Pry are Sf We seh a be are 8 SOs earner ten € Vee Tete etek a geile tars Ce Ege * PI Lh 7 Lori sy eee ys weeoe . tise ¢ © ain eter ay eve ’ rr J 4 ase $,¢ rarest hii ; Piel sie “ . + ej ates eae atts) on Piel er dion ase rag - ‘ «se Wer ie Jt e¢ ¢ere t eed * oe at he BO i eagee ee a i $o01G toe are Oy seg ee 544 Fae Woe ‘ - a 0 . . crre egy 4 tte Pos a oe a weme se y - eS he a * 9.@ © 8 OF PLO ier ry : afey 7 ek) #6896 Tt $54, ‘ Ph seh oe) We «ear ozo yw es PRINTED BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICAs IN SCOTLAND BY SYMERS M. MACVICAR in 2009 with funding from Ontario Council of University Librat _— Tee _ 7 . > A a ae ; : http://www.archive.org/details/transactionspro25bota . q a - ; a, * ert PREFATORY NOTE THIS work may be regarded as a new departure for Scotland in this branch of botany. The distribution of Hepatice in Scotland, as in England and Wales, has hitherto been given only in fragmentary form. Only an increasing interest in the study, and the accumulation of a large amount of material and information, have rendered a more detailed distribution possible. For some years there has been an awakening of interest in the study of the Hepatice of the British Isles. The Moss Exchange Club, initiated fifteen years ago, and various publications, have stimulated this interest, and it is hoped that the issue of this volume will give a further impetus in this direction. In 1904 there appeared a paper by the author in the Annals of Scottish Natural History, entitled a “Census of Scottish Hepatice.” This was followed at intervals by other papers giving additions to the Census. Scotland is peculiarly rich in these plants, and several Scottish botanists have given attention to them. The discoveries of rare species have also attracted some English botanists, who have assisted by collecting in various parts of the country. The author has been investigating the flora for several years, with a view to the presentation of the facts set forth in the following pages. Hitherto the distribution has been given by counties only, these having been distinguished by numbers. The present work gives the localities, with the collectors’ names, of the older botanists whose specimens have been available for examination, as well as those of recent date. A few records have been taken from literature, but they have NW al PREFATORY NOTE been almost confined to works by specialists on the subject, and each of these records is indicated by a special mark in the context, as the specimens upon which they were founded have not been examined by the author, as have all the others with the exception of five or six which are marked “in litt.” The author wishes to thank all those botanists who have sent plants for examination, also those who have afforded opportunities for the inspection of Herbaria. INVERMOIDART, ACHARACLE, ARGYLL, August 1910. THE PIstTRIBUTION OF HEPATICA IN SCOTLAND HISTORICAL THE first author who appears to have mentioned Scottish Hepatice is Str Ropert SripspaLp (1641-1722). In his Scotia Illustrata, 1684, he gives Marchantia polymorpha } and Pellia epiphylla, also another thalloid species of which the identity is doubtful, and Plagiochila asplenioides. Nearly a hundred years later, in 1772, the REv. JOHN LigHtTroor (1735-88) travelled through Scotland with Pennant, and gave the botanical results of the tour in his Flora Scotica, 1777. In this work the following additional Hepatice are given:—Riccia glauca?, Targionia hypo- phylla, Preissia quadrata, Conocephalum conicum, Anewra pingwis, Metzgeria furcata, Blasia pusilla, Gymnomitrium concinnatum, Lophocolea bidentata ?, Chiloseyphus poly- anthos, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Calypogera Trichomanis, C. fissa, Lepidozia reptans, Anthelia julacea, Duplo- phyllum albicans, Radula complanata, Plewrozia pur- purea, Madotheca platyphylla, Frullania Tamarisci, and F. dilatata. His Jungermannia lanceolata, J. viticulosa, J. quinquedentata, J. undulata, and J. reswpinata are too uncertain to identify. With his Plewrozia purpurea he has confused Scapania purpurascens, as can be seen from the habitats given. This mistake has also been made by more recent botanists. JAMES Dickson (1738-1822) made numerous additions to the British Jwngermannie, according to Hooker. He published the Fasc. Plant. Crypt. Brit., 1-4, im 1785-1801. 1 The modern names are here used. TRANS. BOT. SOC. EDIN. VOL, XXV. 1 2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICH IN SCOTLAND His additions to the Hepaticew of Scotland appear to have been Aneura multifida 7, Marsupella emarginata, Haplozia cordifolia, Sphenolobus minutus, Plagiochila spinulosa, Nowellia curvifolia, Chandonanthus setiformis, Herberta adunca, Ptilidium ciliare, and Trichocolea tomentella. His Anthoceros multifidus is most probably Anewra multi- fida as Hooker supposes, although Withering received specimens from Dickson and considered the plant to be an Anthoceros. The habitat “crevices of rocks in the High- lands” would suit the common Scottish form, Anewra multifida var. ambrosioides, with which it is probable that Withering was not familiar; it would not suit Antho- ceros. Regarding Dickson’s Riccia spuwria and Junger- mannia Thuja, Mitten made the following note in 1906 in a copy of the Census Catalogue of British Hepaticw in reference to the J. Thuja: “A specimen of Dickson’s was sent to him by Menzies and is the N.W. American species. It was not Dickson’s way to care about localities; thus he placed in ‘ Alp. Scot.’ as a sort of refuge for anything he had forgotten, suchas .... andthe Malayan Carpolipwm spurium, his Riccia, with the figure of which there is no fault to find.” ARCHIBALD MENZIES (1754-1842) added Pellia endivic- folia and Madotheca Thuja? GEORGE Don (1764-1814) added Anastrophyllum Doni- anum, Harpanthus scutatus, and Scapania ornithopodi- ovdes. CHARLES LYELL (1767-1849) appears to have been the first who found the following in Scotland :—Pallavicimia hibernica, P. Flotowiana, Haplomitrium Hookeri, Nardia hyalina, Haplozia crenulata, Lophozia Muelleri, L. excisa, L. gracilis, Leptocyphus anomalus, Cephalozia Franeiset, Saccogyna viticulosa, Scapania compacta, and Lejeunea cavifolia. THomAs DrumMonD (d. 1835) added Gymnomitrium obtusum, Jamesoniella autumnalis var. Schaderi, Lophozva alpestris var. gelida, Sphenolobus Kunzeanus, Cepha- loziella stellulifera, and Scapania subalpina. THoMAS Hopxkirk (1785-1841), the author of Flora Glottiana, 18138, added Lophozia incisu and Diplophyllum obtusifolium. HISTORICAL 3 Sirk WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER (1785-1855). A new era in the study of Hepatice was inaugurated when the British Jungermannie was published in 1812-16—the date of each part is given by A. Gepp in Jowrnal of Botany, 1906, p. 177. His Flora Scotica was published in 1821. I gather that Hooker added the following to our flora:—Metzgeria pubescens, Haplozia sphwrocarpa var. lurida, Anastrepta orcadensis, Leptocyphus Taylori, Cephaloziella byssacea?, Bazzania trilobata, B. triangu- laris, Plewroclada albescens, Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Scapania wmbrosa, Madotheca levigata, and Cololejeunea calewrea. Ropert KayE GREVILLE (1794-1866) published his Flora Hdinensis in 1824, In this work the only hepatic not mentioned in Hooker’s Flora Scotica is Haplozia crenulata var. gracillima. He added to the flora of Scotland, besides this variety, Riccia fluitans, Reboulia hemispherica, Metzgeria conjugata, M. hamata, Gymno- mitrium corallioides, Jamesoniella Carringtoni, Lophozia eylindracea, Sphenolobus saxicolus, Cephulozia lunule- folia, Mastigophora Woods, Scapania curta, Marchesinia Mackan, Frullania microphylla, and F. germana. Davip Don (1799-1841) appears to have added Odonto- schisma Sphagni. GrEoRGE A. WALKER-ARNOTT (1799-1866), Professor of Botany, Glasgow, does not seem to have made any addi- tions to our flora, but I have not had the opportunity of examining his herbarium. WILLIAM WItLson (1799-1871), the author of Bryologica Britannica, 1855, appears to have added Plagiochila tridenticulata. JOHN Hutron Batrour (1808-84), Professor of Botany, Edinburgh, who made numerous botanical expeditions over the greater part of Scotland, did not, unfortunately for our subject, make a special study of Hepaticw. Hence his only addition to our list appears to be Anthelia Juratzkana. He included a short list of hepatics in Trans. Bot. Soe. Ed., vol. i., in a catalogue of plants gathered in the Outer Hebrides in 1841. ALEXANDER CROALL (1809-85) collected in many parts of Scotland, His additions to the flora are:—Riccia Les- 4 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND curiana, Nardia obovata, Cephalozia flwitans, Lepidozia Pearsoni, Diplophyllum taxifolium, Scapania Bartling, S. equiloba, S. aspera, S. uliginosa, S. paludosa, and Radula Lindbergit. WILLIAM GARDINER (1809 ?-52), author of Flora of Forfar, 1848, collected principally in the north-east of the country. I cannot find that he added any species to our flora except perhaps Lophozia lycopodioides. CHARLES Howie (1811-99) collected mainly in Fife. He visited West Ross-shire in 1867 in company with Charles Jenner, when he found some interesting Hepatice, but he does not appear to have added any species to our flora. GEORGE DIcKIE (1812-82), Professor of Botany, Aber- deen, the author of Botanist’s Guide to Aberdeen, 1860, added Anthoceros pwnctatus probably, and Hygrobiella laxifolia. JAMES CRUICKSHANK (ca. 1813-47) published a list of Jungermannice from the neighbourhood of Dumfries, in the Phytologist, 1842. He collected in various parts of Scot- land, and added Lophozia bicrenata and Pallavicimea Lyellir ? RopertT MACKENZIE STARK (1815-73), the author of Popular History of British Mosses, 1853, added Lepidozia prnnata. WILLIAM GOURLIE (1815-56) was the discoverer of Jubula Hutchinsie in Scotland. GEORGE JASPER Lyon (1816-62) made the additions :— Lophozia turbinata, Lophocolea heterophylla, Cephaloza connivens, Colurolejewnea calyptrifolia, Microlejeunea ulicina, and Lejeunea patens ? Mr ApaAmMsSON, of whom no particulars are available, first found Plewroclada albescens. var. islandica in Scotland. WILLIAM WILSON Evans (1820-85) added Pallavicinia. Blytti. PETER GRAY (1818-99) appears to have added Foss- ombronia pusilla and Scapania irrigua. ALEXANDER OSMOND B1iAck (d. 1864) discovered Gym- nomitrvum crassifoliwm. BENJAMIN CARRINGTON (1827-93) collected in various. — HISTORICAL 9) districts in Scotland. He forms a landmark between the time of Hooker and Greville and the present, and advanced our knowledge of Hepatice greatly. His British Hepatice, so far as completed, was published in 1874-76. He dis- covered Hremonotus myriocarpus during one of his visits, and also added Harpalejeuneaw ovata to the Scottish flora, probably also Gymnomitrium crenulatum and Marsupella Boeckit. WiuiiamM NIcHOoL (1836-59). A few of Dr Nichol’s specimens appear to be incorporated in the Greville Her- barium, but otherwise no trace of them has been found. He was an acute botanist and may have been the first who found some of our species. JOHN SADLER (1837-82) added Riccia bifurca ? GEORGE EpwarpD Hunt (1841 ?-78) discovered Mar- supella sphacelata on the Cairngorms, and probably also added Gymnomitrium alpinwm to our flora. JOHN WHITEHEAD (1833-96) was the discoverer of Mar- supella nevicensis. JOHN Sim (1829-1901) collected in the north-east counties and in Shetland. He added Gymnomitrium adustum, Marsupella sparsifolia, Lophozia longidens, Cephalozia leucantha, Prionolobus Massalongi, Lepidozia trichoclados, and Frullania fragilifolia. ALEXANDER M‘KINLEY appears to have added Nardia minor and Plagiochila pwnctata. JOHN STIRLING STIRLING (d. 1900) investigated the flora of Stirlingshire with Mr R. Kidston. He appears to have done most of the part which related to Hepatice. Rey. JOHN FERGUSSON (1836-1907) collected in various parts of the Highlands. His additions to our flora are Fossombronia Wondraczekii, Marsupella ustulata, Hap- lozia atrovirens, Jamesoniella autumnalis, Harpanthus Flotowianus, Cephalozia pleniceps, and Scapania rosacea. CHARLES Scorr (1864-1907) collected in several parts of the south of Scotland and in Argyllshire. He added Mar- supella Pearsoni to our flora. For most of the dates of the above deceased botanists I am indebted to the indispensable Biographical Index of British and Irish Botanists, by Britten and Boulger. Mr WiL11AM Evans, Edinburgh, has investigated several 6 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND of our south-east counties for hepatics, and has added Cephaloziella myriantha to the flora. Mr Peter Ewina, Uddingston, has collected in many districts and has materially increased our knowledge of the distribution of the species in Scotland. He has added Sphenolobus politus, Odontoschisma Macounw, and Sca- pani crassiretis. Rey. Davip Litire, Watten, has investigated the flora of the extreme north of Scotland, especially that of Caith- ness. He has made the additions:—Lophozia Kaurim, L. atlantica, and Anthoceros levis. Mr James M‘AnpREw, Edinburgh, has done much ex- cellent work, especially in the south of Scotland. He published a List of the Hepatice of Kirkcudbrightshire in Trans. Dumf. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1887-90, also a list of the Hepatice gathered at Moffat in 1891. He has added to our flora Fossombronia Dumortieri, Sphenolobus Pear- soni, Radula voluta, and R. aquilegia. Miss K. B. Macvicar, Edinburgh, has added Calypogeva sphagnicola. Mr James Micure, Balmoral, added Sphenolobus Hellerianus. Mr JAMES Murray, formerly of the Scottish Lake Survey, discovered Scapania nimbosa in Scotland. Mr GEORGE StaBLeER, Levens, collected many species in the Balmoral district, and published a list of these in Trans. Bot. Soc. Hd., 1902. He added Lophozia guttulata to the flora. Mr Witii1AM WEstT, Bradford, has collected in various districts of Scotland. He has added Gymnomitrium varians and Lophozia Wenzelii. Mr WiLiiaAmM YounG, Kirkcaldy, has added several interesting species to the county lists from various parts. PROFESSOR WEISS, Manchester, has added Cololejewnea microscopica to our flora. The author has been working at the distribution of our Hepatice during the last twelve years and has made the additions to our flora:—Aneura incwrvata, Marsupella condensata, M. Sprucei, M. Jérgensenii, Nardia Breidleri, N. subelliptica, Lophozia heterocolpa, L. obtusa, Sphenolobus 1 Died January 1910, GENERAL NOTES ON THE FLORA te quadrilobus, S. exsectus, Acrobolbus Wilsonw, Pedinophyt- lum interruptum, Leptocyphus cuneifolius, Lophocolea spicata, Geocalyw graveolens, Prionolobus — striatulus, Cephaloziella Limprichtii, Adelanthus decipiens, Caly- pogeia suecica, Radula Carringtonii, Cololejeuwnea Rosset- tiana, Lejewnea Macvicari, Drepanolejewnea hamatifolia. GENERAL NOTES ON THE FLORA As Heputice usually form only a small part of the vege- tation of a country and are mostly confined to localities or habitats where there is a considerable amount of per- manent moisture, which must generally also be combined with shelter, their occurrence is local and is much less general than is the case with mosses. For ecological classi- fication they must be taken in conjunction with other Bryophytes to form subordinate communities or small patches of mixed vegetation. To this there is one excep- tion, where hepatics may be considered as dominant, namely about the summits of some of our highest mountains, of which Ben Lawers is the most distinctive. Here we have what Warming terms “ fell-field,” where the mean tempera- ture of the warmest month is low, rain and mist abound, the soil is cold and is never completely covered with vegetation. We tind that near the summit of such a hill, hepatics, though occurring as scattered patches, form the dominant vegetation, and that we have thus an _ hepatic-formation. The patches are low, flat, or cushion-like, the plants being densely compact, the stems usually deeply buried in the soil, with only a small part above the surface; the leaves are nearly always imbricated and are mostly brown in colour. As most of the patches are formed by species belonging to the genus Marsupella and to the Marswpella- like section of Gymnomitriwm, it may be named the Marsupella association. The species forming this associa- tion are Marsupella ustulata, M. condensata, Gymno- mitrium varians, G. crassifolium, G. adustum, G. con- cinnatum, G. corallioides, Nardia Breidleri, N. scalaris, Anthelia Juratzkana, A. julacea, Plewroclada albescens, 8 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND “hws Diplophyllwm albicans, and D. taxifoliwm, most of which are usually present. With these are seen a few species of laxer habit, growing among such mosses as Dieranwm faleatum, notably Lophozia alpestris, L. ventricosa, and L. Floerkii, also occasionally a still larger species of xerophytic type in Plilidiwm ciliare. This formation extends further down the northern and eastern sides of a mountain than down the southern or western, and especially in depressions where snow remains throughout part of the summer. On the summits of many of our highest hills the soil occurs only in patches, and on these patches hepatics are either dominant or are sub- ordinate to mosses. A larger number of our hills, however, especially in the Gabbro and Torridon Sandstone districts, are practically without vegetation on their summits. Occasionally the summits and dry exposed ridges have a moss formation owing to the dominance of Rhacomitriwm lanuginosum. In this case hepatics are almost absent. On many hills of rather less elevation, especially in schistose districts, the soil is completely covered with grasses on the summit, this being a “closed” formation instead of the only partially covered soil of the “ fell-field.” On several of the hills on the western watershed of the Highlands between 1700 ft. and 2000 ft. alt. or sometimes slightly higher, there is an interesting associa- tion of species, mostly of the Atlantic type. These are Mastigophora Woodsi, Jamesoniella Carringtoni, Scapania ornithopodioides and more rarely S. nimbosa, Anastrophyllum Donianum, Herberta adunca, Anastrepta orcadensis, Plewrozia purpurea, and Bazzania tricrenata. This may be named the Mastigophora association. It is found on shady, somewhat moist ground, usually either on rock ledges, or between boulders in rough ground among grasses and scattered plants of Calluna or Vacciniwm. Frequent associates in the latter habitat are Leptocyphus Taylori and Scapania gracilis. Some associations of hepatics are mentioned in the sketch of the Provinces, and a list of the Sphagnum-moor or peat- moss species 1s given in the section dealing with Habitats ; but little has been done in Scotland among Bryophytes from an ecological point of view, and the investigation is GENERAL NOTES ON THE FLORA 9 of a different nature from that of a floristic work such as this. Comparatively few species in Scotland are confined to any particular habitat. This especially applies to the High- lands, where the humid conditions are so favourable for their existence, that we find them on different situations, such as on both rocks and trees, which in a less favourable country would be limited to one or the other of these positions. Ina large part of the south of Scotland, and towards the east coast, the climate is drier, and various species are more limited to special habitats, as appears also to be the case on the Continent. The presence or absence of continual moisture is the ruling factor. A few species grow almost equally well under either condition, but the very great majority do not. To a few species dry soil or dry rock is necessary, but the prevalence of hepatics in any part of our country depends on there being a considerable amount of moisture. When withdrawn to any great extent, hepatics disappear. This is well seen in a district favour- able for hepatics, as in the West Highlands, where species will be found in quantity in the natural woods, but when the woods are thinned the species decrease, their place being taken by mosses, in which group there are more xerophytes. Hepatics cannot withstand competition with mosses except in the most humid parts of woods. We see on tree stems and rocks on which the former have first taken hold, that a moss, as Hurhynchiwm myosuroides, perhaps follows, and the hepatics are choked. The effect of drainage is almost entirely to destroy the hepatic vegetation, except in the case of those which manage to find a suitable habitat at the moist side of the drain. They are scarce in the region of cultivation, this region being in large measure one of small rainfall and absence of shade, and likewise scarce in those districts of the subalpine region where the rock seldom appears on the surface, as over almost the whole of the upland parts of the Lowlands. They are generally plentiful over the whole of the uncultivated regions of the Highlands, where the rainfall is large, but are in small quantity usually on the south and west sides of hills, and plentiful on the north and east sides, this being a matter of moisture. Species are scarce on trees in the 10 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND drier and exposed districts, as transpiration is excessive, the only one which can be considered at all frequent in such a habitat being the xerophytic Frullania dilatata. The opposite condition is seen in the shady ravines of the West Highland coast-line, where the moist atmosphere and comparatively small amount of light hinder transpiration ; here we find hepatics in quantity on the stems of trees as well as on rocks, ete. In moist soils the most important division is into those which are peaty and those which are not. The geological formation of the rocks, except in the case of limestone, is almost a negligible factor, further than whether they form a soil retentive of moisture or not. The sandstone and volcanic rock districts, except granite, are nearly always poor in species, even in the most favour- able climatic districts, while in schistose rock districts there are usually species in plenty. A few species are more frequent when there is some lime in the soil, but no species is confined to this soil in Scotland, unless it be in the case of Metzgeria pubescens and Lophozia turbinata. Also a few species, as Nardia scalaris, are rare on limestone. Two rare species, Marsupella sparsifolia and Sphenolobus Pearsoni, have only been found with us on granite, and Chandonanthus setiformis is much more common when on this formation. As with habitats so itis with geological formations ; in our moist insular climate, so favourable for the growth of hepatics, species do not limit themselves to a particular kind of rock as they appear frequently to do in countries less favourable for these plants. RAINFALL As the distribution of hepatics is largely a question of climate, the amount of rainfall has an important bearing on the subject. We find in Scotland that hepaties are scarce in all districts which have less than an average of 30 in. of rain annually. These districts form a narrow border along the east coast from Caithness to Berwick. Here also there is in general little shelter, but strong dry RAINFALL tI winds favouring transpiration are frequent. We find, how- ever, that even where these latter unfavourable conditions are absent in the district of small rainfall, as in sheltered ravines or dens, hepatics are still scarce. It must be added that the rock formation in which these dens occur is in general less retentive of moisture than in the dens in the wetter district of the west coast, and therefore less suitable for hepatics, and probably also with less humidity; but even with similar rock character in the two sides of the country the scarcity of hepatics in the dens of the drier districts is striking. The deficiency in the number of species in the drier districts is not so noticeable as the general scarcity of hepatics. Prolonged search over a considerable tract of a dry district will result in the discovery of nearly as many species as in a wet district, leaving out of account the peculiar Atlantic species of the western side of the country, but there can be no comparison between the amount of hepatic vegetation present in each. A larger number of plants will probably be seen in a single day’s ramble in a wet district than would be found during a year’s searching over a much larger area of a dry district. Lists of species made under different amounts of our average rainfall have not resulted in much matter of interest, but some general features may be given. There are about 145 species which have been found on the low ground, and of these, 93 have also been found, among other places, in the district under 30 in. Of the 145 species there should be excluded 23 Atlantic species of the west coast, and of the 93 there should be excluded 11 peat-moss species, as the latter being on permanently wet ground have a wide distribution independently of the annual rain- fall. Also from the 145 species may be excluded four which have only been found in shady ravines, when in the drier districts, as the humidity must be considerably above the average. There are thus 82 species out of 118 which have been found in the drier districts, and a few of these are local and rare, but this applies to both factors. Taking into consideration the comparatively small area which there is under the 30 in., we see that the actual number of species in Scotland is not much affected by the rainfall. 12 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND It would be a very different matter if a census of the number of individual plants within equal areas of the dry and wet districts were taken. The apparent absence of Atlantic species of Lejewnew, and some other species of the same type, from the low ground of South-West Scotland is most probably due to the small annual rainfall, as some of them occur in the neighbouring wetter districts at the foot of the hills, although further from the sea, the geological formation being the same. Few of the Atlantic species are found below 30 in. They are most common in that part of the coast which has between 50 and 70 in. None of the following Lejewnee have been found under the 40-in. rainfall, viz. calyptrifolia, microscopieca, Maevicari, hamatifolia, and ovata. To these should be added L. minutissima, but this species has only been found in two localities in Scotland and cannot be taken into account in this regard. It is not a purely Atlantic species, and it occurs in England, where it is less rare, in some localities under the 40 in. Subalpine species are uncommon below 40 in. except in the proximity of mountains and in the extreme north, especially Shetland, where latitude has some etfect. The peat-moss species, as already stated, have a wide range in rainfall. The subalpine species Preissia quadrata, Lophozia Muelleri, and Scapania subalpina have been found on moist ground in sand-dunes below the 30-in. rainfall. LATITUDE LaTITUDE in Scotland hardly affects the actual presence of any of our low-ground species of hepatics except in the case of the thalloid genera of Southern type, Riccia, Targionia and the introduced Lwnularia and perhaps a very few foliose species also of the same type, as Bazzania trilobata, Madotheca levigata, and Cephalozia Francisci. The absence in the extreme north of some of our other low- ground foliose species is in all probability due to the absence of shelter, as they are all plants of moist sheltered LATITUDE Se ground, especially in wooded ravines. With regard to the alpine species, the ecological conditions in the north of Scotland are unfavourable for their presence. There are, however, two or perhaps three species which occur in the Highlands on hills of a similar height to those in the Low- lands, and the apparent absence of which from the latter is probably due to latitude. The ecological conditions are likewise unfavourable in the extreme northern islands of Orkney and Shetland, so much so that no alpine species have been found on the former and few in the latter. Those which are found in Shetland descend to a lower level than on the mainland, but the lower limit of altitude does not appear to be appreciably affected by latitude on the mainland except to a very limited extent. The main factor which aftects the lower limits on the mainland is that the ecological conditions on the West Highland coast are favour- able for such downward extension, as is also the case with other countries of similar features, and this also applies to other forms of vegetation. Our climate being insular, there is little difference between the extremes of temperature due to latitude, but there is a considerable difference on account of longitude. Along the whole length of the western seaboard there is hardly any appreciable difference of winter temperature, and this temperature considerably exceeds the winter temperature of the centre and east of the whole of Scotland, and, it may be added, of the similar districts in England. On the other hand, the summer temperature is higher, and there is a greater amount of sunshine, in the centre and east of Scotland in corresponding latitudes than there is on the west, and the amount decreases with latitude. We should thus expect to find that Southern species, which require greater summer heat, would reach a higher latitude on the east and in the centre of the country than on the west, and this is mostly the case; also that the Southern species which are affected by latitude in our country mostly belong to the thalloid group, which are dependent on a con- siderable amount of summer heat in the soil. 14 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND ATLANTIC SPECIES Tue Atlantic species of hepatics are those which are confined, or almost so, to the west coast of Europe, includ- ing a short distance inland and the Atlantic islands, a few extending along the Mediterranean, and still fewer being also found in subtropical and tropical America, the West Indies, and other parts of the world. These species are more plentiful in the British Isles than in other parts of Europe, some being only known from our island. The first fact to be noted is that the prevalence of the Atlantic species in Scotland is, in general, proportionate to their proximity to the west coast; the further one goes eastward, the rarer they become. The actual proximity of the sea on the east coast does not favour their occurrence except in a very few cases to be afterwards mentioned. The distribution of Hepatice is mainly dependent on climate, the chief requisite being moisture. In the case of nearly all Atlantic species an absence of a low extreme of temperature is also necessary. This combination does not extend far from the west coast, and the distance to which it extends marks the point to which these species are prevalent. Next to moisture in the atmosphere the most important requisite is the physical condition of the soil. Where the nature of the rocks is such that their disintegra- tion does not form a moist and retentive soil, it will be found that even under the otherwise most favourable conditions on the west coast Atlantic species are scarce or absent. This is very noticeable in ravines running through sandstone and some volcanic rocks. Nearly all species of hepatics are scarcer in such ravines, but the Atlantic species being the most delicate, are affected in a more marked manner. The next point in treating of the distribution of these species is that too much importance must not be given to the watershed dividing Scotland west and east. Water- sheds in themselves have no relation to the distribution of Hepatice, whatever they may have in the case of phanerogams. The north and east sides of the watershed, with their constantly moist ground, have hepatics in plenty, ATLANTIC SPECIES 15 while the dry sun-exposed south and west sides have few. An instructive instance can be seen where our main watershed divides Argyllshire to the west and Perthshire to the east, at the part of the latter county where its eastern watershed lies nearest to the west coast. This is at Tyndrum and Ben Laoigh. The west or Argyllshire side is dry and sun-exposed, with little suitable ground for hepatics, while the east and north sides, both belonging to the watershed of the German Ocean, have abundance of hepatics, among which are the characteristic Atlantic species Leptocyphus cuneifolius, Mastigophora Woodsii, Scapania nimbosa,and Cololejeunea microscopica, which have not been found elsewhere on our eastern watershed, with the excep- tion of the Scapania, which has been found on one locality in East Inverness close to its western boundary. It is the proximity of the Atlantic, not the watershed, which is of consequence, provided that there is moisture and shelter for these species. It is only in places with such moisture and shelter that the low-ground species of the Atlantic type extend eastward from the west coast. These condi- tions prevail a short distance over the western watershed in the Trossachs, and this is the most eastern point in the centre of Scotland where the hepatic flora is rather western than eastern. Owing to the configuration of Scotland, especially with its south coast being practically on the Atlantic, longitudinal lines for the whole of the country cannot be satisfactorily quoted. Those species of Atlantic hepatics which are confined to the mountains have in several cases a more extended distribution eastward. This is so principally with those which occur on moist rock ledges, some of which are found in the Aberdeenshire Grampians. The wet climate of the mountains approximates more to that of the west coast, and these species are able to withstand a considerable amount of cold. On the other hand, our only alpine Atlantic species confined to dry rocks, Gymnomitriwm crenulatum, while it is a common plant on the west coast, becomes gradually rarer as it extends to the east, until it becomes exceedingly rare on the Aberdeen Grampians. There is very little sheltered ground on our north coast. None of the characteristic species of the west coast have been found 16 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICH IN SCOTLAND there, but one Atlantic species, Plewrozia purpurea, which affects wet exposed moors, is found in quantity in the northern parts of the mainland. The Atlantic species are in general scarce on the exposed Orkney and Shetland groups of islands, but they are more in evidence there than on the northern mainland. Our Atlantic species may be divided as follows, as far as our knowledge of their distribution allows in the meantime. 1. Species known only on the western watershed : Sphenolobus Pearsoni. Colurolejeunea calyptrifolia. Acrobolbus Wilsonii. Cololejeunea minutissima. Plagiochila tridenticulata. Lejeunea Macvicari. Adelanthus decipiens. Drepanolejeuneahamatifolia. Lepidozia pinnata. Harpalejeunea ovata. Radula voluta. Marchesinia Mackaii. R. aquilegia. Jubula Hutchinsie. R. Carringtonii. Frullania microphylla. Sphenolobus Pearsoni extends inland to the Kells range of hills in Kirkeudbrightshire. This minute subalpime and alpine species, which is apparently confined to granite, will perhaps be found on the Eastern Grampians. Radula aquilegia extends inland to New Galloway. Harpalejewnea ovata is more frequent inland and extends rather further than the others of its group. 2. Species also on the east coast near the sea-shore, but not inland : Lophocolea spicata. Frullania germana. The first of these is almost confined on the west coast to rocks on the shore. The only known locality for it on the eastern side is in a ravine close to the shore in Berwick- shire. The second is frequent on rocks on the shore of the west coast. Its eastern locality is on the Isle of May. 3. Species extending for a short distance over the western watershed into the eastern : Plagiochila punctata. Scapania nimbosa. Leptocyphus cuneifolius. Cololejeunea microscopica. Mastigophora Woods. ATLANTIC SPECIES LT Plagiochila pwnctata extends further inland than the others, reaching to Killin. I should have felt inclined to include Microlejewnea wulicina here. It is a western species in Scotland, extending inland to the Trossachs, but it has been found in several places in the centre of Europe. It prefers a drier and less sheltered situation than the un- doubted Atlantic species of its family, and is probably of a more robust constitution. 4. Species common on the west coast, continuing frequent in some parts of Central Scotland, but becoming very rare toward the east coast : Metzgeria hamata. ‘Plagiochila spinulosa. Gymnomitrium crenulatum. Saccogyna viticulosa. Lepidozia Pearsoni. Pleurozia purpurea. Scapania gracilis. 5. Subalpine and alpine species common to the western watershed and the Eastern Grampians: Gymnomitrium crenulatum. Herberta adunca. Marsupella Boeckii. Scapania gracilis. Jamesoniella Carringtoni. S. ornithopodioides. Anastrophyllum Donianum. Anastrophyllum appears to have its headquarters in the Eastern Grampians, unless further search shows this to be in Sutherland. Herberta seems to be contined in the Eastern Grampians to the Forfarshire hills. The Marswpella is a minute species with its distribution very imperfectly known. The others are much more plentiful on the western watershed. One recent addition to our flora, Lophozia atlantica, has been found only in a few localities. It cannot be classed at present in any of the above divisions. Comparing the Atlantic species in Scotland with those in England and Ireland as regards their distribution, we find : 1. Species which occur in Scotland but have not been found in England and Wales: Jamesoniella Carringtoni. Mastigophora Woodsii. Anastrophyllum Donianum. Radula Carringtonii. Acrobolbus Wilsonii. Pleurozia purpurea. Leptocyphus cuneifolius. Lejeunea Macvicari. TRANS. BOT. SOC. EDIN. VOL. XXV. 2 18 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND 2. Species which occur in Scotland but have not been found in Ireland: Marsupella Boeckii. Lophozia atlantica. Jamesoniella Carringtoni. Sphenolobus Pearsoni. Anastrophyllum Donianum. Lejeunea Maevicari. 3. Species found in England, but not in Scotland: Dumortiera irrigua. 4, Species found in Ireland, but not in Scotland : Dumortiera irrigua. Bazzania Pearsoni. Plagiochila ambagiosa. Radula Holtii. P. Owenii. Lejeunea flava. P. killarniensis. L. Holtii. Cephalozia hibernica. Microlejeunea diversiloba. Adelanthus dugortiensis. Probably all the European Atlantic species, with the ex- ception of Scapania Jérgensenii from Norway, have been found in the British Isles, and the following have not been found elsewhere in Europe: Acrobolbus Wilsonii. Radula Holtii. Plagiochila ambagiosa. Lejeunea flava. Cephalozia hibernica. L. Holtii. Bazzania Pearsoni. L. Maevicari. Scapania nimbosa. Microlejeunea diversiloba. Radula voluta. Frullania microphylla. To these might be added Metzgeria hamata, Jamesoniella Carringtoni, Mastigophora Woodsii, Cololejeunea micro- scopica, and Frullania germana, which have been found elsewhere only in the Faroe Islands. The flora of these islands is generally admitted to be British rather than Continental. It will be noticed that seven of the species peculiar to the British Isles have been found only in Treland. The species common to the west of Norway and west of France are: Plagiochila punctata. Saccogyna viticulosa. P. spinulosa. Adelanthus decipiens. Lepidozia pinnata. Harpalejeunea ovata. Scapania gracilis. ATLANTIC SPECIES 19 Norway has the following which have not been found in France : : Gymnomitrium crenulatum. Leptocyphus cuneifolius. Marsupella Boeckii. Herberta adunca. Anastrophyllum Donianum. Scapania ornithopodioides. Sphenolobus Pearsoni. Radula aquilegia. Plagiochila tridenticulata (as R. Carringtonii. P. exigua). Pleurozia purpurea. The following have been found in France but not in Norway : Dumortiera irrigua. Drepanolejeunea —_hamati- Lophocolea spicata. folia. Colurolejeunea calyptrifolia. Marchesinia Mackaii. Cololejeunea minutissima. Jubula Hutchinsie. The Atlantic species are the most interesting of our Hepatic. They differ from our other groups, Northern, Continental, and Mediterranean, in that their origin in our country cannot be traced to any known geological period. The peculiar British species, and some of the others, are sub- tropical or tropical. They are the relics of an early warmer period. Comparatively few have been found in fruit, and as gemme are also unknown in some of them, they are in many cases no doubt in process of extinction. Further investigation will doubtless alter our views on some of these species, and it is with some hesitation that I have included the generally accepted Atlantic species Gymno- mitriwm crenulatum and Herberta adunca, as they have been recorded from Alaska. Perhaps all alpine Atlantic species may be found to be in a different category from the species peculiar to sheltered places on the low ground, but here as with other groups there are always a few species which are difficult to classify. WESTERN SPECIES OTHER THAN ATLANTIC Most of the low-ground species are found in greater abund- ance on the west side of the country than on the east, but the following show a distinct preference for the west side: 20 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND Marsupella Funckii. Trichocolea tomentella. Sphenolobus exsectus. Madotheca leevigata. Harpanthus scutatus. Lepidozia trichoclados. Bazzania trilobata. Also the following, which are sometimes considered to be Atlantic species: Anastrepta orcadensis. Calypogeia arguta. Sphenolobus ovatus. Microlejeunea ulicina. With these must be included two alpine species, Gymno- mitrium obtusum and G. alpinum. The above species are either Western Continental, 1. most prevalent in the western part of Europe, or are species which at least prefer the moister regions of Europe. Sphenolobus exsectus is a recent segregate with an imper- fectly known distribution; it may perhaps have to be excepted. EASTERN SPECIES THE following species show a preference for the eastern side of the country, especially to the north of the Forth. A few are confined to that side, but are rare, having been found only in a few localities, and have been mostly added to our flora in recent years: Riccia crystallina. Sphenolobus Hellerianus, R. fluitans. Lophocolea bidentata. Lunularia cruciata. L. cuspidata ? Targionia hypophylla ? L. heterophylla. Haplozia cordifolia. Cephalozia Francisci. Lophozia turbinata. Ptilidium ciliare. L. badensis. P. pulcherrimum. . L. guttulata. Diplophyllum obtusifolium. L. longidens. Scapania paludosa. L. cylindracea. Radula Lindbergii var. ger- L. Floerkii. mana. L. Baueriana. Madotheca platyphylla. L. gracilis. M. rivularis. These are mostly of the Continental, as distinct from the. Western Continental, type. The more common occurrence HABITATS yeh of Lophozia turbinata and L, badensis is doubtless due to the greater area of soil containing lime on the eastern side of the country. A few arctic-alpine species have been found only on the Breadalbane mountains, but they are not taken into account in this connection, as the well-known richness of that district in all groups of plants renders comparison with other districts misleading from a geographical point of view. HABITATS AN exact line of demarcation cannot be drawn between xerophytes, mesophytes, hydrophytes, etc.; a combination of two of the terms is necessary in several cases; also the typical form of a species may belong to one class, while its varieties may belong to another. The term hemixerophyte is used here for those species which are found on rather dry rocks and on the bark of living trees, but which can only survive in an almost continually moist atmosphere. Several of the species which have xerophytic characters, such as water-holding sacs, are found to be most prevalent in moist localities. Lithophytes being closely related eco- logically to epiphytes, we find some species which belong to both groups; these may either grow indifferently on rocks or trees, or occur commonly on one and rarely on the other, and this relationship may alter according to the local conditions, and is not necessarily the same in different counties. - 1. Species confined, or almost confined, to rocks. XEROPHYTES—Gymnomitrium crenulatum, G. alpinwm, Chandonanthus setiformis, Cololejeunea calcarea, C. Rosset- tiana, Marchesinia Mackaii. HEMIXEROPHYTES—Cololejeu- nea microscoprca, Frullania microphylla. MESOPHYTES— Marswpella Boecku, M. sparsifolia, Lophocolea spicata, Radula voluta, R. Carringtonii. HyGropHytes—Marsu- pella nevicensis, Jubula Hutchinsie Some of these in- variably grow directly on the rock, others are occasionally epiphytes on mosses. Some species which are almost entirely confined to rocks when at a low altitude are frequently found on soil when 22 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICA) IN SCOTLAND at high altitudes; Gymnomitrium concinnatum is a con- spicuous instance of this. 2. Species occurring on living trees. XEROPHYTES— Metzgeria furcata, Ptilidium pulcherrimwm, Sphenolobus ovatus, Radula complanata, Cololejewnea minutissima, Microlejeunea ulicina, Frullania dilatata. HEMIXERO- PHYTES— Metzgeria conjugata, Acrobolbus Wilsonit, Plagio- chila punctata, P. spinulosa, P. tridenticulata, Lepto- cythus cuneifolius, Adelanthus decipiens, Madotheca levigata, Cololejewnea calyptrifolia (very rarely), Lejewnea patens, L. Macvicari, Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia, Harpa- lejewnea ovata. MrsopHyTes—Lepidozia reptans, Sca- pania gracilis, Lejeunea cavifolia, Frullania Tamarisci, F. germana. None of the above are confined to trees, but Leptocythus cuneifolius, Lejewnea Macvicari, and Microlejeunea uliciona are very rare on other habitats. 3. Species occurring on stumps and decaying logs. MESOPHYTES — Anewra latifrons, A. palmata, Lophozia ventricosa and var. porphyroleuca, L. guttulata, L. vneisa, L. gracilis, Sphenolobus minutus, S. Hellerianus, 8. ex- sectus, S. exsecteformis, Leptocyphus Taylori, L. anomalus, Lophocolea cuspidata, L. heterophylla, Cephalozia con- niwens, C. lunulefolia, C. leucantha, C. serriflora, Nowellia curvifolia, Cephaloziella Starkit, C. trivialis, Odonto- schisma denudatum, Calypogeia Trichomanis, C. fissa, C. suecica, Lepidozia reptans, L. trichoclados, L. setacea, Scapania gracilis, S. wmbrosa, Ptilidiwm pulcherrimum, P. cilaare. Of the above, Lophozia guttulata, Sphenolobus Helleri- anus, and Caulypogeia swecica have been found only on decaying logs or stumps. Some species are confined to decaying wood when on the east coast, but when on the west coast they also occur on peat. 4, Species occurring on loamy or turfy banks. Many species are found on this habitat, nearly all being meso- phytes; the following are xerophytes: Lophozia incisa var. Limprichtit, L. bicrenata, Sphenolobus exsecteeformis, Cephaloziella Starkit. 5. Species occurring on moist fallow ground. Riccia ALTITUDES TO WHICH SPECIES ASCEND 23 glauca, R. sorocarpa, R. Lesewriana, Pellia epiphylla, Fossombronia Wondraczekii, F. pusilla, Anthoceros levis, A. punctatus. These are all mesophytes. 6. Species occurring in Sphagnum-moor (peat-mosses). Anewra pinguis, A. multifida, A. latifrons, Lophozia inflata, L. ventricosa, L. incisa, Leptocyphus Taylor, L. anomalus, Cephalozia bicuspidata, C. connivens, C. lunulefolia, C. leucantha, C. fluitans, Cephaloziella trivialis, Odontoschisma Sphagni, Calypogeia Tricho- manis, C. fissa, C. sphagnicola, Lepidozia setacea, Pleu- rozia purpurea. These are mesophytes with the excep- tion of Cephalozia fluitans, which is a hydrophyte, as is also sometimes Lophozia inflata. On moist bare peat on low-lying moors are found Nowellia curvifolia and Odontoschisma denudatwm, both of which are mesophytes. 7. In marshes and springs several species occur; these are included under Helophytes by Warming. Character- istic species are Aneura pinguis, A. multifida, Pellia Neesiana, Lophozia Wenzelii, L. Kunzeana, Sphenolobus politus, Chiloscyphus pallescens, Harpanthus Flotowianus, Scapania uliginosa, and S. irrigua. ALTITUDES TO WHICH SPECIES ASCEND Ascending above 4000 ft. (1216 metres) Metzgeria pubescens. Lophozia Floerkii. Gymnomitrium concinna- lL. Kunzeana. tum. Plagiochila asplenioides. G. varians. Bazzania triangularis. G. crassifolium. Pleuroclada albescens, G. alpinum. Blepharostoma _ trichophyl- Nardia scalaris. lum. Lophozia alpestris. Anthelia julacea. L. ventricosa. A. Juratzkana. L. quinquedentata. Ptilidium ciliare. L. lycopodioides. Diplophyllum albicans. 24 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICA IN SCOTLAND Ascending to 3000-4000 ft. (912-1216 metres) Conocephalum conicum. Marchantia polymorpha. . Aneura pinguis. A. multifida. Pellia epiphylla. P. Neesiana. Blasia pusilla. Pallavicinia Blyttii. Gymnomitrium obtusum. G. corallioides. G. adustum. Marsupella condensata. . nevicensis. . Boeckii. . ustulata. . sparsifolia ? . Sphacelata ? . Sullivanti. . emarginata. . aquatica, Nardia obovata. N. subelliptica. N. Breidleri. Haplozia cordifolia. H. riparia. H. atrovirens. Anastrophyllum Doni- anum. Lophozia inflata. L. Muelleri. L. bantryensis. L. Wenzelii. L. incisa. SESSSS555 Lophozia quadriloba. Sphenolobus politus. S. saxicolus ? S. minutus. Anastrepta orcadensis. Leptocyphus Taylori. Harpanthus Flotowianus. - Cephalozia bicuspidata. C. Lammersiana. Hygrobiella laxifolia. Eremonotus myriocarpus. Odontoschisma Macounii. Cephaloziella Starkii. Calypogeia Trichomanis. Lepidozia reptans. L. setacea. Diplophyllum taxifolium. Scapania subalpina. . eequiloba. . gracilis. . crassiretis. purpurascens. . undulata. . obliqua. . uliginosa. . paludosa. S. rosacea. DMNRNNNNNM Radula Lindbergii var. ger- mana. Madotheca rivularis. Lejeunea cavifolia. Frullania Tamarisci. Ascending to 2000-3000 ft. (608-912 metres). Metzgeria conjugata. Gymnomitrium tum. Marsupella Sprucei. M. Pearsoni. crenula- Nardia compressa. N. minor. Haplozia spheerocarpa. Jamesoniella Carringtoni. Lophozia longidens. COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES AS L. barbata. Chandonanthus setiformis. L. Baueriana. Herberta adunca. Sphenolobus quadrilobus. | Mastigophora Woodsii. S. ovatus. Scapania aspera. Plagiochila spinulosa. S. ornithopodioides. Chiloscyphus pallescens. S. nimbosa. Cephalozia pleniceps. S. irrigua. C. connivens. S. curta. C. lunuleefolia ? Radula complanata. Odontoschisma denuda- Cololejeunea calcarea. tum var. elongatum. Frullania fragilifolia. Calypogeia fissa. F. dilatata. There are thus 20 species, or about 9 p. ct. of our total number of 225, which ascend above 4000 ft.; 61, or about 28 p. ct., which ascend to 3000-4000 ft.; and 32, or about 14 p. ct., which ascend to 2000-3000 ft. This makes a total of 113, or half our species, which ascend above 2000 ft. Of the remainder there are upwards of 75, or a third of our flora, which do not, or rarely, ascend above 1000 ft. This leaves only 37 species with ascending limits commonly between 1000 and 2000 ft. It will be noticed that few of our arctic-alpine species, of which a list is given elsewhere, ascend above 4000 ft. This is owing to the exposed and barren condition of the small area in Scotland above this elevation. Our highest moun- tain, Ben Nevis, with an altitude of 4406 ft. (1343 metres), is almost devoid of vegetation in its upper parts. The descending limits of species vary greatly in an insular flora; they are given under the species in the body of the work. COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES WHEN the general similarity of the hepatic flora of the North Temperate Regions is remembered, it is to be expected that the flora of Scotland should differ from that of the Continent of Europe principally in the more plentiful occurrence of Hepatice in general, and in the presence or absence of a few species, the effects of its insular climate. 26 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND The insular conditions, mainly the moist equable climate and large rainfall, reach their maximum on the western border of the Highlands and in the Islands, and are in fact in large measure confined to that district. There we see a flora mostly resembling that of the west coast of Norway, but nowhere else on the Continent, except in a small degree in parts of the west coast of France, and probably also of Portugal; and in the latter countries the resemblance is caused rather by the presence of a few particular species than by the general flora. Throughout the greater part of Scotland the insular conditions have only a slight effect on the flora, and are seen in the presence of a few Western species, and of a few Southern species which require the absence of such low temperatures as are seen in the more central parts of Europe. The peculiarity of our western Highland flora is the presence of a group of plants belong- ing to genera, or even individual species, of tropical or subtropical type, in close proximity to subalpine or even occasionally to alpine species. This is seen in a much smaller degree on the west coast of Norway, and occurs nowhere else on the Continent. To our northern latitude, with its insufficiently heated soil, is due the absence of a few Central European species, also of several South European species, the latter almost wholly belonging to the thalloid group, especially to the Ricciacee. The alpine flora is similar to that of the mountainous regions throughout Europe, but wanting in some of the higher arctic-alpine species. The resemblance is closer to that of the mountains of Scandinavia than to that of the southern half of Europe, but the difference is not great. The almost entire absence of limestone on our highest hills probably also accounts for the absence of a few arctic-alpine species which are found on the Continent. The different views taken by botanists of the status of various plants are apt to cause some divergence when ~ comparing the number of the species in countries. We may give 261 as the number of species known from the whole Britannic flora, and we find that 225 have been. found in Scotland, 211 in England with Wales, and 178 in Ireland. The main difference between the Scottish flora COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES re and that of the others lies in the presence of a considerable number of arctic-alpine species, and to a less extent in the absence of some species of a Southern type. Scotland possesses 30 arctic-alpine species, England with Wales 5, and Ireland only 1, viz. Scapania wliginosa, but of which I have not seen a specimen from that country. Treland has a few lower alpine species of Northern type in Gymnomitriwm obtusum, Marsupella Sullivanti, Haplozia cordifolia, Lophozia alpestris, Anthelia julacea, and of lower alpine species of Atlantic type in Gymnomitriwm crenulatum, Mastigophora Woodsii, Herberta adwnea, Scapania nimbosa, and S. ornithopodioides ; while England possesses in addition the lower alpine species Gymmno- mitrium alpinum and Marsupella Boeckii, but is without Mastigophora Woodsii. The flora of these countries, with the possible exception of the highest mountainous part of Wales, can hardly be said to reach above the subalpine region. In comparison with the other parts of the British Isles, the arctic-alpine species confined to Scotland are: Pallavicinia Blyttii. Lophozia lycopodioides. Gymnomitrium corallioides. L. quadriloba. G. varians. L. Kunzeana. G. crassifolium. Sphenolobus politus. Marsupella condensata. S. saxicolus. M. nevicensis. Harpanthus Flotowianus. M. sparsifolia. Cephalozia pleniceps. Nardia Breidleri. Odontoschisma Macounii, N. subelliptica. Pleuroclada albescens. Lophozia Kaurini. Chandonanthus setiformis. L. heterocolpa. Anthelia Juratzkana. L. obtusa. Scapania paludosa. L. Wenzelii. The following are common to Scotland and England with Wales: Gymnomitrium concin- Diplophyllum taxifolium. natum. Scapania crassiretis. G. adustum. Scapania uliginosa having been recorded from Ireland, must be considered as common to the whole British Isles. Nearly all the Scottish subalpine species, excluding 28 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICA) IN SCOTLAND those of the Atlantic type, have been found in England with Wales. The following are confined to Scotland: Marsupella Sprucei. Lophozia longidens. M. Jorgensenii. Geocalyx graveolens. Lophozia guttulata. Prionolobus striatulus. These have been added to our flora within the last few years and will not probably remain peculiar to Scotland. The following subalpine species which are common to Scotland and England with Wales have not been found in Treland : Marsupella ustulata. Eremonotus myriocarpus. M. Pearsoni. Ptilidium pulcherrimum. Haplozia atrovirens. Scapania Bartlingii. Sphenolobus Hellerianus. Radula Lindbergii. One rare subalpine species, Pallavicinia hibernica, is common to Scotland and Ireland, but has not been found in England or Wales. The 86 species of the Britannic flora which have not been found in Scotland belong to the low ground, with the exception of one rare Atlantic species, Adelanthus dugortiensis, and they are almost all plants either of the warmer parts of Europe, or where there is at least a greater summer heat. The following are confined in our islands to England or Wales: Riccia nigrella. Haplozia ceespiticea. R. Micheli var. ciliaris. H. lanceolata. R. Crozalsii. Plagiochila Stableri. R. ciliata. Prionolobus dentatus ? R. pseudo-Frostii. Cephaloziella integerrima. Spheerocarpus Micheli. C. Baumgartneri. S. californicus. Calypogeia submersa. Fossombronia Mittenii. Anthoceros dichotomus. A. Stableri. Of the above, Calypogeia submersa, Ceph. integerrima, and Haplozia lanceolata may be found to occur in Scot- land. The remainder are less likely, being either of the Southern or Continental type. The Prionolobus is queried, as it is doubtful if it has been found in England, this COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES 29 species having been confused with P. Massalongi. Plug. Stableri and Anthos. Stableri are endemic species, so far as yet known. The following are common to England with Wales and Ireland : Ricciocarpus natans. Fossombronia czespitiformis. Aneura sinuata. Prionolobus Turneri. Pallavicinia Lyell. Cephaloziella elachista. Petalophyllum Ralfsii. Madotheca Porella. Fossombronia angulosa. It will be noted that five of the above belong to the Atlantic-Mediterranean group. All the species which are usually confined to the low ground in Scotland have been found in England or Wales, but the following low-ground species have not been found in Ireland: Aneura incurvata. Lophozia cylindracea. - Nardia minor. Prionolobus Massalongi. Jamesoniella autumnalis. Cephaloziella stellulifera. Lophozia badensis. C. myriantha. Some of these are small species which have probably been overlooked. The hepatic flora of the Faroes may be considered as a poor edition of that of Scotland. The species, as here reckoned, only amount to 98, and they all occur and in greater quantity in Scotland, with the exception of one very distinct species, Frullania Jackit, which is also found in Norway and may occur in Scotland, and of the following: Scapania geniculata, which Jensen, in his account of the Hepatic of the islands, remarks is perhaps only an extreme form of S. rosacea; and Radula commutata, a badly understood plant which is perhaps included in our R. Lindbergii. On the other hand, the Faroes have five distinct species in common with Scotland which have not been found in Norway or elsewhere on the Continent, viz. Metzgeria hamata, Jamesoniella Carring- toni, Mastigophora Woodsii, Cololejeunea microscopica, and Frullania germana, all these being Atlantic species, three of them being large and easily observed. Norway has upwards of twenty arctic-alpine species which have 30 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND not been found in Scotland. In looking over their dis- tribution as given by Kaalaas, it is noticed that almost all are confined, or nearly so, to the north, centre, or east of the country, being absent or very rare on the west side. Six of these species belong to the Marchantioidee, viz. Peltolepis grandis, Sauteria alpina, Clevia hyalina, Grimaldia pilosa, Asterella pilosa, and A. Lindenbergiana. The probability is not great that any of them will be found with us. There is a greater likelihood of some of the foliose arctic-alpine species occurring in Scotland, though only one, i.e. Gymnomitrium andreioides—unless Scapania Jérgensenis be considered in this group—is a western species in Norway. There are also upwards of twenty low-ground species in Norway which have not been found with us. As with the arctic-alpine group, they are nearly all absent or rare in Western Norway. Belonging, as they mostly do, to the Continental type, our insular climate is less favourable for them; however, a few will probably be found. The flora of the drier districts of Scotland near the east coast, especially in the south-east counties, seems to approach in some degree, though less Continental, the low-ground flora of the Christiania district of Norway, but the resemblance is much less than that between the floras of the west coast of the two countries. Excluding species of the Atlantic type, we have a few low- ground species which do not appear to have been found in Norway, the most noticeable being Turgionia hypo- phylla, Pallavicinia Flotowiana, Fossombronia pusilla, and Lophozia turbinata, these having their headquarters in the west and south of Europe. All our arctic-alpine species occur in Norway, and, as is to be expect in much greater abundance there. As to the general similarity of our flora to that across the Atlantic Ocean, we find that the New England States, where the hepatics are being well examined, the results being published by Evans in Rhodora, have 147 species at present known. Of these, 100, or nearly 68 p. ct., have been found in Scotland. The remaining 47 include 12 which have been found elsewhere in Europe. There are at the same time some striking differences in the floras, as in the apparent absence in New England of perhaps our SKETCH OF THE FLORA OF THE PROVINCES 31 commonest species, Nardia scalaris, the rarity of the very common Diplophyllwm albicans, and especially in the genus Frullania. For the whole Dominion of Canada, the proportion of species in common with Scotland appears to be rather higher, about 71 p. ct. When we come to California the proportion is reduced to 47 p. ct. The two latter percentages will no doubt considerably alter when the floras have been more thoroughly examined. SKETCH OF THE FLORA OF THE PROVINCES West LOWLANDS THE region of cultivation in this district is mostly repre- sented in the south of Dumfriesshire and the low-lying parts of Ayrshire, and in the Clyde valley below Lanark, the larger part of the area being moorland or hill-pasture. Oats cease to ripen at about 800 ft. in the Nith valley, and at the same altitude in general in that of the Clyde, the highest noted being at 850 ft. at Crawford. In this region to about 900 ft. are also found the linns or glens with mixed deciduous woods, except in the higher district of the Clyde, where natural wood is absent. Where rock is exposed in the uncultivated districts of this region, sub- alpine species are occasionally frequent; especially is this the case in the granite districts. In the cultivated region hepatics are very scarce. In fallow ground are found Riccia glauca, R. sorocarpa, Lunularia, Marchantia, Pellia epiphylla, and Fossombronia pusilla. On the side of ditches, in addition to the Pellia, are Blasia pusilla, Hap- lozia crenulata var. gracillima, Calypogeia Trichomanis, C. fissa, OC. arguta rarely, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Anthoceros punctatus, A. levis. On moist banks these species are also found, with Nardia scalaris, Haplozia erenulata, Lophozia bicrenata, L. ventricosa, L. Floerkit and L. barbata, Cephaloziella Starkvi, Scapania compacta, and S. cwrta on drier ground. In the woods, excluding those at the side of linns, there are very few hepatics, Frullania dilatata, Metzgeria fwreata, and Lophocolea 32 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND bidentata being the only frequent species. When the woods are near the base of the hills, though still at a low altitude, as below 500 ft., species are found to be more plentiful, and include Frullania Tamarisci in some quantity on trees, and several other low-ground species on moist banks. In the wooded linns running through the cultivated region hepatics occur in considerable quantity, but the number of species is few. Conocephalwm conicum, Pellia epiphylla, Metzgeria furcata, Nardia scalaris, N. hyalina, Plagiochila asplenioides, Lejeunea cavifolia, Calypogera fissa, C. Trichomanis, Scapania purpwrascens with at times S. undulata, form the bulk of the hepatic vegetation. Less frequent species are Haplozia pumila, H. riparia, Calypogeia arguta, and Saccogyna viticulosa. In some of the linns Chiloscyphus is found in quantity. When the linns are near the base of the hills, though at a low altitude, they have a more subalpine flora, with Preissia quadrata and Marsupella emarginata on the rocks. The rocks on the sea-shore are mostly dry and have few species, the most interesting being Saccogyna, Marchesinia Mackaii, Frullania fragilifolia, F. microphylla, and Mado- theca Thuja, all these, with the exception of the first, being rare. Permanent pasture extends in the upper Clyde valley to about 1000-1100 ft., and gradually passes into hill-pasture and moorland. There is little change in the hepatic flora of the hills up to 1700-1800 ft, where Vacciniwm and Polytrichum frequently occur in quantity; and if there be a cap of peat from about this altitude, and covering the summits, the characteristic species are Leptocyphus Taylori, Lophozia incisa, Lepidozia reptans, Cephalozia lwnule- folia, and C. leucantha. If there be no peat on the summits, hepatics are very scarce, there being little more than Nardia scalaris and Diplophyllum albicans. In the granite districts of Kirkcudbright, where the rock is fre- quently exposed, hepatics are much more plentiful on the hills, and the subalpine species are found to be frequent from 300-400 ft. upwards. In this district there are also a few alpine species, Gymnomitriwm concinnatwn, G. obtusum, G. alpinum, Lophozia alpestris, Harpanthus SKETCH OF THE FLORA OF THE PROVINCES ' 33 Flotowianus, Scapania rosacea ?, and the var. germana of Radula Lindbergii. These species, with the exception of the first-named, which has been found in Moffatdale, are apparently confined in the West Lowlands to the Kirk- cudbright hills. The hepatic flora of these hills has a considerable resemblance to that of the English Lake District, and this is not seen in any other part of the Lowlands. The Atlantic species of the West Lowlands are found in much smaller quantity than in the West Highlands. They are almost all very rare in this province, and are mostly confined to the neighbourhood of the shore or to sheltered ravines in the south-west. The following have been found : Metzgeria hamata, Sphenolobus Pearsoni, Plagiochila spinulosa, P. punctata, Lophocolea spicata, Saccogyna viticulosa, Lepidozia Pearsoni, Pleurozia purpwrea, Madotheca Thuja, Scapania gracilis, Radula aquilegia, Cololejeunea microscopica, Harpalejewnea ovata, Frullania microphylla, F. germana. There are also the usually Western species Microlejewnea wulicina and Lejeunea patens, and the Western and Mediterranean Murchesinia Mackari. The species which occur in peat-mosses are much the same over the whole of Scotland. In the low-lying peat- mosses of the Lowlands, a very few of the subalpine species, as Leptocyphus Taylori, are absent or very rare, while they are common in the low-lying mosses of the Highlands. Also in the West Highlands and Hebrides a conspicuous feature of many peat-mosses is the abundance of Plewrozia purpurea, this species being rare in the West Lowlands, absent from the East Lowlands, and mostly so from the East Highlands. With such exceptions, the constituents of the flora do not much differ, though their relative fre- quency may vary. East LOWLANDS A large part of this district is under cultivation. The hilly districts comprise the Pentland, Moorfoot, and Lammer- moor Hills, running through the centre of the district, and a higher range forming the southern boundary, the highest TRANS. BOT. SOC. EDIN. VOL. XXV. 3 34 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND part being near the sources of the Tweed. In addition there are isolated igneous hills in various parts of the district, as Arthur’s Seat, Berwick Law, Eildons, Rubers- law, etc. The limit of the cultivated region in the Edin- burgh district is given by the late Robert Smith in his Botanical Survey as 1000 ft. In the Upper Tweed dis- trict I find the limit to be rather lower, oats ceasing to ripen above 850 ft. in the Broughton district and at 750 ft. at Crook. In the cultivated ground there is the usual scarcity of hepatics, and the species are the same as those of the West Lowlands; but there is a considerable difference in the flora of the dens or linns, especially towards the coasts of the two districts. Besides the general fact throughout Scotland of subalpine species descending to a lower level on the west side of the country than they do on the east, it is found that where a hilly district is close to the coast, subalpine species descend to a lower level than on hills more remote from the coast: and as in the East Low- lands the hills only approach the coast at one point, while they do so to a considerable extent in the West Lowlands, subalpine species are rarely found at such a low level in the former as in the latter. A more important difference in the flora of the district is in the presence or absence of various species. There is almost an entire absence of Atlantic species in the East Lowlands, the species known being only five in number—Lophocolea spicata, found on one occasion in a coast ravine in Berwickshire, Scapania gracilis and Plagiochila spinulosa in a few localities, the two latter species usually in a depauperate state, Lepidozia Pearsoni in one subalpine locality, and Madotheca Thuja, a Western and Mediterranean species, on rocks on the coast. The Plagiochila does not occur near the coast as it does on the West Lowlands, but is only found on the wetter subalpine region. Leaving out of account the special Western species, we find hepatics to be scarcer in general on the drier eastern side of the country than on the west. This is not so marked in the number of species present in both, as in the quantity in which they occur. The great majority of hepatics are so widely distributed that a mere enumeration of species in countries gives a misleading SKETCH OF THE FLORA OF THE PROVINCES 395 idea of the flora. The number of species found in a day’s walk on the west side may require a month’s searching on the east side. The lesser number of peat-mosses in the south-eastern counties also gives fewer habitats for several species which affect this kind of ground. There are a few species more common on the east side of the country, the most noticeable being Lophocolea heterophylla, L. bidentata, L. cuspidata probably also, Madotheca rivularis and M. platyphylla. The flora of the whole of the Southern Uplands may be divided by the valley of the Nith. To the north-east of this the hills are mostly composed of Silurian rocks; the broad rounded summits, descending gradually to the bottom of the valleys, seldom leave the rocks exposed. The flora of the Upper Clyde district, with its hills reaching from 1700-2400 ft., is the same as that of the Tweed valley where the hills are of a similar height; but at the water- shed between the Tweed and Moffatdale the hills are more elevated, with a considerable amount of bare wet rocks on the surface, and here the flora is more distinctly subalpine, resembling to a great extent the subalpine flora of the Highlands. The hills to the south-west of the Nith valley are in several parts granitic, with much rock exposed in their gullies. Here subalpine species occur in quantity, and with them some Atlantic species. The summits of the hills beg rounded without exposed rock as in those on the other side of the Nith valley, the upper- most flora is only subalpine in character, but a few alpine species are found on their flanks where the rocks are at the surface. This granitic district appears to more closely approach the alpine region than does the range at the watershed of the Tweed and Moffat valleys. Limiting our remarks to the East Lowlands, we find that the hilly districts are almost confined to the Tweed valley. In this district, above the limit of cultivation, there is permanent pasture with hill-pasture to 1000 ft., or more frequently 1100-1200 ft.,on which there is in general no change in the hepatic flora. At the latter altitudes the subalpine flora is characterised by the presence of Nardia obovata, Lophozia quinquedentata, Blepharostoma tricho- phyllwm on rocks or rocky banks; and Lophozia incisa 386 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND and Cephalozia leucantha on peaty banks. At these altitudes also, Nardia scalaris begins to be found in quantity, Anewra pinguis with A. multifida sometimes common, and Lophozia Muelleri occasionally frequent; Lophozia ventricosa often becomes very common, and Scapania purpwrascens more frequent. When the valleys descend from fairly high hills, as 1500-1700 ft., into dens or glens near their base, at the low level of 500 ft. or so, many of the subalpine species are found at this level. Also when a series of shaded rocks occurs in the course of a stream below 1000 ft., some of the subalpine species are also found there. Towards the head-waters of the Tweed valley in the parish of Tweedsmuir, which is in the centre of the most hilly district, subalpine species are found widely distributed from 950 ft. upwards. Besides the main range of hills in the East Lowlands, a few subalpine species are found on the isolated hills, and a very few on the sand- dunes on the coast. . On hills in which grasses form the predominant vegeta- tion, hepatics are very scarce, and have no characteristic subalpine species, except in detached places where peat has accumulated, or on the banks of streams. On the hills which have a layer of peat on the higher parts we find on the peaty banks Leptocyphus Taylori, Cephalozia leucantha, C. lunulefolia, Lophozia wmeisa, Lepidozia setacea, Caly- pogera Trichomanis, etc. The height at which the peat is found varies greatly. It is found in quantity at the lowest altitude of 1000-1200 ft. towards the watershed of the Tweed and Moffat dales. EASTERN HIGHLANDS AND FIFE The district here given is of large extent, but from the great similarity of its hepatic vegetation it may be taken as a whole. There is a broad belt of cultivated ground towards the coast—this includes most of Fife—and which extends over most of the district up to 800-900 ft. alt., but in the north-west this belt becomes narrower and does not extend as high. Above this, the subalpine region has comparatively few species in the dryer parts of the district, but becomes rich in species as it approaches the higher SKETCH OF THE FLORA OF THE PROVINCES 37 hills and in the districts westward with their higher rain- fall. The alpine region comprises the Grampians and the mountains forming the watershed between East Inverness and West Ross and part of West Inverness. There is not much difference in the flora of the various parts of the Grampians further than due to the larger amount of granite in the Cairngorm range, and the well - known richness of the Breadalbane range in all classes of alpine plants, to which must be added the presence of a partially Atlantic flora at its extreme western limit, and of a few Atlantic species at the eastern part of the Grampians, but apparently absent from the centre of the range. The East Inverness watershed, as limited above, is close to the west coast, and, as far as it has been examined, is largely of a Western type. The cultivated region, as elsewhere, is poor in species. The ravines running through it have in general a rather richer flora than is seen in the East Lowlands, but it is only above this region that the much greater richness of the flora is marked. The subalpine region extends to about 2000 ft.; above this the alpine region reaches to 3500-4000 ft. Proximity to a high alpine region always gives richness to the subalpine flora, due in part, perhaps, to the greater rainfall in such a region. On the subalpine moors remote from the higher hills, the number and quantity of species is not great, and is much poorer than in the wetter West Highlands. A feature of the East Highlands which is almost absent from the West High- lands is the presence of subalpine woods of native Scots pine. On the decaying logs and stumps of these are found a few species, as Sphenolobus Helleriunus, which are absent or rare on the west side of the country. The alpine region of the Grampians is rich in species, several being found only in this district. The presence of much glacier drift at high altitudes allows of the presence of moist retentive soil favourable to the growth of hepatics. In wet ground between 2000 and 3000 ft. Lophozia bantryensis in quantity, Hurpanthus Flotowianus, Sphenolobus politus, Scapania uliginosu, 8S. paludosa, and Haplozia cordifolia in large masses, are characteristic species. On moist soil near the summits are several small species of 388 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND Gymnomitrium and Marsupella, with Nardia Breidlera, Plewroclada albescens, Anthelia Juratzkana, ete. West HIGHLANDS There is comparatively little cultivated ground in the West Highlands, this being limited to a narrow fringe along the shores, and running along the bottom of the glens. The hills descend usually steeply to the shores, so that there is little drift, and the rock is close to the surface. The cultivated area hardly extends above 500 ft. alt., most being below 300 ft. alt., the parts above this being generally cultivation of former days. Most of the glens are narrow with steep sides, but in a few of the larger glens, as the Spean and Orchy, the sides are less steep for a considerable distance, there being a considerable amount of drift forming soil suitable for cultivation. The upper limit at which oats ripen in such glens is about 600 ft., the highest in Glen Spean being at Inverlair Farm about 600 ft., and at Achallader Farm, Glen Orchy, at about the same altitude. Mixed deciduous woods of oak, rowan, willow, and birch extend up to 600-700 ft. in ravines, the larger part bemg birch. This last tree forms patches of woods by itself in corries up to 1300-1400 ft. where sufficiently sheltered, but it is usually under 1000 ft. As in other parts, there are few Hepaticw in the cultivated districts, but the West Highlands differs from the East Highlands and from the South Lowlands in having its mountainous regions extending to the coast, the result being that within the same altitude as the cultivated region there is steep rocky, hilly ground with its hepatie flora composed in large part of subalpine species. In the East Highlands the subalpine species more seldom descend into the cultivated region, except in the inland glens which le at the foot of mountains, and in peat-mosses and isolated hills. Also on the steep rocky hills, especially when isolated, several alpine species descend into the subalpine region. In a few instances alpine species descend into the subalpine region in the East Highlands, but in the West Highlands it is the rule on the steeper hills. The low-ground hepatic flora of the West Highlands, SKETCH OF THE FLORA OF THE PROVINCES 39 excluding the species of cultivated ground, which do not differ from those of other districts, may be divided into those inhabiting the low-lying peat-mosses, the bare grassy or peaty slopes, and the steep natural-wooded hillsides. A few species are also alinost contined to rocks and banks on the shore. The characteristic Atlantic species are mostly found in the wooded slopes and ravines, especially in the latter, where there is a greater degree of permanent moisture. They are most abundant in localities close to the shore, but are also frequent when the slopes are those bordering a fresh-water loch, if little above sea-level and not far removed from the sea. Here are found the rare Lejewnew, Metzgeria hamata, Adelanthus decipiens, Plagiochila spinulosa, P. punctata, P. tridenticulata, Leptocyphus cwnerfolius, etc., with the more generally distributed species such as Trichocolea, Bazzania trilobata, Scapania wmbrosa, ete. The abundance of Scapania gracilis on the low ground and in the subalpine region is characteristic of the flora. The north and east slopes are moister than those on the south and west, and consequently have a more varied and luxuriant flora; but this does not apply to the ravines if sufficiently shaded with wood, as they remain damp in any exposure. Here, as in other parts, the dry grassy slopes hardly have any species. On small banks are sometimes to be found Nardia scalaris, Sphenolobus exsecteformis, Lophozia bicrenata, Lophocolea bidentata, with the ubiquitous Diplo- phyllum albicans. On the wet slopes, when not peaty, a few marsh species are found, as Pellia epiphylla, Anewra multifida, and Scapania irrigua. The peaty slopes are mostly interspersed with wet rocks and old heather, and contain most of the peat-moss species, with Scapania gracilis, Anastrepta orcadensis, and Bazzania tricrenata in addition, the wet rocks being often coated with Marsu- pella emarginata, Scapania wndulata, and S. purpur- ascens. ‘The peat-mosses contain, besides those generally distributed in the low peat-mosses of other districts, Anewra latifrons, Leptocyphus Taylori, Cephalozia lewcantha, and Plewrozia purpurea. The species almost confined to shore rocks are Lophocolea spicata, Marchesinia Mackaii, Frullania microphylla, and 40 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND Madotheca Thuja. Subalpine birch-woods are frequent at the foot of corries from 500 ft. or 700 ft., extending to a limit of 1300-1400 ft., or rarely to 1700 ft. as in Choir Arder? Characteristic species are Sphenolobus ovatus on the trees, Anastreptu orcadensis on banks about the base of trees, with much Scapania gracilis and Leptocyphus Taylor. On the slopes of the hills Anthelia julacea begins to oceur in quantity on wet rocks and stony marshes at 800- 1200 ft. At 1700-2000 ft. on rocky ledges, among boulders and on rocky banks with long heather and Vaccuniwm, is the characteristic locality for the alpine or upper subalpine Atlantic species Jamiesoniella, Anastrophyllum, Mastigo- phora, Scapania ornithopodioides, S. nimbosa (rarely), with Plewrozia in a more luxuriant state than in the lower- lying peat-mosses. With these are associated quantities of Bazzania tricrenata and Herberta aduneca. If the heather associates be taken as the limit of the subalpine region, as done by R. Smith in the Botanical Survey of the East Highlands, it may be considered to be at 1800 ft. alt. in the West Highlands. Above this, as is the case also in the alpine regions of the East Highlands, the characteristic species is Gymnomitriwm concinnatwm on rocks, with G. obtuswm, although the latter frequently occurs in quantity also below this altitude. In this region are also found Lophozia alpestris, Haplozia cordi- folia, Seapania uliginosa, Anthelia Jwratzkana, ete. Most of the highest hills have little soil near the summit. On Ben Nevis between 3600 ft. and 4400 ft. are found the high arctic-alpine species Gymnomitriwm varians, G. erassi- folium, Marswpella nevicensis, Nardia Breidleri, and Pleuroclada albescens in the small patches of moist soil which are scattered over the upper parts. HEBRIDES The hepatic flora of the Hebrides is similar to that of the mainland of the opposite west coast, when allowance is made for the comparative scarcity of sheltered ground in the former, and the barrenness towards the summits of the highest hills in the Inner Hebrides, also, to some extent, es SKETCH OF THE FLORA OF THE PROVINCES Al the more maritime climate. This last factor is greatly neutralised by the absence of shelter. The contrast between the flora of the Outer Hebrides and most of the islands in the Inner group, due to their different geological formation, and to the configuration of the land, does not apply to Hepatice, although readily observed in the case of phanerogams. The larger amount of sheltered ground in the Inner islands, the presence in some of them of lime- stone, the extreme barrenness of all the higher hills which have been examined, account for what difference there has been observed between the two groups. The stony summits of the Paps of Jura and Ben More in Mull are only equalled by the bare rocks of the Gabbro of the Cuchullin Hills in Skye, and doubtless also those of Rum. The absence of shelter in the Hebrides has the usual result in scarcity of trees. Woods and copses are very local in the Inner group and almost absent in the Outer islands. Most of the species which occur in such situations on the west coast mainland have been found in the Inner Hebrides, but, as is to be expected, much more locally. Such species are also frequently found in sheltered ground among sea-clifts, and in this way are also found to occur in the Outer islands. Atlantic species which require shelter, such as the small Lejewnew, are local; but where deep ravines or greatly sheltered rocks are present, as in parts of Mull, they are found plentifully. The more maritime climate of the islands portrays itself by the abundance of the few Atlantic species which do not require much shelter when on the west coast, such as Saccogyna viticulosa and Frullania germana. All the larger islands contain peat- mosses in more or less abundance, but in some of the smaller islands, as Tiree, what peat there was at one time has practically all been used as fuel, and in this way Tiree differs greatly from such an island as the neighbouring one of Coll. NortH HIGHLANDS As this district comprises the whole of the northern part of the mainland, we have both an eastern and western flora. The province has not been so widely examined as the others have, and this especially applies to the upper 42 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND part of the western side; but some districts have been well searched, and show that the eastern part has a similar flora to that of the East Highlands, while the western part is similar to that of the West Highlands. It is to be noted, however, that, this part of Scotland being much the narrowest part of the mainland, the western species are more commonly met with throughout the whole district than is the case further south; yet they are very scarce near the east coast. The watershed runs comparatively close to the western sea-board, so, as is to be expected, the western species extend for some distance into the eastern side. The rainfall is slight near the east coast, being mostly under 30 in., and is less than 40 in. for some distance inland. In the western part it is less than that of the West Highlands, but it is still over 40 in. in its driest part, which is the extreme north, and it is more than 50 in. over the greater part of the district. There is a considerable amount of cultivation in Caithness, but very little elsewhere except in the south-east corner of Ross-shire, This latter district has also a fair amount of woods, but in Caithness and in the northern part of the province generally natural woods are almost absent, owing to the want of shelter. To this is due the absence of some species which are found in the East Highlands. In the southern part of the west coast of this province, the low-ground flora is quite similar to that of the West Highlands, and it is probable that there is little difference until the extreme north is reached, where there is little or no sheltered ground. On the north coast shelter is almost absent; the rainfall is also under 40 in. for almost the whole of its length. These conditions being unfavourable for the western species, we find they are almost absent in this part, the proximity of the sea not being sufficient in itself to counterbalance these disadvantages. In the excep- tional case of a western species not requiring shelter and inhabiting wet ground, such as Plewrozia, we find it abundant on moors near the north coast. The arctic-alpine flora, and the flora of the hills in general, of this province are poor in comparison with those of the East and West Highlands, especially those of the Breadalbane and Cairngorm Mountains, as the Torridon SKETCH OF THE FLORA OF THE PROVINCES 43 Sandstone and gneissic rocks, of which most of the higher hills are composed, form little soil suitable for hepatics. The few hills of over 3000 ft. alt. in the schistose formation may be expected to yield a few species not yet recorded for this province, as may also the limestone of West Sutherland. ORKNEY AND SHETLAND These islands have not yet been thoroughly searched for hepatics, but they do not seem to offer favourable con- ditions for this group of plants. Nearly the whole surface is wind-swept and without shelter, and the few hills which are present, except in the island of Hoy, are almost with- out partially sheltered corries descending to the low ground. There are some small sheltered gullies on the shore, especially in Shetland, which would repay examination, as in such places one might expect to find some species, as the smaller Lejeune, a few of which have been found in the Faroes. Arctic-alpine species appear to be absent in Orkney, the highest elevations, Ward Hill in Hoy, with an altitude of 1564 ft., and Culags, alt. 1426 ft., bemg very barren in the upper parts. A few arctic-alpine species have been found in Shetland, but the scarcity of wet ground and of exposed rock-surface on the more elevated parts gives few favourable localities. A detailed examination of the highest ground, Ronas Hill, alt. 1475 ft., would probably reveal the presence of some additional species. The summit of Saxa Vord, alt. 934 ft. at the extreme north of Unst, has no exposed rock-surface and has not yielded any alpine species. The few which have been found in Shetland have been at low elevations, and one species, Harpanthus Flotowianus, occurs at sea-level. In the island of Hoy there are a few partially sheltered corries, and in these are found a more Western flora than in any part of the extreme northern mainland. This is especially noticeable in the abundance of Plagiochila spinulosa and in the frequent occurrence of Saccogyna viticulosa, the former being rare, and the latter not having been found in the other district. If Hoy be excepted, the Atlantic species seem to be more frequent in Shetland than in Orkney, and it is probable that further search will show 44 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND them to be considerably more so, but the scarcity of shelter will always prevent their being found in any great quantity. The most striking difference in the flora of the two groups of islands is the apparent absence of Plewrozia in Shetland, while it is abundant in Hoy, and has also been found else- where in Orkney. This is doubtless due to the want of suitable ground in Shetland, as the species is frequent in the Faroes and the northern mainland. The Faroes have been so well searched for hepatics that a comparison with the less examined Shetland is at present unsatisfactory. Remarks on the comparative floras of the Faroes and the whole of Scotland are made in another section. In the meantime it may be noted that the hills in the Faroes ascend to a greater height than they do in Shetland, and for this reason the high arctic-alpine species Pallavicinia Blyttii, Gymnomitriwm corallioides, and Lophozia Wenzelii, which are found in the former, will probably not occur in the latter, while all the Atlantic species of the Faroes should be found if shelter and suitable edaphic conditions are present. The following species and varieties have been found in Shetland but not in the Faroes:—Aneura palmata, Pallavicinia hibernica, Marsupella Sullivanti, Nardia compressa, Haplozia crenulata var. gracillima, Lophozia bicrenata, Dvuplo- phyllum obtusifoliwm, Odontoschisma denudatwm (type), Calypogeia arguta, Lepidozia pinnata, Scapania wmbrosa, S. compacta, Frullania dilatata. All the above, with the exception of Mars. Sullivanti and Nardia compressa, are almost confined to the low ground in Scotland, and are mostly of a somewhat Southern type of distribution. One plant, Madotheca rivularis var. faroensis, which Jensen discovered in the Faroes, has only been found in that group and in Shetland. ARRANGEMENT AND SEQUENCE OF SUB- PROVINCES AND VICE-COUNTIES I HAVE finally decided to use Watson’s Sub-Provinces and Vice-Counties, with a few alterations, as the least objectionable arrangement for showing the distribution cf SUB-PROVINCES AND VICE-COUNTIES 45 the species. Our eastern and western boundaries appear well marked when outlined on a map, but are not so in reality, as may be readily seen by anyone who attempts to define them in the field. As localities are given for the species, permanency is secured. The present county boundaries are here used. Stirling has been divided by the watershed into East and West, as it is an anomaly to place part of Loch Lomond in the East Highlands. With West Stirling is included the detached part of Dumbarton. The Glenfalloch watershed of Perth is placed in Dumbarton, and the sequence of some of the vice-counties is altered. SoutH-West Lowianps . Dumfries; Kirkeudbright ; Wigtown. Norru-West Lowntanps . Ayr; Renfrew; Lanark. East LOwLaNnps : . Peebles; Selkirk; Roxburgh ; Berwick ; Haddington ; Kdinburgh; Linlithgow. SouTH-East HicHLtanps . Fife and Kinross, East Stirling (eastern watershed); South Perth (the Perthshire part of the Forth basin) and Clackmannan; Mid Perth (Perthshire between South Perth and the rivers Tay and Garry, and railway line to border of Inverness-shire) ; North Perth (Perthshire north and east of these divisions). Mip East HIGHLANDS . Forfar; Kincardine; South Aberdeen; North Aberdeen (separated from the former by the watersheds east and west of Inverurie). Nortu-East HiGHLANDS . Banff; Elgin; East Inverness (Nairn and Inverness east of N. and S. watershed of Scotland). 46 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICH IN SCOTLAND West HIGHLANDS. . Kintyre (to Crinan Canal) ; Clyde Isles (islands in the Firth of Clyde); Dumbarton (with Glenfalloch watershed of Perthshire); West Stir- ling with detached part of Dumbarton; Argyll (Argyll- shire between Loch Linnhe and Crinan Canal); West Inverness (Inverness west of the watershed, and Argyll north-west of Loch Linnhe). INNER HEBRIDES. . South Inner Hebrides (Islay, Jura, and adjacent islets) ; Mid Inner Hebrides (Mull, Coll, and adjacent islets); North Inner Hebrides(Skye, Rum, and adjacent islets). OUTER HEBRIDES. Lower NortH HicHLANDS West Ross (Ross and Cromarty west of N. and S. water- shed); East Ross (Ross east of the watershed). Upper NortH HicHLanps East Sutherland (with drain- age to the east); West Sutherland (with drainage to north and west); Caith- ness. - ORKNEY. SHETLAND. In the vice-counties are placed the localities of the species and names of collectors. In every case the specimen on which the record has been founded for each locality has been examined by me, except when the record has been taken from literature, and always in this case it is preceded by “cf.” also in some half-dozen records marked “in Witt.” These records from literature have been here almost con- fined to those of a few specialists in Hepatice, as a consider- SUB-PROVINCES AND VICE-COUNTIES 47 able experience of the names given to specimens in Herbaria emphasises the fact that this group of plants has been much neglected in this country ; and without wishing to suggest any special accuracy in my own examination of specimens, it is an advantage to have a uniform authority in the records. The first record given is the earliest of which I have seen a specimen from that vice-county. An examina- tion of the collections at the National Herbarium, at Kew, and of Carrington’s in Manchester, would doubtless give several earlier records for some of the vice-counties, though it would not probably add much to the knowledge which we now have of the distribution of the species. The following are the sources from which the records have been derived :— The Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, which I have had the opportunity of examining at leisure through the kind courtesy of Prof. LB. Balfour. This Herbarium contains, besides several original specimens of Taylor’s of much value, the Greville Herbarium, and specimens from the follow- ing Scottish botanists: J. Cruickshank, T. Drummond, W. Gardiner, W. Gourlie, P. Gray, W. Jackson, Rev. J. Kerr, G. J. Lyon, Dr W. Nichol, J. Sadler, R. M. Stark. Prof. Dickie’s Herbarium at Aberdeen, which Prof. Trail kindly sent me for examination. A duplicate collection of Alex. Croall’s hepatiecs. The Herbaria of Charles Howie, John Sim (Strachan), John Whitehead, and the Rev. Dr Fergusson (Fern). I have not been able to trace the specimens, if extant, of some of the other botanists of a former generation who have published records of Scottish hepatics, or access to them has not been available. During recent years, through the kindness of correspondents, it is probable that few specimens of interest have been gathered in Scotland which have not passed through my hands. I am also indebted to them for the loan of various specimens collected by the earlier botanists. 48 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND LIST OF COLLECTORS J. Aimer, Dundee. Prof. T. Barker. W. H. Beeby. W. Campbell (Campb.), Glas- gow. Dr B. Carrington (Carr.). Ll. J. Cocks, Bromley. Alexander Croall. J. Cruickshank (Cruicks.). Prof. Dickie. H. N. Dixon, Northampton. T. Drummond. J. B. Duncan, Bewdley. W. Evans, Edinburgh. P. Ewing (Ew. or Ewing), Uddingston. Rev. Dr J. Fergusson (Ferg.). J. Fulton, Dundee. W. Gardiner (Gard.). W. J. Gibson (Gibs.), Stor- noway. Dr TT. Gilmour Islay. R. K. Greville (Grev.). Symington Grieve, burgh. W. P. Hamilton (Ham.), Shrewsbury. E. M. Holmes, London. Charles Howie (How.). J. T. Johnston (Johns.), Moffat. D. A. Jones, Harlech. D. Kennedy (Kenn.), Inver- moidart. R. Kidston (Kids.), Stirling. H. H. Knight, Cheltenham. (Gilm.), Edin- J. R. Lee, Glasgow. Rev. D. Lillie, Watten. C. Lyell. G. J. Lyon. J. M‘Andrew (M‘And.), Edin- burgh. J. Macrae, Kintyre. C. M‘Intosh (M‘In.), Dun- keld. Symers M. Maevicar (ia ys Invermoidart. Miss K. B. Maevicar (Miss Macy.), Edinburgh. R. H. Meldrum (Meld.), Tibbermore. J. Michie, Balmoral. Alistair Murray (A. Murr.). James Murray (J. Murr.), formerly of Scottish Lake Survey. Dr W. Nichol (Nich.). W. H. Pearson, Manchester. C. Scott. J. Sun. G. Stabler (Stabl.). R. M. Stark. Col. Stirling (Stizl.). William West (West), Brad- ford. George West (G. West), Scottish Lake Survey. J. A. Wheldon, Liverpool. A. Wilson, Ilkley. J. Whitehead. W. Young, Kirkcaldy. K. & S., R. Kidston and Col. Stirling. WORKS QUOTED 49 WORKS QUOTED Sibb. Scot. Ill. Lightf. Fl. Scot. . Dicks. Pl. Crypt. Fase. Hook. Brit. Jung. Hopk. Fl. Glott. . Hook. FI. Scot. Grev. Fl. Edin. Carr. Brit. Hep. . Spruce on Ceph. Pears. Hep. Brit. Scotia Illustrated, 1684, by Sir Robert Sibbald. Flora Scotica, 1777, by the Rev. John Lightfoot. Fascicularis Plantarum Crypto- gamarum, 1785-1800, by James Dickson. British Jungermannie, 1812-1816, by Sir William Hooker. Flora Glottiana, 18138, by Thomas Hopkirk. Flora Scotica, 1821, by Sir William Hooker. Flora Edinensis, 1824, by R. K. Greville. British Hepatic, 1874-1876, by B. Carrington. On Cephalozia, 1882, by R. Spruce. Hepatice of the British Isles, 1900-— 1902, by W. H. Pearson. TRANS. BOT. SOC. EDIN, VOL, XXV. 4 ABBREVIATIONS altitude. exserted. with perianths. with fruit. common. rather common. very common. locally common. U. uncommon. F. frequent. R. rare. V.R. very rare. | ef. confer—that I have not seen the speci- men quoted. 50 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES MARCHANTIALES RICCIACEA RICCIA L. Riccia GLAUCA JL. WIDELY distributed from Dumfries to South Perth and West Inverness, but rare and only found in small quantity. It appears to be rather more frequent on the east side of the country than on the west, and in the latter district it usually occurs as the var. minor Lindenb. It does not extend as far north as does &. sorocarpa. The most common habitat for this plant is bare cultivated ground in moist retentive soil, but. it is also found on banks and at the sides of reservoirs. Fruit is generally present from September to November. In Scotland, the species of this genus seldom survive to the middle of winter. This species has been much confused with others until recent years. What was considered to be R. glauca or sometimes FR. erystallina was generally the more common R. sorocarpa. The older records of the present species are on this account of little value unless specimens are available for examination. S.W. LowxLanps.— Dumfries: Garden path, Moffat (Johns.). Kirkcudbright: Field, New Galloway (M‘And.). N.W. Lowianps.—Renfrew: Lochwinnoch (Ewing). E. LowLanps.— Peebles : North Esk Reservoir, alt. 1150 ft. (Evans). Hdinburgh: Thriepmuir Reservoir (Evans); Rose- bery Reservoir (Evans); Harlaw Reservoir (Evans). Lin- Lithgow: S. Queensferry, stubble field (Evans); nr. Baads (Ewing). 51 52 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICA IN SCOTLAND S.E. HicHianps.—Fife and Kinross: East of Aberdour, on bank, with R. sorocarpa (Evans). . Stirling: Bannock- burn (M‘And.). S. Perth: Doune, 1883 (Ewing). W. HicHianps.— W. Inverness: Moidart, F. (Macv.). RICCIA SOROCARPA Bisch. Widely distributed from Dumfries to the northern part of East Inverness, the Inner Hebrides and West Inverness. As in the case of R. glauca, this species is seldom seen in summer, and its distribution is thus imperfectly known, except in the districts where there are resident botanists. In several of these districts the present plant has been found to be frequent, and it is probably generally dis- tributed over the country where the soil is retentive, except in the North Highlands. In common with the other species of the genus, it prefers the drier climate of the south and east to that of the West Highlands, though it has been found locally common in the latter province. It becomes uncommon in the northern part of the East Highlands, and has not been found in the North Highlands, but it may be expected to occur in the lower division of that province. It has not been met with in the well-searched county of Caithness. This species grows on moist retentive soil in fallow fields and very commonly at the side of potato fields, in gardens, footpaths, and on banks and old walls. Fruit is nearly always present from September to March, and it has also been found mature in June. As with the preceding species, the plant is most common in autumn and mostly disappears in the colder months, but may come into evidence again in early spring. In common also with that species, it does not appear to have a marked preference for any particular geological formation. S.W. LowLanps.—Dum/fries: Garden path, Moffat, with R. glauca (Johns.); cultivated field, Woodend, Moffat (Johns.). Kirkcudbright: Field, New Galloway, cfr. (M‘And.). N.W. Low.anps.—Lanark: Uddingston, garden, cfr. (Ewing). E. LowLanps.—Peebles: Portmore Loch (Evans); North RICCIA 53 Esk Reservoir (Evans); Crook, cfr. (Macv.). Roxburgh: Kelso, in field, cfr. (Scott). Haddington: St Germains, cult. field (Evans). Hdinburgh: Near Edinburgh, cfr. (Grev.); Corstorphine Hill, on damp ground in old quarry, 1902 (Evans); King’s Park, Edin. (Evans); Cramond Bridge, on path, cfr. (Evans); Torduff Reservoir (Evans) ; Thriepmuir Reservoir, cfr. (Evans); Loganlee Reservoir (Evans); Clubbiedean Reservoir, cfr. (M‘And.); Gladhouse Reservoir, cfr. (Evans); Harperrig Reservoir (Evans); Rose- bery Reservoir (Evans); N. Esk Reservoir, alt. 1150 ft. (Evans). Linlithgow: S. Queensferry, cult. field, cfr. (Evans); Dalmeny, shore (Evans). S.E. HicgHLtanps.—Fife and Kinross: West of Aberdour, on earthy bank, cfr. (Evans); on bare soil east of Aberdour (Evans) ; cult. field nr. Mawearse, Kinross-shire, cfr. (Evans) ; Falkland, stubble field (Evans); Leslie, old wall (Young). Mid Perth: Finlarig House, on turf wall (Young); do., cfr. (D. A. Haggart); garden, cfr., Tibbermore (Meld.); stubble field, Tibbermore (Meld.). NN. Perth: Nr. Dunkeld, cfr. (M‘In.); Glen Beg, Glen Shee (Ewing and Young). N.E. Hicuuanps.— E. Inverness: Nairn, cult. field (Miss Macv.); Carr Bridge, field (Miss Macyv.). W. HicuHianps. — Kintyre: Campbeltown (Ewing). Dumbarton: Nr. Balloch (Ewing). W. Inverness: Cult. fields, garden beds and paths, and bare rocks, Moidart, cfr. (Macy.). Riccta BIFURCA Hoffm. This is the only Riccia which has been found with us above the subalpine region. M‘Andrew gave this species in his list of Kirkeudbrightshire hepatics, but it was sub- sequently ascertained that the plant was R. Lescwriana. It has also been recorded from the head of Glen Dole, Forfar, but no specimen has been available for examina- tion, and it is advisable that the plant be re-examined. In Mid Perth this species grows on moist, tenacious detritus. S.E. HiGHLANDs.—Mid Perth: Craig-an-Lochain, Killin, on moist gravelly soil, 1800-2000 ft. alt. (Macv.); neigh- bourhood of Crianlarich (Ben Challum ?), 1871 (Barker). 54 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICH IN SCOTLAND Riccia LESCURIANA Aust. R. glaucescens Carr. This is a rare species in Scotland, and is almost confined to the south and east of the country. It has been found more frequently in the East Lowlands than elsewhere, and has not been found in the West Highlands to the north of the Clyde area. The few localities at present known for the plant hardly give much information as to the geological formation which it prefers, further than a preference for the Carboniferous area in which limestone occurs. It has been found on rocks, sides of reservoirs, and on a sand-dune. Fruit is common, and is mature from July to November. S.W. LowLanps.— Kirkcudbright: East of Cairn Edward, New Galloway (M‘And.). Wigtown: Nr. Portpatrick (M‘And.). N.W. Low.anps.—Renfrew: Castle Semple Loch, cfr., 1887 (Ewing). E. Lowianps.—Haddington: Gullane Links (M‘And.). Edinburgh: Clubbiedean Reservoir, cfr. (Evans); do. (M‘And.); Thriepmuir Reservoir (Evans); MHarperrig Reservoir (Evans). Linlithgow: Dalmeny, nr. sea-shore, cfr. (M‘And.). S.E. Hicuianps.—Fife and Kinross: Tents Muir, efr. (G. West and Miss Ogilvie). Mip E. HicHLaAnpDs.—Forfar: Sidlaw Hills (J. Aimer); Loch Long, Newtyle, cfr. (G. West). W. HicHLanps.—Dumbarton: Loch Humphrey (Ewing and West). RICCIA CRYSTALLINA ZL, Very rare, and confined to the eastern side of the country south of the Tay. Forms rosettes on mud at the sides of ponds and reservoirs. Fruit has been found mature from August to September. E. LowLtanps.—Hdinburgh: Glencorse Reservoir, 1905 (M‘And.); do. (Evans) ; Torduff Reservoir (Evans) ; Clubbie- dean Reservoir (Evans); Loganlee Reservoir (Evans). S.E. HigHLanps.—Fife and Kinross: Edge of pond, Tents Muir, cfr. (Aimer); Burntisland Reservoir (Evans). TARGIONIA 55 RICcIA FLUITANS JL. Ricciella flwitans Braun The distribution of this species is very similar to that of the preceding, being confined to the east side of the country south of the Tay. It also occurs in the same kind of habitat, as the only form which has been found in Scotland is the terrestrial plant R. canaliculata Hoftm. Neither of these species is met with except after prolonged drought, when the water of the ponds and reservoirs has receded below its usual level. Both might be expected to be found in Forfarshire. Fruit has been found on the present plant in September. E. LowLanps.—Edinburgh: Thriepmuir Reservoir, 1905 (Evans); Harlaw Reservoir, cfr. (Evans). S.E. HicHuanps.—Fife and Kinross: Tents Muir, 1864 (How.). S. Perth: Edge of pond, Shaw Park, Alloa, 1847 (Grev. Herb.). MARCHANTIACEA TARGIONIA L. TARGIONIA HYPOPHYLLA L. This Southern species is very rare, and has been found only in a few widely scattered localities. It has not been met with in the northern half of the mainland. It is confined to warm dry rocks, being most commonly on basalt, but occasionally also on conglomerate. Capsules are nearly always present. Carmichael, who discovered the Appin plant, was the well-known correspondent of Hooker; the label on his specimen is not dated. S.E. HicHuanps.—Fife and Kinross: Nr. Raith, on basalt (Young); Scotscraig Den, on basalt (Aimer). JZ. Stirling: Nr. Stirling, 1844 (Grev. Herb.). SS. Perth: East side of Menstrie Glen, cfr. (Croall); on both sides of Menstrie Glen, on conglomerate rocks, efr. (Evans). W. HicHianps.—Kintyre: Nr. Tarbert (Lightf. cf. FI. Scot., p. 792): Argyll: Appin, cfr. (Carmichael in Ed. Herb.). 56 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND InnER HepripEs.—WV. Inner Hebrides: Storr Rock, Skye (Ewing). REBOULIA Raddi REBOULIA HEMISPHERICA (L.) Radda Widely distributed from Kirkcudbright to Caithness, but is rare. It does not appear to have any special distribution in Scotland. It usually is found on basaltic rocks or on old limestone walls, though it occurs also on schist and gneiss. It is to be expected that this Southern species of warm and rather dry rocks should be more frequent in the south and east of the country than in the west, and this may be found to be the case. In the meantime, with its very local distribution, too few localities are known to be certain of this. The patches which the plant forms are sometimes of considerable extent, though most frequently they are only a few inches in diameter. Fruit, which is mature from June to September, is common. This species is sometimes classed among the mesophytes, but in Scotland it is distinctly a xerophyte. S.W. Low.anps.—Kirkcudbright: Grennan, Dalry, cfr. (M‘And.); Kenmure Castle, cfr. (M‘And.). N.W. Lowianps.—Ayr: Largs (Ewing). E. LowLanps.—Roxburgh: Kelso (Scott). Edinburgh: Craiglockhart, cfr., 1822 (Grev.); Pentland Hills above Colinton (Evans). S.E. Hicuianps.— Fife and Kinross: Nr. Aberdour (Evans). S. Perth: Menstrie Glen, on conglomerate rocks (Evans) Mid Perth: Limestone wall nr. Killin (Macv.). Mip E. Hicuianps.—Forfar: Reeky Linn (J. Aimer). W. HicHianps.—Clyde Isles: Loch Ranza, F. and cfr. (Macv.). W. Inverness: Moidart, cfr. (Macv.). Inner HeEBrRiDES.—Mid Inner Hebrides: Coll (Macv.). N. Inner Hebrides: Storr Rock, Skye, cfr. (Ewing). Lower N. HicHianps.— W. Ross: Attadale (Macv.). . Upper N. HicHuanps.—Caithness: Dorrery Hill, efr. (Lillie). CONOCEPHALUM 57 CONOCEPHALUM Neck. CONOCEPHALUM CoNICUM (L.) Dwm. Fegatella conica Corda A common and generally distributed species over nearly the whole of the country. It is rare or absent only in those districts where the rock seldom appears on the surface. This is especially marked in the Lowlands, where it is otherwise one of the few generally common species, but is rare in the Upper Clyde district, where rock is seldom seen, and uncommon in the Upper Tweed district, where rock is more frequent but still the exception. It is common in the Highlands and Hebrides, but uncommon in Shetland. Taking into consideration the poverty of hepatics in the Lowlands as compared with the Highlands, this species is comparatively more common in the former than in the latter. It is mostly confined to the low ground, being rare on the hills, but it ascends to 3200 ft. alt. in Perthshire. It grows on wet rocks, usvally shady, and often forms large masses. Fruit, which matures in April, is uncommon, and is especially so in the Highlands. S.W. LowLanps.—Dumfries: Moffat (Johns.); Sanquhar district, R.c. (Macv.); Crichope Linn, F. (Macy.). Hirkeud- bright: Lincluden, 1840 (Gray); New Galloway (M‘And.); Penkill Burn (Macy.); Creetown (Macv.). Wigtown: Loch Ryan (Ewing); Dunsky Glen, v.c. (Maev.); Cairnryan (Macv.); Glenluce (Macv.); nr. New Luce (Ewing). N.W. Lowianps.—A yr: Largs, efr. (Ewing); Mauchline, efr. (Scott). Renfrew: Cloch (Ewing and West); Glen, Misty Law (Scott). Lanark: Hamilton Wood (Hopk. ef. Fl. Glott., p. 141); Bothwell Bridge, cfr. (J. Murr.); Cartland Crags, R.c. (Macv.); Tinto, alt. 1300 ft., rR. (Macyv.). EK. LowLtanps.—Peebles: Cowie’s Linn (Evans); Carton Burn, R. (Macv.); Logan Water nr. Kingledores, F. (Macv.) ; Tweedsmuir, F.(Macv.). Selkirk: Crosseleugh Burn (Evans); Caddon Water (Macv.); Lindean (Macv.). Roxburgh: Fernieherst (Miss Macv.); Melrose, in deans, R.c. (Macy.). Berwick: Pease Dean, F. (Maev.). Haddington: Douglas Dean, cfr. (Evans); Haddington (Evans). Edinburgh: 58 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND Braid Hermitage (Grev.); banks of Water of Leith, cfr. (Grev.); Dalkeith, efr., 1847 (Ed. Herb.); Roslin, efr. (Ed. Herb.); do. (Evans); Habbie’s Howe, cfr., 1869 (Evans); Penicuik Wood, cfr. (Evans); nr. Gorebridge (Evans). Linlithgow: Carriber Glen, cfr. (Evans); nr. Bathgate (Evans); Dalmeny (Evans). S.E. HigHianps.—Fife and Kinross: Tents Muir sands, in shallow pools dried up in summer (How.); Lomond Hills (Young); Glen Queich (Evans); Isle of May (Evans) ; St Andrews (Macy.). EH. Stirling: Causewayend nr. Manuel (Evans). S. Perth: Strathyre (Macy.); Aberfoyle (Evans); Glen Findlas (West); Trossachs, cfr. (Ewing); Tillicoultry Glen (Evans). Mid Perth: Finlarig (Lightf. cf. Flor. Scot., p. 797); Killin, c., ascending to 3200 ft. on Ben Lawers (Macv.); Tyndrum, c. (Macy.); Loch Dochart (Macv.). NV. Perth: Dunkeld (M‘In.). Mip E. HigHuanps.—Forfar: The Burn, Forfar, cfr., 1862 (Croall); Gannochy (Ferg.); Noran Falls (Ferg.); Reeky Linn, cfr. (Aimer). Kincardine: Den of Garol (Sim); Cove Bay (J. M. Hector). N.E. Hicuianps.—EHlgin: Dreggie Burn (Miss Macy.). E. Inverness: Cawdor, Nairn, 1859 (Croall). W. HicuHianps.—Kintyre: Campbeltown (Ewing); Southend (Ewing); Ronachan (Macrae). Clyde Isles: Goatfell (Campb.); Corrie, Arran (Ewing); L. Ranza, c. (Macv.); Kyles of Bute (Ewing). Dumbarton: Ardlui (Macv.); Arrochar, c. (Macv.); Tarbert (Macv.). W. Stirling: Inversnaid (Macv.). Argyll: Loch Awe district, R.c. on the low ground (Macv.); Glen Nant, F. (Maev.); head of Loch Long (Macy.); Kentallen (Maev.); Ben Arthur, alt. 400 ft. (Maev.). W. Inverness: Moidart, c. (Macv.); Sunart (Macv.); Ardnamurchan, c. (Maev.); Fort William (Macy.); Glen Nevis (Macv.). InNER HeEpripes.—S. Inner Hebrides: Islay, several places, as Texa, Ardbeg, Port Ellen Lighthouse, Ardtalla Glen (Gilm.); Machrie (Miss Evans). Mid Inner Hebrides: Tobermory (Kenn.); do., c. (Macv.). N. Inner Hebrides: Broadford district, Skye, F. (Macv.); Canna (Macv.); Portree (Ewing). OuTER HeEsripes.—Tarbert, Harris (West); Balallan, Lewis (West). LUNULARIA 59 LowEr N. HicHuanps.—W. Ross: Strome Ferry, C. (Macv.); Strathcarron, c. (Macv.); Gairloch (Miss Macv.). E. Ross: Fortrose (Miss Macv.); Fairy Glen, Rosemarkie (Miss Macv.). Uprprr N. HicHianps.—H#. Sutherland: West Helmsdale (Lillie). W. Sutherland: Strath Halladale (Lillie); Smoo Cave, Durness (Lillie). Caithness: Reisgill Burn (Lillie) ; Dorrery Hills (Lillie). ORKNEY.—Hoy (West). SHETLAND.—Loch of Cliff and Saxavord, Unst (Lillie) ; Pettawater Burn, Weisdale (Beeby). LUNULARIA Adans. LUNULARIA cRUCIATA (L.) Dum. In the East Lowlands this species is widely distributed in gardens, and when these gardens are situated close to a ravine, Lunularia spreads into th?s ravine and frequently occurs in abundance, becoming naturalised among the other vegetation ; so much so, that those who do not know the history of the species invariably consider it to be anative. Ifa garden is not at the present time close to such ravine, the evidence of former habitations is to be found. On the other hand, it has not been found in any of the ravines remote from present or past habitations. In the West Lowlands the species has only been found near gardens and houses and adjoining waste places, with the exception of one locality where a specimen was found “about a mile from houses.” The naturalisation of alien Southern plants in the east and not in the west of Scotland occurs also in the case of phanerogams. Its distribution near the coast in the East Highlands is not well known. It appears to be rare, as, among the numerous hepatics which I have seen from that district, Zwnularia has only been sent to me on two occasions, both of the localities being near habitations. In the central districts of this province the species is rare and has also been found only in or near gardens and waste places. In the West Highlands it is very rare and has only been found in or alongside gardens near houses. ‘The only locality in which I have seen it in West Inverness is in a greenhouse, in flower-pots with ferns 60 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND brought from Cambridgeshire, so that it cannot be con- sidered established here. From the northern counties I have seen only one specimen. This was from Caithness, where it was found in a garden close to some ferns “brought from England a few years ago.” Whether the species will spread out of gardens to any extent on the west side of Scotland is doubtful, but that it will extend its range in the east is probable. Lunularia is not mentioned by the earlier Scottish botanists, nor are there any specimens of it in the Edinburgh Herbarium, except one of Taylor’s from Dunkerron, Ireland, dated 1844. That most accurate botanist Greville does not mention it in his Flora Hdinensis, 1824. He gives Marchantia as “plentiful,” which would at the present time apply rather to Lwnularia. At the same time he mentions other species as Frullania Tamarisci being “plentiful” and F. dilatata “extremely common ”—the former being now rare near Edinburgh, the latter un- common. This doubtless is mainly due in the case of Frullania to the increased impurity of the air around the town. I do not know if Marchantia is affected in this way, but it is probable that Greville did not see enough of Lunularia to gain much knowledge of it, and has taken Marchantia to be the same species. He could hardly make this mistake at the present time, as Jwnularia occurs in profusion in most of the ravines near Edinburgh, and its unmistakable lunulate gemmiferous receptacles are nearly always in evidence. S.W. LowLanpbs. — Dumfries: Craigieburn garden, nr. Moffat (Johns.); Hydropathic garden, Moffat (Johns.). Kirkcudbright: Bank at outside of Kenmure Castle garden (M‘And.). N.W. Lowianps.— Ayr: Fairlie Glen, about a mile above dwelling-houses (Ewing). Renfrew: Cloch (Ewing and West); base of wall, 100 yds. from Lochwinnoch village (Scott). Lanark: Uddingston, roadside (Ewing). E. LowLanps.—Selkirk : Faldonside garden (W. B. Boyd); Clovenfords, Thomson’s Vineyards, and 3 mile below there in Caddon Water (Macv.). Roxburgh: Field nr. Kelso, 6. (Scott); Melrose Abbey (Macv.). Berwick: Longformacus PREISSIA 61 (Miss Macy.); Cockburnspath (M‘And.); Dryburgh Abbey (Macv.). Haddington: Douglas Dean, v.c. (Evans); Had- dington (Evans). Edinburgh: Hermitage (M‘And.); nr. Gorebridge (Evans); Bilston Burn (Evans); Rosslyn Woods, on rocks by riverside (Evans); Bonally Tower (M‘And.); Colinton Dell, in plenty (M‘And.); Dalkeith Park (Evans). Linlithgow: Carriber Glen (Evans); by side of Almond river, Dalmeny (Evans); Dalmeny Wood (M‘And.). S.E. Hicuianps.—Fife and Kinross: Footpath, Raith (Young). LH. Stirling: Causewayend nr. Manuel (Evans). S. Perth: Banks of the Teith nr. Doune (K. & S.). Mid Perth: Methven Wood on rubbish-heap (Meld.). N. Perth: Nr. Coupar-Angus (W. M. Scott). Mip E. HicHianps.—Forfar: Arbirlot, on rocks below bridge (J. Aimer). Kincardine: Roadside at Mill near Dunnottar (M‘And.). W. Hicuianps. — Kintyre: Tarbert (Ewing). Clyde Isles: Bute (Ewing). Dumbarton: Shandon iWydropathic (Miss P. Macv.); Manse garden weil, Arrochar (Macv.). W. Imverness: In a greenhouse, Moidart (Macv.). Inner Hepripes.—S. Inner Hebrides: Distillery, Port Ellen, Islay (Gilm.); Kildalton grounds (Ewing). Upper N. HIGHLanps. — Caithness: Manse garden, Watten (Lillie). PREISSIA Corda Chomiocarpon Corda PREISSIA QUADRATA (Scop.) Nees P. commutata Nees Widely distributed from Dumfries to Shetland, but fre- quent only in the Highlands. It is uncommon in the West Lowlands, and almost confined to the subalpine districts. It is very rare in the East Lowlands and is confined to sub- alpine localities, with the exception of one station in damp hollows on a sand-dune. Is uncommon in Fife and the low- lying ground of the East and North Highlands, but is frequent and sometimes common over the hilly districts of the Highlands, ascending to 3300 ft. in Perthshire. It is frequent in the West Highlands and in some of the Hebrides, especially on the lower ground. Although it is 62 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND occasionally frequent on the higher hills in the Highlands, it is more common near their bases. It occurs on various formations, but prefers limestone, where it sometimes is an abundant species. Fruit, which matures from June to September, iscommon. The plant on the high ground of Perthshire has usually narrower fronds than when on the low ground. S.W. Low.anps.—Dumfries: Penton Linns, cfr. (Scott) ; Well Burn, Moffat, cfr. (M‘And.); Whitecombe, cfr. (Johns.), Kirkcudbright: New Galloway (M‘And.); House of Hill (J. Murr.); Penkill Burn, cfr. (Macv.). Wigtown: Knowe, efr. (Ewing). N.W. Low.ianps.—Ayr: Ness Glen, cfr. (M‘And.). Ren- frew: Kittockside (T. B. Wilkie); Cloch (West); nr, Loch Thom (West); Ferguslie, cfr. (J. Taylor); Glen, Misty Law (Scott); wall between Gourock and Cloch, v.c. (Macev.). E. LowLanps.—Peebles : Nr. Carlops, cfr. (Evans); Talla Water, cfr. R. (Macv.). Selkirk: Crosscleugh Burn (Evans). Haddington: Gullane sandhills, on rock in damp hollow (Evans). Edinburgh: Bonally Burn, Oct. 1855, sub nom. Targionia hypophylla (John Lowe); Monks Burn, below Ninemileburn (Evans); Moorfoot Water, cfr. (Evans). Linlithgow: Binny Craig (M‘And.). S.E. HigHianps.—Fife and Kinross: Lomond Hills (Young); Glen Queich (Evans); Largo Links, cfr. (M‘And.). E. Stirling: Touch Moor, at a spring, cfr. (Croall). S. Perth: Trossachs (Ewing); Tillicoultry Glen, cfr. (Evans). Mid Perth: Killin (Lightf. cf. Fl. Scot., p. 796); Craig Chailleach, cfr. 1824 (Grev. Herb.); Lawers Burn, cfr. (Evans); Killin district, c. on the low ground and fre- quently on the hills, cfr., ascending to 3300 ft. (Macv.); Ben Heasgarnich (West); Tyndrum district, R.c. on low ground and on the hills (Macv.). WN. Perth: Glas Tulchan (Ferg.); Glen Shee, cfr. (Ewing); Ben-y-Gloe (E. M. Holmes); Glen Thaitneich, cfr. (Ferg.). Mip E. HicHianps.—Forfar: Edzell, 1840 (Ed. Herb.); Sands of Barrie, 1842 (Gard.); Gannochy, cfr., 1848 (G. Lawson in Ed. Herb.); Den of Airlie (Ferg.); Denven Glen (J. Aimer); Newtyle (G. West); Glen Isla (G. West). Kincardine: Den of Garol (Sim). 8S. Aberdeen: Carr MARCHANTIA 63 Rocks, Castleton, efr., 1867 (Dickie); Corrie Mulzie (Stabl.) ; The Coyle, Abergeldie, cfr. (Stabl.). N.E. HicHianps.—£. Inverness: Carn Dearg, Aviemore, alt. 1400 ft. (Macv.). W. HicHianps.—Kintyre: Tarbert (Ewing). Clyde Isles: Loch Ranza, R. (Macv.). Dumbarton: Inverarnan, (Lightf. cf. Fl. Scot. p. 796); Ardlui, cfr. (Macv.); Ar- rochar, v.c. (Macv.). Argyll: Pass of Melfort, 1886 (Holmes); Glencoe (Macv.); Glen Nant, cfr. F. (Macv.); Loch Awe, F. on the low ground, v. on the hills (Macv.); Ben Doireann, cfr. (Macv.); Kentallen (Macv.). W. Inver- mess: Moidart, cfr. F. (Macv.); Ardnamurchan, efr. F. (Macv.); Sunart, cfr. F. (Macv.); Fort William (Macv.); Glen Nevis (Macv.). InNER HEBRIDES.—S. Inner Hebrides: Ardtiiia Glen, Islay (Gilm.). Mid Inner Hebrides: Coll (Macv.); Tober- mory, F. (Kenn.). NN. Inner Hebrides: Ben Cailleach (Lightf. cf. Fl. Scot., p. 796): do., alt. 400 fc. (Macv.); Mill Burn, Broadford, v.c. cfr. (Macv.); Sligachan, cfr. (Miss Macv.). OvuTER HEBRIDES.—Hazrris, cfr. (Ewing). Lower N. HIGHLANDS.—W. Ross: Strome Ferry, F. cfr. (Macv.); Strathcarron (Macv.); Gairloch, cfr. (Miss Macv.). Upper N. HiGHLanps.— #. Sutherland: Nr. Rogart (Lillie). Caithness: Reisgill Burn (Lillie). SHETLAND.—Kergord Burn, Weisdale (Beeby). MARCHANTIA L. MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA J, An uncommon plant in Scotland, though found from Dumfries to Shetland. Is more frequent on the east than on the west side of the country. Is rare in the West Lowlands, and uncommon in the south-east counties. Un- common in the cultivated regions of the East Highlands and rare in the hilly districts. Is very rare in the West Highlands and Hebrides, also in the North Highlands. It is found on damp walls on the outskirts of villages, in gardens and on waste-heaps. These are doubtless its usual centres of distribution, and in such cases it cannot be con- 64 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND sidered as indigenous. It occurs as a native in marshy ground, at the side of streams; and in moist ground among boulders on some of the hills of the Eastern Highlands. Its most frequent locality in the Lowlands, remote from houses, is at the side of streams in the subalpine region, or less frequently in glens running through the cultivated districts. It ascends to 3200 ft. alt. in Perthshire. Mature fruit is very rare, but gemme are almost always present. S.W. Low.Lanps.— Dumfries: Penton Linn (Scott) ; Kirkconnel Mill (Macv.). Kirkcudbright: New Galloway (M‘And.). N.W. Lowianps.—Ayr: Darvel (Ewing). Lanark: Uddingston, cfr. (Ewing); Glen Elvan, on rubbish-heap at side of railway (Macv.); Allershaws and Evan Waters, on rocks at side of the streams, R.c. (Macy.). E. LowLanps — Peebles: Carlops (Evans); Medwyn Water, cfr. (Evans); Logan Water, alt. 1050-1200 ft. (Macy.). Roxburgh: Kelso, on damp, shady stones (Scott) ; do., c. on damp wall (Macy.); Fairy Dean, Melrose, at side of stream (Macy.); wall at outskirts of Melrose (Macy.). Berwick: Longformacus (Miss Maev.); Cockburnspath (M‘And.); nr. Seenes Law, side of stream (Evans); Dry- burgh Abbey (Macv.). Haddington: Luffness Links (Evans); St Germains, cult. field (Evans); Gullane sands (M‘And.). Edinburgh: In septo regis Edinbergensi (Sibb. cf. Scot. Ill. part. sec, p. 59, 1684); Edinburgh Park (Mr Yalden cf. Lightf. Fl. Scot., p. 1148); Pentland Hills, 1848, cfr. (Ed. Herb.); nr. Edinburgh (Grev.); nr. Currie (Evans); damp wall by roadside, Balerno (Macv.); Bilston Glen, cfr. (Evans); Torduff Reservoir (Evans). Linlithgow: Railway side nr. Kirkliston, cfr. (Evans); above Carriber on stones by the Avon (Evans). S.E. Hicuuanps.—Fife and Kinross: Kenly Den, efr. (How.); Cullalo (Evans). S. Perth : Shaw Park, Alloa, efr. 1847 (Grev. Herb.); Bencleuch, in springs (Evans). Mid Perth: Ben Lawers, on wet ground among boulders, alt. 3200 ft., cfr. (Macv.). NV. Perth: Tummel valley, Pitlochry, cfr. (E. M. Holmes). N.E. HicuHianps.—forfar: Bog of Restenet, cfr. 1836 (Grey. Herb.); nr. Montrose, 1847, cfr. (Herb. Cruicks.); MARCHANTIA 65 the Burn, foot of Glenesk (Croall); Reeky Linn (Aimer). Kincardine: Inchmarlo, v.c. (J.C. Fordyce). S. Aberdeen : Lochnagar, 1847 (Balfour); Braemar (Croall); nr. Balmoral Castle on burnt wood, cfr. (J. Michie); Skene, cfr. (Dickie). W. HicHLanps.—Clyde Isles: Rothesay (M‘And. in Uitt.). Dumbarton: Milngavie, cfr. (J. Murr.) W. Stirling: Campsie, cfr. (Ewing); banks of canal nr. Kilsyth (K. & S.). W. Inverness: Moidart, in a marsh, also at foot of damp wall, and garden, rR. (Macv.). InnER Hesripes.—Mid Inner Hebrides: Tobermory Distillery, on walls (Macv.). OuTER HEBRIDES.—Edge of loch, Balallan, Lewis (West). Lower N. Hicuianps.—H. Ross: Fairy Glen, Rose- markie (Miss Macv.). Upper N. HiGHLAnps.—Caithness: Achnachy, Dunbeath (Lillie). SHETLAND.— Whalsey, beside loch (Lillie). TRANS. BOT. SOC. EDIN. VOL. XXV. Or JUNGERMANNIALES JUNGERMANNIACEA ANACROGYNAL ANEURA Dum. Riccardia S. F. Gray ANEURA PINGUIS (L.) Dwm. GENERALLY distributed over the whole of the country from Dumfries to Shetland. In the cultivated districts of the Lowlands it is uncommon, and occasionally even in the subalpine region, as in the Upper Clyde district; but it is usually a frequent species in the subalpine regions and is sometimes common. It is common over all the Highlands and in the Islands, both on the low ground and on the hills, and ascends to 3300 ft. alt. in Perthshire. Occurs on all formations, and is sometimes especially abundant on limestone rocks. Is found in ditches, marshes, side of streams, peat-mosses, wet rocks, and on moss tufts in wet places. Fruit, which is mature from April to August, is frequent. S.W. LowLanps.—Dumfries: Moffat (M‘And.); Euchan Water, F. (Macv.). Kirkcudbright: Blackeraig, etc., New Galloway (M‘And.); Glen Trool (Macv.); Creetown (Macev.). Wigtown: Knowe (Ewing); Stranraer (Macv.). N.W. Lowianps.—Ayr: Largs (Ewing); Glen Afton (Macv.). Renfrew: Cloch, cfr. (Ewing and West); Misty Law (Scott). Lanark: Cartland Crags (Ewing); Bon- nington Falls, cfr. (Young); Tinto, cfr. (Macv.); Elvanfoot district, U. (Macv.); Green Lowther, alt. 1700 ft., R. (Maev.). K. LowLanps.— Peebles: Cowie’s Linn, efr. (A. Murr.); Carlops, cfr. (Evans); Carton Burn, alt. 800-1200 ft., R.c. (Macv.); Logan Water, R.c. (Macv.); Tweedsmuir, cfr. c. (Maev.). Selkirk: Crosscleugh Burn (Evans). Roxburgh: 66 ANEURA 67 Kelso (Scott); Melrose district, R. (Macv.). Berwick: Crib Law, Lammermuir Hills (Evans); Cockburnspath, F. (M‘And.). Haddington: Oldhamstocks, cfr. (Evans); Dun- glass (M‘And.); Gullane Links, cfr. (M‘And.). Hdinburgh : Roslin Woods, cfr. (Grev.); Allermuir Glen, cfr. (Evans) ; Ravelrig, cfr. (Evans); Braid Hermitage (Evans); Clubbie- dean (Evans); Nether Habbie’s Howe (Evans); nr. Swanston, cfr. (Evans). Linlithgow: Drumshoreland (Evans); nr. S. Queensferry (M‘And.); Dalmeny (Evans). S.E. HicHuanps.— Fife and Kinross: Glassmount (Grey. cf. Fl. Edin., p. 270); Lomond Hills, cfr. (Young) ; N. Queensferry (M‘And.); Glen Queich (Evans); St Andrews (Macv.). S. Perth: Strathyre (Macy.); Aberfoyle (Evans) ; Trossachs (Ewing and West). Mid Perth: Killin district, c. both on low ground and on the hills to 3300 it. (Macv.); Tyndrum district, c. (Macv.); Ben Heasgarnich (Ewing); Coire Ardran (Macv.); Craig Vinean, cfr. (M‘In.). NV. Perth: Glen Beg, Glen Shee (Ferg.); Glen Sochaidh (West); Glen Tilt (West); Ben Gulabin, cfr. (Ew. and Young). Mip E. Hicuianps.—forfar: Clova (Ferg.); Fern (Ferg.); Sidlaws (Aimer); Reeky Linn (Aimer). Kin- curdine: Kerloch (Sim). S. Aberdeen: Glen Candlie, 1845 (Gard.); Potarch (Sim); Braemar (Stabl.); Linn of Quoich (Holmes) ; Coire Ceanmor (Ew. and Young). N. Aberdeen : Mormond Hill (Ewing). N.E. HicHuanps.—EHilgin: Dreggie Burn (Miss Macev.). EH. Inverness: Aviemore (Macyv.); Loch Vaa(Macv.); Slochd (Miss Macv.); Carr Bridge (Miss Macv.); Kineraig, cfr. (Miss Macv.); Braeriach (J. A. Wheldon); Fort Augustus (Macv.). W. HicHLanps.—By Loch Long, 1857 (Grey. Herb.). Kvntyre: Campbeltown (Ewing); Lochgilphead (Ewing). Clyde Isles: Loch Ranza, c. (Maev.). Dumbarton: Ardlui, F. (Macv.); Arrochar, c. (Macv.). W. Stirling: Campsie (Ewing); Inversnaid (Macy.). Argyll: Sandbank (Ewing); Loch Awe district, c. on low ground and on the hills (Macv.); Glen Nant, c. (Macv.); Ben Udlaidh nr. Tyndrum (Maev.); Loch Tulla, c. (Macv.); Lochan Bhe, c. (Macy.); Ben Doureann (Macv.); Kentallen (Macv.); Ballachulish (Macv.); Glencoe (West). W. Inverness: Moidart, c. efr., 68 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND F. (Macv.); Ardnamurchan, c. (Macv.); Sunart, c. (Maev.); Glen Nevis, c. (Macv.); Ben Nevis (Macv.). InNER HeEpRIDES—S. Inner Hebrides: Jura (Ewing). Mid Inner Hebrides: Tobermory (Kenn.); Misnish Loch (Macv.); Salen (Kenn.). NV. Inner Hebrides: Broadford district, v.c. (Macv.); Sligachan (Miss Macyv.). OutTeR HepripEs.—Tarbert, c. (West); Balallan, c. (West); Stornoway (Gibs.). Lower N. HicHianps.—W. Ross: Strathearron, C. (Macv.); Strome Ferry, v.c. (Macv.); Gairloch (Miss Maev.). E. Ross: Achnasheen, R.c. (Macy.); Loch Luichart (West); Falls of Rogie (M‘In.). Upper N. HicHianps.—H. Sutherland: Ben Griam Mohr (Lillie); West Helmsdale (Lillie). W. Sutherland: Strath Halladale, cfr. (Lillie); Ben Clibreck (Lillie); Smoo Cave (Lillie). Caithness: Watten (Lillie); Lybster (Lillie). OrKNEY.—Hoy, c. (West); Finstown (West); Kirkwall (West). SHETLAND.—Gelli Gill nr. Hillswick (Beeby); Lerwick (West); Scalloway, several places (West); Tresta (Beeby). ANEURA INCURVATA (Lindb.) Steph. Found only as yet in one locality in the East Lowlands, in wet ground near the coast. E. LowLanps.—Berwick : Pease Dean, cfr., 1901 (Macv.). ANEURA MULTIFIDA (L.) Dum. Uncommon on the low-lying parts of the Lowlands and East Highlands, but sometimes frequent in the subalpine regions. It is a less common plant than A. pinguis, especially in the Lowlands. Is uncommon in the Upper Clyde district, but frequent in that of the Upper Tweed. It is common in the subalpine parts of the East Highlands and ascends to 3200 ft. alt. in North Perth. Is frequently very common in the West Highlands and Islands and is common in the North Highlands and Shetland. It occurs on various formations and is found in marshes, especially when peaty, also by the side of streams and on wet rocks in ravines. Fruit is mature from April to July, but is uncommon. ANEURA 69 S.W. LowLanps.— Dumfries : Brownhall, 1840 (Cruicks.) ; Moffat (Miss Macv.); Crawick Water, uv. (Macv.). Kuirk- cudbright: New Galloway (M‘And.); Glen Trool (Macv.). Wigtown : Cairnryan (Macv.); Glenluce (Macyv.). N.W. Lowianps.—Ayr: Barskimming Moor (Scott). Renfrew: Cloch (West). Lanark: Bothwell Woods (Hopk. ef. Fl. Glott., p. 140); Holland Bush, Hamilton (J. Murr.) ; Tinto (Macv.); Elvanfoot district, u. (Macv.); Green Lowther to 1700 ft., R. (Macv.). EK. LowLanps.—Peebles: Carton Burn, F. (Macv.); Talla Water, F. (Macv.). Selkirk: Crosscleugh Burn (Evans) ; Clovenfords, cfr. (Macv.). Roxburgh: Melrose district, R. (Macy.). Berwick: Cockburnspath (M‘And.). Hadding- ton: Newlands nr. Gifford (Evans); Gullane Links, cfr. (M‘And.); Gosford (M‘And.). Hdinbwrgh: Corstorphine Hill, Roslin and Auchendinny Woods (Grev. cf. Fl. Edin., p- 271); nr. Edinburgh, cfr. (Grev.); Inveresk (Evans); Swanston (Evans); Balerno (M‘And.). Linlithgow: Nr. Bathgate (Evans); Carriber (Evans); Dalmeny (Evans). S.E. HicHLanps.—Fife and Kinross: Glassmount (Grev. cf. Fl. Edin., p. 271); Burntisland (Young); West Lomond Hill (Evans). S. Perth: Strathyre (Macv.). Mid Perth: Killin district, c. ascending to 2700 ft. (Macv.); Tyndrum district, c. both on low ground and hills (Maecv.); Coire Ardran (Macv.). NV. Perth: Glas Thulachan, alt. 3200 ft. (Ferg.); Ben Gulabin (Ew. and Young). Mip E. Hicuianps.—Forfar: Nr. Forfar, 1824 (Grev.). Kincardine: Linn of Dye (Sim). S. Aberdeen: Ben Beck, 1845 (Gard.); Potarch (Sim); Balmoral (Stabl.); Glen Beg (Stabl.); Lion’s Face (Stabl.); Coire Ceanmor (Ew. and Young). N.E. HigHuanps.—Hlgin: Glenbeg nr. Grantown (Miss (Macv.). HE. Inverness: Carn Dearg, Aviemore (Macv.) ; Slochd (Miss Maecy.); Carr Bridge (Miss Macv.). W. HiGHLANDS.—Clyde Isles: Brodick (Campb.); Loch Ranza (Campb.); do., c. (Macy.). Dumbarton: Milngavie (Ewing); Arrochar (Macy.); Ardlui, c. (Macv.); Tarbert (Macv.). W. Stirling: Inversnaid (Macv.). Argyll: Kal- mun (T. B. Wilkie); Sandbank, cfr. (Ewing); Coire Athoich, Ben More (A. Murr.); Loch Awe district, R.c. on low ground and on the hills (Maev.); Glen Nant, F. (Macev.) ; 70 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND Lochan Bhe, v.c. (Macv.); Ben Doureann (Macv.); Kentallen, cfr. (Maev.); L. Tulla(Macv.); Ballachulish (Macv.); Glencoe (West). W.Jnverness: Moidart, c. (Macv.); Ardnamurchan, c. (Macv.); Sunart, c. (Macv.); Glen Nevis (Macv.); Ben Nevis (Macyv.). INNER HeEsrRIDES.—S. Inner Hebrides: Ardtalla, Islay (Gilm.); Kildalton Woods (Ewing). Mid Inner Hebrides: L. Misnish (Macv.); Achnadrisg (Macv.); Salen (Kenn.). N. Inner Hebrides: Mill Burn, Broadford, v.c. (Maev.); Corrie, Broadford, v. (Macv.). Outer HEBRIDES.—Benbecula (Ewing); Tarbert (West). Lower N. Hicuianps.—W. Ross: Strome Ferry, F. (Macv.); Strathcarron, c. (Macv.). #. Ross: Achnasheen (Macv.); nr. Fortrose (Miss Macyv.). Upper N. HicuHianps.—Z#. Sutherland : West Helmsdale (Lillie); Loch Brora (Lillie). W. Sutherland: Strath Halladale (Lillie); Strath Naver (Lillie); Ben Clibreck (Lillie). Caithness: Dunnet Links (Lillie); Stemster Loch (Lillie). ORKNEY.—Hoy (West); Kirkwall (West). SHETLAND.—Lerwick (Sim); Scalloway, c. (West); North- mavin (Sim); Bergs of Skelberry, Northmavin, alt. ca. 500 ft. (Beeby); Fair Isle (Miss Skene). ANEURA LATIFRONS Jindb. Is rare in the Lowlands generally, though found in some peat-mosses and other wet ground; it is very rare in the Upper Clyde district, and has not been found in the Upper Tweed district. It is also rare in the East Highlands and Central Scotland generally. Is most frequent in the West and North Highlands, usually in peat-mosses and on peaty banks, and it has been found in several places in the Hebrides and Shetland. It occasionally is also found on decaying logs and stumps. It does not ascend the hills, but has a more northern distribution than A. palmata. Fruit is mature from May to July and is frequent. S.W. LowLanps.—Dumfries: Gallow Hill, Moffat (M‘And.). Kirkcudbright: New Galloway (M‘And.). Wigtown: Side of Loch Ryan, Stranraer (M‘And.); Portpatrick (M‘And.); Gallow Hill, Stranraer, on a log (Macy.). ANEURA Thy N.W. Lowianps.—Lanark : Tinto, alt. 900 ft. (Macv.) 5 Elvanfoot, peat-moss, v.R. (Macv.). E. LowLanps.—Peebles: Moor nr. Leadburn (Evans) ; Cowie’s Linn (M‘And.). Roxburgh: Kelso, cfr. (Scott). Edinburgh: Allermuir Glen, cfr. (Evans); Logan Burn (A. Murr.); Balerno Moss (M‘And.); Auchendinny, cfr. (M‘And.); nr. Cramond, on sandstone rocks (Evans). Lin- lithgow: Nr. S. Queensferry (M‘And.). S.E. HicHLanps.—Fife and Kinross: Burntisland, cfr. (Young). Mid Perth: Lamberkin nr. Perth (Meld.); stumps nr. Tyndrum (Macv.). Min E. HicHianps.— Kincardine: Stonehaven. on decay- ing wood (M‘And.) WV. Aberdeen: Mormond Hill (Ewing). N.E. HicHuanps.—£. Inverness: On stump, Loch Vaa (Miss Macv.); peat-moss, Carr Bridge (Miss Macv.). W. HicuHianps. — Kintyre: Campbeltown (Ewing). Clyde Isles: Peat-moss nr. Loch Ranza, c. (Macv.). Argyll: Peat-moss, head of Loch Awe (Macv.); L. Tulla, on stumps, R. (Macv.). W. Inverness: Moidart, c. on peat-mosses and peat banks, more rarely on stumps, cfr. F. (Macv.); Ardna- murchan (Macv.); Sunart (Macv.); Glen Nevis (Macv.). InnER HeEpripes.—Mid Inner Hebrides: L. Misnish (Macy.): L. Frisa (Macv.). NW. Inner Hebrides: Peat-moss nr. Broadford, F. (Macy.). OutTER HEBRIDES.—Balallan (West). Lower N. HicgHLuAnps.—W. Ross: Strathearron Moss, c. (Macv.). #. Ross: L. Luichart (West). Uprer N. HicHLtanps—E. Sutherland: Between Dur- ness and Tongue (Lillie). Caithness: Reisken, cfr. (Lillie) ; Watten (Lillie); Badlipster (Lillie); West Dunnet Hill (Lillie). ORKNEY.—Hoy (West). SHETLAND.—Shetland (Sim); Unst (Sim); Whiteness (Sim); Burn of Vallor (Sim). ANEURA PALMATA (Hedw.) Dum. Distributed from Dumfries to Shetland, but is a rare species in general. Very rare in the West Lowlands, and has not been found in the East Lowlands. Occurs locally in some quantity in several parts of the East Highlands. 72 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND Is rather rare in the West Highlands, except in a few places in West Inverness and Argyll. It has not been found in the Inner Hebrides, and is rare in the North Highlands. In the Lowlands and East Highlands it appears to be con- fined to decaying logs and stumps or rarely sandstone rocks. In the West Highlands it is found also on peat; in the extreme north of the mainland, the Outer Hebrides, and the northern islands it has only been found on the peat. It occurs in compact dark-green patches, generally unmixed, though occasionally with Nowellia curvifolia and Scap. wmbrosa. Fruit is rare, and mature from June to August. S.W. LowLanps.—Dumfries: Gallow Hill, Moffat, on wood, efr. (M‘And.). Kirkcudbright: New Galloway, on wood (M‘And.). S.E. HicgHi~anps.—Fife and Kinross: Lomond Hills, on sandstone rock (Young); do., Glen Burn (Evans). #. Star- ling: Wester Glen, Gargunnock, on old wood (K. & 8S.) S. Perth: Trossachs, on old wood, 1876 (Carr.); do. (Ewing and West) Mid Perth: Finlarig Wood, on old logs (Ewing); Achrioch Wood, Tyndrum, R.c. on stumps (Macyv.). Mip E. HicgHianps.—Kincardine: Mount Shade, 1873 (Sim); Scolty, on wood (Sim); nr. Stonehaven, on wood (M‘And.). S. Aberdeen: Potarch (Sim); Craigendinny (Sim); Balmoral, on decaying wood (Stabl.); Ballochbuie, on decaying wood (Michie). N.E. HicgHuanps.—Hlgin: Glen Beg nr. Grantown, on old wood (Miss Macv.). #. Inverness: Carr Bridge, on fir stump (Miss Macy.). W. HicHianps.—Argyll: Nr. Ballachulish, on logs, efr. (Macv.); L. Tulla, on stumps, F. (Macv.); Ben Fhada, Glencoe (West); Balliveolan Burn, L. Creran (Kenn.). W. Inverness: Glenfinnan (Carr. cf. Pears. Hep. Brit., p. 450); Moidart, on logs, stumps, and on peat, F. (Macv.); Salen Burn, Ardnamurchan, on stumps (Macv.); Sunart, on logs (Macv.): Coire Dheirg, Glen Nevis, on log (Macyv.). OUTER HEBRIDES.—Benbecula, on peat (West). Lower N. HicHLANDs.—W. Ross: Strathcarron, on log and on peat, R. (Macv.). Upper N. HIGHLANDS.—Caithness: Watten, on peat (Lillie). METZGERIA fo OrKNEY.—Hoy, on peat (West); Culags, Hoy, cfr. (Lillie). SHETLAND.—Scalloway, on peat (West); Yell, on peat (Sim); Unst, on peat (Sim). METZGERIA Raddi METZGERIA FURCATA (L.) Lindb. Widely distributed from Dumfries to Shetland, and generally common on the low-lying ground where there is some degree of shelter, but there are many sheltered localities where it is by no means common although the surrounding conditions appear equally favourable. In the Lowlands it is rather common in woodland districts, but becomes rare in the valleys above an altitude of 800 ft., as in the Upper Clyde and Upper Tweed districts. It is common in the East and West Highlands and Inner Hebrides, but less so in the extreme north of the mainland. It is rare on the hills and doubtfully ascends above 1800 ft. alt. It usually occurs on trees in the Lowlands, though not rare on rocks. In the Highlands it is found equally common on rocks and on trees. Although preferring some shelter, this species is frequently seen on exposed rocks, especially on the sea-shore. It grows on various formations and is sometimes common on limestone. Fruit is rare, and is mature from September to February. S.W. LowLanps.—Dumfries: Brownhall nr. Dumfries 1840 (Cruicks.); Drumlanrig (J. Murr.); Moffat, c. cfr. (Johns.); Euchan Water, rR. (Macv.); Crichope Linn, v. (Macy.). Kirkcudbright: New Galloway, cfr. (M‘And.); Carsphairn (West); Creetown (Maey.); Loch Trool, c. (Macv.). Wigtown: Portpatrick (M‘And.); Castle Kennedy (Macv.); Glen Luce (Macv.); nr. New Luce (Ewing). N.W. LowLanps.—A yr: Darvel (Ewing) ; Dalmellington (West); Glen Afton, rR. (Macv.); Ladyland (Miss Maev.). Renfrew: Loch Thom (Ewing and West); Cloch (West). Lanark; Woodside (Hopk. cf. Fl. Glott., p. 140); Wabston (J. Murr.); Falls of Clyde (Ewing); Cartland Crags, F. (Macv.); Symington, R. (Macv.); Elvanfoot district, vu. (Macv.). K. Lowianps.—Peebles: Lamancha (Evans); Cowie’s 74 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND Linn (Evans); Rachan, v.R. (Macv.). Selkirk: Howden (Evans); Bowhill (Evans); Caddon Water (Macv.); Glen- kinnon Burn (Macy.); Lindean, c. (Macv.); Yarrow (Macv.). Roxburgh: Kelso, cfr. (Scott); Melrose, F. (Macv.). Berwick: Pease Dean (Macv.); Longformacus (Miss Macv.). Haddington: Dunglass Woods (Evans); Lennox- burn (Evans); Traprain Law (M‘And.). Edinburgh: Roslin Woods, cfr. (Grev.); Hillend Wood (Evans); Craig- lockhart (Evans); Craigmillar (Evans); Bonally Burn (A. Murr.); Penicuik (Evans). Linlithgow: Carriber Glen (Evans); Dalmeny (M‘And.). S.E. HicHuanps.—Fife and Kinross: Raith (Young); Dunearn (Young); Aberdour (Evans); Scotscraig Den (Aimer); Auchtertool (Young); St Andrews (Macv.). E. Stirling: Gargunnock (Kids. and Stir.) ; Muiravonside (Evans). 8S. Perth: Abbey Craig (Kids. and Stir.); Menstrie Glen (Evans); Wharry Glen nr. Bridge of Allan (Evans). J/id Perth: Foot of Ben Lawers, 1838 (Grev. Herb.); Killin, 1839 (Stark); Glen Lochy, 1839 (Ed. Herb.); Culdees Castle (Evans); Tyndrum district, u. (Macy.). NW. Perth: Lorronty Burn (Ferg.); Dunkeld (M‘In.). Mi E. HicHuanps.—Forfar: Sidlaw Hills, 1846 (Gard.) 3 Clova (Ferg.). Kincardine: Blackhall (Sim); Den of Lathers (Sim); Mount Shade (Sim); Feugh Rocks (Sim). S. Aberdeen: Den of Cults (Dickie); Craigendarroch (Sim); Balmoral (Stabl.). NN. Aberdeen: Nr. Buchan (Ferg.). N.E. HicHuanps.—#. Inverness: Nr. Aviemore (Macyv.); Farr Rocks, Kincraig (Miss Macv.). _ W. HicHianps.—Kintyre: Port Righ (Ewing); Camp- beltown (Ewing); Clachan (Macrae); Ronachan (Macrae). Clyde Isles: Bute (Ewing); Loch Ranza, u. (Maev.); Black- waterfoot (Miss Macv.); Lamlash (M‘And.); Brodick (Miss Macv.); Whiting Bay (Miss Maev.). Dwmbarton: Dumbar- tonshire, 1844 (Stark); Fruim Bridge nr. Luss (J. F. Scott Elliot); Arrochar, F. (Macv.); Ardlui, F. (Macv.); Shandon (Miss Macy.) ; Tarbert, Fr. (Macv.). W. Stirling : Inversnaid (Kids. and Stir.); do, c. (Macv.). Argyll: Lismore (Macv.); Loch Awe district, u. (Macv.); Ballachulish (Macv.); Ben Doureann (Macv.); Kentallen (Macv.); METZGERIA 75 Glen Ure, Benderloch (Kenn.). W. Jnverness: Moidart, c. (Macv.); Ardnamurchan, c. (Macv.); Sunart, c. (Macv.); Glen Nevis (Macv.). INNER HeEsripEs.—S. Inner Hebrides: Bridge End (Gilm.); Port Ellen (Gilm.); Cairnmore Wood, Islay (Gilm.); Carrick Ford, Islay (Gilm.). Mid Inner Hebrides: Coll (Macv.); Tobermory (Kenn.); do. v.c. (Macv.); Dervaig (Macy.); Glenforsa (Kenn.). WV. Inner Hebrides: Broadford district, v.c. (Macv.); Sligachan (Miss Macy.) ; Portree (Ewing). OuTER HEpRipDES.—Nr. Tarbert, Harris (West); Balallan (West). LowrrR N. HicHuanps.—W. Ross: Strathearron, Uv. (Macv.); Strome Ferry, vu. (Macv.); Loch Maree (Miss Maey.); Gairloch (Miss Macy.). Upper N. Hicuianps.— #. Sutherland: Nr. Brora (Lillie). W. Sutherland: Farr (Lillie); Smoo Cave (Lillie). Caithness: Langwell (Lillie); Dirlot (Lillie); Latheronwheel (Lillie). OrkNEY.—Mill Burn, Hoy (Lillie). SHETLAND.— Unst (Sim); Lerwick (West); Neeans (Beeby); Sullam (Sim); Mavisgrind ae Northmavin (Sim); Sandwater (Beeby). var. ZRUGINOSA Hook. S.E. Lownanps.— Kirkcudbright: New Galloway (M‘And.); Penkill Burn (Maey.). Wigtown: Cairnryan (Macv.). EK. LowLanps.— Peebles : Portmore (Evans). S.E. HicHianps.—Fife and Kinross: Kiels Den, 1864 (How.); Cambo (Young). K. Stirtinc.—Bridge of Allan (Grev. Herb.); Wester Glen (Kids. and Stir.). S. Perth: Nr. Doune (Kids. and Stir.). Mid Perth: Ben Lawers (Grev.). Min E. HicHLtanps.—Forfar: Rescobie, 1846 (Gard.). METZGERIA CONJUGATA Lindb. Widely distributed from Dumfries to Orkney, but in general less common than J/. furcata. It prefers moister and more shady localities, and is usually confined to rocks. 76 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICA IN SCOTLAND Tn the West Lowlands it is frequent in several of the glens, but is rare in the upper parts of the valleys, where there is little shelter. Is very rare in the East Lowlands, and is usually found only in shady subalpine glens. It is rare in Fife and generally over the drier districts of the East Highlands, but is rather common in the hilly districts. Is common in the West Highlands, less so in the unsheltered ‘Hebrides. Is frequent in West Ross-shire, but is uncommon in the extreme north. It is uncommon on the hills, but ascends to 2600 ft. alt. in Perthshire. Fruit is uncommon, and mature from September to May. S.W. LowLanps.—Dum/fries: Penton Linns, on limestone rocks (Scott); Crawick Water, v.R. (Macv.). Kirk- cudbright: New Galloway (M‘And.); Loch Trool, F. (Macv.); Penkill Burn (Macv.). Wagtown: Loch Ryan (Ewing); Cairnryan (Macv.); Dunsky Glen, F. (Macy.). N.W. Lownanps.—Ayr: Beith (Ewing); Largs (J. Murr.); Glen Afton, rock, R. (Macv.). Renfrew: Loch- winnoch (Ewing); Loch Thom (Ewing); Inverkip (Lee); Glen, Misty Law (Scott). Lanark: S. of Elvanfoot, on rocks by stream side, v.R. (Macv.). E. Low.anps. — Peebles: _Cowies Linn (M‘And.). Berwick: Cockburnspath (M‘And.). Hdinburgh: Pentland Hills (Grev.); Nether Habbie’s Howe (Evans); Moorfoot Water (Evans). S.E. HicHLANDS.—Fife and Kinross: Rumbling Bridge (Ewing); Raith (Young); Aberdour (Evans); Glen Queich (Evans). #. Stirling: Baston Burn, cfr. (K. & S); Touch (K. & §8.); hills above Gargunnock (K. & S). S. Perth: Strathyre, R.c. also cfr. (Macv.); Menstrie Glen K. & S.); Castle Campbell (Evans); Trossachs (Ewing); Aberfoyle (Evans). Mid Perth: Killin (G. A. Holt ef. Pears. Hep. Brit., p. 464); do., c. on low ground, U. on the hills to 2600 ft. (Maecv.); Clifton Burn, Tyndrum (Macyv.); Ben Laoigh (Macv.); Falls of Moness, cfr. (J. Menzies) ; Craig Vinean (M‘In.). WV. Perth: Den of Reichip (Barker) ; Cally (M‘In.); Glen Thaitneich (Ew. and Young). Mip E. HicgHLANDs.—Forfar: Craig’s Wood nr. Montrose, 1856 (Croall); The Burn nr. Forfar, 1862 (Croall); Auch- phersie (Ferg.); Reeky Linn (Aimer). Kincardine: Den METZGERIA Ci of Parlie? (Sim). S. Aberdeen: Braemar, 1822 (Grev.); Linn of Corriemulzie, 1845 (Gard.); Burn of Vat (Sim); Den of Finzean (Sim); Ben MacDhui (Stabl.). N.E. HicHuanps.—Elgin: Banks of the Findhorn above Slui, 1848 (Croall). E. Inverness: Kilverock Wood, Nairn, 1846 (Croall); Cawdor, Nairn, cfr., 1862 (Croall); Inver- cannich (Cocks). W. HicHLANps.— Kintyre: Without nearer locality (Ewing); Clachan (Macrae); Ronachan (Macrae); nr. Tarbert (Ewing); Clyde Isles: Cnocan Burn, Arran (Campb.); Loch Ranza, rR. (Macv.); Kyles of Bute (Ewing). Dumbarton: Ben Vorlich (Barker); Ardlui, Fr. (Macv.); Arrochar, c. (Macv.). Argyll: Coire Athoich, efr. (A. Murr.); Loch Awe district, F. in ravines (Macv.); Glen Nant, F. (Macv.); Kentallen (Macv.); Ballachulish (Macv.). W. Inverness: Moidart, c. efr. (Macv.); Ardnamurchan, c. (Macv.); Sunart, c. (Macv.). INNER HeEsripEes—S. Inner Hebrides: Ardimersay, Islay, cfr. (Gilm.); Bridgend, Islay (Gilm.). Mid Inner Hebrides: Tobermory (Ewing); Aros (Kenn.); do., U. (Maev.); Allt na Searmoin, Salen (Kenn.). NV. Inner Hebrides: Skye, without locality (Weiss.); Mill Burn, Broadford, cfr. R. (Macv.); Sligachan (Miss Macv.). OuTER HeEBRIDES.—Tarbert (West); Balallan (West). Lower N. HIGHLANDS.—W. Ross: Strathearron, F. in ravines (Macv.); Strome Ferry (Macv.). #. Ross: Without other locality, 1872 (Barker). Upper N. Hicuianps.— W. Sutherland: Strath Naver (Lillie). Caithness: Dunbeath Strath (Lillie); Achorn (Lillie). ORKNEY.—Quoyowa, Hoy (Lillie). METZGERIA HAMATA Lindb. Widely distributed from Wigtown to Orkney, but almost confined to the west side of the country. It is rare in the West Lowlands and has not been found in the East Low- lands. In several parts of the western portion of the East Highlands it occurs, and occasionally in some quantity ; but it has not been found near the eastern side of that province except in two localities, one of which being in 78 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICH IN SCOTLAND Kinross of an old date, and of which the specimen had better be re-examined, and the other in Aberdeen, of which I have not seen a specimen. It is generally distributed in the West Highlands, being frequent in many parts, and is found in large quantity in some places. Is uncommon in the Inner Hebrides and has not been yet found in the Outer Islands, the absence of shelter in the Hebrides being un- favourable for this species. It extends along the west side of the North Highlands, but has not been found in the extreme north of the mainland or in Shetland. It is rare in Orkney. This species usually grows on wet rocks in well-sheltered ravines, and when these are not present the plant is rare orabsent. Itis alow ground-plant, but is found occasionally on the hills up to 1800 ft. alt. It frequently forms large yellowish-green patches of a foot or more in diameter in ravines when near the west coast, but it is frequent also as thin layers over mosses, the latter being its usual condition when on the hills. The plant is most commonly without inflorescence ; fruit has not been seen. S.W. Lowianps.—Kirkecudbright : Bailingear Glen, New Galloway (M‘And.). N.W. Lowianps.—Ayr: West Kilbride, 1887 (Ewing); Ness Glen, Dalmellington, 1888 (M‘And.). Renfrew: Glen N. of Glenlora, Misty Law (Scott). S.E. HicgHLanps.—Fife and Kinross: Nr. Kinross, 1844 (Stark)? Mid Perth: Ben Lawers, 1837 (Grev. Herb.); Finlarig Burn, r.c. (Macy.); Craig-an-Lochain, alt. 1800 ft. (Macv.); Craig Mhor (Young); Ben Laoigh in several places from 1600-1800 ft. (Macyv.). W. HicHianps.—Clyde Isles: Goatfell (Campb.); L. Ranza, v.R. (Macv.); Benlister Glen, Lamlash (M‘And.). Dumbarton: Ravine, Ben Vorlich (Macv.); Arrochar Wood, F. (Macv.); ravine nr. Arrochar Station, R. (Macv.). Argyll: Lochgoilhead, 1856 (Nichol); Allt Coire Gabhail, Glencoe (Dixon); Puck’s Glen (A. Murr.); Ben More (A. Murr.); Tailor’s Leap, Glen Nant, r. (Macv.); Kentallen, F. (Macv.); Glen Ure, Benderloch (Kenn.). W. Inverness: Moidart, Cc. in some ravines, R. on the hills to 1700 ft. (Macy.); Ardnamurchan, F. in ravines (Macy.); Resipol Burn, Sunart, c. (Macv.). METZGERIA wo InnER Hepripes.—S. Inner Hebrides: Jura (Ewing). Mid Inner Hebrides: Nr. Tobermory (Kenn.); Allt na Searmoin, Salen (Kenn.). Lower N. HicuHuanps.—W. Ross: Strome Ferry, F. (Macy.); Strathcarron, R. (Macv.). OrKNEY.—Side of sandy lochs near the Ward Hill, Hoy (Lillie). METZGERIA PUBESCENS (Schrank) Raddi A rare species almost confined to the Kast Highlands, though found from Dumfries to Caithness. Is very rare in the Lowlands. It has been found in a few localities in Fife, is frequent in some of the hilly districts of the East Highlands, and is common on a few of the Breadalbane hills where there is some lime in the soil. It is very rare in the West Highlands, and has only been found there in one of the limestone districts. On the east side of the country it is sometimes found on basalt. It has an eastern distribution in Scotland, and is mostly a subalpine and alpine species. It grows on rocks, usually in tufts of mosses, and extends to 4000 ft. alt. Male plants appear to be not uncommon, Fruit has not been found. S.W. Lowianps. — Dumfries: Penton Linns, on lime- stone rocks (Scott). E. Lowranps. — Edinburgh: Craiglockhart Rocks (M‘And.); Moorfoot Water (Evans). S.E. HicHianps.—Fife and Kinross: Rocks nr. Balin- erino, 1845 (Gard.); Dunearn Hill, on basalt (Young) ; rocks above Newburgh (How.); Glen Queich (Evans) ; E. Stirling: Gargunnock Craigs (Kids. and Stir.). Mid Perth: Craig-an-Lochain, Killin, c. (Macv.); Ben Lawers, F. to 4000 ft. (Macv.); Ben Laoigh (West); do., F. (Macv.); Falls of Ness nr. Muthill (Evans). WN. Perth: Glen Tilt (Ferg.); Glen Shee (Ferg.). Mip E. Hicuianps.—Forfar: Falls of Melgum, 1837 (Edin. Herb.); Den of Airlie, 1842 (Gard.); Reeky Linn (Gard.); do. (Croall); do. (Aimer); Clova (Ferg.); The Burn (Croall); Fern (Ferg.). Kincardine: Den of Garol (Sim); Paldy Hill (Sim). S. Aberdeen: Linn of Corrie- 80 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND mulzie, 1845 (Gard.); Lion’s Face, Braemar (Stabl.). N. Aberdeen: Huntly (M‘And.). N.E. HiauHianps.— Banff: Loch Builg (Dickie). £. Inverness: Invereannich (Cocks); Farr Rocks, Kincraig (Miss Macyv.). W. HicgHianps.—Argyll: Lismore (Macv.). Lower N. HicHianps.—H#. Ross: Balnakil, Durness (Lillie). Upper N. HIiGHLANDS.—Carthness: Reisgill Burn (Lillie). PALLAVICINIA S&S. F. Gray Dilena Dum. [PALLAVIcINIA LYELLI (Hook.) Gray It is doubtful if this species has been found in Scotland. It was recorded by J. Cruickshank in the Phytologist, 1842, from the Lochar Moss near Dumfries, and this record is quoted by Pearson in Hep. Brit. Isles, but Mr Pearson tells me that he has not seen a specimen from this locality, and he agrees with me that it is advisable that the plant be gathered again before entering it definitely as a Scottish species. There is an unlocalised specimen of this species in John Sim’s Herbarium, but this collection contains a few English and American, as well as Scottish, plants, and there is no indication of the county in this case. As the species has been found as far north as Westmorland, it may possibly occur in Dumfries. ] PALLAVICINIA HIBERNICA (Hook.) Gray This rare species has only been found in two localities, and not in recent years. The altitude at which it was found in Forfar is not stated, but Cat Law is slightly under 2000 ft. alt. The Shetland station is perhaps near sea-level. Mip E. Hichianps.—Forfar: Cat Law, 1822 (C. Lyell). SHETLAND.—Burn of Vallor, 1878 (Sim). PALLAVICINIA FLOTOWIANA (Nees) Lindb. Morckia hibernica v. Wilsoniana Gottsche This species is almost confined to damp, sandy ground near the sea. It is to be expected that it will be found in PALLAVICINIA 81 other sand-dunes on our coasts besides those recorded here, especially in the southern part of the country, and on the west as well as on the east coast. E. Lowianps.—Haddington: Gullane Links, per., 1906, with Hypnum falcatum, H. cordifoliwm, H. revolvens, Amblystegium filicinum (M‘And.); do. with a2 In the West Highlands it is more common on trees than on rocks, but it is also frequent on shady rocks, especially when close to the sea-shore, and often just above tide-mark. In the Hebrides, where trees are scarce, it appears to prefer rocks even when sheltered trees are present. It grows on schist, gneiss, basalt, and also hmestone. When on trees it prefers birch, but is frequent on oak, hazel, and sometimes conifers, mountain ash, and willows. Grows in large, fre- quently loose patches of a generally lighter colour than F. Tamarisci, but never occurs in ascending tufts among old heather and mosses as the latter does. Perianths are common, much more so than in F. Tamarisci, and are usually present when the plant is on trees; fruit is frequent, except when on rocks, and is commonly mature from August to October, but it has been noticed also in May. S.W. LowLanps.— Wigtown: Seaside banks, Galloway, 1843 (Grev. Herb. swb. nom. Jwng. Tamarisci). S.E. HicHianps.—Fife and Kinross: Isle of May, 1879 (Evans). W. HicuHianps.—Kintyre: Carradale (Ewing); Tarbert (Ewing). Clyde Isles: Loch Ranza, per. (Campb.). Dwin- barton: Allt Dubh Uisgue, on trees (Macv.). Argyll: Coire Athoich, per. (A. Murr.); Puck’s Glen (A. Murr.) ; head of Loch Awe, rR. (Macv.); Kentallen, per. (Macv.); Glen Ure, and Balliveolan, L. Creran (Kenn.). W. I[nver- mess: Moidart, c. (Macv.); Ardnamurchan, F. (Macv.). Sunart, F. (Macy.). INNER HEBRIDES.—S. Inner Hebrides: Jura (Ewing) ; Ardimersay, Islay, per. (Gilm.); Ard, Port Ellen (Gilm.); Carrick Ford, on stones (Gilm.); Kildalton Woods (Ewing). Mid Inner Hebrides : Tobermory (Ewing); do., c. on rocks, per. (Macv.); Glenforsa, shore (Kenn.); Tiree (Macv.). N. Inner Hebrides: Broadford district, Fr. (Macv.). OuTER HEBRIDES.—Barra (Ewing); Tarbert, cfr. (West) ; Harris, per. (Ewing). Lower N. HicHLAnps.—W. Ross: Strome Ferry, per. and g, F. (Macv.); Strathcarron, per., F. (Macv.). SHETLAND.—Nr. Lerwick (Sim); Busta (Sim); Neeans (Beeby); Aith, on Sticta pulmunaria (Beeby); Unst (Sim) ; Muckle Heog Cairns, Unst (Lillie). 326 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICH IN SCOTLAND FRULLANIA DILATATA (L.) Dum. One of the most generally distributed species of the low ground, but rare or absent in exposed districts. In the Lowlands it is almost confined to trees, being frequent in deciduous woods in the cultivated regions, and often common in the more sheltered coppices of the low-lying glens. In the valleys above 1000 ft. alt. it is very rare, and is scarce in such localities even with the presence of a fair amount of timber. It is common over most of the Kast Highlands below 1000 ft. alt., especially in the more sheltered parts, but is uncommon in some districts bordering the Moray Firth and in the valley of the Spey. Is very common in the West Highlands, occurring equally on trees and rocks when in woods. Its frequency in the Inner Hebrides is in proportion to the small number of trees there, and in the Outer Hebrides it is very rare, and has only been found in the planted wood at Stornoway. It is frequent in the North Highlands where there is sheltered wood, but is in general rare owing to the absence of this condition. It has been found in Orkney and in two localities in Shetland. It is rarely found above 1000 ft. alt., but has been found at 1400 ft. alt. in North Perth, and on one occasion at 2000 ft. alt. in Mid Perth. It prefers rather drier habitats than F. Tamarisci, and for this reason is frequently seen on smooth-barked trees, while the latter prefers those with rough bark. All our species of Frullania, except F. microphylla, occur also on conifers, though not very commonly. Perianths are usually present, and fruit is common, especially from December to April. The female plant commonly occurs in mixture with the male plant, which is not the case with F. Tamarisei. S.W. LowLanps. — Dumfries: Brownhall nr. Dumfries, 1840 (Cruicks.); Moffat (Johns.); Sanquhar district, F. (Maev.); Crichope Linn, F. (Macv.). Kirkcudbright: New Galloway (M‘And.); Glen Island (Ham.); Carsphairn (West); Penkill Burn, c. (Macv.); Glen Trool, c. (Maev.); Creetown (Macv.). Wigtown: Lochnaw (J.S.Stirling); Port- patrick (M‘And.); Knowe (Ewing); Glen Luce, cfr. (Macv.) ; Castle Kennedy, cfr. (Macv.); nr. New Luce (Ewing). N.W. Lowianps.— Ayr: Mochra Hill (Ewing); nr. FRULLANIA Soe Dalmellington (West); Glen Afton, r. (Macv.). Renfrew: Cloch (West); Inverkip (West). Lanark: Falls of Clyde (Ewing); Cartland Crags, u. (Macv); Craigairtan (Campb.) ; St John’s Kirk, Symington (Macv.); Elvanfoot, in sheltered places, U. (Macv.). E. Lowianps. — Peebles: Macbiehill (Evans); Cowie’s Linn (A. Murr.); Lamancha (Evans); Broughton district, F. (Macv.); Tweedsmuir, u. (Macv.). Selkirk: Howden (Evans); Lindean, c. (Macv.); Glenkinnon Burn, c. (Macy.) ; Caddonfoot, c. (Maecv.). Roxburgh: Nr. Melrose (R. Renton); do., R.c. in deans (Macv.). Berwick: Pease Dean, vu. (Macv.); Longformacus, cfr. (Miss Macv.). Hadding- ton: Dunglass, cfr. (Evans); Yester Wood (Evans); Lennoxlove (Evans). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Park (Mr Yalden cf. Lightf. Flor. Scot., p. 1148); nr. Edinburgh, 1829 (Grevy.); Braid Woods, 1845 (W. W. Evans); Hopetoun Woods, 1847 (W. W. Evans); nr. Inveresk (Evans); nr. Edgelaw Reservoir (Evans); Penicuik (Evans); Gorebridge (Evans) ; Roslin Glen (A. Murr.). Linlithgow: Dalmeny Woods (M‘And.); Caribber Glen (M‘And.). S.E. HiGHLAaNpbs.— Fife and Kinross: Fife, without nearer locality, 1839 (W. W. Evans); Kinghorn (M‘And.) ; Kirkealdy (Young); Raith (Young); Aberdour (Evans) ; Dysart (Young); Camto (Young). E. Stirling: Gargun- nock (K.&S8.). S. Perth: Nr. Doune (K. & §.); Aberfoyle (Ewing); Culdees Castle (Evans); Trossachs, cfr. (Ewing) ; Strathyre, vu. (Macv.); Muirton Glen (Evans); Wharry Glen, cfr. (Evans). Mid Perth: Killin district, c. on the low ground (Macv.); Craig-an-Lochain, alt. 2000 ft. (Macv.) ; nr. Tyndrum (Ewing). WN. Perth: Glen Beg, Glen Shee, alt. 1400 ft. (Ferg.);| Dunkeld (M‘In.); Kinnoull Hill, cfr. (Meld.); Stenton (Barker). Mip E. HicHianps.—Forfar: Baldovan Woods, 1842 (Gard. ? in Ed. Herb.); Reeky Linn, 1843 (Gard.); do., 1906 (Aimer); Den of Airlie (Gard.); Pitpointie, 1846 (Ed. Herb.) ; Guthrie, cfr., 1856 (Croall); Inshewan (Ferg.); Glen Prosen (Ferg.); Fullerton Den (Ferg.). Kincardine: Brae of Lathers, cfr. (Sim); Blackness, cfr. (Sim); Inchmarlo, cfr. (J. W. Fordyce); Stonehaven Wood (M‘And.). 8. Aberdeen: Dry Den (Dickie). N. Aberdeen: Mormond Hill (Ewing); Turriff (Lillie). 328 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICH IN SCOTLAND N.E. HicgHuanps.-—£. Inverness: Boat of Garten, “v.R.” (Miss Macy.); Kincraig (Miss Macv.); Fort Augustus, c. (Macv.). W. HIcHLANDS.—Aintyre: Carradale (Ewing); Camp- beltown (Ewing); Ronachan, cfr. (Macrae). Clyde Isles: Bute (Grev.); Loch Ranza,c.(Macy.). Dumbarton: Ardlui, R.c. (Macv.); Arrochar, F. (Macv.); Tarbert, c. (Macv.). W. Stirling: Drymen (K. & §.); Inversnaid (Macyv.). Argyll: N. of Crinan Canal (West); Kilmun (Wilkie); Puck’s Glen, cfr. (A. Murr.); nr. head of Loch Long (Macyv.) ; Lismore (Maev.); Glen Nant, c. (Macv.); Loch Awe district, c. and c. cfr. (Macv.); Inveraray (Campb.); Ballachulish (Macy.); Kentallen (Macv.). W. Inverness: Glen Nevis (West); Fort William (Macv.); Glenfinnan (Macy.); Moidart, v.c. (Macy.); Ardnamurchan, do. (Macv.); Sunart, do. (Macv.); Morar (West); nr. Glenelg (Ewing). INNER HeEpriDEs.—S. Inner Hebrides: Islay, several places, as Ardimersay, Bridgend, cfr., Cairnmore Wood, Carrick Ford (Gilm.); Kildalton Woods, cfr. (Ewing). Mid Inner Hebrides: Glenmore (Ewing); nr. Tobermory (Kenn.); ©. about Tobermory (Macv.); Tiree (Macyv.); Dervaig (Macv.). WV. Inner Hebrides: Broadford district, c. (Macv.); Portree (Ewing). OuTER HEBRIDES.—Stornoway (West). Lower N. HicHLtanps.—W. Ross: Strome Ferry (Macv.); Strathearron, R.c., cfr. c. (Macv.); L. Maree, efr., and Gairloch (Miss Macv.). #. Ross: Nr. Fortrose (Miss Macev.). Upper N. HicgHiANps.—E. Sutherland: Nr. The Mound (Lillie). W. Sutherland: Strath Naver (Lille); Tongue (Lillie), Caithness: Watten, Strath of Bilbster, Langwell, cfr., Latheronwheel (Lillie). ORKNEY.—Finstown (West). SHETLAND.—Nr. Lerwick (Sim); Unst (Sim). ANTHOCEROS L. ANTHOCEROS LEVIS JL. Widely distributed from Wigtown to Caithness, but un- common. It is more frequent in the Lowlands than else- where, but has only been found sparingly in any district. ANTHOCEROS : 329 This species and A. punctatus will doubtless be found to be more generally distributed than the records show, but it is not to be expected that they will be otherwise than uncommon with us, especially the present plant, which is of a more Southern type than the other. It appears to be rare in the Highlands, and has been seldom found in any of our hilly districts. It forms dark-green flat patches at the side of ditches and on moist fallow ground. Fruit, which is mature from September to December, is uncommon. S.W. LowLanps.— Wigtown: Loch Ryan, cfr. (Ewing). N.W. Lowianps.—Ayr: Mauchline, cfr., 1890 (Ewing). Renfrew: Nr. Lochwinnoch village, in ditch, cfr. (Scott). K. Lowianps.—Roxburgh: Bowden, roadside (Macyv.). Edinburgh: Newpark (Evans). Linlithgow: Nr. Bath- gate, at side of ditch, with Blasia pusilla (Evans); South Queensferry, on waste ground (Evans). W. Higuianps.— Kintyre: Clachan (Macrae). W. Inverness: Moidart, R. (Macv.). Inner HeEpripes.—S. Inner Hebrides: Nr. Lathraoig Distillery, cfr. (Ewing). Uprrer N. HiGHLANDS.—Caithness: Nr. Lybster, side of potato field, efr., 1900 (Lillie). ANTHOCEROS PUNCTATUS L. This species appears to be more frequent in the low-lying districts of the Highlands than in the Lowlands, but its distribution is not well known. It seems, however, to be very rare in the southern counties. It has only been found in small quantity in the various localities where it has been noted. It forms nearly flat dark-green patches at the side of ditches and on moist fallow ground. Fruit is common, and is mature from July to November. S.W. Low.anps.— Wigtown: Nr. Portpatrick, cfr. (M‘And.). E. LowLanps.—Roxburgh: Field nr. Kelso, with Riccia sorocarpa and Fossombronia (Scott). S.E. HigHuanps.—JW. Perth: Nr. Dunkeld, cfr. (M‘In.). Mip E. HicHianps.—S. Aberdeen: On moist bank north of Powder Magazine, Aberdeen (Dickie). 3830 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND W. HicHLANDs.—Kintyre: Mull of Kintyre ?, Aug. 1847 (Lyon). Dwmbarton: Tarbert, cfr. (M‘And.). W. Inver- ness: Moidart, R. (Macv.). INNER HEBRIDES—S. Inner Hebrides: Killegan, nr. Mull of Oa, Islay, in stubble field, cfr. (Gilm.). Lower N. HIGHLANDS.—W. Ross: Gairloch, cfr. (Miss Macy.). Upper N. HIGHLANDS.—Caithness: Nr. Lybster, cfr. (Lillie). APPENDIX P. 53. Riccia bifwrca.—Barker’s record is the earlier, and should be given the first place. P. 60. Lunularia cruciata.— Peebles: Darnhall, Eddles- ton (M‘And. in litt.). P. 64. Marchantia polymorpha.—Selkirk : WHenderland Burn (Macv.). P. 69. Aneura multifida.—Kintyre: Loch Caolisport (Ewing). P. 71. Anewra latifrons. —Elginv: Nr. Ben More (Miss HE. Armitage). P. 72. Anewra palmata.— Kintyre: Loch Caolisport (Ewing). P. 99. Gymnonitrium alpinum.—Banff: Ben MacDhui, alt. 3800 ft. (Wheldon and Wilson). P. 106. Marsupella emarginata—wSelkirk: Nr. Gordon Arms, Yarrow, on roadside bank (Macv.). P. 122. Haplozia crenulata.— Clyde Isles: Lamlash (M‘And.). P. 124. Haplozia .spherocarpa.—Ayr: West Kilbride, per. (Ewing). P. 132. Jamesoniella Carringtoni.— W. Inverness: Moi- dart, on shady bank near sea-shore, with Herberta adwneca, alt. 300 ft. (Macv.). P.136. Lophozia inflata.—E. Inverness: Coire Sneachda, Cairngorm, alt. 3600 ft., per. (Wheldon and Wilson). P. 145. Lophozia ventricosa.— Banff: Cairngorm, alt. 3900 ft. (Wheldon and Wilson). P. 157. Lophozia barbata.—Haddington: Gullane Links (M‘And.). P.161. Lophozia Floerkii.— Wigtown: Killywhan(Ewing). Banff: Cairngorm, alt. 3600 ft. (Wheldon and Wilson). P. 173. Sphenolobus exsecteeformis. — Clyde Isles: Nr. Brodick (Miss Macv.). 331 332 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATICZ IN SCOTLAND P. 187. Leptoscyphus anomalus.—Elgin: Nr. Ben More (Miss E. Armitage). Kintyre: Loch Caolisport (Ewing). P. 199. Harpanthus Flotowianus.— Mid Perth: Cam Creag, head of Glen Lochy (Ewing). P. 206. Cephalozia connivens.—Kintyre: Loch Caolis- port (Ewing). P. 207. Cephalozia lunulefolia.—Wigtown: Killywhan (Ewing). P. 216. Hygrobiella lawifolia—Clyde Isles: Lamlash (M‘And.). P. 221. Cephaloziella myriantha.— Renfrew: Castle Semple Loch, per. (Ewing). P. 225. Odontoschisma Sphagni.—Kintyre : Loch Caolis- port (Ewing). P. 235. Bazzania tricrenata.—Kintyre: Loch Caolisport (Ewing). P, 243. Lepidozia trichoclados—Orkney: The Kame, Hoy, per. (Lillie). P. 244. Lepidozia setacea.—Selkirk : Mount Benger peat- moss and Eldinhope Burn, Yarrow (Macv.). P. 246. Blepharostoma trichophyllum.—Selkirk : Mount Benger and Eldinhope Burns (Macv.). P. 256. Ptilidiwm ciliare.—Roxburgh: EKildon Hill, alt. ca. 900 ft., v.R. (Macv.). Elgin: Nr. Ben More (Miss E. Armitage). Banff: Ben MacDhui, alt. 3900 ft. (Wheldon). P. 269. Scapania gracilis.—Selkirk: Henderland Burn (Macv.). Elgin: Nr. Ben More (Miss E. Armitage). P. 273. Scapania nemorosa.—Kintyre: Loch Caolisport, cfr. (Ewing). P. 277. Scapania purpurascens.— Banff: Cairngorm, alt. 3500 ft. (Wheldon and Wilson). P. 283. Scapania paludosa—Mid Perth: Ben Laoigh (Ewing). EN DX. Acolea Dum., 92, | Acrobolbus Nees, 178. Wilsonii (Zay/.) Nees, 173. Adelanthus Mitt., 225. decipiens (Hook.) Mitt., 225. Alicularia Breidleri Limpy., 115. compressa (Hook.) Nees, 110. geoscypha De Not., 115, scalaris (Schrad.) Corda, 111. Anastrepta (Lindb.) Schiffn., 174. orcadensis (Hook.) Schiffn., 174. Anastrophyllum (Spruce) Steph. , 183. Donianum (Hook,) Steph., 133. Aneura Dum., 66. incurvata (Lindb.) Steph., 68. latifrons Lindb., 70, 331. multifida (Z.) Dum., 68, 3381. palmata (Hedw.) Dum., 71, 331. pinguis (L.) Dum., 66. Anthelia Dum., 249. julacea (Z.) Dum., 249. Juratzkana (Limpr.) Trevis., 251. Anthoceros Z., 328. levis L., 328. punctatus Z., 329, Bazzania S. F. Gray, 232. tricrenata (Wahl.) Trevis., 284, 332. trilobata (Z.) Gray, 232. Blasia Z., 87. pusilla, Z., 87. Blepharostoma Dum., 246. trichophyllum (Z.) Dum., 246, 332. Blepharozia Dum., 255, Calypogeia Raddi, 226. arguta Wees et Mont., 231. fissa (L.) Raddi, 229, sphagnicola (Arn. et Persson) Warnst. et Loeske, 231. suecica (Arn. et Persson) C. Miill. Frib., 231. Trichomanis (L.) Corda, 226. Cephalozia Dum., 202. bicuspidata (L.) Dum., 202. catenulata Spruce, 210. connivens (Dicks.) Spruce, 332. curvifolia (Dicks.) Dum., 212, 205, Cephalozia fluitans (Mees) Spruce, 212, Francisci (Hook.) Dum., 211. Jacktii Limpr., 221. Lammersiana (Hiiben. ) Spruce, 203 leucantha Spruce, 208. lunulefolia, Dum., 206, 332 media Lindb., 206. multiflora Spruce, 206. pallida Spruce, 210. pleniceps (Awust.) Lindb., 204, reclusa (Tayl. p.p.) Dum., 210. serriflora Lindb., 210. striatula Jens., 217. Cephaloziella (Spruce) Schiffn., 218. bifida auct. mult., 220. byssacea (Roth. ) Warnst., 218. myriantha (Lindb.) Schiffn., 221, 332. Starkii (Nees) Schiffn., 218. stellulifera (Zayl.) Schiffn., 221. trivialis Schiffn., 220. Cesia S. F. Gray, 92. | Chandonanthus Mitt. , 248. setiformis (Hhrh.) Lindb., 248. Chiloseyphus Corda, 195. pallescens (Schrad.) Nees, 197. polyanthos (L.) Corda, 195. Chomiocarpon Corda, 61. Clasmatocolea cuneifolia Spruce, 188. Cololejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., 305. calcarea (Lib.) Schiffn., 306. microscopica ( Zayl.) Schifin., 305, minutissima (Sm.) Schiffn., 305. Rossettiana (Massal.) Schiffn., (Hook. ) 307. Colurolejeunea (Spruce) Schifin., 304, calyptrifolia (Hook.) Schiffn., 304. Conocephalum Neck., 57. conicum (L.) Dum., 57. Dilxna Dum., 80. Diplophyllum Dum., 260. albicans (Z.) Dwm., 260. Dicksoni (Hook.) Dum., 168. obtusifolium (Hook.) Dum., 262. taxifolium (Wahl.) Dum., 261. Drepanolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., 314. hamatifolia (Hook.) Schiffn., 314. 3383 334 Eremonotus (Lindb. et Kaal.) Pears., 216. myriocarpus (Carr.) Pears., 216. Fegatella conica Corda, 57. Fossombronia Raddi, 89. cristata Lindb., 89. Dumortieri (Hib. et Lindb., 89. pusilla (Z.) Dum., 90. Wondraczekii (Corda) Dum., 89. Frullania Raddi, 318. dilatata (L.) Dwm., 326. fragilifolia Tay/., 322. germana J’ay/., 324. microphylla (Gottsche) Pears., 322. Tamarisci (Z.) Dwm., 318. Genth.) Geocalyx Nees, 200. graveolens (Schrad.) Nees, 200. Gymnomitrium Corda, 92. adustum WVees, 98. alpinum (Gottsche) Schiffn., 99, 331. concinnatum (Lightf.) Corda, 92. corallioides Nees, 95. crassifolium Carr., 97. crenulatum Gottsche, 96. obtusum (Lindb.) Pears., 93. varians (Lindb.) Schiffn., 97. Haplomitrium Nees, 91. Hookeri (Sm.) Nees, 91. Haplozia Dum., 120. atrovirens (Schleich. ) Dwm., 129. cordifolia (Hook.) Dum., 125. crenulata (Sm.) Dum., 120, 331. pumila (With.) Dum., 129. riparia (Z'ayl.) Dum., 126. spherocarpa (Hook.) Dum., 124, 331. Harpalejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., 315. ovata (Hook.) Schiffn., 315. Harpanthus ees, 198. Flotowianus Nees, 198, 332. scutatus (Web. et Mohr) Spruce, 199. Herberta S. F. Gray, 252. adunea (Dicks.) Gray, 252. Hygrobiella Spruce, 214. laxifolia (Hook.) Spruce, 214, 332. Jamesoniella (Spruce) Steph., 131. autumnalis (DC.) Steph., 181. Carringtoni (Balf.) Steph., 182, 331. Jubula Dum., 317. Hutchinsiea (Hook.) Dwm., 317. Jungermannia alpestris Schleich., 147. atlantica Kaal., 163. atrovirens Schleich., 129. attenuata Lindenb., 163. INDEX Jungermannia autumnalis DC., 181. badensis Gottsche, 138. bantryensis Hook., 141. barbata Schmid., 157. bierenata Schmid., 149. calycina Tayl., 82. capitata Hook., 150. cochleariformis Hook., 296. cordifolia Hook., 125. crenulata Sm., 120. Dicksoni Hook., 168. Doniana Hook., 133. excisa Dicks., 150. exsecteeformis Breidl. m.s., 171. exsectus Schmid., 171. Floerkit Web. et Mohr, 160. gracilis Schleich., 163. guttulata Lindb. et Arn., 146. Helleriana Nees, 170. heterocolpa Thed., 142. éncisa Schrad., 152. inflata Huds., 134. Kaurini Limpr., 141. Kunzeana Hiiben., 165. lonyidens Lindb., 147. lycopodioides Wallr., 158. Lyoni Tayl., 154. minuta Crantz, 167. Muelleri Nees, 139. nivalis Sw., 251. obtusa Lindb., 142. orcadensis Hook., 174. ovata Dicks., 168. Pearsoni Spruce, 170. planifolia Hook., 274. polita Nees, 166. pumila With., 129. quadriloba Lindb., 165. quinquedentata Huds., 154. riparia Tayl., 126. saxicola Schrad., 166. socia Nees, 151. sphexrocarpa Hook., 124. subapicalis Nees, 131. turbinata Raddi, 137. ventricosa Dicks., 142. Wenzelii Nees, 149. Kantia arguta (Nees et Mont.) Lindb., 231. sphagnicola Arn. et Persson, 231. Sprengelii Pears., 229. suecica Arn. et Persson, 231. Trichomanis (L.) Gray, 226. Lejeunea Lib., 308. cavifolia (Hhrh.) Lindb., 308. patens Lindb., 311. Macvicari Pears., 313. serpyllifolia Lib., 308. Lepidozia Dum., 237. Pearsoni Spruce, 240. INDEX Lepidozia pinnata (Hook.) Dwm., 237. reptans (Z.) Dum., 238. setacea ( Web.) Mitt., 243, 332. trichoclados C. Mill. Frib., 242, 332. tumidula Tayl., 237. Leptoscyphus J/itt., 183. anomalus (Hook.) Lindb., 186, 382. cuneifolius (Hook.) IMitt., 188. Taylori (Hook.) Mitt., 183. Lophocolea Dum., 189. bidentata (L.) Dum., 189. cuspidata Limpr., 191. heterophylla (Schrad.) Dum., 194. spicata Zayl., 193. Lophozia Dum., 134. alpestris (Sehleich.) Dum., 147. atlantica (Kaal.) Schiffn., 163. badensis (Gottsche) Schiffn., 138. bantryensis (Hook.) Steph , 141. barbata (Schmid.) Dum., 157, 331. Baueriana Schijin., 159. bicrenata (Schmid.) Dum., 149. eylindracea Dum., 151. excisa (Dicks.) Dum., 150. Floerkii (Web. et Mohr) Schiffn., 160, 331. gracilis (Schleich.) Steph., 163. guttulata (Zindb. et Arn.) Evans, 146. heterocolpa (Thed.) Howe, 142. incisa (Schrad.) Dum., 152. inflata (Huds.) Howe, 134, 331. Kaurini (Limpr.) Steph., 141. Kunzeana (Hiiben.) Evans, 165. longidens (Lindb.) Macown, 147. lycopodioides ( Wallr.) Cogn., 158. Muelleri (ees) Dum., 139. obtusa (Zindb.) Evans, 142. quadriloba (Zindb.) Schiffn., 165. quinquedentata (Huds.) Cogn., 154. turbinata (Raddi) Steph., 137, ventricosa (Dicks.) Dum., 142, 331. Wenzelii (ees) Steph., 149. Lunularia Adans., 59. cruciata (Z.) Dum., 59, 331. Madotheca, Dwm., 298. levigata (Schrad.) Dum., 298. platyphylla (Z.) Dum., 301. rivularis Nees, 302. Thuja (Dicks.) Dum., 300. Marchantia Z., 63. polymorpha Z., 63, 331. Marchesinia S. F. Gray, 317. Mackaii (Hook.) Gray, 317. Marsupella Dum., 100. aquatica (Lindenb.) Schijfn., 198. Boeckii (4ust.) Lindb., 100. condensata (A ngstr.) Kaal., 100. emarginata (ZArh.) Dum., 105, 331. 335 Marsupella erythrorhiza Schiffn., 104 Funckii (Web. et Mohr) Dum., 102. Jorgensenii Schifin., 104. nevicensis (Carr.) Kaal., 100. olivacea Spruce, 98. Pearsoni Schijfn. m.s., 108. sparsifolia Lindb., 103. sphacelata (Gies.) Lindb., 103, Sprucei (Limpr.) Bernet, 102. Stableri Spruce, 100. Sullivanti (De Not.) Evans, 104. ustulata Spruce, 101. Mastigobryum Nees, 232. Mastigophora, MVees, 254. Woodsii (Hook.) Nees, 254, Metzgeria Raddi, 73. conjugata Lindb., 75. furcata (L.) Lindb., 73. hamata Lindb., 77. pubescens (Schrank) Raddi, 79. Microlejeunea (Spruce) Jack et Steph., 313 (Limpr. ) ulicina (Tayl.) Evans, 313. Morckia hibernica v. Walsoniana Gottsche, 80. norvegica Gottsche, 81. Mylia anomala 8, F. Gray, 186, Taylori 8. F. Gray, 183. Nardia S. 7. Gray, 110. Breidleri (Limpr.) Lindb., 115. compressa (Hook. ) Gray, 110. crenulata (Sm.) Lindb., 120, hyalina (Lyell) Carr., 116. minor (ees) Arnell, 115. obovata (ees) Carr., 118. sealaris (Schrad.) Gray, 111. subelliptica Lindb., 120. Nowellia Mitt., 212. curvifolia (Dicks.) Mitt., 212. Odontoschisma, Dum., 222. denudatum (Nees) Dum., 222. Macounii (A ust.) Underw., 222. Sphagni (Dicks.) Dum., 228, 332. Pallavicinia S. F. Gray, 80. Flotowiana (ees) Lindb., 80. hibernica (Hook.) Gray, 80. Lyellii (Hook.) Gray, 80. Blyttii (Morck.) Lindb., 81. Pedinophyllum Zindb., 183. interruptum (Nees) Schiffn., 183. | Pellia Raddi, 82. endiviefolia (Dicks.) Dum., 82. epiphylla (Z.) Dum., 85. Fabbroniana Raddi, 82. Neesiana (Gottsche) Limpr., 83. Phragmicoma, Dum., 317. Plagiochila Dum., 176. asplenioides (Z.) Dwm., 180. 336 Plagiochila exigua Tayl., 176. interrupta Dum., 188. punctata Tayl., 176. spinulosa (Dicks.) Dum., tridenticulata Tayl., 176. Pleuroclada Spruce, 236. albescens (Hook.) Spruce, 236. Pleurozia Dum., 296. purpurea (Lightf.) Lindb., 296. Porelia Lindb., 298. Preissia Corda, 61. commutata Nees, 61. quadrata (Scop.) Nees, 61. Prionolobus Spruce, 217. Massalongi (Spruce) Schiffn., 217. striatulus (Jens.) Schifin., 217. Ptilidium Nees, 255. ciliare (Z.) Hampe, 255, 332. 178. pulcherrimum ( Web.) Hampe, 258. Radula Dum., 290. aquilegia Tayl., 290. Carringtonii Jack, 291. complanata (L.) Dum., 293. Lindbergii Gottsche, 291. voluta Tayl., 290. Reboulia Raddi, 56. hemispherica (L.) Raddi, 56. Riccardia 8. F. Gray, 66. Riccia Z., 51. bifurca Hoffm., 53, 331. erystallina Z., 54. fluitans Z., 55, glauca L., 51. glaucescens Carr., 54. Lescuriana Auwst., 54, sorocarpa Lisch., 52. Ricciella fluitans Braun, 565. Saccogyna Dum., 200. viticulosa (Sm.) Dum., 200. Sarcoscyphus alpinus Gottsche, 99. capillaris Limpr., 100. INDEX Sarcoscyphus ickah Tanyas 97. Scalia 8. F. Gray, 9 Scapania Dum., ven, zequiloba (Schwaegr.) Dum., 266. aspera Bernet, 267. Bartlingii (Hampe) Nees, 266. compacta (Roth.) Dum., 262. crassiretis Bryhn, 271. curta (Mart.) Dum., 286. gracilis (Lindb.) Kaal., 268, 332, intermedia (Husnot) Pears,, 278. irrigua (ees) Dum., 283. nemorosa (L.) Dum., 272, 832. nimbosa Tayl., 273. obliqua (Arnell) Schiffn., 281. ornithopodioides (With.) Pears., 274. paludosa C. Mill. Frib., 283, 332. purpurascens (Hook.) Tayl., 275, 382, resupinata Carr., 268. rosacea (Corda) Dum. , 285. subalpina (Nees) Dum., 264. uliginosa (Swartz) Dum., 281. umbrosa (Schrad.) Dum., 288. undulata (Z.) Dum., 279. Schisma Dum., 252. Sphenolobus (Lindb.) Steph., 166. exsecteeformis (Breidl.) Steph., 171, 33l, exsectus (Schmid.) Steph., 171. Hellerianus (Nees) Steph., 170. minutus (Crantz) Steph., 167. ovatus (Dicks.) Schiffn., 168. Pearsoni (Spruce) Steph., 170. politus (ees) Steph., 166. saxicolus (Schrad.) Steph., 166. Targionia Z., 55. hypophylla L., 55. Trichocolea Dum., 258. tomentella (Zhrh.) Dwm., 258. ERRATA p. 2 et seq., for Leptocyphus vead Leptoscyphus p. 89, for Hub, read Hib, p. 167, for Cranz read Crantz p- 210, for (Tayl.) Dum. p.p. read (Tayl. p.p.) Dum. pp. 234, 251, for Trevis read Trevis. p. 236, foe Nees read (Nees) PRINTED BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., EDINBURGH. ee QK Botanical Society of Edinburgh 1 Transactions and proceedings B564. Ve25 Biological & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STORAGE —e & eV 2S OF Fe .0 8.7 Ve es es OEM WAS saree ys. a > yeh ybomee bd oe 64.33 vee’ oho Iepies iat . 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