-like spaces
are beginning to appear in the cell-mass.
Fig. 5. Section of advanced stage in formation of blastula by egression of central cells
along many lines (p. 12). The flattening on the underside is due to
commencing gastrulation. ( X 30.)
Fig. 6. Vertical section of the fully-formed gastrula (p. 12). (x 30.)
Fig. 7. Diagram from right (aboral) side of larva at end of free-swimming stage, to
illustrate the early relations of the hydroceele pouches to the aboral arm-
rudiments (see p. 22). The pouches are lettered with roman numerals,
and the aboral arm-rudiments, with which these finally become associated
to form the rays of the Starfish, are indicated by corresponding arabic
numerals. (xX 20.)
Fig. 8. Larva towards end of free-swimming stage cleared and looked at from right
side, showing the developing skeletal elements. The spines (sp.) are
represented by numerous small nodules all over the field (p. 45). Of the
aboral plates, six pairs of terminals (¢.) have appeared, as well as a number
of the plates (7.pl.) which develop over the epigastric area (p. 41). Seen
more faintly as at a deeper level and partly out of focus are five pairs of
ambulacrals (am.) (p. 41). (x 45.)
. A few spines and plates of the aboral skeleton as seen in a specimen twelve
weeks old (p. 42). (x 200.)
Fig. 10. Microphotograph of sagittal section of advanced larva, showing particularly
the statolith-like body on the posterior celom (p. 46). The high
epithelium over the crown of the preoral lobe will also be seen (p. 46,
nervous system). (x 30.)
Fig. 11. Diagram from aboral side, illustrating the relations of the radial and rectal
ceca, the stomach, and the anus in a specimen four and a half months
old. Description on p. 40. (x 35.)
Fig. 12. Small portion of disc from aboral side in a specimen of about same age as in
fig. 13, but more highly magnified. ‘The papular appearance due to the
developing spines is indicated, the latter being outlined as in a cleared
specimen. (xX 45.)
Fig. 13. Young Solaster at time of formation of mouth. ‘The triradiate shape of the
mouth will be noted (p. 23). The ninth radial pouch of the hydroceele
has just appeared. The arm-rudiments for arms VII-IX have not yet
separated from one another. ‘The sucker is now small and outside of
the hydroccele-ring (p. 21). (x 46.)
Fig. 14. Young Solaster about six months old, from oral side, showing charac-
teristic appearance of spines, ambulacral grooves, denticles, ete. (Xx 45.)
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DEVELOPMENT OF SOLASTER ENDECA.
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Fig. 15
Fig. 16
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Fig. 18
Fig. 19
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA.
PLATE Il. Figs. 15-23.
(For lettering see pp. 55—56.)
. Gastrula beginning to elongate, the blastopore being still widely open (p. 14).
(x 40.)
. Anterior end of cone bending to larval ventral side (p. 14). (x 40.)
. Young larva from right side showing the three larval arms, the position of
the sucker, and the hydroporic opening (p. 14). (x 46.)
. Older larva from right side at a stage just prior to commencement of flexion
and torsion of the preoral lobe (p. 16). (x 40.)
. Still older larva from left side. The preoral lobe is beginning to undergo its
change of position (p. 16). Several pairs of ambulacral ossicles have now
appeared, and these are shown as if in a cleared specimen (p. 41). The
larval arms are represented as being drawn close together (p. 15). The line
on the body indicates the direction of the muscular fibrille referred to on
pp. 16, 47. ‘The hydroporie pit seems larger than it should be, owing to
slight shrinkage in the (preserved) specimens from which figs. 18 and 19
were drawn.
Fig. 20. Larva from left side, towards end of free-swimming stage. The preoral lobe
is much more sharply flexed on the body, which is now almost disc-like in
shape. Six pairs of ambulacral ossicles are present. (X 40.)
Fig. 21. Sketch of a larva which had recently attached itself by means of the sucker to
asmall duck-weed. A section of this specimen, showing plant, sucker, etc.,
is given in Pl. LV. fig. 44. The preoral lobe, which is seen in shadow, has
not yet undergone its full flexion and torsion. The edge of the disc is
slightly everted at one part and shows between it and the preoral lobe two
or three blunt swellings due to the hydroceele pouches. The long groove
on the disc running towards the sucker is the nuchal notch or groove
(a2 2) ox 40))
. Specimen detached after about three days’ fixation and seen from oral side.
The preoral lobe is now completely bent against the oral (left larval)
surface, the remains of the anterior arm being towards the middle of this
surface (p. 19). The sucker and the other two arms are nearer the
margin. ix of the radial pouches of the hydrocele appear externally and
a rudiment of the seventh. (x 40.)
. Specimens detached after about six days’ fixation and viewed from oral side.
Five of the radial pouches of the hydroceele now show swellings for the
sucker-feet. Compare with fig. 22. The preoral lobe has now almost
entirely disappeared. (x 40.)
This series is continued in figs. 13 and 14 on Pl. I.
Trani. He Vl, XX. FM
J.F.G.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOLASTER ENDECA.
Grout sc. et imp.
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62 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA.
PLATE III. Figs. 24-35.
Fig. 24. Sketch from cleared specimen at stage in middle gastrulation with one of the
large surface-furrows still present and leading into the blastopore, which is
widely open. ‘The invaginated hypoblast is seen in darker shading as a
slightly folded layer within the epiblastic layer. (x 35.)
Fig. 25. Optical section of stage immediately succeeding gastrulation. The blastopore
is narrow; the archenteron has expanded and shows in its lining the
thickened zone A B, from which, as was explained on p. 37, the right and
left lateral diverticula of the anterior ccelom, as well as the walls of the
enteron, will be derived. (x 30.)
Figs. 26-27. Two optical sections of a stage slightly later than the last, fig. 26 being a
view from the left, and fig. 27 a view from the dorsal aspect and slightly
from the right. Both show elongation of the gastrula-cone as well as
commencing formation of the ventral dimple. Fig. 26 shows also the slight
obliquity of the base of the cone referred to on p. 37. It will be observed
that the posterior part of the cone is now somewhat narrower in the frontal
than in the sagittal plane. ‘The constriction marking the enteric folds is
not apparent in the lateral view (fig. 26), since it is actually present as yet
only at the sides. (xX 30.)
Figs. 28-30. Three sections from a frontal series of a young larva about 24 hours older
than that shown in the last two figures, but with the blastopore still open
and the enteron still in the form of an isthmus between the anterior and
the posterior coloms. The sections illustrate particularly the different
sizes of the right and left enteric folds dorsally, mesially, and ventrally,
throughout the series. It will be observed that dorsally (fig. 28) the right
fold (7.g.), though less prominent, is larger than the left one; ventrally
(fig. 30) the condition is reversed, though with smaller differences, while
mesially (fig. 29) the right fold is still slightly larger. (x 50.)
Fiy. 31. Frontal section of older larva. The apertures between the middle and
posterior chambers are just closing at the points which the section cuts.
Tt will be seen that the right gastric fold is contributing rather more than ~
the left one to the total area of the enteron, and also that there is a slight
pouching to the right of the enteron-wall. (x 49.)
Fig. 32. Similar section to the last, but of a slightly older larva. The middle chamber
is now quite closed off from those in front and behind. In front, however,
the seam of the closure is still recognisable looking leftward. The same
slight pouching to the right on the part of the enteron is seen here as in
the fig. 31. (x 46.)
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 63
PLATE III. (cont.).
Fig. 33. Frontal section of a S. papposa larva at stage similar to that shown in fig. 31.
The section passes to the dorsal side of the mid-frontal plane. It will be
observed :—(1) That the enteron still opens widely in front into the
anterior ccelom, the opening looking leftward ; (2) there is a very definite
pouching to the right of the posterior part of the enteron; (3) the right
gastric fold contributes a good deal more than the left one to the area of
the enteron. Although it does not appear in this section, the blastopore
is still widely open, and the enteron still communicates with the posterior
celom. (xX 40.)
Fig. 34. From sagittal series of larva at stage when the flexion and torsion of the pre-
oral lobe (p. 16) is in early progress, the section being to the left of the
middle line of the body, but practically mesial at the anterior end of the
frontal lobe. A good part of the length of the muscular band concerned
in the movements mentioned above come into the section. Pouch IV of
the hydroceele, the sucker, and the anterior larval arm are also seen.
(x 45.)
. Section of egg-tube of an adult &. endeca, after long fixation in an osmic
acid mixture (Lindsay Johnston fluid). Ova in different stages of growth
are illustrated with special reference to the accumulation of the yolk-
granules, which have undergone an intensely black coloration (p. 6).
Similar granules along with larger ones are seen in the layer of follicle-cells
round each ovum, as also in the spaces between the ova within the lumen
of the egg-tube. (xX 90.)
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DEVELOPMENT OF SOLASTER ENDECA.
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66 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA.
PLATE IV. Figs. 36-48.
(illustrative sections of specimens in larval stages and in metamorphosis, drawn
with camera lucida to magnification of 25 times. The various cavities are coloured
as follows:—The posterior ccelom and its derivatives are red and the enteron brown.
The preoral and axial caloms are coloured yellow, as also are the hydroporic canal
and the internal oral circular sinus. The right lateral diverticulum of the anterior
ccelom (epigastric ccelom) is shown in green, and the hydroceele and dorsal sac in blue.
The dull ground-colour is space filled by mesoderm.)
Fig. 36. Frontal section through larva about 8 days old. ‘The blastopore is still open
and the middle chamber or enteron still communicates with the anterior
and posterior celoms. ‘The right and left lateral diverticula of the anterior
cceelom are beginning to grow backwards over the enteron.
Fig. 37. Section similar to the last, but not perfectly frontal, through a slightly older
specimen. ‘The enteron now appears as a distinct region, not simply as a
neck between the anterior and posterior cceloms.
Fig. 58. Frontal section through slightly older specimen. The anterior and posterior
ceeloms are completely separated from the enteron and the blastopore is
closed.
Fig. 39. Transverse section of larva about middle of free-swimming stage. The
section passes through the hydropore, the ventral side of the larva being
uppermost. Both horns of the posterior ccelom appear in the section, as
well as the dorsal sac and the first radial pouch of the hydroccele.
Fig. 40. ‘Transverse section through middle of body of larva at stage slightly later than
that shown in fig. 38. The dorsal and ventral horns of the posterior coelom,
as well as the right and left lateral diverticula of the anterior ccelom, and
the enteron appear in the section. The right lateral diverticulum in this
example is very large.
Fig. 41. Sagittal but not quite median section through a larva in the later free-
swimming stage. The preoral and axial sinus regions of the anterior
celom are beginning to be marked out. Some of the perihemal pockets
(o.ph.c.) are separated from the posterior coelom. ‘The ventral horn of
this coelom is cut along a great part of its length. There is a statolith
within the posterior ccelom (p. 46).
Fig. 42. Sagittal section through larva in still later free-swimming stage. Flexion of
the preoral lobe has begun, and accordingly while this lobe is cut in its
sagittal plane, the body of the larva is cut rather in the future oral-
aboral plane, the aboral (right larval) side being underneath. This
explains the position in the section of the right lateral diverticulum
(epigastric celom) as well as the fact that the posterior ccelom is cut on
Fig. 43
Fig. 44
Fig. 45
Fig. 46
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 67
PLATE IV. (cont.).
opposite sides of the enteron. The sucker is fully exposed. In this
section and the last the heightened epiderm (7.7.) over part of the preoral
lobe (larval nervous system, p. 46) is indicated.
. Oblique section through left side of body of larva just prior to attachment,
showing a considerable number of the hydroceele and perihemal pouches
as well as the tip of the ventral horn of the posterior celom. The hydro-
ceele groove is closed off from the left lateral diverticulum of the anterior
ceelom to form a canal in the region of pouches III to V.
. Vertical section through disc, sucker, leaf, etc. in the specimen illustrated
in Pl. II. fig. 21. The section passes transversely across the nuchal groove
(n.) about halfway between the margin and the middle of the disc. The
epigastric ceelom (ep.c.) is not yet completely separated from the axial
celom, nor the latter from the preoral celom. ‘The dorsal and ventral
horns of the posterior ceelom appear in the section as well as the two
corresponding horns into which the enteron is drawn at this stage (p. 38).
. Ventral section across disc of specimen in early metamorphosis. The section
does not pass through the centre of the disc, but falls well towards
the margin on which rays VII to IX will be formed. The prominence
on the oral side, due to the preoral lobe, is not yet entirely lost. The
perihemal pockets for interradii VII/VIiI and VIII/1X are in process of
being budded off from the posterior ccelom.
. Vertical section across disc about halfway between centre and margin in a
specimen in middle stage of metamorphosis. The section passes across the
madreporic interradius, and is to be compared with fig. 44 as regards
general orientation. The epigastric ccelom is now completely separated
from the axial celom. The latter is dividing into two horns (¢.ph.c.)
which are continued into the internal oral circular sinus. On the right
side of the sketch the ring-canal of the hydroccele is cut at its junction
with the stone-canal, and on the left side between pouches VIII
and IX.
Fig. 47. ‘Typical vertical section across disc in metamorphosis some time prior to the
formation of the mouth. The enteron has expanded very markedly, and
shows a flattened area on the oral side, in the middle of which the mouth
will afterwards be formed. ‘To the right the radial vessel of arm III
appears, while to the left there is the shorter radial vessel of arm VII.
Fig. 48. Vertical section across half of disc of a specimen four and a half months old.
Mouth and anus have been present for a considerable time. The anal
opening does not appear in the section, but some of the commencing
Kk 2
68
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA.
PLATE 1V. (cont.).
rectal ceca are cut through. The surface prominences are due chiefly to
spines, those which form the denticles being particularly large. The
epigastric and hypogastric mesenteries separate the epigastric and pharyn-
geal coeloms respectively from the hypogastric celom. A Tiedemann’s
body is closely attached to the ring-canal of the hydrocele. The other
parts of the hydroceele in section are the ampulle of the tube-feet.
TransQoold Ho Wl XX. PG LV
pie DEVELOPMENT OF SOLASTER ENDECA.
Grout sc. et imp.
PLATE V.
70 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA.
PLATE VY. Figs. 49-56.
(Diagrams illustrating the moulding of the various cavities at different stages as seen
from the larval left or oral (figs. 49-53) and from the larval right or aboral (figs. 54-56)
sides. Magnification about 18 times. Colouring as on PI. IV.)
Fig. 49. Diagram from left side of internal cavities in a larva about eight days old.
The three primary divisions of the archenteron are becoming separated,
the anterior being the largest. The posterior coelom is beginning to send
out dorsal and ventral horns.
Fig. 50. Diagram from left side of internal cavities in larva about eleven days old.
The dorsal and ventral horns of the posterior celom have extended con-
siderably, and the hydroccele groove or bottom of the left lateral diverti-
culum of the anterior celom now shows the outgrowth of the first five
radial pouches and partly conceals the enteron. ‘The larval arms have also
appeared.
Fig. 51. Diagram from left side of internal cavities in a larva about fifteen days old.
The horns of the posterior celom have grown round still further. Peri-
hemal diverticula (0.ph.c.) are coming off from the posterior coelom, while
that from the anterior ceelom has already become separated. The ring-
canal of the hydroceele is beginning to be nipped off from the left lateral
diverticulum. The preoral ccelom is still large.
Fig. 52, Diagram from oral (left larval) side of internal cavities in a specimen during
early fixation. The dorsal and ventral horns of the posterior ceelom have
grown round so far as to compress between them the structures of the axial
complex. The perihzmal] diverticula of the posterior ceelom are beginning
to be nipped off. The stalk of the preoral ccoelom is almost obliterated.
The hydroceele is represented as already forming a complete ring, and as
separated all round from the anterior celom, but this is slightly in
advance of the ordinary course of development. Fusion is taking place
between the enteron and the oral body-wall in preparation for the
formation of the mouth. Pouch I of the hydroceele is represented as
being cut away close to its origin.
Fig. 53. Diagram from oral side of internal cavities in a young Starfish towards
end of metamorphosis. The mouth-opening (mth.) has formed. The
pharyngeal celom (p.ph.c.) is not yet a complete circle, but it opens into
the hypogastric ccelom (pq.c.) in most of the interradii. The perihemal
pouches (0.ph.c.) are taking on their characteristic form. ‘The tip of the
(larval) dorsal horn of the posterior coelom is pushing in the wall of the
dorsal sac, where it lies against the axial sinus, thus helping to form the
genital pocket (y.7.). The internal oral circular sinus (¢.ph.c.) is still a wide
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH SOLASTER ENDECA. 71
PLATE V. (cont.).
space on the side turned towards the axial sinus, into which it freely opens.
For diagrammatic purposes one or two of the structures are shown as
slightly more advanced in development (e. 7., radial ceca of stomach, 7.d.)
and others less advanced (e.g., pharyngeal ceelom) than they should be
at this stage. (Xx 60.)
Fig. 54. Diagram of internal cavities in a stage similar to that of fig. 50, but viewed
from right side of larva. From this side the hydropore (m.), the dorsal
sac (d.s.), and the right lateral diverticulum of the anterior ccelom (r.l.c.)
are seen,
Fig. 55. Diagram from aboral (right larval) side of specimen a little younger than that
from which fig. 52 was taken. ‘The epigastric ccelom (right lateral diverti-
culum of anterior ccelom) (7./.c., ep.c.) is being separated from the axial
celom. For diagrammatic purposes the preoral lobe is represented as
standing out much straighter than it should be at this stage. It should
now be bent so far to the left as to be almost entirely concealed by
the disc.
Fig. 56. Diagram from aboral side of specimen well advanced in metamorphosis. ‘The
epigastric coelom is completely separated from the axial celom. As in
fig. 55, the remains of the preoral lobe are straightened out for diagrammatic
purposes.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SOLASTER ENDECA.
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CONTENTS.
I. The Development of the Starfish Solaster endeca Forbes. By Jamus F. GEwMiut,
MA., MD., DSc., F.ZS., Lecturer in Embryology, Glasgow University, and
in Zoology, Glasgow Provincial Training College. (Plates 1.-V.) . . page 1
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VOLUME VII. (1869-1872, contamimg 73 Plates). . , 10 4 O . : . 13812 0
VOLUME VIII. (1872-1874, containing 82 Plates). . ,, Oye Bde aarre siren Ort)
VOLUME IX. (1875-1877, containing 99 Plates). . , 12 16. . .16 2 0
VOLUME X. (1877-1879, containing 95 Plates). . ,, 10 0 38 . ..18 7 O
GENERAL INDEX, Vols. I. to X. (18383-1879) . ,, OO ges, OFLO
VOLUME XI. (1880-1885, containing 97 Plates). ,, DA Os Sel GO
VOLUME XII. (1886-1890, containing 65 Plates) . ‘3 5 8 0 7 4 0
VOLUME XIIT. (1891-1895, contaming 62 Plates). . ,, GN keHia lee ator ool IN (6)
VOLUME XV (1806-1808; contains 7 Plates), 2, Oe OG
VOLUME XV. (1898-1901, containing 52 Plates). . ,, DAO eGo urate ail AK)
* No copies of these volumes remain in stock.
Continued on page 3 of Wrapper.
aI
(as)
Lt
II. On the Sphingidee of Peru. By the Rev. A. Mites Moss, W.A4., 7.Z.8., FES.
With a Preface by Karu Jorpan, Ph.D.
(Received April 13th, 1911; Read May 23rd, 1911.)
[Puates VI-XYV.]
Contents.
Page
PPE GTA CO erage eile ih erm hey hrcrac es A Ye ete cla ahs ces mesial sea ere 73
Nel troduction neey| sys Sele staat ince e re eiare me oelece s 79
JDUL, IDES OR NMONS OE NG SGIES.0ceocvseacdccvccoxcegooconce 83
VEE eGarlilard exeevatt cers ee. icine > eS yy RUN rc oucony an Bed 4g a f 111
VietixplanationkofibhesPlatesiemeebe pi nies tic 115
I.— PREFACE.
By Kart Jorpay, Ph.D.
THE great difficulties which a traveller encounters when trying to rear insects,
together with the little encouragement which the professional collector receives from
the average amateur on whose financial support he depends, and the insufficient
knowledge of the majority of resident collectors in the tropics, are the chief reasons
for the scantiness of our knowledge of the early stages of tropical Lepidoptera. While
large consignments of butterflies and moths come regularly to Kurope from many
countries where Kuropeans have settled, one rarely meets with a resident collector
who is willing to devote also time to the preservation of the early stages.
The Sphingidee, of which about 850 different species are known, are for the greater
part confined to the tropics, and for that reason we are sufficiently acquainted with
the life-history and habits of only a comparatively small number. When writing a
‘Revision’ of the family with the Hon. L. W. Rothschild, I was much hampered by
these lacune in knowledge, and it gave me, therefore, much pleasure when the Rey. A.
Miles Moss stated in a letter from Callao that he was interested in the early stages
of Lepidoptera, especially Sphingidw, and would do his best to rear and figure as
many species as possible of those which he might encounter in Peru. However, as
experience has taught me not to be too sanguine, I expected but moderate results, and
was agreeably surprised when Mr. Moss, on his return from Peru, showed the fruits of
his labours.
Mr. Moss had two important points in his favour, which are rarely met with in the
same person: love of the subject and great skill with the brush. ‘The result of this
happy combination was bound to surpass our expectations, and I may state, without
VOL. XX.—PAR” li. No. 1.—April, 1912. L
74 REY. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
exaggeration, that the contribution towards our knowledge of the Sphingide contained
in the following pages is one of the most important ever published on the Hawk-Moths
of any tropical country. The drawings have the great advantage of being taken from
life and representing the specimens in natural attitudes. The notes on the habits
of the insects which Mr. Moss has added to the descriptions are likewise of great
interest, and, I hope, will encourage others to follow Mr. Moss in studying the live
insects and in recording their observations, of which we are much in need.
However, if I venture to give expression to that hope, I must add a note of
advice. One of the most salient points which is brought out by pen and brush in the
record of Mr. Moss’s observations is the difference which obtains between the earlier
and the later stages of a larva, differences which are due to the later stages either
having lost primitive characters found in the younger larva, or having acquired new
adaptations not present in the earlier instars. The characteristic horn of the Sphingid
larva, for instance, is in many instances very long in the first stages and becomes
reduced or even entirely atrophied as the larva approaches the pupal stage, while the
peculiar eye-markings are generally best developed in the later instars. As the adap-
tations may recur in species which belong to a different branch of the family, they are,
as a rule, of little assistance in the study of the relationship of the species. On the
other hand, the larva as it leaves the egg usually presents characters in the head,
bristles, horn, and the structure of the skin which afford valuable evidence as to the
affinities of the insect. ‘These first stages, therefore, are of particular interest, and
should be so figured that all the detail can be gathered from the drawings.
As regards the pup, the artist, as a rule, pays too little attention to the points
which distinguish closely allied species or genera. ‘The sheaths in which the mouth-
parts, antenne, and legs are encased in the chrysalis furnish frequently good distin-
guishing characters, while the structure of the abdomen, and especially the cremaster,
are often remarkably different in the pupe, which are much alike in facies. The
proboscis-sheath of Protoparce and allied genera, of which Mr. Moss figures several
species, is a case in point. ‘The pupe of all the species of this relationship have
a projecting proboscis-sheath (a nose) which is, so far as I know, never exactly alike
in any two species, the length, curvature, or structure varying more or less from
species to species.
The Sphingide are a striking illustration of the richness of the fauna of Peru. We
know from that country already nearly 120 species—an enormous number, if we
consider that there are only 25 species in the whole of Europe.
SPHINGIDA OF PERU.
=I
Or
II.—INTRODUCTION.
In the early part of 1907 I paid my first visit to South America, and on May Ist
found myself in the port of Callao, seven miles from the Peruvian capital, with
which it is connected by road, rail, and a fast electric tram service. Here I lived for
three years, having agreed to serve as chaplain to the Anglo-American community
in Lima.
Though the so-called rainless coast did not seem to offer much prospect to an
entomologist, I was pleasantly surprised to find Lima by no means the poor centre of
operations that I had anticipated. Limited as it is in the nature and extent of its
vegetation, I am inclined to believe that few, if any, other positions on the Peruvian
seaboard possess a more varied and interesting fauna than the ievel tract which is
more or less artificially irrigated by the river Rimac.
This and the river Chillon, ten miles to the north, together with their network of
ditches and acequias, are practically responsible for the entire vegetation of a very
considerable stretch of land between the Andes and the sea. ‘The hills immediately
behind are grey and barren for the most part, but the city and its suburbs of Miraflores,
Barranco, and Chorrillos rise in the midst of fruit hwertas. Vineyards, oliveyards,
fields of emerald-green alfalfa, yuca, camote, potato, maize, sugar-cane, and cotton
cover the plain to the base of the hills and to the limit of vision on every hand. ‘The
fields are variously defined by adove walls or by water acequias banked with tall reeds,
ferns, tangled creepers, and wild nasturtium, broken at intervals by a row of slender
willows and several wild solanaceous shrubs. Avenues of dark evergreen ficus-trees
mark the confines of habitation, and the buildings are relieved by palm-trees, plazas,
and flower-gardens. Beyond the fertilized region, however, which is strictly limited,
all is arid and death-like, for there succeed great wastes of desert sand and choking
dust, unrelieved often for miles by a single blade of green to break the monotony of
grey and ochre. Such, at any rate, may be regarded as a brief general description of
that part of the Peruvian seaboard in which I lived, and where I enjoyed the fullest
opportunity for entomological research.
But Lima was a good centre also, in that it offered unique facilities for an extended
survey of two other collecting-grounds which present the most marked contrasts of
form and feature, and are as diverse from one another as each is from the coast region.
I refer, in the first place, to that marvel of engineering skill, the Oroya Railroad, which
works its way up the Rimac Valley to the river’s source at an altitude of no less than
15,660 feet, and commands not only scenery of the utmost grandeur and variety, but
gives access to an ever-changing strata of plant and insect life as the different elevations
of the Andes are reached. Though a number of small moths and some ten or a dozen
butterflies are associated with the reduced vegetation of the great upland pampa of
Junin and the grass-clothed hills of limestone around at a general elevation of from
Tg
76 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
13,000 to 15,000 feet, the more prolific portion is naturally that characterised by an
abundance of aromatic shrubs, wild flowers, and cacti. Here between 5,000 and 12,000
feet on the western slopes, and from 12,000 down to 5,600 feet on the eastern side,
many other characteristically mountain species are met with. This, then, while being
a purely arbitrary distinction, and grouping together many dissimilar forms of life, may
broadly be regarded as a single entomological or botanical area.
It will be noted that this district is separated, the east from the west, by some 40 miles
of barren highlands, which include the two main Cordilleras and the highest peaks of
the Andes—a separate region, and one full worthy of an entomological treatise, but
not the true habitat of any Sphingide; and my ground for regarding it as one is the
reappearance, amongst other forms that are new, of at least many species of plants and
insects that are identical or closely allied to forms which occur at a corresponding
elevation on the opposite sides of the main Cordilleras.
My third field of entomological research, undoubtedly one of the very finest in the
world, was the Interior proper, which is reached in a two days’ ride from Oroya by
horse or mule, and is entered upon at Huacapistana at 5,600 feet. For a league or
more previously the transition from district to district grows in evidence as the path
descends to lower levels, and bushes and trees, which are new to the eye, increase in
number and variety at every turn of the road. The increased thickness of the foliage
of many of these flowering shrubs and the large-sized leaves of the trees are very
noticeable features. Beyond THuacapistana Hotel, however, the climate becomes
distinctly milder and warmer, all the conditions of life are entirely different, and the
scenery rapidly assumes the full magnificence of a luxuriant tropical vegetation.
With regard to the Interior and its wealth of Lepidoptera, nothing short of twelve
months of steady, uninterrupted work at some fixed headquarters would suffice to deal
at all adequately with even such regions as those of Chanchamayo and Perené, and an
occasional holiday was all that was possible in connection with my official duties
at Lima.
These, then, in brief outline, were the three districts in which my entomological
observations were made, and to which the present work is restricted.
From the moment of landing on the continent at Colon, and even before, it became
apparent to me that the Sphingide occupied a position in South America scarcely
inferior to its great and gorgeous butterflies; and while making a general collection I
determined at the outset to specialise to some extent with the Sphingide and
Saturniidee. Larvee-searching has ever a great attractiveness about it, and not less is
this the case in a new land amongst new vegetation, where little is known and any-
thing may be expected to turn up. The search was maintained with diligence and
regularity throughout my entire sojourn abroad, and resulted in the working out of
not a few life-histories and the careful figuring in water-colours of many larve and
pupe, together with some of their characteristic food-plants. Fvery green nook was
SPHINGIDA OF PERU. 0G
explored and every kind of plant and tree scrutinized, the most unlikely sometimes
proving to be the pabulum of some strange and wonderful creature whose form I had
never before witnessed even in print.
The nine plates here published have been selected from a much larger number that
were made, and in the re-grouping of the figures I have had the invaluable and kind
assistance of Dr. Jordan, of Tring. Both to bim and to the Hon. Walter Rothschild
I would take this opportunity of tendering my sincere thanks for the presentation
copies of their recent ‘ Revision of the Sphingide of the World,’ undoubtedly the most
comprehensive and most truly scientific treatise on the subject that has yet appeared,
and one upon which all future investigations must be based; and also must I thank
these two gentlemen for the time and interest they displayed on my return from Peru
in helping me to identify my specimens by the aid of the Tring Collection, the most
extensive and the most complete one in existence. Dr. Jordan has been good
enough to add notes as to the general distribution of the species with which I am
here dealing, and for the convenience of reference, and to avoid confusion in any sub-
sequent contributions on the earlier stages of Sphingide which may appear, the order,
numbering and nomenclature of the ‘ Revision’ have been adopted.
It was thought well by the Publication Committee of the Zoological Society of
London, to whom I am indebted for the honour of recognition and of this publication,
to limit the work to one branch of the subject. I accordingly chose the Sphingide, and
the figures included represent only those species whose identity has been established
beyond question—in almost every case by the rearing of perfect imagines from ova or
young larve. During my occasional travels in the Interior I was, of course, frequently
doomed to disappointment by being obliged to leave before all my larve were full-
fed, or because my carefully packed but delicate pupe were bad travellers and
succumbed to the jog-trot of a long mule ride, leaving my mind as empty as my
curiosity was great concerning their after-development had they lived. Too often,
moreover, was it my experience for pupe to emerge on the journey, which, despite all
possible precautions, were generally quite ruined. ‘To unpack pup was often to
reveal an unlovely thing, devoid of scales and beyond the pale of recognition, fluttering
its crippled pinions amidst a cloud of fluff. As to their larve, I have their pictures,
but in the privacy of my portfolios must they at present remain, and wait for the day
when their identity, too, shall be established. I have reason to believe that they
include, amongst others, Hwryglottis aper or dognini, Oryba kadeni, Pholus satellitia or
cissi, and Xylophanes chiron.
The mere retrospective glance at some of these unnamed monsters and beauties (for
there were both) carries the mind back to their exact haunts and the strange leaves
which by turns they were simulating and assimilating, and one longs to go back and
hunt them up again. I may some day be enabled to do so, but if the perusal of these
illustrated descriptions of a few species shall prompt others to go out and continue the
78 REY. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
line of research, I shall feel rewarded for my efforts, and shall be glad to do all in my
power to co-operate.
And be it noted, on the authority of Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan in their ‘ Revision
of the Sphingide,’ that the earlier stages of the great majority of even common
tropical species are as yet entirely unknown.
While the moths of most species figure in the few great representative collections of
the world, it was my good fortune to come across the second or third specimens
known of several species which inhabit the Interior, e.g., Protoparce leucospila and
Xylophanes ockendeni, and also at Lima to discover a new species of Protoparce allied
to seata, but entirely distinct from it.
Peru is a country characterised by sharp contrasts and a combination of opposites,
while its varying climatic conditions in different parts, and its diverse fauna and flora,
must ever present peculiar interests to the student of nature. Where, for example, in
the whole range of travel, by taking a single hour's railway run of 26 miles, can you
with certainty on any day in the dull, damp winter, which prevails in Lima from May
till November, exchange your lot for a summer sun and cloudless blue sky? Continue
your journey for another 73 miles, and in six hours you ate shivering in the barren
highlands of perpetual snow at an elevation of 15,660 feet, and this at 12° south of
the Equator. Owing to the necessary turns and twists of the line, the train journey
from Callao to Oroya is over 138 miles, but Oroya is in reality no more than 95 miles
from the sea, while the Galera tunnel through Mount Meiggs and the main cordillera
is only 73. Similarly, the distance between Oroya and the headquarters of the
Peruvian Corporation’s Coffee Estates, known as the Perené Camp, is only 57 miles, but
the winding of the road brings it to little short of 80.
In making this journey, the exit from a tunnel on the road below Palca marks the
changed panorama, which is one of the most striking that can be conceived. The
ravine leading to Chanchamayo here for the first time bursts into full view, and once
again in the brief space of an hour the cold, draughty, arid uplands are left behind,
and their eternal sadness exchanged for one of nature’s most joyous aspects, with trees
of many sorts and sizes clothing the qguebrada (or ravine) and cresting every hill-top.
It is difficult in description to give an adequate idea of this great and remarkable
change.
We have reached a new country, the real Peru of the naturalist’s dream, and,
though I do not want to reflect upon their want of enterprise, I may venture the
assertion that few of Lima’s citizens have ever set eyes upon it. In this connection
one recalls the somewhat vain adage: “ Afuera de Lima no hay Peru,’—a harmless
conceit perhaps, but one distinctly open to question; and though it would be
unreasonable to expect all people to share the same tastes, it does seem a pity when
nature’s finest features do not engage that universal appreciation which they merit,
SPHINGID OF PERU. 79
Here the scenery becomes truly grand and impressive, and the Chanchamayo road, a
mere ledge of 10 or 12 feet, cut along the side of an immense precipice and alter-
nating from the concave to the convex round rocky projections, threads its way for
many miles on a steady down-grade. ‘The chill of the heights is now exchanged for
tropical warmth and a balmy scented atmosphere. ‘The butterflies’ wings are at once
more brilliantly coloured, a large species of the Caligo genus puts in an appearance
just short of Huacapistana Hotel (recognised as the gate of the Interior proper), and
if by the time you reach Pan de Azucar (Sugar-loaf Mountain) you have not had your
balance disturbed by the dazzling spectacle of Morpho didius, as large as your hat and
as blue as heaven, you will indeed be out of luck.
Though strongly tempted here to expatiate upon the wonders and beauties of this
supremely lovely country, I must desist, and for further descriptions refer any reader
who is interested to two small works, illustrated by numerous photo-engravings, which
I brought out in Lima *.
Peru is so far away from our northern island home, that, apart from its commercial
aspects and its business connections, it is little visited by those best qualified to deal
with its great natural features. In vain did I look for illustrated guides, or for hand-
books on its botany and entomology, which even in brief and popular outline would
have served to introduce one to some of its local treasures. And thus it is that I was
emboldened to take to journalism and write on my own account.
The want of books of reference, though keenly felt, and the absence of local savants
to afford enlightenment, acted, however, as incentives urging one to use one’s own
eyes and wits, and to develop one’s powers of observation. As for the illustrations,
I can only claim that every care was taken to render them life-like in attitude and true
to form, size, and colour, without exaggeration. I am aware that in such a matter
I have the advantage of my critics, and that I am tacitly assuming a trust which may
not in all cases be readily granted, but until colour-photography reaches that stage
of perfection when it can be taken in hand with fair success by any enterprising
amateur, I can see no other way than that adopted of exhibiting in Europe a kind of
creature which passes a very transitory existence in far-off Peru, and which, in a very
considerable number of instances, not only rivals its imaginal form in delicacy of
design and colour, but is in the fullest degree as curious and rare and beautiful as the
prized orchid which constitutes so marked a feature of its floral environment.
A glance at the shaded portion of the map (Pl. VI.) will show my full area of research.
To secure perfect accuracy in such a matter would be almost impossible and would serve
no particular purpose in the end. The map is, nevertheless, true to the main features
given in two sections of Raimondi’s Ordnance Survey, and for the shading, which
* <4 Souvenir of the Oroya Railroad,’ 2s. 6d. net, and ‘A Lrip into the Interior of Peru,’ 5s. net. Published
by C. F. Southwell, Lima, and to be obtained of Jumes Cornish g Sons, Lord Street, Liverpool.
80 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
readily affords to the eye a sense of proportion between distances and elevations, a
general accuracy is claimed. In all three districts I made an extensive collection of
Butterflies and Moths, and accumulated notes and figures relating to many different
families. ‘The larve of the Sphingide and Saturniide, however, were my speciality,
and they were certainly among the most prominent and handsome features in the whole
range of the study, and both orders in the Interior were exceptionally well represented
in variety of species. Though such large and powerful creatures in many instances, I
found them particularly delicate, and a distressingly large number proved to be the
victims of parasitic attack. I naturally had far greater leisure in regard to the coast
species, and could always afford my entertaining family a reposeful existence and fresh
food under normal conditions. Out of the nineteen Sphingids which I discovered on
the west coast, eighteen were more or less frequently taken in Lima itself at light or
otherwise, and only one, Huryglottis davidianus, was entirely localised on the western
slopes of the Andes at from 7000 to 8000 feet. In the immediate vicinity of Lima,
moreover, the larve of twelve of this number were constantly taken, while one or two
eluded my most diligent search. It was not until quite the close of my time when it
became apparent to me that neither Pholus labruscw nor Pseudosphinx tetrio were true
coast species, but that in every instance they had flown over the Andes from the region
of their food-plants in the Interior. Several other species, too, which were intercepted
in their flight by the strong electric arc lamps of Lima, and even of Cerro de Pasco
and other mining centres in the higher Andes, were undoubtedly more or less
subject to the same migratory tendencies from the Interior. The record, however,
is a somewhat remarkable one in comparison with the Sphingide of the British
Islands, and especially in view of the restricted character of the Peruvian coast
vegetation.
In regard to times of appearance, much needs elucidation by prolonged and careful
investigation of the habits of each species. Speaking generally, there is nothing
corresponding to the regularity observable in British Lepidoptera.
The seasonal changes are roughly but two, a dry and a wet season, and though the
heavy tropical rains of the Interior and stormy downpours of the Andes are unknown
on the coast, the climatic conditions of the latter are in point of time exactly the
converse of the two former. In the Interior it is hot and wet from November till the
end of April. During the same period the Andes are subjected to heavy rains and
thunder-storms, while the coast region enjoys bright and moderately hot summer
weather. About the middle of May the so-called winter season begins at Lima, and
till November a low-lying canopy of grey cloud enshrouds the region with but few
intermittent bright days, while a cold drizzling mist sweeps in from the sea as an
accompaniment of the Humboldt current from the south, the thermometer varying but
little from 60°F, Simultaneously the rains of the hill-country cease, a scorching sun
quickly brings the wild flowers to perfection and as quickly reduces them once more
SPHINGIDZ OF PERU. 81
to the dead level of brown and withered stalks. The Interior at this time is bright
and only less hot than in the wet season, and in normal years is refreshed by periodic
and welcome showers.
In my expeditions thither my endeavour was to test the country as far as possible at
different times of the year, and of the six which I made, that of August 1909, at the
end of an almost unprecedented period of drought for nearly four months, proved by
far the least remunerative. My list of dates shows that the months of November,
December, and January in the wet season are practically the only ones of which I had
no experience, and from what I have heard I gather that this is perhaps the best season
of the year from an entomologist’s point of view. If one happens to be settled in
some headquarters beforehand, this is all well and good; but with the heavy rains,
derrumbes or land-slides on road and railway, paths knee-deep in mud and slippery
clay, and possibly a bridge or two washed away altogether, the four days’ journey from
Lima to the Perené camp is often a sheer impossibility. From my last two expedi-
tions in 1910 it became evident that March and April were par excellence the months
for larvee, and though I got much in May, there were very evident signs that I was
too late for many species. Quite the majority found were so nearly full-fed that it
was as much as I could do to keep up with the work of figuring them before they
changed. ‘he captures of the day had generally to be pencilled in by lamp-light and
coloured next morning.
For Lima and the west coast the seasonal changes are best shown by an examination
of the following table, which is constructed on the fairly complete records of my three
years’ observations and the average taken. In the matter of abundance of specimens
the Sphingidie may be regarded as largely representative of other families of Lepidoptera.
It will be seen that the figures show a strange lack of sequence in increase and
diminution, making it hard to generalise, and still more difficult to state with reference
to any individual species how many broods it may have in the course of the year.
Its appearance as a moth or a caterpillar in so many months seems often to suggest
a continuous succession of broods. This is partly due no doubt to incomplete observa-
tion, but at least it becomes clear that from July to December is the poorest time for
larvee, and from July to February for imagines; and also that March is undoubtedly
the best month in the year for Sphingide in both the larval and imaginal condition.
It is a noteworthy fact that there is not one single month in the twelve when at least
a few species cannot be obtained in the one stage or the other.
yOL, XX,—PArT 11, No, 2.—Apri/, 1912, M
‘TIMES
REV.
AND CONDITIONS OF APPEARANCE OF 17
showing the Average for three year ine 1, 1907, to June 30, 1910, inclusive.
A. MILES MOSS ON THE
West Coast SPHINGIDA,
Degree of abundance
ae un! PSS OL | gree of abund
Month. Climatic and Seismic conditions in Lima.) 7 vay, of Species. Imagines. Tee
Very hot. |
Heavy rain in hills, hence more; _ { 3 common. | 3 common.
JANUARY. water in agricultural lowlands. | ? | 2 scarce, { 5 scarce.
| Temblores (earth-tremors) 4 in| ;
3 years.
Hot.
Occasional showers. 8 common
DSH Heavy rains in hills. : a 10 tte scarce.
Temblores ay. 1 a year.
Hot. 10.4 iaeavser o> (ial wbechl| esesecccinanee
Marca. | Heavy rain in hills. ISDS AI 13} 5 ne a ie ;
Teh ee 17 Sphingidse taken | ue ob
e eilane : ; | 2 scarce
as larvee or imagines. | L 2
| | 2 OES BE ee
Moderately warm. |
| River diminishes. r | are
8
APpRIn. | Temblores av. 2°33. im 4 ch Buren 11 3 Sea
| April 12, 1909, an exceptionally ena
strong temblor.
= x | jeeeles eeab cee roe USERS TE
Fresh and bright at commence- m vacorTnont | 4, {9 common
May ment only. 8 one a
. 1 searce. | 3 scarce
Temblores 2 in 4 years. |
a sd ae
: Muggy. S | as (2) oes ihe
UNE erator 9 an vk con. 7 common. | 13 iminishing.
Y | 4 scarce.
Gloomy and much fine rain, es- (as 3
JULY pecially at night. 5 scarce. 10 { 2 commen:
| Temblores 4 in 3 years. eee
Gloomy, wet, and cold. 2 | 2 common. wi (Be common.
U : t j
ANTES Temblores 4 in 3 years. ; | L scarce. il c 4 searce.
Gas Gloomy, wet, and cold. > | 1 common. 4 | 7 De common.
* | Temblores 1 in 3 years. ~ | 1 scarce. el 5 scarce.
= = —— - - | ——
Still dull. 1 2) A
OcroBeEr. Weather improves about Oct. 15. 2 f 1 Sauee = 12 f 8 Midian
Temblores 2 in 3 years. (1 enue | | We iscance:
le |
= es = ae pected ate =| —— Le
Bright and warm. 1 | Rp
NovEMBER. Heavy rain in hills. 3 { 5) Mra tyn 9 (3 eee
Temblores 2 in 3 years. ae auee: | 3 scarce.
2. ay ses a Jas wt Mi inv aie les 5 yi | ISA vi ese Udi tS
Very hot. aioe 4 4 common, and
Dasara Heavy rain in hills. 7 J 4 common. 10 inereasin
Palen : | 3 scarce g- |
Temblores 1 in 3 years, rieeitae 6 scarce.
SPHINGID O# PERU. 83
From the first I made a regular habit of jotting down diary notes in regard to times
of appearance, food-plants, etc., and the information thus acquired is incorporated in
the “ Detail Index” (pp. 111-114). I can only express the hope that these notes and
observations, confessedly incomplete, but faithfully recorded, will be found useful in
providing scope for the imagination and in stimulating further research upon a workable
basis. I have largely refrained from suggesting inferences and deductions apart from
such as are well grounded, and any omission of dates, food-plants, and localities, or the
entire overlooking of a species here and there, implies no negation of their occurrence,
but merely that they were unnoted by me during my limited sojourn in Peru.
III.—DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES.
N.B.—The number of the species, and the page on which it is most fully described
in the imaginal state, refer to the ‘ Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingide,’
by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Ph.D., F.Z.S., and Karl Jordan, M.A.L., Ph.D., issued
in 1903.
ACHERONTIINA.
4. HERSE cineunaTa. (Plates VIII. f-4; XV. e¢.)
R. & J. p. 10.
General Distribution —America, except extreme south and far north; a tropical
and subtropical insect, rarer in temperate regions, occurring as a straggler as far north
as Canada; Galapagos and Sandwich Islands.
Though the larva was only occasionally met with on various species of Convolvulacee,
both on the seaboard and also in the Interior, the moth was often extremely common
at electric arc lamps in Lima and at various mining centres in the higher Andes,
the fact indicating that it is a species with a prolonged and enduring flight and of a
migratory tendency.
The full-grown larva snaps audibly when disturbed. Like its congener convoluuli
in Europe its habits are secretive, but I never knew it to leave its food-plant until
immediately prior to pupation. Its frass is very large and ill-defined as regards the
customary hexagonal formation. Puparium a subterranean cavity.
Ova.—Singly on under side of leaves of Convolvulacee.
Larva.—First and second instars (no figure). Plain green, long and thin, with seven
oblique stripes clearly indicated in lighter colour. Caudal horn moderate in length,
straight, and slightly erect.
Third instar. ‘Two distinct patterns.
Fig. f, resembling Sphina ocellata, pale bluish green. Oblique stripes white,
M 2
84 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
darker green above. Spiracles and legs ochreous. Horn perfectly straight, blue,
freckled and sharply tipped with yellow.
Fig. g, green and brown, the colour and markings anticipating those of the final stage
as shown in fig. 7. ‘The caudal horn, though brown in this particular variety, is at
this stage always straight and never curved as in its later development.
Fourth and fifth instars. Three designs noted. Fig. 7, green with seven oblique
yellow-white stripes, the seventh being the longest and most pronounced and terminating
behind the horn. Spiracles ochre and very clearly defined in a patch of dark sepia,
which in varying breadth and intensity borders the stripes above and connects dorsally
in two broad and waved longitudinal bands, lighter behind the head and culminating
in the caudal horn, which is now always dark, rather smooth, stout, strongly curved, and
sharp-pointed. Ventral area, legs, and all claspers of the same coloration. Head in
all cases at this stage light brown, heavily marked on the face by four dark lines as
in fig. h. Skin velvety and smooth,
Fig. h, dark sepia, ochreous dorsally on the leg-segments and behind the horn. Skin-
folds above claspers and the region of the last five oblique stripes irregularly marked
by dull green. Spiracles very prominent in cadmium-yellow. Anal flap and skin-
folds above irregular in shape, lighter in tone, and edged lightly against a dark line.
Fig. #, warm olive-brown, with the seven light oblique stripes clearly indicated and
darker above. Horn dark with a central touch of ochre posteriorly. Spiracles bright
cadmium in a dark sepia patch as in fig. h. Dorsal area marked by a couple of pale
longitudinal bands, commencing darkly on segments 2, 3, and 4*. There is an
interrupted medio-dorsal stripe of rich vinous brown, and the seventh oblique stripe,
which is almost white, is strongly surmounted by the same colour.
Pura (Pl. XV. fig. ¢)—Yellow-brown and glazed. Proboscis-sheath, as in convolvuli,
with double turn. Its development upon the final moult of the larva is particularly
interesting : é. g., proboscis at first bilobed and stumpy, all parts capable of independent
movement; thorax, legs, anteun, etc., shrink and swell alternately before settling,
the natural coagulating varnish welding each organ in its place when fully distended.
34 a. CocyTiUs ANTAUS MEDOR. (Plates VII. a-d; XV. a.)
R. & J. p. 59.
General rstribution—F lorida to South Brazil.
Commoner on the coast and lower Andes than in the Interior, probably on account
of its preference for a certain species of Anona, from which is obtained the well-known
““ chirimoya” or custard-apple, an abundant fruit in all the hwertas of the coast region.
The larva strips the entire extremity of the outermost branches, and is often observed
* N.B.—Larve are described throughout as possessing 13 segments—1 being the head; 2, 3, and 4 the
Laat)
leg-segments; 7, 8, 9, 10, and 18 possessing claspers; and 12 the caudal horn, tail, or hump.
SPHINGIDAH OF PERU. 85
high up in the tree. Frass of normal hexagonal form until final instar, when it is
peculiar and deceptive, invariably breaking up into twenty-one small fragments at the
moment of extrusion *. The enormous pupa is sometimes discovered in a large earth-
cavity near the tree-roots. Moth sometimes at rest on tree-trunks, often attracted
to the electric arc lamps in the middle of Lima.
Ova.—Singly on upper or under side of leaves of Anona cherimolia. Large, spherical,
opalescent green, with blood-red streak prior to emergence.
Larva.—First instar (fig.a). Plain green, darker dorsally, no stripes. Caudal horn
about two-thirds of entire length, glossy, black, and rough, with a white ring about
the centre and culminating in two points with bristles,
The young larva is then very lively, and can at will, and generally when walking,
erect its tail vertically. Its early history reveals striking features which it shares in
common with the infant Pholus fasciatus, features entirely lost after the first moult.
At this period the head is large, round, and slightly bifid on the crown.
Second and third instars (fig. b). A curious object, wonderfully well protected as it
clings elevated and motionless to the midrib on the under side of a large leaf. The
anterior portion tapers off to the head in an almost exaggerated fashion, and using the
fourth and anal claspers only, which are strongly developed, for their function of
clinging, it rests with the first nine segments elevated from, though almost parallel
with, the leaf, and resembles a geometer. From being round and bifid the head is
now almost triangular, the apex pointing forward when the larva is at rest, in con-
tinuation of the line of the back ?. ‘Ihe caudal horn is now normal in size, rough, stiff
and straight, and is held in the same line with the body. The colour, including head
and horn, is plain white-green, seven rib-like oblique stripes marking the sides in darker
ereen and an eighth in pure white leading up to the base of the horn. A medio-
dorsal stripe of dull green commences on the back of the head and fades away as the
horn is approached. Almost the entire surface is thinly coated with fine, short, white
hair, an exceptional feature with Sphingid larve.
Fourth and final instars (fig. ¢). The skin becomes much wrinkled vertically, and
a short stubbly reddish hair becomes a very noticeable feature. ‘The head, though
still triangular and slightly notched on the crown, is much rounder at the sides. ‘The
horn is now exceptionally thick and rough, blunt at the tip, and only slightly curved ;
in colour it is white-pink and highly glazed like porcelain. ‘The general ground-
colour varies between a heavy white-green or yellow-green. From head to tail runs a
distinct mauve or violet medio-dorsal stripe, broad in the middle, tapering to the
= Fig. d represents one-third of a single pellet.
+ By an error on the part of the gentleman who kindly corrected the proof of Pl. VII. in my absence, a
rounded head and legs have been added to fig. ); the unusual tapering shape of the anterior segments,
showing ouly the back of an extremely pointed head, being mistaken for an unfinished drawing. The true
veutral line may still be traced.
86 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
extremities, and prominently edged with white on either side. Six indistinct oblique
stripes of paler green than the ground-colour, but darker above, adorn the sides.
That which formerly marked segment 4 no longer appears, but the seventh, which starts
below the spiracle on segment 10 and leads up to the base of the horn, is now an
elongated broad band of cream-white and exceptionally prominent. The spiracles
are orange and brown, the pair on segment 2 being lighter in colour. Legs pink and
white. Claspers adorned with a mauve patch and brown fringe. Anal flap and
claspers bright apple-green and covered with tiny brown tubercles.
Pupra.—Bright warm mahogany-brown and glossy. The back darker, with many
small projections both on thorax and abdominal segments, making it extremely rough
to the touch. Free proboscis-sheath large, much curved, and heavily ridged with
transverse bars. Anal spike or cremaster very stout and pointed.
37 d. PROTOPARCE SEXTA PAPHUS. (Plates VII. h-k; XV. d.)
R. & J. p. 69.
General Distribution.—Costa Rica to Argentina.
Common on the seaboard and lower Andes both in the larval and imaginal con-
ditions. Not obtained from the Interior. Moth often taken at light.
Though allied to the next species, the adult larva differs from it in certain very
essential particulars, notably the absence of yellow stripes on its head and the character
of the caudal horn, not to mention the black dots above the seven oblique stripes.
prior to pupation
?
In regard to its “snapping” propensity, its “ sweating’
(cf. P. rustica), the comparatively small size of its frass, and its great susceptibility
to the attack of dipterous parasites, it is like P. mossé.
Puparium, a large subterranean cavity.
Ova.—Singly on leaves of potato, tomato, nicotiana, etc.
Larva.—First and second instars (unfigured). Probably very similar to P. mossi.
Third instar (fig. h). Ground-colour plain blue-green, with seven oblique white
stripes leading in direction of caudal horn, which is now fairly long, only slightly
curved, darker in colour, and inclining to yellow. Oblique stripes darker above, with
traces of pure blue on the edges. Legs, spiracles, and border of anal flap raw sienna.
Head plain, but warmer green.
Fourth instar (fig. 7). Ground-colour blue-emerald or full clear green. Skin
velvety and smooth. Head large and round, plain blue-green without markings.
Legs cream-white with black rings. Ventral area and claspers dull green. Anal flap
clearly edged with yellow. Spiracles maroon with dark centres. Caudal horn com-
pletely changed in form and colour—now very short, thin, smooth, sharply curved
and pointed, and in colour pink, inclining to maroon at the tip. Oblique stripes
cream-white in the region of the spiracles, edged above with viridian and blue, and an
SPHINGID® OF PERU. 87
interrupted line of six or seven black dots on each segment marking the transverse
wrinkles and giving the larva a somewhat soiled appearance.
Fifth instar (fig. k). No essential difference. Colour warmer green, especially on
head and leg-segments. Horn disproportionately small and distinctly curved. Oblique
stripes less white. Spiracles ringed with ochre. Black dots generally more pro-
nounced and extended in fine broken transverse lines across the back.
Pura (Pi. XV. fig. d).—Mahogany-brown, inclining to yellow when contrasted with
P. mossi. Surface glazed. Free proboscis-sheath long, well-curved, ridged, but of
rather slender construction. Cremaster stout, with two minute points.
PRoToPaRce Mossi * Jord. (Plates VII. e-7; XV. c.)
K. Jordan, Abstract P. Z. 8. 1911, p. 34 (May 30).
General Distribution—Peru. As yet known only in the neighbourhood of Lima,
from the coast to 7000 feet, Western Andes (A. MW. AL).
¢ 2. In facies near P. seata Joh. (1763), especially the Chihan P. seata cestri
Blanch. (1854), but readily distinguished by the palpi being purer black along the
eyes, by the much thinner antenne, the purer white under side of the abdomen, the
much more pointed wings, whose white fringe-spots are as large as, or larger than, the
black spots which separate them ; further by the absence of a blackish-brown cloud from
the disc of the fore wing and of a blackish shadowy submarginal band from the hind
wing, by the very diffuse bands on the under side of the hind wing and by the genitalia.
On the upper side the head, thorax, centre of abdomen, and fore wing purer smoke-
grey than in P. seata. Second segment of palpus less broad than in that species. Tegula
without black line, but often with an olivaceous-yellow one instead. The yellow
abdominal spots smaller than in P. sexta, their black edges correspondingly wider ;
the white apical dorsal spots of the abdominal segments quite diffuse, forming a
transverse bar on the central segments and being vestigial on the others.
The lines of the fore wing less oblique than in P. sexta, the costal half of the discal
ones more proximal in position, and all the lines accompanied bya more or less distinct
olivaceous-yellow tinge ; interspace between third and fourth discal line paler grey ;
submarginal line represented by small black angles which are proximally edged with
grey; no sericeous patches and no blackish cloud on disc ; oblique apical line vestigial ;
the greyish-white fringe-spots about as large as the black ones; the white stigma is
large. The bands of the hind wing purer black than in P. seata, the three central
ones united at the second median vein, the black basal patch somewhat larger than in
P. seata, the postdiscal black band more sharply defined and its outline more even,
the marginal area between this band and the fringe without a trace of a further band ;
* {The complete account of this new species appears here, but the name aud a diagnosis were published in
the ‘ Abstract,’ No, 97, 1911,—Eprror. |
88 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
black fringe-spots more sharply defined, and the apex of the wing (as is also the case
in the fore wing) much more pointed than in P. sevta.
Underside smoky grey with a yellowish-olive tinge; no blackish suffusion on disc ;
hind wing greyish white from cell to abdominal margin; the lines diffuse on both
wings, two on each, non-dentate, more or less distinctly shaded with olivaceous yellow.
Genitalia: ¢. The anal tergite elongate-sole-shaped in dorsal aspect, the under side
mesial, strongly elevate, cariniform, the tergite being triangular in transverse section ;
apex curved downwards, pointed, not sinuate. Anal sternite longer than in P. seata,
with the apex rounded and the sides but slightly dilated. Harpe of claspers more of
the shape of the harpe of P. pellenia H.-S. (1854), hannibal Cr. (1779), dalica Kirby
(1877), etc. The broad lobe of the harpe reaches to near the large subdorsal fold
of the clasper; its distal edge is strongly rounded and densely dentate, while the
proximal edge is incurved and bears a few larger teeth. Tooth of penis-sheath
terminal, pointed, and directed laterad as in the allied species.— 2. Vaginal plate
elevate, but its surface deeply impressed and divided by a longitudinal and some
irregular transverse ridges into several grooves; the posterior edge of the sclerite
rounded truncate, the anterior edge much narrower and truncate-sinuate.
‘Type in Tring Museum. (IX. Jorpan.)
An entirely new but fairly common species near Lima, and taken in the Rimac Valley
as high as 7000 feet, but never in the Interior. A tendency to be local was observed,
acres of its food-plant sometimes yielding no larve after diligent search. Moth often
attracted to light. The larva, like P. sexta and P. rustica, can snap audibly in the
final instar, and also laves its entire body with a sticky substance prior to pupation.
It is extremely subject to the attack of a dipterous parasite, more than half the number
of larve found invariably succumbing. The maggots to the number of fifty or sixty
from one larva would emerge in the puparium and form a honeycomb-like set of
cocoons in the soil. Though sometimes pierced by the fly on the dorsal duct, some
four or five “stings” were usually situated in the immediate vicinity of each spiracle.
Puparium a large subterranean cavity.
Ova.—Singly on under side of leaves of Cestrum hediundinum *.
Larva.— First instar (no figure). Plain green, long, with round head and long black
flexible horn slightly upturned at the apex.
* Extract from Molina’s ‘ History of Chile,’ published 1809, well describing the Peruvian bush known as
Cestrum hediundinum :—
“The expressed juice of the palqui (Cestrum nocturnum) is considered as the best known remedy for
inflammatory fevers; it is bitter and of an unpleasant taste, but very cool and refreshing. ‘The leaves of this
shrub were formerly considered by the husbandmen as poisonous to cattle, but modern experiments have
proved the unfoundedness of this opinion. In its appearance and smell the palqui resembles the elder, but
the leaves are single, alternate and oblong; the flowers are corymbic, yellow, and like those of the Jessamin,
and the berries oval and of a purple colour,”
SPHINGIDA OF PERU. 89
Second instar (fig. e). ‘The horn becomes green, only the base remaining black, and
is more proportionate to the length of the body. A’ medio-dorsal stripe of darker
green appears, and the seven customary oblique stripes directed towards the tail are
discernible in lighter colour.
Third instar (unfigured). Though often obtained at this stage, no special differences
were noted. Had |, while in Lima, gauged the particular interest attaching to my
discovery, I should naturally have completed the illustrations and added fuller notes.
Fourth instar (fig. f). Ground-colour warm yellow-green, darker on ventral area
and claspers. Head green, faced with two yellow lines. Anal flap similarly outlined
with yellow. Leg-segments warmer in tone and adorned with many small light
yellow tubercles. Legs flesh-coloured. Spiracles maroon ringed with ochre, but
inconspicuous. Caudal horn long and stout, remaining so to the end of the larval
period—an essential point of difference between this and the preceding species. It is
slightly curved, bent down at the tip, and covered with fine red-brown tubercles. The
oblique stripes are now yellow, inclining to white as they reach the dorsal area,
and the seventh leading to the horn is, as usual, the most white and prominent.
These are adorned above with traces of orange and violet, but never with black dots.
Fifth instar (fig. g). No essential difference. Ground-colour either more ochreous
or more blue than in previous instar. Generally well protected by its resemblance to
the leaf. The small yellow tubercles on the leg-segments have almost, if not entirely,
disappeared. Oblique stripes whiter, the seventh still the most pronounced, and each
pair is continued dorsally, closing in upon the medio-dorsal duct to form a series of
V-shaped marks, and giving the back in some specimens a very light appearance.
The paired light facial streaks are retained to the end, but are generally less yellow,
and the horn is still adorned with rough brown points.
Pura (Pl. XV. fig. c).—Bright red-brown and glazed, with two minute points to the
broad anal spike. Free proboscis-sheath long, well curved, slightly ridged, but of
slender construction, and altogether very similar to the preceding species.
42 c. PROTOPARCE DIFFISSA TROPICALIS. (Plate VIII. d.)
R. & J. p. 77.
General Distribution.—Tropical South America from Minas Geraés to Colombia :
not in the Central and Pacific parts of the Andes, except Ecuador and Colombia.
A species confined to the Interior, not studied, and only figured in the final instar of
the larva. In this stage it most resembles P. sexta paphus, but is plainer. Horn
small, smooth, pink, and curved. Claspers and anal flap bordered with yellow.
Spiracles very dark. Legs cream and black. Seven oblique white stripes edged
with black dots above.
The larva is much subject to the attack of hymenopterous parasites, and was
VOL, XX.—PART If, No, 3,—Apri/, 1912, N
90 REY. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
frequently taken on a species of wild Micotiana with the small putty-coloured cocoons
of the parasite standing out erect all over its body.
The pupa is practically identical with the two foregoing species, and was not
figured.
47. Protoparce scurata. (Plate VIII. e.)
R.& J. p. 80.
General Distribution.—Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru.
A species confined to the Interior, and only figured in the final instar of the larva.
The moth was bred from a few larve found on Datura cornigera, locally known as
““floripondia.” ‘The seven cream-white oblique stripes mark the division between
the ventral area which is blue-green, and the dorsal which is apple-green. The leg-
segments are of the same hue, and are sprinkled over with small yellow tubercles.
A few white dots are similarly scattered about the abdominal segments. Head blue-
green. Legs ochre and black. Claspers fringed with ochre. Anal flap yellow-
bordered. Horn warm green, covered with minute red points. Spiracles black in
light rings. The pupa was unfigured, but in all outward respects was very similar to
the foregoing species.
53a. PROTOPARCE RUSTICA RUSTICA. (Plates VIII. a-c; XV. 0.)
R. & J. p. 84.
General Distribution.— Tropical and temperate America and the larger West Indian
Islands ; common.
One of the commonest species of the seaboard in the larval condition, but never
obtained from the Interior. Moth less commonly seen though often attracted to light.
The larva is frequently found feeding on a border shrub known as Bignonia
jasminifolia in the main gardens and plazas of Lima. Adult larva snaps loudly when
first disturbed. Prior to pupation and before leaving the plant the larva becomes a
dirty pink colour and laves its entire body with a sticky and frothy substance emitted
by the mouth. Frass of clear hexagonal formation, large and black, but strikingly
bigger and of a yellow-green colour when the larva has been feeding on the local ash,
Fraxinus viridis.
Puparium a large subterranean cavity.
Ova.—Singly on under side of leaves of Bignonia, Duranta, Verbena, Ash, etc. Large,
opalescent green, and slightly oval.
Larva.— First and second instars (unfigured). Clear yellow-green with seven yellow
oblique stripes. Very long and thin, with long straight horn only slightly elevated.
Third instar (fig. a). Sometimes yellow-green, more commonly grey-green inclining
to white. Oblique stripes, now white, finely edged with pink above, and the horn.
which is still long, rather rough and slightly bent down at the tip, is also nearly white,
SPHINGIDA OF PERU. 91
Head and leg-segments adorned with a couple of yellow-white lines or linear arrange-
ment of whitish tubercles. Tiny white spots mark the vertical ridges or folds of each
segment, giving the caterpillar a rough appearance. Spiracles mere black dots. Legs
pink and white.
Fourth and fifth instars (figs. 6 & c). Dull green, inclining to blue on the back,
darker on the ventral area and claspers. Head and leg-segments relatively warmer in
tone, the latter still adorned with the yellow-white tubercles, which, however, are less
prominent in proportion to its increased size. ‘The seven oblique stripes, on the other
hand, are more pronounced, and consist of broad white bands bordered above with
pink or lavender, the two colours softening off dorsally in grey-green and light blue
and forming a series of V-shaped marks. Dorsal area often very white, the alimentary
duct being visible as a dull grey-green line. ‘The whole surface is more or less
sprinkled with inconspicuous white dots. Head plain green, lighter on the cheeks.
Horn rough, rather curved, and in colour greenish white or pale pink, darkest at the
tip. Legs cream-white with dark maroon rings. Spiracles small and dark, ringed
with ochre. Anal flap dull, but light edged.
A remarkable purple-maroon variety of the full-grown larva was once obtained, in
which all the colours were relatively deepened. It was given me bya friend as “ a new
species,’ but the moth on emergence proved its identity. ‘Though still very dark
when I saw it, the larva had lost its brilliant coloration and was too near pupation to
be figured.
Pupa (Pl. XV. fig. 6).—Dark red-brown, smooth, and glazed. Free proboscis
sheath boldly curved and well ringed transversely. Cremaster broad and pointed.
71. Kuryetortis pavipranus. (Plates VII. -2; XV. f.)
R. & J. p. 99.
General Distribution.—Loja, Ecuador; Matucana, Peru (A. MW. JL).
Apparently a very local and restricted species, never seen either on the seaboard or
in the Interior, and only obtained sparingly in the larval condition at an elevation of
from 6000 to 8000 feet on the western slopes of the Andes. Larve brought down to
Lima died for want of proper pabulum, and possibly also through the changed
atmospheric conditions. Frass of normal size and hexagonal form.
Puparium a subterranean cavity.
Ova.—Singly on under side of leaves of two wild mountain-shrubs, locally known as
negritillo and huarunguia, the latter being a species of Bignonia, with heavy bunches
of yellow flowers, and producing long dry seed-pods in maturity.
Larva.—l"rst and second instars unknown.
Third tnstar (fig. 1). Ground-colour apple-green, lemon-yellow dorsally. Head
very dark, faced with two distinct yellow lines. The usual seven oblique stripes are
N 2
92 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
white, especially the seventh, faintly edged above with violet and strong green fading
into yellow. Caudal horn very long, rough, and curved down at the tip. Anal flap
and claspers heavily spotted with dark sienna-coloured tubercles, a very distinguishing
feature retained throughout the later stages of development.
Fourth instar (fig. m). Blue-green as in final stage, or yellow-green as figured.
Oblique stripes in the latter instance entirely yellow and surmounted by a broad patch
of red, reminding one of a common variety of the British Smerinthus populi. Horn
still very prominent, curved, rough, ochreous, and red on the upper surface. Spiracles
black. Anal flap and claspers lemon-yellow with red-brown tubercles. Legs of
same colour.
Fifth instar (fig. 1). Ground-colour blue-green, much wrinkled vertically. Leg-
segments, anal flap, and claspers decidedly warmer in tone. This form was invariably
found amongst the pungent, evil-scented leaves of the “negritillo,” the dark foliage
affording an excellent protection. ‘The yellow-green form may be repeated in this
instar, as being better adapted to the other food-plant, but I never found it thus.
With the bluish ground-colour, at any rate, the seven oblique stripes are once more
white, bordered above with the merest suggestion of a pink line in places and heavily
relieved by parallel bands of dull green. Above these the colour inclines to apple-
green, and the leg-segments bear small yellow tubercles dorsally. Head emerald-
green, with the two distinct yellow face-lines maintained. Legs brown-pink. Spiracles
black, ringed with ochre. Caudal horn emerald-green and rough, but slender in
comparison with previous instar, gracefully curved and pointed. Anal flap and
claspers bright apple-green and heavily adorned with prominent tubercles of lighter
tone.
Pura (Pl. XV. fig. f).—Dark red-brown, compact and glazed. Free proboscis-
sheath in form of a loop, thick and ridged transversely, but short in comparison with
Protoparce, and not prominently curved. Cremaster moderate, with two small points.
SESIINA.
283. PSeUDOSPHINX TETRIO, (Plates VIII. 0; XV. 7.)
R. & J. p. 353.
General Distribution.—Tropical and subtropical America: Florida, West Indies,
southward to Paraguay and Southern Brazil. Very common.
In reality a species of great abundance in the Interior, though of spasmodic
appearance on the seaboard, the moths of both sexes turning up in some number,
often in perfect condition, and after irregular intervals of complete absence, at the
electric are lamps of both Lima and the mining centres of the higher Andes. It only
became apparent towards the close of my stay that this species, like Pholus labrusce,
is not a native of the coast, but a migrant from the hot vegetated region east of the
SPHINGIDZ OF PERU. 93
Andes, where alone its food-plant, a wild rubber of the hills, grows. The larve,
unlike most Sphingide, scorn the principle of protective resemblance, adopt bright
warning colours, and feed gregariously in considerable number, often completely
stripping a bush or the upper portion of a tree. Retarded specimens were not
infrequently found hanging dead from the leaves when the remainder of the batch had
disappeared. ‘These were generally in the fourth instar, and had apparently, either
from parasitic stings or bites, failed in the penultimate moult. The frass for so large
a creature is only of moderate size and of the regular hexagonal formation. Prior to
pupation the larve roam far and wide, and are most striking and formidable objects
when encountered crossing a path. ‘The puparium is made in the soil near the surface,
and a few silken threads are spun over the roof. The moth sometimes emerges
within three weeks.
Ova.—Plain, oval, pearly green, and moderately large. Probably deposited singly on
the leaves of “ cawcho de monte,’ but in considerable number on the same plant,
rather than in the clustered form adopted by most gregarious species. ‘The opened
abdomen of migrant specimens often disclosed both mature and immature ova, but
the female moth, though fed on honey, could never be induced to lay in captivity.
Larva.—Karly stages un-noted in Peru *.
First instar. Grey, ringed vertically with yellow. Head ochreous, ‘Tail like a
long, thin, flexible black hair, held erect or curved over the body. Very lively.
Second instar. A miniature of adult. Head and plates redder. ‘Tail now scarcely
more than half the length of body. Pair of spike-like tubercles on anal flap a
prominent feature.
Third and fourth instars. “Emtire coloration subdued in contrast with final stage.
Tubercles on anal flap still tall and sharp. ‘Thin black tail still capable of free
movement, and often bent in a semicircle over the body. In penultimate moult this
is about an inch and a quarter in length.
Final instar. Enormously long and slightly tapering towards the extremities,
though both head and anal portion are strongly developed. ‘The segments of the body,
save for their special adornment, are all dead black. Segments 5 and 4 are marked
with the letters LL, the angles pointing towards the mouth. Segments 5 to 11
inclusive possess broad, irregularly shaped belts in the anterior half of each segment,
the latter four being finely cut by a thin medio-dorsal line, and those on 5, 6,
and 7 more or less invaded by the suggestion of a medio-dorsal stripe. Below
* The early stages of this species were subsequently studied in Brazil, larve of all sizes being frequently
met with during July and August 1911, feeding on the Frangipanni. This tree in the gardens of Para and
Maniios, locally known as jasmin, is often completely stripped of its long pointed leaves by this caterpillar,
while the milky sap which exudes in abundance smears the trunk and branches. When basking on the
denuded branches in the hot sun these larvee are excessively lively, constantly twitching in a nervous or
irritated manner. In Lima this same tree, variously known as suche or caracucho, is not uncommon, but
never could I trace the larvee of P. tetrio to this source locally.
94 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
the dorsal plate on segment 12 occurs a smaller mark, resembling the bent leg of
some animal, the angle pointing towards the anal aperture. All these strange-
shaped marks are of a bright lemon-yellow, dotted irregularly with a few fine grey
touches. ‘The head is large and round, and in colour deep carmine. ‘The dorsal
plate on segment 2, a similar plate on segment 12, forming the basal area of
the tail, the anal flap and claspers are all of an intense orange-vermilion, more or less
heavily spotted with minute black tubercles. A small additional plate of lighter hue
is situated above the anal flap, and is also sprinkled with black dots. Legs and
claspers of a more subdued red and ringed with black. ‘The tail representing the
caudal horn, which is now only about half an inch in length, is altogether peculiar in
formation, being hardly more than a stout bristle bent abruptly backwards. Spiracles
black and consequently inconspicuous upon the prevailing black ground-colour.
Pups (Pl. XV. fig. 7).—Rich mahogany-brown, very glossy and extremely active.
As already anticipated from the comparatively short proboscis of this large moth, there
is no free proboscis-sheath. ‘The pupa is long and very gracefully curved, the last
abdominal segment terminating in a stout, sharp spike. The wing-cases are adorned
with black lines indicating the nervures, the dorsal area touched with black, and the
abdominal segments transversely crossed by interrupted black lines.
285. IsoaNaruus swatnsont. (Plate VIII. /-n.)
R. & J. p. 355.
General INstribution.—Surinam, southward to South Brazil; Peru.
Doubtless a common species in the Interior, but apparently not of a migratory
tendency, and limited in its range to the region of its food-plant, a wild Ficus,
locally known as “caucho de monte.” Asa larva in all its stages it is one of the
most remarkable I have ever set eyes upon, and, though I several times found it, I
only once bred the moth from a pupa found spun up on a rock *. During my limited
experience of the species there was but little essential change in its several instars.
When young, the head, plate on segment 2, anal flap, and all the claspers were
of strong ochre, and the white ground-colour inclined to faimt emerald-green, In
the later instars these colours vanished and a general creamy white prevailed. In all
stages the larva is zebra-like, the interstices being strongly banded with velvety black.
The anal flap carries a couple of black tubercle points, and the caudal horn is
represented throughout its entire larval period by the most extraordinary long black
tail, gracefully curved, flexible, and delicate, which is waved to and fro with a vivacity
* T have since been successful in rearing a closely allied species of Isognathus in Para, figuring both the
larva and its ornate yellow and black pupa. This, as is probably the case with the pupie of the entire genus,
bears a strong resemblance to Hriinyis in colour, form, and activity. A further peculiarity, characteristic of
both genera, is to be noted in the cocoon of stout silk intermingled with scraps, three specimens being
found spun up thus on a stump of wood several feet above the ground.
SPHINGIDZ OF PERU. 95
which finds a parallel in the habits of our British Cerwra vinula. It readily falls to
the ground when disturbed. The larva was often found dead on the plant, hanging
limp, as the result of the sting of dipterous or hymenopterous parasites.
292. ERINNYIS ALOPE. (Plate IX. g, h.)
R. & J. p. 362.
General Distributton.—Tropical and subtropical America: West Indies, Bahamas,
Florida, southward to Southern Brazil and Northern Argentina.
A common species in the Interior, where the moth is frequently attracted to the oil-
lamps of coffee haciendas. ‘I'wice only, however, did I secure the larve in the fourth
and final instars, feeding on the leaves of the paw-paw fruit tree, or papaya. I am
accordingly able to add but little by way of description of the life-history and habits
to the two illustrations given. Like its congener /. ello, the caudal horn is retained
in the fourth instar, long, straight, and sharply pointed, and in the final stage this is
replaced by a moderately stout, rounded, nipple-like projection. ‘The contrast of colour
effected by the last moult from a very pale washed-out green to a rich dark sepia-brown
is a most marked feature in some specimens *. ‘There are many points of general
resemblance to E. ello in the larval stage, and the pupa is almost identical, each
portion being prettily delineated by orange on a black ground, and the entire surface
smooth and highly glazed.
A cranny amongst rocks or stones, or a slight depression on the surface of the soil,
roofed over with silk, forms the puparium.
294. ERINNYIS ELLO. (Plates IX. af; XV. ¢, w.)
R. & J. p. 365.
General Distribution.—Tropical and subtropical America. A wanderer as far north
as Canada. Perhaps the commonest Sphingid of tropical America.
An extremely common species throughout the seaboard, Andes, and Interior, and
found in all stages. Specimens taken at Cerro de Pasco and at other extreme
elevations show that it is capable of long and enduring flights. ‘The moth is found
every month in the year, and often swarms round the arc lamps of Lima, where, in
common with other Sphingids that have been attracted by this strange and irresistible
charm, they will remain at rest in the same place for days together.
The habits of the larve are less obtrusive, but general searching shows that they
may be taken almost every month, and that they frequent many different species of
Euphorbiacee. ‘The frass, which is black and of clearly defined hexagonal formation,
is distinctly small for the size of the caterpillar, and the length scarcely exceeds
the breadth.
* Subsequently noted again in Pars,
96 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
The puparium consists of a moderately stout web on the surface of the soil, and is
generally formed among leaves and rubbish.
The pupa, like all Sesiine with which I am acquainted, is exceedingly lively.
Ova (fig. @).—Singly on the under or upper sides of the leaves of many different
species of Kuphorbiacee.
Larva.—First instar (fig. a). Light ochre with medio-dorsal stripe of brown
culminating in a short black tail. Head dark ochre.
Second instar (fig. f). Plain green with a couple of lighter stripes enclosing the
dorsal area. Head dull green. ‘Tail black, tipped with ochre.
Third instar (fig. a). Lighter or darker green, with dorsal area more clearly
defined by light- and dark-edged lines. Caudal horn long, straight, sharp-pointed,
green in colour, and pink at the base. The segmental divisions are marked by
light skin-folds. A swelling of black and pink coloration is now observable on the
back of segment 4.
Fourth instar (fig. a). Light green, with an almost straight and rather slender
caudal horn. The two dorsal stripes are now light yellow, edged with narrow lines
of darker green above. Head plain and round. Spiracles small and light. Legs,
claspers, and horn ochreous green. ‘The dorsal swelling on segment 4 is now more
pronounced.
Final instar (figs. b, ¢, d, e). Variable, green or grey-brown. The horn at this
stage is replaced by a very short, rounded, nipple-like point, and the head is somewhat
flattened and delicately pencilled with black, the cheeks being lighter. The medio-
dorsal line of the leg-segments is continued down the centre of the face, and in the
brown variety is sometimes represented by a series of dark Prussian-blue spots along
the back of the abdominal segments.
Fig. 6. Dull black-green, dorsal stripes and spiracles pronounced in light and dark
colour ; head white-green and shining ; leg-segments yellow-green, highly adorned with
pink and white, and the skin-folds of segment 4 tending to conceal a broad transverse
disc of velvety black, surmounted by ochre and bisected with white Legs light pink,
ringed with black. Ventral area and claspers very dull green.
Fig. e. At full growth well protected by resemblance to stem of tree-spurge.
Plain biue emerald-green. Stripes enclosing dorsal area from mouth to tail yellow-
green with fine black line above. Process on segment 4 less pronounced, the black
disc being faintly approached and followed by pink. Legs ringed with pink instead
of black, and the nipple-like point ochreous. ‘The entire surface faintly freckled with
grey touches in linear arrangement.
Fig. d. Blue-grey inclining to pink, and much freckled with tiny dark blue lines.
Anal portion purple-grey. The head and leg-segments correspond in marking to fig. d,
but ochre and warm brown in different proportions are substituted for the white and
green, and the crimson is only suggested by a warmer tone. All the colours are
SPHINGIDA OF PERU. 97
stronger within the dorsal area and lighter at the sides. Legs flesh-coloured and
ringed with black. Claspers light grey, heavily ringed with Prussian-blue.
Fig. c. The pair of stripes which usually enclose the dorsal area are absent,
and only suggested by the change of ground-colour, which in this case is particu-
larly interesting, as the transition from the grey-brown of the back to the light
median area of the sides further suggests a series of light oblique stripes pointing
headwards. Ventral area and claspers pale grey, the latter ringed with dark grey.
The universal freckling is more pronounced than in fig. d, but the medio-dorsal spots
as well as the stripes are absent, and there is less suggestion of any of the brighter
colours.
Pura (Pl. XV. figs. ¢, w).—Black, highly glazed, very graceful in form and
attractive in coloration. Abdominal segments with broad and narrow orange-mahogany
transverse bands and dots. Wings, legs, and antenne-cases similarly picked out
in colour, more rarely plain black without ornamentation. The colour is fully
retained by the shell after emergence. Cremaster a moderately stout spike.
302. Pacuytia ricus. (Plates X. a-g; XV. g.)
R. & J. p. 873.
General Distribution.— Florida, Texas, West Indies, southward to Buenos Aires.
A common species.
Reported to have been very common at Lima in 1901, and even since, the avenues
of Ficus trees on the outskirts and in the suburban retreats of Miraflores and
Barranco being rendered unsightly by the ravages of the larve. Now unaccountably
rare in the above districts, the most diligent and extended search at all times of the
year often producing not a trace. In 1909 fairly common at Chosica (Rimac Valley—
2800 feet), recorded as common at Chimbote (coast—lat. 9°), and certainly of
frequent occurrence in the Interior. I once found the moth by day, a male clinging
to a Micus-trunk, but never took it at light. Frass very large, black, and of distinct
tripartite and hexagonal form—a ready clue to the whereabouts of the larva, the pellets
being sometimes obscured by the abundance of fallen /cus-seeds, but sufficiently
obvious in their resemblance to ripe blackberries on the dry and dusty roads.
In seeking for a suitable puparium, which consists of a considerable cocoon of silk
under dead leaves or amongst grass and stones near the tree-roots, but at no depth in
the soil, the larva, now a most conspicuous object, is often obliged to wander long
distances. It then too often encounters an unmerited death at the feet of thoughtless
persons, who insanely regard it as a duty of life, if not of religion, that they should
tread upon all creeping things. The pupa, though exceedingly, lively, nervously
twitching its segments up and down as well as from side to side shen disturbed, is
delicate and often dies before emergence.
Ova.—Singly on under side of leaves of Micus japonensis.
you. xx.—Part 11. No, 4— April, 1912. Xs)
98 REY. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
Larva.—Harly stages not observed. ‘The middle and final instars show no essential
differences, the ground-colour varying slightly in different specimens between light
blue-green and yellow-green. One very distinct mottled variety is described below.
The dorsal area, which is either the lightest or brightest portion, is enclosed by a couple
of broad but tapering yellow bands from mouth to tail. The caudal horn is merely
a short and hooked stump, light green in colour, and the medio-dorsal stripe is
represented by one or two spots of darker colour on each segment. Unlike the oblique
lateral stripes of Acherontiine, eight more or less ill-defined and rather narrow yellow
lines mark the sides, directed headwards. Immediately beneath these are situated the
spiracles, which are dark-ringed, but not very conspicuous. The legs are creamy-pink
and black-ringed, and all the claspers possess a distinct fringe of hair. Head large
and formidable, and together with plate and anal extremities of a light blue colour
inclining to violet.
A most remarkable change of colour takes place prior to pupation, as follows :—
(a) head (including pair of facial stripes which disappear entirely), plate on segment 2,
horn, anal flap, and hard plate on anal claspers all go black; (4) lower lateral and
ventral areas, including claspers, become leaden-blue; (c) dorsal area up to and
including lemon-yellow bands changes to an intense and brilliant cadmium-yellow,
more or less heavily marked on the wrinkles of each segment by transverse lines in
deep maroon, interrupted by, but continued beyond, the two dorsal bands and extended
in fainter tone and varying length to the lateral skin-folds. ‘These extremes of colour
fade away as pupation advances, and are much less pronounced when the larval skin is
moulted for the last time. A very strange variety was twice discovered which assumed
the orange coloration prior to pupation, but was darker and less blue at the sides.
Figs. c and g must be referred to, as the markings are too numerous, small, and
irregular to describe in detail, and all the colours are of a very delicate compound
character. An admixture of the greys, greens, and light reds often blended in tree-
trunk lichens may be regarded as a fair general description. Head and hard portions
much freckled with black, claspers heavily ringed with velvety black, dorsal bands
light emerald in place of yellow and less pronounced. ‘Ihe leg-segments, segment 9,
and a part of 8 and 10, are strangely clouded with a neutral tint, producing the effect
of a bruise and looking as though the caterpillar were commencing to mortify in
irregular patches. Whereas the green form is well protected among the thick ever-
green foliage of the Fieus, this grey variety is much less so; and though in a land
where rain-storms are unknown (7. ¢. the coast) the thick branches tend to accumulate
all sorts of filth, the trunks are generally light in colour, smooth like the beech and
are practically free from lichen-growth.
Pura (Pl. XV. fig. g).— Bright warm mahogany-brown and very glossy. Gracefully
curved on ventral area. In general form robust and rounded, the cremaster being
represented by only a very short blunt point.
SPHINGIDZ OF PERU. 99
303. PAcHYLIA sycus syces. (Plates X. h-h; XV. h.)
R. & J. p. 374.
General Distribution.—Continental America, from Mexico to Southern Brazil and
Bolivia.
A common species in the Interior, where its appearance as a caterpillar on the same
tree tends to confuse it with its congener P. ficus. ‘The range of distribution, however,
in the last named extends to the coast, whereas P. s. syces is only found east of the
Andes. At many times of year and on one particular tree of Ficus japonensis at the
Perené camp the larve of both species may be taken. ‘Their presence is clearly
indicated by the numerous pellets of blackberry-like frass which litter the ground ;
and though it is easy thus to trace the nightly wanderings of an individual, it is by
no means always easy to locate his exact whereabouts if situated high up in the tree
and amongst thick foliage. It is when wandering on the bare ground in search of a
suitable puparium—in position and formation identical with the preceding species—
that the larva is most often detected.
As with P. ficus, there is a great display of muscular force and agility in all stages,
but the pupa, which sometimes yields the imago in three weeks, is delicate and often
dies. The moth when disturbed in bright sunshine takes instantly to flight. It
is sometimes drawn to house-lamps, but the attraction seems less than in the case of
most Sphingide.
Ova.—Singly, and in similar positions to P. ficus.
Larva.—Early stages not observed.
Final instar. _Contrasted with P. ficus, and allowing for a margin of variation
between individuals of either species, three essential points of difference may be noted,
viz.: (a) the caudal horn, though very short, is longer, flatter, sharper, and less erect ;
(6) the fleshy lobes supporting the three pairs of legs are yellow instead of green ; and,
most marked of all, (c) just within a few hours of leaving the tree for pupation an
extraordinary change takes place, diametrically opposite to that noted in P. ficus, but
equally strange and unexpected. ‘The head instead of turning black retains the two
facial stripes in strong orange coloration. ‘The continuation of these stripes, which
are nearly white, enclosing the dorsal area can now be faintly discerned only where the
ground-colour remains green. ‘The first two-thirds of each segment, together with
the plate behind the head, the central part of the horn, the anal claspers and flap,
become dead black, giving the larva an entirely different appearance. ‘This is
heightened by the fact that while still hanging motionless among the leaves it
becomes much contracted in length and swollen in the middle. The black coloration
produces broad belts transversely across the back, obscuring portions of the two
dorsal bands, the upper ends of the eight oblique lateral stripes, and extending to
the region below the spiracles on either side, though not completely enclosing them.
The ventral area and claspers are still green, but somewhat discoloured with a brownish
02
100 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
infusion. Finally, the full-grown larva of syces is in most instances rather larger than
that of ficus, and its pupa a trifle longer, though otherwise very similar.
A pronouncedly distinct though very plain variety was once taken, fig. 7, in which
the dorsal area enclosed by two cream-coloured bands from the mouth to the tail was
pale madder, the sides being olive-brown and possessing only the very faintest indi-
cation of the oblique stripes. Prior to pupation the usual black bands were assumed
and the ventral area became rather more green.
Pura (Pl. XV. fig. h).—No essential differences noted from that of P. ficus.
PHILAMPELIN.
404. PHOLUS ANCHEMOLUS. (Plate XII. g—m.)
R. & J. p. 478.
General Distribution.—Neotropical region from Mexico to Argentina and Fastern
Brazil.
A moderately common species in the Interior, but never seen in the other districts.
‘The ova and larvee were several times found on two species of Ampelopsis, growing over
bushes at the roadside, and the moth was not infrequently drawn to light at the
haciendas. With my limited opportunities I was only once successful in getting the
larva to pupate, upon which it died and went putrid before I had time to produce
a figure.
The frass (fig. m), especially when lying on a wet road, seems enormous, and suggests
the presence of a rabbit rather than a caterpillar.
Ova (fig. g).—Blue-green, very large, and somewhat flattened. Laid singly or in
pairs on under side of leaves, and sometimes on tendrils of Ampelopsis.
Larva.—First instar (fig. h). Cream-white with ochreous head, faint medio-dorsal
black line, and long thin black tail held erect over the back.
Second instar (fig. j). Light pink to intense crimson, with violet medio-dorsal
stripe, still longer black tail, and a small dorsal black spot in front of its base. Head
orange-coloured and larger than the second segment.
Third instar not observed.
Hourth instar (fig. k). Plain blue-green, with head, ventral area, and claspers
slightly deeper in tone. The tail is now altogether disproportionate, being reduced to
the dimension of a thin black hair standing erect, while the black dorsal spot has
disappeared. The medio-dorsal stripe is replaced by the palpitations of the alimentary
duct, and three irregular and oblique bands, directed headwards, mark the sides of
segments 9, 10,and 11. These are light greenish yellow, outlined in brown, and enclose
the spiracles, ringed with the same colour. At this stage a corresponding small
yellow patch is situated in front of the spiracles on segment 6, but 7 and 8 have
SPHINGIDZ OF PERU. 101
no adornment. ‘The head, which is retractile, is seen in the extended position in
fig. £, just prior to the penultimate moult, and is small and rounded.
Final instar (fig. 1). Full green. Oblique bands on 9, 10, and 11 larger, pointed
at both ends and much pronounced; in colour lemon, inclining to emerald, and out-
lined with warm sienna. Segments 5 and 7 are now adorned with small, and 6 and 8
with larger, circular patches of the same colours, situated above and in front of
the spiracles. Spiracles raw sienna. Small brown dots arranged in four transverse
rows mark the back of each segment. Head and segments 2 and 3 completely with-
drawn when at rest, and there is now no tail at all.
Pura.—Somewhat similar to that of Pholus fasciatus.
418. PHoLUS viTIs viTIsS. (Plates XII. af; XV. m.)
R. & J. p. 491.
Gencral Distribution.—Neotropical Region, except Jamaica and Leeward Islands,
northward to New England.
A yery commen species in the larval condition among the vineyards of the seaboard.
Only occasionally noticed in the Interior, where there is but little grape-vine grown.
The moth, occasionally found by day at rest on stems and walls, was seldom attracted
to light. The disturbed larva disgorges a bubbling green fluid, possibly as a means of
defence; but, despite this, it sometimes, though more rarely, proves to be stung
by a dipterous parasite like its congener, P. fasciatus.
Frass hexagonal and light brown, but sufficiently variable on occasion in length,
thickness, and colour as seemingly to denote the presence of an entirely different
species. The pellets are very apparent on the light grey dust of the vine-courses,
and the pupa, which may be some yards away, is often unearthed from its neat
subterranean cavity when weeding the ground.
Ova.—Singly on leaves of grape-vines.
Larva.—irst instar (fig. a). Somewhat similar to P. fasciatus. Ochreous to pale
white-green, with thin black tail held in a curved posture over the back, and almost
equal to the entire length.
Second instar (fig. aa). Pale green, the dorsal area being enclosed by a couple of
white longitudinal bands. A small black spot is situated on the back of segment 12
in front of the tail, which is also black, curved over the back, terminated by a blunt
crimson lobe, and only proportionately shorter to the increased size of the caterpillar,
being now equal to rather more than half its entire length.
Third instar (fig. 6). The bright clear green of the fresh vine-leaf. In this stage
the form and design of the adult larva are assumed, except that segments 10 and 11
alone are adorned with unequal oblique white stripes directed headwards. ‘The pair
on 11, both now and in the remaining instars, are always the most prominent and most
102 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
heavily outlined with black, especially on the upper side. Numerous small irregular
black dots mark the first half of the larva, especially on the dorsal area of the now
considerably swollen leg-segments. The latter half is similarly sprinkled with white
dots. The alimentary duct is clearly visible as a translucent, dark green, medio-dorsal
line, extending from segment 5 to 12, and the former tail is now represented merely
by a flabby, limp appendage of bright viridian green, which with increasing growth
appears to become absorbed into nothing more than a rounded hump. ‘The anal flap
is light bordered, and the ventral area and claspers become a deeper green.
Fourth instar (fig. c). No essential differences from final stage.
Final instar (figs. d, e, f). Variable in tone, colour, and intensity of markings.
The former varies from the light ochreous green of the ripe muscatel, when all the
markings are ill-defined, or the grass-green of a fresh vine-leaf (the commonest form),
to an unnatural blackish green (once in captivity). It also varies from pink-brown to
deep maroon, or more rarely olive. Dorsal area often very light, ventral dull and
heavy. ‘The texture of the skin is extremely soft and velvety. Head with segments
2 and 3 retracted when at rest in a sphinx-like attitude, and when viewed sideways
completely hidden within segment 4, which is consequently much swollen. Five
oblique white stripes, rarely a sixth on segment 6, now adorn the sides of segments
11 to 7 inclusive; these are more or less outlined in black or brown, enclose faint
ochreous spiracles, and in regard to length, breadth, and general prominence are in
diminishing ratio towards the head. The head, legs, and claspers partake of the
general ground-colour of the individual specimen, the dorsal duct and scattered black
and white dots remain as in the previous instar, and a reduced rounded hump on
segment 12 marks the position of the usual tail or caudal horn.
Pura (Pl. XV. fig. m).—Warm red-brown and moderately glazed. Elegant in form,
and possessed of a very long, sharp, strongly curved cremaster.
419. Puouus rasciatus. (Plates XI. a1; XV. 1.)
R. & J. p. 494.
General Distribution.—Neotropical Region, extending southward to Patagonia, and
northward into the Nearctic Region, occasionally wandering to New England.
A fairly common species in the larval condition on the seaboard, but never obtained
from the Interior. ‘The moth, like P. v. vitis, appears to be little attracted to light, and
was only once taken at rest on a street lamp in Lima. The larva often strips a whole
plant of Jussiewa angustifolia, associated with marshy ground, ditches, and acequias,
and eats the more tender parts of the stems as well as the leaves. It 1s rather subject
to the attacks of a dipterous parasite, probably identical with that which affects the
genus Protoparce.
Frass very big, long, and black, the regular hexagonal formation being somewhat
SPHINGID® OF PERU. 103
obscured by its soft and humid character. The pupa, which is formed ina large
subterranean cavity, is extremely delicate and often dies unaccountably, drying up
or becoming soft and putrid.
Ova.—Singly on under side of leaves of Jussieua angustifolia.
Larva.— rst instar (no figure). Greenish white with long flexible tail of same
colour springing from a base of cadmium-yellow. In twenty-four hours this tail,
exceeding the entire length of the young caterpillar, becomes black and glossy, and is
seen to terminate strangely in a heavy bilobed fashion, the lens revealing a further
addition of two short black bristles. This tail is waved freely by the larva, bent to
and fro over its body and often also sideways. The body also supports a few scattered
short bristles, which are longest and most pronounced on the anal flap. At this stage
the ochre-coloured head is altogether disproportionate, being by far the largest
segment.
Second instar (figs. a,b). ead normal in size. 'Tail much reduced and less active ;
it is slightly curved forwards, held erect, and shares the crimson colour of the medio-
dorsal stripe, which at this stage appears constant. ‘Two ground-colours now prevail,
viz.: (a) the light yellow-green of the young leaf, with many dull red touches aiding
its resemblance to the plant; and (4) the exact crimson of the stalk of its food-plant,
with eight oblique light stripes directed headwards, and outlined above with black.
Third instar (fig. c). Generally the most intense crimson, with eight oblique stripes
in paler colour, edged above with black (very slight touches on segment 5), and
continued faintly on the dorsal area of each anterior segment. The tail is now
replaced by a pyramidal hump, the leg-segments are heavily sprinkled with minute
black dots, and the head with segments 2 and 3 are retractile, segment 4 being
somewhat swollen to receive them when at rest. The swelling in this species, however,
is much less noticeable than in P. v. vitis, and seldom, if ever, is the head completely
withdrawn.
Fourth instar (figs. d-h). Pyramidal hump reduced. Five forms noted. Fig. d:
ochreous green, oblique stripes pure ochre, with faint red adornment, head and plate
deep ochre, and leg-segments finely sprinkled with black dots. ‘This form resembles a
fading leaf and is rare. Fig. ¢: bold emerald-green, in which the medio-dorsal stripe
is faint blue-green, and only the point of the hump crimson. In this instance the
eight oblique stripes assume the form of short broad bands of colour clearly depicted
on the sides of each segment; they are creamy, supported beneath by crimson, and
outlined darkly above. Small black dots again mark the leg-segments and the first
half of segment 5. Fig. f: a two-coloured form in which the dorsal area is pale
emerald, deepening to the oblique stripes, which are here white, underlined by crimson.
Head and legs deep ochre. ‘Ihe entire remainder a dull pink. Fig. g: strong apple-
green with narrow oblique stripes, which are whitish, sublined by crimson, and
continued on the dorsal area of each anterior segment by a faint line of yellow. The
104 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
medio-dorsal line and ventral area a deeper green, and in this instance no black dots
were noticed on the leg-segments. Fig. h strangely different, being a rich combination
of gold and black, the interstices of the segments producing pale madder rings,
the oblique stripes only suggested in dirty white, but strongly continued on the dorsal
area of each segment. Medio-dorsal line broad and black, set in chrome-yellow. Sides
transversely crossed with numerous black lines on a yellow ground. Head red-brown,
with black facial lines. Ventral area dull yellow-green.
Final instar (figs. j-l). Three forms noted. Fig. J, plain apple-green, with only six
of the eight oblique stripes well delineated in dull white, and continued anteriorly in
faint yellow. Those on segments 5 and 12 are only suggested in faint yellow, and the
alimentary duct is supported on either side by a stripe of the same colour. The
spiracles are warm brown in light rings, and touch the lower side of the oblique stripes.
The anal flap is edged with dull yellow, and the head, legs, claspers, and ventral area
are of a deeper green.
Fig. 7. The bright saffron-yellow of the flower, with delicate yellow-green on ventral
area, and with numerous rust-coloured markings round black-ringed spiracles and on
the anal portion. ‘Che medio-dorsal line and skin-folds are similarly marked, and some
half-dozen rust-red and interrupted lines mark the back of each segment, culminating
in deeper tone, and uniting as they reach the upper side of the six oblique stripes
which are visible in whitish yellow on segments 6 to 11 inclusive. Head warm brown
with black facial lines.
Fig. & Ground-colour warm red, darkest on the alimentary duct, which is supported
on either side by an infusion of yellow, and below the oblique stripes surrounding the
spiracles, which are black-ringed in a light setting. The eight oblique stripes are
again visible in strong yellow, and are prominently continued in subdued white on
each anterior segment, that on segment 12 being much the least pronounced. The
head is similar to the last described. Delicate transverse lines in deep red mark the
back of each segment, the anal portion and skin-folds, and are too numerous to specify
in detail. The legs and claspers are deep red, and the ventral area is of a dirty yellow-
green. It is altogether a most handsome caterpillar, and is by far the most frequent
form found in the adult stage.
Pura (Pl. XV. fig. /).—Dark red-brown, darker and distinctly duller on surface than
P. v. vitis, being almost black except at the interstices of the segments. It is similar
in form, but rather larger, and the cremaster is a strong well-developed hook, which,
however, is not quite so long as that possessed by its congener of the vine.
422. PuHouus LaBrusc#. (Plates XIII. a-e; XV. kX.)
R.& J. p. 496.
General Distribution.—Neotropical Region from Patagonia northward to Canada,
SPHINGIDA OF PERU. 105
but only a visitor in the temperate and cold northern and southern districts. Apparently
everywhere in Central and South America.
So far as the seaboard is concerned, this species is very spasmodic in appearance,
the moth in all cases but one in my experience being attracted to electric light, and
none were taken in 1908. Both sexes undoubtedly fly over the Andes from the
Interior, where alone the food-plant of the larva, a species of Ampelopsis, grows. It is
little short of marvellous how this delicate green moth can fly so far, and yet, in the
majority of cases, arrive in perfect condition. | saw a specimen intercepted in its
westward flight by tne lights of Cerro de Pasco at 14,000 feet, while another was taken
in perfect form on the shore-rocks of Ancon, twenty miles north of Lima, and far
remoyed from the limits of vegetation. The larvee found near La Merced were mostly
stung by Diptera and once by a bymenopterous parasite. Frass (fig. ¢) very long,
greenish black, hexagonal, but often twisted and misshapen. Puparium a sub-
terranean cavity. The pupa, like P. fasciatus, is delicate and often dies.
Ova.—On Ampelopsis, never observed on grape-vine, whether wild or cultivated.
The free use of the word “ vine” in foreign lands, as applied to all sorts of creepers, is
highly misleading.
Larva.—Ffirst instar. Unobserved.
Second instar. Unfigured, but, so far as 1 remember, similar in colour and markings
to the third stage, and with an erect tail twice as long in proportion to its size.
Third instar (figs. a, 6). Rich vinous-brown, much freckled with minute longi-
tudinal touches of deeper colour. Dorsal area darker and clearly defined in zigzag
pattern. ‘The customary oblique stripes are replaced by six broad lozenge-shaped
marks of bright emerald-green on the sides of segments 6 to 11 inclusive. These
stand out most brilliantly in their dark brown setting, and resemble small inverted
pears, the stalk portion being directed towards the anal aperture. he head is
dark, small, and round, and with the three leg-segments retractile, segment 5 being
enormously swollen to receive them when at rest (¢f. fig. a). ‘This is adorned with an
irregular dark ocellus in a light setting, situated on either side in continuation of the
six green lozenges, and giving it the most formidable snake-like appearance. ‘This
effect is enhanced by a highly specialised form of tail, which consists of a delicate pink
filament, similar to those known in Cerura vinula, but not sheathed and retractile as
with the Cerwra genus. More remarkable, however, and even unique, is the
extraordinary power of rapid agitated movement which this larva can display in its tail
when disturbed. Normally the tail stands erect, but curling and being easily bruised it
loses much of its electric agility. Immediately in front of this on segment 12, as the
termination of a thin black medio-dorsal line, is a small hard wart or hump.
Fourth instar (fig. c). The strange tail-like appendage is retained, though looking
less fresh in its pink colour, and in declining vigour tending to curl and become
obsolete. ‘The six green lozenges are also less brilliantly green, though still clearly
VOL. XX.—PakT 1. No. 9.— April, 1912. P
106 REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
defined. The warm vinous character of the previous instar is now replaced by dark
sepia and many lighter touches above the green marks, on the anus and leg-segments,
and the head is lighter.
Final instar (fig. d). Remarkably snake-like, either end appearing as the head of a
snake. Sides ochreous, back rich sepia-brown in a strongly dentated broad band,
culminating on segment 12, with an oval patch of light maroon, which contains an
oval black ring, a black spot, and a metallic plate or disc. ‘This latter replaces the now
absent pink filament, and is similarly capable of rapid palpitation, catching the light
and flashing like a serpent’s eye when molested. ‘The dark ocelli in strong ochre are
retained on segment 5 and the pear-shaped marks in outline on segments 6 to 11,
but the green colour has entirely vanished,
Pupa (Pl. XV. fig. 4)—Warm mahogany-brown, with stout rough cremaster and
prominent proboscis-sheath, porrected but not independent as in Protoparce.
CH@ROCAMPIN4.
655. XYLOPHANES TITANA. (Plate XIII. f.)
R. & J. p. 701.
General Distribution.—Neotropical Region ; Mexico to Peru and Eastern Brazil.
Moderately common in the Interior, where the moth would occasionally be drawn to
light, or the larva traced, by its immense black frass of obscured hexagonal formation
lying on the path, to some creeper in the roadside bank or supported by bushes and
trees overhead. ‘This plant, both by its appearance and also by the analogy of the
habits of X. tersa, is probably allied to Spermacoce (cf. fig. f).
Not being found on the coast, my opportunities for observing its life-history were
limited to the final instar of the larva and the pupa, which latter almost exactly repeated
the colour, markings, and form of X. tersa, next described. One out of two pupe in
May 1910 produced the perfect moth in little more than a fortnight of pupation.
The larva, though of a different subfamily from Pholus labrusce, is again remarkably
snake-like. ‘The head and leg-segments retractile, segment 5 much puffed out and
adorned with a couple of grey light-ringed ocelli on longitudinal light lines; these
terminate in the brown caudal horn, which is down-turned and extremely curved.
The dorsal area enclosed, especially in front, is orange-yellow marbled with rusty
red. Remainder purple-brown, with indication of seven oblique stripes directed
tailwards.
657. XYLOPHANES TERSA. (Plates XIV. n-¢; XV. 2, 0.)
R. & J. p. 708.
General Distribution—Canada to Argentina, including the West Indies; a common
species. Replaced in the Bahamas by X. swana Druce (1889).
SPHINGIDA OF PERU. 107
A moderately common species on the seaboard, but very often met with in the
Interior, the moths being readily drawn to light. From time to time the moth would
be taken in the immediate vicinity of arc lamps in Lima; and its attitude when at rest
is somewhat remarkable, the fore wings, though so narrow, completely covering the
other pair, and being held out of plane and at a wide angle from the body. As is
usual in all such cases, it tends to deceive the eye, resembling a piece of rag or scrap of
discoloured paper.
The larva, like that of C. porcel/us in appearance and habit, requires diligent search
amongst the Spermacoce growing in the ditches at the roadside and along the courses of
the water acequias which intersect the fields. Frass black and disproportionately large,
its hexagonal form being somewhat obscured in full growth. Puparium amongst leaves
and roots on the surface, held together by a few stout threads of glutinous silk. Pupa
. very active.
Ovas.—Singly on under side of leaves of Spermacoce.
Larva.—Karly stages (first and second instars unfigured) invariably the light green
of the under surface of the leaf, with long thin black tail.
Third instar (figs. n, 0). Generally green, rarely warm olive with madder beneath.
Six oblique white (or light) stripes mark the sides, the last on segments 11 and 12
leading up to the base of the caudal horn being, as usual, the most prominent. Horn
very slightly upturned, moderate in length, sharp, black with pink base. The dorsal
area from head to horn is enclosed by a couple of longitudinal bands which run from
yellow to white. These bands are interrupted in seven places by slightly oval ocelli
on the anterior portion of segments 5 to 11 inclusive, and are at this stage red and
yellow in black rings, especially when the ground-colour is green. The pair on
segment 5, which is swollen to receive the retractile front segments, is always the
largest and most prominent with black centres.
Final instar (figs. p, g). Dark sepia, or rarely dark olive-green, with short straight
black spike for horn, like our C. elpenor, but strikingly dissimilar from its closer ally
X. titana (ante). Body also similar to e/penor, smooth and dark-freckled. Head very
small, leg-segments much tapered, segment 5 much swollen. Longitudinal and
oblique bands now ochreous and clouded. Ocelli black, with ochre beneath and
a touch of violet above. Legs light; ventral area, claspers, and anal portion
dark.
Pura (Pl. XV. figs. 2, 0).—Bone-coloured with broad medio-dorsal black stripe,
tapering to nothing at extremities. Spiracular spots large, black, and defined.
Wing-cases adorned with delicate black dots and lines. Antenne, legs, eyes, and
proboscis-sheath similarly variegated. Cremaster a prominent curved spike.
be)
Lo
108 REY. A. MILES MOSS ON THRE
678. CeLerio aNNEI. (Plates XIV. a-e; XV. 7, s.)
R.& J. p. 726.
General Distribution.—Pacitic coast, Peru to Valparaiso.
A restricted and little-known species, though exceedingly common on the coast
and on the first range of hills behind Lima, sometimes wandering to the higher Andes,
but never obtained from the Interior. The moths at certain times of the year,
especially March, literally swarm round the electric arc lamps and are often observed
squashed on the pavement. ‘Though it was some time before I was able to trace the
food-plant of the larva, I afterwards found it in plenty on Boerhaavia hirsuta, a sticky
weed with small pink flowers, growing on dusty commons; and also on an allied species
growing among the rocks on the hills of San Agustin and San Jeronimo. It falls
readily from the plant, and often basks on the warm dust when full-grown. Frass
of regular hexagonal formation, moderate size, and yellowish green in colour. The
moth, even in nature, varies considerably in size in both sexes.
The pupa generally “stands over” for many months, though sometimes the moth
emerges within a few weeks. Puparium a moderate subterranean cavity without
any silk.
Ova.—Singly on under side of leaves of Boerhaavia or Polygonum. Bright green,
oval, and rather small.
Larva.—First instar (unfigured). Very similar to C. . lineata; green, with a couple
of longitudinal lines and moderately long, thin, black horn.
Second instar (fig. a). Dorsal area dull green enclosed by yellowish lines with the
suggestion of a series of lunules, which are nine in number, and are much more clearly
defined in the third and succeeding instars. Horn a short erect spike, black at the
tip, ochreous at the base. Head, legs, and anal portion raw sienna.
Final instar (figs. b-e). Very variable in colour and intensity of markings as in the
previous instar, but without any essential differences noted.
Fig. 6. Dorsal area olive with raw sienna central stripe, and another below the
lunules on either side. Sides cream, inclining to madder in the region of the spiracles.
Ventral area olive-green.
Figs. c,d. Dorsal area bronze-green, with stripes of same colour but deeper, and
sides milky green. Claspers cream and red. Lateral area greyish.
Fig. ¢. Dorsal area black, everywhere sprinkled with minute light dots, and the
medio-dorsal stripe deep Indian-red. Lateral and ventral area ochre and sienna.
The nine pairs of lunules are in all cases fundamentally cream-coloured, set in
black.
In some specimens (fig. 6) they remain so; in others (figs. c, d) they are almost
wholly clouded with leaden grey; while in others (fig. ¢) they are broadly touched
with Indian-red. The caudal horn, which is stout, curved, rough, and glossy, is
universally deep red; while the head, plate, and hinder portions of anal flap and
SPHINGIDA OF PERU. 109
claspers are of a sombre maroon, varying in intensity in different specimens. ‘The
ninth pair of lunules is elongated towards the base of the horn, and an extra pair of
cream-coloured marks is situated above the flap. Spiracles in all cases cream-coloured
in black rings. The entire surface is smooth and rather glossy, and in general
appearance the larva forcibly recalls the European C. galt and C. euphordie, though
it is seldom so brilliantly coloured as the latter.
Pura (PI. XV. figs. 7, s).—Ochreous, inclining to dull green on the wing- and leg-
cases beneath ; darker on the back, with obscure medio-dorsal dark spots representing
the former stripe. Interstices of segments dark red-brown, and spiracles of same
colour. The whole area is more or less covered with minute dark pencillings.
Cremaster a moderately short single spike.
683 a. CELERIO LINHATA LINEATA, (Plates XIV. f-m; XV. p, ¢.)
RK. & J. p. 731.
General Distribution.—Canada to Argentina, but not found in Brazil, though it
occurs east of La Plata in the Argentine.
A common species, though only obtained on the seaboard and as far as Chosica up
the Rimac Valley, 2800 feet, and in less abundance than C. annez. The moth is
attracted to light, and is sometimes caught at dusk hovering over honeysuckle, Cestrwin,
“ bellisima,’ and other flowers.
The larva is very plentiful on Boerhaavia hirsuta growing in waste and dusty places,
and, as with the former species, readily falls from the plant, and is fond of basking on
the ground when full-grown. The moth also emerges rapidly from the pupa, or more
often “stands over” for many months. Puparium a moderate subterranean cavity,
and, like the former species, without a web.
Ova.—Singly on under side of leaves of Boerhaavia or Polygonwin.
Larva.—First instar very similar to C. annet.
Second instar (fig. f ). Dorsal area very dark green, enclosed by a couple of bright
yellow lines. Horn a short black spike. Head, plate, and anal portion ochreous.
Third instar (fig. g). More mottled with black, and still of dark but variable
coloration. Medio-dorsal and subspiracular stripes light, in addition to those which
enclose dorsal area. Head, plate, and anal portion raw sienna. Horn slightly curved
and black, light at base.
Fourth instar (figs. h, j,k). Vixtremely variable.
Fig. h. Dorsal area to spiracles black, relieved by three stripes of warm sienna ;
the central one entire, the two side-stripes interrupted with black, but without any
apparent lunules. Ventral area very light. Head, plate, legs, claspers, and anal
portion sienna.
Fig. 7. Dorsal area pink-brown, enclosed by two light yellow stripes, and studded
on each segment with flattened lunules. These are black above the stripe, touched
110 REY. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
with black beneath, and red on the stripe. The lateral and ventral areas are apple-
green. Patches of pink-brown mark the region of the spiracles, the claspers, and the
anal portion.
Fig. &. Dorsal area very dark green, enclosed by lemon-yellow stripes, the central
stripe being blue-green. The black-ringed lunules are indicated as in the latter, but
the red is very faint. Remainder pale green, with dark pencillings around the
spiracles. The caudal horn at this stage is a fairly stout spike, slightly curved, held
erect, black, and glossy, the base alone being ochreous or sienna-coloured.
Final instar (figs. 1, 1). Still very variable, the linear character maintained, and
nine pairs of lunules generally to be traced on the yellow stripes, but they are smaller,
narrower, and much less defined and conspicuous than in C. annei. Head, plate, and
anal extremities generally ochreous and faintly spotted with lighter colour. Horn
slightly curved, rough, and glossy; sometimes plain sienna, at others ochreous green,
tipped with black and sienna. Legs and claspers ochreous green. ‘The medio-dorsal
stripe is either pronounced in light green as in fig. m, or absent as in fig. /. The
ground-colour varies between blue-green with a highly elaborated black dorsal and
lateral design, and a plain grass-green from head to tail. In this latter the nine sets of
lunules are the most conspicuous, being cadmium-yellow and narrowly outlined with a
curve of black above and below the stripe. ‘The designs of figs. / and 7 are sometimes,
but more rarely, reproduced in the final instar.
Pura (Pl. XV. figs. p, g).—Warm raw sienna with darker medio-dorsal stripe, faintly
indicated. Interstices of segments, spiracles, head, thorax, and wing-cases, etc. browner
and deeper in tone. Proboscis-sheath narrow and much porrected. Cremaster a
moderate single spike. ‘The entire pupa is slighter in construction than C. annet and
more pointed at the extremities.
SPHINGIDA OF PERU. til
IV.—DETAIL INDEX.
| Months of appearance. |
Number.) p, | | ; Wi eS an soct | Locality and comparative
R.&J_| Page. | Plate. | Genus, Species. == AGH aHCS. Food-plants.
| | Ova Larvee Pup. Imagines. |
Subfamily AcuERonriinx.
4, | 88 VIII. f-4 ; Herse cingulata. | i. i, ii, iii, | vi, vii, xii. | Every month.| Throughout coast, Andes,/ Many species of wild or
XGVi-ve: iv, v, and Interior. General cultivated convolvulus.
Vi, Xi. and common, Will eat ‘‘camote” or
sweet potato in confine-
/ ment.
34a. 84 VII. a-d; Cocytius anteus medor. | iii, vi, | iii, iv,v,| ¥v, vi, vii, | ii, iii, iv, v,| Coast-region and Andes | Anona cherimolia.
XV. a. vil. vi, vii. | viii. vi, vii, viii, W. Common, co-ter-
ix. minous with food-plant.
Huacapistana, Andes E.,
6000 ft. Once.
OM | ieee es Cocytius gis © M -eoo000. || dovada. |}, 990000 May 25/07. | Lima. One at light.
37 d. 86 VIL. h-k; Protoparce sexta paphus. | ss. i, ii, iii, | vill, xii. iii, iv, v, vi, | Coast-region and Andes | Nicotiana paniculata, po-
XV. d. iv, Vv, vii, vili, ix, W. to 3000 ft. Com- tato and nightshade,
vii, xi, xii. mon. wild and cultivated to-
xii. mato. Once on Vican-
dra physaloides; once
on Cestrum hediundinum;
once on Zessarialegitima.
Spec. 87 VIL. 2-9 ; Protoparce mMOssi. | vii. ili, iv, | iii, vii, viii. | ii, ili, v, vi, | Coast-region and Andes | Cestrwm hediundinum.
noy. XV. ¢: viii, xii. vil, viii, x, W. to 7000 ft. With a| Once on Acnistus aggrega-
xi, Xi. localtendency. Notun-} us; twice on wild to-
common. mato.
42¢, 89 VIII. d. Protoparce diffissa tropi- | ...... V, Vi, ix. | Vi, X. vi, xii. Interior: | Chanchamayo | Many species of Nicotiana.
calis. and Perené. Common.
WUE |} cencas f= neac00 Protoparce enna, =|) “esbooa' {| easeos |} na0000- - I) en 0080 Interior: Chanchamayo | “ Floripondia” or ‘ Trom-
and Perené. One at beta” and other Sola-
light. nacese,
47. 90 VIII. e. Protoparce scutata, vi. Wh Wb 2% xii. Interior: Chanchamayo | Datura cornigera (Flori-
xX and Perené. Common. pondia).
53 a. 90 VIII. a-c; | Protoparee rustica rustica, | iv, ix, x. | iii, iv, v, | iii, iv, ix, xi, | Every month.| Coast-region and lower | Bignonia jasminifolia ;
XV. d. yi, vii,| xii. Andes W. Common. Jasminum officinale ;
viii, x, Duranta Plumieri;
xi, xil. Tessaria legitima( Pajaro
bobo) ; Lippia citriodora
(Cedron) = Verbena ;
Fraxinus viridis ; and
“ Membrillaco.””
PASM (ea s||) saa Protoparce Gang, || eecooa |} 00085 ||, 0000S} on Interior: Chanchamayo,
near San Ramon. One
at light.
OMEMIM \esese (pie weer Protoparce URMGOS Hy ——Noocde t ceodoo: Hh gone | codon Interior: Chanchamayo.
near La Merced. One
male at light, the second
" Imown specimen; the
first, also a male, being |
in Dublin Museum.
REV. A. MILES MOSS ON THE
DETAIL INDEX (continued).
n | Months of appearance.
umber. : | | eva i
Ried Page. | Plate Genus Species. —a = SSS stall pecality ond sco nara | Food-plants,
| | Ova, | Larvex. Pupe. Imagines. |
HET he Sgt nein | zu Te |
Subfamily Acupronrim a (continued).
G2 Pea neh captain Protoparce lichenta. If codons [ae ceaeel hs Wiese Resim oA MRCS Interior: Chanchamayo, |
near San Ramon. One |
| | at light.
Sane Pree Mae een Gamo nea |
TOS |) basso: IP) ssasen Luryglottis LOGIN ES I I) Tul ee aeeseetn nee s Pe ona eee June 17/08. | Interior: Chanchamayo |
| and Perené, at light. One |
| at rest on roadside bank.
} | |
ae acs ni 1 : ee Ne a i | ay ij i
rile | 91 VIL. Ln; ELuryglottis davidianus. | ...... li, iil, iv.) iii-ix. IPS} 9.4 S46 | Andes W., 7000-8000 ft. ; | “ Huarunguia,” a species of
| KV. f. | Surco and Matucana. Bignonia ; “ Negritillo,”
| | | | Local and rare. | a shrub with a pungent
| | odour and rough dark
| | | | | | | | green leaves.
i | | |
a apa (eee se Reo Wty SU | i (heady RMI oa Ay Sh kate
| | | |
iC Ua CRN eae | Buryglottis lapermnonintaver=1| lnneanlhieerees el woatenc ers pee Interior : Chanchamayo
tris. | | | , and Perené. | . | Locality and comparative |
R. & J. | Page: Plate. Genus. | Species. | == ao | a eta Food-plants.
| Ova Larve. | Pupe. | Imagines.
Subfamily Cu@rocamvin®.
G24 sill stees lb) lo. ween Xylophanes puto) | Sordll Weatreement dl Feats oneal len panteeet saranan HAO MIL en os Interior : general. A few | Lrythrorylum sp.?
at light, one caught at ‘
flowers by day. Widely
distributed.
Gee, ||) coc0ce || Boone Xylophanes TUL RRR Ta | eetteaseah, | Nceaaboren: {IIs = saccade Sli ton tits gee Interior: San Ramon.
One at light, the fifth
specimen known, three
being in the Tring Col-
lection, another in the
collection of Mr. Charles
Oberthiir; from Chan-
chamayo.
GAS me ise | isnt Xylophanes COR MNIDTTUAS. A osettg sel]! codods: “Nir 6 aeodons 8 Il) sleseaone Interior : Chanchamayo.
Frequently at light.
AIDS "| “Seodse:||I" | aedeen Xylophanes GnebUs aU Ae |hee pee al | ereerecet ell attire eee allt tance Interior : Ohanchamayo.
Common at light, and
once at rest on a bank.
GAG ace aN aS, ese. Xylophanes Gocilish: \sh MANS PRb Ae lcm Ra Nip eesti all” Mauss Interior: Chanchamayo.
Two at light.
GDS 5 II ccoge) II). eegnbes Xylophanes TORGARUE | oecdon ||) 00000. |) ° banso0 Interior: Ohanchamayo.
Three specimens at light.
i A rare species.
Recently) ...... | ...-- Xylophanes CHHEDUAN ~~ —\\ eooceo || soonse |! ooceca |. nee Interior: Chanchamayo.
dis- Two at light. A rare
covered. species.
655. 106 XIII. 7. Xylophanes WLLL ee | eee V, Vi. V, Vi. Vi, Vii. Interior: Perené. Two|A roadside creeper, pro-
larvee; one bred, bably allied to Sper-
macoce.
657. 106 XIV. 2-9; | Xylophanes tersa. iv, v, vi.| i, iv, v, | iv, v, vi. iii, v, vi, vii, | Coast-region. Moderately | Spermacoce sp. ?
XV. 2, o. vi. Ibe) 538 - Sale common.
xii. Interior. General and
plentiful.
BBG: |) e008: |” pods Xylophanes UM egcae0° || co0086!) I, ooonds) =; | Soman Interior : Chanchamayo.
A few at light. Fairly
eommon,
678. 108 XIV. a-e; Celerio annet. vii, viii, | iii, iv, |Every month.| Every month.| Coast-region. Extremely | Boerhaavia hirsuta and an
QE OF qi Viil, ix. common, Occasionally} allied mountain species ;
flies to upper Andes. Polygonum persecaroides.
Neyer seen in Interior. Will eat vine and Hu-
phorbia pilulifera, but
does not thrive on them.
| 6838a@. | 109 XIV. fem; | Celerio lineata lineata, | iii, xi. | iii, iv, | iii, iv, xii-i. | i, ii, iii, iv, | Coast-region. Sometimes | Boerhaavia hirsuta, Poly-
XV. p, g. xii. V, Vi, X, xii. common. gonum persecaroides ;
Andes to 3000 ft. once on Euphorbia piluit-
Never seen in Interior. fera. Will eat a little
vine in captivity, but
does not care for it, and
is never found wild on
it in Peru.
PLATE
VI.
QZ
116 SPHINGIDA OF PERU,
PLATE VI.
Sketch-map of part of Peru, showing in its shaded portions the very limited field
to which my entomological observations were confined, and the several distinct
regions referred to in the foregoing notes upon its Sphingide.
SSS SS SSS SSS ee ee
‘i gL “s
aeaprneyhiayT mmm BKDALTOO
soyrom Kpuos fi
i Rear
7 “ 900g @dnp.oqnss . « ¥ =
924 0095 407129 umn ww = I a :
P24 000ZT PF 0005 *7 PUP MY Jo D4IT TEP 07 saddg m3 yo uorD72 624 GGA)
224 0002 2409p spreoyybry uacog LE
3
serpy taeis FO sTeoS
. 98901
| ofeomeny?
S ar
ozeer Nea
YR Pus We
Ss
z
xa
STI GED
ETE
jp
TA AE XT 7% PE 9 eee
oP vale vl.
118 SPHINGIDA OF PERU.
PLATE VII.
a. Cocytius anteus medor: first imstar.
= lp) a i a second and third instars.
C. By ae a fourth and final instars.
Food-plant : Anona cherimolia.
d, Frass: see page 85 and footnote.
e. Protoparce mossi: second instar.
Wo a a OUEU ee
q: a fifth eA
Food-plant: Cestrun hediwndinunt.
h. Protoparce seata paphus: third instar.
i. a3 ul re fourth _,,
hk. 53 ay es Hitt ey
Food-plants : Nicotiana paniculata, Tomato, Potato.
l. Euryglottis davidianus : third instar.
mM. A a fourth ,,
Nn. iA - fifth ze
Food-plants: “ Huarunguia,” “ Negritillo.”
* By an error on the part of the gentleman who kindly corrected the proof of Pl. VII. in my absence, a
rounded head and legs have been added to fig. 6; the unusual tapering shape of the anterior segments,
showing only the back of an extremely pointed head, being mistaken for an unfinished drawing. The true
ventral line may still be traced.
A Miles Moss, del.
M.P Parker, lith.
E Wilson, Generce!
PERUVIAN SPHINGIDA.
Pr ge ts | ena i , !
a hin ee i on wi,
F i i aay, iy
_ eat : MP a 4 he ty
Ihe i R 7 i Ty
. Nitra i aN bart i
7 sc UE ey if a) r
i ' i
ig re r
"; y : i "
ii
i
i
6 ¥
y
i Bi : c
t
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i Gp 1 ' iy
=
$
5 < i i)
v re if!
ey
ae
t
i i “y i
i 4 heey
i { wet i
‘
‘
f
)
120 SPHINGIDA OF PERU.
PLATE VIII.
a. Protoparce rustica rustica: third instar.
6. 3 38 a fourth
C. “ wy nk fifth
Food-plant: “ Membrillaco.”
9
29
d. Protoparce diffissa tropicalis: final instar.
Food-plant : Nicotiana sp. %
e. Protoparce scutata: final instar.
Food-plant : Datura cornigera.
fg. Herse cingulata: third instar; two distinct forms.
lb Doli a , fourth and fifth instars; three forms.
Food-plant: Convolvulus.
l. Isognathus swainsoni: third instar.
mM. ie ie fourth
N. A BH fifth 3
Food-plant: ‘‘ Caucho de monte” (Ficus sp. 2).
0. Pseudosphina tetrio: final instar.
Yood-plant: ‘‘ Caucho de monte” (Ficus sp. %).
ee peaetge. E.Wilson, Cambridge.
_P Parker,
PERUVIAN SPHINGIDA.
ed i Tah
iy’ ete ite 4
i a i fig |
To OL “J i ‘
; ai ad Ate ; soy ane ; f A
ean aft Pe ‘ yy
MY 7 ht a a) mt 1
) Oy
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een 4 iB Wi n mone
' OMe A
y 5 rh : és ; Lor -
. hes , { Tay one .
ie r Wi
‘ “ 4 A
f fi i
f i F i : toe ci) Hen
1 \ i }
‘ ee » is ;
1 ease i re ‘ :
{ y . ’ BS ! us t .
5 7 / . an at
io * ( iy ie rt P,
i : i f i i Rae
x B ! is
1 “4 or i 0 os cy
i : ‘ i i petsabs
. 4 ‘ ols i Pr ha a ae ; 5
ie . ' ‘ ‘ Ei bes
, ° \ este, ‘ i “a
f ¥ i! ‘ y Xs
r i a Yeeros
i ae i :
! i \} J J
ac MEe ‘ : ‘ é ;
f i i ‘ p
y 1 4 a , f
i k ‘
U 1,
f op) f
; i
{ MK ‘ ’ F ’
int
{ f EN
4 fl 1 i i ’
7 a
\) ’ 1 i rf
Le J + * ‘ '
(s ic ‘ o rece : ; Lat
‘ res i ‘ P
i ) 1 ty
, i vc * i sa ' 1
wil i ies IT a
7 f r Pi oT we) F ‘ i May.
pe
bo
bo
SPHINGIDA OF PERU.
PLATE IX,
a. Erinnyis ello: first, third, and fourth instars.
b. oe a final instar after moulting.
Gr Ae » final instar, another form.
On Luphorbia heterophylla.
d. Erinnyis ello: final instar.
On Poinsettia pulcherrima.
é. Erinnyis ello: final instar at full growth.
fe Be » ovum and second instar.
On Cnidoscolus fragrans.
g. Erinnyis alope: fourth instar prior to moult.
x4 is final instar after moulting.
Food-plant : Papaya.
Trans Lo be VE IY IX.
A Miles Moss, del. E.Wilson, Cambridge.
MP Parker, lith.
PERUVIAN SPHINGIDA.
rn Pea i!
oi PIA DBO)
SPHINGIDA OF PERU.
PLATE X.
a,b. Pachylia ficus: final instar.
G A Be occasional form.
d-q. i »» prior to pupation.
Food-plant: Feus japonensis.
h. Pachylia syces syces: final instar.
i. He Ke » occasional form.
k. A Maciel .». prior to pupation,
Food-plant: Ficus gaponensis.
Trams Lob to. Vb AKICK.
A Miles Moss, del. Si E Wilson, Cambridge.
ee eakop aa PERUVIAN SPHINGIDA.
DRG @
roi ang
Lite
Ae
yy
are Th pe
i ts
Mecha
Babine tnt
oO
SPHINGIDA OF PERU.
PLATE XI.
a, b. Pholus fasciatus: second instar.
C. ce a third ia
d-h. B a fourth) 9.0 > tivestorms:
fH. = is final », : three forms.
Food-plant: Jussieua angustifolia or “ clavo.”
A Miles Moss, del. E Wilson, Cambridge
MP Parker, lith. PERUVIAN SPHINGIDA
2% ~e
i
;
inh
pn
lid
ate va
i ‘
y
7
SPHINGIDA OF PERU.
PLATE XII.
a. Pholus vitis vitis: first instar.
ad. a a 5 second ,,
b. 3 spill mes aaieets OOD a6 gala
C. te ss Pee Lounrthiees
d-f. Ms a Ree finaly):
Food-plant : Common Vine.
g- Pholus anchemolus: ovum.
h. aS first instar.
No % a second ,,
k. " oa fourth instar prior to moult.
be a i final instar at full growth.
m. Frass of full-grown larva.
Food-plant : Ampelopsis (two species).
Trans. Lob he VON IG XI.
A Milés Moss, del. E Wilson, Cambridge.
ME Per kerr ith. PERUVIAN SPHINGIDA.
A i
ie
-
: : I
a) fe
Wins vn r
nis ic}
,
at
7
7
F
i y ith
y A z a x yi
a *
q ts aia yah
i a '
\
a
;
SS »
Aiall ‘
Sia ;
Mh tees :
; ey ;
: vou Wa
TD
ae
eset tah me
i
DERVENE | Xt
130 SPHINGIDA OF PERU.
PLATE XIII.
a, 6. Pholus lebrusce: third instar.
Ci eannes 8 fourth ,,
Ce te a final
é. Frass of full-grown larva.
Food-plant: Ampelopsts sp. ?
f. Xylophanes titana: final instar.
On a roadside creeper allied to Spermacoce.
E Wilson, Cambridge.
A Miles Moss, del.
MP Parker, lith.
PERUVIAN SPHINGIDA.
oes
SQM
Miliye WNeae
Oy
heey
132
SPHINGID OF PERU.
PLATE XIV.
a. Celerto annei: second instar.
b-e. a ue final is
Food-plant: Boerhaavia hirsuta.
f. Celerio lineata lineata: second instar.
q- is a a third _
SIRT yp a Wy fourthy ys.
iF Oe uti toys rs a final Re
Food-plant: Boerhaavia hirsuta.
n, 0. Xylophanes tersa: third instar.
Ps q- % ve final ye
Food-plant: Spermacoce sp.?
Trans Lob Ko Vel AK IEG XIN.
E Wilson, Cambridge
A Miles Moss, del
MP Parker, lith
PERUVIAN SPHINGIDA,
Tenth
SPHINGIDA OF PERU.
PLATE XV.
PuP& oF:
(Glazed.)
a. Cocytius antwus medor.
b. Protoparce rustica rustica. 5,
C. A MOSst. a
d. me sexta paphus. ne
e: Herse cingulata. “A
j. Euryglottis davidianus. i;
g. Pachylia ficus. (Highly glazed.)
h. ml syces syces. a
j. Pseudosphina tetrio. Bs
k. Pholus labrusee. (Glazed.)
i. ,, fasciatus. (Unglazed.)
m. ,, vitis vitis. (Glazed.)
n, 0. Xylophanes tersa. (Unglazed. )
Pp, y. Celerio lineata lineata, %9
RES tt ies anne. 3
t, u. Erinnyis ello. (Highly glazed.)
[Norz.—Owing to the difficulties of reproducing in print the glazing of the surface
of pup, which in nature is largely a matter of degree, some species
being neither highly polished nor wholly dull in surface, it was considered
well to dispense with varnishing.—A. M. M. |
Tran 20 he. Vt NK IEG KV.
A Miles Moss, del. E Wilson, Cambridge
MP Parker, lith.
PERUVIAN SPHINGIDA.
Sat ah
3
gh
aati
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CONTENTS.
II. On the Sphingide of Peru. By the Rev. A. Mires Moss, M.4., P.ZS., ELS.
With a Preface by Kanu Jorpan, Ph.D. (Plates VI-XV.) . . . page 73
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Ill. Second Contribution to our Knowledge of the Varieties of the Wall-Lizard
(Lacerta muralis), By G. A. BoULENGER, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
(Received May 6, 1912; Read May 21, 1912.)
[Puares XVLL-XXTII. and Text-figures 1-4.]
In pursuance of the plan followed in the paper published in these Transactions in
1905 *, I will now deal with the Lizards of South-Eastern Europe and the adjacent
parts of Asia, thus bringing to a completion the account of the various forms of
Lacerta muralis so far as the material at my disposal will permit. But as I have
continued to amass material from the parts of Europe dealt with in the first contri-
bution, I will first add supplements embodying the results of an examination of such
material as seems likely to advance our knowledge.
The hope which I expressed that Dr. Werner, Dr. Lehrs, and Prof, L. von Méhely
would bring out the results of their investigation of the Eastern forms of this difficult
eroup of Lizards has only been partly fulfilled by the last author, and I do not think it
desirable to wait any longer. Dr. Werner has for the present abandoned his intention,
and most generously handed over to me, for description, his valuable collection, on which
I have largely drawn, and he has further allowed me to keep duplicates for the British
Museum. I wish to express publicly to him my hearty thanks. Much further help
in various directions has been received from Dr. de Bedriaga and Count Peracca. A
visit to Florence last winter, in company with Count Peracca, has enabled me to survey
rapidly the beautiful collection, from all parts of Italy, brought together by the late
Prof. Giglioli, to whose successor, Prof. Giglio-Tos, I beg to convey my thanks for
facilities granted on that occasion.
My thanks are also due to Prof. Ehlers, of Géttingen, for the loan of the types of
L. hierogiyphica, and to Dr. Gaillard, of Lyons, for the loan of Lizards from Asia Minor
and the Caucasus.
The discussions which have arisen between Prof. Méhely and myself concerning
the characteristics and relationships of these Lizards have appeared in the following
publications :—
L. v. Ménery.—Zur Lésung der ‘ Muralis-Frage’. Ann. Mus. Hung, v. 1907, p. 84.
G. A. Bouteneer.—Remarks on Prof, L. von Méhely’s Paper “ Zur Lisung der ‘ Muralis-
Frage’.’ Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xx. 1907, p. 39.
L. v. Mijnety.—Archeo- und Neolacerten. Ann. Mus. Hung. v. 1907, p. 469.
* Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii. p. 351.—For brevity’s sake, this paper will be quoted as Tr. 1909.
VOL. XX.—PaRT 111. No. 1.—February, 1913. U
136 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
L. v. Miuery.—Materialien zu einer Systematik und Phylogenie der Muralis-dhnlichen
Lacerten. Op. cit. vil. 1909, p. 409.
G. A. BouLencrr.—Remarks on Prof. L. v. Méhely’s recent Contribution to the Knowledge of
the Lizards allied to Lacerta muralis. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) v. 1910, p. 247.
L. v. Mtunry.—Weitere Beitrége zur Kenntniss der Archeo- und Neolacerten. Ann. Mus.
Hung. vii. 1910, p. 217.
See also remarks by E. G. Denavrt, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxvi. 1911, p. 8.
Prof. Méhely does not need my praise, but I should like to say that, however
much I differ from him in the taxonomic appreciation of characters, in the conception
of species and their probable derivation, as well as in matters of nomenclature, I
have the greatest admiration for the originality and energy displayed in his painstaking
investigations and for the accuracy of his illustrations. I can only regret that I am
unable to accept the conclusions reached by him in his praiseworthy attempt to settle a
difficult problem.
It is my object, by a mere statement of facts, accompanied as far as possible by
photographic representations of the specimens, to re-act against the tendency to
exaggerate the importance of trivial or inconstant characters such as are adduced
te justify the splitting up of Lacerta muralis into a score or more of so-called species.
Although I have examined a great number of skulls, which have been prepared and
studied by Mr. E. Degen, I do not propose dealing with them here, as I feel convinced
they do not afford any help out of the difficulties. As I said on a previous occasion
(1907), skulls of Lizards cannot be extracted as is done in the case of mammals; pre-
paring the skull means the partial destruction of the specimen, and in a discussion of
this kind, dealing mainly with individual variations, annectant examples cannot always
be sacrificed. We are not much the wiser when the skulis have been prepared, as the
characters pointed out by Prof. Méhely are, for the most part, correlative of the
degree of elongation or depression of the head, which can be appreciated without
injuring the specimens. Alluding te the author’s two extreme skulls (L. fiwmana and
LL. bedriage) figured in his paper of 1907 and reproduced here (text-fig. 1 A & C), added
that I could easily lay out a series that would to such an extent bridge over the
differences as to show of how little practical value they are for the definition of
species. This demonstration has been furnished by Prof. Méhely himself, who, in
his paper of 1909, gives occipital views of two skulls of L. bedriage which contradict
his previous statement that a pyramidocephalous skull (text-fig. 1A) is distin-
guished by a ‘Processus ascendens des Supraoccipitale hoch und kréftig” from
a platycephalous in which it is “ schwach und niedrig.”
Text-fig. 1 B, published in 1909, entirely destroys the impression conveyed by the two
extreme types (text-fig. 1 A & C) represented in 1907 with the object of showing one of
the principal differences between a pyramidocephalous skull and a platycephalous.
In this contribution, as in the preceding one, J have, as a rule, abstained from theories
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. Way
and confined myself to statements of facts. Such statements, presented in an unbiassed
spirit, are, I believe, what are most needed at the present moment. Although to
a great extent destructive from a taxonomic standpoint, I do not think the labour
bestowed on such an investigation has been wasted, as the checking on a large
Text-fig. 1.
A. Lacerta fiumana; Band C. L. bedriage: after Méhely.
Material of several characters, to which undue importance has recently been ascribed,
results in a much more precise knowledge of the individual variations and local varieties
than we would otherwise acquire of such a widely distributed and polymorphic species
as Lacerta muralis. I therefore believe that the controversy which has been going on,
and which will probably continue for some time, between Prof. Méhely and myself,
is not only to the advantage of systematic herpetology, but constitutes a useful contri-
bution towards the solution of the problem of species.
This paper was read before the Zoological Society on May 21, 1912, but as several
months have elapsed between that date and that of setting up in type a few additions
to the MS. have been made in the meantime (Sept. 10, 1912).
A list of the specimens preserved in the British Museum collection is appended
(pp. 206-214).
I.—CENTRAL EUROPE (Supplement).
Forma TYPICA.
The species Lacerta muralis was first described by Laurenti from the neighbourhood
of Vienna. In my preceding contribution, I mentioned two specimens as topotypes
from that part of Austria, and pointed out that one is highly aberrant in several
respects,—larger scales, absence of the anterior supraocular, and abnormal division
of the parietal shields by a transverse cleft (see Tr. 1905, pl. xxv. fig. 4). Having
since inquired from Dr. Werner as to whether he had other examples from the same
locality (V6slau, near Baden, Lower Austria), I was greatly surprised to hear that
an examination of his material had satisfied him that this division of the parietal
shields, instead of being anomalous or accidental, is the rule in Lower Austria.
v2
138 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
Among his specimens from Modling, Baden, Voslau, Reichenau, and Miesenbach, not
one is without at least an indication of it, whilst he could not find such a thing in any
of his Wall-Lizards from various other parts of Europe.
Dr. Werner has been so kind as to send me living specimens from Baden and
Véslau, particulars of which are given in the following tabulation, along with the
specimens preserved in his private collection (W.) which he has allowed me to
examine.
ie 2. 3. 4, 5 6. Mi
Baga ¢ <6 o¢ o « @ GO B® (2S Oy 4 15 23
W. ae 5 89 6B Be 9 24 Le 23
e ie Ben 50) 240 10) 21 ea bA16 Ines
Me rina eon). “AG. 26's) 8) ano 1G 8B
Weslen oo soo 6 6 GO BO BO 2s 9 23 19-18 24
W. oH LS IVI eh Ss Ye Rg O22 16 24,
ine Hie Meee Sen iene ASC OO Mivads O23 AS11622
Es De set we WES Ly WT ee OMS RA Coenen EY yn 4) 16 25
Wo Wigelbings gb a a Ge a 8 8 238 19-16 24
Ti, oleh@teme (Sag aol gk i AA BBN Ml 16 22
W. Pernitz . Sua lee Hate ane B))) AQ) ie beans Oka nmee 18 24
iW, Niesenla@a oo 50 6p BO Be 8 26 18 24
1. Length (in millimetres) from snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across middle of body.
3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Number of plates in collar. 5. Number of scales and
granules between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar-plate. 6. Number of femoral pores
(on right and left sides, if differimg). 7. Number of lamellar scales under the fourth toe.—
The same notation is followed throughout in this paper.
The division of the parietal is complete on both sides in 3 specimens, complete on
one side and incomplete on the other in 6, incomplete in the rest. The anterior
supraocular is absent in the specimen from Reichenau. One of the specimens from
Voslau has two postnasals, and in another from the same locality (Pl. XVI. fig. 4)
the parietal does not touch the upper postocular *. One of the specimens from Baden
has only three anterior upper labials. In all of them the second supraocular is in
contact with the supraciliaries.
* In my previous contribution I have earefully recorded such exceptions to the rule on account of
Prof. Méhely’s statement (Ann. Mus. Hung. ii. 1904, p. 368, footnote), ‘Ich habe z. B. viele hunderte von
sehr verschiedenen Fundorten herstammende Hxemplare der Lacerta muralis, L. vivipara und L, taurica
untersucht und niemals ein Exemplar angetroffen, bei dem das erste Postoculare [upper postocular] nicht an
das Parietale angestossen hatte.” Now, it is very remarkable that when I examine scores instead of
hundreds of specimens of the typical form, I come upon such exceptional specimens. I have previously
mentioned six from France (Tr. 1905, p. 354), I now add one from Austria, and further on I record
another from France and 23 from Spain, which makes 31 exceptions eut of about 260 specimens, or
12 per cent,
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD, 139
The female from Véslau is remarkable in having a paired series of dark vertebral
spots. Males with the throat and belly red, or cream-colour with rust-red spots ;
black ventral spots, if present, confined to the two outer rows of shields, the outermost
of which bears large pale blue spots. Females white beneath, with golden sheen ;
Small pale blue spots on outer row of ventral shields.
It will be noticed that the number of scales across the body is generally less than
in specimens from France and Belgium. In my previous contribution, particulars of
8 specimens from Dinant, Belgium, showed the number to vary between 54 and 62.
I have since obtained, with the kind assistance of a young friend, A. van Delft,
numerous specimens from a quarry at Denée, not far from Dinant, and the tabulation
of 12 specimens confirms this range of variation.
1. 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. UW
Denée, Welkgimm 5 595 1 o o G@ Gl SS BH Il 19 26
CORT econ 22 20-1924
my Oe BS) eh IM BB Bae) Bs}
i PAID Fb sprit, Orlin tin ob Dee S GUC ONMMAITE C24. WrTOZO EMG
5 Re eee eet WPS Onn She BOne AblOr Model S21 OR kbo5
f A ee a AG bie 60a Li fehy Daan Cues 9Gn asl *1Gu sor
‘t PEA le ly IB he OUW GOTH ON WOT elOe Obie aus =U gmyOn
i Pe ir ee WS 5 lO Alec y a1Oy |e ozeeno0E 22 In eo 7,
i PTR case OU DOI. QiiralOb Postage Set a25
“ Pe en tat ty t7. 25 20-19 28
9
PE ee a 52 58 26 9 224 19-18 23
6 op do 08) oo gy BO. 6 BB eS 9 26 9-20 2
In three of these specimens the series of granules between the supraoculars and the
supraciliaries is complete. In five the suture between the first and second supraciliaries
is vertical, at least on one side. One specimen has five anterior upper labials on one
side. In both sexes the lower parts were white or pale pink in life; blue spots on the
sides large or small in males, small or absent in females.
Baron G. Fejérvary, Jun.*, has published some remarks on specimens from the Rhone
Valley in Canton Vaud, Switzerland, figuring the rostral scutellation of a specimen
which agrees closely with one found near Randa, noticed on p. 353 (right-hand figure)
of my first contribution, and he also records specimens with as many as 62 scales across
the body.
I have also further remarks to offer on the variations of this lizard in France.
Prof. L. Vaillant , in announcing the very interesting find of two specimens of bluish-
black Wall-Lizards on one of the Glenan Isles, on the Atlantic coast of Brittany,
* Beitr. Herpet. Rhonetals, 1909, p. 40.
f+ Bull. Mus, Paris, 1906, p. 438.
140 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
records them under the name of var. Uilfordi. I have not seen these specimens, but
I have no doubt that if they were examined as to their scaling they would be found to
agree entirely with the typical form, which grows to a large size on the Glenan Isles,
whilst the true var. lilfordi, from the Balearic Islands, can be recognised at once by its
much smaller scales. I have exhibited before one of the meetings of this Society *
a totally black individual of the typical form from near Florence, apparently similar to
others from Bordeaux and the Italian Lakes district, reported upon by Lataste + and
by Kammerer {, thus showing that these black so-called varieties are not, as generally
believed, only produced by isolation on small rocks.
Basing likewise his identification on colour and markings, M. M. Mourgue § has
recorded the vars. nigriventris Bp., and latastii Bedr., from the Riou Isle, off Marseilles.
But the specimens he has been so kind as to send me, proved, as I expected, to belong
to the typical form. I append particulars of these two specimens :—
Io 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7.
ean Mhestincsee dq Ged 56 26 10 24 19 26
60 52 25 8 23 18-19 25
2»
Now, the var. nigriventris, from Rome (see Tr. 1905, p. 384), has 55 to 71 scales
across the body, and 27 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe, and the var. latastit
(var. serpa, from Ponza, p. 397), 66 to 71 of the former, and 30 to 33 of the latter.
I have before me a large male specimen from St. Lunaire, near St. Malo (Pl. XVI.
fig. 1), which still more resembles in its coloration the var. nigriventris of Italy. Its
upper parts are black, with numerous round lemon-yellow spots, and the pinkish-white
belly is spotted with black. It is further remarkable in having the anterior nasal in
contact with the anterior loreal, above the posterior nasal. Along with its particulars
I give those of a female specimen from the same locality, which has a large transverse
shield in front of the anal, and a round black spot on almost every ventral shield
(Pl. XVI. fig. 2).
1 Py; oF 4, 53 6. a.
Ss Wee og 6 a OB OO NO ee BRR. Gis}
a @ 87 BB BO Ah) Dw} | oy
Here, again, the low number of subdigital lamellz (23) shows that this lizard cannot
be referred to the var. nigriventris, however much it may resemble it in coloration and
in size. The latter agrees exactly with that of the Glenan Isles specimens (J. ¢. p. 357),
which were hitherto regarded as among the largest of the typical form. As size is
* P. Z.S. 1905, ii. p. 324.
+ Herp. Gironde, p. 76, 1876.
+ Zentralbl. f. Physiol. xx. 1906, p. 261.
§ Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, xxxix. 1909, p. 250; and xl. 1910, p. 87, figs.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD, 141
sometimes appealed to in justification of specific distinction among the Wall-Lizards,
it is worthy of note that the typical form, which ranks as a small race, on an average
may reach a length of 72 mm. without the tail in both sexes, whilst in the largest
Wall-Lizards examined by me this length does not exceed 90 mm. in males
(var. serpa), and 82 in females (var. bedriage), such specimens being regarded as
exceptionally large.
The female is remarkable for the very short and broad, nearly smooth caudal scales.
A male specimen caught at Achard, near Bordeaux, by Mr. Edward Britten, and
presented by him to the British Museum, is remarkable for having the anterior nasal
in contact with the loreal, and the anterior temporal reaching the upper surface of the
head and broadly in contact with the fourth supraocular (Pl. XVI. fig. 3).
il 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. Wo
INchardapers icons ta vey |) 00 52 25 Il 20 19 24
It has 5 upper labials on the right side, 4 on the left.
I have represented the caudal scales of three specimens of the typical form to show
to what extent their shape and degree of keeling may vary according to individuals,
and in order to warn against such a character being used for the definition of species.
In other forms I have observed similar individual differences, though perhaps not to
the same extent.
These scales are taken from the left half of the posterior part of the anterior fourth
of the intact, unreproduced tail.
DRE A
as z
co
THT
Tl
MOLEIWOIU
Caudal scales of Z. muralis.
A, B. Denée, Prov. Namur, Belgium; C. Baden, near Vienna.
Sensory pits near the posterior border of the caudal scales are often very distinct
in the typical L. muralis.
I have already expressed my agreement with Eimer’s theory as to the modifications
of the pattern of markings in these lizards, viz., that the longitudinally streaked forms
142 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
(striate) are the most primitive, from which first the reticulated (reticulatw) and then the
cross-barred (¢/gris) were derived; and that the gradual changes have proceeded, first
in males and then in females, from behind forwards, the tail therefore being in the
most advanced condition, unless following another independent tendency, viz., the
suppression of markings (concolores). The Wall-Lizards of the series commencing
with the typical form and terminating in the var. nigriventris, with the var. bruegge-
mannt as intermediate form, show this very well, and I have therefore on Pl. XVI.
given side-views of the tails in three specimens (figs. 8-10), showing the passage
between two extremes :—
Fig. 8. Striated female (Bosnia), showing the retention on the tail of the dark
lateral stripe, with a tendency to break up into spots ; on the reproduced
part, this lateral stripe has, as usual on the regenerated tails of L. muralis,
resumed its continuous condition.
Fig. 9, Reticulated male (Bosnia) with the markings in the form of vertical bars.
Fig. 10. Male of var. nigriventris (Rome), in which the last condition reaches its
highest degree in L. muralis, the bars sometimes even forming complete
annuli.
Similar series can be traced in the vars. campestris and serpa.
II.—SPAIN (Supplement).
Forma TYPICA.
Wall-Lizards, in every respect similar to those of France, occur near Madrid, in
the Loroya Valley, whence the British Museum has received 25 specimens from
M. de la Escalera. The var. bocagit occurs also in the same valley (see p. 144).
Particulars are given of a few of these specimens.
=
bo
a
ou
er)
Sf
3. 7.
3 69 56 24 10 24 18 24
M 63 60 25 9 25 20-19 26
Rs 60 55 23 9 22 16-17 26
ee 56 56 25 9 24 17-18 27
f°) 65 60 283 9 26 18-17 25
3 62 538 28 10 23 17 25
4 60 43 27 9 24 18-17 23
a 58 56 27 9 23 15 23
Of the 25 specimens, 9 may be regarded as conforming in every respect to the
normal pattern of scaling. Others deserve to be noted for the following pecu-
liarities :—
One has no indication of a masseteric disk, two have it very small on one side,
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 148
absent on the other. In 8 specimens the parietal does not touch the upper post-
ocular, in 4 it does so on one side only. In one the suture between the first and
second supraciliaries is vertical. In two the anterior nasal is in contact with the anterior
loreal. Two have 3 labials anterior to the subocular on both sides; a third has 3 on
one side and 4 on the other. The series of granules between the supraoculars and
the supraciliaries is often complete. The occipital is frequently a little broader than
the interparietal. The scales on the body are usually feebly but mere or less distinctly
keeled.
Belly more or less spotted with black in the males. Sixteen specimens have the
dark vertebral stripe or series of spots.
The British Museum has also received, from Dom Saturio Gonzales, a large series
(26 3, 20 2, 65 young) from Silos, Burgos, and a few specimens from Castrillo de la
Reina, also in Burgos, which I refer to the typical form.
ite P 3 4 &, 6 7
¢. Silos. GO) 82 27 OR 27 17 26
Bea a 6 23 1©@ Ne 25
Soe ies 5 2 6 26 Wels 28
Bp Te BS 4. 23 Il 24 19 22
es yh 0) 8 24 Wi 22
ata BS 4h BH Il 28 16 25
Re , 63 8 6 23 ING Ps
seth ages Sl Be oe 9 22 15-14 24
6 KO 4) OL iil 2B 15 23
3 5) Be BH 9 23) ~NG=17 (24:
Qo os Sl 6 SO. 2 és By
9 ; BO 4 2 dl BB Wage B86
cae. 48 50 29 Y 23 Gals 20)
BB 47 46 828 ) By GaN
i oars 46 48 29 | Ba 15 22
9b 45 48 30 22 doi 28}
FE RU ae eee R IS oS) Suiia; oat) Ole DON EB 9523 17 22
Rahs enpinct ee Mays NUE eN Tel may ie Anos KOO GaO), ©) 15 21
DAS het Poa anna es (en CAO ETA Que oOL hy Ot mod 15 22
Pease mers, eee asad tw sy Qeaact OAON, ASI ws 330 9 20 16-15 21
6. Castrillodela Rema ... 64 51 27 9 27 20-19 ?
9p 3 so 6 Gl SO . BB ll 23 Welle 2
99 55 0 0 o BF 46 23 WW Bh Mele © Bil
»” 55 53 0) 7 O22 G15 26
% 68) 5S 6 Sl IW BH MWe BA
»” a Bn BO Bes uh Bh 16 22
The scales on the body are usually perfectly smooth, rarely with a very feeble keel ;
VOL. XX.—PART 111. No, 2.—February, 1913. Xx
144 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
their number is comparatively low (46-54), and so is the number of femoral pores
(13-18, only once 19-20).
In view of the undue importance that has been attached by L. von Méhely and
others to certain characters of lepidosis, it will not be without interest to record their
variation in this series of over 100 specimens.
The suture between the internasals is often very short, and in 5 specimens the
rostral forms a suture with the frontonasal. The occipital varies much in size; in
some it is very small, in others it is much broader and even longer than the inter-
parietal. ‘The suture between the first and second supraciliaries is vertical, at least on
one side, in 28 specimens. ‘The series of granules between the supraciliaries and the
supraoculars is complete in 30 specimens*. In 9 specimens the parietal is not in
contact with the upper postocular, and in 2 it is so on one side only. The masseteric
disk is usually large, sometimes small, totally absent in 7 specimens; in 4 specimens
it is separated from the last upper labial by a single granular scale. 4 specimens have
five anterior upper labials on both sides, 9 have five on one side only.
Grey, olive-grey, or pale brown above, with black, brown, reddish-brown, or brick-
red markings; two more or less distinct light streaks on each side, usually very
sharply marked in females and young, with a dark band or dark spots between them ;
a vertebral series of small dark spots, sometimes confluent into a streak, more often
absent than present. Lower parts red, pink, or white in females, salmon-pink or
brick-red in males, in which latter a series of azure-blue spots is present on the outer
row of ventral shields ; black spots, if present, small. ‘Tail of young often bluish.
Var. BOCAGIL.
Ile 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7
Go lore Walleye 5 6 go 6 GS GD BD) Dre Nall} Be
* 0 GSMCON 28) 10) 25) MSS N7ae 23
” ” Gl BR Ae O28) 16 25
” 2 GQ) Gy As 10> 2 18 27
» 5p B/ Ol B®, 2 19 26
» 5S S16 6 5 oo 88 G (eS Ah 27) lO, 26
OF an ool bio 6 o Gl BS Sl eM PS Wee By
OMG? munail: 9 26 17-16) 25
The first specimen on the list has 8 rows of ventral plates instead of 6, the normal
number. Scales granular, smooth, or with faint keel; caudals more or less strongly
keeled. Masseteric disk totally absent in two specimens, absent on one side in a third ;
in one specimen it is separated from the last upper labial on the right side by a single
granule. With one exception, occipital broader than interparietal.
* This und the preceding character, given by Méhely in the diagnosis of the Archzolacertee (1910, p. 224),
thus occur in more than 25 per cent. of the specimens from this part of Spain.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 145
Except for the absence of a vertebral stripe or series of spots, the larger specimens
(3), one of which is figured on Pl. XVI. fig. 11, are not without a general
resemblance to the var. pityusensis, and such specimens have no doubt given rise to
Bedriaga’s remarks * on Seoane’s var. bocagii: “Hine Ubergangsform, welche die
pityusensis und die fusca verkettet, ist mir neuerdings aus der spanischen Provinz
Galizien zugestellt worden.” On the other hand, the smallest male is on the way to
the black, light-spotted attire of the Serra de Gerez specimen, figured by me in
Tr. 1905, pl. xxiv. fig. 8. The females (Pl. XVI. fig. 12) are beautifully striped,
an exaggeration of the pattern represented on pl. xxiv. fig. 7, of Tr. 1905. Belly
unspotted in males as well as in females.
I am indebted to Dr. Gadow for several specimens collected by himself near Burbia,
Asturias, between Galicia and Leon, one of which calls for notice as bridging over, to
a certain extent, the chasm separating this variety from the var. monticola, of which
specimens were obtained in the same neighbourhood.
I append its particulars :—
w Or
(op)
q
iota airy sade ar eh peach eee aS 53 27 11 ey 17 23
The internasals form an extremely short suture behind the rostral; the parietal just
touches the upper postocular, and is slightly emarginate on its line of contact with the
anterior supratemporal 7; the masseteric disk is well developed, and is separated from
the latter shield by one granule, and from the last upper labial by one granule on the
left side and by two on the right; the first and second supraciliaries are in contact
with the anterior supraocular }, and the suture between them is vertical, not oblique.
The shape of the head does not differ from that of the var. monticola, but some of the
specimens of the var. bocagit from Spain and Portugal have also the head much flattened.
In the lizards from the Spanish Peninsula, it is impossible to draw a demarcation line
between the pyramidocephalous and the platycephalous type, which culminates in the
var. hispanica. I can predict that a larger series of specimens from that part of Spain
would so completely link the vars. bocagii and monticola as to render the naming of
certain individuals arbitrary.
Var. MONTICOLA.
My friend Dr. Gadow has presented to the British Museum two specimens of this
variety, which Prof. Méhely has raised to specific rank, as he was bound to do if
* Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 255.
7 As shown by fig. 13, on Pl. XVL, taken from a male specimen from Coimbra, in Dr. de Bedriaga’s
collection, the anterior temporal may be extensively in contact with the fourth supraocular in the var. bocagii
as well as in the var. monticola.
¢ I find exactly the same condition ina 2 ZL. horvathi received from Prof. Méhely, the granules behind
the second supraciliary being reduced to five.
x2
146 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
L. horvathi is to stand as a species. In fact, one of these two specimens, obtained by
Dr. Gadow at Burbia, Spain, and of which particulars follow, bears a most striking
resemblance to L. horvathi. Both specimens are again females; the male of this
variety is still unknown.
ilo 2. 3. &ip 5. 6. Uo
Oy CO Gey ites Maen ste et Hime Reta MUTINY ZOD 52 29 8 26 15-14: 23
” 64 50 28 9 23 18-17 26
The larger specimen, which is blotched with black on the back, the larger spots
forming a pair of vertebral series, differs from the types in the lower number of femoral
pores (14—15 instead of 17-20), in having the series of granules between the supra-
oculars and the supraciliaries incomplete, and in the absence of a masseteric disk, the
temple being covered with small irregular shields. The parietal forms a short suture
Text-fig. 3.
BPeeeecescoroococcac:-:-
SPTece®eecsegoeccoe=-.,
‘Paesce@Qreoeo@oeeoer=
oacc--
e@oaccaevoree=
Ho
a
yO
am
iy 0
A o
fy
yO
fa
Ay 8
HO
om
oe 4
a)
.
e®eceae ET
eco
—ecaee
S®@ecccoae-coca
>
is)
B c 5
A. F. typica. B,C. Var. bocagit. D. Var. monticola.
with the upper postocular. The smaller specimen, in which the back is olive-brown,
with a few black dots, bordered on each side by a sharply-defined blackish-brown band,
has the anterior loreal divided into two superposed shields, an azygous shield separates
the prefrontals, the anterior supratemporal forms a suture with the fourth supra-
ocular, and the posterior dorsal scales are feebly but very distinctly keeled. ‘The
temporal scutellation of this specimen (Pl. XVI. fig. 14) is interesting, as it repro-
duces the condition described by Prof. Méhely in L. horvathi (1909, p. 602): ‘“ Es ist
von hervorragender Wichtigkeit, dass das Massetericun teef wnten liegt und wahrend es
vom Supratemporale meist durch zwei Schildchen getrennt wird, stosst es mit dem
nachsten Supralabiale oft zusammen, oder es wird von demselben héchstens durch ein
Schildchen getrennt; ein ahnliches Verhalten ist mir von keiner anderen Lacerta
bekannt ”*. The scutellation of the lower surface of the tibia corresponds to
Mébely’s figure on pl. xxiv. fig. 3.
* See further on, p. 148 (var. brueggemanni).
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 147
I have no hesitation in stating that there is not a single structural character, or
combination of characters, by which L. monticola can be distinguished from L. horvathi.
But, whereas the former is a mountain form probably derived from the var. bocagii,
with paired series of spots on the vertebral line, the latter should be regarded as
a mountain form derived from the typical L. muralis, with a single series of spots,
often confluent into a streak, on the vertebral line*. he difference between
LI. monticola and L. horvathi is much less than that which separates L. sardoa from
LL. bedriage.
Il1.—ITALY (Supplement).
Forma TYPICA.
I am indebted to Prof. O. Neumann for examples of this lizard, obtained by him in
beech woods at Bosco d’Umbra, Monte Gargano, N. Apulia, so far the southernmost
well-ascertained locality in Italy for the typical form f.
1, 2 3. 4, 5. 6. if
ref 57 53 24 10 25 16-15 26
57 55 24 10 23 18-17 26
?
Typical in scaling, but one of the specimens has five anterior upper labials on one
side. Dorsal scales feebly keeled. Pale brown above, with small blackish spots,
black with light spots on the sides; bright red beneath, spotted with black.
* T do not mean that the paired vertebral spots of var. moniticola (see my pl. xxiv. fig. 2, Tr. 1905)
represent the vertebral series of spots or streak of the f. typica (1. c. figs. 3 & 4), or the paired vertebral spots
of some individuals of that form and of vars. campestris and serpa (occipital band of Méhely). On the
contrary, these have totally disappeared in the var. bocagii, in some specimens of which (J. c. fig. 6) the series
of spots bordering the dorso-lateral light streak (Supraciliarstreifen of Méhely) have become approximated
in such a manner as to lead to the condition shown by the var. montcola, and correspond to the Parietalband
of Méhely. The series of Spanish and Portuguese specimens at my disposal show this most conclusively,
thus affording further proof of the derivation of the var. monticola from the var. bocagti, itself derived from the
f. typica. See diagram on p. 146 (fig. 3).
+ I have, however, since writing the above, seen specimens in the Florence Museum, labelled “‘ Calabria
ultra,” and which are certainly referable to the typical form. I have noted the following particulars of two
of those specimens :—
ih 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7.
Sie cmneeiei ct: £00 54 25 9 24 17-16 25
Oem soe OO 55 27 10 23 18 25
As early as 1879 (Arch. f. Nat. p. 302) Bedriaga recorded this form from Arena, Calabria, on the authority
of Dr. Cavanna.
148 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
In other places on Monte Gargano, Prof. Neumann collected specimens of the
Var. SERPA,
on the whole, very similar to those from Rome and Naples, but some with compara-
tively large scales, as may be seen from the following tabulation :—
il, 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7
3 81 55 25 9 26 21-20 28
» 77 65 26 1a 26 21-20 28
” 77 64: 25 13 26 22-21 28
” 75 69 26 10 30 24 30
» 72 58 25 11 27 20 28
g 70 55 30 10 25 19-21 28
>» 68 66 27 9 26 24-22 29
» 65 56 29 9 26 23-22 29
In the specimens of the var. serpa, previously examined by me, 58 was the lowest
number of scales across the body, 62 to 70 being the usual number; whilst in this little
series I count 55 to 69. A specimen with as few as 50 scales is recorded further on,
from Sicily.
Var. BRUEGGEMANNI.
The head of the male specimen represented on Pl. XVII. fig. 2, is remarkable for
the large size of the temporal scales and for having the rostral shield entering the
nostril, two characters which are often found combined in the vars. campestris and
jiumana. This specimen formed part of a number of lizards purchased by the
Zoological Society as from ‘Tuscany. I may add that its frontal shield is much shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, a condition quite frequent in this variety.
In a male from Bagni di Ripoli, near Florence, presented by Dr. Banchi, I find the
temporal scutellation described by Méhely as typical of LZ. horvathi, the masseteric
disk being low down and separated from the last labial by one series of scales and
from the parietal by three (Pl. XVII. fig. 5), a state of things which I have occa-
sionally met with in the typical form and other varieties.
As believed by its original describer, this form connects the typical Wail-Lizard with
the var. serpa. In the markings of the upper parts some specimens closely approach
the spotted-streaked form of the latter; such is the male specimen from Florence,
preserved in Dr. de Bedriaga’s Collection, figured on Pl. XVII. fig. 3. Figs. 1 and 4
on the same Plate show how greatly the markings vary individually in examples from
the same part of Italy.
Var. INSULANICA.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Naturg. 1879, p. 277.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, subvars. e (part.) et f, Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879,
pp. 204 & 205.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 149
Lacerta muralis reticulata Eimer, Arch. f. Naturg. 1881, pp. 325 & 357, pl. xiii. fig. 12.
Lacerta muralis neopolitana, var. insulanica Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, lvi. 1882, p. 101.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, subvars. g et h (part.), Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886,
pp- 288 & 229.
“Le Lézard des murailles provenant de l’ile de Pianose laisse voir sur un beau fond
vert des bandes noires transversales et ondulées. Les parties inférieures du corps sont
bleudtres. Les séries longitudinales de plaques ventrales qui confinent aux flancs
sont d’un beau bleu marin tacheté de noir. Les formes de ce Lézard offrent des
caractéres nouveaux. Sa téte est déprimée, le cou est fortement renfle et beaucoup
plus large que la téte; son trone est trés-épais. Par ses formes, cette sous-variété
parait étre trés-voisine du Lézard oxycéphale de Fitzinger [read L. bedriage
Camerano].” Bedriaga, 1879, p. 205 (italics mine).
I had quite independently arrived at the same conclusion on examining a specimen
from Pianosa, near Elba, received after my first contribution (Tr. 1905) had been set up
in type, and to which I thus alluded in a footnote (p. 384) :—“I have received from
Prof. Camerano a male specimen from Pianosa, which may well be regarded as inter-
mediate between the vars. brueggemanni and bedriage.”’
Before having seen the specimens referred to the var. nigriventris (or ventromaculata
Bedr.) from the Scuola islet, near Pianosa, alluded to by Bedriaga *, I felt much
inclined to think that they would prove to be only a darker form of the var. insulanica
of Pianosa, a supposition which has been fully confirmed by the examination I have
been able to make of one of Dr. de Bedriaga’s specimens, forming part of his private
collection, and of several in the Florence Museum. ‘This variety is directly connected,
through the var. dbrueggemanni, with the typical Z. muralis, not with the varieties
grouped together as subspecies neapolitana. It may be regarded as a form evolved on
parallel lines with the true var. nigriventris, from the province of Rome, of which I
had the pleasure of seeing fine, specimens running on the old outer walis of Rome
in December last. I had a few captured for me, and two were exhibited last winter
in the Reptile House of the Zoological Society. Some had the spots yellow, others
had them of a bright green, and a few had the sides of a beautiful lapis-blue between
the meshes of a black network.
Before describing the var. tnsulanica, I will give particulars of sex, size, and scaling
in the 14 specimens examined, two being the types, in Dr. de Bedriaga’s Collection
(Pl. XVIII. fig. 1); the third is the male from Pianosa, received from Prof. Camerano
and mentioned in 1905, the next eight from the same locality, presented to the British
Museum by Count Peracca (Pl. XVIII. fig. 2); the first specimen from the Scuola
islet is in Dr. de Bedriaga’s Collection (Pl. XVIII. fig. 3), and the last two are in the
Flcrence Museum.
* ZL. c.—By an oversight, I previously referred to this lizard as being from a rock near Pianvsa in the
Adriatic.
150 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
ile 2 3 4, Sy 6 7
JHB MOKER AN 6 6 G6 oo BS ON BE BO By Bay) BBM ae}
ie TVS TOU cute une Psa Om um Ou grea: eae Ovi 2A 19 27
» @ Gd 7 2B 10) by 23 28
» op OO Ca SW a Pe 2}
» C8 OCB 23 l -2er Nee. Bs
» » Of Gd 23 10! oO 22 30
p €O CO Bs. lh 4s 22 28
, 9 48) GL) 24 9 28 21-23 28
) Oo . Ge Gs 23 8 27 26-25 31
” ip CO GI ay 9 24 24-21 28
d oy OD), | CO ee ID a RO)
Scuola COM NOS Meee ann eine 19 28
” PGS) wan Oe 26.0 Le 5 26) po 22 a
GomnGA eG ll 25 19 29
The rostral does not touch the nostril. The series of granules between the supra-
oculars and the supraciliaries is sometimes complete (it is so in the larger of the two
types), but the first supraciliary usually forms a suture with the supraocular.
Parietal in contact with the upper postocular. Masseteric disk sometimes large,
sometimes small, or very small. One specimen (?) has 5 anterior labials on both
sides, the others have 4.
Dorsal scales granular, feebly but distinctly keeled, 60 to 74 across the body, 40 to
67 on the middle of the back corresponding to the length of the head, 4 or 5 on the
sides corresponding to a ventral plate. Tibial scales a little smaller than dorsals,
very distinctly keeled. 19 to 26 femoral pores. 26 to 33 lamelle under the fourth
toe. ‘The hind limb reaches the collar, or between the collar and the ear, in males, the
axil in females.
In coloration often very similar to var. bedriage. Upper parts and sides of body
and limbs green or yellowish with a black network which may have a tendency to form
cross-bands as in L. tiliguerta (tigris of Kimer). Sometimes the black predominates
to such an extent as to constitute the ground-colour on which the green appears
as small round or vermicular spots, as in the var. nigriventris, or the lizard from Filfola
Rock. Head pale brown above, with small or large black spots or vermiculations ;
lips often black, each shield with a light spot. White or pink beneath, throat with
grey or blackish markings, the whole or the sides of the belly spotted with black;
blue spots on the outer ventrals. Tail with regular cross-bars of black and white
ocellar spots, most marked on the sides.
There is no marked sexual coloration-dimorphism, and the young, which I have
seen in the Florence Museum, is reticulated, not streaked.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 151
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
No 2. 3. 4, 5, 6.
From end of snout tovent . . . . 80 72 68 62 70 80
a 5 forelimb . . 84 28 26 22 27 35
lbenadn OF IngaGls 6 6 6 o 6 6 BB 19 18 14. 19 23
Wvseliin or aexel 5.6 6 6 6 oF 3 5 Ie 12 13 9 12 16
IDgpwn OF nem 6 «6 6 o 4 ea o IO 10 9 7 10 10
Ores impasse Atte eee oil 25 23 20 24 33
LaGiraal Wiens). ig ou lou Meals wh weeehen ae ae le/ 41 39 34 37 AZ
OO LURE BINcHE FaukE sais curve fish querer oct UC gS 7% 22 20 17 20 26
1. g, type, Pianosa (Bedriaga Collection). 2-3. ¢,Pianosa. 4. 2, Pianosa. 5. 3, Scuola,
near Pianosa (Bedriaga Collection). In column 6 I have added, for comparison with no. 1,
the measurements of a large male of var. bedriage from Bastelica, one of the types, in the
Bedriaga Collection.
This var. ¢nswlanica may be regarded as completely connecting the var. brueggemanni
with the var. diliquerta, differing from the latter in having the belly more or less
spotted, at least on the sides. As I have previously pointed out (Tr. 1905, p. 384,
footnote), the smaller var. brweggemanni occurs on Elba, and specimens from S. Piero,
near Elba, are in the Werner Collection.
Regarding, with Bedriaga, the Pianosa lizard as also nearly related to the Corsican
var. bedriage, we may turn to Méhely’s latest paper (1909, p. 486) to see what are
the characters which, according to him, justify the specific separation of the latter
from LZ, muralis, of which he regards L. brueggemanni as a variety.
Leaving out the cranial characters, which are likewise inconstant (see above, p. 136),
but with which I do not propose to deal at present, the following are the points on
which this author lays greater stress to show that L. bedriage, or reticulata as he calls
it, cannot be regarded as a race of L. muralis, but is unquestionably entitled to rank
as a species pertaining to a quite different group.
1. The robust, stout habitus.—This is true only of males, and a comparison of the male
figured by me (Tr. 1905, pl. xxix. fig. 7) with one of L. insulanica in the present
paper (Pl. XVIII. fig. 1) shows how slight such a difference really is (see also
the comparative measurements given above). Besides, Méhely includes in the
same species L. sardoa, which, according to his own definition, is more slender than
L. bedriage. One does not see, therefore, how the robust, stout form can be appealed
to in justification of the specific distinction. Bedriaga (see above, p. 149) alluded
specially to the stout form of the Pianosa lizard.
2. The short frontal—tIt may be quite as short in LZ. imsulanica, and it is not
at all short in L. sardoa (see Tr. 1905, pl. xxviii. figs. 8 & 9). Big, heavy
males of var. brueggemanni and jilfolensis often have a short frontal, much shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout. There is nothing in this character.
VOL. XX.—PART I. No. 3.—ebruary, 1913. ve
162 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
3. The complete series of granules between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries.—
Again a worthless specific character, occurring more or less frequently in the typical
J. muralis and most of its varieties. Besides, Méhely omits to state that, as he him-
self admits higher up (1909, p. 478), this is only ‘‘ usually” the case in L. bedriage.
1 cannot understand how such characters, which are known to break down in almost
every variety, can be adduced in favour of specific distinction.
4. The vertical direction of the suture between the jirst and second supraciliaries.—
Oblique, even strongly so, on one side or on both sides in several specimens (Brit. Mus.
and Bedriaga Coll.) of L. bedriage, vertical on one side in a male of L. insulanica.
The character is subject to frequent exceptions in the typical LZ. muwralis, in which the
said suture is usually oblique (see above, p. 139).
5. The short freno-ocular (=second loreal).—May be shorter, in proportion to its
distance from the nostril, in LZ. énsulanica than in L. bedriage. In two specimens
(3 2) of the latter, I find it as long as its distance from the rostral. Compare also
fig. 8@ on my pl. xxviii. (Tr. 1905) with side views of heads of other varieties on
the same plate.
6. The homogeneous temporal scutellation, by which expression is meant that a
masseteric disk is absent.—Higher up (1909, p. 479) Méhely admits that it is sometimes
present, although very small. A large male from Bastelica, in the Bedriaga Collection,
the head of which is here figured (text-fig. 4 A) alongside with that of a male of the
var. nsulanica, from Pianosa, in the same collection (text-fig. 4 B), shows how far these
statements are to be depended upon when submitted to the test of evena but moderately
large series of specimens.
Text-fig. 4.
A. Var. bedriage; B. Var. insulanica. From photographs.
7. The very distinct supratemporal.—tThis is not constant (see Tr. 1905, p. 412),
and besides the shield is twice as large in a male ZL. insulanica as in a female
(one of the types) of L. bedriage. 1 request a comparison of figs. 7 & 9 of
plxxvitioelrsmlo Vom.
8. The nearly smooth wpper caudal scales and the smooth tibial and dorsal scales.—
The caudal scales are often very distinctly keeled in L. bedriage and L. sardoa,
* See also Méhely’s own figure of the head of ZL. bedriage in Ann, Mus. Hung. iii. 1905, p- 301, which
does not agree with his later definition of the Archeolacertx, op. cit. vii. 1909, p. 424.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 153
and smooth dorsal scales and nearly smooth caudals are found in so many typical
LI. muralis and closely related varieties, that very little importance attaches to such a
character. Specimens with smooth and keeled dorsal scales are placed in the same
species by Méhely when dealing with L. saxicola (1909, p. 491).
9. The high number of gular scales.—26 to 39 in L. bedriage, 24 to 32 in L. insu-
lanica, 22 to 30 in L. brueggemanni.
10. The more feeble gular fold—bBetter marked in a large male L. bedriage from
Tinozzo, and in another from Bastelica than in some of the lizards from Pianosa.
11. The same number of transverse series of ventral plates in the two sexes.—See
what I have to say of the Maltese lizards, p. 160.
12. The greater number of rows of scales on the lower surface of the thigh—I count
5 to 8 rows between the large shields and the femoral pores in L. bedriage, 5 or 6 in
LL. insulanica.
13. The greater number of femoral pores—I19 to 31 in L. bedriage, 19 to 26 in
L. insulanica,
As regards the scaling, a greater difference exists between a typical LZ. muralis from
Lower Austria (A) and Z. insulanica than between L. insulanica (B) and L. bedriage
(C), as shown by the numbers of scales across the body (a), of femoral pores (6), and
of subdigital lamella under the fourth toe (¢) :——
Ne th C83, . b, IAG, G, PDE,
By 5 COB. yp NOB, yy BOSE
Os ny GOVE | fy) IOI gy ORB.
14. The reticulated livery of the young and the absence of secondary sexual characters
in the markings.—These are features which are likewise characteristic of L. insulanica.
As the latter point is one on which Méhely lays great stress in his classification of the
Wall-Lizards, I think no better example could be adduced to show the fallacy of his
conclusions than that offered by this Pianosa lizard, which, in its habitat between Elba
and Corsica, appears to constitute a geographical link between the Elba lizards of the
var. brueggemanni and the var. bedriage, isolated on the mountains of Corsica. I do
not suppose any one who has devoted some study to these lizards could think of
regarding the Filfola Rock lizard as more than a variety derived from the smaller form
living on Malta; and yet the latter shows as strong a sexual coloration-dimorphism
as the typical Z. muralis, whilst the former is, in this respect, in the same condition as
LL. bedriage.
IV.__SARDINIA (Supplement).
Var. QUADRILINEATA.
Signor Meloni has sent me 34 specimens from Latzobé, Urzulei-Ogliastra Mountains,
altitude 1080 m., which vary much in markings. Many of the males have large black
Y 2
154 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
spots on the ventrals, and a few of the females have some scattered black dots on
the same region. The series of granules between the supraoculars and the supra-
ciliaries is complete in 18 specimens. 4 specimens have five anterior labials on each
side, 6 have five on one side and four on the other, and one has three on each side.
In two specimens the rostral forms a suture with the frontonasal. In all but two
the masseteric disk is large, and in one only is the parietal excluded from contact
with the upper postocular. Femoral pores 20 to 29.
Out of four specimens from Cagliari, received from Count Peracca, one has five
anterior upper labials. Femoral pores 21 to 25.
In nearly all these specimens the rostral shield touches or enters the nostril. In this
respect the var. guadrilineata tends towards the var. pityusensis, in which the rostral
constantly enters the nostril. There are many points of agreement between these two
varieties, and it now appears to me not improbable that the Iviza lizard, which differs
considerably from the Wall-Lizards of the Spanish Peninsula, may be directly derived
from those inhabiting Corsica and Sardinia. This would be in accordance with what
we know of the herpetological fauna of the Balearic Islands, which lacks any truly
Spanish elements, and shows decided Eastern affinities in the presence of Testudo
greca and Bufo viridis, to say nothing of the reported occurrence on Minorca of
Lacerta muralis, vay. tiliquerta, which, in view of the present knowledge of its
distribution, may, after all, not be due to human agency, as I was first inclined to
believe.
Var. SARDOA.
Simce the appearance of my first contribution, Count Peracca has published *
supplementary notes on his £. sardoa, based on the examination of 26 further
specimens. ‘The lizard was then believed to be confined to a single valley on the
Gennargentu, but on a recent rapid inspection of the collection in the Florence
Museum, Count Peracca and I found three large specimens, labelled as from Monte
Limbara. In these specimens, the nasals are narrowly in contact with each other
behind the rostral, whilst in the 26 specimens described by Peracca the frontonasal is
in contact with the rostral, usually forming an extensive suture. The postnasal
is constantly single, and, with three exceptions, the parietal is in contact with the
upper postocular. There are more frequently 4 than 5 upper labials in front of
the subocular.
According to the author’s tabulation, the number of scales across the body varies
from 62 to 76, the transverse series of ventrals from 23 to 26, the collar-shields from
11 to 15, the gular scales, in a longitudinal series, from 29 to 38, the femoral pores
from 21 to 30, frequently with a second series of rudimentary pores, as noticed in the
* Boll. Mus. Zool. Torin, xx. no. 519, 1905, with a plate:
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 155
type specimen, and the lamelle under the fourth toe from 26 to 29. Two specimens
have 8 longitudinal rows of ventrals.
Peracca also points to the shape of the frontal shield as a distinctive feature of
I. sardoa, the antero-lateral borders being convex instead of straight or concave.
But I cannot agree with him as to the importance of this character, since I find the
same condition in two specimens of the var. bedriage, and I have observed many
similar cases in the typical Z. muraiis and in the vars. quadrilineata, serpa, and others.
I have seen specimens in which the antero-lateral border of the frontal is concave on
one side and convex on the other, this being particularly marked in a specimen of the
var. serpa from Spalato, Dalmatia, preserved in Dr. Werner's Collection.
V.—SICILY (Supplement).
In my previous paper I referred all the specimens that had come under my notice
to the var. serpa. With a more extensive material before me, I find that both
the vars. serpa (or sicula) and tiliguerta occur in Sicily. Prof. Méhely * was therefore
perfectly right in referring Sicilian specimens to the latter form, and I was wrong in
throwing doubts on the correctness of his identification. I apologise to him for having
done so. The specimens from Palermo and Catania, figured in Tr. 1905, pl. xxvii.
fig. 7 and xxviii. fig. 4, as well as others from the same localities, belong to the
var. serpa, whilst those from Messina (pl. xxvii. fig. 6), Syracuse, Modica, and some
from Catania, should be referred to the var. ¢iliqguerta. I must, nevertheless, point
out that I am not always able to distinguish examples of the vars. é¢/iguerta and serpa,
so completely do they merge into each other, and the Hastern var. hieroglyphica
(p. 201) further adds to the difficulty.
Var. SERPA.
I append particulars of specimens collected by Prof. O. Neumann on Monte Cuccio,
near Palermo, and from Palermo in Dr. Werner’s Collection. 1t will be seen that they
have, on an average, a lower number of scales across the body (50 to 67), fewer femoral
pores (18 to 23), and fewer subdigital scales (28 to 33) than in the series referred to
var. tiliguerta (scales 62-79, pores 21-28, subdigital scales 50-35). Further, the
head is shorter and more convex, the parietal shield is always in contact with the
upper postocular, the dorsal scales are more distinctly keeled, and the coloration is
different. Some specimens are bright green above, with black spots forming
longitudinal series, others are brown with or without spots, and with two whitish
lines along each side. ‘The belly is white, orange, or brick-red in males, white or
* Ann. Mus. Hung. vy. 1907, p. 483.
156 MR. G A. BOULENGER ON THE
pink in females *, the outer ventral shields blue or bluish in both sexes; in one male
the other Hontrals are white, each with a brick-red spot.
The rostral sometimes enters the nostril, and in one male it forms a shore suture
with the frontonasal. The series of granules between the supracculars and the supra-
ciliaries may be complete or much reduced, and the masseteric disk may be very large,
very small, or absent.
i, 2. 3. 4, D. 6. os
Wome CUGGO 5 6 56 5 g VG 7, 9226) 12) 228 e223 R28)
» co Oe BR a7 9 2% 22 29
» See G6nmn60) 25), 10) 9) 26) ) 23-21 aol
o» 5 OG 50) 28 9) 22) 20219) a9
2» SN OA OD, Fil Ome 22 29
, © 68 64 28 11 26 20-21 33
3 poe), (OZR WB = <2) 9 23 19-20 27
” Oo mo ONS 9 24 20 29
» a BY GS BO IG) ee BOL SX)
a» mB AS Bia ae 20 29
Palermo 3 70 66 26 12 30 20-22 30
” mp a BS 8 26 21-20 29
» OOO) 625) 10) 23a 21 = 2 OREO
29 a OB Gl 2 O22 ISO ao
2 9 63 62 28 925 22 29
” nO 2 OOS 9 26 20 29
Measurements (in millimetres) of specimens from Monte Cuccio :—
3. OF
From end of snout tovent. . .... 72 68
Be an oy oe WM). 6 6 og 5. ao) 23
Hengthyoljhead aimee, Wee erga! aire) ak 15
Wiadthiofsheadtiisqiesemmne a. tetera. sce al 9
Depthvotshead 1s i muse ee icin oj ta 3 9
Hore Him bien rater tee iarneen as alate Masashi hic 22
Hind dlimbignie heer ere scat kar) 49 38
I NooY Beye (e avegew les Si ea, sy Mela scl mete) aha ee eR 20
LY DESI RH esa eae cipa Ohta coe aa lt aE L545) 125
* According to Camerano (Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 64) the lower parts may be of a “rosso deciso ” in females.
‘The colour of the lower parts is of very little importance for the definition of varieties (see Tr. 1905, p. 383,
and pl, xxii.), and is not always a guide for the distinction of the sexes, as the so-called var. rubriventris
of the typical form may be found in both sexes (Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 215). Kammerer
is mistaken when he says of the female (Arch. Entwickm. xxix. 1910, p. 459), “ Ventralseite des normalen,
LL. muralis niemals rot, die normale Farbe der unteren Teile beim typischen L. muralis Miinnchen.”
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 157
Var. TILIGUERTA.
The following are particulars of specimens from Palermo in Dr. Werner’s Collection,
and from Monte Cuccio and Tarmina, collected by Prof. O. Neumann :—
I 2h 3. 4, 5 6. Ul.
Palermowiund wae ele. oh ae biG Aun lee 2 On Oj 9 24 31
ue sf WO: 26m lee 29 28-2 6Reao
i i iO BA OS SUL. UR By
53 2 65 68 27 1 26 822-23 32
i is ies Rok Diam ta MRE Gl. Ga: 28 Il BS Sear si)
Wlemig CUGCRO ~~ 5 56 6 ib ek Tes WAS) Br AL A as x0)
35 2 70 TO) ail 11 29 23-22 31
Manimi nary ewe ee isthe deelesuie Ge Oy 7) 2 Il Bll 27 33
rs . ie Cy 7) 23 10 23 25-223 So)
ie 5 GS O27 1 a BBE ee
33 3 g 59 68 30 8 26 23-24 33
i, aS iG G3 GO AIM 923 Bleep 3
In 10 out of 33 Sicilian specimens examined, the anterior temporal is in contact
with the fourth supraocular.
The coloration varies greatly. Some specimens have black spots disposed longi-
tudinally, with a more or less regular vertebral stripe, as in the Sardinian specimen
figured by me in Tr. 1905, pl. xxix. fig. 5; others are reticulate all over, or the
black markings form more or less distinct cross-bars (var. ¢igris of Eimer), as figured
on the same plate, fig. 6. In the pattern of markings the var. téd¢guerta may approach
very closely certain individuals of the var. bedriagw, as shown by the specimens here
figured (Pl. XVIII. figs. 7 & 8). The markings on the tail may be very indistinct.
And, finally, some specimens are uniformly greyish-olive or brownish, and evidently
represent the L. olivacea and L. puccina of Rafinesque.
Dr. de Bedriaga has sent me, alive, three specimens from Pantellaria Island, between
Sicily and Tunisia, which are unquestionably referable to the var. téliquerta :—
i. 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. Uo
ol a. Ue 71 26 10 32 25-26 35
99 70 75 25 9 29 24 35
g 63 67 27 9 27 25-24 32
In both the males the supratemporal is in contact with the fourth supraocular.
In view of our extended knowledge of the range of the var. ¢idiguerta, the occurrence
of this form in Tunisia no longer appears improbable (cf. Tr. 1905, p. 419). The
question whether or not it is indigenous on Minorca (J. ¢. p. 370) remains unsolved.
158 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
VI.—MALTA anp LINOSA (Supplement).
With insufficient material before me, I referred, in my previous contribution, the
lizards from Malta and Linosa to Z. serpa, and maintained the var. ji/folensis for the
larger form from the Filfola Rock, near Malta. I now find that the characters
for separating the latter entirely break down, but the Maltese and Linosa varieties are
sufficiently distinguished by their coloration and their average smaller scaling to be.
separated from the var. serpa. I therefore retain the name ji/folensis, but apply it to
the lizards from the main island and from Linosa, as well as to those for which it was
originally intended. Much as I regret using so unsuitable a designation, in view of the
extended range of the variety, I am compelled to do so in preference to the alternative
of proposing anew name. I can quite conceive these lizards being united with the var.
quadrilineata from Corsica and Sardinia, from which some specimens are, to my eye,
undistinguishable. The only characters which can be adduced in favour of their
separation is that in the var. guadrilineata there are usually fewer than 70 scales
across the body (56 to 75 being the ascertained range of variation), and the rostral
usually touches or enters the nostril, and in the var. fi/folensis there are usually more
scales and the rostral very rarely touches the nostril *. Further, I am not prepared
to say that I could, in all cases, tell a Maltese lizard from certain specimens of the
var. serpa from Italy, or of the var. insulanica from Pianosa, near Elba. I may repeat
it again, most of these forms are undefinable by the characters to which we have to
resort, however greatly they seem to differ when only their extremes are compared ;
and that is why, until they can be properly diagnosed, I refrain from allowing them
the rank of species. In its very fine lepidosis this variety shows special affinity to the
Balearic var. lilfordi.
The Maltese lizard is now represented by a series of 19 specimens, received from
Mr. Despott (first four specimens in the table of particulars), Mrs. F. H. Pollen (fifth
specimen, figured, Pl. XVII. fig. 6), and Capt. H. Lynes.
il, 2. 3. 4, 5 6 i
Go ola vg Gy 66 27 10 28 22-238 0
Suebihe taa wos hors 73 27 12 29 24-25 + 31
2 oe) 6 9 |) Ol 67 28 10 28 20 31
BAY Gea ud mee neo 71 28 g) 33 23 34
3 60 64. 26 10 30 20-22 30
5 62 72 27 10 36 24-22 32
a 60 24: 11 34. 25-23 35
2 59 80 27 10 31 24-26 34.
5D 57 70 20 11 32 21-19 32
a 56 66 28 9 30 23 35
g 6) OS 79 29 10 28 19-20 30
* In 8 specimens out of 70 examined.
tT This specimen has two rows of pseudopores, as have been observed in Z, sardoa.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 159
50 to 60 scales correspond to the length of the head.
The masseteric disk is always present and usually well developed ; in two specimens
the parietal does not touch the upper postocular. Some females closely resemble the
striped form of var. guadrilineata, and some males are also very suggestive of the
so-called LZ. genet. The belly is unspotted in all the specimens.
There are also 9 specimens from a rocky island near the mouth of St. Paul’s Bay,
presented by Capt. Lynes (Pl. XVII. fig. 7), 6 of which are here tabulated :—
I 2, 3. a. 5. 6. 7.
Mia ers tas fo 85 27 9 33 24-23 36
55 78 27 10 33 24-23 36
55 70 26 10 33 21-22 35
Webs ary euOo, 71 27 9 34. 23-24. 33
OME amen far Jot 0) 84. 30 ll 35 24-25 36
: 48 70 29 10 34 20-21 35
In three specimens the parietal shield does not touch the upper postocular. ‘Two of the
males have black spots on the belly, forming two longitudinal bands; the blue colour
occupying the outer ventral shields forms an uninterrupted band from axil to groin.
Two of the specimens, a male and a female, agree in this anomaly, that the fronto-
nasal is divided into two, with an azygous shield between them and the prefrontals.
Of the Filfola Rock form, specimens collected by Mr. Despott were received at the
Zoological Gardens in 1910, and are still living. ‘The belly is black and blue on the
sides, copper-colour, orange, or black in the middle in males, dull yellow or black in
females ; dorsal spots of a pale green.
I append particulars of 15 specimens, in spirit, obtained by the same collector,
and preserved in the British Museum.
1. 2 3. 4 5. 6 7
So 80 77 27 10 37 25-26 2
9p ° 79 76 28 11 36 23 34
” 78 Wh, 28 11 36 24-25 35
» 78 79 20 11 34. 23-24 2
» 76 70 28 IL 34. 25-24 32
» 75 80 29 10 32 23-25 35
” 74: 77 27 12 36 24-26 31
” 73 75 28 12 37 22-24. 34.
” 72 79 28 10 38 23-24 35
by 65 74. 28 Wik 34 22 3]
z 64 73 30 9 34. 24. 3]
» 62 74, 29 11 38 24. 36
» 62 70 28 12 32 24. 34.
apy cae Meee! | O 73 28 1 30 25 3]
er aS ay ee | LO 70 30 §) 34 22-28 ?
In the last specimen the masseteric disk is absent. In 5 specimens the parietal
shield does not touch the upper postocular. ‘The frontal shield is usually considerably
VOL. XX.—ParT 111. No. 4.—February, 1913. Z
160 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout. Some specimens, male and
female, are of a dull olive-brown on the back, with black spots and a broad black
vertebral stripe (Pl. XVII. fig. 8).
It is noteworthy that in the Filfola lizard, as well as in those from Malta and Linosa,
there is not that considerable difference in the number of transverse series of ventral
plates between the sexes as is generally the case in the typical form and other varieties
of LZ. muralis. Thus my tables show the numbers to be 24 to 28 (usually 25) in
males, 27 to 32 (usually 29) in females of the typical form, whilst in the Maltese-
Linosa lizard they are 24 to 29 (usually 26 to 22) in males, 28 to 31 (usually 28 or 29) —
in females. In this respect the var. filfolensis resembles the var. bedriage, with
24 to 28 series (usually 25) in males, and 25 to 28 (usually 26) in females.
This lizard inhabiting Linosa appears to be identical with that of Malta, as I have
already pointed out (Tr. 1905, p. 401).
I am indebted to Dr. de Bedriaga for eight specimens, four of which (23,2?)
were received alive.
In one of the male specimens the top of the head and a broad median dorsal stripe
are of a slightly reddish brown, the sides are black with round greenish yellow spots ;
outer row of ventral shields black and blue; belly pale pink with a longitudinal series
of large black spots on the second row of shields (Pj. XVIII. fig. 5); chin and throat
yellowish white, with large black spots or marblings. In another male a black
network extends over the whole back, whilst in further individuals of the same sex
(Pl. XVIII. fig. 4) the upper parts are black with small light spots, exactly as in the
lizard from Filfola.
The larger female, received alive, is dark brown above, with a black network
enclosing small yellowish spots, and with traces of three black longitudinal stripes,
the median very narrow; belly pinkish, the sides spotted with black ; small blue spots
on the outer row of ventral shields. ‘The smaller female also dark brown above, with
a narrow black vertebral streak and a black lateral band edged with whitish above and
below (Pl. XVIII. fig. 6); lower parts as in the preceding.
The following tabulation refers to the 8 specimens presented by Dr. de Bedriaga and
to the one (last on the list) received from the late Prof. Giglioli, and noticed and
figured in my previous contribution (Tr. 1905, p. 401, pl. xxvii. fig. 8).
ee OR aCe) en a 6. tf,
dae 7 On Al Oe SCP 925226 lass
econ Mm OCMIO cS) 126227. mod
oy) a Conan Amero aman eLO IN 29) 921292.) aes
A AG mG rT OM) MnO ONE 3G) 825-24) an
i oe Ce CO mmo oIMT NG 28%. (21208) a5
Owe 6 Gl 9B 83> 1 BO. PAE a
i) Se ASA Sno mm NmLaN, 730 22 31
eG AO EEG wn 28 8 Spon | si
LOA ONES OMROS eS ©, BB 23 34.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 161
In 38 specimens (out of 9) the parietal does not touch the upper postocular. The
series of granules between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries is usually complete.
Masseteric disk large. Dorsal scales granular, smooth or faintly keeled, 4 or 5 series
on the sides corresponding to a veniral plate, 46 to 58 corresponding to the length of
the head. Scales on tibia smaller than dorsals, feebly keeled. Caudal scales truncate
and diagonal, on the sides with the keel much nearer the dorsal border.
VII.—EAST COAST anp ISLANDS oF tut ADRIATIC, GREECE.
Forma TYPICA.
I have received a good many of these lizards from various localities East of the
Adriatic, and, before offering remarks on them, I will give a tabulation of the size and
numbers of scales and pores in a number of specimens which, unless marked W.
(Werner Collection), are preserved in the British Museum.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. W
StasReterCarniolay es) sou 00) oa 26 923 17 24
- 35 » 8) 80 2 9 22 15-16 28
W. Bassovica, nr. Trieste .,, C4 BO. | 2B) 9 29 20-19 29
OSM 5 6 6 0 6 5 mg) 666 UMHl6UlU} UO. CBB},
ae BA eR Dede bet 1 oo peor) Oe weds 8) 25) 21-19) 26
BS fn. MOTO aE a nT aes 55 46 28 9° 22 Wo=l6 24
(enya, osm 5 ois 6 Be Be 2 22 Nelly BB
W. Livno, 55 LA un eet SALON GA OM ie 7 OA 2 w=1G Be
W Bs 5 So 8 45 2 22 Gay 283
Wo Ilemesoume 5 6 6 6 1G Gm SO” 2 I Bs WAG 23
W. Korito, Herzegovina. . , 64 50 26 9 24 18-19 24
WwW 35 fe oo 8 C8 426 SO 8 24 15-16 28
Wee Centr Bulgaria 2) Ge GO a2 24 De 26 e9=20) 26
Tetwen, Bulgaria . . , 61 54 24 ©) 2 | I=)
45 p j » we 8 Bs) 8 28 21-22 2
Panagiuriste, Bulgaria. ,, 55 52 28 8 26 20 23
Rutschuk, 3 op 6 8S 2s 9 24 18-19 24
W. 55 As 0 2 BA BB BE 2D WOSiNey BB
L. Stymphalos, Morea. G . 65 54 26 IJ1 24 20-19 28
The specimen from Bassovica, one of the types of Werner's var. maculiventris (Verh.
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli. 1891, p. 742)*; much spotted with black above and
beneath, with a black, wavy lateral band, approaches the var. brueggemanni in the
longer hind limb reaching the collar, with the foot 14 the length of the head and
with more numerous lamelle (29) under the fourth toe. ‘The series of granules
between the supraciliaries and the supraoculars is complete, and there is in addition a
second, incomplete, series. Parietal 13 times as long as broad; interparietal nearly
4 times as long as the occipital ; an azygous shield between the prefrontals. Collar
* Also recorded from Goritz and Fiume.
Zz 2
162 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
feebly denticulate. Dorsal scales oval-hexagonal, feebly but distinctly keeled, larger
than tibials ; caudals obtusely keeled, 40 in the fourth whorl.
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
From end/ofsnout to vent... | . . . 64
a5 35 jp woke II} $4 gy an
lens thiomheadin Mums ueenevue rennet.) nly
Wiadthwotehead inte: an wieamatenminannesi eh) teste. 0 i
Depthyo rh ead Gace meni arta macnn amu. 7:5
Korewimibyaea aie ce mares en ee Ya | 28
and ¥himiby ane een neonate hoa file, 8S
HOOLR rrn ciara eesti con Ya 4h) dll
Male (reproduced) haus minm mar neniee ra pole) all O
This seems to be the form, supposed to be from Dalmatia, described by Bedriaga,
Arch. f. Naturg. 1878, p. 274 (L. muralis fusca aus Dalmatien).
The specimens from Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria have shorter hind limbs,
reaching the axil in the males, the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in
the females, and the foot is not or but slightly longer than the head, sometimes even
slightly shorter. This difference can be appreciated by a comparison of the measure-
ments of the Bassovica specimen with those of specimens from Bosnia :—
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
3 OF
From end ofsnout to vent . .. . . £66 55
0 Ap oy foreslimibyeee ees) 20 19
iene chyorgh ead Gam aman mercume nary ari: 12
Wiadthvotiheade ies nrcnermeainr ns 20 oll 8
Depthiothecad ey her wena basa i. sc 8 6
Horeslimb aes ee i eis eek LOND 18
bind ime. ane mares ates a b= 130 26
HOOtM ey a eM ee, AG 15
Tail ey eM meres niS ie UBS 74 *
The suture between the internasals is usually extremely short, and the series of
granules between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries is incomplete +. The dorsal
scales are roundish, or roundish hexagcnal, sometimes very distinctly keeled, some-
times nearly smooth, always larger than the tibials; in a female from Livno, the caudal
scales are very feebly keeled, and the whorls are alternately longer and shorter in a
very marked manner; the caudal scales are always truncate or indistinctly pointed,
* Reproduced.
7 Except in one specimen from St. Peter, Carniola, and in one from Korito, Herzegovina; in other speci-
mens from the latter locality (in Dr. Werner’s Collection), these granules may be reduced to 3 to 5, thus
showing the absolute worthlessness of this character for distinguishing species in the LZ. muralis group.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 163
and the collar-edge is entire, characters which distinguish, though not sharply, the
typical form from the following variety.
Some males (Bosnia, Bulgaria) are greyish brown above, with black spots or vermi-
culations on the back, blackish brown on the sides, with light, black-edged round -
spots, the larger of which form a regular dorso-lateral series, a pattern of
coloration which can be exactly matched by some Caucasian specimens, in which,
contrary to Méhely’s statement, the head is not in any way flatter than in some of the
Bosnian lizards. ‘These males have the lower parts more or less spotted with black,
occasionally to such an extent as to appear black with numerous small white spots
(Pl. XVI. fig. 6). Some males, and all females examined, have a black vertebral
streak or series of spots (Pl. XVI. fig. 7). The lower parts are unspotted in females,
and appear to have been white; they were salmon-pink in a recently preserved male
from Panagiuriste, Bulgaria. According to Werner (1891), the Istrian specimens
examined by him have the under parts white in both sexes, whilst males from
Herzegovina have these parts red (1899).
References to the L. muralis typica from Kast of the Adriatic are made by Werner,
Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 40 (1897), Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzog. vi. 1899, p. 819,
and x. 1907, p. 660, and by A. Klaptocz, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxix. 1910, p. 417
(Albania). According to Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herz. ii. 1894, p. 570, this is
the only form of Z. muralis found in Bosnia.
Bedriaga * reports the typical form from various parts of Greece, and alludes to
specimens with fire-red belly from the neighbourhood of Athens. ‘The only specimen
I have seen is from Lake Stymphalos, Northern Morea, presented by Mr. Norman
Douglass, particulars of which are given in the above table. I may add that this
specimen is rather above the average size, as may be seen from the following
measurements, that the head-shields are absolutely typical, the dorsal scales oval-
hexagonal, distinctly keeled, and larger than those on the flanks, the caudal scales
truncate and moderately keeled, forming alternately longer and shorter whorls. ‘The
hind limb reaches the shoulder. Reddish grey above, with an interrupted vertebral
series of dark spots and a lateral series of large dark reddish-brown spots, forming a
chain and confluent with a band on the head and neck ; lower parts with small black
spots (Pl. XVI. fig. 5).
Measurements (in millimetres) :——
Ion GAG) OE HNOMIH UO WAM. 6c oo 9 o o | 6)
iy bf wore Ihura) 6 Gg Gs ee
ene thwotwhea camper wie Sumatra stg uate 7,
AWalditlavotwbeadbennee alee n os | at wth es" lh esti Nes mec LO
Wepthwotsheadim wey cercy ten eee sy eae es 8
Moreplimlopeyn ay co tarumrer mnetl i Raa ves Oe
Elida eran ns tet epee, SN TMS venO TNMs
COLI erate cee ura anna! o Noate deed Pear matey)
* Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, lvi. Pt. ii. 1882, p. 97, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiy. 1886, p. 216.
164 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
In specimens from Albania, according to Klaptocz, 7. c., the hind limb does not
extend beyond the axil in males, the scales across the body vary between 45 and 957,
and the femoral pores between 13 and 20.
Thanks to the courtesy of Prof. zur Strassen and Dr. Lehrs, I have examined the
specimens from Prevesa in Epirus, in the extreme north of Greece, preserved in the
Senckenberg Museum at Frankfort (Main), first referred by Boettger * to the typical
form, with a remark as to their resemblance in form and coloration to J. taurica, and
later referred to the var. ¢iliguertat+. ‘These specimens have since been identified
with L. tonica by Lehrs, and I regard them as belonging to L. taurica, of which
I. ionica is, at most, a variety {. I append particulars of the two largest of these
specimens :—-
il 2 3. 4, 5 6 7
fof 65 55 28 10 26 21 27
g 65 55 32 10 20 18-19 23
Var. BREVICEPS.
This variety, which I described in my previous contribution as doubtfully from
Italy, occurs in Herzegovina, as has been pointed out to me by Dr. Werner, and I now
think it very likely that the specimens in the Naples University Museum came from
East of the Adriatic. On looking through the large collection of Lizards in the
Florence Museum, I failed to find any that could be referred to this variety.
I append particulars of three specimens from Babaplanina, Herzegovina, for which
I am indebted to Dr. Werner; the first two form part of his private coliection, the
third is now in the British Museum.
a
Ile 2 3. 4, 5 5 7.
Gila cary tie erin BOA 45 28 8 22 15 22
hanes ie eat OD 48 29 g) 22 16 23
47 45 28 8 19 13-14 21
Dorsal scales large and flat, much larger than the scales on the flanks, round or
roundish-hexagonal, very distinctly keeled. Caudal scales pointed behind, moderately
keeled, very oblique, the whorls often very distinctly longer and shorter alternately
(25 or 26 in the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules). Collar feebly serrated.
Hind limb reaching wrist or elbow of adpressed hind limb ; foot not or but slightly
longer than head. Black spots on belly absent, or ( ¢ ) confined to the sides.
Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 270.
Katal. Rept.-Samml. Senck. Ges. i. p. 85 (1893).
P. Z. 8. 1907, p. 557.
fis Sh
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 166
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
From end of snout to vent .... . 64 62
5 af nS Lore pli) eM nee ae 21
IbemeGn GF neal 4 2 ee 68 ee lds 14
Wiidithrotghendiien a sian sushi Une & 8:5 85
IDepia GE neal, ¢ 6 © 6 6 © a! eg 7 7
Horeplimbeent aie wel nike aa eter o a) LO) 18
nova @lamalb weer ce ata een cnn Alia OS 27
HOOT RMR CINE yy Sree bony Siutote #82084 Te fib 14
In its short and convex head, in its feebly serrated collar, in its pointed caudal
scales, as well as its larger temporal scales, the var. breviceps not only approaches
L. vivipara, but also fills up to some extent the gap separating the typical Z. muralis
from the var. fiwmana.
Var. HORVATHI.
Lacerta mosorensis, part., Méhely, Allantani Késlem. ii. 1903, p. 212.
Lacerta horvathi, Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. ii. 1904, p. 362, figs.; Allantani Késlem. ii. 1904,
p. 1938, pl. v.; Ann. Mus. Hung. iii. 1905, p. 298, and vu. 1909, p. 600, pl. xxiv. figs. 1-4 &
xxv. figs. 5-8.
Of this form, from the Mountains of Croatia, four examples are preserved in the
British Museum :—
1. g, one of the types. Jasenak, Kapela Range. Prof. L. von Méhely.
Pa, OQ, ey 2» »
ARO Kapela Range. Dr. F. Werner.
Hahit rather stout and depressed. Head much flattened, with short, obtuse snout.
The hind limb, stretched forwards, reaches the axil or the shoulder in the male, the
wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in the female ; foot as long as or a little
longer than the head.
The rostral does not touch the nostril, and forms a suture with the frontonasal ;
frontal short, usually as long as its distance from the rostral, sometimes as long as its
distance from the end of the snout; a series of granules between the supraoculars and
the supraciliaries, sometimes complete, rarely reduced to 5, the first and second
supraciliaries being in contact with the supraocular * ; parietal more or less distinctly
emarginate on the outer border, where it forms a suture with a large anterior supra-
temporal, and usually in contact with the upper postocular ; occipital usually shorter
and narrower than the interparietal, sometimes extremely small. A single postnasal ;
anterior nasal often in contact with the anterior loreal + ; four anterior upper labials
* Jn his original description (1904, p. 366) Méhely regarded the complete series of granules as “ ein
hervorragender Character” for the distinction of Z. horvathi from L. muralis. See also my remarks under
Forma typica, pp. 139, 143.
7 As frequently happens in French specimens of Z. muralis (see Tr. 1905, p. 354, and also above, p. 140).
166 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
(rarely five or three); temporal scales rather large, with a distinct masseteric disk,
which is sometimes in contact with the last or penultimate upper labial.
Dorsal scales large, flattened, roundish-hexagonal or oval, smooth or faintly keeled,
rather smaller on the sides, where 3 or 4 correspond to a ventral shield; 39 to 49
(usually 42 to 46) scales across the middle of the body; 22 to 31 scales, in the middle
of the back, correspond to the length of the head. 23 to 27 gular scales in a longi-
tudinal series; collar straight-edged, with 8 to 11 shields. Ventral shields in 6
longitudinal and 23 to 27 transverse series (23-25 in ¢, 25-27 in 2); anal large,
with a single semicircle of small shields. Scales on upper surface of tibia more or
less distinctly keeled, considerably smaller than dorsals. 16 to 23 femoral pores
(usually 16 to 18) on each side. 26 to 28 lamella under the fourth toe. Caudal
scales truncate behind, more or less strongly keeled, often feebly keeled at the base of
the tail, in alternately longer and shorter whorls.
Coloration of upper parts much as in L. muralis typica, sometimes with greenish
gloss *. A vertebral series of dark dots is often present, sometimes forming a vertebral
streak ; lower parts pale yellow, sometimes washed with greenish, with or without
small black or rust-coloured spots on the sides of the belly, which are always devoid
of blue spots. For fuller particulars of the coloration I refer to Prof. Méhely’s
detailed description, from which I have drawn as regards the variations in the
lepidosis. ‘The following is a tabulation of the numerical characters in the specimens
examined by me :—
IL, Ze os 4. 5. 6. 7
Jasenak Gs ntype ne iene RCOlmma on 2on Oi) 26 17 28
x Oe ei Meee Cee NE ETO At alste i lune 502.7 9 24 18-17 26
i ke rele ech ys me eM OmeG eh AOGr eG)" VOR TA 1 OB
Kapelase, yn geal) emt Runs ener4Oun 26) 100 25 ah eyeniamoy,
Measurements (in millimetres) { :—
3 2.
Hromysnoutytonventieaaeamce iene en OO 64
5 Je ORS IMI ogo ee a 24
alerts Uivmperugilesau na etry Sey gi toy, a: RSA ee na 15 14
Waclnoelneel! 5 6 6 3 3 6 6 5 to LO 9
Depthvotyhead (sewn se) 7 65
Hore slimbty i.e en meme meyer cs 21
bind limibecan ceases ono eeu: fa COA 34
oye BOR A ees AR Ic hori) Veal a Be ae a Th Y/
TNA) ec ee A eS AOR VHA Nt Big 2 ? 115
* Which may also be observed in some typical Z. murals. Of. Kammerer, Arch. Entwickmech. xxix.
1910, p. 462.
+ As in some Caucasian specimens (var. chalybdea) on which Méhely has founded his var. armenica. These
blue spots are also absent in many females of other varieties, and, though rarely, in some males also.
+ If compared with the measurements of Bosnian specimens (above, p. 162), it will be seen that there is no
justification for Méhely’s statement (1909, p. 600) ‘‘ Gliedmassen etwas kirzer ” than in ZL. muralis.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 167
This lizard is known only from 8.W. Croatia (Kapela and Velebit ranges), where it
inhabits wooded districts between 600 and 1100 metres altitude, often in company
with the typical form of Z. muralis and L. vivipara.
It bears some resemblance to L. mosorensis Kolomb.; in his original description
(1904) Méhely regarded it as directly derived from that species (pp. 374 & 375), and
in a somewhat later contribution (1905, p. 315) he is very positive about it: ‘‘So ist
Lacerta horvathi nachweisbar der Abkémmling der dalmatinisch-hercegowinischen
Lacerta mosorensis.” At that time I pointed out (Tr. 1905, pp. 365-367, figs.) the
agreement in many respects of L. horvathi with the Spanish-Portuguese var. monticola
and the Asiatic vars. saxicola, chalybdea, and depressa. In Méhely’s latest account
(1909, p. 614) nothing more is said of the derivation of L. horvathi from L. mosorensis,
but the former is held to be descended from L. saxicola typica: ‘“ Demgemass kann
Lacerta Horvathi, trotz ihrem scheinbar primitiveren Schadelbau sehr wohl von
Lacerta saxicola typ. abgeleitet werden, mit welcher Art sie auch durch unverk-
ennbare Beziehungen des Schuppenkleides und des Schadelbaues auf des Innigste
verbunden ist. Lacerta Horvdthi steht in jeder Beziehung auch zu L. saxicola
armeniaca, so nahe, dass sie eventuell fiir eine etwas veranderte Form derselben
betrachtet werden kénnte, dennoch kénnen diese beiden Formen miteinander
naturgemiss nicht verbunden werden und miissen fur parallele Entwickelungsformen
gelten, die beide aus Lacerta saxicola typ. hervorgegangen und vielleicht in ahnlich
beschaffenen Gegenden, zufolge der Einwirkung ahnlicher klimatischer Verhaltnisse
oder einer ahnlichen Lebensweise zustande gekommen sind.’ Except for the
derivation from L. saxicola, which Prof. Méhely may perhaps entirely abandon in
his next attempt at the ‘‘ Losung der Muralis-Frage,” I entirely agree with the above
statement, and in view of the state of things in the Spanish-Portuguese vars. bocaqi
and monticola, it is needless to say that I can only regard ZL. horvathi as one of the
numerous forms or varieties of LZ. muralis.
Two of the specimens received from Prof. Méhely are figured on Pl. XX.
figs. 1 & 2.
Var. FIUMANA.
Lacerta muralis, var. neapolitana, subvar. a, part., Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 202,
pl. ix. fig. 5.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, subvars. a & e, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886,
pp- 221, 226.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, vars. fiumana, olivacea, et striata, Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xli. 1891, p. 753, and Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 42 (1897).
Lacerta muralis, vars. campestris et olivacea, Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. 1. 1894,
p. 570.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. littoralis Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 161 (1897), and
Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. vi. 1899, p. 819.
VOL. XX.—PART I. No. 6.—ebruary, 1913. 2A
168 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
Lacerta littoralis Lehrs, Zool. Anz. 1902, p. 280; Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Iii. 1902,
pp. 382 & 384.
Lacerta littoralis, var. livadiaca Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, lii. 1902, p. 383.
Lacerta fiumana Werner, Bl. f. Aq.- u. Terr.-K. xvi. 1905, p. 65, and Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. x.
1907, pp. 660 & 666; Kammerer, Arch. f. Entwicklmech. xxix. 1910, p. 474, pl. xv. ;
Klaptocz, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxix. 1910, p. 417.
Lacerta fiumana, var. imitans Werner, Mitth. Naturw. Ver. Univ. Wien, vi. 1908, p. 49.
I will first give a description of the widely distributed form, from the Austrian
Littoral, Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro, and various islands
on the coast of Istria and Dalmatia, to which the above synonymy pertains, and then
refer to some insular forms which are evidently derived from it, and which have been
described as vars. lissana, melisellensis, and galvagnit.
The typical var. fiwnana which, in size and coloration, may be regarded as
connecting the var. campestris with the forma typica, is hardly to be distinguished
from the former, especially if compared with specimens from Piedmont, where the
var. campestris does not reach so large a size as onthe East Coast of the Adriatic. It
is very easy to distinguish it from the var. serpa as occurring on the East Coast of the
Adriatic and on several of its islands, but when Italian examples of the var. campestris
are taken into consideration, the gaps between the two extremes disappear, and a
continuous series connecting the two is seen to exist. ‘This variety is also very closely
related to LZ. tawrica Pall., especially through the form described by Lehrs as L. ionica,
as I have shown on a previous occasion *. Werner + has even hinted at the possible
specific identity of his L. fwmana with L. taurica and L. ionica, as had been suggested
by Wiegmann {, who alluded to this lizard under the name of Podarcis merremii Fitz.,
(non Merr.), a MS. name under which LZ. fiwmana has often appeared in the past.
However, the constant presence of pterygoid teeth in L. taurica ) is, in my opinion,
sufficient to retain that form as a species, which fills in the gap between the more
primitive group of L. agilis and L. viridis and L. muralis.
The following description is almost a repetition of that of the var. campestris, and
it is to me often a matter of difficulty to distinguish small specimens of that form from
striated specimens of the var. fiwmana. The number of scales across the body appears
to be the most important diagnostic character, although there is an overlap.
Head small, its length 33 to 44 times in length to vent in males, 44 to 4? times in
females; either flat above, as usual in the typical form, or as convex as in var. cam-
pestris, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner or the centre of the
eye and the anterior border of the tympanum, its width once and a half to once and
three-fourths in its length ; snout obtusely pointed, as long as or a little longer than
postocular part of head.
* P.Z.8. 1907, p- 557. f+ Bi. f. Aq.-u. Terr.-K. xvi.1905,p. 74. + Arch.f. Naturg. 1837, ii. p. 222.
§ I have not found these teeth in any specimens of var. fiwmana, any more than in the typical form. They
are rarely present in the vars. campestris and serpa.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD, 169
Body not much depressed. The hind limb reaches the axil or the shoulder in males,
the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in females; foot a little longer than
head (up to once and one fourth).
Tail rounded, once and three-fifths to twice and one-fifth length of head and body.
Rostral shield usually entering the nostril or narrowly separated ‘from it *; nasals
forming a suture behind the rostral; a single postnasal + ; frontal as long asor a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout; a series of granules between the supra-
ciliaries and the two principal supraoculars, the anterior of which is usually in contact
with the first, or with the first and second supraciliaries ; parietals once and one-fifth to
once and a half as long as broad, nearly always in contact with the upper postocular ¢;
occipital very variable, usually shorter than and as broad as the interparietal, some-
times narrower, sometimes broader); temporal scales sometimes as small as in a
typical LZ. muralis, sometimes nearly as large as in a typical L. tawrica, usually as in
var. campestris; tympanic shield always distinct, and the masseteric usually so, the
latter frequently in contact with the supratemporal, or separated from it by a single
series of scales; four || upper labials anterior to the subocular, the lower border of
which is much shorter than the upper.
Collar-edge feebly but more or less distinctly serrated; 7 to 11 plates in the collar;
gular fold very distinct; 20 to 28 scales and granules between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate.
Scales on the back oval-hexagonal or distinctly hexagonal, distinctly or sharply
keeled, often smaller on the vertebral line; lateral scales as large as or a little larger
than the dorso-laterals, usually more or less distinctly keeled {| ; 44 to 57 (usually 48
* Exceptions in a ¢ from Goritz (Schreiber) in Lataste Coll., and in a ¢ from Brestica, Herzegovina
(Werner).
+ Two superposed postnasals on one side in a ¢ from Scoglio Supetar (Werner Coll.).
+ Exception in a 9 from Solta, in one from Gelsa, and in one from Cettinje (Werner Collection); Klaptoez
(2. c.) also records an exception in a specimen from Albania.
§ In ag from Brestica, Herzegovina (Werner), the occipital is as long and twice as broad as the interparietal,
whilst in a accomparying it the former shield is barely half as long and half as broad as the latter. A
small shield is sometimes intercalated between the interparietal and the occipital; in a ¢ from Bukovici,
the parietals meet in a short suture between these two shields; the three specimens from the Karst
(Schreiber) in the Lataste Collection have a short transverse cleft in the parietal on each side of the
interparietal,
|| Three on one side in single specimens from Trieste (Werner), Bosnia (Floericke), Trebinje (Werner), and
Zara (Spada Novak). Not one of the many specimens examined by me has five, a number which is sometimes
found in specimens from Lagosta, and in as many as 10 per cent. of those from Melisello.
4 Lehrs (J. ¢. p. 231) says “ Riicken- und Flankenschuppen gleich gross, bis zu den Bauchschildern deutlich
gekielt.” There is no constancy in this character. In a female from Dalmatia (Spada Novak), of uniform olive
coloration, the scales on the lower part of the flanks are considerably larger than the dorsals, and perfectly
smooth. In various striated specimens, including the actual types from Fiume, I also find the lateral scales
distinctly larger than the dorsals, and the keels often so faint as to be difficult to detect.
ZA 2
170 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
to 03) scales across the middle of the body; 38, or 2 and 8 transverse series of scales
correspond to one ventral plate, 31 to 45 to the length of the head. Ventral plates
in 6 longitudinal and 25 to 31 transverse series. Anal plate moderately large or
rather small, with two semicircles of small plates ; an enlarged median plate sometimes
preceding the anal.
Scales on upper surface of tibia considerably smaller than the dorsals, always
distinctly keeled. 22 to 29 (usually 24 to 27) lamellar scales under the fourth toe.
16 to 24 femoral pores on each side (usually 19 to 22).
Upper caudal scales strongly keeled and obtusely but distinctly pointed behind ; the
scales more or less oblique * with the keel parallel to the axis of the tail ; the whorls
more or less distinctly longer and shorter alternately; 28 to 32 scales in the fourth
whorl behind the post-anal granules,
This lizard shows much variation in the coloration, and some of the colour-varieties
appear to be fixed in certain localities.
A. Green or olive-brown above, with brown vertebral and lateral bands spotted with
black ; six light pale green or white streaks, viz., on each side, one bordering the
vertebral band, one from the supraciliary border to the tail, along which it extends for
some distance, and one from below the eye to the side of the tail, passing through
the ear, above the fore limb, and through the hind limb. Lower parts white,
unspotted, or with a series of black dots on the outer row of ventrals. Specimens thus
coloured (var. striata Werner) are hardly distinguishable from the var. campestris, but,
according to Werner the head is, as a rule, more depressed (“ eher platy- als pyramido-
cephal”). ‘The young is olive-brown, with six very sharply defined white lines. Most
of the specimens referable to Werner’s var. striata are females (Pl. XIX. fig. 3),
but some males agree with it, at least in having the six light lines (Pl. XIX.
fig. 4).
Specimens from Bosnia and Herzegovina are in the British Museum Collection.
The types of var. striata are from Fiume, Spalato, Ragusa, Bol, and Gelsa. Strongly
striated specimens from Northern Greece have been named var. livadiaca by Werner.
B. Specimens in which the back is green (olive-green to bluish-green) with black
spots as in the preceding, but the white lines reduced to the dorsal-lateral, have been
named var. jiwmana by Werner (Pl. XIX. figs. 1 & 2). They are mostly males, with
bright orange-red belly and blue spots on the outer ventral shields. From Fiume,
Cherso, Veglia, Bragga, Lesina. Specimens from the Karst (Schreiber) are in the
Lataste Collection. Specimens from Bosnia and Herzegovina, associated with the
* As in var. campestris. Count Peracca has pointed out to me that the scales in the anterior third of the
tail of var. campestris are less oblique than in the f. typica, and more so than in the var. serpa, but he admits
it is very difficult to draw up any absolute definition of these different types of caudal scales. That the
character does not hold good in the typical form is well shown by the series at my disposal from Belgium,
where surely only one form of Z. muralis exists.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. lial
form A, are in the British Museum. Males from Fiume, types from Dr. Werner’s
Collecticn, have the belly dotted all over with black. A blue, black-edged ocellus
is sometimes present above the shoulder.
C. Uniform green, dark green, or reddish-brown specimens without any markings
(var. imitans Werner), similar in this respect to the individuals of Italian varieties
named var. olivacea, but with the throat and breast, or the whole of the lower parts,
orange or red in the males at least, occur in Istria, Dalmatia, and Herzegovina, and
on the islands of Lussin, Cherso, Veglia, Bua, Solta, Lesina, Brazza, and Meleda.
Some individuals, however, show more or less distinct traces of the light dorso-lateral
streak, whilst others with a few black spots on the sides establish the connection with
the colour-variations described above. Some male specimens from Istria, which I
received alive, were of a bright grass-green on the back, of a golden colour on the
head, sides, and limbs, and of a bright orange beneath (Pl. XIX. fig. 5).
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
Fiume, types. Bosnia. Bukovici. Meleda.
fs aN a
Ser Qe Ocee Cute 3.
From end of snout tovent . . . 63 55 61. 54 SOMO? 66
35 forelimb . 25 20 24 19 21 18 25
32
lbemsiln Or lng 4 5 G0 6 oe 15 12 Ws}y dil 16
Wadia OF neacl 4g 6 (6 orate | RO 8 9 GoumnS 7 10
Deon OF INEAGL 6 5 8 5 66. 6 9 6 8 6 7 6 8
Horeplimlb yes emersey inc rea ec ONe LOG: ey 18 21
ldbondl Iw) g 6 g 6 6 @ oo oH) 4B 33 25 29 925 37
HOO Firm Met ae livc atvae Wat in Url MES iil Lo Weds 16 14 20
Tatler sac iy, a7 oeercad es © ey ’ 28m S85 oe. 87 ?
* Reproduced.
In the following tabulations, the size and scaling of some of the specimens examined
are recorded. W. indicates that the specimens are preserved in Dr. Werner's
Collection, L. in M. Lataste’s Collection.
iL, 2. 3. 4, 5. 6 7.
Ti Goxit zeus Pea ce ede LOO OMe eO ¢ 26 21 D7
L. Karst By enteeey ce Rl 45 8 lO 25 Be WS
Tee ete (aor, EIR MPS Magee Ms foun oT so sR IG
Trieste é Gl 82 26 WO 24h Peas 2
pp a oso: 6) po) BBR) Il NO ee NG AG
Fiume, Istria (type). . $d 63 49 25 OO 265 ORO 2a
Wil eee » oo Dee) ZBI OBO NS BB 2-20) 9S
Cherso Id., Istria G CO 8 By il Bi Ate BB
W. a m6 8 ogg = ~6CO. BB BS NM BS NO -ALs}
We lbmesia Ie gg ko my) | OD BB AD eS
172 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
nt 2. 3, Ao: 6. Oh
Dalmatia . g BO) 3) BL 9 28 22-23 28
W. Ragusa, Dalmatia Oo Adi 29) @) BO) IGEN Qe
SoltaId., ,, 50 54 51 29 Jl 24 21-22 26
Brazzayd:, Dalmatian ecu oleim bl 25a 1d 9 124 22 25
W. Bol, Brazzald., ,, OU SoA O28 9 25) 19-21) 26
W. Meleda Id., s G3) BE) By 8 24 21-22 29
W. Scoglio Supetar, ,, Go oOhy RQ 2 9 24 21-22 26
Wether mene OF a5 Of S30), 8) 1125) i242oo mon
Bosnia COLE A Sm 25 9 21 22-23 25
5 aah NBEO g 54 5) 30 10 25 238-22 26
Capljina, Herzegovina. G 55 53 25 10 24 21-20 23
x D © BB 2D) 9 24 21-22 26
Bukovici, _,, 6 5556) 6927 © 10 ) 24))) 23899) Nmo;
op 5p 2 162 BO: eo 7 21 22-21 24
Brestica, 5 bi ey) Bae ae aay oy es} 22 27
Trebinje, on Len oa MO Ol MOON 26 9 26 22-21 2
5 % a Bey UE EO AS 9 24 21-19 22
W. Cettinje, Montenegro . ,, 59 58 26 Oy) 22 22 25
W. Niegus, a See ew OAteE AS. | 30. ge 19 24
A. Klaptocz has recorded the abundance of this lizard in North Albania, in the
plain in the neighbourhood of Shkodra, whilst the typical Z. muralis alone occurs in
the town itself and in the mountains up to 1000 metres altitude. The scales across
the body are stated to vary between 40 and 63, the femoral pores between 15 and 25,
a range of variation which exceeds that mentioned by me, and fills up the gap between
vars. fiumana and melisellensis, so far as these characters are concerned.
Var. LISSANA.
(Lissa and Lagosta.)
Lacerta muralis fusca, var. lissana Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli. 1891, p. 752, and Rept.
Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 51 (1897).
Lacerta litoralis, var. lissana Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, lii. 1902, pp. 383 & 384;
Scherer, Bl. f. Aq.- u. Terr.-K. xv. 1904, p. 193.
Lacerta fiumana, var. lissana Werner, Mitth. Naturw. Ver. Univ. Wien, vi. 1908, pp. 45 & 46.
The lizard of Lissa, which, as recognised by Dr. Werner, is hardly separable from
that of Lagosta, was first regarded as belonging to the group of the LZ. muralis typica
(fusca Bedriaga), but as establishing a connection between it and the L. fiumana,
referred at the time to Bedriaga’s neapolitana group.
I agree that it is nearer to the var. fiwmana than to any other, yet as it differs by
an average higher number of lamellz under the fourth toe, viz., 25 to 31, usually 28,
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 173
instead of 22 to 29, usually 24 to 26, as well as by an average larger size, I think it
may perhaps be kept distinct from that widely distributed form.
According to Werner, the Lissa Lizard is never green, does not even show a trace of
green. Upper parts grey or coffee-colour, the dorsal region unspotted or with dark
brown spots or marblings, sometimes separated from the much spotted lateral region
by a light streak; a dark vertebral streak, formed of a series of spots, which does not
begin behind the occiput, but further back, about the middle of the body. In males
the belly is red, without spots, except on the sides, which bear large blue spots on the
outer row of ventral shields; in females it is white.
This description applies also to the lizards from Lagosta, except that the upper
parts may be green, that some among them have the dark vertebral streak originating
on the nape, and that others have the markings very indistinct. The blue spots on the
sides of the belly may occupy the whole outer series of shields, forming a continuous
broad band.
Male specimens, stated to be from Lissa, which I received alive through the great
kindness of M. G. de Southoff, of Florence, had the nape and the anterior part of the
back light green, the upper surface of the head, the sides, the limbs, and the tail
brown ; two or three blue ocelli above the shoulder ; large blue spots on the outer row
of ventrals, in one specimen forming a continuous band; throat and belly white, or
yellow tinged with orange.
I have examined the following 14 specimens, all except the fifth and sixth
(M. de Southoff) from Dr. Werner’s Collection :—
Il 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7
IONS, Gy ID oo 6 ee 6 og «6G URS BB 9 28 23-24 28
| gp Sp Gi Bil. 8 24 25-24 28
Wiha, 2 35 BD) 8 2G 8 24 22-24 27
Sol dial tee D2 Os 25 9 29 26-24 31
5.6 58 52 2 OB 25 28
99 BS A BG 8 23 23-24 25
Lagosta, g G3 65 4 iil BQ Bees we
0 9p 64 52 27 8 25 28-24 27
of 5 GA 55. 2G 10 . Be 23 28
Fs op G2 OZ eo OM Zo eee 23m 28
a 33 G2 fs 2G 9 26" 215225) (28
oa $0 GH Be Bo 9 24 22-23 27
50 o 58) 04 26 9 26 25-24 28
” 2 6S 8 8 9 2 2423 27
A description of the form and scaling would be almost entirely a repetition of that
of the var. fiumana. I will only observe that, whereas the collar is feebly serrated in
the specimens from Lissa, as in var. fiwmana, it is entire in those from Lagosta. ‘The
174 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
size is larger than usual in var. fiwmana. The temporal scutellation is variable, and
the masseteric disk may be absent, but as a rule it is large and in contact with the
anterior supratemporal. The occipital is usually small or very small, and is sometimes
pointed in front, or even separated from the interparietal, a feature which appears to
be the rule in the black form occurring on Melisello. Only one specimen has 5
anterior labials, and on one side only. The scales on the back are distinctly
keeled ; they may slightly increase in size and completely lose the keels on the lower
part of the flanks; the caudal scales are truncate rather than pointed.
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
Lissa. Lagosta.
d. So Q.
From end of snout tovent. . . . . 69 64 53
% 50 1 ore) Ibnamloy 5 Ge eae 23 18
Head) chit Pale. Fete area ne Reun rai cee ie 16 16 12
Widthvotsheadsyen imma ioeu nyse” casa A) J1 8
Depth of head . 8 8 6
Fore limb : oh ahs Che Nee WE aay many a 21 17
ama limites cect uae ne an mag on Ua. OO 34 27
NOOG asi ae omen ens. ee) LO 18 1153
alae ed eeu RN. LO! LLG 95
A male from Lissa (one of the types), and one from Lagosta, are figured on Pl. XIX.
figs. 8 & 9.
Var. MELISELLENSIS.
(Melisello and St. Andrea, near Lissa. )
Lacerta melisellensis Braun, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wiirzb. iv. 1877, p. 49, pl. ui. fig. 4.
Lacerta muralis, var. melisellensis Bedriaga, Nature, xx. 1879, p. 481.
Lacerta muralis fusca, var. melisellensis Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 197.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. merremi (melisellensis) Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli.
1891, p. 754, and Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 44 (1897).
Lacerta serpa, var. melisellensis Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, lit. 1902, p. 386.
Lacerta litoralis, var. lissana, forma melisellensis, Scherer, Bl. f. Aq.- u. Terr.-K. xy. 1904, p. 198, fig.
Lacerta serpa, var. galvagnit Werner, Mitth. Naturw. Ver. Univ. Wien, vi. 1908, p. 49.
There are few better examples of the difficulty of discriminating between the races
of Lacerta muralis, which are so emphatically proclaimed by some authors to be
entitled to specific rank, than that afforded by the black lizard of the Melisello Rock
near Lissa, first described by Prof. Max Braun as L. melisellensis.
The view entertained by Bedriaga that the Melisello lizard is a black insular race of
the typical Z. muralis (his J. muralis fusca) would, in the light of our present
information, be highly surprising, since it has been shown that the latter does not
exist on Lissa nor on any of the islands off the coast of Dalmatia. Later, however,
Werner and Lehrs pronounced it to be merely a melanic form of the var. neapolitana
or serpa, which, at Capri, produces the L. cwrulea or faraglionensis.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 175
My reasons for dissenting from both these views are derived from the study of the
scaling, to which previous authors had not paid sufficient attention when making their
comparisons.
In describing this lizard, Braun had correctly mentioned and figured the larger scales,
as compared with the var. serpa, and it will be seen by a glance at the tabulation that
follows, to what extent it is so, the number of scales across the body being 50 to 64
(usually less than 60) in the Melisello lizard, and 62 to 75 in the var. serpa from
the East Coast and islands of the Adriatic. The number of dorsal scales would be in
favour of a derivation from the typical L. murals, but against this we have the greater
number of subdigital lamelle under the fourth toe (25 to 30, usually 28). In these
numbers, however, we have so complete an agreement with the form described as
var. lissana (Se. 51-54, lam, 27-31, usually 28), that, when I became acquainted with
it, I at once felt convinced as to the identity of the two forms, which had already been
pointed out by Scherer in 1904. All doubts as to the derivation of the var. meli-
sellensis from the var. fiumana are removed by an examination of the lizards named
var. lissana, which furnish the missing link.
In the following table particulars are given of the 19 specimens from Melisello
xamined by me. ‘The first two specimens, for which I am indebted to the kindness
of Dr. Steindachner, form part of the series out of which Prof. Braun’s original types
were obtained. The last eight belong to Dr. Werner’s Collection.
These first two specimens appear also in the first two columns of the table of
measurements.
ile 2) 3 4, 5 6 a
& 50 52 25 10 27 23-22 29
9 58 54 29 8 27 25-23 25
3 73 62 28 10 27 22-24 28
i 68 59 25 9 29 23 28
ie 65 64 24 11 29 22-23 30
; 65 63 26 11 32 23 28
_ 65 60 25 10 31 27 28
oe 63 60 25 10 29 22-23 30
. 63 57 26 8 25 23-24 28
ui 61 58 26 9 28 23 28
9 56 56 27 8 26 21-22 28
é 74 58 24 10 29 22 27
53 70 55 25 9 30 23-24 30
; 65 52 25 8 28 24-23 2
45 60 56 26 9 30 24 28
RS 58 52 25 10 26 23-24 29
g 60 50 28 8 30 24-23 28
4 59 53 29 8 27 24-23 27
55 50 30 9 29 22-21 ?
VOL. XX.—PAk? 11. No. 6.—February, 1913. 2B
176 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
From end of snout tovent . . . . . 50 58 73 60
x Ws a storeS Ibkemy “Gg be 19 22 31 23
tents chvorgieadte urinaire aaa sn ase] A 13 17 14
Wid thvotsheadyiimeti mae mea | ediieey oi Wf 8 wil 9
Depthyotdheadi yur marmn amen ines BG 9 7
Horegimbhke Wipe een wom men acme cian IG 19 23 20
Elid blame Ave any ieee eee acpi) Up: 26 29 36 30
DOOR 0s SAW Pie) MORES. 1 Mai EAR Vota ahr Thad ety sill) 16 20 17
Maal ead fe Cpe eo et eae Uaioe oy We, Sar 8O) 7a* 90%) 78i*
* Reproduced.
The size is often larger than in the var. lissana, but the proportions are the same.
The hind limb reaches the shoulder or the collar in males, the elbow of the adpressed
fore limb or the axil in females. The dorsal scales are usually less distinctly keeled,
and those on the flanks are always smooth; 35 to 48 scales on the middle of the
back correspond to the length of the head. Collar sometimes entire, sometimes
feebly serrated. First and second supraciliaries in contact with the first supraocular.
Masseteric disk large and often in contact with the supratemporal. 5 anterior upper
labials in 10 per cent. of the specimens examined (on one side in six specimens, on both
sides in one). This insular form has a tendency to lose the occipital shield, in fact, it
is entirely absent in the first and fifth specimens of the above list; it is small and
separated from the interparietal in 13 out of the 20 specimens examined, in which
case the parietals form a short median suture, small and just touching the inter-
parietal in 3, forming a narrow suture with the interparietal in 2.
Dark brown to nearly black above, with the markings of the var. lissana more or
less distinct, at least in certain lights. Females have a black vertebral streak, some-
times light-edged, and a light dorso-lateral streak extends from the supraciliary edge
to the tail; males have more the style of markings represented in the specimen from
Lagosta (see Pl. XIX. fig. 10). The lower parts are black, or of a blackish steel-
blue, with pale blue spots on the sides; in the males these blue spots are large and
often form a continuous band along the outer row of ventral shields, in the females
they are small or very indistinct. The broken tail is sometimes regenerated black
or blackish, but more often brown above and whitish beneath.
According to Scherer, the young do not differ from the lizards of Lissa in colour.
Specimens from the Scoglio Kamik, west of St. Andrea, near Lissa, have been named
var. galvagnit (Werner, Mitth. Naturw. Ver. Univ. Wien, vi. 1908, p. 49). They
differ from the Melisello lizards in the absence of blue on the sides of the belly,
being uniform black or blackish. By their heavy form and thick tail, they remind
one of the var. lil/fordi melanos, but the scaling is the same as in var. melisellensis,
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 177
as the following tabulation of the two type specimens in Dr. Werner’s Collection
shows :—
i, OF 4, 5h 6. 7
é 72 5A 26 10 27 25-26 28
70 53 27 10 28 24 29
”
In both specimens the occipital is small and separated from the interparietal. In
the larger specimen, figured on Pl. XIX. fig. 11, the masseteric disk is small on one
side and absent on the other.
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
Meo EG! Or GIOIA HO VEN 6 6 o oo 5 5 |
. a ie HOrRe® Winn) 5-5 5 b 6 eo)
TUE NG IES ATMA cies aT ree PICA aay aac atta NS To
IWiidthyofieddh rr eerry ne erie Ue Lhe 7 eae
JD YeyaXele Ope aeRO oe Nsw ta, gig) cicsnew wise weeene +a) vraueen 0)
Horep luton perm ei areata sail te ss acti uci wh ena em RO
teal inten bye eee se eae Mee cht keh CM net ts BZ
TBCOYOYe: sr Meat cI AMC vessl ean ts Ue eee ney Mab ee Me ran ai |
tell (agorodmesd))5 6 4 6 6 6 oe ato « NOS
Vars. CAMPESTRIS De Betta and serra Raf.
What I have said of these two forms @ propos of Italy (‘Ir. 1905, p. 388) applies
equally to the Hast Coast of the Adriatic, where the former passes into the latter from
north to south, thus presenting the same difficulty for their sharp distinction, which
accounts for the fact that they have been confounded under one name by Bedriaga
(L. muralis neapolitana) and by Werner (L. muralis, var. merremii or L. serpa). All
the large green Wall-Lizards from the mainland of Istria and most of the islands
between Istria and Croatia, are unhesitatingly referable to the var. campestris of
De Betta, their habitat being uninterruptedly connected with that of the original
specimens (from Venetia); in North Dalmatia (Zara) the two varieties occur together,
whilst from South Dalmatia (Spalato) and the southern islands of the Adriatic (Cazza,
Pelagosa Grande, Pelagosa Piccola), all the specimens I have been able to examine
agree with the definition I have given of the var. serpa. ‘The combination of
characters (any one of which may exceptionally fail) on which I have based my deter-
minations of these easternmost representatives of the two varieties, campestris and
serpa, are, for the former as distinguished from the latter, the denticulated collar, the
broader and more pointed caudal scales, and, as a rule, a shorter head, larger scales
(53 to 62 across the body and 22 to 28 along the throat as against 60 to 78 and 25
to 38), and fewer lamellar scales under the fourth toe (25 to 29 as against 27 to 32),
and also the relation of the rostral shield to the nostril, as I have mentioned in
133 2
178 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
Italian specimens; whilst in only one case (d from Pelagosa Grande) have I observed
the rostral entering the nostril in the specimens referred to the var. serpa. Size
and markings are no safe guides to the determination any more than in those parts
of Italy (the Roman province) where the two forms seem to intermingle. I will only
observe that the subvars. a, b, f, of Werner* are referable to the var. campestris,
d & e to the var. serpa, whilst ¢ embraces both.
Var. CAMPESTRIS.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. merremii, part.t, Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 43
(1897).
Lacerta serpa, Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, lii. 1902, p. 382.
In the following tabulation of specimens examined, those in Dr. Werner’s private
Collection are marked W.
il 2. 3. 4, 5 6 7
Win GradosGultor Trieste) 7ou on 261) 26) 1d, 262 212027
IVView DRTESte NaN rcae e Hlaine iene ques GOD neo Hal 25 18 27
55 mo WO Be BS Oy 2B al}
a | G3. GP. BG MO. Be MNO By
W. ss Or Ba BN eee eae GEIS) ee
W. Sys Pci Chr ee Be rey TeN eens (el Oy aaa) O26 ase 26
Wo Cayo Ghilsnme, 6 ojo 4d 6 G3 Beh er Uh, 3S es
Wie Rolla, letiaes 6 8 al oo ge SO OB, ee es 18 27
as Fe eM ee AO On ee ria LG) mc OAnG 562 OSG Mie 74
OWieaianes . Une is g Gi bh 2) ee lis}. 23
W. Sansego Id., Istria . 3 Go) GO By, ah ee BOEIG) BO)
i mi) G8 BO BG) A 2S BONO). 2S
W. a i OMe Oa eie LN 28) 0 W23>2An 29
a oe 5 GB Ge 2 TO) 2s 22 29
W. ss iB «5 GO). BY BO TD ish = Bh aS}
W. x 35 ay Be BS) a AO) GS) | BO, BG
W. A i 2 GB GIL 2) NO Ws) 19 28
be Ss » 8 BS 2) 9 2 20-19 27
i a 5 88 BO. BO. ao ees 20 29
W. ae SALA e ee GO OMpE OS ni oO) 9 22 17-18 28
Wie imssin iG epee oa Go Ge BD BS Wy aR BXOS TUS) 2X8)
a on Me ages 67 50 30 9 27 18-19 29
* Rept. Oesterr. pp. 43, 44.
+ Non ZL. merremit Risso(=L. muralis typ.). L. merremit Fitzinger is a nomen nudum which has been
used by Erber (Verh, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvii. 1867, p. 855), Bedriaga, Werner, and others for this variety
as well as for the vars. fiwmana and serpa. L. merremii Schinz (Kur. Faun. ii. p. 25, 1846) is no doubt based
on a young ZL. viridis, var. major.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 179
ty, 2. 3. 4 5 6. te
Wer, Dalia 6 4 1 6 @ Om OO LONe OR CAm OO Mime 7,
i a Be Tes | BY) U/ 27 =—19-21 = 26
ul i hi) FBO BI BAU MIO PR OBDn. ae
: i Pe 7M Sen l7 lO 27202 2INNNne
ce i 9) 78 BOOS OD 93 7 OR . 28
Wale k ‘p SA QO MoS 0 18) OG
W. BS 5 re () DY BY) 9 25 POI ew)
- i a) GO. BB 2B. 1) BB Ig 6 2B
rs i 5G 56) 300811268 1819) 27
- a ON ES PBN MO POMC a ae walls
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
Trieste. Zara.
pay Gist any
Go OF 3. OF
Hromiendof snoutito vent 39: 1. 71 65 78 75
3s i ae foreWlimiby we eo O 22 31 26
mene thyvoteheadieuneuirse rw its acti wna .O 15 20 15
Wield OF lnenél 6 .%5 6.0 eo 6 o 6 1B 9 12 10
Wepehvotsheadyar-wayue a wikiiey arcmin mt 8 10 8
HBOreMlina OMe ter eee weit dee OLGA Ca nies Ona inl seOat 21 27 23
Tolima MirMNy eho Be gee G) veivey, ou thauih) 4} 33 4A 37
HELO O.Lyaeun eNeca abc ns RSE cc Celie OO 17 24 20
antl atee hs BRUIT CR pore tek, Are wie Wie treet) 3 127 = 120
I have little to add to the description given of this variety from Italian specimens *.
I will only observe that the scales on the flanks may be a little larger than the dorso-
laterals, that minute scales may be present behind the anal plate f, as described by
Méhely in LZ. anatolica and L. danfordi, and record the following exceptions to the
normal lepidosis :—Two postnasals on one side ina ¢ from Zara; series of granules
between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries complete in three specimens (Grado,
Zara), sometimes reduced to 3 or 4 (Sansego, Zara) ; masseteric disk sometimes
very small or indistinct (Sansego); anterior temporal in contact with fourth supra-
ocular in three specimens from Sansego { (Pl. XX. fig. 5).
As regards coloration, some specimens conform strictly to the description of De Betta,
others approach very closely the specimen of var. serpa from Pompeii figured by me §,
* Tr, 1905, p. 390.
t One ¢ from Pola, one 2 from Zara.
+ [have given a figure of one of these three specimens in Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) v. 1910, p. 250. This
Méhely regards as an abnormal specimen, ‘“ dessen Supratemporalschild keine Bedeutung beigemessen werden
kann. Ich bin iiberzeugt, das sich Herr Boulenger lange bemiihen miisste, um noch ein Stiick mit ihnlicher
Pholidose zu finden” (Ann. Mus, Hung. viii, 1910, p. 227).
§ Tr, 1905, pl. xxviil. fig. 3.
180 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
whilst two from Sansego are uniform greyish olive (lL. serpa, var. olivacea of
Werner).
The specimens figured on Pl. XX. are from Pola (fig. 3) and Sansego (figs. 4, 5).
Var. SERPA.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 220.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. pelagose Bedriaga, t. c. p. 227.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. merremii, part., Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 43 (1897).
Lacerta serpa, var. pelagose Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, lil. 1902, p. 384.
Lacerta serpa, var. adriatica Werner, t. c. p. 386.
1 2. 3 4, 5. 6 site
Arbe Id., Istria nie 3S 7 CB SB. Ih BY 21 29
W. ee 33 Bea tee 2 C Gl Be WO Bs 21 27
W. Zara . @ (80) C2. 2G. tu 2S" BOS BS
Bs » 0B GO) 9 386 23, 32
3 OS OSM 2 Ole OMe 3 23 29
W. Soil Hae Se VoneeMe ee reenact irre g CS GGN (28 10m 270-29)
W. ERE Sea eee er Bee dO Ode (28 9 25 20-22 28
We |) Sypalto gi a oid et oo PY RD GB ay Ba) DI) | OB}
W. Y BS IMR 9 6S) GO) 29 10 825 Bes) ae
Cazzald.,near Lissa . . ¢ 66 75 25 11 384 24-23 30
i ¥ Tepe ONES 37626). 3il mous wae
5 Rs SPIE aw! Ao It Bway, BOB BS
W. PelagosaGrande . .. . 56 (moon et) ) LLO) 29 e A ome. 0)
A Me a7ONNNG2) 251. LL 29hn 22=2> ummm
90 5 6969 26 9° 934 24-25 30
Ww. iy ED) NEO SR On BB Hi OI288 1 GO
W. i WGC aGG) 1244 ii. 629 23 29
W. i a OOMGOL 2.6 DFO) LIB ao
W. i a omimGO G7. 29) “ll. 300 2Oehommes
Wo olasosa reel os 2 «6 @ PO CS Br MW 2c Bie, BW
WwW. e; 9 BO) By RO 9 Beas) 22 31
The specimens from Pelagosa Grande represent Bedriaga’s var. pelagose ; those
from Pelagosa Piccola are the types of Werner's var. adriatica.
The Dalmatian specimens (Pl. XX. fig. 6) are very similar to those from Southern
Italy, but those from Pelagosa Grande and Pelagosa Piccola (Pl. XX. figs. 7, 8, & 9)
are sufficiently different to have been regarded as distinct varicties.
The var. pelagos@ is described by Werner as of a remarkably light greenish-yellow
or greenish-white ground-colour with deep black markings; the belly is usually white,
but Bedriaga describes it as sometimes blue or bluish, and Werner found it red in one
specimen, which colour also obtains in Sicilian specimens of the var. serpa (sicula
rubriventris of Bonaparte). Young specimens are elegantly streaked, and so are some
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 181
female specimens. Males usually have a black vertebral stripe, straight or wavy, or
a vertebral series of large black spots, separated from the spots on the sides by a
narrower streak of the ground colour; these spots may form longitudinal series, coarse
marblings, or cross-bars.
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
3 Oy
From end of snout to vent 70 54
i es Ps fore limb Pah 18
Ibenetn OF NGG) 55 6 0 0 s a eo «ID 13
Width of head 11 8
Depth of head . Sareea D lene Meats 9 6
Roredimibiir, ie ee wn REY Shi SO 18
TEE wa Role BT vel CRUE! VoMmaa nT eA ate Boigu suc 29
HOO CRE we i oe rae ees er ere tie uO W/
Mal Wee uenateuc Ns. SMe ts cere keke wrote (ete) 7.
A female 48 mm. long from snout to vent is gravid.
As regards the scaling, I note the following departures from what is normal in the
var. serpa. ‘The series of granules between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries
is usually complete; in 5 specimens out of 18 the parietal is not in contact with
the upper postocular; one specimen has 5 anterior upper labials, and two lack the
masseteric disk.
The var. adriatica is described by Werner as distinguished by a greyish-green or
bluish-grey ground colour with the markings much less sharply defined, of a dark
greyish brown. ‘These markings consist of a dark vertebral stripe with round light
spots, and a dark network on the sides enclosing round light spots; small dark spots
on the head; belly greyish (in spirit).
Here follow the measurements (in millimetres) of the two type specimens :—
Ee on
From end of snout to vent . See etee lt SN O) 59
i ss fe oe Tal) “5 6 9 o ee 22
Ihen'ethvofsheadiy aatgy ees eee ee Lg) 13
\Wicliin or lnga@l, 6 0. 0 0 oe oo oe oo LO 8
Depthvotineadh eta erence Peiieeatkwee apis 8 6
oretinlys ae, See e rt 7 ee URere tt eayn ced eba cel Meee 19
an dplimbere hao ot ee OS 29
Foot BAC GI MER MER ata UN el ean uated sted] US) 15
One of these specimens is figured on Pl. XX. fig. 9.
4 or 5 rows of scales correspond to one ventral plate; the dorsal scales are round
granules without distinct keel; the first supraocular is normal in the male, but is
broken up into two or three granules in the female; the male has four anterior
182 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
upper labials on each side, the female has five; the masseteric disk is large in the
male, small in the female; the collar-shields are small, as in var. bedriage.
The lizard of Cazza Island, near Lissa (3 specimens, received from Prof. Kolombatovit),
comes very near to this variety as regards size and markings, which, however, may be
described as black, and the belly is likewise grey in spirit, which perhaps indicates
that it was red in life. It further agrees with the specimens from Pelagosa Piccola,
in the small size of the collar-plates, the presence of five upper labials on both sides
in one specimen and on one side in the other, and in the fine granular scaling
(71-76 scales as against 60-70 in specimens from the Dalmatian mainland and
Pelagosa Grande). If the var. adriatica be regarded as worthy of recognition, the
specimens from Cazza should be referred to it.
VITI.—GREEK ARCHIPELAGO.
Var. ERHARDI.
Lacerta muralis, part., Erhard, Faun. Cyclad. p. 80 (1858).
Lacerta pardalis (aon Licht.) Erhard, op. cit. p. 81.
? Lacerta muralis, var. archipelagica Bedriaga, Die Faraglione-Hidechse, p. 18 (1876).
Lacerta muralis fusca, part., Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. lvi. 1882, p. 97.
Lacerta muralis fusca, var, milensis et erhardii Bedriaga, 1. ec. pp. 98, 99, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv.
1886, pp. 194 & 195.
Lacerta murals neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, 1. c. p. 99.
Laceria murals fusca, vars. naxvensis et nigrogularis Werner, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. vi. 1899,
p. 835.
The Wall-Lizards of the Greek Archipelago, which I here group together under the
name of var. erhardi, whether brown or green, resemble 1. campestris in the shape of
the head, the greatest depth of which equals the distance between the anterior border
or the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; the snout is short and obtusely pointed.
The hind limb reaches the axil or the shoulder in males, the elbow of the adpressed
fore limb in the females. Foot a little longer than head.
The rostral shield is always excluded from the nostril; the series of supraciliary
granules is sometimes complete, but as a rule the first, or the first and second supra-
ciliaries are in contact with the second supraocular; the parietals are only a little
longer than broad, and in contact with the upper postocular ; the temporal scales are
usually small and granular, with distinct tympanic and masseteric shields; one, two,
or three large supratemporals ; occipital usually shorter and broader than the inter-
parietal * ; four is the usual number of upper labials anterior to the subocular f.
* In a male specimen from Syra (L. Miiller) the interparietal and occipital are separated from each other,
the parietals forming a suture between them, as frequently happens in var, melisellensis.
7 5 on both sides in a ¢ from Mykonos, 3 on one side in a ¢ from Petali.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 185
Collar not serrated, with 9 to 11 plates, which may be very small; gular fold very
distinct ; 28 to 35 scales and granules between the symphysis of the chin-shields
and the median collar-plates.
Dorsal scales small, granular, round or oval, smooth, rarely faintly keeled, equal in
size, 54 to 63 across the middle of the body; 3 and 4 series corresponding to one
ventral plate, 38 to 56 to the length of the head.
Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 26 to 34 transverse series. Preanal plate
moderate, with one or two semicircles of small plates.
Scales on upper surface of tibia feebly keeled, considerably smaller than dorsals.
18 to 26 femoral pores on each side (usually 21-24). 26 to 33 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.
Upper caudal scales truncate and very obtusely, very feebly, diagonally keeled ;
28 to 38 scales in the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules.
Specimens identical in form and scaling differ very considerably in the coloration.
The form which has been referred to L. muralis fusca * is brown or grey above,
with small black spots, which may form two or three longitudinal series on the back
and reticulations on the side, the back being separated from the side by a streak of
the light ground colour; some specimens with very small dark dots, or nearly uniform ;
no very distinct markings on the tail; lower parts whitish, unspotted. The largest
specimen measures 67 mm. from snout to vent.
In the var. milensis Bedriaga ¢ the upper parts are pale brown, the sides yellow or
greenish yellow, with black marblings often forming cross-bars ; blue ocelli above the
shoulder. Belly bluish, with or without large black spots; throat often black with
round light spots (Pl. XXI. fig. 3). Werner’s var. nigrogularis, also from Milos,
differs in having a black vertebral stripe or series of spots. From snout to vent
o7 mm.
Bright green specimens (Pl. XXI. figs. 1 & 2), with the markings as in the
specimens described first, and with or without a black vertebral stripe, have been
referred by Bedriaga to L. muralis neapolitana {. Belly white or orange.
The largest specimen measures 71 mm. from snout to vent.
Bedriaga observes that specimens from Tenos, Syra, and Phanar are green on the
anterior part of the back, or only on the neck, and grey-brown or greyish green on the
rest of the back. In all these colour-variations, large blue or blue-green spots are
present on the outer row of ventrals.
* Also var. naaensis Werner. The specimens before me are from Petali (Bedriaga), Tenos (Bedriaga),
and Naxos (Werner). These specimens often bear a strong superficial resemblance to lizards of the
var. guadrilineata from Corsica.
7 Type specimens of vars, milensis and mgrogularis from Milos and Erimomilo are preserved in the British
Museum.
+ Specimens from Syra, Mykonos, and Santorini haye been received from Herr L. Miiller.
VOL. XxX.—Part 11, No. 7.—ebruary, 1913. 2
184 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
The var. erhardi Bedriaga, from Seriphos, is described as similar to the first variety,
but with three or four yellowish-green streaks on the body, these streaks lemon-yellow
on the neck ; the throat lemon-yellow.
And, finally, Erhard describes two further varieties :—(1) Black above and beneath,
with rows of green spots on the back (var. archipelagica, Bedriaga). (2) Reddish brown
on the back and tail, green on the head and neck, yellow beneath ; five large cobalt-
blue spots on each side of the body. The localities for these varieties are not stated.
The following are particulars of the specimens in the British Museum :—
ills 22, 3. 4, 5. 6. Mo
Retalipebulbceau(Bedriaga) sim aa mmOS MMO ales bald in o4 23 29
Tenos, Cyclades _,, Boron Cy i709 28> On Nab 2120 RO)
Mykonos, Cyclades (L. Miller). ,, 71 638 29 11 385 24, 28
*; s Pe wOO Ma MOORy Oi ool 22 27
Syra, Cyclades A a uo ae hOD my ROO 27 9 30 28-22 29
Naxos, Cyclades (Werner) . . u CQ Be Be BB 21 27
(Type of v. naxensis.)
» Gydaces (Wem), os 2 G GB By Bo) all ou el 26
i rs 3 » we Be se Il 2) BBR | Bs
a ie s GS CO) 8 ae il oil Bea a)
is 3 Ae aN PSM AMEE iO oe OO! cod Qo ee 23 29
Santorini, Cyclades (Li. Miller). G 63 56 27 11 382 22 29
ie . NGO 155°. 30° TN 33 Non
iB : ‘ OMNGL ms ile 10) 430 Dh Op
IMnlos)(Cycladest(Bedxiaga)iy ey iGwnod) 256) 28. 1 734 26 26
(Type of v. milensis.)
» Cy@acles (Becher) 95 5 gy | wh 26 oy Bs} 24 28
Hrimomilo; Cyclades(Werner) . @ 55 55 31 Ie 33 24 27
_ i gh ye Rn eT On AIRC. oy
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
ile 2 3. 4. 5.
From end of snout to vent . .. 71 60 63 57 55
ep Nie uy Mforeilinbs mmm o8\) 923 D4 990m Mo
lbgmstin OF nel 5 6 og oo os oe) MD) 14 16 16 13
Whelan orga, oo op ek oo) LB 9 11 10 8
Depthyotihead Mier meen nn inne () 7 9 8 64
Hore im bigeden. ee mur Menai reN To 20 22 9 17
ind dim ba tee iene cium OO, 30 34 32 27
doo eaten era iets) sean) (neal eT Lee a We 18 18 1165
Maa 9 5 ae eit Co ON OST palais 69*
1. g, 2. 9. Mykonos (L. Miller). 3. ¢. Petali (Bedriaga). 4. $. Milos (Bedriaga).
5. @. Erimomilo (Werner).
* Tail reproduced.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 185
Specimens from Crete, of which I have examined two only (hgr. ¢ & ¢), presented
to the British Museum by Miss Dorothy Bate, agree with the Cyclades form in the
shape of the head and in the smooth dorsal scales, but differ in the rostral entering the
nostril. The numbers of scales and pores are here given for comparison :—
i 2s 3 4 5. 6 7
Gattis tee 100 56 27 10 31 20-19 27
g 58 57 28 11 30 20-21 20
Grey above, with a dark brown, light-edged lateral band ; a black-and-white ocellus
above the shoulder ; lower parts bluish (in spirit).
More specimens are required to decide whether the Crete lizard deserves a varietal
name. At present it cannot be identified with any variety with which I am acquainted.
Bedriaga (op. cit. p. 216) refers it to LZ. muralis fusca: “ Auf Kreta kommt eine
rubriventris mit sch6n ausgepraégten Linien auf den Rumpfseiten und tippig gezeich-
netem Riicken in Gemeinschaft mit der typischen fusca vor.”
IX.—SOUTHERN RUSSIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, ASTA MINOR,
AND NORTHERN PERSIA.
Some years ago, when dealing with the history of the so-called Lacerta depressa of
Camerano *, I made some general remarks about the Wall-Lizards of this area, and
distinguished the following forms as varieties :—
Var. chalybdea Hichwald (depressa Werner).
Var. saxicola Hversmann. .
Var. depressa Camerano (modesta Bedriaga, defilippii Boettger).
Var. portschinskii Kessler (depressa part., Camerano).
Var. defilippii Camerano (persica Bedriaga, depressa, part., Camerano).
Var. rudis Bedriaga (depressa, part., Camerano).
All these were then known to me from autopsy. ‘There remained one form, first
described by Berthold as L. hieroglyphica, and since referred by Werner to Lacerta
serpa, on Which I could offer no opinion.
The view I took of the division into varieties is, on the whole, confirmed by the
descriptions, based on a larger material, since published by Prof. Méhely. I must take
objection, however, to the manner in which reference has been made} to my publica-
tion entitled “ On the Lacerta depressa of Camerano,” the object of which was to show
that a number of distinct forms, varieties I called them, had been included under that
name by Camerano and others, and I distinctly pointed out that the name depressa
should, in my opinion, be restricted to two of the specimens out of the six on which
* P. Z. 8. 1904, ii. p. 332.
7 Ann. Mus. Hung. vii. 1909, p. 409.
186 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
the species was established. I am therefore surprised to find my LZ. muralis,
var. portschinskit, and my L. m. var. rudis, referred to by Méhely in his synonymies as
L. muralis, var. depressa, as well as to miss all allusion to my identification of L. defilippii,
which should have been quoted as ZL. muralis, var. defilippit.
Remarks will be made further on concerning the names given by Méhely to the
varieties here dealt with. J. derjugini Nikolsky and L. chlorogaster Boulenger (which
name has priority over L. boettgeri Méhely) appear to me to be entitled to rank as
species distinct from J. muralis.
The forms dealt with here may be briefly defined as follows :—
A. Var. chalybdea Kichw. Hind limb short, reaching the elbow or the axil in the male, not
beyond the elbow in the female; foot not or but slightly longer than head. Granules
between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries usually forming an incomplete series, some-
times reduced to 3. Dorsal scales smooth, larger than tibials, 40 to 53 across middle of
body. Femoral pores usually fewer than 20. 24 to 28 scales under the fourth toe. From
snout to vent up to 75 mm. ‘Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia.
B. Var. saxicola Eversm. Hind limb longer, foot longer than head. Granules between supra-
oculars and supraciliaries forming a complete series. Dorsal scales smooth, not larger than
tibials, 50 to 65 across middle of body. Femoral pores 16 to 22. 25 to 31 scales under the
fourth toe. From snout to vent up to 80 mm. Crimea, Cis- and Transcaucasia, Asia
Minor.
C. Var. portschinskii Kessl. Like the preceding, but smaller and more slender, with more pointed
snout. Dorsal scales smooth, as large as or larger than tibials, 51 to 56 across middle of
body. 26t0 31 gular scales. Femoral pores 16 to 21. Not known to exceed 57 mm.
from snout to vent. Transcaucasia.
D. Var. defilippit Camer. Proportions more as in the preceding. Dorsal scales smooth, as large
as or larger than tibials, 46 to 53 across middle of body. Caudal scales usually feebly keeled.
22 to 25 gular scales. Femoral pores 14 to 20. Size as in the preceding. Transcaucasia
and Northern Persia.
E. Var. rudis Bedr. Dorsal scales more or less distinctly keeled, 45 to 58 across middle of body ;
tibial scales much larger, strongly keeled; caudal scales almost spinose on the sides. 25. to
34 gular scales. Femoral pores 15 to 23. From snout to vent up to 87 mm. ‘Trans-
caucasia.
These varieties completely merge into one another, and the definitions are necessarily some-
what vague and unsatisfactory. They might all be thrown together under the name of
LL. chalybdea, which has priority over that of saxicola adopted by Méhely. Although
L. chalybdea, in this extended sense, might be regarded as sufficiently distinguished from
the forms of L. muralis inhabiting South Eastern Europe to justify its recognition as a
species, we must not lose sight of the state of things in South Western-Europe, where the
var. bocagii completely connects the typical L. muralis with a mountain form, var. monticola,
which in all its characters closely approaches L. chalybdea.
A fifth variety may be said to connect the var. breviceps with L. derjugini :—
F. Var. caucasica Méhely. Head not strongly depressed. Collar-edge more or less distinctly
serrated. Dorsal scales smooth or faintly keeled, larger than tibials, about 40 to 50 across
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 187
middle of body, caudals often rather pointed behind. 17 to 25 gular scales. Femoral
pores 12 to17. From snout to vent up to 60mm. Caucasus.
And, finally,
G. Var. hieroglyphica Berthold, with 68 to 71 scales across the body, 21 to 26 femoral pores,
30 to 35 scales under the fourth toe, and reaching a length of 65 mm. from snout to vent,
is very closely related to the var. serpa, to which it has been referred by Werner, thus
standing quite apart from the preceding forms.
So far as I have been able to ascertain, L. muralis does not extend into Syria, the
specimens so named by Giinther, Lortet, and others, belonging to L. levis Gray.
Var. CHALYBDEA.
Lacerta chalybdea Eichwald, Zool. Spec. iii. p. 188 (1831), and Reise Kasp. Meer. i. pt. 2, p. 745
(1837).
Zootoca chalybdea Kichwald, Faun. Casp.-Cauc. p. 73, pl. xi. figs. 1-3 (1842).
Lacerta muralis fusca, var. saxicola, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 195.
Lacerta muralis, part., Derjugin, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. St. Pétersb. vi. 1901, p. 97; Nikolsky,
Herp. Ross. p. 130 (1905).
Lacerta depressa (non Camer.) Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxi. 1. 1902, p. 1086, pl. 111. figs. 9 & 10.
Lacerta muralis, var. chalybdea Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1904, i. p. 337.
Lacerta saxicola, subsp. bithynica and armeniaca Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vi. 1909, p. 5387,
pl. xxi. fig. 7, and p. 549, pl. xxi. fig. 8.
This name, which has priority over that of saaicola, a fact overlooked by Méhely,
was applied to a specimen described and figured in 1841 ( H fusco violacea, wneo-
nitens, maculis nigris exiguis adspersa, lateribus obscurius fusco-fasciatus, nigro-
maculatis, scuta abdominis exteriora chalybdeata”); the figure shows a stout form with
short limbs (foot not longer than head) and a series of round light spots on the upper
border of the dark lateral band. The number of femoral pores is “ circiter 16.” In
all respects the description and figure agree with specimens from Ielenovka, Lake
Gokscha, 2000 m. altitude, received by the British Museum from the St. Petersburg
Museum in 1886, and which are unquestionably identical with Werner’s L. depressa,
from the Bithynian Olympus, near Brussa, 1800 m., as I pointed out in 1884, and as
the figures 1 & 2 on Pl. XXII. ought to show, as well as with specimens from Kavkaz,
L. Gokscha, which I owe to the kindness of Dr. V. Vavra. Méhely has demurred to
this identification and proposed the name bithynica for Werner's lizard, of which he
has examined three specimens from Brussa, in the Werner Collection, and one from
Amasia, in the Hungarian Museum.
Méhely identifies Eichwald’s ZL. chalybdea with Kessler’s L. portschinskit, which is
a more slender lizard, with longer foot, with more numerous femoral pores, etc.
Nikolsky * has recently pointed out the error of Méhely, and also the fact that he has
* Ann, Mus. Zool. Ac. St. Pétersb. xv. 1910, p. 493. I am grateful to my friend Dr. de Bedriaga for a
translation of Nikolsky’s paper, published in Russian.
188 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
overlooked the original description of Eichwald, which is based on a specimen from
the Caucasus (“ habitat in Iberia, Somchetia’’), not from Tiflis as assumed by Méhely.
The allusion to a “collare dentatum” in the original description is not against an
identification with the L. Gokscha specimens, as one of these has the collar feebly
but distinctly dentate.
The following description is taken from sixteen specimens, particulars of which are
first given :—
1 2. 3. 4 5, 6, le
Telenovka, hy Gokschae G9) 958) 94528 Sy a ANS XG)
5 5 G0 WO. aly BIO S25) Goma a
39 es 3 G7 F455" 29 9 24" MoS NOR eee
5 i x 66) 447 730° 10 22 15 26
35 5 Stet EnR sy 64 40 30 9 2) 1G=1o 26
3 3 CONGO 440 30%" 10 22 NGAI mimoy,
Kavkaz, oe : Bs Deas 29 10 23 eel /owanes
oH ele ee AGW 28 22) Oia eG
WankekGurdistam see ter tien. 2 Or. te Bas} PAD) ali ze
iS Fe 4 648 29)" AI 28) 9=20 126
3 x RR VO | 6d) 7425 28 9 24 16-15 27
Mesopotamiawen mai GOS eA Onm 29) al Ol 27 nalO 20) e283
i Sa aU ae ae 66 44 29 9 23 16 28
2 OD FS GB Os Oy sh USSD). QS
% Pe eae a 6945 29 9 22 16 28
Bithynian Olympus . . . ,, 70). BO! 0) 10) 8 16-15 24
The third specimen on this list is preserved in the Lataste Collection, and was
received from Dr. de Bedriaga. Two of the Mesopotamian specimens and two from
Lake Van (Mission Chantre, 1881) are preserved in the Lyons Museum.
Form rather stout, head and body much flattened; limbs short, the hind lmb
reaching the axil or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in the male, the wrist or the
elbow in the female; foot not or but slightly longer than the head. Head flat above,
nearly once and a half as long as broad, its depth equalling the distance between the
centre or the posterior border of the eye and the anterior border of the tympanum ;
snout obtusely pointed.
Rostral not entering the nostril; suture between the nasals very short, or * rostral
forming a suture with the frontonasal; a single postnasal; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of snout; series of granules between the supraoculars and the
supraciliaries usually incomplete (3 to 8) +; interparietal long and narrow, much
narrower than the short occipital; parietal usually more or less distinctly emarginate
* In 4 out of the 16 specimens examined.
+ Complete in a male from Mesopotamia, and in a female from Lake Van. In a female from Mesopotamia,
the suture between the first and second supraciliaries is distinctly oblique.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 189
on the side for the accommodation of a large supratemporal *, which is sometimes in
contact with the fourth supraocular and sometimes not; temporal scales granular ;
masseteric disk usually very large, sometimes moderate or small, sometimes divided into
two; tympanic shield large ; four upper labials anterior to the subocularf. 21 to 29
scales and granules in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the
median collar-plate ; gular fold usually feebly marked or indistinct ; collar-edge entire
or feebly serrated ; 8 to 11 collar-plates.
Scales on body granular, flat, smooth, equal in size, 40 to 53 across the middle of the
body, 25 to 31 corresponding to the length of the head, 3 or 2 and 3 to one ventral plate.
Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal series and 28 to 30 transverse series {; the plates of
the two median series narrower than the others or equal to the outer. Preanal plate
large, bordered by one semicircle of smaller plates, often preceded by a transversely
enlarged plate.
Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals, smooth or feebly keeled.
15 to 20 femoral pores on each side. 24 to 28 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.
Caudal scales forming alternately longer and shorter whorls, the two median dorsal
series more or less distinctly enlarged; scales truncate and diagonal, strongly keeled,
especially on the sides, the outline of which is distinctly serrated, though not to the
same extent as in the var. rwdis; 18 to 26 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind
the postanal granules.
Both sexes are alike in coloration. Back greyish brown. or olive-brown, usually
separated from the darker brown sides by a series of round white spots, which may be
black-edged and ocellar ; head and back with small, irregular, often vermicular black
markings ; sides often with large, light, black-edged ocellar spots. Uniform yellow or
yellowish white beneath, the outer row of ventrals blue, or with a series of blue spots,
in both sexes. An account of the coloration of fresh specimens is given by Werner.
According to Werner, the male may reach a length of 204 mm., whilst the female
does not exceed 175.
The following measurements (in millimetres) are from specimens in the British
Museum :—
Telenovka. Bithynian
—-~——— Olympus. Mesopotamia.
e. 2. 3. 2.
Ge
From end of snout to vent . . . . 58 70 70 68 75
=F a S Wore Iba) 5 og || BB 22 22 23 25
ILeMea OF Neal ‘og sole a 6) 8 14, 15 14 15
Wiaaliin @F lueal 5 5 og 6 ek 9 9 10 9 10
Wepthtotebeadhiyemn ye Wiis at) oe 6 6 6 6 6
oreplintbaeercwe Gt as ee a Cl 21 20 21 22
Enid bili aie ee say seman esos) eo a7 Yea () 30 29 31 30
TOTOYON igh ei. as, STR athe ieee enema ea) 16 15 16 16
* Hardly at all in one of the Ielenoyka specimens, which is here figured.
7 5 in one specimen from Ienelovka. £ 26 to 32, fide Werner.
190 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
As stated above, examples of this variety are referred by Méhely to two subspecies
of L. saxicola, which are thus differentiated in the key on p. 492.
Limbs long, hind limb of g reaching shoulder or collar, of female wrist or
middle of fore arm; 41-45 scales across middle of body, not larger
towards the belly, 3 corresponding to one ventral plate; gular scales
20-28 ; 4 rows of small shields under the thigh ; femoral pores 14-18. Subsp. armeniaca.
Limbs short, hind limb of ¢ reaching only the elbow or the axil ; 47-51
seales across middle of body, distinctly larger towards the belly, 2 or 3
corresponding to one ventral plate; gular scales 25-29; 5 or 6 rows
of small shields under the thigh; femoral pores 16-19 . . . . . Subsp. dithynica.
The only male specimen from JTelenovka (armeniaca Méhely) at my disposal could
not be determined by means of this synopsis, as it falls in the second division as
regards the length of the hind limb, and in the first as regards the number of dorsal
and gular scales. ‘There is nothing distinctive in the character of the scales near the
belly, and although it is true the female from the Bithynian Olympus (dithynica Méhely)
differs from the specimens from Ielenovka in having 4 instead of 3 series of small
shields between the large femoral shields and the pores * as well as a slightly greater
number of dorsal and gular scales, these characters are too slight to justify the
establishment of a variety, and besides they are found to break down if put to the
test of larger series than Méhely had the privilege of examining. The same author
mentions and figures a single specimen in which the first supraocular is in contact
with the frontal. Such an exception I have never met with either in this variety or in
any of the forms which I united under Lacerta muralis, with the single exception of
a specimen from Elizabethpol (var. saxicola) in which it occurs on one side only f.
The var. valentint Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892, p. 145 (Z. saxicola, subsp.
valentini Méhely, /. c. p. 543, pl. xxi. fig. 6), does not appear to be separable from
var. chalybdea. 42 to 48 scales across the body, 19 to 21 femoral pores. Back green,
with black spots and vermiculations. From snout to vent 75 mm. Karabagh and
Armenia.
Var. SAXICOLA.
Lacerta saxicola Kversmann, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. i. 1834, p. 349, pl. xxx. fig. 1;
Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. St. Pétersb. xv. 1910, p. 490; Lehrs, Festschr. R. Hertwig, ii.
pl. xiv. fig. 8 (1910).
Lacerta grammica (non Licht.) Rathke, Mém. Sav. Etr. Ac. St. Pétersb. ii. 1837, p. 303.
Lacerta taurica, part., de Filippi, Arch. p. la Zool. Anat. Fis. 11. 1863, p. 386.
* These series of scales vary from 3 to 5 in the Mesopotamian specimens.
+ Yet Méhely (Ann. Mus. Hung. viii. 1910, p. 223) gives “ Frontale .... dfters an das erste Supraoculare
anstossend” as one of the features characteristic of his Archeolacerte.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 191
Podarcis depressa, part., Camerano, Atti Acc. Tor. xiii. 1878, p. 539.
Lacerta muralis fusca, var. saxicola, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 195.
Lacerta depressa, var. modesta Bedriaga, t. c. p. 272; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii. p. 34 (1887) ; Boettg.
Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 204; Steind. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xx. 1907, p. 308.
Lacerta muralis Képpen, Beitr. Russ. R. (2) vi. p. 63 (1883).
Lacerta muralis, var. depressa, part., Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892, p. 141; Méhely, in Zicky,
Dritte Asiat. Forschungsr. 11. Zool. p. 54 (1901) ; Derjugin, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. St. Pétersb.
vi. 1901, p. 97; Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 136 (1905).
Lacerta muralis, var. defilippit (non Camer.) Boettg. t. c. p. 144.
Lacerta muralis, part., Nikolsky, op. cit. p. 130.
Lacerta muralis, var. depressa Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1904, ii. p. 333, pl. xxii. fig. a.
Lacerta saxicola, f. typica Méheiy, Ann. Mus. Hung. vii. 1909, p. 495, pl. xviii. figs. 4, 5, 6, 8.
Lacerta saxicola, var. defilippti, part., Méhely, t. c. p. 519, pl. xviii. figs. 1-3.
A female from the Belaja R. (affluent of Kuban R.) in Ciscaucasia (Pl. XXII.
fig. 4), agrees well with the diagnosis given by Eversmann (ZL. supra latitudine capitis
prasina, nigromaculata, lateribus brunnea, nigro-maculata, subtus margaritacea versus
latera cerulescens, rostro acuto, capite depresso; cauda longissima, scutellis argute
carinatis annulata), and also with the figure which accompanies his description. I
have, therefore, no doubt as to the correctness of the identification.
A specimen from the South Coast of the Crimea, received alive from Mr. A. Brauner,
and which agrees in all essential points with the above, was grass-green above, blackish
brown on the sides; head, limbs, and tail golden brown; turquoise-blue spots above
the axil and on the outer ventral shields; pinkish white beneath. A similar specimen
from the Crimea is figured on Pl. XXII. fig. 3.
I append particulars of these specimens, and of others which I regard as pertaining
to the same variety :—
ils 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7.
Crimes 6 gp 5 8 56 oe op he oe SG 6S 6G A UIQ 20 29
» (Coes Coll). 6 oo 0 » 46 Ch BB IM BB 20 27
» south Coast ee OOM Come ony a lOkeara2 20 27
lidaj@ 18, Qlatasia Coll) . 1 6 6 » SL G Bf 10 8 BES
5 PED cua Ae lay Wevitislen WASi OOM OOL Mae Oe ecules 297 19 28
Silage, 1, erplovein 5 6 o o o @ GY GB B7 9 25 20-19 30
$ 5 Son a orettes pee Olu, oe 2) 8 25 18 30
53 3 ae kee tO OF OO me, tS) 5) 18 31
Tativ, 3 SiN ME Ou hOS) GO) 2G 8) 29) 19-20) sil
%) Bs 5 pois o &. 4 BS Bw Q 2B 18 30
Migri-Gerusi, Zangezur Distr. . . ,, 48 54 80 D2 SOR 29
Hlizalbeth poli mer meee ale meet OOM ONE 29 9 24 16 29
4 ee ch, Mehl erpAlGO tind 2 tue 2 umATOR KO, OTe 1G ML aG
a ee een ed eek SUA) ROS Wm TOR NOS T7188 mor,
Rasano, Talysch (Bedriaga Coll.) . gS 64 55 28 DO: Be 18 28
3 ‘5 ates OL 8, 2 NO ee 18 28
VOL. XX.—PART Il. No. 8.—february, 1913. 2D
192 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
1. 2 3 4, 5 6. Hh
Helenendorf (Bedriaga Coll.) 6) G2 Be 23 8 27 20-22 31
Katar, Armenia (Lyons Mus.) . . 2? 46 58 29 9 24 21-18 28
Trebizond? (type of £. depressa) G 68 60 26 11 381 2221 27
(Turin Mus.).
Trebizond ? $5 » 82 Cl BH 8 32 18 26
Hrdshias Dagh, Asia Minor... 5, 56 52 24 12 25 I9-17 25
Chitkrein Wangs sy Yk be) 6 my. GP) BP BB UL BO 19 27
In form similar to the typical LZ. muradis, or rather to the var. brweggemanni, but
head more depressed as a rule, its depth not exceeding the distance between the centre
of the eye and the anterior border of the tympanum; snout as a rule more pointed
than in var. chalybdea and less than in var. portschinshit.
Hind limb reaching the shoulder or the collar in males, the axil, or the elbow of the
adpressed fore limb in females; foot longer than the head.
Head-shields as in var. chalybdea, but rostral not rarely in contact with the fronto-
nasal, granules between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries nearly always forming
a complete series, and masseteric disk smaller as a rule * ; the supratemporal is usually
in contact with the fourth supraocular, but the degree of emargination of the antero-
lateral border of the parietal is very variable, some specimens + not differing in this
respect from a typical LZ. muralis; frequently five upper labials anterior to the
subocular. 23 to 32 scales and granules between the chin-shields and the collar,
which is not serrated and is composed of 8 to 12 plates.
Scales on body granular, round or roundish-hexagonal, smooth or faintly keeled on
the posterior part of the back, 50 to 654 across the middle of the body, 34 to 51
corresponding to the length of the head, 3 or 4 to one ventral plate. Preeanal plate
bordered by one or two semicircles of smaller plates, sometimes preceded by a
transversely enlarged plate.
Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or a little larger than dorsals,-more or
less strongly keeled. 16 to 22 || femoral pores on each side. 25 to 31 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe.
Caudal scales forming alternately longer and shorter whorls, the two median dorsal
series more or less distinctly enlarged; these scales truncate and more or less
diagonal, strongly keeled, the outline on the side more or less distinctly serrated,
but far less than in var. rudis; 22 to 28 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the
postanal granules.
Some specimens are green above, others are grey or brown, the variation in this
* Absent in specimens from Rasano and Katar,
+ From Shuska and Erdshias Dagh.
+ Exceptionally 37 according to Méhely.
§ 49 to 67 according to Mchely.
|| 16 to 25 (usually 18-22) according to Méhely.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 195
respect being comparable to what obtains in LZ. muralis and its var. brueggemanni
in some parts of Italy. ‘The head and back are spotted, dotted, or vermiculated with
black, the larger spots, if arranged with any symmetry, forming two vertebral series,
as in the vars. bocagit and monticola; the sides are often black, with blue or white
round spots ; larger round white spots usually form a series on each side of the back ;
some specimens reticulated with black, much as in var. tediguerta. Lower parts white,
bluish, or yellowish ; blue and black spots on the outer row of ventral plates, at least
in the males.
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
From end of snout to vent . . . . £468 66 63 56 60 61
i ae 3 forelimb. . . 28 27 25 23 23 22
lflem@l 9 (5 0 9 pb 0 9 8 8 0 a ae 17 16 15 14 13
Walia Gf lngacl 5) oo og oo op al 11 10 10 9 8
Wepthyotshea deer wars ns miele 6 9 7 i 6 6
Ito Iiigal) g 6 6 0 6 ot oo oe | 26 25 22 22 20
lehirael TNVNI) 5 Gy Bea ot Soa oe ae GD 40 36 31 31 30
TRO: i rileseibe iy ahs Outi a ae ei eels 20) 21 20 18 17 17
1. g. Trebizond (type of L. depressa, var. modesta). 2. 3. Crimea. 3. 3. Tativ, KE. Karabagh.
4, ¢.Erdshias Dagh, Asia Minor. 5. ?. Belaje R., Ciscaucasia. 6. 2. Shuska, E. Karabagh
(var. defilippit Boettg. nec Camer.).
The largest specimens, ¢ and 2, examined by Méhely, measure 79 and 80 mm.
from snout to vent, tail 150.
The female specimen represented on Pl. XXII. fig. 5, from Shuska, E. Karabagh,
was referred by Boettger to the var. defilippii. A male from Erdshias Dagh, Asia
Minor, is shown on fig. 6.
The vars. braunert Méhely (Ann. Mus. Hung. vii. 1909, p. 509) and raddet Boette.
(Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892, p. 142), with which I am only acquainted through the descrip-
tions, appear to connect this form with the var. dejilippii.
Var. PORTSCHINSKII.
Lacerta taurica, part., de Filippi, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 11. 1863, p. 386.
Podarcis depressa, part., Camerano, Atti Acc. Tor. xiii. 1878, p. 539.
Lacerta portschinskit Kessler, Tr. Soc. Nat. St. Pétersb. viii. 1878, p. 160, pl. i.; Bedriaga, Arch,
f. Naturg. 1879, p. 308.
Lacerta muralis, var. depressa, part., Bedriaga, t. c. p. 312.
Lacerta muralis, var. portschinskii Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1904, ii. p. 337, pl. xxii. fig. 6.
Lacerta murals, part., Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 136 (1905).
Lacerta saxicola, var. chalybdea (non Hichw.) Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vil. 1909, p. 513.
Lacerta saxicola, var. portschinskit Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. St. Pétersb. xv. 1910, p. 493.
2D 2
194 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
A small, slender form, with very pointed snout. Hind limb reaching the shoulder or
the collar in the male, between the wrist and the elbow in the female. Frontonasal
as long as broad or alittle longer; granules between the supraoculars and supraciliaries
forming a complete series; masseteric disk moderate or small, or absent; 4 upper
labials anterior to the subocular. Collar even-edged, composed of 7 to 10 small
plates; 26 to 31 scales and granules in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate. Dorsal scales round and flat, perfectly
smooth, 51 to 56 across middle of body, 3 or 4 corresponding to a ventral plate. A
transversely enlarged plate in front of the preanal. Scales on upper surface of tibia
as large as or smaller than dorsals, feebly keeled. 16 to 21* femoral pores on each
side. 28 or 29 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. Caudal scales strongly keeled.
Greyish or pale yellowish brown above, with small darker markings; a more or less
distinct dorso-lateral series of small light spots ; lower parts white or yellowish, the
outer row of ventrals with blue spots.
Does not exceed a length of 57 mm. from end of snout to vent.
This form, which is known only from the neighbourhood of Tiflis and Elizabethpol,
agrees in most respects with the var. saxicola. Some of the characters given above
are taken from Méhely’s description, as I have only examined two specimens, the
first of which is one of the types of Z. depressa, preserved in the Turin Museum,
the second being figured on Pl. XXIII. fig. 1.
1. 2. : 4, 5. 6. le
A SHA eta oss 9 bya) Gyn A) NO ah Wallis} | BX
Elizabethpol. . . 9 53 56 30 8 27 18-17 29
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
3 ®,
Hromiendior/snoutito ventiv is i 1) Od 53
a se a TORCH Dee LS 19
engthvotheadeiy anit wen ciem senile a cg) cell ll
jWadthyofilheadyen ema iemaii cat tec ealiiiiencs 7 7
DepthvolineadGn wre Une nlep \edle ca hrs la x 4, 5
Horedimb sit oy eee come! osteo 1G 18
Feta @limab esa ie seein iam euieskasi lie) Ue. As 25
GOO Lr crnesmeh sumer cmticumbs nearer kel vey cal a1 A 15
Parley Mann A ano MMe eco MW a tte. bie. fu" Le
Kessler gave the length of the type specimen as 46 mm. from snout to vent, tail 101.
He regarded the very long tail as distinctive of L. portschinskii compared with
L. nuralis.
= 20-22 according to Kessler.
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 195
Var. DEFILIPPII.
Lacerta muralis de Filippi, Viagg. in Persia, p. 354 (1865) ; Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 861 (1876).
Podarcis defilippit Camerano, Atti Acc. Tor. xiii. 1877, p. 90, pl. iii. figs. 1-3.
Podarcis depressa, part., Camerano, t. ce. 1878, p. 539.
Lacerta muralis fusca, var. persica Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 199.
Lacerta muralis, var. defilippit Boettg. in Radde, Faun. Flor. Sudw. Casp.-Geb. p. 44 (1886) ;
Bouleng. P. Z.S. 1904, 11. p. 387.
Lacerta saxicola, var. defilippit Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vii. 1909, p. 519 (part.), and Zool. Anz.
1910, p. 592.
A small form barely separable from the two preceding. Head often somewhat
less depressed, more as in L. muralis typica. Hind limb reaching the shoulder
or the collar in the males, the wrist or the elbow in the females ; foot considerably
longer than the head. As may be seen from the table of measurements, the propor-
tions are the same as in the typical L. muralis from Central Europe.
The rostral sometimes enters the nostril, but is always separated from the fronto-
nasal *; the series of granules between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries is
complete; the masseteric disk may be large or small, but is often wholly absent; the
anterior supratemporal is often in contact with the fourth supraocular and does not
always encroach upon the outer border of the parietal (see Pl. XXIII. fig. 2a);
occipital usually shorter and broader, sometimes much broader than the interparietal +;
four upper labials anterior to the subocular. 22 to 25 scales and granules between
the chin-shields and the collar, which is not serrated and is composed of 9 to 11 very
small plates; gular fold very indistinct or absent.
Scales on body granular, round or oval, smooth, equal, 45 to 53 across the middle of
the body, 32 to 46 corresponding to the length of the head, 3 or 4 to one ventral plate.
Preeanal plate bordered by one or two semicircles of small plates.
Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or smaller than dorsals, feebly keeled.
14 to 20 femoral pores on each side. 24 to 29 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.
Caudal scales differing from those of the preceding varieties in being less strongly
keeled, sometimes very feebly; 24 to 32 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the
postanal granules.
The coloration of fresh specimens is thus described by Blanford :— 6 56 6560 @ Go 4H 2H IO Bs Ae ws
Type of var. rudis . Neat nyc Te BO ald Re aS} O) ey Neale)
53 fe (Momim WS) 6 6 6 6g COO UG gs) 18 25
Tchorok, Caucasus . ipa ose en OO redo coe aba cody NS Nano
Tcherneia Aragdwa (BedriagaColl) . ,, 55 50 28 10 27 18-19 25
* Sometimes rostral forming a suture with frontonasal.
+ Very indistinctly in the type figured, P. Z. S. 1904, ii. pl. xxii. fig. ¢.
=~ Masseteric shield small in the specimen from Tchoroc and T'cherneia Aragdwa,
§ 46 to 58 according to Méhely,
198 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE
Measurements (in millimetres) :—
ils 2. 3. 4, 5
From end of snout to vent. . . . . 83 70 60 68 £55
Ns as is foneylimb yea Ale 7Aeo neces
lea OEINEACL GS gg 6 3 oe 6 ol) BO RS TMG AG 8
Wadthyotsheadit ami malon ir uinome ml mictmalGl mn 1b ey Ta 8
IDG OHINERC 5 5 0 0 6 og a fo IO 65 6 7 5
Horetlimb wien cae anne Ese ey SOU soo. | NOON Coli al
Eanditimb ieee Me ne ae TAO) iS Si nso n sri, 2
1 EGY ota ees te eS a ce oh Wiest tI. Aaa eis ee) aa 22 a KY Mit 24 0 AAO
The largest specimen examined by Méhely, a female from Batum, measures 87 mm.
from snout to vent.
Although one of the most distinct forms of ZL. mwralis, the var. rudis is, however,
connected by intermediate specimens with tbe var. saxicola, as observed by Méhely.
The specimens figured on Pl. XXII. are males from Batum (fig. 7), in Dr. de
Bedriaga’s Collection, and from Tchorok (fig. 8),
Var. CAUCASICA.
Lacerta muralis, var. saxicola (non Eversm.) Kessler, Tr. Soc. Nat. St. Pétersb. viii. 1878, p. 152.
Lacerta muralis, var. fusca, f. praticola, part., Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Naturk. 1880, p. 91.
Lacerta saxicola, subsp. gracilis Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vii. 1909, p. 555.
Lacerta caucasica Méhely, t.c. p. 560, pl. xxi. figs. 1 & 2; Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac.
St. Pétersb. xv. 1910, p. 495; Lehrs, Festschr, R. Hertwig, ii. p. 234, pl. xiv. figs. 4-6
(1910).
This form, characterised by a distinctly serrated collar, large gular and dorsal scales,
and a low number of femoral pores, connects L. muralis with L. derjugini Nikolsky. 1
have no hesitation in bestowing on it the name caucasica proposed by Méhely, as two
of the specimens examined by me, now in Dr. de Bedriaga’s Collection, formed part
of the series from Mleti, in the Aragwa Valley, Transcaucasia, originally referred by
Boettger to L. praticola, and since made the types of a new species, one of the
characters of which is for the males to have the femoral pores hardly more developed
than the females. This is so in the Mleti specimens here described (Pl. XXIII.
tig. 3), whilst two males from the summit of Mt. Fatguss, near Vladikaukas
(Pl. XXIII. fig. 4), part of a series in the St. Petersburg Museum, referred by Nikolsky
to L. caucasica, have very strongly developed pores, and would probably have
been made the types of a distinct species or subspecies had they been known to
Méhely.
In the specimens examined by me the caudal scales are not markedly pointed, and
therefore these specimens could not be determined as L. caucasica by means of
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD. 199
Méhely’s key (p. 426), but the caudal lepidosis agrees with text-figs. @ and 6 on
p. 963 *.
I will first give particulars of the five male and the single female specimens examined
by me, the last belonging to the Lyons Museum (Mission Chantre, 1881).
lf Pas 3. 4. 5. 6. le
IMU Ct eee mires Ay UCN Ngo ai Al ROS 8 139 18-14 29
Abn oes NOt heen testa a eee nem 52 44 25 2a Gn 28
IAEME MIAMI Veen Meili iss dele 55 53 40 25 SAO SA 26
IW, IRAE. a 6 Oo ol ge 55 46 24 8 23 17-18 27
as
Var. men
9
GUvsnSve
2
3.
ticola, 2.
PLATE XVI.
St. Lunaire, near St. Malo (p. 140). Natural size.
St. Lunaire (p. 140). Anal region. X 2.
Achard, near Bordeaux (p. 141). Side view of head.
Voslau, near Vienna (p.138). Upper view of head.
L. Stympnalos, N. Morea (p. 163). Natural size.
Bosnia (p. 162). Lower view. Natural size.
Bosnia (p. 162). Natural size.
Livno, Bosnia (p. 142). ‘Tail, natural size.
Bosnia (p. 142). a
Var. nigriventris, ¢. Rome (p. 142). a a
Loroya Valley, near Madrid (p. 144). Natural size.
Loroya Valley (p. 144). Natural size.
Coimbra (p. 145). Side view of head. x 3.
9 OF
Xo.
xX 3.
©.
Burbia, Asturias (p. 146). Side view of head. x 3.
10 3
J.GREEN PHOTO. D. MACBETH Sc.
LACERTA MURALIS
i ii hn J pe
nid : a Sek aig ee
We PMN tan atoetion rae -
i aan oe ay
: Os Hamat Vy ei
Pie bib)
\
h x i "
, = GS 4}
) ‘ ;
ti i
a a
1 3
; i ' :
:
1 » :
f
yy :
i a a,
i
ir
a ;
:
i ‘A /
in ivi ip
: lal: fy ; :
ay: edn ; ‘
i y
o.'t i
Fema
iy Dos TU
eng
be,
Hin ue
Aba
iat
Fig. 1.
la.
be)
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD.
Var. brueggemanni, 3.
Var. filfolensis, 3.
3.
2.
PLATE XVII.
Tuscany (p. 148). Natural size.
» Lower view.
mA Side view of head. xX 2.
Florence (p. 148). Natural size.
Ripoli, near Florence (p. 148). Natural size.
ae Lower view.
» Side view of head. X 24.
Malta (p. 158). Natural size.
Rocky Island near Malta (p. 159). Natural size.
Filfola Rock, _,, 5) (ds 1a)
Natural size.
°
/
; Ls
ee
&ppPh
bs
fo
“) PReD
J. GREEN PHOTO. D. MACBETH sc.
LACERTA MURALIS
i
OOP ACE ExOVeIED Te
f WN
on i i he
i 1
we hits)
can ey ni
ve av
22.0) VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD.
PLATE XVIII.
Fig. 1. Var. ‘nsulanica, 3 (one of the types). Pianosa (p. 150). Natural size.
la. > bb) 92
a. 99 bp) ?
OU oF co
_
‘
i)
=r}
8. Var. bedriage, 3.
. filfolensis, 3.
” Gs
5 9 g.
7. Var. tiliguerta, 3. .
Side view of head. x 23.
Pianosa (p. 150). Natural size, lower view.
Scuola di Pianosa (p. 150). Natural size.
33 Side view of head. x 24.
Linosa (p. 160). Natural size.
Natural size, lower view.
» Natural size.
Monte Cuccio, Palermo (p. 157). Natural size.
Bastelica, Corsica (p. 157). Natural size.
3°
q
{
pa
oP
Ces
58
)
J GREEN PHOTO.
D. MACBETH sc.
LACERTA MURALIS
Wt
iy ase
bo
Lo
ae
ge
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD.
PLATE XIX.
1. Var. fiumana, 3 (one of the types). Fiume (p. 171). Natural size.
D. Be a é. ‘Trieste (p. 171). Natural size.
a rs A ce) ; Natural size.
4, . ‘ é. Bukovici, Herzegovina (p. 172). Natural size.
A ee Me s ne Upper view of head.
on aH ie Go lsiime, (Go, Il).
6. 5 46 3d. Capljina, Herzegovina(p.172). Upper view of head. x 24.
Can 5, Capljina. Side view of head. x 23.
(ease ie ‘ @. Bosnia (p. 172). Side view of head. x 24.
8. Var. lissana, 3 (one of the types). Lissa (p. 173). Natural size.
Oe + % $. Glavati, Lagosta (p. 173). Natural size.
10. Var. melisellensis, 3. Melisello, near Lissa (p. 175). Natural size.
I) a ie ie % Lower view.
UD 45 a Ne Upper view of head. 2.
Wik 5 ES é (type of var. galvagnii). Scoglio Kamik, near Lissa
(p. 177). Natural size.
J. GREEN PHOTO. D. MACBETH sc.
LACERTA MURALIS
bruary, 1913.
Fig. 1.
IL
2,
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD.
PLATE XX.
Var. horvathi, 3 (one of the types). Jasenak, Croatia (p. 165). Natural size.
29
3>
» » Upper surface of head. x 23.
9. Jasenak. Natural size.
Var. campestris, ¢. Pola, Istria (p. 178). Natural size.
99
29
bb)
39
be)
» ?. Sansego Id., Istria (p. 178). Natural size.
is 3 > » (p. 178). Side view of head. 23.
Var. serpa, 3. Zara, Dalmatia (p. 180). Natural size.
¢. Pelagosa Grande (p. 180). Natural size.
Om es » (p. 180). Natural size.
3 (one of the types of var. adriatica). Pelagosa Piccola (p. 180).
Natural size.
s Sram Loot. Se. Vid. Ad Ga, AL
J GREEN PHOTO. D. MACBETH sc.
LACERTA MURALIS
Vey
ini a
eal
an
7 at
Paitin
pent
j
1% 7
40% Wraen
F Ls
PLATE XXL
sya. y
VARI eats
Cee At
226 VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD.
PLATE XXI.
Fig. 1. Var. erhardi, g. Mykonos, Cyclades (p. 183). Natural size.
aes ds. 7 ie i Upper view of head. x 2.
WO gs uy a 53 Side view of head. x 2.
Phe ae ia 2. bs Natural size.
Sr AS 3 g (type of var. milensis). Milos, Cyclades (p. 183). Natural
size.
DO be a Bt Pe Lower view. Natural size.
BBs op A a a e Side view of head. x23.
Var. hieroglyphica, 3 (type). Constantinople (p. 202). Upper view ot head.
x4.
AGN tos ms Lape - Side view of head. x4.
5. ny ae ?. Platia, Asia Minor (p. 202). Natural size.
DOs. 5 “s _ , Upper view of head. x 2d.
DOs. sy ‘ op » Analregion. x24.
J. GREEN PHOTO. D. MACBETH sc.
LACERTA MURALIS
ROG
anon ;
Yea
BAM YON
igeath
bo
i)
[0 2)
Fig.
eo
SD oR bo
=
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD.
PLATE XXII.
Var. chalybdea, 9. Bithynian Olympus (p. 188). Natural size.
M5 ms @. Ielenoka, L. Gokscha (p. 188). Natural size.
saaicola, 3. Crimea (p.191). Natural size.
?. Belaja R. (p. 191). Naturai size.
?. Shuska, Karabagh (p. 191). Natural size.
3g. Erdshias Dagh, Asia Minor (p. 192). Natural size.
Var. rudis, 6. Batum (p. 197). Natural size.
ns a » Side view of head. x2.
» ¢&. Tchorok, Caucasus (p. 197). Natural size.
Ie,
(fssifaa
Vihaiaac
Aaa
aig
Fi
D. MACBETH sc.
J. GREEN PHOTO.
LACERTA MURALIS
r
uate
ara
PP ATE XO
‘ee
Res.
230
Var. portschinskii, @ .
bb)
Var. defilippit, 3.
3)
”9
0”
VARIETIES OF THE WALL-LIZARD.
PLATE XXIII.
Elizabethpol (p. 194). Natural size.
a Anal region. X23.
Mazanderan, Persia (p. 196). Natural size.
Upper view of head. X24.
Side view of head. < 22.
se Lower view of head. X23.
Mleti, Caucasus (p. 199). Natural size.
Upper view of head. x24.
Side view of head. x 24.
Lower view of head. x23.
Posterior part of body and base of tail. 24.
se Amaliresion; <2.
Mt. Fatguss, Vladikaukas (p. 199). Natural size.
Daghestan, Caucasus (p. 201). Natural size.
Lower view of head. x3.
29
Lb}
0 VAAN. FEM
Ye
vey
Ul
fd
Zia
D. MACBETH Sc.
J. GREEN PHOTO.
LACERTA MURALIS
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CONTENTS.
III. Second Contribution to our Knowledge of the Varieties of the Wall-Lizard
(Lacerta muralis). By G. A, Boutencur, /.AS., ZS. (Plates XVI-
XXII and Wext-fouresI 4) sec ot eo. hey eee ees
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IV. On the Crustacea Isopoda of the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition.
By the Rev. T. R. R. Sressine, A., PRS, PLS. F.Z.S.
(Received August 28, 1912; Read October 29, 1912.)
[Puares XXIV.-XXVI.]
Inprx.
: Page
Systematic :—
Pri epi prsAen yells Ly TeE VR AGen pel ont veer anehershsrokerensliicheroreicrarheleletei Velieleraye) oles etelarni er cye) ete 231
dhvimiliyy Caeuesiomy) Sa oot coc oma een end cloe 6 Giolac oo od os od bio SUMO a nS 232
Gnathia cristatipes, sp. n. Hinglish Channel es. 44-1 232
» schistifrons, sp. n. Wiestxoulrelandwmemeereninicie ie 233
sain SDs : Ofte WHO, SOIR sooooococeo0 00 234
Akidognathia edipus, g. et sp. n. On Rockall Bank.............. 235
Alii eWAUSIETAIAO AAU namayohansrorerepersievelcnsteyavee evans istelancioy cnc sanuetenel chart storshanierstncneieratas 237
ligiiully (aay) LUMO op coda cocoadaoeaddodeoosccoabEsdobNS 237
Thambema amicorum, g. et sp.n. West of Ireland .............. 237
THE first part of this Memoir, relating to the families Apseudide, Tanaide, and
Anthuride, was read before the Society in December 1884, and published in the
‘Transactions,’ vol. xii. part iv. in October 1886. That so long an interval has
elapsed before the production of this further report is simply explained by the fact
that pressure of other engagements continually overshadowed the claims of the
interesting specimens now at last described. ‘Three of the species belong to the tribe
called by Sars Flabellitera, and one stands in his tribe Asellota. In each tribe it has
been thought expedient to institute a new genus, with a new family for one of them,
and all four species are regarded as new *.
In the original report the text depended largely for its merit and accuracy on the
experience of Canon Norman, and, but for his express refusal, his name should have
appeared as joint author of the present paper, for which he had prepared the way by
manuscript names of the genera and species.
Tribe FLABELLIFERA.
1882. Flabellifera G. O. Sars, Forh. Selsk. Christian. no. 18, p. 15.
1886. Flabellifera Norman and Stebbing, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. xii. part iv. p. 119.
1897. Flabellifera G. O. Sars, Crustacea of Norway, vol. il. part iii. p. 43.
* [The complete account of these new forms appears here, but since the names and preliminary diagnoses
were published in the ‘ Abstract,’ they are distinguished by being underlined.—Epzror. |
VoL. XX.—ParT Iv. No. 1.— February, 1913. 21
232 REY. T. R. R. STEBBING ON THE
Fam. GNATHIID&.
1814. Gnathides Leach, Edinb. Encyel. vol. vii. p. 432.
1880. Gnathiide Harger, U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1878, part vi. pp. 304, 308.
1900. Gnathiide Stebbing, in Willey’s Zoological Results, part v. p. 625 (with synonymy).
1906. Gnathiide Norman and Scott, Crustacea of Devon and Cornwall, p. 36.
1911. Gnathiide Tattersall, Nordisches Plankton, vol. iii. part vi. p. 192.
Gen. Gnatuia Leach.
1818. Gnathia Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vol. vii. p. 402.
1835. Gnathia Westwood, Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii. p. 273
1880. Gnathia Harger, U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1878, part vi. p. 410.
1900. Gnathia Stebbing, in Willey’s Zoological Results, part v. p. 625 (with synonymy).
1905. Gnathia Harriet Richardson, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. liv. p. 56.
GNATHIA CRISTATIPES. (Pl. XXIV. A.)
Stebbing, Abstract P.Z.S. 1912, p. 42 (Nov. 5th).
The length of the specimen exceeded three times the greatest breadth by the length
of the telsonic segment. The head has a circular appearance, being slightly broader
than the median length including the coalesced first segment of the pereon; the front
is a little emarginate, then sloping on each side to a small outward-turned projection.
The second, third, and fourth segments of the pereon are quite distinct, with dorsal
impressions which in the fourth give the back a corrugated look. ‘The large fifth and
sixth segments are scarcely distinguishable except laterally, and each has two lateral
incisions queerly suggestive of extra segmentation which is not to be thought of, while
ventrally the markings imply complete coalescence of the two segments. The limbless
seventh segment is as usual very small. The pleon is shorter than the breadth of the
pereon, somewhat tapering, with the lateral angles acute, pointing backwards. The
telsonic segment is at the base broader than the length, the tapering division scarcely
longer than the basal, the small truncate apex carrying a pair of setules.
No eyes were perceived.
The first antenne have the first joint much broader but little longer than the third,
which is longer than the second; the slender flagellum has five or six joints. The
second antenne have the last joint of the peduncle rather longer than the penultimate,
the three preceding joints short, the middle one a little the longest; the slender
eight-jointed flagellum is not quite so long as the last two joints of the peduncle
combined.
The mandibles have the look of being two-jointed, the second joint forming a
somewhat triangular blade with the distal extremity pointing inwards with a slight
curvature.
The maxillipeds have the large second joint produced into a very distinct plate,
CRUSTACEA ISOPODA OF THE ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITION. 233
which is bordered by eight short spines, perhaps of coupling character; the four
following joints are of the usual type and fringed with feathered sete on the outer
margin.
The first gnathopods are also of the usual type, with a minute apical joint, the large
opercular joint not showing any signs of its composite nature. The second gnathopod
is very slender and as usual closely agreeing in structure with the first pereeopod. ‘The
second pereeopod has suggested the specific name by the spiny erect prominence on its
second joint and the squarely produced strong apical process of the third joint, this
also being edged with short stout spines; the fourth joint is also distally widened.
The pleopods are without sete, and one ramus of the second pair carries a narrow
masculine appendage.
The rami of the uropods are subequal one to the other and to the telsonic segment,
the inner, as seems to be customary, being rather more curved than the outer, both
being fringed with long sete.
The length of the specimen was 8 mm.
Taken by the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition in the English Channel, from a depth of
539 fathoms (Station 9, 1870, lat. 48° 6° N., long. 9° 18’ W.).
GNATHIA SCHISTIFRONS. (Pl. XXIV. B.)
Stebbing, Abstract P. Z.S. 1912, p. 42 (Nov. 5th).
This small species, attaining its greatest breadth at the fifth pereeon segment, is only
twice as long as the breadth at that part. ‘The front of the head, which is very much
wider than long, is divided by a small excavation constituting more than a semicircle,
the border then sloping on each side to a small outward-pointing process. Behind the
processes the sides form two lobes, the eyes just visible on the first pair and the second
bulging still more outwards. The second, third, and fourth segments of the perzon
are very distinct, successively longer; the fifth and sixth are probably coalesced, but
clearly marked off one from the other, the fifth having a longitudinal median dividing-
line, where it is little or not at all longer than the fourth segment, while at the sides
it swells out, toa large extent encircling the somewhat longer but considerably narrower
though still large sixth segment. The backward-produced lobes of the latter enfold
the small seventh segment and partially also the first pleon segment, which is rather
narrower than the second. From this the pleon segments are successively a little
narrower, without projecting angles. The telsonic segment has a basal breadth broader
than the length, the tapering division little longer than the basal, with a narrowly
truncate apex carrying two setules. ‘The surface is much roughened with spicules, as
the limbs are with spines and spiniform projections.
The eyes, rather inconspicuous in dorsal view, are of a somewhat rhomboidal shape,
composed of about forty lenses.
212
254 REV, T. R. R. STEBBING ON THE
The first antenne have the first two joints rather robust, the second rather shorter
than the first, the two together little longer than the narrower third, which is rather
longer than the five-jointed flagellum. In the second antenne the last two joints of
the peduncle are equal, neither as long as the seven-jointed flagellum.
The mandibles are similar in type to those of the preceding species, but with
broader connexion between the blade and the peduncle. The maxillipeds have the
second joint broad in proportion to its length, the produced plate rather large, with
only one coupling-spine, the third joint rather large, and the sixth shorter than the
fifth, instead of longer as it is in the preceding species and the next. Adjacent to
the base of the maxilliped there is a plate, with a small apparently movable joint
at the apex, which may possibly represent a second maxilla.
The first gnathopod shows only three joints, of which the apical is minute, supported
by a joint of very moderate size, resting on an opercular joint of vast expansion, which
has the upper part of its convex margin fringed with sete. ‘The second gnathopod is
leg-like, agreeing in general proportions with the first perseopod, but, as the figures
show, less spiky, and with the fourth joint bulging inward, whereas in the pereopod
that joint is dilated distally outward and has spikes on its inner margin. The second
pereeopod has numerous spine-teeth on its long third, dilated fourth, and rather small
fifth joints. In the third pereeopod the spikes are very conspicuous on the fourth and
fifth joints,
The pleopods have narrow branches, without fringing sete. No special masculine
appendage could be detected on any pair.
The uropods have the branches shorter than the telsonic segment, the inner broader
but not longer than the outer, both carrying sete.
Length of specimen 2°5 mm.
The specific name is compounded of the Latin words schistos, divided, and frons, the
front, in allusion to the frontal excavation by which it is easily distinguished from
the nearly allied Norwegian species, Gnathia abyssorum G. O. Sars.
Taken by the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition, 1869, from 208 fathoms, west. of Mid
Ireland (Station 13, lat. 53° 42’ N., long. 14° 11! W.).
GNATHIA sp.
A specimen about 6 mm. long was taken by the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition in 1870
from 250 fathoms off Vigo, Spain (Station 12). As it is only in the “ Praniza” stage,
it would be unadvisable to give it a specific name. It may be mentioned that the
telsonic segment is broadly tapering till quite near the end, when it no longer tapers
and has the narrow apex sharply netched, carrying a single setule. The inner branch
of the uropod is broad.
CRUSTACEA ISOPODA OF THE ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITION.
bo
(Se)
On
Gen. AKIDOGNATHIA.
Stebbing, Abstract P. Z.S. 1912, p. 42 (Nov. 5th).
In near agreement with Gnathia, but oral membrane broadly produced, peduncle of
second antenne elongate, mandibles narrow, first maxille developed, pleopods with
fringes of sete, telsonic segment from short base narrowly produced to a sharp
point.
The name is compounded from the Greek axis, axiSos, a dart, and the name of the
companion genus.
AKIDOGNATHIA G@DIPUS. (PI. XXV.)
Stebbing, Abstract P. Z. S. 1912, p. 42 (Noy. 5th).
The single specimen, of the male sex, was in excellent preservation except for the
loss of the projecting part of the right mandible and the obscure condition at its
distant border of the delicate and much-advanced oral membrane. From this border
to the apex of the telsonic segment the length of the specimen was nearly four times
the greatest breadth, which is found at the fifth peraon segment. ‘The second and
third pereeon segments are sharply distinct; the fourth has in the middle a longitudinal
line dividing it as it were into two sections and is clearly but not sharply distinguished
from the much larger fifth segment, which in turn is scarcely distinguishable from the
still longer sixth except at the sides; the seventh segment is as usual very small and
limbless, The length of the narrow pleon does not exceed the width of the pereon ;
its segments are not sharply angled; from the basal portion carrying the uropods the
telsonic segment at about a fifth of its length rather abruptly narrows, tapering to a
long drawn-out point, with setules on either side and a longer subapical pair.
No eyes were perceptible.
The first antenne have a robust first joint, once and a half as long as broad, the
second slightly shorter, with a strong distal spine, the third as long as the two preceding
joints combined, much curved, with many sete on the convex outer side; the slender
flagellum nearly as long as the third joint of the peduncle, six-jointed, the second and
third joints the longest.
The second antenne have the peduncle of unusual length, first joint very small,
second longer than the third, fourth nearly twice the length of these three combined,
very setose, fifth like the fourth but about three-quarters of its length; the slender
palp shorter than the fifth joint of peduncle, eight-jointed, with the joints difficult to
distinguish.
Mandibles with projecting part slender, a little curved, not reaching to the end of
the penultimate joint of the peduncle of the lower antenna; underneath the base is
found a large inward-pointing tooth-like process, while underneath the broad projecting
236 REV. T. BR. R. STEBBING ON THE
median membrane (which perhaps constitutes the lower lip) is found a bilobed mem-
brane, which we suppose to be the first maxilla ; it should be observed that the shorter
and narrower plate is really the inner, although the figure giving the ventral aspect
might give a contrary impression.
The maxillipeds have the large irregularly oval second joint strongly furred on the
outer margin, the inner produced to a small pointed plate carry two coupling-spines ;
the third joint is very small, the fourth a large oval, longer than the fifth and sixth
joints combined, of which the sixth is the longer, all the last four joints having the
outer margin closely fringed with long plumose sete.
The first gnathopod, of the usual opercular form, has a minute tooth-like terminal
joint, the preceding joint longer than the antepenultimate, these two carrying sete as
well as having their margins furred; the large compound joint has finely feathered
sete mingled with the fur of its convex margin, which is probably the true outer
margin, though in the limb’s opercular function it becomes the inner. Adjacent to
the opposite margin of the maxilliped is a firmly bordered narrow plate, suggestive of
a possible second maxilla, but in attachment to a membrane which perhaps carried the
maxilliped between the gnathopod and the plate in question.
The second gnathopod is, as usual, completely leg-like and slender, the joints from
the second to the fifth all furnished with sete more or less elongate.
The first pereeopod is in close agreement with the second gnathopod. ‘The second
pereopod has a rather remarkable appearance, suggesting the specific name, from
the Greek Oiéizous, the tragic king, with swollen feet. The third joint is large and
greatly dilated distally, the projecting outer apex fringed with short stout spines; the
much smaller fourth joint is also distally dilated, and it is the combination of these two
seen at various angles when the limb is attached to the animal’s body that produces
the odd effects of a decidedly gouty limb. The third perzopod is not eccentric, but the
fourth is noticeable for the shape of its fifth joint, which commences with a breadth
nearly equal to that of the broad fourth joint, but ends scarcely wider than the narrow
fifth, this convex inner margin being handsomely fringed with a dozen spines.
The pleopods all carry distal fringes of plumose setx, which in Gnathia has been
accounted as characteristic of a male not fully adult. It may be so in this case, but, as
will be seen in the figure of the second pleopod, the masculine appendage is there
developed, and the points of attachment indicate the accidental loss of numerous
sete.
The uropods are long and narrow, the rami subequal one to the other and to the
telsonic segment, both carrying numerous long sete, which are much more finely
feathered than those of the pleopods.
The length of the specimen was 5°5 mm.
Taken by the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition in 1869, on Rockall Bank, from 109 fathoms
(Station 24, lat. 58° 26’ N., long. 14° 28’ W.).
CRUSTACEA ISOPODA OF THE ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITION. 237
Tribe ASELLOTA.
1882. Asellota G. O. Sars, Forh. Selsk. Christian. no. 18, p. 16.
1897. Asellota G. O. Sars, Crustacea of Norway, vol. ii. part v. p. 94.
1905. Asellota H. J. Hansen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1904, p. 302.
1905. Aselloidea or Asellota Harriet Richardson, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. liv. p. 408.
1910. Asellota Stebbing, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xiv. part i. p. 108.
1910. Asellota Stebbing, S.A. Crust. in Ann. 8. African Mus. vol. vi. part iv. p. 435.
Fam, THAMBEMATID A.
Stebbing,fAbstract P. Z. S. 1912, p. 42 (Nov. 5th).
As the new genus for which this family is named stands alone, its characters, if
rightly made out, will for the present be those of the family.
Gen. THAMBEMA.
Stebbing, Abstract P. Z. 8. 1912, p. 42 (Nov. 5th).
Body narrowly elongate, with all seven segments of person distinct and all seg-
ments of the pleon consolidated; flagellum of first antenna short, few-jointed;
mouth-organs in general agreement with those of the tribe Asellota ; first gnathopods
stouter than the three following pairs of limbs, but all similar in pattern, not chelate
or subchelate; pleopods not exceeding four pairs; uropods entirely wanting.
The genus is founded on specimens exclusively of the male sex and in which the
second antenne are seemingly imperfect, and the last three pairs of pereopods have
undoubtedly lost all the structure following the second or basal joint.
The generic name is derived from the Greek word @auQnua, a marvel, in allusion to
the peculiar characters of the pleon. It may be assumed that the missing pleopods
are the fifth, a pair which is already reduced to single plates in Janiride and Desmo-
somatide. The want of uropods occurs, so far as known, nowhere else in this tribe,
their absence from Stenetrium serratum Hansen being in all probability accidental.
THAMBEMA AMIcoRUM. (PI. X XVI.)
Stebbing, Abstract P. Z. 8. 1912, p. 42 (Nov. 5th).
The body is, on the whole, parallel-sided, but with a slight distal narrowing of the
perzon segments. The head is produced between the antenne into a broadly rounded
lobe, in advance of which appear the terminal joints of the two mandibular palps.
The antero-lateral corners are slightly produced, but not occupied by any discernible
organs of vision. The pleon is broadly oval.
The first antennee lie just over the second, with a first joint broader but not longer
than the next, which is broader than and nearly twice as long as the third; to this
peduncle succeeds a flagellum of one rather long joint between two short ones, with
238 REY. T. R. R. STEBBING ON THE
two sete at the apex. Of the second antenne there remain four stout but short
joints, their substantial character suggesting that they may have carried an elongate
sequel, the fragile extension of which has caused its loss.
The upper lip has a simply rounded margin. The lower lip has its two lobes not
very strongly setuliferous. The mandibles have the cutting-edge quadridentate with a
tridentate accessory plate and six spines on one mandible and seven spines without the
accessory plate on the other; the molar is strong, the three-jointed palp well developed,
its terminal joint strongly curved and densely fringed with spines. The first maxille
have three spines on the narrow inner plate and eight or ten on the outer; the second
maxillee are distally divided into three plates, of which the inner is the largest; on
each of the other two one of the spines is distinctly serrate. In the maxillipeds the
epipod is distally acute, the second joint has two coupling-spines, the third joint is not
very distinct, the fourth and smaller fifth are expanded, the sixth and seventh are
quite narrow.
The first gnathopods are stouter than the second but shorter in regard to the fifth
and sixth joints ; the third joint is nearly as long and broad as the second ; the fourth
is broader than long, with a row of spines along the distal border; the fifth narrows
distally and has its long inner margin fringed with thirteen unequal spines; the sixth
is not half as long nor half as broad, much curved, with linear spines along the inner
margin; the seventh joint continues the curve, and with its distinct but apparently
immovable nail is longer than the sixth joint.
The second gnathopods have the fourth joint longer than broad, the fifth about once
and a half as long as the sixth, with fourteen unequal spines on its long inner margin,
the sixth nearly straight with five spines at intervals on the inner margin, its length
more than twice that of the seventh joint. The first pereeopod is more slender and a
little shorter, with thirteen spines on the fifth joint and six on the sixth, which is not
twice the length of the seventh joint. The second peropod is a slightly smaller
repetition of the first. Of the three following pairs of pereeopods there is unfortunately
little to be said, except that they are attached to the distal ends of their respective
segments instead of to the front as is the case with the preceding limbs.
The first pleopods have the inner margin straight, and are closely conjoined except
at the apices; the outer margin is sinuous, the last third of the plate tapering to a
point ; just before this narrowing begins there is seen a short, broad, inward-pointing
process, perhaps representing the exopod; below this the outer margin carries a
microscopic fringe of six spinules, and there are one or two subapical setules. The
second pleopods will be best understood by the figure, the semi-oval plate being the
peduncle, the strongly curved and apically pointed male appendage being, as explained
by Dr. H. J. Hansen, the endopod, and the little adjoining excrescence the exopod.
These two pairs are in combination sometimes spoken of as the operculum. The third
pleopods here show a large branchial exopod, to which is attached a tapering two-
CRUSTACEA ISOPODA OF THE ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITION. 239
jointed endopod, the spine-like second joint being such as would be expected rather in
the second pleopods than in the third. The fourth pleopods are very similar to the
third, except that the endopod is without the spine-like second joint and carries two
setules on its narrow but not acute apex; there are two subapical spines on the
branchial exopod.
The length of the specimens was about 8 mm.
Taken by the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition in 1869, in 1360 fathoms, west of Donegal
(Station 19, lat. 54° 53’ N., long. 10° 56’ W.).
The specific name makes a grateful allusion to a friendship, not only scientific but
personal, of forty years’ standing, between the authors of the original memoir on the
Isopoda of this Expedition.
VOL. XX.—PART Iv. No. 2.—February, 1913 2
ttn
Be
i,
Lei
bye
Slat
isi
at
PIS LORIN
ra
ae
ii
242 CRUSTACEA ISOPODA OF THE ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITION.
PLATE XXIV.
A.
Gnathia cristatipes.
n.s. Line indicating natural size of specimen figured below in dorsal aspect.
V. Ventral view of the same specimen, omitting antenne, second, third,
and fourth perseopods, and the pleon.
a.3., At, a.i,ft. First and second antenne, with higher magnification of the flagellum
of the second antenne.
m., m., mvp. Both mandibles and one maxilliped with higher magnification of the
produced plate.
gn. 1, gn. 2. First and second gnathopods.
prp. 2. Second pereopod, with dilated end of third joint more highly magnified.
plp. 1, plp. 2. First and second pleopods.
T., urp. Telsonic segment and uropods.
All the separate appendages are magnified to a uniform scale, with the specified
higher magnification of certain portions also uniform.
B.
Gnathia schistifrons.
n.s. Line indicating natural size of specimen figured below in dorsal aspect.
oc. Kye, in flattened view.
a.s., a2. First and second antenne.
m., m., map. The mandibles and one of the maxillipeds, with another oral element
in attachment.
gn. 1, gn. 2. First and second gnathopods.
prps. 1, 2,3, 4. First, second, third, and fourth peropods.
plp. 5. Fifth pleopod.
urp. Uropod.
T. Telsonic segment.
All the separate appendages are magnified to a uniform scale, but this is higher
than that used for the appendages in Plate A, the smaller specimen requiring higher
magnification.
D
PEERS OCS
~
E Wilson, Cambridge.
TRR.Stebbing, del
MP Parker, lith.
A.GNATHIA CRISTATIPES. B.GNATHIA SCHISTIFRONS.
ani ano
PANS Laas
i ie) Bf
A fl
ees Mk
n.8.
CAVE
US., a0.
mM.
MuUp.
gn. 1, gn. 2.
prps. 2, 3, 4.
plps. 2, 3.
L., urp.
CRUSTACEA ISOPODA OF THE ‘ PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITION.
PLATE XXV.
Akidognathia edipus.
Line indicating natural size of specimen figured below in dorsal aspect.
Ventral view of head combined with first pereeon segment. These figures
are less highly magnified than the rest, which are on a uniform scale.
The first and second antenne.
Mandible, with part of the oral membrane and supposed first maxilla.
Maxilliped.
First gnathopod, with another oral element, and second gnathopod.
Second pereeopod, part of third, and most of the fourth.
Second and third pleopods.
Dorsal view of telsonic segment with right uropod and peduncle of the
left.
E Wilson, Cambridge
TRRStebbing,del
MP Parker, lith.
AKIDOGNATHIA OEDIPUS.
ry 4 t
(i Ih ha
nen (pr ea
iN
i ;
he) i fh i
mi
h i
i
a
Ny,
5 yj an
- |
es ‘
'
i
: 1
“4
ky if
eit
246 CRUSTACEA ISOPODA OF THE ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITION.
PLATE XXVI.
Thambema amicorum.
n.s. Line indicating natural size of the specimens figured below
in lateral view, one specimen entire, the other in two
parts, the hinder portion exposing more of the ventral
surface.
a.s., av. The first antenna and part of the second.
l.s., li. The upper and lower lips.
m.,m., mx. 1,mx.2,map. The two mandibles, the first and second maxille, and the
maxillipeds.
gn. 1, gn. 2, prp. 1. The first and second gnathopods and the first pereeopod.
The plecpods, with higher magnification of the apical portion
of the first ; otherwise all the figures of separate organs
are on a uniform scale.
C.D, Dorsal view of the head, with the right first and second
antenne in position, and terminal joint of each mandibular
palp. This and the following figure froma drawing made
several years ago ; the specimen now lost.
Pl. Dorsal view of the pleon.
plps. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Trans Lo te Vb 44 SUNK
A= oe
————— Fi
2EeooS>
ASS ® a\5,9)
Csece cc!
Se
xe]
Ss
iS
ae Ay
Si
G
x
PU.
TRRStebbing,del E Wilson, Cambridge
MP Farker, lith.
THAMBEMA AMICORUM.
; ma a
aK
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CONTENTS.
IV. On the Crustacea Isopoda of the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition. By the Rey. T. R. R.
Sreppine, WA. PAS., ALS. F.ZS. (Plates XXIV.-XXVL.) . page 231
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VOLUME VI. (1866-1869, containing 92 Plates). . ,, 11 5 O.. .15 0 0
VOLUME VII. (1869-1872, containing WOLPlateS) vate. ays LO AO eee ld se)
VOLUME VIII. (1872-1874, containing 82 Plates). . ,, Weestofauiaienicie. atiey be alibi. (0)
VOLUME IX. (1875-1877, containing 99 Plates). . 5, 12 16. ..16 2 O
VOLUME X. (1877-1879, containing 95 Plates). . ,, 10 0 8 ...18 7 O
GENERAL INDEX, Vols. I. to X. (1883-1879) . ,, Osean sow 40210
VOLUME XI. (1880-1885, containing 97 Plates). . ,, Oe Oe eee eves STNG. (0)
VOLUME XII. (1886-1890, containing 65 Plates). . ,, Dee coheed Usecetnarn apne 4) 0
VOLUME XIII. (1891-1895, contaming 62 Plates) . e heey 333 811 0
VOLUME XIV. (1896-1898, containing 47 Plates) .
VOLUME XY. (1898-1901, containing 52 Plates). . ,, Bays ane a oes Vaults (0
* No copies of these volumes remain in stock,
Continued on page 3 of Wrapper.
peta
V. An Annotated List of the Batrachians and Reptiles collected by the British
Ornithologists Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New
Guinea. By G. A. Boutencer, F.R.S., F.Z.S.*
[Received October 30, 1918; Read February 3, 1914.]
[Puates XX VIT-XXX.+]
Inprx.
Page
GeosraphicalyZoology,: Dutch iNew Guinea eyes seas ses ce. 247
Development: Advanced Embryos of Carettochelys insculpta ............4. 253 4
Systematic :—
BaTRACHIANS.
LEG ONTO, BOs My SAS Se Gosbo see doddddoso so ooo Beub OUD ooo 2s)
INUIT GRUB, (GD Wooocccoessobeasedagoboocgadosdsoouned 249
Syalocmaporopeg UMD. D> Wo goo0cccoovonudeacoocasudauococuDeL 251
LATTA YRO [XIE Fo Ws sonaccoavagosooceosceaecouencdoues 252
REPTILES.
RUrotosuumus MNSCCU kee YG OSOMG eriielsitaeieediele cil cialis 257
Guymnodaciylus mimikcanus, 8p. My... 2.2 sues) soe ete ees ee 253
YG ORCL. LODUCAWy FP Do senc0scodangeccocoq09seenscoccaces 256
- MTV UICOMUTIVEAS DespI eh eae) helsy “yayen shel sisi rete eel she Vy socks ay ekerepseciaye 257
SMe ICLOSSURS PD arIU Wesley cue arewevepaleve yn ores ya enserauchets ermatioiens ates 259
i UO UMIOUIZ DOSS (30 DIG eels be Bebe g Bad Gla ee hp ern clo clae GaleN 260
v3 QUOUUESTON Us S Denon et trechat ree neni eee ane ata ra afer sycclensey 261 —
pin OLASOUTEOS, EDR B Hy sera bi olan cr ais otal (abtarb Ateigiol aid n aera cia ORS PAM
» gjeudz, nom.n. for L. tigrina Lidth de Jeude, nec de Vis .. 261
ALD RCHITTES GREENS, Go Ws So cag geno ocasa ec QonaKKoeHbeboE 00 265
BATRACHIA.
HYLID4.
1. Hya RHACOPHORUS van Kampen.
Nova Guinea, 1x., Zool. p. 32, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1918).
A single half-grown specimen from Canoe Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
2. HYLA INFRAFRENATA Gthr. (DOLICHOPSIS Cope).
Mimika R. (B.O. U. Exped.).—Launch Camp, Setekwa R. and Camp I, Utakwa R.
(Wollaston Exped.).
* Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.
T For explanation of the Plates see pp. 267-274.
VOL, XX.—PART Vv. No. 1.—Marech, 1914. ih
a LL
asoman Institue
Es ON
( MAY 6 19]
Nog, a
oe Mysevie”
248 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON BATRACHIANS AND
3. HYLA MONTANA Peters & Doria.
Camp I, Utakwa R., and Canoe Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
4, Hyta Fauuax Bler.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 482, pl. xxxix. fig. 4.
Hylella boulengeri Méhely, Term. Fiizet. Budapest, xx. 1897, p. 414, pl. x. fig. 8, is
probably based on a young specimen of this species. Should it be so, the name
fallax will nevertheless stand, as there is a previously described Hyla boulengeri
(Seytopis boulengert Cope, Bull. U:S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 12).
‘Two specimens from Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
5. HYLA THESAURENSIS Peters.
Five specimens from Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
6. HyLa WoLuasToni, sp.n. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 1.)
Tongue oval, free and feebly notched behind. Vomerine teeth in two oblique
eroups between the choane. Head slightly broader than long; snout rounded, as
long as the eye, with sharp canthus and not very oblique, concave lores; nostril
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space nearly as broad as the
upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two-fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers
moderately elongate, with a rudiment of web, the disks as large as the tympanum;
toes extensively webbed, the membrane reaching the disks of the third and fifth, two
phalanges of fourth free, the disks a little smaller than those of the fingers; no tarsal
fold. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout; tibia as long
as distance from occiput to vent. Skin smooth above, granular on the sides and
beneath; a strong, straight glandular fold from behind the eye to above the shoulder ;
a subconical tubercle on the upper eyelid and others around the vent; a spur-like
tubercle on the heel. Green above, with black spots forming an hour-glass marking
from between the eyes to the sacrum; a fine whitish streak, edged with black beneath,
from the tip of-the snout along the canthus rostralis to the eye and along the fold
behind the eye; lower parts yellowish white, with scattered small brown spots. Male
with an external gular vocal sac.
From snout to vent 46 mm.
A single specimen from Camp VI, Utakwa R., 2100 ft. (Wollaston Exped.).
7. Hy eiia cuLoronora Bler.
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) viii. 191], p. 55.
A single specimen from Camp III, Utakwa R., 2500 ft. (Wollaston Exped.).
i)
be
©
REPTILES COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
8. NYCTIMANTIS GRANTI, sp. n. (PI. XXVII. figs. 2-2 0.)
Tongue circular, nicked and slightly free behind. Vomerine teeth in two transverse
series between the large choane. Head moderate, much broader than long, the skin
free from the skull; snout rounded, shorter than the orbit, with obtuse canthus and
very oblique, slightly concave loreal region; interorbital space as broad as the upper
eyelid; tympanum very indistinct, about one-third the diameter of the eye. Fingers
much depressed, outer one-third webbed, disks two-thirds the diameter of the eye.
Toes webbed to the disks of the third and fifth and to the penultimate phalanx of the
fourth; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles moderate.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth above,
granular on the belly and under the thighs ; a strong curved fold above the tympanum.
Purplish grey above, vermiculate with black; flanks and sides of thighs lilac; lower
parts whitish.
From snout to vent 100 mm.
A single female from Camp VI a, Utakwa R., 3000 ft. (Wollaston Exped.).
Closely allied to WV. papua Blgr., Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xix. 1897, p. 12, pl. i
fig. 5, from Mount Victoria, Owen Stanley Range.
Named in honour of the organiser of the Expeditions, Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant.
RANIDA.
9. Rana erunniens Daud.
Six specimens from Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.).
These specimens agree well with Duméril and Bibron’s description of the type from
Amboyna, and with the single specimen, probably from Java (Lidth de Jeude Coll.),
menticned in the British Museum Catalogue of Batrachians. They differ from
&. macrodon Kuhl, which van Kampen records from the Lorentz River in Dutch New
Guinea, in the shorter fingers and in the absence of the tooth-like processes of the
lower jaw, which are more or less developed in adults of that species.
10. Rana Macrosce is Bler.
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 345, and Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xviii. 1898, p. 706;
Roux, Abh. Senck. Ges. xxxiii. 1910, p. 226.
Several specimens from Mimika R. (B.O.U. Exped.).—One young from Camp
no. 1, Setekwa R., 500 ft. (Wollaston Exped.).
I have pointed out, in 1898, that some specimens (males) may be covered above
with large flat warts in addition to small granules. I believe van HKampen’s
R. waigeensis, Bijdr. Dierk. xix. p. 70, and Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 459, pl. xi.
fig. 2 (1913), to be founded on immature specimens of this species. The smaller
2u2
250 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON BATRACHIANS AND
digital expansions and the absence of a glandular lateral fold in the young distinguish
ft. macroscelis from R. arfaki Meyer.
The habitat of R. macroscelis would embrace Waigiou and the Aru Islands in
addition to New Guinea.
11. Rana parva Less.
Mimika R. (B.O. U. Exped.).—Launch Camp and Canoe Camp, Setekwa R. to
Camps III and VI, Utakwa R., 2100-2500 ft. (Wollaston Exped.).
If this species really varies to the extent described by van Kampen, Nova Guinea,
Zool. v. p. 164 (1906), and by Roux, Abh. Senck. Ges. xxxili. 1910, p. 224, it is
difficult to conceive how R. temporalis Gthr. and a few allied Indo-Malay and
Papuan frogs are to be separated from it, and the two following would also have to be
lowered to the rank of varieties.
12. Rana GRISEA van Kampen.
Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 460, pl. x1. fig. 38 (1913).
Three specimens; males, from Utakwa R., Camps III and VIa, 2500-3000 rite
(Wollaston Exped.).
Agree well enough in essentials with the description, drawn up from a single
female specimen from the Went Mountains, circa 4200 ft., and differ from all the males
referred by me to R. papua in being provided with external vocal sacs and humeral
glands.
Vomerine teeth extending a little beyond the posterior border of the choane.
Head as long as broad; snout rather obtuse, as long as the eye; interorbital space
narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum two-thirds the diameter of the eye.
Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout; tibia as long as or
a little shorter than the distance from occiput to vent. Skin of back nearly smooth
or finely granulate, with a few scattered warts. Hinder side of thighs dark, not
marbled or indistinctly marbled. From snout to vent 70 to 80 mm.
13. Rana D&=MELI Stdr.
Rana nove-guinee van Kampen, Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 37, pl. ii. fig. 5 (1909).
Three specimens from Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.).
Distinguished from &. papua by shorter hind limbs (tibia about half length of head
and body).
The specimens I have examined from Port Moresby and Queensland (Cape York)
belong to this form.
14, Cornurer corrucatus A. Dum.
Mimika R, (B. O. U. Exped.).—Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
REPTILES COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 251
ENGYSTOMATIDA.
15. SPHENOPHRYNE corNUTA Peters & Doria.
Four specimens, Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
I regard Chaperina ceratophthalmus van Kampen, Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 43,
pl. ii. fig. 8 (1909), as identical with this species. Dr. Gestro informs me that
the type preserved in the Genoa Museum has the third toe longer than the fifth; the
description and figure given by Peters and Doria are therefore not quite correct.
16. SPHENOPHRYNE KLOSSI, sp.n. (Pl. XXVII. figs. 3-3 6.)
Tongue entire. Head broader than long ;
obliquely truncate at the end, as long as the eye, with strong canthus and moderately
snout obtusely pointed, projecting and
oblique, slightly concave lores; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum moderately distinct, about two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers
rather short, terminating in very small disks; first finger not extending as far as
second; toes free, with small disks, which are, however, larger than those of the
fingers; subarticular and metatarsal tubercles not very prominent. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth, with a
few small warts above and two chevron-shaped fine glandular ridges on the scapular
region, pointing towards each other (><); a narrow glandular fold from behind
the eye to the side of the body; a fine glandular ridge along the middle of the back.
Yellow above, with an interrupted blackish bar between the eyes, another, A-shaped,
on the scapular region, and a third on the sacral region; loreal and temporal regions
blackish brown, this shade sometimes continued to the side of the body below the
elandular lateral fold; limbs with dark brown cross-bars; hinder side of thighs
blackish brown; lower parts white, throat and lower surface of hind limbs mottled
with brown ; a fine white line from the tip of the snout to the gular region.
From snout to vent 42 mm.
Two specimens from Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
Named after Mr. C. B. Kloss, who collected most of the Batrachians and Reptiles
on the Wollaston Expedition.
17. CoPHIXALUS CRUCIFER van Kampen.
Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 462, pl. xi. fig. 6 (1913).
A single small specimen from Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
18. CHAPERINA BASIPALMATA van Kampen.
Op. cit. v. p. 168, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1906).
A single specimen from Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.).
MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON BATRACHIANS AND
bo
Or
bo
19. LioPHRYNE KAMPENI, sp.n. (Pl. XXVIL. figs. 4, 4a.)
Tongue large, covering the whole floor of the mouth, grooved and nicked behind.
Two long oblique series of vomero-palatine teeth behind the choane. Head much
broader than long; snout shorter than the orbit, rounded, with obtuse canthus and
oblique, concave loreal region; nostril a little nearer the tip of the snout than the
eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum about half the
diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes moderately elongate, the tips dilated into
small disks; first finger shorter than second; subarticular and metatarsal tubercles
feebly prominent. ‘The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder. Uniform dark
brown above, pale brown beneath.
From snout to vent 58 mm.
A single specimen from the Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.).
REPTILIA.
CHELONIA.
CHELYDID2.
1. Emypura suBGLoBosa Krefft.
Two specimens from Mimika R. (B.O.U. Exped.).—Three from Launch Camp,
Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
Intergular shield 13 to 2 times as long as broad, its width 3 to 14 times that of
gular. Nuchal 13 to 24 times as long as broad, absent in one specimen. Width
of bridge 24 to 3§ times in length of plastron. A sharply defined yellow streak from
the end of the snout, through the eye, to above the tympanum.
2. EMYDURA NOV&-GUINEA Meyer.
Four specimens from Mimika R. (B.O.U. Exped.).—Three from Launch Camp,
Setekwa R., and one from Canoe Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).—I have also
examined one from Fak-Fak, Dutch New Guinea (collected by A. E. Pratt).
Intergular shield 13 to 33 times as long as broad, its width 1 to 24 times that
of gular. Nuchal 1} to 2 times as long as broad, absent in one specimen. Width of
bridge 3 times in length of plastron. A more or less distinct yellowish streak from
behind the eye to above the tympanum, uniting with its fellow on the snout in front
of the interorbital region, but not extending to the nostril. A black spot on each
vertebral and costal shield.
The specimen from Canoe Camp, Setekwa R., was found by Mr. Kloss to contain
three eggs: longitudinal diameter 55 mm., transverse diameter 30.
Dr. Nelly de Rooy’s identification of a male specimen as L. macquarie Gray (Nova
REPTILES COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 253
Guinea, v., Zool. p. 382, pls. xvii. & xviii. fig. 1) stands in need of revision in view
of the individual variations shown by the above series of specimens indubitably
belonging to HL. nove-quinee.
CARETTOCHELYDIDA.
3. CARETTOCHELYS INSCULPTA Ramsay. (Pl. XXVIII. figs. 1-1 0.)
Two small specimens, with umbilical cord, removed from the egg, from Launch Camp
and Canoe Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
Length of shell 50 mm. A distinct rostral egg-wart. Six or seven neural plates
appearing as a series of prominent, oval or pear-shaped, perfectly smooth tubercles ;
costal plates granulate, in contact in their proximal half; margin of the carapace
soft, serrated, strongly uncinate on the sides, with thickenings corresponding with the
marginal shields. Kpiplastron and mesoplastron in contact with each other and with
the hyoplastron ; hyoplastra and hypoplastra narrow, widely separated from each other,
the latter in contact with the xiphiplastra. Neck extremely short, as in a Chelone.
Limbs with two strong claws, with the digits quite distinct and united to the tips by
a very broad web; fore limb longer than the hind limb, with the distal part (two
phalanges of the third, fourth, and fifth fingers) folding at an angle to the rest of the
hand, somewhat after the fashion of the wings of a bat.
TRIONYCHID4.
4, PELOCHELYS CANTORIS Gray.
A young specimen from the Setekwa R. (Wollaston Hxped.).
LACERTILIA.
GECKONIDA.
5. GYMNODACTYLUS MARMORATUS Kuhl.
Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.)—Canoe Camp and Launch Camp, Setekwa R.
(Wollaston Exped.).
6. GYMNODACTYLUS MIMIKANUS, sp.n. (PI. XXVIII. figs. 2-2 0.)
Head large; snout longer than the diameter of the orbit, which equals its distance
from the nostril, and equals or a little exceeds its distance from the ear-opening ;
forehead and postnasal region concave; ear-opening roundish, about one-third the
diameter of the eye. Body and limbs rather elongate. Digits strong, slightly
depressed at the base, strongly compressed in the raised portion, with well-developed
transverse lamelle inferiorly. Head granulate, with small round tubercles on the
254 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON BATRACHIANS AND
occipital and temporal regions. Rostral twice as broad as deep, with median cleft
above ; supranasal separated from its fellow by three series of granules; nostril pierced
between the rostral, the supranasal, the first upper labial, and four or five granular
scales; 11 or 12 upper and as many lower labials; symphysial triangular or penta-
gonal ; two or three pairs of chin-shields, median largest and forming a suture behind
the symphysial ; throat minutely granulate. Body and limbs covered above with very
minute flat granules intermixed with numerous feebly keeled or conical tubercles ;
a series of enlarged conical tubercles on a fold along each side of the body, from axilla
to groin. Ventral region covered with very small, smooth, juxtaposed or subimbricate
flat scales. Male with an angular series of 7 to 9 preanal pores, widely separated from
a series of 10 to 12 femoral pores on each side; no preanal groove. ‘Tail cylindrical,
tapering, covered with very small flat scales, with a ventral series of transversely
enlarged scales; conical tubercles form transverse series on the basal part of the tail.
Pale brown above, with eight or nine dark brown transverse lines, the first crescentic
and extending from eye to eye across the nape, the second also crescentic and extending
from ear to ear, the others straight, oblique, or wavy ; intact tail blackish brown, with
pale brown or whitish cross-bars above; lower parts white or pale brownish.
Be PO
Rotaljlength eee Wawa waa Wey ojijpcin loi. eeO ? mm.
Heads Meer ieee ner rs nin AN OG 28
Widthvothead mean uenmrmacmnnnn eu. 0: |i lS 19
Bodily muuuenien nce iran elton nee) ch Mt Gd 72
Hoxepll inal eeiccmntimete ama uiecnn i: Teckeds SABE 35
Elan ybioni yey Sai ani ag ream De ROY ues uc 44,
eat een HRT ea aaNS yee) texans Wien), LOO Q
Five specimens from the Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.).
Nearly related to G. lorie Blgr. (Ann. Mus. Genova, [2] xviii. 1898, p. 695, pl. vi.) ;
distinguished chiefly by the finer granules, the mcre prominent tubercles, especially on
the lateral fold, the interrupted series of preeanal and femoral pores, and the longer
tail with transversely enlarged scales inferiorly.
7. GEHYRA INTERSTITIALIS Oudemans.
One specimen from Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
8. Gecko virratus Houtt.
Mimika R. (B.O. U. Exped.).—Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
* Tail injured.
REPTILES COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 259
AGAMID &.
9. GONYOCEPHALUS MODESTUS Meyer.
Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.).—Camp Vla, Utakwa R., 3000 ft. (Wollaston
Exped.).
10. GonyocerHaLus auritus Meyer. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 3.)
One specimen from Mimika R. (B.O. U. Exped.).—One from Canoe Camp, Setekwa
R., and two from Camp III, Utakwa R., 2500 ft. (Wollaston Exped.).
I have also examined a specimen from Fak-Fak, Dutch New Guinea, from Mr. A. E.
Pratt’s Collection.
The large blackish spot, within a light circle, which involves the ear, whence the
name proposed by Dr. A. B. Meyer, is very well marked in some of the specimens, whilst
in others it is broken up into smaller spots. The lobes of the nuchal crest are detached
from one another at the base and may be quite as long as the diameter of the large
tympanum ; dorsal crest lower than the nuchal, but very distinct. Gular scales smooth,
ventrals strongly keeled. Gular appendage very large in adults of both sexes. The
largest specimen measures 125 mm. from snout to vent, tail 340.
11. GonyocrrHaLus niaRricuLARIS Meyer, (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 4.)
I refer to this species six specimens from the Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.), and
three from Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.), which agree in all essentials
with the very short description given by A. B. Meyer.
This species differs from G. godeffroyi Peters, to which it is closely allied, by the
perfectly smooth gular scales and the more feeble dorsal crest, which, on the tail, is
reduced to a mere serrature. Gular sac small. The coloration varies, but in most
adult specimens the top of the back, including the crest, bears seven or eight black
cross-bars separated by narrower greenish-white interspaces, and each black bar is
divided in the middle by a short and narrow greenish-white bar ; lobes of the nuchal
crest all greenish white ; lower surface of neck black or dark greyish olive behind the
gular sac.
I append measurements of adult male and female specimens :—
(oun .
Rotalalen'o thorny) acne Uni wenn OOO) 685 mm.
CACM Manne yy a eG Golem imi ee. 47
Widthrotiheadwra tan. dase ri eee us) DO 27
TB OGhyae enna Ral Hom Ove tania snay tonnes co OO, 128
Honemimbprya esc wat yet) come kOD, 80
Elam Blames vrs, ect et a aul cent eat 135
ANEW tea cen eee ener onunesio ys seu OOO 510
VOL. XX.—PaRT V. No. 2.—Warch, 1914. 2M
256 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON BATRACHIANS AND
12. GoNYOCEPHALUS DILOPHUS D. & B.
Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.).—Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
VARANID &.
13. VARANUS SALVADORII Peters & Doria.
A head of this rare Monitor from Camp II, Setekwa R., 1800 ft. (Wollaston Exped.).
14. VaARANUS INDICUS Daud.
Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.).—Launch Camp, Setekwa R. (Wollaston Exped.).
15. VARANUS PRASINUS Schleg.
Mimika R. (B. O. U. Exped.).
ScCINCIDA.
16. Lyeosoma NoToTaNIA, sp.n. (PI. XXIX, figs. 1, 1 a.)
Section Hinulia. Body moderately elongate, limbs rather short; the distance
between the end of the snout and the fore limb is contained once and a half in the
distance between axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril
pierced in a single nasal; no supranasal; frontonasal broader than long, forming a
suture with the rostral and with the frontal; latter as long as frontoparietals and inter-
parietal together, in contact with the two anterior supraoculars ; four supraoculars ;
eight supraciliaries; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal in size ;
parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; three pairs of nuchals; fifth upper
labial below the centre of the eye. EHar-opening oval, smaller than the eye-opening ;
no auricular lobules. 24 smooth scales round the body, those of the two vertebral
series much enlarged, more than twice as broad as long. 2.
3. Gonyocephalus auritus, p. 255. Head of male.
4,
: nigrigularis, p. 205. Head of male.
TransLool. Soe VoO AN SU AAV.
d.Green del.hth.et ump.
1. CARETTOCHELYS INSCULPTA. 2.GYMNODACTYLUS MIMIKANUS.
3.GONYOCEPHALUS AURITUS. 4.G.NIGRIGULARIS,
Sohn}
> ie
PLATE XXIX.
VoL. XX.—Pakt V. No. 4.—WMarch, 1914. 20
BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
PLATH XXIX.
Fig. 1. Lygosoma nototenia, p. 256.
la. ty 2 Upper view of head. 3.
2. ee mimikanum, p. 257.
2a. a a Side view of head. x 14.
3, As klossi, p. 259.
3a. “ eDorsaluscalesn oq 2c
4, rf tropidolepis, p. 260.
4a. Hs a Dorsal scales. > 2.
Trans Lot Soc GA NN GY, AMY,
lamers a
. 2
Ha? ene
bs
J.Green del. lith.et ump.
1. LYGOSOMA NOTOTANIA. 2.L.MIMIKANUM. 3.L.KLOSSI.
4. TROPIDOLEPIS.
fh
Mite Mm Ay),
MINA
ae
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BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
PLATE XXX.
Fig. 1. Lygosoma wollastont, p. 261.
Dh ast oligolepis, p. 261.
2 a. as ke Upper view of head. x 3.
3. Apistocalamus grandis, p. 265.
3a. uf a Side view of head.
4, i loennbergit, p. 265. Upper view of head. X 2.
5. Micropechis ikaheka, var. fasciatus, p. 265.
TransLiot Soc Vl ANION.
J.Green del. ith. et imp
1. LYGOSOMA WOLLASTONI. 2.L.OLIGOLEPIS. 3.APISTOCALAMUS GRANDIS
4.A LOENNBERGIL 5. MICROPECHIS IKAHEKA var. FASCIATUS.
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CONTENTS.
V. An Annotated List of the Batrachians and Reptiles collected by the British
Ornithologists’ Union Expedition and the Wollaston Hapedition in Dutch
New Guinea. By G. A. Bovuiencur, RS. ZS. (Plates XXVIL—
OO. a ee On eee eee ey IE
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VI. Report on the Freshwater Fishes collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union
Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By C.
Tate Reean, JA., F.Z.S.
[Received January 6, 1914; Read March 3, 1914.]
[Puare XXXI.*]
Inpex.
Page
Geographical :
Symbranchus bengalensis, Distribution of .........-...ee-e0 ee 275
INMAgT Or Was Milinilien, INV a 6oso0g00000000000 0000 d00000N00 276
<5 Uitakwarandesetakwarhiversiaen eit e ci ace: 276
Systematic :
Revision of Melanoteniine Atherinids ..................+--- 276
JHMMODOCDTUS, HOM, We dsboocen ance dovscop noo Gemoos eodiaeo 280
Sern LUS USD ei sp stan stttes .
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MR. C. TATE REGAN ON FRESHWATER FISHES
1. Fisnes rrom ture Minmixa River.
(B. 0. U. Collection.)
Clupea platygaster Giinth.
» argyrotenia Bleek.
Engraulis scratchleyi Rams. & Ogilb.
Copidoglanis nove-quinew M. Web.
Lelone krefftii Giinth.
» strongylurus Bleek.
Therapon habbemai M. Web.
Apogon sandei M. Web.
Caranx carangus Bloch.
Sciena belangerit Cuv. & Val.
Toxotes chatareus Ham. Buch.
Mugil troscheli Bleek.
Mugil cunnesius Cuv. & Val.
Atherinichthys nouhuysti M. Web.
Rhombosoma nove-quinee Rams. & Ogilb.
Eleotris mogurnda Richards.
Eleotris fimbriata M. Web.
Gobius celebius Cuv. & Val.
Periophthalmus schlosseri Pall.
Synaptura villosa M. Web.
2. FISHES FROM THE UTAKWA AND SETAKWA Rivers.
(Wollaston Collection.)
Ambassis reticulatus M. Web. Setakwa R.
Anisocentrus rubrostriatus Rams. & Ogilb. Setakwa R.
Gobius giuris Ham. Buch. Utakwa R.
3. A Revision or THE MELANOTANIINE ATHERINIDA.
In the rivers of Australia and New Guinea are found some Atherinid fishes which
have the body more strongly compressed and the anal fin more elongate than the more
typical members of the family ; most of them have the peculiarity that the spinous
dorsal fin is formed of a stout and pungent spine followed by several (3 to 6) slender
and flexible ones, which are prolonged into filaments in the males; the latter also have
the posterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal produced. During growth the form
of the body changes considerably ; it is usually much deeper in the adult than in the
young and also less regular, the profile of the anterior part of the back tending to
become concaye, that of the thorax and abdomen convex.
In their osteology these fishes do not differ in any way from the other Atherinide,
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 277
=
and I do not think them worthy to rank as a subfamily, much less as a family, as some
authorities have proposed. After the exclusion of Pseudomugil, a genus with four
species from Australia and New Guinea that has usually been associated with them,
but is probably much more nearly related to the Celebesian Telmatherina, Melanotenia
and its allies form a natural group, as characterized above.
Certain zoogeographical generalizations have been supported by evidence derived
from the supposed distribution of the genera and species; hence the importance of a
systematic revision of the group.
As the result of the study of a large series of examples I have arrived at the
conclusion that all the forms described from Australia under no less than seven generic
and fourteen specific names belong to a single widely distributed and variable species,
Melanotenia nigrans Richards, and this also includes four supposed species described
in recent years from New Guinea and the Aru Islands.
From its wide range in Australia, from the north coast southwards to the Swan
River, the Fincke River, the Murrumbidgee River, and Sydney, as well as from the fact
that some of the records seem to indicate a marine habitat (e.g. Gulf of Carpentaria,
Coast of Swan River), we may infer that the sea has aided in its distribution.
It may be noted that structurally this species is the prototype of the whole group,
that it is the only species common to Australia and New Guinea, and that the other
New Guinea species are all generically distinct from it; consequently this group of
fishes furnishes no evidence as to the date or extent of a former land-connection
between Australia and New Guinea.
There appear to be only nine well-established species, which may be arranged in
seven genera; the probable derivation of the latter from a type similar to Melanotenia
may be expressed diagrammatically :—
Centratherina.
Chilatherina.
Anisocentrus.
Glossolepis. \
\ Rhombosoma.
,
/
Phadinocentrus.
Melanotenia.
| BS)
Ine
13
278 MR. C, TATE REGAN ON FRESHWATER FISHES
The principal changes in structure that call for the recognition of so many genera
have been in the spinous dorsal fin, the scales, the gill-rakers, and the jaws and teeth.
As above mentioned, the spinous dorsal fin is usually formed of a stout and
pungent spine followed by three to six slender and flexible ones; the only exceptions
are Rhadinocentrus, with all the spines flexible, and Centratherina, with them all
pungent *.
In Melanotenia the scales are large, regularly arranged, with the edges entire or
slightly crenulated; they are similar in structure and arrangement in all the other
genera except Glossolepis, which has the scales smaller, irregularly arranged, and with
the crenulations very pronounced, having the appearance of a series of tongue-like
projections at the edge of each scale.
In Melanotenia the gill-rakers are of moderate length, and number 12 to 16 on the
lower part of the anterior arch; all the other genera agree, except again Glossolepis,
which has longer, finer, and more numerous gill-rakers, about 30 on the lower part of
the anterior arch.
In Melanotenia the premaxillaries have a horizontal anterior expansion that forms
an angle with the oblique lateral rami and fits an emargination of the transverse
anterior part of the lower jaw; the teeth in the jaws are conical or villiform, in bands,
with the outer series enlarged ; there is a transverse band of similar teeth on the vomer,
a few far back on the palatines, and a patch at the base of the tongue.
Rhadinocentrus and Glossolepis are similar, except that in the former the palate
appears to be toothless, in the latter the teeth are rather stout and obtuse.
In Anisocentrus the preemaxillary expansion is reduced, the lower jaw is included,
and its outer series of enlarged teeth is implanted horizontally and separated by an
interspace from the inner band; there are no other differences from Melanotenia.
Chilatherina and Centratherina are similar in mouth-structure, but in the upper jaw
the teeth extend on to the outside, projecting from the thick lip, and in the lower
there is no interspace between inner band and enlarged outer series; in the former
cenus the palatine teeth, in the latter the vomerine teeth as well, are lost.
Rhombosoma resembles Melanotenia in having a well-developed anterior expansion
of the premaxillaries forming an angle with the lateral rami; but the lower jaw is
included, the bands of teeth extend on to the outside of the jaws, and there is no
marginal series of enlarged teeth.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Jaws equal anteriorly.
A. Scales large, regularly arranged, with edges entire or slightly
crenulated.
Spinous dorsal with the first spine stout and pungent, the rest slender and
‘Mieco Le nawy ee tel Aunts cael ornare ine pir weer REVI MD Cure ape recy Mesatiarel” fai lyn. a2 a am Maa CTO O UCETLECS
* Another example of the reconversion of flexible spines into pungent ones is the recently described
Prematomus centronotus (Regan, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. (8) xiii. 1914, p. 12).
a
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 279
Spinous dorsal with all the rays slender and flexible 2. Rhadinocentrus.
B. Scales smaller, irregular, with edges deeply crenulated 3. Glossolepis.
II. Lower jaw included; mouth rather small, its cleft straight or but
little curved ; lower jaw with an outer series of enlarged teeth.
A. An interspace between inner band and outer series of teeth of lower
jaw ; no teeth, or but few, on outer side of upper jaw . 4, Anitsocentrus.
B. No interspace between inner band and outer series of teeth in ioe er
jaw ; many teeth on outer side of upper jaw.
Spinous dorsal with first spine pungent, the rest flexible ; vomer toothed . 5. Chilatherina.
Spinous dorsal with all the spines pungent ; palate toothless . . . . . 6. Centratherina.
III. Lower jaw included; mouth larger, its cleft curved or angular,
horizontal anteriorly and oblique posteriorly ; bands of teeth ex-
tending on to outside of jaws ; no outer series of enlarged teeth. . 7. Rhombosoma.
1. Me.anotayta Gill, 1862.
Proc. Acad. Philad. p. 280; Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxi. 1896, p. 130 ;
M. Weber, Nova Guinea, v. 1907, p. 238.
Nematocentris Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin, 1866, p. 516.
Strabo Kner & Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, liv. 1866, p. 372.
Zantecla Casteln. Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, ii. 1873, p. 88.
Aida Casteln. Research. Fish. Austral. p. 10 (1875).
Neoatherina Casteln, t. c. p. 31.
Aristeus Casteln, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, iii. 1878, p. 141.
Rhombatractus Gill, Amer. Nat. 1894, p. 709.
Body compressed ; scales large, regularly arranged, with edges entire or slightly
crenulated. Mouth terminal, with the jaws equal anteriorly; anterior expansion of
premaxillaries fitting an emargination in the lower jaw; teeth in jaws conical or
villiform, in bands, with the outer series enlarged; no teeth outside the mouth; a
transverse band of teeth across head of vomer, a few teeth posteriorly on palatines, and
a patch at base of tongue. Gill-rakers moderate, 12 to 16 on lower part of anterior
arch. Spinous dorsal of one pungent and 4 to 6 flexible spines; soft dorsal of a spine
and 9 to 12 branched rays; anal of a spine and 16 to 22 branched rays. Caudal
emarginate.
A single species.
MELANOTANIA NIGRANS.
Atherina nigrans Richards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. 1843, p. 180.
Atherinichthys nigrans Giinth. Cat. Fish. ii. p. 406 (1861).
Nematocentris splendida Peters, Monatsh. Akad. Berlin, 1866, p. 516.
Strabo nigrofasciatus Kner u. Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, liv. 1866, pp. 373, 395, pl. ii.
fig. 10
Zantecla pusilla Casteln. Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, ii. 1873, p. 88.
Aida inornata Castelnu. Research Fish. Austral. p. 10 (1875).
280 Mk. C. TATE REGAN ON FRESHWATER FISHES
Neoatherina australis Casteln. t. c. p. 82.
Aristeus fitzroyensis Casteln. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iii. 1878, p. 141.
Aristeus fluviatilis Casteln. 1. ec.
Aristeus rufescens Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, v. 1880, p. 625.
Aristeus lineatus Macleay, t. c. p. 626.
Aristeus cavifrons Macleay, ib. vii. 1882, p. 70.
Aristeus perperosus De Vis, ib. ix. 1884, p. 694.
Aristeus lorie Perugia, Ann, Mus. Genova, (2) xiv. 1894, p. 549.
Nematocentris tatei Zietz, Rep. Horn. Exped. ii. p. 178, fig. 2 (1896).
Nematocentris winneckii Lietz, t. c. p. 179, fig. 3.
Melanotenia maculata M. Weber, Nova Guinea, v. 1907, p. 239, pl. xi. fig. 4.
Melanotenia ogilbyi M. Weber, Notes Leyden Mus. xxxii. 1910, p. 230, and Nova Guinea, ix.
1918, p. 560, fig. 28.
Rhombatractus patoti M. Weber, Abhandl. Senckenb. Gesellsch. xxxiv. 1911, p. 26, pl.i. fig. 3.
Depth of body 24 to 35 in the length, length of head 32 to 44. Snout about as long
as diameter of eye, which is 3 to 84 in the length of head; interorbital width 23 to
23 in the length of head. One or two series of scales on cheek. 12 to 16 gill-
rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 33 to 37 scales in a longitudinal series (from
above opercular cleft to base of caudal), 11 to 13 in a transverse series. Dorsal V—
VII, I 9-12 (13); origin above or in advance of that of anal. Anal I 16-21 (22).
Caudal peduncle as long as or longer than deep. Olivaceous above, silvery below. A
blackish lateral band may be present or absent; sometimes it is developed only
posteriorly ; when it is absent a bluish lateral stripe may be seen. Sometimes there
are silvery-white stripes along and dark red or brown ones between the series of scales.
Fins plain or spotted.
Southern New Guinea; Aru Islands; Australia south to the Swan River, Fincke
River, Murrumbidgee River, and Sydney; probably in the sea as well as in fresh water.
Here described from a large series of specimens up to 100 mm. in total length, from
New Guinea, Northern, Western, Central, and Eastern Australia, including the type of
the species and co-types of M. ogilbyi, N. tatei, N. winneckei, R. patoti, and A. lorie,
the last kindly sent to me by Dr. R. Gestro.
2. RHADINOCENTRUS, gen. noy.
This genus differs from Melanotenia in having all the spinous dorsal fin-rays slender
and flexible, and also apparently in having the palate toothless.
A single species.
RHADINCCENTRUS ORNATUS, sp. n. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 1.)
Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 33. Snout 4 diameter of eye, which
is 23 in the length of head and equal to the interorbital width. Mouth oblique and
lower Jaw somewhat projecting. 33 to 35 scales in a longitudinal series, 8 or 9 ina
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 281
transverse one. Dorsal 1V, 111. Anal I 18-19; origin in advance of spinous dorsal.
Olivaceous ; 2 blackish longitudinal stripes margin the series of scales that runs along
the middle of the side; scattered dark spots below it; a dark spot at base of each
ray of soft dorsal and anal.
Six specimens, 25 to 37 mm. in total length, from a pond on Moreton Island, near
Brisbane, Queensland.
3. GLossoLEePIS M. Weber, 1907.
Nova Guinea, v. p. 241.
This genus differs from Melanotenia in the smaller and irregularly arranged scales
with deeply crenulated edges and in the longer and more numerous gill-rakers. Also
the teeth are stouter and more obtuse than in Melanotenia.
A single species.
GLOSSOLEPIS INCISUS.
M. Weber, Nova Guinea, v. 1907, p. 241, pl. xi. fig. 7.
Dorsal IV-VI, 1 9-11. Anal I 20-23. 55 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series.
About 30 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Reddish brown.
L. Sentani, Northern New Guinea.
I have examined an example sent to me by Prof. Weber.
4, ANISOCENTRUS, gen. nov.
Differs from J/elanotenia only in the structure of the mouth and disposition of the
teeth. The lower jaw is included within the upper and has a band of small teeth
separated by an interspace from an outer series or double series of enlarged teeth,
which are implanted horizontally. The mouth is rather small and its cleft is not
very oblique, and is straight or but slightly curved; the anterior expansion of the
premaxillaries is scarcely developed.
A single species.
ANISOCENTRUS RUBROSTRIATUS. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 3.)
Nematocentris rubrostriatus Ramsay & Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, (2) i. 1886, p. 14.
Melanotenia dumasi M. Weber, Nova Guinea, v. 1907, p. 240, pl. xi. fig. 1, and ix. 1913, p. 558.
Depth of body 24 to 3 in the length, length of head 32 to 44. Snout longer than
distance from its tip to end of maxillary, about as long as diameter of eye, which is 3
to 88 in length of head; interorbital width 24 to 23 in length of head. Cheek with
1 or 2 series of scales. 14 to 16 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 33 to 36
scales in a longitudinal series, 11 to 14 in a transverse series, 15 to 20 in front of
spinous dorsal. Dorsal (IV) V-VII, I 9-11 (12); origin of spinous dorsal equidistant
from end of snout and base of caudal, or nearer the one or the other, behind, above, or
a little in advance of origin of anal; first spine 4 to 3 length of head. Anal I 18-21.
282 MR. C. TATE REGAN ON FRESHWATER FISHES
Pectoral as long as or longer than head without snout. Caudal peduncie as long as
or longer than deep. White stripes or series of spots along the rows of scales, and
red ones between them ; vertical fins red or with red stripes or series of spots; a series
of darker spots at base of soft dorsal and anal.
Southern New Guinea; Aru Islands.
Here described from five specimens of 100 to 130 mm. from the Setakwa River
(Wollaston) and two, 120 and 140 mm., from the Lorentz River, received from
Professor Weber as MM. dumasi.
5. CHILATHERINA, gen. Nov.
Similar to Anisocentrus in size and structure of the mouth, but distinguished by the
dentition ; in the lower jaw there is no interspace between the inner band and the
outer series of enlarged teeth, and in the upper there are several series of teeth
developed on the outer side of the pramaxillaries and projecting from the thick lip;
palatine teeth are absent.
Two species from Northern New Guinea.
1. CHILATHERINA FasciaTa. (Pl. XX XI. fig. 4.)
Rhombatractus fasciatus M. Weber, Nova Guinea, ix. 1913, p. 565.
Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 44. Snout longer than distance
from its tip to end of maxillary, 1+ as long as diameter of eye, which is 34 in the
length of head; interorbital width 3 in length of head. Cheek with 2 series of scales.
16 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 42 scales in a longitudinal series, 12 in
a transverse series, 20 in front of dorsal. Dorsal V (V1), I 12 (13-16); origin equi-
distant from end of snout and base of caudal, behind that of anal; first spine more
than 4 length of head. Pectoral ? length of head. Caudal peduncle longer than
deep. Silvery; back darker; a dark lateral band and below it several narrow dark
cross-bars ; fins dusky.
Northern New Guinea.
Here described from a co-type, 120 mm. in total length, from the Sermowai River.
2. CHILATHERINA SENTANIENSIS.
Rhombatractus sentaniensis M. Weber, Nova Guinea, v, 1907, p. 235, pl. x1. fig. 3.
_ Depth of body 24 to 3 in the length, length of head 33. Snout longer than distance
from its tip to end of maxillary, 14} to 14 as long as diameter of eye, which is 32 to 3?
in length of head; interorbital width 5 in length of head. Cheek with 2 series of
scales. 13 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 40 to 42 scales in a longitudinal
series, 13 in a transverse series, 22 to 26 in front of dorsal. Dorsal (1V) V, I 9-11 (12);
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 285
origin nearer to base of caudal than to end of snout, well behind that of anal;
first spine $ to more than ¢ length of head. Anal I 22-25. Pectoral 2 length of
head. Caudal peduncle as long as or longer than deep. Brownish above, silvery
with narrow brownish cross-bars below; an indistinct lateral band; fins dusky.
Sentani Lake, Northern New Guinea.
Here described from two co-types, 85 and 105 mm. in total length.
6. CENTRATHERINA, gen. nov.
Related to Chilatherina, which it resembles in the structure of the mouth, the
arrangement of the teeth in the jaws, etc. It is distinguished by the toothless palate
and by having all the rays of the spinous dorsal pungent.
CENTRATHERINA CRASSISPINOSA. (PI. XXXT. fig. 2.)
Rhombatractus crassispinosus M. Weber, Nova Guinea, ix. 1913, p. 567.
Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 4}. Snout a little longer than
diameter of eye, which is 33 in length of head ; interorbital width 3 in length of head.
40 scales in a longitudinal, 13 in a transverse series; 26 in front of dorsal. Dorsal
IV (V), 1 7 (8-11). Anal I 24 (23-26); origin well in advance of that of dorsal.
Pectoral # length of head. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Olivaceous.
Northern New Guinea.
Here described from a co-type, 80 mm. in total length, from the Tawarin River.
7. RHOMBOSOMA, gen. nov.
Resembles Melanotenia in most characters, but the well-developed horizontal
anterior expansion of the premaxillaries projects beyond the lower jaw when the
mouth is closed, the bands of teeth extend on to the outside of the jaws, and there is
no marginal series of enlarged teeth.
Two species.
1. RuomBosoma Nova-GuINEH. (Pl. XXXI. figs. 5, 6.)
? Aristeus goldiet Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, viii. 1883, p. 269; Perugia, Ann.
Mus. Genova, (2) xiv. 1894, p. 548.
Nematocentris nove-guinee Ramsay & Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, (2) 1. 1886, p. 13.
Rhombatractus afinis M. Weber, Nova Guinea, v. 1907, p. 234, pl. xi. fig. 5, and ix. 1913,
p. 565.
Rhombatractus kochii M. Weber, op. cit. v. p. 237, pl. xi. fig. 6, and ix. p. 562.
Rhombatractus webert Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 1. 1908, p. 155.
Rhombatractus catherine Beaufort, Zool. Anz. 1910, p. 250, and Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterdam,
19138, p. 106, pl. ii. fig. 1.
Rhombatractus senckenbergianus M. Weber, Abhandl. Senckenb. Gesellsch. xxxiv. 1911, p. 25,
pl. i. fig. 2.
VOL. XX.—PART VI. No. 2.— March, 1914. 2Q
284 FRESHWATER FISHES COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
Depth of body 23 to 3$in the length, length of head 83 to 4. Snout as long as or
shorter than distance from its tip to end of maxillary, 1 to 14 as long as diameter of
eye, which is 3 to 4} in the length of head; interorbital width 24 to 3 in the length
of head. Cheek with 2 or 3 series of scales. 12 to 15 gill-rakers on lower part of
anterior arch. 33 to 39 scales in a longitudinal series, 11 to 13 in a transverse series,
15 to 20 in front of spinous dorsal fin. Dorsal (IV) V—VI, 111-16 ; origin of spinous
dorsal a little in front of, above, or behind that of anal; first spine 4 to 4 length of
head. Anal I 19-24 (25). Pectoral as long as or a little longer than head without
snout. Caudal peduncle as long as or a little longer than deep. Silvery; back
olivaceous ; scales often with dark edges and pale centres ; sometimes dark longitudinal
stripes between the series of scales; often a blackish lateral band from snout through
eye to base of caudal fin ; this may be developed only posteriorly ; sometimes a blackish
blotch on the side below the band; vertical fins reddish, darker at the base.
New Guinea; Aru Islands; Waigiou.
Here described from a large series of specimens, up to 140 mm. in total length,
comprising six from the Mimika River (B. 0. U. Expedition), the types of R. weberi
from the Fly River (Sarton), several from the Aru Islands, including co-types of
At. senckenbergianus, and examples sent by Professor Max Weber as R. affinis, R. kochii,
and £. catherine.
In the Mimika River examples I count D. V—VI, I 11-13, A. I 21-23; in those,
from the Aru Is., D. V-VI, I 12-15, A. I 19-23; in those from the Fly R., D. V-V1,
1 12-14, A. I 22; in two from the Lorentz R. (&. kochit), D. V. 1 12-13, A. I 22-28 ;
in one from Njao (f. affinis), D. VI, I 16, A. I 22; and in two from Waigiou
(2. catherine), D. V, I 11-12, A: 119.
The specimens figured are from the Mimika River, and show well the differences
characteristic of young and adult fishes.
2. RHOMBOSOMA LORENTZII.
Rhombatractus lorentzii M. Weber, Nova Guinea, v. 1907, p. 236, pl. xi. fig. 2, and ix. 1913,
p. 564.
Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 33. Snout as long as distance from
its tip to end of maxillary, 12 diameter of eye, which is 43 in the length of head;
interorbital width 22 in length of head. Cheek with 4 series of scales. 16 gill-
rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 38 scales in a longitudinal series, 13 in a trans-
verse series, 19 in front of dorsal. Dorsal (IV) V (VI), I 16 (13-17); first spine 4 the
length of head. Anal I 27 (23-30); origin well in advance of that of spinous dorsal.
Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Silvery; back darker.
Northern New Guinea.
Here described from a single specimen, 130 mm. in total length, from the Sermowai
River, received from Prof. Max Weber.
DE ADE XOX.
bo
FRESHWATER FISHES COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA,
PLATE XXXI.
1. Khadinocentrus ornatus.
2. Centratherina crassispinosa.
3. Anisocentrus rubrostriatus.
4. Chilatherina fasciata.
6. Rhombosoma nove-guinee.
CNN SY XEXT
oY
On
Trans Loot. Soo. Fe
J.Green del. lith.et imp.
SOCENTRUS RUBROSTRIATUS.
5,6.RHOMBOSOMA NOVZ&
1. RHADINOCENTRUS ORNATUS. 2.CENTRATHERINA CRASSISPINOSA. 3.ANI
GUINEZ .
4, CHILATHERINA FASCIATA.
Bie
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CONTENTS.
VI. Report on the Freshwater Fishes collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union
Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By C. Tate
Reean, WAS ZS. e(Plate XX) ae eae Deets
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VII. Report on the Mollusca collected by the British Ornithologists Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By Guy C. Rosson, B.A.*
[Received January 1, 1914; Read March 17, 1914. ]
(PLates XXXII. & XXXITI.F and Text-figures 5-11.)
Inpex.
Page
Structure or Morphology .... Antinous, gen.n. Anatomy .............. 290-292
(CHoronag, FM, AMATI 645600 60000¢00 292-296
Papuina lituus Lesson. Anatomy ....... 296-297
Papuina wollastoni, sp.n. Anatomy ...... 297-300
TANTO > oocd ogo Se ooes Albumen gland, variation in development of.. 296
THIAOEA Goooccs00da00580 Chronos sublimis, found at great altitude .... 288
Coogmmnricall ACOMERY sococo Ie O55 64 o000e4000d90000000000000 288
SHUSUMNCHIOS 644 509000004000 Antinous anthropophagorum, gen. et sp.n. .. 290
Chronos sublimis, gen. et sp. n. ............ 292
Papuina wollasioni, sp. n. ......... «..-.- 297
Paupuina litwus, distinguished from P. tau-
MOTUS EMriot ee arenes clel oes Aone e etal era Revo 296
Variation and Attiology .... Papuina lituus and P. tawmantias, slight
differences in conchological characters com-
pared with differences in the genitalia .... 297
Papuina wollastoni, conchological resemblance
1D @ DEREROTOPNG coornoooobo0edanasas 298
THE collection of Mollusca obtained by the Expeditions, though it contains some new
and very interesting forms, is not large enough to necessitate any attempt to modify
existing opinions on the zoo-geographical relationships of New Guinea. One or two
observations of a general nature are, however, necessary by way of introduction. .
Thanks to the work of Tapparone Canefri, Hedley, and E. A. Smith, we are in
possession of a good amount of information upon the molluscan shells of the better
known parts of New Guinea. The two workers first named have also, with a few
others, published some account of the anatomy of these forms. In 1886-7 M@llendorf
and in 1895 Hedley published papers upon the general relationships of the molluscan
fauna of the main and adjacent islands. Since that date no comprehensive work upon
this fauna or its relationships appears to have been published. Mdéllendorf attempted
* Communicated by W. R. Ocrvie-Granz, F.Z.S., and published by permission of the Trustees of the
British Museum,
7 For explanation of the Plates, see pp. 303-306.
VOL. XX.—vakT vil. No. 1.—May, 1914.
bo
ts]
288 MR. GUY C. ROBSON ON MOLLUSCA
to trace the influence of the surrounding molluscan faunas upon the island and its
several subregions ; while Hedley laid down the broad principles of its relationships,
laying stress on its Oriental rather than its Australasian character, in opposition to Cooke
(‘ Cambridge Natural History: Mollusca’), who had emphasized the latter. Exami-
nation of the present collection, though the precise position of the two new Zonitoid
genera is as yet unsettled, tends to confirm Hedley’s view. The occurrence of a probably
new Liplommatina and two new genera of Zonitoids points to Continental Asiatic rather
than to Australian affinities. But generalizations upon the molluscan fauna of this, as
of all other countries, must await the coming of more ample anatomical knowledge.
The experience of many workers could be quoted which goes to show that speculations
upon the affinities of various faunas based upon conchological characters are frequently
unreliable and inadequate. There is urgent need for more anatomical knowledge, and
until this is forthcoming, and until our conchologists turn anatomists, the real position
of the molluscan fauna of New Guinea and of its several political divisions—Dutch,
British, and German—must, to the scientific mind, remain unresolved.
Of the new forms described here the genus for which the name Chronos is proposed
is specially interesting, as much for the great altitude at which it was obtained
(viz. over 14,000 ft.) as for its anatomy. Mollusca from the higher ranges in New
Guinea have already been recorded (cf. Kobelt, Nachrichtsbl. Malakozool. Ges.
1913, Heft ii. p. 87), one of which came from over 12,000 feet. The author is not
aware of any instance of Mollusca being obtained at greater altitudes than that
here recorded.
It is significant that the two new genera obtained from the high mountains offer
considerable difficulty with regard to their systematic position, though it should be
pointed out at the same time that the Sulcobasis was obtained from about the same
altitude as the Antinous.
The author wishes to express his thanks and indebtedness to Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen, F.R.S., and Mr. G. K. Gude for assistance rendered him, and also to the
Rey. Dr. H. M. Gwatkin for help in interpreting some of the radule of the several
forms here figured.
The following is a list of the species obtained arranged according to the stations :—
vesta citrina (Linn.) *.
Launch Camp... . . . . «< Cristigibba tortilabia (Lesson).
Papuina lituus (Lesson).
Base-Cano Camp
Cristigibba sp.
‘ | Panne wollastoni, sp. 1.
Melania plumbea Brot.
* (The parentheses around the names of authors placed after scientific names in this paper are used in
accordance with Article 23 of the International Rules of Nomenclature (Proc. 7th Int. Cong. Boston, 1907,
p. 44 (1912).—Eprror. |
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 289
Cano Camp, 150 ft. . . . . - + Diplommatina sp.
( Calycia crystallina (Rve.).
Camp III., 2500 ft. 4
ceed : \ Xesta citrina (Linn.).
» XI.-XII., 8000-11,500 ft. . . Sudcobasis sp.
» XIII., 10,500 ft. . . . . . Antinous anthropophagorum, gen. et sp. n.
Snow-line on Mt. Carstenz, 14,200 ft. Chronos sublimis, gen. et sp. n.
(? Locality) . { Papuina taumantias T. Canefri.
Xesta citrina (Linn.).
All specimens, including types, have been presented to the Zoological Department,
British Museum.
GASTROPODA.
STREPTONEURA.
TANIOGLOSSA.
1. MELANIA PLUMBEA Brot.
Journ. de Conch. 1864, p. 19; Kiister’s Conch. Cab. F. p. 310.
Two shells, from between Base and Cano Camps.
Neither specimen is quite so elongated in the spire as the specimen figured by Brot.
One of them lacks the coste on the body-whorl, variability in the occurrence of which
appears to be characteristic of the species.
2. DIPLOMMATINA sp.
One shell from vegetable débris, Cano Camp.
This is a small markedly triangular form, having six whorls closely set with diagonal
finely decussated ribs, and exhibiting other characters that differentiate it from the
other known species of the genus. The author does not feel justified, however, in
making a new species upon the shell of a single specimen.
EUTHYNEURA.
PULMONATA.
ZONITID A,
3. CALYCIA CRYSTALLINA (Reeve).
Conch. Icon. 1848, pl. 32 (Bulimus crystallinus).
One shell from Camp III. (2500 ft.).
According to Pilsbry, this form, originally considered to be a Bulimoid, is now to be
placed among the Zonitide on good anatomical grounds.
) R 9)
ad ad
290 MR. GUY C. ROBSON ON MOLLUSCA
4, XESTA CITRINA (Linn.).
Syst. (ed. xii.) 1245.
One shell from Launch Camp, three complete examples from Camp III. (2500 ft.),
one from unknown locality.
5. ANTINOUS ANTHROPOPHAGORUM, gen. et sp.n. (PI. XXXII. figs. 3, 4a, 7, 8a, b;
Pl. XX XIII. fig. 6 a-c.)
One complete specimen, Camp XIII. (10,500 ft.).
ANTINOUS, gen. n.
Foot-sole undivided, dorsal mucous pore lacking a covering tongue. A single
rudimentary shell-lobe (!)is present ; the radula resembles that of Microcystina and
there is a simple jaw. The genitalia are near those of Rhysota, but the proximal
portion of the vas deferens is swollen out, while the seminal channel of the penis has
its margin much plicate at its distal extremity. The shell is bluntly carinate, perforate,
with a simple aperture and a non-reflexed columella.
ANTINOUS ANTHROPOPHAGORUM, Sp. n.
Systematic Position.—It is impossible as yet to decide upon the exact systematic
position this genus occupies among the Zonitide. Clearly referable to that family, in
spite of the absence of longitudinal subdivision of the foot-sole, it does not readily
fall into line with any of the forms of which the anatomy is known.
The general form of the genitalia allies it with Rhysota (2), but the characters of the
mantle-lobes and radula distinguish it from that genus. On the other hand, the radula
has a good deal in common with that of Microcystina* [cf. M. sappho (6)]; but
sundry characters, such as those of the mucous gland, male generative organs, and shell,
distinguish it from that group.
A. Haternal Appearance.
The colour of the specimen (preserved in alcohol) is very dark bluish grey on the
dorsum and sides of the foot, while the sole is dirty yellow suffused with pale orange
(in life the whole sole was possibly orange-coloured). The mantle is dark grey, with
a broad dirty yellow border, the extremity of which is edged with a bluish-black rim.
The sole is undivided. There is a broad peripodium (PI. XXXII. fig. 8 d) with
two closely approximated peripodial grooves. A dorsally placed caudal mucous pore
is found (PI. XXXII. fig. 8a), from which a covering tongue is lacking. ‘The dorsum
of the foot is characteristic. Its sagittal axis is occupied by an irregular groove, from
which are given off bilaterally at regular intervals a number of posteriorly directed
* Cf. also Bensonia luzonica (9).
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 291
grooves that cut up the surface into a number of quadrate blocks or masses of
epidermal tubercles or rugosities.
Right and left dorsal lobes are found, while remote on the left-hand side of the
mantle is found a very narrow elongate pallial projection that possibly represents the
dorsal shell-lobe. Whether this is rudimentary or in process of development it is
difficult to decide. The author is also a little uncertain as to the correct interpretation
of the two lobes already described (Pl. XXXII. fig. 4 a).
The shell (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 6 a, 6,¢) is of a rich dark chestnut-brown, scarcely
varying in hue between apex and umbilicus, though portions of the apex are decorti-
cated and discoloured. There are 4? whorls, increasing regularly in size, somewhat
polished in texture, crossed transversely by irregular growth-lines, which are often
broad and separated by wide intervals, with their ends somewhat indenting the suture
of the last whorl. On the apical whorls a faint spiral grooving is seen, and the growth-
lines are accompanied by a fine transverse striation. ‘The apex is only moderately
prominent. ‘The last whorl is bluntly carinate at its upper end, and the keel so formed
is slightly tuberculated by the broader growth-lines. The aperture is rounded,
moderate in size, and the lips are simple. The umbilicus is very slightly perforate,
while the columella is gently curved in accordance with the form of the aperture,
and is scarcely reflexed. On the under surface very faint traces of a spiral grooving
are found.
Size: 16 mm. br. x10 mm. alt.
B. Internal Characters.
The jaw (Pl. XXXII. fig. 7) is simple and strongly arcuate, with a prominent median
projection.
The radula (Pl. XXXII. fig. 3)—Owing to the excessively close crowding of the
aculeate marginal teeth, it is impossible to speak with absolute certainty as to the formula.
The following, however, is approximately correct :—?20 . 14-15 .1. 14-15 . 220.
The median tooth is tricuspid, with a large median cusp and a broad basal plate.
The laterals are, properly speaking, bicuspid, though the admedian members of the
series are so squarely shouldered on their upper internal angle as to give the imrpession
of a third cusp at that point. At about the tenth tooth of this series the main cusp
begins to slant inwards and becomes elongate and {dagger-like, and the whole tooth
becomes narrower until after the transitional 13-15, when a simple sabre-like tooth is
found. It is very difficult to make out the basal portion of these teeth, so closely are
they set, though the character indicated in the drawing is probably correct.
Genitalia (text-fig. 6).—The penis is broad and moderately long. Internally it
bears a main seminal groove with several accessory grooves, all of which are thrown
into a number of folds at the distal (epiphallic) end (text-fig. 5). An epiphallus is
found, of moderate length and terminating in a broad stout retractor. ‘The long
292 MR GUY C. ROBSON ON MOLLUSCA
vas deferens is peculiar as regards its proximal end soon after it quits the epiphallus.
Here it swells out into an ovoid structure, which is involved in the same connective-
tissue sheath as the reniform kalk-sac.
The spermatheca is simple and moderately long. Close to where the vas deferens is
given off from the conjoined male and female ducts there is a round glandular body,
brownish in colour, the precise nature of which is as yet uncertain.
6. CHRONOS SUBLIMIS, gen. et sp. n. (Pl. XXXII. figs. 4 5-6, 9-12; Pl. XX XIII.
fig. 7 a-c.)
Twenty-five examples (mostly juvenile) from snow-line on Mt. Carstenz (14,200 ft.).
Text-figure 5. Text-figure 6.
Text-fig. 5.—Penis of Antinous anthropophagorum. sg., seminal groove; ps., penis-sheath.
Text-fig. 6.— Genitalia of Antinous anthropophagorum. pe., penis; pm., penis retractor; ks., kalk-sac;
vd., vas deferens; ag., albumen gland; od., oviduct; spth., spermatheca; v., vagina; cl., common
genital aperture.
CHRONOS, gen. nN.
Foot with a dorsal mucous pore provided with a covering tongue and a broad peri-
podium surmounted by a single groove ; sole tripartite. Shell-lobes absent. Jaw very
simple, but remarkably deep; radula consisting of a number of rows of numercus
sickle-shaped teeth, which are very little modified serially.
Genitalia with an extensive albumen gland, terminating in numerous digitate pro-
cesses, and well-developed epiphallus and club-shaped spermatheca. Shell delicate,
somewhat like that of Helicarion, the last whorl] increasing rapidly, with a wrinkled
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 293
periostracum and a large rounded aperture, subperforate and with a non-reflexed
columella.
Systematic Position—The character of the foot, dorsal lobes, and genitalia enable
us to place this genus among the Zonitide, but it is difficult to decide its precise place
within that family. The characters here described do not associate it with any of the
subdivisions of the Zonitide hitherto established. A more complete comprehension
of the limits and subdivisions of this family is, as a matter of fact, required ; and when
this is attained, the interesting form here described will no doubt be assigned a
satisfactory systematic position.
CHRONOS SUBLIMIS, sp. n.
A. External Appearance.
The mantle (alcohol specimens) is colourless, save for a tract of dark brown or
blackish grey over the region occupied by the kidney and dark irregular freckles
round the mantle-edge and along the course of the rectum (Pl. XXXII. fig. 9).
The apical whorls of the body are very dark bluish black, except on their underside,
which is dirty yellow. ‘The foot is dark blue to black dorsally, but on the peripodium
and underside it is mouse-coloured.
The foot is quadrate in shape, and the sole is subdivided longitudinally by two
grooves, which divide it into three series of large square corrugations of the epidermis
(Pl. XXXII. fig. 11).
Text-figure 7.
CAL.
eee
pre ve LF = Tam
Le <= MN
p ¥
Sy
Aperture of mantle-cavity in Ohronos sublimis. rdl., right dorsal lobe; JdJ., left dorsal lobe ;
pn., pheumostome ; ao., anal orifice; f., foot.
The so/e is surmounted by a broad peripodium, but only one peripodial groove is
found. The dorsum of the foot (Pl. XXXII. fig. 5) is covered with corrugations; those
bordering the peripodial groove are square in shape, and are continued on to the
median line of the tongue or lappet that covers the caudal mucous pore. The lateral
areas of this tongue are separated by grooves from the median portion, and constitute
the terminal portion of the peripodium. Right and left dorsal lobes are found, the
latter continued practically all round the mantle-edge in an unbroken line (text-fig. 7).
294 MR. GUY C. ROBSON ON MOLLUSCA
The shell (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 7 a, 6, c) is small and semi-transparent. ‘The apex is
decorticated and bleached to a bluish white, while the rest of the whorls are light
brown above, slightly tinted with green, and a very delicate dark green below. The
whorls number four; the last increases rapidly in size, while the apical ones are
tolerably prominent and convex in profile. ‘The suture of the last whorl is impressed.
The aperture is rounded, large, simple, and nacreous within. ‘The umbilicus is shallow,
and nearly entirely covered over by a reflexion of the columella. The latter is well
rounded.
Text-figure 8.
Central nervous system in Chronos sublimis. cg., cerebral ganglion ; plg., pallial ganglion ; pdq., pedal ganglion;
bg., buccal ganglion; bc., cerebro-buccal commissure; phn., pharyngeal nerves; pn., pallial nerve;
padn., pedal nerves.
The surface is covered by a rather glossy periostracum, marked transversely by
irregular growth-lines and fine striez, the former occasioning a kind of irregular
transverse striping. The periostracum of the body-whorl is, in addition, seamed
by longitudinal grooves, which impart a wrinkled texture to the surface.
On the apical whorls the transverse sculpture is visible as more regularly arranged
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 295
and more closely set striz and ribbing; while on the penultimate whorl the transverse
striping is very marked.
Dimensions: 12 mm. max. breadth X7°8 max. alt., aperture 7 mm. wide.
B. Internal Characters.
The jaw (Pl. XXXII. fig. 10) is very deep and simple in shape. It is devoid of
a median projection and is delicate in texture. In addition to the concentric lines
of growth, fine radial lines are observable.
A single row of teeth from the radula (Pl. XXXII. fig. 12) consists of about 110
Text-figure 9.
@ had
Genitalia of Chronos sublimis. For lettering, see text-fig. 11 (p. 299).
teeth on each side (it is impossible to state the exact number), very closely packed
and difficult to observe. From the first admedian tooth to the extreme marginals there
is very little modification, all the teeth being of a curved sabre-like pattern, somewhat
broad at the base, and presenting an ovate section when viewed (as in the figure) from
the basal end.
Alimentary tract, etc.—If the long sabre-like teeth are held to indicate a carnivorous
mode of living, the condition of the intestine lends support to this view, as it is
VOL. XX.—PaRT vil. No. 2.—May, 1914. 28
296 MR. GUY C. ROBSON ON MOLLUSCA
relatively short, consisting of but two simple coils round the peculiarly trilobed liver
(Pl. XXXII. fig. 46).
Heart, kidney, etc.—TYhe auricle exhibits a rather peculiar shape, being slightly
folded on itself around its junction with the ventricle, which is effected by means of a
narrow rather elongate neck. The ventricle is somewhat triangular in section. The
kidney was not dissected fully enough to warrant particular description (Pl. XXXII.
fig. 6).
Nervous system.—The general disposition only was made out (text-fig. 8). It may
be remarked, however, that the nerves innervating the viscera proceeded from the same
ganglionic mass as those innervating the right side of the mantle, careful dissection
failing to reveal any discontinuity in the tissues between the pallial and visceral roots.
It would therefore appear that the visceral and right pallial ganglia are completely
fused. This condition was observed in two specimens, but must await further proof.
Genitalia (text-fig. 9)—On first opening the body-cavity one is struck by the
extensive albumen gland, which extends its lobes with their finger-like processes around
and among the other organs, which can only be separated out from the solid mass of the
gland by cutting the latter away. The author has been struck by the possibility of this
extensive development of the gland being merely a temporary physiological phase.
Col. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., informs him that he has observed considerable seasonal
variation in the albumen gland of Zonitoids. But in any case the gland must be very
extensive and diffuse.
The penis is straight, and at the point where the fibres of the retractor are given off
it is peculiarly folded.
There is a stout and long epzphallus, terminating in a small reniform flagellum.
The vas deferens is very long, and follows closely the course of the vagina. -
The spermatheca is long and club-shaped. When containing the spermatophore
it is rudely quadrate at its extremity. he diffuse albumen gland has been already
commented upon. The junction of the latter with the oviduct was unfortunately
not found, while the ovo-éestis was only obtained in a fragmentary condition.
HELICIDA.
7. Papuina Lituus (Lesson). (Pl. XXXII. figs. 1,2; Pl. XX XIII. fig. 8 a-c.)
Helix lituus Lesson, Voy. de la ‘ Coquille,’ Zool. p. 309.
Two complete examples from Launch Camp.
These two examples have been referred to Lesson’s species after examination of
many other specimens and reference to all the available literature. The author has
come to the conclusion that the conchological boundary between this species and
P. taumantias 'T. Canefri is as yet ill-defined, and it is easy to confuse the two. In
fact, until the radula and genitalia of this form were examined, the author actually
set it down as P. tawmantias. The conchological characters that differentiate this
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 297
species from P. tawmantias would appear to be the persistence of an epidermis and
the flattening of the body-whorl in P. ditwus (Pl. XX XIII. fig. 8 a, b,c), while that
species lacks the obsolete spiral striz of taumantias. ‘These characters, however, are
very slight and hard to reconcile with the strongly marked differences in the genitalia.
The account of the radula, jaw, and genitalia here published are, as far as can be made
out, the first that have been given.
The radula and jaw call for little comment, and appear to be quite normal
(GEE POO.GUL, as, 15 2),
Text-figure 10.
Genitalia of Papuina lituus. For lettering, see text-fig. 11 (p. 299).
The genitalia—A marked feature of this species is the great length of the penis
retractor, which is attached to the distal extremity of the penis. There is apparently
no epiphallus, unless the modified distal extremity of the penis to which the retractor
is inserted represents this (text-fig. 10).
8. PAPUINA WOLLASTONI, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIII. figs. 1-5, 9 ac.)
One complete example from between Base and Cano Camps.
The genus Papuina stands in serious need for a complete revision upon sound
anatomical lines. Under the name are classified a great variety of forms, which differ
widely enough to warrant division into separate subgenera. ‘To allocate a form,
therefore, to a genus in this condition is to give but an inadequate expression of its
282
298 MR. GUY C. ROBSON ON MOLLUSCA
systematic position. Increase in our knowledge of the anatomy of the group or of the
conchological forms assigned to the group only can render the work possible. The
following instance may serve as an example of the importance of anatomical work in
dealing with such a group :—The conchological differences between the present species
and many of the shells of the genus Dendrotrochus, now recognized as a Zonitid, are
insignificant ; and, moreover, the Zonitid forms more closely resemble this species of
Papuina than do typical species of Papuina. Further, if it were to be maintained
that the conchological characters that differentiate this species (and with it the other
thin fragile Papuinas) from, e. g., Dendrotrochus helicinoides, are of family value, then
it may be pointed out that such a reasoning would compel us to put such forms as
P. boivint and P. wollastoni, not to mention other well-founded species of Papuina
which differ markedly on conchological characters, into separate families !
There are a number of other species of Papuina conchologically near this form, but
which, in default of anatomical knowledge, we must hesitate before grouping with it.
These are :—P. molesta Smith, P. leucotropis Pfr., and P. arrowensis le Guill.
A. External Appearance.
The animal was very much shrunken by the spirit in which it was preserved.
Upon removing the shell the first thing that attracts attention is the pigment-tracts
on the dorsal surface of the mantle (Pl. XX XIII. fig. 2). The intestine is seen in the
usual position, and the integument covering it, as far as it can be traced, bears
at regular intervals a number of dark brown patches, from each of which radiate a
number of streaks, which run to the mid-dorsal line to form a faint irregular band in
that axis or anastomose with similar lines from the patches anterior and posterior to it.
These pigment-tracts are in no way connected with the vascular system, the vessels
of which may be seen running in no correspondence with the pigment, which les in
loose, rather superficial accumulations. ‘The proximity of the centres of radiation to
the intestine suggests that this pigment may be a digestive product. Kitkenthal’s
description of the mantle of P. vitrea (7) as ‘‘dunkelbraun marmoriert und getigert”
shows that other Papuinas are similarly decorated in a manner that may express
specific differences.
A diagrammatic representation of the pattern in this form is given (Pl. XXXIII.
fie. 2 0).
The foot-sole is narrow, undivided, and somewhat expanded posteriorly into a
spatulate shape. ‘The colour of the foot is light brown.
The shell (Pl. X XXIII. fig. 9 a, b,c) is delicate, acutely carinate, and lenticular in
general appearance, the apex being somewhat depressed. ‘The upper half exceeds the
Jower by very little in size. Whorls 43. The surface is sculptured by faint irregular
lines of growth crossed by very fine and delicate spiral lines, which are usually undu-
lating, and is, in addition, broken by bristle-scars arranged in a rudely quincuncial
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 299
pattern. The remnants of a periostracum are visible at the sutures and elsewhere.
The colour is dull ochreous above the carina, which is faintly suffused with brown, and
exhibits a white edge. Below the carina it is pale and colourless. The columella is
broad and reflexed over the umbilicus, which is, however, not entirely covered over by
it. The aperture is rounded, and the inferior lip reflexed.
Dimensions: alt. 10 mm., width 14°5 mm., width of aperture 7 mm.
B. Internal Characters.
Within the mantle-cavity the pneumostome (Pl. XX XIII. fig. 3) calls for attention.
The actual orifice is situated in the middle of a modified portion of the floor of the
Text-figure ]1.
Papuina wollastoni, genitalia. pe., penis; pm., penis retractor; ep., epiphallus; /l., flagellum; vd., vas
deferens; cl., common genital aperture; v., vagina; spth., spermatheca; od., oviduct; ag., albumen
gland ; below ag. is seen the hermaphrodite duct.
cavity. This area is circular in shape, and divided into two unequal parts by a groove
which widens at one end to form the actual orifice, the two parts thus separated
being probably capable of divarication one from another to increase the diameter of
the respiratory aperture. One of these two lobes or flaps is continuous with the floor
of the chamber, while the other is wholly separated from it by a shallow groove.
The jaw (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 5) is thin and rather weak, with no transverse ribbing
and with a marked median protuberance.
300 MR. GUY C. ROBSON ON MOLLUSCA
The radula (Pl. XX XIII. fig. 4).—Unfortunately the marginal teeth were destroyed
in extracting the lingual ribbon, so that the description labours under a regrettable
deficiency. The median and lateral teeth would appear to be of the same type as
those of P. kubaryi. Upon the internal edge of the cusp of the tenth (or ninth) lateral
a small projection appears, which persists to the end of the series available for study.
A similar cusp appears in the case of P. kubaryi in about the same position.
The salivary gland corresponds pretty closely to the description given by Kiikenthal
for P. vitrea, viz.: ‘‘ Kin flache ...ziemlich kompakte belag.” But it is characterized
by ending anteriorly ina sharp point, which is continued past the origin of the two
slender salivary ducts.
The nervous system may be most conveniently studied by referring to the figure
(Pl. XX XIII. fig. 1).
The genitalia (text-fig. 11, p. 299)—The upper end of the penis-sac is squarely
truncate, and is continued as a well-developed epiphallus, to which, at about half
its length, the retractor is attached. There is a somewhat pointed and moderately
long flagellum.
The spermatheca is long, and gradually expands up to its rounded and flattened
distal extremity. There is a large vaginal dilatation of doubtful nature situated just
before the origin of the spermatheca.
Only portions of the hermaphrodite duct and albumen gland were available for
figuring.
9. PApUINA TAUMANTIAS (Tapparone Canefri).
Helix taumantias T. Canefri (10).
One shell (locality unknown).
10. CRISTIGIBBA TORTILABIA (Lesson).
Helix toriilabia Lesson, Voy. de la ‘ Coquille,’ Zool. ii. p. 311.
One shell from Launch Camp.
11. CristieiBsa sp.
One shell from between Base and Cano Camps.
This specimen, which appears to be near but not the same as C. torttlabia, is too
immature to justify description.
12. SULCOBASIS sp.
Two shells from between Camps 11 and 12 (8000-11,500 ft.).
‘These specimens are too badly damaged to describe as representing a new species,
although they would appear to be different from the known species of this genus.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 301
LITERATURE CITED.
The following are the more important anatomical and distributional works referred
Oe
(t) Bavay.—[Wichmann’s] Résultats de Vexpédit. néerland. & la Nouvelle Guinée, vol. v.
livr. ii. (1908).
(2) Burne.—Proe. Malacological Soe. London, ix. p. 208 (1910).
(3) Gopwin-Austen.—Fauna of British India (Testacellidz and Zonitide).
(4) 5 —Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India.
(5) Heptry.—Journal of Malacology, iv. 1895.
(6) 7 —Proe. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 2nd ser. vi. 1891, passim.
(7) Kéxenruat.—Abh. Senck. Naturf. Gesell. Bd. xxiv. p. 508 (1898).
(8) Mérrenporr.—Nachrichtsbl. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell. 1886, xvii. p. 161; 1887, xix. p. 1.
(9) Méztienporr und Kosexr.—Semper’s Reis. in Arch. Philipp. Bd. 8.
(10) Tapparone Canerri.—Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova, xix. 1883, and Suppl. i. 1886.
Works of less importance are not enumerated, but may be found by consulting the
literature cited in (1) and (10).
ey
WAXY
vast
en
eh
ar
ay
ue
te
LAAN
nh
mAs
PLATE XXXII
teen
L. XX.— PART vir. Ni 3.—May, 1914.
304
Fig.
wm ©F DO eS
MOLLUSCA COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
PLATE XXXII.
Papuina lituus. Jaw.
Id. Radula.
Antinous anthropophagorum. Radula.
-Id. Mantle aperture. rdi., right dorsal lobe; Jdi., left dorsal lobe;
ist., left shell-lobe ; pn., pneumostome; f., foot.
. Chronos sublimis. Intestine (semi-diagrammatic). sé., stomach; d/., liver
lobes; 7., intestine.
Id. Dorsal surface of foot, showing lobe (2) of caudal pore.
Id. Pericardial complex. pe., pericardium; a., auricle; v., ventricle;
k., kidney; w., ureter.
Antinous anthropophagorum. Jaw.
-Id. Dorsal surface of foot, showing caudal pore (cp.).
. Id. Foot (lateral view).
Chronos sublimis. General appearance of mantle and coils.
Id. Jaw.
Id. Foot-sole.
Id. Radula.
—
19 18 14 13 12 3 9
pHa ANSE
20 RM 32 38 39
2ESS
ES
Robson del. J.Green. lith.
Ue 2 JPANe WUNUA IJIN SS), Less. 3,4a,7,8a,b, ANTINOUS ANTHROPOPHAGORUM.
aS, ©, GB, QD, MO, Wl, WZ, CEUROINOS SUI iMTS
\ [
‘ y
= fi b
‘
0
2
if = *
4
. va
' >
n
}
'
i
7
PUATE XOKi10
306 MOLLUSCA COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
PLATE XXXIII.
Fig. 1. Papuina wollastont. Nervous system. cg., cerebral ganglion; pg., pedal
ganglion; plg., pallial ganglion; vwg., visceral ganglion; 0g., buccal
ganglion; pn., pallial nerve; pdn., pedal nerves; gn., penis-nerve ;
phn., pharyngeal nerves; spn., subpharyngeal nerves; p., penis ;
ep., epiphallus.
2a.1d. Mantle (showing pigment-tracts).
2b. 1d. Diagrammatic representation of the pigment-tracts.
3. Id. Pneumostome viewed from within the branchial cavity. 7o., respi-
ratory orifice ; sp., sphincter muscle.
4. Id. Radula.
5. Id. Jaw.
6a, b,c. Antinous anthropophagorum. Shell.
Ta, 6,¢c. Chronos sublimis. Shell.
Sa,b,¢. Papuina lituus. Shell.
Da,b,c. Papuina wollastoni. Shell.
Bar Lot JooePl USM
BARE
Robson & Green del. d.Green lth.
Il sAELglD » 3,445) )9a,b,c, PAPUINA WOLLASTONI. Ga,b,c, ANTINOUS ANTHROPOPHAGORUM.
TEI, C5, CeuROINOS SVIBGUIMIS ; 8a,b,c, PAPUINA LITUUS,Less.
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CONTENTS.
VIL. Report on the Mollusca collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By Guy C. Rosson, —
B.A. (Plates XXXII. & XXXIII. & Text-figures 5-11). . . . page 287
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VIII. Report on the River-Crabs (Potamonide) collected by the British Ornithologists’
Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea.
By W. T. Cauman, D.Sc., FZ.S.*
[Received February 17, 1914; Read April 7, 1914.]
(Text-figures 12 & 13.)
INDEX.
Page
Potamonide (Brachyura, Cyclometopa), affinities of some Malaysian species.. 307
Parathelphusa (Liotelphusa?) aruana (Roux) ..-...--- 2 eee eee eee ee 308
Fi . wollastoni, sp. u., Utakwa River...........- 310
wa i plana, sp. n., Utakwa River .........-..-- 311
THE freshwater Decapod Crustacea obtained by the two expeditions consist of nine
Crayfishes, seventeen River-Crabs, and one mutilated and indeterminable Palemonid.
The Crayfishes have been reported on elsewhere f, and the River-Crabs form the subject
of this paper. Thirteen of the specimens are referred to a species recently described
by Dr. J. Roux from the Aru Islands, of which, by the kindness of Dr. Roux, I have
been able to examine a co-type; and two species are described as new, each from a
pair of specimens.
It is somewhat difficult to decide what generic names ought to be applied to
the various species, according to the more recent schemes of Potamonid classification.
All the species have the mandibular palp bilobed, the male abdomen considerably
narrowed, with the sixth somite longer than wide, or only a very little shorter, and
the telson tongue-shaped. They can, therefore, be referred, without any doubt, to
Alcock’s subfamily Gecarcinucine. Their position within the subfamily is, however,
not so clear. In all of them the front is wider by at least two-thirds than the
orbit, the subterminal tooth on the upper border of the merus of the chelipeds is in
most cases acute or spiniform, and the postorbital crests are obsolete. According
to Alcock’s synopsis of the Gecarcinucine {, therefore, they should be referred to
the genus (or subgenus) Peritelphusa, from the other species of which, however,
they differ in the great reduction of the epibranchial tooth. If, on other hand, the
* Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.
+ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii. 1911, pp. 366-868.
t Rec. Indian Mus. vy. 1910, p. 259.
VOL. XX.—PaRT vill. No. 1.—Hay, 1914. 2U
308 DR. W. T. CALMAN ON RIVER-CRABS
subterminal tooth on the merus of the chelipeds be neglected (it is almost obsolete
in Parathelphusa plana), then, since the exopodites of the maxillipeds are well
developed, the species would fall into Alcock’s subgenus Liotelphusa. In one
species which he refers to this subgenus, ZL. austrina, Alcock states that “the free
edge of the front is distinct from the edge that roofs the antennular fosse.” An
arrangement similar to this is found in all the species here discussed. It may be
expressed in other words by saying that the front is bent inwards to meet the inter-
antennular septum, forming a transverse ridge which may be rounded or sharp, and
may extend the whole width of the front or be confined to a short distance in the
middle. Alcock says that among the Indian River-Crabs this arrangement is found
in only a few species; I find it more or less distinctly developed in a good many
Malaysian species, including some, at least, of those referred to Peritelphusa; whether
it can be used as a basis for generic or subgeneric division is a question for future
examination. The species which I described from New Guinea under the name of
Gecarcinucus ingrami *, and which Alcock, by implication, places in his subgenus
Cylindrotelphusa, is intimately related to the species described below as Parathelphusa
wollastont. In the proportions of its front it halts between the limits that Alcock
assigns to Gecarcinucus and to Parathelphusa respectively, and I am now convinced
that it has no very close affinity with the Indian Gecarcinucus. I think that, along
with the species discussed in this paper, it is best referred to the genus Parathelphusa,
sensu latiore, and that, of the subgenera at present recognized, Liotelphusa is the one
in which all these species may most naturally be placed.
It may be noted that in all the male specimens mentioned below (with the exception
of the male P. plana, in which the part in question is broken) the sternum correspond-
ing to the first pair of walking-legs has a median longitudinal slit-like depression. In
some other Malaysian species examined for the purpose of comparison this slit is
paired, and it seems likely that this character may be useful as a specific distinction.
The measurements of all the specimens examined are given together in the table at
the end of the paper (p. 313).
PARATHELPHUSA (LIOTELPHUSA ?) ARUANA (Roux) t.
Potamon (Geotelphusa) aruanus Roux, Notes Leyden Mus. xxxiii. 191], p. 91.
As Dr. Roux has still to publish the detailed description of this species, I only note
here the characters in which the specimens that I record under this name differ from
the co-type with which I have compared them.
* P. Z.S. 1908 (1909), p. 960.
+ [The parentheses around the names of authors placed after scientific names in this paper are used in
accordance with Article 23 of the International Rules of Nomenclature (Proc. 7th Int, Cong. Boston, 1907,
p. 44 (1912). —Eprror. }
ide)
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 30
(az) Aru Islands. 1 male.
This specimen differs from Dr. Roux’s type chiefly in the disposition of the epigastric
lobes, which are rather more oblique and extend forwards nearly to the line of the
posterior orbital margins. The carapace is relatively a little narrower and deeper,
the front wider, and the horizontal frontal ridge extends nearly the whole width of the
front, instead of being distinct only for a short distance in the middle, as in the type.
The dactylus of the larger cheliped is slightly less arched and more distinctly dentate.
The abdomen is not quite so narrow as in the type, and the sixth somite is hardly
wider at its distal end than at its proximal end.
(4) Mimika River. 7 males, 2 females.
As regards the direction and position of the epigastric lobes, these specimens agree
rather better with the type than with the Aru specimens described above. They
differ from both in the greater depth of the carapace, which is never less than twice as
wide as it is deep, although most of the specimens are relatively narrower, in pro-
portion to length, than the type. The dorsal surface is rather more convex, both from
before backwards and from side to side, and the antero-lateral portions of the cervical
groove are inclined at a more acute angle to each other. The frontal ridge is well
defined and extends the whole width of the front, which is, in most cases, distinctly
narrower than in the type. In a large male the fingers of the larger chela gape even
more widely than in the type, but are very similar in form and armature. In some of
the males the abdomen resembles that of our specimen from the Aru Islands, in others
it is more like that of the type, the sides being more concave and the penultimate
segment distinctly narrower at its proximal end.
(c) Utakwa River. 2 males, 1 female.
These specimens differ considerably from all those discussed above, especially in the
greater length of the walking-legs, those of the second pair being more than twice the
length of the carapace. The carapace is rather more convex anteriorly, but flatter
behind and also from side to side, with the inter-regional grooves better marked ; near
the antero-lateral margins it is much more rugose. ‘The epigastric lobes are obscure,
transverse, and rugose. ‘The front is inflected towards the epistome, but the transverse
ridge thus formed is much less sharp than in the specimens described above. The
larger of the two males has the palm of the larger chela inflated, the fingers gaping at
the base, and somewhat feebly toothed, the whole suggesting that a better-crown male
would have a chela of the arwana-type. ‘The abdomen of the males resembles that of
the type.
The specimens of this group approach, in the greater relative length and slenderness
of the wallking-legs, the specimens of P. wollastoni which were collected along with
them. ‘They differ from them, however, in practically all the other characters enume-
rated below as distinguishing that species from P. arwana. It is possible that they
ought to be held as distinct from P. aruana, but in the absence of more material I
20 2
310 DR. W. T. CALMAN ON RIVER-CRABS
record them provisionally under that name. In the greater rugosity of the antero-
lateral regions of the carapace they resemble P. beauforti Roux, of which I have
examined two female co-types; they differ from that species in having the carapace
deeper and much more convex, the front narrower, and the frontal ridge less marked,
and the fingers of the chele longer and more slender, as well as in the much longer
walking-legs.
PARATHELPHUSA (LIOTELPHUSA ?) WOLLASTONI, sp.n. (Text-fig. 12.)
Utakwa River. 1 male, 1 female.
Description. Carapace strongly convex antero-posteriorly, less so from side to side,
Text-figure 12.
Parathelphusa (Liotelphusa) wollastoni. Holotype, 3, x 14.
Above, the larger chela and the abdomen, on same scale.
its depth more than half its width. Surface smooth and polished, with oblique lines
near the lateral margins. Cervical groove faintly marked, its lateral limbs inclined at
a more acute angle to each other than in the type of P. arwana.
Branchial regions
hardly inflated.
Epigastric lobes rounded, a little more prominent than in P. aruana,
less rugose, not oblique, separated by a deep and sharply defined mesogastric groove.
Front narrower than in P. arwana, the horizontal ridge well marked, extending the
whole width of the front, concave in the middle as seen from above. Orbits slightly
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. oat
oblique; seen from in front, the line joining the exorbital angles touches the lower
edge of the front. Exorbital angles hardly at all prominent. Epibranchial tooth
indicated only by a very slight notch. Antero-lateral marginal line not extending
behind the anterior fourth of the length of the carapace, faintly granulated. Con-
tinuation of cervical groove hardly to be detected on lower surface of carapace.
Third maxillipeds with a strong groove near inner margin of ischium ; merus much
broader than long.
Chelipeds of male very unequal, merus with a sharp subterminal spine on its upper
edge, which is more sharply granulated than the lower, less so than the inner edge.
Inner tooth of carpus sharp and spiniform, with a small sharp tooth below it. Larger
chela recalling in shape that of “ Gecarcinucus” ingrami, especially in having a
prominent, rounded, interdigital tubercle on outer surface, but the tooth at proximal
end of lower edge almost obsolete, and the fingers, though rather deep and flattened,
not so strongly toothed.
Walking-legs very long and slender, those of second pair about two and a half times
as long as carapace. Merus with a subterminal spiniform tooth above and propodus
with a few spines on upper and lower edges.
Abdomen of male narrow, the sixth segment slightly widened distally, where its
width is equal to its length; telson linguiform, with convergent sides, slightly longer
than sixth somite.
Holotype. Male, Reg. No. 1914.3.12.6 in British Museum.
Remarks. This species is clearly related to that which I described as Gecarcinucus
ingrami from the St. Joseph River, New Guinea, standing, in respect of most of its
characters, midway between that species and P. arwana.
PARATHELPHUSA (LIOTELPHUSA ?) PLANA, sp. n. (Text-fig. 13.)
Utakwa River. 1 male, 1 female.
Description.—Carapace very flat, only the anterior region, from a line a little way
behind the epigastric lobes, strongly curved downwards; depth much less than half
of the width. Surface everywhere closely punctate, with sharply-cut raised oblique
lines near the lateral borders. Central part of cervical groove well marked, but the
antero-lateral limbs almost obsolete. Epigastric lobes not at all prominent, their posi-
tion only marked by a slight rugosity and by the sharply-cut groove that separates
them. Frontal ridge rounded and not extending the whole width of the front. Orbits
small and their outer angles not at all prominent. Exorbital width very little more
than half the width of the carapace. Antero-lateral margins strongly curved anteriorly,
so that the greatest width of the carapace is rather further forward than in allied
species. ‘There is, at most, a microscopic vestige of a notch to indicate the position of
the epibranchial tooth. Antero-lateral marginal line obscurely granulated. Posterv-
lateral borders with marginal line more distinct, and extending for a greater part of
312 DR. W. T. CALMAN ON RIVER-CRABS
their length than in P. aruana. Continuation of cervical groove on under surface
of carapace faintly marked.
Eyes small, the peduncles narrowing distally.
Merus of chelipeds rugose on its upper edge, with a subterminal ridge, but no distinct
spine ; its lower and inner edges smooth. ‘Tooth on inner angle of carpus sharp, but not
spiniform, accompanied by a small blunt tubercle. Smaller chela of male and both
chele of female with the fingers shorter and stouter than in P. aruana. Larger chela
of male with the palm slightly swollen, the interdigital lobe on its outer surface not
prominent, and the fingers gaping a little at the base.
Text-figure 13.
aM WwW
Parathelphusa (Lrotelphusa) plana. Holotype, g, x 12.
Above, the larger chela and the abdomen, on same scale.
Walking-legs relatively short and stout, with a blunt subterminal tooth on upper
edge of merus.
Abdomen of male broader than in any specimen referred to P. arwana, with the
sixth somite parallel-sided, little broader than long, and slightly longer than the telson,
which is linguiform, with slightly convergent sides.
Holotype. Male, Reg. No. 1914.3.12.4 in the British Museum.
Remarks. Although the two specimens are probably not fully adult, and the characters
of the male abdomen and chela are therefore not to be relied on, the flattening of the
carapace, the complete disappearance of the epibranchial tooth, and the small size of
the eyes give this species an aspect very different from that of any other with which it
might be compared,
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
Table of Measurements (in millimetres).
313
Parathelphusa aruana.
(a) Aru Islands ..
(b) Mimika River
P. wollastoni.
Utakwa River ..
3” ” o.0
P. plana.
Utakwa River ..
Sex. |Length.| Breadth.
3 23°00} 29°50
io) 28°50} 35:00
3 27:00] 33°50
3 26°50| 33°25
3 25°75 | 31:50
3 24:50 | 31:00
3 24°50} 31:50
3 24:50} 31:00
2 24:00} 31:00
3 21:00} 26-00
Q 21:00} 27-50
3 17:50 | 23°50
of 14-75} 19-50
3 21:50 50
2 21:50} 28:00
3 20:00} 26:00
2 20:00) 25-75
Depth.
Second
walking-
leg.
50:00
48-00
46:00
45:00
42:50
41°50
38:00
44-50
38:00
35:50
54:50
53°90
35:00
34-00
Ratios.
Breadth | 2nd leg
Length. | Length.
1:28 Braete
1:22 1-75
1:24 Ue e/7/
1:29 9600
1:22 1-78
1:26 Bene
1:28 1:87
1:26 1-73
1:29 1-72
1:23 1:80
1:30 2:11
1:34 2:17
1:32 2°40
1:32 2:53
1:30 2°46
1:30 1:75
1:28 1-70
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CONTENTS.
VIII. Report on the River-Crabs (Potamonide) collected by the British Ornithologists’
Union Eapedition and the Wollaston Eapedition in Dutch New Guinea.
By W. 1. Catan, D.Sc., ZS. (Text-figures 12 & 13). . . . page 307
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Continued on page 3 of Wrapper.
(1
oo
—"
Or
i]
IX. Report on the Mammals collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By Ouprretp THOMAS,
J ile fie Shy, 18” Sel
[Received February 18, 1914; Read April 7, 1914.]
Inprx.
Page
Introduction and list of new species discovered.............. 315
317
SHV SHEMENIO ILIKE 6 codaccocasonO Db OOD DOO DDADODSOUROOOONU OD
THE collection of Mammals made by the members of the British Ornithologists’
Union Hxpedition and the Wollaston Expedition to the Snow Mountains, Dutch
New Guinea, forms undoubtedly a valuable accession to the National Museum,
in spite of the fact that, owing to the unexpected poverty in mammalian life of the
districts visited, it is by no means so large or varied as had been originally hoped.
Had the keenness and undoubted collecting skill that was exerted by the members
of the Expeditions been in operation in almost any other part of New Guinea, the
result would certainly have been much larger, but there seems to have been an
almost entire absence of the interesting arboreal forms in which New Guinea is
elsewhere so rich. The Dyaks who formed part of the Expeditions were well
accustomed to catching arboreal animals in the forests of Borneo, and were urged
to do their utmost in this direction; hundreds of trees were cut down both for
searching purposes and in connection with the general progress of the Expeditions,
but almost no arboreal species (and notably no Pogonomys) were obtained, and
we are driven to the conclusion that, in striking contrast to British New Guinea,
but very few are present in this dismal and water-logged part of the island.
What the Expeditions did obtain was a very fine series of the terrestrial animals,
and especially of the rodents. Of these, the most valuable are the series of rats
of the genus Uromys, a group of exceeding difficulty, and one in which the set now
obtained will be of the utmost service. Hight species of this genus were obtained,
of which five have proved to be new.
The following is a list of the new species discovered by the two Expeditions :—
Hipposideros wollastont.
Emballonura furan.
mA papuand.
Taphozous granti.
Stenomys klossi.
VOL. XX.—Part 1x. No. 1—WMay, 1914.
316 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON MAMMALS
Uromys nero.
i scaphax.
SH UQSO!
, stalkeri calidior.
| ROUNDS
Echymipera gargantua.
Phascogale nurex aspera.
In addition :—
Pteropus liops and Myotis stalkeri were discovered on Buru and the Key Islands
respectively by Mr. W. Stalker, and Paradoxurus kangeanus and Sciwrus notatus
madure on Kangean and Madura by Mr. G. C. Shortridge, on their way out to join
the first Expedition. Mr.C. B. Kloss also made a useful collection of small mammals
on Amboina.
Altogether just over 600 mammals were collected by the members of the Expedition,
of which about 250 were got in New Guinea itself.
The collectors who had special charge of the mammal work were, in the B. O. U.
Expedition, Mr. W. Stalker, who was most unfortunately drowned quite at the
beginning of the work, Mr. G. C. Shortridge, and Mr. C. H. B. Grant and, in
the Wollaston Expedition, Mr. C. B. Kloss. Ail of these workers are known to
mammalogists as experienced and successful collectors in other parts of the world,
so that one may be sure that everything possible was done to obtain a good series
of the mammals inhabiting the districts visited.
The country explored by the Expeditions is that to the south of the Nassau Range,
or Snow Mountains, situated in the square bounded by 136° 30! and 137° 30! E., and
4° and 5°S. The first expedition, under Mr. W. Goodfellow, worked mainly on the
Mimika and Kamura Rivers and their tributaries towards the west of this square, the
second expedition under Dr. A. F. R. Wollaston on the Utakwa and its affluent
the Setakwa. Nearly all the collections were made in the swampy and water-logged
lowlands, the second expedition alone succeeding in attaining any considerable
elevation on the Snow Mountains (near Mt. Carstensz), and that for only a short time.
The Dutch Expedition under Dr. Lorentz worked up the Noord River, somewhat
further to the east.
In the following list the species mentioned in Dr. Jentink’s accounts* of the
Lorentz expeditions, but not obtained by the British collectors, are inserted in square
brackets. The list therefore includes all the mammals as yet recorded from this
part of New Guinea. Species of which the types were obtained by the Expeditions
are marked with a fF.
In this connection I should like to express my deep regret at the death of
* «Nova Guinea, Résultats de Expédition scientifique néerlandaise 4 la Nouvelle Guinée,’ 4to, vol. ix.
pp. 1-14 (1908), and ix. part 2, pp. 165-183 (1911).
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. SILT)
Dr. Jentink, in whom Mammalogy loses a hard-working and devoted follower. Since
1881, when I first met him, he has been to me a most helpful friend and
correspondent, always willing to give his valuable assistance on any question that
depended on specimens in Leyden, while he has himself taken very special interest
in the mammal fauna of New Guinea.
Finally, I should record the very deep obligation that all naturalists are under
to Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, to whose initiation, energy, and enthusiasm the two
British Expeditions to this most interesting region are almost wholly due.
1. Prrropus PAPUANUS Pet. & Doria.
3,22. Wakatimi, Mimika River.
3 2. Launch Camp, Setakwa River.
The Mimika specimens were examined and described by Dr. K. Andersen (Cat.
Chiropt. B.M. ed. 2,i., Addenda, p. 823), who considers they indicate that P. papuanus
should be considered as a synonym of P. neohibernicus. Detailed descriptions of the
colours are given, as these specimens usefully supplement the material available when
the main part of the Catalogue was written (p. 385).
[NycrimENE Geminus K. And,
Lorentz River and Alkmaar—Lorentz. |
2. DoBSONIA MOLLUCCENSIS MAGNA Thos.
22. Mimika R.
It was on this material that Dr. K. Anderson (Cat. Chiropt. B.M. ed. 2, i., Addenda,
p. 825) decided that magna should be considered as a subspecies of moluccensis.
The material previously available (cf. ¢. c. p. 466) was quite insufficient for the
formation of any definite opinion.
3. Dopsonta MINOR Dobs.
g. Parimau, Mimika R.
This species had not previously been represented in the Museum collection, the type
being in the Paris Museum.
Described by K. Andersen (é. ¢. p. 824).
[| MACROGLOSSUS LAGOCHILUS NANUS Matsch.
Noord River—Lorentz. |
4. HIpposipzRos PuLLATUS K. And.
@ (in al.). Mimika R.
The local representative of the H. diadema group.
bS
be
Li)
318 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON MAMMALS
5, fHIrposiDEROS WOLLASTONI Thos.
? inal. Camp III., Utakwa R. B.M. no. 13.6.18.4. Type.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 205 (1913).
This striking new Bat, which I have named after Dr. Wollaston, is related to
H. muscinus, another Papuan species, but is distinguished by its posterior nose-leaf
being duplicated, and by the greater inflation of the frontal region of its skull.
The definite duplication of the transverse nose-leaf is a character practically unique
in the genus, the nearest analogue to it being found in the African /7. caffer, which
has some inconspicuous convexities in the positions of the supplementary posterior
crests of H. wollastoni. The additional transverse crests in H. pratti and H. lylet form
a structure of quite a different character.
This is possibly the bat obtained on the Noord River by Lorentz, and determined
by Jentink as H. muscinus. But the latter may really occur, as its type locality, the
Fly River, is by no means very far off.
6. HIpPposIDEROS sp.
¢. Wakatimi, Mimika R.
Allied to H. arwensis.
7, PIPISTRELLUS PAPUANUS Pet. & Dor.
2 2? inal. Wakatimi, Mimika R.
[Myotis (Levconon) apversus Horsf.
Noord River—Lorentz. |
8. fEMBALLONURA FURAX Thos.
@. Whitewater Camp, Kapari River. 400’. B.M. no. 11. 11.11.12. Type.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) vii. p. 384 (1911).
This fine species is by far the largest member of the genus, the next in size,
E. semicaudata, having a skull-length of only 15°5 mm., as compared with 18-7
in E. furaz. It is also remarkable for the unusual expansion of the facial region of
its skull.
9. +EMBALLONURA PAPUANA Thos.
3. Mimika R.
3. Wataikwa R.
9. Tuaba R.
@. Setakwa R.
Described Ann. Mag. N. H. (8) xiii. p. 443 (1914). No. 2571 (BoM mos 1: Wlaei3))
the type.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 319
The Papuan representative of E. nigrescens. The members of this group are in all
parts of Papuasia among the commonest of the small insectivorous bats.
10. ¢Tapuozovus eranti Thos.
2. Parimau, Mimika R. (B.M. no. 11.11.11.11). Type.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) viii. p. 378 (1911).
Most nearly allied to 7. saccolaimus, but readily recognizable by its smaller size,
different colour, shorter and broader skull, and by other detailed cranial characters.
Named in honour of Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, to whom the initiation and carrying
out of the New Guinea Expeditions were mainly due.
11. Mormoptervs BEccARI Peters.
3 skin and 2in al. Mimika R.
[Hypromys usox Thos.
Noord River—Lorentz. |
[PaRAHYDROMYS ASPER Thos.
Hellwig Mountains—Lorentz. |
12. Matiomys rotuscurLpr Thos.
A palate, with the molars, taken from a native ornament. Utakwa. 6000’.
Jentink had already recorded the presence of Mallomys, as of Anisomys, from this
region, the occurrence of both being known by jaws obtained from the natives.
The molars of this specimen are quite like those of M. rothschildi, and equally
differ from the recently described Jf. hercules of the Rawlinson Mountains, German
New Guinea.
13. Epimys morpax Thos.
8,82. Camp 3, Utakwa R. 2500’.
14. Epimys rincens Pet. & Dor.
15 3,7 2. Mimika, Wataikwa and Iwaka Rivers.
336,90 2. Setakwa R.
This is evidently a most common species in the Snow Mountain region, as it was also
obtained in large numbers by Lorentz, whose specimens were identified as Mus terrw-
regine by Jentink. It is, however, certainly not that species, which has a considerably
shorter tooth-row.
In addition to the series determined as ¢erre-regine, Jentink described a single
young specimen as a distinct species under the name of ratticolor, but I fail to see
320 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON MAMMALS
any reason why it should be distinguished from the rest, especially as Jentink
subsequently informed me that its mammary formula was 1—2=—6, and not, as
published, 0—2=4.
Should the Snow Mountain Rat prove ultimately to be in any way distinguishable
from the true ringens of the Fly River, the name ratticolor will have to be used for it.
15. fSrevomys Kiosst Thos.
26,22. Camp 2, Utakwa R. 5500.
3 6. Camp 11, Utakwa R. 8000’.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 207 (1913). No. 91 (B.M. no. 13.6.18. 83)
the type.
This Mountain-Rat, which is named after Mr. C. B. Kloss, was the only mammal
obtained at the higher collecting-stations. The poverty in mammals of the higher
ground was a great disappointment to the members of the Expedition.
S. klossi is nearly related to S. niobe, the smaller of the only two species of Stenomys
hitherto known. Both are natives of British New Guinea.
URromys.
The fine series of the genus Uromys obtained by the two Expeditions forms perhaps
the most valuable part of the results of their work. The members of this genus are
extraordinarily difficult to work out, on account both of their external and cranial
variability, the general likeness of all the species to each other, and the considerabie
rcumber of them that may be found in the same districts.
In the regions explored by the Lorentz and the two British Expeditions there would
seem to be no less than eight species of this genus, two of them large, belonging to the
U. macropus group, and six of the smaller forms allied to JU. bruijnii.
The species called “ short-tailed Pogonomys” in the reports on the Dutch Expeditions
are all really members of Uromys, Jentink not having distinguished the two genera.
The commonest species in the district, U. lorentzii, was described by Jentink as
Pogonomys lorentzi on a specimen obtained at the Resi Camp by Lorentz. The Noord
River animals that he determined, in his later report, as Pogonomys multiplicatus
are probably my Uromys scaphax. The original P. multiplicatus came from quite
a different part of New Guinea, and was based on so young a specimen that its true
identification will perhaps never be possible.
16. fUromys NERO Thos.
5 2. Camp 3, Utakwa R. 2500’.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xi. p. 208 (1913). No. 67 (B.M. no. 13. 6. 18, 13)
the type.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 321
This fine species represents the U. macropus group at middle altitudes in the
Snow Mountain region. It differs from all its allies by its dark coloration, the result
no doubt of the saturate conditions in which it lives.
While smaller in all respects than the giant black-tailed species U. anak and
U. rothschildi it is larger than any of the other yellow-tailed forms.
From the next species, its representative in the lowlands, it differs by its larger
size, more yellow tail, whiter underside, and more normal-shaped skull.
It is in all probability the ‘‘ different and hitherto unknown mammal” referred to in
Jentink’s 1911 report (p. 172) under the heading of Pogonomys multiplicatus.
17. fURomys scapHax Thos.
2 2 (young). Mimika R.
3 ¢. Launch Camp, Setakwa R. 20!.
292. Canoe Camp, Setakwa R. 1507.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 209 (1913). No. 206 (B.M. no. 13. 6. 18. 8)
the type.
This second large species is related to the Aru Island U. aruensis by the structure
of its skull, but has the more normal coloration of the Papuan species instead of
the rich rufous of its Aru ally.
18. fURoMYs LorENTz1 Jent.
63,4 2. Mimika R.
36,26. lwaka R.
2 6. Wataikwa R.
7 3,9 2. Canoe Camp, Setakwa R.
19. Uromys naso Thos.
2. Whitewater Camp, Kapari R. 4000’. B.M. no. 11.11.11.54. Type.
3. No. 3 Camp, Iwaka R.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) vil. p. 386 (1911).
The distinction of this Uromys from U. lorentzii is perhaps rather doubtful. ‘The
two skulls of it in the collection are, however, markedly larger than those of any
of the considerable series of that animal.
20. ~UROMYS STALKERI CALIDIOR Thos.
7 6,11 2. Mimika R.
3. Wataikwa R.
2. Iwaka R.
5 6,3 2. Launch Camp, Setakwa R.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) vii. p. 387 (1911). No. 3013 (B.M. no. 11.11.
11. 36) the type.
A local form of the U. stalkeri of British New Guinea.
d22 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON MAMMALS
{ URoMYs LEUCOGASTER Jent.
Pogonomys leucogaster Jent.
Noord River— Lorentz.
Resembles the last species by its white belly, but is larger. |
21. Uromys puatyors Thos.
66,13 2. Camp 3, Utakwa R. 2500!.
3. Camp 6a, Utakwa. 2900'.
22. +URomys MOLLIS Thos.
3. Camp Padang 6c, Utakwa R. 5500’.
3,22. Camp 9, Utakwa R. 985500!.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 210 (1913). No. 231 (B.M.
no. 13.6. 18.35) the type.
This is a soft-furred highland form, taking the place at the higher levels of
U. platyops of the lowlands.
| ANISoMYS ImiTaToR Thos.
Lorentz River, jaws in native collection—Lorentz. |
[ LorEnTzIMys NouHUYSII Jent.
Noord River—Lorentz.
A new genus based by Jentink on the single specimen obtained by Lorentz.
Evidently a very remarkable form. |
23. SuS PAPUENSIS Less.
3. Mimika R.
26 2. Wataikwa R.
2 g and 3 separate skulls. Setakwa R.
24, Dorcopsis LORENTZII Jent.
26,42. Mimika R.
26,2 2. Canoe Camp, Setakwa R.
The series of this fine and distinct species is a very valuable accession to the
Museum collection.
95. PHALANGER ORIENTALIS Pall.
238. Mimika R.
3. Launch Camp, Setakwa R.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA, 323
26. PHALANGER MACULATUS Geoff.
4 3,6 2. Mimika R.
3. Wataikwa R.
8 ¢,2 9. Launch Camp, Setakwa R.
The Spotted Cuscus was the only one of the arboreal Phalangeride which the
collectors of the Expedition were able to obtain with any facility.
No members of Pseudochirus were obtained, although a specimen, probably of
Ps. albertisi, was seen in the hands of some natives, who would not part with it.
| PHALANGER GyMNorIS Pet. & Dor.
Noord River—Lorentz. |
[ PSEUDOCHIRUS ALBERTISI Peters.
Hellwig Mountains—Lorentz. |
[ PSEUDOCHIRUS SCHLEGELI Jent.
Hellwig Mountains—Lorentz. |
[DactYyLopPsiLa TRIVIRGATA Gray.
Merauke—Lorentz. |
27. FECHYMIPERA GARGANTUA Thos.
336. Mimika R.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xiii. p. 443 (1914). No. 3045 (B.M. no. 11,11.
11. 97) the type.
This large Bandicoot was also obtained by Lorentz.
28. EcHYMIPERA DOREYANA Quoy & Gaim.
23,22. Setakwa R.
29. PHASCOGALE MELAS Schl.
3 6,22. Wataikwa R.
3 &. Iwaka R.
3. Camp 3, Utakwa R,
[| PHASCOGALE LORENTZ Jent.
Hellwig Mts. 2600 m.—Lorentz. |
Of this splendid Phascogale, described by Jentink from a melanoid example, the
Museum has received three specimens in the normal rufous coat, collected by
Mr. A. S. Meek, in the Goliath Mountains. A notice of these specimens was
published in Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) ix. p. 91 (1912).]
VOL. XX.—PaRT 1x. No. 2.—May, 1914. 2Y
MAMMALS COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
©9
bo
fie
30. +PHASCOGALE MUREX ASPERA Thos.
@. Camp 3, Utakwa R. 2500’. B.M. no. 13.6.18.90. Type.
Described Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 211 (1913).
Differs from the recently described typical form of German New Guinea by its
shorter muzzle and larger teeth. In external appearance it is quite similar to that
animal.
| PHAScOGALE NoUHUYSII Jent.
Noord River—Lorentz. |
| PHASCOGALE NASO Jent.
Hellwig Mountains——Lorentz. |
31. PHASCOGALE MELANURA MODESTA Thos.
3. Camp Padang 6c, Utakwa R. 5500’.
This subspecies was described on a skin obtained in the Goliath Mountains by
Mr. A. S. Meek, and the present specimen is only the second on record.
The typical Ph. melanura is a native of British New Guinea.
| ZAGLOSSUS sp.
Wichmann Mountains—Lorentz. |
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CONTENTS.
IX. Report on the Mammals collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By O.prieLD Tuomas,
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X. heport on the Arachnida and Myriopoda collected by the British Ornithologists
Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By
STaNLeY Hirst, /.Z.S.*
[Received March 7, 1914; Read April 21, 1914.]
(Text-figures 14-19.)
Inpex.
Page
Systematic :—
LYHGDS FOULED Do Do cooaccooedo0ancoo voce ou LO doCDOCOODODS 325
APO OLIIE (DEDUCE BOs Ms o500000000>0090000aGeaG00n000000 327
Hemaphysalis novee-quinew, Sp.M. ........ 2.222. 05 ee ee eee eee 328
ACTURAMIS WOMAN, So Do co0gcec0000a0c00Gg00G00000000000 330
JEOROTRIGUS. TRON, (FD> Boo 6 0050000085850000 0b FR OOSHCG00R0UCRN 331
IURGORGLINS UMIBR ss cio vo o.6.000006060000 dneooaoane eo oud oid 332
Class ARACHNIDA.
Order SCORPIONES.
Family SCORPIONID 4.
Genus Hormurvs Thor.
TforMuRUS PAPUANUS Krpln.
Hormurus papwanus Kraepelin, in Sarasin and Roux’s Nova Caledonia, Zoologie, i. p. 333
(1914).
Loc. Mimika River, South Dutch New Guinea ; nine specimens.
Division Acari.
Order MESOSTIGMATA.
Family GAMASID &.
Genus Lanars C. L. Koch.
L&LAPS ROTHSCHILDI, sp.n. (Text-fig. 14.)
2. Body oval in shape. Nearly all the dorsal surface is covered by the seutum,
* Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.
VOL. XX.—PART x. No. 1.—Jumne, 1914. 22
526 MR. STANLEY HIRST ON ARACHNIDA AND
only a narrow unprotected strip of soft integument being left posteriorly. Hairs on
scutum very minute and most of them are very fine, but those on the lateral
margins rather stout; besides the inconspicuous hairs just mentioned, there are a
few longer ones on the scutum anteriorly, two pairs situated in the middle of
the extreme anterior end of it being especially noticeable, the posterior pair are very
long. There is also a pair of moderately long hairs on each side at a short
distance from the anterior end and a pair of fine hairs on the posterior margin.
Sternal plate furnished with three pairs of hairs, which are not very long. (renito-
ventral plate somewhat resembling that of LZ. echidninus Berlese in shape, but much
Text-figure 14 *,
Lelaps vothschildi, sp.n. Ventral view of female.
wider and with the four pairs of hairs on its surface very short and inconspicuous.
Anal plate much wider than long; the three usual hairs are present on it, the two
which form a pair being quite short and fine, and the unpaired hair long but fine.
Hairs of the soft integument of the sides of the body short and spiniform, but there
are a few longer and finer ones at the posterior end, one pair being rather long.
Peritreme long, apparently reaching as far forwards as the basal segment of the first
leg. Narrow median groove of ventral surface of the capitulum armed with a file of
* [Figures 14 and 15 were drawn by Miss Gertrude Woodward, the others by Mr. Horace Knight. My
best thanks are due to these artists for their careful work.—S. H.]
MYRIOPODA COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. a2F
©
denticles. Legs stout; fourth pair very much longer than the three anterior pairs.
Numerous hairs and spines are present on the legs and only the more conspicuous of
them are mentioned in this description. One of the two hairs at the distal end
of the dorsal surface of the femur is of great length. Anterior surface of coxa
of second leg finely serrate and armed with a small but distinct tooth; feraur of
this leg with a fairly long hair at the distal end above, and a strong but not very long
spine on its ventral surface; a similar but finer spine occurs in the same position
on the femur of the third leg. ‘Trochanter and femur of fourth leg each with a
long and conspicuous spiniform seta. There are a number of spines on the tarsi of the
second and third legs, but only fine hairs on that of the fourth. Colour dark brown.
Length of body °95 to 1-2 mm.
Loe. Setakwa River, South Dutch New Guinea; numerous specimens captured
on Uromys stalkeri calidior Thos. and on Uronys lorentzi Jentink (A. F. R. Wollaston).
Sattelberg, Huon Gulf, German New Guinea; two specimens found on “ Mus sp.”
Collected by Prof. F. Forster and presented to the British Museum by the Hon. N.
Charles Rothschild.
Family Ixopina@.
Genus AmBiyomMa C, L. Koch.
AMBLYOMMA PAPUANA, sp. n. (Text-fig. 15.)
3. Body practically subcircular in shape, its length being slightly less than the
width, but the shoulders are somewhat squared. Cervical grooves of sewtwm short and
inconspicuous ; marginal grooves are not present ; festoons not visible on dorsal
surface. Some distance in front of the posterior margin there is a dark narrow
central line, which is smooth (unpunctured) and slightly raised, and on either side
of this linear marking at some distance from it there is a short shallow oblique groove
with a smooth posterior border. Surface of scutum densely punctured throughout,
the punctures deep and well defined. Eyes obsolete. Stigmal plate large and very
wide. Base of capitulwm with distinct cornua; each half of the hypostome has
four longitudinal files of denticles, but the innermost file is shorter and the denticles
of which it is composed are much weaker than is the case in the other files.
Legs: first coxa armed with two rather short spurs; coxe 2-4 also with two spurs,
the inner ones being small and inconspicuous, but the outer ones well developed.
Trochanters of legs 2-4 each armed with a distinct spur. ‘Tarsus of fourth leg without
a distinct hump, but with the terminal part rather gradually narrowed. Colour:
scutum dark brown, but there are very faint traces of light green markings on it,
two patches near the posterior margin being fairly distinct (probably these markings
are distinct and much more extensive in well-preserved specimens).
Length of body (not including capitulum) 2:4 mm.
328 MR. STANLEY HIRST ON ARACHNIDA AND
2. Seutum cordiform and wider than long. Punctures large and numerous ;
anteriorly they are fewer in number on the sides and shoulders. Cervical grooves
deep, but rather ill defined posteriorly, owing to the proximity of some of the coarse
punctures ; in one specimen they are continued posteriorly by short divergent grooves.
Eyes obsolete. Stigmal plate large and very wide. Capitulum long; its base has
small but distinct cornua, and the porose areas are circular and widely separated
from one another; hypostome with four longitudinal files of denticles on each side,
those of the innermost file being very small. Armature of basal segments of the legs
practically the same as in the male sex. (Nearly all the legs are missing, hence
further details of their structure cannot be given.) Colowr of scutum dark brown,
a narrow transverse strip of whitish enamel-like coloration is present on the
shoulders.
Measurements. Length of body 7 mm.; of scutum (along median line) 17;
greatest width of scutum 2°2.
Localities. Mimika River; a male example (the type) and two nymphs. Canoe
Camp, Utakwa River (Nov. 1912); two females. Name of host not given.
Text-figure 15.
Amblyomma papuana, sp. n., ¢. Basal segments of legs from below.
Remarks. Owing to its small size and the shape of its body, the male of this
new species of Amblyomma presents a strong resemblance to the species of Aponomma,
but eyes are present, although obsolete and very inconspicuous, and therefore it
cannot be referred to that subgenus. Personally, however, I consider that the
subgenus Aponomma should be abandoned and its species regarded merely as aberrant
forms of Amblyomma.
Genus Ha#mapuysatis C. L. Koch.
H £MAPHYSALIS NOVA-GUINES, sp. n. (Text-fig. 16.)
¢. Body \ong oval, and narrowed anteriorly. Scwtwm furnished with numerous
tS) e) d
fine punctures. Cervical grooves each consisting of a short depression, continued
posteriorly by a very superficial divergent groove. Marginal groove very weak
MYRIOPODA COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA, 329
(practically obsolete), especially anteriorly ; it usually commences a little in front
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CONTENTS.
X. Report on the Arachnida and Myriopoda collected by the British Ornithologists’
Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By
Sranuey Hirst, 7.7.8. (Text-figures 14-19.). . . . . . . | page 325
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P. CHALMERS MITCHELL,
1914, :
Junk Secretary.
TRANSACTIONS
OF
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
Voi. XX.—Parr II.
(Prats XXXIV.)
000 » Fulgoride ; Pee latince et eee 352
CtORMWORG soooc00e000000 a 90 Fr) Fan avait ae 353
CHnay WHMCS o0c000000000000 s 5 a 5) oe 355
New Species :—
FPolenyus papuensis ...... Fam. Pentatomide; Subfam. Dinidorine...... 339
Dindymus cresus ........ » Pyrvhocoride ; » Pyrrhocorine.... 342
Dindymoides abdominalis . . _ 35 , Weise LAS
Khotala albopunctata » Fulgoride; po AOMMIE sas600 349
is WAMOSD ssooavce 59 of 5 Ssh ctegtteertone 349
Heronax wollastoni ...... 0 Py ps eeDerbinss seer are 350
Ricania noctua ...... diode rh op | ARORNMDITE). Goo 66 350
SoG HOHE sos60000 op 55 an SSP aa’ ota 351
Euricania stellata ........ op 5 AS i piel area 351
Papuanella mirabilis a be Son Hlatin cele ene 853
Utakwana rubromaculata .. o0 op oy PANT VBA nS ic 353
Paratella spectra ........ ss 59 aA 550 "y vy aeeoaneeaae 355
Grapaldus corticinus...... 7 on se S5i. ie oeteeenenions 356
Aufidus balteatus ........ » Cercopide ; » Cercopine .....- 357
Megastethodon modestus.... 50 Ba 5, | | Dodoo 358
Lepiataspis elegantula .... os = 5500 ED eet ets 359
Huacanthus papuensis .... » Jassidee ; » Lettigonielline .. 360
Jeltaomia HOSS. so665066 60 35 AS mp Gnyowaines So oca5 360
Synonymy :—
Family Membracide ; Subfamily Centrotine.
Otinotus pallipes Walk. (Centrotus)=Centrotus tibialis Walk.=C. ramivitta
Weil: (US ))=iCe camatosms Weil, (WISDY os 4ocdennseeccnoue dodbosas 356
n 4 a : ; i :
THIS collection contains 93 species, of which 18 are described as new, and require
the erection of 5 new genera, None of these new genera and species was contained
* Communicated by W. R. Ocitvim-Granz, F.Z.S.
VOL. XX.—PART XI. No. 1.—November, 1914. 3B
(Sb)
36 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
in the first collection received and described in a paper I published in 1911 (Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond.) and to which reference only is made in this communication.
I have dealt with the geographical distribution of the genera under their respective
names and references.
Suborder HETEROPTERA.
Family PENTATOMID&.
Subfamily Scutellerine.
Genus TEcTOcORIS.
Tectocoris Hahn, Wanz. Insect. ii. p. 383 (1834).
A genus found in the Malayan, Papuan, and Australasian regions.
1. TrcTOcORIS LINEOLA.
Cimex lineola Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 840 (1781).
Var. CYANIPES.
Scutellera eyanipes Blanch. Hist. des Ins. iii. p. 159 (1840).
Mimika River.
Genus CALLIPHARA.
Calliphara part. Germ. Zeitschr. Ent. i. p. 122 (1839).
Found in the Oriental, Malayan, Papuan, and Australasian regions ; also received
from China.
2. CALLIPHARA BILLARDIEREI.
Tetyra billardierit Fabr. Syst. Rhynch. p. 129 (1808).
Utakwa River Expedition.
3. CALLIPHARA FLAGRANS.
Tetrarthria flagrans Walk. Cat. Het. i. p. 24 (1867).
Wataikwa River.
Subfamily Pentatomine.
Genus MIMIKANA.
Mimikana Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 592.
At present only known from New Guinea.
4. MIMIKANA WOLLASTONI.
Mimikana wollastoni Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 598, pl. xlix. fig, 4.
Mimika River.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. Spy A
Genus ELpMana.
Elemena Dist. Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1911, p. 593.
At present only known from New Guinea.
5. ELEMANA PROPRIA.
Elemana propria Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 594, pl. xlix. fig. 6.
Mimika River.
Genus CocroTERis.
Coctoteris Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1858, p. 435.
A genus only known from the Papuan regions.
6. CocrorEeRIs WINTHEMI.
Halys winthemii Guér. Voy. Coq., Ins. p. 170, pl. x1. fig. 18 (1830).
Wataikwa River ; Utakwa River Expedition.
Genus Ecrenvs.
Ectenus Dall. List Hem. i. p. 173 (1851).
The species belonging to this genus are principally from the Philippine Islands; it
is also found in the Moluccas and Queensland.
7. ECTrENUS PUDICUS.
Ectenus pudicus Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) v. p. 167 (1865).
Mimika River; Utakwa River Expedition. Originally described from the Moluccas.
Genus ANTESTIA.
Antestia Stal, Hem. Afr. 1. p. 200 (1864).
Found in the Ethiopian, Oriental, Malayan, and Australasian regions.
8. ANTESTIA SEMIVIRIDIS.
Strachia semiviridis Walk. Cat. Het. ii. p. 336 (1867).
Mimika River; Launch Camp, Setakwa, Utakwa River Expedition. Originally
described from New Guinea; also received from Celebes.
Genus CATACANTHUS.
Catacanthus Spin. Ess. p. 352 (1837).
Found in the Oriental, Malayan, Papuan, and Australasian regions ; also in China
and Japan.
338 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
9. CATACANTHUS SUMPTUOSUS.
Catacanthus sumptuosus Dohrn, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxiv. p. 348 (1863).
Utakwa River Expedition. Originally described from the Aru Islands.
10. CatacaANTHUS VIOLARIUS.
Catacanthus violarius Stal, Enum. Hem. v. p. 89 (1876).
Utakwa River Expedition. Originally described from Waigiu ; also received from
Humboldt Bay.
Subfamily Tessaratomine.
Genus LyRAMORPHA.
Lyramorpha Westw. in Hope Cat. Hem. i. p. 27 (1837).
A genus found in the Papuan and Australasian regions.
11. LyRaMORPHA DILUTA.
Lyramorpha diluta Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 598.
Wataikwa River.
Genus ONCOMERIS.
Oncomeris Lap. Hss. Hém. p. 60 (1882).
Found in both the Papuan and Australasian regions.
12. ONCOMERIS FLAVICORNIS.
Tessaratoma flavicorne Boisd. Voy. Astrol., Ent. ii. p. 631, pl. u1. fig. 10 (1835).
Utakwa River Expedition.
Genus PLISTHENES.
Plisthenes Stal, Hem. Afr. i. p. 224 (1864).
This genus is found in the Malayan, Papuan, and Australasian regions.
13. PLISTHENES DILATATUS.
Tessaraioma dilatatum Montrouz. Ann. 8. Agr. Lyon (2) vii. p. 100 (1855).
Base Camp to Canor Camp, sea-level to foot of hills.
Subfamily Dinidorine.
Genus MEGYMENUM.
Megymenum Lap. Ess. Hém., p. 52 (1832).
Found in the Oriental, Malayan, Papuan, and Australasian regions.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
(SP)
(Sb)
ite)
14. MEGYMENUM DENTATUM.
Megymenum dentatum Boisd. Voy. Astrol., Ins, ii. p. 682, pl. i1. fig. 11 (1835).
Utakwa River Expedition.
FOLENGUS, gen. nov.
Body longer than broad, slightly convex, thickly and minutely punctate; head
about as long as breadth between eyes, which are distinctly substylately produced, an
obscure tuberculous spine on each side in front of eyes; central lobe slightly projecting
beyond the lateral lobes, apices of lateral lobes rounded; antennz four-jointed, first
joint thickened and about reaching apex of head, second thickened, compressed,
obscurely sulcate, and considerably the longest, third and fourth shorter, subequal in
length, but each longer than first ; rostrum passing the posterior coxe ; pronotum
broader than long, anterior and posterior margins subtruncate, the lateral margins
oblique and moderately sinuate ; scutellum not passing the middle of abdomen, about
as long as broad at base, apex rounded; abdomen beneath moderately centrally
longitudinally sulcately impressed on basal half, spiracles on the basal ventral segment
exposed, not hidden by the metasternum, and placed on the segmental margin; legs
moderately stout, femora with a rudimentary tuberculous spine beneath at apex; tarsi
two-jointed ; membrane almost reaching abdominal apex, about as long as corium,
with five longitudinal veins becoming much ramified at a short distance from base.
I place this genus near Thalma Wali., from which it differs in the different position
of the lobes of the head, the porrect eyes and the short tuberculous spine in front of
them, longer rostrum, ete.
15. FoLENGUS PAPUENSIS, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 17, 17 a.)
Black, thickly finely punctate ; apical joint of antenne (excluding base) brownish
ochraceous ; basal margin of head almost impunctate; scuteilum slightly transversely
wrinkled on basal half; connexivum exposed from about middle of corium and finely
eranulate; membrane somewhat piceous towards apex ; other structural characters as
in generic diagnosis.
Long. 15 mm. Max. breadth 95 mm.
Utakwa River Expedition.
Family COREID &.
Subfamily Coreinz.
Genus PTERNISTRIA.
Pternistria Stal, Enum. Hem. iii. p. 43 (1873).
Found in the Papuan and Australasian regions.
340 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
16. PrERNISTRIA FEMORALIS.
Pternistria femoralis Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 594, pl. xlix. fig. 2.
Mimika River.
Genus Mictis.
Mictis Leach, Zool. Mise. i. p. 92 (1814).
A widely distributed genus; found in the Ethiopian, Oriental, Malayan, Australasian,
and Eastern Paleearctic regions.
17. MictIs MILITARIS.
Mictis militaris Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 595, pl. xlix. fig. 5.
Wataikwa River.
Genus PRIOCNEMICORIS.
Priocnemicoris Costa, Rend. Ac. Nap. ii. p. 253 (1863).
A Papuan genus.
18. PRIOCNEMICORIS FLAVICEPS.
Nematopus flaviceps Guér. Voy. Coq., Ins. p. 177, pl. xii. fig. 10 (1880).
Mimika River. Recorded also from Mysol and Aru.
Genus CoLPURA.
Lybas Dall. List Hem. ii. pp. 450 & 463 (1852), nom preocc.
Colpura Bergr. Rev. Ent. Frane. xiii. p. 154 (1894), nom. n.
Found in the Oriental and Malayan regions.
19. CoLPURA FASCIPES.
Lybas fascipes Walk. Cat. Het. iv. p. 152 (1871).
Launch Camp, Setakwa.
Genus PENDULINUS.
Pendulinus Thunb. (part.), Hem. rostr. Cap. iv. p. 5 (1822).
This genus is found in the Ethiopian, Oriental, Malayan, and Australasian regions.
20. PENDULINUS LUTESCENS.
Pendulinus lutescens Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vi. p. 581 (1911).
Mimika River. Originally described from Queensland.
Subfamily Alydine
Genus Marctus.
Marcius Stal, Hem. Afr. ii. p. 7 (1865).
At present only known from the Papuan region and the Philippine Islands.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 341
21. MARCIUS GENEROSUS.
Marcius generosus Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1865, p. 186.
Mimika River.
Family PYRRHOCORIDA.
Subfamily Largine.
Genus PHYSOPELTA.
Physopelta Amy. & Serv. Hém. p. 271 (1848).
A genus found in the Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australasian regions ; also received
from China.
22. PHYSOPELTA FAMELICA.
Physopelta famelica Stal, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. vii. p. 391 (1863).
Launch Camp, Setakwa, Utakwa River Expedition. Also recorded from Ceram and
Woodlark Islands, and from Queensland.
Subfamily Pyrrhocorine.
Genus Ecrators.
Ectatops Amy. & Serv. Hém. p. 273 (1843).
Distributed throughout the Oriental region, and extending through the Malayan
Archipelago to New Guinea.
23. EcTATOPS GRACILICORNIS.
Ectatops gracilicornis Stal, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. vii. p. 396 (18638).
Mimika River.
Genus DyYNAMENAIS,
Dynamenais Kirk. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 343.
Found in New Guinea and some adjacent islands.
24, DYNAMENAIS VENUSTUS.
Ectatops venustus Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 26 (1873).
Base Camp to Canor Camp, sea-level to foot of hills.
Genus MELAMPHAUS.
Melamphaus Stal, Hem. Fabr. i. p. 83 (1868).
Found throughout the Oriental region and Malayan Archipelago.
(3%)
re
LO
MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
25, MELAMPHAUS CIRCUMDATUS.
Melamphaus circumdatus Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 16 (1873).
Mimika River; Utakwa River Expedition; Upper Utakwa Valley, 5000-10,000 ft.
Genus DINDYMUS.
Dindymus Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. 1861, p. 196.
Found in the Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australasian regions.
26. DINDYMUS PYROCHROUS.
Dysdercus pyrochrous Boisd. Voy. Astrol., Ent. ii. p. 642, pl. xi. fig. 9 (1835).
Mimika River; Launch Camp, Setakwa, Utakwa River Expedition.
27. DINDYMUS DECOLOR.
Dindymus decolor Bredd. Deuts. ent. Zeitschr. 1900, p. 178.
Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft.; Base Camp to Canor Camp, sea-level to foot of
hills; Upper Utakwa Valley, 5000-10,000 ft.
28. DINDYMUS DECISUS.
Dindymus decisus Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 5 (1873).
Mimika River.
29. DinpDYMUS cRa@suUS, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 9.)
Pale golden yellow; head, anterior lobe of pronotum (not reaching lateral margins),
scutellum, sternum (excluding lateral margins), rostrum, antenne, and legs black ;
first joint of antenne subequal in length to fourth, second and third shorter, second
slightly longer than third; head glossy black; pronotum with the anterior black area
distinctly margined with fine punctures, the anterior lateral marginal areas laminately
reflexed, the posterior angles somewhat rounded ; rostrum passing the posterior coxe ;
anterior femora with two or three distinct spines before apex ; first joint of tarsi longer
than remaining joints together.
Long. 123-18 mm.
Upper Utakwa Valley, 5000-10,000 ft. ; Snow Mts. 4000-6000 ft.; Base Camp to
Canor Camp, sea-level to foot of hills. Brit. New Guinea, Madew, St. Joseph River,
2000-3000 ft.
In most female specimens the colour of the abdomen beneath is stained and of a
greenish-ochreous hue; in one small specimen the disk of the abdomen beneath is
black; the membrane varies in hue from pale golden yellow to greyish white.
(5%)
ys
(Se)
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
DINDYMOIDES, gen. nov.
Dindymus Stal (sec. aa & c), Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1870, p. 666.
Type D. variabilis, Stal.
30. DINDYMOIDES ABDOMINALIS, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 10.)
Head, pronotum, scutellum, sternum, and rostrum black; corium pale testaceous,
the basal area black, the middle of costal area pale ochraceous; membrane pale,
shining bronzy ; abdomen beneath pale silvery white, with prominent black transverse
segmental fascie ; intermediate legs black, the tibiz more piceous (remaining legs
mutilated in typical specimen); all the black markings are glossy and shining
excepting the pronotum, scutellum, and base of corium, which are more opaque ;
antenne black, fourth joint (excluding apex) greyish white, first and fourth joints
longest and subequal in length, second distinctly longer than third; pronotum with
the lateral margins distinctly laminately reflexed; clavus distinctly punctate ; rostrum
passing the posterior coxe.
Long. 16 mm.
Utakwa River Expedition.
Genus DyspErcvs.
Dysdercus Amy. & Serv. Hém. p. 272 (1843).
Widely distributed, found in all the principal zoological regions.
31. DYSDERCUS MESIOSTIGMATUS.
Dysdercus mesiostigma Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 483, pl. xiii. fig. 12.
Launch Camp, Setakwa, Utakwa River Expedition.
Family ARADID &.
Genus Barcints.
Barcinus Stal, Kn. Hem. iu. pp. 140 & 142 (1878).
A genus probably extending throughout the whole of the Malayan region.
32. BARCINUS POLYACANTHUS.
Crimia polyacantha Walk. Cat. Het. vil. p. 17 (1873).
Mimika River.
Genus Mezira.
Mezira Amy. & Serv. Hém. p. 305 (1843).
Universally distributed.
VOL. XX.—PART XI. No. 2.—November, 1914. 3G
344 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
33. MuzIRA MEMBRANACEUS.
Aradus membranaceus Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 118 (1803).
Mimika River.
Family REDUVIID&.
Subfamily Stenopodine.
Genus ONCOCEPHALUS.
Oncocephalus Klug, Symb. Phys. ii* (1830).
This genus is found in the Nearctic, Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australasian
regions.
34, ONCOCEPHALUS ANNULIPES.
Oncocephalus annulipes Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1855, p- 44.
Mimika River. }
A very widely distributed species.
Subfamily Harpactorine.
Genus SPHEDANOLESTES.
Sphedanolestes Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1866, pp. 284 & 288.
Found in the Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions.
35. SPHEDANOLESTES VERECUNDUS.
Reduvius verecundus Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1863, p. 38.
Mimika River.
36. SPHEDANOLESTES MELANOCEPHALUS.
Reduvius ? melanocephalus Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1863, p. 39.
Launch Camp, Setakwa, Utakwa River Expedition.
O1iginally described from Aru.
Genus Evacoras.
Fwagoras Burm. (part.), Handb. ii. p. 226 (1835).
A genus found in the Oriental and Papuan regions.
37. EUAGORAS DORYCUS.
Zelus dorycus Boisd. Voy. Astrol., Ins, ii. p. 645, pl. xi. fig. 21 (1835).
Mimika River.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 345
Genus PALOPTUs.
Paloptus Stal, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxii. pp. 180 & 133 (1861).
A Papuan genus.
38. PALOPTUS sp.
A single specimen.
Utakwa River Expedition.
Genus PRISTHESANCUS.
_Pristhesancus Amy. & Serv. Hém. p. 360 (1843).
Found in the Oriental, Papuan, and Australasian regions.
39. PRISTHESANCUS INCONSPICUUS.
Pristhesancus inconspicuus Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 598, pl. xlix. figs. 1, 14.
Wataikwa River.
Genus Hetonotts.
Helonotus Amy. & Serv. Hém. p. 361 (1848).
A Papuan and Australasian genus.
40. H&LONOTUS VERSICOLOR.
Helonotus versicolor Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 598, pl. xlix. figs. 3, 3a.
Wataikwa River; Canor Camp, Utakwa River, Base Camp, sea-level to foot of hills.
Family PELOGONIDG4. .
Subfamily Mononychinz.
Genus Mononyx.
Mononyx Lap. Hss. Hém. p. 16 (1832).
Found in the Neotropical, Australasian, and Oriental regions.
41. Mononyx MIXTUS.
Mononyx mixtus Montand. Bull. Soc. Bucarest, viii. p. 404 (1899);
Mimika River; Upper Utakwa Valley, 5000-10,000 ft.
42. MOoNONYX LATICOLLIS.
Mononyz laticolns Guér. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 114.
Mimika River; Canor Camp, Base Camp, sea-level to foot of hills.
[S¥)
Q
bo
346 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
Suborder HOMOPTERA.
Family Crcapip2#.
Genus COSMOPSALTRIA.
Cosmopsaltria Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866).
Found throughout the Oriental and Malayan regions; also recorded from Corea
and Japan.
43. COSMOPSALTRIA DORYCA.
Cicada doryca Boisd. Voy. Astrol., Ent. 11. p. 609, pl. x. fig. 3 (1835).
Mimika River. 3
Genus DicrRopyaa.
Diceropyga Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1870, p. 708 note.
A genus found in the Malayan Archipelago and Papuan regions.
44, DICEROPYGA OBTECTA.
Tettigonia obtecta Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 35 (1803).
Mimika River.
Genus Ba&TuRIA.
Beturia Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 9 (1866).
A genus found in the Malayan Archipelago, and in the Papuan and Australasian
regions.
45, Barurta CONVIVA.
Cicada conviva Stal, Stett. ent.' Zeit. xxi. p. 152 (1861).
Mimika River.
46. B&TURIA EXHAUSTA.
Cicada exhausta Guér. Voy. Coq., Ins. p. 181, pl. x. fig. 6 (1830).
Mimika River.
Genus LEMBESA.
Lembeja Dist. Mon. Orient. Cicad. pp. 103 & 147 (1892), nom. n.
Perissoneura Dist. Proc. Zoo). Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 189, nom. preoce.
Found in the Malayan Archipelago and Papuan regions.
47. LEMBEJA CRASSA.
Lembeja crassa Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 395, pl. x. fig. 7.
Mimika River.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 347
Family FULGORID &.
Subfamily Fulgorine.
Genus ULAsraA.
Ulasia Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (8) i. p. 578 (1863).
A Papuan genus.
48. ULASIA SAUNDERSI.
Ulasia saundersi Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1. p. 579 (1863).
Utakwa River. Originally described from Aru and Waigiu. A specimen from
Roon Island is also in the British Museum.
Genus APHENA.
Aphena Guér. Voy. ‘Coquille,’ Zool. ii. (2) i, p. 184 (1832) ; Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)
xviii. p. 24 (1906).
A Papuan genus.
49. APHANA FUSCATA.
Encophora fuscata Spin. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. p. 229, t. xii. fig. 2 (1839).
Utakwa River. Specimens from Andai Islands (Doherty) are also in the British
Museum,
00. APHENA REVERSA.
Ulasia reversa Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 99 (1870).
Mimika River; Base Camp, sea-level. Also known from the Island of Aru,
Genus Myria.
Myrilla Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 487.
A Papuan genus.
O1. MyYRILLA OBSCURA, var.
Myrilla obscura var. Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1912, p. 600.
Mimika River.
52. MYRILLA PAPUANA,.
Myrilla papuana Dist. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xviii. p. 29 (1907).
Wataikwa River.
348 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
Subfamily Dictyopharine.
Genus KassERoTA.
Kasserota Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xviii. p. 350 (1906).
A Papuan genus.
53. KassEROTA ALBOSPARSA.
Kasserota albosparsa Melich. Act. Soc. Ent. Bohem. 1913, pp. 155 & 158.
Head, pronotum, mesonotum, face, clypeus, and anterior and intermediate legs
black; abdomen above castaneous, abdomen beneath and posterior legs sanguineous,
abdominal apex black; tegmina very dark fuscous, the venation black, the whole
surface more or less speckled with bluish pile, and with a prominent subapical white
spot near the middle of apical margin; wings with about basal half pale fuliginous,
apical area pale bronzy brown, the venation black; face considerably longer than
broad, lateral margins parallel, very slightly. narrowed before clypeus, strongly
centrally longitudinally tricarinate, the lateral carinations a little convex and convexly
united at base; rostrum slightly passing the posterior coxe ; femora profoundly sulcate,
posterior tibize with three long spines beyond middle, and slightly tuberculate at base.
Var.—Tegmina pale bronzy brown instead of dark fuscous.
Long., excl. tegm., ¢ 94, 9 13 mm. Exp. tegm., ¢ 30; 2 35 mm.
Canor Camp, Utakwa River; Base Camp, sea-level.
Allied to K. pupillata Stal, and K. doreyensis Dist.
I originally regarded this as a new species, but have just received Dr. Melichar’s
paper on the genus which he has recently published. As, however, my description is
rather fuller and perhaps based on fresher specimens than were before Dr. Melichar,
I have let it stand, of course using his specific name. His type was from “ N, Guinea
S.E., Paumoma River”; the transverse fascize which he describes are only indicated in
two specimens of our series, and then only by one of the two he refers to—a_ basal
in one specimen, a discal in another.
Subfamily Tropiduchine.
Genus PaRIcANA,
Paricana Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. i. p. 158 (1857).
A Malayan and Papuan genus.
54. PARICANA CURVIFERA.
Paricana curvifera Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 288 (1907).
Wataikwa River.
Originally described from Aru, where it was discovered by Wallace.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 349
Subfamily Achiline.
Genus RuHora.a.
Rhotala Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. i. p. 152 (1857).
A Malayan and Papuan genus.
55. RHOTALA ALBOPUNCTATA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 1,1.)
Body and legs pale castaneous brown, abdomen above greyishly tomentose ; tegmina
brownish ochraceous, with darker mottlings especially on costal membrane, on disk
some castaneous patches containing two or three white spots, the apical area paler and
less mottled ; wings milky white, the venation ochraceous ; face centrally and laterally
carinate, much longer than broad, narrowed anteriorly; clypeus centrally carinate ;
vertex of head centrally excavate; pronotum with the disk raised and tricarinate and
continued above base of head to near anterior margins of eyes ; mesonotum tricarinate ;
tegmina narrow, three times as long as broad ; wings about twice as broad as tegmina ;
posterior tibize with about six distinct spines.
Long., excl. tegm., 12 mm. Exp. tegm. 22 mm.
Upper Utakwa Valley, 5000-10,000 ft.
Allied to the Bornean species, &. delineata Wall.
56. RHOTALA NEBULOSA, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 2, 2 a.)
Body and legs somewhat pale ochraceous; eyes and a spot at lateral anterior angles
of pronotum castaneous; abdomen above more or less greyishly tomentose ; face,
clypeus, and lateral areas of sternum castaneous, anterior margin of face ochraceous ;
tegmina greyish white with small fuscous speckles, large fuscous spots in costal
membrane, some of which are posteriorly callous and stramineous, a large fuscous spot
on disk containing two small stramineous callosities, two smaller fuscous spots near
base, posterior claval margin smally spotted with fuscous; wings milky-white, the
veins and apical margin ochraceous; face centrally and laterally carinate, much longer
than broad, narrowed anteriorly ; clypeus centrally carinate ; pronotum with the disk
raised, tricarinate and also transversely carinate near apex, anteriorly produced and
almost reaching anterior margins of eyes; mesonotum tricarinate; abdomen above
distinctly, centrally, longitudinally sulcate ; posterior tibize with about six distinct
spines.
Long., excl. tegm., 10 mm. Exp. tegm. 26 mm.
Upper Utakwa Valley, 5000-10,000 ft.
Subfamily Derbinz.
Genus Heronax.
Heronax Kirk. Rept. Stat. Haw. Plant. Assoc. pt. ix. p. 431 (1906).
An Australasian genus.
350 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
57. HERONAX WOLLASTONI, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 7, 7a.)
Body and legs tawny white ; tegmina obscure greyish with opalescent, reflections, the
venation mostly black, the apical veins ochraceous; wings pale bluish opaline, the
venation brownish; vertex of head triangular, its disk excavate; face very narrow,
widened and excavate posteriorly; pronotum very short; mesonotum tricarinate ;
tegmina nearly three times as long as broad, moderately widened from base to apex.
Long., excl. tegm., 35 mm. Exp. tegm. 14 mm.
Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft.
Subfamily Ricaniine.
Genus RIcania.
Ricania Germ. Mag. Ent. i. p. 221 (1818).
A genus found in the East Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Malayan, Australasian,
and Neotropical regions. ;
58. RIcANIA PERSONATA.
Ricania (Ricanula) personata Melich. Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, xlix. p. 290 (1899).
Utakwa River, 3600 ft.
The type was founded on a specimen from Astrolabe Bay.
59. RICANIA BINOTATA.
Ricania binotata Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 149 (1870).
Mimika River. Canor Camp, Utakwa River. Base Camp, sea-level.
The species has also been received from Aru.
60. RICANIA CALIGINOSA.
Ricania caliginosa Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 144 (1870).
Utakwa River.
Originally described from Aru.
61. Ricanta Noctua, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 3, 3 a.)
?. Body black; vertex of head, margins and a central fascia to face, clypeus, and
legs pale castaneous; abdominal segmental margins beneath pale ochraceous; tegmina
black, more piceous on apical half, a small lunate spot on disk of basal area and the
apex of clavus pale castaneous, on costal membrane above the apex of radial area a
transverse whitish spot touching costal margin and attached to a smaller inner
ochraceous spot; wings piceous, the venation black; vertex of head with a central
carination, its lateral margins concavely oblique ; pronotum with a central longitudinal
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 351
carination ; mesonotum tricarinate, the central carination straight, the lateral ones
oblique, united before anterior margin and commencing a little before middle of lateral
margin; tegmina with the costal membrane moderately broad, the transverse veins
prominent and well separated, two transverse series of small veins on apical area which
form two very fine transverse subapical lines; clypeus centrally carinate.
Long., excl. tegm., 2,9 mm. Exp. tegm. 27 mm.
Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft.
62. RIcANIA SUBGLAUCA, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 4, 4a.)
Vertex, face, clypeus, pronotum, rostrum, legs and abdomen beneath, brownish
ochraceous; mesonotum and abdomen above black, obscurely bluishly tomentose,
abdominal segmental margins above and beneath pale ochraceous ; tegmina brownish,
bluishly tomentose but less so at apical marginal areas, a spot on disk of basal area,
and an elongate spot at apex of clavus, ochraceous; wings blackish with the venation
dark indigo-blue ; vertex broad, centrally carinate, the lateral margins slightly concave ;
pronotum obscurely tricarinate; mesonotum tricarinate, the central carination
straight and percurrent, the lateral ones meeting a little before anterior margin, and
again outwardly connected with the anterior margin; face tricarinate, the central
carination straight, the two other carinations a little curved and submarginal ; clypeus
centrally carinate.
Long., excl. tegm., 74 mm. Exp. tegm. 22 mm.
Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft.
63. RICANIA NIGRA.
Ricania nigra Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 150 (1870).
Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft.
Originally described from Morty, and since received from Ternate and from German
New Guinea (Cotton and Webster).
Genus EvRICANIA.
Euricania Melich. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xiii. p. 258 (1898).
This genus is found in the East Palearctic, Oriental, Malayan, and Australasian
regions.
64. EURICANIA STELLATA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 5, 5a.)
Body black; abdomen, clypeus, rostrum, tibiz, and tarsi brownish ochraceous,
abdominal segmental margins pale ochraceous; tegmina glossy, shining black; with a
central cretaceous spot and an elongate greyish spot on costal membrane above the
VOL. XX.—PART xI. No. 3.— November, 1914. 3D
352 MR..W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
apex of radial area and reaching costal margin, extreme costal and apical margins
ochraceous; wings fuliginous, the venation biack; vertex with a central arched carina
between the eyes; face tricarinate, the sublateral striations less distinct ; clypeus
centrally carinate ; mesonotum tricarinate, the lateral carinations curved but percurrent
and connected with the anterior margin by an additional carinate line; abdomen
centrally ridged ; tegmina with the costal membrane moderately broad, the transverse
veins distinct and well separated.
Long., excl. tegm., 7 mm. Exp. tegm. 25 mm.
Utakwa River; Base Camp, sea-level.
Allied to #. discigutta Walk. described from the Key Islands.
65. EURICANIA SPLENDIDA.
Ricania splendida Guér. Voy. ‘ Coquille, Zool. ii. p. 191, pl. x. fig. 10 (1830).
’ Mimika and Wataikwa Rivers; Base and Canor Camps, Utakwa River.
This species is also recorded from the Islands Dorey, Mysol, Key, and Sula.
Genus VARCcIA.
Varcia Sta), Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. 1870, p. 769.
Found in the Neotropical, Oriental, and Malayan regions.
66. VARCIA SORDIDA.
Varcia sordida Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iv. p. 336 (1909).
Mimika River.
Originally described from Aru.
Subfamily Flatine.
PAPUANELLA, gen. nov.
Head including eyes narrower than pronotum, vertex broader than long, anteriorly
triangularly acutely produced centrally and at anterior lateral angles; face broad, a
little longer than broad, behind eyes moderately angulate and then obliquely narrowed
to clypeus, centrally longitudinally carinate, the lateral margins moderately laminately
reflected, clypeus centrally carinate ; posterior legs mutilated in unique type; pronotum
narrower at apex than at base, centrally carinate, the base angularly concave;
mesonotum considerably longer than broad, obscurely tricarinate ; tegmina about one
and a half times longer than greater breadth, apical margin truncate, posterior angle
not produced, apical angle rounded, moderately transversely veined, apical veins
furcate at their apices, costal membrane wider than apical area and rather thickly
transversely veined, claval area granulose and with obscure transverse veins in its
upper area; wings about as broad as tegmina.
I place this genus in my division Nephesaria.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 393
67. PAPUANELLA MIRABILIS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 6, 6a.)
Body above ochraceous; anterior and lateral margins of pronotum and apical area of
abdomen pale bluish green; head beneath and sternum greyish; lateral margins and
central carination to face testaceous; clypeus and legs ochraceous, the tibize more
testaceous in hue; abdomen beneath virescent, its apex ochraceous ; tegmina bright
bluish green, a large discal suffusion and the claval margin ochraceous; wings milky-
white with the veins pale virescent; structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long., excl. tegm.,6 mm. Exp. tegm. 19 mm.
Utakwa River; sea-level.
Genus OKENANA.
Okenana Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 600.
At present only known from Dutch New Guinea.
68. ORENANA LYCAINA.
Okenana lycena Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 601, pl. xlix. figs. 8, 8 a.
Wataikwa River.
UTAKWANA, gen. nov.
Head much longer than broad, subacutely produced, including eyes a little narrower
than pronotum, centrally carinately ridged, the lateral margins also carinately
reflexed ; face concave, much longer than broad, the lateral margins prominent;
clypeus long, slender, convex, centrally carinate at base ; pronotum very much broader
than long, centrally tricarinate, the lateral areas obliquely deflected, posterior margin
concave, the lateral margins truncate and prominent ; mesonotum considerably longer
than broad, tricarinate, the carinations united posteriorly ; tegmina slightly broader
than wings, apically ampliate, the costal margin arched and convex, apical margin
truncate, its posterior angle strongly, angularly produced, costal membrane nearly as
broad as radial area, the former prominently but not closely transversely veined, the
latter only transversely veined on apical area, the disk sparsely minutely granulate, the
claval area distinctly granulate; wings with one or two transverse veins near apex.
Allied to Siphantoides Dist., an Australian genus.
69. UTAKWANA RUBROMACULATA, sp.n. (PI. XXXIV. figs. 8, 8 a.)
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale virescent, abdomen greyish brown; face
greyish, the margins a little darker; legs ochraceous or greyish brown; tegmina
virescent, finely spotted with sauguineous, the larger spots being three central ones in
longiwudinal series, apical margin and inner margin beyond clavus closely spotted with
i 2
3D 2
354 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
sanguineous, the granules in claval area also of that colour; wings milky-white ;
structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long., excl. tegm., 7 mm. Exp. tegm. 16 mm.
Utakwa River; sea-level.
Genus PHyMorpgs.
Phymoides Dist. Rec. Ind. Mus. v. p. 326 (1910).
A Papuan genus.
70. PHYMOIDES RUBROMACULATUS.
Phymoides rubromaculatus Dist. Rec. Ind. Mus. v. p. 326, pl. xxii. figs. 2, 2a (1910).
Utakwa River, Base Camp.
The specimens received from Dutch New Guinea have the ground-colour of the
tegmina of a very pale rosaceous tint compared with the creamy-white hue of
the type.
The species was originally described from the Aru Islands.
Genus NEODAKSHA.
Neodaksha Dist. Rec. Ind. Mus. v. p. 828 (1910).
This genus is at present only known from New Guinea.
71. NEODAKSHA QUADRIGUTTATA.
Flata quadriguttata Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 179 (1870).
Neodaksha quadriguttata Dist. Rec. Ind. Mus. v. p. 828, pl. xxii. figs. 9, 9a (1910).
Utakwa River, Canor Camp.
Genus NocRoMNA.
Neocromna Dist. Rec. Ind. Mus. v. p. 829 (1910).
A Papuan genus.
72. NEOCROMNA BISTRIGUTTATA.
Nephesa bistriguttata Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (8) i. p. 591 (1863).
Utakwa River, Canor Camp.
Also found in the Aru Islands.
Genus PaRATELLA.
Paratella Melich. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xvii. p. 117 (1902).
A Papuan and Australasian genus ; one species recorded from Borneo by Melichar.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 390
73. PARATELLA INTACTA.
Nephesa intacta Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 171 (1870).
Base Camp; sea-level.
Originally described from Aru,
74. PARATELLA DECOLOR.
Nephesa decolor Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 176 (1870).
Cromna chlorospila, var. decolor Melich. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xvii. p. 61 (1902).
Sephena rufilinea Melich. (part.), loc. cit. p. 127.
Paratella roseoalba Melich. loc. cit. p. 119.
Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft.
Also recorded from Mysol, Waigiu, and Roon.
75. PARATELLA ERRUDITA.
Paratella errudita Melich. Ann, Hofmus. Wien, xvii. p. 118 (1902).
Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft.
Originally described from New Guinea.
76. PARATELLA SPECTRA, sp. 0.
Body and legs greyish white slightly tinted with pale ochraceous; tegmina and
wings milky-white, the veins concolorous; pronotum centrally carinate, mesonotum
tricarinate ; tegmina with the costal membrane nearly as broad as radial area, the disk
with obscure transverse veins which become more pronounced towards apical area.
Long., excl. tegm., 10 mm. Exp. tegm. 30 mm.
Base Camp ; sea-level.
The body of this specimen is unfortunately too compressed to afford minute
structural description.
77. PARATELLA IODIPENNIS.
Ricania iodipennis Guér. Voy. ‘Coquille,’ Zool. ii. p. 191 (1830).
Utakwa River.
Originally described from New Guinea.
GRAPALDUS, gen. nov.
Head almost as broad as long, the anterior margin centrally angularly incised, the
lateral anterior angles thus appearing broadly angularly prominent, an anterior
transversely rounded carination centrally reaching the anterior margin, and the lateral
and anterior margins carinate, on basal area two distinct callosities ; face longer than
broad, concave, lateral margins laminately reflexed, anterior margin centrally angularly
356 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
excavate, clypeus posteriorly broadly carinate; pronotum at base a little broader than
long, centrally longitudinally depressed, anterior margin truncate, posterior margin
angularly concave, lateral margins obliquely rounded; mesonotum with the disk
centrally flattened into a broad longitudinal process, the margins of which are a little
upwardly raised; tegmina about twice as broad as long, the costal membrane about or
a little more than four times as broad as radial area, strongly arched at base, strongly
transversely veined, the tegmina are broader at base than at apex where they are
roundly obliquely truncate, posterior claval angle broad, the whole venation coarse
and prominent; wings about as broad as tegmina; posterior tibiae with a distinct
subapical spine.
This genus belongs to the Division Flatoidesaria, and is allied to the genus Uxantis
Stal, from which it differs in the distinct structure of the head.
78. GRAPALDUS CORTICINUS, sp.n. (PI. XXXIV. figs. 11, 11a.)
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dark brownish ochraceous, the interior of
the anterior angular areas of the vertex black; mesonotum with blackish
suffusions, its posterior angle very pale ochraceous; abdomen above pale ochraceous
with greenish suffusions; body beneath and legs greyish, with pale greenish and
ochraceous suffusions; tegmina pale tawny brown, the venation more ochraceous and
in some places darkly speckled, the apical areas are also obscurely darkly maculate ;
wings greyish with pale bluish opaline lustre; structural characters as in generic
diagnosis.
Long., excl. tegm., 10 mm. Exp. tegm. 28 mm.
Base Camp ; sea-level.
Family MEMBRACID&.
Subfamily Centrotine.
Genus OTINOTUS.
Otinotus Buckt. Monogr. Membrac. p. 232 (1903); Dist. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rhyneh. iv.
p- 39 (1907).
79. OTINOTUS PALLIPES.
Ceniroius pallipes Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 185 (1870).
Otinotus palliyes Buckt. Monogr. Membrae. p. 282, pl. li. figs. 4, 4.4@ (1908).
Cenirotus tibialis Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc, Lond., Zool. x. p. 188 (1870).
Centrotus ramivitia Walk. MS.?
Centrolus semiclusus Walk. MS, ?
Utakwa River, 2500 to 3000 ft. Also received from Batchian and Mysol.
I am unable to find references for the names ramivitta and semiclusus Walk., of
which specimens thus labelled are in the British Museum.
CO
“I
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 3
Genus IBICEPS.
Ibiceps Buckt. Mon. Membrac. p. 238 (1903).
Buckton has not denoted his type and has included some heterogeneous species under
his generic name. His first species enumerated is falcatus Walk. (described under
that name as a new species). But this species was previously used by Goding as the
type of his genus Hufrenchia (1903), while Stal for Sertorius (1866), first described
S. curvicornis (1869), which is a synonym of Centrotus falcatus Walk. To prevent
further confusion I propose J. ansatus Buckt. (a synonym of alticeps Walk.) as the
type of his genus Lbiceps.
80. IBICEPS ALTICEPS.
Centrotus albiceps Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 183 (1870).
Ibiceps ansatus Buckt. Mon. Membrac. p. 239 (1903).
Mimika River.
Genus SARANTUS.
Sarantus Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) i. p. 592 (1863).
81. SARANTUS WALLACEI.
Sarantus wallacet Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) i. p. 592 (1863).
Mimika River.
Family CERCOPID &.
Subfamily Cercopinz.
Genus AUFIDUS.
Aufidus Stal, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. (3) i. p. 594 (1868).
A Papuan and Australasian genus.
82. AUFIDUS BALTEATUS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 12, 12 a.)
Body and legs dark shining ochraceous ; a transverse fascia at base of head between
eyes, a transverse fascia at base and narrow posterior lateral margins to pronotum,
a transverse spot at each basal angle of scutellum and apex of same, a rounded
elevated spot on each side of exposed metanotum, and basal suffusions to abdomen
above, black ; anterior tibiz and the tarsi more or less fuscous or black ; tegmina with
the basal area bright ochraceous, containing a small black spot near base and followed
by a broad transverse fascia before middle, remaining area brownish ochraceous, with a
subcostal transverse pale greyish spot, and some pale fuscous suffusions near apex;
wings pale fuliginous, the veins and basal area dark fuscous, extreme base ochraceous ;
eyes black ; face globosely compressed, centrally longitudinally sulcate; vertex of head
358 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON RHYNCHOTA
moderately concave and wrinkled; pronotum finely wrinkled; posterior tibie with
a strong spine beyond middle.
Long., excl. tegm.,6 mm. Exp. tegm, 22 mm.
Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft.
Allied to A. tripars Walk.
83. AUFIDUS HILARIS.
Aufidus hilaris Walk. Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., Zool. x. p. 285 (1870).
Wataikwa River.
Genus Eoscarra.
Foscarta Bredd. Soc. Ent. xvii. p. 58 (1902).
A genus found in British India, the Malayan Archipelago, and Australia.
84. EoscaRTA RUFA.
Triecphora rufa Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 289 (1870).
Utakwa River, 3000 ft.
Originally described from New Guinea.
Genus CosMOSCARTA.
Cosmoscarta Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 11 (1869).
A genus found in the Oriental, Malayan, and Eastern Palearctic regions.
85. CosMOscARTA SEQUENS,
Cercopis sequens Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 285 (1870).
Wataikwa River.
Genus HoMALOSTETHUS.
Homalostethus Schmidt, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxii. p. 52 (1911).
A Malayan and Papuan genus.
86. HOMALOSTETHUS MIMIKENSIS.
Cosmoscarta mimikensis Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 602, pl. xlix. fig. 10.
Mimika River; Launch Camp, Setakwa, Utakwa River Expedition.
Genus MEGASTETHODON.
Megastethodon Schmidt, Stett. ent. Zeit. Ixxii. p. 68 (1911).
Apparently confined to the Papuan Islands.
87. MEGASTETHODON MODESTUS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 15.)
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black; abdomen above ochraceous; exposed
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 309
mesonotum black ; body beneath black ; legs brownish ochraceous, the femora darker ;
tegmira black, the apical area pale castaneous, four small ochraceous spots on lower
half and a little beyond middle, two above and two below the claval suture ; wings pale
bronzy brown, the veins darker; ocelli a little nearer to eyes than to each other;
pronotum finely punctate, and with a strong central longitudinal ridge; rostrum
reaching the intermediate cox; posterior tibiee with two spines, a short one near base
and a very strong one beyond middle.
Long., excl. tegm., 14 mm. Exp. tegm. 42 mm.
Utakwa River.
By the longitudinal ridge to the pronotum allied to WM. roderti Lallem.
88. MEGASTETHODON DIVISUS.
Cercopis divisa Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. x. p. 279 (1870).
Mimika River.
Genus LEpraTaspis.
Leptataspis Schmidt, Stett. ent. Zeit. lxxi. p. 81 (1911).
A genus found in the Andamans, Ceylon, Cambodia, Malayan and Papuan regions.
89. LEPTATASPIS DISCOLOR.
Cercopis discolor Guér. in Boisd. Voy. Astrol., Ent. p. 619, pl. x. fig. 11 (18<5).
Wataikwa River; Utakwa River Expedition.
90. LEPTATASPIS WATAIKWENSIS.
Cosmoscarta wataikwensis Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 603, pl. xlix. fig. 11.
Wataikwa River; Launch Camp, Setakwa, Utakwa River Expedition.
91. LEPTATASPIS ELEGANTULA, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 16.)
Head brownish ochraceous, ocelli stramineous; pronotum black, the margins
narrowly brownish ochraceous; scutellum brownish ochraceous, its margins paler ;
sternum and abdomen beneath black; legs brownish ochraceous, intermediate and
posterior femora piceous; tegmina pale shining castaneous, apical area black, the
castaneous area spotted with ochraceous, viz., two spots in costal membrane, three on
disk—one inwardly, two outwardly—a large elongate spot at base of clavus, a rounded
spot near its apex, and a smaller median spot above the claval vein; wings fuliginous,
the base narrowly ochraceous, venation black; head about as long as broad, deeply
impressed on both sides before eyes ; face globosely compressed ; posterior tibiae with
a strong spine beyond middle; pronotum with a slender central longitudinal carination,
the lateral margins reflexed.
Long., excl. tegm., 12 mm. Exp. tegm. 33 mm,
Canor Camp, Utakwa River.
VOL. XX.—PaRT xI. No. 4.—WNovember, 1914. 35
(3)
(=P)
S
RHYNCHOTA COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
Family Jassipa@.
Subfamily Tettigonielline.
Genus EvAcANTHUS.
Kuacanthus Lep. & Serv. Enc. Méth. x. p. 612 (1825).
A genus found both in the Palearctic and Oriental regions.
92. EUACANTHUS PAPUENSIS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 15, 13 a.)
Head ochraceous, with a black depressed spot on each side near eyes ; pronotum
black with a broad transverse greyish-white fascia; scutellum, abdomen, body beneath,
and legs black; face and anterior margins of prosternum pale ochraceous ; tegmina
fuscous, basal area and interior margin of clavus silvery white, the venation dark
fuscous; vertex with a distinct foveate impression on each side near eyes, the lateral
margins prominently ridged, an obscure ridge starting from each ocellus and meeting
on disk ; face somewhat obscurely longitudinally carinate.
Long., excl. tegm., 54 mm. Exp. tegm, 16 mm.
St. Joseph River, 2000-3000 ft.
Subfamily Gyponine.
Division Hylicaria.
Genus Barooria.
Bhooria Dist. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rhynch. vol. iv. p. 256 (1907).
The typical and only other at present known species of this genus was found in
Burma.
93. Buoorta KLossi, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 14, 14a.)
Body above dull bluish; central area of head, a transverse fascia before middle of
pronotum, basal area of abdomen, and posterior margins of abdominal segments more
or less ochraceous ; body beneath and legs bluish ; coxee, trochanters, apices of femora,
basal area of abdomen beneath, and posterior margins of abdominal segments more
or less ochraceous; tegmina bronzy brown, more or less shaded with bluish, the most
of this coloration being found at base, claval area, central disk, and apex, above claval
area an oblique greyish fascia; wings greyish, tinged with bronzy brown, the veins
dark brownish; head subtriangularly produced, with a fine central longitudinal ridge,
the lateral margins perpendicular for a little in front of eyes and then obliquely
narrowing to apex; face moderately flat, only slightly convex, lateral striations
distinct and brownish on anterior half; posterior area of pronotum distinctly, thickly,
finely wrinkled; posterior tibie finely spinulose; tegmina long and narrow, claval
area large, posteriorly broadened at anal area.
Long., excl. tegm., 8} mm, Exp. tegm. 14 mm.
Launch Camp, Setakwa.
362 RHYNCHOTA COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
te aL @,
2, 2a
3, Oh
4, 4a.
OG
Oy OG
ts UG
Cy 8) @
oR
10.
WIL IL @
12,124
NS), MB} G7
14, 14a
15.
16.
17, 17a
PLATE XXXIV.
Rhotala albopunctata, sp. n., p. 349.
» nebulosa, sp. n., p. 849.
Ricania noctua, sp. u., p. 380.
» subglauca, sp. n., p. 3d1.
Euricania stellata, sp. n., p. 351.
Papuanella mirabilis, gen. et sp. n., p. 353.
Heronaz wollastoni, sp. n., p. 350.
Utakwana rubromaculata, gen. et sp. n., p. 353.
Dindymus cresus, sp. n., p. 342.
Dindymoides abdominalis, gen. et sp. n., p. 343.
Grapaldus corticinus, gen. et sp. n., p. 356.
Aufidus balteatus, sp. n., p. 857.
Euacanthus papuensis, sp. n., p. 360.
Bhooria klosst, sp. n., p. 360.
Megastethodon modestus, sp. n., p. 358.
Leptataspis elegantula, sp. n., p. 359.
Folengus papuensis, gen. et sp. n., p. 339.
SF pip DALEY ELI OCC
Horace Knight adnat lth. West, Newman chromo.
RHYNCHOTA FROM DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
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FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE XXXVI.
Lridia diaphana.
Primordial stage, attached to a sand-erain. x 40.
Primordial stage, attached toa fragment of Zostera. x 20.
Primordial stage, specimen showing terminal aperture. X 55.
Primordial stage, inferior surface of detached specimens, showing the
chitinous pellicle across the base. » 40.
Adult specimen, showing superior surface. X 20.
Adult specimen, showing inferior surface with chitinous pellicle. x 20.
Adult specimen showing inferior surface. 35. The protoplasmic body
is seen in a contracted mass in the central cavity, under the transparent
chitinous pellicle.
An adult irregularly formed specimen, showing the protoplasmic body (under
the chitinous pellicle), furcating and penetrating into the different ‘‘ lodges ”
of thestest yuma):
A detached specimen, which had formed its test in the crevices between sand-
grains, viewed as a transparent object mounted in balsam. The contracted
protoplasm is seen as a ball lying in the drum-shaped space between the
two chitinous membranes. X 30.
A large attached specimen of a regular depressed type. x 18.
A large attached specimen of a wild-growing furcating type. x 12.
Nize
IRIDIA DIAPHANA. M.Rhodes, del.ad nat.
PLATS SOCOe
390
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE XXXVII.
Nouria polymorphinoides.
Figs. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11. Specimens from Kerimba, showing diversity of size and
form. Fig. 9 is a bilocular form, isomorphous as regards arrangement of
chambers with Polymorphina oblonga Wall.
3, 5. Specimens laid open to show the imperfectly septate cavity.
S. Oral view of aspecimen showing the porous aperture filled in with fine sand-
erains.
11. A specimen mounted in balsam and viewed asa transparent object. Showing
the internal septation and method of construction of the test.
12. Specimen from “ Poor Knights’ Islands,” Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. The
test is entirely constructed of obsidian flakes, and is much neater and more
compressed than the Kerimba specimens.
13, 14, 15. Specimens from ‘ Poor Knights’ Islands,” viewed as transparent
objects in balsam. Fig. 13 shows a few sponge-spicules incorporated in
the test. Vig. 15 isa bilocular specimen (cf. fig. 9 also), the protoplasm
is confined to the earlier chamber.
Nouria harrisii.
16-19. Specimens in different stages of growth.
20. Specimen viewed as a transparent object in balsam. The specimen is
bilocular, and the protoplasm is confined to the first chamber.
Nouria compressa.
21-25. Specimens in different stages of growth. Fig. 21 is a young or bilocular
form. The dark grains are glauconitic particles built into the test.
26. A fragment to show details of construction.
Trams Loot Joc. tel MK SU MAXVIL.
M.Rhodes, del.ad nat.
1-I15.NOURIA POLYMORPHINOIDES. 16-20.N.HARRISII.
21-26.N.COMPRESSA.
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CONTENTS.
XII. The Foraminifera of the Kerimba Archipelago (Portuguese East Africa).—
Part I. By Epwarp Heroy-Auten, 7.L.8., P ZS, EGS, FRMS., and
ArtHUR EarnanD, F.A.ALS. (Plates XXXV.-XXXVII.) . . . page 363
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CONTENTS.
XIII. Report on the Diptera collected by the British Ornithologists Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By F. W. Epwarps,
B.A, FES. With a Section on the Asilide by K. E. Austen, £.Z.8.
(Plate RX XVI) ee ee a pape
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[ 425 ]
XIV. Report on the Spiders collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By H. R. Hose,
Wlofales, LZ.
[Received October 17, 1914; Read November 10, 1914. ]
(Text-figures 20-37.)
Inpex.
Page Page
Conothele spinosa, sp. n..........-..--- 426 Tetragnatha ? leptognatha ............ 454
Selenocosmia lanceolata, sp. 0. ........ 450 Leucauge coccmed ......-...+++-- eee 455
Miagrammopes biv0t .... 1.2... ees 433 Gs (PHC) SOs Ws oo00600000 00600000 455
Uloborus wndulatus, var. pallidior...... 433 Gasteracantha erepidophora .......... 457
SEG USICASLENCUSHISD aN serie eer 434 Gailepelleticri mae ttt ae ocr A458
Fecenia cinerea, SP speech ar cyarel oraheicenr sess 437 G. hepatica, Pe AEE Oy \6. 5 uaiGhatac eRe aan 458
SHORAIG GIG oocccnccvcossbocoudoce 439 GH itaniata. seer cia ee oane 458
Nephila maculata (forma principalis) .. 439 Diceardoleschallimspy over ieieeerie 459
NV. maculata, nr. var. hasseltti ........ 440 Regillus divergens, sp. 0. ............ 461
N. maculata, nr. var. walckenaerti..,... 441 OOS fORUDOFDS, ido Ho co ooaaooabadasoo 464
AVG OPO GBs. oo 86l6 aces boo ce Hoes 442 On GUAR J0s Mo oc¢60000000000 eins 467
Nephilengys malabarensis, var. papuana. 442 LTOPRGVOWG POGIDo 000900006000000b006 469
AGW DO CHUWGFB. 5009000000080 0090000 443 | Hl, regia, var. pluridentata, nov. ...... 469
DA UREOMIOOD As 8 OV, CGI IG SO Sere 443 | 18l, GUCOTXODO 500 ac cova0dc0n0baCDED 47
AS FUSE a0 85 oo Gaeek obs bo eaoe ao 444 | IRAUGRORIZDS (SOPOUSS 0.000 000800008000 471
CQk FORMED, BPs Bo aovsoascooscopoee 444 Palystes dasywrinus, sp. U.,.........-. 47]
Araneus floriatus, sp. .........-..-.- 446 Exopalystes pulchella, gen. et sp. n..... 473
Als GRU, FO Wo aogoossec0accon00e 7. 448 Seramba sagittata, sp. Ml. ........--.- 476
£4), CHPLHANT DD 0.0 oo cogs 500000 bob ouS 450 Clubiona pseudomaxillata, sp. nu. ...... 478
A, thers, var. triangulifera............ 451 Dolomedes wollastont, sp. 0. .......... 481
Cyrtophora moluccensis .............. 453 Oxyopes papuanus ...........-.-.-- 483
Tetraqnatha rubriventris ............ 454
] AM indebted to Dr. A. F. R. Wollaston and to Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant for the
opportunity of examining the spiders described in this paper.
- Some were obtained during the B.O.U. Expedition to the Mimika River, 1909-11,
but the majority were collected by the Wollaston Expedition about the camps on
the route from sea-level to the foot-hills in the neighbourhood of the Setakwa and
Utakwa Rivers between September 1912 and March 1913—that is, in the winter
half of the year. é
Important collections from New Guinea and the neighbouring islands have
been previously worked out by Dr. C. L. Doleschall, Professors Thorell and
VOL. XX.—PART xiv. No. 1.—July, 1915. 3P
426 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
V1. Kulezynski, M. Eugene Simon, Mr. R. I. Pocock, Herren Emil Strand and
Alb. Tullgren, but from amongst its rich fauna there seem plenty of new forms
yet to be described.
In this collection, leaving out the Attide, there are representatives of 9 families,
comprising 27 genera and 43 species or subspecies, of which some 18 appear to
be new *.
As might be expected from a district so well supplied with insect-life, the local
representatives of the various genera are particularly powerful and well developed,
producing in closely allied species such differences as a superabundance of mandibular
teeth in groups like the Delenez, where the number has been generally considered a
matter of more than specific importance.
A few of the more widely spread species extend to the northern part of Australia,
but the general connection is decidedly Indo-Malayan, and only slightly associated
with the fauna to the south.
I have to thank Mr. R. I. Pocock for his kindly advice on many debatable points,
and Mr. A. 8. Hirst, of the Natural History Museum, for the courtesy with which he
has provided me with specimens for comparison from the collection under his charge.
Suborder ARANEA THERAPHOS.
Family AVICULARIID &.
Subfamily Migine.
Group Myrtalee.
Genus ConoTHELEe Thor.
CONOTHELE SPINOSA. (Text-fig. 20.)
Conothele spinosa Hoge, Abstract P.Z.S. 1914, p. 56 (Nov. 17).
One female, Setakwa River. (Type of the species.)
The cephalothorax, mandibles, and upperside of legs black-brown. Lip, maxille,
sternum, and coxe rich dark yellow-brown. ‘The fangs red at the base; dark brown
from halfway to the point. ‘The fringes on the maxille bright orange; bristles, both
ordinary and tooth-shaped, brown.
The surface of the abdomen is mostly destroyed, together with the spinnerets.
The cephalothorax is convex, rising along the median line from the eyes to the
rear end of the cephalic part; from this it slopes evenly to the side margins and steeply
to the rear. In contour it is ovate, straight in front and at the rear end, rounded at
* [The complete account of the new genus and species described in this communication appears here, but
since some names and preliminary diagnoses were published in the < Abstract,’ No. 137 (1914), these are
distinguished by the names being underlined.— Epziror. |
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 427
the sides, being broadest between the 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs. The cephalic part
reaches two-thirds of the total length, ending in a narrow rounded point inside a large
and deep procurved horseshoe-shaped fovea.
The clypeus slopes slightly forwards from the eyes, the latter being on a tubercle
broader than long, with a shallow hollow behind it; though less marked at the sides
the tubercle is quite distinct. The rear row is slightly procurved, the eyes about
equal in size ; the median pair—almost round, but straight at the back—are twice their
diameter apart, one-third of their diameter from the laterals, and one-half from the
front median. The front row is more strongly procurved, the upper edge of the
laterals being on a line with the lower margin of the median. The latter, two-thirds
Text-figure 20,
Conothele spinosa, nat. size. a. Eyes. 6. Thoracic fovea. c. Distal joint of palp, 9.
d. Tarsus of first pair of legs. e¢. Front of mandibles.
their diameter apart, are slightly larger than the rear median. The front laterals are
twice the diameter of the rear eyes, and are distant from one another by the space
between the outer edges of the median pair.
The mandibles project scarcely more than one-fourth of their length, which equals
the breadth of the front margin of the cephalothorax. The fangs are stout, flattened
and sharpened in front. The maxille, measured along the outer side, are twice as
long as broad, shorter on the inner side, and straight in front, and only slightly .
hollowed at the base with a rounded point at the lower outer corner. ‘The fringe
extends the whole length of the inner side, with long curving hair. Large, pointed,
tooth-shaped, converted bristles extend along the base and diagonally across from the
lower inner to the upper outer corner.
3P2
428 Mk. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
‘The lip is as broad at the base as it is long—narrower, but truncate, in front.
Extending along the front margin is a procurved line of ten stout teeth, with five others
below about the middle of the lip and a few long bristly hairs over the rest of its area.
The sternum is as broad between the 2nd and 3rd coxe as it is long. From thence
it narrows to the width of the lip in front and to twice that width at the rear, where it
is nearly straight, having only a slight point above the contiguous rear coxe. The
whole surface of the sternum, coxz, and legs is finely granulated. ‘The inferior sternal
sigilla are large, and are situated halfway between the margin and the median line.
There are upstanding bristles at the sides and a single row along the median line.
The legs are short and stout, the front pair the longest and the others almost equal
in length and the same length as the palpi. All the femora are flattened and curved
in on the inner side. ‘The tarsal joints of the two front pairs are flattened and quite
short, on the two rear pairs cylindrical and longer. ‘The tarsi and metatarsi of the two
front pairs are covered the whole length of the underside with longitudinal rows of short
stout teeth, bent into a hook at the anterior end (converted spines) ; both these and the
long bristly hairs of the upperside have circular roots. The tibiz of the same pairs
have a patch of short, stout, straight, pointed teeth at the outer side at the anterior end,
and on the smooth upperside of the patelle are two longitudinal depressions reaching
the whole length. At the base of tibia iii. there is a depression as in the Myrtalee.
The tarsal claws are stout and strongly curved, with a long single tooth near the base
of each. ‘The inferior claw is short, stout at the base, and smooth. ‘The underside of
the distal and tibial joints of the palpi are covered with stout, tooth-like, hooked spines,
similar to those described above. ‘The palpal claw is like the superior tarsal claws,
but has a minute tooth behind the longer one.
As stated above, the palpi are as long as the two posterior pairs of legs.
The abdomen is apparently as long as, but narrower than, the cephalothorax; but,
being partially destroyed, the shape cannot be seen. On the front part are scattered
brown bristles on circular roots.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad,
@ephalothoraxaee eee 74 ‘o tent
Abdomen’ | }ieeeeee ee 7 6
IWMATEVEIIISS —cnsodanonosoavocvee 33, 1 horizontally.
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
Wegscet esc 1 ey 6 5 3 = 163
2 2) 5 44 3 = 144
3} 2 5 4 3 = 14
4 2 5 4 3 = 14
Palipiincencasanueeeene 2s 5 4h 2 = 14
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 429
Dr. C. L. Doleschall, in 1857 (‘ Arach. van den Indischen Archipel,” Act. Sci. Soc.
Indo-Néerl. vol. v. 1858/9, p. 5), described a spider from Amboina under the name of
Cteniza malayana.
In his drawing (loc. cit. pl. vi. fig. 8) the eyes are shown in the same relative
positions as in the above, but all equal in size, instead of, as here, the front median
eyes larger than those of the rear row and the front laterals larger again.
Thorell, in his ‘Ragni di Amboina,’ 1878, p. 303, mentioned having received
from General Van Hasselt a young female specimen from the locality, which he
identified as the above, but proposed for it the new genus Conothele. In a very
careful description of the female, he makes no mention of any such remarkable hooked
spines as are here present on tarsii. and 11. and on the distal joint of the palp. He
gives the front row of eyes as being larger than the rear, but all equal in size, and the
fourth pair of legs longer than the first. ‘The present specimen therefore clearly seems
to be a different species.
At the time when Doleschall wrote his treatise no mygaliform spider was known (or,
at any rate, described) with non-horizontally projecting mandibles, such as distinguish
those for which the subfamily Migine was formed. If this was overlooked, both
Doleschall’s and the present species would rightly belong to the genus Ctentza, in which
he placed his species. All the points that he does mention agree so closely with this
tbat I am sure they cannot be separated generically. In this specimen the mandibles
are without question perpendicular, and have the sharp-edged fore-part of the mandi-
bular fang flattened, which M. Simon quotes as a distinctive feature of the Migine,
suggesting that it is used for cutting the bark wherein most of their nests are built.
Mr. Pocock’s C. arboricola has the mandible subvertical and makes its nest in trees.
From his description his species is evidently very close to this, but has only 6 cusps on
the front of the lip instead of 10 there and 5 more below, 6 teeth on the outer
margin of the falx-sheath instead of 5 only, and the fourth pair of legs longer than the
third instead of the same length.
Mr. Pocock’s species has almost exactly the same small amount of rake on the front
of the mandible as the present species, which is less than that on the lip, and this
is probably the reason for Conothele not having been taken out of the Ctenizide
before—the two families running almost into one another.
The shape of the mandible and fang must, however, be very much more important
than the slight amount of rake existent on them. I have no hesitation in now placing
the genus among the Miginw, where, in view of the shape of tibia iil., it comes into the
group Myrtalee.
The size of the front row of eyes clearly distinguishes the species from C. malayana
Dol.
430 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
Genus SELENOcosMIA Auss.
SELENOCOSMIA LANCEOLATA. (Text-fig. 21.)
DoT ee ee
Selenocosmia lanceolata Hogg, Abstract P. Z.8. 1914, p. 56 (Nov. 17).
One female, Mimika River. (Zype of the species.)
The cephalothorax is yellow-brown with reddish-brown hair. Mandibles darker
yellow-brown at the base with brown hair, black-brown, with grey hair, at the point.
Fangs black-brown. Maxille orange with bright orange fringes. Lip and sternum
red-brown with brown bristles and yellow-brown hair. Legs and palpi dark brown,
Text-figure 21.
Mill
lay
AM (yl
Selenocosmia lanceolata, nat. size. a. Eyes. 6. Stridulatory organ on outer side of mandible.
c. Stridulatory organ on inner side of maxilla.
with dingy yellow-grey hair underneath and dark grey scopule. Abdomen pale yellow-
brown with reddish-brown hair above, darker yellow-brown with straw-coloured hair
below; the spinnerets the same.
The cephalothorax is only moderately convex, highest just behind the eyes, one-
third longer than broad, straight in front, rounded at the sides, and hollowed at
the rear.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 431
The cephalic part is marked off clearly by broad depressions, and ends at a procurved
fovea between the second and third pairs of legs. ‘There are three other pairs of
radial depressions running therefrom which reach the margin between each pair of legs.
The eyes are on a raised tubercle twice as broad as it is long. The rear row is
straight along the lower edges, the front row slightly procurved. The front median
pair are one-half of their diameter apart—the side eyes being, if anything, slightly
longer than the median, but only a little more than half as wide, on tubercles, and
half their width away from the median. The rear side eyes not quite as long as
those of the front row, one-third of their length away. The medians ovate with
the small end pointing backwards are about three-fourths as long as the former
and two-thirds of their length away. ‘The clypeus is once and a half as broad as
the front median eyes.
The mandibles are long and powerful, stretching forward more than half of their
total length. ‘The fangs, stout at the base and slightly curved, are three-fourths the
total length of the falx. On the inner margin of the falx-sheath are nine large teeth
with one smaller between the seventh and eighth. ‘The first is not quite so long as
the others. ‘The outer margin is covered with a thick bushy fringe, but has no teeth.
The lip is once and a half times broader than long, cup-shaped, and hollowed in front.
The maxille are convex, twice as long as broad, the base curving round the lip ends in
a prolongation at the lower outer corner and a somewhat similar apophysis at the upper
inner corner. The lip in front and the maxille on their lower area are thickly covered
with the low club-shaped spines. There is a stridulating organ of long tapering sete
on circular roots near the inner edge of the maxilla, and short upright fine bristles on
the lower corner of the outer side of the mandibles. ‘The sternum is one-fifth longer
than broad, slightly convex, straight in front, with a hollow between it and the lip, in
which is a pair of long, narrow, lunate sigilla. It is widest two-thirds of its length
from the front and rounded at the rear, but ends in a slight angular point above the
contiguous rear cox; the posterior end and sides are covered with short curved
bristles, the median area with recumbent flat hairs. The inferior sigilla are large,
lying midway between the margin and the median line.
The legs are moderately long and stout, about equal in thickness, the fourth pair
longest. here are thick scopule on the tarsus and metatarsus of the first, second,
and third pairs. On the fourth this only reaches two-thirds of the way along the
metatarsus. ‘The two tarsal claws are sunken in the claw-tufts, and I am unable to
see any on tarsus 4. ‘There is a pair of short stout spines at the auterior end of
each metatarsus on the underside.
The palpi are scopulated on the distal segment only.
The abdomen is oval and nearly as thick as it is broad. The hair is smooth and
recumbent, with scattered upstanding bristles on the basal area. The superior
spinnerets are long and tapering. The second and third joints of equal length, shorter
432 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
than the first; the inferior pair are close together behind the superior, half the length
of the basal joint of the latter.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax.......... 16 J Mee
big
Abdomenteeeaenener 18 13
Mandibles ............ peeeeentally
‘ 8 from base to tip.
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
ess ae Ie 7 14 14 13 = 48
OP 6 Ne) Le 12 = 42
oF 6 ii 10 Ne — 39
A, 6 14 14, 16 = 50
Pallipiierchen peewee 4 10 10 6 = 30
Superior spinnerets 4, 24, 24=9, inferior 2.
This would seem to be rather close to Kulezynski’s Selenocosmia similis, which he
considered perhaps the same as S. honesta Hirst, var. femoralis Kulc. (Exp. Scient.
Néerlandaise 4 la N. Guinea, vol. v. part 4, p. 424)*. Although the cephalothorax,
legs, and palpi are about the same length in each, the patella+tibia and metatarsus
+tarsus of the two forms mentioned above are much longer than the femur, instead
of the same length or shorter. Also in the present species there are spines on all
the metatarsi, whereas in Kulczynski’s there are none on metatarsus i. ‘The abdomen
in his species is dark chestnut instead of pale, and the lip and maxille are darker in
parts instead of the same bright colour all over. ‘Therefore I believe this to be
a new species.
An examination of the stridulating organ of this spider shows it to be neither the
bacilliform type of the Selenocosmiine nor the plumose hair type of Mr. Pocock’s
Ornithoctonine. The mandibular sete are hard, upright, sharp-pointed bristles,
situated at the basal end of the mandible just below the mandibular fringe; while
those on the corresponding side of the maxillz are about twice as long and stout,
sharply pointed at the end, and nearly recumbent.
* T have since examined the type-specimen of Mr. Hirst’s S. honesta, and it differs in many points from
Prof, Kulezynski’s description of his S. femoralis.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 433
Family ULOBORIDA.
Subfamily Miagrammopine.
Genus MiagramMopss O. P. Cambr.
MIAGRAMMOPES BIROI.
Miagrammopes birot Kule. Ann. Mus. Hung. vi. 1908, p. 478, Tab. ix. figs. 24, 27.
One female.
I have little doubt but that this is the same as the species with four eyes described
by Professor Kulezynski under the above name.
In the frontal grooves, where the very minute eyes of Miagrammopes usually lie,
there is no sign of any, nor in the middle as in Hyptiotes. ‘The median large eyes
(1/10 millimetre in diameter) are twice as far apart as they are from the side eyes,
which, seen from above, are on the edge of the cephalothorax, but not quite at the
edge when viewed from the side. ‘The carapace is almost bare of hair.
Subfamily Uloborine.
Genus Uxosorus Latyr.
ULOBORUS UNDULATUS, var. PALLIDIOR.
Uloborus undulatus Thor., var. pallidior Kule. Ann. Mus. Hung. vi. 1908, p. 465, Tab. ix.
figs. 5, 18.
Two females.
Apparently the same as Prof. Kulezynski’s variety of above.
The cephalothorax is canary-yellow with almost white hair. At the base of the
mandibles, which are similarly coloured, are two short, longitudinal, black lines. Fangs
red-brown. Lip and maxille yellowish-grey. Sternum, cox, and femora yellow,
other leg-joints darkening anteriorly to dark grey. The abdomen is yellow-grey with
white hairs on the upperside and nearly brown on the underside. In another
specimen the black lines on the mandibles are absent.
These specimens, in the shape of the abdomen, eyes, mouth-parts, etc., agree very
closely with Thorell’s U. undulatus from Amboina (1878, p. 133), but differ entirely
in the colouring, and haye no stripes on the cephalothorax and abdomen such
as he describes, nor are the legs ringed; these are almost the same differences as
Prof. Kulczynski records for a variety which he has called padlidior.
ey)
&
VOL. XX.—ParT xIv. No. 2.—July, 1910.
434 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
Family PSECHRID &.
Genus Psecurus Thor.
PsECHRUS CASTANEUS. (Text-fig. 22.)
Psechrus castaneus Hogg, Abstract P. Z. S. 1914, p. 56 (Nov. 17).
One female, Setakwa River. (Type of the species.)
The cephalothorax is rather dark yellow-brown, with recumbent white hair, mixed
with a few finer orange, slightly paler in the median streak, and a streak of white
round the margin. There is white hair mixed with orange in the middle, and at each
side of the eye-space, and a broad white streak in the middle of the clypeus, but it is
brown on each side.
Text-figure 22,
Psechrus castaneus, x 2. «. Hyes. 6. Underside of abdomen. c. Epigyne. d. Spinnerets aud cribellum,
The mandibles are dark brown on the outer side, pale yellow-brown on the inner
and at the anterior end. Brown bristly hair on the dark part and reddish-yellow on the
lighter, fringes reddish-yellow, fangs dark brown.
The lip and maxille are dark brown, with dark brown hair, but paler yellow-brown
fringes. The sternum is dark brown with a fillet of white hair along each side to the
posterior end, and some white hair-spots on the median line.
The coxe are dark brown with a light yellow-brown patch covered with white hair
at the base of each. ‘The trochanters are dark brown, with a patch of white hair on
the front side.
The femora on the upperside have alternate rings of yellow-brown and dark
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 435
brown, the darkest of all at the anterior end. Underneath yellow-brown, with white
hair in patches for two-thirds of the length from the base, then a brown ring, a
silvery-white ring, and a brown ring at the anterior end. The patelle dark brown ;
the tibie yellow-brown with faint darker rings, darkest at the anterior end. Metatarsi
and tarsi pale yellow-brown with similar-coloured bristly hair, brown spines, grey claw-
tufts and calamistrum (on metatarsusiv.). The palpi are pale yellow-brown with dark
brown patches at the anterior end of the femur, patella, and tibia; spatulate white hair
underneath the femoral joint, a white patch in the middle of the tibial and at the
base of the tarsal joints ; spines brown.
The abdomen on the upperside is pale yellow-brown in the median streak with
brown longitudinal lines each side from the base fora fourth of the length, continued in
patches to about midway, from whence to the spinnerets are alternate transverse bands
of white and dark brown hair ending in dark brown. At each side are three wide
sloping streaks of brown, reaching as far as a wavy longitudinal line of white hair
which runs the whole length. On the underside there is a median, wedge-shaped,
white hair-patch from the base to the genital line. Below this another similar, and
thence to the spinnerets a narrower white hair-streak. Each side of this olive-brown.
The cephalothorax is one and a half times as long as broad, narrowing towards the
front both from its greatest breadth and from the lower corners of the clypeus, slightly
curved at the sides. The cephalic part is prominently raised up above the slightly
convex thoracic, from which it is separated by side depressions, the eye-space lying
on the highest point of the convexity. There is a deep, oval, longitudinal fovea just
above the rear slope.
The rear row of eyes is slightly recurved, the median pair rather more than their
diameter apart and rather more again from the laterals. All the eyes of both rear and
front rows are equal in diameter. The front median pair are slightly less than their
diameter apart, half that distance from their laterals, and twice the former distance
from the rear median. The clypeus proper is three times as wide as the diameter of
the eye, with an additional streak of grey muscular tissue, making the total width
about the length of the median quadrilateral. The clypeus is recedent from the lower
edge of the front eyes, but curves out again to the front margin.
The mandibles are only slightly geniculate at the base, as long as the front of the
cephalothorax, and furnished with long bristles on the inner margins. The fangs are
short, stout at the base, and well curved. There are three teeth on the inner margin of
the falx-sheath, four on the outer.
The lip is straight with a slight hollow in front, nearly straight at the sides, longer
than broad, and more than half the length of the maxille. These are convex, rounded
anteriorly and on the upper half of the outer side, thence they curve inwards to the
insertion of the palpi at the base. Their troncature is long and sloping, and projects at
the lower end over the lip, whence the maxillz curve round it.
3 Q 2
436 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
The sternum is broad shield-shape, slightly convex, straight in front, hollowed
opposite the insertion of each coxa and ending in a point between the rear coxe. It
is thickly covered with short stiff hair.
The abdomen is ovate, straight in front, twice and a half as long as it is broad
in the middle.
The cribellum in both cases consists of two separate oval plates mounted on a broad,
oval, chitinous plate.
The inferior spinnerets are conical, separated by half their diameter, with short
hemispherical second joints. The superior pair is similar, but only half as long or
broad, the median cylindrical, quite short, and close together. They all project beyond
the end of the abdomen.
The epigyne consists of two oval spirally marked prominences, one on each side of
a median ridge that widens out into a straight basal line. Both below this and some
little way above is a sudden deep transverse depression.
The legs are long, cylindrical, and fine, the first pair being ten and a half times
the length of the cephalothorax. The tarsi are nearly half the length of the meta-
tarsus, very fine, and sinuous. There is only one weak spine above on metatarsus 1., none
above on the tibia, but several long ones on the sides and underneath. ‘There are claw-
tufts on the end of the tarsi. The femoral joint of the female palp is incurved and
broadened anteriorly, the tibial twice as long as the patellar, the tarsal is furnished
with a thick bunch of bristles and sundry spines. ‘The claw has about ten pectinations.
‘The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Ol A on
Cephalothorax......... 5 fe In Eren es
34
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
: (2 & 15) (184 & 6) ¢
ere i, 2 144 \ ; ie | =) ae
2. 2 13 12 145 = 41S
os 2 10 74 10 = 294
A. 2 ill 11 (11 & 54) - = 404
Pallipilearae sven 1 24 2 24 = 8
In coloration this species is very similar to P. argentatus Thor., P. libeltii, and
P. annulatus Kulc., but in these species the front median eyes are smaller than (instead
of equal to) the side eyes and the rear median less (instead of more) than their diameter
apart. The legs are longer compared with the cephalothorax than in any of the
recorded species. ‘The epigyne is only roughly the same type, and they differ in size.
From the Indian species the differences are still more marked, and I have no
hesitation, therefore, in describing P. castancus as new.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 437
Genus FEcENIA Sim.
FECENIA CINEREA. (Text-fig. 23.)
Fecenia cinerea Hogg, Abstract P. Z. 8S. 1914, p. 56 (Nov. 17).
One female. (Type of the species.)
The cephalothorax is orange-yellow with pale yellowish-grey hair, thickest round
the side margin and rear slope, and two longitudinal darker lines on each side
of the median line. The mandibles are similarly coloured, but the hair and bristles
are yellower, not quite so dark as the surface. ‘The fangs yellow-brown. The lip and
maxille are dingy yellow-grey with similarly coloured bristles and bright golden
fringes. The sternum dark grey with yellowish-grey hair. The coxe are more grey
Text- figure 23.
Fecenia cinerea, X 2. a. Eyes. 6. Epigyne. c. Cribellum.
than yellow, but the legs get brighter yellow from thence to the anterior end, with
light yellow hair and brown spines. The abdomen above is dark grey with light grey
hair; there is a longitudinal pale streak bounded by two darker lines reaching from
the base to two-thirds of its length, where the latter join. At the sides are about five
faint transverse streaks—on the underside dark grey with a transverse light streak
across it about the middle. Spinnerets and epigyne yellow.
The cephalothorax is slightly longer than broad, truncate in front and at the rear
end, rounded at the sides. ‘The cephalic part is convex and separated by well-marked
depressions from the thoracic. These reach to a nearly circular fovea two-thirds of
the length of the cephalothorax from the front. It is thickly covered with recumbent
but rather coarse hair mingled with short upstanding bristles, those on the clypeus
much longer.
438 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
The front row of eyes viewed from above is straight along the upper edge, but from
the front looks procurved. ‘The median eyes are one-fourth of their diameter larger
than the side; they are their diameter apart, and about half that distance from the
laterals. ‘The rear row is so far procurved that the upper edge of the side eyes
reaches to a line through the centre of the median pair. ‘These are the same distance
apart as from the front median, whose diameter is the distance separating them, their
own diameter being three-fourths only of the latter. They are twice their diameter
distant from their laterals, which are slightly smaller than the front eyes, from
which they are their diameter away. ‘The clypeus proper is the width of the front
median eyes, but a bare chitinous piece extends almost the same distance to the upper
part of the mandibles.
The mandibles are geniculate at the base, fairly stout, and thickly covered with _
coarse bristly hair. The fangs are stout at the base, of moderate length, and not
much curved. ‘There are four teeth on the inner margin of the falx-sheath.
The maxille are upright, broadest anteriorly, incurved at the back, narrowed to the
base, and have upstanding bristles on the outer margin. They curve round the lip,
which is convex, longer than broad, more than half their length; it is truncate in
front and cut away at the corners of the base.
The sternum is a broad heart-shape, truncate in front, but with rounded corners,
and narrowing to a point at the rear. It is convex, with depressions at points
between the coxe, and moderately covered with recumbent hair and upstanding
bristles. The rear coxz are contiguous.
The legs are long and fine, the front pair three times the length of the third pair and
eight times that of the cephalothorax ; the fourth pair is missing from below the patella.
The abdomen is oval, truncate in front, twice as long as broad. The cribellum
divided. Each part tapers from the inner to the outer end. The epigyne consists of a
median projecting shelf, flanked bya hollow on each side. These hollows are bounded
on the outer and lower margins by a curved ridge, broad on the lower margin, but
narrow at the sides; at each upper corner also there is another small oval depression.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax ......... 34 ee an Ho
5
PNM Gonoscvoussoavs 63 3
iMandiblesseeeeeeeterce 2 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
IES), es aneo0ed Me il 8 9 74 3h = 29
2 2 44 6 64 = 172
3 4 3 3 34 = 10
4. 3 44 — —
Pallpiteynunnnencceeues 4 2 Ii 14 = 52
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 439
This differs from all other species described in the shape of the epigyne (which is
nearest to the drawing given by Mr. W. J. Rainbow for his /. oblonga from the Solomon
Islands *), in having the median eye area broader than long, the rear row of eyes
procurved, and the front pair of legs eight times the length of the cephalothorax
instead of six times, with the others in proportion.
Family ZODARIID&.
Subfamily Zodariine.
Group Storenee.
Genus Srorena Walck.
STORENA ZEBRA.
Storena zebra Thorell, Ragni Austro-Malesi, ii. 1881, p. 184.
Two non-adult females and one male.
These specimens closely correspond to Dr. Thorell’s description of the above.
There can be little doubt but that they belong to this species, collected by d’Albertis
on the Fly River, Southern New Guinea.
These specimens clearly demonstrate that the front-median eyes of the male are
much larger than those of the female, as mentioned by Thorell.
Family ARGIOPID&.
Subfamily Nephiline.
Group Nephilee.
Genus Nepuiia Leach.
NEPHILA MACULATA.
Aranea maculata Fabr. Ent. Syst. 11. 1793, p. 425.
Nephila maculata forma principalis Thorell, Ragni Austro-Malesi, 111. 1881, p. 145, et auctores.
Four aduit females. Also sundry mutilated and non-adult examples.
Of the original species, the so-called forma principalis, there are a number of
specimens which unfortunately, from want of a better accommodation for their long
limbs, are in a sadly dilapidated condition.
* W. J. Rainbow, Rec. Austr. Mus. Sydney, vol. x. pt. 1, p. 8, fig. 5 (1913).
440 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
These are without the two small black tubercles at the rear end of the pars cephalica,
having in their place two triangular bare spots.
The abdomen, which is of a rich chocolate ground-colour, speckled with silvery-white
hair-spots, has a broad transverse band of white hair near the base on the upperside
and another on the underside below the genital fold.
The abdomen is broadest and straight in front, whence the sides are parallel for
not quite one-third of its length, thence narrowing to near the posterior end, where it
slightly widens out and is bluntly rounded off.
The first pair of legs are eight and a half times, and the fourth pair six and a third
times, the length of the cephalothorax, the breadth of the cephalothorax being three-
quarters of its length.
Other specimens, which seem to conform to Thorell’s variety walckenaeri, have the
two black tubercles on the cephalothorax ; the latter only two-thirds as wide as long.
The abdomen is oval, with four pairs of muscle-spots on a yellowish-grey uniform
ground-colour above and at the sides. Underneath is a long shield-pattern marked
by a pale yellow border round a brown inside, with yellow spots thereon at the anterior
end only; this reaches from the genital fold to the spinnerets. ‘The palpi are yellow-
brown. The first pair of legs are only seven times the length of the cephalothorax and
the fourth pair five and two-thirds times. The coloration of the cephalothorax and
legs is very similar to the first-named, but the above-quoted differences seem sufficient
to indicate at least a new variety.
Herr Embrik Strand has given the name of nove guinee to a partly similar
variety, but with a pattern on the back of the abdomen. ‘The variations which occur
are considerable, but seem to run one into the other, and it is difficult to say how far
they can bear any definite subdivision.
NEPHILA MACULATA, nr. var, HASSELTIL.
Epeira hasseltu Doleschall, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl. v. 1859, p. 27, pl. xiii. fig. 5.
Two females.
The abdomen of these specimens is chocolate-brown all over, with moderate-sized
silvery hair-spots in four longitudinal rows on the back, but more irregularly
distributed on the underside. The spots are much smaller and more silvery than in
specimens of NV. maculata, forma principalis, in the Natural History Museum, from
Java, and there is no pronounced longitudinal stripe on the back or underside
as in the latter, but they have the broad, transverse, silvery streak near the front
end on the upperside and a similar, but less conspicuous, stripe behind the genital
fold on the underside.
The sternal protuberances are all about equal in height, and there are no cephalic
tubercles, but two large bare depressions in their places.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 44]
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
(By these it will be seen that the first pair of legs is eight and a half times
the length of the cephalothorax.)
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax......... 14 f. intone.
Lot
Abdomen ereeeceeeee ees 27 9
Mandibles ............ 74 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
ILS. sn00 Ie 3 35 338 43 (37 & 6) = 119
2 3 26 23 35 (80 & 5) = 87
3 24 18 12 20 = 624
4 3. 82 238 (58&18) 35 = 93
IPrall lth aeecesctee tees 13 i 5 6 = 193
Dr. T. Thorell states (loc. cit. supra) that, after examination of a very large number
of specimens of this species, he is quite convinced that his forma principalis and
four varieties—annulipes, hasseltit Dol., walckenaertt Dol., and penicillum Dol.—
include the whole of the following species as synonyms:—WNephila fuscipes C. L.
Koch (not fuscipes L. Koch), N. chrysogaster Walck., N. hasseltti Dol., NV. kuhlw Dol.,
N. walekenaerit Dol., N. penicillum Dol., N. procera L. Koch, WN. sulphurosa L. K.,
NV. tenwipes L. K. In the face of this, although the above-described specimens do not
conform exactly to any of the varieties of Thorell, but lie somewhere near var. has-
seltti, there is no occasion to consider them as a new variety—much less a species.
NEPHILA MACULATA, nr. var. WALCKENAERII.
Nephila maculata, var. walckenaerii Doleschall, Nat. Tijdschr.-Nederl. Indie, xii. 1857,
p. 412.
Four females (one non-adult).
These specimens are rather shorter in the legs in comparison with the cephalo-
thorax than those above described, the first pair about seven times the length thereof
and others in proportion; they have small cephalic tubercles. The sternum in an
apparently old example is black all over, but in the others the sternal protuberances
are all bright orange. ‘The posterior end of the sternum is broad, but rounded, with
two small knobs at the corners.
The abdomen is pale olive-brown above, without any pattern or darkened base,
but four pairs of small muscle-spots; the sides are darker, with pale wavy diagonal
stripes; on the underside the gill-covers are dark brown. Below the epigyne is a
narrow, transverse, dark stripe followed by a broader pale one, then a broad longitudinal
VOL. XX.—PART XIV. No. 3.—July, 1915. 3k
442, MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
streak of brown reaching to the spinnerets. ‘This is bordered along each side by a
yellow stripe, with yellow spots on the anterior half. On the largest specimen this
pattern is reduced to a pale median stripe only. Except in the non-adult, the abdomen
is barely twice as long as broad.
The coxe are black at the points and then bright yellow-brown, but the rest of
the legs are jet-black. In the epigyne and other respects they resemble the forma
principalis.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad
Cephalothorax......... 134 { a Dou
INbdoment eae eee 29 14
Mandibles ............ 64 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
Whe gs aeeece: Ihe 4d 28 25 38 = 954
2 4 24 21 29 = 78
oF A 115) 10 17 = 46
4: ao 27 20 30 = 81
Pallpit (eeoaescstenneo seer 2 i 5 6 = 20
These are near to N. walckenaerti Dol. (N. maculata, var. walckenaerit), which,
however, is without the clear pattern most of these have, and the dark area on the
base of the abdomen is not present on any of these.
NEPHILA ? sp.
Eight females, Setakwa River.
These are almost certainly the same as L. Koch's W. tenvipes, but larger, with no
humps and two deep depressions on the cephalic part of the cephalothorax. There
is no protuberance at the lower end of the sternum, but instead a straight end with
two small kuobs, one at each corner. Dr. Thorell states that WV. tenuipes L. K. is
probably the non-adult of NV. penicillum Dol. = N. maculata, var. penicillum Dol.
(loc. cit. supra, p. 147). :
Genus Nepuitenays L. Koch.
Nephilengys Lu. Koch, Die Arachn, Aust. p. 143 (1872).
NEPHILENGYS MALABARENSIS, var. PAPUANA.
Epeira malabarensis Walckenaer, Ins. Apt. 11. 1841, p. 103.
Nephila rivulata Cambridge, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 618, pl. xlix. fig. 1.
Nephilengys malabarensis, var. papuana Thorell, Ragni Austro-Malesi, ii. 1881, p. 156,
et auctores.
One female.
‘The coloration of the back and sides of the abdomen is exactly the same as depicted
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 445
by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge for his Nephila rivulata, but the underside of the
abdomen has the large cream-coloured spot, or shield, and the constricted coloration
of the sternum mentioned by Dr. Thorell for his variety papwana. ‘The front median
eyes are rather more than their diameter apart. The legs are pale yellow-brown, with
annulations at the base and front of the femur and tibia only.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Sey fa
Cephalothorax......... 7 ie iron
AN TUOINSD, oy 2o0gan0000008 12 74
Wleyaghiaes: scosccc0s000 34 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
Wee sya. sere, 1. 2 9 9 12 = 32
2. 2 8} 8} 102 = 292
on 1 6 4 Ma = 184
4 2 8k 7 104 — 28
all pleeeat nase 1 3 2h 24 = 9
Widely distributed from Natal (sec. Cambr.) eastwards to Brazil.
Subfamily Argiopine.
Group Argiopee.
Genus ArGiope Aud. in Sav.
ARGIOPE ATHEREA.
Argiope etherea Walck. Ins. Apt. ii, 1841, p. 112.
A number of females.
Normal specimens of this widely spread and well-known species.
ARGIOPE BROWNII.
Argiope brownit Cambridge, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 284.
Recorded from Duke of York Island (Cambridge) ; N. Britain (Lhorel/) ; Cape Horn,
New Guinea (Pocock); N. Territory of Australia (7. &. H.).
Five females.
These specimens differ from the New Guinea specimens in the British Museum in
having three white spots on each side of the longitudinal markings on the underside
of the abdomen, legs light yellow-brown instead of chocolate-brown, and white spots
on the brown area at the rear of the abdomen on the upperside, but are the same as
my specimens from Northern Australia. Cambridge’s description was obtained from
parts of broken specimens and is not, therefore, minutely distinctive.
444 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
ARGIOPE TRIFASCIATA.
Epeira trifasciata Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xiii. 1857, p. 416; id. Tweede Bijd.
Arachn. Ind. Archip. pl. i. fig. 3.
Two much mutilated female specimens are apparently referable to this well-known
species.
Genus Gea C. Koch.
Gea C. Koch, Ar. x. 1843, p. 101.
GEA ROTUNDA, sp. n. (Text-fig. 24.)
One male. (Type of the species.)
The cephalothorax is bright yellow-brown with rather paler streaks in the
radiations. ‘The clypeus and mandibles are dingy yellow-grey, fangs yellow-brown.
Lip, maxille, and sternum dingy yellow with pale yellow-grey hair. ‘The coxe of the
Text-figure 24.
Oo Oo
pH ee Ta
Gea rotunda, §, x2. a. Front of cephalothorax, showing cyes, mandibles, and male palps
from upper and underside.
front two pairs of legs are yellow, of the two rear pairs dark yellow-grey. The femora
and patelle are dark brown. ‘The basal half of the tibia yellow, the anterior half
dark brown. ‘lhe metatarsi and tarsi yellow, hair pale yellow on the former, browner
on the tarsi. The palpi yellow-brown with pale yellow hair. The abdomen is pale
greenish or silvery-grey above, dark grey mottled with yellow underneath.
The cephalothorax is almost circular with a shallow oval fovea in the centre, whence
shallow depressions radiate to the circumference. It is moderately convex, curving
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 445
evenly all round from the flat central area to the margin. A short truncate piece in
front carries the eyes and supports the mandibles, which are straight and perpendicular
with short stout fangs.
The rear row of eyes is so procurved that the laterals are in a straight line with the
front median, the laterals of which are so slightly lower that they form altogether
a front row of six eyes in a nearly straight line.
The rear median eyes are four of their diameters apart between their yellow pupils,
and their somewhat wide black rims bring them nearer. The front median, one-third
wider than the rear, are one and a half diameters from them and the same distance
from one another. The laterals of each row are on a common protuberance, the eye
belonging to the rear row slightly the larger of the two, being on the outside they are
one-half of its diameter apart. A deep depression separates them from the prominence
on which the front median eyes lie, and there is a shallower depression between the
latter also. The clypeus is as broad as the distance between them.
The lip, at least twice as wide as it is long, is truncate in front, where it is one-half
the width of its base and about one-third the height of the maxille, which are
triangular, widest anteriorly. ‘The sternum, as broad as long, is as wide as the lip and
slightly hollowed in front, widest between the second pair of coxve, pointed above the
contiguous pair of rear coxze.
The tarsal and metatarsal joints of the legs (of which the front pairs are absent) are
much finer than the tibial; the superior claws short, fine, and without pectinations.
The inferior claw longer than the others.
The abdomen is ovate, slightly truncate in front; spinnerets normal, on raised
chitinous bases,
‘The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax ......... 3 f un Hip,
ANOGIOWMNEYN o4006,d0000000 3 2
IMiaMCMOIGS socb0oscc0o0000 1 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa, & femur. & tibia. & tarsus,
IUEES sooroosse 1. 4 — _ es
. 3 43 4 4 _ 13k
3. 4 3 2 3 = 8
4, 4 4 3 4 = ite
SBE pedodaseaceconse ds 3 $ + eS 23
Doleschall described his species, Argiope reinwardtvi from Amboina, from a female,
which is as usual much larger. The sexes being different in size and general appear-
ance, it is not easy, unless specimens are taken together, to associate them. M. Simon
2
446 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
gives a drawing of the eyes and male palp of A. reinwardétii Dol.* very nearly like this,
and I think it may possibly be the same, but there is no proof of it being so. Iam
unable to find that any description of the male has been published. As the eyes of the
front row are equidistant, it belongs to the genus Gea C. Koch and not Argiope.
Group Aranee.
Genus ArANeEvs Clerck. Series I. of E. Simon.
ARANEUS FLORIATUS. (‘Text-fig. 25.)
Araneus floriatus Hogg, Abstract P. Z. S. 1914, p. 57 (Nov. 17).
Two females (one non-adult). (Zype of the species.)
The cephalothorax is dark yellow-brown with pale yellowish-white hair, the side-eye
tubercles black-brown. ‘The mandibles yellow-brown, fangs rather paler. Lip and
Text-figure 25,
Araneus floriatus, nat. size. a, Eyes. 6. Underside of abdomen. c. Epigyne from above.
d. Epigyne from below.
maxille yellow-brown, with the usual paler broad edges. Sternum and coxe yellow-
brown all over, with yellowish-white hair. Legs yellow, darkest on the femoral joints,
with yellow-brown hair. Metatarsus and tarsus quite bright yellow. ‘There are white
patches at the anterior end of the femora and dark patches on the upperside at the
anterior end of the tibiz; the spines on the sides are black and white, but those on the
upperside brown. ‘The palpi bright yellow-brown all over.
* Hist. Nat. des Ar. i. 1892, p. 765, figs. 841-3.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 447
At the base the abdomen is dark greyish-brown mottled with yellow, followed on
each side by a broad area of bright yellow with a few brown spots thereon, running
into a yellow area the whole length of each side of the abdomen; the central area of
the back is covered with a brown pattern beginning with a median broad triangle
that separates the above-mentioned yellow areas, thence it broadens out into a shield
deeply scolloped at the sides, which gradually narrows into a long streak reaching
to the posterior end. In the interior of this shield are paler patches, two near
the broad anterior end, one each side of the median line, and others successively
smaller on the median line. On the yellow sides are about five faint brown perpen-
dicular lines merging into the dull greyish-brown of the underside. On this, in front
of the epigyne, is a pale yellowish area. Between the genital groove and the spinnerets
is a narrow darker shield pointed at each end; on this, one below the other, are four
pairs of small round dark spots and two rather large paler yellow spots a little in front
of the spinnerets. ‘The latter and the epigyne are yellow-brown.
The cephalothorax is longer than broad, truncate in front, rounded at the sides.
The somewhat raised cephalic part is separated from the thoracic by well-marked
depressions, its rear end extending to a fovea almost on the rear slope. ‘The former is
nearly bare in the middle, but the sides and the thoracic part are thickly covered with
rather coarse hair. ‘The front median eyes are one-third wider than the rear median,
one and a half times their diameter apart and two and a half times from their
laterals. The rear median are only two-thirds of their diameter apart and their
diameter from the front median. The side eyes, the diameters of which are
one-third smaller than those of the rear median, lie half a diameter apart on a
rather large tubercle, the front eye being directly below the rear one. ‘The clypeus
is about as broad as a front median eye.
‘The mandibles are strongly geniculate at the base, as long as the front of the
cephalothorax is broad; the fangs long and powerful, but slightly curved. On the
inner side of the falx-sheath are three teeth, the middle one larger than the others.
On the outer margin are four, of which the third is the largest and the fourth smallest.
The lip is broader than long, pointed anteriorly, half the length of the maxille; the
latter are straight in front, where they are broadest.
The sternum is long and shield-shaped, hollow in front and at the insertion of the
coxe, the rear pair being contiguous; it is thickly covered with rather coarse hair.
The legs are moderately long and tapering, not very stout, but furnished with short
powerful spines.
The abdomen is ovate, nearly as broad as long, broadest one-third of its length from
the base ; thick at the sides and sparsely covered with short, fine, recumbent hair and
long upstanding bristles on circular roots.
The epigyne is formed of a scape springing from the upper part of a bulbous base,
at first bent back and then turned over towards the rear, the anterior two-thirds pointing
448 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
posteriorly. This portion is twice as long as the bulbous base, hollowed on the upper-
side with a narrow raised margin, slightly narrowing anteriorly, where it ends in a
rounded point. On each side of ithe bulbous base is an outwardly curving columnar
support with a dark line along it, the median portion being also convex. ‘The whole
of this portion, as broad as it is long, springs from a strongly convex transverse
protuberance, broadest in the middle and tapering to the pulmonary apertures.
The superior tarsal claws have about seven pectinations, none on the inferior.
The tibial joint of the palpi is twice as long as the patellar, with five or six
pectinations on the claw. On the anterior end of the femur are some short
curved spines.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Gl Ba ee
Cephalothorax ......... 53 hoe Ha ron
Albdomentineneeereeeeeren 12 Tal
Man diblesieeee ree neeee 24 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
Thees, asia: ] 2 7 of i = 23
as 2 if 64 64 = 22
3. 13 5 3s 4, = 14
4 2) 7 54 6 = 204
Balipi cetacean 1 2 24 2) = a
This species is somewhat near A. ferruginea Thor. and A. pfeiffert Thor.; it differs
from both in the pronounced pattern on the back and in having the side eyes nearer
to the median than in either. The epigyne agrees closely with Thorell’s description
of that of the latter, but the scape is longer in proportion to its breadth than in the
former. I am unable to discover any species recorded from anywhere near New
Guinea in which the epigyne, eyes, and shape of abdomen accord with this, and
I therefore consider it to represent a new species.
ARANEUS GRANTI. (Text-fig. 26.)
Araneus granti Hogg, Abstract P. Z.S. 1914, p. 57 (Nov. 17).
One female. (ype of the species.)
The cephalothorax is black-brown all over, covered with long silvery-white hairs
and white upstanding bristles. ‘The mandibles black-brown, fangs red-brown at the
anterior half. Lip and maxille black-brown, pale yellow-brown at the margins, with
fringes of the same colour. The sternum is yellow over the whole central area, but
black-brown round the side margins, with yellowish-white hair. The coxe are dark
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 449
yellow-brown. ‘The femora of the third pair of legs are yellow with black patches at
each end, but those of the first, second, and fourth pairs black-brown all over. ‘The
patella black-brown, the tibie yellow on the basal half, black-brown on the anterior.
Metatarsus and tarsus i. and ii. yellow. Metatarsus iii. and iv. yellow, but tarsus
black-brown. Dark brown bristly hair on the dark portions of the legs, greyish-white on
the lighter. The palpiare similarly coloured, with light femoral and dark distal joint.
The upperside of the abdomen is chocolate-brown with white hairs and bristles;
embedded in this is a black longitudinal spear-head pattern, pointing anteriorly, about
the middle it broadens out and ends in a short shaft; a yellow border envelopes the
pattern as far as the rear end; the broadening out tends to form an indistinct cross.
Near the juncture of the cross-bar with the middle streak are two large round
depressions on the lower side and two smaller nearer together on the upper. ‘The
Text-figure 26.
Araneus granti, nat. size. a. Kyes. 6. Epigyne.
underside is in corrugated ridges of black and yellow, with white hair; on the side-
slopes, which are brown, are perpendicular yellow streaks.
The cephalothorax is one-fourth longer than broad, truncate in front, rounded at
the sides, with well-marked depressions separating the cephalic from the thoracic part.
Long, coarse, forward-pointing hair and bristles. The front median eyes are rather
more than their diameter apart and the same distance from the rear median, which are
one-fifth diameter smaller and only half of their diameter apart; they are two and
a half times their diameter from the laterals, the row being slightly recurved viewed
from above. The lateral eyes are on a joint protuberance, about equal in size, smaller
than the rear median and half their diameter apart. The clypeus is about as wide
as the front median eyes.
The mandibles are as long as the front of the cephalothorax (?. ¢. half its greatest
width), geniculate, slightly divergent anteriorly. The fangs are long, powerful,
and slightly curved: on the inner side of the falx-sheath are three teeth, the lower
being the largest ; and four on the outer, the last but one larger than the others.
The lip is broader than long, rounded to an obtuse point anteriorly—half the length
2)
VOL. XX.—ParT xiv. No. 4.—July, 1915. 2
450 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
of the maxilla. The sternum is a broad shield-shape, pointed at the rear, slightly
hollowed in front and at the insertion of the cox, of which the rear pair is
contiguous.
The abdomen is ovate, rounded in front, obtusely pointed at the rear, nearly as
broad as long. It is smooth on the back and sides, but corrugated transversely
underneath.
The epigyne is furnished with a broad scape projecting downwards, three times as
long as the bulbous base from which it springs. The scape is broad at the base,
narrowed and broadened again. It is four and a half times as long as broad, and
rounded at the anterior end. Along each side of the upper face is a slightly raised
margin, within which it is hollowed.
The legs are of medium length and fairly stout. On the patella of the front two
pairs there is a spine at each side and one in front, and on tibia i. and ii. four pairs
at the sides and one above.
‘The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax ......... 5 1 in fronts
Abdomentiecessaeccsectes 74 a
Miandiblesine seeecee: 2 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
IRE) segconaae Iho il 64 6 6 = 19}
2 i 63 5 5 — 17s
3. i 34 34 31 = 103
A, i 6 5 5 = 17
Pall Pies sscnuente ener 4 2 12 2 = 61
This is one of the smaller of the numerous variations from the widely spread
A, productus type, but it does not seem to have been recorded before; I have named
it after Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. It is near A. vatius Thor. from Amboina (‘ Ragni di
Selebes,’ p. 44), which Dr. Thorell thinks may be the same as A. hispidus Dol. ; but
the scapus of the epigyne is apparently longer and more wavy, and the patelia wholly
black instead of black at the point only, the pattern of the back doubtfully similar.
ARANEUS CAPUT-LUPI.
Epeira caput-lupi Doleschali, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl. v. 1859, p. 35, pl. vil. fig. 6;
Thorell, Aun. Mus. Genova, xvi. 1881, p. 85.
Araneus caput-lupi Pocock, Sond. aus dem Abh. der Senck. naturf. Ges., Bd. xxiii. Heft 4,
1897, p. 599, pl. xxv. fig. 6.
Six females. :
Although varying in colour considerably, as mentioned both by Dr. Thorell and
Mr. Pocock, these specimens are without doubt the same as those identified by the
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 451
above-named gentlemen as Doleschall’s Araneus (Epeira) caput-lupi, although the
illustration given by the latter does not agree so well with them, as is usually the case
with his beautifully finished drawings.
In some specimens the shield on the back is of a deep chocolate-colour bordered by
a thin yellow line, and pale red. on the shoulder-humps, the portion in front of the
shield being quite dark. In others about the same colour the thin bordering line is
absent. In others, again, the whole of the back is pale yellow-brown, but in all the
form of the epigyne is similar and very distinctive—the spinous bristles on the back
and legs on round tubercle-roots, the white spines on the legs, the pair of large dark
bare muscle-spots on the shield, and other points are exactly similar. I make the
measurements of the largest (in millimetres) as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Als
Cephalothorax......... 9 1 i seh
Albdomentenss ey seeeee as 14 12
Mandibles ..........-- 4 =
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus. |
WBE oocoocace 1. 24 3 9 8t = 28
2. 24 7 9 74 - 26
3. 2 6 6 5 = 19
4 24 8 9 8h = 28
Palipiene Peete. 1 4, 34 3 = 11d
Dr. Thorell makes the cephalothorax shorter than patella + tibia iv., but I find
it the same length (in some of the specimens, however, this does not seem to be the
case), and the fourth pair are as long as the first, while he makes them in some
cases even longer.
ARANEUS THEIS, var. TRIANGULIFERA.
Epeira theis Walckenaer, Ins., Apt. ii. 1841, p. 53.
Epeira mangareva Walckenaer, ibid. iv. 1847, p. 469.
Epeira theisii Thorell, Ragni di Selebes, 1877, p. 50.
Epeira triangulifera Thorell, Ragni di Amboina, 1878, p. 65.
Epeira theisii, var. triangulifera Thorell, Rag. Aust.-Mal. 1881, p. 115.
Nineteen females and one male.
It has generally been held that Epeira theis Walck. and Epeira mangareva Walck.
are at most varieties of the same species. Dr. Thorell attempts a differentiation on
slight variations in both the male and female sexual organs. ‘These, however, do not
seem to hold good even in his own description, and seeing that the species have been
recorded (originally from Guam) from Singapore, New Guinea and adjacent islands, the
eastern parts of Australia, and most of the Pacific islands, it is hardly to be wondered
38 2
452 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
at that there should be local variations. The colouring varies considerably, but the
_markings on the cephalothorax and upperside of the abdomen remain roughly the
same, and they are all distinguished by the yellow longitudinal stripes each side of
a dark median area on the underside of the abdomen, and the slightly differing scapus
of the epigyne in the female sometimes springing from a more or less rounded base
and sometimes more or less narrowed at the anterior end.
After examining specimens from Guam, Thorell came to the conclusion that there
was a specific difference between those from the locality whence Walckenaer described
his original E. theis and specimens from Amboina, and he therefore (doc. cit.)
described the latter as a new species, A. triangulifera. Among the numerous speci-
mens now before me, certainly all the same, and all from more or less the same
locality, the thickness of the base and breadth of the point certainly vary ; normally
they have a fairly rounded thickened base. Tapering to about half its width at the
point, the scape is hollowed underneath in the basal half and on the upperside in the
anterior half, in each case with a raised marginal rim; in some specimens it is straight,
in others curved upwards or downwards.
Mr. R. I. Pocock (Sond. aus dem Abh. der Senck. naturf. Ges., Bd. xxii. Heft 4,
1897, p. 601) describes both species from the Island of Halmahera.
In my specimens the legs are longer in proportion to the cephalothorax than the
measurements given by Dr. L. Koch (Arach. Aust. vol. i. 1871, p. 85, E. mangareva),
but they agree with Dr. Thorell’s E. triangulifera (loc. cit.), and I consider them as
certainly the same as this and a variety of A. theis Walck.
In all Dr. Thorell’s descriptions he makes the rear median eyes larger than the
front median, while Dr. Koch says that they are the same size. In these the front
eyes are quite clearly larger than the rear, but not much.
The measurements (in millimetres) of a female and a male are as follows :—
Female. Male.
Long. Broad. Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax...... 4 { aria tron Cephalothorax...... 4 Ae irene
3 4
Mb domienWena tno 8 54 Aibdomleny eens seseere 43 24
Mrandiblest ene... 13 — Mandibles ......... 1 —
Female.
‘Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
JUSS a soo acon itis 1 6 é 64 = 193
2 I 5 5 54 = 164
3. 3 3 3 3 = 93
4, ] 6 6 6 = 19
Balliptiinenicrewened eines 4 12 13 13 = 5s
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 453
Male.
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
IEFES, coas0cc¢ I, 1 6 6 6 = 19
2: ] 5 44 5 = 154
3. ¢ 3 3 3 = 92
4. 1 5 5 & a 16
Group Cyrtophoree.
Genus CYRTOPHORA Simon.
CYRTOPHORA MOLUCCENSIS.
Epeira moluccensis Doleschall, Nat. Tijd, v. Nederl. Ind. vol. xiii. 1857, p. 418; id. Act. Soe.
Sci. Ind. Néerl. vol. v. 1858-9, pl. i. fig. 7; Thorell, Ragni di Amboina, Studi Rag.
Mal. e Pap. vol. ii. 1878, pp. 41, 296; Ragni di Austro-Malesi, Studi Rag. Mal. e
Pap. vol. 11. 1881, p. 80.
Araneus moluccensis Pocock in Sond. aus dem Abh. der Senck. naturf. Ges., Bd. xxiii. Heft 4,
11897, p. 599.
Cyrtophora moluccensis Simon, Hist. Nat. des Araignées, vol. i. 1895, p. 775 (note) ;
Kulczynski in Bot.-Zool. Ergebn. Samoa- u. Solomons-inseln, 1910, p. 6, pl. xvii. fig. 5.
Two females.
This widely spread species has so many variations in size and coloration that it is
difficult to say for certain, in the absence of the type-specimens, that all attributed
thereto belong to the same species as that described by Doleschall, but from his
description I have little doubt as to these specimens being the same.
Thorell (loc. cit.) gives the following as synonyms :—-
Epeira maritima Keys.
», cupidinea Thor.
», hieroglyphica L. Koch.
» margaritacea Dol.
The drawings accompanying the original descriptions of these vary considerably.
The present specimens have light and dark rings on the tibia, but the epigyne agrees
exactly with Prof. Kulezynski’s drawing (cc. cit.).
The pattern given by Mr. W. J. Rainbow (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1898, pt. 3,
pl. vii. fig. 4) of his C. simoni from British New Guinea is the same as this, but in
some points his description seems to differ.
454 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
Group Tetragnathee.
Genus TEeTRaGNaTHA Latr.
TETRAGNATHA RUBRIVENTRIS.
Tetragnatha rubriventris Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. v. Nederl. Ind. vol. xii. 1857, p. 40.
One male.
M. Simon, Hist. Nat. des Ar. vol. i. 1892, p. 718, gives drawings of the mandibles,
lip and maxille, and male palp of 7. rubriventris Dol., which agree exactly with the
same parts of this specimen.
Doleschall’s description (loc. cit.) agrees well enough with this, except that he
calls the underside of the abdomen “ purple-coloured ” and gives the length as 4 mm.
only, while in this one it is 9 mm. and the abdomen is dark grey underneath.
Thorell (doc. cit.) makes the length of his-specimen 143 mm. and says the abdomen
is golden-red, which this male is on the upperside.
Prof. Kulczynski records 7. rubriventris Dol., and then describes 7. phwodactyla
with a drawing of the mandible which seems the same, and his coloration is the same
as this, with the exception of yellow spots on the abdomen and a dark ring on the
tarsi and metatarsi i. and ii., the length being 7°47 mm. If not the same, the two
species would seem to be merely varieties.
TETRAGNATHA ? LEPTOGNATHA.
Tetragnatha leptognatha Thorell, Ragni di Selebes, 1877, p. 101.
One female.
Both in coloration and proportions this example seems to agree with Thorell’s
description of the above-named species, but his specimens are slightly larger. ‘The
mandibular teeth and shape of fang are the same, aud I have not much doubt but that
it must be ascribed to Thorell’s species.
I make the measurements (in millimetres) as follows : —
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax............ 3 te 8 (BON
Nbdomen\eeresnceaceseccer OF 2i
Mian(diiblesiaeeereereecceces 3 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
hers ee 1] 4 8 9 11 = 281
2 4 6 6 7 = 194
3 i 34 2 3 = 83
4 4 6 6 64 = 19
JEATOH “sedqnbacoosbacoade 4 13 1i 1 = 44
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 45
oO
Group Meter.
Genus Leucaucr White.
Leucauge White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 1841, p. 473.
Argyroepeira Emmerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi. 1884, p. 328.
LEUCAUGE COCCINEA.
Epewa coccinea Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. v. Neder]. Ind. vol. xiii. 1857, p. 421; id. Tweede
Bijd. Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerl. 1859, pl. i. fig. 2.
Meta coccinea Dol.; Thorell, Rag. Mal. e Pap. ii. (Ragni di Amboina), 1878, p. 89;
v. Keyserling, Die Arach. Aust., Suppl. 1887, p. 208, tab. xviii. fig. 8.
A large number of females, evidently of this handsome species.
Previously recorded from Amboina, New Ireland, the Solomon Islands,’ and Fiji
Islands.
LEucAUGE caupaTa. (Text-fig. 27.)
Leucauge caudata Hogg, Abstract P. Z. 8. 1914, p. 57 (Nov. 17).
Two females. (Type of the species.)
The cephalothorax is pale yellowish mottled with darker grey, slightly darker
in the cephalic fovea; the few scattered upright hairs are nearly white. ‘The
Text-figure 27.
Leucauge cuudata, x 2. a. Hyes. 6. Epigyne from below. c. Profile, x 2.
mandibles are dark yellow and darker grey; the fangs red-brown at the base, pale red
at the anterior half. The lip, maxille, sternum, and coxe are the same yellow as
the cephalothorax mottled with darker grey. On the former the fringes are dingy
yellow, and on the latter are a few hairs similar to those on the cephalothorax. The
456 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
trochanters of the legs are dark yellow-brown, the basal half of the femora bright
yellowish-white, the anterior half with the patelle rich brown. The tibiz yellowish-
white, with a brown ring at the anterior end and a spot of the same on the upperside
about the middle. The metatarsi and tarsi are nearly all white, with a faint brown
ring at the anterior end. The hairs are quite pale yellowish-white throughout. The
abdomen is silvery-grey on the upperside, with three pairs of small yellowish spots.
It is somewhat yellower on the sides and underneath. The hairs are short, upright,
and nearly white, but along the sides pale brown on yellow roots over an area reaching
from the base of the abdomen to about halfway. ‘The epigyne and spinnerets are
rather dark yellow.
The cephalothorax is smooth, about one-half longer than broad; the cephalic part
small, with straight sides and deep depressions separating it from the thoracic, convex,
rounded at the sides of the thoracic part, and truncate at the front and rear. ‘The
thoracic fovea is a broad transverse oval in the middle without any side depressions
therefrom.
The front and rear median eyes are equal in size; the former once and a half times
their diameter apart and the same distance from the rear pair, which are not more
than half their diameter from one another. ‘The lateral eyes are about three-fourths
the diameter of the median, situated on a small protuberance, touching one another.
Viewed from above, the laterals of the front-row are in a line with the rear median,
and those of the rear-row directly behind them, so that the front-row is considerably,
and the rear-row slightly, recurved. The lateralsare three times their diameter distant
from the rear median.
The mandibles are short, conical, and strongly geniculate at the base. There are
four teeth on the outer margin of the falx-sheath, of which the second is smaller
than the others, and three on the inner.
The lip is broader than long, pointed anteriorly, and Jess than half the height of the
maxille. ‘The latter are triangular, broadest and particularly thick along the anterior
margin.
The sternum is shield-shaped, convex, slightly hollowed in front, ending in a point
posteriorly, above the contiguous rear-coxe.
The legs are fine and rather short, sparsely covered with moderately long upright
hairs, which increase in quantity on the metatarsal and tarsal joints. There is a single
row of longer hair down the back of femora iii. and iv., but there are no spines on any
of the joints. ‘The tibial joints broaden out at the anterior end. The fourth pair of
legs is as long as the first.
The palpi are likewise short and fine, with the femoral joint bent in and thickened
at the anterior end.
The abdomen viewed from above is at first oval; at the posterior end of this portion
it suddenly narrows into a straight blunt tail, about one-half the length of the anterior
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 457
part above mentioned. Viewed from the side, it is nearly triangular as far as the
caudal portion, which projects from the narrow junction of the back with the underside.
The front forms one side of the triangle and is as deep as the triangle is long, the
cephalothorax being set on to it rather above the middle. As it slopes rather back-
wards the spinnerets, which are at the lower angle, lie below the middle of the side
forming the back. ‘The third side slopes upwards from the spinnerets to the base of
the tail.
The epigyne consists of a base formed of two convex pear-shaped bodies, the larger
rounded end below, situated one each side of an ovate hollow, the median area of
which is again convex. From the middle of the upperside of this base springs a
short, broad, straight-sided scape, which bends forward over the base.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax ......... 25 iM front:
4
AN OCT Sogcceonocsacee 5} (8442) 24 (34 deep at spinnerets).
Miandibles!eens-eeeeeeae 1 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
IUGES pogasccac He 4 25 24 2 = 74
2. 4 22 2 a 64
3. 4 13 Is leo = 5t
4. 4 2b 24 2 = 74
Pall pile ihe habe uae 4 1 z i = 23
In shape this is rather like Prof. Kulczynski’s Avaneus caudifer (Res. de exp. Néerl.
& la N. Guinea, 1903, vol. v. pt. 4, Zool. p. 482, pl. xx. figs. 52-04), but smaller, the
legs being only about half as long; the colouring of the abdomen silvery instead of
reddish-brown, the rear median eyes half their diameter apart instead of more than
the diameter, and the median area narrower instead of wider posteriorly, also the
epigyne has a shorter scape and a bulbous base which is absent from the other.
Group Gasteracanthee,
Genus GASTERACANTHA Sund.
GASTERACANTHA CREPIDOPHORA.
Gasteracantha crepidophora Cambridge, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 267; Thorell, Ragni Malesi
e Papuasi, vol. ii. 1881, p. 30.
Nine females.
This species seems fairly common in New Guinea and the neighbouring islands.
VOL. XX.—ParT xiv. No. 5.—July, 1915. 37
458 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
It is readily recognisable by the brilliant red spot at the base of its side-spines, or
horns, the remarkable thorn at the end of same, and the scape of the epigyne, and is
no doubt easily seen.
GASTERACANTHA ? LEPELLETIERI.
Gasteracantha lepelletieri Guérin, Encycl. Méthod. vol. x. 1825, p. 763; id. Voyage de la
‘Coquille,’ Zool. ii. 2, 1830, p. 52; Thorell, loc. cit. pp. 31 & 39, vol. 11. 1878, p. 14.
Five females.
In these the epigyne and side-horns resemble (. crepidophora; but the absence of
the red spots of the former and its own characteristic black markings, with a slightly
broader cephalothorax (which point, however, is not very evident), are held by
Thorell to be sufficient to justify Guérin’s separate species. The only apparent
structural difference between the species seems to be that in the latter the spines are
stouter and the whole appearance more robust. Described from Amboina, Buru, and
Gilolo. This is clearly the same as that which Thorell considered to be G. lepelletieri,
but in spirits the red spots are faintly visible, and I doubt if there is any difference
from G. crepidophora Camb.*.
GASTERACANTHA HEPATICA, ? var. n.
Gasteracantha hepatica Koch, Die Arach. Aust. 1871, p. 8, pl. i.
Five females.
These specimens agree structurally, including the epigyne and proportion of the
legs, with L. Koch’s description; but the pattern on the back of the abdomen of
most of them includes a transverse black fillet between the spines of the upperside,
from the middle of which depends a straight streak ending in two arrow-shaped points.
They are also rather larger ; one specimen without the black markings is like the
original drawings.
GASTERACANTHA TANIATA.
Gasteracantha teniata Walck. Ins., Apt. 11. 1841.
Eight females.
These show considerable variation in the length and stoutness of the spines, the
deeper or brighter orange and pale yellow of the light stripes, and the continued or
broken dark lines, but they are all undoubtedly the same. Described from New
Guinea and adjacent islands.
* In the L. Koch Collection now in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) there is a specimen marked
Gasteracantha lepelletieri, which is quite different. The back is red, without special markings ; the horns are
non-existent, and the side spines (much finer) stand up almost at right angles to the carapace.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 459
Family THOMISID &.
Subfamily Misumenine.
Group Dieee.
Genus Diaa Thor.
DIA DOLESCHALLI, sp. n. (Text-fig. 28.)
One female. (Type of the species.)
The cephalothorax is pale yellow-brown, mottled with darker spots along a broad
median line reaching from the eye-space to the rear end, darker but similarly mottled
each side of this to the margin and on the clypeus. The short recumbent hairs are
white, with a few upstanding brown bristles on yellow roots.
Text-figure 28.
Dica doleschalli, x2, a. Eyes. 6. Lip and maxille. c. Epigyne.
The mandibles are pale yellow, mottled with dark brown patches and fine, short,
erect, yellow hair on the side edges; fangs golden-yellow. The lp and maxille
are dingy yellow, darkest at the posterior ends. The sternum paler yellow. The
femora and patelle of the front two pairs of legs are dark brown mottled with yellow
spots, yellow-grey short recumbent hair, and short yellow spines. The tibie of the
same are yellow underneath, brown at the base and anterior part of the upperside,
yellow in the middle; spines brown.
The metatarsus and tarsus yellow, with a few brown spots, brown spines and claws.
The two rear pairs of legs are yellow all over, with fewer brown spots on the
femur and patella and scarcely any on the other joints; palpi dingy yellow-brown
without spots.
The abdomen on the upperside is milky-white at the base with a few yellow
37 2
460 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
spots, dingy dark yellow on the back, shading into paler colour here and there, with
stout yellow spines on roots. A slightly darker median line runs from a depression
near the front. The sides are darker brown, and there are two short, dark brown
lines with a pale space between them at the rear end. ‘The underneath is quite pale
yellowish-grey with yellow spots. Epigyne and spinnerets yellow.
The cephalothorax is as broad as long, convex, truncate in front, where the cephalic
part and especially the eye-space is moderately raised up above the thoracic; the
sides of the latter are well rounded. Along the median line the cephalothorax is
straight, but slopes steeply to the sides and at the rear end.
Both rows of eyes are recurved, the rear one the more strongly. The four median
eyes are equal in size in a trapezium, longer than broad, slightly narrower in front
than at the rear, the front ones being between two and a half and three times their
diameter apart, the rear rather over three diameters apart, and four diameters between
front and rear. The side-eyes are all on separate tubercles, the front-laterals twice the
diameter of the median, and the rear about once and a half. The front-laterals are
separated by twice the space covered by the front-median. ‘The clypeus is as broad as
the length of the median eye-space.
The mandibles are short and rather flat, slightly narrower at the anterior end than
at the base; smooth in the middle, with short fine hair at the sides and a few
weak bristles on roots. The fangs are short and weak, and there is a fairly thick
fringe on the inner as well as on the outer margin of the falx-sheath hiding any
teeth there may be.
The lip is one and a half times longer than broad, rounded anteriorly, broadest at
about half its height, thence narrowing slightly to both front and rear. The maxille
are upright, rounded anteriroly, hollowed to follow the lip on the inner side, and
slightly hollowed on the outer. ‘They are one-third of their length longer than the lip.
The sternum is broad shield-shaped, hollowed anteriorly, pointed at the rear, where
the coxe are contiguous. It is moderately convex, and thickly covered with fine
upstanding hairs.
The front two pairs of legs are respectively twice as long and thick as the third and
fourth pairs. The two claws have about five pectinations. On the undersides of
metatarsus i. and ii. are six pairs of spines, and under the tibie of i. and 11. eight
pairs, all rather short and stout. On the femur and patella there is smooth short
hair. On the third and fourth pairs there are only about five short spines on the
femur and one underneath.
The abdomen is pyriform, broadest posteriorly; it is straight, but rounded at the
corners in front and obtusely rounded at the rear end, where the spinnerets are
terminal. At the sides it is as thick as it is broad in front. Near the base in the
median line on the upperside is a large oval depression, and from thence to the rear
the abdomen is more or less divided until across the rear end, where the back curves
to each side.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 461
The inferior spinnerets are conical with a short hemispherical second joint, the
superior about the same length, but more cylindrical. The epigyne is a transverse
depression in an oval frame lying on a low circular prominence. There are two small
hollows, one at each end of the oval above it, with a protuberance in their centres.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad,
Cephalothorax........ 3 ia Be PSOne
Albdomenteeenereereee 4 4
Mandibles ............ 1 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
Wesst.cxenca: I, 1 4, 43 3 = 124
2s ] 44 43 3 133
3. t 2 2 We 6
4, 4 24 2 TZ = 64
Ballpiy iets gaaercact eels zt 8 2 a 2
This would appear to be rather near Dr. Doleschall’s Dicwa dilatata (Thomisus
dilatatus) from Amboina, but the meagreness of his description makes it impossible to
distinguish his species with certainty. His drawing including the tarsal claws closely
resembles the present species, but shows a black area on the posterior end of the
abdomen. Here there are two black stripes with a lighter stripe between them.
He says the two rows of eyes are equally recurved, which is not far from being the
case. Thorell, who refers two specimens from Amboina doubtfully to this species,
did not redescribe them as was his usual habit.
Subfamily Stephanopsine.
Group Stephanopsee.
Genus ReE@itLus Cambr.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 203.
REGILLUS DIVERGENS. (Text-fig. 29.)
Regillus divergens Hogg, Abstract P. Z.S. 1914, p. 57 (Nov. 17).
One female, Setakwa River. (Zype of the species.)
The cephalothorax is dark brown covered with yellowish-grey bristles, the
mandibles black-brown with rather lighter bristles; fangs yellow-brown. The lip,
maxillee, and sternum paler yellow, the lower part of the lip and the sternum thickly
462 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
covered with yellow-grey bristly hair. The legs are dark brown with similarly coloured
hair ; spines and claws nearly black-brown. The abdomen, both upper- and undersides,
dark brown, with dingy grey bristles and rows of bare brown spots. ‘The epigyne
shiny yellow-brown.
The cephalothorax is one-sixth longer than broad, truncate in front, where it is one-
half its greatest breadth, rounded at the sides and hollowed at the rear. ‘The cephalic
part is slightly raised up in front, depressed behind the eyes, thence rising again towards
the thoracic part. It slopes steeply to the side margins, and is bounded by broad
shallow depressions. The thoracic part rises gradually to the rear, whence it slopes
steeply, as also at the sides, to a short distance from the margin; it then flattens, but
Text-figure 29,
Regillus divergens, nat. size. 6. Profile. c. Spinnerets. d. Epigyne.
e. Leg of front pair. jf. Tarsus i. showing claws.
falls again steeply from a narrow ledge. In the median line are two protuberances,
-one behind the other, the rear one being the largest. ‘There is no fovea. The whole
surface is thickly covered with recumbent, short, thick, tapering scales, but there
are long upstanding bristles on the clypeus and two especially long ones between
the front-median eyes.
The eyes are about equal in size, both front- and rear-rows being recurved, the rear-
row slightly more so than the front, the laterals standing just clear above a line
touching the upper edges of the median. The laterals of each row are on separate
prominences, the anterior more pronounced. In the front-row the eyes are equi-
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 463
distant about one and a third times their diameter apart, the median being the
same distance away from the rear-median. These are separated from one another by
the same distance, and are two and a half times their diameter from the laterals.
The width of the clypeus is rather less than the breadth of the median eye square.
The mandibles are conical, geniculate at the base, and thickly covered with long,
coarse, upstanding bristles, with a fringe on both inner and outer margins of the
falx-sheath. There are four long pointed teeth on the inner margin, and the same
number, rather smaller, on the outer, with two rows of quite small teeth between the
two. The fangs are long and moderately curved.
The lip is about one and a half times as long as broad, square in front and thickly
covered with stout upstanding bristles on the lower one-third. It is more than one-
half the length of the maxille, which are upright, rounded anteriorly, convex on
the outer side, straight on the inner; the coxal portion of the palpi is particularly
broad and stout.
The sternum is nearly as broad as long, and widest between the second and third
coxe. In front it narrows to the breadth of the lip and is hollowed to receive the first
and second pairs of coxe ; at the posterior end it is about twice that width, and truncate,
having a margin between itself and the third and fourth pairs of coxe, the latter pair
contiguous. It is thickly.covered with short, coarse, recumbent bristles, which are
longer and more upstanding at the margins of the rear half,
The front-pair of legs are longer and stouter than the others. On the inner side of
the femur about the middle are two short stout spines, one at each corner of a square
dilatation. There are also three single and two pairs of very short spines, almost
points only, on the underside. The metatarsus of the front two pairs is flattened and
their tarsal joints are much thinner and quite short. On the underside of tibia i. are
five pairs of stout spines, and under tibia ii. one pair of short, three pairs of Jong, and
again one pair of short spines. ‘The two rear pairs are without spines.
All the legs are thickly covered with coarse recumbent bristles and a few upstanding,
also here and there a few club-shaped.
The tarsal claws have one long pectination about the middle and three or four short
between it and the base. The femoral joint of the palpi is thin, curved on the inner
side and dilated anteriorly. The patellar joint as long as the tibial, the distal joint
short and flattened, and the claw with one long pectination only.
The abdomen is ovate, truncate in front, widest posteriorly, where it is obtusely
rounded. On the upperside at the posterior end are two bare prominences, and in two
long lines five pairs of bare spots. There are four lines of spots, smaller but more in
number on the underside, which is thickly covered with short, stout, bristly, recumbent
hairs, with some longer upstanding, and at the posterior end a few club-shaped bristles.
The spinnerets are short and conical, lying in a circular nest and thickly covered
with hair.
464 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
21 in front.
Cephalothorax ............... 6 { et rath
3 in front.
Abdomen cea sseeneoneonee 63 ie sis
5
Mandibless un. euecrea eae 2 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
IDES o booaca 10s 2t 6 7 a5 Il os 194
2. 2 4. 5 384 = 143
3. 2 4 34 34 = 13
4. 2 5 4 4 = 15
lebullcaaencecbedadantaed 7 2 ee 1 5
Sternum 23x 2.
In spite of the fact that the front-row of eyes is slightly recurved, the eyes
equidistant, and the median four as near as possible in a square, this species agrees
so closely in other respects with Regillus Cambr. that the genus should be extended
to cover this. There is no question of any disappearance of the spinnerets—they are
quite normal, but lie flat.
In addition, there is a small male Stephanopis Cambr. with the femora of the front-
lees especially profusely bespined and tuberculated, but it is too mutilated to measure
and describe accurately.
Subfamily Sparassine.
Group Delenee.
Genus Ottos Walck.
Oxios PRINCEPS. (Text-fig. 50.)
Olios princeps, Hogg, Abstract P.Z.S. 1914, p. 57 (Nov. 17).
One female, Setakwa River. (Type of the species.)
The cephalothorax is red-brown, with scattered pale yellow-brown bristles and
recumbent hair. The mandibles black-brown, with reddish-brown hair and bright
red fringes; fangs black-brown. ‘The lip and maxille are also black-brown with red
fringes. The sternum is bright orange, with paler orange hair and upstanding brown
bristles. Between the sternum proper and the coxe is a rather wide area of white
tissue. The coxe and legs are dark brown, with yellowish-white hair and a patch of
white hair in the middle on the underside of the tibiz, brown spines, and grey claw-
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 465
tufts and scopule. Palpi same as legs. The abdomen above and at the sides is
yellow-grey and dark brown in patches, with pale yellow-brown hair; underneath
there is a dark grey transverse stripe below the genital fold, above same dark yellow-
brown, with reddish-brown hair. Below the fold are regular longitudinal streaks of
pale straw-colour covered with a thick mat of pale hair, and dark brown where the
hairs are scantier and the skin shows through. In the median area these form a
lyriform figure consisting of three brown and four pale stripes. The stripes on each
side are nearly parallel to this.
The cephalothorax is convex, highest one-third of the distance from the rear end,
and sloping to the front. It is as broad as long, straight in front, rounded at the sides,
Text-figure 30.
Olios princeps, nat. size. «a. Byes. 6. Underside of abdomen. c. Epigyne.
and hollowed at the rear. The cephalic part is marked off by shallow side depressions
leading to a short longitudinal median fovea. ‘This comes to an end, but there is a
second rather deep one on the rear slope.
The rear-row of eyes is straight, of equal diameter, the laterals on rounded
tubercles reaching down to include the front-laterals. ‘The median pair are twice their
diameter apart and two and a half times from the side-eyes. The front-row is also
straight, the lateral one and a half times the diameter of the rear-eyes. ‘They are
almost close up to the slightly smaller median pair, which are half their diameter
apart, the breadth of their diameter from the rear-median, and the same distance from
the anterior margin of the clypeus.
VoL, XxX.—Pak? XIy. No. 6.—July, 1915. 3.U
466 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
‘The mandibles are as long as the front of the cephalothorax is wide, only slightly
convex, and covered with long, stout, bristly hair. On the inner side of the falx-sheath
are two very long, powerful, upright teeth followed by one median, one smaller, and
one quite small. On the outer are one large tooth and one smaller. There is a
thick fringe of long bristles on this, as also on the upper front-edge of the inner
margin. |
The lip is broader than long, convex, straight in front, widening to near the base,
where it contracts into a straight-sided piece one-fifth of its total length. It has a few
long upstanding bristles over its surface and the usual fringe in front. It is one-half
the length of the maxille, which are upright, convex, sloping from the highest point
to the outside as well as to the inside. ‘They are broadest one-third of their length from
the anterior end, whence they curve on the outside to a base two-thirds the width of the
widest part; the palpi are inserted about the middle of the outer side. ‘The fringes
are longest at the apex and on the upper portion of the inner slope where they grow
over the front surface, on the inner straight portion they are shorter and even in
length. The under lip or rostrum is clearly seen projecting a distance above the
front lip nearly half the length of the latter and with a fringe still more strongly
pronounced.
The sternum is shield-shaped, as broad as long, straight in front, pointed at the rear,
where it ends above the contiguous rear cox. It is thickly covered with a growth
of coarse, upstanding, bristly hair. It is surrounded by a rather wide flat margin
between its edge and the ends of the coxe, most prominently in front of the third
and fourth pairs.
The coxe of the legs are nearly bare, the other joints being thickly covered with
long, coarse, upstanding bristles and finer recumbent hair. On the underside of the
tibiz and metatarsi are three very long and powerful spines, and two long followed by
one short respectively. The tarsi and metatarsi are furnished with thick matted
scopule, only broken by the beds of the spines. Underneath the femora are one long
spine and one shorter at the anterior end.
The femoral joint of the palpi is curved on the inner side and broadest anteriorly.
There are long spines at the side of the tibia! joint, but no silvery-white patch
as on the legs, and scopule on the anterior joint. The tibia is longer than the
patella.
The abdomen is ovate, narrowest at the rear end, thick at the sides, and covered
with soft recumbent hair on the underside, less thick (or rubbed off) on the upper,
interspersed with long upstanding bristles.
‘The inferior spinnerets are close together, conical, with a short hemispherical second
joint, and they spring from a bare chitinous base. ‘The superior are longer and oval
in section, with a short cylindrical second joint. ‘The epigyne is of the horse-shoe type
with the chitinous rim opened widest at the base.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 467
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Ceplalothonaxgeees esses. 13 Pee SOM.
183
AN OGlOHINGN y eoosooooeeoouaesed 20 14
IMEDCNINIES sedonsocoobsadsoonnne 7 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
IDES sonhoeous Io 45 16 Ig) 17 = 563
Wo 5 17 20 18 = 60
3. 4 14. 15 1B = 46
A. 4 14 15 5p =) sh
Palipiticranven aire tt 2 6 6 5 = 19
Text-figure 31.
Olios artemis, nat. size. a. Hyes. 6. Profile. c. Underside of abdomen. «. Mandible, showing teeth.
e. Male palp.
Outros arTEMIs*. (Text-fig. 31.)
Olios acteon Hogg, Abstract P.Z. 8S, 1914, p. 57 (Nov. 17).
One male, Setakwa River. (Type of the species.)
Cephalothorax bright red-brown, scantily furnished with pale yellow-brown hair.
Mandibles black-brown with greyish-yellow bristles ; fangs black-brown at base, reddish
anteriorly. Lip and maxille black-brown, with yellow-brown hair and. bright orange
* {I find that the name actwon has been used previously for a species of this genus by Mr. R. I. Pocock ;
therefore I re-name my species Olios artemis.—H. R. H.]
3U 2
e
468 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
fringes. Sternum pale yellow-brown, with four large black spots along the front-
margin, two at the posterior end, and two intermediate at the sides, with yellow-grey
bristles, Legs orange, with yellowish-grey hair, dark grey spines, scopule, and claw-
tufts. Palpi similarly coloured, with the anterior joint dark brown.
The abdomen is pale yellow-brown above, with nearly white hair and short brown
bristles intermixed, From the anterior end to about halfway are two lines curving
outwards and consisting of faint brown spots, and below these a similar median line
extending to the posterior end. On the underside at the base are four black spots on
a yellow ground and a dark brown transverse line above the genital fold, with a silvery-
grey hair-spot on each side between this line and the spots. Below the genital fold,
reaching two-thirds of the distance to the spinnerets, is a black shield with two white
longitudinal streaks inside; this is flanked by longitudinal black lines at the side
separated by silver-grey hair-lines. Yellowish-grey hair between the end of the
shield-pattern and the spinnerets.
The cephalothorax is convex, highest just above the rear slope and curving to the
eye-space forward and laterally to the margin. There are no radial depressions there-
from nor any separating the cephalic part from the thoracic, and no longitudinal fovea.
It is as broad as long, straight in front where it is two-thirds its greatest breadth,
rounded at the sides and rear.
The eyes of the front-row are equal and equidistant, two-thirds of their diameter
apart. The median are their diameter away from the rear-median, which are one-
fourth smaller in diameter and twice as far apart as the front-eyes. They are rather
farther still from the side-eyes, which are the same long diameter (oval) and rather
farther forward, thus making the row slightly procurved. ‘The clypeus is about the
width of a front-median eye.
The mandibles are as long as the front of the cephalothorax, slightly geniculate
at the base, with powerful fangs. On the inner margin of the falx-sheath are five
large teeth, the upper one slightly smaller than the rest, and below these on the
outer margin are two rather smaller teeth.
The lip is broader than long, straight in front, thence broadening to the slightly con-
stricted base. ‘The median area from the base to the front-edge is convex, rising above
the somewhat flat sides; it is half the length of the maxilla, which are boldly convex,
upright, curved on the outer side; the slightly sloping troncature with long curling
fringes lies almost wholly on the upper edge, the shorter even fringe beginning quite
high up.
The sternum is shield-shaped, straight in front, as broad as long, rounded at the
sides, and ending in a broad rounded point between the rear cox, which are not
contiguous. It is thickly covered with long upstanding bristles.
The legs are moderately long, thin, and tapering from coxe to tarsi. ‘There is a
thick scopula parted in the middle on all the tarsi and extending half the length only
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 469
of the metatarsi; on the upperside of each femur is a single short spine followed by
two pairs of similar length, much longer ones underneath and at the sides. ‘There are
no spines on the upperside of the tibize. On the tibial joint of the palpi is an
apophysis at the anterior end, hollowed on the inner side and curved inwards at the
point. The flagellum is of the spiral or grooved support type, with about twelve
turns.
The abdomen is ovate, straight in front, curved at the sides, and narrowed to the
posterior end; the spinnerets terminal; the inferior conical, close together, with short
second joint.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax......... 6 { : in RON
ANGIONEM 000000000090 74 Bf
Niandiblesis sees eeeee A =
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
Messin: ne 2 8 ee 9 = 284
2. 2 9 104 Qo = 3l
3. 13 6 Mi 6 = 203
A. 2 7 8 i = 244
JZ pakevosauredosaee 1 3 2 ah = 10
This species is a typical Olios (Sparassws) in every way, excepting the mandibular
teeth, by which it differs from the normal; in this it more nearly resembles the genus
Clastes, but is quite different in its other points.
Group Heteropodee.
Genus Heteropopa Latreille.
HIETEROPODA REGIA.
? Aranea ocellata Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1035, no. 34 (@).
Aranea regia Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 408 (1793) (¢ ).
Heteropoda regia Fabr. L. Koch, Simon, Pocock, et auctores.
Eight females. ‘Two males.
HLETEROPODA REGIA, var, PLURIDENTATA. (Text-fig. 32.)
Heteropoda venatoria, var. pluridentata Hogg, Abstract P. Z. 8. 1914, p. 57 (Nov. 17).
Two females, Setakwa River. (Types of the variety.)
These differ from the normal form in having four large teeth and one smaller on the
A70 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
inner margin of the falx-sheath and two large alternating with two small on the
outer.
Cephalothorax bright yellow-brown, with pale yellow-grey hairs at the sides; on the
clypeus is a brilliant bandeau of silvery-white hairs. The mandibles are yellow-brown
with orange fringes ; fangs dark yellow-brown at the base, darker brown anteriorly.
Lip and maxille bright yellow with yellow-brown bristles and fringes. Sternum
yellow, with brown upstanding bristles and recumbent white hair. Legs yellow, with
whitish-grey hair and brown bristles, grey spines, claw-tufts, and scopule.
‘The abdomen is dingy orange with brown hair-spots, one rather large and circular
near the base, followed by a brown transverse line, a pair of spots in the middle, and
another fainter brown transverse line near the posterior end. At this end also are
long, white, upstanding bristles. On the underside yellow-grey hair, with four
longitudinal brown lines below the genital fold and two median conjoined two-thirds
of the distance down. ‘The epigyne and spinnerets yellow-grey.
Text-figure 32.
Heteropoda regia, var. pluridentata. Mandible, showing teeth.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax......... 8 { : sao
Abdomen.............-- ll 7
Mandibles ............ 34 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
Weosiee ee Mle 3 12 13 lit = 5394
2. 3h 13 14 12) = 42
3. 34 11 1 10 — 354
4. 34 11 12 13 = B94
Pal pipaaeetcernere perce 13 Ad 34 4 _ 134
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 471
In the rear row the eyes are rather closer together than in the normal form, and
straight along the anterior edges instead of slightly recurved.
HETEROPODA SUMATRANA.
Heteropoda sumatrana Thorell, Ragni Indo-Malesi, part iv. vol. 2, 1891-2, p. 26.
One male, five females (one non-adult), Setakwa River.
One female has more pronounced spots on the back and the maxille more truncate
at the upper edge, but they all agree closely with Thorell’s description of the above
from Sumatra and Celebes.
Genus Panpercetes L. Koch.
PANDERCETES ISOPUS.
Pandercetes isopus Thorell, Ragni Indo-Malesi, part 111. 1881, p. 309.
Three females, Setakwa River.
These agree closely with examples collected by d’Albertis on the Fly River.
Group Palystee.
Genus Patystes L. Koch.
PALYSTES DASyURINUS. (Text-fig. 33.)
Palystes dasyurinus Hogg, Abstract P. Z. S. 1914, p. 57 (Nov. 17).
totop}
One female, Setakwa River. (Type of the species.)
The cephalothorax is bright yellow with recumbent white hair and brown upstanding
bristles. ‘The mandibles are black-brown, with yellowish-white hair quite at the base
and upper part of outer side, long brown bristly hair on the lower and inner parts.
Lip and maxille black-brown, with a dark brown area on the lower (raised) part of the
latter, fringes pale orange. The sternum is dingy yellow-brown, thickly covered with
long yellow-brown hair. ‘The legs and palpi pale yellow-brown, with dark grey scopulie
and a pair of dark spots at the base of each tibia. The abdomen above is yellow-
brown with a mixture of yellowish-white and brown hairs, and two pairs of black-
brown spots. On the underside is a broad black shield reaching from the genital fold
to the spinnerets ; on ‘this black area are twelve white hair-spots in four transverse
rows
4, 4,2, and 2. The spinnerets are pale yellow-brown, with dark grey hair on the
outer sides. ‘The epigyne dark yellow-brown, dark brown in the median area.
The cephalothorax is convex, straight along the median line to the top of the rear
slope, which is steep. It is 1 mm. longer than broad, straight in front, rounded at and
sloping evenly to the sides, slightly hollowed at the rear. ‘The cephalic part, marked
off by depressions from the thoracic, is very long, reaching nearly to the rear slope.
‘There are no radial striations and only a rather indistinct fovea at the upper part of the
rear slope.
472 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
The rear-row of eyes is straight along the line touching their posterior edges, the
median their diameter apart. ‘The oval side-eyes, on tubercles, are one-fifth longer in
their long diameter and one-fifth shorter in their horizontal diameter, their distance
from the median being twice their breadth.
‘Lhe front-row is likewise straight along their lower edges. The side-eyes are round,
their diameter being the same as the length of the rear side-eyes. ‘The median eyes
are two-thirds of the diameter of the laterals, their own diameter apart, and half that
distance from the laterals. They are not quite twice their diameter from the rear
median. The clypeus proper, together with an equal breadth of grey muscle, is about
the same in depth.
The mandibles are geniculate at the base and stout, with long powerful fangs.
On the inner margin of the falx-sheath are four teeth, the fourth rather smaller than
the other three; on the outer edge is one large tooth between two smaller.
Text-figure 33.
Palystes dasyurinus, nat. size. a. Eyes. 06. Underside of abdomen. c. Epigyne.
The lip is as broad as long, convex, straight in front, widening thence to a little above
the base, where it contracts. It is half the length of the maxille, which are upright,
rounded anteriorly, straight from below the fringe-slope downwards on the inner side,
and only slightly incurved on the outer margin; while convex generally, they are
particularly so on the lower half, where they are higher than in the anterior half.
‘Their fringes are extremely thick and bushy, and spring from well over the front face.
The sternum is as broad as long
g, straight in front, rounded at the sides, and ending
in a blunt point above the not quite contiguous rear-coxe. It is thickly covered with
upstanding bristly hair.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 473
The legs are stout and long, with scopule on all the tarsi and metatarsi. The spines
are only moderately long and stout, two single ones above on each femur. They are
covered with fine smooth hair and long upstanding bristles.
The femoral joint of the palpi is broadest anteriorly, curved inwards on the inner
side; the patella is half as long as the tibial joint, and the distal joint is furnished with
a thick bushy scopula.
The abdomen is straight in front, rounded at the sides, broadest at two-thirds of the
length from the base and pointed obtusely at the rear. The spinnerets are terminal ; the
inferior, conical and close together, have a short second joint. The superior are one-third
longer, flatter, and with a somewhat longer oval second joint. The epigyne is nearly
circular, with the lower ends of the frame thickened out and meeting at the lower end.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Cephalothorax......... 12 a HO
Nbdomrenteeseseneete 13 11
Miami leseeasseeeee 5 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
IWS cosasodoo Ho 4. 11 15 iil = 4]
2. 4 lis 154 1) = 43
o. 34 11 it 10 = 354
4. 4 11 12 11 = 38
Ballipiecastgectten avers: 2 5 43 A 16
Genus Exopanystes Hogg.
Exopalystes Hogg, Abstract P.Z.S. 1914, p. 58 (Nov. 17).
Intermediate between the groups Delenex and Heteropodee, but near Palystes L. K.
Differs therefrom in having the front median eyes as large as the side-eyes, the eyes of
the front row larger than those of the rear row, the eyes all sessile. ‘The cephalo-
thorax highest in the posterior one-third, sloping to the front, and a thick fringe of
long bristles on the upper inner margin of the falx instead of one single bristle.
Type L. pulchella.
EXOPALYSTES PULCHELLA. (Text-fig 54.)
Exopalystes pulcheila Hogg, Abstract P. Z.S. 1914, p. 58 (Nov. 17).
One female, Setakwa River. (Type of the species.)
Cephalothorax pale yellow-grey with fine yellowish-white hair, silvery-grey on the
eye-space and clypeus. Mandibles pale yellow-brown, with long yellowish-grey bristles
and orange fringe on the falx-sheath. Fangs dark brown.
VOL. XX.—PakT Xlv. No. 7.—Ju/y, 1915. 3X
474. MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
The lip and maxille are dull yellow, the anterior fringes pale orange-red, lower dull,
the hair is pale yellow. The sternum darker yellow with long yellow-grey bristles.
The legs and palpi are pale yellow on the femur, patella, and tibia, darker on the
metatarsus and tarsus, with yellowish-grey hair and yellow-brown spines. ‘The scopule
are pale yellow-brown and the claw-tufts dark grey. Underneath femora i. and ii. are
thick mats of dark grey and bright yellow bristly hair intermixed in patches.
The abdomen above is pale greenish-yellow, with similarly coloured recumbent hair
and browner upstanding short bristles; on the underside it is yellow in front of the
genital fold, where there is a narrow brown transverse streak, thence to the spinnerets
pale greenish-yellow, with a faintly marked median area slightly yellower bounded by
lines of depressed dots. The spinnerets are darker yellow, and the epigyne similar
with white inside the oval frame.
The cephalothorax is convex, highest above the rear-slope, sloping forward to the eye-
Text-figure 34.
OTOOT®
OO CO
Exopalystes pulchella, nat. size. a. Eyes. 6. Epigyne. c. Lip and maxille.
space as well as laterally, and down its steep rear-slope. It is well rounded at the
sides, straight in front. The cephalic part is marked off by shailow side-depressions,
and there is a long, deep, longitudinal fovea reaching thence to partly down the rear-
slope. ‘The whole cephalothorax is sparsely covered with fine recumbent hair, thicker
and more upstanding round the margin.
The first row of eyes is straight, the eyes of equal size, the median pair half their
diameter apart and almost touching the laterals, The clypeus is one and a half
times their diameter. ‘The rear-row is also straight, the eyes equal in size, and about
three-fourths the diameter of the front eyes. The median pair are the length of the
diameter of a front-eye apart, and rather more from their laterals.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 475
The mandibles are slightly geniculate at the base, shorter than the front of the
cephalothorax, and covered with long bristles at the edges and lower part, fine smooth
hair in the middle and basal area, but smooth quite at the base. On the inner margin
of the falx-sheath are five teeth, the fourth and fifth smaller than the others, on the
outer margin two larger still, and a third the same as the three largest of the inner side.
The lip is convex, straight in front, broader than long, and less than half the length
of the maxilla. The latter are evenly convex, rounded on the upper outer margin,
slightly hollowed in the middle, and narrowest atthe base. Thick curling fringes
on the front upper margin.
The sternum is as broad as long, straight or slightly hollowed in front, rounded at
the sides, and terminating in a point between the rear-coxe.
The legs moderately long and fine. The metatarsal scopula extends the whole length
of the joint on all legs. Onthe underside of the femur and tibia of the first and second
pairs is a remarkably thick mat of cylindrical straw-like bristles extending from the
base to not quite the front end. On the upperside of the femora the hair is thick,
but fine and recumbent.
The abdomen is ovate, rounded on the front and sides, but narrowing at the rear,
where the spinnerets are terminal. ‘The hair on both upper- and undersides is very
smooth and fine, but there are short upstanding bristles at the posterior end. ‘The
superior and inferior spinnerets are about the same length, with short second joints,
The inferior pair conical and close together. The superior two diameters apart.
The epigyne is of the horse-shoe type, open at the base.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Broad. Long.
4 in front.
Cephalothorax ......... 7 { ee
6)
AN OSIOTNEN 3, occcoase0see Hil 74
iManidilblessyeeeeee eee 3h —_
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
WEBS sooosasac Il 24 9 10 gt = 31
Op 24 gl 10 4 = 31k
Bo 24 74 7 63 = 234
4. 2k 8s a 74 = 26
DUEL Moaceeoaducacscdodadt 1} Qt 3 24 = gi
(3h)
ot
to
476 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
Group Spiranthidee.
Genus SeraMBA Thor.
SERAMBA SAGITTATA, sp. n. (Text-fig. 35.)
One male, Setakwa River. (Zype of the species.)
The cephalothorax is red-brown, with pale grey hairs on the side-slopes, much
thicker in a fillet round the margin. Mandibles the same, with greyish-yellow bristles,
fangs dark brown, redder and paler at the anterior end. Lip, maxille, sternum, and
coxe pale red with pale grey hair; rather browner on the latter.
Text-figure 35.
Ft ON A©)
e Oro”
Seramba sagittata, nat. size. a. Eyes. 6. Lip and maxilla. c. Male palp. d. Underside of abdomen.
The abdomen is yellow-brown above, thickly covered with coarse, long, pale yellow-
brown hair, a pale median longitudinal stripe has within it a darker longitudinal line
of fine arrow-heads, from opposite each of which a pale line extends down the sides.
Underneath it is a darker dingy yellow-grey; the median area consists of a still darker
wedge-shaped quadrilateral, broadest at the genital fold, and half the width at the
posterior end, a little in front of the spinnerets. It is bordered all round with a
yellowish edging.
‘The legs are yellow-brown, with fine recumbent nearly white hairs, a grey scopula
on the tarsi and front-half of the metatarsi of all legs, also grey claw-tufts and long
brown spines.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 477
The cephalothorax 1 mm. longer than broad, straight in front, rounded at the sides,
and hollowed at the rear, is strongly convex, flat on the top, highest above the very
steep rear-slope, whence it slopes forward to the eye-space. The cephalic part is
faintly marked off from the thoracic, and there is a short, deep, longitudinal fovea
on the rear-slope.
The rear-row of eyes is slightly procurved, the median rather less than three of their
diameters apart and rather more than three of the same from their laterals, which are
of the same size as the others and as the front-laterals. The front-row is straight
along the lower edges, the median eyes being nearly twice the diameter of the others.
They are two-thirds of their diameter apart, the same distance from their laterals, and
rather more from the rear median, but less than their diameter. ‘he clypeus is half
their diameter.
The mandibles are strongly geniculate at the base, conical, diverging anteriorly; fangs
long and powerful. ‘The falces are thickly covered with long coarse bristles. On the
inner margin of the falx-sheath are three medium-sized teeth nearly hidden among
thick fringes, and a long thick fringe with two larger teeth lower down on the outer.
The lip is broader than long, straight in front, thence widening to near the base,
which is constricted. It is less than half the length of the maxille. These are very
convex, most so at the top of the lower half opposite the insertion of the palpi and
thence to the base. Between the swollen portion and the inner margin is a strip of
a lower level passing behind the lip, from above this a short even fringe extends
upwards. On the upper front-slope is a thick curling fringe, and separate from this
again on the face is another bristly hair-growth quite away from the margin.
The sternum is slightly convex, a broad shield-shape, straight and widest in front,
pointed at the rear, above the nearly contiguous rear-coxe. It is hollowed oppo-
site each coxa, the flat intermediate space consisting of white tissue. It is covered
with scattered, upstanding, bristly hairs, each on a circular root.
The abdomen is a long oval; the hair covering on the upperside is close and
thick, and consists of long, upstanding, coarse bristles on circular roots. The
median area of the underside is rugose and sparsely furnished with shorter, but still
bristly, hair.
The spinnerets are terminal, rising from a ring of smooth skin, and a second broader
ring behind this covered with hair, behind which again is the groove containing the
posterior pulmonary apertures. ‘The inferior spinnerets are close together, conical,
with a short conical second joint. The superior are similar, about the same height,
but the second joint is more cylindrical.
The legs are only moderately stout, each joint finer than the preceding, with claw-
tufts, scopule on the tarsi and three-fourths of the length of the metatarsi. They
are also furnished with long powerful spines. ‘The claws are well curved, with about
six pectinations. The anterior curved part of the claw is striated longitudinally.
A478 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
The male palp has the distal joint broad for its length (one to one and a half),
the tibial joint has two long apophyses on the outer side, the upper one terminating
in a blunt hollow shell. The lower also ends in a broad horizontal cup, from the
centre of which rises a short secondary projection terminated by a curved, pointed,
tooth-like spine.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
Gul 8 =
Cephalothorax ............ 63 te in erent:
v5
JN OOOMNAN sc cgaoodasse vooad0003 84 5
Mian‘dalblesiajeeeeteesece ee eeee 24 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
IDES) scohsous 1 3 8 83 7 = 26
2. 2k 8 ©) 7 = 264
3. 2 64 6 By = 20
4. 2 —— = ==
alpine een 14 3 2 4 = 8?
Family CLUBIONIDA.
Subfamily Clubionine.
Group Clubionee.
Genus Ciusiona Walck.
CLUBIONA PSEUDOMAXILLATA, sp. n. (Text-fig. 36.)
One female. (Type of the species.)
The cephalothorax is bright yellow-brown all over, with a few smooth recumbent
hairs and upright bristles pale yellowish-white. The mandibles are somewhat darker,
with much longer bristles and thicker hairs, of the same colour as on the cephalo-
thorax, the fringes are the same, but rather yellower. Fangs yellow-brown, dark at
the base, paler on the anterior half. The lip and maxille are dark dingy yellow-
brown, with yellow fringes and pale yellow-grey hair. The sternum, coxe, and
underside of the other joints of the legs and palpi are bright golden-yellow with
nearly white hair, the upperside of the femora is darker orange, the spines brown,
and the scopule on the metatarsi and tarsi dark grey. The abdomen is quite pale
yellowish-white on the upperside without any markings, hair nearly white, similar, but
with rather darker hair on the underside; spinnerets and epigyne pale yellow.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 479
The cephalothorax, which is as long as the patella and tibia of the fourth pair of
legs, is convex, longer than broad, truncate in front, and only slightly rounded at the
sides. There are no cephalic depressions and only a short, narrow, longitudinal
fovea near the posterior end.
Both rows of eyes are straight, those of the rear-row and laterals of the front-row
equal in size, the front-median somewhat larger. ‘The rear-median eyes are two and a
half times their diameter apart and one anda half times from their laterals, a rear-
eye’s breadth distant from the front-median, which are the same distance from one
another and three-quarters that distance from their laterals. The clypeus is one-half
the breadth of a front-median eye.
The mandibles are conical, geniculate at the base, as long as the breadth of the front
of the cephalothorax, with long slightly curved fangs. The falces are thickly covered
Text-figure 36.
Clubiona pseudomawillata, nat. size. a. Eyes. 6. Sternum, lip, and maxille. c. Epigyne. d. Spinnerets.
with hair and long upstanding bristles. On the inner margin of the falx-sheath are
three evenly sized teeth, and on the outer margin one, broader than any of these,
between two quite small.
The maxille are upright, rounded anteriorly, broadest near the front end, incurved
on the outer margin as well as round the lip on the inner, where there is a hollow in
the margin itself. The insertion of the palpal trochanter is near the base, which is
rounded.
The lip is at least twice as long as broad, truncate in front. ‘The upper half
is hollowed in the middle, with a slightly raised edge at the sides. ‘The lower half is
distinctly convex from the base up. Instead of being cut away at the outer edges of
480 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
the base, it rather widens out. ‘The sternum is ovate, twice as long as broad, trun-
cate in front, pointed at the rear, widest between the 2nd and 3rd pairs of coxe. On
the front-margin, which is a little distance from the lip, is a short prominence like a
rudimentary second lip flanked by two apparently rudimentary maxille, triangular,
pointed anteriorly. ‘I'he bases of the front two pairs of coxe are close up to the
sternum, but there is a rather wide margin between it and the rear two pairs of coxe.
This is filled up with a white flaky skin almost covering the brown oval chitinous points
at the bases of the coxe and, on the margin of the sternum itself, opposite each of
these is another similar oval chitinous spot. ‘The sternum is thickly covered with
upstanding hair.
The legs are moderately long and thin. The fourth pair longest, and the second
pair rather longer than the first.
The abdomen is ovate, truncate in front, sparsely covered with fine hair. The
spinnerets terminal on chitinous bases.
The epigyne is ona slightly raised circular prominence with two small chitinous
spots on the anterior margin, a raised fold at the lower margin, with two still smaller,
but similar, spots on the upperside of the same near the middle.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
2 in front.
Cephalothorax ............ 4, ie pe rent
Aibdomenteeepcercemrcen: 6 3h
Mandiblesiiaeeeeeeeneeer ee 2 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur, & tibia. & tarsus.
IUSER) sopocoooe ie 1 3 34 8 = 104
es 1 3h 4 3 = lls
3 ] 3 24 3 = 9}
4 13 3s 4 44 = 134
Ballpen ceic tee 4 it 1i 1 = 44
Very few specimens of this genus seem to have been collected in New Guinea.
This specimen rather closely resembles L. Koch’s C. modesta, C. vacuna, and
C. alveolata, from all of which it differs in the rear row of eyes being straight instead
of procurved, the legs longer in proportion, and the rather different though generally
similar form of the epigyne, but particularly by the unusual growths on the front
margin of the sternum.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 481
Family PISAURID &.
Group Doiomedee.
Genus DoLOMEDES Latr.
DOLOMEDES WOLLASTONI, sp. n. (Text-fig. 37.)
One female. (Type of the species.)
Cephalothorax olive-brown. A wide marginal fillet of silvery-white hair extends
the whole way from the sides of the clypeus to the rear end, and a narrow median line
of the same from the front-row of eyes to the rear end. On each side of this is a short
parallel line of similar hair extending to the base of the cephalic part, and the side
depressions are also similarly marked.
The mandibles are yellow-brown, with long yellow-brown bristly hair on the basal
Text-figure 37.
0 Oe
o% 8°
Dolomedes wollastoni, nat. size. a. Eyes. 6. Epigyne.
half and white hair at the anterior end. The maxille, lip, and sternum are pale yellow-
brown with long pale yellowish hair.
The legs are similarly coloured, with darker yellow-brown hair and silvery-white hair
in patches on the outer sides.
The abdomen is dark yellow-brown on the upperside, with four short, longitudinal,
silvery-white hair-streaks at the basal end. Round the sides is a broad white-haired
fillet extending from the base to the spinnerets. The underside is paler, with nearly
white hair. The spinnerets are yellow-brown, and the epigyne the same, with two
nearly black streaks across it.
The cephalothorax is one-fifth longer than broad, convex, narrowed in front, rounded
VoL, XX.—part xiv. No. 8.—July, 1915. 3 Y
482 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SPIDERS
at the sides and rear, slightly marked depressions separating the cephalic from the
thoracic part. There is a deep longitudinal fovea at the upper part of the rear-slope.
The nearly perpendicular clypeus narrows from the insertion of the mandibles to the
rear of the eye-space.
The rear-row of eyes is recurved, the lower edge of the laterals being slightly
below the level-of the upper edge of the median, their long diameter is the same as
that of the median, and they stand on black protuberances. The median pair have
black rims, are less than one-third their diameter apart, and twice that distance from
the laterals. The median eyes of the front-row are protrudent and, including the black
rims, three-fifths the diameter of the rear eyes and two-thirds their diameter away
from same. They are larger than the side-eyes and half as far away from them as
from one another.
The clypeus is about as wide as the median eye-area is long.
The mandibles are geniculate at the base, have long powerful fangs, and four large
teeth on the inner falx-margin. ‘They are furnished with long bristly upstanding hair
at the base and front end, and short recumbent hair in the middle.
The lip is as broad as long, widest in the middle, truncate in front, convex, and
covered with long bristly hair, and rather more than half the length of the maxille.
The latter are widest at the anterior end, rounded at the back, narrowing to the base,
and are thickly covered with upstanding bristles.
The sternum is broad shield-shaped, truncate in front, rounded at the sides, obtusely
pointed at the posterior end, where the cox are quite contiguous, and thickly
covered all over with long upstanding bristles.
The abdomen is oval, straight in front, pointed at the rear end, twice as long
as its greatest breadth, which is at the middle; the hair is close, smooth, and
short.
The inferior spinnerets are contiguous at the base, conical, rather longer than the
breadth at the base, and have a short second joint. ‘The superior, rather longer but
smaller in diameter, have a longer second joint. ‘The epigyne is a convex transverse
protuberance, broadest in the middle, with two black depressions, one across each
side; these are carried into a broad depression above marked at its sides with
a thin chitinous edging.
‘The legs are long and strong, tapering to fine cylindrical tarsal and metatarsal
joints. The hair on the femoral and tibial joints is smooth and recumbent, longer and
more bristly on the metatarsal and tarsal. On the underside of the latter it thickens
into rather loose scopule. ‘The spines are long and powerful, one each side near the
base and one at the anterior end of the patellar joints. The superior claws have about
six pectinations, the inferior being smooth; the latter are buried in a thick brush of
bristles. The second pair of legs is rather longer than the first as in Zrechalea 'Thor.,
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 485
but the tarsi are not filiform or flexible. The tibial joint of the palpi is longer
than the patellar, and the metatarsal as long as these two.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Long. Broad.
BAS
Cephalothorax ......... 6 Ae Gein ore:
3
ANNC@IMNEIN.scoosccoves eevee 8 4.
WieynghilollS | ,sescosgonaoano 2 —
Trochanter Patella Metatarsus
Coxa. & femur. & tibia. & tarsus.
UGES scopoopoe ] 2 8h 9 9 = 284
Qe 2 9 10 10 = 31
Oe 2 8 84 84 = 27
4, 2 gt iI ee = 34
IPED isotaransind eacana 1 28 2h 25 = 8h
This specimen rather closely resembles J). albicomus L. Koch from Queensland, but
according to his description it is readily distinguished therefrom by the spacing and
curvature of the eyes, the proportions of the legs, and the longitudinal line on the
cephalothorax.
It differs still more from D. dolomedes and D. albocinctum of Doleschall and
D. albolimbata Thor. from New Guinea and the adjacent islands, all of which have
the same very distinctive white band round the sides of the abdomen found in the
present species.
Family OxYoPID &.
Genus Oxyores Latreille.
OXYOPES PAPUANUS.
? Oxyopes (Sphasus) striatus Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. v. Neerl. Ind. vol. xii, 1857, p. 430; id.
Act. Soe. Sci. Indo-Neéerl. vol. v. pl. 5. fig. 9.
Oxyopes striatus Yol.; Thorell, Ragni di Amboina, 1878, p. 211.
Oxyopes papuanus Thorell, Ragni Austro-Malesi, 1881, p. 395.
One female.
‘The description given by Thorell (doc. cit.) of the species he considers to be Oxyopes
striatus Dol. and his own P. papuanus are so remarkably alike that, as he says him-
self, they may be the same. Doleschall’s original description does not help very
far, but his drawing is very good and like both of them. He, however, describes four
longitudinal stripes on the cephalothorax of the female instead of two, and Thorell
says that the epigyne is black and shiny, which is the case here. I have little doubt
484 SPIDERS COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
but that this specimen is the same as Thorell’s 0. papuanus, and, unless some difference
in the sexual organs should be found to exist, both species are the same, and the
original name O. striatus would stand for both. It may be noted: that the stripes are
not persistent in all cases.
In this specimen the laterals of the front-row (or eyes of the second row)
are rather larger than those of the rear-row, as in Thorell’s species, but not in
Doleschall’s.
Family SALTICID&.
| Nore.—The Spiders of this family had not been completely worked out when the
foregoing memoir was read, but a paper containing the account of the species collected
by the two Expeditions, together with the descriptions of one new genus and eleven
new species, will be published in Part 3 of the Society’s ‘ Proceedings ’ for the current
year, to be issued in September, 1915.—Kprror. |
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CONTENTS.
XIV. Report on the Spiders collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By HW. R. Hoge,
MA.) EZ.S83: (Vexttietese 0 Baie: ine alee = latualenn a euaiiad ages eee
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XV. Report on the Odonata collected by the British Ornithologists Union Expedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By Hurvert Campion *.
[Received January 23, 1915; Read March 9, 1915.|
(Text-figures 38-40.)
Inprx. Page
Systematic :
SYRLGRLS WONMESTONG, Bo Ds 2coccacscecasogc cnn a0dcoegauaoacococs 436
489
Qile FOSG, Do Ds 0.9.0000000000000006000060000090004000000000000000
It is gratifying to find that the collection of Dragonflies made by Mr. A. F. R.
Wollaston, small as it is, should contain two new species, both of them of unusual
interest. These, together with the remaining specimens, form a valuable addition to
the collections of the British Museum (Natural History), which are not at all rich in
Odonata from New Guinea.
One of the Dragonflies, Te‘nobasis metallica Forst., was obtained at Base Camp,
sea-level, Setakwa River, Nov._Dec. 1912, and a new Synthemis was met with on
the Utakwa River, 4000 to 6000 ft., Jan—Feb. 1913. All the others were obtained
on the Utakwa River, 2500-8000 ft., in February, 1913.
Detailed information concerning the known species represented in the present
collection will be found in some of Dr. F. Ris’s recent writings, notably his magnificent
monograph of the Libelluline, his paper on the Dragonflies of the Lorentz Expedition
(‘Nova Guinea,’ ix., Zoologie, pp. 471-512, 1913), and his paper on Aru- and Kei-
Island Odonata (Abhandl. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. xxxiv. pp. 503-536, 1915).
The two new species, Synthemis wollastont and Oda risi, are the only additions
made herein to the known Odonata of New Guinea. Another apparently endemic
form is the typical Teinobasis metallica, but the five remaining species obtained by
Mr. Wollaston have a more extended distribution.
Subfamily Agrionine.
TEINOBASIS METALLICA Forst.
1 3. Base Camp, sea-level, Setakwa River, Nov.—Dec. 1912.
Dr. Ris informs me that this specimen, which he has seen, is certainly identical
with the insect so named by him in the two faunistic papers cited above, and probably
identical also with that referred to in Forster’s original description.
* Communicated by W. R. Oerrvin-Granz, F.Z.8,
VOL. xx. —ParT xy. No. 1.—July, 1915.
9
0 Z
486 MR. HERBERT CAMPION ON ODONATA
Subfamily Aschnine.
PLATYCANTHA DIRUPTA Karsch.
1 @. Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft., Feb. 1913.
Subfamily Corduliine.
Genus Synrnemis Selys.
Synthemis Selys, C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. xiv. p. vi (1870) ; id. Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) xxxi. p. 557
(1871); Tillyard, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxv. pp- 335-337 (1910).
Paleosynthemis Vorster, Anu. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, i. p. 546 (1903) ; id. Wien. entomol,
Zeitg. xxvil. p. 25 (1908).
Of the three genera composing the group Synthemina, Ewsynthemis and Choris-
thems are confined to the continent of Australia, as are also most of the speties
falling into the restricted genus Synthenvis. The new species described below
possesses an ovipositor and a membranule, both of which are in well-developed
condition, and clearly belongs to Synthemis proper. Leaving out of account an
undescribed insect from New Guinea preserved in the Genoa Museum, and labelled
by de Selys Synthemis beccarit, the sole species from that island characterised, so far,
is S. primigenia Forst., which is known to me by description alone. It would appear
that the female of Forster’s species agrees very well in several respects with the
beautiful insect now before us, such as similarity in size, the single cross-vein in the
median space, and the presence of a cross-vein in the triangle of the hind-wing.
The following table, however, will sufficiently distinguish the females of the two New
Guinea species :-—
Lower blades of ovipositor, in lateral view, longer and narrower ; fore-wing
and tip of hind-wing hyaline ; vertex and summit of frons metallic blue. primigenia Forst.
Lower blades of ovipositor, in lateral view, shorter and broader ; tips and
certain other areas of all wings coloured ; vertex and summit of frons
blackish Ves voi). 24) 20 ay ea ee ey loi tt 8 ap olasconias Dame
Synthemis miranda Selys, another large species, is still known only from the unique
female obtained from New Caledonia. It may be readily separated from 8. wollastoni
by the entirely different pattern of the wing-coloration, by its possessing four or five
cross-veins in the median space, and by the anal loop being divided into three portions,
as in S. regina Selys, ¢ .
Like S. primigenia and 8S. miranda, S. wollastoni may be discriminated by its
superior size from all the members of the genus so far described from Australia, the
hind-wing in all three species exceeding 40 mm. in length.
SYNTHEMIS WOLLASTONI, sp. n. (Text-figs. 38 & 39.)
1 2. Utakwa River, 4000-6000 ft., Jan-Feb. 1913. (ype of the species.)
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINBA. 487
2 (holotype).—Length of abdomen, including ovipositor, 48°5 mm. Length of
hind wing 42 mm.
Labium and clypeus dark reddish-brown, labrum bright reddish-brown. Frons dark
reddish-brown anteriorly, brownish above, hairy, excavated at the summit, coarsely
punctate. Vertex hairy, brownish-black, finely punctate. Basal joints of the antenne
black; the bristle missing. Prothorax black, edged with yellow posteriorly. Dorsum
of thorax proper without humeral or antehumeral stripes or spots; dark brown
anteriorly, with metallic-green reflections; between the wings very dark reddish-
brown, with a central yellow spot; mid-dorsal carina yellow; sides dark reddish-
brown, with purple reflections traversed obliquely by an uninterrupted bright yellow
stripe, 1 mm. broad at its widest part, enclosing the metastigma; inferior surface
yellowish to brownish,
Text-figure 38.
Text-figure 39.
Text-fig. 38.—Left wings of Sunthemis wollaston?, sp.n. Type Q. Enlarged. IF’. W. Campion photo.
Text-fig, 39.—Lateral view of terminal segments of Synthemis wollastoni, sp.n. Type 2. Greatly
enlarged. H. Knight del.
Wings * for the most part richly suffused with amber, the colour being most intense
in the costal, subcostal, median, and cubital spaces, and also along the costal margin
beyond the nodus; a more or less hyaline space in the fore-wing, in which is situated
* Mr. R. J. Tillyard kindly informs me that the wing-venation of S. wollastoni, as shown in a photograph
which I sent him, agrees exactly with that of his unique female of S. claviculata Tillyard, from N, Queensland _
The New Guinea species is abundantly distinct, however, by reason of its considerably larger size and by the
greatly superior development of its ovipositor. He also draws my attention to the extreme variability of
the extent and arrangement of suffused areas in the wings of Synthemis females, even in different examples
of the same species, and, in the case of bred specimens, in the same individual, according to age.
322
488 MR. HERBERT CAMPION ON ODONATA
the subtriangle, the triangle, and all that portion of the wing, at least, which lies below
Mj+3; another almost hyaline space in the hind-wing includes all the cells below A,
embracing the anal loop, as well as the triangle, subtriangle, and a few of the cells
immediately beyond them. Reticulation, including C, black. No creamy spots at the
wing-bases. Pterostigma 3 mm. long, dark reddish-brown, unbraced. Membranule
4-5 mm. long, whitish. Venation generally more open than in the female of S. ewsta-
lacta Burm., the type of the genus. Antenodals of the first series 12 in the fore-wings,
and 8 in the hind-wings. Postnodals 7-8 in the fore-wings, 9 in the hind-wings.
Arculus in the fore-wing very oblique, in the hind-wing more vertical ; in all the wings
straight, or nearly straight, arising at or very near the level of the second antenodal of
the first series. Only one cross-vein in the supertriangle in all the wings. Median space
with a single cross-vein only in all the wings. Four cubito-anal cross-veins in each of
the left wings, and five in each of the right wings. ‘Triangles and subtriangles of the
fore-wings free. Triangles of the hind-wings with one curved cross-vein in each ; the
convex side of the cross-vein directed anteriorly. Discoidal area in the fore-wings
commencing with a double cell, followed by three single cells, then by a few double
cells, succeeded by several rows of cells. Discoidal area in the hind-wings with at first
a few single or double cells, rapidly giving place to several rows of cells. Four
bridge-veins in all the wings. Hind-wing triangle not retracted; the distance from
the arculus to the inner angle of the triangle, measured along the cubitus, is somewhat
more than half the length of the triangle. Anal loop in the hind-wing consisting of a
single enclosure, and containing 8 cells in the right wing and 7 cells in the left.
Legs: coxie light reddish-brown; femora light reddish-brown, black at the apex ;
tarsi and claws black. Abdomen very dark reddish-brown, almost black, with a pair ot
conspicuous yellow spots on each of the segments 2, 3, and 4, lying on each side of the
mid-dorsal carina, near the middle of the segment; similar but smaller spots probably
present on 5, 6, and 7; body apparently constricted at 4, but, as it is crushed laterally,
its shape cannot be stated with certainty; 8 and 9 progressively smaller, and cut off
obliquely at the apex; 10 very small, and, like 9, directed conspicuously upwards;
a tuft of very long hairs springs from the ventral surface of 9, and a similar tuft from
10; apex of abdomen hairy. Anal appendages black, subconical, pointed, barely
projecting beyond the apex of the abdomen. Ovipositor: lower pair of blades’ dark
reddish-brown, nearly straight, concaye within, parallel, spatulate and incurved at the
tips, projecting considerably beyond the apex of the abdomen; upper pair of blades
black, stout and curved in the basal half, then parallel with the lower pair, divergent,
concave within, not reaching to the level of the end of the abdomen.
MAcROMIA TERPSICHORE Forst.
1 3. Utakwa River, Feb. 1913.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 489
Subfamily Libelluline.
‘TETRATHEMIS IRREGULARIS LEPTOPTERA Selys,
1 3g. Utakwa River, Feb. 1913.
Genus Opa Ris.
(Collections Selys, Libell., fase. ix. pp. 18 & 61, 1909.)
This genus was established for the reception of the single species Nannophlebia (*)
dohrni Kriiger from Sumatra. Other specimens have been obtained in Borneo, and
there is a record, which needs confirmation, of a female from the Marianne Islands.
To the same genus may now be added a second species, which resembles the type-
species very closely in general appearance. For purposes of comparison, I have had
before me a male and female of Oda dohrni, in fine condition, kindly lent to me by
Mr. F. F. Laidlaw (Matang Road, Sarawak, Borneo, 9. xi.09, J. C. Moulton). I have
also referred to Dr. F. Ris’s photographs reproduced in the above-named work as
figures 25 (left wings of ¢), 26 (left wings of 2), 27 (segment 2 of ¢), and 28
(anal appendages of ¢ ).
The uew species has been referred to Oda upon the advice of Dr. Ris, notwith-
standing its disagreement with O. dohrni in severai important characters. Its inclusion
therein will necessitate some modification in the definition of that genus as given by
its author, and the following description has been made to cover all the characters
which must be taken into account whenever the genus is re-defined.
I have great pleasure in dedicating the interesting new species to Dr. F. Ris,
to whom JI am indebted for much valuable assistance in studying its characters
and affinities, as well as for kind help with other difficult species contained in the
present collection.
Leaving venational characters out of account for the moment, the males of the two
known species of the genus may be separated thus :-—
Abdominal segments 1, 2, and 3 very large, followed by a sudden constriction ;
jabrum black; tibize of hind-legs black ; a broad black band lying on the
second lateral suture of the thorax . dt ea tal cc eda - dohrni Kriiger.
Abdominal segments 1, 2, and 3 not inflated or followed by any constriction ;
labrum bright yellow ; tibie of hind-legs yellow ; no black band on the
secondulateralusutunerottinestlaoraxesimeen nein ylntcnl lcs |) |i bol ul-NntsMN-N mI nEINN?s?S2-SO ame
» 8p
ODA RISI, sp.n. (Text-fig. 40.)
1 ¢. Utakwa River, Feb. 1915. (ype of the species.)
¢, holotype (not fully matured, head flattened by pressure, and abdomen somewhat
crushed). Length of abdomen, including anal appendages, 19°5 mm.; length of
hind wing 22 mm.
490 MR. HERBERT CAMPION ON ODONATA
Labium, labrum, face, and anterior aspect of the frons bright yellow ; dorsal aspect of
the frons and vertex metallic bluish-green. Vertex broad, rounded in front, undivided.
Occipital triangle black. Lobe of the prothorax smaller than in O. dohrni, its posterior
margin curving convexly, notched slightly in the middle. Ground-colour of the thorax
yellow ; a broad black band on each side of the dorsum, enclosing a large yellow oval
spot lying on the mid-dorsal carina; a narrower black band traversing the meso-
thoracic epimeron longitudinally.
Wings entirely hyaline. Hind-wing conspicuously broader than the fore-wing—
only slightly broader in 0. dohrni. Pterostigma dark brown, 2 mm. long. ‘The
venation resembles that of O. dohrni in the following characters :—The arculus distal to
the second antenodal in all the wings; the branches of M arising near the bottom of
the arculus, and fused together for a considerable distance; the four triangles and the
two subiriangles are free; no cross-veins in the supertriangles; one cross-vein only
etween the bridge and Mj42; Me shghtly arched; only one row of cells between
ts. and Rspl.; the discoidal area of the fore-wing narrow and consisting of an
Text-figure 40.
Right wings of Oda msi, sp.n. Type ¢. Enlarged. F. W. Campion photo.
undivided row of cells; the bounding longitudinal veins almost parallel to near the
margin of the wing; the anal loop in the hind-wing rudimentary and difficult to
recognise; Cui in the hind-wing well separated from the lower corner of the
triangle. ‘The venation differs from that of O. dohrni in the under-mentioned respects :—
The fore-wing triangle is less reeular in form, as the proximal portion of the costal side
(cross-vein) is considerably shorter than the distal portion (M4); the base of the
triangle in the hind-wing is placed distinetly beyond the level of the arculus, instead of
coinciding with it more or less exactly; the cross-vein forming the costal side of the same
triangle does not meet, at its distal end, the cross-vein bounding the triangle externally,
thus making the enclosure 4-sided (in O. dohrni the two cross-veins are joined distally,
and the enclosure is 3-sided); 12 complete antenodals in the fore-wing and 9 in the hind-
wing, as compared with 9 in the fore-wing and 7 or 8 in the hind-wing; 6 postnodals
in all the wings (in the six fore-wings of O. dohrni examined, four have 6 postnodals
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 491
and two have 7); in the six hind-wings, four have 6 postnodals and two have 7 ;
one regular cubito-anal cross-vein only in each wing, placed at or proximal to the level
of the first antenodal (in 0. dohrni there is usually another, placed beyond it, in the
hind-wing) ; the second cubito-anal cross-vein in the fore-wing, forming the basal side
of the subtriangle, is placed more obliquely, thus appearing less like a continuation
of vein A; Rspl. well defined in all the wings (barely recognisable in 0. dohrni).
Legs long and slender; the coxe and trochanters of all the legs yellow; femora
brownish-black externally, yellowish-brown internally ; tibize for the most part yellow ;
tarsi blackish. Femur of hind-legs with an external row of about 20 very short
spines and a few long hairs projecting beyond them, terminating at the distal end in a
long spine; an internal row of about 12 long straight hairs; femur of mid-legs with
an external row of about 8-10 long slender spines, increasing in length progressively
from the base of the femur to the apex ; an internal row of about 20 long slender
hairs; tibial spines numerous, long, and slender ; tarsal claw-teeth small, at about two-
thirds the length of the claw. Abdomen not constricted after the third segment,
as it is in O. dohrni. Genitalia of segment 2 crushed and not well-displayed ;
anterior lamina clothed with long hairs, about as broad as long, parallel-sided,
and with the apical margin rounded; the hamules twisted out of their natural
position; viewed laterally the anterior branch appears as a long, stout, slightly-
curved lobe, ending in a rather sharp point and touching the genital lobe; posterior
branch, concealed in lateral view, short, curving towards the anterior branch, and
apparently very slender; genital lobe erect, and rather long and narrow. Segment 1
yellow, with the basal half of the dorsum black; 2 black with a little yellow at the
sides, basally ; 3 and 4 black, without visible markings; 5 and 6 black, with a large
yellow spot on each side ; 7 yellow, with a black ring at the base and another at the
apex; 8, 9, and 10 black. Upper anal appendages black, about as long as segments
9 and. 10 taken together, curving downwards and becoming stouter for the greater
portion of their length, and then giving rise suddenly to a sharp spine directed
backwards; lower appendage yellowish, shorter than the upper appendages, concave
above, broad basally, heart-shaped.
LYRIOTHEMIS MEYERI Selys.
26,2 9. Utakwa River, Feb. 1913.
NEUROTHEMIS DECORA Brauer.
1 3¢,3 2. Utakwa River, Feb. 1913.
3g. Wings purple-blue, without apical spots. I have compared the male example
with a somewhat larger male from New Guinea in the British Museum (Stephansort,
Astrolabe Bay, Biro). In the Stephansort specimen the large basal coloured area
approaches nearer to the pterostigma in all the wings by about 2 cells, but the milky
4992 ODONATA COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
band beyond it is not so wide as in the Utakwa River specimen, and does not reach
to the distal end of the pterostigma in any of the wings.
The three females differ from one another but little in size, the hind-wings of two
specimens measuring 28 mm. in length and of the third specimen 29 mm. ‘The large
basal coloured area, purple-black in one specimen and rich brown in the others, is
variable in the amount of its extension outwards; in its maximum development it
approaches the pterostigma to within 4 cells in the fore-wing and 3 cells in the hind-
wing; inits minimum development as many as 7 cells lie between its margin and the
pterostigma in the fore-wing and 5 in the hind-wing. ‘The milky band is unequal
in size in the different specimens compared. The apical brown cloud is also somewhat
variable in extent, in some cases reaching backwards as far as the proximal end of the
pterostigma, while in other cases it ceases before the middle of the pterostigma.
ol
aw
(ue)
(SE)
—
XVI. Report on the Vermes (Oligocheta) collected by the British Ornithologists’
Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea.
by Dr. L. Cognetri DE Martius *.
[Received December 2, 1914; Read March 9, 1915.]}
(Text-figure 41.)
Inppx.
Systematic : Page
JALARAME TERE, So Ne co oacooecvoudubooobockssuceocene 493
Pheretima (Parapheretima) utakwana, sp. 0... 2.0... cece ee ee 494
THE Oligocheta collected during the Expedition led by Mr. A. F. R. Wollaston
comprise specimens of three species belonging to the oriental genus Pheretima ; two
of these three species are new. By the kindness by Prof. F. J. Bell of the British
Museum the small collection has been sent to me.
PHERETIMA MAXIMA, sp. n. (Text-fig. 41, A.)
External Characters.—This new species is to be included among the giant-forms
of the order Oligocheta. The specimen examined attains a length of 450 mm., with a
diameter of about 20 mm., and consists of 108 segments. Prostomium pro-epilobous, +;
the segments XI. to x1. are slightly triannulated.
Colour grey at the preclitellian region, very dark grey on the clitellum, yellowish
erey at the ventral side of the preclitellian tract, violet-grey with more or less wide
yellowish-grey setigerous bands at the dorsal side of the same tract.
Sete in continuous rings; about 200 sete on segments VI. to x., and about 180 on
segments XVII. to XXVI.
First dorsal pore in the inter-segmental furrow xi /XIv.
The clitellum embraces entirely segments XIV. to xVI., and has no sete.
Male pores close to the middle ventral line; each pore is surrounded by a grey
circular area. Between the male pores there are five setee. Copulatory papille are
absent.
Female pores on segment XIV. on a porophore which is surrounded by a circular
furrow, from which some short grooves are given off.
Three pairs of spermathecal pores, invisible from the exterior. These pores lie in
the inter-segmental furrows y./v1.—vil./Vul. in line with the male pores.
* Communicated by F. Jerrruy Butt, F.Z.8.
VOL. XX.—PART Xv. No. 2.—July, 1915. 44
AOA DR. L. COGNETTI DE MARTIIS ON VERMES
Internal Anatomy.—Septa 1v./v.-vu./vut. and 1x./x. are greatly thickened; septum
VIN./IX. is absent. Septa x./x1.—xu./xr. are moderately stout. Gizzard very strong
in yur. and rx. Sacculated intestine beginning in segment xvi. provided with a pair
of simple and long conical ceeca, which extend four or five segments forwards from XxXxV1.
Hearts paired in x./xtir.
A single pair of testes is present in segment xI., not enclosed in seminal capsules.
A single pair of globous sperm-sacs in segment XII.
A pair of ovaries in XIIt.
Spermiducal glands confined to segment xvi. Their glandular portion is moriform
or slightly lobulated, the duct moderately thin and S-shaped. Muscular burs
copulatrix absent.
Three pairs of spermathece in segments vi._vim. Fach spermatheca club-shaped,
with a short duct, which is provided with a globular diverticulum near the external
pore (text-fig. 41, A).
Camp 3, Utakwa River, 2500 ft., Dec. 1912. A single specimen. (Type of the species.)
Text-figure 41.
Spermathece of: A. Pheretima mavima; B. Pheretima (Parapheretima) utakwana.
This new species is particularly distinguished by the dimensions given above and
by the metandric condition. These two characters are found in another giant species
of the same genus, Ph. colossus Cogn.*, which has also been obtained in New Guinea;
but this last species is provided with fewer setae on the single segments and has
five pairs of spermathece, instead of three.
PHERETIMA (PARAPHERETIMA }) UTAKWANA, sp. n. (‘Iext-fig. 41, B.)
Laternal Characters.—Leneth 63 mm., diameter 3°5 mm. Segments 111.
Prostomium pro-epilobous. Colour pale brownish.
* © Nova Guinea,’ ix. p. 296 (Leide, Brill, 1912).
T For this subgenus, cf. ‘ Nova Guinea,’ vy. p. 561 (1912).
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 495
Sete in continuous rings: 45 sete on segment iv., 50-60 on segments X. to XXVI.
First dorsal pore in inter-segmental furrow XIII./XIV.
Clitellum embracing entirely segments XIV. to xvl.; it has no sete.
3
Male pores near the middie ventral line; the interval between these pores corresponds
to + of the segmental circumference, and bears no sete. The burse copulatrices are
partially extruded as a wrinkled swollen margin around each male pore.
Female pore is a short transverse fissure on segment XIV.
‘wo pairs of spermathecal pores in the inter-segmental furrows vi./vu. and VIL/VIIL.,
in line with the male pores. Between these lines are present seven sete on seg-
ment vill. The lips of the spermathecal pores are slightly swollen.
Internal Anatomy.—Dissepiments tv./V. to vit./vill, and x./Xx1. to Xi1./XIIL. moderately
thickened; the septa viil./1x. and 1x./x. are absent.
A strong gizzard is present in segments vii. and 1x. The sacculated intestine
begins in segment XvI.; its lateral ceca are simple, and extend from segment XXVI. to
XXIII.
Hearts paired in segments X.—XIII.
The seminal capsules are paired in segments x. and x1.; the two capsules of the
same side communicate with each other through septum x./x1. The two capsules of
the same pair do not seem to be in communication; if a communication is present, it
may be limited to a narrow intraseptal lacuna.
The seminal sacs are paired in segments xt. and xtL, the two pairs being of equal
size. Hach sac is provided with an apical finger-shaped appendix. A pair of
rudimentary sacs is present in segment XIII.
The ovaries lie in segment x11. and a pair of egg-sacs in segment XIV.
The spermiducal glands are very like those of Pheretina (Parapheretima) hellwigiana
Cogn.*. ‘The glandular portion is slightly lobulated and occupies the two segments
xvi. and xvi. The muscular duct is moderately thin and strongly bent; it opens
in a little bursa copulatrix, which is partially extruded. In the bursa there also opens
a tubular and strong-walled gland, which extends backwards from segment XVII. to
about segment xxl. The surface of this gland is provided with lobules, which very
probably are due to the cysts of Gregarines.
There are two pairs of spermathece in segments vil. and vill. The muscular duct
and the pear-shaped main pouch are of equal thickness, but the pouch is shorter
than the duct. The duct is covered with villous glandular appendages, and is
provided with a short stalked diverticulum in the middle line; the length of
the diverticulum is less than that of the duct (text-fig. 41, B).
Camp 12, Utakwa Valley, 10,000 ft. (C. Boden Kloss coll.), Jan. 1913. A single
specimen. (Type of the species.)
* «Nova Guinea,’ ix. pl. ix. fig. 25.
496 VERMES COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
This new species is quite distinct from the other of the same subgenus. ‘The
spermiducal apparatus, as mentioned above, is hke that of Ph. (Paraph.) hellwigiana
Cogn., but the latter species is provided with unpaired spermathece on the middle
ventral line, whereas in Ph. (Paraph.) utakwana the same organs are paired.
Ph. (Paraph.) hellwigiana Cogn. is also a New Guinea species.
PHERETIMA (PARAPHERETIMA) BEAUFORTII, Var, APOTREMA.
Pheretima (Parapheretima) beaufortit, var. apotrema Cognetti, Nova Guinea, ix. p. 297 (1912).
A single specimen, which agrees with my description in the majority of the characters
referred to. The only differences are: greater size (length 215 mm., instead of
110 mm.; thickness 7 mm., instead of 3 mm.) and a smaller number of sete between
the male pores (10 sete instead of 14). The type-specimen of this variety was
collected in the neighbourhood of Etna Bay in southern Dutch New Guinea.
Camp 12, Utakwa Valley, 10,000 ft., Feb. 1915. A single specimen.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
(continued).
To Fellows. To the Public.
BEG Sel, esp ais
VOLUME XIX. (1909-1910, containing 24 Plates
and 16 Text-figures). . . . . . . -Pricel0 4 0 13 12 0
Part 1. (1909, containing 3 Pls.& 12 Text-figs.). ,, 117 6 210.0
Se ee CLOUO neondaoime Agate eased Ms i Hosp Ooo 3.0 0
Sil oes CLOUD contamina? lates). jn cc 3 45 OOO ORG)
» 4. (1910, containmg 10 Pls. & 4 Text-figs.). ,, 315 O bee OPO
5 6 210 0
. (1910, containing 5 Pls.,TitleandIndex) ,, 1 17
VOLUME XxX.
Part 1. (1912, containing 5 Plates). . . . . Price O18 O wine Leds
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RAs (Okerconvanine coo: blates)as 0. fa). > 4, Ol Die O, 012 0
eiahen Gols convarnims: «Apblates) ows. 8 5, OO e 0 012 0
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» 7. (1914, containing Q Pisstesyelext- tes.) 945-1 Oy 6 0: 105-0:
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Soe (IG ee Oa 6). 3:0
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» 15. (1915, contaming 4 Text-figs.). . . . ,,
CONTENTS. .
XV. Report on the Odonata collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union Eapedition
and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. by Hexperr Campion.
(Text-fioures 38-40) 5 ee eee
XVI. Report on the Vermes (Oligochwta) collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union
Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By Dr. UL.
Cognerti pp Martius. (Text-figure 41.) . . . . . =. + . . page 493
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497 |
(4)
{
XVII. Report on the Coleoptera collected by the British Ornithologists Union
Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By
GILBERT Ea ARROWe Gui Aes KC MARSHALL, “F.Z5S., (Cs Jin (GAHANS (ad
KG BiAIR, Base. HES.
[Prats XXXIX.]
Inpex.
Page Page
Philonthus superbus, sp.N. ....-..... 499 tolycus*nodoswsy spa needa a 521
Plagiopisthen politus, sp.N. ........-- 500 Anchithyrus trimastus Heller, referred to
Metopodontus bison Oliv. = limbatus Ptola cuss one dua ret ater seer ear 521
IWraterhiny sary. tyaria tact acatsuasycvs sicreuiees 502 Dysopirhinus costatus, sp. 0. .......... 922
Papuana woodlarkiana Montr. = semi- Ectatocyba verrucosa, sp. W. «1+... eee 823
ROH ATO? 55.0000:90000006000000 504 Lophocheirus wollastoni, gen. et sp. n. ..524, 525
Dipelicus nasutus Bates = quadrituber Arachnopus biplagiatus, sp. 0. ........ 526
TRENT ES oi Asc tees CGR RE gene eR SRT 504 Jal, UOGZNIHMS, Bo Bs coosseonsoo0006 528
Anomala discrepans, sp. u. .......... o0+4 Zal5 AOI, > Wo cocoves6on00000000 529
Heteronysx colossus, sp. n. ............ 505 TlS OOO, Gs Ds Soooucpsocodeuoobe 530
Cyphogastra wollastont Waterh., sp, n... 506 Sparganobasis subcruciaius, gen. eb sp.n. 531, 532
Rhinoscapha demissa, sp. 0. ..c0.. ++ 509 Ceropria papudna, sp. nN. .......+---- 50-4
Coptorrhynchus improvidus, Sp. n....... 510 C. intermedia Har.=C\ insignis Chevr... 535
Linus mumicanus, sp. 0. 2... 22.--- +e oll Setems costipentviss)) lee eee cee 535
Aclees undignus, sp. Ws oe... 2222+ 512 TH DOES QOS CUPUIS, SID Ms ooca0s ve 000 Ke 536
Orthorrhinus postoculatus, sp.N. ...... 513 Amarygmus viridiceneus, Sp. D..... ooo Bae)
Aleides parentheticus, sp. 0. ........ . old Zak, CHM COUALKIS, Do Wo ococoscooccenesos 537
Joly UCM DIB, FD. Do ca00000000000000 516 Lake MOLES, Gd Ds oovcboocsereco0e 597
Colobodes cavisquanus, 8p. N. ......005- 517 Strongylium wollastoni, sp. mn. .......- 538
Meroleptus laterosignatus, sp.n. ...... 518 Mordella sericeobrunnea, sp. u. ......-- 539
Wily SORUAMIIE, 87> Wo odloo aogg.40000008 520 SESRMKO GIOIA, Fo Ds coocgaccoosooe 540
PART I. By Gitsert J. Arrow.
[Received December 23, 1914; Read March 9, 1915. ]
A CATALOGUE of the known Coleoptera of New Guinea and the adjacent islands,
compiled by the late G. Masters in 1888 (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. iii.
parts 1 & 2), containing all the species described previous to that date, enumerates in
all two thousand and seventy-five. Probably those since described raise this total to
three thousand. ‘Those collected during the present Expeditions number about two
VOL. XX.—PART xvi. No. 1.—October, 1919. 4B
ANS Mk. GILBERT J. ARROW ON COLEOPTERA
hundred and twenty. Since the whole of these were taken within a comparatively
small area they may be considered a fairly representative series for that particular
region, but obyiously the members of the Expeditions did not devote any considerable
part of their energies to this Order, and the collections must not be taken as
indicating in any degree what might be accomplished by diligent and systematic
research even in this region. Large and important groups, such as the Clavicornia,
Water-Beetles, Coprine, Buprestidee, and Coccinellidee are almost or wholly un-
represented. Small as it is, however, the collection contains a considerable proportion
of hitherto-undescribed species and further illustrates the extreme richness of the
New Guinea insect-fauna. All the specimens were collected by Mr. A. F. R.
Wollaston, unless otherwise stated.
CICINDELIDS.
‘TRICONDYLA APTERA.
Cicindela aptera Oliv. Ent. ii. 1790, pt. 38, p. 7, pl. i. fig. 1.
Mimika River. Numerous specimens of both sexes.
A very abundant tree-haunting species, found also in Ternate, Ceram, Celebes, and
other islands.
‘THERATES BASALIS.
Therates basalis De}. Spec. Col. 11. 1826, p. 437.
Mimika River. Many specimens.
CICINDELA TETRACHOIDES.
Cicindela tetrachoides Gestro, Aun. Mus. Civ. Genova, viil. 1876, p. 514.
Mimika and Wataikwa Rivers; 3 ¢,9 2.
CiCINDELA FUNERATA.
Cicindela funerata Boisd. Voy. de Astrolabe, ii. 1835, p. 4, pl. vi. fig. 1.
Mimika and Setakwa Rivers; 1 ¢,2 @.
CICINDELA sp.
Setakwa River; 2 ?.
CicINDELA 10-GuUTTATA.
Cicindela 10-guttata F. Syst. Kleut. 1. 1801, p. 24.
Cicindela 10-guttata, var. durvillei De}. Spec. Col. v. 1831, p. 225.
Mimika and Wataikwa Rivers. Many specimens of both sexes.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 499
CARABID &.
PHEROPSOPHUS AGNATUS.
Pheropsophus agnatus Chaud. Aun. Soc. Ent. Belg. xix. 1876, p. 45.
Mimika River; 1 ¢.
A common species found in China, Burma, Malay Archipelago, ete.
LeBIA sp.
Setakwa River; 1.
CATASCOPUS WALLACEI.
Catascopus wallacet Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 462, pl. xvii. fig. 4.
Mimika River; 1 oc.
MACROCENTRA QUADRISPINOSA.
Macrocentra quadrispinosa Chaud. Rev. Mag. Zool. 1869, p. 206.
Setakwa River; 2 ¢ (C. Boden Kloss).
LESTICUS POLITUS.
Lesticus politus Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xi. 1868, p. 156.
Utakwa Valley, 4000-5000 ft.; 1 ¢.
A single specimen, which agrees with the rather insufficient description referred to
above, but is of a more brilliant metallic-green colour than the type.
STAPHYLINIDSA.
PHILONTHUS SUPERBUS, sp. 0.
g. Lete aureo-viridis, ore, antennis (articulis 4-7 exceptis), pedibus, elytrorum marginibus omnibus
(his leviter metallicis), segmentorumque abdominalium marginibus posticis flavis ; utriusque
elytri medio obscure purpureo, abdomine fusco, capite pronotoque mitidissimis, illo fortiter
haud crebre punctato, suleo posteriori transverso profundo; pronoto modice elongato,
lateribus retrorsum convergentibus, angulis anticis fere rectis, posticis obtusis, disco utrinque
punctis sex longitudinaliter ordinatis ornato et subtiliter sed distincte punctulato; elytris,
sterno, abdomine pedibusque flayo-pubescentibus.
Long. 17 mm.
Utakwa River; 1 ¢. (Zype of the species.)
The species is evidently like P. auroscutatus Fauy., but with numerous points of
difference. ‘The scutellum, as in that species, is dark, with close yellow pubescence,
but the pronotum is scarcely narrowed in front, its posterior angles are not rounded,
the large punctures on the disc are differently arranged, the first three and the last
4p2
500 MR. GILBERT J. ARROW ON COLEOPTERA
four joints of the antennee are yellow, and the legs are entirely pale. ‘Ihe head and
pronotum are brilliant golden-green and the remainder of the body is clothed with
vellow pubescence.
LEUCITUS ARGYREUS.
Leucitus argyreus Fauv. Aun. Mus. Civ. Genova, xii. 1878, p. 254, pl. il. fig. 28.
Utakwa River, 2500-3000 ft., Feb. 1913.
This is a very handsome species, which has also been found in Misol and the
Aru Is.
HIsteRip&.
PLASIUS ELLIPTICUS.
Plesius ellipticus Mars. Monogr. Hister. 1853, p. 227, pl. vi. fig. 2.
Mimika River; 2.
Also found in Java, etc.
EROTYLIDS.
E,\NCAUSTES HUMERALIS. M
Encaustes humeralis Crotch, Cist. Ent. 1. 1869-1876, p. 478.
Utakwa River; 3.
PLAGIOPISTHEN AUSTRALIS.
Engis australis Boisd. Voy. de l’ Astrolabe, Ent. 11. 1835, p. 146.
Mimika River; 1.
A common Australian insect, ranging from Ceram to New South Wales and New
Caledonia.
PLAGIOPISTHEN POLITUS, sp. 0.
Niger, nitidissimus, pedibus lete rufis, elytrorumque maculis 2 utrinque pallide flavis, antica obliqua,
paulo pone humerum posita, intus ad basin attingenti, postica transversa, postmediana ; parum
elongatus, valde convexus, supra vix punctatus, prothoracis lateribus antice valde, postice
minute incurvatis, basi utrinque impresso; scutello travsverso, obtuse angulato ; elytris sat
brevibus, lateraliter arcuatis ; antennis haud longis, articulis (clava excepta) moniliformibus,
tertio longiori.
Long. 10 mm.; lat. max. 4°5 mm.
Mimika River; 2. (Zypes of the species.)
A species allied to P. amboinensis and P. eorallipes, but of rather shorter and more
convex form, and extremely smooth and glossy. The elytral patches are paler in
colour, rathe: widely separated at the suture, but reaching the lateral sulcus externally.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 501
The anterior one extends to the basal margin, cutting off the humeral angle, but is
placed obliquely, and not angulated as in P. corallipes Gorh., and the posterior one is
transverse and fairly regular in outline. The antenne are rather short, with the
joints preceding the club (except the third) scarcely longer than wide.
CANOLANGURIA CAPITALIS.
Languria capitalis Har. Mitth. Munch. Ent. Ver. i. 1879, p. 87.
Setakwa River; 1.
Described from Celebes.
ENDOMYCHIDS.
ENCYMON IMMACULATUS.
Eumorphus immaculatus Moutr. Aun. Soc. Agric. Lyon, vii. 1, 1855, p. 74.
Setakwa and Utakwa Rivers; 7.
COccINELLID &.
C@LOPHORA sp.
Mimika River; 1.
E;PILACHNA sp.
Mimika River ; Ll.
PASSALID.
LEPTAULACIDES PULCHELLUS.
Leptaulacides pulchellus Arrow, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, p. 466.
Utakwa River; 1.
A single specimen was found, the second hitherto known of the species.
CETEIJUS sp.
Mimika River; 2.
The two specimens, one rather worn and the other immature, are insufficient for
exact determination.
LABIENUS PTOX.
Eriocnemis ptox Kaup, Col. Hefte, iii. 1868, p. 25.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers.
This is one of the largest, and apparently also one of the commonest, beetles of
New Guinea.
502 MR. GILBERT J. ARROW ON COLEOPTERA
JK AUPIOLUS COMPERGUS.
Passalus compergus Boisd. Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Col. 1835, p. 244.
Mimika River; 2.
PSEUDEPISPHENUS PERPLEXUS,
Pseudepisphenus perplexus Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii. 4, 1914, p. 327, fig. Sa.
Utakwa Valley, 4000-6000 ft.; 2.
One specimen is larger and relatively broader than the type, but apparently con-
specific.
LUCANIDS&.
METOPODONTUS BISON.
Lucanus bison Oliv. Ent. i. 1, 1789, p. 18, pl. 11. fig. 6.
Metopodontus limbatus Waterh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix. 1887, p. 381.
Mimika River; 1 @.
Mr. Waterhouse has restricted the name J. bison to the form with red-spotted femora,
which appears to be confined to the islands of Ceram and Amboina, and has described
as WM. limbatus the form in which the legs are entirely black, and which is the most
generally distributed variety, inhabiting New Guinea, the Aruand Kei Islands, Yule I.,
Cornwallis I., and numerous other localities. The colour of the legs is not constant,
however—the red colour disappearing by imperceptible stages. ‘The locality of the
type is unknown, but Olivier described the legs and lower surface as black. His
artist has represented the tibiee as yellow, which they never are.
The form from Alu, Shortland I., Solomon Group, called J. cinctus Montrouzier
by Mr. Waterhouse, differs chiefly by the less sharp lateral angulation of the pronotum.
Whether it is really the same as Montrouzier’s form can only be determined by com-
parison with specimens from the original locality, Woodlark I.
CYCLOMMATUS MARGARITA.
Cyclommatus maryarite Gestro, Ann. Mus. Ciy. Genova, ix. 1877, p. 324.
Mimika River; 1 @.
EURYTRACHELUS EGREGIUS.
Eurytrachelus egregius MOll. Soc. Ent. xii. 1897, p. 146.
Mimika River; 1 @.
DorcuUs MEEKI.
Dorcus meeki Boil. Le Naturaliste, xxvii. 1906, p. 92.
Utakwa River; 1 ¢.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 503
«GUS sp.
Utakwa River; 1 3.
A single specimen, probably of small development.
SCGARABAID &.
Hybosorine.
LIPAROCHRUS DUX.
Liparochrus duz Arrow, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 489.
Mimika River; 1. (Type of the species.)
PHAOCHROUS EMARGINATUS.
Pheochrous emarginatus Cast. Hist. Nat. Ins. 11. 1840, p. 109.
Setakwa River; 1 ¢@.
Cetoniine.
IScHIOPSOPHA PULCHRIPES.
Lomaptera pulchripes Thoms. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1877, p. 89.
Utakwa River; 1 ¢.
This species is also found in North Queensland.
LOMAPTERA MOSERI.
Lomaptera moseri Heller, Ab. Mus. Dresden, xin. 3, 1910, p. 25.
Utakwa River ; numerous female specimens.
A series was taken showing considerable variation in colouring and in certain other
respects. Some of the phases have possibly received distinctive names, but our
specimens are all of one sex (female) and insufficient for a trustworthy conclusion as
to the significance of the variation.
LOMAPTERA ADELPHIA. —
Lomaptera adelpha Vhomson, Arch. Ent. i. 1858, p. 428, pl. xvi. fig. 3.
Mimika River and Launch Camp, Setakwa River; 3 d,5 9.
Certain specimens show a transition to Z. soror Kr., and may possibly be specitically
distinct, but the species of Zomaptera are so variable that the description of isolated
forms is only creating obstacles to the necessary revision of the whole group.
LOMAPTERA sp.
Base Camp, sea-level, Setakwa River; 1 2.
A single female of a species closely related to L. /aticollis Heller.
504 MR. GILBERT J. ARROW ON COLEOPTERA
Dynastine.
ORYCTODERUS LATITARSIS.
Oryctoderus latitarsis Boisd. Voy. de Astrolabe, Col. 1835, p. 160, pl. ix. fig. 5.
Mimika River; 2 3,2 @.
PAPUANA WOODLARKIANA.
Xylotrupes woodlarkianus Montr. Ann, Soe. Agric. Lyon, (2) vii. 1855, p. 21.
Mimika River; 4 2.
I described this species as Papuana semistriata in 1911 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)
vil. p. 157, pl. iv. figs. 4, 5, 6), but, as it is certainly a very widely distributed and
variable insect, it seems highly probable that it can be identified with one of the
hitherto-unrecognizable species of Xylotrupes of Montrouzier.
Papuana ANGuSTA. (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 15.)
Papuana angusta Arrow, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiv. 1914, p. 264.
Utakwa River; 23,192.
This species was also taken by Meek upon Mt. Goliath, 5000-7000 ft., in Central
Dutch New Guinea.
DIPELICUS NASUTUS.
Dipelicus nasutus Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 153, pl. xxiv. fig. 4.
Oronotus quadrituber Fairm. Le Naturaliste, i. 1881, p. 340.
Mimika River; 1 ¢.
M. René Oberthiir has kindly allowed me to see the female specimen described
by Bates. It undoubtedly belongs to this species, the male of which was afterwards
described by Fairmaire.
Ruteline.
ANOMALA INEIVENTRIS.
Anomala eneiventris Fairm., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii. 2, 1883, p. 6.
Mimika and Setakwa Rivers; 3 3.
These male specimens differ in certain respects from Polynesian examples of
A. eneiventris, but it seems inadvisable to separate them until a thorough study of the
group can be made,
ANOMALA DISCREPANS, sp. Nn.
3 2. Mneo-nigra, clypeo rufescente, elytris maris nigris, feemine brunneis, punctis nigro-tinctis ;
sat anguste ovata, capite fortiter rugose punctato, clypeo parvo, margine fortiter reflexo, medio
fere recto ; pronoto fortiter et crebre punctato, basi marginato, lateribus ante medium
obtusissime angulatis, angulis anticis vix acutis, posticis distinctis sed obtusis ; scutello fortiter
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 505
punctato, postice levi; elytris crebre et profunde punctato-striatis, striis fere sequalibus,
secunda antice disrupta; pygidio subtiliter granuloso-rugoso, opaco; corpore subtus toto
grosse punctato, sat longe haud dense griseo-hirto ; tibiis anticis fortiter bidentatis, pedum
anticorum quatuor ungue majori fisso.
Long. 10°5-12°5 mm.; lat. max. 6-7 mm.
Setakwa River; 4 3,3 2 (€. Boden Kloss, Oct. 1912). (Types of the species.)
This is closely related ta A. eneiwventris Fairm. The size and general aspect are
almost the same, but the pronotum is rather shorter and less tapering in front, the
striation of the elytra is stronger and coarser, the front tibia more strongly toothed and
less produced at the extremity. The most peculiar and interesting characteristic of
the species is the difference of coloration in the two sexes. The elytra of the male
are black, and those of the female brown, the rest of the body in both being dark
metallic green-black.
ANOMALA sp.
Mimika River; 4.
Four specimens of another apparently new species, but not in good enough condition
to be described.
ANOMALA ANOGUTTATA.
Anomala anoyuttata Burm. Handb. Ent. iv. 1, 1844, p. 280.
Mimika and Setakwa Rivers; 1 ¢,9 @.
Also from Seulani; Waigiu; Ternate; Morti; Batchian; Celebes; Philippine is.
This is a common and widespread species, having been taken by A. R. Wallace
and other collectors as well as by the present Expeditions. It is a member of the
great group of green species represented by A. perplexa Hope, A. pulchripes
Lansb., A. seticrus Ohaus, etc. Its most distinctive feature is the pygidium, which
is conspicuously, but not densely, pubescent and yellowish in colour, with a dark green
border completely encircling it, and a narrow tapering median stripe extending from
base to apex, so that two pear-shaped yellow patches are left. In the male the
pubescence is short and the surface finely and closely rugose; in the female it is long
and the surface closely striolated and shining.
By the kindness of Professor O. Taschenberg, I have been able to examine
Burmeister’s type in the Halle Museum.
Melolonthinz.
HETERONYX COLOSSUS, sp. nu. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 12.)
?. Nigro-fuscus, nitidus, corpore supra sat parce et minute punctato, rarissime piloso ; angustus,
elongatus, subparallelus, capite modice lato, clypeo brevi, fortiter et rugose punctato, medio
bene emarginato, cum labro fere zequaliter trilobato, fronte crebre et grosse punctato ; pronoto
VOL. XX.—PART XVI. No. 2.—October, 1915. 4¢
506 MR. GILBERT J. ARROW ON COLEOPTERA
parum convexo, lateribus subtiliter regulariter arcuatis, antice modice convergentibus, angulis
anticis acutis, posticis paulo obtusis ; elytris longissimis, sicut prothorace et pygidio equaliter
haud crebre punctato, hoc medio fere levi; antennis 9-articulatis ; pedibus gracilibus, tibiis
anticis autem brevibus, latis, obtuse 3-dentatis ; unguibus longe haud late appendiculatis.
Long. 19mm. ; lat. max. 9mm.
Utakwa Valley, 4000-6000 ft.; 1 2. (Zype of the species.)
The genus Heteronyx is almost confined to Australia, where more than 300 species
are known. Only a single one has hitherto been recorded from New Guinea. This
second species is the largest Heteronyx yet found, the largest Australian species being
17 mm. in length. According to Blackburn’s subdivision, H. colossus belongs to
Group II. It is very elongate and unusually smooth and shining, the puncturation
of the upper surface being fine and not close and the clothing reduced to a very few
scattered hairs, rather more scattered upon the head and pygidium. The labrum
is prominent and about a third of the width of the head, the clypeus rather deeply
emarginate. ‘The legs are very long and slender, but the front tibia is short and
broad, with three short and blunt teeth.
Only a single specimen was found.
HETERONYX sp.
Setakwa River; 1.
APOGONIA sp.
Utakwa River; 1.
A single specimen, in bad condition, of a species apparently undescribed.
LEPIDCDERMA sp.
Utakwa River; 1 9.
BUuPRESTIDA.
CYPHOGASTRA WOLLASTONT.
This species is described in the footnote below by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse *.
* CYPHOGASTRA WOLLASTIONI, sp. 0.
Brassy-coppery above ; golden green below. Head closely and deeply punctured, with an oblique smooth
carina within each eye—these converge towards the vertex. Antennie black, the basal joint shaded with green.
Thorax quite parallel at the sides, the anterior angles cut out, leaving a distinct but obtuse angular
projection not far from the front, the median channel rather finely and closely punctured, the raised space
on each side of it with scattered punctures, the whole of the sides deeply, closely, and rugosely punctured,
without distinct impressions, Elytra very long, much attenuated and compressed at the apex, with the punctur-
ation strong at the base, gradually becoming finer posteriorly, the punctures at the apex extremely fine, the
apex itself blue-black. Legs obscure green above, bright golden-green below, the bases of the femora coppery.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 507
CYPHOGASTRA ATERRIMA.
Cyphogastra aterrima Kerremans, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. lv. p. 297 (1911).
Setakwa River (sea-level), Dec. 1912.
A single example, which appears to be referable to this species. Mr. C. O. Water-
house, who has determined this species for me, sends the following note :—“* Kerremans
in his diagnosis compares his species with C. foveicollis Boisd., but states that it differs
in being intense black, and in not having a subhumeral impression. He does not
mention -the sutural, subapical vitta. This is nearly always present in C. foveicollis,
but is absent in the specimen in question. He may therefore be comparing his species
with a variety of C. foveicollis in which this vitta is absent, as it sometimes is. ‘The
specimen is evidently perfectly fresh, with the lateral impressions of the thorax and
the lateral, subapical, elongate impressions of the elytra filled with rich yellow powder.
The underside of the insect is bluish-green, covered with yellow powder, not
‘ terreuse, rousse’ as described by Kerremans.”
ANTHRIBID 4S.
MECOTROPIS PANTHERINUS.
Mecocerus pantherinus Thoms. Arch. Ent. i. 1857, p. 436.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 2 36,2 @.
XENOCERUS LACHRYMANS.
Xenocerus lacrymans Thoms. Arch. Ent. i. 1857, p. 438, pl. xvii. fig. 3.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 5 ¢,3 92.
This species is also found in the Aru Is.
XENOCERUS CORE.
Xenocerus core Gestro, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1875, p. 1017.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 2 ¢,2 2.
This species has a close similarity to the last-named. It has been determined for
me by Dr. K. Jordan. :
Prosternal furrow deep, finely rugose. Abdomen with four yellow pilose vitte, the lateral ones not very
distinct, and two pilose rings on each side.
Length 33 mm.
Utakwa Valley, 4500 ft.; 1. (Zype of the species.)
This species is in colour unlike any other known to me, and the almost entire absence of the usual lateral
impressions at the sides of the thorax makes it difficult to locate satisfactorily. In the British Museum
Collection it has been placed near C. chevrolati.
ACZ
508 Mh. GILBERT J. ARROW ON COLEOPTERA
XENOCERUS EQUESTRIS.
Xenocerus equestris Pasc. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) v. 1860, p. 35.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 1 ¢,2 2.
This is another species also found in the Aru Is.
MUCRONIANUS RUFIPES.
Mucronianus rufipes Jord. Nov. Zool. 1894, p. 627.
Mimika River; 1 ¢. ‘
A single specimen was found. ‘This species, originally found in Batchian, has been
determined by Dr. Jordan.
PHLGOBIUS GIGAS.
Ptinus gigas Fabr. Syst. Hut. 1775, p. 63.
Mimika River; 1 oc.
BRENTHIDS&,
EctoceEMUS WALLACEI.
Ectocemus wallacet Pasc. Journ. Ent. i. 1862, p. 388.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 5 ¢, 4 @.
This species was taken in some numbers. It appears to be common and wide-
spread.
ECTOCEMUS POGONOCERUS.
Belopherus pogonocerus Montr. Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, (2) vii. 1855, p. 37.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 3 ¢.
EcrocEMUS sp.
Setakwa River; 1 9 (€. Boden Kloss).
A single specimen of small size.
ITHYSTENUS ANGUSTATUS.
Leptorrhynchus angustatus Guérin, Voy. ‘ Coquille,’ ii. pt. 2, 1838, Zool. p. 111, pl. vi. fig. 12.
Setakwa River; 1 9 (C. Boden Kloss).
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 509
PART II. By Guy A. K. Marsnaun, F.Z.S.
[Received December 23, 1914; Read March 9, 1915.]
CURCULIONIDA.
RAINOSCAPHA DORIA.
Rhinoscapha dorie Pascoe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) ii. 1885, p. 206, pl. i. fig. 11.
Utakwa River; 4 ¢,1 @.
RHINOSCAPHA AZUREIPES.
Geonemus azureipes Blanchard, Voy. Péle Sud, iv. 1853, p. 219, pl. xiii. figs. 15, 16.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 4 6,4 @.
The Mimika specimens have a marked pale green tinge.
RHINOSCAPHA DEMISSA, Sp. 0.
9. Niger, squamis brunneis undique densissime indutus, prothorace vitta media lata et utrinque
altera laterali pallide cinereo-ceeruleis crnato, pedibus squamis brunneis et cinereo-ceruleis
immixtis ; rostro brevi, in medio costato, ante oculum sulco brevissimo foveiformi instructo ;
antennarum funiculo brevi, articulo clave primo reliquis simul sumptis evidenter longiore ;
prothorace subquadrato grosse punctato, in vitta media paulo leviore, ante medium rotunde
irapresso ; elytris basi quam prothorace non latioribus, humeris omnino deficientibus, parum
profunde punctato-striatis, punctis magnis, interstitiis omnibus minime convexis equalibus,
setis curvatis late planatis confertim obsitis.
Colour black, so densely covered: with brown scaling as entirely to hide the
integument; prothorax with a broad central stripe of pale greyish-blue scales, which
is slightly narrowed in front, and a stripe of the same colour on the sides of the
prosternum ; on the legs are mingled brown and grey-blue scales, the latter predominating
on the upper surface of the femora.
Head with a short deep frontal stria. Rostrwm unusually short, hardly longer than
its apical width, with a broad central costa and a shallow impression on each side of
it, the ante-ocular furrow very short and deep, the sculpturing hidden by the scaling.
Antenne with very dense scaling and broad flattened sete; the funicle unusually
short, joints 1 and 3 equal and a little shorter than 2, 4 to 6 subequal and only
slightly longer than broad, 7 a little longer; the club with the first joint evidently
longer than the rest together. Prothorax as long as broad, the sides straight and
parallel to near the apex, thence roundly narrowed to the apex, the upper surface
with very coarse confluent punctures partially filled with scaling, a very broad shallow
median impression ending in a deeper rounded holiow in the anterior half. Scutedlwm
circular, with dense overlapping scales. /ytra subelliptical, without any trace of a
humeral projection and acuminate behind, the apices jointly rounded, shallowly
510 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
punctato-striate, strie 5 and 6 diverging near the middle and enclosing two short
accessory striz (perhaps an individual peculiarity), the punctures large and distant,
the intervals only slightly convex, smooth and even (except that 3 and 9 are subcostate
at the apex), and set with numerous broad curved flattened scale-like sete. Legs
smooth and closely covered with dense scaling.
Length 134, width 64 mm.
Utakwa River; 1 9. (Type of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
Superficially this species rather suggests Rhinoscapha albipennis Pasc., var. cinna-
momea Fst., with which, however, it is in no way related. In the structure of
its rostrum and antenne it is most nearly allied to R. verrucosa Pasc., but in the
latter species the elytra have a distinct rounded humeral prominence, the striz are
much more finely punctate, the intervals are granulate, the prothorax has a median
carina, etc.
KXUPHOLUS MAGNIFICUS.
Eupholus magnificus Kirsch, Mitt. Mus. Dresden, ii. 1877, p. 148.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 15 ¢,14 92.
Launch Camp, Setakwa River (C. Boden Kloss); 1 9.
CoPTORRHYNCHUS IMPROVIDUS, sp. n.
3 %. Niger aut piceus, nitidus, squamulis rotundis aibis et cinereis minus dense indutus, elytris
fascia postmediana obliqua et macula preapicali nigris denudatis; rostro in medio subplano
nec carinato; funiculi articulo secundo quam primo multo longiore; prothorace longitudine
latitudini quali, lateribus valde rotundatis, apice quam basi paulo angustiore, im medio
dorsi sat crebre ruguloso et granulato, ad latera reticulato-punctato; elytris ovatis, postice
acuminatis subcompressis, sutura in declivitate elevata, apice in @ subtus valde rostrato-
producto, minus profunde punctato-suleatis, interstitiis granulis parvis distantibus uniseriatim
preeditis.
Colour shining black and piceous, with rather sparse, almost circular, grey and white
scales; the elytra with an oblique postmedian denuded band, extending from the
margin (where it is broadened) to the first stria, and a small denuded preapical patch ;
the sides of the sternum with dense white or greyish scaling.
Head finely rugose, the forehead with a short central stria. Rostrwm with the
central area almost plane, not carinate, the space between the scrobes broader than
the club of the scape. Antennw with the second joint of the funicle much longer
than the first. Prothorax as long as broad, the sides strongly rounded, broadest in
the middle, the apex distinctly narrower than the base, the upper surface rugose and
fairly closely set with low shining granules, each bearing a curved white seta, the sides
more or less reticulately punctate and the granules small or absent. lytra ovate,
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 511
acuminate and subcompressed behind, the suture elevated on the declivity, more
especially in the 2, the apex in the ¢ slightly produced backwards, in the ? strongly
produced downwards, the dorsal outline of the g gently convex to the declivity,
which is very steep and slightly sinuate, the outline of the @ flatter, the declivity
being steeper and not sinuate; shallowly punctato-striate, the intervals almost plane,
a little broader than the strie and each with a single row of small, widely spaced
granules, each bearing a short curved white seta. Legs with fairly dense grey and
white scaling, the femora without a tooth.
Length 64-7, width 23-3 mm.
Mimika River; 11 ¢,17 2. (Including the types of the species.)
Almost identical in colour with, and very similar in structure to C. tessellatus
Blanch., C. bombylius Guér., and C. immitis Pasc., but all these species differ, inter
alia, in having relatively shorter antenne, with the two basal joints of the funicle
equal.
COPTORRHYNCHUS sp.
Mimika River; 5 3, 4 9.
Launch Camp, Setakwa River (C. Boden Kloss); 2 3,3 9.
Allied to C. lewcopleurus Fst., C. leucostictus Pasc., etc., but the species cannot be
determined with certainty without comparison with various types which are not at
present accessible.
CoPproRRHYNCHUS sp.
Mimika River.
A single specimen in poor condition.
PANTORHYTES GRAVIS Heller.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers ; 3 70 Qe
‘The specimens were identified by Dr. Heller under this name in 1911, but I have
been unable to trace the description.
BEHRENSIELLUS GLABRATUS.
Siteutes glabratus Pascoe, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. xi. 1871, p. 157.
Utakwa River; 1 g,1 2.
LIXUS MIMICANUS, sp. n.
3 2. L. monticole Kirsch, simillimus, sed elytris humeris uullis, conjunctim vittis quinque
longitudinalibus ornatis e setis longioribus et densioribus compositis; prothorace minus
conico, lateribus rectis, a basi versus apicem minime angustato, dein subiter coustricto, in
dorso similiter scrobiculato-punctato, sulco mediano minus profundo; antennarum clava
evidenter angustiore, lanceolata.
512 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
Colour black, with reddish or yellowish efflorescence, which is condensed into stripes
along the suture, and on intervals 5 and 9; in abraded individuals the stripes are
indicated by lines of pubescence ; the prothorax with a central line and lateral stripe.
Head closely and finely punctate, the forehead shallowly impressed transversely and
with a deep central fovea. ostrwn dorsally longer than the prothorax (34: 3 mm.),
only slightly curved, a little dilated at the apex, the upper surface closely punctate
with intermingled large and small punctures, a short median stria above the insertion
of the antenne, the sides longitudinally rugose. Antenne red-brown, the funicle with
joint 2 more than twice as long as 1 and clavate, 3 to 6 almost equal in length and
subquadrate, the second joint of the club slightly longer than the first. Prothoraa
subconical, as long as its basal width, the sides almost straight and converging to near
the apex, there rather abruptly constricted, the base bisinuate, the apical dorsal
margin slightly rounded, the ocular lobes rather feeble; the upper surface coarsely
and closely punctate, with a central furrow which is feeble in front but more distinct
behind, being deeply impressed at the base; the punctures confluent and transversely
rugose at the sides. /ytra suboblong, almost parallel-sided for the greater part,
without distinct shoulders, the basal margin broader than that of the prothorax, the
apices separately rounded; the upper surface with shallow punctate strie, the punctures
diminishing behind the middle, the intervals almost plane and finely shagreened
transversely, with minute sparse white hairs which are longer and denser on intervals 1,
5, and 9, the usual circum-scutellar and humeral impressions, interval 3 elevated at the
base and a distinct posterior callus. Legs black, with short recumbent white hairs,
the femora without a tooth.
Length 93-13, width 23-43 mm.
Mimika River; 3 ¢,6 9. (Including the types of the species.)
The nearly allied Z. monticola Kirsch, with which (according to Faust) L. conformis
Pase., is synonymous, differs in having a distinct humeral prominence on the elytra,
which have no longitudinal stripes; the prothorax is more conical, being much more
narrowed anteriorly, and the apical constriction is much less evident; the antennal
club is also much broader than in ZL. minwcanus.
ACLEES INDIGNUS, sp. n.
?. Niger, subnitidus, setis brevissimis pallidis reclinatis adspersus; rostro usque ad antennas
evidenter trisuleato ; prothorace subconico, quam baseos Jatitudine non breviore, a basi ad
apicem evidenter rotundato-angustato, confertim eequaliter puuctato, in medio impressione
transversa curvata instructo; elytris ommnino regulariter foveato-suleatis, foveis postice
obsoletis, interstitiis quam sulcis non latioribus et granulis sparsis subobsoletis instructis.
Black, rather shiny, with very sparse minute recumbent pale sete.
Head closely and finely punctate, the forehead with a deep fovea lying in a
continuation of the median rostral furrow. Rostrum elongate, distinctly trisulcate
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 513
from the base to the insertion of the antenne, the sulci coarsely punctate, the intervals
with fine scattered punctures hardly larger than those on the head. Antenne
testaceous brown, joint 2 of the funicle slender at the base and rather abruptly
clavate, joint 7 clothed with rather dense grey pubescence. Prothoraa subconical, as
long as its basal width, broadest at the base and strongly narrowed anteriorly, the sides
gently rounded, strongly and closely punctate throughout, with a curved transverse
impression about the middle. lytra with regular sulci containing subquadrate fovee
which disappear near the apex and at the sides, the intervals not broader than the
foveee, convex and bearing indistinct minute granules.
Length 11, width 44 mm.
Mimika River; 1 9. (Type of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
The four other species of Aclees recorded from New Guinea may be distinguished
by the following characters :—In A. cribratus Gyl., the prothorax is much longer than
broad:and is tuberculate at the sides, and the rostrum has no central furrow;
A. gyllenhali Pasc., which is much larger (187 mm.), has the thorax and rostrum
somewhat similar, but the elytra bear shallow strie containing rows of granules
and the plane intervals are much more distinctly granulate; in A. porosus Pasc., the
central furrow of the rostrum is confined to the extreme base, the prothorax is broader
than long, and the elytra are very differently sculptured ; finally, in A. granulosus Fst.,
the striz on the elytra are comparatively finely punctate, while the broader, flatter
intervals bear distinct rasp-like granulation.
ACLEES GYLLENHALI.
Aclees gyllenhalit Pascoe, Journ. Linn. Soce., Zool. x. W871, ps Wee:
Utakwa River; 1 o,1 °@.
ORTHORRHINUS POSTOCULATUS, sp.n. (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 4.)
9. Elongatus, niger, dense cinereo-squamosus, capite ochraceo, prothorace in dorso et elytris
versus basin paulo infumatis, his in parte apicali hemicyclo magno brunneo, altero minore
nigro includente, ornatis; subtus dense cinereo-brunneo-squamosus, ventris segmento tertio,
et quarto, lateribus exceptis, nigris nudis nitidis; rostro perlongo, punctis inequalibus
confluentibus minime profundis insculpto; prothorace transverso, sat confertim granulato,
linea mediana sublevi instructo; scutello trapezoidali; elytris humeris rotunde prominulis,
hine post medium parallelis, ante apicem coustrictis, punctato-sulcatis, interstitiis costatis
eranulatis, alternis paulo elevatioribus, in macula postica interstitiis planis nec granulatis ;
tibiis anticis vix compressis, femoribus posticis dente majore armatis.
Colour black, with dense light grey scaling, the head dull orange, the disk of the
prothorax and the basal fourth of the elytra with a brownish tinge, on the declivity of
the elytra a large almost semicircular brown patch, the base and basal lateral margins
VOL. XX.—PaRT xv1. No. 3.—October, 1915. 4D
514 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
of which are blackish, enclosing a much smaller concentric blackish semicircular line ;
the under surface with uniform brownish grey scaling, except on the 3rd and 4th
ventral segments which are bare and shiny, with small triangular lateral patches of
scaling.
Head finely shagreened and with shallow punctation which is hidden by the
dense scaling, the forehead a trifle broader than the space between the antenne
and with a central fovea. Rostrum very long and slender, only a little shorter
than the front femur, cylindrical, and slightly wider at the base and apex; the
upper surface with irregular rows of very shallow large confluent punctures, the
intervals with numerous similar small punctures; the under surface with deep
separated punctures, leaving two broad impunctate stripes. Antenne elongate, with
joints 8 te 5 about as long as broad, 6 longer than broad. Prothorax broader than
long, the sides slightly and roundly narrowed from the base to near the apex, and
there rather abruptly constricted and parallel-sided, the base shallowly bisinuate,
the median projection subemarginate, the dorsal apical margin truncate, the ocular
lobes moderately prominent; the upper surface slightly rugose, fairly closely and
evenly set with small low shiny granules, except along an ill-defined central line,
the sculpture of the intervening spaces hidden by the scaling. Scutel/um trapezoidal,
broadest behind, densely squamose. lytra distinctly broader than the prothorax
at the shoulders, which are roundly rectangular, the sides parallel to beyond the
middle, thence roundly narrowed and constricted before the apex, which is jointly
rounded, the dorsal outline moderately convex, deepest before the middle, the
posterior declivity long and gradual; the sulci rather shallow, the contained punctures
hidden by the scaling, the intervals costate, the alternate ones slightly higher and
all bearing a row of shiny granules, except in the subapical patch, in which the
intervals are flattened and without granules, save for an inconspicuous row on the
first interval; the granules are more sparse at the base of interval 4, and they are
absent at the base of interval 2 and at the apex of 10 and 11; interval 9 more
strongly elevated near the apex; the scaling is recumbent and somewhat amorphous,
except on the posterior patch where the scales are distinct and more or less erect.
Legs \ong and slender, with dense brown and grey scaling and with scattered small
flattened granules, the front tibia scarcely compressed, the tooth on the hind femore
much larger than the others. MJetasternum sparsely granulate.
Length 12-18, width 43-5, rostrum 54-55 mm.
Utakwa Valley, 4000-6000 ft.; 2 9. (Lypes of the species.)
ORTHORRHINUS ALBOSPARSUS.
Orthorhinus albosparsus Faust. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1892, p. 204.
Mimika River; 1 ¢.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 515
ORTHORRHINUS PATRUELIS.
Orthorhinus patruelis Pascoe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) ii. 1885, p. 225.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 6 ¢,5 9.
CHALCOCYBEBUS BISPINOSUS.
Aporhina bispinosa Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. 11. 1832-35, p. 310.
Mimika River; 1 @.
ALCIDES PARENTHETICUS, sp.n. (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 5.)
3 2. Ater, nitidus, lineis albis ornatus, prothorace linea longitudinali laterali obliqua, elytris
fascia communi prope basin transversa postice concava ad striam sextarn extensa, fascia
secunda a margine paulo ante medium postice oblique ad suturam continuata, in area apicali
lineis duabus longitudinalibus in interstitiis 3 et 7 postice sepissime conjunctis ; prosterno
in medio, meso- et metasterno ad latera, ventris segmentis 2, 3, 4 in margine apicali albidis ;
A. exornato Chev., similis, aliter coloratus, rostro perlongo tenuiore, funiculi segmento
primo quam secundo longiore, prothorace multo confertius punctato, antice valde constricto
tubulato.
Colour shining black, with bands and stripes of white scaling; prothorax with an
oblique lateral stripe from below the posterior angle almost to the front margin ;
elytra with a common backwardly curved narrow band near the base extending to
the sixth stria on each side, a reversely curved and slightly broader band behind the
middle, narrowly interrupted on the suture and reaching the margin a little in front
of the middle, and behind this two longitudinal stripes on the 35rd and 7th intervals
respectively, which generally unite at the apex; the centre of the prosternum, the
epimera of the mesosternum, a large lateral triangular patch on the metasternum, and
the sides and apical margin of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th ventral segments with dense
whitish scaling.
Head bare, closely punctate, and with a deep frontal fovea. Rostrum extremely
long and slender in the 2, only slightly curved, a little widened at the insertion
of the antenne and again at the apex, with fine separate punctures at the base; in
the ¢, a little shorter and stouter, more coarsely and confluently punctate, and with
a short central stria between the antenne. 4ntenne with joint 1 of the funicle much
longer and stouter than 2, and 3 evidently longer than 4. Prothorax a little broader
than long, broadest at the base and gradually narrowed to beyond the middle, then
very strongly constricted and subtubulate at the apex, the ocular lobes moderately
developed; the upper surface with close punctures of varying sizes and subconfluent
towards the base, no central furrow or carina. Seutellwum obovate, convex, and not
quite enclosed by the base of the elytra. lytra with the shoulders only slightly
projecting and obliquely rounded, the sides subparallel to beyond the middle,
distinctly impressed transversely at the base, with shallow punctate strie, the intervals
4p2
516 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
almost plane, bare, shiny, and impunctate. Jcgs elongate, especially the anterior
pairs, the hind pair reaching the apex of the 4th ventral segment, femoral tooth
triangular and denticulate ; front tibiz with an obtuse internal tooth a little behind
the middle.
Length 113-12, width 44-435 mm.
Utakwa River; 3 ¢,2 2. (Including the types of the species.)
Allied to A. exornatus Chev., but readily distinguished by the parenthesis-like
markings on the elytra. The latter species, moreover, has the prothorax much more
coarsely and distantly punctate, with a broad central impressed line containing a
white stripe; further, the second joint of the funicle is much longer than the first,
and the third and fourth are subequal.
ALOLDES EXORNATUS.
Alcides exornatus Chevrolat, Naturaliste, 1880, p. 333.
Utakwa River; 1 9.
ALCIDES ELEGANS.
Alcides elegans Guérin, Voy. ‘Coquille,’ ii. pt. 2, 1838, Zool. p. 124, pl. vi. fig. 6.
Mimika River; 1 ¢,6 ¢@.
ALCIDES PRASUSTUS.
Alcides preustus Guérin, Voy. ‘Coquille,’ 1. pt. 2, 1838, Zool. p. 123.
Mimika River; 2 3,2 2.
ALCIDES PROFLUENS.
Alcides profluens Pascoe, Aun. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) 11. 1885, p. 239.
Launch Camp, Setakwa River (C. Boden Kloss); 1 ¢.
ALCIDES INCOMPTUS, sp. 0.
3. Niger, nitidus, setulis parvis depressis brunneis minus dense obsitus, prothorace in dorso
area magna subconica denudata, metasterno et abdomine et pedibus ferrugineis, coxis
omnibus et femoribus anticis in dimidio apicali nigris; rostro fere recto nitidissimo; funiculi
articulis duobus basalibus longitudine equalibus, primo crassiore; prothorace subconico,
antice leviter constricto, undique confertim punctato; elytris subcylindricis ad humeros
prothorace paulo latioribus, lateribus leviter sinuatis, interstitiis in parte discoidali levibus
subtiliter punctatis, alibi ruguloso-granulatis; tibiis anticis in medio imtus angulatis,
femorum dentibus non crenulatis, femoribus posticis segmentum ventris tertium non
superantibus.
Colour black, shiny, rather sparsely clothed above and on the sternum with very
short recumbent golden-brown sete, the prothorax with a subconical discal area
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. O17
denuded; the metasternum, the bare shining venter and the legs rust-red, but all the
coxee and the apical half of the front femora black.
Head finely punctate, with a small frontal fovea. Rostrum as long as the front
femora, rather stout, only slightly curved close to the apex, subcylindrical, very
shiny, finely and fairly evenly punctate, with a broad shallow stria between the
antenne, and without any central line or carina at the base. Antenne with joint 1 of
the funicle as long as but stouter than 2, 5 to 6 subequal and scarcely as long as
broad. Prothorax subconical, a little broader than long, broadest near the base and
roundly narrowed in front, the apical constriction slight, the front margin roundly
produced dorsally, the ocular lobes moderate, the dorsal area closely punctate
throughout, the punctures being coarser towards the base, the sides set with low
granules. Scuteldwm circular, bare, impunctate, not enclosed by the elytra. Hlytra
subcylindrical, a little broader than the prothorax at the shoulders, the sides sub-
sinuate in the middle, the dorsal outline shallowly sinuate near the base, the striz
shallow, but becoming deeper near the apex, the punctures narrow and elongate, the
intervals broad and plane, smooth and minutely punctate on the disk, rugosely
granulate towards the sides and apex, and especially at the base, stri 3, 4, and 5
subfoveolate at the base, the posterior callus distinct. Legs slender, with short
recumbent sete, the femoral teeth not denticulate, those on the elongate front legs
very large and triangular, the front tibiz angulate internally in the middle.
Length 10, width 34 mm.
Mimika River; 1s. (Type of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
Of the general form of A. preustus Guér., but most nearly allied to A. ferrugineus
Hartm., and 4. bonguensis Hartm., which have similar short hind-femora, but in both
these species the scutellum is enclosed by the base of the elytra, the front tibize are
angulated in the basal third, and the under surface of the body is somewhat densely
clothed with scales.
COLOBODES CAVISQUAMIS, sp. n. (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 10.)
9. Niger aut piceus, squamis saturate brunneis undique densissime indutus, elytris macula
pallida parva subhumerali et fascia pallida transversa laterali pone medium inter strias
G et 9 ornatis ; prothorace transverso, a basi ultra medium gradatim angustato, tum citius
coarctato, supra tuberculis duobus squamigeris in apice ipso, quatuor in medio transversim
positis, duobus minoribus prope basin; elytris tenuiter punctato-striatis, punctis a squamis
fere occultis, interstitiis dorsalibus equaliter paulo convexis in singulo granulis setigeris
multis uniseriatim obsitis, interstitiis lateralibus granulis nudis nitidis instructis.
Colour black or piceous, densely clothed with dark brown scaling and set with
blackish-brown fasciculated granules, the elytra with a small pale subhumeral spot
and a transverse postmedian lateral pale patch lying between striz 6 and 9, the venter
with an indistinct lateral stripe of paler scales oa each side
MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
Or
aon
(oe)
Head with dense erect puckered scaling, the forehead with a broad central
impression. tostrwm comparatively short and rather strongly curved, shorter than
the prothorax, parallel-sided from the base to near the apex and there distinctly
dilated, densely clothed with scaling except near the apex and bearing erect spatulate
setae, the apical area strongly and closely punctate. Antenne with the second joint
of the funicle scarcely as long as the first. Prothorax slightly transverse, broadest
at the base and much narrowed in front, the sides slightly rounded in the middle,
with a shallow subapical constriction; the upper surface densely clothed with cup-like
scales, on the apical margin two fascicles of scale-like sete, about the middle a
transverse row of four fascicles of which the inner ones are the larger, and behind
these two much smaller elevations formed of scales only. Scutellum with dense erect
puckered scales. Hlytra with the basal margin almost straight, the sides subparallel
from the shoulders to the middle only, thence roundly narrowed, the apices jointly
rounded, finely punctato-striate, the punctures largely concealed by the scaling, the
intervals broad, all slightly and equally convex, each with a single irregularly-spaced
row of granules, those on the dorsum being covered with scales and scale-like sete
and those at the sides being bare and shining; the scales are more or less overlapping
and have their margins slightly raised. Zegs rather short, densely covered with uniform
brown scaling, and with numerous erect brown scale-like sete, the tibie less strongly
sinuate than in the genotype, C. billbergi Boh.
Length 84, width 4 mm.
Mimika River; 3 9. (Including the type of the species )
Described from three specimens.
PANTOXYSTUS RUBRICOLLIS.
Clegonus rubricollis Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. ii. 1832-85, p. 442
Mimika River; 1 ¢.
PSEUDOPOROPTERUS ARCHAICUS.
Poropterus archaicus Pascoe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) ii. 1885, p. 263.
Launch Camp, Setakwa River (C. Boden Kloss); 1.
PSEUDOPOROPTERUS VICARIUS.
Poropterus vicarius Pascoe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) ii. 1885, p. 263.
Utakwa River; 1.
MEROLEPTUS LATEROSIGNATUS, sp. n.
g. Oblongo-ovatus, niger, squamis ferrugineo-brunneis erectis supra et subtus sat dense indutus,
episterno et epimero mesosternali et basi episterni metasternalis squamis luteis creberrimis
ornatis ; frontis margine postico regulariter sinuato, rostro ad basin tricarinulato, sulcis
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 519
externis quam internis duplo longioribus ; funiculi articulo primo et secundo subzequalibus,
septimo longitudine latitudini xquali; prothorace non latiore quam longiore, lateribus
regulariter rotundato, ad latera et ad basin sparsim granulato, in medio subsulcato, sulco
utrinque granulato, areis discoidalibus granulis tribus aut quatuor lineatim oblique positis
tantum obsitis; elytris regulariter foveatis, interstitiis 2 et 6 omnino, 4 in parte basali,
5 in parte apicali, granulis nitidis preeditis, margine basali denticulato non transversim
eranulato.
Colour dull black, the whole upper and lower surfaces covered fairly closely with
small upright red-brown scales, which vary considerably in length; the side-pieces of
the mesosternum and the base of the metasternal episternum densely covered with
dull orange scaling.
Head dull, with shallow reticulate punctation, the forehead with a broad central
furrow and a faint impression above each eye, the vertex suddenly elevated above the
level of the forehead, bare and shiny, its anterior margin forming a regular curve.
Rostrum with the antenne inserted at about one-third from the apex, with four
furrows at the base separated by three narrow carine, the outer furrows about twice
as long as the inner ones. Antenne with the two basal joints of the funicle subequal,
joints 3 to 7 gradually diminishing in length, the last about as long as broad, the club
broadest beyond the middle. Prothorax strongly convex longitudinally, as long as
broad, the sides regularly rounded from base to apex, broadest in front of the middle ;
the upper surface smooth and opaque, with a broad shallow central furrow and a
single, rather irregular, row of small tubercles on each side of it; beyond these,
a smooth discal space bearing only a short row of 3 or 4 similar tubercles, running
obliquely from behind the middle forwards; the entire sides and base set with
tubercles; every tubercle bears at its base an extra large scale, equal in length to the
height of the tubercle. Hlytra suboblong, the sides subparallel till near the apex,
which is jointly rounded, the basal margin broader than that of the prothorax,
denticulated and without a transverse row of granules; the whole surface with regular
rows of large reticulate fovez, the interspaces in the rows being almost as broad as the
intervals between the rows ; intervals 2, 4, 5,and 6 with rows of small shiny tubercles,
those on 2 and 6 complete, that on 4 reaching from the base to the top of the
declivity, that on 5 extending backwards from about the middle, the lateral intervals
with complete rows of smaller dull granules. Legs with rather sparse brown scales,
which are recumbent on the femora and erect on the tibie, the posterior femora
extending slightly beyond the elytra, the tibiz not carinate.
Length 73, width 3; mm.
Mimika River; 1 ¢. (Zype of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
Very close to W. gemmatus Fst. (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 158), which it resembles
in the uniform colouring of the upperside and general sculpture, but in that species
520 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
the rostrum is not carinate at the base, the two basal joints of the antennal club are of
equal length, the elytra on the disc bear punctate sulci with convex intervals, and the
pale sternal patch is confined to the base of the metasternal episternum.
MEROLEPTUS SQUALIDUS, sp. n.
?. Niger, squamulis terreno-brunneis spatulatis erectis undique indutus ; ‘rostro basi tricarinato ;
funiculi articulo primo quam secundo paulo longiore; prothorace grosse et profunde reticu-
lato-punctato, punctis a squamulis pro maxima parte conditis, interstitiis passim (precipue ad
latera) granulis nitidis obsitis, lateribus fortiter rotundato, in medio longitudinaliter sub-
suleato ; elytris basi denticulatis et transversim granulatis, foveato-sulcatis, interstitio primo
deplanato, interstitiis 2, 4, 6 granulis nitidis uniseriatim obsitis, interstitiis lateralibus sparsius
granulatis.
Black, fairly densely clothed with erect spatulate brown scales of varying lengths.
Head reticulately punctate, with a deep frontal fovea and short erect scales, the
ridge on the vertex shallowly sinuate in the middle. Rostrwm with the antenne
inserted at about one-fifth from the apex, tricarinate at the base, the outer carine
narrow and very sinuous. Antenne testaceous brown, the first joint of the funicle
longer than the second, the club broadest in the middle. Prothorax as long as broad,
the sides subparallel for a very short distance from the base, then very strongly
rounded, broadest a little beyond the middle; the upper surface with large deep
reticulate punctures, which are more or less hidden by the scaling, the interspaces set
here and there with bare shiny granules, these being much denser at the sides, in the
middle a shallow longitudinal furrow. Hlytra subovate, with the sides slightly
rounded, the basal margin broader than that of the prothorax, denticulated and with a
transverse row of granules, the upper surface foveato-sulcate, interval 1 flattened, the
others slightly convex, 2, 4, and 6 each with a complete row of numerous shiny
granules, the lateral intervals with much more distant granules. Legs with rather
dense elongate suberect scales, the femora coarsely punctate, the tibie carinate, but
the carine more or less hidden by the scaling.
Length 5, width 2 mm.
Launch Camp, Setakwa River, Oct. 1912 (C. Boden Kloss); 19. (Type of the
species.)
Described from a single specimen.
This small and relatively broad species differs from all the known forms except
AM. tuberculosus Faust (Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xl. 1899, p. 64) in having the
prothorax punctate; but in the latter species the punctation is remote and shallow,
and the prothorax bears four rows of setose tubercles; the elytra are also very
differently sculptured, being only faintly punctato-striate, and interval 3 bears three
pubescent tubercles.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 521
ProLycus NoDOsUS, sp. n. (PI. XXXIX. fig. 6.)
3. Niger, subopacus, squamulis sparsis brunneis obsitus ; capite et rostro ad basin rude reticulato-
punctatis, hoc non carinato; prothorace trausverso, lateribus valde rotundato, latitudine
maxima in medio, supra vix punctato, apice excepto, ibi rude reticulato, lateribus granulato ;
elytris ovatis, apice subtruncatis, parum profunde punctato-striatis, punctis distantibus, inter-
stitiis alternis tuberculis parvis umbilicatis seriatim obsitis, interstitiis aliis fere planis granulis
minutis uniseriatim instructis, squamis erectis nullis; pedibus squamis erectis obsitis,
femoribus rude punctatis, tibie leviter carinatis.
Colour black, with sparse minute recumbent light brown scales.
Head coarsely and reticulately punctate throughout, except on the extreme vertex,
the forehead with a shallow transverse impression. Rostrum punctate like the head
in the basal half and without definite carine or sulci. Antenne testaceous brown, the
four basal joints of the funicle elongate, 2 the longest and 4 the shortest, 5 slightly
longer than broad, 6 and 7 as broad as long. Prothorar evidently transverse, the
sides strongly rounded, broadest about the middle, much more narrowed in front than
behind, shallowly constricted near the apex, truncate at the base, the anterior dorsal
margin produced and rounded, the ocular lobes well developed; the upper surface
impunctate on the disc, except for the minute scale-sockets, coarsely punctate on the
apical area, and sparsely granulate at the sides. /ytra ovate, the sides rather strongly
rounded, broadest a little before the middle, the apices jointly subtruncate, with very
shallow striz containing distant shallow punctures, the intervals almost plane, 1, 3, and
5 with a row of irregularly spaced tubercles, each of which has a central umbilicus
surrounded by a ring of scale-bearing punctures, the tubercles becoming much smaller
behind, intervals 2, 4, 6, and 8 each with a single irregular row of minute granules,
7 and 9 with a row of larger granules. Legs black, tarsi piceous brown, the femora
coarsely punctate, each puncture bearing a suberect scale-like white seta, the tibice
bicarinate on each side and with narrower erect sete.
Length 53, width 3 mm.
Launch Camp, Setakwa River, Oct. 1912 (C. Boden Kloss); 13. (ype of the
species.)
Described from a single specimen.
This species resembles in size and general facies P. carinirostris Pasc. and P. trimastus
Heller *, but these insects differ, enter alia, in having the rostrum carinate, the thorax
distinctly punctate on the disc and furnished with a well-marked carina on each side,
and the elytra differently sculptured.
ASYTESTA GAZELLA.
Rhynchenus gazella Olivier, Entom. vy. 1807, p. 175, pl. xxii. fig. 303.
Utakwa River; 2 6,2 9.
* This species was referred doubtfully by Heller to the genus Anchithyrus (Abh, Mus. Dresden, xiii, no. 33,
1910, p. 29, fig. 6); it is certainly a Ptolycus.
VOL. XX.—PART xvI. No. 4.—October, 1915. 45
522 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
TSOTOCERUS TENUIPES.
Isotocerus tenuipes Faust, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 147.
Mimika River; 1 3.
IsoTOCERUS AFFINIS.
Isotocerus afinis Faust, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 147.
Mimika River; 1 @.
TsOTOcERUS sp.
Mimika River; 1 @.
DYSOPIRHINUS COSTATUS, sp.n. (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 1.)
3. Niger, opacus, squamis griscis et brunneis sparsim indutus, D. gestroi Roel., evidenter affinis,
sed multo major, rostro ad latera evidentius utrinque bisulcato, in medio non carinato ; pro-
thorace carina mediana postice magis extensa ; elytris ante apicem magis impressis, punctato-
suleatis, punctis minoribus, interstitiis alternis elevatioribus, primo et tertio latioribus
subbiseriatim granulatis, granulis postice obsoletis, hoc prope basin magis elevato, sed costa
basin ipsum non attingente, interstitiis 2 et 4 planis angustis vix granulatis, 5-7 serie
granulorum una preeditis ; tibiis posterioribus ad apicem setis nigris fasciculatis.
Colour dull black, with sparse grey and brown scaling.
Head with scattered shallow punctures, two of the lateral rostral carine ascending
the forehead and uniting to form an obtuse central elevation above the eyes, a very
deep fovea between the eyes. Hostrwm moderately closely punctate above, with two
distinct sulci on each side separated by a narrow carina, the central line punctate and
not carinate. Antennw asin the type-species, D. gestrot. Prothorax subconical, as long
as its basal width, broadest at the base, the sides slightly rounded, the basal margin
bisinuate and with a large granule on the central projection, the whole surface closely
set with granules, except the apical area and a shiny central carina which extends from
the front margin for three-fourths the length, each granule with a depressed dark
scale-like seta. H/ytra elongate-ovate, parallel-sided from the shoulders to beyond the
middle, evidently impressed laterally. before the apices, which are jointly rounded ;
punctato-sulcate, the alternate intervals more raised, interval 1 elevated at one-fifth
from the base to the declivity, the raised part with a double row of granules; intervals
2 and 4 narrow, plane and scarcely granulate; 3 most strongly elevated near (but not
at) the base and diminishing to beyond the middle, the raised part with two rows of
granules, the apical part plane and not granulate; 5—7 each with an almost complete
single row of granules, 6 being a little lower than the other two; 8 granulate to
beyond the middle, 9 granulate to the middle, and 10 at the base only. Legs elongate,
the femora rather rugosely punctate, the posterior pairs of tibiz with a fascicle of
recumbent black sete on the exterior side at the apex.
Length 17, width 7 mm.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 523
Utakwa Valley, 4000-6000 ft., Jan—Feb. 1913; 1 3. (Type of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
This insect may readily be distinguished from the previously-described species of
Dysopirhinus by its large size and costate elytra.
EUTHYRRHINUS MEDITABUNDUS.
Curculio meditabundus Fabricius, Syst. Unt. 1775, p. 139.
Mimika River; 2 g,1 2.
PERISSOPS PAVONIA.
Perissops pavonia Chevrolat, Pet. Nouv. Ent. ii. 1877, p. 187.
Utakwa River; 1 g,1¢@.
EcTATOCYBA VERRUCOSA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 2.)
36. E. tuberose Fst. similis, sed rostro in dorso creberrime punctato ; prothorace ad apicem magis
constricto, setulis minutis nigris obsito; elytris non squamosis, serie tuberculorum prima e
tuberculis duobus maximis et uno parvo basali composita, tuberculo subhumerali et preeapicali
omuino deficientibus ; femoribus posticis elytra evidenter superantibus ; segmento primo
ventrali maris in medio elevato et valde bituberculato.
Colour uniform dull black, the legs and the apices of the tubercles on the elytra
shiny.
Head impunctate on the vertex, the forehead sparsely punctate and with a deep
central fovea, a small tubercular elevation above each eye. Rostrum closely and finely
punctate above, the punctures coarser laterally towards the base; a faintly elevated
narrow impunctate central line, which merges near the apex into a broad median
impression. Antenne with joint 2 of the funicle scarcely longer than I, joints 4 to 7
short and approximately equal, 3 a little longer. Prothorax subconical, as long as the
basal width, broadest at the base, gradually narrowing anteriorly (the sides almost
straight in the basal half) and suddenly constricted at the apex, the basal margin
shallowly bisinuate; the upper surface only slightly convex, with scattered shallow
punctures, leaving a narrow smooth central line which is faintly impressed in the
middle, the punctures much closer along the basal margin; there are no scales in the
posterior angles, and each puncture bears a minute recumbent dark seta. Hlytra a
little longer than broad, the basal margin distinctly sinuate on each side, the external
angles produced forwards, the apex subtruncate and with a small tubercular prominence
on each side, the sides strongly rounded, the greatest breadth before the middle, the
dorsal outline very convex, the coarsely punctate striz comparatively regular and
disappearing before the apex; interval 3 * with three tubercles, the first very small
and close to the base, the other two large and obtusely conical, one being just in front
* [Equivalent to Faust’s ‘‘Spatium 2.”
AE2
524 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
of and the other just behind the middle ; interval 5 with two similar large ‘tubercles,
one near the base, the other at the middle; interval 7 with two large tubercles on a
level with those on interval 3, and a smaller one behind; stria 8 deeply impressed
throughout, stria 9 impressed in the basal third only; interval 1 with a slight shiny
crenulated elevation for a short distance before the middle; the whole upper surface
with very faint sparse punctures, each bearing a minute depressed dark seta. Legs long
and slender, the posterior femora considerably exceeding the apex of the elytra; the
femora coarsely punctate and with short golden-brown sete, which are much denser
and longer on the under surface; the tibie punctate in irregular rows, the intervals
between them subcarinate, the external edge impunctate and shiny. Venter shiny and
very sparsely punctate, the sides and the whole of the last segment opaque and con-
fluently punctate ; segment 1 with the intercoxal process rounded in front and with a
deep fovea in the middle of the margin, the central portion of the segment elevated
and bearing two large tubercles, the sides of which are vertical and smooth internally,
the outer sides being sloping, coarsely punctate and setose; segments 2, 3, and 4 of
equal length ; segment 5 with a patch of golden-brown sete on each side.
Length 14, width (excluding tubercles) 84 mm.
Utakwa River; 1 o. (Lype of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
This distinct species differs from the three previously known species, LZ. tuberosa
Fst. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xxii. 1899, p.60, and Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1914, p. 309, fig.),
Li. gibbosa Heller (Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, xii. no. 1, 1908, p. 17), and EL. permutata
Heller (Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1914, p. 308, fig.) in the length of the posterior femora, the
remarkable structure of the Ist ventral segment, the shortness of the 2nd segment, and
in the number and arrangement of the elytral tubercles.
LopHocHEIRUS, gen. nov.
This genus is erected for the reception of several New Guinea species which have
been erroneously attributed to Odosyllis Pasc. ‘The following are the essential
characters which distinguish the two genera :—
Oposyiuis.—The pectoral canal terminating in front of the median coxe, the sides of
the terminal cavity simply vertical externally; the intercoxal piece of the first ventral
segment with the sides subparallel and the base broadly rounded; the front tibia
very strongly compressed, markedly broader than the others, the external margin
narrowly carinate, the two sides shallowly sulcate, the inner margin not sinuate at the
base; antennal club with the segmental sutures transverse,
LopuocnEirus.—The pectoral canal continued well between the median coxe, the
sides of the terminal cavity more or less produced externally ; the intercoxal piece of
the first ventral segment with its sides convergent and the base acutely angulated ;
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 25
oO
the front tibie only slightly compressed, not notably broader than the others, the
external margin not carimate nor the sides sulcate, the internal margin distinctly
sinuate at the base; antennal club with the sutures strongly oblique. A constant
secondary sexual character is the long fringe on the front tibiee of the male.
Type, Odosyllis gemmata Pasc.
The other species referable to Lophocheirus are O. ingens Pasc., O. crucigera Pasc.,
O. opposita Fst., and O. major Heller.
The six species of true Odosyllis (type, O. congesta Pasc.) described by Pascoe are
all small insects (4—9 mm.) of strikingly uniform appearance and having a facies quite
distinct from that of Lophocheirus.
LOPHOCHEIRUS WOLLASTONI, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 3.)
¢@-. Multo maximus hujus generis, niger, squamis flavo-cinereis in prothorace sparsim in elytris
sat dense vestitus, his confluenter nigro-maculatis ; rostro versus basin in medio carinato ;
funiculi articulis tribus ultimis evidenter transversis ; prothorace m disco levi, granulis paucis
in medio exceptis, ad latera granulis nitidis obsito; elytris elongato-ovatis, apice conjunctim
acute productis, in declivitate postica subdeplanatis, interstitiis seriato-granulatis, seeundo
paulo elevatiore, octavo in dimidio apicali non granulato-carinato; pedibus nigris et nigro-
setosis, tarsorum articulis duobus basalibus subtus longe nigro-pubescentibus, articulo tertio
subtus ochraceo-spongioso.
Colour black, the head with fairly dense brown scales above; the prothorax with
sparse separated light brown scales above, the scaling being much denser along the
front margin and on the lower surface; the elytra with dense yellowish-grey scaling,
variegated with large confluent black patches; the metasternum with fairly dense
brown scales at the sides only, the abdomen with sparse brownish sete and only a few
scales.
Head with large subconfluent punctures, the forehead with a central fovea and with
erect dark sete. Rostrum about as long as the prothorax, broadest at the base, thence
rapidly narrowing to the insertion of the antenne and almost parallel-sided anteriorly,
the basal third opaque, strongly punctate and with a fine central carina, the rest very
shiny and with sparse minute punctures. Antenne black, joint 2 of the funigle as
long as the next three joints together, 3 longer than broad, 4 as long as broad, 5 to 7
distinctly transverse. Prothorax broader than long, broadest at the base, gradually
narrowing to beyond the middle, the sides being almost straight, then rapidly
constricted and subtubular at the apex ; the upper surface opaque, finely shagreened,
evenly covered with isolated and almost circular scales, which become elongated and
dense towards the anterior margin, in the centre of the disc seven large shiny granules
(each with a setigerous fovea on its anterior face) forming an irregular transverse
group; numerous similar granules at the sides, but the rest of the dorsum smooth
except for a few irregularly placed granules on the apical area; a narrow bare median
line from the base to the middle anda short bare elevation in front of this. Elytra
526 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
elongate-ovate, broadest at the shoulders and gradually narrowing posteriorly; the
apices, as usual, jointly produced into a short sharp process, shallowly punctato-
striate, the punctures almost entirely concealed by the scaling; the intervals subcostate,
each with a row of separated shining granules, those on interval 2 ceasing long before
the apex and those on 4 not continued to the base, interval 2 a little more elevated
than the rest and with the granules closer and often irregularly duplicated. Sternum
rugosely and confluently punctate; the terminal cavity of the pectoral canal with its
posterior margin not overhanging, but shallowly impressed and sinuate in the middle ;
the metasternum with a deep central furrow bounded in front by a curved elevation.
Venter closely and coarsely punctate throughout, except in the middle on both
margins of segments 3 and 4 and along the base of 5, which are smooth, segment
9 without any impression. Legs black with dark scales and seta, the anterior tibi
with a long black fringe, all the tarsi with the two basal joints clothed beneath with
dense black pubescence, the third joint being spongy and ochraceous.
Length 223, width 103 mm.
Utakwa River; 1 3. (Type of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
Hyidently allied to Z. major Heller, which is known to me from the description
only ; but apart from its much smaller size (12-15 mm.), this species appears to differ
in the following characters :—the rostrum has a median stria between the antenne ;
the head is granulate, instead of punctate; the prothorax has on each side in the
front half a patch of black scales in which the granules are thorn-like; on the elytra
the granules on the hinder half of the 8th interval unite to form a narrow carina; the
last ventral segment (¢ ) has a deep round hairy impression.
BLEPIARDA SIMULATOR.
Blepiarda simulator Pascoe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) ii. 1885, p. 279.
Mimika River; 1 oc.
BLEPIARDA sp.
Utakwa River.
Three broken specimens.
EURHOPALA PIAZUROIDES.
Eurhopala piazuroides Faust. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 186.
Mimika River; 1 @.
ARACHNOPUS BIPLAGIATUS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig, 8.)
Q. Elongato-ovatus, niger, opacus, macula humerali ovata nivea (quam oculo paulo majore) in
elytris tantum ornatus ; fronte profunde sulcato ; prothorace crebre asperato-punctato, quam
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 527
longitudine paululo latiore; elytris confertim vix ordinate granulatis, interstitiis squamulis
minutis brunneis obsitis, ad latera subpunctato-striatis ; sterno squamis rufo-brunneis induto ;
pedibus ciliis albidis ornatis ; funiculi articulo secundo quam primo longiore.
Colour black, the elytra with minute brown scales between the granules and each
with a subovate white humeral patch slightly larger than the eye; the sternal scaling
dark red-brown, the leg-fringes yellowish white.
Head almost impunctate, the forehead with a broad furrow containing a deep fovea
at its base. Rostrum long and slender, with a comparatively broad impunctate central
carina at the base and only one distinct lateral carina, the inner one being almost
obliterated. Antenne with joint 2 of the funicle slender and longer than 1; 5 and 4
diminishing in length, but longer than broad and subclavate; 6 subquadrate ;
6 similar, but longer; 7 still longer, widening to the apex, about as long as its apical
width. Prothorax a little shorter than its greatest width, broadest well behind the
middle, sides moderately rounded, very slightly flattened in front of the middle and
rather abruptly constricted at the apex; the upper surface with fairly close small
rasp-like punctures and without any central impressed line; the granules adjoining
the punctures flattened shiny and mostly sublunulate, each puncture bearing a
minute recumbent dark seta, the lateral granules more elevated ; the prosternum with
a broad and deep central furrow. lytra with the sides slightly rounded at the base,
strongly acuminate behind, the apex slightly produced backwards but not downwards,
the dorsal outline strongly convex and forming a regular curve up to the small apical
projection; the upper surface closely and somewhat confusedly granulate, with
scarcely an indication on the disc of granulated sulci, which, however, become more
evident laterally ; the granules transverse, and behind each avery short pale recumbent
scale-like seta. Legs with the usual long fringes of a yellowish-white colour, the
femora with broad transverse shiny granules, the tibize with sparse short recumbent sete.
Length 13, width 65 mm.
Utakwa River; 1 9. (Type of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
Nearly allied to A. tristis Heller (Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, xii, no. 1, 1908, p. 28),
which it closely resembles in general form and sculpture; but that species differs in
having four pale stripes on the prothorax and two on each elytron, while the humeral
patch is smaller and more elongate ; the dorsal curvature of the elytra is much flatter
and the apex is produced downwards, not backwards, in the female ; the sete on the
elytra are nearly twice as long; the central carina on the rostrum is much narrower
and there are two distinct carinee on each side.
ARACHNOPUS BINOTATUS.
Arachnopus binotatus Pascoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vil. 1871, p. 258.
Mimika River; 1 g,2 @.
528 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
ARACHNOPUS FOSSULATUS.
Arachnopus fossulatus Faust, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1892, p. 223.
Utakwa River; 1 g,1 @.
ARACHNOPUS LANCEOLATUS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 9.)
3. Angustus, lanceolatus, niger, squamulis minutis albis undique rarissimis et linea angusta
alba marginali abbreviata indutus, granulis omnibus seta squamiformi alba reclinata preeditis,
mesosterno in medio squamis erectis brunneis longe fimbriatis imduto, metasterno squamis
fimbriatis brevioribus, epimeris et episternis squamis brunneis rotundis dense ornatis ;
prothorace obsoletissime punctato, confertim asperato-granulato ; elytris angustis, valde
acuminatis, confertim vix ordinate granulatis, ad latera non striatis; pedibus albido-
fimbriatis, femoribus fimbria anteriore fere obsoleta, tibiis (fimbriis exceptis) nudis ; funiculi
articulo secundo quam primo longiore.
Black, without any markings except a narrow abbreviated marginal white line
behind the middle, and with remotely scattered minute white scales, every granule
bearing a recumbent white scale-like seta; the central part of the mesosternum
apparently clothed with long pale brown hairs, but these are really long erect scales
which are split for the greater part of their length into a number of hair-like
divisions ; the centre of the metasternum with shortly-fringed erect brownish scales,
the side-pieces of the meso- and meta-sternum with dense recumbent rounded
brownish scales.
flead with distinct scattered punctures in front, almost impunctate on the vertex,
the forehead without a furrow or fovea. Rostrum with two flat carine on each side
at the base, the central carina almost obliterated by punctures. Antenne as in
A. biplagiatus (see p. 526). Prothorax as in A. biplagiatus, except that the sides are
regularly rounded and not flattened, the apical constriction is shallower, and the sete
are white. Hlytra narrow (632 mm.) and very sharply acuminate behind, the apex
extending 1 mm. beyond the end of the abdomen and not produced downwards, the
whole surface fairly closely and irregularly granulate and without lateral striation,
the dorsal outline comparatively flat and the posterior declivity gradual. Legs
with rather short whitish fringes, the fringe on the anterior edge of the femora
absent except near the apex, the tibie bare except for the two fringes.
Length 93, width 32 mm. :
Utakwa River; 1 ¢. (Zype of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
ARACHNOPUS PAPUA.
Arachnopus papua Heller, Abh. Mus. Dresden, xiii. no. 3, 1910, p. 34.
Mimika River; 1 oc.
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
On
BS
eo)
ARACHNOPUS PLANATUS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 7.)
$. Ovatus, niger, squamis brunneis indutus; rostro in medio carina basali elevatiore predito ;
prothorace evidenter transverso, ad apicem minime constricto, rude reticulato-punctato,
interstitiis granulis nitidis obsitis, vittis quinque brunneis indistinctis notato, prosterno
parum profunde sulcato, suleo squamis brunneis repleto; elytris subcordatis, valde acumi-
natis, apice vix productis, in dorso usque ad interstitium quartum transversim deplanatis,
subsulcatis, interstitiis carinato-granulatis, fascia basali transversa et altera laterali obliqua
e squamis crebrioribus indefinite notatis; femoribus brunneo-fimbriatis, fimbriis anterioribus
in dimidio basali deficientibus, tibiis supra squamosis, subtus lineatim setosis; funiculi
articulis duobus basalibus zquilongis, septimo evidenter transverso.
Colour dull black, with shiny granules and uneven light brown scaling; on the
prothorax the scales form five ill-defined longitudinal lines, which are only noticeable
in the front half; on the elytra the scaling is generally more close, but forms a denser
transverse band in the basal impression and an oblique lateral band, running inwards
and backwards from between the coxe; the leg-fringes are brown on the femora and
yellowish white on the tibiz.
Head coarsely and closely punctate on the vertex, the forehead with a broad
impressed central ridge, the eyes with a broad ring of brown scales. ostrum with
a high central carina in the basal half and two narrow undulating carine on each side
of it. Antenne with the two basal joints of the funicle subequal, joint 3 a little
longer than broad, 4 to 6 slightly and 7 strongly transverse. Prothorax evidently
broader than long, the sides regularly rounded, broadest behind the middle, the
apical constriction shallow and indistinct; the upper surface coarsely and reticulately
punctate, the interstices somewhat elevated and bearing small elongate shiny granules,
each puncture containing a short recumbent scale-like seta; the prosternum with a
challow central furrow containing a stripe of yellowish-brown scales which extends
into a transverse band between the coxe. Hlytra broadly heart-shaped, evidently
broader than the prothorax, the sides slightly rounded to the middle, thence rapidly
acuminate, the apex acute but very little produced downwards, the basal margin
elevated and broader than the base of the prothorax, the dorsum transversely flattened
as far as interval 4 and from just behind the basal impression back to the middle of
the declivity; the upper surface subsulcate, the sulci disappearing towards the apex
and their sculpture concealed by the dense scaling, the intervals each with a single
row of unevenly distributed granules, those on intervals 4 and 6 closely placed and
making them appear subcarinate, the granules each with a short, depressed, scale-like
white seta, the apical lateral fringe rather sparse. Legs with the femora rugose and
bearing numerous small transverse carine, the fringes brown, those on the anterior side
disappearing in the basal half, the under surface of the hind femora with dense scaling ;
the tibiee with yellowish-white fringes, with moderately dense scaling above and a line
VOL. XX.—PakT XvI. No. 5.—October, 1915. 4F
530 MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
of depressed pale setae beneath; the tarsal claws red-brown, with a broad median
black band.
Length 9, width 44 mm.
Utakwa Valley, 4000-6000 ft., Jan.Feb. 1913; 1 3. (Zype of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
ARACHNOPUS INCANUS, sp. n.
?. Parvus, ovatus, niger, dense cinereo-squamulatus ; prothorace lineis tribus dorsalibus cinereis
indistinctis, alia laterali curvata distinctiore, prosterno hemicyclo albo ornato; fronte non
foveata; prothorace non latiore quam longiore, rude reticulato-punctato, in medio indistincte
lineatim subimpresso ; elytris margine basali non elevato, postice modice acuminatis, fimbriis
apicalibus sparsis inconspicuis, evidenter striatis, interstitiis modice convexis serie una granu-
lorum in singulo praeditis, striis 8 et 4 antice conjunctis nec basin attingentibus ; pedibus
albo-fimbriatis, femoribus fimbriis anterioribus vix ullis, tibiis supra dense squamosis, infra
setis depressis indutis ; funiculi articulo primo quam secundo evidenter longiore, septimo
valde transverso.
Colour black, the elytra and legs with uniform dense greyish scaling and shiny
black granules; the prothorax with less dense scaling and three very indistinct pale
dorsal stripes, the outer ones starting from the external angles and converging strongly
in front, a more distinct curved lateral stripe, and the prosternum with a broad semi-
circular white band; the leg-fringes white,
Head with scattered coarse punctures, the forehead almost plane, the eyes sur-
rounded by a ring of buff scales. ostrwm with the antenne inserted far beyond the
middle, almost straight to the insertion of the antenne and then rather abruptly curved,
with five narrow undulating carine at the base. Antenne with joint 1 of the funicle
much stouter and longer than 2, joints 3 and 4a little longer than broad, 5 and 6 slightly
and 7 strongly transverse. Prothorax as long as broad, the sides subparallel from the
base to near the middle, thence roundly narrowed, the apical constriction shallow ;
the upper surface coarsely and reticulately punctured, without any granules, a mere
indication of an impressed central line, and a shallow rounded impression on each side
behind the middle; the prosternum without any certral furrow. lytra broadly
ovate, the sides only slightly rounded from the base to the middle, thence somewhat
abruptiy acuminate, the apex not produced, the basal margin not elevated, the dorsal
outline comparatively flat, the posterior declivity gradual, the dorsum strongly convex
transversely ; the strie regular and distinct, but the punctures concealed by the dense
scaling, strize 3 and 4 uniting at some distance from the base, which they do not
reach, the intervals convex and each with a single row of rounded shiny granules,
which are less evident towards the sides and apex, interval 3 with a few irregular
doubled granules near the base; on the disc the scales are distinct, round and over-
lapping, laterally they are much more dense and form an apparently amorphous
incrustation ; each granule with a short depressed white seta, the apical lateral fringe
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 531
much more scanty than usual. Legs clothed with dense buff or white scales, even on
the under surface of the femora and the upper surface of the tibize, the under surface
of the latter being clothed with recumbent white sete; the fringes comparatively
scanty and those on the anterior side of the femora almost entirely absent, except
towards the apex.
Length 64, width 83 mm,
Utakwa Valley, 4000-6000 ft., Jan—Feb. 1913; 1 9. (Type of the species.)
Described from a single specimen.
CAMIA SUPERCILIARIS.
Camia superciliaris Pascoe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) ii. 1885, p. 288.
Mimika River; 1 @.
MECOPUS TRILINEATUS.
Mecopus tritineatus Guérin, Voy. ‘ Coquille,’ li. pt. 2, 1838, Zool. p. 126.
Launch Camp, Setakwa River, Oct. 1912 (C. Boden Kloss); 2 6.
RHYNCHOPHORUS KAUPI.
Rhynchophorus kaupi Schaufuss, Nunq. Otios. 1872, p. 448.
Mimika and Utakwa Rivers; 4 3,6 @2.
BARYSTETHUS DISPAR Chev., var. BASALIS.
Barysiethus dispar, var. basalis Faust, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) xx. 1899, p. 119.
Mimika River; 1 3.
BaRYSTETHUS ATER.
Barystethus ater Pascoe, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. xii. 1874, p. 71.
Utakwa River; 1 o.
DIATHETES SANNIO.
Diathetes sannio Pascoe, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. xii. 1874, p. 72.
Utakwa River; 1 6.
RHABDOCNEMIS NUDICOLLIS.
Sphenophorus nudicollis Kirsch, Mitt. Mus. Dresden, ii. 1877, p. 156.
Mimika River; 1 ¢,1 @.
SPARGANOBASIS, gen. nov.
Rostrum valde curvatum, basi incrassatum, in dorso supra antennas obtuse angulatum. Antenne
in tertia parte a basi rostri insertz, funiculi articulis duobus basalibus longitudine zqualibus,
primo incrassato, ceteris equilongis, gradatim latioribus, clava magna subrotundata, dimidio
apicali spongioso. Prothorax antice declivis, margine basali in medio rotundate producto.
4p 2
on
oo
bo
MR. GUY A. K. MARSHALL ON COLEOPTERA
Scutellum latitudine basali sesqui-longius. Elytra oblongo-ovata, convexa, prothorace paulo
latiora, 10-striata. Sternum coxis anticis anguste separatis, processu mesosternali quam
coxa evidenter angustiore, coxis mediis prominentibus, episterno metasternali postice gradatim
angustato, epimero mesosternali supra rotundato. Pedes graciles, femoribus gradatim
incrassatis, tarsis tenuibus, articulo tertio quam ceteris vix latiore.
Allied to Rhabdocnemis Faust, but distinguished by the following characters :—
the rostrum is subangulated dorsally above the antenne and the thickened basal
portion bears a deep central furrow; the prothorax has a distinct downward slope
dorsally towards the apex and the base is roundly produced in the middle; the
scutellum is much broader, and triangular instead of lanceolate ; the elytra are more
oblong and distinctly convex transversely; the pygidium is much broader and more
convex, and lacks the lateral and central setigerous ridges; all the coxe are
more prominent, the median pair are much closer together, the mesosternal process
being evidently narrower than the coxa; the legs are longer and more slender,
especially the tarsi, in which the Ist joimt is longer than the 2nd and the 2nd than
the 3rd, the latter being scarcely broader than the others, the trochanters also bear
a long bristle.
SPARGANOBASIS SUBCRUCIATUS, sp.n. (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 11.)
3 @. Niger, opacus, indumento velutino signaturas rubras seepe obscurante indutus, prothorace
rubro-vittato, elytris cruce rubra indistincta signatis ; rostro in parte basali grosse sed parum
profunde punctato, supra antennas rotundato-dilatato; prothorace longiore quam latiore,
a basi ultra medium perparum angustato, ad apicem constricto subtubulato, lateribus sub-
sinuatis, supra subremote et parum profunde punctato, punctis in areis nigris sparsioribus ;
scutello impunctato; elytris profunde striatis, striis punctis remotis indistinctis obsitis,
interstitiis convexis latis impunctatis, fasciculis sericeis parvis brevissimis remotis uniseriatim
preditis, fasciculis in signaturis rubris plus minus confluentibus.
Colour dull black, with the following dull red markings :—prothorax with an
outwardly curved stripe on each side of the middle line and a marginal stripe on each
side ; elytra with an oblique stripe from the shoulder to the suture before the middle
and another starting from the suture behind the middle and running obliquely back-
wards, between these a triangular lateral patch, and also a variable basal band;
all these markings are very variable and are apt to be obscured by a velvety
indumentum.
Head with coarse separated punctures, the forehead narrow and without any
impression. ostrum longer and more curved in the @ than in the ¢, the
thickened basal portion roundly dilated above the antenne and set with coarse shallow
punctures which are more or less filled with a silky brownish indumentum ; the distal
portion of the rostrum with diminishing punctures throughout in the ¢, in the
2 punctate only in its basal area. Prothorax longer than broad, broadest near
the base and slightly diminishing to far beyond the middle, the sides subsinuate
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 533
behind the middle, distinctly constricted and subtubulate at the apex; the upper
surface unevenly set with large shallow punctures, which are more closely placed on
the red markings. Scutellum impunctate. lytra oblong-ovate, broadest at the
shoulders, which are very obliquely rounded, and very gradually narrowed behind,
jointly sinuate at the base, the apices separately rounded ; deeply striate, the striz
with separated shallow punctures, the intervals broad, strongly convex and impunctate,
each with a single row of minute remote silky fascicles, which often run together
to form a short pale line, especially on the red portions which make up the cruciform
marking. Jegs black, the femora with large close punctures, each of which contains
a very short depressed seta and is filled with pale silky indumentum, the under surface
with a fringe of sparse, uneven, projecting sete; the tibiz with two impressed pale
silky stripes on each face, the raised intervals black and bare, each stripe bearing a row
of depressed sete; the tarsi with remote silky punctures.
Length 10-163, width 4-63 mm.
Utakwa River; 246,12. (Zypes of the species.)
In addition to these specimens there are four others (3 ¢,1 9) in the Pascoe
collection from Andai and Sele, Dutch New Guinea; Batchian (Wallace); and
Misol.
SIPALUS GRANULATUS.
Calandra granulata Kabricius, Syst. Hleuth. ii. 1801, p. 432.
Mimika River; 14 ¢,14 9.
CRYPTODERMA COLLARE.
Oxyrhynchus collaris Ritsema, Notes Leyden Mus. iy. 1882, p. 185.
Mimika River; 3 ¢,8 2.
PART III. By C. J. Ganan.
[Read March 9, 1915.]
[The Manuscript of this Part not having been received from the author, the memoir
has had to be made up without it. It will be published by the New Guinea Committee
of the British Ornithologists’ Union as a separate pamphlet, in which descriptions -of
figures 16-24 on Plate XX XIX. will be given.—Kpiror, Aug. 16, 1915. |
534 MR. K. G. BLAIR ON COLEOPTERA
PART IV. Sy K. G. Brain, 'B.Sc., F.L.S.*
[Received February 26, 1914; Read March 17, 1914.]
TENEBRIONID &.
MESOMORPHUS VILLIGER.
Opatrum villiger Blanch. Voy. Péle Sud, iv. 1853, p. 154, pl. x. fig. 15.
Launch Camp, Setakwa River; 1.
This species, originally described from Raffles Bay, N. Australia, is widely distri-
buted throughout the tropics of the Old World.
GONOCEPHALUM OCHTHEBIOIDES.
Gonocephalum ochthebioides Fauv. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. 1862, p. 145, pl. x. figs. 24 & 25.
Mimika River; 1.
The species was originally described from New Caledonia, but is also represented
in the British Museum by specimens from the Trobriand Islands, Gilolo, Batchian,
and New Langenburg.
CEROPRIA PAPUANA, Sp. 0.
Elongato-ovalis, nitida, nigra, elytris purpureis; C. indute Wied. similis, prothorace minus
transverso, basi magis angustato, in lateribus purpureo-micante; elytris purpureis, viridi-
micantibus haud irideis, epipleuris piceis, striis subtiliter punctatis, intervallis vix convexis ;
corpore subtus cum pedibus piceo. Maris tibiis anterioribus et intermediis medio intus
subemarginatis, apicem adversus denticulatis.
Long. 9 mm., lat. 43 mm.
Mimika River; 3. (Including the type of the species.)
‘This species resembles the widely distributed C. eduta Wied., from which it may
readily be distinguished by its narrower prothorax, which is markedly, though not
strongly, constricted behind, by the less evident and more finely punctured strie, and
by the less lively play of colours on the elytra: These are more nitid than in C. induta,
the prevailing colour being purple with strong green reflexions towards the base and
apex, but without the iridescent humeral and subapical patches of that species.
C. papuana is widely distributed throughout the New Guinea region, being repre-
sented in the British Museum Collection by specimens from Morti, Gilolo, Ternate,
Batchian, Obi I., Amboina, Goram, Matabello, Dinner I., Waigiu, Dorei, and 8.E.
New Guinea—also Alu, Shortland I., Solomon Group.
* [The complete account of the new species described in this communication appears here, but since some
of the names and preliminary diagnoses were published in the ‘ Abstract,’ No. 130, 1914, these species are
distinguished by the names being underlined.—Ep110r. |
9
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.. 530
C. induta Wied., with which the species seems to have been usually confounded,
though ranging from India and Ceylon to Java, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands,
does not appear to extend into the region under consideration.
I may take this opportunity of noting that a comparison of the “ type” specimens
in Bates’s Collection now in the British Museum shows that C. intermedia Har.
(Dorei)=C. insignis Chevr. (Batchian), the former name taking priority.
LEIOCHRINUS FULVICOLLIS.
Letochrinus fulvicollis Westw. Tijdschr. voor Entom. xxvi. 1883, p. 70, pl. iti. fig. 14.
Mimika River; 1.
Other recorded localities are Andai in New Guinea, Waigiu, Dorei, Batchian, and
Sarawak.
LEIOCHRODES MEDIANUS.
Leiochrinus medianus Westw. Tijdschr. voor Entom. xxvi. 1883, p. 73.
Mimika River; 1.
The type-specimens were collected by Wallace in Batchian, and are now in the Hope
Museum at Oxford. The British Museum also possesses specimens from Gilolo, Dorei,
and the Aru Islands.
ULOMA BITUBEROSA.
Uloma bituberosa Kirsch, Mitth. Mus. Dresden, i. 1875, p. 145.
Mimika River. A single female specimen is doubtfully referred to this species.
SETENIS COSTIPENNIS. (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 15.)
Setenis costipennis Blair, Abstract P.Z.S. 1914, p. 19 (March 24),
Atra, parum elongata, capite prothoraceque dense rugoso-punctatis, hoc antice et postice bisinuato,
lateribus crebre crenatis, disco medio longitudinaliter impresso utrinque leviter bi-impresso,
angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis acutis ; elytris subtiliter punctato-striatis, intervallis opacis
plus minusve costulatis, costis nitidis, intervallo 3° et 5° et 7° basi magis elevatis ; corpore
subtus cum pedibus nitido parce punctato, tibiis omnibus extus late sulcatis, sulcis opacis ;
femoribus muticis.
Long. 18-21 mm.
Mimika River; 2. (Types of the species.)
Also from British New Guinea, Mekeo District, near Rari (G. J/, Carson).
This species is very distinct on account of its opaque rugose appearance; the
sides of the thorax are strongly, though irregularly dentate, the median depression is
well marked, and there is a less distinct depression parallel to it and halfway between
it and the sides. ‘The elytra are opaque, finely punctate-striate, and each interval
has a fine median costa more or less broken up into short ridges ; the third and seventh
536 MR. K. G. BLAIR ON COLEOPTERA
cost a little behind the base are strongly raised and shining, the seventh remaining
much more evident than the rest until about the middle of the elytron. The anterior
tibiz in the male are curved inwards near the apex.
EINCYALESTHUS IRIDIPENNIS.
Encyalesthus iridipennis Fairm. Notes Leyd. Museum, xix. 1897, p. 220.
Mimika River and Utakwa River; 2.
LYPROPS ATRONITENS.
Lyprops atronitens Fairm. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii. 1883, i1. p. 27.
Launch Camp, Setakwa River, and Utakwa River; 3.
CALLISMILAX sp. ?
Mimika River. A single broken specimen.
CHARIOTHES LITIGIOSA.
Chariotheca litigiosa Pascoe, Journ. Ent. 1. 1860, p. 126.
Mimika River ; 1.
ESPITES OBSCURUS, Sp. N.
Niger, elytris obscure viridibus, purpureo tinctis; capite sat dense punctato ante oculos leviter
bi-impresso; prothorace transverso modice nitido, sat dense punctato; quam elytris angus-
tiore, antice et postice tenuiter marginato, margine antico in medio interrupto, lateribus
marginatis incrassatis, angulis anticis obtusis posticis subacutis ; elytris valde striatis, striis
subtiliter punctatis, intervallis convexis minute punctulatis ; corpore subtus pedibusque piceis.
Long. 10 mm., lat. 45 mm.
Mimika River; 6. (Including the type of the species.)
Larger than #, basalis Pasc., and much more soberly coloured. Head and pro-
thorax black, moderately nitid, and rather densely and finely punctate. Hlytra dark
green with purple reflections, very strongly striate, the strie finely and closely punctate
and the intervals convex, finely punctulate.
AMARYGMUS VIRIDIANEUS.
ES
Amarygmus viridieneus Blair, Abstract P. Z.S. 1914, p. 19 (March 24).
Ovalis, viridi-eneus, nitidus, corpore subtus pedibusque rufescentibus ; sulcis ocularibus nullis,
antennis rufo-piceis, prothoracis lateribus arcuatim angustatis, dorso vix perspicue punctu-
lato; elytris striato-punctatis, intervallis vix convexis, vix punctatis.
Long. 11 mm., lat. 6 mm.
Mimika River 1 and Utakwa River 2. (Including the type of the species.)
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 5387
This species approaches A. frenchi Blackb. (a common New Guinea insect) and
A, cuprarius Web. in size and shape, and in the distance between the eyes, but differs
in colour and puncturation. It is uniformly greenish-brassy above, with the underside
and legs red. The thorax and elytral intervals are very minutely and sparsely
punctulate, and the punctures of the striz are not nearly so closely placed as in the
above-named species; they are rather irregular, but usually separated by a space much
ereater than the diameter of one of them.
AMARYGMUS UTAKWENSIS.
Amarygmus utakwensis Blair, Abstract P.Z.S.1914, p. 19 (March 24).
Elongato-ovalis, zneus, sat nitidus, preecedenti similis, magis elongatus, fortius punctatus, corpore
subtus cum pedibus rufo-piceo.
Long. 10} mm., lat. 54 mm.
Utakwa River; 1. (Type of the species.)
More elongate than the preceding and eneous in colour; the anterior border of
the pronotum in the single specimen is reddish piceous, but this is probably due to
immaturity. In puncturation it resembles A. frenchi Blackb. and A. cuprarius Web.,
the thorax and elytral intervals being distinctly and moderately densely punctate,
and the punctures of the striz strong and close.
AMARYGMUS WOLLASTONI.
Amarygmus wollastont Blair, Abstract P.Z. 8. 1914, p. 19 (March 24).
Elongato-ovalis, nitidus, cyaneus, corpore subtus cum pedibus nigro. Prothorax subtiliter punc-
tulatus ; elytra striata, stris sat subtiliter punctatis, punctis et striis ipsis griseo-nigris,
intervallis antice planis postice convexis. Corpus subtus cum pedibus nigrum, subnitidum,
tarsis rufo-setosis.
Long. 12 mm., lat. 6 mm.
Utakwa River; 1. (Type of the species.)
Elongate-oval, shining, blue with slight purple reflections. More closely allied to
the foregoing than to any other species known to me; it differs from them in the black
colour of the underside and legs, also of the antenne and the tarsal vestiture, while the
hairs clothing the apical half of the tibiee within remain reddish. ‘The sides of the
thorax are less evenly arched from base to apex, being almost parallel in the basal half
and then narrowed to the apex; the pronotum is minutely and inconspicuously
punctulate. The elytral strie are fine, but clear-cut, the punctures also fine, elongate,
and moderately distant ; both strie and punctures are blackish-grey, but this colour
does not intrude at all upon the intervals. The latter are very minutely, scarcely
visibly punctulate, and in the anterior half almost flat, but becoming distinctly convex
behind. The legs are black and very slender.
VOL. XX.—PART xvI. No. 6.—October, 1915. 4G
538 MR. K. G. BLAIR ON COLEOPTERA
AMARYGMUS sp.
Mimika River; 1.
‘Two specimens, apparently representing new species, are not sufficiently distinct to
warrant description on such scanty material.
STRONGYLIUM WOLLASTONI. (PI. XX XIX. fig. 14.)
Strongylium wollastoni Blair, Abstract P.Z.S, 1914, p. 19 (March 24).
Nigrum, nitidum, elytris obscure ceruleo-nigris, corpore subtus cum pedibus obscure piceo ;
capite inter oculos foveolato, clypeo medio trausverse sulcatulo, margine postico valde
impresso ; prothorace trausverso subquadrato, lateribus leviter sinuatis, tenuiter marginatis,
angulis anticis oblique truncatis, posticis rectis, disco inequali medio obsolete sulcato, ante
basin transverse depresso, plerumque impunctato, basin adversus medio sat crebre punctato;
elytris quam prothorace valde latioribus, post scutellum leviter impressis, seriato-punctatis,
intervallis leviter convexis, punctis suturam et apicem adversus minoribus ; pedibus sat
eracilibus, femoribus leviter clavatis, tibiis leviter sinuatis.
Long. 15 mm.
Utakwa River; 3. (Including the type of the species.)
Nearly related to S. macleayi Pascoe; the eyes are separated by a space about
equal to half the width of one of them, the clypeus has a transverse impression rather
behind the middle and the clypeal suture is strongly sulecate; tne prothorax is trans-
verse, slightly broader in front than behind, completely bordered, posterior and anterior
margins almost straight, the sides slightly sinuate; the anterior angles are obliquely
truncate; the disc is rather uneven, polished, and almost impunctate, save for some
large punctures in an impressed area before the base and afew more towards the
middle of the anterior border. ‘The elytra are about half as broad again as the base of
the prothorax, with the shoulders rounded, thence parallel for rather more than half
their length ; the tips are slightly divergent. ‘The punctures in the series are much
finer towards the suture and towards the apex; they are irregularly placed, but with a
strong tendency to run in pairs. ‘The underside is pitchy brown, smooth, and shining,
the mesosternum excavated for the reception of the prosternal process; the last abdo-
minal segment is finely punctate. he femora are slightly thickened beyond the middle
and all the tibie sinuate.
MoRDELLIDA.
MORDELLA MIXTA.
Mordella mixta Fabr. Syst. Eleuth. 1. 1801, p. 122.
Mimika River; 1.
Agrees well with the description. The habitat there given is Nova Cambria, a region
that I have been unable to identify with certainty. Since the original collector was
COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA. 539
La Billardiére, New South Wales cannot be intended, for his only Australian port of
call was Hobart; the probability is that it was somewhere north or north-west of New
Guinea. The species appears to have a tolerably wide distribution, specimens from the
Moluceas (Gilolo), Aru Is., Damma I., Fergusson I., and Alu, Shortland I., Solomon
Group, in addition to New Guinea, being contained in the British Museum Collection.
MoRrDELLA SERICEOBRUNNEA.
Mordella sericeobrunnea Blair, Abstract P. Z.S. 1914, p. 19 (March 24).
Grandis, elongata, brunnea, parum iridescens, omnino setulis fulvis sericeis induta ; capite post
oculos expanso, angulis fere rectis, palpis brunneis, articulo ultimo triangulariter elongato ;
antennis gracilibus, prothoracis medium haud superantibus, articulis 4-10 intus serratis vix
transversis; prothorace valde transverso, quam elytris latiore, antice et postice in medio
valde lobato, inter lobos elevato, lateribus leviter arcuatis ; scutello elongato, triangulare,
apice rotundato ; elytris elongatis, transverse subtiliter rugulosis, sutura marginata, humeris
obtuse elevatis ; abdominis apice acute sat breve producto, tarsis posterioribus compressis.
Long. 15 mm., lat. 45 mm.
Utakwa River; 1. (Type of the species.)
Distinguished by its large size and uniform brown colour with faint iridescent hues ;
the median lobes of the thorax both in front and behind are well developed, and the
area between them strongly elevated and rounded. ‘The caudal process is shorter and
stouter than in most species of the genus. ‘The only species in the British Museum
- Collection at all closely approaching it is one, apparently undescribed, from Brazil, but
this differs in the broader terminal joint of the palpi, in its elytra being simply and
finely punctulate, and in the less compressed posterior tarsi.
RHIPIPHORIDS.
PELECOTOMOIDES MURINA.
Pelecotomoides murina Blanch. Voy. Péle Sud, iv. 1853, p. 187, pl. xii. fig. 13.
Utakwa River; 1.
‘The single specimen agrees fairly well with the figure and description cited, but is
rather larger (10 mm.) and the limbs and mouth-parts are not markedly red. ‘The
strong basal border to the thorax indicated in the figure is presumably incorrect,
MELOID 4.
CISSITES MAXILLOSA.
Horia mazillosa Faby. Syst. Eleuth. 1. 1801, p. 86.
Mimika River; 1 co.
This is the species usually known in collections as C. cephalotes Oliv. It is widely
distributed in the Oriental Region, and is represented in the British Museum Collection
540 COLEOPTERA COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
by specimens from Ceylon, Assam, Burma, Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, and the Philippine Islands, but not hitherto from New Guinea. The female
has been described as a distinct species under the name C. anguliceps Fairm. This
identity was suspected by Mr. Gahan (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. 1908, p. 202),
and an examination of the type of the latter in the Paris Museum enables me to
confirm it.
C2 DEMERIDA,
SESSINIA STOTHERTI.
Sessinia stotherti Blair, Abstract P.Z. 8. 1914, p. 20 (March 24).
Fusco-testacea, elytris fuscis : prothorace elongato, postice angustato, dense punctato, punctis
disci ante medium majoribus et parcioribus ; elytris fuscis, subtilissime sat dense punctulatis
et sericeo-pubesceutibus, indistincte tricostatis.
Long. 9-105 mm.
Mimika River; 6. (Including the type of the species.)
Approaches 8. bicolor Fairm. in colour, but the head is concolorous with the thorax.
In structure it is nearer S. andrewst Arrow, having the clypeus emarginate in front
and strongly impressed ; from both it differs in having the thorax almost glabrous, the
punctures distinct and dense, fine towards the sides and behind, but much coarser and
more distant in the front part of the disc. The elytra are much more finely punctate
than those of S. andrewsi, and the pubescence is exceedingly fine and silky, and
closely decumbent. ‘The insect is named in honour of Mr. P. K. Stothert, who
materially assisted the Expedition.
AWE XOX XT XC
: VOL. XX.—PART XVI No. 7.— October, 1915.
542
Fig.
COLEOPTERA COLLECTED IN DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
WD oR wo be
go
PLATH XXXIX.
Dysopirhinus costatus Marshall, p. 522.
Ectatocyba verrucosa Marshall, p. 523.
Lophocheirus wollastoni Marshall, p. 525.
Orthorrhinus postoculatus Marshall, p. 513.
Alcides parentheticus Marshall, p. 515.
Ptolycus nodosus Marshall, p. 621.
Arachnopus planatus Marshall, p. 529.
Arachnopus biplagiatus Marshall, p.
Arachnopus lanceolatus Marshall, p.
Colobodes cavisquamis Marshall, p. 517.
26.
28.
Sparganobasis subcruciatus Marshall, p. 532.
Heteronyx colossus Arrow, p. 505.
Papuana angusta Arrow. p. 504.
Strongylium wollastoni Blair, p. 538.
Setcnis costipennis Blair, p. 539.
Tinesisternus teniatus Gahan, Report Coleopt. Dutch New
Guinea, pt. ili., p. 11.
Tmnesisternus cinctus Gahan, t. ¢., p. 11.
Cornuscoparia wollastont Gahan, ¢. ¢., p. 13.
Tmesisternus multiplicatus Gahan, t. ¢., p. 10.
Tmesisternus modestus Gahan, t. ¢., p. 10.
Ichthyosoma (Elais) albomaculatum. Gahan, t. ¢., p. 6.
Tmesisternus (Polyxo) bialbatus Gahan, t.c., p. 8.
Trigonoptera albonotata Gahan, t. ¢., p. 15.
Tinesisternus (Polyxo) laticollis Gahan, t. ¢., p. 7.
Y XXXIX.
SI
SranaDook Soc Vol, XX.
West, Newman proc.
Horace Knight del.
COLEOPTERA FROM DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
We
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CONTENTS.
XVII. Report on the Coleoptera collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union
Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. By GiBert
J. Arrow, Guy A. K. Marsnant, /.Z.S., C. J. Ganan, and K. G:
Buatr, B.S¢., FB Se Gi late MONK). in a oe ep eam
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XVIII. The Foraminifera of the Kerimba Archipelago (Portuguese East Africa).—
Part Il. By Epwarp Heron-Auten, 7.8, hZS., LGS., PRALS., and
Artuur Earuand, FRM.
[Received February 5, 1915; Read April 27, 1915.]
(Pirates XL.—-LIII., and Text-figures 42-44.)
INDEX.
Page
Note on Species found at Kerimba, recorded by d’Orbigny in 1826 from Madagascar
emiys | WHARATIN) | “ockoroscd Obie cia. d 2 cio 6.40 Mckee ain ein ee ane Eno av on Sis a ood An 548
List of Species and Varieties recorded as new to Science................+..0005- 547
Shysiometnie Ibis, Ot Sypetores eine) WarRGNeS 65 oo50g0Ggad090000006 000000 0005000006 048
Tale or Diswallomniomn (emel bales) gogoccaaoceGaces anonouoonoeD0 HDD So0aD 740
IUCN coaoo cosssupado abso vodedobe GOMUEBE OUD ODe oO) coCoooON beOE TS
Lixglamaliion Of IGS scogcgoeaavooocogee osngpoeneuben ene on oOO soe beso DD NS
Note on SPECIES FOUND AT KERIMBA, RECORDED BY D’OrbIGNy IN 1826,
FROM MapaGascaR AND Mauritius. mele
AS we took occasion to observe in the Introduction, in examining the Kerimba
material we have been dealing with what is virtually an untouched area, and it gains an
added interest from its comparative proximity to Madagascar and the other islands in
the Indian Ocean which supplied d’Orbigny with many forms recorded in his ‘ Tableau
Méthodique de la Classe des Céphalopodes’*, which, as Messrs. Parker, Jones, and
Brady have observed, “ with all its faults, and they are neither few nor small, must be
regarded as the alphabet of the nomenclature of the Foraminifera” +. D’Orbigny
examined shore-sands from Madagascar, given to him by the geologist of La Rochelle,
Fleuriau de Bellevue, from Mauritius (Ile de France), and similar material from other
islands of that group, brought to him by MM. Quoy, Gaimard, and Gaudichaud, the
scientific staff that accompanied de Freycinet on his journey round the world, and by
M. Lesson, Doctor and Naturalist to the Expedition of Duperrey, all of whose names he
* Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ Paris, vol. vii. 1826, pp. 96-169, 245-314, pls. x.—xvil.
+ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1871, ser. 4, vol. viii. p. 145.
VOL. XX.—ParRT xvul. No. 1.—November, 1915. 41
544 MESSRS. EH. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
has associated with species of doubtful specific value in many genera. It will therefore
be not uninteresting to note those species recorded in the TMC. 1826 from those
localities, which we have been able to identify from the Kerimba Archipelago.
By the courtesy of Dr. Etienne Loppé (Curator of the Musée Fleuriau de Bellevue
at La Rochelle) we have been permitted to examine the bottles of material from Mada-
gascar and from Réunion (Ile de Bourbon) presented to that museum by d’Orbigny
himself. These consist of pure gatherings of Amphistegina lessonti with a small
admixture of Operculina complanata and its variety granulosa. ‘The varietal differences
among the individuals in this material are so great that it is not surprising that d’Orbigny
made five different species out of O. complanata (TMC. p. 281) and eight species out
of A. lessonit, all the forms drawn by him for the ‘“‘ Planches inédites” being fully
represented. ‘The latter were studied and diagnosed by Dr. Fornasini in a paper to
which we have referred in dealing with the genus Amphistegina.
1. Pavonina jflabelliformis (Maur.), TMC. p. 260. no. 1.
2. Textularia communis (Maur.), TMC. p. 263. no. 27. A neat form of T. sagittula, Defrance,
identified by Brady with d’Orbigny’s T. deperdita (O. 1846, FIV. pl. xiv. figs. 23-25).
We have not found the types in Paris or La Rochelle*.
ise)
. Bulimina madagascariensis (Mad.), TMC. p. 270. no. 17. The types are not at present
forthcoming, but the sketches for the unfinished “ Planche inédite ” show it to be Bulimina
elegantissima, var. seminuda Terquem.
4. Rotalia communis (Mad.), TMC. p. 273. no. 29. The type in Paris appears to be Pulvi-
nulina repanda (¥. & M.) + (ef. F. 1898, REI. p. 249, fig.).
* Tt may be observed that the type-specimens of d’Orbigny’s ‘ Tableau Méthodique’ in Paris are mounted
upon glass slips backed with blue paper and enclosed in small tubes, which in turn are fastened upon wooden
slips, and are kept in drawers in the laboratory of the Director of the Musée de Paléontologie. They haye
evidently been overhauled more than once, and perhaps many of the types have strayed away into the drawers
containing the types of the Cuba, Canaries, 8. America, and Vienna collections. These we have not yet been
able to examine. When therefore we say that the types are not forthcoming, the probability is that they are
merely disarranged, and that when we can go through the entire collection we shall be able to restore many
strayed TMC. types to their places in the cabinet. Thetypes or co-types at La Rochelle have been mounted
in sealed slides by C. Basset, who described them in the 1885 vol. of the Société des Sciences Naturelles de la
Charente Inférieure (pp. 153-173) with a poor photograph of the ‘‘ Modéles.” These slides are for the most
part overgrown with mycelium and fungus. Several of the Paris types are also fungus-grown. As an “ offset”
to the missing types we have noted no fewer than thirty-three species of various authors (including d’Orbigny)
among the TMC. types, showing that a serious disarrangement has taken place. We grieve to record that
the original tubes of d’Orbigny’s material, which were kept in the cellars of the Musée de Paléontologie, were
flooded in the rising of the Seine in the year 1912 and many of the labels are lost. Fortunately, however, when
Prof. Schlumberger went over the collection during his Directorate of the Musée, he put labels inside many of
the bottles (including the Madagascar samples), and we owe it to him that the loss to science was not greater
than it is.
T (The parentheses around the names of authors placed after specific names in this paper are used in
accordance with Article 23 of the International Rules of Nomenclature (Proc. 7th Int. Cong. Boston,
1907, p. 44, 1912).—Epiror. ]
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 545
Calcarina calcar (Mad. & Maur.), TMC. p. 276. no. 1=Rotalia calcar (d’Orb.).
Calcarina quoyi (Maur.), TMC. p. 276. no. 6=Calcarina hispida Brady.
. Calcarina gaimardii (Maur.), TMC. p. 276. no. 2=Calcarina spengleri (Linné) (cf. F.
1908, SON. pl. in. figs. 1, 2).
8. Globigerina globularis (Maur.), TMC. p. 277. no. 8. The Paris type is a large form of
G. bulloides near G. conglobata Brady.
9. Truncatulina refulgens (Mad.), TMC. p. 279. no. 5.
10. Operculina madagascariensis (Mad.), TMC. p. 281. no. 4. No types found. The drawing
on the finished “ Planche inédite”’ is indistinguishable from O. complanata, of which species
all the d’Orbignyan types are represented at Kerimba.
ll. Anomalina punctulata (Maur.), TMC. p. 282. no. 1. The Paris type is obscured, but is
apparently a carinate shell which might be a Cristellarian, but the figure on the ‘‘ Planche
inédite” is a beautiful pink test suggesting a regular individual of A. polymorpha
Costa.
12. Polystomella angularis (Mad. & Maur.), TMC. p. 284. no. 2. The Paris type is typical
P. craticulata (F. & M.), whilst the La Rochelle co-type is typical P. crispa (Linné).
13. Nonionina communis (Mad.), TMC. p. 294. no. 20. Both at Paris and La Rochelle the
type-specimens are intermediate between N. boweana d’Orb. and N. turgida Williamson.
14. Quinqueloculina flavescens (Mad.), TMC. p. 302. no. 30. The type in Paris is intermediate
between M. seminulum (Linné) and M. circularis (Bornemann).
15. Amphistegina lessonii (Maur.), TMC. p. 804. no. 8. See Introductory Note.
16. Amphistegina madagascariensis (Mad.), TMC. p. 304. no. 5. The Paris type is the high-
‘ domed plano-convex form, noted by us sub A. lessonit. The La Rochelle specimen is an
unrecognisable balsam-mounted shell.
Nt G> St
Amphistegina gibba, TMC. p. 304. no. 6, is only recorded by d’Orbigny from the
West Indies (see No. 459 a, p. 737). Of the other species recorded by d’Orbigny from
Madagascar and Mauritius, Texrtularia marginata, TMC. p. 263. no. 17 (no types
found) is a carinate form; Nonionina elyptica, TMC. p. 294. no. 16 (no types found)
a semi-carinate NV. sceapha in the sketches for the unfinished ‘“ Planches inédites,” and
Spheroidina bulloides, TMC. p. 267. no. 1, have not been identified by us in the
Kerimba material *.
As illustrative of the fact that the Rhizopodal fauna of the Kerimba Archipelago
is probably representative of the shallow waters of the adjacent seas, including
Madagascar, we may mention that a very small sample of material from Ngoney
(Mad.) shallow-water—probably anchor-mud—which has come into our possession
* We may say inthis place that it is our hope and intention in due course to reorganize the d’Orbigny type-
specimens in Paris, and to complete as far as possible, and to publish with the co-operation of Prof. Marcelin
Boule, Director of the Musée Paléontologique, the whole of the “‘ Planches inédites ” of d’Orbigny. Until this is
done the great majority of d’Orbigny’s names in the TMC. 1826 remain nomina nuda. Very few students of
the Foraminifera appear to have consulted the ‘‘ Planches inédites ” since they were left unfinished by d’Orbigny,
aud many of his names have been applied to, and accepted for, species which differ essentially from his figures
and from his type-specimens,
AL By
546 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
yielded, on examination for purposes of comparison, practically all the distinctive
forms of the Kerimba dredgings, among which we may call attention to the following :—
Biloculina ringens, var. striolata Br.
Spiroloculina crenata Karrer.
Miliolina durrandii Mallett.
Miliolina rupertiana Br.
Articulina conico-articulata (Batsch).
Textularia foliacea, sp. u.
Bifarina mackinnonii, Millett.
Pavonina flabelliformis d’Orb.
Bulimina elegantissima, var. compressa
Millett.
Bolivina iimbata Br. (costate forms).
Bolwina simpsont, sp. n.
Sagrina tessellata Br.
Sagrina striata Br.
Discorbina reniformis, sp. n.
Discorbina pulvinata Br.
Discorbina valvulata, var. granulosa, var. n.
Truncatulina glabra, sp. n.
Truncatulina rostrata Br.
Rotalia venusta Br.
Rotalia murray?, sp. n.
Rotalia erinacea, sp. n.
Nonionina boueana d’Orb.
Polystomella milletti, sp. n.
We may perhaps be permitted to call attention to the mystery surrounding the
curious form recorded by d’Orbigny from Mauritius as Rotalia dubia (YMC. p. 274.
no. 34) which now comes to light again after a period of ninety years. In this
respect its history is perhaps even more romantic than that of Pavonina flabelliformis
(No. 181).
When we first discovered the specimens at Stn. 11 we were unable to assign them
to any definite position, although their rhizopodal nature was unquestionable. Sub-
sequent research caused us to associate the forms with Fornasini’s published figure,
representing d’Orbigny’s original sketch of a form to which he gave this name in the
‘Tableau Méthodique’ (d’O. 1826, TMC. p. 274. no. 34). Fornasini’s opinion was that
the rhizopodal nature of d’Orbigny’s organism was more than doubtful, his opinion,
however, being based entirely upon Berthelin’s tracing of d’Orbigny’s original sketch.
We thereupon proceeded to verify Fornasini’s figure (F. 1908 SON. p. 46, pl. i. fig. 14),
and to compare our specimens with the original type-specimen in Paris, and we had
no hesitation in deciding that the two forms were identical, although d’Orbigny’s
species is only represented by a single water-worn individual, whereas the Kerimba
dredgings have furnished us with two or three distinct stages of growth. We have
now also identified specimens of the organism from Cebu, Philippine Is. (45 fms.), and
the Java Sea (50 fms.), so that it would appear to be widely distributed. ‘The exact
affinities of the form are, however, still very obscure, and, pending further investigation
andthe discovery of further specimens, we merely record it under d’Orbigny’s original
name in our Table of Species and Varieties. It will almost certainly require the
establishment of a new genus.
We have also taken the opportunity afforded us by the generous invitation and
encouragement of the Publication Committee of the Zoological Society, and the
profusion of the species and varieties of the genus Peneroplis, to codrdinate the earliest
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. DAT
records and to reduce to order the excessively bewildering nomenclature of the
elongate types of this genus (see pp. 594 et seg.). The genus Rhaphidoscene
Vaughan-Jennings is here recorded for the second time.
List oF SPECLES AND VARIETIES RECORDED AS
NEW TO SCIENCE IN THIS Part,
3. Nubecularia tubulosa.
5. oF lucifuga, var. decorata.
6
9
26. Miliolina cireularis, var. cribrostoma.
39} u tricarinata, var. serrata.
ole 9 exsculpta.
66. a kerimbatica.
87. Massilina secans, var. reticulata.
88. ue 9 Var. rugosa.
107. Fischerina helix.
Ill. Cornuspira charoides.
143. Hippocrepina oviformis.
170. Teatularia foliacea.
UAL G ey conica, var. corrugata.
212. Virgulina schreibersiana, var. carinata.
228. Bolivina simpsoni.
229. Mimosina rimosa.
232. He echinata.
281. Lagena orbiqnyana, var. kerimbatica.
322. MSpheroidina corticata.
333. Spirillina semidecorata,
338. Cymbalopora milletti.
396. Discorbina valvulata, var. granulosa.
399. reniformis.
393. Truncatulina tubulifera.
390. 3 glabra.
425. Rotalia erinacea.
426. » murray.
457. Polystomella milletti.
In Part I.
123. Iridia diaphana, gen. et sp. n.
465. Nouria polymorphinoides, gen. et sp. x.
465a. ,, harrisit, sp. n.
465 b. » compressa, Sp. 1.
548 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. HARLAND ON THE
Family MILIOLID.
Subfamily NuBECULARIINA.
NUBECULARIA Defrance.
1. Nubecularia tibia Jones & Parker.
Nubecularia tibia Jones & Parker, 1860, FCD. p. 455, pl. xx. figs. 48-51.
af » Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 52, pl. viii. figs. 1, 2.
5 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 185, pl. i. figs. 1-4.
os ,, Chapman, 1892, PCT. p. 516, pl. xv. fig. 1.
bs » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 261, pl. v. fig. 3.
3 Stations.
Single specimens attached to shell-fragments at Stns. 2a and 3 consisting of four
or five chambers in a linear series, and a free specimen (imperfect) consisting of one
chamber only at Stn. 7. This species appears to be particularly fragile, and is seldom
found in the free condition except in fragments. When attached, and therefore less
subject to fracture, it often attains considerable proportions; we have specimens from
Torres Straits, attached to shell-fragments, attaining a length of 4-5 mm.
2. Nubecularia depressa Chapman.
Nubecularia depressa Chapman, 1891, etc., GF. 1891, p. 572, pl. ix. fig. 1.
3 lucifuga Gough, 1906, FLL. p. 3, pl. i. figs. 1, 2.
5 depressa Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, Cl. p. 19, pl. i. figs. 1-3.
3 Stations.
A few small but typical specimens attached to shell-fragments.
3. Nubecularia tubulosa, sp.n. (Pl. XL. figs. 1-5.)
4 Stations.
Test attached, porcellanous, commencing with a small initial series of chambers
arranged in milioline fashion, followed by a more or less compressed and irregularly
branching tube of constant diameter extending to great lengths all over the surface
of the host-organism, which at Kerimba is usually one of the calcareous alge. The
marginal edges of the tube at the point of attachment to the host are often furnished
with a carina so as to present a wider surface of attachment. This is especially
the case in the earlier portion of the test. Aperture, usually a simple opening at the
end of each branch of the tube, but in some instances the tube expands into a small
depressed chamber, the terminal face of which is cribrate. ‘The tube sometimes passes
directly across depressions in the surface of the host without attachment. Diameter
of tube ‘03-05 mm.
The species was found at Stns. 2 6, ?X, and 12, and, in greater quantity and finer than
elsewhere, upon a shell-fragment, the precise locus of origin of which was unnoted.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 549
It may be compared with Sagenina frondescens Brady, but differs in the nature of its
test, which is entirely porcellanous, in the comparatively limited number of branches
thrown out from the main tube, and in the absence of inosculation. When the tubes
cross each other in the course of their growth they preserve their separate entities, and
do not fuse as in Sagenina.
4. Nubecularia lucifuga Defrance.
Nubecularia lucifuga Defrauce, 1825, Dict. Sci. Nat. (Strasburg, 1816-1830), vol. xxxv. p. 210 ;
Atlas Zooph. pl. xliv. fig. 3.
ms » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 134, pl. i. figs. 9-16.
55 » Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1898, p. 261, pl. v. fig. 7.
oe » Chapman, 1900, FLE. p. 168.
ms » Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 2, pl. ii. figs. 1-4.
ne » Harland, 1905, FBS. p. 191, pl. xi. figs. 1-3, pl. xiv. fig. 2.
5 » Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 309; 1910, p. 404,
pl. vi. figs. 1, 2.
12 Séations.
Generally distributed, but never very abundant. The species occurs in all its count-
less varieties both attached and free, but many of the free specimens show evidence of
having lived in the attached condition. Among the variations noticeable the most
constant is the plano-convex free form, exhibiting three or more chambers arranged in a
discorbine spiral as figured by Sidebottom (RFD. 1904, pl. ii. figs. 1,2). This variety
occurs at Stns. 1, 3, 4, and 7. Another, vertebraline, variety similar to Sidebottom’s
figs. 3 and 4 occurs at Stn. 9—it is feebly striate. At Stn. 4 a detached form was
observed with a number of chambers in an irregular linear series. At Stn. 7 the
discorbine variety occurs also with a pustulate surface. At Stn. 10 all the specimens
were of the normal labyrinthic type. At Stn. 12 the specimens were attached, and
pustulate on the surface.
5. Nubecularia lucituga, var. decorata, nov. (Pl. XL. figs. 6, 7.)
4 Stations.
Test free or attached, consisting of a number of turgid chambers irregularly disposed
in a more or less linear series. One or more apertures on the terminal chamber,
sometimes compressed into a slit-like mouth. The surface of the shell is typically
milioline, sometimes dull, occasionally highly polished, free from inclusions of sand-
erains or foreign matter, and covered with an ornamentation consisting of pustular
beads which at times coalesce into irregular verriculations or net-work. In rare
instances the surface of the shell is irregularly costate. ‘Chis handsome variety is rare
at Kerimba, where it occurs in the free and attached forms at Stns. 9, 12, ? X, and on
the unlocalised shell-fragment before alluded to. It is widely distributed, as we have
550 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
records of its occurrence off Barbados (100 fms.), off Cape Byron, N. S. Wales
(111 fms., costate), and off the coast of New Zealand, North Island (various depths).
The specimens range between 0°5 and 1:6 mm. in length. Greatest diameter of
chamber 0-6 mm.
6. Nubecularia divaricata Brady.
Sagrina divaricata Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1879. p. 276, pl. viii. figs. 22-24.
Nubecularia divaricata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 136, pl. Ixxvi. figs. 11-15.
s ae Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1898, p. 261, pl. v. fig. 4.
‘1 a Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 168, p!. xix. fig. 1.
3 st Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1904, p. 2, pl. 11. figs. 5-7.
2 Stations.
Occurs very rarely, both free and attached to shell-fragments.
7. Nubecularia bradyi Millett. (Pl. XL. figs. 8-10.)
Nubecularia inflata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 135, pl. i. figs. 5-8.
a bradyi (nom. nov.) Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1898, p. 261, pl. v. fig. 6.
a », Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 169, pl xix. fig. 3.
35 » Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 3.
55 » Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 300.
16 Stations.
This typical tropical form occurs at nearly all the Stns. and often in great
prefusion, but is absent at Stn. 18, and extremely rare at Stns. 5,7, and 10. The
specimens call for little remark; they are quite typical and constant in their
irregularity of form and in the characteristic multi-tubular aperture. They attain
abnormally large dimensions at Stns. 3 and 9.
Under this species it would seem convenient to record those abnormal nubecularine
miliolids, some of which we figure (Plate XL. figs. 8-10), which, while no doubt phylo-
genetically akin to Jdiliolina labiosa (d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 178, pl. x. figs. 12-14),
present no definite plan of growth. ‘They occur in considerable numbers at Stns. 12
and ?X. They are easily separable from the typical WV. bradyi by the character of the
aperture, which is in nearly all cases a comparatively large and irregular terminal
orifice.
Subfamily MILIOLININ A.
Binocutina d’Orbigny.
8. Biloculina ringens (Lamarck).
Miliolites ringens Lamarck, 1804, etc., AM. vol. v. p. 351. no. 1, vol. ix. pl. xvil. fig. 1;
Lamarck, 1816, etc., ASV. vol. vii. p.612; 1835, etc., vol. xi. p. 289. no. 1.
Biloculina ringens V@Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 297. no. 2.
3 canariensis VOrbigny, 1839, FIC. p. 139, pl. it. figs. 10-12.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 551
Biloculina ringens Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 79, pl. vi. figs. 169, 170, pl. vii. fig. 71.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 142, pl. ii. figs. 7, 8.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 220, pl. i. figs. 7-9.
Chapman, 1900, FLE. p. 170.
” ”
39 39
4 Stations.
One small and elongate specimen was found at Stn. 1, evidently closely allied to the
var. s¢riolata Brady (which occurs rather more abundantly in the dredgings), but quite
free from superficial markings. Also a few small and normal specimens elsewhere.
9. Biloculina ringens, var. denticulata, Brady. (Pl. XL. figs. 11-13.)
Biloculina alata @’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 298. no. 6.
ringens, var. denticulata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 148, pl. ili. figs. 4, 5.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1898, p. 262.
Fornasini, 1899, La “ Biloculina alata” di A. D. d’Orbigny,
Riv. Ital. di Paleont. Anno v. p. 28, figs.
39
29 re) ”
99 er) be)
8 Stations.
Generally distributed and common at some Stns., notably Stns. 6, 11, and 12. ‘This
well-marked type, which is a typical coral-sand species, is certainly the dominant
Biloculina of the Kerimba dredgings, growing to a considerable size and often strongly
marked in its characteristic aboral denticulations. At some of the Stns., notably 6 and
12, a few of the specimens are faintly striate, thus combining the particular features of
this variety and of var. striolata Brady. At Stn.?B some of the individuals have a
wrinkled surface. At Stns. 9 and 12 there is a dehiscent tendency, the ultimate and
penultimate chambers separating and forming a distinct groove round the shell.
10. Biloculina ringens, var. striolata Brady.
Biloculina ringens, var. striolata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 148, pl. iii. figs. 7, 8.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 262, pl. v. fig. 8.
>» >» »
2 Stations.
Extremely rare; of the few specimens found, the most noticeable were at Stn. 11,
where the ultimate and penultimate chambers are separated by a deep cleft down the
sides of the shell.
11. Biloculina bulloides d’Orbigny.
Biloculina bulloides d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 297. no. 1, pl. xvi. figs. 1-4, Modeéle no. 90.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 142, pl. 11. figs. 5, 6.
Schlumberger, 1887, Note sur les Biloculina bulloides d’Orb. et Biloculina
ringens Lam. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, ser. 3, vol. xv. pp. 573-584, pl. xv.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 217, pl. i. figs. 16-18.
Millett, 1898, etce., FM. 1898, p. 263.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, Cl. p. 21.
2 Stations.
Occurs very rarely, but small and typical examples were found.
VOL. XX.—PART xvil. No. 2.— November, 1915. 4k
jon MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
12..Biloculina elongata d’Orbigny.
Biloculina elongata d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 298. no. 4.
Miliola (Biloculina) elymgata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 409, pl. xvii. figs. 88, 90, 91.
Biloculina elongata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 144, pl. ii. fig. 9.
Schlumberger, 1891, BGF. p. 561, figs. 35, 36, pls. xi. & xii. figs. 87-89.
si 3 Egger, 1893, IG. p. 220, pl. i. figs. 1-3.
5s a Fornasini, 1908, SON. p. 47, pl. ui. figs. 10, 11.
cs “ Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 22, pl. 1. fig. 4.
3 Stations.
Very sparingly distributed. At Stn. 7 the only individual observed was large and
microspheric. At the other Stus. they were small and megalospherie.
SprroLocuLina d’Orbigny.
13. Spiroloculina nitida d’Orbigny.
Spiroloculina nitida VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 298. no. 4.
es rotunda d’Orbigny, ibid. p. 299. no. 14.
us nitida Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1871, p. 248, pl. vii. fig. 24.
a » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 149, pl. ix. figs. 9, 10.
oe complanata Kgger, 1893, FG. p. 225, pl. ul. figs. 7, 8.
. nitida Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1895, p. 112, pl. v. fig. 3, and
text-fig. 6.
is » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 265, pl. v. figs. 9-13.
8 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never abundant. Most of the specimens are of the typical
elongate form, the best being at Stn. 9. At Stns. 2 and 6 specimens passing into
S. limbata d’Orbigny were found. At Stn. 7 the agglutinate type occurs.
14. Spiroloculina grata Terquem.
Spiroloculina grata Terquem, 1878, FIR. p. 55, pl. v. figs. 14.a-15 0.
5 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 155, pl. x. figs. 16, 17, 22, 238.
nitida W’Orbigny (striate var.) ; Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 266.
grata Egger, 1893, FG. p. 224, pl. i. fig. 39.
Pe » Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 171.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1915, CI. p. 24, pl. 1. fig. 7.
39
” »
14 Stations.
Generally distributed, especially at the southern Stns., and often abundant.
Terquem’s specific name is used to designate sulcate Spiroloculine of many different
types. At Kerimba, as elsewhere, most of the specimens are referable to sulcate or
striate forms of the simple type S. nitida, but at several Stns., especially Stns. 10
and 12, many specimens might equally well have been treated as sulcate varieties of
S. excavata and S. planulata. At other Stns., notably Stns. 1, 9, and 11, specimens
were common in which the sutural lines were so deeply excavate that the shell was
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 503
perforated at its two extremities, as shown in Brady’s figs. 16, 17, a feature which is
more commonly observed in the species S. acutimargo. At Stn. 11 the coste in a few
specimens were produced into broad ribs.
In many of the Kerimba specimens the cost are obliquely set or even undose: this
variety passes gradually into S. foveolata.
15. Spiroloculina foveolata Egger.
Spiroloculina foveolata Egger, 1893, FG. p. 224, pl. 1. figs. 33, 34.
a nitida (reticulate variety) Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 266.
fe foveolata Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 311, pl. xv. fig. 2.
i nitida, var. foveolata Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 171, pl. xix. fig. 4.
7 Stations.
Typical specimens are rare in the dredgings, but occur occasionally at many Stns.
There is a great range in the nature of their markings, some being regularly reti-
culate, while others are, in strictness, merely specimens of S. grata in which adjacent
sulci have beeome fused together at irregular intervals.
16. Spiroloculina limbata d’Orbigny. (Pl. XL. figs. 14-17.)
“ Frumentaria Sigma et Rhombos” Soldani, 1798, Testaceographia, vol. ii. p. 54, pl. xix. fig. m.
Spiroloculina limbata VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 299. no. 12.
ie » Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF’. 1871, p. 248, pl. viui. fig. 22.
-, excavata Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MIC. 1895, p. 107.
13 Stations.
The Soldanian figure selected by d’Orbigny as the type of his species S. limbata
represents an excavate Spiroloculina of a particularly well-marked type, which is one
of the characteristic forms of the Kerimba dredgings. Regularly oval in shape, with
a short produced neck, and bilaterally concave in section, it consists of four to six pairs
of inflated chambers with excavate sutural lines. The peripheral edges are highly
convex, the highest point of each chamber being on its inner edge, where it dips
sharply down into the sutural depression between the two chambers. Occasionally
the chambers are rounder in section, so that a sectional view of the shell shows a series
of rounded curves. This round-chambered form represents the transition towards
S. nitida; d’Orbigny’s species S. imbata may, in fact, be regarded as intermediate
between his S. excavata and his S. nitida. ‘The surface of the test in the Kerimba
specimens is always rather rough and unpolished. S&S. dimbata occurs at most Stns.,
generally in considerable numbers, the best being at Stn. 12. At Stns. 2a, 6, and 7 it
passes gradually into S. nitéda. At Stn. 13 it passes gradually into S. excavata by the
flattening of the peripheral margins.
Specimens range between ‘7 and 1:1 mm. in length, ‘0-1:0 mm. in breadth, and
*3—0 mm. in thickness of final chamber.
Ake
504 MESSRS, E. HERON-ALLEN AND A, EARLAND ON THE
17. Spiroloculina excavata d’Orbigny.
Spiroloculina excavata VOrbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 271, pl. xvi. figs. 19-21.
Brady, 1865, REND. p. 93, pl. xii. fig. 1.
BS 55 Terquem, 1875, etc., APD. 1875, p. 38, pl. v. fig. 17.
angulosa Terquem, 1878, FIR. p. 53, pl. x. (v.) fig. 7.
eacavata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 151, pl. ix. figs. 5, 6.
Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1895, p. 106, pl. v. fig. 2,
and text-fig. 2.
Schlumberger, 1893, MGM. p. 59, pl. iii. fig. 68 and text-fig. 1.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 310; 1910, p. 404,
pl. vi. fig. 3.
a9 a)
bPd a)
16 Stations.
Universally distributed and often abundant. There is an extraordinary range of
variation in the Kerimba specimens. The typical S. excavata has a nearly flat
peripheral edge, but the bulk of our specimens are very rounded, resembling in this
respect the specimens figured by Terquem under the name S. angulosa dOrbigny.
‘Terquem’s specimens represent a typical S. eacavata, and, according to Fornasini,
with whom we agree (F. 1904, SOF. p. 5, pl. i. fig. 8), differ considerably from
the “‘Planche inédite” of d’Orbigny’s 8. angulosa. This round-edged variety occurs
at many Stns. At Stn. 7 specimens intermediate between S. excavata and S. limbata
@’Orbigny occur. At Stn. 11 a specimen was found with a sub-arenaceous investment.
Feebly costate individuals occur at many Stns., notably at Stn. 3, and at Stns. ?X and
13, where the peripheral edges were marked by many secondary keels; such specimens
may be compared with the S. dicarinata and tricarinata of the “ Planches inédites”
(F. 1904, SOF. p. 4, pl. i. figs. 4, 5) and the S. ornata of Cuba (d’Orbigny, 1839, FC.
p. 167, pl. xii. figs. 7,7@). At Stn. 11 a typically square-edged specimen with strongly
reticulate or foveolate markings was found.
18. Spiroloculina impressa Terquem.
Spiroloculina impressa Terquem, 1878, FIR. p. 52, pl. v. (x.) fig. 8.
i a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 151, pl. x. figs. 8, 4.
K » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 264.
5 Stations.
Very poorly represented, and none of the specimens very typical except at Stn. 1.
Terquem’s species may be described as an elongate type of S. excavata with rounded
periphery and limbate sutural lines.
19. Spiroloculina dorsata Reuss.
Spiroloculina limbata Bornemann, 1855, FSH. p. 348, pl. xix. fig. 1.
depressa Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 82, pl. vii. fig. 177; var. rotundata, ibid.
fig. 178 ; and var. cymbium, ibid. fig. 179.
Miliola (Spiroloculina) limbata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF, p. 409, pl. xvii. fig. 83.
9
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 559
Spiroloculina dorsata Reuss, 1870, FSP. p. 464; von Schlicht, 1870, FSP. p. 97, pl. xxvii.
figs. 24-82.
depressa Terquem, 1875, ete., APD. 1875, p. 38, pl. v. fig. 18.
linbata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 150, pl. ix. figs. 15-17.
dorsata Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1895, p. 110, text-figs. 4 & 8.
eb)
7 Stations.
This species, in which the sutural lines are strongly limbate, is poorly represented in
the dredgings, very few typical specimens being obtained, the best at Stn, 10. At
Stn. 11 individuals passing into S. limbata d’Orbigny were found. At Stn. 1 specimens
occur of an elongate type resembling Williamson’s S. depressa, var. cymbium (ut
supra).
The synonymy of this species is unfortunately very confusing. As already explained
(under S. limbata), @Orbigny’s species of that name is based on a somewhat
uncommon type figured by Soldani, which does not really deserve the characteristic
description conveyed by its specific name, but is an inflated type midway between
S. nitida and S. excavata. Bornemann (ut supra) figured a planulate form with
strongly limbate sutures under the same specific name as d’Orbigny. Bornemann’s
type being of wide distribution, his specific name was used for many years in defiance
of the laws of priority, as may be seen in the above synonymy. Reuss (ut supra)
figured a similar planulate form under the name dorsata, and, as Bornemann’s name
lapses under the rules of priority, Reuss’s name must take its place.
20. Spiroloculina planulata (Lamarck).
Miliolites planulata Lamarck, 1804, AM. p. 852. no. 4; Lamarck, 1816, ete., ASV. vol. vii.
p. 6138. no. 4.
Spiroloculina depressa @’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 298. no. 1, Modéle no. 92%.
3 badenensis @ Orbiguy, 1846, FFV. p. 270, pl. xvi. figs. 18-15.
3 planulata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 148, pl. ix. fig. 11.
% . Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 107, pl. xviii. fig. 836.
Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1895, p. 103, pl. i. figs. 37,
38, woodcut fig. 1.
29 a
12 Stations.
Generally distributed and often abundant, but good typical specimens of the flat
parallel-faced type resembling the S. depressa of d’Orbigny are not very abundant.
‘The tendency is to pass into excavate forms such as S. angulosa d’Orbigny (q. v. sub
S. eacavata, No. 17). There is also a marked tendency at certain Stns. (especially 1,
4,7, 9, and 12) to develop surface-markings varying from a few scattered and irregular
coste to a generally irregular costation comparable with Terquem’s 5. costigera
* D’Orbigny has identified Modéle no. 92 with his no. 2 (p. 298), S. perforata. This appears to be a
misprint, the correct reference of the Modéle being to no. 1, S. depressa, which =S. planulata (see P. J. & B.
1859, etc. NF. 1865, p. 33).
556 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
(T. 1882, FEP. p. 159, pl. xvi. (xxiv.) fig. 24). At Stns. 1 and 2 abnormal specimens
were found in which the axis of growth changed radically at an intermediate stage,
proceeding at a right angle to the original plane.
21. Spiroloculina planissima (Lamarck). (PI. XLI. figs. 1-5.)
Miliolites planulata, var. planissima Lamarck, 1816, ete., ASV. 1822, p. 613. no. 4c.
» Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NE. 1860, p. 470, no. 25.
Spr plbeuint planulata Tans, Parker, & Brady, 1866, ete., MFC. ee pp. 103, 104.
Be compressiuscula Karrer, 1867, FO. p. 28, pl. ii. fig. 4
is tenuirostra Karrer, ibid. fig. 5
BS planissima Wiesner, 1912, AM. p. 209.
9 Stations.
Lamarck divides his species Miholites planulata into three forms (a, 6, and c)—the
first (a) being typical S. planulata, the second (6) apparently S. nitida, the third (¢)
var. planissima described as ‘‘margine carinata.’ This description, short as it is,
seems quite sufficient to identify the form with a type which is abundant in many of
the Kerimba dredgings, and which we now figure. ‘The shell is of a normal planulata
type, with, in the young specimens, a sharp marginal keel to both of the peripheral
chambers. With an increase in size the final chamber tends to become bicarinate,
thus passing into the normal S. planulata. This bicarination of the final chamber is
easily traced in our specimens by a number of examples, of which we figure one in
which the second carina extends over only half the length of the shell. ‘This second
carina begins sometimes at the oral and sometimes at the aboral end of the shell.
The texture is porcellanous, but seldom highly polished. The form may in its extreme
tenuity be compared with the S. compressiuscula of Karrer (ut supra), which, however,
differs in having a rounded edge to the peripheral chambers, and with the same
author’s S. tenuirostra (ut supra), which has a sharp edge but involute chambers, and
is thicker at the middle of the shell than at the periphery. The S. papyracea of
Burrows, Sherborn, and Bailey (B.S. & B. 1890, RC. p. 581, pl. vill. fig. 1) is a
similarly compressed form and apparently identical with Karrer’s 8. compressiuscula.
The type is not very generally distributed, but occurs in considerable numbers at
some Stns., especially at Stns. 5 & 9.
Specimens average 1:0-1:7 mm. in length, ‘5-1-0 mm. in breadth, and ‘1-2 mm. in
thickness.
22. Spiroloculina tenuis (Czjzek).
Quinqueloculina tenuis Cajzek, 1848, FWB. p. 149, pl. xiii. figs. 81-34.
5» Reuss, 1849-50, FOT. p. 385, oe v. (l.) fig. 8
Srinolacdlin a tenuis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 152, pl. x. figs. 7-11 (References).
Mitiolina tenuis Brady, 1887, SBRE. p. 882.
Spiroloculina tenuis Hgger. 1893, FG. p. 222, pl. 1. figs. 46, 47.
Hh » Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 310.
(ox
oO
~I
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
d Stations.
This beautiful little species occurs very sparingly at a few Stns., but the specimens
are very characteristic. At Stn. 3 a specimen was observed presenting the peculiar
sigmoid curve and compressed form characteristic of the species, but with a finely
striate test.
2a. Spiroloculina acutimargo Brady.
Spiroloculina acutimargo Brady, 1884, FC. p. 154, pl. x. figs. 12-15.
Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 323, fig. 1 a-c.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 222, pl. i. figs. 26-28.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 24, pl. i. fig. 8.
3? a9
ob) oP)
a9 Ee)
1 Station.
A very finely-developed specimen at Stn. 11, exhibiting the characteristic lacune at
the extremities of the chambers.
23. Spiroloculina crenata Karrer. (Pl. XLI. figs. 6-8.)
Spiroloculina crenata Karrer, 1868, MKB. p. 135, pl. i. fig. 9
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 156, pl. x. figs. 24-26.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 225, pl. i. figs. 42, 43.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 265.
oP) 3)
EP) 39
”? a”
9 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never abundant except at Stn. 6. Nearly all the
specimens found represent the milioline form of the shell, spiroloculine specimens
occurring at a few Stns. only, and in very small numbers. It is noticeable that the
milioline form, which we figure, is always very much larger than the spiroloculine,
which, at Kerimba, is always very small. This would appear to show that the two
forms represent the dimorphic conditions of the species. If so, it is probable that
the milioline form, which is presumably microspheric, never assumes a spiroloculine
condition.
Miniouina Williamson.
(Group of WM. circularis.)
24, Miliolina circularis (Bornemann),
Triloculina circularis Bornemann, 1855, FSH. p. 349, pl. xix. fig. 4.
3 Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1895, p. 121, pl. v. fig. 4
Manelne circularis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 169, pl. iv. fig. 3, pl. v. figs. 13, 14:(?).
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 235, pl. i. figs. 61-63.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 499, pl. xi. figs. 1-3.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 26.
Be) 2
16 Stations.
Almost universally distributed and often abundant, presenting as usual great range
of variation from Bornemann’s neat original type into outspreading forms linkine
2 fo) oD
508 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
the species with JZ. subrotunda. Biloculine, triloculine, and quinqueloculine specimens
occur. As Millett has pointed out (wé supra), the biloculine form is the Biloculina
ventruosa of Reuss (R. 1867, FSW. p. 69, pl. i. fig. 9), whilst the quinqueloculine
form is hardly distinguishable from JM. subrotunda (Montagu). He also identifies the
species with Zriloculina enoplostoma, var. gramimostomum Reuss (op. cit. p. 72, pl. il.
fig. 5).
25. Miliolina circularis, var. sublineata Brady. (Pl. XLI. figs. 9-11.)
Milolina circularis, var. sublineata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 169, pl. iv. fig. 7.
Millett, 1898, etc., MFM. 1898, p. 501, pl. xi. fig. 4.
Egger, 1893, IG. p. 237, pl. 1. figs. 78, 79.
53 53 Ab Heron-Allen & Harland, 1918, CI. p. 26.
10 Stations.
Generally distributed and often very abundant, especially a large thick-shelled type
with coarse sulci, not always extending over the whole shell, recalling J/. seminuda
(Reuss). Specimens with cribrate apertures were found at Stns. 6, 10, and ? A, all
belonging to a small thin-shelled type closely resembling Millett’s figure (wé supra)
except in their small size as compared with the normal specimens. Millett states
that his cribrate specimens considerably exceeded in size the specimens of JZ. circularis
with which they were associated.
96. Miliolina circularis, var. cribrostoma, nov. (Pl. XLI. figs. 12-16.)
3 Stations.
At three Stns. specimens of a Miliolid of the circularis type, but having a large and
projecting cribrate aperture, were found. ‘They are all of a very inflated triloculine
type, and the cribrate shell-mass closing the aperture forms an inflated cushion
projecting from the top of the shell and extending down the sutural lines on both
faces of the test as far as the point of intersection of the chambers. Millett
figures a somewhat similar but more regular type of aperture as JZ. circularis, var.
sublineata (M. 1598, etc., FM. 1898, p. 501, pl. x1. fig. 4).
Cribrate apertures are of rare occurrence in the recent Milioline, but of more
frequent occurrence in fossil species. Munier-Chalmas and Schlumberger have dealt
at some length with the fossil forms (Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 1885 and 1905). They
attribute a structural importance to this character of aperture which does not appear
to be borne out by more general research. It seems probable that the cribrate
aperture may be assumed at times by many species which do not invariably present
it (vide sub No. 25). Among species characterised by this pronounced form of
aperture are Q. fabularoides Karrer and Miliolina alveoliniformis Brady. Compare
also Massilina alveoliniformis Millett (post No. 90).
The length and breadth of the specimens are about equal, averaging -3—"4 mm.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 009
27. Miliolina valvularis (Reuss).
Triloculina valvularis Reuss, 1851, FSUB. p. 85, pl. vii. fig. 56.
Miliolina valvularis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 161, pl. iv. figs. 4, 5.
Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 115, pl. xxii. fig. 871.
Millett, 1898, etce., FM. 1898, p. 501, pl. xi. figs. 5-7.
Flint, 1899, RIA. p. 299, pl. xliv. fig. 5.
Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 172.
” 2)
4. Stations.
Sparingly distributed, but fairly abundant, especially at Stn.?X. The shells are
all thin-walled and very variable, biloculine, triloculine, and quinqueloculine speci-
mens all occurring, the triloculine being the most abundant.
28. Miliolina dilatata (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina dilatata d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 192, pl. xi. figs. 28-30.
Schlumberger, 1898, MGM. p. 75, text-figs. 29, 30, pl. iu.
figs. 70-74, pl. iv. figs. 87-90.
Miliolina dilatata Wiesner, 1912, AM. p. 231.
3 Stations.
Good examples of this compressed form of IM. subrotunda occur at Stns. 2 6, 8, and
?X, in company with the type. In material containing such wide variations of the
type-species, it appears to be desirable, for purposes of taxonomy, to separate such
3) 33
a distinctive form.
29. Miliolina labiosa (d’Orbigny).
Triloculina labiosa d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 178, pl. x. figs. 12-14.
Miliolina labiosa Brady, 1884, FC. p. 170, pl. vi. figs. 8-5.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 502, pl. xi. figs. 8, 9.
Flint, 1899, RPA. p- 299, pl. xlv. fig. 3
Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 173.
Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 10.
12 Stations.
Generally distributed and often fairly abundant. As usual, the specimens are very
variable, often only separable from Nubecularia bradyi Millett, by the character of their
aperture. The best specimens were at Stns. 8, 9, 12, and? X.
30. Miliolina subrotunda (Montagu).
Vermiculum subrotundum Montagu, 1803, TB. pt. 2, p. 521.
Aleta 1822, OSGV. p. 565, pl. xv.
Quineueloeule ne Babe otunda d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 302, no. 36.
Miliola (Quinqueloculina) subrotunda paeer & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 411, pl. xv. fig. 38 a, b
(28 a & 6 on plate).
Miliolina subrotunda Brady, 1884, FC. p. 168, pl. v. figs. 10, 11.
Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MCF. 1895, p. 120, text-fig. 9
“a = Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 109, pl. xix. figs. 846, 847.
VOL. XX.—PART XvII. No. 3.— November, 1915. Ai,
3” 39
560 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
16 Stations.
Universally distributed, but never abundant. Good and typical specimens at
Stns. 7, 9, 13, and ?X. At the other Stns. the specimens are, as a rule, weak,
passing into the allied forms MW. valvularis (Reuss) and MW. dilatata (d@ Orbigny).
31. Miliolina seminuda (Reuss).
Quingueloculina seminuda Reuss, 1866, FABS. p. 125, pl. i. fig. 11.
6 Marnayuenn, 1878, FIR. p. 76, pl. ix. (xiv.) fig. 8.
Matcolina subrotunda (Montagu), var., Wright, 1885-6, BLP. p. 319, pl. xxvi. fig. 5.
3 seminuda Harland, 1905, FBS. p. 195.
a Bn Heron caller & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 27.
6 Stations.
Poorly represented and none of the specimens very typical, most of them being
nearer to M. circularis and M. rotunda than to the subrotuada group. Some con-
fusion has arisen in the synonymy of the species, owing to the fact that Terquem
claimed its authorship in 1878, ignoring Reuss’s earlier figure and description.
32(a). Miliolina webbiana (d‘Orbigny).
Triloculina webbiana V’Orbiguy, 1839, FIC. p. 140, pl. iti. figs. 18-15.
Miliolina fichteliana Brady, 1884, SC. p. 169, pl. iv. tig. 9.
Quingueloculina suborbicularis Schlumberger, 1893, MGM. p. 73, pl. ii. figs. 63, 64, pl. iil.
fig. 67, text-figs. 26-28,
Miliolina suborbicularis Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 502, pl. xi. fig. 13.
33(5). Miliolina fichteliana, (a’Orbigny).
Triloculina fichteliana V’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 171, pl. ix. figs. 8-10.
34(c). Miliolina suborbicularis (dOrbigny).
Triloculina suborbicularis d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 300. no. 12.
3 WOrbigny, 1839, FC. p. 177, pl. x. figs. 9-11.
Miliolina suborbicularis Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., SB. 1911, p. 304.
10 Stations.
These three species, all described and figured in the same year by d’Orbigny, are so
closely related that the question of their specific separation can only be entertained
for purposes of taxonomy and convenience when dealing with material which contains
all three types in considerable quantities.
Taking J. webbiana as the strongest and most characteristic form, it may briefly be
described as a sulcate form of MW. subrotunda. M. fichteliana is characterised by
much more turgid chambers and feebler striation, nearer, in fact, to MW. cireularis.
M. suborbicularis is, as it were, midway between the two, but very faintly striate, the
chambers being but slightly turgid and markedly embracing. The synonymy of the
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. ob61
three species, as might be expected, becomes highly involved when the figures of
different authors are compared with the original type. Schlumberger’s figures of
M. suborbicularis are typical MW. webbiana. Millett’s M. suborbicularis is M. webbiana
as regards the coarseness of its striation, while nearer dOrbigny’s type in the
embracing character of the chambers.
All three types occur at Kerimba, but J/. webdiana is by far the most abundant, as
in our experience it is elsewhere. This species is generally distributed, but the
number of specimens at any particular Stn. is never large; it is best and most,
abundant at Stn. 11. J. fichteliana is extremely limited, but is the sole representative
of the group at Stns.?B and 13, and is well developed and moderately abundant at
Stn. 2X, where the other forms are rare and poor. JZ. suborbicularis is extremely
rare, but typical specimens were found at a few Stns.
With regard to the reference to Schlumberger, 1893, MGM., supra, the author, in
referring his specimens to Quingueloculina suborbicularis, on account of their presenting
five visible chambers instead of the three represented in d’Orbigny’s type, Zréloculina
suborbicularis, appears to have overlooked the fact that d’Orbigny had already utilized
this specific name for an entirely different quinqueloculine miliolid Quinqueloculina
suborbicularis (TMC. p. 302, no. 29), which is a smooth-shelled form, apparently in no
way related to the triloculine striate form. An inspection of the types both at
La Rochelle and in Paris entirely bears this out.
(Group of I. trigonula.)
35. Miliolina trigonula (Lamarck).
Miliolites trigonula Lamarck, 1804, etc., AM. 1804, vol. v. p. 351. no. 3.
56 Lamarck, 1816, ete., ASV. vol. vii. p. 612 ; 1835, etc. vol. xi. p. 290. no. 3.
Taagewiine trigonula d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p- 299. no. 1, pl. xvi. figs. 5-9, Modéle no. 93.
Miliolina trigonula Williamson, 1858, RFGB, p. 84, pl. vii. figs. 180-182.
> 5 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 164, pl. 111. figs. 14-16.
is - Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 115, pl. xxii. fig. 870.
17 Stations.
Universally distributed, and at most Stns. showing considerable variation, the
species running imperceptibly into WM. tricarinata. The difficulty of separating the
two forms is greatest at those Stns. (e. g., 5, 6, 7, 10, and 12) where the species
reaches its maximum development in size, the young ee in both species being,
as a rule, more typical than the larger ones. At Stns. 2, 3, and 13 the species
exhibits a dehiscent tendency, very marked in occasional specimens, in which the
final chambers are separated by deep grooves from the earlier ones, suggesting the
Triloculina plicata of Terquem (T. 1878, FIR. p. 61, pl. vi. (x1.) fig. 2). At Stns. 1,
8, and 9 specimens irregularly sulcate in the neighbourhood of the aboral extremity
of the final chamber occurred. At Stn. 13, where the species was very variable,
42
562 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
specimens near 7. mariont Schlumberger (S. 1893, MGM. p. 62, pl. i. figs. 38-41,
text-figs. 7, 8) were seen, and also a single specimen resembling MW. rotunda in the
character of its aperture. Specimens referable to 7. gibba d’Orbigny (dO. 1546, FFV.
p. 274, pl. xvi. figs. 22-24) occurred at many Stns. At Stn. 9 a specimen in which
the final chamber divided into two, each furnished with a normal aperture side by side
at the same extremity of the shell, was found.
36. Miliolina insignis Brady.
Miliolina insignis Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 45.
5 > Brady, 1884, FC. p. 165, pl. iv. figs. 8, 10.
% » Wright, 1885-6, BLP. p. 319, pl. xxvi. fig. 4.
4 Stations.
Occurs at a few Stns. only, the best at Stn. 11. All the Kerimba specimens belong
to a somewhat inflated type, with a more elongated axis than is shown in Brady’s
figure.
37. Miliolina tricarinata (d’Orbigny).
Triloculina tricarinata @’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 299, no. 7, Modéle no. 94.
Cruciloculina triangularis V@Orbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 72, pl. ix. figs. 11, 12.
Triloculina tricarinata Brady, 1864, RIS: p. 466, pl. xlviii. fig. 3.
Miliolina tricarinata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 165, pl. ii. fig, 17.
a (Triloculina) tricarinata Egger, 1898, FG. p. 234, pl. ii. figs. 85-37.
55 tricarinata Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 114, pl. xxi. figs. 866-869.
D) ? Chapman, 1907, TEV. p. 18, pl. 11. fig. 31.
15 Stations.
Generally distributed, but, on the whole, less abundant than the allied species
M. trigonula. 'Two very distinct forms occur in the material, not usually at the same
Stns. : (1.) the typical MW. tricarinata, characterised by a somewhat long shell with
acute marginal edges, resembling d’Orbigny’s model (wt supra) and his species
T. angularis (VO, 1826, TMC. p..299, no. 6), occurs abundantly and of very fine
dimensions at Stns. 11 and 12, less frequently at Stns. 5 and 6, and rarely at Stns. 2a
and 7; (ii.) a shorter, broader form with rounded marginal keels as figured
by Chapman (wé supra), and generally attaining a larger size than the typical
M. tricarinata, is much more generally distributed, but does not occur at all at
Stns. ll and 12. At Stn. 2@ a single individual of the elongate type was observed
with rounded keels. The short round-edged type, at all Stns. where it occurs, has
a tendency to pass imperceptibly into MZ. trigonula.
38. Miliolina tricarinata, var. plicata (Terquem). (PI. XLI. figs. 17-22.)
Triloculina plicata Terquem, 1878, FIR. p. 61, pl. vi. («1.) fig. 2.
13 Stations. ae
At nearly all the Stns. I. tricarinata shows a tendency to separation of the later
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 563
chambers, which in the most advanced cases (especially at Stns. 2@ and 4) are
separated from their predecessors by deep sutural clefts. Such specimens may, for
purposes of classification, be separated under the name of ‘Terquem’s species; they
probably represent a passage-form between MV. tricarinata and M. contorta. ‘Karrer’s
Triloculina intermedia (IK. 1868, MFKB. p. 138, pl. i. fig. 11) represents this dehiscent
form in a less advanced degree, as also does Costa’s figure of Triloculina decipiens
Reuss (C. 1853, etc., PRN. 1856, pl. xxiv. figs. 13 & 16), which, however, differs
greatly from the original figure of that species as given by Reuss (R. 1849-50, FOT.
p- 382, pl. iv. (xlix.) fig. 8).
39. Miliolina tricarinata, var. serrata, nov. (Pl. XLI. figs. 23-25.)
2 Stations.
At Stns. 7 and ?X a few specimens were found of a very beautiful little variety
(which we figure), in which the marginal edges of the chambers were furnished with
regular serrate processes. ‘They represent a somewhat dehiscent type of MW. tricarinata,
in which four chambers are exposed round the circumference of the test. Somewhat
similar forms are figured by Brady, Parker, & Jones (B. P. & J. 1888, AB. p. 215,
pl. xl. fig. 83) under the name JM. excisa, and by Millett (M. 1898, etc., FM. 1904,
p. 607, pl. xi. fig. 4), but these specimens are quinqueloculine instead of triloculine
as are Ours.
Length averages -25—35 mm., breadth ‘18-25 mm.
40. Miliolina terquemiana Brady. (Pl. XLI. figs. 26-31.)
Miliolina terquemiana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 166, pl. exiv. fig. 1.
tricarinata (striate var.)=M. terquemiana Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 503,
pl. xi. figs. 10, 11.
35 oo var. terquemiana Chapman, 1900, PLF. p. 174.
7H terquemiana Dakin, 1906, FC. p. 280, pl. figs. 9, 10.
»
5 Stations.
Scantily represented, most abundant at Stn. 1. ‘This is only a sulcate condition
of M. tricarinata, and bears the same affinity te that species as does MW. insignis to
M. trigonula.
Two forms occur, one a long narrow form with acute marginal periphery recalling
the M. funafutiensis of Chapman, the other resembling Brady’s figure, but with
more inflated chambers, ¢. e. presenting a general conformation intermediate between
M. tricarinata and M. trigonula.
41. Miliolina bertheliniana Brady. (Pl. XLI. figs. 32-35.)
Miliolina bertheliniana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 166, pl. exiv. fig. 2.
tricarinata (reticulated form) = M. bertheliniana Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1898, p. 503,
pl. x1. fig. 12.
3 4 var. bertheliniana Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 174.
2)
564 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
9 Stations.
Generally distributed, frequent at a few Stns. and very common at Stn. 11. The
specimens throughout are generally identical with Brady’s figure, but at Stn. 11 there
is a considerable amount of variation. ‘The majority of the specimens are of the short
regularly tricarinate type, but here, and at Stn. ? B, a few specimens of a very elongate
type were found. Brady recorded the species from Madagascar and Algoa Bay, and
Millett as “very rare” in the Malay Seas. It occurs rarely in dredgings from
Cebu, Philippine Islands, 45 and 120 fathoms, and is probably of wide distribution
in tropical shallow seas.
(Group of Jf. cultrata [edentate ].)
42, Miliolina cultrata Brady. (Pl. XLII. figs. 1-10.)
Miholina cultrata Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 45.
by os Brady, 1884, FC. p. 161, pl. v. figs. 1, 2.
is SG Egger, 1893, FG. p. 231, pl. i. figs. 29-31.
5 4) Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1898, p. 269, pl. vi. figs. 11, 12.
16 Stations.
Universally distributed and often abundant. In Brady’s original figure and in the
subsequent authorities (swpra) the early chambers are shown as vertical or but slightly
oblique. In the Kerimba specimens a complete series can be obtained at many Stns.
in which the early chambers range from vertical to very oblique [as in J/. bosciana
(d’Orbigny)]. Wiesner (W. 1912, AM. pp. 220-222, fig. 2) has separated the
Malay specimens of J. bosciana (d’Orb.), figured by Millett, under the new specific
name WM. milletti on account of “ the narrow build, the strongly-marked oblique setting
of the middle chambers, the large aperture with prominent lip, the frequently produced
aperture-neck, the deeper sutures, its slighter polish, and the greater inclination to
build cornered and keeled varieties.’ He has further separated under the varietal
name of I. miiletti, var. carinata, keeled specimens identical with the series found at
Kerimba, and which appear to us to agree in all essential characteristics, except the
oblique setting of the chambers, with Brady’s JZ. cultrata. In view of the complete
range of variations in the axis of the early chambers, it does not seem to us possible
or desirable to differentiate between Wiesner’s varieties and Brady’s type, and we
have therefore dealt with the whole group under the above heading.
At nearly all the Stns. where the species occurs, decorated varieties are abundant,
ranging between specimens feebly sulcate at the aboral extremity to specimens strongly
sulcate all over. These latter represent Wiesner’s variety AZ. milletti, var. carinata-
striata, with specimens of which he has been so courteous as to supply us.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 565
43. Miliolina durrandii Millett. (Pl. XLII. figs. 11-16.)
Miholina durrandii Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 268, pl. vi. figs. 7-10.
9 Stations.
Generally distributed and often quite common, the finest specimens at Stns. 5, 6,
and 7, where it was abundant. ‘There is a certain amount of variation in this species,
especially in the degree of development of the keel, but none of the costate specimens
referred to and described by Millett occur at Kerimba. The development of the
keel appears to be dependent on the stage of growth, the younger shells having
a much more rounded edge than the older ones, a feature that is particularly noticeable
in the smallest specimens, in which the keel is almost entirely absent, except near the
aperture. In very young shelis there is a rapid increase in the length of the chamber,
with the result that the ultimate chamber is often more than double the entire length
of the preceding chamber.
M. durrandii is one of the species first recorded from the Malay Seas by Millett,
but it is probably very widely distributed in shallow tropical waters. We have records
from the coasts of Burmah, Queensland, Java, and Macassar in the eastern seas, and
in the Pacific it is very abundant and typical at Tahiti. Owing to the absence of any
tooth to the aperture, the internal arrangement of the shell is strikingly monothalamous
or cornuspirine. This internal arrangement is quite similar to that described and
figured by Schulze in his Spiroloculina hyalina (S. 1874, etc., R. no. 8, 1875, p. 132,
pl. vi. figs. 14-16), and is clearly bronght out in Millett’s fig, 10. We have
specimens (which are being figured elsewhere) showing ingested diatoms and small
specimens of other foraminifera (H-A. 1915, RPF. p. 232, pl. xiv. figs. 5, 6).
44. Miliolina rupertiana Brady.
Miliolina rupertiana Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 46.
a es Brady, 1884, FC. p. 178, pl. vii. figs. 7-12 and text-fig.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 269, pl. vi. fig. 13.
> ”
10 Stations.
This highly specialised type is generally distributed over the area and fairly
plentiful at some of the Stns., notably Stns. 1 and 13. The specimens often attain
a very large size, and, asa rule, are of a narrower and more inflated type than that
figured by Brady, the marginal edge being at most of the Stns. quite round and smooth,
thus more nearly resembling Millett’s figure. At several Stns., however, specimens
were found exhibiting a tendency to a compressed and carinate form, which was, in
a few instances, quite as strongly developed as in Brady’s figs. 7 and 9. JZ. rupertiana
is extremely common at Perim in the Red Sea. It also occurs in the Torres Straits
and on the Queensland coast. Brady records it as plentiful from Madagascar.
566 MESSRS. FE. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
(Group of WM. oblonga.)
45. Miliolina bosciana (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina bosciana d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. 191, pl. xi. figs. 22-24.
Miliolina bosciana Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 267, pl. vi. fig. 1.
p as Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 177, pl. i. fig. 7.
55 Bi Sidebottom, 1904, etce., RFD. 1904, p. 7.
10 Stations.
This very variable species is almost universally distributed and often very common.
At most of the Stns. the specimens are of the smooth typical form, but agglutinate
tests were found at Stn. 1, feebly striate at Stn. 2a, and a single punctate specimen
at Stn. 7. These varieties have been admirably figured and described by Millett
(loc. cit. ut supra).
46. Miliolina transversestriata Brady. (Pl. XLII. figs. 17-20.)
Miliolina transversestriata Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 45.
Ee ah Brady, 1884, FC. p. 177, pl. iv. fig. 6
a a Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 268, pl. vi. fig. 5.
2 Stations.
Generally distributed and often common, especially at Stns. 1, 8, 4, and 6. The
specimens exhibit very little variation, except in the strength of their markings.
Records of the species appear to be few: Brady gives Raine Island and Mauritius, but
we have specimens from Havana and from the Great Barrier Reef, so that it is
probably widely distributed in tropical shallow waters.
47, Miliolina funafutiensis Chapman. (PI. XLII. figs. 21, 22.)
Miliolina funafutiensis Chapman, 1900, ELF. p- 178, pl. xix. fig. 6.
6 Ba Chapman, 1902, CKA. p. 231.
1 Station.
A single specimen from Stn. 11, which we figure, suggests this species, but differs
in some particulars from Chapman’s description. It is nearly oval in section
instead of triangular, but resembles the type in the character of its oblique markings
and produced aperture. Chapman's types were from the Lagoon at Funafuti
(74-12 fms.) and Cocos Keeling Atoll (outside the reef). The species is common and
typical in a dredging from Apia Harbour, Samoa (7 fms.).
48. Miliolina oblonga (Montagu).
Vermiculum oblongum Montagu, 1803, TB. p. 522, pl. xiv. fig. 9.
3 Fleming, 1822, OSGY. p. 565.
Tnilveuina oblonga d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 300. no. 16, Modéle no. 95.
a ss d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 175, pl. x. figs. 3-5.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO, 56
Miliolina seminulum, var. oblonga Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 86, pl. vii. figs. 186, 187.
oblonga Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, ete., MFC. 1895, p. 120, pl. iil. figs. 31 & 32,
and pl. v. fig. 5.
Terrigi, 1880, SGP. p. 173, pl. i. fig. 2
Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 110, pl. xx. figs. 850, a-f.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 267, pl. v. fig. 14.
3)
16 Stations.
Universally distributed and often abundant, but never attaining any large size Or
9
development. The best specimens at Stn. 3. At Stns. 9 and 12 the specimens were
large and showed signs of superficial markings linking the species with I. striata.
49. Miliolina gracilis (d’Orbigny).
Triloculina gracilis VOrbigny, 1839, FC. p. 181, pl. xi. figs. 10-12.
Miliolina gracilis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 160, pl. v. fig. 8
3 » Hgger, 1893, FG. p. 281, pl. i. figs. 82-34.
y » Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 14, pl. iv. figs. 10-12.
2 Stations.
A single typical specimen at Stn. 10 and a few at Stn. 1B.
50. Miliolina pygmea (Reuss).
Quinqueloculina pygmea Reuss, 1849-50, FOT. p. 384, pl. v. (1.) fig. 3.
$5 lucida Karrer, 1868, MF KB. p. 147, pl. i. fig. 7.
Miliolina pygmea Brady, 1884, FC. p. 163, pl. exi. fig. 16.
Leger, 1893, FG. p. 230, pl. ii. figs. 23-25.
Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RID. 1904, p. 18, pl. iv. figs. 4-6.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, ete., SB. 1909, p. 312.
rr) be)
bed 3)
5 Stations.
Very poorly represented in the material; all the specimens differ somewhat from
Reuss’s figure in having a produced neck, and are, perhaps, more related to the allied
M. lucida (Karrer), which is cited by Brady as a synonym of Reuss’s species.
According to Brady the species is a rather deep-water form.
51. Miliolina exsculpta, sp. n. (Pl. XLII. figs. 23-26.)
6 Stations.
Test free, minute, thin-walled, often opalescent, having three chambers visible on
one face and four or more on the other. Sutural lines deeply excavate and undercut,
especially at the extremities of the shell. Chambers embracing, and crescentic in
section, the individual chambers being narrow at the oral extremity and very broad
and embracing at the aboral end of the shell. Furnished with a somewhat produced
neck, sometimes lipped, and terminating in a toothless aperture regularly and constantly
erescentiform. Surface highly polished, peripheral edgesrounded. ‘The chambers are
VOL. XX.—ParT xvil. No. 4.—Noveméer, 1915. 4M
568 MESSRS. HE. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
set somewhat obliquely, so that the general arrangement is on the same plan as in
M. bosciana. In young specimens the chambers are often divided from each other
at the oral and aboral extremities by an open space between them, which perforates
the entire test as shown in Brady’s figures of Spiroloculina acutimargo Brady and
S. grata 'Terquem.
The appearance of this little shell is strikingly constant and characteristic, the
sutures, which in most miliolids are marked by slight depressions or by flush or even
limbate sutural lines, being entirely absent. The whole shell suggests a simple tube of
crescentiform section, invariably narrowing towards the apertural end of each chamber,
and coiled on itself in milioline fashion. It is this narrowing which gives the
transverse arrangement of the early chambers as compared with the final pair. Our
species is to some extent isomorphous with Spiroloculina acutimargo Brady, but differs
from that form in the rounded and embracing character of its chambers, the entire
absence of any keel, and the milioline plan of growth. Its affinities in the milicline
group are with MM. gracilis (d’Orb.).
The species is fairly generally distributed, but never very abundant, the best and
most numerous examples being found at Stn. 5. It also occurs at Vavau, Friendly Is.,
Pacific, 16 fms.
Length averages :3—"59 mm., breadth -18—-24 mm.
52. Miliolina rotunda (d’Orbigny). (Pl. XLII. figs. 27-30.)
Triloculina rotunda VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 299. no. 4.
» Schlumberger, 1893, MGM. p. 64, pl. 1. figs. 48-50; text-figs. 11, 12.
Wilton puttaaile Millett, 1898, etc., PM. 1898, p. 267, pl. v. figs. 15, 16.
i iss Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RED. 1904, p. 8.
R ss Heron-Allen & Burtana 1913, CL. p. 25
- + Wiesner, 1912, AM. p. 225.
11 Stations.
Not very common except at Stns. 3, 12, and ? X, where the specimens were large,
typical, and very abundant. At Stns. 1 and 11 a smaller type occurs similar to
Millett’s Malay figures, and, like those, very variable, both biloculine and _tri-
loculine specimens (but chiefly the former) occurring. This small and variable
type differs considerably from the large d’Orbignyan type in its shell-texture. The
large type has a smooth, thick, and highly polished surface; while the shell in
the small type is thin, irregular in surface, or marked with lines of growth, and
often matt or even sclerotic.
53. Miliolina anconensis (Schultze).
Miliola anconensis Schultze, 1854, OP. p. 58, pl. il. figs. 12, 13.
10 Stations.
This rather well-marked type, with its triloculine test and large gaping mouth,
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 069
usually furnished with a recurved lip, is universally distributed in the dredgings.
There is great variation in the shells, some of which are almost biloculine. ‘The
texture is almost invariably rather uneven, but polished. The species appears to
occupy an intermediate position between I. rotunda and MM. seminulum; it was
specially noted at the Stns. indicated in the table as being typical and perfect, but it
occurs almost universally in company with the type-forms of JZ. seminulwm.
53a. Miliolina cuneata (Karrer).
Triloculina cuneata Karrer, 1867, FO. p. 359, pl. il. fig.
5 », (Biloculine form), Brady, 1884, aes p: 139, pl. 1. figs. 19, 20.
3 Stations.
At three Stns. biloculine specimens, similar to those figured by Brady, occur.
They agree in all respects with Brady’s specimens in the collection at Cambridge.
54. Miliolina vulgaris (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina vulgaris VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 3802. no. 33.
on 55 Terquem, 1878, FIR. p. 66, pl. vi. (xi.) figs. 20, 21.
ue oh Schlumberger, 1893, MGM. p. 65, pl. ii. figs. 65, 66, & woodcuts
13, 14.
» Fornasini, 1902, FUR. p. 21, text-fig. 13.
Miliolina vulgaris Heron- Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p- 28.
5 Stations.
Very poorly represented. At. Stn. 6 the specimens are agglutinate.
(Group of WM. seminulum.)
55. Miliolina seminulum (Linné). (PI. XLII. fig. 31.)
Serpula seminulum Jinné, 1767, SN. (ed. xii.) p. 1264. no. 791; Linné, 1788, SN. (ed. xiii.),
p. 3739. no. 2.
Quinqueloculina seminulum VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 303. no. 44.
5 levigata d’Orbigny, 1839, FIC. p. 143, pl. ii. figs. 31-33.
Milolina seminulum Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 85, pl. vi. figs. 183-189.
Quinqueloculina seminulum Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1866, p. 9, pl. iii.
figs. 35, 36.
Miliolina seminulum Brady, 1884, FC. p. 157, pl. v. fig. 6 (References).
Quinqueloculina seminulum Schlumberger, 1893, MGM. p. 66, pl. iv. figs. 80, 81; text-figs.
15}, 1G.
Triloculina levigata Schlumberger, ibid. p. 63, pl. 1. figs. 45-47 ; text-figs. 9, 10.
16 Stations.
The species is universally distributed and at some Stns. fairly common, but it is not
one of the typical Kerimba forms. There is, as usual, an immense range of variation
4u2
570 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
according to the degree of compression, the length of the test, and the angularity of
the sectional view.
Specimens resembling the Quingueloculina lamellidens of Reuss (R. 1863, KTF.
p. 41, pl. i. fig. 7) are common at several Stns., and at Stns. 1, 2, 7, and 13 we have
met with specimens resembling WM. lamellidens, var. obliqgua (Wiesner MS. in course of
publication), of which, by the courtesy of the author, we possess specimens from
Cap Promontore in the Adriatic.
At Stn. 12 an abnormal specimen was obtained, which we figure, in which the final
chamber is added at the apex of the shell, and is furnished with a large gaping mouth
devoid of teeth. It suggests superficially the abnormal specimens to which Pearcey
has given the specificname J. dentistoma (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. xlix. 1914,
p. 994, pl. ii. figs. 17-19).
56. Miliolina seminulum, var. cornuta Sidebottom.
Miliolina seminulum, var. cornuta Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 11, pl. iu. figs. 11, 12,
text-fig. 3.
1 Station.
At Stn. 9 a good many specimens which we think are referable to Sidebottom’s
variety, although there is a tendency to an excess of growth and marking not suggested
by his figure and the surface of the test is generally rather rough instead of being
polished. ‘The processes or horns from which the variety obtains its name, and which
in the Delos specimens are simple protuberances on the marginal edges of the shell,
are in most of the Kerimba specimens continued across the sides of the chambers, so
as to give a radially furrowed aspect to the test somewhat as in M. parkeri Brady.
This cornute type of ornament is not common in the miliolids, but similar processes
are seen on d’Orbigny’s Biloculina aculeata (d’O. 1826, TMC. p. 298. no. 5, Modéle
no. 31), and on Miliolina excisa Brady, Parker, and Jones (B. P. & J. 1888, AB. p. 215,
pl. xl. fig. 33), and in Miliolina cristata Millett (M. 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 506,
pl. xi. fig. 3).
57. Miliolina candeiana (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina candeiana V’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 199, pl. xii. figs. 24-26.
- 3 Brady, 1870, FTR. p. 286, pl. xi. fig. 1.
Milolina candeiana Brady, 1887, SBRF. p. 882.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 29, pl. 11. figs. 1-4.
2 ”
4 Stations.
A few specimens referable to the form figured by us under the above name in the
Clare Island monograph.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. o71
58. Miliolina auberiana (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina auberiana d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 193, pl. xii. figs. 1-3.
ungeriana d’Orbigny, 1846, FFV, p. 291, pl. xviii. figs. 22-24.
Miliolina auberiana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 162, pl. v. figs. 8, 9.
5 Goés, 1894, ‘ASE. p- 109, pl. xix. fig. 844.
5s 6 Herne ten & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 312.
15 Stations.
Universally distributed and generally abundant, the best at Stns. 6 and 12, notably
at the latter. here is considerable variation at most Stns., the species merging
through specimens referable to d’Orbigny’s MV. ungeriana (ut supra) and M. akneriana
(d’O. 1846, FFV. p. 290, pl. xviii. figs. 16-21) towards WZ. seminulum. ‘There is also
considerable difference in the shell-texture. Normally highly polished, it also occurs
with a matt surface, becoming first finely, and ultimately somewhat coarsely, aggluti-
nate. At Stn. 2@a specimen was found with a cribrate aperture.
59. Miliolina auberiana, var. stenostoma (Karrer). (Pl. XLII. fig. 32.)
Quinqueloculina ungeriana, var. stenostoma Karrer, 1868, MF KB. p. 14, pl. ii. fig. 3.
1 Station.
At Stn. 11 we found a single example of this beautifully decorated variety of
M. auberiana which differs from Karrer’s figure only in the greater extent of the radial
grooves, which in the Kerimba specimen extend right across the face of the chambers.
Karrer’s specimens were from the Miocene of Kostej.
60. Miliolina cuvieriana (d’Orbigny). (P}. XLII. figs. 33-36.)
Quinqueloculina cuvieriana VOrbigny, 1839, FC. p. 190, pl. xi. figs. 19-21.
lamarckiana VOrbigny, ibid. p. 189, figs. 14, 15.
Miliolina cuvieriana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 162, pl. v. fig. 12.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 234, pl. u. figs. 47-49, pl. iv. figs. 22-24.
Jones, Deber & Brady, 1866, ete., MCF. 1895, p. 119, pl. vi. fig. 4 (mot 3).
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 5035, pl. xu. fig. 2.
2 by)
22 a)
6 Stations.
Very poorly represented. Hardly any characteristic specimens, most of them varying
in the direction of MM. auberiana. At Stn. ?X a small variety with a dull subageluti-
nate appearance occurs. At Stn. 11 a few specimens were found which we figure,
which probably represent a pauperate and undulate form of this species. ‘There is
great variation among the few specimens found, some being regularly triangular in
section with prominent marginal edges of the chambers as in the type, while in others
the chambers are very broad and ribbon-like in section and twisted upon themselves.
572 MESSRS, E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
60a. Miliolina crassa (d’Orbigny). (Pl. XLII. figs. 87-41.)
Quinqueloculina crassa V@Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 301. no. 14.
ie » Lerquem, 1882, FEP. p. 186, pl. xx. Sat figs. 20, 21.
= » Fornasini, 1905, SOM. p. 65, pl. si. fig. 5
1 Station.
At Stn. 11 a good many specimens of a handsome Miliolid which appears to be
nearer to d’Orbigny’s species than to Brady’s J/. insignis, which in many points it
resembles. D’Orbigny’s description in the ‘ Prodrome” (dO. 1850, etc., PP. vol. ii.
2?
p- 409. no. 1369), ‘“‘espece suborbiculaire, renflée, striée” is scanty but sufficient.
‘The Kerimba specimens are nearly all roughly triangular in section with rounded
edges and the surface of the chambers entirely covered with coarse rounded sulci
strictly parallel. Ina few instances the shell is more compressed and regularly like
M. auberiana in outline, but with the same characteristic coste. All the specimens
are distinctly quinqueloculine.
61. Miliolina bicostata (d’Orbigny). (Pl. XLII. figs. 42-45.)
Quinqueloculina bicostata V@Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 195, pl. xii. figs. 8-10.
Miliolina bicostata Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 112, pl. xx. fig. 855.
m » Goés, 1896, DOA. p. 83, pl. vill. figs. 19-21.
6 Stations.
Generally distributed, but very rare. The specimens agree much more closely with
dOrbigny’s original figure than with those of Goés. Goés states that d’Orbigny’s
specimen was probably a young shell, but it appears to be a fully developed individual
in the d’Orbignyan figure. ‘The Kerimba specimens all differ in certain well-marked
features; the marginal carinz are generally more or less undose, and the surface of
the chambers, although usually smooth, is often irregularly and feebly costate. But
the most essential point of difference is in the aperture. D’Orbigny states that the
aperture is small, round, furnished with a small simple and short tooth. In the
Kerimba specimens, however, the aperture is invariably fitted witha flat plate, attached
tothe penultimate chamber and fitting the aperture like an operculum, leaving only a
very narrow slit open round its edge. D’Orbigny’s specimens are also described as
milky-white, but the Kerimba specimens are dull and matt in texture, the carinal ridges
standing out prominently by reason of their whiteness as contrasted with the walls of
the chambers.
62. Miliolina undosa (Karrer). (Pl. XLIII. figs. 1-4.)
Quinqueloculina undosa Karrer, 1867, FO. p. 361, pl. ii. fig. 3.
Miliolina undosa Brady, 1884, FC. p. 176, pl. vi. figs. 6-8.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 287, pl. 1. figs. 41, 42.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 506, pl. xi. fig. 5.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., SB. 1911, p. 804.
d) 92
22 2?
3) bP)
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
(oop |
O32
12 Stations.
Almost universally distributed in one or other of many divergent varieties. Fairly
typical forms were observed at many Stns., especially Stns. 1,26, and 10. At other
Stns. the specimens are less typical, and might perhaps be more strictly described as
undose varieties of other recognised species, especially M. linnwana, M. contorta, and
M. ferrussacit.
63. Miliolina undulata (d’Orbigny). (Pl. XLII. figs. 5-8.)
Quinqueloculina undulata W@Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 302. no. 27.
Schimmpbervers 138935 MGM. (p57) aplasia esos a4 plemnts
figs. 60, 61 ; text-figs. 23, 24.
aelemperes 1897, FCP: p. 21, pl. iv. fig. 9:
Malioline undulata Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 13.
Wiesner, 1912, AM. p. 218.
22 By)
2? 2)
6 Stations.
A finely striate form with broad and gaping aperture occurs at many of the Stns.
which appears to be referable to d’Orbigny’s I. undulata, although the majority of the
specimens do not exhibit very marked curvature of the chambers. ‘This undulation is
however, exhibited strongly at Stn. 9, and in a less degree in occasional specimens
from other Stns. ‘The character of the aperture and section of the test seem to
suggest the close affinity of the species with MW. nussdorfensis (WO. 1846, FFV. p. 299,
pl. xix. figs. 13-15) and MW. brongniartii.
64. Miliolina reticulata (d’Orbigny). (Pl. XLII. figs. 9, 10.)
Triloculina reticulata d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 299. no. 9.
Quinqueloculina reticulata WKarrer, 1861, FWB. p. 449, pl. i. fig. 5.
Triloculina reticulata Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1871, p. 249, pl. vii. fig. 18.
Miliolina reticulata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 177, pl. is. figs. 2-4.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 239, pl. u. figs. ae 84.
Quitmucloculite reticulata Schlumberger, 1893, MGM. p. 72, fig. 25, and pl. ii. fig. 62.
11 Stations.
Generally distributed and often plentiful. The bulk of the specimens are of the
normal quinqueloculine type as figured by Brady, but more elongate and delicate, being
nearer Karrer’s figure. At some of the Stns. other reticulate varieties occur, notably
at Stns. 11 and 15, where a broad and angular quinqueloculine type near d’Orbigny’s
Quinqueloculina affinis occurs (d’O. 1826, TMC. p. 302. no. 41; see F. 1902, FLR. p. 23,
fig. 17). At Stn. 11a long and very pretty quinqueloculine form was found with regular
markings and suggesting Terquem’s Q. pertusa in the neatness and regularity of its
reticulations, which he compares toa “trellis of very fine oblique striz, forming regular
lozenges ” (1. 1882, FEP. p. 183, pl. xx. (xxvill.) fig. 5). At Stn. 11 a very beautiful
form occurs, which we figure. It has angular chambers excavate at the periphery and
574 MESSRS. BE. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
suggests the Q. sagra of d’Orbigny (d’O, 1839, FC. p. 188, pl. xi. figs. 16-18), except
that in that species the reticulate markings are confined to the broad peripheral ridges
of the chambers, the sides being excavated in grooves.
65. Miliolina parkeri Brady. (Pl. XLIII. figs. 11, 12.)
“ Quinqueloculina with oblique ridges,” Parker, 1858, MIS. p. 53, pl. v. fig. 10.
Miliolina parkeri Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 46.
Ke » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 177, pl. vii. fig. 14.
55 », Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 175.
Bs » Chapman, 1902, CKA. p. 231.
5 Stations.
Typical specimens of J/. parkeri are curiously rare in the material, considering the
fact that it is an essentially coral-reef species. ‘True individuals corresponding exactly
with Brady’s figure occur at Stn. 11 only, weaker specimens at Stns. 6 and 9. At
many other Stns. specimens occur intermediate between MJ. parkeri and the very
characteristic form figured by Millett under the name JZ. parkert. This form, so
common at Kerimba, is so distinctive and different from the typical JZ. parkeri that
we have separated it under the name MV. kerimbatica. Both Millett and Chapman
have expressed the opinion that JZ. parkeri is closely allied to, and is a robust
form of Jf. undosa, but it appears to us more likely that ‘‘urdosa” is merely a con-
dition of growth affecting many different species rather than a true specific form, and
that I. parkeri, like other types, is subject to “ undose” forms of growth.
66. Miliolina kerimbatica, sp.n. (Pl. XLIII. figs. 13-23.)
Miliolina parkeri Brady ; Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 507, pl. xii. fig. 4.
13 Stations.
Test free, quinqueloculine. The walls of the chambers thick, irregularly furrowed
in all directions with broad deeply gouged-out channels, running obliquely and
irregularly across the face of each chamber and generally connecting with a deeper
straight furrow excavated down the peripheral edge. This straight peripheral furrow,
when exposed on an earlier chamber in the centre of the test by the quinqueloculine
arrangement of the shell, affords a very striking appearance by contrast with the
transverse furrows on the surface of the surrounding chambers. Aperture large and
furnished with a prominent tooth. ‘The oral end is usually but slightly produced, but
in some individuals the aperture is situated on a produced neck. ‘The ridges between
the furrows are flat on the top, @. e., the furrows are cleanly gouged out of the shell-
substance.
This rather protean form is one of the dominant features of the material, occurring
at nearly every Stn., and at some, notably Stns. 3, 9, 11, and 12, in great abundance
and attaining a very large size. Hardly any two individuals are alike in detail of
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 570
ornamentation, but the general character of the markings (e.9., the deeply channelled
grooves, with their prominent and flat-topped dividing ridges, arranged in strongly
contorted and almost reticulated patterns on the shell-surface) is a constant and readily
recognisable feature. Millett’s figure of M. parkeri is an admirable illustration of
the broader types of our species, but at Kerimba it presents an enormous range
of form which we have attempted to illustrate.
The affinities of the form appear to lie between IZ. linnwana and M. reticulata, with
both of which species M. herimbatica is joined by a series of intermediate examples.
The size is very variable, ranging between °5 and 1-75 mm. in length and -4—1-1 mm.
in breadth.
(Group of M. contorta and M. bicornis.)
67. Miliolina anguina (Terquem), var. agglutinans Wiesner MS.
Quinqueloculina anguina Terquem, 1878, FIR. p. 78, pl. ix. (xiv.) fig. 20.
® Stations.
Terquem (ut supra) figures a little quinqueloculine miliolid with an elongated por-
cellanous test. No typically porcellanous specimens referable to Terquem’s figure and
description occur at Kerimba, but occasional examples with sclerotic tests occur, and at
a few Stns. specimens with a distinctly subarenaceous investment were found agreeing
with co-type specimens kindly furnished us by Herr Wiesner (whose work on the
Miliolidee is in course of publication), and which he proposes to describe under the
above varietal name. They may be compared with the “ Planche inédite ” of Quinque-
loculina aspera @’Orbigny, published by Fornasini (F. 1905, SOM. p. 66, pl. it. fig. 1),
but differ in having a produced neck, similar to Terquem’s original type.
68. Miliolina agglutinans (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina agglutinans W’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 195, pl. xi. figs. 11-18.
Milivla (Quinqueloculina) agglutinans Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 410, pl. xv. fig. 37.
Miliolina agglutinans Terrigi, 1880, SGP. p. 172, pl. 1. fig. 1.
35 Bs Brady, 1884, FC. p. 180, pl. vil. figs. 6, 7.
a es Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 325, pl. xin. figs. 1-3.
D os Egger, 1893, FG. p. 239, pl. il. fig. 55.
6 5 Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 110, pl. xix. fig. 848; pl. xx. fig. 849.
16 Stations.
Universally distributed and very common at some Stns., especially in the Northern
Area, often attaining considerable size. The specimens are coarsely built and, as a rule,
typical; but at some Stns., notably Stn. 3, there was a tendency to variation, specimens
linking the species with IM. contorta and I. trigonula being found. At many Stns.,
notably Stns. 7 and 9, there was a tendency towards a complanate or compressed type
of shell, the last two chambers being abnormally large and set on opposite sides of the
longitudinal axis,so as to give a concave surface on one side of the shell. This may
VOL. XX.— PART xviI. No. 5.—November, 1910. 4N
576 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
be compared with d’Orbigny’s Q. enoplostoma (d’O. 1839, FC. p. 196, pl. xii. figs. 14—
17), but in that species one of the earlier chambers is displayed as a ridge running
down the concave side of the shell. Adelosine specimens showing typical agglutination
of sand-grains upon the primordial chamber were observed at several Stns. (these are
ficured in H.-A. 1915, RPF. p. 241, pl. xv. fig. 22).
69. Miliolina fusca Brady.
Quinqueloculina fusca Brady, 1870, FTR. p. 286, pl. xi. fig. 2.
Miliolina fusca Rrady, 1887, SBRE. p. 883.
Quingueloculina fusca Schulze, 1874, etc., R. 1875, p. 134, pl. vi. figs. 19, 20.
Miliolina agglutinans Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 110, pl. xix. fig. 848 4.
a fusca Earlaud, 1905, FBS. p. 197.
“A », Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, ete., SB. 1909, p. 316.
5 Stations.
Very sparingly distributed, the best being at Stn. 13, where the individuals had the
typical IZ. fusca tint. At the remaining Stns. the tests, though otherwise character-
istic, were composed of very fine white sand-grains without any coloured cement, which,
as we have elsewhere observed, may represent an intermediate stage linking the species
with W. contorta (H.-A. and E. 1913, CI. p. 31).
70. Miliolina contorta (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina contorta d’Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 298, pl. xx. figs. 4-6.
Miliolina contorta Brady, 1887, SBRF. p. 881.
ie a Halkyard, 1889, RFJ. p. 60, pl. 1. fig. 4.
is 3 Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RED. 1904, p. 13, pl. iv. figs. 7-9.
Be a Harland, 1905, FBS. p. 195.
a Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 30.
16 Stations.
Almost universally distributed, abundant and attaining very fine proportions at some
Stns., especially at Stns. 9, 12, and 2X. There is, as usual, a considerable number of
specimens passing into M. sclerotica, the essential difference between these two species
being the nature of the superficial test. At Stn. 1 the individuals all closely resemble
the figure of Quinqueloculina rugosa given by Fornasini from the “ Planches inédites ”
(F. 1905, SOM. pl. iii. fig. 13), but they have a porcellanous texture, although like all
other specimens of M. contorta the surface is matt. The nature of the shell of
@. rugosa must remain purely speculative, the species having its origin in a nomen
nudum, the “ Planche inédite” giving practically no guide to the texture. Schlum-
berger has identified d’Orbigny’s specific name rugosa with specimens from Marseilles
(S. 1893, MGM. p. 68, pl. iv. (not ii.) figs. 91-93, text-figs. 18, 19) which differ con-
siderably from the “Planche inédite” in external characteristics, but which are
described as having a rough surface (“ tét d’apparence rugose”); they appear therefore
to be a form of MW. sclerotica.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
on
~I
+I
71. Miliolina sclerotica (Karrer). (Pl. XLIV. figs. 1-4.)
Quinqueloculina sclerotica Karrer, 1868, MFKB. p. 152, pl. in. fig. 5.
Miliolina sclerotica Balkwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 24, pl. 1. fig. 2.
5 rs Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1904, p. 14.
9 op Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, ete., SB. 1911, p. 804.
Hs ca Heron-Ailen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 30.
10 Stations.
Less widely distributed than JZ. contorfa, but often very abundant and presenting a
considerable range of external form. LKarrer’s figures are somewhat confusing, for,
whereas the side view shows a test with angular edges, the end view portrays a round-
edged shell. It would therefore appear that Karrer did not attribute any special
importance to the sectional outline of the chambers in his species, and this would
appear to be a sound diagnosis, for, wherever the species occurs in any abundance, both
round and angular specimens are to be found. Such is the case at Kerimba, where
M. sclerotica is a fairly common species. At some Stns. the angular and round forms
occur in company, but the angular form is the more abundant and occurs alone at
Stns. land 4. At Stn.?B only the round form is found; at Stn. 12 the specimens
are exceptionally large. A very noticeable feature at Kerimba is the nature of the
test. The specimens found may be separated into two groups according to the coarse-
ness of the arenaceous investment. At most of the Stns. the tests are very coarsely
arenaceous, but at Stns. 2 and 10a very finely agglutinate test occurs in company with
the coarsely arenaceous individuals.
One abnormal specimen occurred at Stn. 1 in which the last chamber became trifid
in mid-growth, and separated into three divisions which continued to grow and
terminated in three separate apertures.
72. Miliolina disparilis (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina disparilis d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 802. no, 21.
eo ss Schlumberger, 1893, MGM. p. 70, pl. 11. figs. 55-57 ; text- figs. 21, 22.
35 5s Fornasini, 1905, SOM. p. 66, pl. iii. fig. 10.
Miliolina disparilis Wiesner, 1912, AM. p. 216.
3 Stations.
Very scantily represented, but large and typical specimens were found at Stns. 5
and 9. At Stn. 12 a specimen with reticulate markings between the ridges occurred.
73. Miliolina limbata (d’Orbigny). (Pl. XLIV. figs. 5-8.)
Quingueloculina limbata @Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 302. no. 20.
5 », Fornasini, 1905, SOM. p. 66, pl. in. fig. 9.
14 Stations.
The “Planche inédite” of d’Orbigny representing specimens found in the Red Sea
appears to afford the best, if not the only, illustration of a small quinqueloculine
4x2
578 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Miliolid which occurs very generally in the Kerimba dredgings. The species is
evidently closely allied to MM. dénneana, and passes into it by almost imperceptible
gradations in the strength of the coste. The best specimens occur at Stns. 1, 2a,
5, and 7, where it is especially abundant. At Stn. 11 the individuals are nearly all
of a coarsely sulcate type very near Jf, linnwana, from which, however, it is
distinguishab!e by the highly polished surface of its test, and its invariably small size.
The texture of M/. dinneana is invariably matt to rough.
74. Miliolina ferussacii (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina firussacii VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 301. no. 18, Modele no. 82.
9 polygona VOrbigny, 1839, FC. p. 198, pl. xi. figs. 21-23.
Miliolina bicornis, var. angulata Williamson, 1858, REGB. p. 88, pl. vil. fig. 196.
Miliola (Quinqueloculina)\ ferussacti Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1865, NAAF.’p. 411, pl. xv.
fig. 36
Miholina ferussacti Brady, 1884, FC. p. 175, pl. cxiii. fig. 17 (References).
5 af Balkwili & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 325, pl. xii. figs. 10-12.
» contorta Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 111, pl. xx. figs. 851, 852.
3 9p Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 507, pl. xii. figs. 6, 7.
9 Stations.
Not widely distributed, but very fine and typical examples occur at several Stns.,
though not in any numbers, At Stn. 8 a specimen, otherwise typical, was found with
a sub-arenaceous investment. D’Orbigny’s Model represents a compressed and almost
spiroloculine type with two strong marginal carine and an extra carina on the face of
the last chamber ; the neck is produced and the chambers sigmoid in shape. Brady’s
fig. 17 (FC. 1884, pl. cxiii.) represents a type which is of much more frequent
occurrence in tropical gatherings, having long narrow chambers with little curvature,
produced tubular neck, and strong to acute marginal and facial carine. Of the two
slides labelled MW. ferussacit in the Brady Collection at ,Cambridge, one contains the
‘Challenger’ form in different stages of development, the other, from the Seychelles,
contains various Miliolids, but no real WZ. ferussacii referable to either d’Orbigny’s or
Brady’s types.
75. Miliolina pulchella (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina pulchella VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 303. no. 42.
= . Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1871, p. 250, pl. vii. fig. 19.
op Terquem, 1878,;FIR. p. 68, pl. vii. (xii.) figs. 11-14.
Miliclinaaulehetla Brady, 1884, FC. p. 174, pl. vi. figs. 18, 14; pl. ii. figs. 10-13.
% Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 114, pl. xxi. figs. 862-864.
5 He Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. p.19, pl. iv. fig.3; 1895, p. 123,
pl. vi. fig. 3
5 a Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 15, pl. iv. fig. 15.
As . Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 314.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
or
SY
oo
7 Stations.
Sparingly distributed and never common. The species attains a large size, especially
at Stn. 3, where some of the specimens were feebly reticulate between the coste.
Adelosine specimens were obtained from most of the Stns. where the type was present.
76. Miliolina linnzana (d’Orbigny).
Triloculina linneiana @Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 172, pl. ix. figs. 11-138.
Quinqueloculina josephina WV Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 297, pl. xix. figs. 25-27.
ss Costa, 1853, etc., PRN. 1856, p. 321, pl. xxv. fig. 4.
Bilal linneana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 174, pl. vi. figs. 15-20.
5 os Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1898, p. 509.
% 3 Chapman, 1907, TEV. p. 20, pl. i. fig. 37.
12 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never very abundant; well-grown and large specimens
were found at many Stns., especially Stns. 1 and 5.
77. Miliolina costata (d’Orbigny). (Pl. XLIV. figs. 9-12.)
Quinqueloculina costata d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 3)1. no. 3.
35 poeyana @Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 191, pl. xi. figs. 25-27.
4 costata Karrer, 1867, FO. p. 362, pl. ii. fig. 4.
= » Lerquem, 1878, FIR. p. 63, pl. vi. (xi.) figs. 8-5.
rs » Lerquem, 1882, FEP. p. 183, pl. xx. (xxviil.) figs. 8, 9.
. » Fornasini, 1905, SOM. p. 62, pl. ii. fig. 6.
& Stations.
Generally distributed, but somewhat rare, except at Stn. 1. All our specimens have
a produced neck with everted rim, and in this feature approach d’Orbigny’s drawing as
published by Fornasini (wé swpra) much more closely than do Terquem’s figures.
The Terquem and Karrer forms are apparently much nearer to d’Orbigny’s allied
species Q. poeyana. The Kerimba specimens all have a very characteristic shell-
texture, being biscuit-like in colour and matt, without any trace of porcellanous
enamel. ‘There is, however, no tendency to incorporate sand-grains.
This species occurs also at Vavau, Friendly Is., 16 fms.
78. Miliolina striata (d’Orbigny). (Pl. XLIV. figs. 13-17.)
Quinqueloculina striata V@Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 301. no, 4.
3 » Terquem, 1882, FEP. p. 184, pl. xx. (xxviii.) figs. 10-12.
» Fornasini, 1905, SOM. p. 63, pl. i. fig. 7.
11 Stations.
The “ Planche inédite” of d’Orbigny, as amplified by Terquem, serves to identify
a form which is somewhat sparingly distributed in the dredgings, but occurs in
considerable abundance at a few Stns. The original “ Planche” represents a finely
striate and edentate quinqueloculine form of compressed outline, but ‘Terquem figures
680 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
a series of specimens ranging between compressed and cylindrical in section, and both
toothed and edentate. ‘The presence of a tooth does not therefore seem to be an
essential specific feature. The Kerimba specimens exhibit considerable range in the
degree of compression and in the breadth of the shell, but, on the whole, they approach
more nearly to Terquem’s fig. 12 than to the original ‘“ Planche,” and they are
all furnished with a prominent lamellar tooth. The surface of the shell is highly
polished and covered with delicate longitudinal coste. D’Orbigny’s “ Planche” of
Triloculina cylindrica (VO. 1826, TMC. p. 300. no. 19—the type-specimen in Paris
is quite typical) represents a similar form with prominent aperture furnished with
a tooth, but is markedly triloculine. The Kerimba specimens are very like the
figure of d’Orbigny’s Q. costata given by Schlumberger (S. 1893, MGM. p. 69, pl. ii.
figs. 75, 76), which, however, represents a somewhat more sulcate form and differs very
strongly from the original “ Planche” of @. costata d@Orbigny, which has a much
longer and more delicate shell. Specimens resembling the “ Planche” of Q. costata
occur at Kerimba and are dealt with and figured sub WV. costata. .
D’Orbigny’s “ Planche” of Q. parisiensis (F. 1905, SOM. p. 63, pl. ii. fig. 9) is also
practically identical with J. striata, but the specific name parisiensis has become
identified with Terquem’s fossils from the Eocene of Paris, in which the surface of the
shell between the sulci is finely punctate. The reasons for the identification of
Cuvier’s figure of Q. striata (Henderson’s Edn., London, 1834, pl. vi. fig. 10) with
ad’Orbigny’s nomen nudwm appear to us to be obscure, and the figure is not satisfactory.
79. Miliolina bicornis (Walker & Jacob).
Serpula bicornis Walker & Jacob, 1798, AEM. p. 633, pl. xiv. fig. 2.
Quinqueloculina jlecuosa d’Orbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 73, pl. iv. figs. 4-6.
Miliolina bicornis Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 87, pl. vu. figs. 190-198.
» Brady, 1884, FC. p. 171, pl. vi. figs. 9, 11, 12 (References).
Adelosina bicornis Schlumberger, 1886, GA. p. 546, pl. xvi. figs. 10-15, text-figs. 1-3, 7, 8.
Miliolina bicornis Egger, 1898, FG. p. 237, pl. ii. figs. 78, 74.
(and M. elegans) Goés, 1894, ASF. p- 112, pl. xx. fig. 857, and p. 118, pl. xxi.
figs. 860, 861.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 32, pl. i. figs. 5, 6.
3) a)
” oy)
7 Stations.
Very poorly represented, no typical specimens. Weak specimens are abundant at
Stn. 5, and it appears in the adelosine stage at Stn. 9.
80. Miliolina brongniartii (d’Orbigny).
Triloculina brongniarii d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 300. no. 28.
if Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1871, p. 250, pl. viii. fig. 9
Quiineclneuine br ongniar tii Jones, Parker, & Brady, 186, etc., MFC. 1866, p. 14, pl. in.
figs. 41, 42; pl. iv. fig. 2.
Diboine brongniartii Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 33.
(See Brady, 1884, FC. sub M. bicornis.)
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. | 581
3 Stations.
Very rare, but specimens of the typical circular form occur.
81. Miliolina boueana (d’Orbigny).
Quinqueloculina boueana d’Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 293, pl. xix. figs. 7-9.
v4 » Costa, 1853, etc., PRN. 1856, p. 329, pl. xxv. fiz. 15.
» Lerquem, 1875, etc., APD. 1876, p. 84, pl. xii. fig. 1.
Banani boueana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 173, ol. vil. fig. 13.
s » Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 177.
2 Stations.
A few specimens, fairly typical.
82. Miliolina scrobiculata Brady. (Pl. XLIV. figs. 18-21.)
Miliolina scrobiculata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 173, pl. exiii. fig. 15.
5 op Egger, 1893, IG. p. 238, pl. il. figs. 75-77.
55 69 Chapman, 1900, PLE. p. 178.
3 3 Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 314.
4 Stations.
Frequent at Stn. 11 and occurring less abundantly, but typical, elsewhere. The
aperture in the Kerimba specimens is always much more strongly marked than in
Brady's figure, being surrounded with a massive collar. Brady records it from
Madagascar and from Nares Harbour (Admiralty Islands) and nowhere else. We
have found it in considerable numbers in the Kocene clays of Selsey Bill (ut supra).
3. Miliolina triquetra Brady. (Pl. XLIV. figs. 22, 23.)
Miliolina triquetra Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 268.
Fp) » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 181, pl. vii. figs. 8-10.
2 Stations.
One poor specimen at Stn. 4 and an excellent one at Stn. 9. This appears to be an
extremely rare form, the ‘Challenger’ records being all from the seas round Australia,
but it also occurs very finely developed off Cebu, Philippine Islands (120 fms.). Both
the Kerimba specimens are characterised by a somewhat roughly agglutinate test, and
an aperture very large as compared with Brady’s figures.
84. Miliolina alveoliniformis Brady.
Miliolina alveoliniformis Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 268.
53 33 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 181, pl. vii. figs. 15-20.
" i Egger, 1893, FG. p. 232, pl. 1. figs. 17-19.
- 55 Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 510.
99 on Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 177.
582 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
8 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never abundant, although at some of the Stns. the
specimens are exceptionally large and finely developed, notably at Stns. 1, 6, and 9.
‘The individuals are of the arenaceous type, no porcellanous specimens being observed
excepting at Stn. 4, where immature tests with a sub-arenaceous investment were
found. The aperture when perfect is invariably cribrate.
Subgenus Massiuina Schlumberger *.
85. Massilina secans (d’Orbigny). (Pl. XLIV. figs. 24-27.)
Quinqueloculina secans VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 303. no. 48, Modele no. 96.
planciana VOrbigny, 1889, FC. p. 186, pl. x. figs. 24, 25 ; pl. xi. figs. 4-6.
Miliolina seminulum, var. disciformis Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 86, pl. vii. figs. 188, 189.
Quinqueloculina secans Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NI’. 1865, p. 34, pl. i. fig. 10.
Miliolina secans Brady, 1884, FC. p. 167, pl. vi. figs. 1, 2.
Massilina secans Schlumberger, 1893, MGM. p. 76, woodcuts figs. 31-34, pl. iv. figs. 82, 83.
Miliolina secans Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 112, pl. xx. fig. 856.
Massilina secans Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1910, pp. 698 et seq.
6 Stations.
Sparingly distributed and very rare, most numerous at Stns. 7 and 9. The large
compressed form is not represented at all in the dredgings, all the specimens being of
the long thick type of Quinqueloculina peregrina dOrbigny (d’O. 1846, FFV. p. 292,
pl. xix. figs. 1-3). The specimens, although few in number, exhibit considerable
diversity in the shell-texture, which varies from polished porcellanous to sclerotic.
Many of the specimens, especially at Stns. 1 and 7, have a prominently recurved lip.
We figure one of these.
86. Massilina secans, var. tenuistriata Farland. (Pl. XLIV. figs. 28-31.)
Massilina secans, var. tenuistriata Earland, 1905, FBS. p. 198, pl. xi. fig. 5.
S e op Heron-Alleu & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 317, and
1910, p. 693.
5 3 x Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 34.
3. Stations.
Occurs in some numbers and quite characteristic, the best being at Stn. 1X.
87. Massilina secans, var. reticulata, nov. (Pl. XLV. figs. 1-4.)
10 Stations.
The character of the test and arrangement of the chambers are as in J/. secans and
equally variable, but the entire surface is covered with a regularly reticulate or engine-
turned marking, due to the intersection of two series of radial coste. ‘These
reticulations vary very greatly in development from a very feeble to a pronounced
* The subgenera J/assilina and Sigmoilina have been included in the genus M:liolina instead of among
the Hauerinine, their affinities being, in our opinion, near to the typical Miliolids. In the Clare Island
report we followed Schlumberger, but we have now reconsidered the matter.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 583
network, but they never result in deep pits such as are seen in Miliolina reticulata.
M. secans, as known to European Rhizopodists, is singularly normal in the character
of its shell-surface, even striate varieties being very rare, but in the Malay Archipelago,
according to Millett, the species appears to be subject to great superficial varia-
tions, ranging from smooth to papillate. The papillate form figured by him, which
strongly suggests our var. reticulata, except that the ornamentation is raised instead of
being depressed, proves on examination of the types, which are now in our collection,
to be distinctive, and nearer to JZ. macilenta.
Almost universally distributed, and most abundant at Stns. 1, 5, 6, 9, and 13, the
best specimens being at Stn. 9. The individuals are, as a rule, very compressed, but
some are of normal thickness. The Kerimba specimens are all toothless, a feature
which appears from Millett’s drawing to be also characteristic of his Malay specimens.
Length averages -75-"95 mm., breadth °62—-92 mm., thickness -1 mm.
‘
88. Massilina secans, var. rugosa, nov. (Pl. XLV. figs. 5-12.)
6 Stations.
The construction of the test is as in the type, but the entire surface is covered with
a firmly agglutinated layer of very fine sand-particles and mud, embedded in the
superficial layer of the calcareous test. This adventitious layer does not penetrate
the test to any appreciable depth, and can be scraped off with a needle-point, revealing
the normal white test underneath. The sand-grains project very slightly, owing to the
small size of the particles habitually used. ‘The colour varies at different Stns.,
probably owing to the percentage and nature of the incorporated mud, ranging from
a very light grey to a dusky or even brown tint.
This form, although not universally distributed, is quite one of the characteristic
Miliolids of the Kerimba gatherings, and is usually a predominant type at the Stns.
where it occurs, attaining a very large size. At Stn. 12 there is a tendency in the
large specimens to become wild-growing, the final chamber being thrown off at
abnormal angles from the axis. ‘lwo distinct forms occur in company at nearly every
Stn.—one roughly triangular in section, the other much more complanate. These no
doubt correspond with the forms 0 and a@ of Schlumberger’s I. secans (S. 1893, MGM.
p- 77), as demonstrated by him in his sections of the type.
Size very variable—average length 1:0-2°0 mm., breadth 8-1-5 mm.
89. Massilina macilenta (Brady). (Pl. XLV. figs. 13, 14.)
Miholina macilenta Brady, 1884, FC. p. 167, pl. vii. figs. 5, 6.
Massilina secans, var. macilenta Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 609, pl. xiii. fig. 4.
2 Stations.
Extremely rare, the records depending upon a few individuals, none very strongly
costate.
VOL. XX.—PART xv. No. 6.—November, 1915. 40
084 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. HARLAND ON THE
90. Massilina alveoliniformis Millett. (Pl. XLV. fig. 15.)
Massilina alveoliniformis Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 609, pl. xiii. figs. 5-7.
2 Stations.
A single young specimen, resembling Millett’s fig. 6, at Stn. 6, and another at
Stn.?A. The shell is rather more coarsely agelutinate than in the Malay types, which
are now in our collection and are composed of very fine sand-grains.
Fornasini (F. 1905, SOM. p. 65, pl. iil. figs. 6, 7) figures his usual reproductions
of d’Orbigny’s original outlines of the species Quinqueloculina variabilis, made for the
** Planche inédite” (which latter, however, was not finished by him), These represent
a quinqueloculine form, which Fornasini refers to J. alveoliniformis Brady, and a
spiroloculine form which he refers to Spiroloculina arenaria Brady. He suggests that
the former is a young stage of the latter, and thus by his suggestion of bimorphism
properly relegates the species to the genus Massilina. If Fornasini’s view is correct,
d’Orbigny’s species Q. variabilis probably represented Millett’s JZ. alveoliniformis,
and its tropical habitat (Jer Sud et Rawack) would bear out this identification, but the
type-specimens which we have inspected at La Rochelle and in Paris are so damaged
as to be useless for purposes of identification. The Paris fragment suggests a Spiro-
loculina or Planispirina. It seems desirable, therefore, that Miullett’s name should
be perpetuated and d’Orbigny’s definitely abandoned.
Subgenus Siemoitiwa Schlumberger.
91. Sigmoilina ovata Sidebottom. (Pl. XLV. figs. 16-18.)
Sigmoilina ovata Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 6, pl. 11. figs. 12, 18, text-fig. 1.
(See B. 1887, SBRF. Postscript, p. 927.)
9) Stations.
Generally distributed and often very abundant. ‘The specimens are, as a rule, large
and well developed, but at Stns. 8 and ? A (at the latter of which it was very common)
the individuals were of a very small and starved type. ‘The species is very closely
related to the S. edwardsi of Schlumberger, from which, however, it differs in its more
cylindrical contour and lesser number of chambers visible externally. 8. ovata has
normally five visible chambers, S. edwardst having seven.
92. Sigmoilina edwardsi (Schlumberger). (Pl. XLV. figs. 19-21.)
Planispirina (Sigmoilina) edwardsi Schlumberger, 1887, P. p. 483 (113 *), text-fig. 8, pl. vii.
figs. 15-18.
* This is correct (fide Sherborn), but it is the page in the series of reprints issued by Schlumberger, which
were repaginated consecutively as the various articles appeared, and has introduced terrible confusion into
all references to his work.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO, 585
6 Stations.
Less widely distributed than the closely allied 8. ovata, but occurring in company
with that species at many Stns. There are numerous transition-forms characterized
by an intermediate number of chambers, viz., six. Sidebottom states that his
species S. ovata has occasionally six visible chambers. When, as is usually the case,
these six-chambered specimens have a compressed sectional outline, it becomes
doubtful whether they should be assigned to one or the other species, and even
whether S. ovata is not merely a variety of Schlumberger’s earlier species.
Subfamily HaAvERININA.
ARTICULINA d’Orbigny.
93. Articulina sulcata Reuss.
Articulina sulcata Reuss, 1849-50, FOT. p. 383, pl. iv. (xlix.) figs. 18-17.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 183, pl. xii. figs. 12, 13.
Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 215, pl. xl. fig. 11.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 2438, pl. i. fig. 5.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 510.
Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 16, pl. iv. figs. 16, 17; text-fig. 5.
11 Stations.
Occurrence rare to frequent, but never abundant. At Stns. 1 and ?B the species
attains its maximum development of frequency and size.
It seems not improbable that Reuss’s species may represent merely an arrested or
young form of A. sagra, as the few specimens of A. sagra found at Kerimba are of a
diminutive type as compared with the normai development of the species, and in their
initial milioline portion agree in size with the specimens of A. sulcata occurring in the
same dredging.
94. Articulina sagra d’Orbigny. (Pl. XLV. figs. 22-25.)
Articulina sagra @Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 183, pl. ix. figs. 23-26.
Vertebralina mucronata VOrbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 120, pl. xxi. figs. 18, 19.
Articulina sagra Brady, 1884, FC. p. 1&4, pl. xii. figs. 22-24.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 511.
Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 17, pl. iv. figs. 18-20; text-fig. 6.
2? 22
99 )
6 Stations.
A few small individuals only, and at Stn. 5 a broken terminal chamber which, from
its very large size, can hardly have belonged to A. sulcata. At Stn.?B a number of
individuals were found which seem to represent a transition-stage between A. sulcata
and A. sagra, the terminal chamber being added to a normal A. sulcata shell, but
being formed in the normal 4. sagra manner, except that it is much more produced
402
986 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
and tubular than usual, and only compressed at the oral extremity. Such individuals
raise the question whether A. sagra is anything more than an advanced bimorphous
form of A. sulcata. :
95. Articulina conico-articulata (Batsch). (Pl. XLV. figs. 26-33.)
Nautilus conico-articulatus Batsch, 1791, CS. p. 3, pl. ili. fig. 11.
Articulina mtida VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 300, no. 1, Modéle no.
» Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1865, p. ee pl. i. fig. 2.
Ver febralane (Cegpranttine) elongata Karrer, 1868, MFKB. p. 155, pl. ii. fig. 10.
Articulina conico-articulata Brady, 1884, FC. p- 185, pl. xi. les, 17, 18; pl. xi. figs. 1, 2
ie ‘ » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 511, pl. a figs. 9, 10.
Fn 9 » sister, 1903, F. p. 93, fig. 28.
17 Stations.
This very variable species occurs at every Stn. in one or other of its forms, and at
most Stns. nearly all the varieties occur together.
Batsch’s original figure is of the many-chambered type with cylindrical chambers,
regularly increasing in diameter, but the specimen from which he drew his figure
is broken and the initial portion is not shown. D’Orbigny, under the name
A. nitida (d’O. 1826, TMC. p. 300. no. 1, Modéle no. 22), issued a Model which
represents the same type, but has somewhat more turgid chambers constricted at
the sutural joints, and with a prominent milioline initial portion. Both Batsch’s
figure and d’Orbigny’s Model represent shells circular in section. Yet a third type is
the A. elongata of Karrer, which may best be described as a curved or dentaline variety
of Batsch’s form; the initial portion is not shown by Karrer, but the chambers are
circular in section. A fourth form is figured by Brady (pl. xiii. fig. 1) which may be
briefly described as a dentaline and elongated form of dOrbigny’s Model. Millett
figures yet another type which may be regarded as a modification of d’Orbigny’s
Model, characterized by the fusiform shape of the chambers and the great constriction
of the apertural end of each chamber, as compared with its inflated base. Millett’s
specimens were apparently straight.
The Kerimba specimens cover the whole of the foregoing varieties and present some
further modifications. Dealing first with the Batsch type, which is the most abundant
and furnishes the largest specimens, there is a distinct tendency at some Stns., notably
1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 12, towards compression of the later chambers, which then
become oval in section, passing in extreme cases into a compressed final chamber,
practically indistinguishable from A. sagra d’Orbigny. ‘The circular type occurs at
every Stn. except four, usually in abundance; at Stns. 5, 6, and 10 it attains a
comparatively large size, but at Stn. 9, where it isa common species, all the specimens
are small.
Of the dentaline varieties, Karrer’s type is very rare, but Brady’s occurs at all Stns.
except 3 and 11. The only Stn. at which it is very common is Stn. 7, common at
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 587
4 and 5, and frequent to rare at the remainder. The specimens from Stn. 9 are, as in
the case of the other varieties, small in size.
The initial chambers, as pointed out by Millett, are of two types, resembling
respectively Miliolina and Orbitolites. Lister suggests that these variations represent
the megalo- and microspheric forms, but an examination of a long series of specimens
of both kinds has not thrown any light on this point. The primordial chambers
in the two forms do not present any noticeable difference in size. It may, however,
be observed that at Kerimba the “ Orditolites” initial portion is confined to the denta-
line type of shell and the “ Adiliolina” variant to the telescopic, or Batsch and
d’Orbigny types.
96. Articulina funalis Brady.
Articulina funalis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 185, pl. xii. figs. 6-11.
» Hgger, 1893, FG. p. 50, pl. iii. fig. 1.
¥ » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 513.
<3 » Chapman, 1909, SNZ. p. 823, pl. xiv. fig. 3.
2 Stations.
A single characteristic specimen was found at Stn. 1 and another at Stn. 11.
Rhumbler has instituted a new genus, Tubinella, for the species A. funalis and its
allies (R. 1906, FLC. p. 25) on what appear to us to be insufficient grounds.
VERTEBRALINA d’Orbigny.
97. Vertebralina striata d’Orbigny.
Vertebralina striata d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 283. no. 1, Modele no. 81.
35 » Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF’. 1865, p. 32, pl. i. fig. 1.
ie » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 187, pl. xii. figs. 14-16.
be » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 243, pl. ui. figs. 33, 34.
9 5, Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 607, pl. xii. fig. 1.
14 Stations.
Universally distributed and well developed in the coarse siftings at nearly every Stn.
Most of the large specimens are of the long type represented by d’Orbigny’s Model,
but the short nearly circular type figured by Egger and Millett occurs in company
with this at most Stns., though never attaining such a large size. At Stns. 10 and ?B
specimens with a reticulate instead of a striate surface were observed. At Stn. 3 an
abnormal specimen was found in which the shell became bifurcate at the oral end.
Haverina d’Orbigny.
98. Hauerina fragilissima (Brady). (Pl. XLVI. figs. 1, 2.)
Spiroloculina fragilissima Brady, 1884, FC. p. 149, pl. ix. figs. 12-14.
Hauerina fragilissima Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 610, pl. xiii. figs. 8-10.
588 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
8 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never more than an occasional specimen, except at Stns. 6
and 10, and very rare at them. The individuals vary greatly in size, being generally
very small, the largest and best at Stn. 12. The original allocation of this form to the
genus Spiroloculina seems open to great objection; the earlier chambers are invariably
arranged on a quinqueloculine plan giving a thickened central portion to the shell.
‘The aperture is also invariably cribrate. It would appear to be little more than a
starved and spiroloculine form of Hawerina compressa d’Orb.
99. Hauerina compressa d’Orbigny.
Hauerina compressa WV Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 119, pl. v. figs. 25-27.
uh A Brady, 1884, FC. p. 190, pl. xi. figs. 12, 13.
8 ae Egger, 1893, FG. p. 244, pl. i. figs. 9, 10, 23, 24.
a ne Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 610, pl. xiii. fig. 11.
a5 ie Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1904, p. 19, pl. v. figs. 7, 8; text-fig. 8.
a oy Rhumbler, 1906, FLC. p. 52, pl. ii. fig. 39.
16 Stations.
Occurs at nearly all the Stns., often very abundantly.
H. compressa appears to be a very variable form. -D’Orbigny’s original figure and
description represent a shell having four chambers in the final convolution and some-
what inflated, so that the earlier chambers are depressed and visible in the umbilical
region on either side of the shell. The marginal edge is subcarinate, and the aperture
is described as an oval opening surrounded with numerous tubercles. These tubercles
were, however, probably perforations misinterpreted by the author.
Karrer (K. 1868, MFKB. p. 154, pl. ii. fig. 9) figures, under the name Peneroplis
aspergilla, a species which appears to us to be the same form, although he contrasts
it with d’Orbigny’s species largely on the ground that the aperture is cribrate and not
a simple opening. In Karrer’s figure the four chambers of the terminal whorl are
more inflated than in d’Orbigny’s species; the edge is rounded, the early chambers
are hardly visible, and the aperture is a large and rounded cribrate extension to the
terminal chamber.
Brady (B. 1884, FC. p. 190, pl. xi. figs. 12, 13) figures yet another very different
type, which is compressed, has three chambers visible in the final whorl and two or
three complete whorls visible in the inner portion, which, however, is sunk below the
level of the final chambers. The aperture is large and cribrate, covering the whole of
the end of the terminal chamber.
The Kerimba specimens, although varying considerably among themselves, are, on
the whole, different from any of these three types, inasmuch as the central portion is
nearly always the thickest part of the shell and exhibits hardly any visible seg-
mentation. ‘The final convolution in nearly all cases consists of three chambers only,
but in a few instances, especially in small individuals, there are only two chambers in
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 589
the final convolution. Specimens with four chambers visible in the final convolution
are of very rare occurrence.
At most of the Stns. all the larger specimens and most of the smaller ones are
typically milioline in the texture of their shells, but at some Stns., notably Stns. 3
and 10, all the individuals have walls of such extreme tenuity that they are of a
delicate blue opalescent tint. The H. complanata figured and described by Dakin
as a new species (D. 1906, FC. p. 231, fig. 7) would appear to be no more than one of
these thin compressed shells, with an abnormally large number of visible chambers.
At Stn. 4 H. compressa is represented by large and very thick-walled specimens with
embracing chambers, closely approaching H. circinata. A specimen was found at one
of the Stns., which we are figuring elsewhere (H.-A., 1915, RPF. pl. xv. fig. 31), in
which the hauerine shell is followed by a peneropline extension.
100. Hauerina circinata Brady.
Hauerina circinata Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 47.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 191, pl. xi. figs. 14-16.
Rhumbler, 1906, FLC. p. 52, pl. iii. fig. 40.
5B) ”
%9 »
5 Stations.
Brady separates H. circinata from H. compressa by its “‘ more regularly nautiloid
form, the larger number of chambers in each circuit and its embracing segments, and
their diaphanous shell.” He does not refer to another feature, which, however, is
clearly indicated in Hollick’s figure, and which we think is, if anything, a more distinctive
feature, viz. the markings at the septa on the produced edge of the septal lines.
These markings, which bear some superficial resemblance to the retral processes of
Polystomella, indicate the position of the cribrate aperture of each chamber inside the
shell. They are never visible in H. compressa, but nearly always in H. circinata,
however thick and robust the shell may be.
Apart from these features, it seems very doubtful whether H. circinata can be
regarded as anything more than an advanced growth-stage of H. compressa. At
Kerimba the specimens of /. circinata are confined to a relatively small number of
Stns. The best specimens were observed at Stns. 9 and 11; at Stn. 3 they were
extremely translucent, as was the case at this Stn. with H. compressa. At Stn. 4 the
shells were all thick and stoutly built. Speaking generally, similar variations occur in
these two so-called species at comparatively adjacent Stns., which probably confirms
the near relationship of the two forms. The number of chambers, which Brady makes
a specific feature, is not always in excess of the chambers of H. compressa from the
same locality. ‘The embracing character of the chambers in the final whorl is the only
invariable feature separating the, two forms.
590 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
101. Hauerina ornatissima (Karrer).
Quinqueloculina ornatissima Karrer, 1868, ME KB. p. 151, pl. iu. fig. 2.
Hauerina ornatissima Brady, 1876, LC. p. 406.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 192, pl. vii. figs. 15-22.
24 - Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 610.
5, 5 Chapman, 1900, PLE. p. 178.
14 Stations.
Occurs sparingly at most of the Stns., and nearly always in a small compressed form
with the later chambers arranged in a more or less spiroloculine manner. Large and
99 2)
typical specimens were found only at Stns, 1, 4, 9, and 12.
PLANISPIRINA Seguenza.
102. Planispirina auriculata Eeger. (Pl. XLVI. figs. 3-7.)
Planispirina auriculata Egger, 1893, FG. p. 245, pl. ii. figs. 18-15.
12 Stations.
Generally distributed and sometimes common. The best and most typical examples
at Stns. 6 and 11. At Stns. 12 and 7X it was rare and very small. Practically the
only variation observed is in the relative length of the long axis of the shell, two
forms being found in company at several Stns., one with a very much broader shell
than the other, otherwise externally identical. Viewed as a transparent object in balsam
the difference is found to be associated with the development of the initial chambers.
The shell commences its growth as an unseptate spiral tube. In the broad specimens
this spiral growth continues to as much as two complete convolutions before assuming
the spiroloculine arrangement ; in the narrow form the spiroloculine method of growth
is assumed after a single convolution. Possibly these two forms represent the megalo-
spheric and microspherie generations of the organism. As we pointed out in our Clare
Island monograph, our species P. cliarensis possesses close affinities to P. auriculata,
and may perhaps be a depauperated northern form of the tropical species, which differs
from P, cliarensis in the greater strength and convexity of its test and its larger
aperture.
103. Planispirina exigua Brady.
Hauerina ewigua Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 267.
Planispirina exigua Brady, 1884, FC. p. 196, pl. xu. figs. 1-4, woodcut fig. 5 6, p. 194.
35 » Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 216, pl. xl. fig. 4.
55 » Hegger, 1893, FG. p. 245, pl. i. figs. 11, 12.
BS » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 611, pl. xiii. fig. 13.
9 Stations. ‘
Generally distributed, but never very abundant. The best specimens at Stn. 6,
where it was most frequent. Two varieties were noticed at this Stn., one a thin-walled
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 591
circular type, the other roughly triangular in outline owing to the presence of three
definitely marked chambers in the outer whorl. Both varieties are figured by Brady,
and they probably represent the micro- and megalospheric forms of the species.
104. Planispirina communis Seguenza. (Pl. XLVI. figs. 8, 9.)
Planispirina communis Seguenza, 1879-80, TR. p. 310, pl. xvii. fig. 18.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 196, pi. exiv. figs. 4-7.
Cat. Mus. Normanianum, pt. vili. 1892, Rhizopoda no. 145.
3) +9
1 Station.
Two specimens at Stn. 11, noteworthy owing to the extremely limited distribution
of the form as at present recorded. Seguenza’s original fossils were from the Pliocene
of Messina, and the only other record, as far as we know, is Norman’s (published by
Brady) from the Faroe Channel (170 fms.). The species occurs frequently in many of
the ‘ Goldseeker’ dredgings in the Shetland-Faroe Channel.
Subfamily FISCHERININA.
FIscHERINA Terquem.
105. Fischerina rhodiensis Terquem. '
Fischerina rhodiensis Terquem, 1878, FIR. p. 80, pl. ix. (xiv.) fig. 25.
2 Stations.
A single specimen from Stn. 3 and several from Stn. 11, agreeing in all respects
with Terquem’s figure and description, except that the number of convolutions in our
individuals rarely exceeds two or three and that the umbilical depression on the
inferior side is less pronounced. ‘The sutural lines in the Kerimba specimens are
equally distinct on both faces of the shell.
106. Fischerina pellucida Millett.
Fischerina pellucida Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 611, pl. xiii. figs. 14, 15.
6 Stations.
Occurs at several Stns., but, as a rule, only one or two specimens at each. They
agree generally with Millett’s figure and description, except in the aperture, which is,
as a rule, a simple opening occupying the whole of the extremity of the final
chamber and furnished with a thickened and inverted lip, not constricted and everted
as in Millett’s specimens. At Stn. 26 a single specimen was found having only
three chambers in the final whorl instead of the normal five.
107. Fischerina helix, sp.n. (Pl. XLVI. figs. 10-14.)
1 Station.
Test delicate, opalescent, and extremely fragile, consisting of four to five convolutions
VOL. XX.—PART xvul. No. 7.—WNovember, 1915. 42
592 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
regularly increasing in diameter and arranged in a rounded helicoid spiral. ‘The
primordial chamber large, appearing as a clear vesicle at the apex of the spire. About
three chambers to each convolution, the lines between the convolutions being some-
what depressed, while the septal lines between the chambers are flush with the surface
and conspicuous only by the greater density of the material at this point in contrast
with the opalescent wall of the chambers. Inferior surface nearly flat, slightly
depressed in the umbilicus, showing four chambers, the aperture being a rounded and
slightly lipped opening on the marginal edge of the final chamber. ‘The shell-
substance on the inferior side appears to be covered with a network of faint striz,
apparently caused by minute scratches in the shell-substance; these markings are
not visible on the superior surface of the test. Breadth at base -23--36 mm. Height
‘20 mm.
This species, which is evidently the most highly developed type of the genus, occurs,
a few specimens only, at Stn. 11. It bears some external resemblance to minute shells
of the Pteropod Limacina, and might easily be overlooked.
A single specimen of /*. helicina lias been identified by us on a type- ie mounted
by R. L. Mestayer, F.R.M.S., from a dredging made off the “ Poor Knights” Is.,
Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, depth 60 fathoms. /. pellucida Millett also occurs in
the same gathering.
Subfamily PENEROPLIDIN 4S.
CornusPira Schultze.
108. Cornuspira foliacea (Philippi).
Orbis foliaceus Philippi, 1844, EMS. p. 147, pl. xxiv. fig. 25 (error for 26).
Operculina ammonitiformis Costa, 1853, etc., PRN. 1856, p. 209, pl. xvii. fig. 16.
Spirillina foliacea Williamson, 1858, REGB. p. 91, pl. vi. figs. 199-201.
Cornuspira foliacea Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 76, pl. 11. fig. 3.
ie » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 199, pl. xi. figs. 5-9,
é » gger, 1893, FG. p. 247, pl. iii. figs. 20, 21.
Be »» Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 305, pl. ix. figs. 5, 6.
s », Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 36.
5 Stations.
Rarely occurring at the Stns. All the specimens are small and of the true Philippi
type; none of the broad divergent type first figured by Costa as Operculina ammoniti-
formis, after him by Williamson (wé supra), and following them by all later writers
as C. foliacea, were found at Kerimba. In our experience the evolute Costa and
Williamson type is confined to the colder areas of the ocean or deep water.
109. Cornuspira selseyensis Heron-Allen & Earland.
Cornuspira? Harland, 1905, FBS. p. 199, pl. xii. figs. 2-4
im selseyensis Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., SB. 1909, p. 319, pl. xv. figs. 9-11.
3 5 Heron-Allen & Harland, 1918, CL. p. 37.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 593
12 Stations.
Of frequent occurrence at most of the Stns. The individuals are generally rather
smaller than the British specimens upon which we founded the species, and pass
imperceptibly into C. foliacea (Philippi) of the original narrow-tubed circular type as
figured by its author.
110. Cornuspira involvens Reuss.
Operculina involvens Reuss, 1849-50, FOT. p. 370, pl.i. (xlvi.) fig. 20 (not 30).
Cornuspira involvens Reuss, 1861, Model no. 15.
Reuss, 1863, KTF. p. 39, pl. i. fig. 2.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 200, pl. xi. figs. 1-3.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 246, pl. ii. figs: 18, 19.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1898, p. 612.
Chapman, 1900, FLF. p.178.
(Arcornuspirum, vu.-involutum Reuss! m.!!) Rhumbler, 1909, ete.,
FPEH. 1918, p. 425, pl. v. fig. 4.
14 Stations.
Generally distributed, and usually of moderately frequent occurrence. All the
specimens are small, but two or three distinct types occur :—(1.) The normal thin type
of C. involvens (cf. Brady, fig. 2); (ii.) a type with fewer whorls, like Brady’s fig. 3,
but both megalo- and microspheric; (i1.) a type in which the tube is of practically
even diameter throughout, the two faces being practically parallel. The spiral depres-
sion between the whorls is very slight and sometimes only apparent in a portion of the
terminal whorl. The specimens suggest C. pachygyra Gumbel (G. 1869, FStC. p. 178,
pl. v. figs. 9, 10), but the spiral line, on the obscurity of which Gumbel lays stress, is
more clearly indicated in his figure than in the Kerimba specimens. ‘These individuals
may be compared as regards the sectional shape of their chambers, the parallel
disposition of the two faces of the test, and the obscurity of the superficial teatures
with Spirillina tuberculata Brady (B. 1884, FC. p. 631, pl. Ixxxv. figs. 12-16), but in
that species the surface is still further obscured by a secondary deposit of tubercles.
‘The Kerimba specimens may owe their appearance to a secondary deposit of shell-
matter, but, if so, it is uniformly distributed over the surface of the test, which is thick
and of typically milioline texture.
111. Cornuspira charoides, sp.n. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 15.)
1 Station.
Test consisting of an unseptate tube coiled at first in a trochoid spiral consisting
of six or seven convyolutions, followed by two convolutions in a different plane and
enveloping the initial portion of the test in the same manner as in Aimmodiscus
charoides Jones & Parker. ‘The tube is crescentic in section and of normal milioline
texture, translucent as regards the early portion of the test.
i
A single specimen from Stn. 7.
594 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Diameter in all directions: circa ‘18 mm., diameter of tube in final convolution
-02 mm.
This curious little form is chiefly interesting on account of its isomorphism with
Ammodiscus charoides (Jones & Parker).
PENEROPLIS Montfort.
Introductory Note-——As is usually the case in a series of gatherings from such
shallow waters in tropical seas, the genus Peneroplis figures prominently in the
Kerimba Archipelago material and presents practically all the variations hitherto
recorded and separated in the costate group, the smooth and polished forms alone
being absent. Regard being had to the large size attained by many of the specimens,
notably among those of the type of P. planatus, the shell-development observed in the
dredgings is rather poor, the individuals found being nearly all translucent and thin-
walled, though otherwise well-grown and characteristic. As might be expected in
such a mass of material, abnormal and deformed specimens (especially of the
P. planatus and P. pertusus types), in which the plane of growth frequently changes,
and in which the growth becomes wild (as shown in d’Orbigny’s “ Planche inédite” and,
more elaborately, in Dreyer’s work upon the genus *), are of frequent occurrence. » Rhumbler, 1903, ZRF. p. 225, fig. 50.
5 5 Chapman, 1902, F. p. 117, pl. v. fig. H.
1 Station.
At Stn. 3 a single specimen was found adherent to a fragment of Zostera, which we
figure. It differs in several particulars from the original figure and description of
Vaughan Jennings, but we have little doubt that it represents the same or a closely
allied organism.
The test is constructed of sponge-spicules of varying kinds, acerate and triradiate,
loosely and irregularly felted together, the interstices being filled with fine muddy cement
substance. ‘There is no “ finish” to the external surface of the test, the spicules in some
places projecting slightly from the superficial layer. The test is conical, but slightly
truncate at the apex, which bears no special aperture; there are several irregular inter-
stices in the walls of the cone and, round the base at the point of attachment, many
openings into the interior. How far these may be adventitious we are unable to say.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 609
The interior of the cone appears to be filled with a loosely agglomerated mass of
spicules and sand-grains. Diameter of cone 50°55 mm.; height *8 mm.
The specimen differs from the type :—(i.) in the irregular disposition of the spicular
building material, which, in Vaughan Jennings’ specimen, was arranged in regular tent-
pole, or wigwam, fashion culminating in a pointed apex ; (i1.) in the utilization of sand
and cement material between the spicules. The type was composed entirely of sponge-
spicules except at the base, where it is stated that there was “a smal] amount of a
white, doubtless calcareous, cement” ; (iii.) This basal cement is entirely lacking in the
Kerimba specimen, which rises flush from the surface of the host-alga.
The species, so far as we know, has never been recorded since Vaughan Jennings found
it in material from the ‘ Porcupine’ dredgings (Faroe Channel, 3rd cruise 1869, 440
fms.) attached to the test of Botellina labyrinthica. We have a specimen from Haul
119 ‘ Goldseeker,’ also in the Faroe Channel, 60° 34! N., 4° 32' W., depth 965 metres,
attached to a pebble, which closely resembies Vaughan Jennings’ figure in most essential
points but is very much larger, being 3 mm. in diameter, the cone much depressed and
exhibiting a well-marked apical aperture closed in with fine sand-grains. ‘The walls
of the cone in the ‘Goldseeker’ specimen are entirely composed of acerate sponge-
spicules laid regularly side by side as in the type.
Subfamily SACCAMMININ &.
PSAMMOSPHARA Schulze.
125. Psammosphera fusca Schulze.
Psammosphera fusca Schulze, 1874, R. p. 113, pl. ii. fig. 8.
99 » Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1879, p. 27, pl. iv. figs. 1, 2.
® » Brady, 1884, FIC. p. 249, pl. xvii. figs. 1-8.
5¢ » Haensler, 1890, FST. p. 15, pl. i. figs. 1-3.
99 », Heron-Allen & Harland, 1912, ete., NSG. 1913, p. 1, pls. 1-11.
4 Stations.
A number of specimens built up of calcareous particles and siliceous sand-grains
loosely agglutinated with cement occur at Stn. 7 and rare specimens at the other Stns.
They are all free-growing individuals at Stn. 7, attached specimens occurring only at
Stn, 1.
Subfamily RHABDAMMININ&.
JACULELLA Brady.
126. Jaculella acuta Brady.
Jaculeila acuta Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 35, pl. iii. figs. 12, 18.
o » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 255, pl. xxii. figs. 14-18.
ie >» Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 143, pl. xii. fig. 432.
oh » Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 269, pl. ix. fig. 4.
5 » Cushman, 1910, ete., FNP. 1910, p. 70, figs. 90-91.
4Rr 2
610 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
1 Station.
One unbroken initial portion and a terminal fragment from Stn. 1, built up of sand-
grains and calcareous particles. Most of the records given by Brady are from deep
water, but the species probably occurs all over the world in moderate depths, as it
certainly does round the British Islands.
HyprramMina Brady.
127. Hyperammina vagans Brady.
Hyperammina vagans Brady, 1879, RRC. etc., 1879, p. 33, pl. v. fig. 3.
ip » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 260, pl. xxiv. figs. 1-9.
s nt Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 270, pl. xi. fig. 2.
‘olypammina vagans Rhumbler, 1903, ZR. p. 277, fig. 125, a, 6b.
bs », Cushman, 1910, ete., FNP. 1910, p. 67, figs. 84, 85.
Hyperammina vagans Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CL. p. 41, pl. ii. fig. 9.
7 Stations.
A few specimens only, excepting at Stns. 12 and ?X. Some attached to shell-frag-
ments, others free, others again which have evidently been attached in their earlier life
and have subsequently adopted a free existence. ‘There is the usual range in the method
of construction, At Stn. 9, where the specimen was attached to the inner concave
surface of a shell, the tube was thin and largely composed of cement. At Stn. 12,
where the specimens were attached to the exterior surface of Nullipore alge, the tube
was stoutly built, with large incorporated sand-grains. At Stn. 2 the single specimen
was principally built up of sponge-spicules and cement, the spicules projecting in the
manner adopted by Hyperammina ramosa Brady. At Stns. 3 and 11 the tube was
built of fine sand-grains embedded evenly in cement.
ASCHEMONELLA Brady.
128. Aschemonella ramuliformis Brady. (Pl. XLVI. figs. 18, 19.)
Aschemonella ramuliformis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 273, pl. xxvii. figs. 12-15.
is 9 Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1910, p. 81, fig. 110.
1 Station.
At Stn. 11 a few fragments of an organism were obtained, which we think must be
attributed to Brady’s species. They consist of portions of a branching unseptate tube,
built up of sponge-spicules, arranged parallel to the long axis of the tube and covered
with an investing layer of sand and cement, the whole forming a somewhat thin-walled
organism, in which the central space is large compared to the thickness of the wall of
the test. None of the fragments shows an unbroken terminal portion, either oral or
aboral. The colour is a very pale brown, but there is no noticeable ferruginous
cement.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 611
We think there can be very little doubt as to the Rhizopodal nature of the frag-
ments, their general appearance being very distinctive. Moreover, the branching of the
tube may be considered as evidence of their protozoan as opposed to an annelid origin.
The interior of the tube is smooth, but there is no trace of any chitinous lining.
We have found identical, but much larger, fragments growing in the interstices of
the at present somewhat controversial organism named Ramulina herdmani by Dakin
(D. 1906, FC. p. 226, pl. —, figs. 1-6), and these leave no doubt whatever as to its
Rhizopodal nature, though throwing little or no further light on its affinities.
Brady’s genus Aschemonella appears to be the most likely attribution for these
fragments, but, in view of the fact that the records for the genus are all from deep
water ranging between 390 and 2900 fms., nothing more definite can be decided in the
absence of perfect specimens.
RuizaAMMINA Brady. «
129. Rhizammina algeformis Brady.
Rhizammina algeformis Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 39, pl. iv. figs. 16, 17.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 274, pl. xxviii. figs. 1-11.
oP) a3
35 oy alllivnte, INSIDE), Tables Joe ey polls Sav, Vers IL
Bs », Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1910, p. 33, fig. 23.
1 Station.
Several specimens growing attached to an oyster-shell from Stn.?X. The majority
of them were simple tubes, the remainder furcating irregularly.
Sagenina Chapman.
130. Sagenina frondescens (Brady).
Sagenella frondescens Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 41, pl. v. fig. 1.
5 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 278, pl. xxvii. figs. 14, 15.
Sagentun, jeomioacars Chapman, 1899, FFA. p. 4, pl. 1. figs. 1, 2, pl. ii. figs. 1,
Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 182.
Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1910, p. 71, fig. 93.
EP) ”
3) 39
d Stations.
Was only observed at five Stns., but probably occurs adherent to coarse material all
over the area. A few large shells which we received in spirit, locality unmentioned,
were covered with an exceptionally dense growth of this organism.
Hauipuysema Bowerbank.
131. Haliphysema tumanowiczii Bowerbank.
Haliphysema tumanowiczii Bowerbank, 1862, Phil. Trans, Roy. Soc. Lond., p. 1105, pl. lxxiii.
fig. 3; Monogr. Brit. Sponges, vol. i. 1864, p. 179, pl. xxx. fig. 359, vol. ii. 1866, p. 76.
Squamulina scopula Carter, 1870, ‘‘ On two new Species of the Foraminiferous Genus Sguamulina
te.,” AMNH. ser. 4, vol. v. pp. 309-326, pl. iv.
612 MESSRS. E, HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Haliphysema tumanowiczu W. Savile Kent, 1878, “The Foraminiferal Nature of Haliphysema
tumanowiczit pee? demonstrated,’ AMNH. ser. 5, vol. ii.
p- 68, pls. iv.,
Mobius, 1880, PM. pe 72; pls. i. & um. fig de
Brady, 1884, FC. p- 281, wal xxvii. a. figs. 4, 5 (References).
Duerden, 1894, MIR. p. 231.
”
»» >»
1 Station.
One or two specimens were found growing in pits on the surface of the oyster-shell
referred to under the description of the material from Stn. ?X. The shell, which had
been preserved in spirit, was encrusted with bryozoa and calcareous Alge. Further
specimens from a shell, the precise locus of origin of which was unnéted. ‘The
specimens exhibit the large and squamuline base upon which Carter originally referred
the specimens to Schultze’s genus, Sguamulina, very perfectly. From the base arises
a cylindrical column of finely cemented material, of a brilliant white tint, crowned with
the usual tuft of spicules.
The species is one of those recorded by Mobius from the adjacent locality of
Mauritius, and his figures are of the type of our Kerimba specimens. The species
is probably of world-wide distribution, though the records are scanty, owing to its
parasitic habit of growth and extreme friability.
Family LITUOLID.
Subfamily LiruvoLin &,
ReopHax Montfort.
132. Reophax difflugiformis Brady.
Reophax difflugiformis Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 51, pl. iv. fig. 3
3 5 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 289, pl. xxx. figs. 1-5.
us Haeusler, 1885, LAI. p. 9, pl. i. fig. 1.
Haeusler, 1890, FST. p. 26, pl. iii. figs. 1-3, pl. v. figs. 25-27.
Cham, 1895, FWS. p. 318, pl. xi. fig. 1.
JER ationrin Hinata Rhumbler, 1903, ZRF. p. 245, figs. 80 a, d.
0°
1 Station.
One large subglobular specimen from Stn. 11, furnished with a produced neck
composed chiefly of calcareous particles.
HAPLOPHRAGMIUM Reuss.
133. Haplophragmium ageglutinans (d’Orbigny).
Spirolina aggluimans WOrbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 187, pl. vii. figs. 10-12.
Haplophragmium agglutinans Brady, 1884, FC. p. 301, pl. xxxii. figs. 19-26.
Heger, 1893, FG. p. 260, pl. iv. figs. 16, 36.
Chapman, 1895, FWS. p: 313, pl. xi. fig. 2.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 357, pl. v. fig. 1.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1910, NBF. p. 422, fig. 1.
9) 99
” ”
” os
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 613
2 Stations.
One specimen, large and typical, built up of molluscan fragments and sand-grains
with one or two grains of magnetite, at Stn. 1, and another broken specimen lacking
the initial spiral portion at Stn. 8, in which the proportion of magnetite grains used in
the construction of the shell is large and striking. None of the other Foraminifera at
Kerimba building adventitious tests employs magnetite, and, as this mineral is not
abundant in the Kerimba sands, its occurrence in these specimens of //, agglutinans
confirms our statement as to the selective power exhibited by this species. ‘The only
Kerimba sand contaiming any marked proportion of magnetite grains is that from
Stn. 13 (Pemba Bay), which is geographically at the other extremity of our series of
samples. We have discussed this tendency exhibited by H. agglutinans to incorporate
magnetite in its shell in several of our papers (cf. H.-A. & E. 1909 TNS. p. 411
et passim).
134. Haplophragmium compressum Goés. (PI. XLVI. figs. 20, 21.)
Lituolina irreyularis, var. compressa Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. oe pl. xil. figs. 421-423.
Rhaphidohelix elegans Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 76, pl. ii. fig. 2.
Haplophragmium emaciatum Brady, 1884, FC. p. 305, pl. xxxiii. figs. 26-28.
5 ns Egger, 1893, FG. p. 262, pl. v. figs. 53, 54.
compressum Goés, 1896, DOA. p. 31,
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 359, pl. v. fig. 8
1 Station.
A number of specimens at Stn. 13, characterized by very light grey, almost white
tests, built of sand-grains firmly cemented together. Spicules entirely absent. The
septation is very obscure. The test is umbilicate on both sides, and the final chamber
in large specimens often presents a tendency to expose the preceding whorl in an
irregular manner.
The Kerimba specimens cannot be described as strongly marked or typical, but we
have little hesitation in assigning them to Goés’ species. They differ, however, from
the types of Goés in the entire absence of spicular material. Goés appears to lay
considerable stress on the spicular habit of his type, as he refers to the preponderance
of spicules in the test. He also compares his type with Rhaphidohelix eleyans Mobius
and Haplophragmium foliaceum Brady. There can be no doubt as to the close resem-
blance of Goés’ type to that of Mobius both in shape and in the preponderance of spicular
material, but Brady's species bears no very close resemblance to the type of Goés, and,
moreover, /7. foliacewm never in our experience utilises spicules for the construction of
its test. It seems possible therefore that Goés intended to refer to Haplophragmium
emaciatum Brady, which is of similar shape to Goés’ type, and, moreover, utilises
spicules largely in the construction of its test. We have accordingly referred
H. emaciatum Brady to the earlier type of Goés, while leaving H. foliaceum apart. ‘Too
much importance must not, however, be placed on the utilisation of spicular material
614 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
where no other selective tendency is displayed, as their occurrence may depend largely
on local conditions. Hence the absence of spicules in the Kerimba specimens of
Haplophragmium compressum, spicules being extremely rare at Stn. 13, the only locality
in which the species was found. ‘The young tests are strongly suggestive of Haplo-
phragmium neocomianum Chapman, but are markedly umbilicate, and thicker than
Chapman’s type.
5, Haplophragmium canariense (d’Orbigny).
Nonionina canariensis d’Orbigny, 1839, FIC. p. 128, pl. 1. figs. 33, 34.
Haplophragnium canariensis Siddall, 1879, CBRF. p. 4.
33 canariense Brady, 1884, FC. p. 310, pl. xxxv. figs. 1-5.
af y5 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 261, pl. v. figs. 27-29.
ul AA Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1899, p. 359.
mu Py Chapman, 1895, FWS. p. 314, pl. xi. fig. 5.
ot 55 Heron-Allen & Harland, 1910, NBF. p. 425, fig. 2.
. ss Heron-Allen & Earland, 19138, CI. p. 45, pl. iii. fig. 5.
12 Stations.
Occurs at most Stns., but is usually represented by only one or two individuals, and
these, as a rule, very small and starved. At Stn. 11, however, we found a good many
specimens of quite normal proportions, such as occur in any British dredgings, which
appear quite gigantic beside the other Kerimba specimens.
136. Haplophragmium crassimargo Norman.
Haplopliragmium canariense (pars) Brady, 1884, FC. p. 310, pl. xxv. fig. 4.
crassimargo Norman, 1892, Museum Normanianum, pt. vil. p. 17 (Note).
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1910, NBF. p. 4:24, figs. 3, 4.
”
. 29
1 Station.
Canon Norman instituted this well-marked variety for those specimens of H. cana-
yiensé in which the normal compressed and smoothly cemented test is replaced by a
stout and roughly agglutinated test of comparatively large sand-grains. In the North
Sea the variety attains a comparatively gigantic size as compared with the usual
proportions of H. canariense. ‘The Kerimba specimens are quite small (diameter of
largest individual °3 mm.), but they agree otherwise with typical 47. crassimargo in the
rough construction of the test, which is composed of sand-grains and coral-débris.
‘Their size, although small, is in much the same proportion to the Kerimba specimens of
H. canariense as in the larger North Sea examples of the two species.
137. Haplophragmium globigeriniforme Parker & Jones.
Lituola nautiloidea, var. globigeriniformis Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 407, pl. xv. figs. 46, 47;
pl. xvii. figs. 96-98.
» globigeriniformis Wright, 1877, RFDA. p. 103, pl. iv. fig. 6.
Haplophrugnium ylobigeriniformis Siddall, 1879, CBRP. p. 4.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 615
Haplophraymium globigeriniforme Brady, 1884, FC. p. 312, pl. xxxv. figs. 10, 11.
PLOpenag GOL) ) I I 8
ue RS Egger, 1893, FG. p. 260, pl. v. figs. 30, 31.
ff ‘ Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1899, p. 361.
ee a Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RID. 1905, p. 4, pl. i. fig. 6.
2 Stations.
A single specimen at each Stn.—small, but typical.
137¢. Haplophragmium anceps Brady.
Haplophragmium anceps Brady, 1884, FC. p. 318, pl. xxxv. figs. 12-15.
i ,, Whaster, 1892, BS. p. 57, pl. 1. fig. 2.
- , Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 361, pl. v. fig. 10.
ee » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CL. p. 47, pl. ii. fig. 4.
1 Station.
One exceptionally fine and large specimen at Stn. 11. The occurrence of this arctic
and deep-water species in tropical shallow water is very noticeable.
Nouria H.-A. & E.
465. Nouria polymorphinoides H.-A. & E. (See Part I. of this paper,
pp. 375-6.)
Reophax ampullacea Brady, Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 253, pl. iv. fig. 9.
When originally dealing with this species we had the figure of Technitella lequmen
Norman, in Millett’s Malay Monograph, before us (M. 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 251,
pl. iv. fig. 4). The oblique arrangement of the spicules in the drawing was so
different from the normal characteristics of 7. legumen that the identity of the speci-
mens appeared doubtful. Since that Part of the paper was published, the Millett
Collection has come into our possession, and our conjectures are fully confirmed. ‘The
specimens, which are exceedingly numerous, are all polythalamous and clearly referable
to NV. harristi. They vary greatly in construction, but the commonest type is isomor-
phous with Polymorphina rotundata. The Malay types of Reophax ampullacea Brady
are clearly N. polymorphinoides of a minute form as compared with the Kerimba
specimens, and are isomorphous with P. compressa.
Puacopsinina d’Orbigny.
138. Placopsilina cenomana d’Orbieny.
Placopsilina cenomana d’Orbigny, 1850, etc., PP. vol. 11. 1850, p. 185. no. 758.
= 7 Reuss, 1854, KO. p. 71, pl. xxviii. figs. 4, 5.
Lituola (Placopsilina) cenomana Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 143, pl. xi. fig. 14.
Placopsitina cenomana Haeusler, 1883, ALB. (QJGS. vol. xxxix. p. 27, pl. ui. fig. 1).
a ee Brady, 1884, FC. p. 315, pl. xxxvi. figs. 1-3.
. ss Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 183.
5 i: Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1905, p. 4, pl. i. fig. 7.
VOL. XX.—PakT xvil. No. 10.— November, 1915. 4s
616 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
5 Stations.
One excellent specimen at Stn. 11 attached to nullipore, and a few smaller and
sometimes rather doubtful fragments at the other Stns., the best at Stn.?X. ‘The
scarcity of this species, often so common in shallow tropical waters, is noticeable.
CrITHIONINA Goés.
139. Crithionina mamilla Goés.
Crithionina mamilla Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 15, pl. i. figs. 84-36.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 250, pl. iv. fig. 2.
we a Rhumbler, 1903, ZRF. p. 230, fig. 56.
3 re Heron-Allen & Farland, 1912, ete., NSG. 1913, p. 9, pl. i.
‘ Ps Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 40.
1 Station.
A few typical specimens on the oyster-shell from Stn. ? X.
BpDELLOIDINA Carter.
140. Bdelloidina aggregata Carter.
H. J. Carter, 1877, “ Bdelloidina aggregata, a new Genus and Species of Arenaceous Foraminifera
etc.,’ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xix. pp. 201-209, pl. xi. figs. 1-8.
Bdelloidina aggregata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 319, pl. xxxvi. figs. 4-6.
; Chapman, 1899, FFA. p. 7, pl. i. fig. 3 & text-fig.
Rhumbler, 1909, ete., FPE. 1913, p. 449, fig. 158.
r) ”
» »
1 Station.
A few quite characteristic fragments of this species were found at Stn. 11. Owing
to the parasitic nature of the organism on shell and coral fragments, and the lack ot
suitable material for examination, we are unable to state whether it occurs at other Stns.,
but it is probably of not infrequent occurrence in shallow tropical waters, judging from
our experience of other gatherings where suitable material was available.
Happonia Chapman,
141. Haddonia torresiensis Chapman. (Pi. XLVI. fig. 22.)
Haddonia torresiensis ¥. Chapman, 1897, “On Haddonia, a new Genus of the Foraminifera
from Torres Straits,” Journ. Linnean Soe. Lond. vol. xxvi. (Zoology)
(1898) pp. 452-456, pl. xxviii. & text-fig. p. 453.
Chapman, 1899, FFA. p. 6.
Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 183.
% 3 Chapman, 1901, FFA. p. 393, pl. xxxv. fig. 1.
3 Stations.
A few individuals attached to shell-fragments. At Stn. 11 they were presumably free
or detached. It seems probable that the species may be distributed over the area, but,
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 617
owing to its method of growth and the paucity of suitable material for examination, has
escaped observation.
The occurrence of this genus—hitherto known only from the Torres Straits and
tropical Pacific—at Kerimba is very noteworthy.
Subfamily TROCHAMMININA
THuRAMMINA Brady.
142. Thurammina papillata Brady.
Thurammina papillata Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 45, it v. figs. 4-8.
Carpenter, 1881, M. p. 561, fig. 820 9,4 (ed. 1901, p. 815, fig. 614g, h).
Haeusler, 1883, ALB. p. 60, pl. iv. figs. 9-13 (see QUGS. vol. xxxix.
1883, p. 27, pl. 11. figs. 2-6).
Haeusler, 1883, JVT. p. 262, pl. vin.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 321, pl. xxxvi. figs, 7-18.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 263, pl. v. fig. 9
2 Stations.
One minute spherical specimen at Stn. 3, characterized by a virtual absence of
papille, and. another at Stn. 13. The test is constructed of extremely fine calcareous
particles, neatly agglutinated. We have met with similar specimens from Cuba.
In colour and general appearance the specimens are perhaps more closely referable to
T. albicans Brady, but as the distinguishing feature of that species, according to Brady,
is the thick shell-wall contrasting with the thin wall of 7. papzlata, it seems desirable
to refer the Kerimba specimens to 7’. papillata.
Hirpocrepina Parker.
143. Hippocrepina oviformis, sp.n. (Pl. XLVI. figs. 23, 24.)
1 Station.
Test free, minute, oval, slightly produced at the oral extremity. Walls thick, formed
of finely agglutinated, very minute sand-grains, light grey in colour. Surface smooth.
Aperture a simple circular opening on a slightly produced terminal neck. ‘The walls
of this species are so thick and densely constructed that practically no structure is
visible when the specimens are mounted in balsam.
Very rare at Stn. ? B, the only locality at which it was observed.
Breadth -2 mm. Length -27 mm.
Hormosina Brady.
144. Hormosina globulifera Brady. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 25.)
Hormosina globulifera Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1879, p. 60, pl. iv. figs. 4, 5.
Carpenter, 1881, ete., M. (6th Eun.) p. 561, fig. ©; 1901 (8th Edn.),
p- 813, fig. 614 ¢.
29> be]
4§2
618 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Hormosina globulifera Brady, 1884, FC. p. 326, pl. xxxix. figs. 1-6.
Goés, 1894, "ASF. p. 29, pl. vi. figs. 218, 219.
Cushman, 1910, ete., FNP. 1910, p. 93, figs. 186, 137.
» ”
1 Station.
A single specimen, consisting of two chambers only, from Stn. 11. ‘The presence of
this specimen, the identity of which appears to be beyond question, in a shallow-water
dredging presents one of those anomalies of distribution which are always puzzling
to the Rhizopodist. The test is composed of sand-grains and coralline fragments
including some red material which is almost certainly débris of Polytrema, thus placing
the local origin of the specimen beyond question. H. globuliferainall previous records
is essentially a deep-water type, and, although Brady records it from all the great oceans,
his minimum depth is 400 fms. We have, however, found specimens off the British
coast at somewhat lesser depths.
AMm™Mopiscus Reuss.
145. Ammodiscus tenuis Brady.
Ammodiscus tenuis Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 51.
» Brady, 1884, FC. p. 332, pl. xxxvin. figs. 4-6.
incertus (pars) Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1910, p. 75, fig. 96.
1 Station.
One small specimen only at Station 1.
146. Ammodiscus gordialis (Jones & Parker). (Pl. XLVI. fig. 26.)
Trochammina squamata gordialis Jones & Parker, 1860, REM. p. 304.
gordialis Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 141, pl. x1. fig. 4.
squamata, var. gordialis packer & Tones, 1865, NAAF. p. 408, wk XV. fig. 32.
Wrnmoiiceus gordialis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 338, pl. xxxviii. figs. 7-9.
Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 218, pl. xlii. fig. 22.
Seger, 18938, PG. p. 264, pl. v. figs. 39, 40.
oy coy
2”? 2)
9 Stations.
Fairly frequent at some Stns., but never abundant. The specimens illustrate all the
usual wild-growinge forms; in many cases they have evidently been attached during
to) te) o/ D
life. At Stn. 3 most of the specimens show a marked tendency to depart from the
normal irregular spiral and to form produced tubes. At Stn. 5 all the specimens are
very minute; at Stn. 6 they are all of a grey colour, contrasting with the normal
ferruginous tint exhibited at all the other Stns.
147. Ammodiscus charoides (Jones & Parker).
Trochammina squamata charoides Jones & Parker, 1860, RFM. p. 304.
‘ charoides Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 141, pl. xi. fig. 3.
Ammodiscus charoides Berthelin, 1878, FBP. p. 223 (p. 23 [No. 18] in the Reprint, 1884).
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 334, pl. xxvii. figs. 10-16.
Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 279, pl. xxiv. fig. 2.
a: 73
PP] 29
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 619
1 Station.
One minute specimen which exhibits the commencement of the second stage in the
formation of the shell, in which the spiral tube takes a turn at right angles to the axis
of the earlier coils, and proceeds to enwrap them.
TrocHaMMINA Parker & Jones.
148. Trochammina squamata Jones & Parker.
Trochammina squamata Jones & Parker, 1860, REM. p. 304, and Table.
Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 141. pl. xi. fig. 1.
Bs ue Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 407, pl. xv. fig. 30.
A Dp Brady, 1884, FC. p. 337, pl. xli. fig. 3.
5 3 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 264, pl. v. figs. 4—6.
a 5 Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 50, pl. iii. figs. 7-10.
12 Stations. .
Generally distributed and often fairlycommon. At most of the Stns. where it occurs
the specimens are of quite average size, but at Stns. 3 and 12 they were exceptionally
large and well grown. They are all of the normal ferruginous tint except at Stn. ! X,
where it iscommon, small, and nearly white in colour.
149. Trochammina ochracea (Williamson). (Pl. XLVI. figs. 27, 28.)
Rotalina ochracea Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 55, pl. iv. fig. 112, pl. v. fig. 113.
Trochammina squamata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. pl. xv. fig. 31 a—c.
ochracea Balkwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 25, pl. i. fig. 7.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 337-8.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 363, pl. v. fig. 12.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 51.
”
99 bb)
6 Stations.
Sparingly distributed and rare, except at Stn. 11, where it is relatively abundant.
At this Stn. the species presents an extraordinary variety of form, normal specimens
both free and attached being found, also a distinctive variety which has unquestionably
lived in the attached state, although the numerous specimens observed were all free.
The variety is characterized by the possession of a broad and irregular chitinous
carina of a grey colour, contrasting strongly with the chambers of the test, which are
of the normal ochreous tint. We figure one of these. The same form occurs very
rarely at Stn. ?X.
150. Trochammina plicata (Terquem).
Patellina plicata Terquem, 1875, etc., APD. 1876, p. 72, pl. vii. fig. 9.
Trochammina plicata Balkwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 26, pl. 11. fig. 8.
Halkyard, 1889, RFJ. p. 64, pl. i. fig. 11.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 363, pl. v. fig. 13.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 51.
99 >
bb} 3?
? 29
620 MESSRS. E, HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
1 Station.
Two fine specimens. They are exceedingly thin and scale-like, and the plications
are more delicate and regular than is usually the case.
151. Trochammina inflata (Montagu).
Nautilus inflatus Montagu, 1808, TB. Suppl. p. 81, pl. xviii. fig. 3.
Rotalina inflata Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 50, pl. iv. figs. 98, 94.
Trochammina inflata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 338, pl. xli. fig. 4.
a » LEgeer, 1893, FG. pl. v. figs. 10-12, 16-18.
Es » Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 29, pl. vi. figs. 222-224.
4 Stations.
Occurs at only a few Stns. At Stn. 5 it is very rare, but quite typical, the specimens
being indistinguishable from such as would be found in a British gathering. At
Stn. 7X it is rare and very small, also thin-walled and showing a tendency to
collapse. At Stn. 11 it is more common and well developed.
15la. Trochammina nitida Brady.
Trochammina nitida Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1881, p. 52.
bs » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 339, pl. xli. figs. 5, 6.
55 S Goés, 1894, AST. p. 30, pl. vi. figs. 225-2380.
- » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 363.
1 Station.
At Stn. 11 a good many large and typical specimens, often largely composed of
sponge-spicules and with strong ferruginous coloration. The species appears to be
nothing raore than a depressed form of 7. inflata, in company with which it occurs,
152. Trochammina rotaliformis Wright.
Trochammina inflata (Montagu) var., Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 831, pl. xiii.
figs. 11, 12.
3 » var., Halkyard, 1889, RIJ. p. 63, pl. 1. fig. 10.
5 rotaliformis Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, ete., SB. 1911, p. 309.
cs He Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 52, pl. ii. figs. 11-13.
10 Stations.
Generally distributed and fairly typical throughout the material, the best specimens
at Stn. 12. At Stn. ?X the specimens were small and of a white tint, as were those of
7. squamata Jones & Parker at this Stn. The same colour-tint prevails at Stn. ?B.
CarTeRINA Brady.
153. Carterina spiculotesta (Carter).
Rotalia spiculotesta H. J. Carter, 1877, “ Description of a new Species of Foraminifera (Rotalia
spiculotesta),” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xx. p. 470, pl. xvi.; 1879, ser. 5,
vol, ii. p. 414; 1880 (SGM), ser. 5, vol. v. p. 452.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 621
Carterina spiculotesta Brady, 1884, FC. p. 346, pl. xli. figs. 7-10.
oe _ Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 365.
‘5 5 Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 184.
5 u Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1905, p. 6, pl. 1. fig. 10.
6 Stations.
This very rare and interesting species occurs fairly often in these dredgings, but the
number of specimens is always small. It occurs in its best development at Stn. 3,
and after that the best specimens are from Stn. 11. ‘The individuals found divide
naturally into two groups—small and large; the absence of all intermediate-sized
specimens, except in one or two instances, seems to point to the individuals representing
not so much growth-stages as racial distinctions. In the small specimens the earlier
portions are always much more depressed than in the larger, all the latter with one
exception being of a steeply conical type as compared with the flat outspreading test
originally figured by Carter. ‘The colour, as described by Carter, Brady, and Side-
bottom, is deep brown in the early chambers and white in the subsequent. Some of
our small specimens are of a uniform deep colour all over.
At Stn. ?B we found one small individual characterized by a sudden transition
at the commencement of the last whorl of chambers, from the strongly marked
ferruginous colour to the purely white.
At Stn. 12 the initial chambers are but very slightly coloured, the colouring-matter
only extending over one convolution. At Stn. 11 one individual was found in which
the whole test is very depressed, almost flat on the superior surface, the initial
coloured chambers few, and the later ones, after one or two rotaline convolutions,
become irregularly annular, the general outline of the test being nearly circular, not
“ameoebiform” as in Carter’s figure. In this particular specimen the spicular bodies
also appear to be abnormally small, whereas in others from the same Stn. they are, if
anything, above the average size, especially in the earliest chambers of the test. ‘The
umbilical hollow in the Kerimba specimens is very often filled in (i.) with agglutinated
sand-grains; this may merely point to the specimen having been sessile on a sandy
bottom ; (ii.) with secondary growth which resembles fine arenaceous cement, but may
possibly be the same as the granular matter which separates the spicular bodies of the
normal shell-wall; (iii.) with a definite outgrowth of finely arenaceous substance
somewhat similar to the young stage of Crithionina mamilla Goés. In one individual
there is a similar outgrowth on the superior wall of the test; it cannot be stated
definitely whether these processes are connected with the Carterina or are merely
adherent organisms.
Carter’s original description of Rotalia spiculotesta was based on a single specimen
found on a coral in the Pacific (East Oceania) and appears to have been a large (,'5 in.
diam.) and quite abnormal individual in which the regular rotaline arrangement of
the early chambers was followed by an irregular series of chambers becoming more and
622 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
more eccentric in shape as they were added, the two chambers forming the final
annulus being lobose and ameebiform in shape; the specimen appears to have been of
the most depressed type—Carter says that its thickness was almost inappreciable. He
refers to the absence of any visible aperture, which he inferred was inferior, but we
have been unable to verify the existence of a definite aperture in any portion of the
test. He also states that there is no particular arrangement of the spicules, “which as
often cross each other, as they are seen to be only one layer deep, and with reference
to their relative position lie in all possible directions, seldom appearing above the level
of the surface, although evincing by the occasional projection of one end or their
entire separation about some part which has been broken, the form above described.”
In the Kerimba specimens, however, there is a definite arrangement of the spicules as
regards the inferior and superior sides of the test respectively. On the superior side
the spicules are more or less generally arranged in definite lines following the spiral
curve of the shell, while on the inferior side they are nearly always arranged radially
from the central depression to the edge of each chamber. ‘This arrangement of the
spicules is fairly well illustrated in Hollick’s figure in the ‘ Challenger’ Report, especially
as regards the inferior view. ‘There is often great variation in the size of the spicules,
not only in different specimens, but in different chambers of the same individual,
and the variation is not always as might be expected in the direction of a larger
spicule with an increase in the size of the chambers. In one specimen at Stn. 11 the
initial chambers of the shell are composed of a few spicules very much larger than
the average, and nearly twice the size of those forming the later chambers of the test.
In another specimen from the same Stn. the spicules in all the earlier chambers are
remarkably small, and the terminal chamber is built, so far as its inner margin is
concerned, of similar minute spicules, while the peripheral portion is constructed of
larger spicules, five or six times as large as the former. When Carterina assumes the
scale-like depressed form, at any rate, the final chambers are strengthened by the
formation of internal labyrinthic walls, and this is well shown when a specimen is
mounted in balsam. Lgger, 1893, FG. p. 271, pl. vi. figs. 8-10.
ie » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 560 (References).
6 Stations.
Very sparingly distributed. The best at Stn. ? X, where the specimens are quite
typical and identical with de Blainville’s figure. At Stn. 9 it occurs in two well-
marked varieties, characterized respectively by broad and narrow shells, but the
characteristic parallel sutural lines are distinctly marked in both varieties.
162. Textularia sagittula, var. jugosa Brady.
Textularia sagittula, var. jugosa Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1895, p. 145, pl. v.
fig. 19 (References).
i », (“forma abbreviata”’) Fornasini, 1887, TA. p. 399, pl. xi. fig. 2.
45 jugosa Egger, 1893, FG. p. 278, pl. vi. figs. 19-21.
Textularia sagitiula, var. jugosa Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1899, p. 561, pl. vii. fig. 8.
5 Stations.
Occurs at very few Stns., but when present is usually abundant and characterized by
an extraordinary range in size and variety in the relative proportions of the length and
breadth of the test. Stn. 11 furnishes a numerous and typical series ranging from
the very short and broad, strongly limbate form figured by Millett (wt supra) to the
long variety figured in the Crag Monograph. ‘The short thick type with less
conspicuous limbation separated by Fornasini as the “abbreviated form” also occurs
at this Stn.
163. Textularia rugosa (Reuss). (Pl. XLVII. figs. 7-9.)
Plecanium rugosum Reuss, 1869, FOG. p. 453, pl. 1. fig. 3
Textularia rugosa Brady, 1884, FC. p. 363, pl. xl. figs. 23, 24,
Me » Lgger, 1893, FG. p. 270, pl. vi. Fos, 29-31
Textularia rugosa Chapman, 1900, PLE. p. 185.
Be » Heron-Allen & Karland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 310.
4Ap2
626 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
4 Stations.
D’Orbigny utilized this specific name in 1826 (TMC. p. 262. no. 10) for a form which
he did not in any way describe, but which according to the “Planche inédite” as figured
by Fornasini (Riv. Ital. Paleont. 1901, p. 105, pl. iii. fig. 8) represents a Textu-
laria of sagittula type, but with rounded edges. D’Orbigny’s name being a nomen
nudum must lapse, and there is the less reason to regret this as Reuss’ figure represents
a well-marked and distinct type.
T. rugosa is very sparingly represented at Kerimba. ‘This is noteworthy, as the
species is generally fairly abundant in the neighbourhood of coral-reefs. The best
series of specimens was obtained at Stn. 11, where it attaineda large size. Other good
individuals at Stn. 12. At both these Stns. the characteristic flexed sutural edges of
the chambers were strongly developed. At Stn. 9 the species is represented by a
weaker form, in which the characteristic flexure is less marked and the specimens show
signs of affinity to 7’. hauerti d’Orbigny.
At Stn. 11 a few abnormal individuals were found, which we figure. They com-
mence with a triserial or gaudryine arrangement of the chambers, which at half-growth
become converted into typical 7’. rugosa.
164. Textularia ageglutinans dOrbigny.
Teviularia ayglutinans dV’ Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 144, pl. i. figs. 17, 18, 32-34.
Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 369, pl. xv. fig. 21.
Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 93, pl. 1x. figs. 1-8.
Bs Ps Brady, 1884, FC. p. 3638, pl. xlin. figs. 1-3; vars., figs. 4, 12.
; a Egger, 1893, FG. p. 267, pl. vi. figs. 1, 2.
Bs Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 85, pl. vil. figs. 281-4 & 294-303.
59 ap Fornasini, 1895, BR., p. 657 e¢ seq., plate, figs. 8-6.
15 Stations.
Universally distributed and often abundant and typical. The best specimens occur
at Stus. 1, 6, and 9. There is as usual a wide variation, based principally on the
relative length and breadth of the shell, the species passing imperceptibly into the
variety 7’. porrecta Brady, on the one hand, and into the broader and smoother 7’. gramen
d’Orbigny, on the other. At Stn. 3 the tendency is towards 7. gramen. At the majority
of the Stns. the species is marked by a coarse and roughly agglutinate test, strongly in
contrast with 7. gramen, which at nearly all the Stns. is smoothly and neatly built.
At Stn. 7, however, specimens of Z. agglutinans, which are rather smaller than the
Kerimba average, are of a smooth neat type. At Stn. 11, where the species attained
very large proportions, some of the individuals had the appearance of having spiro-
plectine initial chambers, but they are so small that the feature is difficult to confirm.
At Stns. 1 and 12 monstrous individuals, in which additional chambers have been added
as outgrowths from various portions of the shell, have been found.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. O27
165. Textularia candeiana d’Orbigny. (Pl. XLVII. figs. 10-16.)
Textularia candeiana WOrbigny, 1839, FC. p. 143, pl. i. figs. 25-27.
FA (fungiformis) Fornasini, 1887, ITI. p. 387, pl. x. fig. 1.
zm (fungiformis) Fornasini, 1896, TC. pp. 2 et seq. pl. O. figs. 1-5.
sagittula, var. candeina (sic) Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1899, p. 562, pl. vii. fig. 12.
candeiana Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1905, p. 7, pl. i. fig. 1.
Q”
»
10 Stations.
This form of 7. agqglutinans, marked by excessive and rapid increase in the inflation
of the chambers, culminating in a final pair which are semi-globular, is generally
distributed among the dredgings, but is never very abundant. Excellent specimens
were obtained at Stns. 1, 3,9, and 12, particularly fine and frequent at the latter. The
texture of the shell is almost uniformly coarse, but finely agglutinate, somewhat between
the structure of the typical 7. agglutinans (of Kerimba) and 7. gramen.
166. Textularia porrecta Brady.
Textularia agglutinans, var. porrecta Brady, 1884, FC. p. 364, pl. xliii. fig. 4.
94 porrecta Kgger, 1893, FG. p. 269, pl. vi. figs. 17, 18.
8 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never so abundant as the typical Z. agglutinans. The
best specimens were at Stns. 3, 9, and 12, particularly fine at Stn. 3. At Stn. 9 the
individuals were remarkable, as the first half of the test was very roughly constructed,
the latter portion being smooth and matt. At the other Stns. the form is usually of a
roughly agglutinate type throughout. At Stn. 9 it is possible that some of the specimens
had spiroplectine initial chambers, but, owing to the texture and opacity of the shell,
this feature is extremely difficult to diagnose with certainty.
167. Textularia luculenta Brady.
Textularia luculenta Brady, 1884, FC. p. 364, pl. xlii. figs. 5-8.
1 Station.
One characteristic specimen at Stn. 3. All the localities given by Brady for this
species are in the Atlantic Ocean at depths ranging from 350 to 675 fis.
168. Textularia gramen d’Orbigny.
Textularia gramen VOrbigny, 1846, FEV. p. 248, pl. xv. figs. 4-6.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 365, pl. xlin. figs. 9-10.
a) a)
9p » Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 332, pl. xii. figs. 13, 14.
55 Haeusler, 1890, FST. p. 71, pl. x1. figs. 26, 27, 37.
65 » Bgeer, 1893, MG. p. 272, pl. vi. figs. 24-26.
Millett, 1898, etc., I'M. 1899, p. 563.
628 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND: A. EARLAND ON THE
14 Stations.
Almost universally distributed and often very abundant. At nearly all the Stns. the
specimens are quite typical; there are, of course, many passage-forms intermediate
between this species and 7. agglutinans and T. conica. At Stn. 7 a curious variety
marked by a depressed median line occurs. The best and most typical examples were
at Stns. 2, 3, 4, and 10.
169. Textularia hauerii d’Orbigny. (Pl. XLVII. figs. 21-23.)
Textularia hauerti V@Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 250, pl. xv. figs. 13-15.
5 gramen (pars) Brady, 1884, FC. p. 365.
12 Stations.
A transition-form, which we figure, is generally distributed, and at the Stns. where
it occurs is often one of the most abundant and typical. It seems to come nearer to
@Orbigny’s 7. hawerti than to any other Textularian. Brady regarded TZ. hauerti as
merely a modification of 7’. gramen (ut supra) characterized by less angular edges, but
the Kerimba specimens are sufficiently marked and divergent from 7. gramen, as
represented in these dredgings, to render the separation of the specimens desirable. In
the somewhat rough texture of the shell their affinities appear to lie rather in the
direction of 7. candeiana than of 7. gramen.
The Kerimba specimens of 7. hauerw have, as a rule, about eight pairs of chambers
regularly increasing in breadth and thickness, and with the sutural lines somewhat
depressed owing to the inflation of the chambers. Marginal edge lobulate and varying
from rounded in the latter portion of the shell to acute or subcarinate in the initial
portion. Surface-texture somewhat coarse, but neatly agglutinate. ‘The species is
most abundant at Stns. 1 and 12, reaching its best proportions at the latter. 7. haueriw
was recorded by d’Orbiguy from the Tertiaries of Vienna. It is probably widely dis-
tributed, but has not been separated from the records of 7. gramen.
170. Textularia foliacea, sp.n. (Pl. XLVI. figs. 17-20.)
9 Stations.
Test free, highly compressed, consisting of seven to nine pairs of chambers regularly
increasing in width so as to give a leaf-shaped outline to the shell. Sutural lines
depressed, often strongly marked, but at times very obscure, and obliquely set, so that
the tapering off of the ultimate pair of chambers gives the characteristic diamond or
foliaceous outline. Median line of the shell depressed below the marginal edges,
aperture small and regularly textularian. ‘Test composed of sand-grains and other
adventitious substances firmly and neatly cemented together, but with a rough external
surface.
This is one of the most characteristic of the Kerimba Textulariide, though not
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. §29
universally distributed. It occurs in the greatest abundance and in its best development
at Stn. 1, and very fine examples were also obtained at Stn. 9. At Stns. 3 and 10
the specimens were less characteristic and showed a tendency to pass, by inflation
of the chambers, into 7. hauerit.
The affinities of our species are between 7’. luculenta Brady and T. hawerii or gramen
dOrbigny. It may be compared as regards its highly compressed and parallel-faced
test with the Yextularia immensa of Cushman (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xliv.
1915, p. 633, pl. Ixxix. fig. 2), from which it differs only in the character of its
aperture,
We have specimens from Timor Sea (Java, 50 fms.), where it is frequent, and from
Vavau (S. Pacific, 16 fms.). We have also observed specimens in some of Brady’s
unsorted material from Fiji at Cambridge, and a single specimen among his specimens
of T. agglutinans from ‘ Coral Reef, Australia, 17 fms.” It is probably therefore
widely distributed in coral-reef areas.
Length 1:0 to 1:5 mm., breadth 6, thickness -°3 mm.
171. Textularia conica d’Orbigny.
Textularia conica VOrbigny, 1839, FC. p. 143, pl. 1. figs. 19, 20.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 365, pl. xliii. figs. 13, 14; pl. exiii. fig. 1.
Haeusler, 1890, FST. p. 72, pl. xi. figs. 40-42, 45, 46.
Heger, 18938, FG. p. 273, pl. vi. figs. 34-86.
oP) bB)
35 oe Mallettils9S8cete M1899) p. 563.
. sy Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 185.
16 Stations.
Universally distributed and generally abundant. An excellent series of specimens
was obtained at many Stns., notably at Stns. 2 and 6. AtStn.8 specimens intermediate
with 7’. gramen and at Stn. 11 specimens passing into 7. trochus d’Orbigny were
observed. At Stn. 12 a monstrous individual, in which the normal shell was followed
by a cylindrical bigenerine series of three chambers set at an angle of 45° to the
principal axis of the shell, was found.
71a. Textularia conica, var. corrugata, nov. (Pl. XLVII. figs. 24-27.)
1 Station.
At Stn. 11 a considerable number of specimens referable to this species, but
presenting extraordinary limbate or jugose characteristics extending all round the
shell, were found. We figure some of them. Like all the Textulariide at this Stn.
the shells are largely constructed of minute rounded calcareous particles giving a very
striking appearance to the test, their glassy appearance contrasting very strongly with
the ochreous aggiutinating cement.
650 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
172. Textularia trochus d’Orbigny. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 28.)
Teatuiaria trochus V@Orbigny, 1840, CBP. p. 45, pl. iv. figs. 25, 26.
i a Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. p. 150, pl. iii. figs. 17, 18.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 366, pl. xlii. figs. 15-19 ; pl. xliv. figs. 1-3.
: Haeusler, 1890, FST. p. 72, pl. xi. figs. 48, 44.
A ie Egger, 1893, FG. p. 273, pl. vi. figs. 37, 38.
Egger, 1899, KOA. p. 28, pl. xiv. figs. 27-28.
12 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never very abundant, though good and typical specimens
occur at many Stns., the best at Stns. 3 and 12. At Stn. 12, at which many double
and monstrous shells occurred, an abnormal specimen, which we figure, was found in
which in mid-growth the axis of alternation of the chambers has twisted itself round
to aright angle, forming a cruciform test.
173. Textularia turris d’Orbigny.
eatularia turris @Orbigny, 1840, CBP. p. 46, pl. iv. figs. 27, 28.
Reuss, 1845-6, VBK. pt. 1. p. 39, pl. xii. fig. 76.
oP) a2
58 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 366, pl. xliv. figs. 4, 5.
* » Egger, 1899, KOA, p. 29, pl. xiv. fig. 29.
3 Stations.
Occurs at very few Stns., but large and typical at Stns. 11 and 12. At Stn. 11
a variety occurs in which the entire surface of the shell is covered with minute rolled
sand-grains, giving the appearance of an investment of clear beads to the test and
entirely masking the sutural lines.
174. Textularia barrettii Jones & Parker.
Textularia barrettii Jones & Parker, 1863, FJ. pp. 80 & 105.
Jones & Parker, 1876, FJ. p. 99, text-fig.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 367, pl. xliv. figs. 6-8.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 272, pl. vi. figs. 5-7.
aStations.
Very rare, but good and large examples at Stn. 11.
VERNEUILINA d’Orbigny.
175. Verneuilina spinulosa Reuss.
Verneuilina spinulosa Reuss, 1849-50, FOT. p. 374, pl. ii. (xlvii.) fig. 12.
Reuss, 1861, Model no. 6.
Egger, 1857, MSO. p. 292, pl. v. (ix.) figs. 17, 18.
Brady, 1870, FTR. p. 301, pl. xii. fig. 6.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 384, pl. xlvii. figs. 1-3.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 631
Verneuilina spinulosa Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 219, pl. xlii. figs. 14, 15.
5 55 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 281, pl. vii. figs. 11, 14-16.
x #5 Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 185.
xs aD Rhumbler, 1906, FLC. p. 61, pl. v. fig. 53.
17 Stations.
Universally distributed and generally very abundant, attaining exceptionally fine
proportions at Stns. 1, 3,9,and?B. The specimens with spinous margins predominate.
At Stn. 7 some of the specimens are spinous all over the surface.
176. Verneuilina pygmeza (Egger).
Bulimina pygmea Egger, 1857, MSO. p. 284, pl. viii. (xii.) figs. 10, 11.
Textularia triseriata Terquem, 1882, FEP. p. 145, pl. xv. (xxiii.) fig. 10.
Verneuilina pygmea Brady, 1884, FC. p. 385, pl. xlvii. figs. 4-7.
5 5 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 279, pl. vii. figs. 8-10.
a Bs Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 33, pl. vii. figs. 262, 263.
a 3 Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 11, pl. i. fig. 18.
33 3 Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 55, pl. iv. fig. 10.
1 Station.
A single specimen of the minute hyaline type figured by Millett and by our-
selves (ut supra). ‘The Kerimba specimen has an aperture similar to the Clare Island
specimen and is therefore unlike the Malay example; but the absence of this aperture
is not universal in the Malay seas, as we have specimens from Segaar in New Guinea
and the Sahul Bank in the Timor Sea, exactly resembling Millett’s figure, but with
a small characteristic aperture.
177. Verneuilina polystropha (Reuss).
Bulimina polystropha Reuss, 1845-6, VBK. pl. ii. p. 109, pl. xxiv. fig. 53.
Polymorphina silicea Schultze, 1854, OP. p. 61, pl. vi. figs. 10, 11.
Verneuilina polystropha Brady, 1878, RRNP. p. 436, pl. xx. fig. 9.
an os Brady, 1884, FC. p. 386, pl. xlvii. figs. 15-17.
op Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 32, pl. vil. figs. 247-255.
oF % Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 55, pl. iv. figs. 1-5.
10 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never abundant, and none of the specimens attains a
large size. They are, asarule, characterized by the comparative absence of ferruginous
cement.
TriTAxiA Reuss.
178. Tritaxia lepida Brady.
Tritaxia lepida Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 55.
a ovata Terquem, 1882, FEP. p. 105, pl. xi. (xix.) fig. 11.
os lepida Brady, 1884, FC. p. 389, pl. xlix. fig. 12.
5 » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 12, pl. i. fig. 15.
VOL. X¥X.—PArT xvil. No. 12.— November, 1915. 22
632 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
1 Station.
One quite typical specimen. This appears to be a very rare form, but at the same
time widely distributed, the ‘ Challenger’ locality being the North Atlantic, whilst
Millett records it from the Malay Archipelago and from the Torres Straits.
CurysaLipina d’Orbigny.
179. Chrysalidina dimorpha Brady. (Pl. XLVII. figs. 29-31.)
Chrysalidina dimorpha Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 54.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 388, pl. xlvi. figs. 20, 21.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 274, pl. vi. figs. 47, 51, 52.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1900, p. 12, pl. 1. fig. 14.
i Bs Cushman, 1910, ete., FNP. 1911, p. 60, figs. 96, 97.
4 Stations.
This beautiful but rare species is represented by an occasional specimen at a few
Stns. It was most frequent at Stn. 3, but the finest specimen was from Stn. 9: this
was of quite abnormal size, there being 14 or 15 chambers in the uniserial portion of
the test. Our records though few, are scattered practically all round the world in
tropical shallow water, including the east coast of Madagascar.
BigEenrertna d’Orbigny.
180. Bigenerina nodosaria d’Orbigny.
Bigenerina nodosaria VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 261, no. 1, pl. xi. figs. 9-12, Modele no. 57.
Terrigi, 1880, SGP. p. 192, pl. ii. fig. 28.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 369, pl. xliv. figs. 14-18:
Goés, 1894, ASI. p. 37, pl. vii. figs. 318-323.
Millett, 1898, etc., PM. 1899, p. 564, pl. vil. fig. 18.
2 Stations.
A single abnormal specimen at Stn. 12, in which the nodosarian chambers start at
an angle from the penultimate chamber of the textularian initial portion, leaving the
final textularian chamber with its aperture projecting at the side of the test. The
textularian portion of the shell is of the Yeatularia conica type. A fine normal
specimen at Stn. 7X.
Pavonina d’Orbigny.
181. Pavonina flabelliformis d’Orbigny. (Pl. XLVIII. figs. 1-6.)
Pavonina flabelliformis d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 260. no. 1, pl. x. figs. 10, 11, Modéle no. 56.
Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1879, p. 282, pl. viii. figs. 29, 30.
Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 91, pl. vii. figs. 13-15.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 374, pl. xlv. figs. 17-21.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 7.
Chapman, 1902, CKA. p. 281.
6 Stations.
This rare and beautiful form may be considered to be one of the most typical
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 633
Kerimba species, though it does not occur at many of the Stns. At those Stns.
at which it is found, however, it attains a size and development greatly in excess of
any specimens hitherto recorded, and constitutes one of the most beautiful objects
imaginable. It reaches its optimum development at Stns. 3 and 9, where every stage
of growth is represented, from the young regularly-textularian form to large fan-shaped
tests, presenting as many as five or six complete semi-annular chambers, without septal
divisions. At Stns. 1, 10, and 11 the species also occurs, but not in such abundance
or attaining such fine dimensions ; at Stn. 12 the species is represented by a single
young textularian form.
Brady’s figures do not do full justice to the method of growth: his fig. UG, es
presenting the largest pavonine specimen, has not a single unseptate annular
chamber; while fig. 18, which shows the unseptate type of chamber, does not assume
the pavonine form at all. In some of our specimens the arched non-septate chambers
commence immediately after the textularian series, and proceed at once to surround
the earlier portion, which is almost entirely enclosed by the later growth. The figure
by Mobius gives perhaps a better idea of the pavonine development of the shell;
d’Orbigny’s original figure which shows the pavonine character very well does not
demonstrate the textularian growth at all. In the Kerimba specimens the earlier
portion of the shell is often very thick and dense compared with the later chambers,
and this appears to be due to layers of shell-substance deposited during the later
stages of growth; there is a distinctly laminar structure in the apical portion when
the test is examined by transmitted light. |
The recurrence of this species in such a high state of perfection in these waters is
interesting. As Brady (loc. cif. supra) points out, dOrbigny’s original specimens
came from Madagascar, and then the species was lost sight of for more than fifty years,
when Brady found it again in material from Madagascar *, since when it has been
recorded from many localities in the Indian Ocean and tropical Pacific. It is clear
that in these waters the type is persistent, and, like many other of our recorded species
first found by d’Orbigny in material from Madagascar, is within a few years of its
centenary f.
The species occurs very rarely in the fossil condition in the Australian Tertiary
beds of Muddy Creek, Victoria (Upper Eocene ).
* This is Brady’s account in FC. 1884, but in the preliminary papers, ut supra (RRC. 1879, etc.), he
stated that he had refound it in sand from the Seychelles dredged by E. P. Wright, and referred to AMNH.
ser. 4, vol. xix. p. 41 (not p. 105, as cited by Brady). It is probable that he found it at both localities
(see H.-A. & E. Proce. Zool. Soc. [Lond.] 1915, p. 296).
+ Some confusion has been introduced by Costa, who, in PRN. 1853, etc., 1856, states on p. 178 that
d’Orbigny found it at Madagascar, but on p. 180 that he found it at Cuba (obviously a slip of the pen), and
records a species Pavonina italica from the clays of Reggio (Calabria), of which he gives a figure (pl. xvi.
figs. 26-28) which represents clearly Orbitolites tenwissima Carpenter ; this name should therefore lapse and
become Orbitolites italica Costa. D’Orbigny in the Cuba Monograph (1839, FC. p. 25) merely refers to his
Madagascan specimens in his sketch of the classification of the Foraminifera.
4u2
634
MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Sprroptecta Ehrenberg.
182. Spiroplecta wrightii Silvestri.
Spiroplecta sagittula (Defrance), Wright, 1891, SWI. p. 471.
5 Stations.
_ - Wright, 1902, FRI. p. 211, pl. iii.
wrightit Silvestri, 1903, 8. pp. 1-5, woodcuts.
Fe Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 56.
sagittula Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1905, p. 9, pl. ii. fig. 4; and text-fig.
This spiroplectine isomorph of Textularia sagittula Defrance is extremely rare in the
Kerimba dredgings, but the specimens are well marked, although the spiroplectine
portion is much less pronounced than is often the case in British dredgings. It
follows practically the same distribution as 7. sagittula, which would appear to
afford sound evidence that the two forms are extremely closely allied. We have gone
into this matter at considerable length in our Clare Island monograph (wé supra).
183. Spiroplecta biformis (Parker & Jones).
Textularia agglutinans, var. biformis Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 370, pl. xv. figs. 23, 24.
99
biformis Brady, 1878, RRNP. p. 436, pl. xx. fig. 8.
Spiroplecta biformis Brady, 1884, F'C. p. 376, pl. xlv. figs. 25-27.
2. Stations.
= Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 333, pl. xu. fig. 21; text-fig. 2.
ae Egger, 1893, FG. p. 275, pl. vi. figs. 48-30.
7 Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 8, pl. 1. fig. 8.
55 Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 56.
Two typical specimens only, one at each Stn.
Gaupryina d’Orbigny.
184. Gaudryina pupoides d’Orbigny.
Gaudryina pupoides d@Orbigny, 1840, CBP. p. 44, pl. iv. figs. 22-24.
1 Station.
BA d’Orbigny, 1846, FIV. p. 197, pl. xxi. figs. 34-86,
Bs Brady, 1884, FC. p. 378, pl. xlvi. figs. 14.
3 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 278, pl. vii. figs. 1-8, 49-51.
3 Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 8 (References).
A single typical specimen at Stn. 2 a.
185. Gaudryina filiformis Berthelin.
Gaudryina filiformis Berthelin, 1880, EAM. p. 25, pl. xxiv. fig. 8.
Be Wright, 1880-81, SD. p. 180, pl. viii. figs. 3 a, B.
a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 380, pl. xlvi. fig. 12.
- Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 219, pl. xlii. fig. 6.
» Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 9.
- Sidebottom, 1910, RFBP. p. 11, pl. i. fig. 9.
ae Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, Cl. p. 57, pl. iv. figs. 7-9.
or
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 63
2 Stations.
A single specimen at each Stn., small and poorly developed.
186. Gaudryina scabra Brady. (PI. XLVIII. figs. 7-14.)
Gaudryina pupoides Brady, 1870, FTR. p. 300, pl. xii. fig. 5,
scabra Brady, 1884, FC. p. 381, pl. xlvi. fig. 7,
”?
14 Stations.
This is one of the most characteristic forms in the Kerimba dredgings, occurring at
practically every Stn. and often in considerable numbers. ‘The specimens exhibit an
enormous range of variation, two types being predominant: (i.) a short broad type in
which the gaudryine chambers are numerous, the textularian chambers being limited
to one or two pairs; and (ii.) a long narrow type in which the gaudryine chambers are
few in number and are followed by from three to six pairs of chambers on the
textularian plan. ‘These long specimens are, as a rule, much more neatly constructed
than the short broad individuals, but the texture throughout is of a coarse rough type,
similar to the specimens originally figured by Brady (ut supra) under the name
G. pupoides. None of the neatly constructed tests subsequently figured under the
name ‘‘scabra” (B. 1884, FC.) were found ; probably this type of shell is confined to
deep water.
There is very little doubt but that this species is closely allied to Verneutlina poly-
stropha Reuss; indeed, it is often difficult to distinguish the short broad specimens
from that species, except by the characteristic textularian aperture. It is, perhaps,
merely a dimorphous variation of that species.
187. Gaudryina rugosa dOrbigny.
Gaudryina rugosa W@Orbigny, 1840, CBP. p. 44, pl. iv. figs. 20, 21.
Hantken, 1875, CSS. p. 13, pl. i. fig. 4.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 381, pl. xlvi. figs. 14-16.
Chapman, 1891, etc., GF. 1892, p. 752, pl. xi. fig. 9.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 10.
2 Stations.
Not uncommon at Stn. 11, and rare at Stn. 15, but not otherwise recorded. The
specimens are all remarkable, owing to the fact that the terminal textularian chambers
are practically square in section, the outer edges being parallel instead of curved.
VALVULINA d’Orbigny.
188. Valvulina. conica Parker & Jones.
Valvulina triangularis Parker & Jones, 1857, FCN. p. 295, pl. xi. figs. 15, 16.
a 3 var. conica Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 406, pl. xv. fig. 27.
conica Brady, 1884, FC. p. 392, pl. xlix. figs. 15, 16.
Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 220, pl. xli. fig. 21; pl. xlii. figs. 16, 17.
Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 39, pl. vii. figs. 842-852.
Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1911, p. 58, fig. 93.
5) ”
22 bp)
2) 2?
636 MESSRS. HE. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
2 Stations.
A few small specimens at Stn. 11 characterized by coarsely agglutinate tests,
and a few at Stn. 13 in which the test is larger and constructed of very fine material.
CLAVULINA d’Orbigny.
189. Clavulina communis d’Orbigny. (Pl. XLVIII. figs. 15-17.)
Clavulina communis d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 268. no. 4.
59 3 d@Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 196, pl. xii. figs. 1, 2.
Ny . Brady, 1884, FC. p. 394, pl. xviii. figs. 1-13.
99 oF Egger, 1893, FG. p. 275, pl. vi. figs. 42, 43.
its FP Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1900, p. 12.
1 Station.
A single abnormal specimen from Stn.?X, which we figure. It is characterized
by the fact that the early portion of the test consists of five or six pairs of regularly
textularian chambers, followed by seven chambers of the normal uniserial type. The
aperture is regularly clavuline. The shell is built up of extremely fine clear sand-
grains, glistening white in colour. The sutural lines of the later textularian chambers
and most of the uniserial chambers are marked by a somewhat thickened deposit of
granular texture. The test is curved at the point of transition from the textularian
to the uniserial mode of growth.
190. Clavulina obscura Chaster.
Verneuilina polystropha (Reuss), “ dimorphous form,” Wright, 1885-6, BLP. p. 320, pl. xxvi.
fig. 2.
Clavulina obscura Chaster, 1892, CS. p. 58, pl. i. fig. 4.
35 » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1918, CI. p. 59, pl. iv. fig. 6.
10 Stations.
Ranges from extremely rare to common, but not universally distributed. The best
specimens were at Stns. 2a@ and 7. There is great range in the shape and nature of
the test; in some instances it is coarsely built of sand and shell-fragments of dis-
proportionally large size, the segmentation being quite obscure; in others the sandy
grains are small and the proportion of cement large, resulting in a neatly constructed
test with well-marked sutural lines.
191. Clavulina cylindrica Hantken. (Pl. XLVIII. figs. 18, 19.)
Clavulina cylindrica Hantken, 1875, CSS. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 8.
% es Brady, 1884, FC. p. 396, pl. xlviii. figs. 32-88.
By bradyi (nom. nov.) Cushman, 1910, ete., FNP. 1911, pl. 73. figs. 118, 119.
1 Station.
A single specimen in which the final chamber is separated from its predecessors by
a somewhat deep suture and occupies one-half of the entire shell.
. FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 637
The C. cylindrica of dOrbigny (1826, TMC. p. 268. no. 1) figured by Fornasini
from the “ Planches inédites” (Riv. Ital. Paleont. 1897, p. 13) wasa form intermediate
between Sagrina and Uvigerina, and being a nomen nudum lapses in favour of
Hantken’s species.
192. Clavulina angularis a’Orbigny.
Clavulina angularis VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 268. no. 2, pl. xii. fig. 7.
99 tricarinata V’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 111, pl. u. figs. 16-18.
3 triangularis Goés, 1882, RCS. p. 86, pl. xi. figs. 387-389.
. anguluris Brady, 1884, FC. p. 396, pl. xlvin. figs. 22-24.
Millett, 1898, etc., !M. 1900, p. 138.
3 a Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, ete., SB. 1910, p. 407, pl. vi. fig. 7.
» 3 Sidebottom, 1910, RFBP. p. 11, pl. i. fig. 10.
3 Stations.
A few specimens only at the three Stns., presenting no special features.
bed bb}
193. Clavulina angularis, var. difformis Brady. (Pl. XLVIII. figs. 20-22.)
Clavulina angularis, var. difformis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 396, pl. xlviii. figs. 25-31.
1 Station.
At Stn. 11, in conjunction with the type, but more abundantly and in far better
development, occurs this curious variety. ‘The specimens from Kerimba are regularly
square or pentagonal in section and more uniform in structure than Brady’s figure
would suggest.
Brady’s only record for this striking variety was from Nares Harbour, Admiralty
Islands, New Guinea, 17 fms. Specimens are not uncommon in some 8, Australian
shore-sands,
Subfamily BULIMININA.
Butimina d’Orbigny.
194. Bulimina pupoides d’Orbigny.
Bulimina pupoides WOrbigny, 1846, FEV. p. 185, pl. x1. figs. 11, 12.
Terrigi, 1880, SGP. p. 193, pl. 1i. figs. 80-34.
Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 63, pl. iv. figs. 82-94.
53 ; Brady, 1884, FC. p. 400, pl. 1. fig. 15.
- ns Egger, 1893, FG. p. 285, pl. viii. fig. 63.
3 Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 273 (References).
5 Stations.
This species, usually so abundant in shallow-water gatherings, is very sparingly.
found in the Kerimba dredgings. It is common at Stn. 7, frequent at Stn. 5, and very
rare at Stn. lL.
638 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
195. Bulimina affinis d’Orbigny.
Bulimina affinis VOrbigny, 1839, FC. p. 105, pl. ii. figs. 25, 26.
a » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 400, pl. x. fig. 14.
33 » Burrows, Sherborn, & Bailey, 1890, RC. p. 554, pl. viii. fig. 23.
53 » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 285, pl. vill. fig. 71.
x » Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1900, p. 274 (References).
2 Stations.
One small and very weak specimen at each Stn.
196. Bulimina elegans d’Orbigny.
Bulimina elegans d@Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 270. no. 10, Modéle no. 9.
55 » Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1865, p. 20, pl. ii. fig. 64.
3 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 398, pl. x. figs. 1-4.
7s dy Egger, 1893, FG. p. 284, pl. viii. figs. 66, 67.
35 A Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 274, pl. ii. fig. 1.
a ie Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 127.
es a Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1910, p. 409, pl. vi. fig. 11.
2 Stations.
Frequent at Stn. 7, all the specimens being small. A single similar specimen at Stn. 8.
197. Bulimina fusiformis Williamson.
Bulimina pupoides, var. fusiformis Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 63, pl. v. figs. 129, 130.
Bulimina fusiformis Terquem, 1875, etc., APD. p. 37, pl. v. fig. 10.
s x Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 275, pl. ii. fig. 2.
53 af Wright, 1900, FLMB. p. 100, pl. v. fig. 5.
53 © Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 312.
ee ms Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 61.
6 Stations.
This little species, so abundant in many British and northern dredgings, is extremely
rare in the Kerimba Archipelago. Single individuals were observed at a few Stns.
At Stn. 6 it was more plentiful, but still very rare, showing a tendency to pass into
B. squammigera. It is noteworthy that during forty years after its first diagnosis this
really common species does not appear to have been recorded excepting by Terquem
(ut supra).
198. Bulimina ovata d’Orbigny.
Bulimina ovata d’Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 185, pl. xi. figs. 13, 14.
a pedunculata Costa, 1853, etc., PRN. 1856, p. 334, pl. xviii. fig. 13.
55 ovata Brady 1884, FC. p. 400, pl. x. fig. 18.
oF » Burrows & Holland, 1897, PB. p. 382, pl. ii. fig. 11.
ss » Egger, 1899, KOA. p. 49, pl. xv. fig. 45.
i » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 275.
2 Stations.
One very poor and minute individual from Stn. 5 and a few at Stn. 13.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 659
199. Bulimina elegantissima, d’Orbigny.
Bulimina elegantissima d@’Orbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 51, pl. vil. figs. 18, 14.
43 5 Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 66, pl. iv. figs. 95-98.
ss a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 402, pl. x. figs. 20-22.
35 ie Egger, 1893, FG. p. 289, pl. viii. figs. 101, 102.
$44 is Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 276, pl. il. fig. 4.
a 55 Sidebottom, 1904, Gre, IDOE NCO, jy, LIU jo, ahi wes, PN Tolle.
figs. 1,
33 55 Heron- le & Earland, 1908, ete., SB. 1910, p. 409, pl. vi. fig. 12.
7 Stations.
Rare, except at Stn. 7. Most of the specimens are small. ‘There are two types, one
short and broad, the other long and narrow; the long and narrow form at Stn. 10
shows signs of passing into Terquem’s B. elegantissima, var. seminuda, the chambers
being short and the spire considerably drawn out. At Stn. ?X an abnormally lonz
specimen was found.
200. Bulimina elegantissima, var. compressa Millett. (Pl. XLVIII. figs.
23-30.)
Bulimina elegantissima, var. compressa Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 277, pl. i. fig. 5
13 Stations.
Generally distributed, but not many individuals, except at Stns. 2a@ and 11. ‘There
are two distinct types, one of which closely resembles Millett’s figure, the other
being much broader towards the oral extremity and more distinctly bolivine in
outline. The marginal edge of the broad form is often strongly lobulate, the best
specimens of this form were obtained at Stn. 2a. At Stn. 3 a specimen was observed
in which the terminal chamber consisted of a large expanded ‘‘ balloon” similar to
Sidebottom’s figure of bL. elegantissima, var. seminuda (S. 1904 etc., RFD. 1905,
pl. iii. fig. 2). At Stn. 11 a specimen of the narrow type was found in association
with a minute individual consisting of three chambers only (? budding), and at
Stn. 7 several individuals with the terminal chamber broken and the internal septa
dissolved which had evidently been in association with others. At Stn. ?B some
specimens exhibit curvature of the longitudinal axis as in Bolivina tortuosa Brady. At
Stn. 11 specimens with the young “ budding” individual attached were found.
201. Bulimina elegantissima, var. seminuda Terquem.
Bulimina seminuda 'Terquem, 1882, FEP. p. 117, pl. xii. (xx.) fig. 21.
3 eleyantissima, var. seminuda Brady, 1884, p. 408, pl. L. figs. 23, 24.
os 3 x Herou-Alleu & Earland, 1908, ete., SB. 1911, p. 311.
15 Stations.
Universally distributed, very common at Stns.] and 2. ‘Three well-marked types are
noticeable, a short stout acutely pointed form, a long uarrow acutely pointed torm, and
VOL. XX.—PART xvll. No. 13.—WNovember, 1915. 4x
640 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
a rather long obtusely pointed form. ‘The short thick form is by far the commonest, and
the obtusely pointed ranks next in point of frequency. “ Plastogamic” or “ budding”
individuals (or specimens which have passed through this stage, as shown by the de-
struction of the apertural end and septa) were observed at Stns. 2,6,9,1]1,and12. At
none of these Stns. was the species present in such numbers as at Stn. 1, where no
associated pairs were observed. Representatives of all three forms were observed
among the associated individuals. With one or two exceptions there was great
disparity in size between the associated shells (see H.-A. 1915, RPF. p. 248, pl. 16.
fig. 28, af.)
202. Bulimina pulchella d’Orbigny.
Bulimina pulcheila V@Orbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 50, pl. 1. figs. 6, 7.
—
Station.
A few individuals at Stn. 7. They form, in their elongated form, a connecting-link
between B. marginata and the B. marginata, var. biserialis of Millett, observed at
the same Stn. ‘The chambers in B. pulchella are very much more elongate in the long
axis of the shell than in typical 6. marginata. D'Orbigny’s original record was from
the west coast of S. America, and the species does not appear to have been recorded
elsewhere.
203. Bulimina marginata d’Orbigny.
Bulimina marginata V@Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 269. no. 4, pl. xil. figs. 10-12.
ee pupoides, var. marginata Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 62, figs. 126, 127.
af marginata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 405, pl. li. figs. 3-5.
5 % Eeger, 1893, FG. p. 287, pl. vii. figs. 69, 70.
a 5 Goés, 1894, AST’. p. 46, pl. ix. figs. 439-444.
3 Stations.
This species is extremely rare, being found at three Stns. only and but a few
specimens at each, At Stn. 7 the specimens were small aud delicate, with rather a
long spine, whereas at Stn. 8 they were thick-shelled and obtuse, similar to the type
so abundant in British waters.
204. Bulimina marginata, var. biserialis Millett.
Bulimina marginata, var. biserialis Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1900, p. 278, pl. ii. fig. 7.
—
Station.
A few individuals only. ‘They differ from Millett’s figure in the relatively small
number of pairs of chambers, having four to five pairs as against eight in his figure.
205. Bulimina echinata d’Orbigny.
Bulimina echinata VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 269. no. 5.
3 * Fornasini, 1901, BCI. p. 176, fig. 2.
< ‘ Fornasini, 1901, CBA. p. 379, pl. O. fig. 38.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 641
1 Station.
One typical individual from Stn. 10. The species is very clearly distinguishable
from B. aculeata d’Orb. by the thickly-set investment of small and very fine spines
covering the surface of the chambers on the aboral half of the shell.
206. Bulimina inflata Seguenza.
Bulimina inflata Seguenza, 1862, RFC. p. 109 (p. 25 in the reprint), pl. 1. fig. 10.
Schwager, 1866, FKN. p. 246, pl. vii. fig. 91.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 406, pl. li. figs. 10-13.
Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 220, pl. xlii. fig. 9.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 288, pl. vill. fig. 85.
Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 291, pl. xxxvui. fig. 5.
2 Stations.
At Stn. ?X a single specimen was found, characterized by a somewhat compressed
mode of growth (as in Bulimina elegantissima, var. compressa) and by the presence of
coarse perforations between the coste, which are also noticeable as being continuous
over the entire surface of the chambers composing the cell. Another not very typical
specimen was observed at Stn. 2 0.
B. inflata is normally a deep-water species, so that the presence of these individuals
in shallow water at Kerimba is striking.
207. Bulimina williamsoniana Brady.
Bulimina williamsoniana Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 56.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 408, pl. li. figs. 16, 17.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1900, p. 279, pl. ii. fig. 8.
(Buliminoides) Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1911, p. 90, fig. 144.
oP) bb)
29 22
4 Stations.
This very beautiful little form is much rarer in the Kerimba area than is usually
the case in shallow-water tropical gatherings. The only Stn. where more than an
occasional specimen was found was Stn. 11, and even there it is of rare occurrence,
though quite typical and well developed. At Stn. ?X one of the two individuals
observed had the whole of the face of the terminal chamber eroded away, suggesting
that this species may be addicted to the ‘‘ association” habit or to the method of
reproduction of which we believe this feature to be significant.
208. Bulimina convoluta Williamson.
Bulimina pupoides, var. convoluta Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 63, pl. v. figs. 182, 133.
convoluta Brady, 1884, FC. p. 409, pl. exii. fig. 6.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 288, pl. vill. figs. $3, 84.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 279, pl. 11. fig. 9.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, Cl. p. 63.
bb)
bb) bb)
642- MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
4 Stations.
The typical B. convoluta occurs at only 4 Stns., good specimens at Stns. 1 and 4,
and a single test at Stns. 10 and 11. The specimens are quite normal and typical.
209. Bulimina convoluta, var. nitida Millett.
Bulimina convoluta, var. nitida Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 280, pl. ii. fig. 10.
3 a », Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1905, p. 12, pl. ini. fig. 3.
15 Stations.
This occurs at every Stn., except 7 and 8; the best at Stns. 1 and 12, very rare at
Stns. 2, 3, 5, and 11. They all agree with Millett’s description and figure, except
in the appearance of the shell-wall. He describes the shell-substance as “ opaque and
lustrous, almost iridescent”; the Kerimba specimens, however, are characterized by a
peculiar opalescent shell-wall, dappled with patches of absolutely hyaline shell, which
appear black by contrast with their surroundings. The variety is widely distributed,
but appears to be confined to tropical waters, whereas the type-species is of practically
world-wide distribution, though always rare.
210. Bulimina squammigera d’Orbigny. (PI). XLVIIL. figs. 31-35.)
Bulimina squammigera VOrbigny, 1839, FIC. p. 137, pl. i. figs. 22-24.
Polymorphina appula Costa, 1853, etc., PRN. 1856, p. 286 (error for 282), pl. xvii. fig. 17.
Bulimina squamigera (sic) Siddall, 1878, FRD. p. 49.
Earland, 1905, FBS. p. 207.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, Cl. p. 61.
” ”
29 9
ts)
Stations.
Sparingly distributed at many Stns., the best individuals at Stns. 7 and 12.
Vireutina d’Orbigny.
211. Virgulina schreibersiana Czjzek. (Pl. XLIX. figs. 1-12.)
Virgulina schreibersiana Czjzek, 1848, WB. p. 147, pl. xin. figs. 18-21.
Polymorphina longissima Costa, 1853, etc., PRN. 1856, pl. xin. figs. 22, 23.
Bulimina presli, var. (Virgulina) schreibersii Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 375, pl. xv.
fig. 18; pl. xvi. figs. 72, 73.
Virgulina schreibersiana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 414, pl. li. figs. 1-3.
09 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 290, pl. viii. figs. 93, 95.
Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 48, pl. ix. figs. 459, 461-472.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1910, p. 409, pl. vi. fig. 13.
”
”
15 Stations.
Almost universally distributed. Although never abundant, this species exhibits an
extraordinary diversity in development and construction. ‘The original type of Czjzek,
marked by slightly swollen chambers and a somewhat small and inconspicuous aperture,
is very rare, and occurs only at Stn. 7. ‘The form generally assumed throughout the
vatherings is a broad-mouthed, somewhat compressed, but regular-chambered type,
bBo
* FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 6435
varying greatly in proportionate length and breadth. The shorter forms are often
considerably inflated and not always readily distinguishable from Bulimine of the type
of B. fusiformis Will. and B. affinis Orb. Increasing in length and with greater
compression of the shell we reach the type figured by Millett from the Malay
Archipelago (M. 1898, etce., FM. 1900, p. 280, pl. ii. fig. 13); the aperture in the
Kerimba specimens is seldom, if ever, a terminal slit as figured by him, but is lateral
and more or less concealed by the incurving edge of the final chamber. We figure a
long series of specimens illustrating the extraordinary diversity of form in the Kerimba
types.
212. Virgulina schreibersiana, var. carinata, nov. (Pl. XLIX. figs. 13-17.)
1 Station.
At Stn. 7 an extraordinary variety occurs, characterized by extreme compression of
the shell, the edges of which are furnished with a stout border or carina. ‘The earlier
segments in this variety are also noticeable for their regularly biserial development and
progression. The aperture is large and characteristic, situated on the inner face of the ©
terminal chamber.
The robust growth of ‘ne | species, the regular Bolivine arrangement of the early
chambers, and the characteristic margin appear to us to be sufficient for the separation
of this form from the other varieties of V. schreibersiana occurring in the dredgings.
Birarina Parker & Jones.
213. Bifarina porrecta (Brady).
Bolivina porrecta Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1881, p. 57.
» Brady, 1884, FC. p. 418, pl. lii. fig. 22.
35 Egger, 1893, F'G. p. 300, pl. viii. fee 7-9, 46, 47.
IRS Rann prone Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 540, pl. iv. fig. 8
Bolivina (Bifarina) porrecta Crelheren, NONO, Exo MINE, MOTI, jo. 48, fig. 79.
2 Stations.
At Stn. 1 the specimens are of fairly frequent occurrence and present great variety
of form, ranging from small and regularly bolivine individuals to an advanced type
(represented by one specimen) which is very near the B. elongata of Millett, the
puncte being inserted in regular parallel rows. At Stn. 9 one specimen was observed
the surface of which was minutely hispid.
214. Bifarina mackinnonii Millett. (Pl. XLVIII. figs. 36, 37.)
Bifarina mackinnonii Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 281, pl. 11. fig. 15.
2 Stations.
At Stn. 1 a single specimen, which we believe represents the initial portion of this
test, and a small typical example at Stn. XI. This form, originally described by
Millett from the Malay Seas as “‘very rare,” has a wide distribution in shallow
644 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. BARLAND ON THE
tropical waters. The best examples we have seen are from the late Capt. Seabrook’s
dredgings in the Macassar Straits (45 fms.), but we have also met with occasional
specimens in Vavau (Pacific) and other Pacific gatherings, and in shallow water at
Negoney, Madagascar.
Boutvina @’Orbigny.
215. Bolivina punctata d’Orbigny.
Bolivina punctata dOrbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 63, pl. viii. figs. 10-12.
Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 94, pl. ix. figs. 9, 10.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 417, pl. lii. figs. 18, 19.
Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 49, pl. ix. figs. 475-478, 480.
Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 186.
Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 128.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., SB. 1909, p. 336; and 1910, p. 409,
pl. vii. fig. 3.
bb) ”
17 Stations.
Universally distributed, but less abundant than B. nobilis, into which it passes
imperceptibly. ‘The same long and short forms occur as in that species, and, judging
by casual examination, the short form represents the megalospheric type. A bifarine
form occurs at Stns. 1, 5, and 11. At Stn. 1 a strongly limbate variety also occurs.
‘The bifarine specimens are quite hyaline, and not tinged with orange colouring-matter
in the initial chambers as is so frequently the case. At Stns. 2, 6,7, 10, and lla very
coarsely perforate broad type occurs, at Stn. 7 these specimens have the perforations
arranged in longitudinal lines, at Stn. 6 a specimen occurred which was weakly hispid
all over.
216. Bolivina nobilis Hantken.
Bolwina nobilis Hantken, 1875, CSS. p. 65, pl. xv. fig. 4.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 424, pl. lini. figs. 14, 15.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 299, pl. viii. figs. 35-37.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1900, p. 541, pl. iv. fig. 4.
Chapman, 1907, TF V. p. 32, pl. iv. fig. 81.
17 Stations.
Occurs at every Stn., fairly abundant at all except Stn. 8, where it was very rare.
As usual, the specimens exhibit considerable variation both in shape and strength
of marking. ‘Two distinct types are found in company at most Stns.: a long type
regularly increasing in breadth to the final chamber, and a short broad type which is
of approximately equal width throughout three-quarters of its length. The two types,
except at Stn. 9, where they are equally abundant, vary in proportion, the short type
being by far the commoner. The strength and extent of the coste range between
specimens in which only a few faint markings occur on the earlier chambers, and others
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 645
in which it extends over the greater portion of the shell. Asa rule, the short type is
more strongly marked than the long.
Dimorphous individuals similar to the one figured by Millett occur at Stns. 7 and
12 and, as in his figure, this particular variety is characterized by the punctation
being arranged in longitudinal rows. The normal specimens, on the other hand, are,
as a rule, irregularly punctate, although a few of them show a tendency to a longi-
tudinal arrangement of the puncte in the later chambers.
217. Bolivina textilarioides Reuss.
Bolivina textilarioides Reuss, 1862, NHG, p. 81, pl. x. fig. 1.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 419, pl. lii. figs. 23-25.
Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 221, pl. xlui. fig. 1.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 297, pl. viii. figs. 18-16, 110-112.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 542, pl. iv. fig. 5.
‘Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 128.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., SB. 1911, p. 316, pl. x. figs. 10-12.
5 Stations.
A few specimens, presenting no notable features. This is usually more at home in
deep water than in shallow deposits.
218. Bolivina dilatata Reuss.
Bolivina dilatata Reuss, 1849-50, FOT. p. 381, pl. iii. (xlviii.) fig. 15.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 418, pl. li. figs. 20, 21.
Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 221, pl. xlit. figs. 3, 6.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 294, pl. viii. figs. 17-20.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 542 (References).
9 Stations.
A few fairly typical specimens at Stns. 8,4, and 6, and at many other Stns. specimens
which link up Reuss’s form with the stout and characteristic species B. robusta Brady.
219. Bolivina difformis (Williamson).
Textularia variabilis, var. difformis Williamson, 1858, REGB. p. 77, pl. vi. figs. 166, 167.
Bolivina difformis Brady, 1887, SBRF. p. 899.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 65.
2 Stations.
One typical specimen at each Stn.
220. Bolivina tortuosa Brady.
Bolivina tortuosa Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1§81, p. 57.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 420, pl. lu. figs. 81-34.
Kgger, 1893, FG. p. 298, pl. viii. figs. 43, 44.
Chapman, 1900, FLE. p. 187.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 317, pl. x. figs. 3, 4.
Ee 6 Heron-Allen & Earland, 19138, CI. p. 66, pl. v. fig. 1.
646 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
14 Stations.
Occurs at all Stns. except 5, 9, and 12, never abundantly, but generally very fine.
The best specimens are from Stns. 1, 26, and 11: at Stn. 11, in addition to the normal
type, specimens occur in which the early chambers are costate, and one individual in
which the whole surface of the test is covered with raised and contorted lines of shell-
substance.
221. Bolivina robusta Brady.
Bolivina robusta Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 57.
33 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 421, pl. li. figs. 7-9.
5 » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 294, pl. viii. figs. 831-32.
s » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 543.
15 Stations.
Universally distributed, often in considerable numbers, and very variable in size and
the solidarity of the test. Two forms are noticeable: one a broadly diamond-shaped
form, very thick in the median line; the other a smaller and much narrower form,
though equally thick in proportion. The two forms occur together, noticeably at
Stns. 10 and 12, where they are both equally common, in varying proportions at the
other Stns. except at Stn. 11 where only the large form occurs, and in its maximum
development. No spinous specimens have been observed, and there is little variation
in the appearance of the shell, otherwise than in the extent of limbation of the sutures,
but at Stn. 2.@ a few coarsely punctate individuals were observed. One specimen was
observed in which the initial chambers projected sideways in a spiroplectine curve.
222. Bolivina limbata Brady. (PI. L. figs. 1-4.)
Bolwina limbata Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 188), p. 57.
i ys Brady, 1884, FC. p. 419, pl. ln. figs. 26-28.
58 » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 300, pl. viii. figs. 10-12 (11-13 in text).
es 5 Chapman, 1900, FLF, p. 187; and 1901, FFA. p. 409 (Bifarina lmébata),
pl. xxxvi. fig. 12. j
on a Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 67, pl. v. figs. 2, 3.
12 Stations.
Very generally distributed, often abundant. The species reaches its maximum
development in size and beauty at Stn. 11, the specimens being characterized by a
tendency to a bifarine arrangement of the later chambers even more pronounced than
in Brady’s types and Chapman’s 1901 figures. At Stn. 11 and also at Stn. 1 some
of the individuals exhibit prominent punctation which tends to an arrangement
in parallel lines, giving a pseudo-sulcate appearance to the surface of the test.
At Stn. 3 truly costate specimens occur. At Stn. ?X a single individual was observed
of abnormally compressed form.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 647
223. Bolivina lobata Brady.
Bolivina lobata Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1881, p. 58.
Se » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 425, pl. litt. figs. 22, 23.
“ » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 300, pl. viii. figs. 55, 56.
bn » Mullett, 1898; ete, FM. 1'900, p. 54:3, pl. i. fig. 4 (Bigenerina fimbriata).
A » Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1911, p. 46, figs. 74, 75.
15 Stations.
Occurs practically everywhere, very often common. While constant to type, the
specimens present a certain amount of variation in minor features. As a rule, the
entire surface of the chambers is rough, owing to the presence of innumerable pro-
jecting points. But many specimens, notably at ‘Stn. 4, have a smooth and hyaline
surface at the basal portion of each chamber, the roughness being confined to the
superior half. At other Stns. (notably Stns. 26, 10, and 11) the aculeate growths fuse
and form reticulating coste over the surface of the chambers. ‘lhe species reaches its
best development as regards size and ornament at Stns. 1 and 11.
224, Bolivina convallaria Millett.
Bolivina convallaria Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 544, pl. iv. fig. 6.
1 Station.
One specimen from Stn. 12, which is of a type in which the sides of the test are
regularly parallel for at least three-quarters of the length of the shell. Millett’s
type, as figured, represents the later pairs of chambers as separated by varying spaces,
but in the Kerimba specimens the spacing is uniform over the greater portion of the
shell. Mullett refers to the variability of the species as regards the form and
arrangement of the chambers, and perhaps his figure represents an extreme type. The
species occurs at several Stus. in Millett’s Malay gatherings “ by no means common.”
We have met with it at Singapore, in the Macassar Straits, and in many Pacific
shallow-water gatherings—notably at Tahiti, where it is common. All of the speci-
mens which we have seen are of a very regular type, similar to the Kerimba
shell, and presenting very little variation except in the development of the marginal
spines.
225. Bolivina variabilis (Williamson).
Textularia variabilis (typica) Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 76, pl. vi. figs. 162, 163 (incorrectly
numbered 161, 162 on the plate).
Bolivina variabilis Chaster, 1892, CS. pp. 59, 69.
Fe “ Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, ete., SB. 1909, p. 336.
is 3 Heron-Allen & Marland, 1913, CI. p. 68.
11 Stations.
Occurs at many Stns., never in any numbers. The specimens exhibit a considerable
VOL. XX,—PART xvil. No. 14.—November, 1915. 4y
648 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
amount of variation, especially as regards their punctation, some being very coarsely
perforate. Many specimens passing, on the one hand, into B. plicata and, on the
other, into B. punctata were observed.
226. Bolivina plicata d’Orbigny.
Bolivina plicata @’Orbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 62, pl. viii. figs. 4-7.
; » Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 95, pl. ix. figs. 12, 13.
a » Halkyard, 1889, REJ. p. 65, pl. i. fig. 18.
99 » Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 51, pl. ix. figs. 487, 488.
rs » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 68.
1 Station.
One specimen only, but quite typical.
227. Bolivina inflata Heron-Allen & Farland.
Bolivina inflata Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 68, pl. iv. figs. 16-19.
8 Stations.
Occurs in small numbers at the Stns., but only at a few is it quite typical. At
Stn. 1X the specimens are somewhat angular at the periphery, and show signs of
approaching Tvvtularia rhomboidalis Millett.
228. Bolivina simpsoni, sp.n. (Pl. XLIX. figs. 18-35.)
14 Stations.
This handsome and very distinctive form is quite one of the features of the Kerimba
dredgings at every Stn., except No. 7.
The test commences with a primordial chamber often bearing a terminal spine of
considerable length, followed by four to seven or eight pairs of chambers. ‘The earlier
pairs are frequently ornamented with stout marginal spines, which are themselves
extensions of the limbate sutural walls. The marginal spines are practically parallel
and may extend to a length approaching the whole diameter of the test at the point
of their emergence. The shell-wall is thick and covered all over with rough aculeate
growths, which, in the later chambers, may become fused and develop into raised lines
of shell-substance (“ verriculations”’) either straight or curved. ‘The sutural lines are
strongly limbate, especially in the early chambers where they stand up as thick walls
of clear shell-substance, the surface of the chambers being deeply sunk between them
and very inconspicuous. In the later chambers the limbation of the sutures, although
present, is much less marked, owing to the fact that the chambers as they become
broader become slightly inflated. Down the median line of the shell there is a more
or less clear space due to the interruption of the limbate sutures. The aperture is a
deep broad bolivine slit, the marginal edges are sometimes thickened and glassy, but
the verriculate markings often extend over the curve of the edge, into the aperture.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 649
The shell is coarsely punctate in the spaces between the verriculations of the
surface.
Bolivina simpsoni exhibits great diversity of size, development, and external
decoration: two well-marked forms occur usually in company, one showing the
prominent terminal and marginal spines, the other being spineless. This does not
appear to be due to excessive shell-growth in the spinous form, as the sutural lines of
the spineless form are often even more strongly limbate than in the spinous type.
A short and a long type also occur, apparently definite forms, and not stages of growth ;
the short type is more commonly spineless, but sometimes the spines on this type are
quite abnormally developed. In the long type of both forms there is usually a sudden
change in the surface-appearance of the shell at about its mid-growth, the chambers
suddenly increasing in breadth and turgidity, with a consequent diminution of the
effect produced by the limbate sutures, thus giving an appearance of neatness and
finish to the later half of the test.
At Stn. 6 a specimen was observed in which, at this change of growth, the test took on
a bigenerine habit, two or three chambers having been formed in a continuous series.
Young individuals bear some resemblance to Teatularia jugosa Brady (= Teaxtularia
inconspicua, var. gugosa Millett), but are readily distinguishable by their aperture and
their much greater size.
We have found our species in the Brady Collection at Cambridge, where it figures
as Teatularia jugosa Brady, from Tamatave (Madagascar) shore-sand. ‘There are two
slides of 7. jugosa in the Collection, the other one containing typical 7’. jugosa from
Raine Island. The Madagascar specimens are representative of the Kerimba form,
but in a somewhat pauperate condition, similar indeed to the specimens which we
have ourselves found from Ngoney (Madagascar). None of them attains the robust
dimensions of the best Kerimba types, and, although the lmbation and verriculate
surface-markings are well shown in some of the stronger individuals, none of them
presents marginal spines. ‘The aperture in all cases is typically bolivine,
The species reaches its best development as regards size and numbers at Stns. 4, 9,
10, and 12. At Stn. 4 both the spinous and the spineless forms occur equally large.
At Stn. 9 there are only a few spineless, mostly of the short type, but the spinous
form is very common and yery large. At Stn. 10 only the spinous form was
observed and was very common. At Stn. 12 the short spineless and very large
spinous specimens were found. At Stn. 11 the spineless form only is recorded,
characterized by inordinately thick limbation, and coarse verriculate markings on the
later chambers.
We take pleasure in associating this very handsome species with the name of
Dr. J. J. Simpson, by whom this material was dredged in the Kerimba Archipelago.
Length extremely variable—a series measured ranged from *2 to 1:0 mm. in length.
Breadth less variable, between -2 and ‘4 mm.
4y2
650 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Mimosrya Millett.
229. Wimosina rimosa, sp.n. (PI. L. figs. 5-11.)
10 Stations. ,
Test free, hyaline, consisting of three.to five pairs of chambers arranged in a regular
biserial order. ‘The initial portion of the test is sometimes triserial. The chambers
somewhat inflated, giving slightly depressed sutural lines. Shell-wall coarsely per-
forate, in the usual mimosine manner; surface of the test smooth and glassy, usually
very transparent. Aperture mimosiue or double, but abnormal, consisting of a long
fissure extending all round the lower half of each chamber midway between the two
faces of the test and forming a compressed funnel which opens into the internal cavity
of the chamber. In the fissure, and near the point of junction of the last two
chambers, is a smail secondary opening into the chamber which is not connected with
the funnel.
This well-marked form is one of the most distinctive of the Kerimba types, occurring
at nearly every Stn.. often moderately plentiful. It may be regarded as closely allied
to M. hystrix Millett, from which, however, it differs in many points, notably in the
invariable absence of all spinous processes and in its very distinctive aperture.
Breadth -18 mm., length -3 mm., thickness -1 mm.
230. Mimosina affinis Millett.
Mimosina affinis Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 548, pl. iv. fig. 11.
15 Stations.
Universally distributed, often very common, ‘This is one of the typical species of
the Kerimba dredgings, and is extremely true to type; hardly any variation has been
observed except at Stn. 8, where a few of the specimens had the apicai edge of the
chambers ornamented with short spines hke buldimina marginata, and at Stn. 12
where a few specimens had a single short stout apical spine.
There do not appear to be any published records of this species except Millett’s
original one from the Malay Archipelago, “ occurring in great profusion at nearly all
the Stations,” and its discovery in equal abundance at Kerimba on the other side of
the Indian Ocean, in common with so many other distinctly Malayan types, is certainly
of the greatest zoological interest.
We have met with a few minute but typical specimens in a dredging from Vavau
in the Friendly Islands (8. Pacific, 16 fms.), and it would therefore appear to be widely
distributed across the Indo-Pacific area,
231. Mimosina spinulosa Millett.
Mimosina spinulosa Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 548, pl. iv. figs. 12, 18.
16 Stations.
Universally distributed, sometimes very common, but, on the whole, less typical of
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 651
the locality than M. affinis. The specimens do not present any particular features
of interest, both the spinous and the straight-edged types figured by Millett
occurring at most of the Stns. If anything, the spinous variety (Millett, fig. 13) is
the most abundant; the surface of the test is, in its best development, much more
strongly marked than is indicated in the original figures, the shell-wall being ridged
with fine rounded coste in the grooves, between which the typical vesicles are placed.
The whole of the surface of the test, especially in its initial portion, is often covered
with a dense outgrowth of spiny processes masking the sutural lines. The shell-wall
is described by Millett as “cellular or spongy,” but, viewed as a transparent
object under a high power, this characteristic shell-wall of the Mimosine appears to
be due to small vesicles in the thickness of the shell-substance communicating with
the interior and exterior surfaces by the pseudopodial perforations.
M. spinulosa appears to be more widely distributed than the other species, as we
have records of its occurrence at many localities in the Indo-Pacific area.
232. Mimosina echinata, sp. n. (Pl. L. figs. 12-18.)
Mimosina hystrix Millett, var., Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1905, p. 16, pl. in. fig. 9.
sy 5 35 », Sidebottom, 1910, RFBP. p. 13.
2 Stations.
At Stn. ?X a few specimens were found, and a single individual at Stn. 10,
which are, we think, beyond question the same as those figured and described by
Sidebottom as a variety of J. hystria Millett, but, as he points out, they present
points of difference from that species and it appears desirable to separate them.
‘The Kerimba specimens, like those from Delos, are triserial in the early stages. This
triserial portion varies considerably in its development, in some cases extending up
to the terminal pair of chambers, which are always biserially arranged; in other
specimens the triserial portion is very small and the shell is biserial throughout the
great part of its development. These two variations cause a considerable difference in
the external appearance of the specimens, the biserial form being much narrower and
more compressed than the triserial, which is turgid and practically diamond-shaped in
section. ‘The whole surface of the test, except the terminal pair of chambers, is
covered with a dense growth of fine spines. ‘The double aperture characteristic of
Mimosina is well shown in our specimens.
Maximum breadth :10--14 mm., length -14—16 mm.
233. Mimosina hystrix Millett. (PI. L. fig. 19.)
Mimosina hystrix Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1900, p. 549, pl. iv. fig. 14.
2 Stations.
This species is represented by a: single specimen at Stn. ! B, and a few less typical
at Stn.?X. At Stn.?B it is small and fairly typical, but the marginal spines are,
652 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
if anything, more strongly developed, especially in the earlier chambers, than in
Millett’s figure. The surface of the test is also more strongly grooved than
in the Malay figure; the perforations are situated in the sulci between the ridges.
At St. 7 another specimen was observed which, commencing in the normal triserial
growth more prominently developed than usual, terminates with two pairs of chambers
of the biserial type; the whole of the surface of the early portion is covered with stout:
spines, and the specimen may be regarded as either abnormal Jd. spinulosa or as
M. hystrix, but cannet be definitely assigned to either.
Subfamily CassIDULININA.
CassIDULINA d’Orbigny.
234. Cassidulina levigata d’Orbigny.
Cassidulina leviyata VOrbigny., 1826, TMC, p. 282. no. 1, pl. xv. figs. 4, 5.
ss » Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 68, pl. vi. figs. 141, 142.
i » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 428, pl. liv. figs. 1-3.
a » Egger, 18938, FG. p. 302, pl. vir. figs. 47, 48, 54-56.
3 » ‘Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 43, pl. viii. figs. 418-420.
6 Stations.
Extremely rare—as a rule, only one or two specimens, all poor and small, except at
Stn. 8, where the only specimen seen was quite large and normal.
235. Cassidulina crassa d’Orbigny.
Cassidulina crassa VOrbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 56, pl. vat. figs. 18-20.
a >» @Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 213, pl. xxi. figs. 42, 43.
. » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 429, pl. liv. figs. 4, 5.
7 5, Egger, 1893, FG. p. 303, pi. vil. figs. 35, 36.
Ls 5, Wright, 1900, FLMB. p. 100, pl. v. fig. 11.
16 Stations.
Universally distributed, and as a rule moderately frequent, but extremely rare at
Stns. 5 and 9. Adil the specimens are of normal type, rather small.
236. Cassidulina subglebosa Brady.
Cassidulina subglobosa Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 60.
os ie Brady, 1884, FC. p. 4:3G, pl. hv. fig. 17.
oS os Egger, 1893, FG. p. 304, pl. vil. figs. 41, 42, 52, 53.
*, 5 Chapman, 1907, TI'V. p. 38, pl. iv. fig. 84.
Rs e Chapman, 1907, RFV. p. 128.
s a Heron-Allen & Earland, 19138, CI. p. 70.
8 Stations.
Very sparingly distributed over the whole area—as a rule, only one or two specimens
at each Stn., Stns. 1 and 2 being the only localities at which more than a few
individuals were found. All the specimens are small and poorly developed.
on
(3%)
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO, 6:
237. Cassidulina bradyi Norman.
Cassidulina bradyi (Norman MS.) Wright, 1880, NET. p. 152.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 431, pl. liv. figs. 6-10.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 304, pl. vil. figs. 38-40.
Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 44, pl. viii, figs. 423-426.
Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1905, p. 17, pl. iii. fig. 10.
” ”
1 Station.
A single small individual at Stn. 1. The range of this species, although wide, is
limited, so far as records are available, to the N. Atlantic (where it is frequent off the
west and south of Ireland) and to the Pacific. Its occurrence at Kerimba in an
entirely new area is noteworthy.
238. Cassidulina bradyi Norman, var. elongata Sidebottom. (PI. L. fig. 20.)
Cassidulina bradyi, var. elongata Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1905, p. 17, pl. i. fig. 11.
3 Stations.
Single specimens from Stns. 3,9, and 11. The nature of this little form appears
to us to be extremely obscure, and we are inclined to doubt whether it is not more
closely related to the genus Bulimina, of the group B. convoluta Williamson, than
to Cassidulina, but any settlement of this point could only be made by some observer
having access to a sufficient supply of material. If a Cassrdulina, it is not unlikely
that the variety may be a depauperate form of the Oassidulina described by Goés
as “ Forma affinis of C. bradyi,” and to which he gave the varietal name stenostegica
(G. 1894, ASF. p. 44, pl. viii. fig. 427). Our specimen from Stn. 3 was found among
the fragments of a large specimen of Cymbalopora bulloides, which had been mounted
in balsam and was accidentally crushed by pressure on the cover-glass, and it may
perhaps have been ingested by the larger animal.
We have specimens from Haul 138 of the Scottish Fisheries Cruiser *‘ Goldseeker,’
off Noss Head, Moray Firth, 70 metres, and as Sidebottom’s specimens were from
Delos, the little organism, whatever its affinities, is widely distributed.
239. Cassidulina nitidula (Chaster).
Pulvinulina nitidula Chaster, 1892, CS. p. 66, pl. 1. fig. 17.
», Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1909, p. 9, pl. iv. fig. 2
Cnechintion nitidula Heron- Allen & aerate 1913, Cl. p. 70, pl. v. figs. 6-9.
5 Stations.
A few specimens at Stn. 7 and an occasional one at the others. hey are all
minute, even for this normally small species, but otherwise distinctive. The occurrence
of C. nitidula here in the tropics supports our suggestion (wt supra) as to the wide
distribution of the species, the records now ranging from the Arctic Circle to the
Equator.
654 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
240. Cassidulina (Orthoplecta) clavata Brady. (PI. L. figs. 21, 22.)
Cassidulina (Orthoplecta) clavuta Brady, 1884, FC. p. 432, pl. exiii. fig. 9.
ms 0 » Chapman, 1901, FFA. (1902) p. 402 (list). no. 114.
2 Stations.
A single specimen at Stn. 2 and four at Stn. 5, all rather short, but quite typical.
The published records of this extremely rare species depend entirely upon Brady’s
discovery at Nares Harbour (Admiralty Islands, 17 fms.) and Chapman’s list
from Funafuti “outside the reef Tutanga, 50-60 fms.” and ‘200 fms.,”’ but we have
found it also at the ‘Challenger’ Stn. 185 (Raine Island, 155 fms.), in the Java Sea
(45 fms.), and Macassar Straits (50 fms.), never more than a few specimens in any
particular dredging. Owing to its small size and obscure characteristics it is very
likely to be overlooked, and the species being so widely distributed would probably be
found in most suitable tropical dredgings if carefully sought for.
Family LAGENID.
Subfamily LAGHNIN &.
Lagena Walker & Boys.
241. Lagena globosa (Montagu).
Serpula (Lagena) levis globosa Walker & Boys, 1784, TMR. p. 3, pl. i. fig. 8.
Vermiculum globosum Montagu, 1803, TB. p. 523.
Lagena globosa Brown, 1844, RCGB. p. 126, pl. lvi. figs. 37 & 40.
B We Brady, 1884, FC. p. 452, pl. lvi. figs. 1-3.
ey » Lerrigi, 1889, CP. p. NIN pl vy: fig. 10, pl. vi. figs. 4-6.
rs » Egger, 1893, PG. p. 323; plu x. fis. 66.
Ns es Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 3 (References).
16 Stations.
Universally distributed, often very common, and presenting every variation as
regards size and character of aperture. ‘The best and largest specimens were at
Sins. 3and 4. At Stn. 6 a double specimen presenting two apertures was observed.
242. Lagena apiculata (Reuss).
Oolina apiculata Reuss, 1851, FKL. p. 22, pl. i. fig. 1.
Lagena apiculata Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1866, ete., MFC. 1866, p. 44, pl. i. fig. 27.
im 5 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 453, pl. lvi. figs. 4, 15-18.
5 a Egger, 1893, FG. p. 324, pl. x. fig. 8.
is 3 Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1901, p. 5 (References).
on - Sidebottom, 1912, ete., LSP. 1912, p. 381, pl. xiv. figs. 16-20; 1913, p. 165,
pl. xv. fig. 4.
1 Station.
One specimen only at Stn. 1.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 659
248. Lagena ampulla-distoma Rymer Jones.
Lagena vulgaris, var. ampulla-distoma Ry. Jones, 1872, LJS. p. 63, pl. xix. fig. 52.
Lagena ampulla-distoma Brady, 1884, FC. p. 458, pl. lvii. fig. 5.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1901, p. 5, pl. i. fig. 5.
Pe 5 » Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1906, p. 2, pl. i. figs. 2, 8.
** a S Sihilavationn, 1912, etc., LSP. 1912, p. 384; 1913, p. 168.
a) ” 2
5 Stations. .
A few specimens only, all of the original type of Rymer Jones as regards superficial
markings, 7. é. with the entire shell-wall covered with ‘‘exogenous shell deposit.”
None of the specimens presents that differentiation in markings indicated by Brady
and Sidebottom, in which the upper half of the shell is relatively smooth as compared
with the basal half. At Stns. 1 and 3 two varieties were found in company—one
normal, the other in which the apiculate base was lacking. At Stn. 6 all the
specimens lacked the distomous base. Such specimens with only a terminal aperture
would be easily confused with LZ. aspera, but for the fact that the aperture is of the
flush or depressed nature characteristic of the normal L. ampulla-distoma, instead
of being produced as in LZ. aspera. They seem, however, to confirm the relationship of
the type with LZ. aspera rather than with ZL. globosa, to which it is usually affiliated.
244, Lagena aspera Reuss.
Lagena aspera Reuss, 1861, FKM. p. 305, pl. i. fig. 5.
Pr » Reuss, 1862, FFL. p. 335, pl. vi. fig. 81.
Entosolenia aspera Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 91, pl. viii. figs. 11, 12.
Lagena aspera Brady, 1884, FC. p. 457, pl. lvii. figs. 7-10.
4 » Lgger, 1893, FG. p. 325, pl. x. fig. 11.
¥ » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 6.
2 » Sidebottom, 1912, etc., LSP. 1913, p. 167, pl. xv. figs. 11-13.
3 Stations.
Only a few specimens, varying considerably in their markings. Fairly typical at
Stn. 4; small, but otherwise typical at Stn.?X. At Stn. 3 the surface of the shell,
instead of being spinous, was, under a higher power, seen to be covered with zigzag
processes, giving a characteristic appearance to the shell.
245. Lagena rudis Reuss.
Lagena rudis Reuss, 1862, FFL. p. 336, pl. vi. fig. 82.
,» Reuss, 1863, FCA. p. 145, pl. i. fig. 17.
iBitocvelonte rudis Mabius, 1880, F'M. p. 90, pl. viii. fig. tea
Lagena rudis Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 6, pl. i. fig.
1 Station.
A single specimen of this extremely rare species. Nearly globular, the surface
being covered with rounded warty protuberances, irregularly disposed, and not
presenting any signs of the “reticulate system” observed in the intermediate spaces
by Millett in his Malay specimens.
VOL. XX.—PArT xvil. No. 15.—WNovember, 1915. 44
656 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
246. Lagena lineata (Williamson).
Entosolenia lineata Williamson, 1848, BSGL. p. 18, pl. ii. fig. 18.
Lagena lineata Reuss, 1863, FFL. p. 328, pl. iv. fig. 48.
3 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 461, pl. lvii. fig. 13.
5 » Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 336, pl. xiv. figs. 13-16.
Be » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 326, pl. x. figs. 29, 30.
Bs » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 75.
3 Stations.
Only a few specimens at each Stn. and those very poorly developed, the strie being
hardly distinguishable, except in one specimen at Stn. 11, which has the markings
more strongly developed in the form of somewhat wavy broken coste,
247. Lagena costata (Williamson).
Entosolenia costata Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 9, pl. i. fig. 18.
Lagena costata Reuss, 1862, FFL. p. 329, pl. iv. fig. 54.
a » Wright, 1877, RFDA. p. 103, pl. iv. figs. 11-13.
A , Lerquem, 1882, FEP. p. 27, pl. i. Gx.) fig. 11.
a » Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 338, pl. xiv. figs. 3-5.
a » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 328, pl. x. fig. 33 (gracilis, pars).
Be >» Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 7, pl. i. fig. 8.
1 Station.
A single specimen at Stn. 2a, with typically coarse coste, but the neck more
produced than usual.
248. Lagena hexagona (Williamson).
Entosolenia squamosa, var. heragona Williamson, 1848, BSGL. p. 20, pl. ui. fig. 23.
Entosolenia squamosa Williamson, 1858, REGB. p. 12, pl. 1. figs. 29-31.
Lagena squamosa Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, Il’. App. p. 309.
Lagena sulcata, var. (Entosolenia) squamosa Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 354, pl. xiii.
figs. 40, 41, pl. xvi. fig. 11.
Lagena hexagona Siddall, 1879, CBRE. p. 6.
ss 3 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 472, pl. lviil. figs. 32, 33.
a ee Wright, 1900, FLMB. p. 100, pl. v. fig. 15.
7 Stations.
Occurs very sparingly, and never more than a few specimens at each Stn., for the
most part poorly developed; the range of markings is, however, considerable, varying
between the large and coarsely marked var. scalariformis of Williamson and a little
type occurring at Stn. 9, in which a neatly oval shell is covered with a very fine raised
network closely resembling the var. catenulata of Williamson, or the Ovulina ornata
of Seguenza (S. 1862, FMMM. p. 42, pl. 1. fig. 12).
249. Lagena reticulata (Macgillivray).
Lagenula reticulata Macgillivray, 1843, HMAA. p. 88.
Lagena reticulata Reuss, 1862, FFL. p. 333, pl. v. figs. 67, 68.
i 54 Terquem, 1882, FEP. p. 28, pl. i. (ax.) fig. 15.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 657
Lagena reticulata Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1895, p. 195, pl. iv. fig. 7.
» hexagona Egger, 1893, FG. p. 326, pl. x. fig. 60.
», reticulata Sidebottom, 1910, REBP. p. 17, pl. ii. fig. 4.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 76.
bb) ”
2 Stations.
Moderately typical specimens. Very rare.
250. Lagena spumosa Millett.
Lagena spumosa Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1901, p. 9, pl. i. fig. 9.
2 Stations.
Two weakly specimens, one at each Stn. They present the double shell-wall
characteristic of the species, but the outer layer is thinner and very much more
delicate than is usually the case. LL. spwmosa is probably of world-wide distribution ;
we have found it in considerable numbers in ‘ Goldseeker’ dredgings from the Hilte
Fjord (Norway) in 260 metres, and at several Stns. in the Faroe Channel, ranging
down to 1280 metres.
251. Lagena levis (Montagu).
Vermiculum leve Montagu, 1803, TB. p. 524.
Lagena levis Williamson, 1848, BSGL. p. 12, pl. 1. figs. 1, 2.
» vulgaris Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 4, pl. i. figs. 5, 5 a.
Phialina (vars.) Seguenza, 1862, FMMM. pp. 43, 44, pl. i. figs. 13-17.
Lagena levis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 455, pl. lvi. figs. 7-14, 30.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1901, p. 9 (References).
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1918, CI. p. 77, pl. vi. fig. 5.
a7 39
7 Stations.
Sparingly distributed, the specimens few in number and poorly developed. At
Stn. 1 all the individuals were of a very inflated type; at the others, of the fusiform
type in which the neck passes imperceptibly into the body of the test. Specimens
showing faint signs of striation on the base, connecting this species with L. semistriata,
were noted at one or two Stns.
252. Lagena levis, var. distoma Silvestri.
Lagena distoma (levis Montagu) Silvestri, 1900, FPNT. p. 245, pl. iv. fig. 48; pl. vi.
figs. 74, 75.
Lagena levis, var. distoma Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 10, pl. i. fig. 10.
Silvestri, 1902, MT. p. 158, fig. 58.
e 3 be Sidebottom, 1910, RFBP. p. 15, pl. i. fig. 12.
55 5 BS Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 77, pl. vi. fig. 6.
1 Station.
A single specimen at Stn. 12.
bb) 29 22
658 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
253. Lagena levis, var. setigera Millett.
Lagena clavata, var. setigera Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1901, p. 491, pl. viii. fig. 9.
1 Station.
A number of specimens at Stn. 7 which we have no hesitation in associating with
Millett’s variety, although the basal processes are extremely short as compared
with his figure. In Millett’s specimens the base is described as a “ cup-shaped
indentation surrounded by a circle of sete ” (bristles); in the Kerimba specimens the
indentation, when present, is very small, the base being usually merely truncate; there
is no sign of any perforation in the base, and we therefore think that our specimens
are more nearly allied to L. devis than to L. clavata.
254. Lagena crenata Parker & Jones.
Lagena crenata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF, p. 420, pl. xviil. fig. 4.
pi ss Brady, 1881, IC. p. 467, pl. lvii. figs. 15, 21.
fs 35 Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 339, pl. xiv. figs. 17, 18.
ne a Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901], p. 485, pl. vil. fig. 1.
6 Stations.
Sparsely distributed, but never abundant. Very variable in contour and presenting
many passage-forms linking it with L. semzstriata. Two types are usually present,
one in which the body slopes gradually into the long neck forming an acute triangle
in section, and another in which the body is turgid and the neck produced from it.
At Stn. 3 both these forms occur together, and abnormal specimens also, in which the
body is very lengthened and narrow. At Stn. 7 the individuals were all large but
weakly crenelated. The spiral neck-ornament, which is usually present in typical
specimens, is absent or weakly developed in nearly all cases. The absence of this
feature may, as Millett suggests, mark the close affinity of the Kerimba specimens
to L. semistriata, although we have specimens of L. semistriata from the Philippine
Islands in which the neck is ornamented with a prominent spiral carina more strongly
developed than we have ever observed in L. crenata. These Philippine specimens,
however, are unquestionably abnormal.
255. Lagena semistriata Williamson.
Lagena striata, var. semistriata Williamson, 1848, BSGL. p. 14, pl. i. figs. 9, 10.
Lagena sulcata, var. semistriata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 350,-pl. xin. fig. 23.
Lagena semistriata Joucs, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1865, p. 34, pl. iv. fig. 6.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 465, pl. lvii. figs. 14, 16, 17 (7 18, 20).
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 327, pl. x. figs. 34, 39.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1901, p. 486, pl. vill. figs. (?) 2, 3.
” ”
” ”
4 Stations.
Very rare and always weakly developed, the best specimens being from Stn. 9, but
only one or two of them were at all typically marked.
%
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 659
256. Lagena perlucida Williamson.
Lagena vulgaris, var. perlucida Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 5, pl. i. figs. 7, 8.
Lagena perlucida Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 320, pl. x. fig. 13.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 78.
by) 9
2 Stations.
A few poor and weak specimens of this rather unsatisfactory form at Stns. 4
and 12.
257. Lagena sulcata (Walker & Jacob).
Serpula (Layena) striata sulcata rotundata Walker & Boys, 1784, TMR. p. 2, pl. i. fig. 6.
Serpula (Lagena) sulcata Walker & Jacob, 1798, AEM. p. 634, pl. xiv. fig. 5
Lagena sulcata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF, p. 351, pl. xiii. figs. 28, 29; pl. xvi. figs. 6, 7.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 462, pl. lvil. figs. 23, 26, 33, 34; Apiculate forms, pl. lyin.
figs. 4, 17, 18, ete. (References).
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 488 (References).
22 29
29 99
6 Stations.
Very rare, and only poorly developed specimens with short necks, except at Stns. 7
and 12, where the species was large and frequent, and characterized by numerous
short and stout spines radiating from the base.
258. Lagena lyellii (Seguenza).
Amphorina lyellii Seguenza, 1862, FMMM. p. 52, pl. i. fig. 40.
Lagena lyellit Brady, 1870, FTR. p. 292, pl. xi. fig. 7. ‘
5 Balkwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 27, pl. 11. fig. 2.
Sidebottom, 1910, RE BP. p. 15, pl. i. figs. 18-15, 17, 18.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, Cl. p. 79, pl. vi. fig. 8.
»
» »
6 Stations.
A good many specimens at Stn. 1, less frequent at the others. All the specimens
are of a rather marked type, characterized by relatively few stout coste. In the
nature of their markings they resemble terminal chambers of Nodosaria bicamerata
Rymer Jones, and had that species occurred in the Kerimba gatherings the question
of the identity of our specimens would have been open to considerable doubt.
259. Lagena williamsoni (Alcock).
Entosolenia williamsoni Alcock, 1865, NHC. p. 195.
- Lagena williamsoni Wright, 1877, REDA., App. p. 104, pl. iv. fig. 14.
Baikwill & Wright, 1885, DLS. p. 339, pl. xiv. figs. 6-8.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1918, CI. p. 80.
” ”
32 22
1 Station.
One typical specimen only of this form, usually very abundant in higher latitudes.
660 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. HARLAND ON THE
260. Lagena striato-punctata Parker & Jones.
Lagena sulcata, vay. striato-punctata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 350, pl. xiii. figs. 25-27
» striato-punctata Brady, 1878, RRNP. p. 434, pl. xx. fig. 3.
& 5 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 468, pl. lviii. figs. "87 & 40.
5) 33 Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 489, pl. vii. fig. 6
0 s Sidebottom, 1912, ete., LSP. 1912, p. 392, pl. xvi. figs. 7-10.
op as Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 30, pl. xiv. fig. 10.
5 Stations.
Sparingly distributed, the only Stn. where more than a single specimen was observed
being Stn. 4, where it was moderately frequent. All the specimens are of the original
type characterized by a comparatively small number of coste, the multicostate form
figured by Brady not having been observed,
261. Lagena spiralis Brady.
Lagena spiralis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 468, pl. exiv. fig. 9
a » Chaster, 1892, S. p. 60, pl. 1. fig. 8
» striatopunctata, var. spiralis Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 489, pl. viii. fig. 7
- a 4 Sidebottom, 1912, etc., LSP. 1912, p. 394, pl. xvi. fig. 14.
6 Stations.
Widely distributed, but as usual only an occasional specimen except at Stn. 11,
where the species was larger and more abundant than elsewhere.
. Lagena clavata (d’Orbigny). (Pl. L. fig. 23.)
Oolina clavata WV Orbigny, 1846, FEV. p. 24, pl. 1. figs. 2, 3.
Lagena clavata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 456.
he » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 324, pl. x. fig. 68.
ss » Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 75, pl. xiii. figs. 725-727.
an » Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1901, p. 490 (References).
Ss -,, Hcron-Allen & Karland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 423.
s » Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 9, pl. 11. fig. 3
3 Stations.
Very rare, and seldom typical. At Stns. 6 and 7 most of the specimens showed
a tendency to pass into L. gracillima, a few with obscure basal markings approaching
LL. crenata. At Stn. 7 an abnormal specimen constricted in the basal portion was
observed, which we figure.
263. Lagena gracillima (Seguenza).
Amphorina gracilis Costa, 1853, etc., PRN. 1856, p. 121, pl. xi. fig. 11.
os gracillima Seguenza, 1862, FMMM. p. 51, pl. 1. fig. 37.
Lagena gracillima Brady, 1870, FUR. p. 292, pl. xi. fig. 6.
35 a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 456, pl. lvi. figs. 19-28.
pt is Egger, 1893, FG. p. 330, pl. x. fig. 12.
Fi a Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 306, pl. li. fig. 3.
a sh Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 11, pl. 1. fig. 4
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 661
12 Stations.
Occurs at most Stns., frequent. Common at Stns. 1 and 7, where the best range of
individuals were obtained. The most typical specimens were at Stn. 12, where it was
less abundant. As usual there is a great deal of variation in the diameter of the
central portion of the test. At Stn. 9 some inequilateral specimens were observed
in which the shell is curved on one side of the long axis only, the other side being
straight from one aperture to the other.
264. Lagena laevigata (Reuss).
Fissurina levigata Reuss, 1849-50, FOT. p. 366, pl. 1. (xlvi.) fig. 1.
Fissurina (vars.) Seguenza, 1862, FM MM. pp. 56, 57, pl. 1. figs. 44-51.
Lagena levigata Robertson, 1888, PTG. p. 24.
ap hs Brady, 1884, FC. p. 473, pl. exiv. fig. 8.
53 >» Balkwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 81, pl. u. fig. 6 ; pl. ui. fig. 6.
i . Egger, 1898, FG. p. 330, pl. x. figs. 64, 65.
15 Stations.
Universally distributed, sometimes common; there is, as usual, a great range of
form and size. Perhaps the most noticeable variation is the occurrence at five or six
Stns. of a large form with coarse punctations covering the whole surface of the test,
except the central portion, running from the aperture downwards. ‘This central
portion is quite clear and imperforate; the marginal edge of this form is rather more
acute than usual. At Stns. 7 and 9,?X and ?B a variety occurs with a broad and
almost caudate base. At Stn. 7 this variety occurs in a trigonal form.
265. Lagena acuta (Reuss).
Fissurina acuta Reuss, 1858, FP. p. 434 ; and Reuss, 1862, FIL. p. 340, pl. vii. figs. 90, 91.
Lagena acuta Brady, 1884, FC. p. 474, pl. lix. fig. 6.
ss » LHgger, 1893, FG. p. 332, pl. x. figs. 74, 75.
= 5 Sidebottom, 1912, ete., LSP. 1912, p. 401, pl. xvii. figs. 9-11.
5, Cushman, 1910, ete, FNP. 1913, p. 6, pl. xxxviii. fig. 6.
3 Stations.
A few specimens only, presenting no abnormal feature, except at Stn. 7, where the
specimens had two well-marked spines at the base.
266. Lagena lucida (Williamson).
Entosolenia marginata, var. lucida Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 10, pl. 1. figs. 22-23.
Entosolenia lucida Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 89, pl. vin. fig. 4.
Lagena lucida Baikwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 80, pl. ii. fig. 7 ; pl. iil. figs. 4, 5.
is » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 494.
a » Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1906, p. 6, pl. i. figs. 9-12.
55 » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 425; and 1911, p. 318, pl. x.
fig. 16.
662 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
15 Stations.
Occurs nearly everywhere, often very common, but less so at Stns. 9 and 2B.
Trigonal specimens at Stn. 1, where it was most abundant, and presented considerable
variation in shape and character of marking.
267. Lagena fasciata (Egzer).
Oolina fasciata Egger, 1857, MSO. p. 270, pl. i. (v.) figs. 12-15.
Lagena fasciata Reuss, 1862, FFL. p. 328, pl. i. fig. 24.
“ Fissurina ” Schlicht, 1870, FSP. p. 12, pl. iv. figs. 25-30.
Lagena quadricostulata Reuss, 1870, FSP. p. 15.
Lagena quadricostulata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 486, pl. lix. fig. 15.
» fasciata Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 495, pl. viii. fig. 19.
- = Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 83.
2 Stations.
Occurs very rarely at Stns. 3 and 5, the marginal coste being poorly developed and
the specimens being very close to the allied L. annectens, which is common in the
gatherings.
268. Lagena annectens Burrows & Holland.
Lagena annectens Burrows & Holland, in Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1895,
p. 203, pl. vil. fig. 11.
(See Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 495.)
12 Stations. 5
Generally distributed all over the area and often abundant, especially at Stns. 1
and 8. The relationships of this form with Z. faba Balkwill & Millett, L. fasciata
Egger, and others, is discussed by Millett sub L. fasciata (ut supra).
269. Lagena quadrata (Williamson).
Entosolenia marginata, var. quadrata Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 11, pl. 1. fig. 27.
“ Fissurina” (vars.) Seguenza, 1862, FMMM. pp. 58, 68, pl. i. figs. 52, 53; pl. 1. fig. 35.
Entosolenia quadrata Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 90, pl. viii. fig. 9.
Lagena quadrata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 475, pl. lix. figs. 8, 16 ; pl. Ix. fig. 5.
Balkwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 81, pl. u. fig. 8.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 331, pl. x. figs. 78, 79.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 496, pl. viii. fig. 18.
eb) 29
29 be)
” ”
4 Stations.
One typical specimen at Stn. 11 and a few weaker ones at Stns. 4, 5, and 8.
270. Lagena malcomsonii J. Wright.
Lagena levigata, var. malcomsonit Wright, 1910-11, BCNI. p. 4, pl. 1. figs. 1, 2.
Lagena malcomsonti Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, Cl. p. 84, pl. vi. fig. 9.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, FNS. p. 135.
” 2
3 Stations.
A single specimen at each Stn.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO, 6635
271. Lagena marginata (Walker & Boys).
Serpula (Lagena) marginata Walker & Boys, 1784, TMR. p. 2, pl. 1. fig. 7.
Entosolenia marginata (pars) Williamson, 1848, BSGL. p. 17, pi. 11. figs. 15, 16.
“ Fissurina” (vars.) Seguenza, 1862, FMMM. pp. 59-71 (passim), pls. 1., 11.
Lagena vulgaris (vars.) Rymer Jones, 1872, LJS. pp. 59-61, pl. xix. figs. 88-47,
Entosolenia marginata Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 90, pl. viii. figs. 7, 8.
Lagena marginata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 476, pl. lix. figs. 21-23.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 332, pl. x. figs. 20, 66, 67, 96, 97.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1901, p. 496 (References).
9 bb)
6 Stations.
Sparingly distributed and only a few specimens at each Stn. All of them are of
types in which the marginal keel is but slightly developed, except at Stn. 1, where the
only specimen recorded is of a compressed circular type with a marginal carina
extending all round the shell, and in width nearly equalling that of the central
chamber.
272. Lagena marginato-perforata Seguenza. (Pl. L. figs. 24-30.)
Lagena marginato-perforata Seguenza, 1879-80, FTR. p. 332, pl. xvii. fig. 34.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 621, pl. xiv. fig. 4.
Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RED. 1906, p. 10, pl. 1. fig. 5.
Heron-Allen & Farland, 1913, CL. p. 86, pl. vii. figs. 5, 6.
bh) ” by)
” 9 9
11 Stations.
The specimens which we record under this somewhat unsatisfactory specific name
are quite the most typical, and the most widely distributed and common Lagene of
the Kerimba gatherings. Zoologically, perhaps, they would be more strictly separable
under two distinct varietal names, as the specimens divide naturally into two distinctive
groups, marked by the presence of two and three peripheral carine respectively. But
all agree in the nature of their superficial markings, and, for taxonomical reasons, it
seems more convenient to regard this as the distinctive feature, instead of treating the
carina and its variations as points of separation in the manner usually adopted by
systematists. We have no positive evidence that variation, as regards the carina, is
of greater value than variation in any other superficial characteristics. As we pointed
out in our Clare Island paper, the specimens usually described under the specific name
L. marginato-perforata can be separated by the number of their keels, specimens with
one carina being the L. marginato-perforata of Seguenza (7. ¢. varieties of L. marginata),
with two keels ZL. punctata Seguenza (i. e. varieties of L. bicarinata Terquem),
while specimens with three keels can be ascribed to the L. (Entosolenia) variolata of
Schlumberger if, as seems probable from his figure, the markings in that species are
erforations and not lacune (var. of L. orbignyana, Gi, Sy WNL, Cie, INI SZ,
jONle ile Tae, @})) :
The Kerimba specimens are mostly furnished with three keels, usually but slightly
developed, and often hardly distinguishable excepting under a high power. ‘They there-
VOL. XX.—PART xvit. No. 16.—November, 1915. oA
664 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
fore belong to the group of LZ. variolata (Schlumberger). In themselves they consist
of two well-marked and distinctive groups which never merge, and seldom show any
variation from the types which we figure. ‘The first or biconvex group resembles
Schlumberger’s figure except for the fact that the keels are poorly developed, and the
perforations are much more numerous and more irregularly disposed all over the two
faces of the test, which are strongly curved, so that in section the test represents
a biconvex lens. The second or complanate group resembles Millett’s figures of
L. marginato-perforata, except in the fact that the Malay specimens have a margin
consisting of a thick rounded edge, while the majority of the Kerimba shells have
a triple carina with the median keel considerably more developed than the outer
ones, which are really no more than a thickened border round the test, the two faces
of which are nearly parallel or but slightly convex.
The distribution of the two groups presents curious features, for, while both the
biconvex and the complanate groups occur together at most of the Stns., the number
of specimens is often disproportionate, and at some Stns. one or other of the groups is
entirely absent. Thus at Stns. 1, 26, 3, and 4, both forms occur in abundance and ‘
in practically equal numbers. At Stns. 5 and 6 only the complanate type is found ;
at Stn. 11 the biconvex form is very common, the complanate very rare, although it
furnished the only trigonal specimen noticed in the gatherings. At Stn. 12 only the
biconvex form appears, while at Stn, 1X the biconvex form is frequent and the
complanate very rare. On the whole, it may be said that the biconvex or coarsely
perforate normal L. orbignyana type is the commoner and more constant variety in
these dredgings.
273. Lagena staphyllearia (Schwager).
Fissurina staphyllearia Schwager, 1866, FKN. p. 209, pl. v. fig. 24.
Lagena vulgaris, var. spinicosta-marginata Rymer Jones, 1872, LJS. p. 57, pl. xix. figs. 34-36.
» slaphyllearia Brady, 1884, FC. p. 474, pl. lix. figs. 8-11.
x 53 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 331, pl. x. figs. 50, 51, 99.
S Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1901, p. 619, pl. xiv. fig. 2.
. as Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1906, p. 8, pl. 1. figs. 18-20.
1 Station.
One typical specimen at Stn. 3.
274, Lagena radiato-marginata Parker & Jones.
Lagena radiate-marginata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 355, pl. xvi. fig. 3.
Fissurina radiato-marginata Seguenza, 1879-80, FTR. p. 186.
Lagena radiato-marginata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 481, pl. Ixi. figs. 8, 9.
sp D 5 Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 622.
2 Stations.
A few specimens only at each Stn., presenting no abnormal characteristics.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 665
275. Lagena wrightiana Brady.
Lagena wrightiana Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 62.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 482, pl. 1x1. figs. 6, 7.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 334, pl. x. figs. 42, 43.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM., 1901, p. 622.
7 Stations.
Occurs at a few Stns., often frequent. In its most typical form L. wrightiana
presents no difficulties in identification, the surface of the test being ploughed with
more or less parallel grooves, often disappearing towards the middle of the test, which
presents a clear spot. Large specimens, however, often suggest an aflinity to
L. radiato-marginata which is difficult to account for, as the structure of the test is
normally quite different in that species, the markings in which are not superficial but
tubular processes in the thickness of the shell-wall. Whether the grooves or channels
in the surface of Z. wrightiana ever become enclosed by a lamina of shell-substance
we are not in a position to say, but the appearance of many specimens suggests some-
thing of the kind. Such a slight modification of structure separates two forms which
are at present regarded as specifically distinct. JL. wrightiana occurs most abundantly
at Stn. 1, less frequently at Stns. 3 and 11. The specimens exhibit great variety in
size, contour, and strength of markings, which in some cases bifurcate as in the
Malay specimens recorded by Millett. The size of the central smooth space varies
enormously—in some cases it occupies nearly half the area of the shell, whilst in
others it is almost entirely lacking.
276. Lagena lagenoides (Williamson).
Entosolenia marginata, var. lagenoides Williamson, 1858, REGB. p. 11, pl. i. figs. 25, 26.
Lagena lagenoides Reuss, 1862, FFL. p. 324, pl. 1. figs. 27, 28.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 479, pl. Ix. figs. 6, 7, 9, 12-14.
32 oy)
« es Balkwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 82, pl. u. fig. 11.
3 53 Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 223, pl. xliv. fig. 23.
5 5 Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 623, pl. xiv. figs. 8, 9.
1 Station.
One small but typical specimen at Stn. 3.
277. Lagena bicarinata (Terquem).
Fissurina bicarinata Terquem, 1882, FEP. p. 31, pl. i. (ix.) fig. 24.
Lagena bicarinata Balkwili & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 82, pl. ii. fig. 4; pl. 1. fig. 9.
5 % Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 342, pl. xn. fig. 30.
a ae Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 624, pl. xiv. fig. 13.
Sidebottom, 1904, etce., RFD. 1906, p. 13, pl. 11. figs. 13-15.
Sidebottom, 1912, etc., LSP. 1912, p. 419, pl. xix. figs. 25-27, pl. xx.
fig. 1; 1913, p. 197, pl. xvii. fig. 18.
ry) oh}
by) 22
OA 2
666 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
1 Station.
The record of this species depends upon two specimens from Stn. 11 which are far
removed from the normal type of Terquem. ‘They may be compared with the
specimens figured by Sidebottom (1915), in which the faces of the test are slightly
convex and the two keels slope towards their edges. It seems not improbable
from the appearance of one of the specimens that in the perfect shell these two
converging keels were united by a marginal rim which enclosed a hollow channel -
round the body of the test.
278. Lagena rizze (Seguenza).
Fissurina rizze Seguenza, 1862, FMMM. p. 72, pl. ii. fig. 50.
Lagena rizze Gough, 1906, FLL. p. 4, pl. i. fig. 3.
9 » Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 89, pl. vil. fig. 9.
»» quadrata, var. rizze Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 33, pl. xix. fig. 4.
2 Stations.
A typical example at each Stn.
279. Lagena orbignyana (Seguenza).
Fissurina orbignyana Seguenza, 1862, FMMM. p. 66, pl. ii. figs. 25, 26.
Lagena orbignyana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 484, pl. lix. figs. 1, 18, 24-26 ; winged var, fig. 20.
Hy a: Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 222, pl. xliv. fig. 20.
op es Egger, 1893, FG. p. 338, pl. x, figs. 89-91.
es se Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 308, pl. liv. fig. 4.
“y 53 Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 42, pl. xix. fig. 1.
14 Stations.
Occurs at nearly every Stn., ranging from rare to common. There is no great
variation, excepting in that at many Stns., notably 1, 10, 11, 12, and ?X, many of the
individuals show minute spots in the substance of the shell-wall which, under a high
power, prove to be tiny lacune. ‘These specimens form a connecting-link between
L. orbignyana and L, lacunata Burrows & Holland. At Stn. 1, where the species
was very common, a number of trigonal specimens were observed. At Stns. 4 and 8
the variety variabilis Wright, in which the basal portion of the test is ornamented
with a few coste, occurred, and at Stn. 12 a single specimen which was very near the
variety walleriana Wright was observed.
280. Lagena orbignyana, var. walleriana J. Wright. (PI. L. figs. 31-36.)
Lagena orbignyana, var. walleriana Wright, 1886, SWI. p. 611; and 1891, SWI. p. 481, pl. xx.
fig. 8. Y
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 627, pl. xiv. fig. 19.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 820.
2 ee B - Sidebottom, 1910, RFBP. p. 19, pl. ii. fig. 15.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 667
2 Stations.
At Stns. 1 and 3, especially at Stn. 1, a considerable number of specimens were
found, of a very distinctive form, which we assign to Wright’s variety. The tests
are characterized by the practically parallel surfaces of the shell, the central portion
being only slightly convex. The test is strongly built but very hyaline in the centres,
with thick milky-white borders, contrasting strongly with the clear central portion.
The centre of this clear portion, which, in the typical var. wadleriana is furnished
with a solid stud of shell-substance, is, in the Kerimba specimens, thickened and
marked by one or more irregularly shaped spots of opalescent shell-matter, which
may coalesce so as to form a pair of brackets (), a horseshoe, or an incomplete ring,
giving a very striking appearance to the organism. These opalescent markings are
somewhat depressed or eroded into the clear shell-wall. The whole test is much more
solidly constructed than in the normal examples of L. orbignyana, and the orifice is
situated at the extremity of a short thick phialine neck.
281. Lagena orbignyana, var. kerimbatica, nov. (PI. L. figs. 38-40.)
3 Stations.
Test very compressed, oval, furnished with three keels, the two outer ones
extending to the same width as the median, the space between the outer keels and
the median divided into equal spaces by a number of divisional walls which project
beyond the edges and give a denticulate appearance to the margin of the test. About
fifteen to twenty of these denticulations are visible on each edge of the test, increasing
in length towards the aboral end. ‘The marginal wall of the test is separated from
the carina by a channel; the aperture is ona short produced neck. Surface of the
test somewhat rough.
Our Kerimba specimens may be compared with Sidebottom’s L. bicarinata, vay.
imbricata (S. 1912, etc., LSP. 1912, p. 419, pl. xx. fig. 2), to which they bear a
striking superficial resemblance. ‘They differ, however, in the fact that there are
three well-defined carinez instead of two as in L. bicarinata, var. imbricata, and in the
fact that the processes between the carine, which in L. dicarinata, var. imbricata,
alternate and extend only to a point midway between the two keels, in the Kerimba
variety of L. orbignyana form a definite wall running from one side of the test to the
other, joining all three keels and separating the intracarinal space into definite oblong
spaces as shown in our figure.
Length 0°30-0°34 mm., breadth 0:17 mm,, thickness (measured between outer
edges of marginal carinz) 0°06 mm.
282. Lagena castrensis Schwager.
Lagena castrensis Schwager, 1866, FKN. p. 208, pl. v. fig. 22.
es 35 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 333, pl. x. figs. 71, 72.
orbignyana, var. castrensis Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 626, pl. xiv. fig. 20.
eb)
668 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
2 Stations.
A single specimen at Stn. 1 and one at Stn. 11, characterized by well-marked raised
tubercles on the surface as in Schwager’s original figure. The question of the
separation of such tuberculate modifications of L. orbignyana from vesicular varieties
of the same species has been dealt with by Burrows and Holland in their descrip-
tion of L. lacunata (ut supra). Millett (wt supra) regards the two varieties as
inseparable. While there is no doubt that many specimens of ZL. lacunata are
also furnished with superficial beads, the few specimens of typical L. castrensis which
have come under our notice have been devoid of internal lacune. For reasons of
taxonomy it seems desirable to separate the two varieties.
The specimens figured by Brady as ZL. castrensis and by Balkwill and Wright are
clearly referable to L. dacunata, as pointed out by Burrows and Holland, the surface
being ornamented with depressions, and not with raised beads (see No. 284).
283. Lagena clathrata Brady.
Lagena clathrata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 485, pl. Ix. fig. 4
Balkwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 82, pl. ii. fig. 14, pl. iv. fig. 3
% “i Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 628, pl. xiv. fig. 23.
5 Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1906, p. 14, pl. ii. fig. 14.
a 7 Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 90, pl. vii. fig. 10.
a a Sidebottom, 1912, ete., LSP. 1913, p. 196, pl. xvii. fig. 14.
7 Stations.
Occasional specimens, the hast at Stns. 2 and 5. A trigonal specimen at Stn. 1.
~
284. Lagena lacunata Burrows & Holland.
Layena castrensis Brady (non Schwager), Brady, 1884, FC. p. 485, pl. Ix. figs. 1, 2, & 238.
>» 9p Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 341, pl. x11. figs. 20, 21.
, lacunata Burrows & Tslelllevnd in J. P. & B. 1866, etce., MIC. 1895, p. 205, pl. vil.
fie. 12.
» orbignyana, var, lacunata Sidebottom, 1910, RF BP, p. 19, pl. ii. fig. 14.
a $5 3 5 Cushman, 1910, ete., FNP. 1918, p. 43, pl. xx. fig. 1.
99 9 ss » Sidebottom, 1912, etc., LSP. 1912, p. 416, pl. xix. figs. 16-18.
2 Stations.
Common at Stn. 1 and widely distributed, but infrequent at the other Stns. All
the specimens are normal except at Stn. 2, where a single individual was observed in
which the lacunee were very small and evenly distributed over the face of the test, and
at Stn. ?X, where the only specimens found were of a similar type. ‘This minutely
marked form may be compared with Entosolenia variolata Schlumberger (S. 1881, ete.
NF. 1882, pl. i. fig. 5), although the cavities in the Kerimba specimens are even
smaller and more numerous. ‘The Fissurina punctata of Seguenza (S. 1880, PTR.
p. 156, pl. xin. fig. 1), which is compared by Burrows and Holland with their type, is
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 669
a somewhat similar shell if the interpretation put upon it by those authors is correct,
but Seguenza’s figure is difficult to interpret in the sense of ‘ pittings,” and both his
name and his description (“* questa specie si distingue per un doppio margine... e per le
grosse punteggiature della superficie”) seem to point merely to a coarsely perforated
test, and not to pits or internal lacune.
285. Lagena auriculata Brady.
Lagena auriculata Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1881, p. 61.
és © Brady, 1884, FC. p. 487, pl. lx. figs. 29, 33, & ?31.
a as Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1901, p. 625, pl. xiv. figs. 14-16.
na Bs Sidebottom, 1912, ete., LSP. 1912, p. 420, pl. xx. figs. 4-14.
1 Station.
A single specimen from Stn. 6 ef the ornata or lagenoides type of L. auriculata
resembling the figs. 13 and 14 of Sidebottom’s plate xx. The same variety is
figured by Millett, but the Kerimba specimen agrees with Sidebottom’s figure in
the limited extent of the auricular processes, which only extend to about the middle
portion of the test, whereas in the Malay specimens they are carried up to the neck.
This particular variety of LZ. auriculata appears to be widely distributed; we have
similar specimens from shallow water off ‘Tahiti and have observed it in one or two
other shallow Pacific gatherings. Sidebottom’s specimens are all from deep water
ranging down to nearly 2000 fms. Several varieties of this very variable form are
described and figured by Cushman (C. 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 62).
Subfamily NoDOSARIIN&.
Noposaria Lamarck.
286. Nodosaria proxima 0. Silvestri.
Nodosaria proxima O. Silvestri, 1872, NEVI. p. 63, pl. vi. figs. 188-147.
¥s a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 511, pl. Ixiv. fig. 15.
Fornasini, 1888, TP. p. 149, pl. ii. figs. 10, 11.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1902, p. 519, pl. xi. fig. 9.
Ly) by)
5 Stations.
Sparingly distributed excepting at Stn. 1, where a good many individuals were
observed. ‘The specimens are, as usual, commonly bilocular, but a perfect trilocular
specimen was found at Stn. 1, and one or two showing traces of a broken third
chamber at other Stns. At Stn. 7 some of the specimens had the coste on the
initial chamber spirally arranged, those on the terminal chamber being normally
straight. Fornasini compares WV. provima with Lagena vulgaris, var. bicamerata
Rymer Jones (J. 1872, LJS. p. 65, pl. xix. figs. 60-62).
670 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
287. Nodosaria communis d’Orbigny.
Nodosaria (Dentalina) communis d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 254. no. ee
4 communis Reuss, 1845-6, VBK. pt. i. p. 28, pl. xii. fig.
a (Dentalina) communis Bath, 1884, FC. p. 504, pl. sg a 19-22 (References).
3 cummunis Burrows, Sherborn, & Bailey, 1890, RC. p- 557, pl. ix. fig. 27.
i - Egger, 1893, FG. p. 342, pl. xi. figs. 22-24.
Ay ke Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1902, p. 522 (References).
Pe " Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 26, pl. i. figs. 11-16.
2 Stations.
Small and typical specimens at two Stns.
288. Nodosaria spinulosa (Montagu). (PI. L. fig. 37.)
Nautilus spinulosus Montagu, 1808, TB. Suppl. p. 86, pl. xix. fig. 5
Nodosaria spinulosa VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 253. no. 15.
9 Brown, 1844, RCGB. p. 2, pl. i. fig. 26.
Dentalina spinulosa Shemborne Charman, MLC. 1886, p. 750, pl. xv. fig. 13.
1 Station.
A single specimen consisting of three chambers. ‘The processes from which the
species was named are very regular in their distribution over the surface of the test,
and are less acute than is suggested by either Montagu’s or Sherborn and Chapman's
figures. ‘The Kerimba specimen is a fragment, the. initial portion being absent, but
in the first chamber of our fragment the processes or tubercles form a double ring at
regular intervals round the chamber; in the next chamber there are three rings, and
in the third and last chamber there are four.
It is somewhat questionable whether this specimen is recent or a fossil, as it was
found at Stn. 13 where numerous fossil foraminifera occur. ‘The appearance of the
shell, however, is not distinctively fossil.
Lineuiina d’Orbigry.
289. Lingulina carinata d’Orbigny.
Lingulina carinata WOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 257. no. 1, Modele no. 26.
a a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 517, pl. Ixv. figs. 16, 17.
a sa Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD, 1907, p. 3, pl. i. figs. 15-17.
5 x d’Orbigny, 1839, FIC. p. 124, pl. i. figs. 5, 6.
. He Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 93, pl. viii. fig. 9.
9% op Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1918, p. 61, pl. xxix. fig. 3.
J Station.
A single specimen consisting of three chambers, the sides absolutely parallel. It
resembles Sidebottom’s figure, but has no constrictions at the septal lines.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. O71
FRONDICULARIA Defrance.
990. Frondicularia spathulata Brady.
Frondicularia spathulata, Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 270, pl. viii. fig. 5.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 519, pl. Ixv. fig. 18.
Egger. 1893, FG. p. 346, pl. x1. fig. 32.
Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1907, p. 5, pl. 1. fig. 26.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. pp. 97 & 187, pl. viii. fig. 12.
1 Station.
A single specimen at Stn. 11, minute, but exactly similar to the little individuals
frequently found in northern gatherings.
VAGINULINA d’Orbigny.
291. Vaginulina legumen (Linné).
Nautilus legumen Linné, 1788, SN. (Ed. xiii.), p. 8373. no. 22.
Vaginulina legumen d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 257. no. 2.
levigata Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MCF. p. 64, pl. iv. fig. 9.
legumen Brady, 1884, FC. p. 530, pl. Ixvi. figs. 13-15.
Haeusler, 1890, FST. p. 107, pl. xiv. fig. 49.
Burrows, Sherborn, & Bailey, 1890, RC. p. 559, pl. x. fig. 16.
Egger, 1899, KOA. p. 98, pl. ix. figs. 29, 30.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1902, p. 527, pl. xi. fig. 21.
be)
5 Stations.
Sparingly distributed, most abundant at Stn. 1, where the specimens have a well-
marked spiral initial portion. All the specimens are large and markedly megalo-
spheric, except at Stn. 12, where the species is represented by a small microspheric
individual.
CRISTELLARIA Lamarck.
(Norse.—The rarity of the genus Cristel/aria in these dredgings is very noticeable.
The records of the genus are confined to a few individuals of small size and feeble
characteristics found at a very limited number of stations.)
292. Cristellaria rotulata (Lamarck).
Lenticulites rotulata Lamarck, 1804, AM. p. 188, no. 3; L. 1816, TEM. pl. 466. fig. 9.
Cristellaria rotulata VOrbigny, 1840, CBP. p. 26, pl. ii. figs. 15-18.
Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 345, pl. xii. fig. 19.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 547, pl. lxix. fig. 18.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 351, pl. xii. figs. 1, 2, 32, 33.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 257 (References).
3 Stations.
The few individuals observed were all small and feebly developed. ‘They were all
megalospheric.
VOL. XX.—PaRT xvil. No. 17.—November, 1915. OB
672 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
293. Cristellaria cultrata (Montfort).
Robulus cultratus Montfort, 1808-10, CS. vol. i. p. 214, 54° genre.
Cristellaria cultrata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 344, pl. xi. figs. 17, 18; pl. xvi. fig. 5.
ze . Brady, 1884, FC. p. 550, pl. Ixx. figs. 4-6.
a a Eeger, 1893, FG. p. 352, pl. xii. figs. 7-10, 24, 25.
i E Chapman, 1895, FAS. p. 33.
a ¥ Cushman, 1910, ete., FNP. 1913, p. 64, pl. xxix. fig. 4.
2 Stations.
Only a few individuals, very weakly developed as regards the carina, and small in
size, All megalospheric.
Subfamily PoLYMORPHININ.
PoLYMORPHINA d’Orbigny.
294. Polymorphina lactea (Walker & Jacob).
Serpula lactea Walker & Jacob, 1798, AEM. p. 634, pl. xiv. fig. 4.
Polymorphina lactea typica (pars) Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 70, pl. vi. fig. 147.
a lactea Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1870, GP. p. 213, pl. xxxix. fig. 1 (References).
» Brady, 1884, FC. p. 559, pl. Ixxx. typical fig. 11; var. fig. 14.
35 » Hgger, 1893, FG. p. 308, pl. ix. figs. 8, 14, 15.
3 » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 100, pl. viii. fig. 16 (doubie).
3 Stations.
Very scantily represented by a few weak individuals.
295. Polymorphina oblonga Williamson.
Polymorphina lactea, var. oblonga Williamson, 1858, REGB. p. 71, pl. vi. fig. 149.
53 oblonga Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1870, GP. p. 222, pl. xxxix. fig. 7.
Polymorphina formosa Egger, 1893, FG. p. 440, pl. ix. figs. 17-19.
3 lactea, var. oblonga Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 262, pl. v. fig. 5.
si oblonga Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 4:30.
+ » Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CL. p. 100, pl. viii. fig. 17.
4 Stations.
Extremely rare, and with the exception of one specimen at Stn. 5, all small
and weak.
296. Polymorphina compressa d’Orbigny.
Polymorphina compressa VOrbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 233, pl. xii. figs. 32-34.
4 - Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1870, GP. p. 227, pl. xl. fig. 12.
_ a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 565, pl. Ixxii. figs. 9-11.
Bs A Egger, 1893, FG. p. 309, pl. ix. figs, 11-13.
Ms 5, Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 262 (References)
a Sidebottom, 1904, etc. RFD. 1907, p. 13, pl. ili. figs. 1-6, 12, 18.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 673
3 Stations.
One small but typical specimen at Stn. 7, and less typical individuals at the
other Stns.
297. Polymorphina communis d’Orbieny.
ymorp gny
Polymorphina (Guttulina) communis and problema d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 266. nos. 14 & 15,
pl. xu. figs. 1-4; Modéles nos. 61, 62.
=. communis Egger, 1857, MSO. p. 288, pl. ix. (xiii.) figs. 16-18.
Be BA Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1870, GP. p. 224, pl. xxxix. fig. 104, B.
i Brady, 1884, FC. p. 568, pl. Ixxii. fig. 19.
i e: Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1908, p. 263 (References).
Ra 5 Fhnt, 1899, RFA. p. 319, pl. Ixvii. fig. 6.
3 Stations.
Many small specimens at Stn. 1, and an occasional poorly developed specimen at
the other Stns.
298. Polymorphina sororia Reuss.
Polymorphina (Guttulina) sororia Reuss, 1863, FCA. p. 151, pl. 1. figs. 25-29
5 sororia Brady, 1884, FC. p. 562, pl. Ixxi. figs. 15, 16.
. » Lgger, 1893, FG. p. 308, pl. ix. fig. 20.
Hs » Egger, 1899, KOA. p. 126, pl. xvii. figs. 6, 7.
4s » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 265.
s », Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 88, pl. xxx. fig. 3.
8 Stations.
Sparingly distributed, but more abundant than any other Polymorphina in the area ,
the specimens are all small, the best being at Stns. 3 and 9.
299. Polymorphina regina Brady, Parker, & Jones.
Polymorphina regina Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1870, GP. p. 241,pl. xl. fig. 32.
ue semicostata Marsson, 1878, SIR. p. 150, pl. 11. fig. 19.
5 regina Brady, 1884, FC. p. 571, pl. lxxiui. figs. 11-13.
= » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 310, pl. ix. figs. 45, 50, 51.
55 » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 435.
Re » Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 91, pl. xl. figs. 6, 7.
2. Stations.
Two small and weak but recognizable specimens, one at each Stn.
300. Polymorphina complexa Sidebottom. (PI. LI. figs. 1-3.)
Polymorphina? complexa Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1907, p. 16, text-figs. 3-7, pl. iv.
figs. 1-9.
ss 5 Sidebottom, 1910, FBP. p. 22.
4 Stations.
This species is represented by a single specimen at each Stn., but all well developed
OB 2
674 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
and typical, resembling Sidebottom’s figures 3 and 5. The affinities of the species
are, as the author says, ‘very puzzling.” One feature which is characteristic of
the Kerimba specimens, and which is also evident in some specimens from Delos
given us by Sidebottom, and which is suggested in his figure 5@ (but is not
referred to in the text), is the presence of a series of secondary apertures on the edge
of each chamber close to the septal lines. They appear to be perforations passing
through the shell, and closely resemble the similar openings in Candeina nitida
d’Orbigny. When the test of P. complera is broken it exhibits a “ postage stamp
fracture” along this line of perforations. All the Kerimba specimens have a cribrate
aperture as in the Delos examples, but this does not appear to be an area irregularly
perforated with many apertures as in the type-figures, but merely a curved line
carrying the marginal perforations round the looped edge of the terminal chamber,
where the penultimate chamber projects into it. The texture of the Kerimba shells
is more hyaline than that of the Delos specimens, which are described as being of a
“‘very delicate pale ivory, and.... they are generally semi-transparent.” The
Kerimba specimens are finely punctate and suggestive of the thin hyaline shell of
Bulimina ovata @Orbigny. The question as to whether this species should remain
in the genus Polymorphina or whether it should be transferred to Candeina, or even to
a new genus, must stand over until the point can be decided by the study of a larger
number of specimens.
Uvigerina d’Orbigny.
301. Uvigerina auberiana, var. glabra Millett.
Uvigerina auberiana @Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 106, pl. 11. figs. 23, 24.
Ff es Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 60, pl. iv. figs. 71-75.
auberiana, var. glabra Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 286, pl. v. figs. 8, 9.
Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1908, p. 2, pl. i. figs. 5, 6.
% %» oo”
11 Stations.
This variety is the only characteristic and widely distributed representative of the
genus Uvigerina occurring in the Kerimba dredgings. It occurs in varying numbers
at practically all the Stns., and presents but little variation except in the surface-
texture of the shell, which is, as a rule, quite smooth, but is faintly hispid at Stns. 5, 6,
and 7. At Stn. 7 the hispid decoration is arranged in regular lines, giving a sub-
striate appearance to the test. At Stn. !X the uvigerine chambers are almost entirely
suppressed, the test being biserial throughout. ‘There is considerable divergence in
the length of the specimens, most Stns. furnishing examples of two kinds, (i.) short and
broad, and (ii.) long and narrow. ‘This divergence appears to be due to the extent of
the uvigerine development.
(eon)
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 67:
302. Uvigerina tenuistriata Reuss.
Uvigerina (no specific name) Schlicht, 1870, FSP. pp. 65, 66, pl. xxii. figs. 34-36.
5 tenuistriata Reuss, 1870, FSP. p. 485.
* a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 574, pl. Ixxiv. figs. 4-7.
* i Spandel, 1909, RMB. p. 209, pl. 11. fig. 1.
ae ‘5 Bagg, 1912, PFC. p. 77, pl. xxiii. figs. 9, 10.
1 Station.
One specimen, differing from the usual type in the somewhat accentuated cost
and in the absence of a produced neck ; the aperture is long, and marked only by the
presence of an everted lip.
303. Uvigerina pygmza d’Orbigny.
Uvigerina pygmea d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 269, pl. xii. figs. 8, 9; Modeéle no. 67.
95 % @Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 190, pl. xi. figs. 25, 26.
5 Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 66, pl. v. figs. 188, 139.
53 Ke Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 3863, pl. xiii. figs. 53-57, pl. xvii.
fig. 65.
7 i Brady, 1878, RRNP. p. 435, pl. xx. fig. 7.
es » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 575, pl. Ixxiv., Type, figs. 11, 12; Elongate,
figs. 13, 14.
3s ss Egger, 1893, FG. p. 314, pl. ix. fig. 42.
4 Stations.
Very rare. At Stn. 3 the few specimens found were large and typical. At Stn. 12
‘was a long narrow specimen approaching U. tenwistriata Reuss. At Stn. 11 a single
specimen intermediate between U. pygmea and U. aculeata d'Orbigny (dO. 1846,
IDO, joe UES yall, xc, 30s, A, 2ks)b
304. Uvigerina porrecta Brady.
Uvigerina porrecta Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 274, pl. viii. figs. 15, 16.
3 e Brady, 1884, FC. p. 577, pl. Ixxiv. figs. 21-23.
5 Ms Egger, 1893, FG. p. 315, pl. ix. figs. 57, 63.
a % Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1908, p. 269.
2 Stations.
Very rare. All the specimens are of a short broad type, like Brady’s fig. 23.
305. Uvigerina selseyensis Heron-Allen & Farland.
Uvigerina selseyensis Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, ete., SB., 1909, p. 437, pl. xviii. figs. 1-3.
6 9 Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 93, pl. xlil. fig. 5.
1 Station.
One typical example. Cushman’s figure (ut supra) differs from the type in the
markedly costate surface of the chambers.
676 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
306. Uvigerina angulosa Williamson.
Uvigerina angulosa Williamson, 1858, REGB. p. 67, pl. v. fig. 140.
be pygmea, var. angulosa parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 364, pl. xiii. fig. 58;
pl. xvil. fig. 66.
3 angulosa Seguenza, 1879, FTR. pp. 226, 307.
55 5 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 576, pl. Ixxiv. figs. 15-18.
33 » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 314, pl. ix. figs. 40, 46, 47.
i ». Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 51, pl. ix. figs. 502-509.
“3 » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 104.
1 Station.
A single specimen of the short broad type. ‘The rarity of this widely distributed
species in these dredgings is noteworthy, but it is more particularly a cold-water form.
Sacrina Parker & Jones.
307. Sagrina columellaris Brady.
Sagrina columellaris Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 64.
Siphogenerina glabra Schlumberger, 1883, FGG. p. 118, pl. ii. fig. 1,
Sayrina columellaris Brady, 1884, FC. p. 581, pl. Ixxv. figs. 15-17.
= Egger, 1893, FG. p. 316, pl. ix. figs. 28, 31, 33.
i , Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 270, figs. 10, 11.
i ss Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1918, p. 104, pl. xlvil. figs. 2, 3
7 Stations.
Sparingly distributed, abundant only at Stn. 1, where all the specimens are small
and very irregular in form. The best individuals at Stn.?X. Many of the specimens
show signs of the development of irregular coste, linking them with the entosolenian
form of S. raphanus.
308. Sagrina virgula Brady. (PI. LI. figs. 4, 5.)
Sagrina virgula Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 61, pl. viii. figs. 19-21.
BY » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 583, pl. Ixxvi. figs. 4-10.
A » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 318, pl. ix. fig. 27.
x » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 271.
8 Stations.
Widely distributed, but very rare, only an occasional specimen being met with at
each Stn., most of them being small and poorly developed, similar to Brady’s fig. 6.
Good specimens at Stn. 12. At Stn. 1 a single individual with well-marked spinous
growths, similar to Brady’s figs. 4, 5. All the specimens are of the typical shallow-
water type, exhibiting well-developed uvigerine initial chambers.
309. Sagrina striata (Schwager). (Pl. LI. figs. 6-8.)
Dinorphina striata Schwager, 1866, FKN. p. 251, pl. vil. fig. 99 & text-fig. 2
Sagraina striata Schwager, 1876, ete., CF. 1877, p. 25, fig. 35.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 677
Sagrina striata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 584, pl. Ixxv. figs. 25, 26.
Siphogenerina striata Weger, 1898, FG. p. 316, pl. ix. figs. 32, 34, 35, 64, 65.
Sagrina striata Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 19038, p 272.
Siphogenerina striata Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1913, p. 107, pl. xlvii. figs. 4, 5.
3 Stations.
At Stn. 10 the specimens are of a regular type, cylindrical in section, similar to
Brady’s figures. At Stn. 11 the specimens are large, oval in section, and characterized
by a bifarine arrangement of the middle chambers, the septa, which are limbate,
running in a zigzag direction. ‘The shells thus appear to present a transition-type
between S. striata and S. bifrons Brady (B. 1884, FC. p. 582, pl. Ixxv. figs. 18-20).
310. Sagrina raphanus Parker & Jones.
Uvigerina (Sagrina) raphanus Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 364, pl. xviii. figs. 16-17.
Siphogenerina costata Schlumberger, 1883, FGG. p. 118, fig. B.
Sagrina raphanus Brady, 1884, FC. p. 585, pl. Ixxv. figs. 21-24.
Siphogenerina (Sagrina) raphanus Egger, 1893, FG. p. 317, pl. ix. fig. 36.
Sagrina raphanus Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 272.
Nodosaria cylindracea Dakin, 1906, FC. p. 235, pl. fig. 8.
5 Stations.
Occurs sparingly, but sometimes in considerable numbers. ‘The best at Stns. 5 and
11, where it was large and well developed. Only small individuals at Stns. 1 and 3.
Ai] the specimens are of the entosolenian type, similar to Dakin’s figure (wt supra).
His figure, however, represents a shell with exceptionally fine and numerous coste.
311. Sagrina tessellata Brady. (PI. LI. fig. 9.)
Sagrina tessellata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 585, pl. Ixxvi. figs. 17-19.
ey Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 273, pl. v. fig. 16.
2 Stations.
‘Two typical specimens (both broken) at Stn. 1, and a somewhat obscure individual
at Stn. 10. ‘This extremely interesting form is of much more frequent occurrence in
shallow water of the eastern area of the Indian Ocean; we have records of it from
many shallow gatherings in the Malay and Eastern seas. Millett’s figures and
description of the chambers ‘“‘ subdivided into chamberlets by transverse septa” would,
if confirmed, raise some doubts as to the proper status of this form, which would then
require removal to a separate subgenus. ‘The scarcity of material, and its small size
and obscurity of structure must, however, postpone any discussion upon this point ;
but it appears to us from an examination of many balsam-mounted specimens under
high magnifications that this ‘tesselated” appearance is not due to the presence of
chamberlets but to two series of ridges at right angles to each other, which project
from the inner surface of the shell-wall into the cavities of the chambers, but do not
subdivide the cavity into chamberlets.
678 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Family GLOBIGERINID &.
GLOBIGERINA d@’Orbigny.
312. Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny.
Globigerina bulloides dV’ Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 277, no. 1; Modéles nos. 17 and 76.
3 es Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 92.
es 53 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 593, pls. Ixxvii. & Ixxix. figs. 3-7 (References).
xi >. Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1908, p. 685 (References).
z ee Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 104.
16 Stations.
Universally distributed, and at most Stns. in moderate numbers. The specimens
represent practically all the known variations, but are all of the small type commonly
found in inshore waters, and are generally marked by relatively coarse areolation of
the surface-walls. At Stns. 7 and ?B the specimens were particularly small in size.
4
313. Globigerina triloba Reuss.
Globigerina triloba Reuss, 1849-50, FOT. p. 374, pl. 1. (xlvil.) fig. 11.
Pylodexia atlantica Ehrenberg, 1873, LM'. p. 388, pl. iv. fig. 2.
Globigerina bulloides, var. triloba Brady, 1884, FC. p. 595, pl. Ixxix. figs. 1, 2, pl. Ixxxi.
figs. 2, 3.
% triloba Egger, 1893, FG. p. 370, pl. xii. figs. 71-76.
A » Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 188.
» » Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 1383.
4 Stations.
Only a few records of this well-marked variety. ‘The best individuals were at Stn. 3.
314. Globigerina dubia Egger.
Globigerina dubia Egger, 1857, MSO. p. 281, pl. v. (ix.) figs. 7-9.
i » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 595, pl. Ixxix. fig. 17.
es » Egger, 1898, FG. p. 366, pl. xiii. figs. 36-38, 77.
y » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 686.
4 » Flint, 1899, REA. p. 322, pl. Ixix. fig. 4.
x » Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1914, p. 6, pl. iv. figs. 1-3.
7 Stations.
Only a few specimens observed, and mostly small except at Stns. 10, 11, 12, where
they are of good dimensions and quite typical.
315. Globigerina cretacea d’Orbigny. (Pl. LI. figs. 10-13.)
Globigerina cretacea d’Orbigny, 1840, CBP. p. 34, pl. ili. figs. 12-14.
5a » Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 92, pl. vi. figs. 203-207.
i » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 596, pl. Ixxxii. figs. 10, 11.
By » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 365, pl. xiii. figs. 26-28.
ee » Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 86.
* » Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 104.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 679
7 Stations.
Occurs rather infrequently, in any numbers only at Stns. 1 and 12. All the Kerimba
specimens differ considerably both from d’Qrbigny’s original type and from the species
G. swbh-cretacea, instituted by Chapman (C. 1901, FFA. p. 410, pl. xxxvi. fig. 16) for the
reception of recent specimens on what appears to us to be insufficient grounds, having
regard to the very variable nature of the Globigerine shell, The principal point of
distinction in Chapman’s species is the depression of the spire, which in d’Orbigny’s
figure is a flattened cone, whereas in Chapman’s Funafuti specimens the central
portion is inverted and below the level of the last whorl of chambers. He describes
his species as having “few chambers,” but as figured by him they are more numerous
than in d’Orbigny’s original figure.
In the Kerimba specimens the spire is flattened, but hardly depressed below the level
of the circumambient chambers; the number of chambers is limited, the entire shell
consisting, as a rule, of two to two and a half whorls, the chambers rapidly increasing
in size, the later ones being almost globular in shape, and the external surface is
irregularly studded with a few beads which were probably, in life, furnished with com-
paratively stout spines. All the chambers are visible on the superior side of the shell—
on the inferior side, as a rule, only the final whorl is visible, the depressed umbilical
portion being usually obscured by secondary shell-matter. The aperture is a restricted
arch on the face of the terminal chamber.
‘The Kerimba specimens thus appear to occupy an intermediate position between
d’Orbigny’s original fossil type and Chapman’s recent species, but we see no necessity
for separating our specimens from d’Orbigny’s species or any objection to including
Chapman’s specimens under the same specific name, the differences appearing to be
too slight to justify separation.
316. Globigerina inflata d’Orbigny.
Globigerina inflata d’Orbigny, 1839, FIC. p. 134, pl. i. figs. 7-9.
a » Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 367, pl. xvi. figs. 16, 17.
5 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 601, pl. Ixxix. figs. 8-10.
be » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 369, pl. xiii. figs. 45-47.
- » Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 85, pl. xiv. figs. 763-765.
Be » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 687 (References).
4 Stations.
Only a few individuals, but fairly typical. ‘This species appears to reach its best
development in the temperate zone in the Atlantic, where it is one of the dominant
LOEMIS
317. Globigerina rubra d’Orbigny.
Globigerma rubra d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 82, pl. iv. figs. 12-14.
5 » Wan den Broeck, 1876, FB. p. 77, pl. ili. figs. 7, 9, 10.
- », Brady, 1884, FC. p. 602, pl. Ixxix. figs. 11-16.
VOL. XX.—PART Xvil. No. 18.— November, 1915. 5¢
680 _ MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Globigerina rubra Egger, 1893, FG. p. 366, pl. xin. figs. 42-44.
A » Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 687.
of » Heron-Allen & Harland, 1918, FNS. p. 181, pl. x. figs. 13-15.
14 Stations.
This species is a very variable one—indeed, it is questionable whether it should not
be broken up into at least three different specific types. ‘The specific character is,
of course, indicated by its name—a typical pink colour. Secondary to this comes an
elevated trochoid spire and the presence of arched secondary apertures on the
superior surface of the shell. Both or either of these features may be suppressed
or absent in any series of specimens, the secondary apertures béing the least constant
and apparently confined to large tropical specimens. At Kerimba the species occurs
nearly everywhere, and is in nearly all cases represented by a type in which the
dominant pink colour is well marked and constant, but the secondary apertures are
absent, and the trochoid spire is comparatively inconspicuous. ‘The specimens are
thus mainly separable from G. bulloides by their pink coloration only. The only
typical specimens presenting the elevated spire and the secondary apertures were noted
at Stn. 11, and, curiously enough, the majority were almost devoid of coloration, but
a few typically red individuals were found. At Stn. 2 a few individuals were found
of the minute type so abundant in Northern Seas in which a comparatively high spire
is present, but no coloration. Such individuals are to be found in muddy littoral
deposits all over the world.
318. Globigerina conglobata Brady.
Globigerina conglobata Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1879, p. 286.
Ss = Brady, 1884, FC. p. 608, pl. Ixxx. figs. 1-5; pl. Ixxsii. fig. 5.
Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 225, pl. xlv. fig. 13.
a a Egger, 1893, FG. p. 368, pl. xi. figs. 55, 56.
2 = Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 688 (References).
8 Stations.
Fairly generally distributed, but only a few specimens at each Stn., and these
poorly developed, except at Stns. 10, 11, and 12, where the specimens are larger and
quite typical.
319. Globigerina sequilateralis Brady.
Globigerina equilateralis Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 285.
Re SS Brady, 1884, FC. p. 605, pl. Ixxx. figs. 18-21.
a sa Egger, 1893, FG. p. 364, pl. xiii. figs. 5-8.
ms Bs Fornasini, 1899, GA. p. 580, pl. iv. figs. 3, 4.
Fs \e Rhumbler, 1900, NPF. p. 20, figs. 21-28.
in si Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 689.
Be e Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, ete, SB. 1910, p. 424, pl. viii.
fizs, 11, 12.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 681
4 Stations.
One comparatively large and typical specimen at each Stn., except at Stns. 3
and 13, where several individuals were found.
OrBULINA d’Orbigny.
320. Orbulina universa d’Orbigny.
Orbulina universa d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 3, pl. i. fig. 1.
5 @Orbigny, 1839, FIC. p. 123, pl. i. fig. 1.
a 3 Schacko, 1883, UF. p. 431, pl. xiii. fig. 1.
nS a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 608, pl. Ixxviii., pl. Ixxxi. figs. 8-26, pl. Ixxxii.
figs. 1-3.
es > Egger, 18938, FG. p. 374, pl. xiv. figs. 7-9, 11, 12, 38-40.
F - Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 690 (References).
6 Stations.
This species is extremely rare ; only one really typical large specimen was observed
at Stn. 3. At Stns. 26, 4,12, and PX one or two minute individuals were found,
and at Stn. 1, where these minute forms were more numerous, one or two were found
exhibiting Globigerina partially enclosed. The extreme rarity of this species is
noticeable, as one would expect to find a considerable number of pelagic specimens
brought into the shallow coastal waters from the Indian Ocean by the Equatorial
current, which impinges on the Kerimba coast-line.
Puuienta Parker & Jones.
321. Pullenia obliquiloculata Parker & Jones.
Pullenia obliquiloculata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. pp. 368, 421, pl. xix. fig. 4.
a % Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 294.
a = Brady, 1884, FC. p. 618, pl. Ixxxiv. figs. 16-20.
B % Egger, 1893, FG. p. 372, pl. xiii. figs. 62-64.
6) 5 Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 324, pl. lxx. fig. 6.
4 Stations.
The records of this species rest on one or two individuals at these Stns. They have
no doubt come in on the drift of the Equatorial current.
SPHZROIDINA d’Orbigny.
322. Spheroidina corticata, sp.n. (Pl. LI. figs. 14-18.)
2 Stations.
Test free, hyaline, inequilateral, consisting of four chambers gradually increasing
in size and all visible externally. Shell-wall very thick, coarsely punctate and
produced between the foramina into granular cortications which give an extremely
dc 2
682 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
rough or bark-like appearance to the test, especially on the more convex or superior
side. Smoother on the less convex side, especially near the aperture, which is a small
fissure at the point of intersection of the final and penultimate chambers. ‘The
depressions between the earlier and the ultimate chambers in the immediate
neighbourhood of the aperture are more or less filled in with secondary shell-
matter.
It occurs rarely at Stns. 11] and? B. We have specimens of the same form from
‘Challenger’ Station 192 (off the Ki Islands, 129 fms.) and the Java Sea (45 fms.).
It is a somewhat anomalous form, approaching Globigerina helicina dOrbigny (C. P.
& J. 1862, IF. p. 181, pl. xii. fig. 11) in the arrangement of its chambers, but
differing entirely in the texture of the external surface of the shell and in the aperture,
which is much nearer Spheroidina dehiscens Parker & Jones (P. & J. 1865, NAAF.
pl. xix. fig. 5). There is, however, no trace of any internal early chambers in the
specimens which we have examined in balsam.
Length ‘4 to °5 mm., breadth (about) °25, thickness (about) °25, thickness of the
shell-wall from -02 to ‘03 mm.
Canbrina d’Orbigny.
323. Candeina nitida d’Orbigny.
Candeina nitida d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 108, pl. ii. figs. 27, 28.
us » @Orbigny, 1846, FEV. p. 193, pl. xxi. fig. 28.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 622, pl. Ixxxii. figs. 13-20.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 378, pl. xiii. fig. 57.
Rhumbler, 1900, NPF. p. 31, fig. 33.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 692, pl. vii. fig. 2.
—
Station.
At Stn. 11 two large specimens were found, comparable in all respects with
the figure given by Millett. This compressed and abnormal type is so entirely
distinct from d’Orbigny’s original figure and from the general appearance of the
species, that we should have hesitated before attributing it to d’Orbigny’s species but
for Millett’s previous determination. The test, apart from its regular construction,
has, in the Kerimba specimens, an abnormally thick shell for Candetna, but the rows
of secondary apertures in the sutural depressions are so well displayed that its
generic position is clear. In view of the occurrence of similar specimens in such
widely separated areas, and the entire absence of typical individuals in the Kerimba
dredgings, it seems probable that this depressed form may be specifically distinct from
d’Orbigny’s thin-shelled type.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 683
Family ROTALIID.
Subfamily SPIRILLININA.
SPIRILLINA Ehrenberg.
324. Spirillina vivipara Ehrenberg. (PI. LI. figs. 19-23.)
Spirillina vivipara Ehrenberg, 1841, SNA. p. 442, pl. in. fig. 41.
Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 397, pl. xv. fig. 28.
Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 88, pl. viii. figs. 1, 2.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 680, pl. Ixxxv. figs. 1-5.
Egger, 18938, FG. p. 394, pl. xvii. figs. 56-58.
; 5 (Arspirillinum vu-viviparum m.!!) Rhumbler, 1908, ete., FPH. 1913, p. 428,
text-fig. 142, pl. v. fig. 9; pl. vi. figs. 4-9.
me a Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, Ci. p. 107, pl. ix. fig. 1.
15 Stations.
Universally distributed, and abundant at some Stns. The specimens comprise
practically all the variations of this simple but very mutable species, ranging from
extremely complanate forms of the var. complanata Parker & Jones (J. P. & B. 1866,
etc., MFC. 1896, p. 290, pl. i. (1866) figs. 20-22) to comparatively high-domed
forms with concave inferior surface. Typical individuals of S. vivipara of a very
large size were obtained at Stn. 2a. Both typical flat forms and the high-domed
forms occur in company at most Stns., but at Stns. 3 and 7 only the flat type occurs,
and at Stns. 9 and?X only the domed. At Stn. 11 a single specimen (which we
figure) was found of a very curious and marked variety with an acute peripheral edge
produced into short flat spines. This has some superficial resemblance to the
S. spinigera of Chapman (C. 1899, FFA. p. 10, pl. i. fig. 7, and C. 1900, FLF.
p. 188, pl. xix. figs. 9 & 10), but differs from his figure and description in some
minor points, especially in the nature of the primordial portion, the height of the
dome, and the development of the spines. At Stns. 1 and 3 individuals were found
intermediate between S. vivipara and S. equalis Brady (which we also figure),
characterized by massive and coarsely perforate shell-wall, the upper surface being
slightly concave and the lower practically plane.
325. Spirillina obconica Brady.
Spirillina obconica Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 279, pl. vii. fig. 27.
5 » Brady, 1884, KC. p. 630, pl. Ixxxv. figs. 6, 7.
53 » Hgger, 1893, FG. p. 395, pl. xviii. figs. 59-61.
. » Chapman, 1909, SNZ. p. 352.
Fe » Heron-Allen & Harland, 19138, CI. p. 108, pl. ix. figs. 8, 9.
1 Station.
One typical specimen.
684 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
326. Spirillina lucida Sidebottom.
Spirillina lucida Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1908, p. 9, pl. ii. fig. 9.
4 » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 327.
re » Heron-Allen & Harland, 19138, CI. p. 108, pl. ix. figs. 4, 5.
1 Station.
A single typical specimen.
327. Spirillina ornata Sidebottom. (Pl. LI. figs. 24, 25.)
Spirillina ornata Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1908, p. 9, pl. ii. figs. 7, 8.
1 Station.
One typical specimen. It differs from Sidebottom’s description only in the
texture, which is normally hyaline. ‘The Delos specimens were “ semi-opaque and of
a pale milky yellow colour”; this would seem to point to the fact that Side-
bottom’s specimens were dead shells, especially as the peripheral edge in the Kerimba
specimen is entire, whereas Sidebottom remarks that ‘the peripheral edge is
more or less sinuous unless this is due to a fracture.’ The markings, which in
the description of the Delos specimens are described as due to the shells being
“decorated with minute raised ridges except in the final convolutions,” appear under
a high power to be due to the presence of paired foramina set in parallel rows across
the width of the tube. These pairs of foramina often coalesce into a slit-like
opening across the tube, and are possibly the ‘raised ridges” referred to by
Sidebottom.
328. Spirillina inzequalis Brady.
Spirillina inequalis Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 278, pl. vin. fig. 25.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 631, pl. Ixxxv. figs. 8-11.
a - Egger, 1893, FG. p. 394, pl. xviii. figs. 40-42.
is , Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 693.
6 Stations.
Excellent typical specimens at many Stns., but the species is always rare. ‘The best
individuals were at Stns. 5 and 11.
39 ”
329. Spirillina limbata Brady.
Spirillina limbata Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1879, p. 278, pl. viii. fig. 26.
5 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 632, pl. Ixxxv. figs. 18-21.
35 » Hyger, 1898, FG. p. 395, pl. xviii. figs. 43, 44.
be » Hint, 1899, RFA. p. 326, pl. Ixxi. fig. 5.
5 Stations.
Very sparingly distributed and always rare. The best specimens at Stn. 11, where
it attains a very large size.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 685
330. Spirillina limbata, var. denticulata Brady.
Spirillina limbata, var. denticulata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 632, pl. Ixxxv. fig. 17.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 396, pl. xviii. fig. 66.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 694.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 109, pl. ix. fig. 10.
37 22 3)
2) bh) ped
oy) 3) »
7 Stations.
Scantily distributed over the area, but good and typical specimens at many Stns.,
W/ ? to)
especially Stns. 1 and 2a.
331. Spirillina margaritifera Williamson.
Spirilina margaritifera Williamson, 1858, REGB. p. 93, pl. vii. fig. 204.
J. Wright, 1885-6, BLP. p. 321, pl. xxvi. fig. 12.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 440.
a? bh)
> ”
3 Stations.
Occurs at very few Stns., but it is not uncommon where it occurs. ‘The best and
largest specimens were at Stn. 11. At Stn. 1, where it was more frequent, the
individuals were small.
332. Spirillina decorata Brady.
Spirillina decorata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 633, pl. Ixxxv. figs. 22-2
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 394, pl. xviii. figs. 64, 65.
9 bed
= Se Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 695.
a a Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1908, p. 8, pl. il. fig. 6.
Chapman, 1909, SNZ. p. 353.
1 Station.
One specimen at Stn. 11. Eggers specimens were from West Africa, Mauritius,
and Australia.
333. Spirillina semidecorata, sp. n. (PI. LI. figs. 26-31.)
2 Stations.
Test free, plano-convex, consisting of a tube acutely angular in section convoluted
at an angle towards the centre of the shell. Convolutions numerous, probably not less
than five or six, each convolution embracing its predecessors to a greater or less extent,
so that, as a rule, little or nothing except the last whorl is visible on the superior
surface. ‘The central portion of the shell on the superior face is excavate in a greater
or less degree according to the angle at which the tube is inclined in its convolution ;
thus in some specimens the final convolution entirely encloses the superior face of
the shell except for a minute central crater, in others the superior edge of the tube,
in each of the early convolutions, is visible in the central depression. ‘The tube is
apparently plicate, giving a very characteristic appearance to the upper surface,
but this appearance may possibly be due to constrictions inside the tube. Peripheral
686 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
edge thick and subcarinate. Aperture obscure, if existent at all. Inferior surface
plane, studded with tubercular growth either in the form of round or oval beads,
rendering the number of convolutions uncertain. The last convolution on the
inferior surface is usually free from secondary growth. The marginal view in
specimens where the superior surface is not embracing is very characteristic and
resembles an upstanding frill.
A single specimen of this highly specialized form was found at Stn. 1 and many
at Stn. 11. We have met with the species at the ‘ Challenger’ Stn. 185 (Raine Island,
Torres Straits, 155 fms.), and at other localities, and we have Eocene specimens
from Moorabool River, Victoria, N.$.W. Within certain limits it is subject to con-
siderable variation. In some specimens the last convolution entirely encloses all its
predecessors on the superior surface, leaving merely a central pin-hole, as it were, to
mark the axis of convolution. In other instances, where the tube is convoluted at
a less acute angle, the embracing character of the whorls is less marked, and the
sharp superior edge of the tube can be seen in a diminishing spiral lining the sides
of the central depression. The nature of the tubercular growth on the inferior
surface appears to change from spherical to oval beads with the increasing diameter
of the tube as the shell grows in size. The curiously plicate appearance of the
external surface of the tube is probably due to internal constrictions rather than to
merely external decoration, and may mark a transition-stage between Spirillina and
Patellina. If such be the case, the species would usefully support RKhumbler’s
view, in which he is entirely supported by Schaudinn (S. 1895, PF. p. 181), that the
genus Patellina should properly be merged with the genus Spirillina (R. 1896,
NST. p. 85).
Breadth of base 0°30 to 0°35 mm.; height variable, ranging up to 0:1 mm.
Subfamily RoTALIIN A.
PatELLiInA Williamson.
334. Patellina corrugata Williamson.
Patellina corrugata Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 46, pl. ii. figs. 86-89.
90 5p Brady, 1884, FC. p. 634, pl. Ixxxvi. figs. 1-7.
$6 bs Egger, 1893, FG. p. 393, pl. xiv. figs. 70-72.
s Schaudinn, 1895, PF. p. 181 (fig.).
5 ae Chapman, 1907, RFV. p. 134, pl. x. fig. 7.
9 os Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 109, pl. ix. fig. 11.
es ah (Arpatellum diinst-corrugatum m.!!) Rhumbler, 1909, ete., FPE. 1913,
pp- 409-412, figs. ; p. 437, pl. v. figs. 5-7; pl. vii. figs. 11-15.
11 Stations.
Very generally distributed, but the number of specimens always very limited, and
most of the individuals were of the normal depressed type. At Stns. 1 and 4 the
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO, 687
9
final chambers were furnished with a spreading carina. At Stn. 3 one individual
only was found of the high conical type; this conical type occurs of a comparatively
large size at Stn. 11, where the depressed form was also found to be large and well
developed. Specimens exhibiting the markedly non-septate initial portion which
led Rhumbler to transfer the species to Spirillina (R. 1905, NST. p. 85) were
found, but none with the rotaline commencement noted by Chapman (wé supra).
CymBaLopora Hagenow.
335. Cymbalopora poeyi (d’Orbigny).
Rotalia squammosa @Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 272. no. 8.
Rosalina poeyi d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 92, pl. ili. figs. 18-20. R. squammosa, p. 91, pl. i.
figs. 12-14.
Cymbalopora poeyi Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 215, pl. xi. figs. 10-12.
» Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 97, pl. x. figs. 1-5.
Diecsainn poo Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 107, pl. vii. figs. 264, 265.
Cymbalopora poeyi Brady, 1884, FC. p. 636, pl. cil. fig. 13.
7 » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 381, pl. xvi. figs. 51, 52.
+5 , Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 189.
5 , Rhumbler, 1906, FLC. p. 71, pl. v. fig. 59.
16 Stations.
C. poeyi in one or other of its numerous forms is one of the most abundant species
throughout the area, as, indeed, in all shallow-water tropical gatherings. The
specimens may be roughly divided into high-domed and low-domed types, which
usually occur together, though in varying proportions. As regards the high-domed
type, very few specimens were obtained of the large and typical form described and
figured by d’Orbigny as Rotalia sguammosa, but the less convex C. poeyi is abundant
at most of the Stns. The specimens are, however, as a rule, smaller than the
individuals of the depressed type figured by Brady as C. poeyi var. (FC. pl. cil. fig. 14),
some of which attain very large proportions. A smaller form, characterized by a
high-domed test with rounded apex and having a well-marked rotaline initial portion,
of the type of Discorbina concinna, followed by numerous acervuline chambers of a
small and regular form, occurs at many of the Stns. ‘This is indistinguishable from
the initial portion of C. mélletti, and is probably but a stage in the life-history of
that form. The colour of the specimens of C. poeyi is very variable, normally of a
deep brown tint, especially as regards the initial chambers, it is at some Stns. (notably
Stn. 4) quite colourless. The number of lobes on the inferior surface does not appear
to have any specific significance ; they vary in specimens otherwise indistinguishable,
from four (the usual number in the Kerimba types) to as many as seven or eight.
Perhaps the majority of specimens, especially of the high-domed variety, have the
four lobulations. Attached specimens are of rare occurrence, but even the small
high-domed form (akin to C. milletti) has been seen (Stn, 12) in this condition.
VOL. XX.—PART xvul. No. 19.—Wovember, 1915. 5D ,
688 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
In the Brady collections at Cambridge there is a slide labelled C. humilis Brady,
containing specimens of the very depressed type which oceurs in this material, both
sessile and detached. ‘The Cambridge specimens were all detached. Brady did not
apparently publish any description or figure of this form, which is certamly not worth
separating as a species,
336. Cymbalopora tabelleformis Brady.
Cymbalopora tabelleformis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 637, pl. cu. figs. 15-18.
3) a Egger, 1893, FG. p. 382, pl. xviii. figs. 54, 55.
i " Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 697.
be = Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 189.
11 Stations.
Very generally distributed, but nowhere in such profusion as its closely allied form
C. poeyt. The points of distinction between C. tabellwformis and C. poeyi are some-
what unsatisfactory. Brady’s chief distinctive feature is the difference of the aperture,
which, in C. poeyi, is described as an orifice opening into the umbilical vestibule, and
in C. tabelieformis as rows of sutural pores only. But many unquestionable speci-
mens of C. poeyi have marginal or sutural pores in addition to the umbilical arched
aperture. A more constant specific feature les in the fact that in C. tabelle-
jformis each chamber forms a perfect curve running from the flat superior face, on
which all the chambers are exposed (though often obscured by shell-thickening),
to the umbilical recess, in the manner, as we have elsewhere pointed out, of the
tuber of the common garden Ranunculus (H.-A. 1915, RPF. p. 258, pl. 18. fig. 53).
All the specimens observed were free-growing, except at Stn. 1, where numerous
individuals were found encrypted in fragments of molluscan shells. This phenomenon,
which is hitherto unknown in the habits of any Foraminifer, has been made the
subject of a special study in the paper above referred to, which has been published
elsewhere. It is probable that a large number of the free specimens found at other
Stns. have originally been encrypted in this manner, as they agree in all essential
features with the specimens which we have removed from such crypts. They are
nearly all of regular circular outline, very few approaching to the oval outline of
Brady’s type.
337. Cymbalopora bulloides (d'Ortigny).
Rosalina bulloides VOrbigny, 1839, FC. p. 98, pl. iil. figs. 2-5.
Cymbalopora bulloides Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF’. p. 216.
Tretomphalus bulloides Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 98, pl. x. figs. 6-9.
Cymbalopora bulloides Brady, 1884, FC. p. 638, pl. ci. figs. 7-12.
bs » Murray, 1897, PF. p. 20, fig. 3.
ay Bs Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 189.
5 ys Earland, 1902, “On Cymbalopora bulloides (’O.) and its Internal
Structures,” Journ, Quekett Micr. Club, ser. 2, vol. viii. pp. 309-
322, pl. 16.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 689
15 Stations.
Almost universally distributed. It occurs as usual in two very distinct types—
a small form in which the early chambers are arranged on a discorbine plan, and
a larger form in which a few discorbine chambers are succeeded by numerous
acervuline chambers before the formation of the balloon. ‘The two forms nearly
always occur together, but in varying proportions. At some Stns., especially at
Stns. 26 and ? X, the discorbine type is the more abundant, at others the proportions
are either equal or with a predominance of the acervuline type. In the discorbine
type the balloon-chamber is often more or less elongated, so that the shell represents
a cylinder with convex extremities. In the acervuline type, on the other hand, the
whole test is usually more or less globular in form, the balloon representing one
hemisphere or, perhaps, rather more. ‘There is at certain stations a tendency to
vertical compression of the test, the balloon being pronouncedly flattened—this is
notably the case at Stn. 8. Lateral compression, on the other hand, is extremely
rare, although instances were observed at several Stns. |
The dual nature of the terminal chamber as an outer or balloon-chamber and an
inner or float-chamber was first recorded by Harland in 1902, and forms the subject
of a principal section of the paper above referred to.
338. Cymbalopora milletti, sp. n. (PI. LI. figs. 32-35.)
Cymbalopora bulloides Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 697, pl. vu. fig. 4.
15 Stations.
The curious type figured by Millett in his Malay Monograph as a variety of
C. bulloides occurs at practically all the Stns., and often in considerable numbers,
even where the typical C. bulloides is wanting. We propose to raise it to specific
rank and to associate it with the name of its author, being convinced, after a protracted
examination, that the type possesses essential and constant idiosyncrasies. This
decision has been arrived at after a careful examination, not only of our own specimens
from all over the area of its distribution, but also of a large number of slides, prepared
on board H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ by the late Sir John Murray and placed by him at our
disposal.
The main points of distinction between the two forms may be summarized as
follows :—(i.) The rotaline portion is invariably high-domed and mainly acervuline,
consisting of a small but well-marked rotaline commencement followed by a number
of small but regularly formed acervuline chambers. (ii.) The balloon-chamber
presents a curiously wrinkled surface, and in its most typical condition the balloon
is superficially divided into four segments by arborescent markings originating from
four equidistant points on the peripheral margin of the balloon. Viewed as a
transparent object in balsam, it appears that these arborescent markings, which give
the balloon-chamber its peculiar wrinkled appearance, are occasioned by constrictions
5Dz
690 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
or pleats in the inner or float-chamber, and that the float-chamber is adherent to the
balloon excepting at the lobulations and along the ramifications of the arborescent
markings. (iil.) The absence in the vast majority of cases of the umbilical ento-
solenian tube by which in the normal C. bulloides the inner or float-chamber commu-
nicates with the balloon and thence with the surrounding medium. (iv.) The absence
of the coarse basal perforations on the balloon which are characteristic of the
typical C. bulloides.
It would thus appear that in the typical C. bulloides the lower half of the shell
consists of two distinct hemispherical chambers, one suspended within the other,
without actual contact anywhere, the entosolenian tube of the balloon-chamber merely
fitting into the depression formed by the corresponding tube of the float-chamber
without actual fusion. In C. milletti, on the other hand, the internal float-chamber
is adherent to and is fused with the balloon-chamber, except at a number of places
where the four deep lobulations of the float-chamber pass from its upper peripheral
margin to the base of the test, ramifying as they go. ‘These ramifying passages give
to the shell its typical wrinkled appearance.
Again, whereas in the typical C. bulloides there are always two well-marked forms,
as already pointed out, C. milletti is, so far as we have observed, always acervuline
and within very narrow limits of variation constant both as to size, general appearance,
and colour. ‘The test is always high-domed, and the acervuline chambers numerous
and regularly formed as compared with acervuline specimens of the typical C. bulloides.
Specimens are also in nearly all instances of a characteristic brown colour, and the
initial discorbine chambers are of the type of Discorbina concinna Brady.
The distribution of C. milletti certainly extends all over the tropical Indo-Pacific
area, but we have not met with it as yet in the tropical Atlantic.
In the Brady collection at Cambridge there is a slide of C. budloides from Levuka,
Fiji, which contains several specimens of this form. Brady’s fig. 9, pl. cil. in FC.
1884, suggests this wrinkled form in its general appearance, though the essential
markings are not reproduced.
Size varlable—average specimens vary between -3 and °4 mm. in total height,
of which about -2 mm. represents the acervuline portion of the shell; breadth of
9
balloon-chamber averages ‘3 mm.
Discorsina Parker & Jones.
339. Discorbina cora (d’Orbigny).
Rosalina cora dOrbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 45, pl. vi. figs. 19-21, (See also B. 1884, FC.
p- 627; and H.-A. & E. 1918, CI. p. 111, & Table p. 113.)
7 Stations.
‘This very depressed and scale-like species eccurs rarely. The only really typical
specimen was at Stn. ?X attached to a shell-fragment. This individual was of
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 691
extreme tenuity. At Stn. 10 some good and fairly typical examples were found ;
at the remaining Stns. the individuals presented characteristics linking them with
D. globularis, but in their outspreading growth and thinness they were certainly
nearer to J. cora than to the other species.
340. Discorbina nitida (Williamson).
Rotalina nitida Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 54, pl. iv. figs. 106-108.
Rotalia nitida Brady, 1884, FC. pp. 627, 705.
Discorbina nitida Wright, 1891, SWI. p. 490.
55 » Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RED. 1908, p. 13, pl. iv. fig. 6.
36 » Heron-Allen & Karland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 328.
x », Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 121.
11 Stations.
Generally distributed over the area, and, as a rule, extremely true to type and
presenting but little variation, Most abundant at Stns. 1 and 7, where it is small
but normal, and at Stn. 11, where the individuals are much larger than elsewhere in
the gatherings. At this Stn. also two pronounced variations were observed, both of
which have their origin in an excessive development of the carinated edge. In
one form the carina separates the successive whorls, but is flush with the surface
of the chambers; in the other the surface of each chamber is slightly inflated, so
that the carina shows as a broad depressed sutural line.
341. Discorbina concinna Brady.
Discorbina concinna Brady, 1884, FC. p. 646, pl. xe. figs. 7, 8.
a » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 388, pl. xv. figs. 22-24.
34 33 Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 699.
ae 35 Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 191.
16 Stations.
Very frequent and often abundant, the principal variation observed being in the
colour, which ranges from colourless hyaline to deep red-brown. Brady suggests
that his species may be only the immature or arrested stage of some better-known
species. In view of the extreme abundance of specimens at some of the Stns., and
the comparative rarity of such more advanced types as D. rosacea and D. turbo, to
which D. concinna evidently is most nearly allied in structure, there does not seem
to be much evidence in support of Brady’s suggestion.. As we propose to point out
elsewhere, however, the small rotaline specimens of Cymbalopora bulloides, so frequent
at some of the Kerimba Stations, are all of a D. concinna type, the individuals, indeed,
when detached from the balloon-chamber, being indistinguishable from D. concinna.
The same observation applies to the pelagic Cymbalopore gathered by Mr. Matthews
at Corney Point, S. Australia (Harland, 1902; see sud C. bulloides rets.), and to some
pelagic gatherings of Cymbalopora made by Sir J. Murray on the ‘ Challenger,’ which
692 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
we have had the privilege of examining. The question therefore inevitably arises
whether D. concinna is not merely a stage in the life-history of Cymbalopora bulloides.
Another slight variation noticeable in the Kerinba specimens is in the peripheral
margin. According to Brady this should be acutely angular, but at many of the
Kerimba Stns. specimens are to be found with a rounded peripheral edge, due to the
fact that the inferior side is less markedly concave than usual. At Stn. ?X a few
individuals were observed growing attached to shell-fragments.
342. Discorbina praegeri Heron-Allen & Farland.
Discorbina praegeri Heron-Allen & Harland, 1918, Cl. p. 122, pl. x. figs. 8-10.
Stations.
A few weak, but fairly typical, specimens only.
bo
343. Discorbina isabelleana (d’Orbigny).
Rosalina isabelleana d’Orbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 45, pl. vi. figs. 10-12.
Discorbina isabelleana Jones & Parker, 1872, FFR. p. 115.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 646, pl. Ixxxviii. fig. 1.
i )) 2)
54 55 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 386, pl. xv. figs. 36-38.
A a Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 442.
7 Stations.
Commen at the Stns., those at Stn. 11 being much the finer and better developed,
and tinged with colour.
344, Discorbina vilardeboana (d’Orbigny).
Rosalina vilardebcana @Orbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 44, pl. vi. figs. 13-15.
Discorbina vilardeboana Jones & Parker, 1872, FFR. p. 115.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 645, pl. Ixxxvi. fig. 12; pl. Ixxxvin. fig. 2.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 112.
we
” tbh
3) ”
1 Station.
A few typical high-domed specimens at Stn. 11. ‘The species was observed
elsewhere, but was not separated from D. mediterranensis.
345. Discorbina rosacea (d’Orbigny).
Rotalina rosacea d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 273. no. 15, Modéle no. 39.
Asterigerina rosacea dW’ Orbigny, 1850, etc., PP. 1852, vol. 1. p. 158. no, 2952.
Rotalia rosacea Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1865, p. 25, pl. i. fig. 71.
Discorbina rosacea Brady, 1884, FC. p. 644, pl. Ixxxvii. figs. 1, 4.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 385, pl. xv. figs. 89-41.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, Cl. p. 124, pl. xi. figs. 7-9.
3) 2
»» ”
14 Stations.
Occurs at most Stns., never abundant, and, as a rule, small and poorly developed.
Large and typical specimens were found in some number at Stns. 3 and 9, and less
frequently at Stns. 8, 7X, and 2B.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 693
346. Discorbina planorbis (d’Orbigny).
Asterigerina planorlis @’Orbigny, 1846, FEV. p. 205, pl. xi. figs. 1-8.
Discorbina (Asterigerina) planorbis Zittel, 1876, HP. p. 98, fig. 31.
3 planorlis Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 124, pl. xi. figs. 10-12.
8 Stations.
Fairly generally distributed, but the specimens are poorly developed and few in
number, the best and most numerous examples being found at Stns. 10, 11, and 12.
347. Discorbina turbo (d’Orbigny).
Rotalia (Trochulina) turbo d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 274, no. 39, Modéle no. 73.
Discorbina turbo Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 204, App. p. 311.
i » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 642, pl. Ixxxvii. fig. 8.
+S » Hegger, 1893, FG. p. 389, pl. xv. figs. 42-44.
_ » Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1908, p. 11, pl. iii. figs. 1, 2.
3 », Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 134.
4 Stations.
Rarely distributed, the only good and typical specimens being found at Stns. 9
and 11. At Stn. 11 the sutures on the superior face are strongly limbate.
348. Discorbina orbicularis (Terquem).
Rosalina orbicularis Terquem, 1875, ete., APD. 1876, p. 75, pl. is. fig. 4.
Discorbina orbicularis Balkwill & Millett, 1884, FG. p. 23, pl. iv. fig. 13.
* ES Brady, 1884, FC. p. 647, pl. Ixxxviu. figs. 4-8.
“i ie Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 349, pl. xiii. figs. 31-33.
=a a, Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 191.
be “s Egger, 1893, FG. p. 389, pl. xv. figs. 16-18, 76-78.
Bi Pe Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1908, p. 13, pl. iv. fig. 7.
2 Bs Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 126.
12 Stations.
Fairly generally distributed and moderately abundant. The specimens aye, as a
rule, quite typical, presenting hardly any variation except in size.
349. Discorbina mamilla (Williamson).
Rotalina mamilla Williamson, 1858, RFEGB. p. 54, pl. iv. figs. 109-111.
Discorbina rosacea Siilchoiar, 1904, etc., RFD. 1908, pl. iv. fig. 5.
mamilla Heron- Mien 5 Waeeead), 1918, Cl. p. 123, pl. x1. figs. 4-6.
4 Stations.
A few typical specimens, the best being at Stn. 11.
350. Discorbina mediterranensis (d’Orbigny).
Rosalina mediterranensis ’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 271. no. 2.
Discorbina vilardeboana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 645, pl. Ixxxvi. fig. 9.
rf rosacea Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 105, pl. vii. figs. 251-257,
is mediterranensis Fornasini, 1898, REI. p. 264, text-fig.
ms 5 Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 118, pl. ix. figs. 12-14;
pl. x. fig. 1.
694 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
12 Stations.
Occurs at most of the Stns., but only at a few in any abundance or marked
development. Very rare and small at Stns. 4 and 5—rare, but large, at Stn. 6. The
best specimens were found at Stns. 11, 12, and ?.X, at all of which it occurred in
maximum numbers. At Stn. 11 the individuals were very large and some of them
showed signs of passing into D. globularis. At Stn. 12 specimens were well developed
and plentiful, at Stn. ?_X it was common both free and attached.
351. Discorbina globularis (d’Orbigny). (PI. LI. figs. 36-39.)
Rosalina globularis WOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 271, pl. xiii. figs. 1-4, Modéle no. 69.
Discorbina globularis Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1865, p. 30, pl. 1. fig. 69.
is es Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 96, pl. ix. fig. 18.
Be - Brady, 1884, FC. p. 643, pl. Ixxxvi. figs. 8, 18.
3 » Egger, 1893, FG. pl. xv. figs.7-9 ; (Rosalina) p. 365, pl. xiii. figs. 65-68.
" ns Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 698.
5 i Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1908, p. 11, pl. iii. figs. 38-8; pl. iv.
figs. 1, 2.
= hs Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 190.
16 Stations.
Occurs in greater or less abundance at every Stn., sometimes very common. The
species presents an extraordinary range of variation, primarily in the degree of
inflation of the chambers and consequent height of the spire, and secondarily in the
degree of limbation of the sutures. Some of the specimens, notably at Stns. 1 and 2X,
are of an extremely thin and scale-like form suggesting a passage into D. cora. At
Stns. 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, a variety occurs characterized by a coarsely perforate superior
face and an extremely thick but hyaline base without visible perforations, but in
which each chamber is furnished at its umbilical edge with a single stout blunted tooth
projecting into the umbilical cavity; from three to six teeth are visible in different
specimens giving a very striking appearance to the under side of the shell. At
Stns. 1 and 6 a depressed variety with extremely limbate sutures raised above the
flat surface of the chambers was found. At Stn.?B a single specimen which had
apparently been in association with another individual, the whole of the base and the
internal septa being absorbed.
352. Discorbina binkhorsti (Reuss).
Rosalina binkhorsti Reuss, 1861, FKM. p. 317, pl. ii. fig. 3.
Discorbina binkhorsti Jones & Parker, 1872, FFR. p- 114.
(See Brady, 1884, FC. p. 644, sub D. valvulata.)
1 Station.
A few specimens at Stn. 6 showing the typical depressed shell with strongly limbate
sutures on the superior face.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 695
353. Discorbina tuberculata Balkwill & Wright.
Discorbina tuberculata Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 350, pl. xiii. figs. 28-30.
3 op Sidebottom, 1904, ete. , RFD. 1908, p. 15, pl. v. fig. 5.
= e Heron-Allen & Herlacd: JUSS, (lls Jos M27
1 Station.
One typical specimen from Stn. 11.
354. Discorbina araucana (dOrbigny).
Rosalina araucana VOrbiguy, 1839, FAM. p. 44, pi. vi. figs. 16-18.
Discorbina araucana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 645, pl. Ixxxvi. figs. 10, 11.
55 - Egger, 1893, FG. p. 386, pl. xiv. figs. 4, 6.
55 . Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 190.
Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1908, p. 12.
Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., $B. 1911, p. 327
J] Station.
A few specimens only, which appear to be referable to this somewhat weak
representative of the D. rosacea group.
355. Discorbina valvulata (d’Orbigny).
Rosalina valvulata d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 271. no. 4.
3 da’ Osborn, 1839, FIC. p. 186, pl. 11. figs. 19-21
DRewaribinae valvulata Jones & Parker, 1872, FER. p. 114.
6 » Brady, 1884, FC. p- 644, pl. Ixxxvii. figs. 5-7.
5 As Egger, 1893, FG. p. 392, pl. xv. figs. 64-66.
Sy ms Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 137.
2 Stations.
A few poor specimens at Stn. 1, the sutures being very feebly limbate compared
with the type; stronger and better specimens at Stn. 11.
356. Discorbina valvulata, var. granulosa, n. (PI. LIT. figs. 1-6.)
2 Stations.
Test nearly circular in outline, closely resembling D. valvulata, but with the
superior surface thickly encrusted with secondary shell-matter rendering the septation
and sutural lines very obscure. Under surface showing five to six inflated chambers
separated by strongly limbate sutures and with a mass of secondary shell-matter in
the umbilical depression. Coarsely perforated on the superior side, but no per-
forations visible on the inferior side. Colour a rich pale brown, lightening towards
the final chambers and colourless on the inferior side.
‘This curious but very distinctive variety occurs very rarely at Stn. 11, and a single
specimen at Stn. ?X. The granulation renders the variety easily distinguishable
from d’Orbigny’s type, Rosalina valvulata (d’O. 1839, FIC. p. 136, pl. 11. figs. 19-21).
Size very variable—specimens range between *25 and -4d mm. in greatest diameter ;
height of largest specimen ‘32 mm.
VOL. XX.—Parr xvi. No. 20.—November, 1915. 5
696 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
357. Discorbina allomorphinoides (Reuss).
Valvulina allomorphinoides Reuss, 1860, WK. p. 228, pl. xi. fig. 6.
Discorbina allomorphinoides Brady, 1884, FC. p. 654, pl. xci. figs. 5, 8.
Valvulina allomorphinoides Egger, 1899, KOA. p. 43, pl. ii. figs. 4, 5.
Pulvinulina allomorphinoides Pornasini, 1900, FA. p. 394, fig. 44.
Discorbina allomorphinoides Millett, 1898, ete., FM., 1903, p. 703.
2 Stations.
Very rare. ‘The specimens are small, but otherwise quite typical.
358. Discorbina sauleii (d’Orbigny).
Rosalina saule VOrbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 42, pl. ii. figs. 9-11.
Discorbina saulcii Jones & Parker, 1872, FFR. p. 115.
Me » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 653, pl. xci. fig. 6.
ih me Chapman, 1900, FLE. p. 190.
. » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 392, pl. xv. figs. 51-53.
é » Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., SB. 1909, p. 444.
i », Sidebottom, 1910, RFBP. p. 26, pl. iii. fig. 11.
2 Stations.
Very rare, only a few specimens at the two stations.
359. Discorbina reniformis, sp.n. (PI. LII. figs. 7-14.)
5 Stations.
Test smooth and ranging from reniform (or kidney-shaped) to nearly circular.
Sutural lines flush with the surface, and hardly distinguishable, excepting in a few
specimens, where, owing to the local absence of perforations, they are indicated by
faint lines in the shell-substance. Aperture, when visible, a curved slit in the middle
or slightly to one side of the edge of the test, where the final chamber abuts
upon the initial whorl. Surface somewhat coarsely punctate; colour varying from
light brown to glassy white. Viewed asa transparent object in balsam the test is
seen to consist of about nine inflated chambers buried in, or enveloped with, an
abnormally thick shell-wall full of coarse perforations. It seems probable that the
wall of the test continues to thicken with the growth of the shell, thus obliterating
the sutural lines, which are hardly visible in large specimens unless viewed as trans-
parent objects in balsam. ‘The chambers are arranged more or less symmetrically in a
spiral; the rotaline twist is in a few cases normally developed, but, as a rule, is so
slight that the spiral appears to be almost involute when examined on edge. The
whole aspect of the shell in such specimens distinctly suggests a Nonionina, but we
think the character of the orifice and the small degree of bilateral asymmetry sufficient
to indicate their relationship with Discorbina, especially when a whole series of
specimens is considered, including individuals presenting a marked rotaline difference
between the superior and inferior faces. At the same time the species is of a very
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. | 697
abnormal type and does not bear any very close relationship to other discorbine
species, its nearest ally perhaps being D. allomorphinoides Reuss, from which, however,
it differs in the greater coarseness of its perforations, the continuity of its outline, and
the comparative bilateral symmetry of the test. It seems also to be unique in its
investing wall of shell-substance, which appears to be deposited subsequently to the
formation of the chambers as an entirely investing layer of shell, obliterating all
sutures and surface-markings. |
This very obscure little form occurs at six Stns. only, one or two specimens at each,
except at Stn. 11, where a good many finely developed specimens were found. We
have also met with it in a dredging made in Apia Harbour (Samoa), 7 fms., where it
is more abundant.
Length (max.) -25 to 30 mm., breadth (max.) ‘25 mm., thickness -2 mm.
360. Discorbina chasteri Heron-Allen & Earland.
Discorbina minutissima Chaster, 1892, CS. p. 65, pl. i. fig. 15.
an és Wright, 1908, BCD. pp. 174, 175.
chastert Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 128, pl. xiii. figs. 1-3.
6 Stations.
The specimens are few in number, but quite typical, and in some cases better
developed than is usually the case in the British type-specimens. The round form
is the more generally distributed, but at Stns. 5 and? X the round and oval varieties
occur in company. At Stn. 12 only the oval type was seen. ‘The best individuals of
the round type were observed at Stns. 6 and? X, and the best oval at Stn. 12.
361. Discorbina rugosa (d’Orbigny).
Rosalina rugosa VOrbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 4:2, pl. ii. figs. 12-14.
Discorbina rugosa Brady, 1884, FC. p. 652, pl. Ixxxvii. fig. 3; pl. xei. fig. 4.
Egger, 1893, KG. p. 383, pl. xv. figs. 1-3.
Chapman, 1891, etc., GF. 1896, p. 590, pl. xiii. fig. 10.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 703.
’ Chapman, 1900, PLE. p. 190.
1 » Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 136.
11 Stations.
Occurs at most of the Stns., moderately frequent at some of them, good and quite
typical specimens were seen at Stns. 4, 10, and 11. At Stn.?X a very depressed
form, with angular edge (but otherwise typical), was observed.
362. Discorbina vesicularis (Lamarck). (Pl. LII. figs. 15-18.)
Discorbites vesicularis Lamarck, 1804, AM. vol. v. p. 183 ; 1806, vol. viii. pl. Ixui. fig. 7.
Discorbina vesicularis Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 204, pl. xiil. figs. 2, 3.
x . Brady, 1884, FC. p. 651, pl. Ixxxvil. fig. 2.
dE 2
698 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Discorbina vesicularis Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 702.
aN y Harland, 1905, FBS. p. 224, pl. xii. figs. 9, 10; pl. xiv. fig. 6.
a Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 135.
is Heron-Allen & Farland, 1918, CI. p. 181.
5 Stations.
‘This species occurs at only a few Stns., but at these, and notably at Stn. ?X, it is
fairly frequent and attains a size and luxuriance of growth almost equal to the splendid
specimens to be found in South Australian shore-sands. With the exception of a
record of Brady “Common in the shore-sands of Tamatave, Madagascar,” and a few
records of pauperate specimens round the British coast, the previously recorded
distribution of this species appears to be confined to the Pacific-Australian seas.
363. Discorbina dimidiata Jones & Parker.
Discorbina dimidiata Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 201, fig. 32 8.
a Ps Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. pp. 385 & 422, pl. xix. fig. 9.
ss es Chapman, 1907, RIV. p. 136, pl. x. fig. 8.
A =: Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 444.
4 Stations.
Occurs very rarely, but a few large and quite typical individuals were found at
Stns. 8 and 9, almost equal in size to the specimens so abundant in South Australian
shore-sands. ‘The presence of this typically Australian species on the African coast
is very noteworthy.
364. Discorbina polystomelloides Parker & Jones. (PI. LII. figs. 19-23.)
Discorbina polystomelloides Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 421, pl. xix. fig. 8.
a 39 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 652, pl. xci. fig. 1.
ass PP Heron-Allen & Karland, 1908, etc., SB. 1911, p. 330.
2 Stations.
The original description of this species is not very full or satisfactory. Parker and
Jones (wt supra) merely state that it “may be said to be a granulose form of D. rimosa,
but it is larger, more symmetrical, and extremely rough, and the chinks between the
chambers are partly bridged over, so as to form a rough canal system, as in some of
the Polystomelle.”
The description of Discorbina rimosa Parker & Jones, published at the same time,
is as follows (P. & J. 1865, NAAF. p. 421, pl. xix. fig. 6):—‘*This is smaller than
D. vesicularis and close to it and D. elegans in alliance, somewhat oval in shape; shell-
substance thick, pores large; septal plane notched for aperture; chambers very much
larger in the newer than in the older part of the shell, and discrete ; and on the upper
side several of the newer chambers are separated by chinks. On the under side there
are secondary chambers over the umbilicus, perfect, large, and astral, with chinks at
their periphery.”
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 699
The figure of D. r7mosa is not in strict agreement with the verbal description. It
represents a very finely perforated shell with apparently smooth and hyaline surface,
The secondary chambers on the under side are well shown, but the aperture is very
obscure. ‘The chinks between the later chambers on the superior surface are very
marked.
The figure of D. polystomelloides represents an extremely coarse and granulose-
surfaced shell. The secondary chambers are barely suggested. ‘There is a single
distinctive aperture on the umbilical margin of the last chamber on the inferior side,
but the figure does not demonstrate whether this aperture belongs to the primary or
to the secondary series of chambers. ‘The chinks are bridged by two or three retral
processes which join the successive chambers.
Brady, while adding nothing to the verbal analysis of the species, published
excellent figures of a type practically intermediate between Parker and Jones’s figures
of D. rimosa and D. polystomelloides. ‘The early chambers are coarsely granulose, the
later ones being comparatively smooth but coarsely perforate. The retral processes
ave prominent and numerous, and more or less obscure the chinks between the
chambers. The secondary chambers are well shown, and there is a single large
comma-shaped aperture placed on the inferior side of the shell at the umbilical edge of
the last chamber of the secondary series. No opening into the large chambers of the
primary or superior series is shown.
D. polystomelloides occurs at nearly every Stn., but, as a rule, very sparingly. At
Stns. 6, 9, 10, and 12, however, the species is fairly plentiful in the coarse material
and the specimens are especially large and finely developed. As a whole, the Kerimba
specimens are of the Brady type of shell, the granulose surface being practically
confined to the earlier chambers. At Stns. 9 and 12 this absence of granulation is
especially marked. The specimens, although large and coarsely perforate, are smooth
and comparatively thin-shelled, with the result that the internal structure can be
clearly followed when specimens are examined in balsam.
This structure appears to be much more complicated than in the other asterigerine
species of Discorbina, each series of chambers having a special and definite aperture.
Whereas, however, in other asterigerine Discorbinz the secondary chambers are
situated on the inferior surface of the test, in 2. polystomelloides they appear to be
almost entirely enclosed in the test, owing to the production of the superior or primary
chambers into processes which extend to the umbilical region on the inferior side of
the test. Here is situated the general aperture, which is of the usual discorbine or
“comma”-shape. ‘This aperture is well shown in Brady's figure ¢, but is there
attributed to the inferior or asterigerine series of chambers.
The asterigerine or secondary chambers are narrow and long. Radiating from the
umbilicus nearly to the peripheral margin, they lie immediately under the ‘‘ chinks ”
which separate the large superior chambers. ‘These ‘‘chinks” open directly down
700 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
into the asterigerine chambers, each of which has also a special secondary opening in
the shape of a tubular extension, which passes through the adjacent chamber of the
superior series and so communicates with the next asterigerine chamber, finally
opening into a broad funnel-shaped depression on the oral face of the final chamber.
‘This highly complex structure will be more apparent from the two diagrammatic
figures which we publish. They show balsam-mounted specimens in optical section
(as viewed from the upper and lower sides) in which the asterigerine chambers of the
last whorl only are shaded, while the principal chambers remain clear.
The purport of this unique structure is not obvious, but it is evident that the double
series of apertures and the immediate opening of the chinks into the asterigerine
chambers must greatly facilitate the access of the protoplasm to the surrounding
medium and so facilitate nutrition. This is borne out by the fact that many specimens
exhibit food-contents of relatively immense size in the protoplasm remaining in the
chambers.
The so-called retral processes, which are really struts of solid shell-substance, are
poorly developed in most of the Kerimba specimens, and are often confined to the
peripheral margin of the test, the chinks on the superior surface being uninterrupted.
365. Discorbina rimosa Parker & Jones.
Discorbina rimosa Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 205.
ie » Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. pp. 385, 421, pl. xix. fig. 6.
ay » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 642.
i » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 702, pl. vii. fig. 7.
1 Station.
One specimen only, resembling Millett’s figure of this species, which, it may be
remarked, differs considerably from the original figure published by Parker and Jones.
This represents a shell with a smooth surface, although their description states that
‘the pores are large and the shell-substance thick.” These features are more highly
brought out in Millett’s figure. Parker and Jones, in describing D. polystomelloides
(P. & J., NAAF. p. 421, pl. xix. fig. 8), state that it may be regarded “as a granular
form of D. rimosa, but larger, more symmetrical, and extremely rough.” It appears
to us somewhat doubtful whether it is expedient to separate the two forms—D. rimosa
is probably only a depauperate form of D. polystomelloides.
366. Discorbina rarescens Brady.
Discorbina rarescens Brady, 1884, FC. p. 651, pl. xe. figs. 2, 3, & ? 4.
a 4 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 388, pl. xv. figs. 45-47.
s x Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 192.
on * Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 443.
2 Stations.
‘Two small but fairly typical specimens at Stn. 7, and many at Stn. 11.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 701.
367. Discorbina, pustulata Heron-Allen & Earland. (Pl. LII. figs. 24-26.)
Discorbina pustulata Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 129, pl. xii. figs. 5-7.
2 Stations.
It was with no little satisfaction that we found again in these dredgings our
recently described and figured species, especially as the few specimens found at
Kerimba were more distinctively developed than the Clare Island specimens. It
occurs, one individual only at Stn. 5, and several at Stn. 11. We have little to add to
the diagnosis and description originally given, except that the number of chambers
visible in the final convolution appears to be normally five. In the Kerimba specimens
the carina is much more strikingly developed than in the Irish form. There can
no longer be any doubt as to the affinity of our species with D. bertheloti and
D. rarescens.
Since the original description of the species (supra), Earland has, in looking through
some old correspondence with the late Dr. Chaster, come across specimens of this
species forwarded to him in 1892 by Chaster for examination. They consist of
specimens from Southport, and similar specimens from anchor-mud, Colombo. The
same slide contained specimens of JD. tuberculata Balkwill & Wright, from Southport,
correctly named, whereas the specimens of D. pustwlata were separated as Discorbina
sp. It is thus evident that the late Dr. Chaster was acquainted with the separate
identity of the species as far back as 1892, but after this lapse of time, and owing to
the death of the writer, it is impossible to ascertain why he did not describe and figure
the form in his admirable paper on the Foraminifera of Southport. It is possible that
the Southport specimens were discovered after the completion of his paper, as this was
published in 1892 and was apparently communicated to the Southport Society of
Natural Science at some time in 1890-1891. The occurrence of the species at
Southport, Lancashire, and at Colombo is, however, definitely fixed by this corre-
spondence, which had been forgotten and was only by chance referred to.
368. Discorbina parisiensis (d’Orbigny).
Rosalina parisiensis V@Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 271, Modéle no. 38.
Discorbina parisiensis Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1865, p. 25, pl. u. fig, 70.
> 4 Wright, 1877, RFDA. p. 105, pl. iv. fig. 1.
> 0 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 648, pl. xe. figs. 5, 6, 9-12.
9 Heger, 1893, FG. p. 391, pl. xv. figs. 25-30.
Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1909, p. 18, pl. v. fig. 10.
Farland, 1905, FBS. p. 221, woodcut, pl. xii. figs. 4-7, pl. xiv. fig. 5.
8 Stations.
Widely distributed, but seldom more than a few specimens at each Stn. All very
small compared with the maximum development of the species, and varying consider-
ably in the height of the spire and degree of inflation of the chambers. The best
702 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
individuals were at Stn. ?X, where it was frequent and very flat, the next best at
Stn. 1, where it was large with inflated lobulate chambers. At Stn. ?B afew normal
small individuals were found, also a single abnormally large specimen in which the
whole of the umbilical cavity was filled up with loosely areolated secondary shell-
substance. We have observed a similar variation, accompanied by equal development
in size, in Arctic specimens from Davis Straits.
369. Discorbina wrightii Brady.
Discorbina parisiensis Wright, 1877, REDA. p. 105, pl. iv. fig. 2.
wrightii Brady, 1881, HNPE. p. 104, pl. ii. fig. 6.
.s Be Earland, 1905, FBS. p. 223.
a ¥ Heron-Allen & Karland, 1908, etc., SB. 1904, p. 443.
KH BS Heron-Allen & Harland, 1918, CI. p. 131, pl. xii. fig. 4.
12 Stations.
This rather unsatisfactory little form occurs at most of the Stns. rarely in any
numbers, and as usual nearly always showed signs of “association” (or budding).
‘The specimens do not call for much remark beyond the fact that in many instances
the basal surface is more deeply depressed than is usually the case, and sometimes less
prominently striate than usual. We found specimens which we are figuring elsewhere,
containing broods of perfectly formed polythalamous young, seen through a large
aperture formed by resorption of the basal shell-wall (H.-A. 1915, RPF. p. 238,
pl. 14. figs. 18, 14).
370. Discorbina globosa (Sidebottom). (PI. LIT. figs. 27-31.)
Pulvinulina globosa Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1909, p. 9, pl. iv. fig. 3.
2 Stations.
At Stn. ?B a considerable number of specimens were obtained, which answer in
most particulars to the species figured and described by Sidebottom from Delos
as Pulvinulina globosa. If the identification is granted, we are unable to agree with
Sidebottom in the allocation of his specimens to the genus Pulvinulina. They
appear, so far as the Kerimba specimens can afford any clue, to be referable to
Discorbina, both from the construction of their shells, the nature of the aperture, and
the fact that many of the individuals show signs of having been in “association ”
(? budding), a feature common in that genus, but, we believe, unrecorded in Pulvinulina.
‘The nearest ally of this form is in our opinion D. wrightii, from which it differs in the
greater height of the spire and in the inflation of the chambers with consequent
depression of the sutural lines. The Kerimba specimens, as will be seen by our
figure, agree very well with Sidebottom’s figure and description except in the
perforation. In the Delos specimens the test is described as very smooth and finely
perforated, but the Kerimba tests have relatively coarse perforations, giving a some-
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 703
what rough appearance to the superior surface of the shell. In many of the individuals
all but the final chambers are of a delicate pink colour—in this point, again, the
specimens seem to show their affinity to Discorbina. The aperture is very obscure
owing to the presence of secondary shell-matter in the umbilical depression, the base
is often but not invariably decorated with fine striw leading from the peripheral edge
into the umbilicus. Double (or budding) and triple (or associated) specimens were
found at Stn. 7.
The specific name glolosa was used by Marsson for a shell which he named
Discorbina globosa (M. 1878, SIR. p. 163, pl. iv. fig. 32), but, as his specimens are
referable either to Pudlenia obliquiloculata or some nonionine isomorph of that species,
the name globosa lapsed and is available for this species.
371. Discorbina pulvinata Brady.
Discorbina pulvinata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 650, pl. Ixxxviii. fig. 10.
Egger, 1898, FG. p. 391, pl. xv. figs. 83-35.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1903, p. 701.
Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1908, p. 14, pl. v. fig, 4.
39 9?
+”) ”
6 Stations.
Occurs rarely at the Stns., most abundantly at Stn. 38, where a variety was also
observed in which the basal portion is smooth instead of striate as in the type. At
Stn. 11 the species presented a variation approaching J. cristata Heron-Allen &
Harland, the superior face of each chamber being decorated with vertical crests, At
this Stn. also several specimens were observed which had been in association with
others, the base and internal septa having been absorbed.
372. Discorbina patelliformis Brady. (Pl. LII. fig. 32.)
Discorbina pateliformis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 647, pl. Ixxxviii. fig. 3, pl. Ixxxix. fig. 1.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 390, pl. xv. figs. 48-50.
3? ”
s i Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 700.
- r Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1908, p. 14, pl. v. fig. 3.
16 Stations.
Occurs at nearly every Stn. and often in considerable numbers, but, as a rule, the
specimens present characteristics more or less tending in the direction of D. taberna-
cularis, from which species it is often difficult to separate them. ‘Typical individuals
were observed at Stns. 1, 2,5, and 9. At Stn. 6 the species was fairly common and
the individuals large, presenting two distinct types—a normally low and a very highly
domed form. At Stns. 2, 5, 8, and 11 all the specimens were poor and hardly
separable from D. tabernacularis, the external surface being covered with a thick shell-
substance disposed in ridges radiating from the apex of the cone as in that species,
Double (or budding) specimens of this form, which we figure, were found at Stn. 9.
VOL. XX.—PaArT xvil. No. 21.—November, 1915. aK
704 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
373. Discorbina corrugata Millett.
Discorbina corrugata Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 709, pl. vil. fig. 5.
1 Station.
At Stn. ?-X a few specimens were found which, in their deeply indented contour and
angular faces, appear to be referable to Millett’s species, but they differ from his
figure in the fact that the sutural lines are visible all over the shell. ‘They thus form
a connecting-link between Millett’s type and either D. patelliformis or D. taberna-
cularis, to which he admits that D. corrugata is closely allied. In the Kerimba
specimens the ridges mark the centres of the chambers, the juncture of the sutural
lines lying in the depressions between them as observed by Millett. We have
typical specimens from shore-sands at Rottnest Island, West Australia, and Sandoway,
Arakan Coast, Burmah.
374. Discorbina tabernacularis Brady.
Discorbina tabernacularis Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 65.
4 a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 648, pl. Ixxxix. figs. 5-7.
5 4 Egger, 1893, IG. p. 390, pl. xv. figs. 58-60, 79.
is ‘5 Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1903, p. 700.
# 3 Sidebottom, 1910, RF BP, p. 25, pl. iu. fig. 12.
15 Stations.
The species is less widely distributed than the allied form D. patelliformis, but at
the Stns. where it occurs is often extremely abundant and presenting great variation.
Most of the individuals have the surface of the cone much more corrugated than
Brady figures it, and the apex is generally more acute, often terminating in a sharp
point. The best individuals were at Stns. land 11. At Stn. 2@ it was common and
strongly costate, some individuals less conical than usual and hardly distinguishable
from D. patelliformis. At Stns. 4, 5, 8, and 10 the specimens were rare and poorly
developed. At Stn. 11 the species is abundant and splendidly developed, the
individuals being separable into two groups, the larger very closely approaching
D. patelliformis but strongly corrugated, the smaller being normal D. ¢abernacularis,
but with the sutural lines strongly limbate in most of the individuals, as in Brady’s
fig. 7. Double (or budding) specimens were found at Stns. 3 and I1.
375. Discorbina erecta Sidebottom.
Discorbina erecta Sidebottom, 1904, ete. RED. 1908, p. 16, pl. v. figs. 6, 7.
6 Stations.
Occasional specimens only of this rather distinctive type, the best and most typical
being from Stns. 12 and ?X, at the latter Stn. relatively most abundant. At Stn. 2
the specimens passed into D, tabernacularis by suppression of the sutural lines and
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 705
thickening of the shell-substance. At Stn. 3 the individuals were much lower in the
spire than in Sidebottom’s figure, but were otherwise typical. The species is
probably closely allied to D. tabernacularis.
376. Discorbina acuminata Chapman.
Discorbina acuminata Chapman, 1901, FFA. p. 385, pl. xxxvi. fig. 3.
9 Stations.
The propriety of separating this little form from D. tabernacularis is in our opinion
very questionable. It does not present any characteristic (except the apical spine)
which is not to be found in D. tabernacularis; and in any considerable range of
specimens in that species, specimens with a more or less acuminate apex and a sunken
base are not uncommon. ‘The striz radiating from the apex of the cone, which
Chapman gives as a specific feature, are merely a weak form of the coste typical
of D. tabernacularis. Specimens agreeing with Chapman’s figure and description
were found at most of the Stations, but only in small numbers.
PLANORBULINA d’Orbigny.
377. Planorbulina mediterranensis d’Orbigny.
Planorbulina mediterranensis @Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 280, pl. xiv. figs. 4-6, Modéle no. 79.
> farcta, var. mediterranensis Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 383, pl. xvi. fig. 21.
93 mediterranensis Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1871, p. 178, pl. XU.
fig. 133.
99 A Brady, 1884, FC: p. 656, pl. xeu. figs. 1-3.
9 9 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 380, pl. xiv. figs. 24-26.
5 oy Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 192.
9 Stations.
Generally, but not universally, distributed. We have referred under Gypsina to the
difficulty of separating the two genera when existing under exceptionally favourable
circumstances. The specimens of P. mediterranensis are, as a rule, large and wild-
erowing, but perfectly typical and well-grown examples were found at Stn. 10. At
Stn. 9 the specimens were all exceptionally large, but fairly typical; at Stn. 11 good
specimens were found, both free and attached. At Stns. 2a@ and 4 the species is
chiefly represented by a number of specimens just emerging from the early rotaline
stage.
378. Planorbulina acervalis Brady.
Planorbuiina acervalis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 657, p!. xcil. fig. 4.
5) % Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 227, pl. xlvi. fig. 11
3 5 Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 328, pl. Ixxii. fig. 7.
99 S Sidehottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1909, p. 2, pl. 1. fig. 4.
5 PD
706 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
4 Stations.
One at each Stn., excepting at Stn. ?X; all present the characteristic wild growth
and projecting peripheral chambers in a marked degree. In the specimens from
Stns. 11 and ?X, which had evidently grown attached, the marginal edges were
produced into a ragged keel. The specimen at Stn. 11 was also highly domed in the
central portion. Y
379. Planorbulina larvata Parker & Jones.
Planorbulina vulgaris, var. larvata Parker & Jones, 1859, etc., NF. 1860, p. 294.
“5 larvata Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 379, pl. xix. fig. 3.
us » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 658, pl. xcii. figs. 5, 6.
. » Egger, 1893, PG. p. 381, pl. xiv. fig: 31.
By » Chapman, 1990, FLE. p. 193.
2 »» Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 679.
6 Stations.
The species is poorly represented, the only well-grown and quite typical examples
being found at Stn. 11. At Stn. 12, where it was very common, it was found attached.
‘The rarity of a species usually so common in shallow tropical waters is noteworthy.
TRUNCATULINA d’Orbieny.
guy
380. Truncatulina lobatula (Walker & Jacob).
Nautilus lobatulus Walker & Jacob, 1798, AEM. p. 642, pl. xiv. fig. 36.
Truncatulina lobatula Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 59, pl. v. figs. 121-3.
“5 * Jones, Parker, & Brady, 1866, etc., MFC. 1866, pl. 11. figs. 4-10, pl. iv,
fig. 19; Text and References, 1896, p. 304.
is ss Brady, 1884, FC. p. 660, pl. xcii. fig. 10, pl. xcin. figs. 1, 4, 5, pl. exy.
figs. 4, 5 (References).
: a Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 491 (References).
17 Stations.
Universally distributed, but never common. ‘The specimens are all of the regular
and somewhat inflated type, except at Stn. 10, where they are of a depressed sub-
carinate type approaching 7’. tenuimargo Brady.
381. Truncatulina variabilis d’Orbigny.
Truncatulina variabilis V’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 279. no. 8.
3 3 Terquem, 1878, FIR. p. 20, pl. i. (vi.) figs. 18-25.
fe 66 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 661, pl. xciil. figs. 6, 7.
55 BS Egger, 1893, FG. p. 404, pl. xvi. figs. 57-59, 63, 64.
es bs Fornasini, 1896, ‘ Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia,’ p. 95, April 1896.
x by Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1909, p. 2, pl. i. figs. 5, 6, pl. ii.
figs. 1-3.
as 7 Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 182.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 107
8 Stations.
Generally distributed, but like the typical 7. dobatula never abundant. ‘The
specimens may be divided into two very distinctive groups: (i.) wild-growing Gypsina-
like variations of the common T. lobatula—these are all small and somewhat finely
perforated; (ii.) the large and coarsely perforate Soldanian type with thickened everted
lip to the aperture as figured by Sidebottom (wt supra). Very fine specimens of
this type occur at Stn. 11, and more sparingly at Stns. 9 and 12. At Stn. 11 a single
specimen was found of a plano-convex type, in which the later chambers are arranged
in a straight lituoline series (cf. B. 1912, FPC. pl. xxv. fig. 4 and B. P. & J. 1888,
AB. pl. xlv. fig. 17). It must be borne in mind that Soldani in his ‘ Testaceographia ’
(1789) devoted twenty-two whole plates (and part of two others) to drawings of these
variations, on some of which d’Orbigny founded his species. Fornasini (wt supra)
has also made a special study of its variations, to which we referred in our Clare Island
Monograph.
382. Truncatulina tenuimargo Brady.
Truncatulina tenuimargo Brady, 1884, FC. p. 662, pl. xciil. figs. 2, 3.
a A Egger, 1893, 'G. p. 399, pl. xvi. figs. 7-9.
i A Heron-Allen & Earland, 1898, etc., SB. 1909, p. 680, pl. xx. fig. 2.
7 Stations.
Generally distributed, but rare. At Stn. 3 a specimen was found with the inferior
or rounded surface covered with pustular excrescences in the form of tubules originating
from the perforation. This would appear to be isomorphous with our recently
described Discorbina pustulata (see No. 367).
383. Truncatulina refulgens (Montfort).
Cibicides refulgens Montfort, 1808-10, CS. vol. 1. p. 122, 3lme genre.
Truncatulina refulgens @Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 279. no. 5, pl. xiii. figs. 8-11, Modele no. 77.
” > Brady, 1865, REND. p. 105, pl. xii. fig. 9.
» » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 659, pl. xcil. figs. 7-9.
5% % Egger, 1898, FG. p. 401, pl. xvi. figs. 31-33.
8 Stations.
Very sparingly distributed, and except at Stns. 10 and 12 very small, but the
individuals are typical.
384. Truncatulina mundula Brady, Parker, & Jones.
Truncatulina mundula Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 228, pl. xlv. fig. 25.
3 Stations.
Very rare. Only a few typical specimens were observed of this characteristic type,
which appears:to occupy a position between 7’, dobatula and TL. haidingerit.
708 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
385. Truncatulina haidingerii (d’Orbigny).
Rotalina haidingerit dOrbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 154, pl. viii. figs. on
Truncatulina haidingerii Brady, 1884, FC. p. 663, pl. xcv. fig.
Ms 5 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 401, pl. xvi. figs. oe 20.
= ae Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 493 (References).
e i Heron-Allen & Pela 1908, ete., SB. 1909, p. 680; and 1910, p. 425,
pl. ix. figs. 6, 7.
12 Stations.
Generally distributed, but, as a rule, infrequent and poorly developed. The best
specimens at Stns. 10 and 11, large and typical at the latter.
386. Truncatulina robertsoniana Brady.
Truncatulina robertsoniana Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 65.
35 = Brady, 1884, FC. p. 664, pl. xev. fig. 4.
$6 3 Egger, 1898, FG. p. 402, pl. xvi. figs. 34-86.
ob e Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., SB. 1909, p. 681.
1 Station.
Very rare, small, but quite typical specimens. ‘The records, apart from Egger’s
‘Gazelle’ examples, so far as we are aware, are exclusively Atlantic and from
comparatively deep water, but Egger records it from seas adjacent to Kerimba,
viz. Mauritius Stn. 66-411 metres.
387. Truncatulina ungeriana (d’Orbigny).
Rotalina ungeriana d’Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 157, pl. viii. figs. 16-18.
Truncatulina ungeriana Reuss, 1865, FABS. p. 161. no. 10.
op 3 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 664, pl. xciv. fig. 9
6 D Egger, 1898, FG. pl. xvi. figs. 19-21.
2 p Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 493 (References).
26 Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 681, pl. xx. fig. 1
and 1910, p. 426, pl. ix. figs. 8, 9.
> 3 Bagg, 1912, PEC. p. 83, pl. xxv. figs. 1-8.
9 Stations.
Very sparingly distributed, only occasional specimens occurring, and with the
exceptions of those from Stns. 2 and 5 not very typical.
388. Truncatulina rosea (d’Orbigny).
Rotalia rosea d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 272. no. 7, Modéle no. 35.
Rotalina rosea dO ier 1839, FC. p. 72, pl. in. figs. 9-11.
Rotalia rosea Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1865, p. 24, pl. iii. fie, ao:
Truncatulina rosea Baik, 1884, FC. p. 667, pl. xevi. fig. 1.
ne » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 397, pl. xvi. figs. 4-6.
1 Station.
A few typical specimens of this species, one of the few Foraminifera characterized
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 709
by pink coloration, and hitherto, with the exception of the ‘Gazelle’ record from
West Australia, known exclusively from West Indian seas. The Kerimba specimens
resemble Egger’s figure more closely than d’Orbigny’s Model, having a somewhat
more depressed shell.
889. Truncatulina akneriana (d’Orbigny).
Rosalina akneriana d Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 156, pl. vill. figs. 18-15.
Truncatulina akneriana Reuss, 1866, FABS. ». 160. no. 6.
Brady, 1884, F'C. p. 663, pl. xciv. fig. 8
a st Egger, 1898, FG. p. 400, pl. xvi. figs. 60-62.
“5 as Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 333, pl. Ixxxvii. fig. 5.
1 Station.
A few well-marked specimens at Stn. 11, characterized by a pink coloration of the
shell and somewhat coarse perforations.
390. Truncatulina precincta (Karrer).
Rotalia precincta Karrer, 1868, MKB. p. 189, pl. v. fig. 7.
% Seqnem, 1879, FTR. pp. 56, 64, ete. (lists).
Teonooctnabne precincta Brady, 1884, HC. p. 667, pl. xev. figs. 1-3.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 408, pl. xvi. figs. 51-58.
Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 384, pl. Ixxviii. fig. 1.
” 29
” rh)
3 Stations.
Very rare and not very typical.
391. Truncatulina culter (Parker & Jones).
Planorbulina culter Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 421, pl. xix. fig. 1.
Anomalina bengalensis Schwager, 1866, FKN. p. 259, pl. vii. fig. 111.
Truncatulina culter Brady, 1884, FC. p. 668, pl. xevi. fig. 3.
Egger, 1893, I'G. p. 401, pl. xvi. tigs. 16-18.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 682.
be) by)
29 br)
3 Stations.
One small but typical specimen at Stn. 1, very rare at Stn. 7B, and several at
Stn. 11. All the previous records of this species in the recent form are from deep
water, distributed over the great oceans, but Schwager says that his species Anoma-
lina bengalensis (ut supra), which he recorded from the pliocene of Kar-Nicobar, is
still living on the shore of the Nicobar Islands.
392. Truncatulina rostrata Brady. (PI. LII. figs. 33-36.)
Truncatulina rostrata Brady, 1879, ete., RRC. 1881, p. 65.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 668, pl. xciv. fig. 6.
Chapman, 1900, F'LF. p. 194.
3?) ba
ny) oe)
710 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
1 Station.
A good many fine and well-developed specimens at Stn. 11. The records of this
very striking species appear to be confined to the seas round New Guinea and the
tropical Pacific, and its occurrence on the farther side of the Indian Ocean is very
noteworthy.
393. Truncatulina tubulifera, sp.n. (PI. LIL. figs. 37-40.)
4 Stations.
At Stns. 1, 6, and 7 a few somewhat poorly developed specimens were found, of a
type with which we have been acquainted for many years as occurring somewhat
rarely in shallow-water tropical gatherings. At Stn. 11 many very fine specimens were
found. It is undoubtedly closely allied to 7. reticulata Czjzek, but differs in the
character of its aperture, which is normally truncatuline instead of being situated on a
produced neck.
Test free, biconvex, consisting of two to three convolutions, all visible on the
superior face, the last convolution only on the inferior. Six to seven chambers in the
last convolution. Sutures flush, but thickened. ‘The walls of the chambers between
the sutural lines are coarsely perforate, each perforation often produced into a raised
tube. These tubes may coalesce so as to form a cristate growth following the curve
of the chamber and opening at the top into a crater. ‘The tubular outgrowths are
especially marked on the superior face, often wanting on the inferior. Aperture a
curved slit on the inner edge of the terminal chamber. Umbilical portion sometimes
marked by a solid mass of shell-substance, but this is flush with the surface, and does
not project as a stud.
The best examples of this form have been found in the late Capt. Seabrook’s
dredgings from the Macassar Straits—45 fms. Other good examples occur at
‘Challenger’ Stn. 185 (Raine Island, Torres Straits—155 fms.) ; smaller but typical
specimens at Vavau, in the Friendly Islands (Pacific)—16 fms. ‘The species is probably
widely distributed all over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans.
The specimens illustrated were selected from the Macassar gatherings as being the
most typical in our possession, the drawings having been made before the equally
good specimens from Stn. 11 had been found.
Average width -4 mm., height -25 mm.
394. Truncatulina reticulata (Czjzck).
Rotalina reticulata C2zjzek, 1848, FWB. p. 145, pl. xiii. figs. 7-9.
Siphonina fimbriata Terrigi, 1880, SGP. p. 212, pl. iv. fig. 69.
Truncatulina reticulata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 669, pl. xevi. figs. 5-8.
Chaster, 1892, S. p. 66, pl. 1. fig. 16.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 402, pl. xvi. figs. 42-44.
Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 334, pl. Ixxvii. fig. 3.
39
” 99
9 bb)
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. a
3 Stations.
One broken specimen at Stn. ? B, and several perfect specimens at Stns. il and? A.
395. Truncatulina glabra, sp.n. (PI. LII. figs. 41-47.)
14 Stations.
Test nearly spherical, consisting of about two to three convolutions of chambers ;
three to four chambers in the last convolution, which is inclined at an angle to the
axis of the preceding ones, so that the early convolutions are almost, or entirely,
enclosed. Shell-wall somewhat thick, but much thinner than in 7. echinata Brady,
and coarsely perforate. Sutural lines depressed. Aperture situated in a depression
at the junction of the terminal chamber with the preceding convolution, usually a
simple crescentic slit, sometimes furnished with a rim or a short neck as in
T. echinata.
The general aspect of this shell, both as an opaque object, and still more when
viewed as a transparent object in balsam, suggests a relationship with Sphwroi-
dina bulloides V@Orbigny, but the rotaline formation of the chambers in very young
shells, such as we figure, and the tendency in very large mature specimens to develop
an everted rim to the aperture, tend to confirm its close affinity to 7. echinata, of
which it may be regarded as a smooth and depauperate variety.
It occurs in company with 7. echinata and usually in equal proportions at most
Stns., but at some Stns. it exhibits a preponderance and development which are very
striking.
We have already found this form in shallow-water dredgings off Tahiti, so that it
probably extends across the tropical Indo-Pacific area in suitable depths.
Brady was unquestionably well acquainted with this smooth type, but apparently
regarded it as merely a stage in the life-history of the allied form 7. echinata. His
description of that form refers to it as “‘ usually more or less beset with short blunt
spines or tubercles.” His slide of 7. echinata in the Brady Collection at Cambridge,
curiously enough, contains hardly any typically spinous individuals, but large numbers
ot typical 7. glabra in all stages ; his fig. 12 (pl. xevi., FC.) represents an almost typical
7. glabra, there being only a faint tendency to spinous development.
Diameter in all directions averages about 0-2 mm.
396. Truncatulina echinata Brady. (PI. LILI. fig. 1.)
Ptanorbulina echinata Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1879, p. 283, pl. vill. fig. 31.
Truncatulina echinata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 670, pl. xevi. figs. 9-14.
% 5 Hegger, 1893, FG. p. 403, pl. xvi. figs. 40, 41.
- , Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1904, p. 490.
15 Stations.
Universally distributed except at Stn. 7, and usually moderately abundant.
VOL, XX.—PART xvil. No. 22.— November, 1915. 5) G
712 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
T. echinata is an extremely anomalous form, and its allocation to the genus Trunca-
tulina rather than to Sphwroidina (to which in our opinion it has considerable
affinities) must be based chiefly on the occurrence of anomalous specimens, in which
the truncatuline features predominate. We would direct attention to Egger’s figures
and description, which represent compressed individuals much more closely allied to
7. reticulata than to the type.
The Kerimba specimens illustrate practically all variations of the globular type,
from tests covered with a few large blunt tubercles, through roughly spinous to prac-
tically smooth individuals with thick and coarsely perforated shells. At most Stns.
a distinct type occurs, which we have separated under the specific name 7. glabra
(g. v. ante).
At Stn. 3 a double specimen, which we figure, was found; it appears to be due to
the fusion of two individuals either at the primordial stage or, perhaps, at a slightly
later stage of growth. The individuals have preserved their separate apertures.
It seems probable that the figures given by Carpenter in 1860 (C. 1856 etc., RF.
1860, p. 551, pl. xix. figs. 5 and 76) and described as “young Calearine showing
their ordinary aspect” represent this species. They suggest it far more than they do
Calearina.
ANoMALINA d’Orbigny.
397. Anomalina ammonoides (Reuss).
Rosalina ammonoides Reuss, 1845-6, VBK. pt. 1. p. 36, pl. xiii. fig. 66, pl. vill. fig. 58.
Planorbulina (Anomalina) ammonoides Jones & Parker, 1872, FFR. p. 106 & Table.
Anomalina ammonoides Brady, 1884, FC. p. 672, pl. xciv. figs. 2, 3.
A a Egger, 1893, FG. p. 378, pl. xiv. figs. 35-37.
= Rs Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 494 (References).
i Rs Chapman, 1900, FUF. p. 195.
BA 5 Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 138.
1 Station.
Two large and extremely typical specimens at Stn. 11. The occurrence of these
individuals in this dredging, made in very shallow water, and the entire absence of
the species at the other Stns., some of which present a more favourable depth, is
noticeable.
398. Anomalina polymorpha Costa. (Pl. LIII. figs. 2-5.)
Anomalina polymorpha Costa, 1853, ete., PRN. 1856, p. 252, pl. xxi. figs. 7-9.
Discorbina perforata Seguenza, 1879-80, FTR. p. 148, pl. xiv. fig. 3.
Anomalina polymorpha Brady, 1884, FC. p. 676, pl. xcvil. figs. 3-7.
as 3 Chapman, 1895, FAS. p. 41.
1 “a Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 138.
1 Station.
At Stn. 11 a good many individuals, which we believe to be referable to this form,
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. fal
(3%)
although they are devoid of the marginal spines usually associated with the species.
Brady refers to the occurrence of similar non-spinous specimens. The shell-wall in
the Kerimba individuals is very coarsely perforate, the aperture furnished with a
produced thickened lip, and the whole shell is coloured, the initial chambers being
very dark brown, passing through lighter shades to a final chamber almost devoid of
tint. The sutural lines are limbate in the early chambers, depressed in the later ones.
Brady’s records of the species are all from greater depths than the Kerimba dredging,
ranging from 50 to 450 fms. in the Atlantic aud Southern Oceans and the South
Pacific.
CARPENTERIA Gray.
399. Carpenteria utricularis (Carter).
Polytrema utriculare Carter, 1876, P. p. 210, pl. xiii. figs. 11-16.
Carpenteria utricularis Carter, 1877, CB. p. 176.
a uy Brady, 1884, FC. p. 678, pl. xcix. figs. 6, 7, pl. c. figs. 1-4.
_ 33 Hgger, 1893, FG. p. 438, pl. xxi. fig. 18.
- Chapman, 1899, FFA. p. 12, pl. ii. fig. 4, pl. iv. figs. 3, 4.
ms Al Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 195.
1 Station.
At Stn. 11 a large fragment of the chamber-wall of a specimen of this species was
found, identifiable owing to its characteristic reticulated surface. The absence of
suitable material for examination is possibly responsible for the poverty of the records
of this genus.
399 a. Carpenteria monticularis Carter.
Carpenteria monticularis Carter, 1877, CB. p. 211, pl. xi. figs. 9-17.
= a! Carter, 1877, AMNH. ser. 4, vol. xx. p. 68, woodcut,
r eh Brady, 1884, FC. p. 677, pl. xcix. figs. 1-3.
a Fe Chapman, 1901, FIA. p. 393. no. 6.
1 Station.
Two young individuals from Stn, 11.
Poutvinuuina Parker & Jones
400. Pulvinulina repanda (Fichtel & Moll).
Nautilus repandus Fichtel & Moll, 1798, TM. p. 35, pl. iii. figs. ad.
Pulvinulina repanda Brady, 1884, FC. p. 684, pl. civ. fig. 18.
La ay Egger, 1893, FG. p. 405, pl. xvii. figs. 34-36.
3 ee Goés, 1894, ASIF. p. 95, pl. xvi. fig. 801.
5 eS Jones & Chapman, 1900, MCI. p. 228, pl. xx. fig. 1.
= 3 Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 196.
6 Stations.
Rather scantily distributed, but occurring in some abundance at certain Stns., the
best at Stn. 11. Some of the individuals pass almost imperceptibly into P. lateralis.
De 2
714 MESSRS. EH. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
401. Pulvinulina lateralis (Terquem). (Pl. LIII. figs. 6-11.)
Rosalina lateralis Terquem, 1878, FIR. p. 25, pl. ii. (vii.) fig. 11.
Pulvinulina lateralis Brady, 1884, FC. p. 689, pl. evi. figs. 2, 3.
oy “8 Egger, 1898, FG. p. 413, pl. xviii. figs. 48-50.
Mallett, 1898, ete., FM. 1904, p. 497.
Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RED. 1909, p. 5, pl. i. fig. 6, pl. iii. figs. 1, 2.
29
> »
8 Stations.
Generally distributed, sometimes frequent, and attaining a very large size, especially
at Stn. 3, where the typical cribrate aperture covered practically the whole inferior
surface of the shell, which was very irregular in growth. Cushman’s record (Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1908, vol. xxxiv. No. 2, p. 31, pl. v. figs. 11, 12) is interesting,
as showing the occurrence of this species in a northerly habitat.
402. Pulvinulina concentrica Parker & Jones.
Pulvinulina concentrica Parker & Jones (MS.), Brady, 1864, RFS. p. 470, pl. xlviii. fig. 14.
ie a Brady, 1884, FC. p. 686, pl. ev. fig. 1.
it Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1909, p. 7, pl. iii. fig. 5.
Mt a Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 683, pl. xx. fig. 4 a-e.
sh ct Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 135.
1 Séation.
A single typical specimen.
403. Pulvinulina oblonga (Williamson).
Nautilus auricula, var. 8, Fichtel & Moll, 1798, TM. p. 108, pl. xx. figs. d, e, f.
Rotalina oblonga Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 51, pl. iv. figs. 98-100.
Pulvinulina oblonga Brady, 1884, FC. p. 688, pl. evi. fig. 4.
Brady, Parker, & Jones, 1888, AB. p. 229, pl. xlvi. fig. 5.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 415, pl. xvii. figs. 23-25.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 1386.
” 7
92 bh)
by 79
11 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never abundant. The best specimens, which were large
and very typical, at Stn. 11.
404. Pulvinulina oblonga, var. scabra Brady.
Pulvinulina oblonga, var. scabra Brady, 1884, FC. p. 689, pl. evi. fig. 8.
1 Station.
One quite typical specimen at Stn. 3.
405. Pulvinulina auricula (Vichtel & Moll).
Nautilus auricula, var. a, Fichtel & Moll, 1798, TM. p. 108, pl. xx. figs. a, 4, c.
Pulvinulina auricula Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 393.
Valvulina ovalis Terquem, 1882, FEP. p. 103, pl. xi. (xix.) fig. 10.
Or
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 71
Pulvinulina auricula Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 109, pl. viii. figs. 273-275.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 688, pl. evi. fig. 5.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 415, pl. xvii. figs. 26-28.
” 29
bk) eb}
2 Stations.
Some good specimens at Stn. 11, and one poor specimen at Stn. 1.
406. Pulvinulina hauerii (dOrbigny).
Rotalina haueriit VOrbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 151, pl. vil. figs. 22-24.
Pulvinulina hauerit Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 393.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 690, pl. evi. figs. 6, 7.
‘ » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 414, pl. xvii. figs. 29-31.
x » Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 684, pl. xx. fig. 5.
3 Stations.
A few individuals, well-grown and typical.
407. Pulvinulina brongniartii (d’Orbieny).
Rotalia brongniartii VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 273. no. 27.
Rotalina brongniartii d Orbigny, 1846, FEV. p. 158, pl. vil. figs. 22-24.
Pulvinulina brongniartii Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 4.98, pl. x. fig. 4.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, ete., SB. 1911, p. 337.
Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 186, pl. xii. figs. 8, 9.
29 ”
3 Stations.
A few specimens only at each Stn., but good and typical.
408. Pulvinulina menardii (d’Orbigny).
Rotalia menardii @Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 273. no. 26, Modeéle no. 10.
Pulvinulina repanda, var. menardit Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 304, pl. xvi. figs. 35-37.
menarditi Owen, 1867, SEMO. p. 148, pl. v. fig. 16.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 690, pl. ci. figs. 1, 2.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 411, pl. xvii. figs. 1-3, 7-12.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1904, p. 499 (References).
99
22 99
” bb)
3 Stations.
Occurs sparingly, the best specimens at Stn. 10. All the examples are small and
probably derived from the Equatorial Drift.
409. Pulvinulina tumida Brady.
Pulvinulina menardii var. tumida Brady, 1877, FNB. p. 535.
tumida Brady, 1884, FC. p. 692, pl. cili. figs. 4-6
Heger, 1893, FG. p. 414, pl. xvil. figs. 4
”
—6,
45 , Chapman, 1895, FAS. p. 42.
- » Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 329, pl. Ixxii. fig. 5.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 499.
716 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
3 Stations.
Large and typical examples at Stn. 11 and many smaller ones at Stns. land 3. Unless
these specimens are derived from the Equatorial Drift, their presence in such shallow
water is difficult to account for. P. tumida is a pelagic species, and, apart from this,
its records are almost exclusively confined to tropical deep waters.
410. Pulvinulina patagonica (dOrbigny).
Rotalina patagonica d’Orbigny, 1839, FAM. p. 36, pl. ii. figs. 6-8.
Pulvinulina patagonica Brady, 1884, FC. p. 698, pl. ciil. fig. 7.
Ee "5 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 413, pl. xvii. figs. 16-18.
ms HA Rhumbler, 1900, NPF. p. 13, figs. 4, 5.
- x Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 137, pl. xiii. figs. 5-6.
1 Station.
A few fairly typical examples. Their presence in such shallow water is noteworthy.
We are dealing with the identity of the Clare Island specimens, for which we propose
to revive Brady’s name P. scitula as a varietal name, in a paper which is now in
preparation, on the Foraminifera of South Cornwall.
411. Pulvinulina truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny).
Rotalina truncatulinoides WOrbigny, 1839, FIC. p. 132, pl. ii. figs. 2
53 micheliniana d’Orbigny, 1840, CBP. p. 31, pl. iii. figs. 1-3.
Pulvinulina micheliniana Owen, 1867, SFMO. p. 148, pl. v. fig. 17
BS truncatulinoides Rhumbler, 1900, NPE. p. 17, figs. 16-18.
53 micheliniana Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 500.
truncatulinoides Heron-Allen & Karland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 685.
(On the discrepancies between these specific names, see the last three references.)
2 Stations.
One large and absolutely typical specimen at Stn. 3 and a small and weak example
at Stn. 1.
5-27.
412. Pulvinulina schreibersii (d’Orbigny).
Rotalina schreibersii W’Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 154, pl. viii. figs. 4-6,
» badensis Czjzek, 1847, KFWB. p. 144, pl. xiii. figs. 1-3.
Pulvinulina schreiberstti Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 393.
5 os Brady, 1884, FC. p. 697, pl. exv. fig. 1.
56 % Egger, 1893, FG. p. 409, pl. xviii. figs. 31-33, 67-69.
33 a Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RED. 1909, p. 8, pl. iii. fig. 8.
10 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never very strongly developed or typical. Most of the
specimens are of a depressed type.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 17
413. Pulvinulina procera Brady.
Pulvinulina procera Brady, 1879, etc., RRC. 1881, p. 66.
$5 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 698, pl. ev. fig. 7.
7 Stations.
Scantily distributed, and, as a rule, only a few specimens at each Stn., the best being
at Stns. 1, 6, and 12. All the individuals are small in size, but quite typical; in
many of them the sutures are limbate all over the shell.
414. Pulvinulina elegans (d’Orbigny).
Rotalia (Turbinulina) elegans d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 276. no. 54.
Pulvinulina elegans Parker, Jones, & Brady, 1859, etc., NF. 1871, p. 174, pl. xii. fig. 142.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 699, pl. ev. figs. 4-6.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 410, pl. xvii. figs. 837-39.
Millett, 1898, etc., KM. 1904, p. 501 (References).
” ei)
29 29
29 29
_ 1 Station.
One weak specimen.
414a, Pulvinulina partschiana (d’Orbigny). (Pl. LIII. figs. 12-14.)
Rotalina partschiana d’Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 153, pl. vii. figs. 28-80, pl. viii. figs. 1-3.
5 Bornemann, 1855, FSH. p. 340, pl. xvi. fig. 6.
Pe euina partschiana Brady, 1884, FC. p. 699, pl. ev. fig. 3.a—c, & p. 700, fig. 21.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 410, pl. xvii. fig. 43, pl. xviii. figs. 25, 27.
Flint, 1899, REA. p. 331, pl. Ixxy. A 3
” ”
29 29
1 Station.
At Stn. 11 a single fully developed individual, which we figure and which we have
little hesitation in ascribing to this species, although the shallowness of the deposit
renders its occurrence very noteworthy, P. partschiana being normally a deep-water
type. It is characterized by a translucent hyaline brown shell with thick and opaque
marginal edges. At the same Stn. a number of specimens occur which apparently
represent the megalospheric type, perhaps in an arrested stage of development. In
these latter individuals the later chambers tend to grow over the inferior or convex
face of the shell in broad overlapping flaps, so that not more than two or at the most
three chambers are visible. The shell-wall is much thicker in the megalospheric
than in the microspheric specimens. ‘The colour is, as a rule, the same ochreous-brown
tint, but one or two white specimens, perhaps representing dead shells, also occur.
Rorauta Lamarck.
415. Rotalia beccarii (Linné).
Nautilus beccarti Linné, 1767, SN. (ed. xii.) p. 1162. no. 276.
# Linné, 1788, SN. (ed. xi.) p. 3370. no. 4.
Rotulia (Turbinulina) beccarii V@ Orbigny, 1826, TMC, p. 275. no. 42, Modeéle no. 74 (Rasalina).
718 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Rotalia beecarit Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 48, pl. iv. figs. 90-92.
Bs Brady, 1884, FC. p. 704, pl. evil. figs. 2, 3.
x Bs Egger, 1893, FG. p. 420, pl. xix. figs. 25-27.
¥ a Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 502 (References).
17 Stations.
Universally distributed and generally fairly abundant. The specimens vary con-
siderably in size, the general average being rather small, but well-grown and typical
individuals occur at Stns. 3, 7, 8, and 10. Nearly all the specimens are of a
smooth and hyaline type with little excess of shell-growth ; none of the highly limbate
and tuberculate varieties occurs.
416. Rotalia perlucida Heron-Allen & Earland.
Rotalia beccarii (pars) Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 351.
» perlucida Heron-Allen & Warland, 1913, Cl. p. 139, pl. xiii. figs. 7-9.
10 Stations.
Good and typical examples at Stns. 1, 4, 7, and 12, and weaker individuals at many ~
others. At Stns. 7 and 8 abnormal individuals, in which the earlier rotaline chambers
were followed by irregular growths of no definite formation, were found. The #. nitida
of Reuss (Kreidegebilde des Westlichen Bohmens., Prague, 1844, p. 214) is perhaps a
similar or identical form, judging from the published diagnosis, but the first published
figures (R. 1845-6, VBK. pt. i. p. 39, pl. vi. fig. 52 & pl. xn. figs. 8, 20) are too
small and obscure to be identifiable with certainty. In any case, Reuss’s name does
not stand, as it had been used by d’Orbigny for a form indistinguishable from
Pulvinulina menardii, the types of which we have examined in Paris (d’O, 1826, TMC.
p. 274. no. 3i).
417. Rotalia orbicularis (d’Orbigny).
Gyroidina orbicularis V’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 278. no. 1, Modéle no. 18.
Rotalia orbicularis Brady, 1864, RES. p. 470, pl. xvii. fig. 16.
» beccarii, var. orbicularis Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF’. p. 389, pl. xvi. fig. 34.
» orbicularis Terquem, 1882, PEP. p. 60, pl. iv. (xi) figs. 1-3.
e 35 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 706, pl. cvii. fig. 5, pl. exv. fig. 6.
51 0 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 421, pl. xix. figs. 22-24.
15 Stations.
Universally distributed in company with &. beccarii, all the specimens being of a
somewhat weakly developed type. Brady, in 1864, in describing d’Orbigny’s species
as new to the British fauna, identified his specimens with d’Orbigny’s Model, and
figured a test which closely follows the Model in its biconvex form and acuminate
superior face. ‘These features, however, are more marked in Brady’s figure than in
the Model or in any specimens which we have observed. Subsequent authors, includ-
ing Brady himself (B. 1884, FC.), have departed considerably from the Model, and the
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. t19
specific name is now generally associated with a weak form of F. beccarii in which the
strongly marked umbilical stud is replaced by either an umbilical depression or a
depression filled with secondary outgrowths from the chambers.
418. Rotalia soldanii d’Orbigny.
Rotalia (Gyroidina) soldanii d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 278. no. 5, Modele no. 36.
5, beccarii, var. soldanii Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 389, pl. xvi. figs. 31-33.
,, soldanii Hantken, 1875, CSS. p. 80, pl. ix. fig. 7.
» Brady, 1884, FC. p. 706, pl. evil. figs. 6, 7.
Ronald soldanit Egger, 1893, FG. p. 420, pl. xix. figs. 16-18, 51.
Rotalia soldunii Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 503 (eter)
1 Station.
Several small but typical examples, somewhat ‘unexpected in such shallow water,
the species being normally a deep-water type.
419. Rotalia schroeteriana Parker & Jones.
Faujasina sp. Williamson, 1853, MSF. p. 87, pl. x. figs. 1-6.
Rotalia schroeteriana Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 213, pl. xin. figs. 7-9.
55 Brady, 1884, KC. p. 707, pl. cxv. fig. 7
Rolain schroeteriana Keger, 1893, FG. p. 422, pl. xix. figs. 10-12.
Rotalia schroeteriana Flint, 1899, RPA. p. 332, pl. Ixxvi. fig. 1.
1 Station.
A single typical specimen.
420. Rotalia schroeteriana, var. inflata Millett.
Rotalia schroeteriana, var. inflata Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1994, p. 504, pl. x. fig. 5.
1 Station.
One very small specimen, but showing tie typical fimbriated margin.
421. Rotalia papillosa Brady.
Rotalia papillosa Brady, 1884, FC. p. 708, pl. evi. fig. 9.
‘ 3 Flint, 1899, RFA. p. 332, pl. Ixxvi. fig 2
a 5 Millett, 1898, ete. FM. 1904, p. 505.
2 Stations.
One typical specimen at Stn. 3 and a few at Stn. 11. he rarity of this form,
which is widely distributed and frequently common in shallow-water gatherings from
the Indo-Pacific area, is noteworthy.
422. Rotalia papillosa, var. compressiuscula Brady.
Rotalia papillosa, var. compressiuscula Brady, 1884, FC. p. 708, pl. evil. fig. 1, pl. eviil. fig. 1.
2 Stations. )
A single typical specimen at Stn. 7 and a few at Stn. 3.
VOL. XX.—PART xvil. No. 23.—November, 1915. i
or
720 MESSRS. E. HERON-ATLLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
423, Rotalia calcar (d’Orbigny).
Calcarina calear VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 276. no. 1, Modéle no. 34.
Rotalia armata @’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 273. no. 22, Modéle no. 70.
Calcarina calcar VOrbigny, 1839, FC. p. 81, pl. v. figs. 22-24.
Rotalia calcar Brady, 1884, FC. p. 709, pl. eviii. figs. 3 & ? 4.
Rotalina calcar Egger, 1893, FG. p. 428, pl. xix. figs. 1-3.
Rotalia calcar Earland, 1905, FBS. p. 228.
% 5 Heron-Allen & Karland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 691, pl. xxi. fig. 1.
11 Stations.
Generally distributed, but varying greatly at different Stns. both in abundance and
development. ‘The best and largest specimens were at Stns.26 and 11. At these
Stns. the individuals attained a very large size, and were of a highly decorated type,
both surfaces being studded with tubercular growth. All the intermediate stages
were also observed. At Stns. 1, 9, 10, and 12 and ? X, many of the specimens were
very small and flat on the superior face, differing from &. venusta Brady only in the
development of the marginal spines, which were weakly developed.
424. Rotalia venusta Brady. (Pl. LIII. figs. 15-22.)
Rotalia venusta Brady, 1884, KC. p. 708, pl. eviii. fig. 2.
Rotalina venusta Egger, 1893, FG. p. 422, pl. xix. figs. 18-15.
Rotalia venusta Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 506.
15 Stations.
This is one of the most abundant and typical species in the Kerimba dredgings,
occurring abundantly at most Stns., although, curiously enough, it is sometimes rare
or absent. The species is subject to great variations, being normally inequilaterally
biconvex, the superior face being the flatter of the two. Many of the Kerimba
specimens, however, have the superior face highly convex, in others the inferior face,
which usually has the central portion filled with secondary shell-matter, is excavate,
yet others have a prominent umbilical stud. ‘The peripheral edge is usually lobulate,
but at some Stns. continuous, and there is a constant tendency to the formation of
marginal spines, especially in young examples. This reaches its maximum development
at Stn. 1X, where specimens with a continuous denticulate margin were observed.
There can be little doubt that 2. venusta is closely allied to R. calcar (d’Orbigny).
425. Rotalia erinacea, sp.n. (Pl. LIII. figs. 23-26.)
Discorbina imperatoria (V’Orbigny), var. globosa Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1908, p. 701, pl. vii.
fig. 6.
9 Stations.
Test free, inequilaterally biconvex, consisting of about three convolutions, each of
five chambers. Superior face but slightly convex, chambers inflated, sutural lines
depressed. Each chamber terminating on its superior face in a cusp or point, which
is usually more or less extended in the form of a solid spine, Inferior face with a
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 721
lightly depressed umbilical recess often filled with granular matter. Surface of
the test rough, coarsely perforate. Aperture obscure, a slit on the inner margin
of the terminal chamber.
This rather striking little form is one of the constant features of the Kerimba
dredgings, occurring at a great many Stns. and often in abundance. At most of the
Stns. specimens are not consistently spinous, but present only a few spines, at irregular
intervals, on the cuspid margins of the chambers. At Stn. ?X, however, where it
reaches its optimum development, all the specimens are extremely aculeate and in
many cases the cusp of each chamber is furnished with a pair of spines. In other
instances, in addition to these stout marginal spines, the superior surface is hispid all
over. A few are spinous as regards the early chambers only, those of the last whorl
being cuspless and smooth. Millett’s variety Discorbina imperatoria, var. globosa,
which he describes as one of the characteristic forms of the Malay Archipelago,
of which we possess the type-specimens, is identical with the Kerimba form. It
appears to have but little resemblance to d’Orbigny’s type Rosalina imperatoria (d’O.,
1846, FFV. p. 176, pl. x. figs. 16-18), being distinctly rotaline in the arrangement of
its chambers, but there is a marked divergence in the extent of the development
of the spines, which even in the most advanced Kerimba specimens rarely attain the
proportions of Millett’s figure.
Our species may be regarded as an isomorph of Rosalina imperatoria d’Orbigny,
to which Millett assigned his form. ‘This, however, is a markedly discorbine
type with a depressed umbilical recess and striate markings on the inferior side. It
does not appear to have been met with in the recent condition except by Side-
bottom, whose figures of D. imperatoria represent a discorbine type of shell quite
distinct from both the Malay and Kerimba individuals (S. 1904, ete., RFD. 1908,
195 JB}, Folk, A7o HES. I 2).
In the Brady Collection at Cambridge there is a slide of specimens from Fiji
(Levuka, Shore-sand) labelled Rotalia dentata P. & J. All the specimens are
referable to our species R. erinacea. It is not easy to understand how Brady arrived
at his determination, as both the figure and description of FR. dentata (P. & J., 1865, -
NAAF, p. 387, pl. xix. fig. 13 a—c) differ in every essential feature from this type.
Millett’s varietal name globosa cannot be adopted as the specific name for the type,
as it has already been used for a distinct form (Nonionina globosa v. Hagenow, Neues
Jahrb. f. Min. 1842, p. 574), which is Rotalia globosa Reuss (SAWW. 1861, vol. xliv.
p. 330, pl. 1. figs. 4-6).
Breadth 0°15 to 0°22 mm., height about 0:15 mm.
426. Rotalia murrayi, sp.n. (PI. LILI. figs. 27-34.)
6 Stations. :
Test free, subglobular, consisting of three to four convolutions each of about six
inflated chambers. Sutural lines depressed. ‘The whole surface of the shell covered
oH 2
-~]
bo
MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
with secondary growth in the form of short blunt spines which mark the outlines of
the chambers. ‘These processes are more numerous on the superior than on the
inferior surface. The umbilical recess of the shell is filled with a dense growth of
separate spines. Aperture obscure, but apparently a slit on the inner margin of the
final chamber, hidden by secondary growths.
This strongly marked little species is sparingly distributed, but fairly abundant at
the Stns. where it occurs, especially at Stns. 26 and 8. It has some resemblance to
Rt. erinacea, but differs therefrom in the greater number of chambers, the highly
convex superior surface, and in the entire absence of prolonged spines, which are
replaced by a dense growth of acute papillee which give the appearance of a rasp to
the surface of the shell when viewed under a high power. ‘The species occurs in
shore-sand from Sandoway, Arakan Coast, Burma, and also in shallow water at
Segaar, New Guinea. From this latter locality we have also double (or budded)
specimens.
Breadth *25 to °32 mm., height °2 to -23 mm.
426 a. Rotalia dubia d’Orbigny.
Rotalia dubia d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 274, no. 34.
i » Fornasini, 1908, SON. p. 46, pl. i. fig. 14.
(See our observations upon this form on p. 546.)
Catcarina d’Orbigny.
427. Calcarina spengleri (Linné).
Nautilus spengleri Linné, 1767, ete., SN. 1788, p. 3371. no. 10.
Calcarina spengleri @Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 276, no. 4.
Brady, 1884, FC. p. 712, pl. eviii. figs. 5, 7.
Egger, 1893, FG. p. 428, pl. xix. figs. 4-6.
Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1904, p. 597.
Dakin, 1906, FC. p. 239.
22 22
1 Station.
One good and typical specimen from Stn. 11. The extreme rarity of this species is
very noteworthy, as it is generally frequent, or even abundant, im tropical shallow
waters—in the eastern seas, at least. Millett records it as not uncommon in some
of the Malay gatherings, and we have found it abundant in shore-sands from Burma
and in many dredgings in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
428. Calcarina defrancii d’Orbigny.
Calcarina defrancii d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 276. no. 3, pl. xii. figs. 5-7.
Rotalia defrancii Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 104, pl. xiv.
Calcarina defrancii Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 598.
Chapman, 1900, FLF, p. 197.
a) 2
4
bo
es)
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
5 Stations.
Very much more sparingly distributed than the closely allied form Rotalia calcar,
but attaining its optimum development, both as regards size and numbers, at the same
Stns. (2b and 11) as that species. At the remaining Stns. the specimens are few in
number and poorly developed. At Stn. 26 the form has a tendency to lose the |
marginal processes. At Stn. 11 two very well-marked varieties occur, (i.) practically
biconvex, (ii.) very compressed and with an evolute rotaline spire.
499. Calcarina hispida Brady.
Calcarina hispida Brady, 1876, LC. p. 406.
calcar, var. hispida Carter, 1880, etc., SGM. 1880, p. 453.
hispida Brady, 1884, FC. p. 718, pl. evin. figs. 8, 9.
Yu, » Lister, 1895, LHF. p. 437, pl. viii. figs. 34-37.
oh » Chapman, 1899, FFA. p. 15, pl. 1. fig. 10.
‘1 » Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 196.
1 Station.
One rather coarsely hispid specimen from Stn. 11. The same remarks apply to the
occurrence of this species as to C. spengleri, the two species in our experience being”
usually associated.
Subfamily TINOPORIN &.
GYPSINA Carter.
Preliminary Note.—In dealing with material such as this, the difficulty of correlating
a large and divergent series of specimens of what is one of the commonest and most
widely distributed genera occurring in the dredgings with the data afforded by the
diagnoses of previous authors is almost insuperable. ‘The genus Gypsina has hitherto
included those forms in which the rotaline commencement is inconspicuous, if not
absent, and the later chambers are acervuline and without definite plan; but in the
Kerimba material, while such specimens form perhaps the bulk of the material, there
are countless individuals which present a regularity of growth and structure not
compatible with such a simple type of structure. On the other hand, they cannot be
referred to Planorbulina because, although resembling the generic type in the earlier
portions of the shell, they pass, on full development, into a truly acervuline or
Gypsina-mode of growth. ‘The numerous species and varieties which have been
separated by various authors, notably by Chapman, are of great value from the
taxonomic point of view, but in our opinion have little significance beyond indicating
the habitat and methods of life of the individual specimens. Whether it be free or
attached in its plan of growth must largely decide the mode of development of the
chambers in the adult shell: if attached, the nature of its host and its surroundings
will influence the shape and form of the resultant organism. Thus a specimen
724 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
attached to a large smooth surface such as a rock or a molluscan shell, where it has
free scope for development and full access to the surrounding medium, will preserve a
depressed and scale-like form which may attain the enormous dimensions of those
described by Miss Lindsey under the specific name of G. plana (Carter), 3-4 inches in
diameter (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zoology, ser. 2, vol. xvi. pp. 45 et seg.), whereas
an individual of the same stock confined to a cranny or confined space of any kind
tends to form a solid mass of superimposed chambers. The resulting organisms are
quite different in external appearance. We have no doubt whatever that the whole
series of specimens which we have for purposes of identification listed under the
following varietal names are no more than normal G. inherens subjected to differing
environmental conditions.
430, Gypsina inherens (Schultze).
Acervulina inherens Schultze, 1854, OP. p. 68, pl. vi. fig. 12.
Tinoporus lucidus Verrigi, 1880, SGP. p. 213, pl. iv. fig. 70.
es inherens Brady, 1884, FC. p. 718, pl. ci. figs. 1-6.
33 Goés, 1894, ASH. p. 91, pl. xv. fig. 787.
Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 599.
Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 198.
Rhumbler, 1906, FLC. p. 72, pl. v. fig. 60.
Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 140.
16 Stations.
Occurs almost universally and is often one of the most abundant species in the
coarse siftings. The specimens exhibit the widest possible variety, ranging from
fragments of what must have been enormous specimens of the large-chambered and
coarsely areolated type G. plana (Carter) to thin encrusting layers often only a single
cell thick, and nearly circular ‘in outline, separable with difficulty from Planorbulina
mediterranensis dOrbigny, the rotaliform early chambers being distinctly visible on the
inferior surface of the shell. Other specimens were found, especially at Stns. 2, 3, 4,
6, 10, and 12, in which the test was flat and roughly circular in outline, but with
a secondary series of chambers piled over the central portion in acervuline fashion,
rendering them hardly distinguishable from Planorbulina larvata Parker & Jones.
At Stns. 3 and 5, the species was found encrusting calcareous alge so as to form
cylindrical masses. The presence of definite arched apertures at the side of each
chamber, which has been regarded as a distinguishing feature of Planorbulina as
contrasted with Gypsina, is not in all cases reliable. We have unquestionable
examples of G. inhwrens possessing normal planorbuline apertures to some of the
marginal chambers and not to others. Chapman, in recording this species from
the Cocos Keeling Atoll (C. 1902, CKA. p. 232), calls attention to the deep rose-
colour of his specimens, a feature which we have discussed elsewhere (post, no. 432).
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
oal|
bo
Or
431. Gypsina inherens, var. plana (Carter).
Polytrema planum Carter, 1876, P. p. 211, pl. xiii. figs. 18, 19.
Gypsina melobesioides Carter, 1880, etc., SGM. 1880, p. 445.
Polytrema planum Chapman, 1900, FLE. p. 201, pl. xx. figs. 6,
» Chapman, 1901, FFA. p. 396, pl. xxxyv. figs. 2, 4
Gusona plana M. Lindsey, 1913, “On Gupsing plana, Carter, and the Relations of the Genus,”
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zoology), ser. 2, vol. xvi. pp. 45-51.
5 Stations.
This wild-growing and exuberant variety, which is characterized by the abnormally
large size of the individual chamberlets and by the coarse perforation of the thick
shell-wall, often masked by a deposit of granular shell-substance, occurs at several
Stns., notably Stns. 3, 10, 11, 12, and ?X. None of the specimens is perfect, all
representing fragments of a much larger organism which has in nearly all cases been
attached to some foreign body. In a few instances specimens in the attached state
were found. ‘The character of our material, which represented only the finer siftings
of Dr. Simpson’s dredgings, is doubtless responsible for the absence of perfect
individuals, but judging from the fragments, many of which are 4 inch and upward in
diameter, the perfect colonies must have attained very large dimensions. As previously
noted, we see no reason for separating these specimens from the normal G. inhwrens
except for facility of reference; the mere difference in the size of the chambers can
have no biological significance, beyond marking exuberance of growth under optimum
conditions of development.
432. Gypsina rubra (d’Orbigny). (Pl. LIII. figs. 35-37.)
Planorbulina rubra @’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 280. no. 4.
E » Fornasini, 1908, SON. p. 44, pl. i. fig. 3
3 Stations.
D Orbigny recorded this as a nomen nudum from specimens from the South Seas and
Sarawak. We have examined his type-specimens in Paris, and they accord in ail
respects with the Kerimba specimens. Fornasini, working only on Berthelin’s
outline, thought that d’Orbigny’s form was probably identical with Planorbulina
mediterranensis d’Orb., but, of course, was not aware of the distinctive coloration and
the strong secondary growth exhibited by the actual specimens.
At Stns. 9, 10, and 11 a few specimens exhibiting a very marked characteristic red
coloration. At the latter Stn., where the best specimens were observed, young
individuals were found resembling a coarsely perforate and somewhat irregular
Truncatulina lobatula. ‘This early stage is followed by a growth of chambers which
may be either flattened and spreading, or solid and seif-investing. In all cases the
colour is throughout of a pale rose-pink, lightest in the last-formed chambers. The
surface of the chambers is coarsely perforate and often obscured by a deposit of
726 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND. A. EARLAND ON THE
secondary shell-substance in the form of beads, as in var. plana, but the pink colour,
which is permanent, is a definite and discriminating feature. Chapman (C. 1900,
FLF. p. 201), in dealing with Polytrema plana from Funafuti, records that the
specimens are often discoloured or yellowish, but never pink or rose-coloured. On the
other hand, in recording Gypsina inherens from the Cocos Keeling Atoll, he points out
that “‘ the specimens are remarkable for their deep rose colour” (vide ante, no. 430).
M. Schultze (S. 1854, OP. p. 68, pl. vi. fig. 12) refers to Gypsina (Acervulina)
‘nherens as being brownish, owing to the colour of the living protoplasm. He also
figures and describes a species, Acervulina acinosa, from the Philippine Islands, which
may be related to our variety, but differs from it in the shape of the chambers, which
are described as being globular and arranged like a bunch of grapes, red-brown in
colour. Schultze’s species also differs from our var. rubra in the surface of the
chambers, which are represented as being smooth.
We have found specimens resembling our Kerimba types in shore-sands from
Fremantle (W. Australia). It is probably widely distributed in shallow water across
the Indo-Pacific region, as we have other fine specimens from Lord Howe Island
(S. Pacific) in material recently sent us by Mr. R. D. Laurie. But by far the finest
specimens of this form which we have hitherto seen are on two slides in the Brady
Collection at Cambridge labelled Planorbulina rubicunda Brady. These are from
Samoa (1885), Apia Beach and the Lufi-lufi reef respectively, the first being the
finest. It consists of fragments of coral rock encrusted with a dense growth of the
organism in all stages of development, from the small regular truncatuline shell to
large masses 3 inch in diameter. The surface of some of the chambers in the larger
growths is covered with secondary shell-matter in the form of strong projecting spines ;
‘the colour is in various shades of pink, approaching to red in some of the specimens.
Brady, although he recognized this distinctive form and gave it a name, never published
a description of it. We have not adopted his suggested specific name, as d’Orbigny’s
has priority. Brady, no doubt, adopted his somewhat cumbrous specific name because
he was aware that d’Orbigny had already utilized the name rudra for a Planorbulina
which, in the absence of an examination of the type, was a nomen nudum to him.
Reference to the type in Paris has proved that Brady’s specimens were identical with
d’Orbigny’s.
433. Gypsina vesicularis (Parker & Jones).
Orbitolina vesicularis Parker & Jones, 1859, etc., NF. 1860, p. 31. no. 5.
Tinoporus levis Brady, 1864, RFS. p. 470, pl. xlviii. fig. 17.
Gypsina vesicularis Carter, 1877, CB. p. 178.
A 3 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 718, pl. ci. figs. 9-12.
D iY Egger, 1893, FG. p. 382, pl. xiv. figs. 20-23.
A is Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 198, pl. xix. fig. 12.
op e Chapman, 1907, REV. p. 140.
50 Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 140, pl. xin. fig. 11.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO,
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9 Stations.
Never very abundant, though occurring at most of the Stns. One exceptionally
arge specimen at Stn. 12 and many good normal individuals at Stns: 9, 10, and 11.
The comparative rarity of this form, generally so abundant in tropical waters, is
noteworthy.
434. Gypsina vesicularis, var. squamiformis Chapman.
Gypsina vesicularis, var. squamiformis Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 200, pl. xix. fig. 15.
4 Stations.
A few individuals, none of them quite in agreement with Chapman’s diagnosis,
which says that the shell consists of a single layer of chambers. In the Kerimba
specimens the central portion of the test always shows a few additional chambers
of an equally depressed and scale-like character superimposed on the initial
chambers. Such specimens form a connecting-link between Chapman’s variety and
the planorbuline form of G@. inhewrens so abundant in the material. The variety is in
our opinion much nearer to @. inherens than to G. vesicularis.
435. Gypsina vesicularis, var. monticulus Chapman.
Gypsina vesicularis, var. monticulus Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 200, pl. xix. fig. 14.
2 Stations.
One typical specimen at Stn. 9 and a weaker individual at Stn. 11. We have
nothing to add to Chapman’s note on this variety.
436. Gypsina vesicularis, var. discus Goés.
Tinoporus vesicularis (Parker & Jones), Goés, 1882, RRCS. p. 104, pl. vii. figs. 245-247.
Gypsina vesicularis, var. discus Goés, 1896, DOA. p. 74, pl. vil. figs. 4-6.
Chapman, 1900, LF, p. 199, pl. xix. fig. 13.
” ” »
2 Stations.
A few specimens at Stns. 3 and 11. The external surface in this species is very
obscure, the chambers being small and the sutural lines thin, flush with the surface
of the shell, and hardly visible. The sections shown by Goés represent a shell in
which the median layer of chambers is markedly differentiated from the mass of later
acervuline chambers, which are superimposed on both faces of the test, thus indicating,
as the author points out, an affinity with the orbitoidal type of structure.
437. Gypsina globulus (Reuss).
Ceriopora globulus Reuss, 1847, Haidinger’s Naturw. Abh. vol. ii. p. 33, pl. v. fig. 7.
Tinoporus baculatus, var. spheroidalis Carter, 1877, CB. p. 215, pl. xiii. figs. 18, 20.
Gypsina globulus Brady, 1884, FC. p. 717, pl. ci. fig. 8.
m} » Chapman, 1895, FAS. p. 44.
5 » Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 198.
a », Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 140, pl. xiii. fig. 10.
VOL. XX,—PART xvul. No. 24.— November, 1915. 51
728 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
8 Stations.
Rather sparingly distributed and never abundant, but large and excellent specimens
were found at Stns. 9 and 11, good ones at Stns. 3 and 6, and a few small but quite
typical individuals at Stn. 1. The species must not be confounded with Schultze’s
Acervulina globosa (S. 1854, OP. p. 68, pl. vi. figs. 18, 14).
POLYTREMA Risso.
438. Polytrema miniaceum (Linné).
Millepora miniacea Linné, 1788, SN. p. 3784. no. 6.
Defrance, 1824, Dict. Sci. Nat. vol. xxxi. p. 82.
‘ B83 Blainville, 1834, Manuel d’Actinologie, p. 410.
Polytrema miniacea Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 235, pl. xii, figs. 18-20.
miniaceum Carter, 1876, P. p. 185, pl. xi. figs. 1-6.
Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 85, pl. vii.
” 3)
”
a) 9.
” Me Brady, 1884, FC. p. 721, pl. c. figs. 5-9, pl. ci. fig. 1.
is 3 Chapman, 1899, FFA. p. 16, pl. iv. fig. 7 (References).
: * Dakin, 1906, FC. p. 240, fig. 12.
9 Stations.
Fairly generally distributed, and probably abundant upon coarse material in the
area, but, as very little such was available for examination, the records are few.
Among the finer material, however, several specimens were found in the early free
stage described by Schlumberger (S. 1892, FAM. p. 210, fig. 5) and by Lister
(L. 1903, F. p. 121). No specimens were found of the white or colourless variety
described by Carter (C. 1877, CB. p. 218, pl. xiii. fig. 14) and found at the Cocos
Keeling Atoll by Chapman (C. 1902, CIA. p. 232), exceptingat Stn. 11. P. miniacewm
is also recorded from the Gulf of Manaar by Carter (C. 1880, etc., SGM. 1880, p. 440).
See also M. Schultze’s “ Ueber Polytrema miniacewm” (in Wiegmann’s Archiv fir
Naturg. 1863, vol. i. pp. 81-102), in which, following de Blainville (wé supra), he
identifies P. corallina of J. A. Risso (Hist. nat. des principales productions de
l'Europe méridionale, Paris, 1826, vol. v. p. 840) with the species.
438a. Polytrema miniaceum, var. alba Carter.
Polytrema miniaceum, var. album Carter, 1877, CB. p. 213, pl. xiii. figs. 14, 15.
alba Brady, 1884, FC. p. 721, pl. ci. figs. 2, 3.
29 ” be)
a a yp) Chapmans a 900\LE. sp. 201°
ss on >», Chapman, 1901, FIA. p. 398. no, 11.
1 Station.
A few broken specimens at Stn. 11, and a young free rotaline individual.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 29
Homotrema Hickson.
439. Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck).
Millepora rubra Lamarck, 1816, etc., ASV. vol. ii. p. 202.
Polytrema rubra Dujardin, 1841, HNZ. p. 259.
3 », Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p, 235, pl. xiii. figs. 18-20.
Homotrema rubrum Hickson, 1911, P. pp. 445, 454, pl. xxx. fig. 2, pl. xxxi. fig. 9, pl. xxxii.
figs. 19, 22, 28.
5 Stations.
Recognizable specimens were obtained, the best at Stn. 11. At Stn. ?X fragments
of the terminal portion were observed with an investing crown of spicules. The
species is probably universally distributed over the area, but, owing to the lack of
suitable coarse material, the records are few. At Stn. 11 a single large colourless
specimen was seen. Hickson in his paper (swpra) remarks on the fact that the red
colour in Polytrema and Homotrema is remarkably constant, but that he had met
with many white specimens from various localities which he thought were in all cases
dead, the whiteness being due to post-mortem discoloration. In the Kerimba specimens
the shell is ina remarkably good state of superficial preservation, and it is difficult
to understand that the colour can have disappeared after death in view of the fact that
other specimens evidently long dead, and partially decomposed, have preserved their
vivid red tint.
At Stn. 11 a few young individuals were found in a free condition, varying in
colour from deep ruby-red to very pale pink. We have submitted these to Prof.
Hickson, who has no hesitation in accepting the reference of the deep-coloured
individuals to Homotrema, and is inclined to the opinion that the pale ones are
similarly attributable. His diagnosis is confirmed by the measurements of the
foramina.
SPORADOTREMA Hickson.
440, Sporadotrema cylindricum (Carter).
Polytrema cylindricum Carter, 1880, etc., SGM. 1880, p. 441, pl. xviii. fig. 1.
Be Bradley, 1884, FC. p. 720.
Sporadotrema cylindricum Hickson, 1911, P. p. 447, pl. xxx. figs. 8-7, pl. xxxi. figs. 10- 17,
pl. xaxu. figs. 20, 21, 24, 29, 32, 33.
2 Stations.
A few large but undoubted fragments, orange-red in colour, at Stns. 9 and 11.
The paucity of suitable material probably accounts for the isolated occurrence of
these forms.
a1 2
730 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Family NUMMULINID.
Subfamily PoLYSTOMELLIN &,
Nonronina d’Orbigny.
441. Nonionina depressula (Walker & Jacob).
Nautilus depressulus Walker & Jacob. 1798, AEM. p. 641, pl. xiv. fig. 35.
Nonionina granosa d’Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 110, pl. v. figs. 19, 20.
' depressula Brady, 1884, FC. p. 725, pl. cix. figs. 6, 7 (References).
a 3 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 427, pl. xix. figs. 38, 39.
90 2 Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1904, p. 599 (References).
of ip Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1914, p. 23, pl. xvii. fig. 5.
14 Stations.
Generally distributed and usuaily fairly abundant. Two distinct types occur, one a
typical WN. depressula characterized by fine perforations, the other a variety which may
be referred to the WN. granosa of d’Orbigny, which is characterized by its turgid
chambers, coarse perforations, and secondary deposit of shell-substance in the form of
beads round the umbilical depression. ‘The two forms occur in company at nearly all
Stns. and usually in about equal proportions, but at Stn. 11 typical N. depressula
only was observed. At Stu. ?A only var. granosa. At Stn. ?B typical W. depressula -
was commor, and var. granosa was rare. The best specimens of both forms were
observed at Stn. 4.
442. Nonionina asterizans (Fichtel & Moll).
Nautilus asterizans Fichtel & Moll, 1798, TM. p. 37, pl. in. figs. e-A.
Nonionina asterizans Parker & Jones, 1859, ete., NF. 1860, p. 101. no. 1.
Polystomelia crispa, var. (Nonionina) asterizans Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p, 403, pl. xiv.
fig. 35, pl. xvii. fig. 54.
Nonionina asterizans Brady, 1884, FC. p. 728, pl. cix. figs. 1, 2.
ip 35 Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 143, pl. xiii. figs. 12, 13.
11 Stations. .
Generally distributed, but never abundant, the specimens usually small and weakly
developed, the best and largest being at Stn. ?X. We have discussed this somewhat
unsatisfactory type at some length in our Clare Island Monograph (wt supra), and
quite agree with Brady’s remarks on the species in the Synopsis (B. 1887, SBRF.
p. 924).
443. Nonionina umbilicatula (Montagu).
Nautilus umbilicatulus Montagu, 1803, TB. p. 191 ; Suppl. p. 78, pl. xviil. fig. 1.
Nonionina umbilicata Terquem, 1882, FEP. p. 42, pl. 1. (x.) fig. 7.
si umbilicatula Brady, 1884, FC. p. 726, pl. cix. figs. 8, 9.
x a Egger, 1893, FG. p. 426, pl. xix. figs. 36, 37.
Re aa Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 600 (References).
Ss vs Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 202.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 731
2 Stations.
‘wo typical specimens at Station 11, and one weak but recognizable individual at
Station 3. The rarity of this form is noticeable as the records of its distribution are
cosmopolitan ; it is, however, in our experience, much more abundant in high latitudes
than in tropical gatherings.
444, Nonionina turgida (Williamson).
Rotalina turgida Williamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 50, pl. iv. figs. 95-97.
Nonionina turgida Brady, 1884, FC. p. 731, pl. cix. figs. 17-19.
es a Egger, 1898, FG. p. 425, pl. xix. figs. 45, 46.
i » Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1904, p. 602.
ee “ Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 145.
1 Station.
Occurs at Stn. 1 only, moderately frequent and well developed.
445. Nonionina scapha (Fichtel & Moll).
Nautilus scapha Fichtel & Moll, 1798, TM. p. 105, pl. xix. figs. df.
Nonionina scapha Parker & Jones, 1859, ete., NI’. 1860, p. 102. no. 4.
Hh » Brady, 1865, RFND. p. 106, pl. xii. fig. 10.
Polystomella crispa, var. (Nonionina) seapha, Parker & Jones, 1865, NAAF. p. 404, pl. xiv.
figs. 37, 38, pl. xvii. figs. 55, 56.
Nonionina scapha Brady, 1884, FC. p. 730, pl. cix. figs. 14, 15, & 2 16.
3 » Egger, 1893, FG. p. 424, pl. xix. figs. 42, 43.
3 » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 601 (References).
17 Stations.
Generally distributed and usually fairly abundant. There is as usual a consider-
able range of variation, but all the forms are of the compressed type, ranging from
the highly compressed and complanate NV. grateloupi d’Orbigny (d’O. 1859, FC. p. 46,
pl. vi. figs. 6, 7, V. gradeloupi) through the more turgid WV. sloani (ibid. p. 46, pl. vi.
fig. 18). None of the turgid WV. labradorica Dawson, type (Canad. Nat. vol. v. 1860,
p- 191, fig. 4) were observed. ‘This last variety appears to be confined to cold-water
records.
At Stns. 1, 4, and 6 specimens were observed closely approaching J. boweana; at
Stn. 2 many of the specimens were near the inequilateral V. turgida.
446. Nonionina boueana d’Orbigny.
Nonionina boueana @Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 108, pl. v. figs. 11, 12.
3 56 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 729, pl. cix. figs. 12, 13.
% 6 Terrigi, 1889, CP. p. 119, pl. x. fig. 5.
Ff 3 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 426, pl. xix. figs. 34, 35.
ss 3 Fornasini, 1900, FA. p. 400, fig. 49.
a i Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1914, p. 28, pl. xvi. fig. 1.
~I
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MESSRS. HE, HERON-ALLEN AND A. HARLAND ON THE
11 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never in any great abundance, excepting at Stn. 5, where
the specimens were numerous and characterized by a somewhat depressed shell in
which the umbilical beads usually found in the larger individuals are almost entirely
lacking. At most of the Stns. the specimens were of small to medium size and thin-
walled, but at Stns. 1, 2a, 7, 10, and 12 some very large individuals were obtained.
In most of the large specimens the umbilical portion is more or less obscured by a
deposit of secondary shell-matter in beads, the small tests giving no evidence of such
growth, which is presumably a characteristic of advanced age.
447, Nonionina boueana, var. armata Brady.
Nonionina boueana, var. armata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 730, pl. exv. fig. 9.
2 Stations.
Single specimens at Stns. 2@ and 3. The occurrence of this variety at Kerimba is
interesting, inasmuch as the only published record so far as we are aware is that of
Brady, ‘‘abundant amongst the littoral sand of Madagascar.”
448, Nonionina pauperata Balkwill & Wright.
Nonionina pauperata Balkwill & Wright, 1885, DIS. p. 353, pl. xiil. figs. 25, 26.
2 a Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., SB. 1911, p. 342, pl. xi. figs. 16, 17.
s Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, Cl. p. 144.
2 Stations.
One at each Stn. (26 and 11), both small but quite typical.
PoLysToMELLA Lamarck.
449. Polystomella decipiens Costa.
Po'ystomella decipiens Costa, 1853, etc., PRN. 1856, p. 220, pl. xix. fig. 13.
3 Hi Fornasini, 1897-8, FIC. p. 17, pl. 1i. figs. 11, 12.
is D Fornasini, 1899, PEI. p. 616.
3 ce Fornasini, 1900, FA. p. 400, text-fig. 50.
2 Stations.
Among the specimens of P. striato-punctata were many which in their unlobulate
periphery and inconspicuous retral processes, faintly indicating the septal lines, are
conveniently referable to this somewhat obscure species. Costa's species conveys the
impression of a depauperate form of P. arctica Parker & Jones, to which it bears
a strong superficial resemblance. The most distinctive specimens were found at
Stns. 6 and 7.
450. Polystomella striato-punctata (Fichtel & Moll).
Nautilus striato-punctatus Fichtel & Moll, 1798, TM. p. 61, pl. ix. figs. a, b,c.
Polystomella striato-punctata Parker & Jones, 1859, ete., NF. 1860, p. 103. no. 6.
~1
(Sls)
Se)
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
Polystomella striato-punctata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 733, pl. cix. figs. 22, 23 (References).
2
a % A Heger, 1893, PG. p. 433, pl. xix. figs. 49, 50.
_ ms ie Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 602 (References).
is Ss a Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, ete., SB. 1909, p. 695.
16 Stations.
Universally distributed and often common, and attaining a considerable size. ‘The
shell-wall is always thin and delicate. Most of the usual varieties are present, but
the majority of the specimens belong to the bilaterally compressed type with few,
but distinctly marked, retral processes as illustrated by Schultze under the synonym
P. gibba (S. 1854, OP. p. 66, pl. vi. figs. 1-4).
451. Polystomella striato-punctata, var. selseyensis Heron-Allen & Harland.
Polystomella striato-punctata Heron-Allen & Harland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 695, pl. xxi.
fig. 2. Ditto, var. selseyensis, ibid. 1911, p. 448 (Catalogue).
de es Heron-Allen & Harland, 1913, CI. p. 146.
3 Stations.
Two weak specimens at Stn. 5 and others at Stns. 13 and ?A undoubtedly referable
to our variety, which bears the same relation to P. striato-punctata as Nonionina
granosa QOrbigny bears to the typical WV. depressula (W. & J.) in the coarser
perforations and the presence of secondary beaded deposit in the umbilical recess.
452. Polystomella crispa (Linné).
Nautilus crispus Linné, 1767, p. 1162. no. 275; 1788, p. 3370. no. 8.
Polystomella crispa Lamarck, 1816, ete., ASV. 1822, vol. vii. p. 625. no. 1 (2nd Edn. 1845,
etc. vol. xi. p. 302).
= » W@Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 125, pl. vi. figs. 9-14.
. » Willamson, 1858, RFGB. p. 40, pl. iii. figs. 78-80.
% » Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 101, pl. xi. figs. 4-7, & pl. xii.
3 » Brady, 1884, FC. p. 736, pl. ex. figs. 6, 7 (References).
5 » Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 603, pl. xi. fig. 2 (References).
* » Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 146, pl. xi. fig. 14.
10 Stations.
Fairly generally distributed, but never abundant. ‘The specimens are, however, as
a rule, good and well developed, notably at Stns. 5, 7, and 11. At Stn. 6 an adult
individual with calcarate periphery was observed, near P. aculeata d’Orbigny (dO.
1846, FFV. p. 131, pl. vi. figs. 27, 28) and similar to our Clare Island specimens.
453. Polystomella subnodosa (Minster).
Robulina subnodosa Miinster, fide Roemer, 1838, CNTM. p. 391, pl. ii. fig. 61.
Polystomella subnodosa Reuss, 1855, TNMD. p. 240, pl. iv. fig. 51.
a rf Brady, 1884, FC. p. 734, pl. cx. fig. 1.
55 - Wright, 1886, SWI. p. 614.
=~]
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MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
Polystomella subnodosa Goés, 1894, ASF. p. 102, pl. xvii. figs. 817-819.
si : Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 203.
x AS Sidebottom, 1904, etc., RFD. 1909, p. 16, pl. v. fig. 6.
x x Bagg, 1912, FPC. p. 92, pl. xxviii. fig. 12.
14 Stations.
Generally distributed, often fairly abundant. The only marked variation observed
is in the extent of development of the secondary umbilical shell-substance, which is
much more prominently developed in some individuals than in others.
454. Polystomella macella (Fichtel & Moll).
Nautilus macellus Fichtel & Moll, 1798, TM. p. 66, pl. x. figs. e-g.
Polystomella macella Parker & Jones, 1859, etc., NF. 1860, p. 104. no. 8.
mi 4, Brady, 1884, FC. p. 737, pl. ex. figs. 8, 9, 11, & ? 10.
us 3 Feger, 1893, FG. p. 482, pl. xx. figs. 22, 23.
3 53 Chapman, 1907, RFV. p. 142, pl. x. fig. 9 (var. limbata).
ul ° Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 696, pl. xxi. fig. 3.
17 Stations.
Universally distributed and usually abundant, often well developed, but never
attaining the large size of the specimens found in many Australian shore-sands.
Fichtel and Moll’s original figure and description represent a shell in which the
sutural lines are depressed or excavate. Chapman has created a variety “ limbata”
in which the sutural lines are limbate, and the shell-surface near the sutural areas
and in the umbilical region is covered with an exogenous shell-growth in the form of
small papille or granulations. It is questionable whether this variation does not
exist wherever P. macella occurs. No effort was made by us to discriminate when
selecting the Kerimba specimens, but an examination of the type-slides reveals the
presence of both forms wherever the species occurs, except at two Stns., where only
a single specimen was picked out. This would seem to point to the fact that the two
forms are normally concomitant.
455. Polystomella craticulata (Fichtel & Moll).
Nautilus craticulatus Fichtel & Moll, 1798, TM. p. 5], pl. v. figs. A, a, &.
Polystomella craticulata VOrbigny, 1826, TMC, p. 284. no. 3.
53 a Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, Il’. p. 279, pl. xvi. figs. 1, 2.
Helicozoa craticulata Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 108.
Polystomella craticulata Brady, 1884, FC. p. 739, pl. ex. figs. 16, 17.
* S Egger, 1893, FG. p. 433, pl. xx. figs. 24, 25.
14 Stations.
Generally distributed and often common, but does not attain any very large size
except at Stns. 8, 5, 6, and 9. At Stns. 8 and 10 the specimens were all very small.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 730
456. Polystomella verriculata Brady.
Polystomella verriculata Bracy, 1879, etce., RRC. 1881, p. 66.
59 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 738, pl. ex. fig. 12.
+s a Chapman, 1907, RFV. p. 142, pl. x. fig. 10.
< Sidebottom, 1904, ete., RFD. 1909, p. 15, pl. v. fig. 3.
2 Stations.
Brady’s species is represented in these dredgings by two typical specimens only, one
each at Stns. § and 10, characterized by the thin compressed shell with practically
parallel faces, the surfaces af which are covered by a network of ridges interlacing
between the limbate sutures. The peripheral edge is acute and entire. At Stn. 9
some specimens were found presenting characters intermediate between Brady’s type
and the type figured by Millett under Brady’s specific name.
Millett’s figure is, in our opinion, sufficiently distinct to be separated as a new
species, for which we propose the name P. milletti. None of the clearly allied
varieties described by E. J. Goddard from sand dredged 22 miles east of Sydney
(80 fms.) (Rec. Austral. Mus. vol. vi. 1906-7, p. 306) and by H. I. Jensen under
the name P. hedleyi (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxix. 1905, p. 828, pl. xxiii. fig. 4;
and vol. xxxii. 1907, p. 291), which would appear to connect P. verriculata and
P. milletti, being decorated with “septal bridges very irregularly developed,” were
found at Kerimba.
457. Polystomella milletti, sp. n. (PI. LIII. figs. 38-42.)
? Polystomella verriculata Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 604, pl. xi. fig. 3.
15 Stations.
Test free, consisting of two to three convolutions, the last consisting of ten to twelve
chambers, somewhat inflated, sutural lines depressed, no retral processes visible.
Periphery more or less lobate. Excavated in the umbilical region, which is filled up
-with a deposit of secondary shell-matter in the form of fine beads. This deposit
obscures the segmentation of the early convolutions and renders them difficult. to
follow even in a balsam mount. ‘Ihe beaded structure extends from the umbilical
region into the sutural depressions, but over the surfaces of the chambers the beads
coalesce and form short ridges usually arranged in chevrons, with the angle pointing
towards the periphery of the shell. On the septal face of the shell the beads are
often produced into short sharp spines covering the entire surface of the face and its
immediate neighbourhood.
This particularly handsome species is one of the most characteristic of the Kerimba
types, occurring at practically every Stn. and often in considerable numbers. It appears
to be very closely allied to, if not identical’ with, the form figured by Millett as
P. verriculata Brady, although his specimens are described as ‘‘reticulate on the
VOL. XX.—ParT xvil. No. 25.— November, 1915. aK
736 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
surface,” a statement which is borne out by the figure. The general contour of his
shell with its inflated chambers and lobate periphery is, however, identical with the
Kerimba form, and although the delicate coste in the Kerimba specimens seldom
coalesce so as to form a definite network, instances occur in which such is actually
the case.
Breadth 0°3 to 0°5 mm.; thickness, variable, 0:1 to 0:2 mm.
Subfamily NUMMULITIN &.
AMPHISTEGINA d’Orbigny.
458. Amphistegina lessonii d’Orbigny.
Amphistegina lessonii d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 804. no. 3, pl. xvii. figs. 1-4, Modéle no. 98.
vulgaris VOrbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 305. no. 8, Modéle no. 40.
lessonit. Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 99, pl. x. figs. 10-14, pl. x1. figs. 1-3.
» Brady, 1884, FC. p. 740, pl. exi. figs. 1-7.
Fornasini, 1903, AO. p. 1429, pl. ii. fig. 1.
os ie Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 204.
3 » Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1904, p. 605 (References).
x » Dakin, 1906, FC. p. 210, pl. —. fig. 18.
15 Stations.
Occurs at nearly all Stns., very common at some, but nowhere in any of the thin
evolute varieties. ‘The most widely distributed variety is the large equally biconvex
form (= Amphistegina lessonii d’Orb.), reaching its best development at Stns. 9 and 11.
The plano-convex type (= Amphistegina trilobata d’Orb.) occurs in company with this
in most of the dredgings (see I. 1903, AO. p. 143, pl. il. fig. 5).
At a few Stns. biconvex specimens without the distinctive beaded markings round
the aperture occur. ‘These, which are otheriwse inseparable from the typical
A. lessonii, are probably the A. madagascariensis of d’Orbigny, recorded by him from
the adjacent island of Madagascar (loc. cit. p. 144, pl. 11. fig. 4).
459. Amphistegina lessonii, var. radiata (Fichtel & Moll).
Nautilus radiatus Fichtel & Moll, 1798, TM. p. 58, pl. viii. figs. a—d.
(Nummuiina) Parker & Jones, 1859, etc., NF. 1860, pp. 105, 106.
Vinpcerecinapdiata Chapman, 1895, FAS. pp. 45-47 alk 1. figs. 8-10, 12.
3 Stations.
Some specimens of the large and many-chambered biconvex form, separated by
Chapman as referable to Fichtel and Moll’s species, accompanied the type at three
Stns. ‘They are specially noticeable owing to their smooth surface and the transparent
lines in the shell-substance, marking the sutural divisions.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
~I
ae)
~I
459a. Amphistegina lessonii, var. gibba d’Orbigny.
Amphistegina gibba W’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 304. no. 6.
5 mamillata d’Orbigny, 1846, FFV. p. 208, pl. xii. figs. 6-8.
» gibba Fornasini, 1903, AO. p. 144, pl. 11. fig. 4.
1 Station.
Several specimens of this plano-convex, or even concayo-convex (or “ meniscoid”),
form were found at Stn. 11, which is the best Stn. for Amphistegina in all its
forms. This and A. madagascariensis (q. v. sub A. lessonii) are the only ones of the
‘eight so-called species” of Fornasini’s note which it seems desirable for taxonomical
reasons to admit. It comes under the forms described by Brady as “still more
inequilateral, sometimes dome-shaped” (B. 1884, FC. p. 741, pl. exi. fig. 7). Our
specimens are as pronounced as those figured (wt supra) by @Orbigny in 1846 as
A. mamillata, and are identical with the type-specimens of dA. gibba which we have
examined in Paris.
OpERcULINA d’Orbigny.
460. Operculina ammonoides (Gronovius).
Nautilus ammonoides Gronovius, 1781, ZG. p. 282. no. 1220, pl. xix. (Fase. ii. Tab. 2)
figs. 5, 6.
Operculina ammonoides Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, I}. App. p. 310.
és os Brady, 1884, FC. p. 745, pl. ex. figs. 1, 2.
es ss Egger, 1893, FG. p. 434, pl. xx. figs. 38, 39.
es i Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913, CI. p. 147.
5 io Cushman, 1910, etc., NP. 1914, p. 37, pl. xiv. fig. 7.
2 Stations.
Extremely rare; one large and typical specimen at Stn. 11 and two smaller ones
at Stn. 2B. This species, so abundant in northern waters, appears to become very
rare in the tropics. Egger’s records from tropical localities depend in all cases on
a single specimen or so. Brady gives several localities in or near the tropics, but
does not mention the frequency of its occurrence. It is not uncommon in some dredgings
we have from off Cebu (Philippine Islands), but the specimens are all very small
compared with our British records.
461. Operculina complanata (Defrance).
Lenticulites complanata Defrance, 1822, Dict. Sci. Nat. vol. xxv. p. 453.
Operculina complanata d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 281. no. 1, pl. iv. figs. 7-10, Modeéle no. 80.
yy 0 Mobius, 1880, FM. p. 104.
% 3 Brady, 1884, FC. p. 743, pl. exii. figs. 3-5, 8.
5 5 Egger, 1893, FG. p. 435, pl. xx. figs. 40-42.
‘3 % Millett, 1898, ete., FM. 1904, p. 605 (References).
5 Heron-Allen & Earland, 1908, etc., SB. 1909, p. 696, pl. xxi. fig. 4.-
Hix 2
738 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
11 Stations.
Generally distributed, but never abundant except at Stn. 1, and entirely absent at
some Stns. The specimens at each Stn., though often limited in number, generally
present the two typical varieties, viz. the compressed and the lenticular forms,
and both smooth and granulose. Perhaps the commoner and most widely distri-
buted form is a small megalospheric and compressed variety usually with a sub-
granulose exterior. At Stn. 1 the species was found in varieties ranging from small
thin complanate smooth tests to large lenticular forms, both smooth and highly
granulose. At Stn. 2 all the specimens were of small to medium size, and all com-
planate. At Stn. 3 the large forms were all of the lenticular type and smooth, the
thin type smaller and granulose. At Stn. 4 all the specimens were small and
compressed, At Stn. 6 both compressed and lenticular, but only the compressed were
granulose. At Stn. 9 the specimens were large, and both compressed and lenticular,
granulose and smooth. ‘The same variations are to be found throughout the
gatherings.
462. Operculina granulosa Leymerie.
Operculina granulosa Leymerie, 1846, NC. p. 359, pl. xiii. fig. 12.
complanata, var. granulosa Brady, 1884, FC. p. 748, pl. exii. figs. 6, 7, 9, 10.
granulosa Kgzer, 1893, FG. p. 435, pl. xx. figs. 36, 37, 43.
ss Chapman, 1895, FAS. p. 48.
complanata, var. granulosa Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 606.
99
”
99
3 Stations.
We have dealt with the specimens referable to this species under 0. complanata.
HerERostecina d’Orbigny.
463. Heterostegina depressa d’Orbigny.
Heterostegina depressa d’Orbigny, 1826, TMC. p. 805, pl. xvii. figs. 5-7, Modéle no. 99.
antillarum d’Orbigny, 1839, FC. p. 122, pl. vii. figs. 24, 25.
depressa Brady, 1884, FC. p. 746, pl. exii. figs. 14-20.
Egger, 1893, p. 433, pl. xx. figs. 34, 35.
Chapman, 1899, FFA. p. 18, pl. ili. figs. 6, 7
Chapman, 1900, FLF. p. 205.
Lister, 1908, F. p. 128, fig. 56.
Dakin, 1906, FC. p. 241, pl. —. fig. 14.
4 Stations.
Occurs only at Stns. 2a, 4, 6, and 11. At Stn. 4 only minute specimens were seen ;
at Stn. 11 it was moderately frequent and well developed in the coarse siftings, many
of the larger specimens being coloured green owing to the presence of symbiotic alex
in the protoplasmic body. ‘The comparative rarity of this typical tropical shallow-
water form in the Kerimba material is noteworthy.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
I
eo
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Nummurires Lamarck.
464. Nummulites cumingii Carpenter.
Amphistegina cumingit Carpenter, 1856, etc., RF. 1859, p. 32, pl. v. figs. 13-17.
Nummulina radiata Carpenter, Parker, & Jones, 1862, IF. p. 275.
Nummulites cumingii Brady, 1884, FC. p. 749, fig. 22, pl. exn. figs. 11-13.
Amphisleyina cumingit Millett, 1898, etc., FM. 1904, p. 605.
Nummulites cumingii Bagg, 1908, FHI. p. 166.
a Cushman, 1910, etc., FNP. 1914, p. 39, pl. xiv. fig. 6.
3 Stations.
Extremely rare, one large typical specimen at Stn. I and a smaller at Stn. 6—a few
doubtful (worn) specimens at Stn. 2 A.
(Total, 477 species and varieties.)
INDEX AND TABLE oF DISTRIBUTION.
[over]
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MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The number of authorities referred to in the synonymies of the four hundred and seventy odd species
described in this Monograph is so great (exceeding two hundred) that it has been necessary to make every
effort to economise space. The principle, therefore, first adopted by us in the Clare Island Monograph
has been followed here.
Names of authors, titles of articles, and full bibliographical references to the Transactions and
Proceedings in which they are to be found are given once and for all in this Bibliography, some lengthy
titles being shortened, as follows :—
AMNH.= Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
JRMS.=Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, London.
JQMC.=Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, London.
MASIB.=Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell’ Istituto di Bologna.
QJGS.=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London.
SAWW.=Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien. (D=Denkschrift.)
The titles of all papers and books are indicated by initials only, after the date of publication, and the
first letter of the author’s name :—thus, C.1892, PTC.=F. Chapman, ‘ Microzoa from the Phosphatic
Chalk of Taplow,’ the page, etc., only being given, and all further details being found under that initial
and date in the Bibliography. In the case of long or short series of papers, the date of the first is given
and the initials are followed by the year in which the paper referred to appeared: thus, M. 1898, &c.
FM. 1900=the papers of Millett’s series beginning in 1898, which were published in JRMS. in 1900.
The confusion which results from some authors giving the year in which a part of a volume was
published, or a paper was read, as opposed to the year in which the complete volume was published, has
been arbitrarily settled in this Monograph by giving, wherever practicable, the date given by Sherborn
in his ‘ Bibliography of the Foraminifera, 1565-1888,’ a second volume of which (1888-1913) we hope
shortly to issue.
In some cases we have been compelled to fix our own dates arbitrarily—as, for instance, in some of
J. Wright's papers, e.g., W. 1885-6, BLP., in which the plate is lettered 1884-5. Brady, when
quoting d’Orbigny’s Cuba Monograph of 1839, nearly always gave the page in the Spanish edition of
1840. We have invariably given the pagination of the original French edition of 1839. When plates
have two numbers, as in some of the Memoirs of the Société Geologique de France, both numbers are given
e.g., T. 1878, FIR. pl. ix. (xiv.).
Again, much confusion has crept into synonymies by reason of the fortunately obsolete practice of
re-paginating reprints, a practice which reaches its worst development and results in Parker & Jones’
‘ Nomenclature of the Foraminifera’ (P. & J., ete., 1859, etc., NF.); we have endeavoured in every case to
give the original page of the journal in which the papers were published.
A, 1865, NHC. TT. Ancock.—Notes on Natural History Specimens lately recorded from Connemara,
Proc. Lit. & Phil. Soc. Manchester, vol. iv. 1865, pp. 192-208.
3.1791, CS. A.J. G. K. Barscu.—Sechs Kupfertafeln mit Conchylien des Seesandes. Jena, 1791.
B. 1844, RCGB. ‘TT. Brown.—TIllustrations of the Recent Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland, &c.,
ed. 2. London, 1844.
8.1855, FSH. J. G. Bornemann.—Die mikroskopische Fauna des Septavienthones von Hermsdorf bei
Berlin. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologische Gesellschaft, vol. vii. pp. 307-371,
pis. XU.-XN1.
18,
Be
=I
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 75
. 1864, RES. H. B. Brapy.—Contributions to our Knowledge of the Foraminifera. On the Rhizopodal
Fauna of the Shetlands. Transactions of the Linnean Society (London), vol. xxiv.
pp. 463-475, pl. xlviii.
. 1865, REND. H. B. Brapy.—A Catalogue of the Recent Foraminifera of Northumberland and
Durham. Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham (Neweastle),
vol. i. 1865 (1867), pp. 83-107, pl. xii.
. 1870, FTR. G.S. Brapy, D. Roprrrson, & H. B. Brapy.—The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal
Rivers. AMNHL ser. 4, vol. vi. pp. 273-306, pls. xi., xii.
.P. & J. 1870, GP. H. B. Brapy, W. K. Parknr, & T. R. Jonzs.—A Monograph of the Genus Poly-
morphing. Trans. Linn. Soc. (London), vol. xxvii. pp. 197-253, pls. xxxix.—xlii.
. 1876, FB. EH. van pen Broncx.—Etude sur les Foraminiféres de la Barbade. Ann. Soc. Belge
Mierose. vol. i. 1876, pp. 55-152, pls. ii., iii.
. 1876, LC. H. B. Brapy.—On some Foraminifera from the Loo Choo Islands. Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci.
vol. xvi. p. 405; and Proc. R. [vish Acad. ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 589.
. 1877, FNB. HH. B. Brapy.—Supplementary Note on the Foraminifera of the Chalk (?) of the New
Britain Group. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. iv. no. 12, pp. 534-536.
1878, RRNP. H. B. Brapy.—On the Reticularian and Radiolarian Rhizopoda (Noraminifera and
Polyeystina) of the North-Polar Expedition of 1875-76. AMNH. ser. 5, vol. i.
pp. 425-440, pls. xx.. xxi.
. 1878, FBP. G. Berrurir.—Liste des Foraminiféres recueillis dans la Baie de Bourgneuf et 4
Pornichet, ete. Annales de la Société Académique de Nantes, ser. v. vol. vil.
pp. 203-255. (Reprinted, 8vo, Nantes, 1884.)
. 1879, etc., RRC. H. B. Brapy.—Notes on some of the Reticularian Rhizopoda of the ‘ Challenger’
Expedition. Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci. (London), n.s., vol. xix. pp. 20-63, pls. 1.-v, ;
pp- 261-299, pl. viii. Continued in vol. xxi. 1881, pp. 37-71.
. 1880, EAM. G. Burrnetty.—Mémoire sur les Foraminiféres Fossiles de ’Etage Albien de Montcley,
9
(Doubs). Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, ser. 3, vol. i. no. 5.
. 1881, HNPE. H. B. Brapy.—Ueber einige arktische Tiefsee-Foraminiferen, gesammelt waihrend der
dsterreichisch-ungarischen Novdpol-Expedition in den Jahren 1872-74. DAWW.
vol. xliii (1881), pp. 91-110, pls. 1., ui.
.& M. 1884, FG. F. P. Barewmn & F. W. Mritterr.—The Foraminifera of Galway. Journal of
Microscopy and Natural Science (London), vol. iii. pp. 19-28 & 78-90, pls. imiv.
Revision—The Recent Foraminifera of Galway, &c., by F. W. Millett (Notes and
Corrections, plates re-engraved). Plymouth, 1908.
. 1884, FC. H. B. Brapy.—Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’
(Zoology), vol. ix. Report on the Foraminifera, 2 vols, 4to, text & plates. London,
1884.
.& W. 1885, DIS. F. P. Barxwitt & J. Wricur.—Report on some Recent Foraminifera found off the ,
Coast of Dublin and in the Irish Sea. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy,
vol. xxviii. (Science), pp. 317-368, pls. xil.—xiv.
. 1887, SBRF. H. B. Bravy.—Synopsis of the British Recent Foraminifera. JRMS. (London), 1887,
pp. 872-927.
.P.& J. 1888, AB. H. B. Brapy, W. K. PARKER, & T. R. Jonzs.—On some Foraminifera from the
Abrolhos Bank. Trans. Zool. Soe. (London), vol. xii. pp. 211-239, pls. xI.—xlvi.
S. & B. 1890, RC. H.W. Burrows, C. D. Surreory, & G. Bammey.—The Foraminifera of the Red
Chalk of Yorkshire, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire. JRMS. 1890, pp. 549-566,
pls. vill.—xi.
.& H. 1897, PB. H.W. Burrows & R. Houtanp.—The Foraminifera of the Thanet Beds of Pegweil
Bay. Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xv. 1897, pp. 19-52, pls. i.-v.
. 1908, FHT. R. M. Bace.—Foraminifera collected near the Hawaiian Islands by the Steamer
‘ Albatross’ in 1902. Proc. U.S. Mus. vol. xxxiv. 1908, pp. 113-172.
. 1912, PFC. R. M. Bace.—Pliocene and Pleistocene Foraminifera from Southern California. Wasb-
ington, U.S., Geol. Survey, Bull. 513.
C.
» 1907, REV. FF. Caapman.—Recent Foraminifera of Victoria; some Littoral Gatherin
58 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
1848, FWB. J. Czszmx.—Beitrag zur Kenntniss der fossilen Foraminiferen des Wiener Beckens.
Haidinger’s Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (Vienna), vol. 1i. pp. 137-150,
pls. xil., xii.
. 1853, etc., PRN. O. G. Costa.—Paleontologia del Regno di Napoli, pt. u. Atti del Accademia Ponta-
niana (Naples), vol. vii. pt. i. 1853, p. 105-112 ; pt. 1. 1856, pp. 113-378, pls. ix.-xxvil.
I } »P } PI }
1. 1856, ete., RF. W. B. Canprnrer.—Researches on the Foraminifera. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soe. pt. i.
1856, vol. clvi. pp. 181-236; pt. 1. ibid. pp. 547-569; pt. ii. 1859, vol. exlix.
pp. 1-41; pt. iv. 1860, pp. 535-594.
P. & J. 1862, 1F. W.B. Carrenrer, W. K. Parser, & T. R. Jones.—Introduction to the Study of
the Foraminifera. London, 1862. (Ray Society.)
. 1876, P. H. J. Carrer.—On the Polytremata (Foraminifera), especially with reference to their
Mythical Hybrid Nature. AMNH. ser. 4, vol. xvii. pp. 185-214, pl. xiii.
. 1877, CB. H. J. Carrer.—On the Locality of Carpenteria balaniformis, with Description of a new
Species, etc. AMNH. ser. 4, vol. xix. pp. 209-219, pl. xin.
. 1880, ete., SGM. H. J. Carrer.—Report on Specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar.
AMNH. ser. 5, vol. v. pp. 487-457; vol. vi. pp. 35-61, 129-156. Supplementary
Report. Ibid. vol. vii. pp. 361-385.
_ 1881, etc., M. W. B. Carrenrer.—The Microscope and its Revelations. (6th edn., 1881), 8th edn.,
1901, pp. 795-846. Foraminifera.
. 1883, RGO. W. B. Carpenrer.—Report on the Genus Orbitolites. ‘Challenger’ Report, pt. xxi.
pls. i.-vil.
. 1891, ete., GF. F. Caapman.—The Foraminifera of the Gault of Folkestone. JRMS. 1891, pp- 565—
575; 1892, pp. 319-330, 749-758; 1893, pp. 579-595; 1894, pp. 153-163, 421-427,
645-654; 1896, pp. 1-14, 581-591; 1898, pp. 1-49.
_ 1892, PCT. F.Cuapman.—Microzoa from the Phosphatic Chalk of Taplow. QJGS. vol. xlviii.
pp. 514-518.
_ 1892, 8. G. W. Cuasrer.—Report upon the Foraminifera of the Southport Society of Natural Science
District. The First Report of the Southport Society of Natural Science, 1890-91
(Southport, 1892), pp. 54-72, pl. 1.
. 1895, FAS. F. Caoarpman.—On some Foraminifera obtained by the 8.8. ‘Investigator’ from the
Arabian Sea, near the Laceadive Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. (London), 1895, pp. 4-55.
0.1895, FWS. F. Caarman.—On Rhetie Foraminifera from Wedmore in Somerset. AMNH. ser. 6,
vol. xvi. pp. 305-329.
0.1899, FFA. F. Cuarman.—On some New and Interesting Foraminifera from the Funafuti Atoll,
Ellice Islands. Journ. Linn. Soc. London (Zoology), vol. xxviii. (1902), pp. 1-27.
. 1900, FLF. F. Caarman.—Foraminifera from the Lagoon at Funafuti. Journ. Linn. Soc. London
(Zoology), vol. xxviii. (1902), pp. 161-210.
1901, FFA. F. Cuapman..—On the Foraminifera collected round the Funafuti Atoll from shallow and
moderately deep Water. Proc. Linn. Soc. London (Zoology), vol. xxviii. (1902)
pp. 879-433. :
1902, F. ¥F. Cmapman.—The Foraminifera: an Introduction to the Study of the Protozoa. London,
1902.
1902, OKA. F. Cuarman.—On some Foraminifera and Ostracoda from Cocos Keeling Atoll. Proc.
Zool. Soc. (London), vol. 1. pp. 228-233.
vol. x. (1909), pp. 117-146.
.1907, LFV. F. Cwarman.—Tertiary Foraminifera of Victoria. The Balecombian Deposits of Port
Philip, pt.i. Journ. Linn. Soc. London (Zoology), vol. xxx. (1907-1910), pp. 10-35,
pls. i.-iv.
%. 1909, SNZ. F. Cuapman.—Report on the Foraminifera from the Sub-Antarctic Islands of New
Zealand. In ‘Sub-Antarctic Islands of New Zealand,’ Wellington, N.Z., 1909,
pp- 312-371.
©. 1910, ete., FNP. J. A. Cusuman. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean.
Smithsonian Inst. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 71, pt. 1, 1910; pt. 2, 1911; pt. 3, 1913;
pt. 4, 1914; pt. 5, 1915.
D.
IDX
1D),
K.
. 1854, M. C. G. EHRENBERG.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 799
1841, HNZ. F. Dusarpin.—Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes. Infusoires. Paris, 1841.
1894, MIR. J. E. Durrpey.—Notes on the Marine Invertebrates of Rush, County Dublin. Irish
Naturalist, vol. ii. no. 11, pp. 230-233.
1906, FC. W. J. Daxiy.—Report on the Foraminifera collected by Prof. Herdman at Ceylon in
1902. Ceylon Pearl-Oyster Fisheries. Supplementary Reports, pt. v. no. xxxvi.
pp. 225-242.
. 1841, SNA. C. G. Enrenperc.—Verbreitung und Einfluss des mikroscopischen Lebens in Siid- und
Nord-Amerika. Abhandlung der kel. Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), 1843
(for 1841), pp. 291-446, pls. 1-4, and Bericht, pp. 139-142, with Appendix,
pp- 202-209.
Mikrogeologie. Das Wirken des unsichtbaren kleinen Lebens auf der
Erde. Leipzig, 1854.
. 1857, MSO. J. G. Eccpr.—Die Foraminiferen der Miocin-Schichten bei Ortenburg in Nieder-Bayern.
Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie ete. (Stuttgart), 1857, pp. 266-311, pls. v.-xv.
. 1873, LMT. C. G. Eurexsperc.—Mikrogeologische Studien iiber das kleinste Leben der Meeres-
Tiefgriinde aller Zonen und dessen geologischen Einfluss. Abhandlungen der kel.
Akadeinie der Wissenschaften etc. (Berlin), 1872 (1873), pp. 131-397, pls. i—xii.
and map.
1893, FG. J.G. Eccrr.—Foraminiferen aus Meeresgrundproben, gelothet von 1874 bis 1876, von
S.M.Sch. ‘Gazelle’ Abhandiungen der kgl. bayerisch Akademie der Wissenschaften
(Munich), 11. Cl. vol. xviii. pt. 2, pp. 195-458, pls. i.—xxi.
. 1899, KOA. J. G. Eacer —Foraminiferen und Ostrakoden aus den Kreidemergeln der Oberbayer-
ischen Alpen. Abhandlungen der kgl. bayerisch Akademie der Wissenschaften
(Munich), ii. Cl. vol. xxi. pt. 1.
. 1905, FBS. A. Earntanp.—The Foraminifera of the Shore Sand at Bognor, Sussex. JQMC. ser. 2,
vol. ix. no. 57, pp. 187-232.
.& M.1798, TM. L. von Ficnren & J. P. C. von Morn.—Testacea Microscopica aliaque minuta ex
generibus Argonauta et Nautilus ad naturam picta et descripta....cum 24 tabulis
aeri incisis coloratis. Vienna, 1798. (Second issue, 1803.)
. 1822, OSGY. J. Fremine.—Observations on some Species of the Genus Vermiculum of Montagu.
Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. iv. pp. 564-567.
. 1887, ITI. C. Fornasin1.—Indice delle Textularie Italiane. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol. vi. p. 387 etc.,
pl. x. fig. 1.
. 1887, TA. C. Fornasrnt.—Sulle Textularie “abbreviate.” Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol. vi. pp. 399-401.
. 1888, TP. C. Fornasinr.—Tavola Paleo-protistografia. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol. vii. fase. i.
pp. 145-149, pl. iii.
. 1895, BR. C. Fornasint.—Di alcune forme Plioceniche della Bigenerina robusta. MASIB. ser. 5,
vol. v. pp. 657-661.
. 1896, TC. C. Fornasin1.—Di alcune forme Plioceniche della Textilaria candeiana e della 7. concava.
MASIB. ser. 5, vol. vi. pp. 3-8.
. 1897-8, FIC. C. Fornasinr.—Intorno ad alcuni Foraminiferi illustrati da O. G. Costa. Rend. -
ASIB. vol. 11. pp. 15-19, pl. 1.
. 1898, RFI. C. Fornasrnt.—Indice Ragionato de le Rotaline Fossili d’Italia. MASTB. ser. 5, vol. vii:
pp. 239-290.
. 1899, PFI. CC. Fornasint.—Le Polistomelline Fossili d'Italia. MASIB. ser. 5, vol. vii. pp- 639-660.
. 1899, RFA. J. M. Frinr.—Recent Foraminifera. A Descriptive Catalogue of Specimens dredged by
the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer ‘ Albatross.’ Washington, U.S.A., 1899. (Smith-
sonian Institution.)
. 1899, GA. C. Fornasin1t.—Globigerine Adriatiche. MASIB. ser. 5, vol. vii. pp. 575-586, pls. 1-3.
. 1900, FA. C. Fornastnt.—Foraminiferi Adriatici. MASIB. ser. 5, vol. viii. pp. 357-402.
. 1901, BCI. C. Fornasin1.— Le Bulimine e le Cassiduline Fossili d’Italia. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ttal.
vol. xx. pp. 159-214.
. 1901, CBA. C. Fornastyr.—Contributo a la conoscenza de le Bulimine Adriatiche. MASIB. ser. 5,
vol. ix. pp. 371-380.
VOL. XX.—PART Xvll. No, 28.—November, 1915. 5N
Rr.
th
¥.
760 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. EARLAND ON THE
1902, FLR. ©. Fornasixit.—Sinossi metodica dei Foraminiferi sin qui rinvenuti nella sabbia del Lido
di Rimini. MASIB. ser. 5, vol. x. pp. 1-70.
1903, TA. ©. Fornastyi.—Contributo a la conoscenza de le Testilarie Adriatiche. MASIB. ser. 5,
vol. x. pp. 299-316.
1903, AO. C. Fornasini.-—Le otto pretese specie di ‘‘ Amphistegina” istituite da d’Orbigny nel 1826.
Rend. delle Sess. della R. Acad. Sci., dell’ Istituto di Bologna, n. s., vol. vii.
26 April, 1902.
"1904, SOF. C. Fornasin1.—Illustrazione di Specie Orbignyane di Foraminiferi istituite nel 1826.
MASIB. ser. 6, vol. 1. pp. 8-17.
. 1905, SOM. C. Fornasini.—Illustrazione di Specie Orbignyane di Miliolidi istituite nel 1826.
MASIB. ser. 6, vol. ii. pp. 59-70.
¥.1908, SON. CO. Fornasry1.—Illustrazione di Specie Orbignyane di Nodosaridi, etc., istituite nel 1826.
MASIB. ser. 6, vol. v. pp. 41-54.
. 1781, ZG. L..T. Gronovius.—Zoophylacium Gronovianum exhibens Animalia, Quadrupeda, etc.
Leyden, 1781.
x. 1869, FStC. C. W. Gimput.—Ueber Foraminiferen, etc., in den St. Cassianer und Raibler Schichten.
Jahrb. k.-k. Geol. Reichsanst. Vienna, vol. xix. pp. 175-186.
r, 1882, RRCS. A. Gors.—On the Reticularian Rhizopoda of the Caribbean Sea. Kongl. Svenska
Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, vol. xix. no. 4 (Stockholm, 1882), pp. 1-151,
pls. 1—xil.
G. 1894, ASF. A. Géus.—A Synopsis of the Aretie and Scandinavian recent Marine Foraminifera
hitherto discovered. Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Stock-
holm, vol. xxv. no. 9.
G. 1896, DOA. A. Gors.—Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America,
etc., carried on by the U.S. Fish-Commission Steamer * Albatross,’ ete. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xxix. no. 1. Cambridge, Mass., 1896.
G. 1906, FLL. G.C.Govau.—The Foraminifera of Larne Lough and District. Department of Agri-
culture, etc. Fisheries, Ireland, Scientific Investigations, 1905, no. 3 (1906).
H. 1875, CSS. M. von Hankren.—Die Fauna der Clavulina Szaboi Schichten.—I. Foraminiferen.
Mittheilung a. d. Jahrbuch der kgl. ungarisch geolog. Anstalt (Buda Pesth), vol. iv.
1875 (1881), pp. 1-93, pls. i.—xvi.
H. 1883, ALB. R. Hasuster.—Die Astrorhiziden und Lituoliden der Bimammatus-zone. Neues Jahrb.
f. Min., etc. vol. i. pp. 55-61. (See also “Notes on some Upper Jurassic Astro-
rhizide and Lituolide.” QJGS. 1883, vol. xxxix. pp. 25-29, pls. ii., iii.)
H. 1883, JVT. R. Hanuster.—On the Jurassic Varieties of Zhurammina papillata Brady. AMNH.
ser. 5, vol. xi. pp. 262-266, pl. viii.
H. 1885, LAT. BR. Haruster.—Die Lituolidenfauna der aargauischen Impressaschichten. Neues Jahr-
buch fiir Mineralogie, Beiligeband iv. pp. 1-30, pls. i.-iii.
H. 1889, RFJ. Hi. Hankyarp.—Recent Foraminifera of Jersey. Transactions and Annual Report of the
Manchester Microscopical Society, pp. 57-72, pls. i., ii.
H. 1890, FST. RK. Hazvstrr.—M onographie der Foraminiferenfauna der Schweizerischen Transversarius
zone. Abh. Schweiz. Paliiont. Ges. vol. xvii.
H.-A. & EH. 1908, ete., SB. EH. Hreron-Atien & A. Hartanp.—The Recent and Fossil Foraminifera of
the Shore Sands at Selsey Bill, Sussex. JRMS. 1908, pp. 529-543 ; 1909, pp. 306—
336, 422-446, 677-698; 1910, pp. 401-426, 693-695; 1911, pp. 298-343,
436-448.
H.-A. & BE. 1909, TNS. HE. Heron-Arren & A. Hartanp.—On a New Species of Technitella from the
ae
North Sea, with some Observations on Selective Power as exercised by certain Species
of Arenaceous Foraminifera. JQMC. ser. 2, vol. x. pp. 403-412, pls. xxxi.-xxxv.
-A. & H. 1910, NBF. KE. Hrron-Anuen & A. Hartanp.—Notes on British Foraminifera. ‘ Know-
ledge,’ vol. xxxili. pp. 285-286, 304-306, 376-379, 421-425.
H,1911, P. S.J. Hroxson.—On Polytrema and some allied Genera, ete. Trans. Linn. Soe. London
(Zoology), ser. 2, vol. xiv. pp. 443-462.
H.-
H.-
H.
H.-
H.-
J.
L.
Ti
. & P. 1860, FCD. T. Ruprrr Jones & W. K. Parxor.
Ii.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO. 761
A. & EB. 1912, ete., NSG. EH. Heroy-Atian & Hartanp.—On some Foraminifera from the North Sea,
dredged by the Fisheries Cruiser ‘Goldseeker.’ (International North Sea Investi-
gations—Scotland.) JRMS. no. 1. 1912, pp. 382-389, pls. v.-vii.; no. 2. 1913,
pp. 1-26, pls. i-iv.; no. 3. 1913, pp. 272-276, pl. xii.
A. & E. 1913, CI. E. Heron-Atten & Hartayp.— Clare Island Survey, pt. 64. Foraminifera.
Proc. R. Ivish Academy, vol. xxxi. pt. 64.
-A. & E. 1913, FNS. H. Heron-Auten & Hartanp.— On some Foraminifera from the North Sea
dredged by the Fisheries Cruiser ‘Huxley.’ JQMC. ser. 2, vol. xii. pp. 121-138.
A. & EB. 1914, ete., FKA. EH. Heron-Atnen & Earnanp.—On the Foraminifera of the Kerimba
Archipelago, etc. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, pt. i. vol. xx. pp. 363-590, pls. xxxv.—
XXXVil.; pt. ii. vol. xx. pp. 543-794, pls. xl.—liii.
A. 1915, RPF. E. Huron-Auien.—Contributions to the Study of the Bionomics and Reproductive
Processes of the Foraminifera. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) B, vol. 206, 1915,
pp. 227-279, pls. 13-18.
On some Fossil Foraminifera trom Chellaston,
near Derby. QJGS. vol. xvi. pp. 452-458.
. & P. 1860, RFM. TT. Rupert Jonus & W. K. Parker.— On the Rhizopodal Fauna of the Medi-
terranean compared with that of the Italian and some other Tertiary Deposits.
QJGS. vol. xvi. pp. 292-307, and table.
& P. 1863, FJ. T. R. Jones & W. K. Parker.— Notes on some Fossil and Recent Foraminifera
collected in Jamaica by the late Lucas Barrett. Rep. Brit. Ass. Newcastle, 1863
(London, 1864), p. 80.
. Pp. & B. 1866, etc., MFC. TD. R. Jonzs, W. K. Parker, H. B. Brapy (and others). A Monograph of
the Foraminifera of the Crag. London, 1866-1897 (Paleolontographical Soc.), pt. 1.
1866, pp. 1-72; pt. ii. 1895, pp. 73-210; pt. ii. 1896, pp. 211-314; pt. iv. 1897,
pp. 315-402.
1872, LJS. F. W.0O. Rymer Jonzs.—On some Recent Forms of Lagene from Deep-sea Soundings
in the Java Sea. Trans. Linn. Soc. London (Zoology), vol. xxx. pp. 45-69.
. & P. 1872, FFR. TT. Rueerr Jones & W. K. Parxer.—On the Foraminifera of the Family Rotaline
(Carpenter) found in the Cretaceous Formations, etc. QJGS. vol. xxviii. pp. 1038
131.
J. & P. 1876, FJ. T. Ruerrr Jones & W. K. Parker.—Notice sur les Foraminiféres vivants et fossiles
de Jamaique, &e. Am. Soc. Malacol. Belg. vol. xi., Mem. pp. 91-103.
.& C. 1900. MCI. T. Ruperr Jones & F. Coarman.—In ‘A Monograph of Christmas Island,’ pp. 296 -
264. London (Brit. Mus.), 1900.
. 1861, FWB. F. Karrer.—Ueber das Auftreten: der Foraminiferen in dem marinen Tegel aes
Wiener Beckens. SAWW. vol. xliv. pp. 427-458, pls. 1., 1
. 1867, FO. F. Karrer.—Zur Foraminiferenfauna in Osterreich. SAWW. sa lv. Abth. 1. pp. 331- 368,
pls. 1.
. 1868, MFKB. IF. Karrer—Die Miocene Foraminiferenfauna von Koste] im Banat. SAWW.
vol. lviii. Abth. i. pp. 111-193, pls. i—v.
. 1767, ete., SN. C. von Linnt.—Systema Nature sive Regna tria ates, ete. Hdn. xii., Leipzig,
1767; edn. xiii. by J. F. Gmelin, Leipzig, 1788-93.
1804, ete., AM. J. B. P. A. pe M. pe Lamarcn.—Suite des Mémoires sur les Fossiles des Environs
de Paris. (Explication des Planches rélatives aux Coquilles Fossiles des Environs
de Paris.) Annales du Muséum (Paris), vol. v. 1804, pp. 179-180, 257-245, 349-357.
Continued in vol. viii. 1806, pp. 383-387, pl. 62, and vol. ix. 1807, pp. 236-240,
pl. 17.
1816, etc. ASV. J.B. P. A. pz M. pz Lawarcx.—Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres,
vol. ii. (Paris, 1816), pp. 193-197; vol. vii. (Paris, 1822), pp. 580-632; 2nd. edn.,
Paris, 1835-45 (11 vols.).
1846, NC. A. F. G. Lermertr.—Mémoire sur le Terrain & Nummulites des Corbiéres et do la
Montagne Noire. Mém. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 2, amyl: i. (1844) pp. 237-373, pl. xii.
5 Nn 2
762 MESSRS. E. HERON-ALLEN AND A. HARLAND ON THE
UL. 1895, LHF. J. J. Lisrer.—Contributions to the Life History of the Foraminifera. Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soe. Lond. vol. 186 B, pp. 401-453.
L. 1903, F. J.J. Lisrer.—In E. Ray Lankester, ‘A Treatise on Zoology,’ pt. i. fase. ii. pp. 47-149.
The Foraminifera. London, 1903.
M. 1803, TB. G. Monracu.—Testacea Britannica, or Natural History of British Shells. In 3 vols.
4to. London, 1803. Supplement (Plates), 1808.
M. 1808-10, CS. D. ps Monvrrorr.— Conchyliclogie Systématique eb Classification Meéthodique des
Coquilles, etce., 2 vols. Paris, 1808-1810.
M. 1843, HMAA. W. Macoiniivray.—A History of the Molluscous Animals of the Counties of Aber-
deen, ete. London, 1843. i
M. 1878, SIR. 'T. Marsson.—Die Foraminiferen der weissen Schreibkreide der Inseln Riigen. Mitth.
nat. Ver. Neu-Vorpommern und Riigen, Jahrg. x. pp. 115-196, pls. i-v.
M. 1880, FM. J. Mésrus.—In Mobius, Richter, & yon Martens’s ‘ Beitrige zur Meeresfauna der Insel
Mauritius und der Seychellen. Foraminifera von Mauritius.’ Pp. 63-110, pls.i—xiv-
Berlin, 1880.
M. 1897, PF. J. Murray.—On the Distribution of the Pelagic Foraminifera at the Surface and on the
Floor of the Ocean. Natural Science, vol. xi. pp. 17-27.
M. 1898, etc., FM. EF. W. Mituerr.—Report on the Recent Foraminifera of the Malay Archipelago
contained in Anchor-Mud, collected by Mr. A. Durrand, F.R.M.S. JRMS. 1898,
pp- 258-269, 499-513, 607-614; 1899, pp. 249-255, 357-365, 557-564; 1900,
pp. 6-13, 273-281, 539-549 ; 1901, pp. 1-11, 485-497, 619-628 ; 1902, pp. 509-528 ;
1903, pp. 258-275, 685-704; 1904, pp. 489-506, 597-609.
dO. 1826, TMC. A. D. D’Orpicny.—Tableau Méthodique de la Classe des Céphalopodes. Annales des
Sciences Naturelles (Paris), vol. vii. pp. 245-314, pls. x.—xvil.
WO. 1826 (Modéles). A.D. D’'Orziegny.—Modéles de Céphalopodes Microscopiques vivants et fossiles,
représentant un individu de chacun des geures et des sous-genres de ces Coquilles.
Paris, 1826 (2nd issue, with new Catalogue, 1843).
WO. 1839, FAM. 62.
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Huth, coll.
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PI AI, Cb VLDL
774
Figs. 1-4
5-8.
9, 10.
iy 1
13-28.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE XLIII.
Miliolina undosa (Karrer). Figs. 1-3. Side views. Fig. 4. Oral view.
x 40.
Miliolina undulata (VOrbigny). Figs. 5-7. Side views. Fig. 8. Oral
view. X 40. :
Miliolina reticulata (d’Orbigny) (cf. Quinqueloculina sagra d’Orb.).
Fig. 9. Side view. Fig. 10. Oral view. x 45.
Miliolina parkert Brady. Side views. X 62.
Miliolina kerimbatica, sp. n. Figs. 13-16, 19, 20. Side views of
various forms. Figs. 17, 18, 22, 28. Edge views. Fig.21. Oral view.
x 40.
Trad. Zoot. oc Wot AX. PEAT.
Huth,coll.
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
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FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE XLIV.
Miliolina sclerotica (Karrer). Figs. 1,2. Side views. Fig. 3. Edge .
view. Fig. 4. Oral view. X 27.
Miliolina limbata (d’Orbigny). Fig. 5. Front view. Fig. 6. Back
view. Fig. 7. Dorsal view. Fig. 8. Oral view. X 46.
Miliolina costata (dOrbigny). Fig. 9. Front view. Fig. 10. Back
view. Fig. 11. Edge view. Fig. 12. Oral view. X 40.
Miliolina striata (d’Orbigny). Figs. 13 & 15. Front views. Fig. 14.
Back view. Fig. 16. Edge view. Fig. 17. Oral view. » 46.
Mitiolina scrobiculata Brady. Figs. 18-20. Side views. Fig. 21. Oral
view. X 62.
Miliolina triquetra Brady. Fig. 22. Side view. Fig. 23. Oral view.
x 45.
Massilina secans (dOrbigny). Rough variety. Figs. 24, 25. Side
views. Fig. 26. Edge view. Fig. 27. Oral view. x 46.
Massilina secans, var. tenwistriata Harland. Fig. 28. Front view.
Fig. 29. Back view. Fig. 30. Edge view. Fig. 31. Oral. view.
x 40.
Huth,coll.
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
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FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
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PLATE XLV.
Figs. 1-4. Dassilina secans, var. reticulata nov. Figs. 1, 2. Side views. Fig. 3.
Side view of abnormal specimen. Fig. 4. Oral view. X 40.
5-12. Massilina secans, var. rugosa nov. Figs. 5—7. Side views: Fig. 8.-
Side view of distorted specimen. Fig. 9. Side view of large
compressed type. Fig. 10. Edge view. Fig. 11. Oral view.
ie, I NECHOM, AT.
13-14. Massilina macilenta (Brady). Fig. 13. Side view. Fig. 14. Oral view.
« 45.
15. Massilina alveoliniformis Millett. Young form. x 45.
16-18. Sigmotlina ovata Sidebottom. Fig. 16. Side view. Fig. 17. Edge
view. Fig. 18. Oral view. X, 40.
19-21. Sigmoitlina edwardsi Schlumberger. Figs. 19, 20. Side views. Fig. 21.
Oral view. 40.
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FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE XLVI.
Hawerina fragilissima (Brady). Fig. 1. Side view. Fig. 2. Oral view.
x 40.
Planispirina auriculata Egger. Figs. 3, 4. Broad type, front view.
Fig. 5. Ditto, back view. Fig. 6. Narrow type, front view. Fig. 7.
Ditto, back view. x 62.
Planispirina communis Seguenza. Fig. 8. Side view. Fig. 9. Edge
view. X 40.
Fischerina helix, sp. u. Fig. 10. Superior view. Fig. 11. Inferior
view. Fig. 12. Side view. Fig. 13. Superior view of a specimen
mounted in balsam. Fig. 14. Inferior view of the same. (‘The septal
lines on the upper plane in figs. 13 & 14 are exaggerated in the
drawing for clearness.) x 98.
Cornuspira charoides, sp.n. X 98.
Lhaphidoscene conica Vaughan Jennings. Fig. 16. The test attached to
an algal fragment, superior view. Fig. 17. Side view. x 46.
Aschemonella ramuliformis Brady. Fig. 18. Fragment of a straight tube.
Fig. 19. A fureating fragment. x 15.
Haplophragmium compressum Goés. Fig. 20. Side view. Fig. 21. Edge
view. xX 62.
Haddonia torresiensis Chapman. x 49.
Hippocrepina oviformis, sp. n. Fig. 23., Side view. Fig. 24. Oral
view. xX 96.
Hormosina globulifera Brady. X 45.
Ammodiscus gordialis (Jones & Parker). Attached specimen. X 62.
Trochammina ochracea (Williamson). With marginal outgrowths.
Fig. 27. Superior view. Fig. 28. Inferior view. x 62.
Frans Lool, FocWt XK. Ge XLVI
Hath, coll.
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
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FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE XLVII.
Textularia inconspicua Brady. Spinulose variety. Figs. 1, 2. Side views.
Fig. 3. Edge view. Fig. 4. Apical view. x 130.
Teatularia crispata Brady. Fig. 5. Side view. Fig.6. Edge view. x 45.
Teatularia rugosa (Reuss). Gaudryine variety. Fig. 7. Edge view.
Fig. 8. Side view, showing aperture and textularian arrangement of
later chambers. Fig. 9. Apical view, showing triserial arrangement
of early chambers. x 46.
Teatularia candeiana @Orbigny. Fig. 10. Large form, side view.
Fig. 11. Edge, or oral view. Fig. 12. Abbreviated form. Figs, 13, 14.
Small form, side views. Fig. 15. Edge or oral view. Fig.16. Apical
view. xX 30.
Textularia foliacea, sp. n. Figs. 17-19. Side views. Fig. 20. Edge
view. x 40.
Textularia hauerti d’Orbigny. Figs. 21, 22. Side views. Fig. 23. Edge
or oral view. x 45.
Textularia conica, var. corrugata nov. Fig. 24. Side view. Fig. 25.
Edge or oral view. Fig. 26. Apical view. Fig. 27. Basal view.
< 45.
Teatularia trochus V’Orbigny. Abnormal specimen showing lateral twist
of long axis at mid-growth. x 45.
Chrysalidina dimorpha Brady. Fig. 29. Side view. Fig. 30. Edge
view. Fig. 31. Oral view. x 50.
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FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
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Figs. 1-6.
31-35.
36, 37.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO,
PLATE XLVIII.
Pavonina flabelliformis VOrbigny. Figs. 1-5. Side views in various
stages of growth. x 90. Fig. 6. Side view of a specimen in balsam
showing early textularian arrangement of chambers followed by the
pavonine series. x 70.
Gaudryina scabra Brady. Figs. 7-10. Side views. Fig. 11. Edge or
oral view. Figs. 12, 13. Side views. Fig. 14. Edge or oral view.
Figs. 12-14. Specimens in balsam showing the gaudryine early
chambers. x 110.
Clavulina communis VOrbigny. Fig. 15. Side view. Fig. 16. Oblique
view. Fig. 17. Oral view. x 59d.
Clavulina cylindrica Hantken. Fig. 18. Sideview. Fig. 19. Oral view.
x 3d. é
Clavulina angularis, var. difformis Brady. Fig. 20. Edge view. Fig. 21.
Side view. Fig. 22. Oral view. x 30.
Bulimina elegantissima, var. compressa Millett. Fig. 23. Side view, front;
showing aperture. Figs. 24, 25. Side views, back. Fig. 25. Showing
inflation of the final chamber. Figs. 26, 27. Side views, front ;
showing aperture resorbed. Figs. 28, 29. Side views of specimens,
with final inflated chamber broken away, and internal septa resorbed.
Fig. 30. Side view of specimen with large inflated terminal chamber.
x 145.
Bulimina squammigera V@Orbigny. Figs. 31, 32. Side views. Figs. 33,
34. Oblique views. Fig. 35. Kdge view, showing aperture. x 145.
Bifarina mackinnonii Millett. Fig. 56. Side view. Fig. 37. Edge view.
x 50.
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
NEL AT! | nae
Figs. 1-12.
18-35.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE XLIX.
Virgulina schreibersiana Czjzek. Figs. 1, 2, 11, 12. Edge views
showing the aperture. Figs. 3-5. Side views, dorsal. Figs. 6-10.
Side views, front; showing the aperture. Figs. 1-4, & 6, x 150.
Figs. 5, & 7-12, x 100.
Virgulina schreibersiana, var. carinata nov. Fig. 13. Side view,
back. Figs. 14,15. Side view, front. Figs. 16,17. Edge views.
< 100.
Bolivina simpsoni, sp. n.
of growth and development.
bifarine specimen. Fig. 32. Edge view.
in balsam. Fig. 35. Edge view, ditto. x 80.
Figs. 18-30. Side views in various stages
Fig. 31. Side view of an abnormal
Figs. 33, 34. Side views,
Trams. Loot Soca XX. LEXTLX,
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
ert
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ie
i
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PEATE
Bolivina limbata Brady. Costate variety. Figs. 1, 2. Side views.
Fig. 3. Ditto, tortuose specimen. Fig. 4. Edge view. 4d:
Mimosina rimosa, sp.n. Figs. 5, 6. Side views. Fig. 7. Ditto, with
front half of last chamber removed. Fig. 8. Edge view. Fig. 9. End
view, basal. Fig. 10. Side view, in balsam, showing the aperture and
granular protoplasmic contents. Fig. 11. Edge view, in balsam.
x 180.
Mimosina echinata, sp.n. Figs. 12-14. Side views. Fig. 15. Apical
view. Figs. 16-18. Edge or oral views. X 150.
Mimosina hystrix Millett. Side view. x 200.
Cassidulina bradyi, var. elongata Sidebottom. Balsam-mounted speci-
men. X 390.
Cassidulina (Orthoplecta) clavata Brady. Fig. 21. Oral view. Fig. 22.
Dorsal view. X 200. :
Lagena clavata (VOrbigny). Abnormal specimen. X 130.
Lagena marginato-perforata Seguenza. Figs. 24-27. Complanate type.
Figs. 24, 25. Side views. Fig. 26. Oral view. Fig. 27. Edge view.
Figs. 28-30. Biconvex type. Fig. 28. Sideview. Fig. 29. Oral view,
Fig. 30. Edge view. Figs. 24-27, x 130. Figs. 28-30, x 100.
Lagena orbignyana, var. walleriana Wright. Figs. 31-34. Side views,
showing different types of marking. Fig. 36. Edge view. Fig. 36.
Oral view. x 130.
Nodosaria spinulosa (Montagu). 86.
Lagena orbignyana, var. kerimbatica nov. Fig.38. Side view. Fig. 39.
Edge view. Fig. 40. Oral view. X 130.
Tram Loot. Soe VA KX. GEL.
CEC ER SEELEY
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Huth, coll.
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
790
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE LI.
Polymorphina complexa Sidebottom. Figs. 1, 2. Side view. Fig. 3.
Edge (oral) view. X 86.
Sagrina virgula Brady. X 86.
Sagrina striata (Schwager). Figs. 6, 7. Side views. Fig. 8. Edge
VIEWING:
Sagrina tessellata Brady. X 110.
Globigerina cretacea @Orbigny. Figs. 10,11. Superior views. Fig. 12.
Inferior view. Fig. 13. Edge view. X 83.
Spheroidina corticata, sp.n. Fig. 14. Oral view. Fig. 10. Side view.
Fig. 16. Detail of young form, showing the hexagonal surface orna-
ment. Figs. 17, 18. Specimens in balsam, side and edge views.
x 80.
Spirillina vivipara Ehrenberg. Thick variety. Fig. 19. Superior view.
Fig. 20. Inferior view. Fig. 21. Edge view. X 130.
Spirillina vivipara Ehrenberg. Denticulate variety. Fig. 22. Superior
view. Fig. 23. Inferior view. X 130.
Spirillina ornata Sidebottom. Fig. 24. Superior view. Fig. 26.
Inferior view. X 130.
Spirillina semidecorata, sp.n. Fig. 26. Superior view of a specimen
of the depressed evolute type. Fig. 27. Ditto, inferior view.
Fig. 28. Superior view of the high crenelated type, the earlier whorl
obscured with secondary shell-matter. Fig. 29. Ditto, edge view.
Fig. 30. Superior view of the involute type, the early whorls entirely
concealed by the later. Fig. 31. Ditto, inferior view. X 130.
Cymbalopora milletti, sp. n. Figs. 32, 33. Side views. Fig. 34.
Apical view. Fig. 35. Basal view. X 62.
Discorbina globularis (@Orbigny). ‘Toothed variety. Fig. 36. Superior
view. Figs. 57, 38. Inferior views, showing the toothed processes
projecting into the umbilicus. Fig. 39. Edge view. 99.
Loo Wot. XX, GOLL
I
Huth, coll.
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE LIL
Fios. 1-6.
37-40.
41-47.
FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE LII.
Discorbina valvulata, var. granulosa noy. Figs. 1-3. Young individuals.
Fig. 1. Superior view. Fig. 2. Inferior view. Fig. 3. Edge (oral)
view. Figs. 4-6. Adult individuals. Fig. 4. Superior view. Fig. 5,
Inferior view. Fig. 6. Edge (dorsal) view. x 46.
Liscorbina reniformis, sp.n. Fig. 7. Oblique view. Fig. 8. Superior
view. Fig. 9. Edge view of a very thick specimen with obscured
convolutions. Fig. 10. Side view. Figs. 11-14. Balsam mounts.
Fig. 11. Inferior view. Fig. 12. Superior view. Fig. 13. Edge view
of a thick-walled specimen with obscured convolutions. Fig. 14. Side
view of specimen showing dense outer shell-wall. x 100.
Discorbina vesicularis (Lamarck), Fig. 15. Superior view. Fig. 16.
Inferior view. Fig. 17. Edge or oral view. Fig. 18. Dorsal (edge)
view. xX 40.
Discorbina polystomelloides Parker & Jones. Fig. 19. Superior view.
Fig. 20. Inferior view. Fig. 21. Edge view, showing the double
system of aperture. Figs. 22, 23. Diagrammatic optical sections.
Fig. 22 from the superior and 23 from the inferior side. (The
principal series of chambers is shown in outline, and the secondary
series in shading.) X45.
Discorbina pustulata Heron-Allen & Earland. Figs. 24, 25. Superior
views. Fig. 26. Inferior view. X 120.
Discorbina globosa (Sidebottom). Fig. 27. Side view. Figs. 28, 29.
Apical view. Figs. 30, 31. Basal view. X 98.
Discorbina patelliformis Brady. Paired or “* budded” shells, viewed as
a transparent object in balsam. X 130.
Truncatulina rostrata Brady. Fig. 35. Young specimen, oblique view.
Figs. 34, 35. Adult specimens, side view. Fig. 36. Edge or oral view.
x 38.
Truncatulina tubulifera, sp. n. Fig. 87. Superior view, specimen
mounted in balsam. Fig. 38. Superior view, opaque. Fig. 39.
Inferior view. Fig. 40. Edge view. x 80.
Truncatulina glabra, sp.n. Figs, 41-43. Young specimens showing
the involute character of the test. Fig. 43. Oral view. Figs. 44-47.
Adult forms. Fig. 47. Oral view. x 83.
Tham. Lot. Soe. Vol XX. FELL.
cy
2
ORo
ou
Huth,coll.
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE LIL
794 FORAMINIFERA OF THE KERIMBA ARCHIPELAGO.
PLATE ULIII.
Fig. 1. Zruncatulina echinata Brady. Double specimen. 80.
2-5. war.
5 var.
—— portschinskwi, 193.
—— saxicola, 190.
armeniaca, 187.
bithynica, 187.
chalybdea, 193.
, var. defilippu, 191, 195.
gracilis, 198.
, var. portschinskn, 193,
rudis, 196.
—— serpa, 178, 201.
, var. adriatica, 180.
, var. galvagni, 174.
806 INDEX.
Lacerta serpa, var. melisellensis, 174.
, var. pelagose, 180.
—— taurica, 190, £93.
Lelaps rothschildi, sp. n. (Fig. 14), 325.
Lagena acuta, 661.
ampulla-listoma, 65.
annectens, 662.
—— apiculata, 654.
——— aspert, 655.
auriculata, 669.
bicarinata, 665.
—— castrensis, 667, 668.
—— clathrata, 668.
clavata (Pl. L. fig. 23), 660.
, var. setigera, 653.
—— costate, 656.
—— crenata, 658.
—— distoma, 657.
—— fasciata, 662.
—— globosa, 383, 654.
—— gracillima, 660.
heaagona, 656, 657.
——- lacunata, 668.
— levigaia, 661.
, var. maleomsonit, 662.
—— levis, 657.
—— ——-, var. distoma, 657.
, var. setigera, 658.
——— lagenordes, 665,
lineata, 656.
—— lucida, 661.
——— lyellin, 659.
—— malcomsonit, 662.
—— marginata, 663.
—— marginato-perforatia (PI. L. figs. 24-30), 663.
—— orbignyana, 666.
, var. castrensis, 667.
, var. kerimbatica, n. (PI. L. figs. 38-40),
, var. lacunata, 668.
, var. walleriana (Pl. L, figs. 31-36), 666.
perlucida, 659.
quadrata, 662.
, var. rizze, 666.
quadricostulata, 662.
radiato-marginata, 664.
reticulata, 656.
Lagena rizze, 666.
—— rudis, 655.
—— semistriata, 658.
—— spiralis, 660.
spumosa, 657.
squamosa, 656,
staphyllearia, 664.
striata, var. semestriata, 658.
striato-punctata, 660.
, var. spiralis, 660.
sulcata, 659.
, var. semistriata, 658.
, var. striato-punctata, 660.
, var. (Hntosolenia) squamosa, 656.
vulgaris, 657, 663.
, var. ampulla-distoma, 655,
, var. perlucida, 659.
, Yar. spinicosta-marginata, 664.
williamsoni, 659.
wrightiana, 665.
Lagenula reticulata, 658,
Lamprogaster quadrilinea, 416.
Languria capitalis, 501,
Laphria wenea, 400.
gloriosa, 402.
socia, 400.
Lauvania sp., 422.
(Sapromyza) nigripennis, 422,
Lebia sp., 499.
Leiochrinus fulvicollis, 535,
medianus, 535.
Leiochrodes medianus, 535.
Lembeja crassa, 346.
Lenticulites complanata, 737.
rotulata, 671.
Lepidoderma sp., 506.
Leptataspis discolor, 359.
elegantula, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 16), 359.
—— watwikwensis, 359.
Leptaulacides pulchellus, 501.
Leptis ferruginosa, 397.
Leptorrhynchus angustatus, 508.
Lesticus politus, 499.
Leucauge caudata, sp. n. (Fig. 27), 455.
coccinea, 455.
Leucitus argyreus, 500.
Lingulina carinata, 670.
INDEX S07
Liophryne kampeni, sp. n. (21. XXVIL. figs. 4, 4a),
252.
Liparochrus dux, 503.
Lituola globigeriniformis, 614.
nautiloidea, var. qlobigeriniformis, O14.
(Placopsilina) cenomana, 615.
Lituolina irregularis, var. compressa, 613.
Lixus mimicanus, sp. n., 511.
Lomaptera sp., 503.
adelpha, 503.
moseri, 503.
pulchripes, 503.
Lonchea sp., 422.
metatarsata, 422.
Lophocheirus wollastoni, gen. et sp. n.(P]. XXNIX.
fig. 3), 524, 525.
- Lorentzimys nouhuysit, 322.
Lucanus bison, 502.
Lybas fascipes, 340.
Lygosoma annectens, 258.
baudinii, 259.
cyanogaster, 259.
cyanurum, 258.
fuscum, 208.
—— granulatum, 258.
—— iridescens, 259.
—— jeudii, nom. n., 261.
jobiense, 257.
—— klossi, sp. n. (Pl. XXIX. figs. 3, 3a), 259.
lonyiceps, 258.
—— melanopogon, 257.
—— mimikanum, sp. n. (Pl. XXIX. figs. 2, 2),
257.
—— muelleri, 260.
—— nototenia, sp. n. (Pl. XXIX. figs. 1, 1a),
256.
—— oligolepis, sp. n. (Pl. XXX. figs. 2, 2a),
261.
rufescens, 260.
semont, 258.
smaragdinum, 258.
tropidolepis, sp. n. (Pl. XXIX. figs. 4, 4 a),
260.
undulatum, 257.
variegatum, 257.
wollastoni, sp. n. (PI. XXX. fig. 1), 261.
Lyprops atronitens, 536.
Lyramorpha diluta, 338.
Lyriothemis meyert, £91.
Macrocentra quadrispinosa, 499.
Muacroglossus lagochilus nanus, 317.
Macromia terpsichore, 483.
Maira sp., 400.
—— enea, 400.
-—— gloriosa, 402.
—— nitida, sp. n., 400.
—— socia, 400.
398.
Mallomys rothschildi, 319.
MaAmMMALta :
From Dutch New Guinea: systematic, 315.
Marcius generosus, 341.
Masicera morio, 411.
notabilis, 411.
Massilina alveoliniformis (Pl. XLV. fig. 15), 584.
macilenta (P]. XLV. figs. 13, 14), 583.
secans (Pl. XLIV. figs. 24-27), 582.
—— — —, var. macilenta, 583.
, var. reticulata, n. (Pl. XLV. figs. 1-4),
582.
583.
, var. rugosa, n. (Pl. XLY. figs. 5-12),
, var. tenwistriata (Pl. XLIV. figs. 28-31),
582.
Mecocerus pantherinus, 507.
Mecopus trilineatus, 531.
Mecotropis pantherinus, 507.
Megustethodon divisus, 359.
modestus, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 15), 358.
Megymenum dentatum, 339.
Melumphaus circumdatus, 342.
Melania plumbea, 289.
Melanotenia, 277, 279.
dumasi, 281.
maculata, 280.
nigrans, 279.
ogilbyt, 280.
Meroleptus laterosignatus, sp, n., 518.
squalidus, sp. n., 520.
Mesomorphus villiger, 5384,
Meta coccinea, 453.
S08 INDEX.
Meltopodontus bison, 502.
limbatus, 502.
Meztra membranaceus, 344.
Miagrammopes birot, 433.
Micropechis ikaheka, var. fasciatus (Pl, XXX. fig. 5),
265.
Mietis militaris, 340,
Miliola anconensis, 568.
—— (Biloculina) elongata, 552.
—— (Quingueloculine) agglutinans, 575.
—
—(
(Spiroloculina) limbata, 554.
Meholina agglutinans, 575, 576.
alveoliniformis, 581.
) ferussacti, 578.
) subrotunda, 559.
anconensis, 568.
anguina, var. agglutinans, 575.
auberiana, 571.
» var. stenostoma (Pl. XLII. fig. 32),
O71.
—— bertheliniana (Pl. XLI. figs. 32-35), 563.
bicornis, 580.
, var. angulata, 578.
—— bicostata (Pl. XLII. figs. 42-45), 572.
—— bosciana, 566.
—— boueana, 581.
—— brongniartii, 580.
canderana, 570.
circularis, 557.
, var. cribrostoma, n. (PI. XLI. figs. 12-
16), 558.
, var. sublineata (Pl. XLI. figs. 9-11),
558.
contorta, 576, 578.
—— costata (P]. XLIV. figs. 9-12), 579
—— crassa (Pl XLII. figs. 37-41), 57
—— cultrata (Pl. XLII. figs. 1-10), 564.
—— cuneata, 569.
curteriana (Pl. XLII. figs. 33-36), 571.
—— dilatata, 559.
disparilis, 577.
durrandvi (Pl. XLII. figs. 11-16), 546, 565.
—— elegans, 580.
—— exsculpta, sp. n. (Pl. XLII. figs. 23-26),
567.
—— ferussacii, 578.
Jichteliana, 560. C
2
Miliolina funafutiensis (Pl, XLII. figs. 21) (22);
566.
—— fusca, 576.
—— gracilis, 567.
—— insignis, 562.
—— kerimbatica, sp. n. (Pl. XLIII. figs. 13-23),
574.
labiosa (Pl. XL. figs. 8-10), 550, 559.
—— lmbata (Pl. XLIV. figs. 5-8), 577.
linneana, 579.
- macilenta, 583.
milletti, 564.
, Var. carinata, 564.
oblonga, 566,
parker (Pl. XLT. figs. 11, 12), 574.
pulchella, 578.
pugmea, 567.
-—— reticulate (Pl. XLII. figs. 9, 10), 573.
— rotunda (Pl. XLII. figs. 27-30), 568.
rupertiana, 546, 565,
—— s¢lerotica (Pl. XLIV. figs. 1-4), 577.
—— serobiculata (Pl, XLIV. figs. 18-21), 5381.
— secans, 582.
—— seminuda, 560.
—— seminulum (Pl. XLII. fig. 31), 569.
, var. cornuta, 570.
, var. dasciformis, 582.
, var. oblonga, 567.
—— striata (Pl. XLIV. figs. 13-17), 579.
—— suhorbicularis, 560.
—— subrotunda, 559, 560.
-—— tenuis, 556.
terquemrana (Pl. XLI. figs. 26-31), 563.
—— transversestriata (P]. XLII. figs. 17-20), 566.
tricarinata, 562.
, var. bertheliniana, 593.
, var. plicata (Pl. XLI. figs. 17-22), 562.
, var. Serrata, n. (Pl. XLI. figs, 23-25)
563.
—— ——., var. terquemiana, 563.
—— trigonula, 561.
traquetra (Pl. XLIV. figs. 22, 23), 581.
—— undosa (Pl. XLIITI. figs. 1-4), 572.
—— undulata (Pl. XLIII. figs. 5-8), 573.
— valvularis, 559.
-— vulgaris, 569.
—— webbiana, 560.
INDEX.
Miliolites planulata, 555. Nautilus macellus, 734.
melo, 607.
pertusus, 601.
, yar. planissima, 556. .
ringens, 59\).
trigonula, 561. —— planatus, 601.
Millepora miniacea, 728. —— radiatus, 736.
rubra, 729. . —— rectus (Fig. 44), 599.
Mimikana wollaston’, 336. —— repandus, 713.
Mimosina affinis, 650. | — scapha, 731.
—— echinata, sp. n. (Pl. L. figs. 12-18), 651. _ — semilituus (Fig. 44), 599.
—— hystrix (Pl. L. fig. 19), 651. | aes spenglert, 722.
—— rimosa, sp. n. (PI. L. figs. 5-11), 650. | —— spinulosus, 670.
—— spinulosa, 650. — striato-punctatus, 732.
Motuusca : — umbilicatulus, 730.
From Dutch New Guinea: systematic: struc- (Lituus) arietinus, 601.
ture: variation, 287. Nematocentris nove-quinee, 283.
Monalysidium polita (Fig. 43), 603. rubrostriatus, 281.
Mononya laticollis, 345, | —— splendida, 279.
mixtus, 345. | ee tatei, 280.
Mordella mixta, 538. winneckii, 280.
sericeobrunnea, sp. n., 539. | Nematopus flaviceps, 340.
Mormopterus beccarvt, 319. | Neoatherina australis, 280.
Mucronianus rufipes, 508. | Neocromna bistriguttata, 354.
Mugil cunnesius, 276. | Neoduksha quadriguttata, 354.
—— troscheli, 276. | Neortamus longistylus, 405.
Musca domestica, 414. | WNeopollenia papua, +14.
Mydea curvinervis, 414, Nephesa bistriguttata, 354.
decolor, 355.
intacta, 355.
papuana, 347. | Nephila sp., 442,
Mynrtoropa:
Myotis (Leuconoe) adversus, 318.
Myrilla obscura, var., 347.
maculata, 439.
From Dutch New Guinea, systematic, 325. —— , var. hasseltiz, 440.
, var. walekenaerit, 441.
rivulata, 442.
Nautilus acicularis (Fig. 43), 602. Nephilengys malabarensis, var. papuana, 442.
—— ammonoides, 737. , Nerna impendens, 394.
|
—— arietinus (Fig. 42), 594, | Neurothemis decora, 491.
—— asterizans, 730. | WNodosaria communis, 670.
—— auricula var., 714.
cylindracea, 677.
—— beccurti, 717.
proxima, 669.
— conico-articulatus, 586, spinulosa (Pl. L. fig. 37), 670.
— craticulatus, 734. —— (Dentalina) consobrina, 383.
— crispus, 733. ( ) lorneiana, 383.
—— depressulus, 730. Nontonina asterizans, 730.
—— inflatus, 620.
—— legumen, 671. ==
bouewna, 546, 731.
, var. armata, 732.
—— lituus, 600. | — canariensis, 614.
lobatulus, 706. —— communis, d+,
810 INDEX.
5
sarees re
Nonionina depressula, 730.
elyptica, 545.
granosa, 730.
——- pauperaia, 732.
scapha, 545, 731.
— turgida, 731.
— wnobilicata, 730.
—— ymbilicatula, 730.
Nouria, gen. n., 379.
compressa, sp. n. (PI. XX XVII. figs. 21-26),
378.
—— harrisii, sp. n. (Pl. XXXVII. figs. 16-20),
376.
—— polymorphinoides, sp.n. (Pl. XX XVII. figs. 1—
15), 376, 615.
Nubecularia bradyi (Pl. XL. figs. 8-10), 550.
depressa, 548.
divaricata, 550.
inflata, 550.
—-— lucifuga, 548, 549.
, var. decorata, n. (P]. XL. figs. 6, 7),
549.
tibia, 548.
tubulesa, sp. n. (Pl. XL. figs. 1-5), 548.
Nummulina radiata, 739.
Nummulites cumingti, 739.
Nyctimantis granti, sp. n. (P1. XXVILI. figs. 2-2 b),
249,
Nyetimene geminus, 317.
Oda risi, sp. n. (Fig. 40), 489.
Odosyllis gemmuta, 525,
Okenana lycena, 353.
Olios acteon, 467.
—— artemis, sp. n. (Fig. 31), 407.
—— princeps, sp. n. (Fig. 30), 464.
Ommatius sp., 405.
excurrens, 405.
invehens, 406.
Oncocephalus annulipes, 344.
Oncomeris flavicornis, 338.
Oolina apiculata, 654.
— clavata, 660.
fasciata, 662.
Opatrum villiger, 534.
Operculina anmonitiformis, 592.
Operculina ammonoides, 737.
complanata, 544, 737.
, var. granulosa, 544, 738.
—— granulosa, 738.
involvens, 598.
madagascarvensis, 545,
Orbis foliaceus, 592.
Orbitolina vesicularis, 726.
Orbitolites complanata, 606.
duplex, 605.
— ittalica, 633.
marginalis, 604.
tenuissima, 633.
Orbulina universa, 681.
Orbulites marginalis, 604.
Oronotus quadiituber, S04.
Ortalis astrolabei, 415.
Ortaloptera cleitamina, gen.etsp.n.(Pl. XXXVIIL.
figs. 9, 9a), 419, 420.
Orthorrhinus albosparsus, 514.
patruelis, 515,
—— postoculatus, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 4),
513.
Oryba kadeni, 113.
Oryctoderus latitarsts, 504.
Oryzaria boscit, 606.
Otinotus pallipes, 356.
Otostigmus sp., 330.
Oayopes papuanus, 453.
striatus, 483.
Oxyrhynchus collaris, 533.
Pachylia ficus : ethology: development (Pls. X.
figs. a-g; XY. fig. g), 97.
resumens: ethology, 113.
syces syces: ethology: development (Pls. X.
figs. h-k; XY. fig. h), 99.
Paloptus sp., 345,
Palystes dasyurinus, sp. n. (Fig. 33), 471.
Pandercetes isopus, 471.
Pantorhytes gravis, 511.
Pantoxystus rubricollis, 518.
Papuana angusta (Pl. XNXIX. fig. 13), 504.
semistriata, 504,
woodlarkiana, 504.
Papuanella mirabilis, gen. et sp. n. (Pl. XXXIY.
fig. 6), 352, 353.
INDEX.
Papuina htwus (Pls. XXXII., XXXIII.; Fig. 10),
296.
taumantius, 300.
— wollastoni, sp. n.: structure (Pl. XXXIII.;
Fig. 11), 297.
Parahydromys asper, 319.
Paratella decolor, 355.
errudita, 355.
—— intacta, 355.
—— vodipennis, 355.
— roseoalba, 355.
—— spectra, sp. n., 355.
Parathelphusa (Liotelphusa ?) aruana, 308.
(——) plana, sp. n. (Fig. 13), 311.
—— (——) wollastoni, sp. n. (Fig. 12), 310.
Paricana curvifera, 348.
Parotosaurus sect. n., 257.
Passalus compergus, 502.
Patellina corrugata, 686.
—— plicata, 619.
Pavonina flabelliformis (Pl. XLYIII. figs. 1-6),
544, 546, 632.
italica, 633.
Pelecotomoides murina, 539.
Pelochelys cantoris, 255.
Pendulinus lutescens, 340.
Peneroplis, 594.
arvetinus, 383, 600, 602.
— aspergilla, 588.
—— carinatus, 602.
—— cylindraceus, 600, 602.
—— dubius, 602.
—— lituus (Fig. 43), 596, 600, 603.
pertusus, 601.
planatus, 601, 602.
proteus, 601.
(Monalysidium) polita, 603.
Periophthalmus schlossert, 276.
Perissops pavonia, 523.
Pheochrous emarginatus, 503.
Phalanger gymnotis, 323.
maculatus, 323.
orientalis, 322.
Phascogale lorentzii, 323.
melanura modesta, 324.
melas, 323.
—— murex aspera, 324.
(oe)
—
Phascogale naso, 324,
noulwysii, B24,
Pheretima maxima, sp. n. (Fig. 41 4), 493.
——. (Parapheretima) beaufortii, var. apotrema, 496.
—— ( ) utakwana, sp. n. (Fig. 41 8), 494.
Pheropsophus agnatus, 499.
Phialina var., 657.
Philonthus superbus, sp. n., 499.
Phleobius gigas, 508.
Pholusa nchemolus : ethology: development (Pl. XII.
figs. gm), 100.
cisst, 113.
fasciatus: ethology: development (Pis. XI.
figs. a-l; XY. fig. 7), 102.
—-— labrusce : ethology : development.
figs. a-e; XV. fig. k), 104.
satellitia licaon; ethology, 113.
(Pls. XIIT.
vitis vitis: ethology: development (Pls. XII.
figs. af; XV. fig. m), 101.
Phorocera convertens, 411.
Phymoides rubromaculatus, 354.
Physopelta famelica, 341.
Phytalmia cervicornis, 417.
wollastoni, sp. n. (Pl. XXXVIII. figs. 8, 8 «),
418.
Pipistrellus papuanus, 318.
Pisces :
Freshwater Fishes from Dutch New Guinew:
systematic, 275.
Placopsilina cenomana, 615,
varians, 608.
Plesius ellipticus, 500.
Plagiopisthen australis, 500.
politus, sp. n., 500.
Planispirina auriculata (Pl. XLVI. figs. 3-7), 590.
communis (Pl. XLVI. figs. 8, 9), 591.
exigua, 590.
(Stgmoilina) edwardsi, 584.
Planorbuline acervalis, 705.
culter, 709.
—— echinata, 711.
farcta, var. mediterranensis, 705.
— larvata, 706.
—— mediterranensis, 70d.
— rubicunda, 726.
— rubra, 725.
—— vulgaris, var. larvata, 76.
VOL. XX.—PART xvil. No. 35.— November, 1915. DU
812 INDEX.
Planorbulina (Anomalina) ammonoides, 712.
Platycantha dirupta, 486.
Platystoma impingens, 416.
Plecanium concavum, 624.
rugosum, 625.
Plecia fulvicollis, 392.
Plesiocyptera divisa (Pl. XXX VIII. fig. 7), 412.
Plisthenes dilatatus, 338.
Podareis defilippii, 195,
depressa, 190, 193, 195.
Podomyia setosa, 412.
Pogonomys leucogaster, 322.
multiplicatus, 320.
Pollenia sp., 413.
Polymorphina appula, 642.
communis, 673.
complewa (Pl. LI. figs. 1-3), 673.
compressa, 672.
formosa, 672.
lactea, 672.
, var. oblonga, 672.
—— longissima, 642.
—— oblonga, 672.
—— regina, 673.
semicostata, 673.
—- silicea, 630.
— sororia, 673.
—— (Guttulina) communis, 673.
—— ( ) problema, 673.
( ) sororia, 673.
Polystomella angularis, 545.
craticulata, 734.
crispa, 733.
Lng?)
, var. (Wonionina) asterizans, 730.
,»— ( ) seapha, 731.
decipiens, 732.
gibba, 733.
macella, 734.
—— wmilletti, sp. n. (Pl. LIII. figs. 38-42), 546,
yor
foo. ‘
striato-punctata, 732.
, var. selseyensis, 733.
subnodosa, 733.
—— verriculata, 735.
Polytrema cylindricum, 729.
miniaceum, 728,
, var. alba, 728.
Polytrema planum, 725.
rubra, 729.
utriculare, 713.
Poropterus archaicus, 518.
vicarius, 518.
Potamon (Geotelphusa) aruanus, 308.
Priocnemicoris flaviceps, 340.
Pristhesancus inconspicuus, 345.
Promachus noscibilis, sp. n. (Pl. XX XVIII. fig. 5),
403.
raptor, sp. n., 402.
Protambulyx euryalus, 112.
Proteonina diflugiformis, 612.
Protoparce albiplaga, 111.
difissa tropicalis: ethology (Pl. VIII. fig. d),
89.
hannibal: ethology, 111.
leucospila, 111.
lichenia, 112.
—— mossi, sp.n.: ethology: development (Pls. VII.
figs. e-g ; XV. fig. c), 87.
rustica rustica: ethology : development (Pls.
VIII. figs. a-c; XY. fig. 6), 90.
scutata (Pl. VILLI. fig. e), 90.
sexta paphus: ethology: development (Pls.
VII. figs. h-k ; XV. fig. d), 86.
Protozoa :
Foraminifera: Kerimba Archipelago: syste-
matic, 363, 543.
Psammosphera fusca, 609.
Psechrus castaneus, sp. n. (Fig. 22), 434.
Pseudelaps muelleri, 265.
Pseudepisphenus perplexus, 502.
Pseudochirus albertisi, 323.
schlegeli, 323.
Pseudoporopterus archaicus, 518.
vicarius, 518.
Pseudopyrellia sp., 414.
Pseudosphinx tetrio: ethology: development (Pls.
VIII. fig. 0; XV. fig. 7), 92.
Psilopus benedictus, 407.
egens, 408.
maculipennis, 407.
persuadens, 407.
signatipennis, 407.
splendidus, var., 407.
Ptecticus atritarsis, sp. n., 396.
INDEX. 813
Pternistria femoralis, 340.
Pteropus papuanus, 317.
Ptilocera violacea, sp.n.(Pl. XX XVIII. figs.2a,b),
394.
Ptinus gigas, 508.
Ptolycus nodosus, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 6),
521,
Pullenia obliquiloculata, 681.
Pulvinula repanda, 544,
Pulvinulina allomorphinoides, 696.
auricula, 714.
— brongniartii, 715.
concentrica, 714.
elegans, 717.
—— globosa, 702.
hauerti, 715.
lateralis (Pl. LIII. figs. 6-11), 714.
menardi, 715.
, var. tumida, 715.
—— micheliniana, 383, 716.
—— nitidula, 653.
—— oblonga, 714.
, var. scabra, 714.
parischiana (Pl. LILI. figs. 12-14), 717.
patagonica, 716.
—— procera, 717.
repanda, 713.
, var. menardu, 715.
schreibersui, 716.
truncatulinoides, 383, 716.
tumida, 715.
Pylodexia atlantica, 678.
Python amethystinus, 262.
Quinqueloculina agglutinans, 575.
anguina, 575.
auberiana, 571.
bicostata, 572.
bosciana, 566.
boueana, 581.
—— brongniartii, 580.
candeiana, 570.
contorta, 576.
costata, 579.
crassa, 572.
cuvieriana, 571,
dilatata, 559.
Quinqueloculina disparilis, 577.
ferussacti, 578.
Jlavescens, 545.
Jlewuosa, 580.
Susca, 576.
josephina, 579.
laevigata, 569.
lamarckiana, 571.
limbata, 577.
—— lucida, 567.
ornatissima, 590.
parisiensis, 580.
planciana, 582.
poeyana, 579.
polygona, 578.
—— pulchella, 578.
—— pygmea, 567.
— reticulata, 573.
—— sclerotica, 577.
—— secans, 582.
—— seminuda, 560.
—— seminulum, 569.
—— striata, 579.
—— suborbicularis, 560.
— subrotunda, 559.
— undosa, 572.
— undulata, 573.
—— ungeriana, 571.
, Var. stenostoma, 571.
— variabilis, 584.
—— vulgaris, 569.
Rana demeli, 250.
grisea, 250.
—— grunniens, 249,
macroscelis, 249.
novee-guinee, 250,
papua, 250.
Reduwius melanocephalus, 344.
verecundus, 344,
Regillus divergens, sp. n. (Fig. 29), 461.
Reophax ampullacea, 615.
diflugiformis, 612.
Reprrria :
From Dutch New Guinea: development:
systematic: 257.
Lacerta muralis: variation: systematic, 135.
du 2
814
Tthabdocnemis nudicollis, 531.
Rhabdogonium tricarinatum, 383.
Rhadinocentrus ornatus, gen. et sp. n. (Pl. XXXI.
fig. 1), 278, 280.
Khaphidohelix elegans, 613.
Tthaphidoscene conica (Pl. XLVI. figs. 16, 17),
608.
Rhinocricus granti, sp. n. (Fig. 18), 331.
Rhinoscapha azureipes, 509.
—— demissa, sp. n., 509.
dori, 509.
Lthizanmina algeformis, 611,
Lthombatractus affinis, 283.
catherine, 283.
—— crassispinosus, 283.
fasciatus, 282.
kochit, 283.
lorentzti, 284.
patoti, 280.
senckenbergianus, 2838.
—— sentaniensis, 282.
webert, 283.
Rhombosoma, gen. n., 278, 283.
lorentzti, 284,
—— nove-guinee (Pl. XXXI. figs. 5, 6), 276,
283.
Rhotaia albopunctata, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 1),
349.
nebulosa, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 2), 349.
Lthynchenus gazella, 521.
Rhunchophorus kaupi, 531.
hieania binotata, 350.
caliginosa, 350.
—— iodipennis, 355.
—— nigra, 351.
—— hoctua, sp. n. (PI. XXXIY. fig. 3), 350.
personata, 350.
—— splendida, 352.
subglauca, sp. n. (P]. XXXIY. fig. +), 351,
Riowa sp., 421.
flava, sp. n. (Pl. XXXVIII. figs. 10, 10a),
421.
formosipennis, 421.
Robulina subnodosa, 733.
Robulus cultratus, 672.
Rosalina akeneriana, 709.
ammonoides, 712.
INDEX.
Rosatina araucana, 693,
binkhorsti, 694.
bulloides, 688.
cora, 690.
globularis, 694.
isabelleana, 692.
— lateralis, 714.
mediterranensis, 693.
orbicularis, 693.
parisiensis, 701.
—— poeyi, 687.
rugosa, 697.
sauleri, 696.
valvulata, 695.
vilardeboana, 692.
Rotalia armata, 720.
beccarit, 717, 718.
, var. orbicularis, 718.
—— —-, var. soldanii, 719.
brongniarti, 715.
calcar, 545, 720.
—— communis, 544,
—— defrancti, 722.
dubia, 546, 722.
—— erinacea, sp. n. (Pl. LIII. figs. 23-26), 546,
720,
—— easculpta, 383.
—— menardii, 715.
—— murrayi, sp.n. (Pl. LIII. figs. 27-34), 546,
721.
—— nitida, 691.
orbicularis, 718.
—— pupillosa, 719.
» Var. compressiuscula, 719.
perlucida, 718.
—— precineta, 709.
—— rosacea, 692.
—— rosea, 708.
~—- schroeteriana, 719.
» var, inflata, 719.
— soldanii, 383, 719.
—— spiculotesta, 620.
—— squammosa, 687.
—— venusta (Pl. LITT. figs. 15-22), 546, 720.
—— (Gyroidina) soldanii, 719.
—— (Lrochulina) turbo, 693.
—— (Turbinularia) beccarii, 717.
Rotalia (Turbinulavia) elegans, 717.
Rotalina badensis, 716.
brongniartii, 715.
calear, 720.
—— hudingerit, 708.
—— hauerti, 715.
inflata, 620.
mamilla, 693.
micheliniana, 716.
mitida, 691.
oblonga, 714.
ochracea, 619.
—— purtschiana, 717.
patagonica, 716.
reticulata, 710.
rosacea, 692.
rosea, 708.
schreibersii, 716.
schroeteriana, 719.
soldanii, 719.
turgida, 731.
ungeriana, 708.
venusta, 720.
Sagenella frondescens, 611.
Sagenina frondescens, 611.
Sagrina columellaris, 676.
divaricata, 550.
raphanus, 677.
rugosa, 383.
Sarantus wallacei, 357.
Sarcophaga invaria, 413.
Sciena belangeri, 276.
Scara ponderosa, 391.
Scolopendra subspinipes, 330.
Scutellera cyanipes, 336.
Selenocosmia lanceolata, sp. n. (Fig. 21), 430,
Sephena rujilinea, 355.
Seramba sagittata, sp. n. (Fig. 35), 476.
Serpula bicornis, 580.
lactea, 672.
semmmulum, 569.
truncatulinoides, 716.
striata (Pl. LI. figs. 6-8), 546, 676.
tessellata (Pl. LI. fig. 9), 546, 677.
virgula (21. LI. figs. 4, 5), 676.
INDEX. 815
Serpula (Lagena) levis globosa, 654.
===
cael
——=((
Sessinia stotherti, sp. n., 540.
Setenis costipennis, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 15),
935.
Sigmoilina, 582.
edwardsi (Pl. XLY. figs. 19-21), 584.
ovata (Pl. XLY. figs. 16-18), 584.
Sipalis granulatus, 533.
) marginata, 663.
) striata suleata rotundata, 659.
) sulcata, 659.
Stphogenerinu costata, 677.
glabra, 676.
striata, 677.
—— (Sagrina) raphanus, 677.
Siphonina fimbriata, 710.
Stteutes glabratus, 511.
Solaster endeca: development (Pls. I.-V.), 1.
Sparganobasis subcruciatus, gen. eb sp. n.
(Pl. XXXIX. fig. 11), 531, 532.
Spheeroidina bulloides, 545,
-—— corticata, sp. n. (Pl. LI. figs. 14-18), 681.”
Sphedanolestes melanocephalus, 344.
verecundus, 344.
Sphenophorus nudicollis, 531.
Sphenophryne cornuta, 251.
—— klossi, sp. n. (Pl. XXVIT. figs. 3-36), 251.
Spilogaster curvinervis, 414.
Spirillina decorata, 685.
foliacea, 592.
tnequalis, 684,
— limbata, 684.
, var. denticulata, 685.
lucida, 6384.
margaritifera, 685.
obconica, 683.
ornata (Pl. LI. figs. 24, 25), 684.
—— semidecorata, sp. n. (Pl. LI. figs. 26-31),
685.
—— vivipara (Pl. LI. figs. 19-23), 683.
Spirolina agglutinans, 612.
—— austriaca (Fig. 44), 599.
clavata, 599.
—— cylindracea (Fig. 44), 602.
—— longissima, 602.
pedum, 602.
Spirolinites cylindracea (Fig. 43), 597, 603.
816
Spiroloculina acutimargo, 557.
angulosa, 554.
badenensis, 555,
complanata, 552.
+)
compressiuscula, 556.
crenata (Pl. XLI. figs. 6-8), 546, 557.
—— depressa, 554, 555.
, var. cymbium, 5o4.
, var. rotundata, 554.
— dorsata, 554.
—— excavata, 553, 504.
foveolata, 553.
—— fragilissima, 587.
grata, 552.
impressa, 504. :
lumbata (Pl. XL. figs. 14-17), 553, 554.
nitida, 552, 558.
, var. foveolata, 553.
planissima (Pl. XLI. figs. 1-5), 556.
planulata, 555, 556.
rotunda, 552.
tenuirostra, 556.
tenuis, 536.
Spiroplecta biformis, 634.
sagittula, 634.
wright, 634.
Sporadotrema cylindricum, 729,
Squamulina scopula, 611.
varians, 608,
Stegonotus cucullatus, 264.
mocestus, 264.
plumbeus, 264.
Stenomys klossi, 320,
Stenopterina didyma, 415,
Storena zebra, 439.
Strabo nigrofasciatus, 279.
Strachia semiviridis, 337.
Strongylium wollastoni, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig.
14), 538.
STRUCTURE:
Mottvsca: Papuina, ete., 287.
Sulcobasis sp., 300.
Sus papuensis, 322.
Symbranchus bengalensis: distribution, 275.
Synaptura villosa, 276,
Syuthemis wollastoni, sp. n. (Figs. 38, 39), 486.
Syrphus ericetorum, 408,
INDEX.
Tabanus albithorax, 396.
illustris, 397.
metallicus, 396.
wollastoni, 396.
Teniaptera albimana, 417.
Taphozous granti, 319.
Tectocoris lineola, var. cyanipes, 336.
Teinobasis metallica, 485.
Tessaratoma dilatatum, 338.
Jlavicorne, 338.
Petragnatha leptognatha, 454.
rubriventris, 454.
Tetrarthria flagrans, 336.
Letrathemis irregularis leptoptera, 489.
Tettigonia obtecta, 346.
Tetyra billardierti, 336.
Teatularia agglutinans, 626.
, var. biformis, 634.
, var. porrecta, 627.
barrettit, 630.
biformis, 634.
candeiana (Pl. XLVII. figs. 10-16), 627.
communis, 544.
concava, 624.
conice, 629,
, var. corrugata, n. (Pl. XLVILI. figs. 24-
27), 629.
crispata (Pl. XLVII, figs. 5, 6), 624.
cuneiformis, 625.
—— foliacea, sp. n. (Pl. XLVII. figs. 17-20), 546,
628.
- folium, 623.
—— fungiformis, 627.
fustfornis, 623.
globulosa, 383.
—— gramen, 627, 628.
hauerit (Pl. XLVII. figs. 21-23), 628.
—— inconspicua (Pl. XLVII. figs. 1-4), 623.
» var. gugosa, 624,
—— jugosa, 624, 625,
— luculenta, 627.
marginata, 545,
porrecta, 627.
rhomboidalis, 624.
rugosa (Pl. XLVII. figs. 7-9), 625.
sagittula, 625.
, var. candeina, 627.
INDEX.
Textularia sagittula, var. jugosa, 625.
triseriata, 631.
trochus (Pl. XLVII. fig. 28), 630.
turris, 630.
variabilis (typica), 647.
, var. difformis, 645.
Thambema amicorum, gen. et sp. n. (Pl. XXVI.),
237.
Thambematide, fam. n., 237.
Thelaira sp., 413.
Therapon habbemai, 276.
Therates basalis, 498.
Thurammina papillata, 371, 617.
Tinoporus baculatus, var. spheroidalis, 727.
levis, 726,
lucidus, 724.
vesicularis, 727.
Tipula de-meijerei, sp. n. (Pl. XXXVIILI. fig. 1),
393.
Tmesisternus cinctus (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 17), 542.
modestus (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 20), 542.
multiplicatus (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 19), 542.
—— teniatus (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 16), 542.
—— (Polyxo) bialbatus (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 22),
542.
(——-) laticollis (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 24), 542.
Tolypammina vagans, 610.
Toxotes chatareus, 276.
Tretomphalus bulloides, 688.
Tribolonotus novee-quinee, 262.
Trichoprosopa divisa, 412.
Tricondyla aptera, 498.
Triecphora rufa, 358.
Trigoniulus klossi, sp. n. (Fig. 19), 332.
Trigonoptera albonotata (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 23), 542.
Triloculina brongniartit, 580.
circularis, 557.
cuneata, 569.
fichteliana, 560.
—— gracilis, 587.
labiosa, 559.
levigata, 569.
linneiana, 579.
oblonga, 566.
—— plicata, 562.
reticulata, 573.
rotunda, 568.
co
pa
=I
Triloculina suborbicularis, 560.
tricarinata, 562.
—— trigonula, 561.
valvularis, 559.
webbiana, 560.
Tritaxia lepida, 631.
ovata, 631.
Trochammina charoides, 618.
gordialis, 618,
inflata, 620.
——- nitida, 620.
ochracea (Pl. XLVI. figs. 27, 28), 619.
plicata, 619.
rotaliformis, 620.
squamata, 619.
charoides, 618.
gordialis, 618.
Tropidonotus doriw, 264.
mairii, 263.
picturatus, 263.
Truncatulina akneriana, 709.
culter, 702.
echinata (Pl. LIII. fig. 1), 711.
— glabra, sp. n. (Pl. LII. figs. 41-47), 546, 711.
haidingerii, 708.
lobatula, 706.
mundula, 707.
precincta, 709.
refulgens, 545, 707.
—— reticulata, 710.
robertsoniana, 708.
—— rosea, 708.
—— rostrata (Pl. LII. figs. 33-36), 546, 709.
—— tenuimargo, 707.
—— tubulifera, sp. n. (Pl. LIL. figs. 37-40), 716.
ungeriana, 708.
variabilis, 706.
Tubinella funalis, 587.
Ulasia reversa, 347.
saundersi, 347.
Uloborus undulatus, var. pallidior, 433.
Uloma bituberosa, 535.
Uromys leucogaster, 322.
—— lorentzvi, 321.
mollis, 322.
818 INDEX.
Uromys naso, 321.
—— nero, 320.
—— platyops, 322.
—— scaphax, 321.
stalkert calidior, 321.
Utakwana rubromaculata, gen. et sp. n. (PI.
XXXIV. fig. 8), 353.
Uvigerina angulosa, 676.
auberiana, 674.
» var. glabra, 674.
porrecta, 675.
pygmea, 675.
, var. angulosa, 676.
selseyensis, 675,
tenuistriata, 675.
—— (Sagrina) raphanus, 677.
Vaginulina levigata, 671.
lequmen, 671.
Valvulina allomorphinoides, 696.
conica, 635.
ovalis, 714.
triangularis, 635.
» var. conica, 635.
Vanhoefenella gaussi, 608.
Varanus indicus, 256.
prasinus, 256.
salvadorit, 256.
Vareia sordida, 352.
VARIATION:
Repritra: Lacerta muralis, 135.
Moritusca: Papuina, 297.
Vermiculum globosum, 654.
leve, 657.
oblongun, 566,
subrotundum, 559.
VERMIDEA:
Oligocheta from Dutch New Guinea: sys-
tematic, 493.
Verneuilina polystropha, 631, 636.
pygmea, 631.
spinulosa, 630.
Vertebralina mucronata, 585.
—— striata, 587.
(Articulina) elongata, 586.
Virgulina schreibersiana (Pl. XLIX. tigs. 1-12),
642,
» Var. carinata, n. (Pl. XLIX. figs. 13-
17), 643.
Webbina hemispherica, 371.
Xenocerus core, 507.
equestris, 508.
lachrymans, 507.
Xesta citrina, 290.
Xylophanes anubus, 114.
ceratomoides, 114.
docilis, 114.
—— lhbya, 114.
—— media, 114.
ockendeni, 114.
—— pluto: ethology, 114.
rothschildi, 114.
tersa: ethology: development (Pls. XTY. figs.
n-q; XV. figs. 2, 0), 106.
development (Pl. XIII.
—— titana: ethology:
fig. f), 106.
Xylotrupes woodlarkianus, 504.
Zaglossus sp., 324,
Zantecla pusilla, 279,
Zelus dorycus, 344,
Zootoca chalybdea, 187. ~
END OF VOLUME XX.
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CONTENTS.
XVII. The Foraminifera of the Kerimba Archipelago (Portuguese East Africa).—
Part Il. By Epwarp Heroy-Auian, F.LS., F.Z.S., F.GS., PRIS, and
Artaur Eartann, RMS. (Plates XL.—LIII., and Text-figures 42-44.)
page 043
Alphabetical bist-of the Contmibutoms megane ance (Soke aut ee tate 795
A Bava tes: anirreyen To) Ds Orn rant pm gett Olek SiS 22S LSA Ree Ra Saar pages ars hes ne eee 35 AO)
Titlepage and Contents to Vol. XX.
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