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BRITISH

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{7

A TREATISE ON

HERALDRY

BRITISH AND FOREIGN WITH ENGLISH AND FRENCH GLOSSARIES

JOHN WOODWARD, E.S.A.scoT, ETC

(RECTOR OF ST. MARY'S CHURCH, MONTROSE)

AND THE LATE

GEORGE BURNETT, LL.D, ETC.

(LYON KING OF ARMS) VOL. I.

W. & A. K. JOHNSTON EDINBURGH AND LONDON

1892

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Aberdeen Public Library (per Messrs D. Wyllie & Son, Book- sellers, Aberdeen). Aberdeen University Library.

Sir Charles Adam, Bart, of Blairadam, Kinross-shire. William Adams, Esq., 5 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh (per

Mr George Wilson, Bookseller, Edinburgh). Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, c/o J. T. Clark, Esq.,

Librarian. James H. Aitken, Esq., Gartcows, Falkirk (per Mr George

P. Johnston, Bookseller, Edinburgh). Mr E. G. Allen, Bookseller, 28 Henrietta Street, Covent

Garden, London, W.C.

Archibald Anderson, Esq., 30 Oxford Square, London, W. Messrs J. T. Anderson & Co., Stationers and Heraldic Artists,

62 King Street, Manchester. The Right Rev. the Bishop of Argyle and the Isles (per

Messrs R. Grant & Son, Booksellers, Edinburgh). Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Limited, Victoria Street,

London, S.W. Messrs Asher & Co., Publishers, 13 Bedford Street, London,

W.C.

Miss Ashton, 6 Osborne Terrace, Edinburgh. B. Bagnall, Esq., Ellerslie, Eaton Gardens, Hove, Sussex. J. Bagnall, Esq., Water Orton, near Birmingham. Mr James Bain, Bookseller, i Haymarket, London, S.W. Charles B. Balfour, Esq., Newton Don, Kelso. Richard Barnwell, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins,

Bookseller, Glasgow). Thomas Bate, Esq., Kelsterton, Flint.

'W. A. C. h. Beckett, Esq., Penleigh House, Westbury, Wilts. James Bell, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins, Bookseller,

Glasgow).

Joseph Bell, Esq., M.D., 2 Melville Crescent, Edinburgh. Alfred Bevan, Esq., 39 Queen's Gate, London, S.W. (per

Mr E. Stanford, Publisher, London). Joseph Bewley, Esq., Dublin (per Messrs Hodges, Figgis, &

Co., Publishers, Dublin).

Messrs Bickers & Son, Publishers,1! Leicester Square, London,

W.C. Alexander Blair, Esq., Sheriff of the Lothians & Peebles,

35 Moray Place. The Right Hon. Lord Bolton, Bolton Hall, Wensley,

Yorkshire.

W. L. Bradbury, Esq., 10 Bouverie Street, London, E.G. James Bromley, Esq., The Homestead, Lathom, Ormskirk. Messrs Brook & Chrystal, Booksellers, 1 1 Market Street, Man- chester.

William Broughton, Esq., 3 Florence Villas, Woodford. Mr William Brown, Publisher, 26 Princes Street, Edinburgh

(8 Copies). Messrs D. Bryce & Son, Publishers, 129 Buchanan Street,

Glasgow.

William Buchan, Esq., Town Clerk, Peebles. Charles A. Buckler, Esq., Surrey Herald, 6 Hereford Square,

South Kensington, London.

Mr John Bumpus, Bookseller, 350 Oxford Street, London, W. Lieut. -Col. W. St. George Burke, Auberies, Sudbury, Suffolk. John William Burns, Esq., Kilmahew (per Mr H. Hopkins,

Bookseller, Glasgow). James W. Carlile, Esq., Gayhurst House, Newport Pagnell,

Bucks (2 Copies). The Right Hon. Lord William Cecil, Burghley House,

Stamford.

His Honour Judge Chalmers, 12 Union Road, Leamington. Alexander M. Chance, Esq., Lawnside, Edgbaston. Messrs Clarke & Hodgson, Booksellers, 5 Gallowtree Gate,

Leicester. Mr William F. Clay, Bookseller, 2 Teviot Place, Edinburgh

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Messrs Hodges, Figgis & Co., Publishers, Dublin). Mr Edward Clulow, The Library, Derby. G. E. Cokayne, Esq., Norroy King of Arms, Exeter House,

Roehampton, S.W. Messrs A. J. Combridge & Co., 31 Newgate Street, London,

E.C. Messrs Cornish Brothers, Publishers, 37 New Street,

Birmingham.

Mr J. E. Cornish, Publisher, 16 St. Ann's Square, Manchester. J. A. Crawford, Esq., Northfield, Annan (per Mr Andrew

Elliot, Bookseller, Edinburgh). Sir Claude Champion de Crespigny, Bart., Champion Lodge,

Maldon.

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Edward Cox, Esq., of Cardean, Meigle, N.B.

R. J. Blair Cunynghame, Esq., M.D., 18 Rothesay Place, Edinburgh.

William Ogilvy Dalgleish, Esq., Errol Park, Errol, Perthshire.

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Col. G. R. Dease, Celbridge Abbey, Celbridge, Ireland.

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Reginald S. Faber, Esq., 10 Oppidans Road, Primrose Hill, London, N.W.

R. S. Ferguson, Esq., F.S.A., Chancellor of Carlisle, Lowther Street, Carlisle.

Henry Forrester, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins, Book- seller, Glasgow).

Miss Foster, Moor Park, Ludlow, Shropshire (2 Copies).

Mrs W. E. Franklin, Bookseller, 42 Moseley Street, Newcastle- on-Tyne.

A. D. Weld French, Esq., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (per Mr George P. Johnston, Bookseller, Edinburgh).

Principal Geddes, University of Aberdeen, Chanonry Lodge, Old Aberdeen.

Messrs Georges' Sons, Booksellers, 89 Park Street, Bristol.

George More-Gordon, Esq., of Charleton, Montrose (per Mr Matthew Welsh, Bookseller, Montrose).

George Graham, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins, Book- seller, Glasgow).

F. J. Grant, Esq., W.S., Carrick Pursuivant, 42 Ann Street, Edinburgh.

Mr John Grant, Bookseller, 25 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

Messrs R. Grant & Son, Booksellers, 107 Princes Street, Edinburgh.

George Gray, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins, Bookseller, Glasgow).

Everard Green, Esq., Reform Club, London.

Messrs William Green & Sons, Booksellers, 18 St. Giles Street, Edinburgh.

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L. Morgan Grenville, Esq., Maids Moreton Lodge, Buck- ingham.

Hartwell D. Grissell, Esq., M.A., Chamberlain to His Holiness Pope Leo XIII. , Brasenose College, Oxford.

Robert Guy, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins, Bookseller, Glasgow).

His Grace the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon, Easton Park, Wickham Market.

The Right Hon. Lord Hamilton of Dalzell, Motherwell.

Messrs Harrison & Sons,, Publishers, 59 Pall Mall, London, S.W.

Simeon Hayes, Esq., 94 Ashdell Road, Sheffield.

C. E. H. Chadwyck Healey, Esq., Q.C., 119 Harley Street, London, W.

Rev. H. Grosett Heaven (of Lundy), 26 Sion Hill, Clifton, Bristol.

Mr John Heywood, Bookseller, Deansgate, Manchester.

James Hilton, Esq., F.S.A., 60 Montagu Square, London.

Charles Hindley, Esq., 41 Holy well Street, London, W.C.

Mr John Hitchman, 5 1 Cherry Street, Birmingham.

Messrs Hodges, Figgis & Co., Publishers, 104 Grafton Street, Dublin (3 Copies).

Messrs W. & R. Holmes, Booksellers, 3 Dunlop Street, Glasgow.

H. Hopkins, Esq., 85 Renfield Street, Glasgow.

Admiral G. Phipps Hornby, Lordington, Emsworth.

Captain H. R. Howard, Verulam Road, St. Albans (per Civil Service Supply Association, London).

James C. Howden, Esq., M.D., Sunnyside, Montrose (per Mr Matthew Welsh, Bookseller, Montrose).

Col. Hunter of Plas Coch, Anglesea.

The Right Hon. Lord Iveagh, 5 Grosvenor Place, London.

Richard Dickson Jackson, Esq., London (per Mr H. Hopkins, Bookseller, Glasgow).

Robert Jeffrey, Esq., Crosslie (per Mr H. Hopkins, Book- seller, Glasgow).

Mr George P. Johnston, Bookseller, 33 George Street, Edinburgh.

William Johnston, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins, Book- seller, Glasgow).

Messrs. Jones & Evans, 77 Queen Street, London, E.G.

Mr William Jones, Bookseller, 6 Duke Street, Cardiff.

William F. Kay, Esq., Trinity, Edinburgh (per Mr J. R. M'Intosh, Bookseller, 7 North Bank Street, Edinburgh).

The Right Hon. Lord R. Kerr, District Lodge, Curragh Camp, Ireland.

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Mons. C. Klincksieck, Paris (per Messrs Longmans & Co.,

Publishers, London).

Mr Alderman Stuart Knill, Fresh Wharf, London Bridge, E.G. Perceval Landon, Esq.-, Hertford College, Oxford. James Lang, Esq., 9 Crown Gardens, Dowanhill, Glasgow. Edward B. Lees, Esq., Thurland Castle, Kirkby Lonsdale. Mrs Thomas Leslie, Woodend House, Banchory. Alex. Littlejohn, Esq., Invercharron House, Ardgay. The Right Hon. Earl of Lonsdale, The Castle, Whitehaven. The Most Noble the Marquess of Lothian, K.T., Monteviot,

Jedburgh.

George Lowson, Esq., High School of Stirling. Messrs Lupton Bros., Booksellers, 16 Market Hall, Burnley

(2 Copies). Messrs M'Corquodale & Co., Limited, St. Thomas Street,

Southwark, London.

P. M. Maclntyre, Esq., Advocate, 12 India Street, Edinburgh. Rev. G. S. Mackay, Doune (per Messrs Macniven & Wallace,

Booksellers, Edinburgh). Alexander Mackenzie, Esq., Saint Catherine's, Paisley (per Mr

A. Gardner, Bookseller, Paisley).

J. Maclauchlan, Esq., Chief Librarian, Free Library, Dundee. Messrs James MacLehose & Sons, Booksellers, 61 St. Vincent

Street, Glasgow. Messrs Macniven & Wallace, Booksellers, 138 Princes Street,

Edinburgh (2 Copies). James Mann, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins, Bookseller,

Glasgow). F. J. Martin, Esq., W.S., 9 Glencairn Crescent, Edinburgh (per

Messrs Macniven & Wallace, Booksellers, Edinburgh). Thomas A. Mathieson, Esq., 3 Grosvenor Terrace, Glasgow. The Right Hon. Viscount Melville, Melville Castle, Lasswade. Messrs Melville, Mullen & Slade, Booksellers, Melbourne

(2 Copies). Messrs J. Menzies & Co., Booksellers, 12 Hanover Street,

Edinburgh. John Millar, Esq., Seagrove House, Seafield (per Mr Andrew

Elliot, Bookseller, Edinburgh). James William Mitchell, Esq., Lyon Clerk, Colinton Mains,

Colinton.

Alex. Moffatt, Esq., 23 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. Arthur D. Morice, Esq., Eastbank, Aberdeen (per Messrs D.

Wyllie & Son, Booksellers, Aberdeen).

Mr Alex. Moring, First Avenue Hotel Buildings, High Hoi- born, London, W.C. (2 Copies). J. Gardiner Muir, Esq., Hillcrest, Market Harborough.

David Murray, Esq., LL.D., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins,

Bookseller, Glasgow).

George Neilson, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins, Book- seller, Glasgow).

W. Neish, Esq., The Laws, Dundee. E. Carrington Ouvry, Esq., East Acton, London, W. Messrs Palmer & Howe, Booksellers, 73 Princess Street,

Manchester. J. Balfour Paul, Esq., Lyon King of Arms, 32 Great King

Street, Edinburgh.

Mr Y. J. Pentland, Bookseller, 1 1 Teviot Place, Edinburgh. Messrs E. A. Petherick & Co., 33 Paternoster Row, London,

E.G. (6 Copies).

Mr G. Petrie, Bookseller, 52 Nethergate, Dundee. Moro Phillips, Esq., West St. House, Chichester. Mr William Potter, Bookseller, Exchange St. East, Liverpool. Messrs George Robertson & Co., Booksellers, Melbourne. Mr H. Robinson, Bookseller, 48 Fishergate, Preston. J. Brooking-Rowe, Esq., Castle Barbican, Plympton, S. Devon. S. G. Stopford Sackville, Esq., Drayton House, Thrapston. Arthur Sanderson, Esq., 5 Carlton Terrace, Edinburgh (per

Mr J. R. M'Intosh, Bookseller, 7 North Bank Street,

Edinburgh). Fred. R. Sanderson, Esq., i Regent Terrace, Edinburgh (per

Mr' J. R. M'Intosh, Bookseller, 7 North Bank Street,

Edinburgh).

Signet Library, Parliament Square, Edinburgh. Sir Walter G. Simpson, Bart., of Balabraes, Ayton. David Smith, Esq., 20 Cardin Place, Aberdeen (per Messrs

D. Wyllie & Son, Booksellers, Aberdeen). Messrs J. Smith & Son, Booksellers, 129 West George Street,

Glasgow.

Bellingham A. Somerville, Esq., Friars Hill House, Wicklow. The Right Hon. Earl of Southesk, K.T., Kinnaird Castle,

Brechin (per Mr Matthew Welsh, Bookseller, Montrose). The New Spalding Club, Aberdeen. S.S.C. Library, Edinburgh (per Messrs Bell & Bradfute,

Booksellers, Edinburgh). Captain Stansfield of Duninald, Duninald Castle, Montrose

(per Mr Matthew Welsh, Bookseller, Montrose). Mr Thomas G. Stevenson, Bookseller, 22 Frederick Street,

Edinburgh (2 Copies).

Mr James Stillie, Bookseller, 190 George Street, Edinburgh. Stockport Free Library Committee. The Right Hon. Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Glamis

Castle, Forfar.

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Surgeon Major G. B. Stuart, 7 Carlton Street, Edinburgh. W. G. Taunton, Esq., New Club, Jersey, Channel Islands. Achilles Taylor, Esq., Midland Educational Co., Birmingham. The Right Hon. Lady JaneTaylor, 16 Eaton Place, London, S.W. Mr James Thin, Bookseller, 55 South Bridge, Edinburgh

(3 Copies). Messrs Thomson Brothers, Booksellers, 74 George Street,

Edinburgh. John A. Trail, Esq., LL.B., W.S., 30 Drummond Place,

Edinburgh. Messrs H. & C. Treacher, Booksellers, i North Street,

Brighton.

Alexander Ure, Esq., Advocate, 26 Heriot Row, Edinburgh. George Seton Veitch, Esq., Friarshall, Paisley (per Mr A.

Gardner, Bookseller, Paisley).

William Wardlaw Waddell, Esq., i Royal Gardens, Stirling. Mr Gilbert G. Walmsley, Bookseller, 50 Lord Street, Liver- pool. John Watson, Esq., Glasgow (per Mr H. Hopkins, Bookseller,

Glasgow). Lieut.-Col. Gould Hunter-Weston, F.S.A., Hunterston, West

Kilbride. T. W. Wightman, Esq., Parkend Villa, Ferry Road, Edinburgh

(per Mr J. R. M'Intosh, Bookseller, Edinburgh). Mr Alfred Wilson, Bookseller, 18 Gracechurch Street, London,

E.G. Sir Albert W. Woods, Garter, College of Arms, Queen Victoria

Street, London, E.G. Rev. John Woodward, Rector of St. Mary's Church, Montrose

(2 Copies). Messrs D. Wyllie & Son, Booksellers, 247 Union Street,

Aberdeen. Harold Edgar Young, Esq., 6 Arundel Avenue, Liverpool

(2 Copies). William Laurence Young, Esq., Belvidere, Auchterarder.

ERRATA.

Page 104, line 15, " Plate XXXIV." should be " Plate XL." „ 142, „ 2, " Plate XXXV. " should be " Plate XLII." „ „ „ 7, " Plate XXXVI. " should be " Plate XLIII." „ 159, „ 23, " Plate XIV., fig. 6" should be " Plate XV., fig.

i."

„ 205, „ 31, "Plate XXXVIII." should be "Plate XLIII." „ 222, „ 1 8, "Featherstone" should read " Usher of Feather- stone."

„ 236, „ 20, "fig. 3" should be "fig. 4-" „ 239, „ 1 6, "fig. 9" should be "fig. 10." „ 269, „ 32, "Plate XL VIII." should be "Plate L." „ 308, „ 25, " Plate XI. " should be " Plate IX." „ 356, „ 22, "Plate LIII." should be "Plate LVI." „ 369, „ 29, "Plate XXXV." should be "Plate XXXIV."

Plate XXXI II., No. 8, page 376, "Guzman Arms," the Compons of LEON should be Argent (not Or\ a lion rampant gules.

INTRODUCTION.

THE present work was undertaken, and considerable progress made in its execution, by my late friend Dr GEORGE BURNETT, who so long and so worthily, filled the office of Lyon King of Arms. At his much regretted decease, in 1889, his MS. was placed in my hands with the request that I would see through the press the work, then supposed by his friends to be nearly complete. An examination of the MS., however, proved that this was very far indeed from being the case. It consisted only of 230 pages, scarcely equal to 150 of the present work ; and, with every desire to be helpful, I could at that time only decline the task of completing a book of which three-fourths remained to be written, and the majority of the illustrations to be drawn.

It was, however, thought by others who were interested a pity that Dr BURNETT'S labour (which included the preparations for thirty-two of the plates) should be altogether lost ; and I eventually accepted a proposition by which, upon certain conditions, the MS. and plates in preparation were to be handed over to me to be utilised in any way which I might think desirable.

In the exercise of my judgment I determined to rewrite the book ; mainly in order that I might be able to give it a far wider application than Dr BURNETT had intended, and convert it into an Introduction to general European Heraldry. But I decided to print in full those portions of his work which seemed to me the most interesting and valuable ; and especially those relating to Scottish matters, with regard to which his official

position and long continued historical research enabled him to speak with a knowledge and authority to which I could not pretend.

I have, therefore, not only had the pleasure to comply with a very proper condition that Dr BURNETT'S name should appear in conjunction with my own upon the cover and title-page of the book, but I have also printed in extenso, and clearly marked with his initials, both in the text and in the synopsis, those valuable portions of the work to which allusion is made in the preceding paragraph.

The portion of Chapter I. which relates to the use of the particule nobiliare is a condensation of a paper pre- viously written by me at Dr BURNETT'S request ; and I must also add, in fairness to myself, that I had communi- cated to him the general result of a rather laborious examination I had undertaken into the authenticity of RUXNER'S Thurnier Buck and the Leges Hastiludiales.'1

The extension of the scope of the work has necessitated its growth from one volume to two ; and even so I have been obliged to somewhat curtail the Chapters on Mar- shalling, External Ornaments, and Marks of Illegitimacy, which are condensations from my much more extensive collections ; and I am fully aware that the work might have been made more entertaining to the general reader had it been practicable to include chapters on several collateral subjects, as well as to bring under notice more of the many Curiosities of Heraldry.

The object I have had in view, however, is not to furnish amusement to the general reader, but to make the work one of real utility to the student. Fine writing and the graces of composition have therefore had to give place to what is often a very bald and bare statement of

1 This general result is stated much too broadly in some post- humous articles on Heraldry printed in the Edinburgh Encyclo- pedia over his initials.

facts. Nor will the reader find herein any allusion (except occasionally by way of warning) to the many fables which have been so often repeated in our heraldic works as now frequently to be taken for approved facts, such as those which profess to account for the origin of the arms of many illustrious families by legends which will not endure examination by the light of history.

These legends are often poetical and interesting; nevertheless Heraldry has suffered in public estimation as much by the continuous repetition of stones which an elementary knowledge of history proves to be fictitious, as by an entirely needless association with a multitude of absurdities in natural history, with which many of the old professed treatises on Heraldry were padded, and which are only of interest to us as affording a gauge of our ancestors' ignorance and credulity.

Of late years there has been as great a revival of interest in Heraldry as in other archaeological matters. Its value is becoming increasingly recognised, not only as an interesting link between the present and the past, but as an important auxiliary, which those who are con- cerned in historical or artistic studies cannot afford to neglect.

Forty years ago the late Professor COSMO INNES, one of the leading historical antiquaries of the time, wrote on this subject as follows : —

" I hope it will not alarm any one if I venture merely to allude to the science of heraldry, a study which of old engaged the attention of all that were gentle born — which is now left to the tender mercies of the lapidary and the coach-painter — Requiescat! I might indeed suggest the great importance of some knowledge of heraldry to the student of historical antiquities. For the pursuit of family history, of topographical and territorial learning, of ecclesiology, of architecture, it is altogether indispensable ; and its total and contemptuous neglect

in this country is one of the causes why a Scotchman can rarely speak and write on any of these subjects without being exposed to the charge of using a language he does not understand." — (Scotland in the Middle Ages, p. 302.)

These remarks were equally applicable to persons of other nationalities besides that to which the Professor referred, but in all civilised countries many more persons are now interested in Heraldry than was the case when those words were written, and when a knowledge of the subject almost required of its possessor an apology for having wasted his time on a study deemed by the ignorant frivolous and unprofitable.

No doubt what was called the "jargon of heraldry," and, even more, the undue importance attached by its professors to the petty minutice of blazon, had the natural effect of deterring many from it as a serious study. Heraldry has indeed in each country a lan- guage of its own, intended to express facts clearly and distinctly. That in use in Britain is a mixture of English and Norman - French, which assumed nearly its present shape in the thirteenth century. In the Heraldry of France, though some of the terms are the same as, or similar to, those in use among us, there are considerable differences in others, and still greater differences in modes of blazon.

As the student who wishes to take a wider view of an interesting subject than is to be obtained from works describing the uses of his own country, will have at the outset to make the acquaintance of many of the most useful treatises which are written in the French language, I have endeavoured to facilitate his progress by adding to the work a French, as well as an English, Glossary; and by printing so many blazons in the French language as should be sufficient to give a person of moderate intelligence a fair idea of the phraseology employed, and

of the differences referred to above. Specimens of blazon in Spanish, German, and Portuguese are included in the work, and the instances adduced in illustration are drawn for the first time from the Armory of every European state. In the choice of these I have been mainly guided by the desire to justify a position which I take up as regards annes parlantes, and to which allusion is made in the last Chapter of the book.

The first volume will be the more useful to the beginner ; the second will, I hope and think, be of equal use and interest to those who have already mastered the general principles of the Science.

My object has been, then, to set forth historical facts ; there is no dearth of treatises which will enable the student who has acquired a knowledge of these " dry bones," to clothe them with any desired amount of poetic and graceful fiction.

With regard to the illustrations I should say that the plate of fac-similes from the Armorial de Gelre is only entitled so to be described as far as its general outlines are concerned. The splendid edition of this work, pub- lished in fac-simile by M. VICTOR BOUTON, had not come under my notice at the time my drawing was made, and the colouring is what I conceived should be there, rather than the (often erroneous or unheraldic) tinctures employed in the MS. itself. I must also guard myself against the supposition that I endorse the authen- ticity of all the coats which appear in the Salle des Croists at Versailles to which I have often referred. Some coats which appear there may be open to serious doubts ; but these do not, I think, exist in regard to any of the examples quoted in the present work.

The utility of such a book as this largely depends upon its having a good Index. Both the reader and the writer are to be congratulated that in the present case the Index has been the careful work (I think a " labour

( vi )

of love") of GEORGE HARVEY JOHNSTON, Esq., who is himself an enthusiastic and well - instructed student of Heraldry, and for whose intelligent and sustained interest in the work I am delighted to make my sincere and grateful acknowledgments.

My critics will, I trust, be of the mind of HORACE : —

" . . . . non ego paucis Offendar maculis, quas aut incuria fudit, Aut humana parum cavit natura."

De Arte Poetica^ 1. 351-3.

JOHN WOODWARD.

MONTROSE, 1891.

S Y N O P S I S.— V O L. I.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.

The duties of a Herald— Definition of Heraldry, or Armory- Social rank in feudal times — Insignia Gentilitia — Who are " noble "?— Letters of nobility, Grants of Arms— Continental practice — Gentleman — Esquire — [The Particule Nobiliare — Christian names — Formation of Surnames — " Le Premier Baron Chretien" — Surnames not used even in i8th Century — Noble families not using the particule — Legislation about the partictde in France, and in Lorraine — BERANGER — The German von — Use of the particule in Holland, Italy, Spain, etc. — (J. W.)] In England — Silly modern assumptions. — (G. B.)

pp. i — 18

CHAPTER II.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COAT-ARMOUR.

A. — Origin of Armorial insignia — Ancient treatises — Boke of St. Albarfs — Seize Quartiers of our Saviour at Mentz (J, W.) — Coats ascribed to the patriarchs — Earliest tomb with Armorial shield — PLANCHE'S conclusions — Earliest Armorial Seal — ELLIS'S theory — Etruscan and Greek vases — Roman cohort ensigns — The Leges Hastiludiales ascribed to HENRY the FOWLER — Early standards and shields bearing charges had no hereditary character — The Bayeux Tapestry ; its evidence against the use of personal arms (J. W.) — The Second Crusade — Mr BURNETT'S conclusion as to date of arms — Arms assumed — Restrained by Sovereign — Right to Arms disputed — Grants and assignations of Arms — Military character of. — (G.B.)

pp. 19—36

B.— Origin and development of Coat-Armour—Materials for in- quiry—Influence of the Crusades— Change in armour still more influential — Tournaments and jousts — Origin of — Dan-

( viii )

gerous sport— Originated in Germany—Regulated and syste- matised in France— RUXNER'S Thurnier Buck, an elaborate fiction — The Leges Hastiludiales of late origin — The negative evidence of seals, coins, tombs — Arms of the Popes — Early tombs with arms in Britain — Shields without arms — Early seals — Transition of personal devices into hereditary Arms — Use of Arms in Scotland, the Low Countries, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden — My conclusion as to date. — (J. W.) pp. 36 — 52

CHAPTER III.

SHAPE OF SHIELD— TINCTURES— PARTED COATS.

Primary use of Armorial Insignia — The shield — Shape and size affected by character of armour — The Bayeux Tapestry armour and shield — Type at commencement of I3th century — Later forms — The Spanish shield — Oval shields — a bonche — Ecu en palette — Ecu en banniere — Circular escucheons — Ecu en lozange — Points of the Escucheon — Tinctures — Metals — Furs — Exceptional use of other colours — Cendree — Brundtre — JB leu-celeste — A maranthe — Eisen farbe — Carnation — Proper — Purpure — Nonsensical ideas as to arms being indicative of moral qualities — Furs — Ermine — Vair — Modes of indicating colours by hachures — Fields of a single metal, tincture, or fur —The Blut-fahne or Regalien quarter — Varieties of Ermine — Varieties of Vair — Bejfroi — Menu-uair — Potent — Vaire, or Verrey — Plumetf — Papelonne — Fur au naturel — Arms of BREGENZ — Parted Coats — Partition lines — Modes of partition — Ecartele en equerre — Gyronny — The CAMPBELL coat — German and other Continental partitions — Chape — Chausse — Chaperonne — Paly — Barry — Bendy — Fretty — Chevronny — Chequy — Lozengy — Rules of Blazon — Armes Fausses — Seme —Diaper pp. 53—115

CHAPTER IV.

ORDINARIES.

Classification simply for convenience — Origin of the Ordinaries — The CHIEF— Double Chiefs— Chefs abaisses— Guelphic and Ghibelline Chiefs— The fillet— The diw'se—The Chief-pale —The Pale— Tierced in pale— Pallets— Endorse— Pallets— Retraits.

The FESS— The STUART arms— The Bar— Bars gemels— Tierced in fess.

The BEND — The bend Engoule'e — The Krantzlein, or Crancelin— Bendlets — Bendlets enhanced — The Cotice.

The BEND-SINISTER— No certain mark of illegitimacy— Arrange- ment of arms in Churches — The Chapel of the Golden Fleece at Dijon— The Cathedral at Haarlem— St. George's Chapel, Windsor.

The CHEVRON — Different usages of — Chevron ploye — Chevron etime — Chevrons rompus, brises, faillis — Chevronels — Couple closes.

The CROSS as an Ordinary— The SALTIRE— The Saltire and Chief — Flanchis — The PILE — Emanche — Pointe — Mediaeval pennons — The/Wr/£ pp. 116—151

The CROSS as a Charge — Varieties of — The Passion, or Long Cross —Cross Calvary— Cross Patriarchal— Cross of LORRAINE — Greek Cross, or Cross Couped — Cross Patty, or Formy — The Otelle— The Maltese Cross— The VICTORIA Cross— The Cross Patty-fitchy— The Cross Potent— The Cross Potent-fitchy— The Cross of JERUSALEM— The Cross Patonce— The Cross Flory, or Fleury — The Cross Floretty, or Fleur-de-lisee — The Cross of CALATRAVA— The Cross Ancree, or Moline— The Cross Sarcelly, or Recercelee— The Cross Botonny — The Cross Pommetty — The Cross Clechee — The Cross of Tou- LOUSE — The Cross Tau — The Cross Guivre', or Gringolee — The Cross Urdee — The Cross Avellane — The Cross Aiguisee — Crosslets pp. 151—164

CHAPTER V.

THE SUB-ORDINARIES.

The Quarter— The Canton— The Canton-indented— The Canton and Fess.

The Giron— Arms of the GiRONS, MORTIMERS, and PRESSIGNY.

The Inescucheon, or Escucheon.

The Bordure— A Bordure circular— Vftu en rond, et en ovate— The Orle — Unfaux ecusson.

THE TRESSURE— The Royal Tressure of SCOTLAND— Its origin- Its early use — As an Augmentation — Grant of to Foreigners — Variously floriated — Foreign use of the Tressure.

The Fret — The Lozenge — The Lozenge-throughout.

The Fusil— Mascle— Rustre.

The Flaunche — Flanque en nwaT— Flasque — Voider — The Billet, and Delve.

The Label — Labels of unusual number of points — Labels in unusual positions — Curious Labels — Roundles — Noms bizarres — The Arms of the MEDICI — Roundles charged — Besans- tourteauX) and Tourteaux-besans — Fountains, and Gurges

pp. 165—193

CHAPTER VI.

ANIMATE CHARGES.— I. THE HUMAN FIGURE.

Arms of See of Chichester, and other ecclesiastical foundations — Saints — Biblical personages — Mythological — Nude figures — Savages — Knights — Dancers — Parts of the human body — Moor's heads — Hungarian memorials of Turkish fights — Heads of GERION, JANUS, ARGUS, BOREAS, MIDAS, etc.— Cherubim and Seraphim — The human eye — The heart — Valentine coats — Beards, lips, teeth — Piratical coats — The skeleton — Arms and hands — University of Paris — Dextrocheres, etc. — The Foi — Human legs and feet .... pp. 194 — 207

CHAPTER VII.

ANIMATE CHARGES. — II. BEASTS.

I.— THE LION— The Lions of ENGLAND— Leopards in French and English blazon — Different attitudes — Parts of the Lion — Early and curious examples of the Lion in Arms — LlOmbre du Lion.

II. — OTHER BEASTS. — The Tiger — Its vanity! — The Leopard — Leopard's heads— Jessant de Us — The ferocious Musion — The Panther — The Catamount — The wild Boar — The domestic Pig — Domestic economy in arms — Wolves — Ravissant — The Bear — The Polar Bear— The Bear's Head— The Fox— The Elephant — The Camel — Deer, etc. — Moose-deer — Holyrood Abbey — Bulls— Calves— Heads— Goats and Goat's Heads— Sheep— The Paschal Lamb— The Antelope— The Horse and Ass— The Hare — Seals — Otters — Beavers — Urchins — Moles — Squirrels — Apes — Rats — Dogs, etc. ...» pp. 208 — 241

CHAPTER VIII.

ANIMATE CHARGES. — III. BIRDS.

I. THE EAGLE.— The Eagle of the Holy Roman Empire— Its origin

and development — The single-headed Eagle — The double- headed Eagle — The Heiligenscheine — The Eagle in other princely and Royal coats — The Eagle of the German Empire —The Allerion— The Eagle of the French Empire— Parts of the Eagle.

II. OTHER BIRDS.— The Vulture— The Falcon— Owls— The Swan

— Heron — Stork — Crane and Heron — Ostrich and Pelican — Ravens and Choughs — The Popinjay — Cocks and Hens — Swallows and Martins — Peacocks, and Birds of Paradise — Other birds pp. 242 — 267

CHAPTER IX.

ANIMATE CHARGES.— IV. FISH, REPTILES, INSECTS.

I. FISH.— The Dolphin— The DAUPHINS of FRANCE— The Barbel

—The Salmon and Pike— The Whale— The Eel— Shell-fish.

II. REPTILES. — Serpents — Lizards — Crocodiles — Scorpions — Tor- toises— Frogs and Toads — Johnnie Crapaud — Leeches, Worms, and Snails.

III. INSECTS— The Butterfly— The House-fly— Wasps— The Bees of the French Empire — Ants — Grasshoppers — Wood-lice — Fleas pp. 268—285

CHAPTER X.

ANIMATE CHARGES.— V. MONSTERS.

The Griffin— The Sea-Griffin— The Dragon— Le Dragon Mon- strueux — Wyverns — The Cockatrice and Basilisk — Archi- tectural Monsters — The Salamander — UAmphipttre — The Sphinx, Harpy, and Hydra — The Unicorn — The Sea- Unicorn— The Phoenix— The Pegasus— The Centaur— Le Centaur Sagittaire — The Sea-Horse — The Sea-Stag — The Cock-Fish— The Sea-Lion— The Sea-Dog— The Mermaid or Siren — The Faun, Devil, and Cerberus . . pp. 286 — 304

CHAPTER XL

INANIMATE CHARGES.— I. ASTRONOMICAL.

The Sun— The Moon— Crescents— The Star, Estoile, and Mullet- Constellations — Comets — Rainbows — Thunderbolts — Storms — The Wind — Champagne — Mount — Terrace — Water — River — Volcanoes — Fire — Flames .... pp. 305 — 314

CHAPTER XII.

INANIMATE CHARGES.— II. THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

I. TREES, and FLOWERS.— Groves— Forests— Trees— Branches — The Crequier— Palms— Leaves— The Trefoil— The Nenuphar Leaf — Quatrefoils — Cinquefoils — Fraises — The Rose of ENG- LAND—The Fleur-de-lis of FRANCE— The Natural Lily— The Thistle of SCOTLAND— Wreaths and Chaplets— Other Flowers Tobacco.

II. FRUITS. — Pomegranates — Grapes — Oranges — Garbs — Vegetables — Klee-stengeln .... pp. 315 — 344

CHAPTER XIII.

INANIMATE CHARGES.— III. MISCELLANEOUS.

MILITARY. — Sword — Spears — Cronels — Helmets — Axes — Bows — Arrows — Scythes (Polish) — Shields — Banners — Beacons — Battering - Rams — Caltraps — Chains (NAVARRE) — Water- Budgets — Horse-shoes — Polish Coats — Breys — Barnacles — Stirrups — Castles — Towers — Bridges — Brog — Columns — Ladders — Slings — Portcullis — Cannon — Needle-gun.

NAUTICAL. — Ships — Lymphads — Boats — Anchor — Noah's Ark.

ECCLESIASTICAL CHARGES. — Keys — Crozier — Tiara— Chalice — Candlestick — Censers — The Gonfanon — Bell — Scourges — Ecclesiastical Hat — Pallium — Pilgrims' Scrips and Staves.

DOMESTIC. — Maunch — Buckles — Cushions — Crowns, etc. — Cups- Musical Instruments — Harp of IRELAND — Horns — The Clarion, or Rest — Dice — Cards — Chess-rook — Money — Cauldron — Eatables — M irrors — Combs — Wearing Apparel — Agricultural Instruments — Mallets — Letters and Words

PP- 345—395

PLATES IN VOLUME I.

PLATK

I. Shields ... . . facing page 44

II. Examples of Shields and Armour . . ., ,, 54

III. Emblazoned, Tinctures . . . ,,60

IV. ,, Furs . . . . ,,62 V. ,, Modes of Partition . . ,,80

VI. Modes of Partition . . ,,84

VII. ,, Modes of Partition . ,,90

VIII. Modes of Partition . . ,, 100

IX. ,, Rules of Blazon ,, 108

X. ,, Arms containing Oh icf and Pale . ,, 118

XI. ,, Arms containing Fcss . . ,, 124

XII. ,, Arms containing Bend . . ,, 130

XIII. , , Arms containing Chevron . . , , 13(5

XIV. ,, Arms containing Cross . . ,, 140 XV. ,, Arms containing Cross and Salt ire- . . , 144

XVI. ,, . Arms containing Pile and Pall . ,,146

XVII. ,, Arms containing Bordurc, Orlc, and

Treasure . . . • ,, 172

XVIII. ,. Arms containing Canton, Gt/ron,

Flanchc, Lozcnyc, Masclc, and Fusil . . . • ,,100

XIX. ,, Arms containing JJillct, lioundlcs,

Gurycs, Rainbow, Annulet, Vires, Fret, and Escutcheon . . ,, 192

XX. ,, Arms containing Human Figure and

parts thereof ... „ 198

XXI. ,, Arms containing Lions . ,, 212

XXII. ,, Arms containing Lions and parts of

Lions, and also Tiger and Leopard ,, 222

XXIII. ,, Arms containing Boar, Wolf, Bear,

Fox, and Stag. . . . ,,228

XXIV. ,, Arms containing Bull, Goat, Lamb,

Antelope, Horse, Hare, Otter, Talbot, Herrison, Mole, and Ermine ....

XXV. ,, Arms containing Eagle, Falcon, Owl,

Swan, Stork, Pelican

XXVI. ,, Arms containing Chough, Papingoes,

Cock, Martlet, Bream, Salmon, Dolphin, Barbel, Trout, Stockfish, Escallops ... ,, 266

XXVII. ,, Arms containing Snake, Serpent,

Griffin, Dragon, Wyvern, Cocka- trice, Unicorn, Seahorse, and Mermaid . . . . ,,288

XXVIII. ,, Arms containing Sun, Crescent Star,

Estoile, Mullet, Mount, Hill, River, and Hedge . . ,,308

XXIX. ,, Arms containing Trees, Forest, and

Leaves . . ,, 318

PLATE

XXX. Emblazoned, Arms containing Flowers, Fleur- de-lis, Thistle, Chaplet, Pome- granate, Rye, and Garb . . facing page 332 XXXI. ,, Arms containing Sword, Spear, Battle-axe, Helmet, Bow, Arrow, Pheon, Battering-Ram, Caltrap, Chains, and Water-Budget . ,, 346 XXXII. ,, Arms containing Barnacle, Stirrup, Castle, Tower, Column, Ladder, Stair, and Lymphad . . ,, 358

XXXIII. ,, Arms containing Maunch, Buckle,

Crown, Key, Cup, Cushion, Caldron, Horn, Clarion, and Words . . . ,.376

XXXIV. Banners, Sail with Arms, etc. . . 388

/

ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT.

VOL. I.

FIG.	PAGE	FIG.	PAGE
1. From Etruscan Vases .	18	47. Cross, Passion .	164
2. „ „	18	48. Greek	164
3. „ . .	18	49. Calvary .	164
4. „ ',; . .	18	50. Patriarchal	164
5. Cohort Ensigns .	19	51. Potent .	164
6. „ ,, .	19	52. Lorraine .	164
7. Shield, Oval	53	53. Patty	164
8. , (I bouche .	53	54. Patty-Fitchy	164
9. , ....	53	55. Maltese .	164
10. , Spanish .	53	56. Patonce .	164
11. , Lozenge .	53	57. Fleur-de-lisee	164
12. , 16th Century .	53	58. Flory	164
13. , „ . .	53	59. Fourchy .	164
14. , „	53	60. Aiguisee .	164
15. English Points of Escucheon	59	61. Tau .	164
16. French „ 17. Line, Engrailed . 18. , Embattled	59 75 75	62. Eagle of Germany 63. Fleur-de-lis, from Tomb o Count d'Euat, St. Hilaire	242 e 315
19. , Indented .	75	64. Fleur-de-lis, from Portrai	b
20. , Invecked .	75	in Sauvageot Collection	. 315
21. , "Wavy or Undy .	75	65. Fleur-de-lis, from staine<	1
22. , Nebuly .	75	glass in Depaulis Collec
23. , Dancetty .	75	tion	. 315
24. , Raguly .	75	66. Fleur-de-lis, from Rey, Plat	3
25. , Potente .	75	IV., Fig. 31 . .	315
26. , Dovetailed	75	67. Fleur-de-lis, from Seal o	f
27. , Urdy	75	Falaise .	. 315
28. Per Pale .	77	68. Fleur-de-lis, from Seal of th	s
29. „ Fess ....	77	Chatelet of Paris .	. 315
30. Quarterly ....	77	69. Fleur-de-lis, from Rey, Plat
31. Per Bend .	77	XVII., Fig. 210 .	\ 315
32. „ Bend-Sinister	77	70. Fleur-de-lis, in time of lates	fc
33. „ Saltire . .	77	Bourbon Kings	. 315
34. „ Chevron	77	71. Early Swedish Coat, fron	i
35. Ente en point .	77	HILDEBRAND, DetSvcnski	I
36. Champagne	77	Eiks Vapnet .	. 326
37. The Pale .	116	72. Arms of Crequy .	. 344
38. Fess ....	116	73. Helmet from Worsaac	}
39. Bend ....	116	Nordiske Oldsager .	. 345
40. Bend-Sinister	116	74. Helmet from Worsaac	i
41. Chevron	116	Nordiske Oldsager .	. 345
42. Saltire	116	75. Lymphad .	. 366
43. Pile ....	116	76.	. 366
44. Gyron ....	116	77. Helmet	. 395
45. Lozenge	116	78. „	. 395
46. Fusil ....	116	79.	. 395

A

TREATISE ON HERALDRY, BRITISH AND FOREIGN.

CHAPTER I.

ETYMOLOGICALLY a treatise on Heraldry should be an explanation of the duties of a Herald. Though an analogy has been drawn between the Greek K4jpv£, or Latin fecialis, and the herald of later times, the latter was essentially a mediaeval officer whose name seems to be derived from Heer, a host, and Held, a champion.

He was in the first place the messenger of war or peace between sovereigns ; and of courtesy or defiance between knights. His functions further included the superintendence of trials by battle, jousts, tournaments, and public ceremonies generally. When the bearing of hereditary armorial insignia became an established usage its supervision was in most European countries added to the other duties of the herald. The office survives in our own, and in some other countries, but with duties greatly curtailed ; and with this narrowing of his functions the term " Heraldry " has come to signify, not a knowledge of the multifarious duties of a herald of former times, but chiefly the study of that part of them which relates to family and national insignia, including also subsidiarily such kindred topics as precedence, hereditary and personal titles and dignities, and the insignia which are attached to them. B

The "science" or rather art, which teaches us the language, and instructs us in the origin and development, of these symbols, should with greater propriety be termed Armory. This is the designation applied to it by the earliest writers on the subject, both in England and in France, but it is one which for more than two and a half centuries, has greatly fallen into disuse ; and the better understood name of Heraldry conse- quently appears in the title of the present work. The term Armory is used by GERARD LEGH, Accidence of Armory, 1568 ; BOSSEWELL, Armorie of Honor, WYRLEY, True Use of Armorie, 1592; BOLTON, Elements of Armorie, 1610. GuiLLIM (or the writer who used his name) led the more modern fashion by calling his work, first published in 1610, A Display of Heraldry. Sir GEORGE MACKENZIE'S treatise on the Science of Heraldry, treated as a part of the Civil Law and Law of Nations, was published in 1680. Though one of NlSBET's earlier books was, in 1716, entitled An Essay on the Ancient and Modern use of Armory, his later and principal work, printed in 1722, was called A System of Heraldry.

[On the other side of the Channel, JEAN LE FERON in 1544 calls his work Le Grand Blason d'Armoiries, a term also employed by BAR A in 1581 and following years. GELIOT'S work, pub- lished in 1635, is La Vraie et Perfect Science des Armoiries ; DE LA COLOMBIERE in 1644 uses the term " La Science Heroique ; " but three years later appeared FAURE's Abrege Methodique de la Science Heraldique. SEGOING, who printed his Mercure Armorial in 1648, calls its later editions Le Tresor Heraldique. The many small, but most valuable, treatises of the learned Jesuit PERE MENETRIER have similarly varying titles, e.g., r Abrege Methodique des Principals Heraldiques ;

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021 du Veritable Art du Blason, appeared in 1661 ; and La Pratique des Armoiries in 1671. In later books the designation is usually " la Science du Blason" etc. The great German authority, SPENER, entitles his work Opus Heraldicum, whence RUDOL- PHUS took the title Heraldica Curiosa.—}. W.] Before entering on the consideration of armorial dis- tinctions, it may be advisable to make a few preliminary observations on a subject intimately connected with them : differences of social rank, and surnames.

At all times, and in all countries, the condition of society has been one of inequality. In the heroic days of Greece we have a glimpse of families or races of larger, stronger, more vigorous men, ruling over the rest of the community. In ancient Rome there were two great classes, corresponding with the new settlers, and the ancient inhabitants of the country who had to make way for them. In old Celtic times, when cattle were the synonym of wealth, the unequal distribution of this wealth, which had its origin in the natural diversities of character, led to a gradation of rank which is recognised in the Brehon laws. The broadly marked difference between the nobleman or gentleman, and the rest of the community, is one of the most prominent features of mediaeval life ; and the source from which the less abrupt gradations of rank in modern society have been gradually developed. According to feudal ideas the whole land was, in the first instance, the property of the Sovereign, from whom it was held under the obligation of rendering stated military service ; with or without the further obligation of attendance at his court and council. The immediate vassals of the Crown, who were in the first instance called Barons (as emphatically the King's men\ enjoyed in some cases the office of Comes, or Dux, and had vassals who held their lands from them by a like military tenure ; and with obligations of attendance

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at the courts of their superiors similar to those by which the latter held their lands from the Sovereign. By a constitution of this kind, but with variations in detail, society was held together in the different parts of Europe. The landholder was the nobleman or gentleman ; and the smallest tenant of land held by military tenure participated in the privileges of nobility. The gentry of England had many privileges recognised by law. If a churl, or peasant, defamed the honour of a gentleman, the latter had his remedy in law ; but if one gentleman defamed another the combat was allowed. For similar offences a gentleman was punishable with less severity than a churl, unless the crime was heresy, treason, or excessive contumacy. A gentleman, in his examination, was not subjected to torture ; and, if condemned to death, he was beheaded and not ignominiously hanged. A churl might not challenge a gentleman to combat, " quia conditioned impares"

Side by side with feudalism grew up the use of dis- tinctive devices, by which on banner or shield the performers of military service were distinguished. Like the jus imaginum of classic times, the right to bear insignia gentilitia became in the later middle ages the distinctive privilege of the nobly born. "Nobiles," says Sir EDWARD COKE, " sunt qui arma gentilitia anteces- sorum suorum proferre possunt." To use the words of CAMDEN, " Nobiles dividuntur in minores et majores. Nobiles minores sunt equites aurati, armigeri, et qui vulgo generosi et gentlemen vocantur." Or in the language of Sir JAMES LAWRENCE (Nobility of the British Gentry, p. 3,4th edition, London, 1840), "Any individual who distinguishes himself may be said to ennoble himself." A prince judging an individual worthy of notice gave him patent letters of nobility. In these letters were blazoned the arms which were to distinguish his shield. By this shield he was to be

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known, or nobilis. " A plebeian had no blazonry on his shield, because he was ignobilis, or unworthy of notice. . . . Hence arms are the criterion of nobility. Every nobleman must have a shield of arms. Whoever has a shield of arms is a nobleman. In every country in Europe without exception a grant of arms or letters of nobility is conferred on all the descendants."

[ LE RoQUE, in his Traite de Noblesse (4to, Rouen, 1734), says: — " Le Roy par ses lettres patentes concernant les Armoiries, les a non seulement confirmees dans la non-derogeance : il annoblit tacitement ceux qui ne sont pas nobles, puisqu'il leur accorde ou confirme des armoiries."

At page 59 he adds : — " Quand un souverain permet par ses lettres a un non noble d'avoir des armoiries il 1'annoblit tacitement, pourvu que la concession n'ait point quelque cause contraire ; car puisqu'on ne peut porter des armoiries nobles sans etre noble ou anobli, le prince donnant pouvoir a quelqu'un d'en porter, il lui accorde en meme temps la Noblesse, puisque sans cela la concession serait inutile : Concesso uno conceduntur omnia, sine quibus explicari non potest? — J. W.]

As illustrating the usage of letters of nobility existing in our own country reference may be made to two examples of the reign of HENRY VI. (printed from the Excerpt a Historica in the Herald and Genealogist, i., p. 135), one to NICHOLAS CLOOS, the other to ROGER KEYS, clerk, and THOMAS his brother. CLOOS had been engaged in the works of King's College, Cambridge, and KEYS in those of Eton College ; and in reward for their services each had a grant of nobility containing the express words " nobilitamus nobilemque facimus et creamus," these being followed by others showing that armorial ensigns were regarded the usual tokens of nobility : " in signum hujus nobilitatis arma et armorum

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signa damus et concedamus." As further English examples of the Sovereign conferring rank by a personal act, we need hardly allude to the accolade in knight- hood, and the creation of an esquire by the imposition of a collar of livery.

Out of Great Britain the term " noble " is still habitually used in its original sense, and the prerogative of raising persons to noble rank is continually exercised by Continental Sovereigns. The practice which has gradually established itself in England of restricting the words "noble" and "nobility" to members of the Peerage, has perhaps been partly brought about by the devolution by the Sovereign of his right to concede armorial ensigns to the Kings of Arms ; the Sovereign's prerogative being only directly exercised in creating Peerages, in advancing to the rank of Baronet, in con- ferring simple Knighthood (which has fallen into disuse on the Continent), and in nominating to the several chivalric orders. The difference of usage in this matter between Britain and the Continent has not unfrequently been the source of a strange confusion of ideas on the other side of the Channel, particularly at the minor courts of Germany, where we have heard of a member of the British aristocracy, of the- most ancient and dis- tinguished lineage, in respect that he was not himself a peer, or " noble " in the popular English acceptation, having to give the pas to a " Baron " or " Herr Von," who had newly received his patent of nobility along with his commission in the army.

While the stricter meaning of the word is retained to the present day in the expression " gentleman by birth," it has often come to be difficult for one who is not a genealogical expert to know who is, or who is not, a gentleman of coat-armour, the less abrupt gradation of ranks and the courtesy of society having caused the word gentleman to be applied in a somewhat loose

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sense to any one whose education, profession, perhaps whose income, raises him above ordinary trade or menial service ; or to a man of polite and refined manners and ideas.

A cognate word to gentleman, whose popular accepta- tion has come to differ much from its original meaning, is esquire. It originally meant the armour-bearer or shield-bearer of a knight.

[" L'Ecuyer etait dans le principe le serviteur Noble qui assistait le Chevalier et portait son Ecu ou ses armes quand il allait a la guerre ; plus tard, le droit de porter un Ecu peint des armoiries et de devises fut le droit particulier a ceux qui etaient Nobles de race ancienne, de la 1'origine du nom d'Ecuyer (armiger) qualification que prirent tous les gentilshommes dans la suite des temps. Un arret du Parlement de Paris du 30 Octobre 1554, avait proclame le titre d'Ecuyer : * Caracteristique de la Noblesse, jusqu'a preuve du contraire.' Noble et Ecuyer sont deux expressions qui marchaient toujours ensemble dans le langage legal d'autre fois." — Le Heraut d' Armes, p. in, Paris, 1863. — J.W.]

A knight fully equipped in the days of chivalry was attended by two esquires, whose spurs were not of gold, like the knight's, but of silver. An esquire was created by the king by placing spurs on his heels and a collar about his neck. It is difficult to say who in strict law is now entitled to be designed an esquire. Every gentle- man of coat-armour is not an esquire. BLACKSTONE quotes with approval CAMDEN's definition of four classes of esquires. These are: " i. The eldest sons of knights, and their eldest sons in perpetual succession. 2. The eldest sons of the younger sons of peers, and their eldest sons in perpetual succession ; both which species of esquires Sir HENRY SPELMAN entitles

armigeri natalitii. 3. Esquires created by the King's letters patent, and their eldest sons. 4. Esquires in virtue of their offices ; justices of the peace, and others, who bear any office under the crown." " To these," continues BLACKSTONE, " may be added the esquires of Knights of the Bath, each of whom constitutes three at his installation, and all foreign, nay Irish peers." BLACKSTONE'S mention of Irish peers is accounted for by the fact that before the Union of 1801 peers of Ireland were in law foreigners. CAMDEN'S third class of esquires no longer exists, creation by letters patent or investiture having long ceased. CHRISTIAN, in his Notes to Blackstone, would limit the official title of esquire to holders of offices of trust under the crown who are styled esquires in their commissions ; and he remarks on BLACKSTONE'S omission of barristers, who have been decided by the Court of King's Bench to be esquires by office. No Esquires of the Bath have been appointed since 1812, and by the statutes of the Order in 1847, these Knights have no longer the power to nominate any. In the common usage of this country, at the present day, the designation " esquire " is habitually placed after the names of all persons supposed to be in comfortable circumstances ; and its use is con- sidered almost essential in addressing a letter to anyone who, in the looser sense of the word, would be called a " gentleman."

In connection with the same subject some remarks may not be inappropriate on the use of the preposition de in French, or von in German, the presence or absence of which as a prefix to the surname is often supposed by foreigners to be an absolute test as to whether a person is, or is not, " noble " in the Continental sense, i.e., as having, or not having, the right to use armorial bearings. The absence of the " Particule Nobiliaire" from the surnames of the majority of the

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noblesse and gentry of Britain has been a cause of much of the foreign confusion of ideas with regard to the nobility of our untitled families, which has been already adverted to.

[A historical investigation into the origin of the Particule Nobiliaire will show conclusively that it is not, and never has been, a titre de noblesse; an infallible mark of gentle descent ; but we must recognise the fact that in later times it has so generally been found in connection with the names of families of noble descent as to have become in many countries of the Continent one of its distinguishing marks. On the introduction of Christianity into Europe its preachers strenuously endeavoured to substitute, at baptism, the Christian name of a saint or martyr for the pagan name, often full of undesirable associations, of the neophyte. This was not done without a severe struggle. SS. CHRYSOSTOM (Homily xiii., Epistle to the Corinthians] and GREGORY THE GREAT allude to this repugnance, and enforce the substitu- tion. An examination of the "Personen Register" in the Urknndenbuch der Abtei Sanct G alien (vol. i., A.D. 700-840, Zurich, 1863) will show how little success had attended the attempt. The number of Scriptural or saintly names is absolutely insignificant as compared with the host that are neither the one nor the other. But even where the effort was suc- cessful the list of holy names was a limited one, and it was necessary to adopt surnames as an additional means of distinguishing individuals when, as at Bayeux in 1 1 7 1 , there were a hundred and ten knights, besides those of lower grade, who all bore the name of GUILLAUME. The commonest and readiest way of distinguishing persons who bore the same appella- tion was that of adding to the son's name that which

his father had borne, as had been done long before by the Jews, and by both Greeks and Romans. This was, of course, the origin of the many British and Scandinavian surnames which end in the syllable "son"; ROBERTSON, JOHNSON, etc.; and of the Sclavonic surnames terminating in " ski," " off," " vitch," etc. In the Latin Cartularies, the formula is usually " ODO filius ISAMBARDl"; " PETRUS films ALBERTI," etc. The Cartulary of St. Pere, de Chartres, in 1119, has the briefer form " ANSOLDUS ROGERII," "ALCHERIUS ADALONIS," etc. In the Grand Capitnlaire of Champagne a deed of 1261 mentions GULIELMUS RAIMUNDI ; others allude to BERNARDUS ANFREDI, GULIELMUS GIRAUDI, etc. When these names were translated into the vernacular they naturally became, PIERRE D'ALBERT, ANSOLDE DE ROGIER, GUILLAUME DE RAIMOND, GUILLAUME DE GlRAULD, etc. (La Particule Nobiliaire, par LOUIS VlAN, Paris, n.d.).

In this way the " particule" originated, and some of the most ancient families in France, such as the DE GUILLAUME, Seigneurs de Montpellier ; the DE PIERRE, Seigneurs de Ganges ; the D'ANDRE", Seigneurs de Montfort ; the DE JEAN, the DE BARTHELEMY, and others who bear apparently Christian names employed as surnames, trace the origin of the fact back to those early times. " Dans le onzieme, et dans le douzieme siecle, et quelque fois dans le troizieme siecle, chaque personnage ne portait que son prenom ou nom de bapteme, remplace quelque fois par une designation per- sonelle, un sur nom ou un sobriquet." — BLANCMES- NIL, Les Salles des Croisades, xxiii. The Conquest of England, the Crusades, and other military ex- peditions, which made it needful to adopt surnames to distinguish persons of the same Christian name

( II )

from one another, also served to increase the use of the de. But the earliest known use of the particule to indicate the possession of a fief dates from the reign of PHILIP I. (about 1062).

HUGH THE GREAT, Duke of France and Count of Paris, had the surname of CAPET, but used no territorial de. Later the possession of a fief afforded an easy and natural means of forming a distinctive surname ; thus the Lords of Montmorency, who had generally borne the ordinary name of BOUCHARD, became BOUCHARD DE MONTMORENCY.

The family of MONTMORENCY bore the seem- ingly proud title of Premier Baron Chretien; which, however, like many other things, was not really so great as it appeared to be. Its origin appears to have faded out of remembrance, but a little research shows that it simply meant that the Baron de Montmorency was the first of the four Vassal Barons, or Chevaliers Bannerets, of the Chretiente, or possessions of the bishop, in the He de France. The other three were : le Vicomte de MEAUX, le Vicomte de MELUN, and le Sire de 1'lLE ADAM.

But persons of much lower grade, having no pretensions to nobility, assumed as a distinctive surname the name of the town or district whence they came. In "La Vie de St. Louis" by the con- fessor of Queen MARGARET, we find the name of " JEAN DE CROY, mason, townsman of Compiegne." Even serfs leaving their own village, where a Chris- tian name had sufficed, added its name with the de to their own. As late as the elections in 1789, the serfs in the Jura Mountains had no surnames.

On the other hand many of the noblest families of France never used the "particule" FOUCAULD, Seig- neur de la ROCHE, became indeed much later, "le Due de la ROCHEFOUCAULD.'' POTIER was the name

( 12 )

of the Due de GEVRES, the Marquis de GRIGNON, and the Seigneur de NOVION ; NOMPAR, the original appellation of the Dues de la FORCE. The families of POT, MIRON, MILON, PHILIPPEAUX, AMELOT, RUSE, BRULART, FOUQUET, and many other mar- quises and counts, never used the de. M. LAINE gives the following list of eminent families who never used the particule, or only assumed it in modern times: — DAMAS, — CHABOT, — BERMOND, Seigneur d'ANDUSE — MALVOISIN ou MANVOISIN— PRUNELE, — FOUCAUD, — OSMOND, — MORETON,— QUATREBARBES, — GOYON, — BEAUPOIL, — VlSDE- LOU, — SEGUIER, — DAVID, — LASTEYRIE, — FAYDIT, — GASCQ, — GUISCARD, — YSARN, — COUSTIN, - AUTHIER, — MAINGOT, — BRACKET (y. Les Salles des Croisades, par le Comte de DELLEY de BLANCMESNIL, p. 265, Paris, 1866). JACQUES TEZART, Seigneur des EsSARTS, Baron de TOUR- NEBU, was highly offended at the unauthorised addition of the de to his ancient and illustrious name. Still, the fact that by the many the de was associated with the possession of nobility caused it to be coveted and assumed by many who had no right at all to use it. In 1474, LOUIS XL autho- rised a notary named DECAUMONT to separate the first syllable from the rest, and to become DE CAUMONT. An Ordonnance^ given at Amboise, March 26, 1555, and registered at Rouen, interdicted the use of any name but the legal patronymic, and enjoined even gentlemen to sign legal documents by their family names, to the exclusion of the appellations of their seigneuries. This was con- firmed in 1560, by article 110 of the Ordonnancc d'Orleans. The Parliament of Toulouse, in 1566, gave a decision, " ordonnant d'enlever la particule mise dans le tableau, conune signe de noblesse, devant

( 13 )

le nom de plusieurs procureurs" (VlAN, La Particule Nobiliaire], The procureur du Roi in the bailliage de Dijon, about the same time, declared, " Tame et la raison de la loi trouve que tous nos roturiers en general qui changent leur nom en un autre gentil- hommesque, ou lesquels y adioustent un article, sont sujets a la peine de faux, car ils usurpent une qualite de noble qui tient espece de rang signale en France."

On the other hand, a decision was given by the Parliament of Toulouse in 1566, at the instance of a certain procureur, "de retablir sur le tableau le nom de cet officier et, comme signe de noblesse, la particule que 1'on y avait a tort omise."

JEAN LOIR, Commissary-general of Artillery, etc., obtained from HENRI IV. in 1596, permission to prefix the de to his name ; and similar licences, which were understood to convey nobility, were granted in later reigns. Before the Ordonnance of 1579 (which provided the contrary) the possession of a noble fief acquired by purchase, even by a " roturier," conferred nobility on its possessor, who, of course, assumed its designation ; and LOUIS XIV. in 1696 "permettait aux possesseurs de biens en roture dans les directes du Roi d'en prendre le nom."

In 1585, CHARLES III., Duke of LORRAINE, perceiving that many of his subjects assumed the particule and so attributed to themselves nobility in order to avoid certain imposts, published an Ordonnance, which strictly prohibited " aux Anoblis et issus de Nobles qu'ils n'aient a soi par adjonction vocale le, la, du ou de, et semblables mots, qui ne servent que pour obscurcir la famille dont ils sont sortis;" but the edicts had little effect. (The edict is printed in full in the appendix, and it is probable

( 14 )

that on some of its expressions was founded the claim advanced in Lorraine in 1750, that "a la quatrieme generation, un anobli, devenu gentil- homme selon les regies heraldiques, acquerait le droit de transmettre la particule de sa fief a son nom.")

In 1699 LOUIS XIV. published a declaration for Franche Comte that " les anoblis et tous autres (que les nobles de race) ne peuvent prendre le de devant leurs noms." This article, which made the particule " forbidden fruit " to all but " nobles de race" naturally increased the number of those who desired to make use of it ; and moreover in consequence of the edict, the de appeared in the dictionaries as a sign of nobility. "Get article de marque le genitif, et se met devant les noms de famille qui viennent de seigneuries, M. DE CHATEAUNEUF ; M. DE GRAM- MONT " (RlCHELET, Dictionnaire, 1707). The Due de ST. SlMON, in his Memoires, speaks of its wholesale usurpation : " Le de s'usurpait aussi par qui voulait depuis quelque temps." However, the de continued to be the subject of legal grants ; and, after the Restoration, HOZIER was authorised to insert the particule in the official certificates before the name of the person ennobled.

In 1822, LOUIS XVIII. asked a person to whom he was giving audience how he could reward the devotion he had evinced, and was met by a request for permission to use the de. " ' Prenez-en deux ! ' dit le Roi, en fredonnant le vers d' Horace : —

. . . . ' Gaudent prasnomine molles Auriculas . . . . '"

Almost in our own time there was the poet PIERRE JEAN DE BE" RANGER, who may have fairly inherited the particule from remoter progenitors

than his tailor grandfather, but who scouted the idea that it indicated noble descent : —

" He quoi, j'apprends que Ton critique Le de qui precede mon nom. ' Etes vous de noblesse antique ?' Moi, noble \ oh vraiment,

Messieurs, non !

" Non, d'aucune chevalerie Je n'ai le brevet sur velin. Je ne sais qu'aimer ma patrie, Je suis vilain, et tres vilain,

Je suis vilain,

Vilain, vilain."

Under the First Empire many titles were granted without the de. CAMBACE"RES was "le Due CAMBACE"RES ; " PASQUIER, " le Due PASQUIER." Under the Second Empire, in 1858, the Code Penal was revised and the assumption of names and titles stringently forbidden. Applications for change of name, and for the addition of the particule, or for its separation from a name with which it had become incorporated, required to be made to the Garde des Sceaux, and were often granted.

At the present day when a German is ennobled, or, as we should say, made a gentleman of coat- armour, he acquires the right to use the territorial prefix von, in some shape. Sometimes the preposi- tion is affixed to his previously plebeian name, and SCHNEIDER becomes VON SCHNEIDER. But in cases like to this, in which the surname is obviously unterritorial, it is often retained unaltered and the von is inserted before the name of some territorial possession, real or imaginary, the newly ennobled becoming MULLER VON MtJLLERSHAUSEN, and the like. The Viennese gentry could hardly be per- suaded that LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN was only of

bourgeois descent, since he used a prefix which seemed equivalent to their familiar von.

In Holland the prefix van or vander is no sign of nobility.

In Flanders, De at the commencement of the name is only the equivalent of the French Le, and, like it, is no mark of noble descent. DETlMMER- MAN is only the equivalent of Le CHARPENTIER ; DEHANTCHOUMAKER of Le GANTIER ; DEMEULE- NAER of Le MEUNIER, and so forth. In Austria since the middle of the eighteenth century the diplomas of persons ennobled run after this fashion "... Item uti particula de, vel a, si voluerit." So is it generally in Belgium.

The particule nobiliaire is but little in use in Italy and Spain. The princes COLONNA, BORGHESE, GABRIELI, etc. ; and such families as DORIA, DONATO, BALBI, MACHIAVELLI, would not think of using it. Nevertheless, when a member of such a family settles in France the common usage begins to prevail, and the Commendatore STROZZI, becomes gradually DE STROZZI. Sometimes the name of the family is translated, FlESCHI becomes DE FlESQUE ; and CASANOVA, DE MAISONNEUVE.—

J.W.]

Turning to England, the Norman adventurers with whom surnames began, took their names for the most part from their paternal fiefs, or sometimes from their places of birth or residence, and they thus naturally used the de. Their younger sons, and others, applied the de to estates awarded them as their portion of the con- quered country, calling themselves DE HASTINGS, DE WlNTON, a form of their name probably never in ver- nacular use, and completely discarded with the dis- appearance of Norman-French, by either being dropped altogether, or passing into "of." In a very few excep-

( 17 )

tional cases it was retained for the sake of euphony, or from coalescing with the initial vowel, as in DE LA BECHE, DEATH (D'ATH), DELAMERE, DELAWARR, DEVEREUX (D'EVEREUX), DANVERS (D'ANVERS), DANGERFIELD (D'ANGERVILLE). Even these names were sometimes translated into the vernacular. In the Restoration of Edward IV. we read of " Sir MARTYN OF THE SEA " (DELAMERE) ; and in FABYAN'S Chronicle of " Syr EDMUND OF THE BECHE." In the fifteenth and sixteenth century the Lords DELAWARR were frequently called LA WARR, though the title passed to America in the form of DELAWARE.

As a rule, however, the old historical surnames in England never were preceded by the prefix in question ; and the writer of this is greatly disposed to deprecate the foolish fashion which began about a century ago, and has gone on to a considerable extent both in England and Ireland, of assuming (by royal licence) a De before the surname, under, no doubt, an erroneous impression that in feudal and chivalric times the name was thus used. One of the earliest instances was in 1752 when Lord CLANRICARDE and other BOURKES were transmuted into DE BURGHS. Since then other BOURKES have followed suit, and POWERS, VESEYS, CLIFFORDS, GREYS, COURCYS, TRAFFORDS, and MUL- LINSES, have been transformed into DE LA POERS, DE VESEYS, DE CLIFFORDS, DE COURCYS, DE TRAFFORDS, and DE MOLEYNS ; and the example set by families of consideration has been followed by persons whose sur- names possess no historic associations. The extensive introduction of the French particles into peerage titles is also matter of regret. The barony now styled DE Ros used to have the English form of ROOS when held by the families of CECIL, MANNERS, and VILLIERS ; the present modification of it was adopted in 1806, by Lady HENRY FITZGERALD (when the barony was revived in

her favour after a long abeyance), that lady at the same time assuming the DE Ros as surname of herself and family. Perhaps the most absurd example from its tautology was when Sir JOHN FLEMING LEICESTER, Bart, of Tabley in Cheshire, was raised to the peerage as Lord DE TABLEY, of Tabley House.

FIG. 3. FIG. 4.

From ETRUSCAN VASES, Vide p. 26.

FIG. 5. FIG. 6.

COHORT ENSIGNS, Vide p. 27.

CHAPTER II.

SECTION A. (BY G. B.)

WHEN, and how, did the bearing of armorial insignia originate ? Before entering on the investigation here suggested, let us see, briefly, what the old armorial writers had to say upon the subject.

Except a short treatise of the fourteenth century by BARTOLO DI SASSOFERRATO, De Armis et Insiginis ; and another by JOHANNES ROTHE of Eisenach ; the earliest work extant on Heraldry is that of NICHOLAS UPTON, De Studio Militari, written early in the fifteenth century, and edited by Sir EDWARD BYSSHE, in 1654. Lady JULIANA BERNERS' Boke of St. Albaris, which appeared in 1486, was in a great degree borrowed from UPTON'S treatise. The first edition of GERARD LEGH'S Accedens of Armory was published in 1562, and Sir JOHN FERNE's Blazon of Gentrie, in 1586.

Only a few specimens can be given of the speculations in which these authors indulge regarding the antiquity of coat-armour, and its mystical or symbolical meaning.

Some of them go beyond Adam in their search for the origin of armorial bearings. " At hevyn," says the author of the Boke of St. Albans, " I will begin, where were V. orderis of aungelis, and now stand but IV. in cote armoris of knawlege encrowned ful hye with precious

( 20 )

stones, where Lucifer with mylionys of aungelis owt of hevyn fell into hell and odyr places, and ben holdyn ther in bondage ; and all " (the remaining angels) " were erected in hevyn of gentille nature."

" Criste," says the same authority " was a gentylman of his moder's behalue, and bare cotarmure of aunseturis. The iiij euangelists berith wittnesse of Cristis workys in the gospell with all thappostilles. They were Jewys and of gentylmen come by the right lyne of that worthy conqueroure Judas Machabeus, but that by succession of tyme the kynrade fell to pouerty, after the destruction of Judas Machabeus and then they fell to laboris and ware calde no gentilmen, and the iiij doctores of holi church Seynt Jerom Ambrose Augustyn and Gregori war gentilmen of blode and of cot armures." (See LOWER, Curiosities of Heraldry, pp. 2, 249.)

[At a much later date arms were assigned to the Blessed Saviour that He might not appear at a disadvantage in those Chapters of the Continent where, as at Mayence, the members had to prove their sixteen quarters.

An escucheon thus put up in the Cathedral at Mayence is still extant, and is described and figured in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. ccix. It is a shield of twenty quarters in five vertical rows each of four quarters, which are charged with the instru- ments of the passion, and other bearings : i. Argent, the cock that warned S. PETER ; 2. Azure, one of the water pots of Cana argent ; 3. Gules, the thirty pieces of silver in three piles eac/i of ten pieces ; 4. Azure, the Passover chalice argent ; 5. Gules, a label in bend bearing the letters I. N.R.I. ; 8. Argent, the hand that smote Him and dried up, in bend sable ; 9. Argent, the seamless coat gules ; 12. Sable, the lantern argent ; 1 3. Or, the crown of tJwrns traversed by tJie reed and hyssop in bend ; 14. Argent, the hammer

and pincers in salt ire; 15. Sable, the box of alabaster ; 1 6. Argent, the orb of sovereignty azure, banded and crossed or ; 17. Azure, tJie tJiree dice (i and 2) proper ; 18 and 19 together. Gules, the handkerchief of S. VERONICA with the impress of the Sacred Face; 20. Or, three passion-nails in pile gules. The 6, 7, 10 and n quarters form a separate arrange- ment ; 6 and 10 are or ; 7 and II azure ; in 6 and 7 are the Sacred Hands wounded ; in 10 and 12 the Sacred Feet also wounded. Over these last four is an escucheon en surtout argent charged ivith the Sacred Heart. Thus the " five wounds " occupy the centre of the whole escucheon. This is also surmounted in German fashion by three crowned or coroneted helms, which bear as crests : —

1 (centre) A banner gules charged with a cross argent, between the reed and sponge, and the lance ;

2 (to the dexter) The cross and ladder ; 3 (to the sinister) The pillar, scourge, and whip. — J. W.]

GERARD LECH, in answer to the question when began armes, whether at the siege of Troy or not, says : — " At the siege of Troy there was a certain perfectness of it, determined amongst princes, as in our days now we do perfect things that were but rudely done of auncient tyme. Some things also be imperfect that were done of our forefathers. I mean herein of no other thing but of armes also, and in armorye, whose lawes were before the siege of Troy, as appeareth in Deuteronomion, which hath had .since then so many addicions, that few here- haughtis know the lawe of armes, nor yet many civilians." In the course of the argument are blazoned the coats of the nine worthies " Duke Josua, Hector, David, Alex- ander, Judas Machabeus, Julius Caesar, King Arthur, Charlemagne, and Sir Guy Erl of Warwike," and the conclusion arrived at is that " although the siege of Troye be of aunciente 2751 years past, yet, if ye waye

( 22 )

the matter, ye shall perceive the beringe of armes and armory are much more auncient."

Sir JOHN FERNE'S work, The Blazon of Gentrie, in 1586, has a fund of information regarding antediluvian Heraldry. The use of furs in heraldry is deduced from the " coats of skins " of our first parents, and arms are assigned not only to Adam (innocent and fallen), but to Jabal, Jubal, Naamah, and Tubal Cain; (LOWER, Curiosi- ties of Heraldry, pp. 4 and 5.)

GUILLIM'S Display of Heraldrie, which was first pub- lished in 1611, is a work of much higher order than the former productions. In the short introduction to the history of Heraldry, along with indications of a half belief in the speculations of previous writers, there occurs the remark, " the antiquity of gentilicial arms in Britain will prove of far later date than many of our gentry would willingly be thought to have borne them." In GUILLIM'S work we have in fact for the first time a methodical and intelligent treatise on the usage of arms in England, giving examples of a large number of the charges as borne in actually existent coats. Conceits, doubtless, we have which recall those of his predecessors. It is firm matter of faith with him as with them that each tincture, ordinary, and charge denote some special virtue or quality in the original bearer of the coat.

Considerable credulity is shown in his excursions into the field of Natural History. There is scarcely a bird, beast, or fish described as a heraldic charge with regard to which he does not favour us with some strange piece of folk lore, no doubt the ordinary belief of the people of his time. For instance, he tells us that " the milk of the seal or sea calf is very wholesome against the falling sickness, but she sucketh it out and spitteth it lest it should profit any other." While we are told that the hair of women will, under certain conditions, turn into very venomous serpents, we are to refuse credence to

( 23)

the common story that " if a man stricken of a scorpion shall sit upon an asse with his face to the taile of the ass, his pain shall pass out of him into the asse. He that believes this," he adds, " is the creature that must be ridden upon." GUILLIM has gone through a number of editions, and is still in deserved favour with students of heraldry.

In 1 66 1, fifty years later than the first edition of GUILLIM, SVLVANUS MORGAN produced his Sphere of Gentry and Armilogiay treatises vying in absurdity with those of any of GuiLLlM's predecessors. Adam's original escutcheon, whose form corresponded with his spade, was, according to MORGAN, a plain red shield ; Eve's, of the lozenge shape indicating her spindle, was of argent, and Adam in virtue of his wife being an heiress (!) bore Gules an inescutcheon argent ! Abel bore Quarterly argent and gules, in front of a pastoral staff to indicate that he was a shepherd. We also see suspended from a fruit tree Adam's shield, as borne after his fall, of the pattern which we would now call Gyronny of eigJit. " Joseph's Coat," to which one division of the work is devoted, is not " of many colours " as we would expect, but CJiequy sable and argent. The armes of each of Jacob's sons are given, and the standards set up in the camp of Israel are adduced as evidence that regular heraldry was then in use. (LOWER, Curiosities of Heraldry, pp. 5 and 6.)

DE LA COLOMBIERE in his Science Heroique published in 1699 expresses a like belief in the primeval antiquity of Heraldry. From that time, however, various writers abroad and in our own country began to be less credu- lous, and were content to deduce the origin of armorial insignia from ancient mythology, or the usages of classical times. Among these may be numbered the learned Scottish Herald NlSBET, who traces arms to the ?^ iinagiwnm, and whose elaborate work is still

regarded as a standard authority on Scottish Armory. By and by a few enlightened armorialists began to remark the absence of armorial bearings from early seals and monuments, and to doubt if their introduction was not the invention of a much later age.

Among these was the learned French Jesuit Pere MENESTRIER who flourished towards the close of the seventeenth century and whose heraldic works are of the highest interest and of great authority.

[His Origine des Armoiries appeared in 1680, and his opinion as briefly summed up (and one which he had already expressed in his rare little duo- decimo volume Abrege Methodique des Principes Heraldiques ; OIL du Veritable A rt du Blason, pub- lished in 1661, and of which there are several later editions some of great rarity) is that hereditary arms originated in tournaments and are conse- quently of German origin. This is an opinion with which I shall deal later on. — J. W.] The earliest instance MENESTRIER could find of a coat of arms on a sepulchral monument in France, Germany, Italy, or the Low Countries, was on the tomb of a Count VON WASSERBURG in the church of St. Kmmeran at Ratisbon bearing the date 1010, and the learned father expressed his conviction that the arms themselves could not be of so early a date, and that they had been added on some subsequent occasion when the monument had undergone a restoration.

EDMONSON in his Complete Body of Heraldry (1780) a work in which he was greatly aided by Sir JOSEPH AYLOFFE, had a glimpse of the truth in this matter, but more erudition is displayed in the Inquiry into the Origin and Progress of Heraldry in England, by the Rev. JAMES DALLAWAY, who, rejecting the mythological theory, still clung to the idea that the coins of the Anglo-Saxon Kings bore heraldic devices.

( -'5 )

The levelling principles of the French Revolution were naturally hostile to the study of Armory, but long before that event the conceits of the old heralds had helped to bring into disrepute what had once been an essential branch of a liberal education. Armorial art, too, had declined with the general decline of the arts : the symbols had lost their beauty, and it was but natural that the philosophers of the eighteenth century, who could see nothing but folly in the life of the ages that had gone before them, held heraldry in little respect.

It is now more than fifty years since a revival of interest began in heraldry and in the kindred subject of genealogy. The value of heraldry to the historical student began to be recognised, and its true origin and history to be made the subject of serious criticism. Mr J. A. MONTAGU'S Guide to the Study of Heraldry (1840), and Mr M. A. LOWER'S Curiosities of Heraldry (1845), are works of real value, and at least equally so, a work called The Pursuivant of Arms by the late Mr PLANCHE, Somerset Herald, first published in 1851. Mr PLANCHE'S conclusions have been very much acqui- esced in by most later writers on the subject. Two of these as expressed in the author's own words are — " i. That heraldry appears as a science at the com- mencement of the thirteenth century; and that, although armorial bearings had then been in existence un- doubtedly for some time previous, no precise date has yet been discovered for their first assumption. 2. That in their assumption the object of the assumer was not, as it has been generally asserted and believed, to sym- bolise any virtue or qualification but simply to distinguish their persons and properties, to display their pretensions to certain honours or estates, attest their alliances, or acknowledge their feudal tenures." In support of his vJews Mr PLANCHE appealed to the entire absence of any indication of the Existence of armorial bearings in

the shields and banners verbally described and pictorially represented in the centuries preceding the twelfth. For example, ANNA COMNENA in her biography of her father the Greek Emperor ALEXIUS I., written in the beginning of the twelfth century, gives a minute account of the convex shields of the French knights of that date, with a surface of highly polished metal and a boss in the centre ; and in a Spanish manuscript of the year 1 109 in the British Museum, we have circular shields orna- mented as well as plain, but destitute of any approach to an armorial device. While, from the date of the ! Norman Conquest of England onwards, sealing became a necessary form for the validity of writs, and the arms on a seal are the most important evidence of the bearing of the owner, the earliest authentic instance of an armorial shield on a seal is on that of PHILIP I. Count of Flanders, appended to a charter of date 1 164.

The chief representative of an opposite position is Mr W. G. ELLIS, who in his Antiquities of Heraldry (1869) has collected a mass of interesting matter relating to what he calls the heraldry of ancient times, and of all nations of the world, and he certainly succeeds in showing to how great an extent pictorial symbols, which had originally a meaning, have been in use among all nations of mankind, civilised and savage. His plates are curious as showing the occasional occur- rence among these manifold devices of some resembling modern figures of blazon. The crescent, the mullet, the lozenge, the quatrefoil, and the fleur de lis are traced by him to counterparts existing among Egyptian, Chinese, Indian and Japanese emblems, and among the figures on Etruscan vases he shows us what in heraldic language would be called a bull's head caboshed and a not un- heraldic looking demi-boar. We have also on the Greek vases two dolphins naiant in pale, a demi-wolf, and three

( 27 )

legs conjoined in pairle as in the well-known arms of the Isle of Man. (Figs, i, 2, 3, and 4, p. rS.)

The lines in the seventh book of the ^Eneidvi VIRGIL

(655-658)

" Post hos insignem palma per gramma currum Victoresque ostentat equos, satus Hercule pulchro Pulcher Aventinus ; clypeoque insigne paternum, Centum angues, cinctamque gerit serpentibus hydram."

are relied on as evidence of the hereditary character of classic symbols.

The Roman cohort ensigns which appear on TRAJAN'S column at Rome, devices which occasionally bear a resemblance perhaps not always accidental to the designs of later ages, are assumed to be the family insignia of the commander of the cohort, and with other devices of tribes and clans are considered by Mr ELLIS to have descended through the dark ages until they appeared in the eleventh century as heredi- tary coat-armour. (See Figs. 5 and 6, p. 19.)

But the argument on which the ingenious author most relies is the recognition of hereditary ensigns as not only being, but having been for generations, the badge of gentility, in the Leges Hastiludiales of HENRY THE FOWLER, of the date 938. These laws contain not only specific directions regulating the use of " insignia gentilitia " and of their registration by the heralds, but regard them as the exclusive privilege of the nobly born and exclude from participation in the tournaments all whose ancestors had not borne them for at least four generations. Cap. XII. De hominibus novis.

" Quisquis recentioris et notae nobilis et non talis ut a stirpe nobilitatem suam et origine quatuor saltern generis auctorum proximorum gentilibus insignibus pro- bare possit is quoque ludis his exesto."

Article XIII. imposes penalties for the breach of other

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articles and concludes with the alternative "aut nobilitatis farnae insignium gentilitiorum denique amissionem incur- rat." (ELLIS, Antiquities of Heraldry, pp. 149-150.)

Mr ELLIS considers that these Leges Hastiludiales quite outweigh the negative evidence against the introduction of hereditary arms which Mr PLANCHE and others found in their absence from seals, and sepulchral monu- ments before the eleventh or twelfth century. But if we have some hesitation about accepting all Mr ELLIS'S conclusions he has at least brought to light two facts of importance. First — That the figures of mediaeval heraldry contain in some instances, elements suggested by those of earlier ages. Even Mr PLANCHE while giving a general denial to this proposition seems to make an exception in the case of the origin of the three legs in the shield of the Kingdom of Man, which he is willing to admit may have been derived from the classical symbol of Trinacria (Sicily). Second — That we have instances too many to be accounted for by accident, of arms more or less similar both in their colours and charges, being borne in the beginning of the thirteenth century by cognate families whose common descent was from an ancestor who lived before the Norman Conquest, a fact of which in the present state of our knowledge the adoption through collateral consanguinity seems a more satisfactory explanation than the hypothesis that a common ancestor bore arms at a time when no tangible evi- dence is producible of the existence of hereditary insignia.

Admitting the ingenuity of much of Mr ELLIS'S argu- ment, a full consideration of the whole evidence has led the present writer to take up a position more nearly approaching that of Mr PLANCHE. Instances certainly occur in remote times of nations, tribes, and individuals distinguishing themselves by particular emblems or ensigns, more especially in war, as these ensigns afforded rallying points in the field of battle. The standards of

'9 )

the Jewish twelve tribes are a familiar case. AESCHYLUS and EURIPIDES describe the devices on the shields of their heroes, there being however no correspondence between the two enumerations. TACITUS alludes to figures of animals on the shields of Celtic tribes ; and PLUTARCH to those of the savage hordes of Denmark, Norway, and North Germany. But the omission of all such devices on what representations and descriptions have been handed down to us of the shields of the early middle ages, shows that the bulls, boars, wolves, and horses of TACITUS, and the more conventional symbols of the cohort ensigns, if any traditional memory of them had been assured, played no prominent part in the life of these ages, and certainly had no hereditary character. As little can we trace any connection between the language of arms and the mysterious symbols found sculptured on stone in Wales, Norway, Denmark, and more extensively in Scotland, of whose significance archae- ologists have as yet been unable to give a plausible explana- tion. (See Dr STUART'S splendid work on the Sculptured Stones of Scotland, published by the Spalding Club.)

The evidence afforded by the famous tapestry preserved in the public library of Bayeux, a series of views in sewed work representing the invasion and conquest of England by WILLIAM the Norman, has been appealed to on both sides of this controversy, and has certainly an important bearing on the question of the antiquity of coat-armour. This panorama of seventy-two scenes is on probable grounds believed to have been the work of the Conqueror's Queen MATILDA and her maidens ; though the French historian THIERRY and others ascribe it to the Empress MAUD, daughter of HENRY III. The latest authorities suggest the likelihood of its having been wrought as a decoration for the Cathedral of Bayeux, when rebuilt by WILLIAM'S uterine brother ODO, Bishop of that See, in 1077. The exact correspondence which

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has been discovered between the length of the tapestry and the inner circumference of the nave of the Cathedral greatly favours this supposition. This remarkable work of art, as carefully drawn on colour in 1818 by Mr C. STOTHARD, is reproduced in the sixth volume of the Vetusta Monumenta ; and more recently an excellent copy of it from autotype plates has been published by the Arundel Society. Each of its scenes is accompanied by a Latin description, the whole uniting into a graphic history of the event commemorated. We see HAROLD taking leaving of EDWARD THE CONFESSOR ; riding to Bosham with his hawk and hounds ; embarking for France ; landing there and being captured by the Count of Ponthieu ; redeemed by WILLIAM of Normandy, and in the midst of his Court aiding him against CONAN, Count of BRETAGNE ; swearing on the sacred relics to recognise WILLIAM'S claim of succession to the English throne, and then re-embarking for England. On his return, we have him recounting the incidents of his journey to EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, to whose funeral obsequies we are next introduced. Then we have HAROLD receiving the crown from the English people, and ascending the throne ; and WILLIAM, apprised of what had taken place, consulting with his half-brother ODO about invading England. The war preparations of the Normans, their embarkation, their landing, their march to Hastings, and formation of a camp there, form the subjects of successive scenes ; and finally we have the battle of Hastings, with the death of HAROLD and the flight of the English. In this remarkable piece of work we have figures of more than six hundred persons, and seven hundred animals, besides thirty-seven buildings, and forty-one ships or boats. There are of course also numerous shields of warriors, of which some are round, others kite-shaped, and on some of the latter are rude figures, of dragons or other imaginary animals as well as

crosses of different forms, and spots. (Plate I., figs. 2, 3.) On one hand it requires little imagination to find the cross patee and the cross botonnee of heraldry pre- figured on two of these shields. But there are several fatal objections to regarding these figures as incipient armory, namely, that while the most prominent persons of the time are depicted, most of them repeatedly, none of these is ever represented twice as bearing the same device, nor is there one instance of any resemblance in the rude designs described to the bearings actually used by the descendants of the persons in question. If a personage so important and so often depicted as the Conqueror had borne arms, they could not fail to have had a place in a nearly contemporary work, and more especially if it proceeded from the needle of his wife.

[See LOWER'S acute remark as to the absence from the shields of the simple heraldic figures known as the Ordinaries. " Nothing but disappointment awaits the curious armorist who seeks in this vener- able memorial the pale, the bend, and other early elements of arms. As these would have been much more easily imitated with the needle than the grotesque figures before alluded to, we may safely conclude that personal arms had not yet been introduced." — Curiosities of Heraldry, p. 19. — J. W.] The Second Crusade took place in 1 147 ; and in MONTFAUCON'S plates of the no longer extant windows of the Abbey of St. Denis, representing that historical episode, there is not a trace of an armorial ensign on any of the shields. That window was probably executed at a date when the memory of that event was fresh ; but in MONTFAUCON'S time, the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Science heroique was matter of such moment in France that it is not to be believed that the armorial figures on the shields, had there been any, would have been left out.

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Between the Second Crusade and the Third, we can point to the already noticed seal of PHILIP I. of FLANDERS. Among English royal personages the r first on whose seal an armorial design occurs is King JOHN, and that before he was king ; he bore vita patris two lions passant. RICHARD CCEUR DE LION had also two armorial seals (afterwards to be described) one in use before, the other after the Third Crusade (1189). The glorious but fruitless expedition alluded to, in which the Sovereigns, Nobles, and Knights of France, Germany, and England, were brought into intimate contact, had doubtless considerable influence in extending over Christendom a custom, whose practical utility in distinguishing one knight from another had been its first recommendation. The fashion of tournaments also helped, and before long the ownership of a distinctive shield of arms (not necessarily granted by the Sovereign, but often assumed proprio motu\ became essential to the idea of a baron, knight, or gentleman. i We may therefore regard the latter half of the twelfth 1 century as the earliest period to which we can trace the f use of arms in the proper sense. Early in the thirteenth century the practice began of embroidering the family

i ensigns on the surcoat worn over the hauberk or coat of mail, whence originated the expression " coat of arms." Arms were similarly embroidered on the jupon, cyclas, and tabard, which succeeded the surcoat ; and displayed on the banners and pennons of knights, or floating from the shafts of their lances ; they were also enamelled or otherwise represented on furniture, personal orna- ments, and weapons.

In the infancy of arms great latitude was allowed in representing the charge fixed on or inherited. It was used singly, or repeated, or in any attitude which the bearer chose, or which the form of his shield suggested. But as coats of arms multiplied, confusion could only be

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obviated by restraining the bearers' fancy, and regulating the number, position, and colour of the charges, and the attitudes of such animals as were represented on the shields ; and in the course of time Sovereigns found it necessary to interfere with the unrestricted assumption of arms within their respective realms, and to regulate the bearing of them. It became an established rule that no two families in the same kingdom were to bear the same arms ; and the right to bear a particular coat sometimes became matter of hot dispute. Before the establishment of the Court of Chivalry (of which in a future Chapter) the question who had the preferable right was in England as elsewhere generally decided by the ordeal of combat. Sir EDWARD BYSSHE in his notes on NICOLAS UPTON De Studio Militari gives some instances of such armorial combats in England, also of one of which the scene was in Scotland, the particulars of which are rather curious. According to the document which he gives at length, in the year 1312 HUGH HARDING, an Englishman, and WILLIAM DE SEINTE- LOWE (?) a Scotsman, each claimed the right to the coat Gules, three greyhounds courant or, collared aztire. The combat which was to decide between them took place at Perth in the presence of King ROBERT BRUCE, when the Englishman was the victor, and the following letters were (according to BYSSHE) granted by the King of Scots, declaring the Englishman's superior right : — " Robertus Dei Gratia rex Scotiae [Scotorum ?] Omnibus ad quos presentes literae pervenerint salutem. Cum nos accepimus duellum apud nostram villam de Perthe die confectionis presentium inter Hugonem Harding, Angli- cum, appellantem, de Armis de Goules tribus leporariis de auro currentibus colloree de B, et Willielmum de Seint- lowe (?) Scotum, appellatum, eisdem armis sine differentia indutos : Quo quidem duello percusso, praedictus Williel- mus se finaliter reddidit devictum, et prsedicto Hugoni

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remisit et relaxavit, et omnino de se et heredibus suis in perpetuum praedicta arma cum toto triumpho honore et victoria ore tenus in audientia nostra. Quare nos in solio nostro, tribunal! regali Sancti Patris (?) cum magnatibus et dominio [dominis] regni nostri personaliter sedentes, adjudicavimus, et finaliter decretum dederimus per praesentes, quod prsedictus Hugo Harding et heraedes sui de csetero in perpetuum habeant et teneant gaudeant et portent praedicta arma integraliter, absque calumpnia, perturbatione, contradictione, reclamatione, praedicti Willielmi, seu heredum suorum. In cujus rei testimonium has literas nostras fieri fecimus patentes apud dictum villam nostram de Perthe secundo die Aprilis anno regni nostri septimo anno de Domini 1312." Making allowance for the transcriber's errors in extending a few words, and regarding " Sancti Patris " as a misreading for some other word, the technical phraseology of the document is so exactly what prevailed in Scotland at that date, that it is difficult to doubt its genuineness. Like other Englishmen (then in the partial occupation of Scotland, and gradually giving way in the struggles of 1312), HARDING would look on Scotland as an integral portion of EDWARD'S dominions ; and thus presumably consider it an offence for any Scotchman to bear the arms which he bore. But his acceptance of ROBERT BRUCE as arbiter of the duel, and of his letters patent as King of Scots is somewhat remarkable. SIN- CLAIR (SAINTCLARE in the writing of that date) might readily be misread " SAINTELOWE." We know from the evidence of seals that the SlNCLAlRS of Roslin bore the engrailed cross (probably as in later times sable) as far back as the thirteenth century, also from the Armorial de Gelre that the SlNCLAlRS of Herdmans- toun, who are not known to have been of kin to them, bore in the reign of DAVID II. the same cross engrailed but of azure for a difference. Is it possible that the grey-

( 35 )

hound coat was first used by them, and then abandoned for a coat resembling that of the other SlNCLAlRS ?

While the right of property in arms and their inherently hereditary character was thus fully recognised, there are some curious exceptional instances, also in the fourteenth century, of arms being granted by feudal lords to their vassals or retainers, and being transferred by gift and devised by will. On 26th February 1356-7 WILLIAM, Baron of GREYSTOCK, granted a coat-armorial to ADAM OF BLENCOWE, who is said to have been his standard-bearer at Cressy and Poitiers. FROISSART tells us of Lord AUDLEY immediately after the victory of Poitiers dividing among his four esquires a gift bestowed on him by the Black Prince, and giving them at the same time leave to bear his own arms with a difference. In 1391 THOMAS GRENDALL of Fentoun, cousin and heir of JOHN BEAUMEYS, sometime of Sautray, in respect that the said arms with their appurtenances are escheated to him as next heir, granted the said arms with their appurtenances to Sir WILLIAM MoiGNE, Knight, which arms are Argent, on a cross azure five garbs or. CAMDEN gives other instances of gifts and assignations of arms in the reigns of HENRY IV. and HENRY VI., but it is doubtful if these would have been sustained as legal in later times. (See Appendix.)

The military character which then attached to arms is shown by the deposition of a witness in 1408, to the effect that, though descended of noble blood, he had no armorial bearings because neither he nor his ancestors had ever been engaged in war. Even in the beginning of the fifteenth century there was probably a good deal of assumption of arms proprio motu, and the Boke of St. Albaris contains the rather startling dictum that any one might assume arms at his own hand, provided they had been borne by no one else. In the year 1419, the increase in the unlicensed use of arms had called forth a

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proclamation from HENRY V. forbidding all persons who had not borne arms at Agincourt to assume them, except in virtue of inheritance or of a grant from the crown. [G. B.]

SECTION B. - (BY j. w.)

It has been seen that the works of the old armorialists will not afford us help in tracing the origin and develop- ment of armory. But we are not without the needful materials, in seals, monuments, painted windows, and (more especially in England) in Rolls of Arms.

The influence exerted by the Crusades upon the adoption of heraldic insignia appears to me to have been exaggerated by some writers, but we need not deny that the influence was considerable. In armies composed of people of diverse languages the use of banners with definite and familiar devices, under which the members of different followings might rally ; and of some dis- tinctive insignia by which the leaders might be easily recognised, appears a matter of necessity ; a necessity probably greater in the time of the Third Crusade (1189-1192) when the hosts of England, France, and Germany were combined, than at any other ; and a period which coincides remarkably with the general adoption of armorial bearings.

The substitution which took place at this period of the cylindrical helmet (which covered the whole visage of the wearer, leaving him only small apertures through which to see and breathe), for the old open Norman conical helmet, with its nasal guard, must have had a very considerable effect in the same direction. (See Plate II.) On its adoption it became no longer possible for soldiers to recognise their leader by his face. The date of the commencement of this substitution is about 1180, at which time (as we see by the seal of PHILIPPE D'ALSACE,

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Comte de FLANDERS), the conical helmet (which had already become cylindrical with a domed covering) was replaced by the cylindrical helm with a flattened top ; to which a few years later was added the plate which com- pletely covered the face with the exception of two small slits (ceillieres) to enable the wearer to see, and still smaller holes through which he breathed. (Plate II., fig. 5).

On two seals of RICHARD C(EUR DE LION the prince is represented ; on that of the date 1 189 (British Museum Catalogue, No. 80) he is shown as wearing the old conical Norman helmet, but on that of 1 198 (No. 87) the helmet has the flat top, and this is the case on the seal of King JOHN in the following year (Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 91).

The flat-topped helmet worn by RICHARD I. on his second great seal (of 1 198) is remarkable as being the most ancient helmet bearing a crest with which we are acquainted ; it bears the lion of England in the centre -\ of a fan-shaped crest. The next known example is that of MATHIEU II. DE MONTMORENCY, Constable of France, in 1224, on which the head and neck of a peacock rise from the flat-topped helm. (DEMAY, p. 1 38, also engraved in VREE, Sigilla Com. Flandr., plate 10.)

The Crusades must also have had considerable effect in causing arms, which had previously been assumed and changed at pleasure, to become hereditary. The descendants of a knight who had fought with distinction under certain ensigns in the Holy Wars, would feel a very natural pride in preserving and handing down to posterity the banner or the shield with the blazonings which recalled their ancestor's prowess. On this point EYSENBACH says, on the whole with justice: — " Les croisades rendirent 1'usage des armoiries plus general et leur pratique invariable ; elles les regulariserent tout a fait, puisqu'elles devinrent des lors des recompenses accordees aux chevaliers et aux villes qui s'etaient distingues dans les guerres saintes. Ce fut aussi depuis

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les croisades que les armoiries devinrent hereditaires. On congoit aisement que les fils de ceux qui s'etaient approprie des symboles pour ces pieuses expeditions,1 se firent un point de religion et d'honneur de transmettre a leurs descendants 1'ecu de leurs peres comme un monument de leur valeur et de leur piete. An retour de la croisade, en effet, cette enseigne qui avait ete plantee sur la breche d'Antioche, ou de Jerusalem, qui avait ete benite par le legat du pape sur le tombeau de Jesus Christ, etait reveree comme une sainte relique et precieusement gardee comme une gloire de famille.

" Flottant sur le plus haut des tours du manoir, elle signalait au loin la demeure d'un champion et peut-etre d'un confesseur de la foi. Bien plus, les signes qu'on y voyait etaient reproduits par 1'armurier sur le bouclier du croise ; par le peintre sur les vitraux de la chapelle seigneuriale ; par 1'imagier sur le chene des portes du chateau ; par la chatelaine elle meme sur la nappe de 1'autel, ou etaient deposees les saintes reliques que le croise avait pieusement enlevees de quelque eglise schismatique de 1'Orient (!)... Ces enseignes et ces symboles durent naturellement passer, je le repete, comme la plus precieuse partie de 1'heritage, au fils aine du defunt, qui en adoptait les emblemes sans y rien changer, les transmettait a son tour a ses enfants comme une signe de suprematie, de commandement ; comme la preuve de leur descendance d'un homme illustre, en un mot, comme une marque de noblesse." — Histoire du Blason, et Science des Armoiries, pp. 70, 71, Tours, 1848.

It may be suspected, not only from this passage, but

1 "Dans ces expeditions de la Terre Sainte, ceux qui avoient deja de ces Symboles se les rendirent plus propres ; et ceux qui n'en avoient, en choisirent, tant pour se faire remarquer, dans les combats (leur armure de tete empechant qu'on ne connut leur visage) que pour etre distinguez des autres." — MEZERAY, PAbrcge Chronologique de P Histoire de France, torn, ii., p. 515.

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from others in the work, that the writer from whom are borrowed the above eloquent sentences, attached a larger amount of credence than would generally be conceded at the present day, or at all events by the present writer, to the stories which account for many existing armorial bearings, by declaring that they were special rewards for special prowess in the Crusades ; or that the Saracen's heads, crescents, crosses, escallop shells, and other charges which figure in them, had direct reference to the part the ancestors of the present bearers played in those stirring events. Still, there is no doubt that, as stated above, the Crusades had an appreciable effect in the extension, consolidation, and systematising of Heraldry which the student must not overlook, or altogether ignore.

The tournaments, which became general in the thirteenth and following centuries, had probably a very much larger influence in these respects than can be attributed to the Crusades ; and they certainly con- tributed very greatly to the conversion of personal into hereditary insignia.

Military exercises and sham fights may be traced back to classical times with much greater probability than hereditary insignia (see VIRGIL, lib. vii.), but it would be difficult to say whether tournaments, in the usual sense of the term, originated in Germany or in France. Under the Carlovingian kings military exercises, analogous to the jousts of later times, certainly took place. The historian NlTHARD gives some details of a joust which was held on the occasion of the interview between the brother princes, LOUIS THE GERMAN, and CHARLES THE BALD in 842. Du CANGE attributes the origin of tourneys to the French ; and quotes the Chronicon Turonense which thus records the death in 1066 of GEOFFREY DE PREUILLY (of the family of the Counts de VENDOME). "Gaufridus de

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Pruliaco, qui torneamenta invenit, apud Andegavum occiditur." A similar entry appears in the Chronicon S. Martini Turon : — " fuit proditio apud Andegavum, ubi Gaufridus de Pruliaco, et alii Barones, occisi sunt. Hie Gaufridus de Pruliaco torneamentum invenit"

These entries probably only mean that GEOFFREY DE PREUILLY was the first who formulated the rules under which these military exercises were to be held.

Du CANGE (VI. Dissertation sur Ihistoire de S. Louis, par de Joinville] remarks, that tourneys are considered by the writers of the middle ages as sports essentially French: and MATTHEW PARIS in 1179 calls them "joutes francaises " — " conflictus gattici" There is abundant evidence that these tourneys were no child's play. In 1186 GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET, Duke of BRITTANY, son of HENRY II. of England, was slain in a tourney at Paris. JOHN, Markgrave of BRANDENBURG, thus lost his life in 1269. FREDERICK II., Count Palatine, fractured his spine by a fall from his horse in one of these encounters. In the twelfth century the Popes INNOCENT II., EUGENIUS III., and ALEXANDER III., fulminated their bulls against them, as later did INNOCENT III., and other popes. PHILIPPE LE BEL and PHILIPPE LE LONG issued Ordonnances against them (v. DU CANGE), but it was only the unfortunate death in 1 5 59 of HENRI II. of France, who was killed in a tourney by a splinter from the lance of DE MONTMORENCY, which caused their discontinuance.

We may reasonably conclude that the tournaments which probably originated in Germany were introduced into England from the neighbouring kingdom of France ; in which kingdom they were first systematised and regu- lated. The earliest regular tournament of which we can find a record in the old German chroniclers appears to be that which was held at Niirnberg in 1127, under the Emperor LOTHAIR (BRUNNER, Annales Boici, torn, iii.,

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p. 283). The date of the tourney at Gottingen, which I find quoted from the BraunscJiweiger CJironicle, as 1 1 19, is probably a mistake for 1129, as LOTHAIR was only elected King of the Romans at Mainz in the year 1125. It is pretty clear, both from the entire lack of outside corroboration, -and from internal evidence hereafter noticed, that RiJXNER's TJmrnier Buck was not derived from any ancient MS., but is an elaborate fiction, so far as it relates to the tourneys which he asserts were held antecedently to the twelfth or thirteenth centuries ; and that no credence whatever is to be attached to the long lists of members of later noble families who are said to have taken part in the tourneys ; or to their blazons ; or to those Leges Hastiludiales, which, by requiring four generations of noble descent from those who partici- pated in these sports, would have carried back systematic and hereditary armory at least a century beyond their supposed promulgation by HENRY THE FOWLER in

937-

Even with regard to tournaments which we know

with certainty really took place, RUXNER'S list is seriously inaccurate. He omits any mention of that which was held at Neuss in 1175; and which was worthy of remembrance since in it forty-two knights and their esquires lost their lives in the melee.

According to the Chronicum Belgicum Magnum there was held near Cologne, in the year 1240, a tourney in which sixty knights and esquires were slain. Neither of this, nor of the one held at Niirnberg in 1433 does RtJXNER make any mention. With regard to the Thur- nier-Ordnung\\. can be shown that, instead of dating from the tenth century, they were first drawn up at Heidelberg in 1481, and Heilbronn in 1484. Some other respects in which RtJXNER trips, are set forth, and the whole matter is well summed up, in Dr MICHAEL PRAUN'S treatise Von dem Adelichen Europa, und denen Heerschilden des

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Teutschen Adels, 1688, of which the following passage as given in RUDOLPHI, Heraldica Curiosa, p. 16 (Niirn- berg, 1698), is a summary. " Wiewol diese Meinung schon etliche Anstosse leiden miissen, indem einige dem Rixner in seinen Thurnier-Buch, wo er diesen Thurnier, und alle damals anwesende Personen beschrieben und genennet, wenig trauen wollen, sowol, weil solches bey keinen andern Scribenten zu finden ist, als auch, weil er selbsten zu seiner Beglaubigung nichtanders vorbringt als dasz er solches bey einem Pfarrer in Sachsen in einem geschriebenen Buch gelesen, und abgeschrieben habe, welches dem Goldasto in Rational, ad lib. der Reichs- Satz, pag. 305, gar verdachtig ist, weilen er hinzu setzt, es habe gedachter Pfarrer gleich nach solcher Abschrifft sein Manuscript verbrennt ; da doch solches zu griind- lichern Beweiss hatte billig sollen aufbewahret werden. Ferner konnen sie das reine Teutsche in der Thurnier Ordnung, welche Rixner dem HENRICO AUCUPI zu- schreibt, mit der damaligen Redens-Art nicht zusammen reimen, wie ingleichen, wan er sagt, dass diese Thurnier- Ordnung, mit Zuziehung der * vier Reiclis Herzogenl nahmlich Pfaltzgraf Conrad bey Rhein ; Herman, Hertzog in Schwaben; Bernhard, Hertzog in Bayern; und Conrad, Herzog in Francken, etc., gemacht worden ; da doch damalen der Hertzog in Francken und Pfaltzgraf eins gewesen ; wozu noch kommen die unnothige Wieder- holungen in den meisten Articuln, und die Unterschrifft welche einige Dignitaten bemerckt, woran doch zu zweiffeln, ob sie damals schon gewesen ; wie auch der iibelangebrachte Titel, der Edlen, als welcher in densel- bigen Zeiten nicht den Rittern, sondern Fiirsten und Herren gebiihret habe ; von dem IX. und XI. Articul, wollen sie ebenfalls zweiffeln, ob sie sich zu besagten Zeiten schicken. Endlich will ihnen auch unglaublich scheinen, dass, da man vor Zeiten die Bischoffe in Teutschland nicht einmal ordentlich aufgezeichnet hat,

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man gleichwol alle die Alte vom Adel, so auf jedem Thurnier erschienen, sollte so fleissig zusammen gesch- rieben haben, indem es auch kaum zu thun moglich gewesen ware, weil man vor HENRICI IV. Zeiten, nicht einmal die Fiirsten, Hertzogen, Grafen, und Herren mit ihren Zunamen,in den alten Diplomatibus aufgezeichnet finde, und nicht eigentlich gewust, wie sie geheissen haben ; wie vielweniger halte man solches also von der Ritterschafft wissen konnen."

Having thus disposed of Mr ELLIS'S cJieval de bataille, we may proceed to consider the evidence which is trust- worthy with regard to the date at which armorial bear- ings were adopted into general use, and finally became hereditary ensigns of noble descent.

This evidence we should expect to find on sepulchral monuments ; on coins, and seals ; and in any lists, or documents descriptive of events in the course of which armorial bearings would be likely to be borne. MENETRIER (in his Traite de VOrigine des Armoiries^ p. 54) assures us that there is no tomb of an earlier date than the eleventh century on which armorial insignia are depicted. MENETRIER seems to me to have understated the matter by at least a century. CLEMENT IV., who reigned 1265-8, is the first of the Popes on whose tomb, at Viterbo, armorial bearings are depicted.

The tombstone of WILLIAM, Count of FLANDERS, \ who died in 1127, bears his effigy [WREE, de Seghelen der Graven van Vlaendren, plate 9. Te Brugghe (Bruges), 1640] ; the long oval shield which covers the greater part of the body has no armorial bearings, but is ornamented and strengthened by the usual floriated boss, or " escar- buncle " of the period.

The splendid plaque in champleve enamel which was formerly an ornament of the tomb of GEOFFROI PLANTAGENET, Count d'ANjou, who died in 1151,

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and was father of our HENRY II., is preserved in the Museum at Le-Mans, and is one of the earliest examples of armorial bearings upon a monumental memorial which exist. I have engraved the shield on Plate II., fig. 3.

I do not know of any sepulchral monument in England which has armorial bearings of an earlier date than the thirteenth century. One of the earliest is the slab of Sir WILLIAM DE STAUNTON at Staunton, Notts, of the date 1226 ; which bears his arms (arg.) two chevrons (sable) within a bordure (BOUTELL, Christian Monuments, p. 140). The slab of ETHELMAR DE VALENCE, Bishop of Winchester, 1261, bears the barruly shield of VALENCE (BOUTELL, ibid., p. 1 1 8). Other early instances are afforded by the incised slab of JOHN, Baron of GREY- STOCK, summoned to Parliament by writ in 1295, which remains at Greystock, though in a mutilated condi- tion (BOUTELL, ibid., p. 75). The slab of Sir RICHARD DE BOSELYNGTHORPE, c. 1280, bears a small shield charged with a chevron (ibid., p. 146).

Armorial bearings are still less ancient upon coins. MENETRIER tells us that the earliest French coins upon which they appear are the deniers ,dor of PHILIPPE DE I VALOIS struck in 1336. It was not until the reign of HENRY VI I L, that arms appeared on our own silver coins. Mr ELLIS indeed finds arms in the unheraldic device of a plain cross between four radiating doves, which appears on a coin of EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, and out of which the Heralds evolved the coat of arms (Azure, a cross flory between five martlets or) which was at a much later date, in the thirteenth century, attributed to that prince. (See Chapter IV., p. 157.)

But I quite agree with Mr SETON (Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland, p. 1 89), in considering that seals form the most authentic, as well as the earliest, record of heraldic bearings. (The rise and development of the use of seals is the subject of fuller treatment in another

PLATE I.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

1, 2, 3. Bayeux Tapestry. 4. Jourdain de Tesson, 12th Century. 5. Vitre (Morice). 6. llth Century (Demmin, p. 290). 7. Berchfold IV. Von Zahringeu, 1177. 8, 9, 10. 12th Century Chessmen. 11. From Demmin, pp. 174 and 291.

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chapter of this work.) On these the effigy of the owner was represented as in life ; clad in the armour of the period, with shield and sword or lance. Some- times, indeed, as upon the seals of the early Counts of Flanders (See VR£E, de Seghelen, plates 5, 6, 7), only the inside of the large curved shield is seen upon very early instances ; but on the later seals the shield is so turned that if any armorial bearings had been depicted they would have been visible. When we remember that the very object of the adoption of armorial bearings was to distinguish the bearer in war from other persons, we may be quite sure that had the user of the seal possessed such armorial bearings, such clear indications of the personality of the proprietor would not have been omitted from the seal which authenticated his charters and formal docu- ments. Let us then see what light comes to us from these contemporary witnesses. Some early shields are represented in Plate I., these bear no heraldic devices ; the long curved oval shield is often strengthened by a border ; by bands of metal nailed upon the wood ; and, most frequently, by a metal floriated boss, the arms of which extended to the edges of the shield ; and from which in later times some varieties of the Cross, and the heraldic charge known as the escarbuncle, may have been derived. That this latter was not originally a heraldic distinction may be proved inter alia by the fact that on the shield of GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET, alluded to in the preceding page, the floriated boss appears, irrespective of the rampant lions which formed his armorial bearings. (Plate II., fig. 3.)

So also on the recumbent effigy on the floor of the Temple Church so long, but erroneously, attributed to GEOFFREY DE MAGNAVILLE, Earl of ESSEX, and which may possibly date from about the close of the twelfth century, the shield, which bears three bars dancetty, is strengthened by an escarbuncle, or floriated cross, in

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relief, which passes over the charges. 1 (See Mr. J. GOUGH NICHOLS'S valuable, and most interesting paper on this effigy in the Herald and Genealogist, vol. iii., pp. 97-112.)

EVSENBACH, in his Histoire du Blason gives a list of very early seals upon which armorial bearings appear, but which are, in my opinion, of very doubtful authenticity. To the contract of marriage of SANCHO, Infant of CASTILLE, with GUILLEL- MINE, daughter of CENTULUS GASTON II., Viscount of BEARN, of the year 1000, are appended seven seals of which two remain entire ; one has a shield charged with a greyhound, the other has a shield bendy. The former is supposed to have been that used by GARCIA ARNAUD, Comte d'ANCE et de MAGUSAC, who lived at the time, and whose descendants bore a greyhound as their armorial charge. But I believe this whole document to be a fabrication of a much later date. A like doubt attaches to two seals of ADELBERT OF LORRAINE affixed to charters of the years 1030, 1037, which have on them shields charged with an eagle au vol abaisse. A charter of RAYMOND DE ST. GlLLES, dated 1088, is said to bear a seal on which is the cross which formed the bearing of the Counts of TOULOUSE, and was called by their name, the cross videe, clecliee, et pommettee (vide infra, p. 161), and which I believe

1 Similarly the seal of EON DE PONTCHASTEAU in 1200, is charged with three crescents and a chief, over all the floriated boss. Even as late as 1231 the seal of EONyf/r le comtc has a shield with an escarbuncle which is evidently constructional. (See MORICE, Memoires pour servir de Preuves a F Histoire Ecclesiastique et Civile de Bretagne, Paris 1742, tome i., seals xxviii., xxi.) From the same work are taken the shields engraved on Plate L, fig. 5, of ROBERT DE VITRE, 1172, whose long pavotse has an escarbuncle of fourteen rays, and that of ADAM D'HEREFORD (Plate II., fig, 2) on which the shield has a boss, and is strengthened with a bordure, and bands in cross and saltire. The shield Plate I., fig. n is from DEMMIN, Weapons of War, page 174.

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was simply developed out of the constructional boss of the older shields. The seal of THIERRY II., Count of BAR and MONTBELIARD, appended to a deed dated 1093, is said to bear two barbel addorsed, as in the later arms. HUGH II., Duke of BURGUNDY, in 1102, bears on his seal a shield, Bendy of six within a bordure, the well known arms of Burgundy-ancient. RAOUL DE BEAUGENCY, a follower of GODFREY DE BOUILLON in the First Crusade, in a deed dated 1104, seals with a shield : Chequy and a fess. In the same year a seal of SIMON DE BROYES has a shield bearing the canting arms of the broyes which later formed part of the coat of JoiNVILLE, or DE GENEVILLE. The seal of GuiRAND DE SlMlANE in 1113, and later, bears the ram which is the charge of the coat of that family.

The earliest seal of a Count of Flanders given by VREE, in his work De Seghelen der Graven van Vlaendren, which bears a shield charged with the lion of Flanders is that of Count ROBERT on plate 4, attached to a charter of 1072. But of this MABILLON has demonstrated the falsity ; and on that ground, and not (as Mr ELLIS rather unworthily suspects) because it " conflicts with a cherished theory," Mr PLANCHE passes it over entirely in his Heraldry Founded on Facts ; and says of the seal of PHILIP I. Count of FLANDERS in 1164 (0 tnat it is the earliest unquestionable example in the collection of UREDIUS (i.e. WREE, or VREE, as afore mentioned) on which the lion appears as a heraldic bearing. But I am pretty sure that Sir CHARLES MEYRICK also expressed a doubt as to the authenticity of this seal, not because the use of the arms " conflicts with a cherished theory," but on account of some peculiarities of the armour. I gather also that DEMAY, the great French authority on Sigillography, agrees with him, since he passes over this particular seal, and says : — " On

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rencontre le lion pour la premiere fois dans le type de Philippe d'Alsace, en 1170. Le sceau de 1164" (an authentic seal, not the one referred to above) " du meme comte, n'en fait pas mention.1 On le chercherait en vain sur les sceaux des predecesseurs de Philippe " (Le Costume dapres les Sceaux, p. 189, Paris, 1880). We have then here, the first certainly authentic use of arms upon a seal towards the close of the twelfth century. Other seals which M. DEMAY adduces corroborate very strikingly the generally received idea that it was only after the middle of the twelfth century that regular armorial bearings came into general use. This evidence is here given in a condensed form. The seal of MATHIEU I. DE MONTMORENCY, in 1160, has no arms ; that of MATHIEU II., in 1177, bears a shield with the older form of the Montmorency coat, a cross between four alerions. No arms are visible on the seal of CONON, Count of SOISSONS in 1172, but in 1178 and 1180 his shield bears a lion passant. MATHIEU II., Count of BEAMOUNT SUR OISE, in 1173 has no arms, but his successor MATHIEU III. in 1177 seals with a shield charged with a lion rampant. The COUCY seal in 1150 has no armorial bearings, but the well-known coat : Barry of six vair and gules ', appears on the seal of 1 190. The lion borne by the family of GARLANDE does not appear on the seal of GUI DE GARLAND in 1170, but is engraved on that used in 1192. In 1185 GERARD DE ST. AUBERT bears no arms ; but in 1194 his buckler is charged with Chevronny and a bordure. On the seal of BALDWIN THE BRAVE, Count of HAINAULT, of the date of 1182, the well-known arms: Chevronne of six, or and sable do not appear, but they are represented on his counter-seal in 1282. The Counts of CHAMPAGNE

1 On further consideration I think the matter is explicable other- wise, as I see M. DEMAY, fig. 92, ascribes the disputed seal of PHILIPPE D'ALSACE to about 1181.

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in 1 1 80 and 1186 are represented as bearing the plain shield with its ornamented boss; but before 1197 HENRI II. had assumed the coticed bend. ROTROU III. Count of PERCHE, in 1 190 uses no arms; but in 1 197 his son GEOFFROI bears the shield with the three chevrons (DEM AY, Le Costume, etc., pp. 189-192). So also in Scotland the seal of ALAN STEWART in 1170 had apparently no arms upon the shield borne by his mounted effigies; but in 1190 the shield of the same ALAN bears for the first time the fess chequy (LAING, Scottish Seals, i., 772-773).

We need not however suppose, and M. DEM AY warns us against so doing, that " le blason fait son apparition dans les dernieres annees du douzieme siecle, brusque- ment, sans transition." On the contrary he adduces some interesting examples of earlier date which enable us to see how the transition was effected. Passing by for the present the development of the fleur de lis in the arms of France, which will be referred to in another section, we may cite the following instances. On a seal of ENGUERRAN, Count de ST. POL, anterior to the year 1 150, the mounted knight bears a long uncharged shield, but the base of the seal is seme with garbs. These garbs later became true heraldic charges ; and, to the number of five, were the blazon of the family of the CANDAVENE, to which ENGUERRAN belonged. The seal of H ELLIN DE WAVRIN, in 1 177, bears an eagle volant holding a serpent in its claws ; in 1193 the eagle displayed appears as the charge of the seal of ROBERT DE WAVRIN, Seneschal of Flanders. In 1 195, the seal of ROGER DE MEULAN has a lion passant ; two years later the lion, but rampant, is enclosed in a shield on the seal of JEAN DE MEULAN ; and ROGER DE MEULAN is represented holding this escut- cheon on his seal of 1204. JULIENNE, Dame de ROSOY, is represented in 1195 between two roses; in 1201 the roses have become heraldic, and the shield of ROGER

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DE ROSOY in 1 20 1 bears three. (DEMAY, loc. cit., pp.

I93-I94-)

A like process went on elsewhere ; the seal of JOHN DE MUNDEGUMBRI of Eagleshame, about 1170, bears a single fleur de lis (LAING, Scottish Seals, i., No. 590) ; and three fleurs de lis became later the arms of the family of MONTGOMERY. The seal of WILLIAM DE INAYS, appended to the instrument of fealty by which certain Scottish magnates did homage to EDWARD I. in 1296, bears only a single six-pointed mullet, or star (heraldic bearings at that time not having become generally adopted in Scotland); in later times the INNES coat was charged with three mullets (Ane Account of the Familie of Innes. Spalding Club, 1864, page 56). Similarly, the seal of RICHARD FALCONER of Hawkerston, in 1170 bears a fleur de lis supporting two falcons (LAING, i. 323). In the same year the seals of ROBERT, PATRICK, and WALTER CORBET (Ibid., i., 201-3) have corbies perched upon the branches of a tree; while, in 1292, GILBERT and WILLIAM CONNISBURGH have on their seals (Ibid., i., 199-200) conies in the midst of foliage. In all these cases, as in many others, the device assumed in reference to the name became the foundation of the regular heraldic bearings of the family.

Mr STODART says (Scottish Arms, ii., 291): — "The seal of ODO BURNARD, attached to a charter relating to Arlesey, 1200, has a leaf, or perhaps a flower of seven leaves on a short stalk ; another seal of the same person, a little later, has three leaves on a shield. The leaves have been called burnet (pimpernel) leaves, but all the Scottish blazons have holly. One leaf appears on the seal, 1252, of RICHARD BURNARD of Faringdon in Roxburghshire." Hence came the arms borne by the BURNETTS of Leys, etc. : Argent three holly leaves in chief vert, and a hunting horn in base sable, garnished and stringed gules. These arms, quartering in the second and

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third Azure, three garbs or for CRAIGMYLE, were borne by the BURNETTS of Kemnay; and, with the difference of a mullet sable in the fess point of the quartered coat, by the late GEORGE BURNETT, LL.D., Lyon King of Arms, and joint author of the present work, a younger brother of BURNETT of Kemnay, in Aberdeenshire.

The seal of WILLIAM LINDSAY, Lord of ERCILDOUN and CRAWFORD, in 1 170, is not armorial ; that of SlMON of LINDSAY of the same date has an eagle displayed — the heraldic charge of the Norman family of the LlMESAYS — which in 1345 becomes the (single) heraldic supporter of the family arms (Gu. a fess chequy arg. and as.} upon the seal of Sir DAVID LINDSAY, Lord of CRAWFORD (LAING, Scottish Seals, i., Nos. 503, 504, 509, and ii., 629, 630. See also Lives of the Lindsays, vol. i., pp. 3-5 and 440).

BUTKENS in his Trophees de Brabant (Lib. 4., cap. 3), attributes the rise of Armorial bearings in the Low Countries to about the middle of the twelfth century. He says : — " Certes il nous seroit bien difficile de trouver quelles armoiries les Princes mesmes portoient en ce temps la, — puisque dans leurs Sceaux Ton ne trouve aucune marque ou Blason ; et veritablement le port des armes n'est si ancien, n'y les armes si hereditaires, comme on les imagine maintenant, et ou ce qu'on peut juger des Sceaux, le Blason en nos quartiers n'a este en usage que peu devant 1'an MCLX."

Even in the thirteenth century arms had not become definitely hereditary. In 1223 AYMAR DE SASSENAGE bore a bend. In 1251 GUILLAUME DE SASSENAGE bore two swans accostes by two cotices fretty. In 1249 GUILLAUME, Seigneur de BEAUVOIR, bore Quarterly, and a cotice in bend; in 1279 a GUILLAUME DE BEAUVOIR (who MENETRIER thinks may have been the same person) bore a lion. EUDES ALLEMAN, Seig- neur des CHAMPS, in 1265, bore a bend between six

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fleurs de lis ; AYMAR ALLEMAN, a griffon passant ; ODO ALLEMAN, a single flour de lis. GUI ALLEMAN in 1307 bore four fleurs de lis and a label. The branch of this family at Uriage bore an eagle, and that at Arbent in Bresse, a lion. Finally, SlBOUD ALLEMAN, Bishop of GRENOBLE, in the year 1455, having assembled in his Episcopal Palace all his relations of the name, to the number of twenty-three, they resolved that for the future all should bear exclusively the arms of the ALLEMANS of Vaubonnois, namely : Gules fleury or, over all a cotice argent. (MENETRIER, De lOrigine des Armoiries et du Blason, pp. 88, 89.) MENETRIER declares that he had him- self seen the formal document drawn up on this occasion ; and he adds, " Je pourrois alleguer cent autres exemples semblables de diverses maisons de Normandie, de Champagne, de Bourgogne, et des Pays Bas."

In our own country mutations of arms were by no means infrequent, as in the case of the FERRERS, Earls of DERBY; and a noble marrying a lady of higher posi- tion, or greater possessions, usually assumed her arms. (Further allusion to this will be found hereafter in the chapter on MARSHALLING.)

In Spain the introduction of Hereditary Arms does not appear to have been earlier than the commencement of the thirteenth century. In Italy the case was the same. JOVIUS, Bishop of NOCERA, in 1556, writes : — "Al tempo di Friderico Barbarossa vennero in uso 1'insegne delle Famiglie, chiamate da noi ' Arme,' donate de principi, per merito dell' honorate imprese fatte in guerra, ad effete di nobilitare i vallorosi Cavallieri, ne nacquero bizarrisime inventioni ne' cimieri et pitture ne gli scudi."

In Sweden the earliest known example of an armorial shield is of the year 1219. (See HlLDEBRAND, Det Svenska Riksvapnet ; in the Antiqyatisk Tidskrift for Sverige ; 1883.) The shield is engraved on p. 326.

FIG. 7

FIG. 8

FIG. 9

FIG. 10

FIG. 11

FIG. 12

FIG. 13

FIG. 14

CHAPTER III.

As the primary use of Armorial Ensigns was to distinguish warriors by the devices on their shields, so when these bearings came to be depicted on seals, or monuments, or in Rolls of Arms, they continued to be represented upon a shield or escucheon. This varied in form at different times, following the modifications which took place in the equipment of the warrior ; the size and shape of the shield being materially affected by the quality of the armour.

At the time of the Norman Conquest this was com- posed of links interlaced ; or of scales, rings, and other small pieces of steel, sewn upon the linen or leather hauberk, which was usually quilted in diamond-shaped spaces. While this rude armour, which is depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry (see also Plate II., fig. i), was usually sufficient to turn an arrow shot from a distance, it was utterly inadequate to resist the thrusts of a spear, or sword, at close quarters ; and the defence of the warrior

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against these was provided for by a shield of large dimen- sions, sufficient to cover the whole of the body. On the Bayeux Tapestry this appears of a kite - shaped form, but, as is evident from our plates, it was really curved round the warrior's body, and was adorned and strengthened by a metal border and intersecting bands, or by a boss with a projecting spike and floriations, which afterwards became the foundation of the heraldic charge known as the escarbuncle (Plates I. and II.). The latest instances of the use of this boss are probably afforded by the seals of RICHARD CCEUR DE LlON ; and of RICHARD DE VERNON, in 1 195. (DEMAY, Le Costume dapres les Sceaux, p. 141.)

As the texture of the coat of mail became closer, and the pieces of which it was composed more continuous, its powers of resistance were greatly increased, and the large, heavy, cumbersome shield was no longer needed. Accordingly the shield, though still somewhat curved, and sufficiently large to protect the vital organs, underwent a considerable diminution in size, as well as a modification in shape (Plate II., fig. 5). Upon the early seals where the warrior is represented on horseback, bearing his shield, the curvature of the shield often prevents us from having a full view of the bearings depicted upon it ; but on the counter-seal, or secretum, which contained only, or chiefly, the representation of the owner's shield of arms, this is represented flat, or with only a slight incurvation. The form given to it varied considerably at various times. On the earliest armorial seals the shield is of a heart shape, with round top and sides as in the seal of HENRY DE FERRIERES in 1205 (cf. the secretum

of EUSTACIA DE CHATILLON, I2l8 ; VREE, Gen. Com. Fland., plate vi. ; DEMAY, Le Costume dapres les Sceaux, fig. 205, 1205). The secretum of PHILIPPE DE MALDE- GHEM in 1207 (VREE, Genealogie des Comtes de Flandre, plate 4), shows that the lines of the shield, both at the

PLATE II.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

1. 13th Century Maire de Soissons (Demay). 2. Adam de Hereford (Morice, XIV.). 3. From Champleve enamel of Geoffrey Plantagenet, 1157, at Le Mans. 4. Abbey of St. Victor, Marseilles, 12th Century (Demay). 5. Kobert d'Artois, 1237 (Demay).

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top and the sides, were beginning to lose something of their convexity, though the top angles were still rounded off. (See also the seal and secretum of ROBERT II., Comte de DREUX, circa 1202, in VREE, Ghiealogie des Comtes de Flandre^ plate 7.) A little later the shield becomes slightly elongated, and all its lines flatter ; the top line joins the side ones at a distinct angle, instead of being rounded off as formerly. Both types occur on the seal and the secretum of PIERRE DE DREUX, son of ROBERT II., and husband of ALICE, Duchess of BRETAGNE, c. 1212. On his seal the shield borne by the Count was of the elongated triangular shape ; the heart- shaped shield appears on the secretum. (VREE, Genea- logie des Comtes de Flandre, plate 8.)

To this type succeeded the regular " heater-shaped " shield ; flat on the top, with the sides gently curved and meeting at a point, which prevailed in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Later, especially after the introduction of the custom of quartering arms, there was an increasing tendency to give greater width to the base of the shield. About the middle of the fourteenth century we find the shield penche or couc/ze (that is placed at an angle instead of being droit, or in a vertical position), and supporting on its upper angle the crested helm, with its mantling or lambrequins. In this form the shield was suspended above the pavilions at the tour- naments. (See the Plates from the Armorial de Geldre ; and the Zurich Wappenrolle.) Towards the end of the fifteenth century appeared such forms as those represented in Fig. 8, p. 53. This shield is said to be a bouche, and the notch at the angle was contrived as a rest for the lance of the wearer.

In southern countries, especially in Spain, the shield assumed a distinctly rounded shape in the base, which has been retained in the Peninsula to the present day, and of which examples are found in the mediaeval seals

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of the Counts of Foix, Beam, Toulouse, etc. (See DEMAY, Le Costume, etc., p. 228.) An oval shield was also in use in southern countries, especially in Italy, where it is still greatly employed ; and it is the form almost invariably used there, and elsewhere, for the Arms of Ecclesiastics. On the seals of ENGUERRAN DE COUCY, in 1380, and of OLIVIER DE CLISSON, Constable of France, in 1397, the oval shield has the notch a boucJie which converts it into the Ecu en palette (DEMAY, Le Costume, etc., p. 230). The prevailing forms became more florid in the sixteenth century, particularly in Germany (see figs. 12, 13, and 14).

What may be called the " vair-shaped " shield was much in vogue in Britain in the eighteenth, and early part of the present century ; as were other still more untasteful forms ; but within the last fifty years there has been, along with a revived knowledge of, and taste for, Art, a reversion to .the earlier and simpler types of the shield. The " heater-shaped " shield is now very generally employed for single coats ; while for those which contain quarterings, or small charges, the shield with straight top and sides and ogee curves in base, which finds favour in France ; or the Spanish shield (which is the same, except that the base is formed by a segment of a circle) are much used. (See p. 53, fig. 10.)

In Great Britain the Royal Arms are very generally represented (or misrepresented) in an oval, sometimes even in a circular shield. This has arisen from the circumstance that. the shield is encircled by the Garter which forms the principal ensign of the Most Noble Order of that name. In imitation of this, oval shields, which are surrounded by the collars, or by garters or bands bearing the mottos of the Orders, are often, but without any necessity, employed by the Knights of the THISTLE, BATH, etc. (On the use of the oval shield abroad, see page 58.)

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There are a few early examples of shields of circular shape. [See the seal of JEAN, Due de BERRY, 1408, (Plate of Seals, No. I, infra)] and that of MARIE D'ANjou, Queen of CHARLES VII.] A monumental slab at Chetwynd in Shropshire has a circular shield charged with arms, GOUGH, Monuments, vol. i., p. cviii. (quoted in BOUTELL, Christian Monuments, note on p. 74). The arms of Savoy were often borne on a circular escucheon on the breast of an eagle (vide post. Chap. VIII., p. 243-244). The Ecu en banniere, a shield of a square shape, has from very early times been used by Knights Bannerets ; and in France it is still employed by certain families, which descend from persons who have held the dignity of Chevaliers Bannerets. Thus the Poitevin family of BARLOT bear : de Sable, a trots croix patees d'argent. L'e'cu en banniere. The BEAUMANOIRS, Mar- quises de LAVARDIN, whose arms are : d'Azur, a onze billettes d'argent, 4, 3, 4 ; do the same. The arms of the ARCHAMBAULTS, who descend from the first House of BOURBON, are often borne en banniere, they are : d'Or, au lion de gueules, accompagne de huit coquilles d'azur, rangees en orle.

But in the fourteenth, and commencement of the fifteenth centuries the ecu en banniere was not unfre- quently used by great ladies. M. DEMAY, in his Costume tfapres les Sceaux, engraves (Fig. 284) an instance ; in it the arms of JEANNE, Dame de PLASNES, are im- paled with those of her husband. In VREE, Genealogie des Comtes de Flandre, plate 60 contains the seal of MARGUERITE DE BAVIERE, wife of JEAN SANS-PEUR. She was the daughter of ALBERT DE BAVIERE, Count of HAINAULT, HOLLAND, etc., son of the Emperor LOUIS. On her seal the ecu en banniere appears to be quarterly, but really it is impaled : — Per pale : I. Per f ess, (a) in <:te/BURGUNDY-modern ; (b) in base BURGUNDY- ancient. 2. Also Per f ess ; (a) in chief BAVARIA ; (b) in

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base, the quartered coat of HAINAULT and HOLLAND, without a pourfilar line. (These coats are blazoned in the chapter on MARSHALLING.)

Two seals of ALFONZO of SPAIN in 1324, 1325, have the arms on an ecu en banniere.

The ancient but very inconvenient custom still prevails by which the arms of an unmarried lady, or a widow, are placed upon a lozenge-shaped shield. On the Continent, and especially for widows, this usage has many excep- tions ; and an oval shield, which obviates the mutilations so frequently necessitated by the adoption of the lozenge, is increasingly in use. The employment of the Ecu en lozange goes back to the thirteenth century. An early instance is engraved by DEMAY (Fig. 283), it is of the date 1262, and in it ISABELLE DE SAINT VRAIN bears in a lozenge her arms, a double-headed eagle displayed. But in these early times, the lozenge was occasionally, if rarely, used by men also. PIERRE DE LA FAUCHE thus sealed in 1270; and JEAN, Comte d'ARMAG- NAC, in 1369. In the last named year JEANNE DE BRETAGNE, wife of CHARLES DE BLOIS, thus bore her arms (DEMAY, Le Costume cTapres les Sceaux, p. 229).

In VREE, Genealogie des Comtes de Flandre, plate 58, are engraved two seals of MARGARET, Countess of HAINAULT, HOLLAND, etc., wife of the Emperor Louis (of Bavaria), in which her arms are borne in a lozengeonthe breast of the Imperial eagle (single-headed). The shield is not quartered according to modern usage, but bears four lions rampant, i, 2, I. The two in chief and base are the red lion of HOLLAND ; the two in flanks, the black lion of FLANDERS. As in the coat of her grand- daughter MARGUERITE DE BAVIERE, described above, there is no division of the quarters by a pourfilar line (these coats are referred to below in the Chapter on MARSHALLING). The lozenge has been used in Britain for unmarried ladies since the fourteenth century.

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SYLVANUS MORGAN derives it from EVE'S spindle ; just as, according to his fancy, the tasteless form of the shield affected in his time was a reminiscence of ADAM'S spade !

POINTS OF THE ESCUCHEON. To facilitate the description, or, as it is technically called,

FIG. 15. FIG. 16.

"blazoning" of arms, the surface or "field" of the escucheon has been mapped out into nine, or sometimes (and more conveniently), into eleven points, represented in the woodcuts above, each point being known by its special name.

ENGLISH.

A. Fess point,

B. Middle chief, .

C. Middle base, .

D. Dexter chief, .

E. Sinister chief,

F. Dexter flank,

G. Sinister flank, H. Dexter base, . I. Sinister base, . K. Honour point, L. Nombril point

FRENCH.

le centre (abime) ; " en cceur.' le point du chef, la pointe de 1'ecu. le canton dextre du chef, le canton senestre du chef, le flanc dextre. le flanc senestre. le canton dextre de la pointe. le canton senestre de la pointe. le point d'honneur. le nombril de 1'ecu.

It will be observed that the dexter and sinister sides of the shield are so called from their position in relation to the right or left side of the supposed bearer of the shield, and not to the eye of the spectator. D B E is

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the chief of the shield ; H C I, its base ; D F H the dexter flank ; E G I, the sinister flank ; and in each case the centre letter marks the " point " of that particular region.

TINCTURES.

Armorial insignia consist for the most part of one or more objects called "charges," depicted on afield, i.e. the escutcheon which represents the knightly shield, and whose points have been already explained. One coat of arms differs from another, not by the differences of the charges only, but by differences of colour ; or, more correctly speaking, of tincture, both in the charges and in the field. The field may be of one, or of more than one tincture, divided by the partition lines hereafter to be explained, which are represented on page 75. The tinctures used in British Heraldry are nine in number ; and comprise two metals, five colours, and two furs. Of these furs there are several variations to be noted presently.

The metals are Or, that is gold, Plate III., fig. I ; and Argent, that is silver, fig. 2 ; in painting these are often represented by the colours yellow and white ; but they are more properly represented by the actual metals.

The colours are red, known as gules ; blue, known as azure; black, as sable; green, as vert; purple, as purpure. The French equivalents are, dazur, de gueules, de sable> de sinople, de purpure.

Besides these are two other colours mentioned in old heraldic treatises — orange, known as tenny or tenn^ and blood colour, termed sanguine. These last occur so rarely in British Heraldry as to be scarcely worthy of enumeration with the other five. They were intended by the old heralds to be used in the system of " abate- ments" which they had invented, and of which some

PLATE III.

1. Or.

3. Gules.

Hi

5. Sable.

7. Purpure.

2. Argent.

4. Azure.

6. Vert.

8. Tenny.

9. Sanguine.

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notice will be found under that word. Practically these abatements (" Sottises anglaises" is the severe, but not unjust estimate of the learned French writer on blazon, le Pere MENETRIER) were never in use, and the colours were, therefore, not needed. There is, however, in the Lyon Register, one instance only of the use of sanguine as the tincture employed in an honourable coat. The arms of the family of CLAYHILLS of Invergowrie, are : — Per bend sanguine and vert, two greyhounds courant bend- ways argent. I have also met with a few foreign instances of the use of tenne ; the Prussian Counts of BOSE bear as their first quarter, Azure, a Latin cross patee alesee tenny.

Besides the metals, tinctures, and furs which have been already described, other tinctures are occasionally found in the Heraldry of Continental nations ; but are compara- tively of such rarity as that they may be counted among the curiosities of Blazon ; which would require a separate volume. That of which I have collected most instances is Cendree, or ash colour ; which is borne by (among others) the Bavarian family of AsCHAU as its armes parlantes: — Cendree, a mount of three coupeaux in base, or.

Brundtre, a brown colour, is even more rare as a tincture of the field ; the MlEROSZEWSKY in Silesia, bear, de Brunatre, a cross patee argent supporting a raven rising sable, and holding in its beak a horse-shoe proper, its points towards the chief.

Bleu-celeste, or bleu du del, appears occasionally, apart from what we may term "landscape coats." That it differs from, and is a much lighter colour than, azure is shown by the following example. The Florentine CINTI (now CINl), bear a coat which would be numbered among the armes fausses, or a enquerir: — Per pale azure and bleu-celeste an estoile counter changed.

Amaranth, or Columbine, is the field of a coat (of

which the blazon is too lengthy for insertion in this place) which was granted to a Bohemian knight in 1701.

The use of the term "proper " of course covers every shade which can be found in an artist's palette ; it is indicated in German hachures by indented lines in the direction of purpure ; but Eisen-farbe seems to have an independent existence in some modern coats.

Carnation is the technical French term for the colour of naked flesh, and is often employed in blazon.

Of the regular tinctures purpure is much less used in British Armory than any other. In France it was disputed as to whether it was a separate tincture at all. The lion of LEON is often blazoned purpure, but was not intended to be of a tincture distinct from gules. (See my paper in Notes and Queries, iii. series, vol. i. p. 471 ; and another in the Genealogist, vol. v., p. 49, on " The Heraldry of Spain and Portugal.")

The old armorists covered their ignorance of the history of the subject on which they wrote, and filled their treatises, by assigning to each metal and colour special attributes, not only when these were used alone, but varying according to their combinations with others. Into these absurdities we need not enter ; they were quite incompatible with the long prevalent system of differencing the coats of members of the same family by change of tincture ; and as a matter of fact at no time, and in no country, were the moral qualities of the bearer indicated by the tinctures or charges of the shield. Tinc- tures which were supposed appropriate to represent the moral qualities of one member of a family would obviously often have been quite inappropriate to indicate those of his brothers, or of his sons. Still, an idea prevails that one colour or metal is more honourable than another, as gold is a more precious metal than silver ; and the colours have usually been ranked in the order in which they are here placed. Gules and azure have each the first place

PLATE IV.

1. Ermine. (Ancient.}

4. Erminois.

8. Countervail-.

2. Ermine.

5. Pean.

7 Vair,

3. Ermines.

6. Vair.

(Ancient.}

L

•:: «A

10. Vair undy.

11. Potent. 13. Vairy.

12. Counterpotent.

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assigned to them by various heralds, on the ground that the tinctures of the arms of the Sovereign must be the most honourable. According to this reasoning azure would hold the first place in France, and gules in England.

The only furs in use in the early days of heraldry were ermine and vair. The former, of white with black spots of special shape, was supposed to represent the white skin and the black tail of the animal so called. Ermine is often thus represented, as was originally always the case, by a white field with black spots. But in the middle ages the field was often of silver (argent). The ermine on the " Stall plates" of the Knights of the Garter in St. George's Chapel at Windsor, has the field of silver, not of white. (See Mr HOPE'S paper on these " Stall plates" read before the Society of Antiquaries of London, Archceologia, vol. li.) Vair is said to represent the fur of a species of squirrel, much used for lining cloaks and mantles according to the sumptuary laws of olden times. As the number of coats of arms increased several varieties of these furs were introduced. Ermines, Erminois, and Pean, are really only variations of ermine ; and have no more right to be separately enumerated as furs than have the varieties of ermine and vair hereafter to be noticed. A black fur with white spots, the reverse of ermine, is known as ermines (in French, contre-hermine). In. erminois the fur is gold colour with black spots, or tails ; Pean is the reverse, black with gold spots. These latter are not known by a special name in foreign heraldry, but the field is said to be of such or such a colour seine dhermines. Thus, erminois would be in French blazon ; — d'Or, seme determines de sable ; Pean would be de Sable, seme determines a" or. Other variations are noted further on in this Chapter ; and see Plate IV.

Drawings, engravings, and sculptures in which colour was unattainable, laboured under the disadvantage of

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giving very imperfect information regarding the coat which they were designed to represent ; and in the seventeenth century it first occurred to heralds that by an arrangement of lines and points, it might be pos- sible, even without the use of colour, to indicate heraldic tinctures in sculpture or engraving.

The first system of this kind appears to have been that of FRANCQUART, in Belgium, c. 1623. It was succeeded by those of BUTKENS, 1626; PETRA SANCTA, 1638; LOBKOWITZ, 1639; GELENIUS ; and DE ROUCK, 1645 ; but all these systems differed from each other, and were for a time the cause of confusion, and not of order. Eventually, however, the system of PETRA SANCTA (the author of Tesserae Gentilitice] superseded all the others, and has remained in use up to the present time.

By it, Or is represented in engravings by dots ; argent is left plain ; gules is denoted by perpendicular ; azure by horizontal lines ; sable by the conjunction of both. Vert is indicated by diagonal lines from the dexter to the sinister; purpure by diagonal lines from the sinister to the dexter.

By the side of each metal and colour in Plate III. is placed its representation by lines and points.

Another device for indicating the tinctures in engrav- ings and sketches was that called " tricking ; " in it letters and abbreviations were used to mark the tinc- tures, and a numeral the repetition of a charge.

The arms in SlEBMACHER's Wappenbuch, Niirnberg (ist edition in 1605, later edition 1734), are thus tricked, as are those in MAGNENEY's Recueil des Annes, Paris, 1633.

One of the absurd pedantries affected by English armorialists was the substitution of planets for the ordi- nary names of the tinctures in the blazons of Sovereign Princes ; and of precious stones in those of peers. As this mode of blazoning, though now happily discarded, was adhered to by writers as late in date as GUILLIM, it is

needful to give here the respective synonyms of the different metals and colours.

TINCTURES.	PRINCES.	PEERS.
Or.	Sol.	Topaz.
Argent.	Luna.	Pearl.
Gules.	Mars.	Ruby.
Azure.	Jupiter.	Sapphire.
Sable.	Saturn.	Diamond.
Vert.	Venus.	Emerald.
Purpure.	Mercury.	Amethyst.
Sanguine.	Dragon's head.	Jacinth.
Tenne.	Dragon's tail.	Sardonyx.

It has been said generally that a coat of arms consists of a charge or charges, placed upon a field ; but while this is the general rule there are numerous exceptions ; there are coats which consist only of a field ; a single metal, tincture, or fur being alone employed. These are comparatively rarely met with, though in foreign Heral- dry their frequency has been much underrated by previous writers ; and there is a very large number of coats, both at home and abroad, in which, while the field is divided by partition lines into surfaces of two or more colours, there is nothing which can technically be called a charge. Many of these simple coats are of great antiquity.

FIELDS OF A SINGLE METAL, TINCTURE, OR FUR.

I have been able, in the course of a good many years' study, to collect examples in which each of the heraldic tinctures, furs, and metals has been used as the sole

F

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bearing of the shield. A plain golden coat (d Or plein} is borne in France by the families of BlSE, BORDEAUX, DE PUY-PAULIN, and PAERNON ; in Spain by MENESEZ of Andalucia ; in Germany and Switzerland by BOSSEN- STEIN (if we may credit SlEBMACHER, Wappenbuch, iii. 1 1 8 ; Or, an eagle displayed gules, being the more usual coat) ; and by VON LAHR of Rhenish Prussia. It is also the coat of the Italian family of BANDINELLI, to which Pope ALEXANDER III. belonged. In this case (as upon his monument in the church of St. John Lateran at Rome) I have noticed that the plain gold field is diapered. Other coats hereafter blazoned were similarly treated. (See Diaper, pp. 114, 115.)

U Argent plein : — The plain silver shield which we have been accustomed to think of as an ecu d'attente, borne by the youthful esquire who had as yet performed no deeds of valour entitling him to the knightly rank and emblazoned shield, turns out to be the ordinary bearing of the French families of MAIGRET, or MEGRET ; of BOCQUET, or BOQUET ; of PELLEZAY ; and of the Polish ZGRAIA.

The plain coat of Azure (d'Azur pleiri) is attributed to BERINGTON of Chester, in HARL. MS., 1535 ; to DE LA BARGE DE VTLLE, in Lorraine ; to FlZEAUX of France and Holland ; to the Swiss family of MAIENTHAL ; and to the CONTRIZAKIS of Greece.

Plain Gules (de Gueules plein} occurs more frequently ; it is the well-known coat of the house of D'ALBRET, of the Kings of NAVARRE ; and of the Dues de NARBONNE. It was borne as a canting coat by BONVINO, and by the Florentine Rossi, and RUBEI ; by the French SARRANTE ; DU VIVIER DE LANSAC ; and the MARCHANDS of Liege. The FORTUNATI of Trieste (possibly as a canting re- miniscence of " rouge et noir" f), and the German Counts von HERTENSTEIN, XIMENEZ in Spain, and CZER- WNIA of Poland, all bore de Gueules plein.

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There is another use of a plain red shield which must not be omitted. In the full quartered coat of some high sovereign princes of Germany — SAXONY (duchies), BRANDENBURG (PRUSSIA), BAVARIA, ANHALT — appears a plain red quartering ; this is known as the Blut Fahne, or Regalien quarter, and is indicative of royal preroga- tives. It usually occupies the base of the shield, and is often diapered.

The sombre Sable shield (de Sable pleiri] is borne, not only by the " unknown knight " of the mediaeval tales of chivalry, but by the families of DESGABETS D'OMBALE, and by a branch of the Norman and English house of GOURNAY.

The French families of BARBOTTE, PUPELLIN, and TRIBLE, all bear de Sinople plein ; and even the com- paratively rarely used tincture Purpure is also the plain coat of the French AUBERTS.

I venture to affirm that there is no subject on which so many books have been published with so little original research as Heraldry ; and I may be allowed to express a hope that the list above given, which is much more complete than any which has appeared in preceding Heraldic treatises, and which (with other portions of this book) will hardly escape the hands of future freebooting " compilers," may be useful as saving them from writing nonsense as to coats of a single metal or colour being " almost unknown." If to the forty, or thereby, coats of plain metal or colour given above there be added the many coats in which a single fur (ermine or vair, with their variations) is the sole charge, there will be I dare to say at least a hundred examples of a use, which is certainly curious and infrequent, but which is not of such extreme rarity as is often ignorantly asserted. A parallel, but even worse case, is that of " arines fausses" metal on metal, and colour on colour (see Appendix, infra).

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Besides the two furs ermine and vair, and their varia- tions, we may notice that not only is the ermine spot, or tail, used as an independent charge, either alone or in specified numbers, but that in Foreign Heraldry it is also used of various tinctures, and on various fields.

ERMINE plain (dHermine) is not, I think, the coat of any family of Great Britain or Ireland. It was borne on the Continent by the Dukes of BRITTANY, and by the families of BouRGHiELLES, LE BRET, COIGNE, GUIL-

LAND, PlERREFORT, ST. MARTIN, QUINSON, etc.

Ermines plain (Contre-hermine] is borne in France by LAVAL, Roux, MAUBLANC, and ROUSSELET.

Of the use of Erminois (d^Or seme de mouchetures d'Jier- mine de sable), without a charge, I only remember one instance, that of VANDER EZE of Guelders.

Other variations are : —

Gules, seme of ermine spots or, the arms of VAN LEEFVELT.

Gules, seme of ermine spots argent, with a fleur de Us of the same, are those of BEUVILLE.

Azure, seme of ermine spots or, over all a lion argent, is the coat of SCHLEIDEN, in Prussia. LE REVEREND DU MESNIL bears Ecartele, aux I and 4 ; de Sinople, a trois mouchetures d'hermine d'or ; au 2 and 3 ; de Gueules. (Vert, three ermine spots or; quartering Gules plaint]

Ermine spots are not unfrequently borne as distinct charges, thus : —

Argent, a single spot of ermine (d Argent, a une mou- cheture dhermine] is borne by the families of BCEUVRES, Bois, CHAI, DRUAYS, etc.

Argent, three ermine spots sable, by FlRMAS, BARTELLE- LA MOIGNON, and the Barons DUROY ; d Argent, au chevron d'azur, accompagne de trois mouchetures determine de sable, are the arms of COLLONGUE.

Gules, six ermine spots or, is the coat of BAYSSE.

VAIR is usually represented as composed of alternate

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cups, or panes, of argent and azure, arranged in horizontal rows (as in Plate IV., fig. 7). In early Heraldry the panes were formed by undulating lines, as in Plate IV., fig. 6, and Vair is usually thus repre- sented in our early Rolls of Arms. (It is usual to describe this form as Vair ancient. The Vair in the Wappenrolle von ZiiricJi of the fourteenth century, is thus drawn.)

This form is still occasionally met with in foreign Heraldry, where it is blazoned as Vair onde or Vair ancien. The family of MARGENS in Spain bears : Vair onde, on a bend gules three griffons or ; and TARRAGON E of Spain : Vaire onde, or and gules.

In modern times the white panes are generally depicted as of silver, not of white fur. The verbal blazon nearly always commences with the metal, but in the arrangement of the panes there is a difference between French and English usage. In the former the white panes are generally (and I think more correctly) repre- sented as forming the first, or upper, line ; in British Heraldry the reverse is the case. The Vair of Heraldry, as of commerce, was formerly of three sizes, and the distinction is continued in foreign armory. The middle, or ordinary size, is known as Vair ; a smaller size as Menu-vair (whence our word miniver) ; the largest as Beffroi, a term derived from the bell-shaped cups, or panes. In French Armory, Beffroi should consist of three horizontal rows ; Vair, of four ; Menu-vair, of six ; this rule is not strictly observed, but in French blazon if the rows are more than four it is usual to specify the number ; thus VARROUX bears, de Vair de cinq traits. Menu-vair is still the blazon of some families ; BANVILLE DE TRUTEMNE bears : de Menu-vair de six tires ; the Barons van HOUTHEM bore : de Menu-vair, au franc quartier de gueules charge" de trois maillets d'or.

In British Armory Vair is only of one size, but from the bell-shaped cups or panes the English families of

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BELSCHES and BELCHER use Vair as part of their arms {Paly of six or and gules, a chief v air]. The great family of the Dues de BEAUFFREMONT in France use Vairc d'or et de gueules for a like reason.

When the Vair is so arranged that in two horizontal rows taken together, either the points or the bases of two panes of the same tincture are in apposition, the fur is known as COUNTER VAIR (Contre Vair\ Plate IV., fig. 8. Another variation, but an infrequent one, is known as VAIR IN PALE ( Vair appoint^ or Vair en pal ; but if of other colours than the usual ones Vaire en pal}. In this all panes of the same colour are arranged in vertical, or palar, rows (Plate IV., fig. 9). VAIR IN BEND (or in bend-sinister) is occasionally met with in foreign coats ; thus MlGNlANELLl in Italy bears : Vairt d^or et d'azur en bande ; while Vaire en barre(faz\. is, in bend sinister) a" or et de sable is the coat of PlCHON of Geneva.

POTENT, and its less common variant COUNTER POTENT, are usually ranked in British Heraldic works as separate furs. This has arisen from the writers being ignorant that in early times Vair was frequently depicted in the form now known as Potent. (By many heraldic writers Potent is styled Potent-counter-potent ; but in my opinion tautologically. When drawn in the ordinary way, as in Plate IV., fig. 1 1, Potent alone suffices.) An example of Vair in the form now known as Potent (or, as above, Potent-counter -potent) is afforded by the seal of JEANNE DE FLANDRE, wife of ENGUERRAND IV. DE COUCY ; here the well-known arms of COUCY, Barry of six vair and gules, are depicted as if the bars of vair were composed of a row of potent. (VREE, Gene- alogie des Comtes de Flandre, plate 112.) In the Roll of Anns of the time of EDWARD I. the Vair resembles Potent (-counter-potent), which Dr PERCEVAL errone- ously terms an "invention of later date." (^ztArchaologia, xxxix., p. 390.) In the First Nobility Roll of the year

1297, tne arms °f No. 8> ROBERT DE BRUIS, Baron of Brecknock, are : Barry of six, Vairt ermine and gules, and azure. Here the vair is potent ; so is it also in No. 19, where the coat of INGELRAM DE GHISNES, or GYNES, is : Gules, a chief vair. The same coat is thus drawn in the Second Nobility Roll, 1299, No. 57.

POTENT (-counter-potent) does not occur with great frequency in modern British Armory. Like its original Vair, it is always of argent and azure, unless other tinctures are specified in the blazon. (The true counter- potent, if ever used, is drawn as in Plate IV., fig. 12.)

A considerable number of British and foreign families bear Vair only ; such are VARANO, Dukes de CAMERINO ; VAIRE, and VAIRIERE, in France ; VERET, in Switzer- land ; Gouvis, FRESNAY (Brittany) ; DE VERA, in Spain ; LOHEAC (Brittany) ; VARENCHON (Savoy) ; SOLDANI- ERI (Florence). Counter vair is borne by LOFFREDO of Naples ; by BOUCHAGE, DU PLESSIS ANGERS, and BROTIN, of France. HELLEMMES of Tourney uses : de Contre vair, a la cot ice de gueules brocJiante sur le tout.

When the panes of vair are not of argent and azure but of different tinctures the fur is known as Verry, vairy, or vaire of such colours, as in the arms of DE BEAUFFREMONT, and MIGNIANELLI, given above, p. 70. Plate IV., fig. 13, Vaire Or and gules is the canting coat in England of FERRERS, Earls of Derby ; and by connection with them, Vaire gules and ermine was borne by GRESLEY ; and Vaire argent and sable by MEYNELL. Abroad : Vairy or and azure was the coat of the Counts of GuiNES; of BONNIERES, Dues de GuiNES ; of ROCHEFORT (Salle des Croises]. Vaire d argent et de pourpre is borne by GRUTEL ; Vaire d "or et de sable by DE LA JARDINE of Provence.

Two curious forms of Vair occasionally met with in Italian or French coats are known as " Plumete" and " Papelonne"

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In Plumete \\\e field is apparently covered with feathers. Plumete d argent et cTazur, is the coat of CEBA (note that these are the tinctures of Vair). SOLDONIERI of Udine, Plumete aii naturel (but the SOLDONIERI of Florence bore : Vaire argent and sable with a bordure cJiequy or and azure], TENREMONDE of Brabant : Plumete or and sable. (Plate VIII., fig. 7.) In the arms of the SCALTE- NIGHI of Padua ; the BENZONI of Milan ; the GlOLFlNi, CATANEI, and NUVOLONI of Verona, each feather of the plumete is said to be charged with an ermine spot sable.

The bearing Papelonne is more frequently found ; and I have collected a good many French and Italian examples, of which a few are here blazoned.

In it the field is covered with what appear to be scales ; the heraldic term papelonne is derived from a supposed resemblance of these scales to the wings of butterflies. Plate VIII., fig. 6 is the coat of MONTI, Gules, papelonne argent.

DONZEL at Besangon bears : Papelonne d'or et de sable. (It is worthy of note that DONZE of Lorraine used : Gules, three bars wavy or. The two families, in fact, both bore variations of Vair, or Vaire^] The FRAN- CONIS of Lausanne are said to bear de Gueules papelonne d? argent, and on a chief of the last a rose of the first, but the coat is otherwise blazoned : Vaire gules and or, etc. The coat of ARQUINVILLIERS, or HARGENVILLERS, in Picardy is dHermine papelonne de gueules (not being understood, this has been blazoned " seme of caltraps "). So also the coat of CHEMILLE appears in French books of Blazon indifferently as: d' Or papelonne de gueules ; and d'Or seme de cJiaussetrapes de gueules. GlIETTEyiLLE DE GUENONVILLE is said to bear: d "Argent seme de chausse- trapes de sable, which I believe to be simply d' Argent papelonne de sable]. The BARISONI of Padua bear: Or, a bend of scales, bendways argent, on each scale an ermine spot sable, the bend bordered sable ; this is only a round-

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about way of saying Or, a bend argent, bordered and papelonnc sable.

The ALBERICI of Bologna bear : Papelonne of seven rows, four of argent, three of or ; but the ALBERGHI of the same city, Papelonnc of six roivs, three of argent, as many of gules. The connection with vaire is much clearer in the latter than in the former. CAMBI (called FlGLIAMBUCHl), at Florence, carried d Argent, papelonnc de gueules ; MONTI of Florence and Sicily, and RON- QUEROLLES of France the reverse.

No one who is familiar with the licence given to them- selves by armorial painters and sculptors in Italy, who were often quite ignorant of the meaning of the blazons they depicted, will doubt for a moment the statement that Papelonne is simply ill drawn Vair.

The seal of MICHAEL DE CANTELU, circa 1200, is an ancient example in which Vair is represented in the manner now known as Papelonne. (ELLIS, Antiquities of Heraldry, plate xvii. from ArchcBologia Cantiana,v\.,2\6.^

Besides the conventional representations of the fur of animals, their actual fur, or skin, is occasionally found represented in the wide range of Continental Armory, though such examples are of the greatest rarity.

One of the most interesting of these examples is afforded by the Arms of BREGENZ. In the fourteenth century MS. the Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 127, the coat is evidently Vair, a pale ermine, both being au naturel ; but in a modern German blazon of the Austrian arms it is said that the quarter " enthalt im blauen, mit einem goldenen Gilter bedeckten Felde einen Pfahl von Hermelin mit drei iibereinander stehenden schwarzen Hermelinflammen — wegen der Graffschaft Bregenz." (SCHMIDT, Die Wappen aller Filrsten und Staaten, 1869.) This writer was evidently ignorant of the fact that the whole bearings are of fur.

In SlEBMACHER's Wappenbuch, ii., plate 44, the Coat

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of STORCK VON PLANCKENBERG in Styria is, Fur au naturel, a pale gules. This is almost papelonne in appear- ance. The Franconian family of JARSDORFF bears : Quarterly, I and 4, Fur au naturel in the form of scales (vair-shaped pieces); and 2 and 3, gules plain. Vert, an ox skin stretched out, paleways proper is the coat of DE LA NAYE of Liege ; and SCHEURLER of the Hague bears Gules, a similar skin or (sometimes, but mistakenly, blazoned an escucheon or}.

Furs are common in the Armory of England, Nor- mandy, and naturally in Brittany, Ermine plain being the arms of the ancient Sovereigns of that land. Con- trary to ordinary expectation the furs are not used with any frequency in the arms of the more northern nations of Europe ; on the contrary, they are there seldom met with. For example, I do not remember a single instance in the Heraldry of Poland, while on the other hand they are frequently found in the blazons of Spain and Italy.

PARTED COATS, ETC.

Having now seen what colours and furs are employed in Armory, the next matter which requires our considera- tion is the division of the shield by partition lines. Under the subject of the division of a field by partition lines there falls to be considered : —

1. The Species of Partition Line; which is either

(a) straight ; or (£) composed of curves, or indentations.

2. The Mode of Partition, i.e., the various directions in

which the field is divided by these partition lines. The chief forms of these lines whose names form part of the technicology of Heraldry are shown in the accompanying cut, and it will be shown later by examples (Chap. IV.) that these lines have a further use as the boundaries of the class of charges which are known as the Ordinaries

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(seep. 1 1 6). The straight line is of course that most commonly employed, but of the other forms of line, engrailed, indented, and wavy, are the most in use, as well as the oldest ; the others, the last four of which are seldom seen, belong to the later developments of armory. (See the Glossary of English Terms, infra.')

I. ENGRAILED. Fig. 17.

EMBATTLED. Fig. 18. INDENTED. Fig. 19. /\/V\A/vVvVV\

INVECKED. Fig. 20.

IAA/VXAAA

WAVY, or UNDY. Fig. 21.

NEBULY. Fig. 22. DANCETTY. Fig. 23.

RAGULY. Fig. 24.

POTENTE. Fig. 25.

DOVETAILED. Fig. 26.

1^. Fig. 27. /yvuvxn;

PARTITION LINES.

PARTITION LINES.

ENGRAILED (engreli) ; this line is formed by a row of small semi-circles, or concave indentations, the points being turned outwards. (The French use

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the term ^chancre to denote a larger form of engrailure consisting of only three or four concave indentations.) (Fig. 17.)

EMBATTLED ; having the form of rectangular em- battlements. For this term the French have two equivalents ; crenele and bretesse. Crenele is used when the upper, bretesse when the lower, edge of an ordinary is embattled. (Fig. 18.)

INDENTED (dentele, danche, dencJie, or endente) with regular indentations like the teeth of a saw. (Fig. 19.)

Some French Armorists, such as PALLIOT, make the teeth shorter and smaller for dentele than for endente, in which they are longer and more acute. There is really no such distinction practically employed in modern blazons.

INVECKED (cannele) is the converse of engrailed, the only difference being that the convex part of the indentation is turned outwards/ (Fig. 20.)

WAVY, UNDY ; (onde) formed by a wavy line. (Fig. 21.)

NEBULY (nebulee or nuage}. The wavy conventional representation of clouds. (The old nebuly was like the second line of No. 5. In French this is known as ente.) (Fig. 22.)

DANCETTY (vivre). This is similar in character to indented, but there is a real distinction be- tween them as the teeth in dancetty are much broader, much less acute, and are usually not more than three in number. BOUTELL (in his Heraldry, Historical and Popular, p. 80), indeed says : " Dancettee : — deeply indented," but this definition is not in accord with his cut on p. 1 8. (Fig. 23.)

RAGULY (ecote), with inclined battlements or crenelures ; now regular in form but originally suggestive of the trunk of a tree from which the branches had been lopped off. (Fig. 24.)

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POTENTE (potenci), in the form of potences, crutches, or of the panes in the fur potent (Plate IV., fig. 1 1). (Fig. 25.)

DOVETAILED (mortais/)t requires no explanation. (Fig. 26.)

URDY (palisse\ is very rarely seen. In French blazon the pieces are taller, like palisades, and there is no indentation at the bottom. (Fig. 27.)

FIG. 28. Per pale.

FIG. 31. Per bend. FIG. 32. Per bend-sinister. FIG. 33. Per saltire.

FIG. 34. Per chevron. FIG. 35. Ente en point. FIG. 36. Champagne. MODES OF PARTITION; OR DIVISIONS OF THE SHIELD.

THE MODES OF PARTITION.

The modes of partition fall next to be considered, and will be best understood by reference to the examples given. These are taken by preference from the class of

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simple uncharged coats whose simplicity is usually an indication of their antiquity. As the nomenclature of this part of the subject is, particularly in English blazon, greatly connected with some of the charges which are known as the " ORDINARIES " and " SUB-ORDINARIES " it is desirable that the student should have such a knowledge of these as may be needful for his under- standing of what a pale, bend, fess, chevron, etc., are, which will be fully explained in the succeeding chapter, and are set out in the accompanying figure.

The simplest forms of partition are those in which the field is divided into two equal parts by a perpendicular, horizontal, or diagonal line. Usually one of these parts is occupied by a metal or fur, the other by a colour ; though there are exceptional cases (vide infra]. When the divid- ing line is perpendicular the field is said to be Parted per pale ; or more succinctly, Per pale. The French denote this by the one word Parti. The tincture first named is that on the dexter side of the shield. The families of WALDEGRAVE (Plate V., fig. i) ; the Counts RANTZAU in Denmark ; the Principality, formerly Bishopric, of HALBERSTADT ; the Counts VON JULBACH, and ROCKENHAUS in Germany all bear ; Per pale argent and gules. (Parti dargent et de gueulesl) The like coat, but with reversed tinctures, is borne for the Bishop- ric, now Principality, of HlLDESHElM ; by the Barons von URBACH; the families of WANGELIN of Mecklenburg, and BONI of Venice. Per pale or and sable is borne by the English family of SERLE ; and the reverse by the Counts von ROST of Tirol, and the baronial families of WATZDORFF in Saxony; and STECKBORN, The ancient family of BAILLEUL in France bears : Parti determine et de gueules. The Venetian family of NANI : Per pale argent and vert. Per pale argent and sable is the coat of the Counts of TRAUN ; Per pale or and gules is that of the Barons DORNBERG DE HERTZBERG. Exceptional

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coats are those of the Counts VON WRATISLAW (Bohemia), Per pale gules and sable ; and CHAN AC, Parti de gueules et dazur. So are those of BONVILLE, Per pale argent and or ; and FORTIGUIERRE, Parti a" or et de vair (a combination of metal and fur which is not frequent).

The division of the shield may be composed of any of the lines of partition described above, but instances of their use in this manner are much less frequently found abroad than among ourselves. Per pale indented argent and azure (Plate V., fig. 2) is the coat of the HlCKMANS, Earls of PLYMOUTH ; and Per pale dancetty argent and gules, that of AMAURI D'EVREUX, Earl of GLOUCESTER, temp. HENRY III.

When the dividing line is horizontal the shield is said to be Parted per fess (i.e. in the direction of the ordinary called a fess). This division is known in French blazon by the single word Coupe. Plate V., fig. 3 is the coat of the Venetian familes of GlUSTI, and TROTTI : Per fess or and azure (Coupe d'or et d'azur ; or a" Or coupe a" azur\ The families of DONATI at Florence ; FRANCHI at Genoa ; LANFRANCHI at Pisa ; POPEL in Bohemia ; and the Duchy, formerly Bishopric, of MAGDEBURG ; all bear: Per fess gules and argent (de Gueules coupe cTargenf). The County of SCHWERIN (which is the surtout of the arms of the Princes of MECKLENBURG) ; the Counts of STOCKAU ; the Counts of MuNTZENBERG ; and the LOMELLINI, at Genoa ; bear : Per fess gules and or (Coupe de gueules et (Tor). It will be noticed that the tincture first mentioned is that which stands in the chief, or upper, part of the shield.

Per fess indented ermine and gules are the arms of BROME (Coupe endente determine sur gueules) ; Per fess ivavy or and gules, those of DRUMMOND of Concraig, and Per fess embattled gules and argent, those of VON PREYSING (the Barons of the name bear or and azure}.

When the partition is made by a line drawn from the dexter point in chief to the sinister base, the shield is said to be divided Per bend (for which the French equivalent is Tranche. Per bend Or and azure (Tranche dor et d'azur) are the arms of CRANE ; Per bend Or and vert, those of HAWLE or HAWLEY. The Venetian family of NANI bear: Per bend Or and gules (Tranche d'or et de gueules ; otherwise, d'Or tranche de gueules ; or Tranche d'or sur gueules]. The Florentine CAPPONI use : Per bend sable and argent ( TrancJie de sable sur argenf).

In Plate V., figs. 4 and 5 are instances where the dividing line is not the straight one. Fig. 4, Per bend embattled argent and gules (in French, Tranche enclave d argent sur gueules] are the arms of the Irish family of BOYLE. Here the sides of the embattlements are drawn at right angles to the line of partition. In Foreign Heraldry they are often drawn parallel to the sides of the escucheon (a plomb] ; thus the VON SCHELDORFER of Bavaria bear : Per bend embattled a plomb argent and gules (TrancJie enclave a plomb de deux pieces d' argent sur gueules} (Plate V., fig. 5).

The Piedmontese GUASCHI ; and the English families of GOSNOLD, MARKINGTON, and WHISTLEFORD bear : Per bend indented azure and or ( TrancJie endente d'or et d'azur}.

If the partition line run from the sinister chief to the dexter base the division is known as Per bend-sinister, in French blazon Taille. Per bend-sinister or and argent (Taille (Tor sur argenf}, are the arms of Lo'WEL in Bavaria (Plate V., fig. 6) ; while the GRIFFONI of Rome bear the reverse : Per bend-sinister argent and or. These last are examples of coats which are exceptional as being composed of metal only (vide p. 78) no colour being employed. The arms of the Swiss canton of ZURICH are : Tailld d argent et d'azur. The curious

PLATE V.

1. Per pale. 2. Per pale indented. 3. Per f ess.

( Waldegrave. ) (Hickman . ) (Giusto or Zusto. )

4. Per bend embattled. 5. Per bend embattled a plomb. 6. Per bend sinister. (Boyle.) (Scheldorfer.) (Lowel.)

1. Per bend sinister fitch^e. 8. Per chevron. (Kunigl.) (Aston.)

9. Quarterly. (Stanhope.)

10. Quarterly per f ess indented. 11. Quarterly en e"querre. 12. Per saltire. (Sandford.) (Tale.) (Hartzheim.)

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coat of the Counts von KiJNiGL in Tirol is given in Plate V., fig. 7, Per bend-sinister argent and gules, the gules fitchee in the argent (Tailti d argent sur gueules le gueules fiche sur V argent}. In modern blazons this coat is as frequently drawn per bend, as per bend- sinister.

If the field is divided into two parts by two diagonal lines, drawn from near the dexter and sinister base, and meeting like a gable in the fess point, or in the honour point of the escucheon, it is said to be Parted per chev- ron (Divise en chevron}. Thus ASTON bears: Per chevron sable and argent (Divise en chevron de sable et d 'argent), Plate V., fig. 8. Per chevron nebuly gules and argent is the coat of COVERDALE. This is not a common partition abroad. The French Chape, though somewhat similar, is not the same (see that word, p. 88).

A coat divided by two lines, the one per pale, and the other per fess, is blazoned Quarterly (Ecartele]. The STANHOPES, Earls of CHESTERFIELD, bear : Quarterly ermine and gules (Ecartele determine et de gueules], Plate V., fig. 9. Quarterly vert and or is the coat of the OMODEI of Italy. Quarterly or and sable are the arms of Bo VILE ; Quarterly or and vert those of BERNERS. The families of CALDORA of Naples ; MANFREDI of Faenza ; the Counts de MONTREVEL ; and the Marquises de CANDOLLE in France, all bear : Quarterly or and azure (Ecartele d'or et dazur). The house of HOHEN- ZOLLERN bears, Quarterly argent and sable^Ecarteled* argent et de sable]. The arms of the Princes of COLLALTO, and of the Lords Hoo, are the reverse. GONTAUT, Due de BlRON in France ; and the Lords SAY in England (by descent from the MANDEVILLES, Earls of ESSEX), bear : Quarterly or and gules. The same coat is that of the Counts WALDERSEE in Prussia, and of LE BOUTEILLER DE SENLIS. The families of CREVANT, Marquis d'Hu- MIERES in France ; the families of COURCELLES in France ;

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LUCIANO in Italy ; and the Counts WORACZICSKY- BlSINGEN in Bohemia, all bear : Quarterly argent and azur (cT Argent, ecartele cTazur). The Marquises dc SEVIGNE used Quarterly sable and argent.

As an example in which the quartering is effected both by a straight line, and in combination with one of the more complicated ones, we may take the arms of the family of SANDFORD, which are (Plate V., fig. 10) Quarterly per fess indented azure and ermine. Quarterly per pale dovetail gules and or, are the arms of BROMLEY, Barons MONTFORD. Quarterly indented (both lines) argent and sable ; argent and gules ; gules and ermine : are all FlTZ-WARINE coats. Quarterly wavy or and sable is the coat of SAN DON.

A shield divided into four by the intersection of the two diagonal lines (the bend, and the bend-sinister) is said to be : Quarterly per saltire, but the first word is usually omitted in English Blazon (Ecartele en sautoir}. Per saltire or and azure, is borne by the families REDING- HURST ; of HERSTRATEN in the Netherlands ; BALNEO, or BAIGNI, in Italy. Per saltire gules and argent, is the coat of VON PAULSDORF, and of VON ESENDORF, and BENSTEDT. So also the VON HARTZHEIM in West- phalia, bear : Per saltire gules and or (Plate V., fig. 12) ; while the coat of the GANGALANDI in Tuscany, and LANGEN in Westphalia, is Per saltire argent and sable {Ecartele en sautoir d'argent et de sable]. Per saltire wavy gules and argent is borne by ELTERSHOFEN.

Continental Heraldry has other modes of quartering unknown to English blazon. Of these one of the most curious is shown in Plate V., fig. n. It is the coat of VON TALE in Brunswick. Here each piece takes the form of the mystic fylfot, or gammadion. This coat is blazoned by the French Heralds : Ecartele en equerre de gueules et d' argent ; because the shape of the pieces suggests the carpenter's square.

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GYRONNY.

When the field is divided into eight sections by a vertical, a horizontal, and the two diagonal lines (the bend, and the bend-sinister) all intersecting in the fess point, the coat is blazoned Gyronny (gironnf) ; because each of the eight pieces has the form of the Sub-Ordinary known as a gyron, or giron (see page 167). We some- times meet with coats in which the girons number six, ten, twelve, or sixteen, equal pieces. In such cases, i.e. when the number is not eight, it must be specified of how many pieces the Gyronny consists.

The well known coat of the Clan CAMPBELL (whose chief is the Duke of ARGYLL) is represented on Plate VI., fig. I. It is blazoned : Gyronny or and sable. Well known as this coat is, and one than which it would seem few could be easier to draw correctly, it is surprising to find how frequently it is inaccurately represented, and how great a diversity of opinion exists among Heraldic authorities as to which is its correct form. The question is, — Which is to be accounted the first giron? — or, the coat being drawn in outline, which is the first segment to be coloured or, that which is partly formed by the dexter half of the top line of the shield ; or that which lies immediately below it, and is formed by the upper half of the bend, and the dexter half of the fess line ? This is a point on which in Scotland itself there is no general consensus of opinion. The plates in NlSBET's Heraldry show the coat sometimes after one fashion, sometimes after the other. In FOSTER'S Peerage and Baronetage, and other similar works, there is the same diversity of treatment. Perhaps it may be useful to point out the authorities for each of the modes.

It may be first of all mentioned that though the common blazon is that already given (Gyronny or and sable), yet CRAUFURD in his Peerage blazons the arms,

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both of the Duke of ARGYLL and of the Earl of BREAD- ALB AN E, as Gyronny sable and or. A reference to STODART'S Scottish Anns, vol. ii., will show that WORK- MAN'S MS., circa 1565, is said to give the tinctures of the Earl of ARGYLL'S coat as sable and argent, though or is added in a later hand (p. 102) ; while LINDSAY II. gives sable and or tor t}\t arms of CAMPBELL of Strachur (p. 332). I imagine that in all these and other cases in which the tincture precedes the metal, the blazon has been made to fit the idea entertained by the writer as to the answer which should be given to the enquiry suggested above : — Which is the first giron of the shield ; or which is the one in which the metal should first appear? — Sir DAVID LINDSAY'S MS., plate 40 c, places the metal in that giron which is formed by the dexter half of the top line of the shield. It is tinctured argent, not or; and it also appears thus on the ceiling of St. Machar's in Aberdeen. (See The Heraldic Ceiling of the Cathedral of St. Machar, Old Aberdeen, No. 28, p. 114. New Spalding Club, 1888. LINDSAY II. gives : Gyronny of eight argent and sable, for CAMPBELL of Glenorchy. See STODART, Scottish Arms, ii., 286, 323. WORKMAN'S blazon has been already noticed.) I have already referred to the discrepancy which exists in NISBET'S plates, but in both of his volumes the greater number of examples show the metal in the position which it occupies in our plate. FOSTER in his Peerage adopts the same disposition in the cuts of the arms of three CAMPBELL peers ; BREAD- ALBANE, CAWDOR, and STRATHEDEN. In the ARGYLL arms he takes the other course. In his Baronetage the CAMPBELL coats are drawn, some in one way, some in the other. Particular attention is due to the opinion expressed by SETON in The Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland. At pages 96 and 105 the coat is drawn as in our example ; but in a note at page 453 he speaks of

PLATE VI.

1. Gyronny of eight. 2. Gyronny of twelve. ( Campbell. ) (Bassingbourne. )

3. Gyronny of six. (Maugiron.)

4. Tierced in fess. (Franchi. )

5. Tierced in bend. (Amid.)

6. Tierced in pairle. (Briesen. )

7. Tierced in pairle reversed. 8. Chape.

(Haldermanstcten.) (ffautin.)

9. Chausse-ploye. (Schleich.)

10. Chapo-ploye. (Absperg.)

11. Vetu. (Schwerin.)

12. Embrasse. (Ruchstein.}

this as a " mistake which has unfortunately been made." And in the text above the note he indicates his opinion thus : — " The gyron upon which the tinctures ought to begin is the uppermost on the dexter side, i.e., the first of the four triangles above the horizontal line which crosses the fess point of the escucheon." On the other hand the opinion of the late LYON, who made the sketch for Plate VI., is sufficiently indicated by it. In that opinion I most unreservedly agree ; and I am fortified in my adhesion by the fact that the French and German Heralds arc unanimous in counting the first giron to be that which occupies the first and most honourable position, depending from the dexter half of the uppermost edge of the shield, and bounded by it, by the upper half of the palar line, and the upper half of the bend.

The CAMPBELLS, Earls of LOUDOUN, bore : Gyronny ermine and gules, and in this case the ermine should occupy that which we have indicated as the first giron of the shield. (Compare STODART, Scottish Arms, vol. ii., plate 5.)

The coat of the French DE BELLEVILLES is : Gyronny of six gules and vair (Gironne de gueules et de vair de six pieces).

The MAUGIRONS of Dauphiny bear : Gyronny of six argent and sable (Gironne d' argent et de sable de six pieces], These are armes parlantes inasmuch as being of only six pieces, instead of eight, the coat is mal-gironne ; and, more- over, in this coat the division is made by the palar line, and by two diagonal lines which do not start as in the preceding instance from the extremities of the top line of the shield, but commence some way lower down (Plate VI., fig. 3).

A similar instance of a coat mal-gironne is afforded by the arms of the MONTANGONS which are : Mal-gironne d'or etd'azur. In the coat of MUDERSBACH the dividing lines are indented : — Gironne-denche de gueules et d' argent.

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A variation of the ordinary gyronny of eight is that of BERANGER which is : Gironne en croix cTor et de gueules (the four girons of gules taking the form of a cross, patee-throughout) MAZINGHEM has the same, but of or and azure. The seal of JEANNE, Dame de CAROUGES, of the twelfth century, has a shield with this bearing. (ELLIS, Antiquities of Heraldry, Plate XV., p. 189.) D'ENGHIEN bears, Gyronny of ten argent and sable, each piece of the last charged with three crosslets fitchees of the first.

The BASSINGBURNE coat (Plate VI., fig. 2) is Gyronny of twelve, vair and gules.

Gyronny is sometimes composed of more than two tinctures, thus a branch of the Milanese family of ORIGO bears : Gyronny, sable, argent, vert, sable, argent, vert, sable, vert. This is an arrangement which appears more curious than commendable.

A curious form of gyrons is found in German Armory, in it the gyrons are formed, not by straight lines but by curves. The family VON ALDENBURG bear: Gyronny- curved of eight, sable and argent (Gironne de sable et d' argent de huit pieces gironnantes) ; and the family of ROCHAUSEN have a similar coat of six pieces gules and argent (Mal-gironne de six pieces gironnantes de gueules et d' argent).

In Continental Heraldry, and especially in that of Germany and Italy, we frequently meet with a tripartite division of the shield. This is most commonly effected by two horizontal lines ; but very frequently by two lines in pale, or in bend, or bend-sinister. In these cases the shield is said to be Tierced (tierce) in fess, pale, bend, or bend-sinister, as the case may be. In Plate VI., fig. 4 is the coat of the Venetian family of FRANCHI : Tierced in fess vert, argent, and gules. The VENDRAMINI bear this of azure, or, and gules. The POLANI, also of Venice, bear Tierce1 en fasce d'or,d'azur,et d 'argent. PFUHLINGEN bears

the reverse. Tierced in f ess, gules, sable, and argent, is borne by the Counts von SCHWEIDNITZ in Prussia ; of argent, gules, and sable, by the Counts von ZEDWITZ of Bohemia. Tierced in fess, sable, argent, and gules, is the coat of ELTERSHOFEN ; Or, argent, and gules of RECHT- HALER ; Sable, azure, and or, of the Counts von WESTER- REICH ; Or, gules, and argent of SATTELBOGEN.

Tierced in bend or, gules, and azure, are the canting arms of the family of NOMPAR in Guyenne ; here the arms are allusive to the name the divisions being non pair, unequal in number. The Italian family of AMICI bear : Tierced in bend, or, gules, and argent (tierce en bande d'or, de gueules, et d" argent). (Plate VI., fig. 5.) The GIUDICI have the same coat but tinctured azure, argent, and gules ; while the Barons von DORNBERG reverse these tinctures. UCKERMAN uses : Tierce en bande d'argent, d'azur, et d'or. By the German family of TURLING is borne the coat : Tierced in bend (sinister), or, sable, and argent. ( Tiered en barre d'or, de sable, et d' argent.} MENDEL bears the same, but the tinctures are vert, or, and sable : (a family of the same name bears : Tierced in bend, argent, vert, and sable).

A very curious German partition is that of Tierced in gyron gyronnant ; in it the whole field is occupied by three spiral girons ; VON MEGENZER bears this gules, sable, and argent. (Plate VIII., fig. 4.) A variation of the same is, Tierced in pale gironnant ; which (with the same tinctures) is borne by the VON TEUFEL.

Parted coats are much more varied among the Germans than among ourselves.

Other German partitions are unknown to British or French Armory, and, though formed by straight lines, are difficult to blazon succinctly in the heraldic phrase- ology of either country. One is the partition per fess with a right or left step (" mit einer rechten stufe, or mit einer lincken stufe "). In Plate VIII., fig. 3 represents the

Bavarian coat of AURBERG. This is blasoned by DE LA COLOMBIERE : " Coupe a senestre parti en cceur et recoupc a dextre, tout d'un trait d'argent^ By RlETSTAP the same coat is thus blazoned: Mi-coupe failli en partant, et re coupe vers senestre d' argent sur sable.

Another tripartite division is made in the form of the letter Y, or the same reversed ; this is known as Tierce" en pairle, or Tierce en pairle renversee ; examples of both are given in Plate VI. Fig. 6 is the coat of the Saxon family of VON BRIESEN, Tierced in pairle sable, argent, and gules. Fig. 7 is that of the VON HALDERMANSTETEN : Tierced in pairle reversed, argent, or, and azure.

There are also certain other bipartite, or tripartite, divi- sions used in Continental heraldry in which the field is described as " mantled " (mantele} " coped " (chape) or " shod " (chausse).

These are " partitions " not " charges ; " but they differ from other parted-fields in this respect, that any charges which appear on the field are confined to it ; and do not usually extend beyond its unmantled, or unshod, portion.

Mantele nearly corresponds to our partition : Parti per chevron. The Venetian GHISI bear: Argent, mantele gules. The field is according to rule, named first, the mantele, which descends from the chief, follows.

Chape is formed by two lines which start from the centre of the top line of the shield and descend to the dexter and sinister base. We might blazon it " per pile reversed throughout." Plate VL, fig. 8, d Argent, chape de pourpre, is the coat of the Burgundian family DE HAUTEN.

Another Burgundian family, DE MONTBAR, bears : Quarterly argent and gules chape counterchanged. Chausse is the reverse of chape. When the chape, or chausse, is formed by arched or concave lines it is said to be ploye, as in the Bavarian coat of VON SCHXEICH (Plate VI., fig. 9) ; de Gueules chausse-ploye d' argent.

When a shield is chausse"-ploye, or mantele, three

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tinctures are sometimes employed ; the field being of one, and each of the side pieces of the enchaussure, or mantel, being of another.

The Danish family of MOST bore: Argent, chap^ of sable to the dexter, and of gules to the sinister; and in Plate VI., fig. 10 the coat of the Franconian VON ABSPERG is, d' Argent, chape-ploy e a dextre de gueules, et a senestre d'azur.

CJiaperonnt is the term applied to a reduced form of chape, which does not extend below the fess line.

When both chape and chausse are found in one field the size of each is somewhat restricted ; and the shield, of which the four corners are cut off by diagonal lines, has the appearance of being charged with a lozenge throughout (i.e. one whose points touch the borders of the escucheon) as in the coat of SCHWEREN (Plate VI., fig. 11). The French equivalent for chape-chausse is vetu. (See page 182, where the same coat with other tinctures, that of the Venetian CORRARO, is blazoned by both terms.) Gules, vetu argent, is the coat of EUBING. The Spanish ABARIA bear : Argent, a letter B sable, the field vetu gules.

The coat of the Sicilian family of SANTAPAU, Princes de BUTERA, Gules, three bars argent, chape and chausse d'or, is, however, drawn differently in MORICE, Le Blason des Chevaliers de la Toison d'Or, No. CCLXXIX., here as none of the pieces of the cJiape or chausse come into contact with each other the central space of the field is not a lozenge-throughout but a lozenge truncated. A single enchaussure is very rare. VON ROSDORFF bears: Lozengy argent and gules, an enchaussure to the sinister or. There are a few German coats in which this enckaussure is conjoined with a large fleur de lis in bend, or in bend-sinister. The Augsburg VON SCHROTT bear : Sable, a fleur de lis conjoined with an enchaus- sure or. When the chape, or chausse, is placed in a hori-

( 9°)

zontal instead of in a vertical direction (that is when the apex of the pile is on either the dexter or the sinister flank of the escucheon) the field is said to be embrasse (a dextre, or a senestre}. Thus the VON VOLCKER of Frankfurt bear : Argent, a rose gules, the field embrasse a senestre of the second. We should blazon this : Gules, a pile throughout issuing from the dexter flank, charged with a rose of the field. Exceptionally the embrasse' is formed by a compound line, thus the Austrian Barons von RUCHSTEIN bear : de Gueules, embrassc-vivre a dextre d' argent. (Plate VI., fig. 12.)

A large class of parted fields, often classed by French writers under the general term of Rebattements, consist of regular divisions of alternate tinctures formed by parallel lines, either arranged to follow one direction only ; or intersecting another set parallel in another direction.

PALY (J>alle or pali] is the term used when the field is divided into an even number of equal stripes by palar, or perpendicular lines. If the number of divisions is not specified it is understood to be of six pieces, but it is better to specify the number. Plate VII., fig. I is the feudal coat of the Earldom of ATHOLE, and would be blazoned : Paly or and sable; Pale d'or et de sable ; or Paly of six or and sable.

Paly of four is seldom met with in English Armory, but is more frequent in Germany. Paly of four or and vert is the coat of MARSHALL ; and Paly of four argent and vair was borne by WILLIAM DE LONGCHAMP, Bishop of ELY (i 189-1 197).

Paly of four sable and argent was the coat of the old Counts von CAPLENDORF (SlEBMACHER, Wappenbuch ii., 22), of VoiT of Nuremburg ; MEPPEN (Prussia), and STUBNER of Austria (sometimes or and sable}.

Paly of four gules and argent, was borne by the Barons von STARCKENBERG (Wappenbuch, ii., 32); of

PLATE VII.

1. Paly.

(Athole.)

2. Barry.

(Couci.)

3. Barry nebuly. (Blount.)

4. Bendy wavy. (Playter.)

5. Chevronny. (Egmond.)

6. Checquy. (Warren.)

7. Checquy. (Portocarrero. )

8. Equipolle. (VandenHecke)

9. Lozengy. (Fitzwilliam.)

10. FusiUy.

11. Fusilly in bend. (Bavaria.)

12. Paly bendy. (Buck.)

Argent and azure, by VON BERCHOLTSHOFEN of Bavaria; and the reverse by GUNDRICHING of Tirol.

(NOTE. — Paly of five, argent and sable, is the same as Argent, two pallets sable; but would be thought a shockingly incorrect blazon by heraldic purists, whose extreme attention to these trivialities often has to stand them instead of a real knowledge of the subject.)

Paly of six is a frequent bearing at home and abroad.

Paly of six, argent and azure, was the original coat of ANNESLEY (now borne with a bend gules over all); it was the coat of the Marquises of ROSMADEC, and of BERTRAND ; ESTISSAC ; FONTENAI ; and others.

Paly of six or and gules, was the coat of AMBOISE ; of FAUCIGNY, Princes de LuciNGE ; of BRIQUEVILLE, in the First Crusade ; of BEAUMONT, and ST. BRICE, etc.

Paly of six ermine and vair, is the canting coat of PALVERT in France (notice that there is fur only in this coat, as an exception to the rule stated on p. 78).

The city of RENNES bears : Paly of six argent and sable, but adds thereto a chief of BRETAGNE ; Ermine plain.

Paly of six or and vert is now borne by ERQUERRER of Spain, and by the Italian TRIVULZI (originally these bore Or, three pallets vert).

Occasionally the paly is formed by compound (i.e., not straight) lines. Paly wavy of six argent and gules, is one form of the coat of VALOINES (DE VALONIIS). Pale onde d'or et de gueules is that of MOULINS.

(NOTE. — Paly of seven is incorrect ; the coat would be a field charged with three pallets.)

Paly of eight is not a frequent bearing. Paly of eight argent and azure is, however, borne by the Princes of SCHWARZENBERG, in Austria. Paly of eight or and gules is used by LIMA of Por- tugal ; and of azure and argent by JUYA of Spain. Paly of eight gules and argent is the coat of VON

GOTSCHEN, or G6SCHEN, in Silesia (SlEBMACHER, Wappenbuch, i., 161), and of WALLENSTEIN of Hesse.

If in addition to the pales the shield is cut by a line per fess, or per bend, the tinctures are so arranged that in the lower part of the shield the metal corres- ponds with the tincture in the upper, and the coat is then said to be : Paly per fess counterchanged {Pale contre-pale}. ROSENBERG in Franconia bears : Pale contre-pale de gueules et d argent de six pieces ; DE REVEST in France, Pale contre-pale d'argent et d'azur de huit pieces.

BARRY (Fasct)* This is the term used when the field is divided by horizontal lines into an even number of equal portions, as in the coat of the " Sires " or Sieurs de COUCY (Plate VII., fig. 2), Barry of six vair and gules ; Fasce de vair et de gueules. To this family belonged Queen MARIE (DE COUCY), second wife of King ALEXANDER II. She was the daughter of INGEL- RAM DE COUCY, who died in 1242. The old boastful motto of the family is well known : — Je ne suis roi ni due ni compte aussi ; Je suis le Sire de Coucy. (French heralds, as in the corresponding case of Paly, do not express the number if the bars are six.) The Barry may be formed of compound lines. Barry of four is not often seen in English or French blazons, but is not unusual in Germany. Barry of four, vert and argent, is the coat of the Counts MANIAGO of Venice ; Or and gules, of SlGINOLFl of Sicily. Barry of four or and azure was borne by the Counts von SPITZENBERG in Austria.

Barry of six is one of the most common of parted coats, being found, both with straight and compound lines, in the armory of all countries, and is borne by many great houses.

Barry of six argent and azure is the coat of the GREYS, Earls of STAMFORD. It was also the coat of the Counts von TRUHENDIN (SlEBMACHER, Wappen-

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bucky ii., 12), the Barons von LAHER in Austria; the families of ALTSTETEN (Zurich Wappenrolle, 276) ; VlL- LIERS; CASTANEDA; LANVAON; VAUDETAR; MICHELI; GRIENENSTEIN, etc., etc.

Barry wavy of six argent and azure was one of the BASSETT coats ; and was also used by SANDFORD and BROWNING, at home ; and abroad by BOROLLA, LE GAL, etc. (this coat was often drawn nebuly in early Rolls of Anns). Barry of six argent and gules were the arms of the BARRYS, Earls of BARRYMORE in Ireland ; the Counts von ARNSTEIN ; the Counts von BEUCH- LINGEN ; the Princes of POLIGNAC ; the Counts of BOULAINVILLIERS, the families of BARONCELLI ; As- LOWSKI ( Poland ), BOUDOYER ; YOENS ; MALEMORT (Salle des Croises, 1096); the ARMANES, Marquises of BLACONS ; Mizou, etc.

Barry nebuly of six argent and gules (Fasce nebule d' argent et de gueules) is the coat of BASSET, BLOUNT, and D'AMORI, in England ; of the ROCHECHOUART, Dues de MORTEM AR, in France (early coats are Fasce onde). Barry nebuly of or and sable (Plate VII., fig. 3) is the coat of BLOUNT, Earl of DEVON. Barry of six argent and sable is borne by RtJDBERG (Zurich Wappen- rolle, No. 316), PALLANDT ; and RAAPHORST, of the Netherlands; AMIRATO of Florence; LouviLLE; ORTE- LART of France. Barry of six ermine and gules is the coat of HUSSEY. Barry of six or and azure was borne by the CONSTABLES of England ; the Counts of SLAW ATA (Poland) ; GREYSPACH ; REINFELDEN ; RODEMACHER ; and CH AMBON, Marquis d'ARBOUVILLE. Barry of six or and gules, by the Princes of LOOS-CORSWAREN ; TURRE- TINI of Lucca ; CAMPORELLS; and AMPURIAS of Spain ; ODENKIRCHEN; RUFFELAERT; KERLECH, etc. Barry nebuly or and gules was another BASSET coat. Barry or and sable (Fasti d'or et de sable) is the coat of PEM- BRIDGE; the Barons CEVA (Piedmont); COETIVY, Princes

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de MORTAGNE; FLECHIN, Marquis de WAMIN ; VAN- DER AA. Fasce cTor et de sinople is the coat of CRUSSOL, Due d'USEZ.

(NOTE. — Barry of seven does not exist ; being blazoned as a field charged with three bars.)

Barry of eight is not nearly as frequently found as Barry of six. Barry of eight or and sable is the coat of the GON- ZAGAS, Dukes of MANTUA. Barry of eight or and gules that of FITZ ALAN ; and POYNTZ ; the Comtes de GRAND- PRE ; the Roman RINALDI ; the Counts of REINECK, etc. Barry of nine only exists exceptionally, the proper blazon being a field charged with four bars ; but the coat of DE BART of France is properly : — Barry of nine or, azure, and argent ; each tincture being thrice repeated.

Barry of ten or more pieces (French burele} is occasion- ally found. Burele d argent et de sable, VAUDEMONT (Salle des Croises, 1 147), CLERAMBAULT ; WARNBACH, etc. The following use Burele dor et de sable, THYNNE, Marquess of BATH ; BOTVILLE ; Counts von BALLENSTEDT (i.e., B ALCKEN STADT, armes parlantes]. Burele argent and azure is carried sometimes by DE VALENCE and LUSIGNAN ; of argent and gules by ESTOUTEVILLE, or STUTEVILLE, etc. Burele or and gules is the coat of TOMASI of Naples. Sometimes this coat is varied by counter- changing, the field being divided by a palar line ; Barry per pale counter-changed or and gules.

BENDY (Bande]. This is similarly formed, but by diagonal lines from the dexter chief to the sinister base, dividing the shield into (usually) six bends, or pieces of equal width. If the number be six it need not be expressed.

Bendy of four is a not uncommon Continental bearing. Bande de gueules et d argent de quatre pieces is the coat of the Venetian family of EMO ; EGBRET (Zurich Wap- penrolle, No. 390); the Austrian Princes of SCHONBURG; the families of SCHLEGEL ; and VAN WYL. The reverse is borne by Barons von AUTENRIED; and by the Counts

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von LANDAU. The Princes of CALERGI in Greece bear : Bendy of four azure and argent; the Italian ALAMANI, the reverse.

Bendy (of six) is much more common. Bendy of six or and azure is the coat of ST. PHILIBERT in England ; of the Tuscan BlANCHETTl ; of the Genoese FlESCHI, and the Marquises BONELLI. Plate VII., fig. 4, is the arms of PLAYTER of Suffolk, Bendy wavy of six argent and azure.

Bande d' argent et de gueules is borne by BERG, Counts von SCHELKLINGEN ; and by the family of COETQUEN (Counts d'UzEL, and COMBOURG ; Marquises de RoiSlN, and DE COETQUEN). Bendy wavy gules and argent is the coat of the Venetian SALONISI.

Bande d'or et de gueules is used by the Lom- bard Counts MlLLESlMO ; MlOLANS (the Neapolitan family of AQUINO, Dues de CASOLI, quarter with it : Per f ess gules and argent, a lion rampant counter-changed}. The LONGUEVAL, Princes de BUCQUOY, use Bendy of 'six vair and gules.

Bendy-sinister of six is occasionally found. Bendy- sinister argent and gules, was used by DAMIGLIA of Italy ; the same of azure and argent, by the Austrian Barons BARR£ DE BAREY, where it is of course an instance of armes parlantes ; as also by the family of BARRUEL DE ST. VINCENT (Barre d'or etd'azur}.

Bendy of seven occurs once ; the family of ESCHEL- BACH in Bavaria bears it : azure, argent, gules, argent, gules, argent, azure.

Bendy -sinister of eight gules and argent was the coat of VON SEUBERSDORFF (SIEBMACHER, Wappenbuch, i.; 82). The bends are now usually dexter.

Bendy of eight azure and argent is used by the Vene- tian family of ZENO ; and is also borne by the ATAIDES of Portugal.

Usually Bendy of nine would not be a proper blazon for a field charged with four bendlets, but there is an excep-

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tional case in which it is correct. The French family of BORSAN bear Bendy of nine, but it is composed of three tinctures or, gules, and argent, each three times repeated.

BENDY OF TEN (Coticf).

Bendy of ten or and azure was the coat of the MONT- FORTS, or MOUNTFORDS ; or and gules was borne by the Vicomtes de TURENNE (Salle des Croises, 1096).

When the coat is divided by a palar line, the bends on either side are counter-changed and the coat is blazoned, Bendy per pale counter-changed ; as in the coat of KORBLER of Styria : Parti et contre-bande de gueules et (Tor.

When the field is covered by an interlacement of small bendlets and bendlets - sinister, it is said to be fretty. The fretwork is supposed to be in relief on the field, not a mere painted pattern, and it is shaded accord- ingly. Or, fretty azure (Plate VI 1 1., fig. 5) is the coat of the family of WiLLOUGHBY in England ; and of LA MOUSSAYE, Vicomtes de ST. DENOUAL in France.

Azure, fretty argent is borne by CAVE; and ETCHING- HAM (or ICHINGHAM) in early Rolls of Arms ; as canting arms by FRESTEL. FRETEL of Normandy also bore : d 'Argent frette ' de gueules ; which is thecoat of SANCOURT ; St. DIDIER; DOMAIGNE ; and MARCHALCKVON BIBER- STEIN. Argent, fretty sable is an old coat of TOLLEMACHE in England ; and of HUMIERES in France. Sable, fretty or is borne by BELLEW ; BRACKENBURY ; and M ALTRAVERS ; LlNIERES DE MOTTEROUGE ; PONTON ; SAILLY, etc. Gules, fretty vair, is the coat of SURGERES, and MAIN- GOT in France. Gules, fretty or, is the well known coat of AUDELEY ; and its reverse, Or, fretty gules, is borne by the Counts of DAUN ; by VILLA in Italy ; MONT- JEAN, andNEUFVILLEin France ; as well as by VERDON in England ; with a canton ermine it is the coat of NOEL, Earls of GAINSBOROUGH, etc. The fretty is rarely formed by a compound line, but Gules, fretty -engrailed

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ermine is a coat of GlFFARD and of VALOYNES ; and Azure, fretty of eigJit pieces raguly or, is borne by BROAD- HURST.

In Continental Armory the number of pieces of which the fretty is composed is usually limited to six ; three in bend, as many in bend-sinister. The intermediate spaces, through which the field appears, are called claire- voies, and these are frequently charged, so that the field is both seme and fretty.

Gules, fretty and flory or, is the coat of HAMELYN in England ; and of ALZON in Auvergne. Sable, fretty and fleury argent (de Sable, fretty d* argent, les clairevoies seme'es de fleurs-de-lis du mcme] are the arms of DE LA CHAPELLE in Belgium. Occasionally the fretty itself is found charged, usually with roundles ; of these the best known example is the coat of TRUSSELL, Argent, fretty gules besanty : here the besants are placed at the intersection of the pieces of the fretty. A similar coat, Or, fretty gules platy, is an old coat of VERDON ; and Or, fretty sable platy is the canting coat of PLATT.

These coats should be carefully distinguished from those which have the analogous bearing of a trellis.

A Trellis (treillis) is properly composed of bendlets dexter and sinister which are not interlaced, but are usually nailed (clones) at the crossings. In these cases the head of the nail is very much smaller than the bezant, or plate, which appears in the coats blazoned above.

In Sir JOHN FERNE'S Blason of Centric, there is an amusing passage in which the distinction between %.fret and a trellis is pointed out ; and of which Sir WALTER SCOTT makes use in Quentin Durward. The coat is Sable, a musion (i.e. a mouser, or domestic cat) or, oppressed with a trellis gules nailed argent ; which has been wrongly described by one of the interlocutors as &fre(. (The comic man of the company describes it as "a cat in the dairy window.") But the Herald inquires

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" Did you ever see a fret thus formed before (I mean nayled)? To correct your blazon learne by this: Hee beareth Sable, a Musion Or, oppressed with a Troillis G. cloue dargent ; for this which you call a fret, is a lattice, a thing- well known to poor prisoners," etc. (The passage is given at length in LOWER'S Curiosities of Heraldry, pages 254, 255.)

A grillage in which the interlacements are composed of pallets and barrulets, in other words of vertical and horizontal pieces, may occasionally be met with, as in the coat of the Lombard family of the GENICEI, who use : Gules, a grille, or lattice, composed of four vertical pieces interlaced with as many horizontal ones, argent.

CHEVRONNY (Chevronne\ that is the field divided into equal portions by lines in the direction of a chevron, occurs but rarely in Armory of Britain.

CJievronny of four argent and gules is attributed to WHITHORSE, and is I believe a solitary instance of this division. The reverse is borne by VON WERDENSTEIN (Wappenbuch, i., in), and VON SPARNECK (ibid., i., 105). Chevronny of four azure and or is the coat of GRIESEN- BERG (in the Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 144) ; the reverse was borne by the Barons von BUSSNANG. The coat is rarely seen reversed so that the points of the chevrons are to the base, but I know of one example, the coat of the Barons von WlTZLEBEN. This is Chevronnc renverse de quatre pieces d1 argent et de gueules. CJievronny of six argent and gules are the arms of the Counts of EPPSTEIN (now quartered by the Counts zu STOL- BERG), and are borne also by the Genoese family of FORNARA. Chevronny of six or and sable is the early coat of the Counts of HAINAULT.

Chevronny of twelve pieces, or and gules (Plate VII., fig. 5) is the coat of the Counts of EGMOND, or EGMONT, in the Netherlands.

The full arms of LAMORAL, Count EGMOND, executed

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with the Count of HORN by order of the Duke of ALVA, are as follows : —

Quarterly ; I. and IV. Per pale (a) EGMOND,as above : (b) Argent, two bars embattled - counter - embattled gules (ARKEL).

II. and III. Duchy of GUELDERS. Per pale (a] Azure, a lion rampant contourne (i.e. facing to the sinister) crowned or (Gu ELDERS): (b) Or, a lion rampant sable (County of JULIERS).

Over all an escucheon en surtout, Quarterly I and 4. Argent, a lion rampant sable (FlENNES) ; 2 and 3. Gules an estoile of eight rays argent (BAUX).

CHEQUY (Echiquete). — When the field is divided by horizontal and perpendicular lines into at least twenty square or oblong pieces the bearing is known as chequy ; if there are fewer panes or points the number must be expressed.

Plate VII., fig. 6 is the ancient coat of the WARRENS, Earls of SURREY (still quartered by the Dukes of NORFOLK), Chequy or and azure. The adoption of the chequy coat at a very early period by cognate families in England and in France, some generations removed from a supposed common ancestor, is much founded on by Mr ELLIS in support of his contention that hereditary armorial bearings are of greater antiquity than we have been able to assign to them.

Chequy of nine panes only, occurs in some important foreign coats, as in that of VAN DEN HECKE (Plate VII., fig. 8) which is thus blazoned, de Cinq points degueules fyui- polles a quatre dhermine (sometimes azure and ermine). The Counts of GENEVA bore : Cinq points dor equipolles a quatre d'azur. SAINT PRIEST bore the same.

Cinq points d argent Equipolles a quatre de gueules, was the coat of the Portuguese navigator MAGALHAENS ; and the Venetian CETRACINI. The same, but of Or and sable, is the coat of the Italian GRIFONI.

In Spanish Heraldry Chequy of fifteen panes (arranged in five horizontal and three vertical rows) is often met with. Plate VII., fig. 7, is the coat of PORTOCARRERO, CJiequy of fifteen or and azure. ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, Duke of ALVA, so celebrated in the history of the Nether- lands, bore : Cliequy of fifteen, azure and argent.

The arms of the Portuguese discoverer VASCO DA GAM A were : CJiequy of fifteen, Or and gules, on each point of the last two bars gemels argent. On an escucheon en surtout the Royal Arms of PORTUGAL, as an augmen- tation.

LOZENGY (losange}. If the field is divided into panes of a diamond shape by lines in bend and bend-sinister, it is said to be Lozengy (an early term in the Rolls of Anns was Masculy, now used for seme of Mascles).

Plate VIL, fig. 9., Lozengy argent and gules belongs to the FlTZWlLLIAMS, Earls of SOUTHAMPTON and FlTZ- WILLIAM ; and to the family of DU BEC-CREPIN ; as well as to the SALAMONI of Venice, and the Neapolitan family of LATRI.

A considerable number of foreign families bear Lozengy. Lozengy gules and or is the coat of CENTELLES in Spain ; and the reverse was the coat of CRAON in France.

(In blazoning begin with the tincture of the first whole lozenge.)

FUSILLY (fusele). When the lozenges are elongated the term used is Fusilly. Fusilly argent and gules is the coat of the GRIMALDI, Sovereign Princes of MONACO, and Dukes of VALENTINOIS in France. (Plate VIL, fig. 10.)

The arms of BAVARIA are generally drawn as Fusilly in bend argent and azure, though they are often blazoned Lozengy in bend. It will be seen from Plate VIL, fig. 1 1, that the lozenges, or fusils, do not stand vertically over each other but are in bend.

Analogous to this coat are the variations known as Paly-bendy and Barry-bendy, these are composed

PLATE VIII.

1. Lozengy couped.

(Gise.)

2. Barry pily. (Holland.)

Mit linker stufe." (Aurberg.)

4. "Schneckenweise.' (Megenzer.)

5. Fretty. (Willoughby.)

6. Papelonne. (Monti.)

7. Plumete. (Tenremonde. )

fleurs de lis. (France, ancient.)

). Seme of hearts. (Denmark.)

10. Seme. (Simiane. )

11. Billetty. (Nassau. )

12. Gutte" d'eau. (Cornwallis.)

respectively of lines in pale intersecting lines in bend ; and of lines in fess intersecting those in bend.

Paly-bendy or a)id azure (Plate VII., fig. 1 2) is the coat of BUCK, Baronets of Lincolnshire.

With this section we may group the French Triangle, in which the field is divided by three series of parallel lines into triangles. Plate VIII., fig. I represents the coat of the family of GISE in Gloucestershire ; which is blazoned Lozengy couped in fess argent and sable (otherwise Barry of six indented). The Counts SCHIZZI, of Cremona, bear Triangle de gneules et d1 argent. The Swedish family of CARLSSON bear Triangle azure and or ; the shield being divided by two lines fessways, and by three in bend and bend-sinister. In the coat of VON TOLNZ, which is also given as an example by RlETSTAP, the partition is made by two horizontal, two palar, and five diagonal lines, so that, as he observes, the coat might be blazoned : Cheqtiy of nine panes, each per bend sable and argent.

Barry-pily is the name given to the field when it is divided by long, narrow, pile-shaped indentations lying horizontally, or barwise, across it. It does not greatly differ from the French ^nianckd en pal. Plate VIII., fig. 2 is the coat of HOLLAND of Lincoln, Barry-pily of eight gules and or.

The French emanche is formed by two or three triangular or wedge-shaped pieces united at their base and issuing from one or other of the flanks of the shield. The number of its points requires to be specified, as well as its position issuing from the dexter or the sinister flank.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHARGES.

RULES OE BLAZON, ETC.

Armorial Charges are supposed to stand out somewhat in relief upon the field, and so to cast a slight shadow upon it. It is therefore usual, particularly in uncoloured drawings, to make the outline a little thicker on the

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lower and sinister sides of an " Ordinary," or other charge. Charges are of two kinds : — I. Those of simple outline and geometrical form, which have predominated since the earliest ages of coat-armour, and in the oldest coats are often the only charge on the shield. These are called by the French — Pieces keraldiques ; and are subdivided by us into "ORDINARIES" and " SUB-ORDINARIES." II. COMMON CHARGES, which are the representations of objects of all kinds, including animals, flowers, and the whole range of things natural or artificial.

These charges, whether Ordinaries or Common Charges, may be depicted of any of the recognised metals, colours, or fur. COMMON CHARGES, such as birds, beasts, and fishes, flowers, trees, and many other things, are frequently depicted of their natural colours, and are then blazoned "proper." The blazon, "a fir tree proper ;" or "a salmon naiant proper" would imply that the fir tree, or the salmon were to be depicted, not merely by the heraldic colours, but by those which belong to them in nature. In the case of roses which might be red or white, and yet " proper," it is usual to specify the tincture, in order that ambiguity may be avoided. The ORDIN- ARIES (and even the COMMON CHARGES to some extent) may be composed and divided by partition lines of the same kind as those which are used to divide the field.

It is a primary fundamental canon of Heraldry that metal is not to be placed upon metal, or colour on colour. This is the one heraldic rule with which all persons seem to be acquainted, and which has become almost a pro- verbial saying : — " Metal on metal is false heraldry," etc. This rule no doubt originated in the necessity for securing distinctness in the days when arms were actually borne on the military shield, surcoat, and banner ; and when it was of the utmost importance that they should be easily distinguishable from afar off. But the inter- diction is far from absolute. The arms of the KINGDOM

OF JERUSALEM (Plate IX., fig. i), which are: Argent, a cross potent between four crosses or, are the best known instance (sometimes even it is asserted the only instance) of a permitted violation of the rule. In this, and a few other cases, the arms are styled anna inquirenda or armes pour cnquerir, and it is asserted that they were originally composed for the express purpose of causing the beholder to enquire the reason of such an infraction of heraldic usage, and so to stamp them on his memory. When a limited view is taken of Heraldry, and the investigation is confined to the Armory of a single country, such assertions seem capable of easy justification. In our own country, for instance, distinct violations of the law in question are of great rarity. But when the student extends his view over the much larger field of Continental Heraldry he finds such assertions are quite unwarrantable. The general law, indeed, remains in force ; but the exceptions which the present writer has collected may be counted by the hundred rather than by the dozen ; and, in the great majority of these cases, the idea that they were intended as armes pour enquerir is one which cannot be entertained. The families are often of no very special note, and the arms do not commemorate any special circumstance as is the case in the Arms of JERUSALEM. They are simply coats assumed either anterior to the formulation of the law, or in disregard of it when formulated. A sufficient number of such coats will be noted as we proceed, or be placed in the Appendix.

There are some coats in which an apparent violation of the law has arisen from the fact that the metals employed in depicting them have become tarnished. What was supposed to be fine gold has become dim. Or has become purpure ; and argent deteriorated into sable ! Errors have thus arisen, and have been perpetu- ated by the ignorance of painters, although the cases I have referred to above are not so to be accounted for.

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There are recognised exceptions to the general rule : when the " field " is a composite one, of metal (or fur) and colour, it is not considered an infraction of the law if the charge is of either metal, or colour, or fur. For instance, the old arms of the Counts of VENDOME are : Gules, a chief argent ^ over all a lion rampant azure crowned or. (See U Armorial de Geldre ; and PLANCHE's Roll. The later coat was: Argent, a chief gules,' etc.) Here, though the greater part of the azure lion appears on the red field, the fact that the field is a composite one of metal and of colour saves it from the imputation of violating the law.

Again, the rule does not apply to the mere accessories of a charge. For instance, in the arms of MARIA THERESA on Plate XXXIV., the red lion rampant in the quarter of LEON is crowned or, a golden crown upon a silver ground, without this being considered any viola- tion of the law. So also when teeth, tongue, claws, etc., are specified to be of another tincture than the animal to which they belong, it is no breach of the law if, for example, the lion's red tongue is projected on an azure field.

Again, bordures (which are used by way of difference) and the other marks of cadency, are legitimate excep- tions to the rule. Thus, the Dues d'ANjOU differenced by placing a bordure gules around the arms of FRANCE (Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or) and, though the red colour impinges on the blue, the law is not considered to be broken thereby.

There are also many instances in which chiefs, can- tons, etc., have been added to a coat by way of augmen- tation, as in the cases referred to later in the Chapters on MARSHALLING and AUGMENTATIONS. These are also counted lawful exceptions. A chief of this descrip- tion is by no means infrequent in Foreign Heraldry ; and is known in French blazon as a " chef cousu" sewed,

or tacked on, to the original coat. (The term cousu, however, is sometimes employed by French heralds when there is no apparent violation of the law.)

As a general rule metal is laid upon colour, colour upon metal. The furs are ordinarily used with colour ; their use with metal is comparatively so rare as to be exceptional. But there are cases in which metals alone, colours alone, and furs alone, are employed ; and instances will be recorded of each as we pro- ceed.

To " blazon " a Coat of Arms is to describe it in heraldic phraseology so exactly that any one acquainted with the language of armory may be able accurately to depict it from its concise description. The probable derivation of the word " blazon " is from the German blasen, to blow a horn. A flourish of trumpets was used to attract the attention of the bystanders when before a tournament a formal announcement was made of the armorial coat of each combatant. Glossaries of the technical terms of British and of French Armory are contained in Chapters towards the close of this present work.

It is desirable at this stage to lay down with more precision than has yet been done the principal rules of blazon.

RULES OF BLAZON.

I. The field should be first named, whether it be of one tincture, or a composite one (either by reason of the division of the field, or by being seme or strewn with small charges).

II. After the field the charges follow, beginning with those of most importance, or occupying the centre of the field. If the charge is an ordinary or its diminutive (unless it be a chief, bordure, or canton), it usually claims precedence over other charges in the field ; as

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in the blazon of Plate IX., fig. 5, the coat of HAIG of Bemersyde, Azure, a saltire between two stars in chief and base and as many crescents in flanks argent.

An exception to the rule above stated as to an Ordi- nary being first mentioned after the field, occurs when that Ordinary debruises, or surmounts (i.e., is placed upon), another charge, as in the Scottish coat of ABER- NETHY (Plate IX., fig. 6), Or, a lion rampant gules, debruised by a ribbon, or bendlet, sable.

III. If the Ordinary itself be charged, its charges are named next.

Thus in Plate IX., fig. 4, the arms of WlLMOT, Earl of ROCHESTER, are thus blazoned : — Argent, on a fess gules between three eagle's heads erased sable, as many escallops or.

(Here, according to the previous rules, we name — 1st, the field ; 2nd, the charges, beginning with the ordinary ; then 3rd, the charges placed upon the ordi- nary. The French custom is a little different : the charges upon the ordinary are named before those on the field. Thus the arms of the poet CORNEILLE are : — d'Azur, a la fasce dor, chargee de trois tetes de lion de gueules, et accompagnee de trois etoiles d argent, posees deux en chef et une en pointed)

In both the British examples it will be noticed that the words " as many " are used to avoid the repetition of the number two.

In the HAIG coat the blazon also illustrates the usage by which when two or more charges of the same tinc- ture are named consecutively, the tincture applying to them all is only named once. The terms used to denote the position of a charge in chief, base, or flanks, are also here to be observed. It is scarcely needful to point out the distinction between " in chief," and " on a chief."

The words " over all " are sometimes used to express the fact that a charge is placed upon other charges. As in Plate IX., fig. 7 FAIRFAX bears : Argent, three bars gemels gules, over all a lion rampant sable crowned or.

IV. If the coat also contain a chief, canton, or bordure, it with its charges should be mentioned last. In some overloaded coats, most of which are posterior to the times of HENRY VII., the term "charged with" is sometimes applied to the Ordinary, instead of the charges being blazoned as " on " it.

In Plate IX., fig. 8 RUSSELL, Duke of BEDFORD, bears ; A rgent, a lion rampant gules, on a chief sable three escallops of the field. Here the last three words exemplify that avoidance of needless repetition and tautology which is a characteristic feature of the language of blazon.

It is a rule that the same tincture should not be twice named in the description of a coat. To avoid this the phrases " of the field," " of the same," " of the second," " of the third," "of the last," are made use of; while, as has been already pointed out, the name of a tincture coming after several charges applies to all. So also, as in the above blazoned coat of WlLMOT, the use of the expression " as many " obviates the repetition of the name of the same number. It must, however, never be forgotten that, while succinctness in blazon is to be aimed at, and tautology to be avoided, it is far better to err on the safe side. The avoidance of ambiguity is far more important than the avoidance of tautology. Many a young (and for that matter, many an old) herald might say in the familiar words of the Latin accidence, Brevis esse laboro, fio obscurus. Foreign heralds are more sensible than our pedants in this respect.

There are, however, many things practically taken for granted in modern blazon. For instance ; when the coat contains two or three repetitions of the same charge

it is understood, that, unless otherwise specified, the two charges are placed in pale ; i.e. one above the other ; — thus DE MONTESQUIOU bears : Or, two torteaux. Here we should understand, what the French blazon expresses, "d'Or, a deux torteaux de gueules, Fun sur Vautre en

pair

Or again, in the case of three repetitions of the same charge, either with or without an Ordinary interposed, it is understood that, unless otherwise expressed, two are placed in the upper part of the shield, and one in the lower part. (If the number be six they will usually be arranged 3, 2, i.)

In other cases the disposition of the charges requires specification ; they may be " in chief," " in pale," " in bend," or " in cross," " saltire," " orle," etc. Thus BABING- TON (Plate IX., fig. 9) bears: Argent ten torteaux ; but it is desirable to add that they are arranged 4, 3, 2, i.

In connection with this subject it is needful to point out the difference between the expressions " paleways," " fessways," bendways," etc. ; and the expressions " in pale," " in fess," " in bend ; " — phrases sometimes used loosely as synonymous with them.

" Paleways," " bendways," etc. mean that the charge or charges are individually placed in the direction of a pale, bend, etc. Thus a sword erect is " a sword paleways." Three such erect swords would still be " paleways " if they were placed two and one ; or in fess ; in bend, etc. ; these latter words only explain the relation in which two or more charges stand to each other.

The three lions passant-gardant in the arms of ENGLAND are blazoned " in pale ; " else they might be arranged two and one. On Plate IX., fig. 10, is the coat of NORTHCOTE, Lord IDDESLEIGH : Argent, three crosses botonne (or trefli) in bend sable. Here the three crosses are relatively to each other " in bend," though each is pale- ways, or upright, if correctly drawn.

PLATE IX.

1. Jerusalem. 2. De Vere. 3. De Grey.

4. Wilmot.

5. Haig. 6. Abernethy.

7. Fairfax.

8. Russell. 9. Babington.

10. Northcote. 11. Alexander. 12. Chetwode.

The arms of NEILSON are : Argent, three sinister hands bend-sinisterways couped at the wrist gules. Here each hand is placed diagonally in the direction of a bend- sinister ; while, agreeably to the rule as understood, they are ranged 2 and I, in the shield.

The expression " counter-changed," of frequent use in blazon, requires explanation. When the field is of a metal and colour separated by any partition line, the charge or charges are said to be counter-changed when the charge or portion of a charge which lies on the metal is of the colour, and vice versa. Thus in Plate IX., fig. n, for ALEXANDER, Earl of STIRLING, Per pale argent and sable, a chevron, and in base a crescent, all counter-changed. Here on the argent the charges are sable ; on the sable they are argent.

Again in Plate IX., fig. 12, CHETWODE bears : Quarterly argent and gules four crosses patee counter- changed.

The French blazon of these coats is, of ALEXANDER, Parti d' argent et de sable, au chevron accompagne en pointe d'un croissant, le tout de Vun en Vautre ; and of CHETWODE, Ecartele d'argent et de gueules, a quatre croisettes pattees de I'un a 1'autre.

It will be seen by the examples just given that French blazon differs in some prominent respects from our own. The preposition de is prefixed to the tincture, or tinctures of the field, while the preposition a as invariably precedes the charges. Where we should say that an Ordinary is " between " such and such charges, the French say that it is accompanied by them ; " accompagne de" etc. (But see the Glossary of French terms for the distinction between accompagntf and accosted] Brochant sur le tout is the French equivalent for our " over all." Pose en pal or en sautoir, etc., stand for " paleways " or " saltireways ; " ranges en pal, ranges en sautoir, etc., are the equivalents for our " in pale," " in saltire," etc.

For counter-changed, as in the CHETWODE and ALEX-

ANDER coats given above, the French say, run a Vautre, or de Pun en fautre. In very many of the French coats which I have used as examples in the pages following I have thought it might be useful to the student who wishes to extend his studies beyond the Heraldry of his own country, to find here the French blazon of the coat cited ; by attention to these, and with the aid of a Glossary of French terms of blazon hereafter to be given in these pages, I think the student will have no difficulty in acquiring such a knowledge of French blazon as will enable him to use with facility the many valuable Armorials and Heraldic treatises which exist in the French language.

There used to be much looseness, variety, and unskilful- ness in the printing and punctuation of English armorial blazon. Some writers loaded it with unnecessary commas and semicolons, some left out points altogether, and there was often an embarrassing mixture of Roman and Italic characters, and no rule was observed as to where figures and where letters should be used. In 1863 the late Mr J. GOUGH NICHOLS in Vol. I. of the Herald and Genealogist laid down, after much considera- tion of the subject, the following rules, whose excellence is so patent that they have since come into very general use. They are here reproduced almost in his words : —

1. Begin the blazon of every coat or quartering with a capital letter.

2. Use no other capitals except on the occasional occurrence of a proper name (we mean such as a Katharine wheel, a Moor's head or Turkey cock, though some of these may be reduced at will, to moors or turkeys, etc., as the French and Germans do with all adjectival proper names).

3. Introduce no more points than are absolutely necessary, and seldom any stronger than a comma, unless in very long and complicated coats. [A comma

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in Mr NICHOLS'S practice always follows the tincture of the field, and this is also the case in the blazons of this book.] Exception. — A comma (not otherwise required) may be occasionally requisite after the metal " or," if there is any danger of its being mistaken for the conjunction.

4. The metals and tinctures may be either printed at length ; or abbreviated, as arg., az., sa., etc., being equally clear either way if not encumbered with commas.

5. Print always " three wolfs heads, three lion's jambs, three palmer's staves," etc., not " three wolves' heads, three lions' jambs, and three palmers' staves ; " the charges being each the head of one wolf, the jamb of one lion, the staff of one palmer, etc. ; and it is grammatically sufficient that the nominative cases " heads," etc., should agree with the numeral three.

6. For 3, 2, i ; 2 and I ; etc., use the words three, two, one, as the figures may produce confusion with the numbering of quarterings.

7. Where there are complicated quarterings, clearness may sometimes be produced where two coats only are quartered by the expression Quarterly; as, "Quarterly of FRANCE and ENGLAND," "of HASTINGS and VALENCE," etc., or, " Quarterly of I and 4 Azure, a bend or, SCROPE;" and 2 and 3, Or, a chevron gules, STAFFORD. Other- wise the term " Grand Quarterings " is sometimes employed, and then numerals of different characters may be used to distinguish the grand and the sub- ordinate quarterings, as thus : —

Quarterly of four Grand Quarters : —

I. Quarterly : i and 4, Or, a pale gules.

2 and 3, Azure, a cross argent. II. Ermine, a pale vert.

III. Per pale : (a) Gules a chief ermine.

(b) Vert, a lion rampant or.

IV. Azure, three bars argent.

To this rule of Mr NICHOLS we may add that, in very

complicated coats of Grand Quarterings, letters of the alphabet are often employed instead of, or in addition to, the numerals he recommends.

SEMfi.

When the field is strewed with an indefinite number of small charges (fleurs-de-lis, crosslets, hearts, and cinquefoils being the most commonly used for this purpose) it is said to be seme, or powdered, with the charge. Small charges, as will be shown elsewhere, were thus used in early times as a mode of " gerating," or " differencing," the arms of persons of the same family.

A field thus seme appears as if it were cut out of a larger surface, as the external rows of the charges are divided by the outline of the escucheon.

In some ancient coats there is no other charge in the escucheon but those with which the field is seme. Azure, seme of fleurs-de-lis or is the early form of the Royal Arms of FRANCE ; and is blazoned as " FRANCE- ANCIENT." The term Fleury, or flory, is often used instead of Seme of fleurs-de-lis. Thus, Azure, fleury argent, is the coat of HARLEWIN ; of MALAPERT DE NEUFVILLE ; of HERVILLY DE MALAPERT ; MONTAU- BAN, etc. Argent, fleury gules, was borne by MONTJOY in England ; the Barons de HAUTPENNE ; and the Low Country families of OUPEY, and KERCKEM, Barons de WlJER. Or, fleury azure, was used in England by MORTIMER. Gules, fleury or, are the arms of CHATEAU- BRIAND ; and are the original coat of ALEGRE, Marquis de TOURZEL.

Billetty and crusily are, similarly, terms used for seme of billets or cross-crosslets. Or, billetty azure, is found for the coat of GASCELIN ; and Gules billetty or, for that of COWDREY, in early Rolls of Arms ; so also, Or, crusily azure, is borne by PETMORE ; and Gules, crusily or, by FERNLAND.

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In Foreign Armory charges not so employed in British Heraldry are frequently met with as powder- ings.

The Spanish family of C LAYER bears the canting coat, Or, seme of keys azure. The Florentine FORA- BOSCHI use, Sable, seme of balls argent. The French GODEFROI bear, Azure, seme of acorns or ; and GuiLLOU DE LA LARDAIS, Argent, seme of sage leaves vert. Or, trefle vert, is the coat of HOETIMA. Sometimes the field is sem/ with more than one charge. Thus the arms of the French Marquises de SlMlANE (Plate VI I L, fig. 10) are Or, seme alternately of castles and fleurs-de-lis azure; and those of ANGLURE, Counts de BOURLEMONT and ESTOGES, Princes d'AM- BLISE, Dues d'ABRY, etc.: are, Or, seme of hawk's bells, each supported by a crescent gules (d'Or, seme' de grelots dargent, soutenus chacun d'un croissant de gueules). These crescents were originally " angles" [See an account of these arms in the paper on " Les Saladins d'Anglure," which is appended to the valuable Armorial of GlLLES LE BOUVIER, dit "BERRY," Roi d'Armes de France de CHARLES VII., published by M. VALLET (DE VIRIVILLE), Paris, 1866.] Usually a field sem/ of small charges also bears a more important one. Or, seme of hearts gules, over all three lions passant gardant in pale azure, crowned of the field, are the arms of DENMARK (Plate VIII., fig. 9). The coat of the Duchy of LtJNEBURG, which forms the second quarter- ing in the arms of our Hanoverian Sovereigns, has a similar seme field, but it is charged with a lion rampant azure, crowned gold. Plate VIII., fig. II, is the coat of the House of NASSAU, Princes of ORANGE, which ap- peared en surtout on the Royal Escucheon during the reigns of WILLIAM III. and MARY II.; it is, Azure, billetty and a lion rampant or. A field seme, or be- strewed with an indefinite number of drops, or " gouttes"

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is said to be goutte, or gutty ; in French blazon goutte d* argent, dazur, etc. ; but the usual pedantry of English heralds has invented a specific name for the drops of each metal or tincture, except gold, which remains goutte dor. Accordingly seme of drops argent has be- come goutti deau ; of gules, goutte de sang ; of azure, goutte de larmes ; of sable, goutte de poix ; and of vert, goutte de Vhuile ! Sable, goutte d'eau, on a fess argent tJiree Cornish cJ toughs proper (Plate VIII., fig. 12) was the canting coat of the Marquesses of CORNWALLIS. The choughs are legitimate enough as charges of armes par- lantes, but the tears, or wails, are surely far-fetched !

DIAPERING is a mode of ornamenting the surface of the field and its " Ordinaries " with arabesque patterns, and was early practised. Many beautiful and tasteful examples of it remain on early glass, sculptures, and enamels. There are some fine instances of it in West- minster Abbey, among the most remarkable of which is the enamelled shield of WILLIAM DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE (which, reduced in size, forms the frontis- piece to BOUTELL'S Heraldry, Historical and Popular} ; and the monument of EDMUND " Crouchback," Earl of LANCASTER. Early specimens of diaper are also to be seen at Beverley Minster and at Hatfield. Diaper was largely used in the armorial glass of Germany in the fourteenth and later centuries. Often the patterns, which are usually indicated by lighter or darker shades of the tincture employed, are exceedingly tasteful and artistic.

In the tasteless times of the i8th century, German Heraldic engravings suffered much from a profusion of diaper, which obscured the actual bearings. The coats added in the later editions of SlEBMACHER's great Wappenbuch will show the decadence of true artistic feeling in this respect, as well as in the general treat- ment of the escucheons and of the charges delineated.

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An example of early English diaper is to be found on the shield of the sepulchral effigy in the Temple Church, which was for so long a time erroneously attributed to GEOFFREY DE MAGNAVILLE, Earl of ESSEX ; and to which allusion has already been made at p. 45.

In a few foreign coats diaper was so constantly and uniformly used that in process of time it has become a regular charge, and appears as an integral part of the blazon.

FIG. 37. The Pale.

FIG. The!

FIG. 39. FIG. 40. FIG. 41.

The Bend. The Bend-Sinister. The Chevron.

FIG. 42. The Saltire.

FIG. 43. The Pile.

FIG. 44. FIG. 45. FIG. 46.

The Gyron. The Lozenge. The Fusil.

CHAPTER IV.

ORDINARIES.

ARMORIAL writers, as has been already said, divide the conventional figures of Heraldry into two classes, HONOURABLE ORDINARIES ; and SUBORDINATE ORDI- NARIES, or SUB-ORDINARIES, though they are not at all agreed as to whether some of them should be placed in the first, or in the second class ; their arrangement in the one or the other is a matter of no practical consequence. The Chief, and the Quarter, or Canton, may seem to be respectively entitled to some precedence over others of their class, as being those which have been most fre- quently used for the reception of Honourable Augmenta- tions to the shield ; but beyond this there is really no order of precedency, and their arrangement and classifi- cation is simply a matter of taste and convenience.

The Honourable Ordinaries are : I. The CHIEF ; II. The PALE; III. The FESS ; IV. The BEND (and BEND-SINISTER) ; V. The CHEVRON ; VI. The CROSS ; VII. The SALTIRE; VIII. The PILE; and IX. The PALL or PAIRLE ; some of these are figured above. Several of these have diminutives of the same shape.

The Sub-Ordinaries are the QUARTER (now generally of a smaller size and called a CANTON); the GYRON; the INESCUCHEON ; the BORDURE ; the ORLE ; the TRES- SURE ; the FRET ; the LOZENGE (with its variations the

FUSIL, MASCLE, and RUSTRE); the FLAUNCH and FLASQUE ; the BILLET ; and the LABEL.

Various explanations are given of the origin of the Ordinaries, by heraldic writers. LOWER is inclined to derive them from the stripes, and bands or belts, of military costume. PLANCHE, with greater probability, traces them to the various bands of wood, or metal, by which the shield was strengthened. This derivation would seem to me almost certain did we not remember that, as a matter of fact, these Ordinaries do not figure to any very great extent in early Heraldry ; certainly they are not so frequently found as we should expect to be the case if they had taken their rise from the bands and borders which appeared on so many of the early shields before the rise of systematic heraldry. We should expect, then, that a multitude, perhaps the majority, of the earliest coats would bear a fess, or bor- dure, a cross, or bars, or pales. Yet an examination of a list of early arms, for example those given in the earliest Rolls of Arms, or exposed in the Salle des Crois- ades at Versailles, will show how far this is from being the case. The Ordinaries are there, indeed ; but there is no preponderance of them over other charges, animate or in- animate. The preponderance is all in the other direction.

Some have sought the origin of the Ordinaries in the strips of wood of which the barriers, or lists, for tourna- ments were composed. The Cross is really the only Ordinary of whose origin we can be quite certain.

I propose now to take these Ordinaries singly ; premis- ing that each of them may be formed not only by the right line but by any of the varying lines which have been described and figured under PARTITIONS.

All the Ordinaries are frequently charged ; and two or more may be combined in a coat of arms.

I. THE CHIEF (CHEF) is a charge formed by a hori- zontal line, which includes in theory the upper third part

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of the shield. This may be the case when the chief is itself charged ; but, practically, the rule has never been strictly observed either with regard to this or the theo- retical allotments of space in the case of other Ordinaries. It is much more frequently depicted as including about a fourth part of the shield.

The following examples of early coats bearing chiefs as the sole charge are from the Salle des Croises at Versailles.

(2) EUSTACHE D'AGRAIN, Prince of SIDON and C^ESAREA (uoo) Azure, a chief or (cTAzur, au chef cT or).

(10) GARNIER, Comte de GRAY (iioo) and (77), BAUDOIN DE GAND, Seigneur d'ALOST (1096) Sable, a chief argent (de Sable, au chef d' argent.

(95) RAYMOND II., Comte de SUBSTANTION et de MELGUEIL (i 109) Argent, a chief sable (d* Argent, au chef de sable].

(157) GuiLLAUME D'AUNOY (1204) Or, a chief gules (d'Or, au chef de gueules).

Argent, a chief gules, is the coat of the Duchy of MONTFERRAT, and of the families of D'AVAUGOUR ; SOLIGNAC ; CHAUMONT (Burgundy) ; MENZIES in Scot- land ; and WORSLEY in England. Argent, a chief azure was borne by the Marquises of GAMACHES in France ; and SALUCES (Piedmont), as well as by the families of FITZALAN ; CLUN ; VAN DE WEERDE, etc.

In Plate X., fig. i, Vair, a chief or (de Vair, au chef d* or) is the coat of the TlCHBORNE family ; while fig. 2 is an example of a chief formed by a different partition line and charged. Ermine, on a chief indented gules three estoiles or (determine, au chef endente de gueules, charge" de trots Voiles d'or); the arms of the family of ESTCOURT. . Argent, a chief indented (or dancetty), sable was borne by JEAN DE ST. SIMON in the Third Crusade, and by the families of HARSICK and LE POER. Or, a chief indented azure, is the well known coat of the great Irish family of BUTLER.

PLATE X.

1

1. Chief.

(Tichborne.)

2. Chief indented. 3. Napoleonic Ducal Chief. (Estcourt.} (Soult.)

4. Knight of St. John. (Estampes. )

5. Chief arched. ( Von Dienheim).

6. Divise. (Orsini or Ursins.)

7. Pale. (Erskine.)

Pale rayonne. (O'Hara.)

9. Pallets. (Arragon.)

10. Pallets. (Keith.)

11. Pale cotised. 12. Pallets humetty and fitche. (Belasyse.) (Briey.)

The Ordinary of the Chief has been very generally used as an " Augmentation," or addition granted by a Sovereign as a reward for services (See Chapter XVI.); and it was also customary for Cardinals, and other mem- bers of Ecclesiastical Regular Orders ; as well as the members of certain Military and Religious Orders, e.g., ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM, ST. STEFANO in Tuscany, etc., to place the arms of the Order to which they belonged, on a chief above their personal arms, which might also possibly themselves contain a chief among charges.

In Plate X., fig. 4, are the arms of the Chevalier d'EsTAMPES, Bailli de VALENCE in the ORDER OF ST. JOHN, who bears his paternal coat : Azure, two girons chevronways or ; on a chief argent, three ducal coronets gules ; the whole abaisse under a chief of the arms of the ORDER OF ST. JOHN, Gules, a cross argent.

There are a few instances in Continental Heraldry in which for other reasons two chiefs are borne in the same coat, one abaisse beneath the other.

The " chiefs " assumed respectively by the partisans of the Guelphic and Ghibbeline factions in Italy were sometimes carried in coats which already had a chief. Thus the BONVICINI of Bologna used : Gules, a tree eradicated argent, on a chief cousu azure three letters B of the second ; the chief abaisse beneath the Guelphic chief: Or, an eagle displayed sable crowned or. The Marquises RANGONI bear : Barry argent and azure, on a chief gules and escallop argent ; the chief abaisse under another argent, thereon an eagle displayed gules crowned or. The Barons von HAEFTEN bear : Gules, three pallets vair, a chief or, charged with a label sable, and abaisse under another chief or, thereon a crane sable.

Some writers assign to the chief a diminutive called a "fillet." Of this charge there are few, if any, certain examples in English Armory. The charge in French Armory is called a divise, and should rather be regarded as

a barrulet haussc, or elevated, above its ordinary position. The arms of DE POISIEU in Dauphin e are : Gules, two chevrons argent, in chief a divise of tJie last (de Gueules, a deux chevrons d' argent, sommcs d'une divise dn mhne]. Sometimes the divise is placed immediately beneath a chief, which is then said to be " supported " (soutenu] thereby, as in the case of the arms of the ORSINI family in Rome, who bore : Bendy of six argent and gules, on a chief of the first supported by a divise or, a rose of the second (Bande d^ argent et de gueules, de six pieces, au chef d' argent charge dune rose de gueules et soutenu d'une divise d'or). Of this family were the French DES URSINS, Marquises of TRAINEE, etc. The Roman family charge the divise with an eel (une anguille naiante or ondoyante) azure for ANGUILLARA. (Plate X., fig. 6.)

A Chief is sometimes used united to another Ordinary ; Thus, FAHRBECK in Bavaria bears : Argent, a chief -pale sable ; that is, the charge is a chief and pale united. ESQUIROU DE PARIEU, in France, bore : Sable, a pairle and chief argent. Occasionally the chief is formed by a concave line, and is then called a chefvoute; as in the coat of DlENHElM in Bavaria : Gules, a lion rampant argent crowned or, a chief voute of the second. (Plate X., fig. 5.)

II. THE PALE (French/^/) is a vertical band in the middle of the shield ; its capacity was fixed by old writers at one-third of the field, but it is usually some-t what smaller, even when charged.

Argent, a pale sable (d' Argent, au pal de sable], are the well known arms of the ERSKINES, Earls of MAR (Plate X., fig. 7). The same coat is borne by the Counts KREYTSEN in Prussia ; the Barons SKRBEN- SKY DE HRZISTIC (Silesia) ; the Danish family of ANDERSEN; RICHTERSWYL (Zurich Wappenrolle, No. 259) ; SPANOFFSKY DE LISSAU ; VON KETTENHEIM ; etc., etc. The Swedish family of BRAHE bears the reverse.

Azure, a pale argent (cTAzur, au pal a" argent) is the coat of the family of LEYEN, Counts and Princes of the Holy Roman Empire ; and of the Florentine ABBATI. The following families (among others), bear : Gules, a pale argent (de Gueules, au pal a" argent); the Venetian VIARO; CANALI; CANABRI; the Counts HAAG; Barons FRAUNBERG ; and FRAUNHOFEN ; the family of BuLOW in Denmark ; and the Barons MlTTROWSKI in Austrian Silesia.

The Dues des CARS, Princes de CARENCY ; and the Italian PITTI, both bear, Gules, a pale vair.

Gules, a pale or, were the arms of the family of GRANT- MESNIL, Lord High Steward of England temp. HENRY I. Or, a pale azure, is borne by SCHONSTEIN of Bavaria ; Or, a pale gules, by BlEDMA of Spain \ Sable, a pale or, by VON DER ALM.

The Pale has the usual variations ; being also formed with the external lines indented, engrailed, etc. Argent (sometimes Or), a pale dancetty (sometimes indented} gules, is the coat of STRANSHAM, or STRAYNSHAM, of Kent. Argent, a pale wavy sable, is borne by BOTON. Azure, a pale rayonnt or, by LlGHTFORD. This last bearing (which is very rarely seen) is also used by the Irish O'HARAS, Lords TYRAWLEY ; Vert, on a pale radiant or, a lion rampant sable (Plate X., fig. 8). The "chef-pal" has already been noticed on p. 1 20, ante. Occasionally the pale, or rather a portion of it, is combined with another Ordinary. KETHEL in Holland uses, Azure, a pale retrait in chief (i.e., a demi-pal) soutenu by a chevron between three cauldrons or. (See also p. 123, infra.)

If there be given to the Pale its stated size of one- third of the field the following coats may be blazoned either " Per pale . . . and ... a pale . . . ; " or (which avoids any mistake) " Tierced in pale " (vide pp. 86-87 for " TIERCED COATS ").

Per pale sable and azure, a pale vair ; is borne by

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DAGUET DE BEAUVOIR ; and is the same as Tierce en pal de sable, d'azur, et de vair. Tierced in pale gules, argent, and azure is the coat of RAINIER: and, with the colours inverted, of VON PONDORFFER.

The English blazon only allows one pale in the shield ; though of its diminutive the pallet several may be borne. French blazon has no distinctive name for this diminutive.

The coat borne by ELEANOR of PROVENCE, Queen of HENRY III. of England, given on Plate X., fig. 9, Or, four pallets gules (d'Or, a quatre pals de gueules), are the arms of PROVENCE, and of the Counts of BARCELONA, and Kings of ARRAGON. At the time of their assump- tion the barras longas made a fitting coat ; canting or allusive to the name of BARCELONA. Argent, on a chief or three pallets gules, are the arms of the KEITHS, Earls MARISCHAL of Scotland. (Plate X., fig. 10.) A family of the name settled in Prussia, bore the same but with the field vert. Argent, two pallets sable (d 'Argent, a deux pals de sable}; are the coat of the Counts von WITTGENSTEIN, and of the English family of HARLEY. Sable, two pallets wavy ermine, are the arms of CLARKE of Kent.

A coat charged with three pallets is a frequent bearing both at home and abroad. Or, three pallets gules, are the well known arms of the Counts of Foix (later they quartered therewith those of the County of BEARN ; Or, two cows in pale gules, collared, horned, and belled azure). Gules, three pallets or, were borne by the FAUCIGNY, Princes de LUCINGE. Argent (also gules], three pallets ermine, is a coat of QuESADA in Spain ; Vair, three pallets gules, was borne by AMUNDEVILLE in England ; and by the family of YVE in Flanders, Counts de RUYSBROEK, and Barons d'OSTlCHE, etc. Argent, three pallets vert, is the coat of ZAVALA in Spain. Or, three pallets wavy azure is borne by

ROGIER ; Argent, three pallets wavy gules by VALOINES (DE VALONHS), a coat quartered in Scotland by the MAULES, Earls of DALHOUSIE, etc. Gules, five pallets raguly argent is a coat of SOMERVILL.

A narrower diminutive of the pale is the endorse (in French vergette}. A pale placed between two of them is said to be endorsed. The family of BELASYSE, Earls of FAUCONBERG, bore: Argent, a pale engrailed, endorsed sable (Plate X., fig. 11).

In accordance with its supposed derivation from a piece of palisading, the pale (with its diminutives), is sometimes found pointed (aiguise, or fitche*} at its lower end ; if it is cut short it is said to be coupe, or hummetty. Or, three pallets couped and pointed gules is the coat of the Counts de BRIEY (Plate X., fig. 12). Occasionally the pales or pallets are cut short before reaching half-way down the shield ; they are then said to be pals retraits (v. ante. p. 121). The arms of VAN HAMBROEK are : Or, three pallets sable, retraits en chef. VAN EYCK bears the same coat, but with the field argent.

III. THE FESS (in French fasce} is a horizontal bar stretching across the centre of the shield ; like the pale it theoretically (only) contains the third part thereof. A multitude of coats have this as their sole charge. Gules, a fess argent, are the well known arms of the House of AUSTRIA; the Dues de BOUILLON ; the Counts of VlANDEN, etc. Plate XL, fig. i, Gules, a fess or is the old coat of BEAUCHAMP. Argent, a fess azure (cT Argent, a la fasce de sable] are the arms of the Canton of ZUG, in Switzerland ; BAROZZI, in Venice ; the Dukes of LEUCHTENBERG in Russia ; of CHARTERS in Scotland ; and, with the fess wavy, of BELLAFILLA of Spain.

Argent, a fe,ss gules is the coat of several illustrious houses, those of BETHUNE, Dues de SULLY, 1606 ; the Counts von MANTEUFFEL in Prussia and Russia; the

ST. MAUR, Dues de MONTAUSIER, Pairs de France, 1664 ; the Dues de SAN SEVERING, and the Counts de MARSI of Naples ; VAN DE WERE, and the Barons TAETS D'AMERONGEN in the Netherlands. A D'AUBIGNY bore it in the Crusade of 1205.

Gules, a fess engrailed argent, is used by the Counts von NESSELRODE ; and was the original coat in England of the family of DAUBIGNY or DAUBENEY, who after- wards (as in other instances) enlarged the engrailment into a fess of fusils conjoined. Gules, a fess ermine, are the arms of CRAWFURD.

Argent, a fess dancette sable, belongs to the WESTS, Earls of DELAWARR (Plate XL, fig. 2). The fess dancette has three points only. A somewhat unusual form of it is borne by the PLOWDENS of Shropshire (the family to which EDMUND PLOWDEN, the distin- guished lawyer of the i6th century belonged) ; it is given on Plate XL, fig 3, and is Azure, a fess dancett^ the two upper points flory (terminating in fleurs-de-lis) or. The like coat, but with the field sable, is borne by DORAND, Yorkshire. Somewhat analogous to this are the coats of CAVILL, Argent, a fess flory counter-flory gules ; and A rgent, a fess sable flory counter-flory gules, DUSSEAUX.

Of other variations the following are examples : — Azure, a fess indented ermine (cTAzur, a la fasce endente determine}; the same but nebulee is borne for ALLEN. Gules, a fess wavy argent is the coat of DRYLAND.

When a fess is blazoned as " embattled " (crenele\ only the upper line is cut into battlements (Plate XL, fig. 4). ABERBURY or ADDERBURY bears : Or, a fess embattled sable. If both lines are embattled with the battlements opposite each other, the fess is known as bretesse" ; if the battlements on the one side correspond to the indenta- tions of the other, it is styled " embattled counter- embattled." (See hereafter, page 1 27 ; the arms of ARKEL

PLATE XL

\

1. Fess. (Beauchamp.]

2. Fess dancettee. (Weif.)

3. Fess dancettee. (Plowden.)

4. Fess embattled. (Aberbury.)

5. Fess checquy. (Stewart.)

G. Fess tortille". (Carmichael.)

7. Fess arched. (BcUbi- Porto.)

8. Bars. (Har court.)

9. Bars counter-embattled.

(ArM. )

10. Bars wavy. ( Drummond. )

11. Bars gemelles. (Hunter combe.)

12. Fesscotised.

(Harleston. )

quartered by EGMONT, p. 99, and the Glossary of English Terms.)

Plate XL, fig. 5, is the well-known coat of STEWART, or STUART, in Scotland : Or, a fess chequy azure and argent. (It may here be remarked parenthetically that three is the proper number of rows of " panes " on a fess, bend, chief, or other Ordinary blazoned as "chequy.") Mr ELLIS combats the popular idea that this coat was allusive to the office of Steward, and represented the chequers formerly used in keeping accounts. The cognate family of BOTELER descended from CHRISTIAN, grand-daughter and heir of WALTER FlTZALAN, elder brother of the first Steward of Scotland, certainly bore the same fess chequy between six crosslets. CHRIS- TIAN'S father and grandfather, however, seem to have borne a different coat ; and in any case there is no evidence of a descent which has been suggested from the early bearers of a chequy field — the WARRENS, and the House of VERMANDOIS, who bore Chequy or and azure. Or, a fess chequy argent and gules is the coat of the Westphalian Counts de la MARCK, now borne in the 6cu Coinplet of the Kingdom of PRUSSIA.

A curious variety of the fess is shown in the coat of CARMICHAEL : Argent, a fess wreathed (cablee, or tortillee] azure and gules (Plate XL, fig. 6). Sable, a fess wreathed or and azure, between three crescents argent, is a coat of WlLKIE. In Italian coats the fess seems often voutee, or curved upwards ; and less frequently downwards (affaisse'e). Plate XL, fig. 7, are the arms of the Venetian family of BALBI-PORTO : Gules, a fess arched, per pale or and azure (de Gueules, a la fasce voutee d'or et d'azur) ; but in most cases 'this arises simply from the fashion of painting the arms on the convex surface of a shield, or cartouche. The convexity of the surface gives the fess an arched appearance.

The diminutive of the Fess is called a "bar" (in

French, divise} with further diminutions known as the "closet," and the "barrulet." In English Armory the bar is never borne singly (the " bar sinister " is an ignorant vulgarism, and an entire misnomer for something totally different, as will be shown hereafter). In France under the title of Fasce en divise, abbreviated into divise, the bar is occasionally seen (two coats in which it appears in chief have been already blazoned on p. 120). M. GUIZOT, the eminent French statesman, bore : d'Azur, a la divise d'argent. The Prince of Poets, DANTE ALIGHIERI bore : Per pale or and sable, over all a fess diminished, or bar, argent (Parti d'or et de sable a la divise d' argent brochante sur le tout).

Plate XL, fig. 8, Gules, two bars or (de Gueules, a deux fasces d'or) is the coat of the ancient family of HAR- COURT, both in England and in France ; in the latter country they attained the ducal title in 1700.

Ermine, two bars gules, are the arms of the Irish family of NUGENT, Marquises of WESTMEATH. A branch of this family has reached the highest dignities of the Austrian Empire with the title of Prince.

Argent, two bars gules, is the coat of the Barons DERVAL (Brittany) ; LORENZ ; and MASSOW in Saxony ; NEIMANS in Bavaria ; VON BRAUNBERG ; the Counts von ROTENBURG ; the Lordships of ISENBURG (quar- tered by the Princes von WIED) ; and of BREUBURG (quartered by the Counts of LOWENSTEIN and ERBACH) ; and of many other noble families.

Argent, two bars sable, are the arms of the house of ISENBURG, Princes and Counts of the Holy Roman Empire ; LE BARBIER, Marquises de KERJAN in Brittany.

Gules, two bars argent, are the arms of MARTIN ; SERVATI of Genoa ; the Counts ARNIM of Prussia ; the Barons von ERTHAL in Franconia, and OCHSENSTEIN in Rhenish Prussia. Or, two bars gules, is the coat of the Counts of BERLO (Prussia), and FtjRSTENBURG ; the

Princes of OLDENBURG ; MAUVOISIN and ROSNY in France ; VALLGORNERA in Spain ; WALLONCAPELLE, or WAELSCAPPEL, VAN SCHOONVELT, and WESTCAPPEL in the Low Countries.

Sable, two bars argent, was the coat of Admiral de RUYTER, and engrailed of ROUSE of Norfolk.

Vert, two bars dancetty argent, are the arms of the Barons SPIEGEL.

Or, two bars counter-embattled sable, is borne by VAN BRONKHORST, in the Netherlands.

Argent, two bars dancetty sable, by the Counts REEDE (Guelders), and the REEDE-GlNKELS, Earls of ATHLONE.

As a pendant to the CARMICHAEL coat, referred to above, we may give the arms of WAVE of Devon ; Sable, two bars wreathed argent and gules.

A curious example is the coat of MONTCONIS in Burgundy : Gules, two bars, that in chief wavy or, the one in base plain argent. (In later times the field is azure.)

Plate XL, fig. 9, Argent, two bars battled counter- embattled gules (cT Argent, a deux fasces bretessees et contre bretessees de gueules), are the arms of ARKEL.

Of coats with three bars there are a greater number still.

Argent three bars gules, are the arms of CAMERON ; of MULTON ; of the Counts BOULAINVILLIERS ; of the great family of CROY (Comtes de CHIMAY, Marquises d'ARSCHOT, Princes de CHIMAY and de CROY of the Holy Roman Empire, Grandees of Spain) ; of FROIS- SART; VAN BEERVELT; CHATEAU MELIAND (Bannerets of Touraine) ; of LEITOENS of Portugal ; etc., etc.

Argent, three bars sable (d 'Argent, a trois fasces de sable) is the coat of AFFLECK or AUCHENLECK ; HOUGHTON ; ST. AMAND in France, etc.

Gules, three bars or, is carried by BEAUMONT ; MAS- CARENHAS (Portugal) ; L6VENICH (Westphalia) ; and

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the reverse by MUSCHAMP ; GROUCHES, Marquises of CHEPY and GRIBAUVAL; the Barons HEINBURG ; LOBENSTEIN (dit VOLKEL), etc. ; CORDOVA of Spain ; and the BONACOLSI of Italy (who also use Or, three bars gules).

Gules, three bars vair was the coat of GHERARDINI of Venice, and MERCCEUR of France.

The DE COMBAUT, Dues de COISLIN, in France, used Gules, three bars cJiequy argent and azure.

Or, three bars wavy gules (Plate XL, fig. 10) are the arms of DRUMMOND in Scotland, and BASSET in England.

Argent, tJiree bars wavy azure are borne by PARDAIL- LAN ( 1 270, last Crusade) ; GALEOTTI (Naples) ; FERRERA ; TOLEDO (Spain) ; PODEN AS, Princes de CANTALUPO ; Six ; and VAN LUCHTENBURG, or LUYTENBURG, of Holland.

Argent, four bars azure, were the arms of Sir JOHN HORBURY (temp. EDW. I.), and are borne by MAILLART (Liege) ; and MOLEMBAIS (France) ; and wavy by VAN SABBINGEN (Zealand) ; and FlEFVET (Artois). Ermine, four bars gules, was the coat of Sir JOHN SULBY, or SULLY, K.G., ob. 1338.

Barrulets are often borne in pairs, and are then called BARS - GEMELS ( French jumelles ) as in the coat of HUNTERCOMBE (Plate XL, fig. n), Ermine, two bars- gemels gules (sometimes sable]. Gules, two bars-gemels or, are the coat of RICHMOND ; and the reverse that of FlTZ-ALURED.

As in the case of the bend, hereafter referred to, the fess is "coticed," thus, in Plate XL, fig. 12, HARLESTON of Essex bears : A rgent, a fess ermine coticed sable. BADLESMERE in England, summoned to Parliament as Baron, 3rd. EDW. II. ; and MONESTAY in France bear: Argent, a fess between two bars-gemels gules. By ELIOT, Earl of ST. GERMAN'S the same coat is borne, except that the gemels are wavy azure. FlNCHFlELD, again, bears the fess wavy and the gemels straight : — A rgent, a

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fess wary between two gemels sable. With regard to u tiercing," as in the case of the Pale so is it with the Fess. A shield divided per fess and also charged with a fess, is commonly blazoned Tierce, or Tierced per fess ; a third part of the field being occupied by each tincture. Of this simple bearing, particularly in Ger- many, examples are very numerous, and many are given in the section on " Parted Coats " (See pp. 86, 87).

IV. THE BEND (Bande] is a piece crossing the shield diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. For it, as for the preceding Ordinaries, the old heralds claimed the third part of the shield ; but, even if charged, it seldom covers more than the fourth part of the field in modern usage.

In Plate XII., fig. I, Azure, a bend or, is the simple coat which formed the subject of the memorable contro- versy between the families of SCROPE and GROSVENOR (See Chapter XIV.), and which was adjudged to the former. It is also borne by the Counts TliUN DE HOHENSTEIN (Bohemia) ; CASSAGNET, Marquis de FIMARCON ; the Marquis de LENTILHAC (Salle des Croises, 1248), the families of HUMIERES ; HERIPONT (Belgium) ; DURFORT ; BlRON ; DE MOLAY ; ZOTRA, etc. Its reverse, d'Or, a la bande d'azurvizs borne by GuiLLAUME DE TRIE in 1 147 (Second Crusade), and by the English family of TRYE, of Leckhampton in Gloucestershire ; as also by LA BAUME, Counts de ST. AMOUR ; and the Venetian family of MOROSINI.

Or, a bend gules, are the arms of the Grand-duchy of BADEN ; of the Principality of LIGNE ; of DE SALINS (First Crusade) ; of CLEMENT (Marechal de France in 1248), etc. Its reverse: Gules, a bend or, is the coat of CHALON (1096, in First Crusade, quartered by the Princes of ORANGE); HENNIN, Comte de Bossu ; ofNoAiLLEs (Dues de NOAILLES, Dues de MOUCHY, Princes de Foix, etc.) ; of DE SALINS ; TONNERRE ; LA RODE ; etc.

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Or, a bend sable is borne by MAWLEY (or DE MALO- LACU) ; SANDOVAL ; and So, of Spain ; GONNELIEU ; COMPAGNI (Tuscany); and GERARD DE BRIORDE (First Crusade, 1112).

The original coat of the family of DENNLSTOUN of that Ilk in Scotland was Argent, a bend sable, which is also borne by several Barons STEIN, or STAIN ; the Counts HEERDT in Holland, etc.

The WARDS of Bexley bore : Chequy, or and azure, a bend ermine (Plate XII., fig. 2), the ermine spots on a bend are placed bendways, as is also the case with the panes of chequy and vair. Thus, the arms of MENTEITH in Scot- land are : Or, a bend chequy azure and sable (cTOr, a la bande ecliiquete d' argent et de sable]. Here the three rows of the chequy are arranged to follow the direction of the bend.

Considerations of space seem to have established the rule regarding the position of charges placed upon a bend ; if their height is greater than their breadth they follow the line of the bend, if not the charges are placed in the bend paleways. This will be understood by the examples given in Plate XII., figs. 3 and 4. BUNBURY bears : Argent, on a bend sable three chessrooks of the field; and SAVILE,Earl of MEXBOROUGH ; Argent, on a bend sable three owls of the field. Coats Tierced in bend, or in bend-sinister, are given on p. 87.

Like the other Ordinaries the bend is varied by indent- ing, engrailing, etc., a few examples will suffice.

Azure, a bend engrailed or, is the coat of BERMINGHAM. That of BATURLE DU CASTEL, in Lorraine, is d'Azur, a la bande cannelee d' argent. The poet SCARRON bore : Azure, a bend counter-embattled or (d'Azur, a la bande bretessce d'or}. Azure, a bend wavy or, is the coat of ALDAM ; Gules, a bend flory count er-flory or, is borne by GOLDINGTON ; and in another coat for the same name the tinctures are changed to or and azure. Sable, a bend raguly, is the coat of MASTON ; Vert, a bend dancetty

PLATE XII.

m

1. Bend.

(Scrope.)

2. Bend ermine. (Ward.)

3. Charges on a bend. (Bunbury. )

4. Charges on a bend. 5. Bend engoulee. (Savile.) (Sanchez.)

6. Rauten-kranz.

7. Bendlets wavy. 8. Bendlets enhanced.

( Wilbraham. ) (Byron. )

9. Bendways. (Knatchbull.)

10. Bendcotised. (Hurley.)

11. Bend sinister. (Loreyn.)

12. Baton sinister. (Duke of Grafton.)

ermine, that of SOMERV ; and Argent, a bend count er- flory gules, that of BkOMFIELD.

Two foreign varieties of the bend deserve notice. In the bend engoulce, a characteristic bearing of Spain, each extremity of it issues from the mouth of a dragon, lion, or leopard. Thus in Plate XII., fig. 5, SANCHEZ, Argent, a bend vert, engoulee of dragons heads or. (See my paper on the " Heraldry of Spain" in the Genealogist, VQ\. v.) The other is that arched and modified bend called in Germany the Rauten Kranz (Kranzlein), or " crown of rue." This forms the charge upon the barry coat of SAXONY ; Barry of ten sable and or, over all a crancelin vert. It is given in Plate XII., fig. 6, and is already familiar to us both as quartered with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom by the late Prince Consort, and as borne en surtout by H.R.H. the PRINCE OF WALES, and his other descendants. The French call this bearing a Crancelin, and blazon Saxony thus : — Burele de sable et d'or de dix pieces ; au crancelin de sinople. The origin of this bearing is still somewhat a matter of doubt ; the legend usually put forth to account for it has no proba- bility at all. The Crancelin though usually borne vert is not so always. RuniCKHEIM uses Or, a crancelin in bend gules. FANCHON of Liege bears the arms of Saxony, but with the crancelin gules.

Like other Ordinaries the Bend has its diminutives ; the Bendlet, the Cotice, and the Riband. The bendlet is seldom borne singly. The French call the charge by the name of bande up to the number of four.

A rgent, two bendlets sable (cTA rgent, a deux bandes de sable), is the coat of BRADSHAW ; of the Barons STEIN zu LEIBENSTEIN ; and of PEPPENBERG (Zurich Wappen- rolle, No. 332), etc. The same with the bendlets engrailed is borne by RADCLYFFE ; with the bendlets nebuly by STAPLETON. A curious coat is that assigned to WlGMUR in Scotland, Argent, two bendlets, the inner sides alone

wavy sable. Or, two bendlets gules (d'Or, a deux bandes de gueules), are the arms of D'OYLY; GUALTERI (Italy); WOUTERS; and VAN MORSLEDE (Netherlands). Argent, two bends azure is borne by the Marquises SPOLVERINI. Argent, two bendlets wavy azure (d* Argent, a unejumelle ondte d'azur en bande] ; is the coat of the Italian CAETANI, or GAETANI, to which Pope BONIFACE VIII. belonged. In Plate XII., fig. 7, is the coat of WlLBRAHAM. The arms of DELAMERE in Cheshire, are: Argent, three bends wavy azure. Or, three bendlets ermine, are the arms of the Spanish family of GUEVARA. Or, three bendlets azure, are those of the CONTARINI of Venice, etc. ; ADHEMAR DE MONTEIL, Comte de GRIGNAN, in France bears : d'Or, a trois bandes d'azur. (The letters of Mme. DE SEVIGNE were addressed to her daughter, the Comtesse de GRIGNAN.)

What appears to have been the original coat of BlRON viz., Argent, three bendlets gules, is now borne with the bendlets enhanced (Fr. hausse's) i.e. placed higher in the shield, as in the arms of the poet, Lord BYRON. (Plate XII., fig. 8.) Gules, three bendlets enhanced or, are the coat of DE GREILLY, Lords of Manchester ; and now figure in the arms of that city. The coat of KNATCHBULL (Plate XII., fig. 9), Azure, three crosslets fitMes bendways between two bendlets or, may be compared with that of NORTHCOTE (Plate IX., fig. 10), to exemplify the difference between " in bend " and " bendways."

The Cotice (cotice} is the name applied by the French to bendlets when more than four are placed in the shield ; it is also the name given to the bendlets which often accompany a bend, as the endorses do a pale (v. ante p. 123). Thus Plate XII., fig. 10 is the coat of HARLEY, Earl of OXFORD : — Or, a bend cotised sable (d'Or, a la bande de sable accompagne'e de deux cotices du meme]. D' Argent a la bande de sable, accostee de deux cotices du nieme is the coat of the French Marquises de CUSTINE.

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ViLLEPROUVEE in France bears : de Gueules, a la bande d' argent accostee de deux cotices d'or ; a coat borne in the early Rolls of Arms for COUE, or COWE ; and for DAW- TREY. The cotices are often borne engrailed, indented, wavy, etc., while the bend is plain ; or vice versa. Azure, a bend engrailed argent plain coticed or, is the coat of the Earls FORTESCUE. Sable, a bend ermine between two cotices flory counterflory or is the coat of KECK, or KELK.

A single example of the cotice as a sole charge occurs to me in the rather remarkable coat of the family of DES BAILLETS, who bore — Argent, a cotice purpure. Another curious coat is that of DIAZ in Spain : — Argent, two cotices, the upper one sable, the lower one vert.

The bend is sometimes borne doubly coticed ; Ermine, a bend doubly coticed gules is the coat of CELLES in Belgium ; Argent, a bend engrailed between four cotices gules is borne by LAYFORTH (GLOVER'S Ordinary]. Gules, a bend vair between four cotices or, is the coat of GARDNER.

A still narrower diminutive, the riband or fillet, has been already represented in Plate IX., fig. 6 as debruising the lion of the arms of ABERNETHY.

The BEND-SINISTER (Barre) differs from the Bend only by its position. It runs from the sinister chief to the dexter base. Examples of its use formerly existed in Britain ; but in most cases the charge has come to be turned into the Bend (dexter), from an idea that in its original form it suggested illegitimacy. This is a popular error. No such association originally attached to it, and in many countries none such attaches to it still. Plate XII., fig. 1 1, is the coat of the family of LOREYN in the Netherlands ; Or, on a bend sinister azure three stars of the field (d'Or, a la barre d'azur chargee de trois ttoiles du champ}. The BENIGNI of Rome bear : Argent, a bend-sinister sable. Argent, a bend-sinister gules, were the arms of BlSSET ; they are those of ZERRES in Bavaria ; of the Barons HASENBERG; of HERDA in Westphalia;

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of LA TANIERE of Cambray ; of RAPPACH ; etc. Azure, a bend-sinister embattled or, is the coat of RONCHIVECCHI in Tuscany ; Azure, a bend sinister or, that of FETZER (SlEBMACHER, Wappenbuch,\\., 164, and many others).

Azure, a bend-sinister v air e gules and argent, is borne by HUNNENWEILER. Per fess gules and or, a bend-sinister vair, by BERN. Ermine, a bend-sinister gules (d'Hermine, a la barre de gueules) were the canting arms of BARRE in France. Gules, a bend-sinister argent, are the arms of RAUCH in Wiirttemberg. Sable, a bend-sinister or, is borne by HERWEGH ; and, with the charge argent, by SULMETINGEN. To this list, large additions might be made, but these are quite sufficient to prove that the use of the bend-sinister has no necessary connection with illegitimacy, or dishonour. France was the original birth-place of an idea which was altogether erroneous : it was thought, quite without reason, that illegitimacy was denoted if the charges (for instance a lion rampant) faced to the sinister, whereas it was customary in early times for the escucheons on monuments, etc., in churches to have the arms so painted as that the charges faced to the High Altar. (Thus, in the Chapel of the CHEVALIERS DE LA ToiSON D'OR at Dijon, the arms of the Knights whose stalls were on the north side are all arranged in this way.)

FAWN, who describes them, in the Theatre d'Honneur et de Chevalerie, pp. 956-959, says " Le peintre ignorant a faict tous les Tymbres tournez a gauche pour regarder le Grand Autel, et mesmes quelques Armes, ce qui est bastardise" He was of course utterly wrong in the last assertion. In our own Chapel of ST. GEORGE at Windsor, the stall-plates of the early Knights of the GARTER have the helmets and shields of those on the north side, thus arranged. So are also the coats emblazoned on the stalls upon the north side of the Choir in the Cathedral at Haarlem, which I have described in Notes and Queries, 5th Series, vol. ix., pp. 61, 101, etc.

The Burgundian Heralds naturally followed the German use, which still prevails. In it charges, animate and inanimate, are freely turned to the sinister whenever symmetry or artistic effect appear to require it, and this without conveying to the intelligent observer the smallest suggestion of illegitimate descent (For Bendy-sinister, v. p. 95.)

For fuller treatment of this subject, and an explanation of the use of the Bendlet, Baton, etc., as marks of bastardy, see the Chapter on ILLEGITIMACY.

V. THE CHEVRON. — The Chevron or Cheveron (a word said to be derived from an old name for the barge-couples of the gable of a house), is a figure composed of two bands issuing from the dexter and sinister base of the shield, and conjoined at or about the honour point.

This Ordinary is probably the one most in use in English Armory ; and is certainly that which, interposed between three other charges, is employed most largely in the Armory of France. In German Heraldry it is not of frequent occurrence, and it is extremely rare in that of the Peninsula. (See my paper on the "Heraldry of Spain and Portugal.") In French Armory the limbs of the chevron are for the most part drawn so as to meet at a more acute angle than among ourselves, and the point is somewhat higher in the field ; indeed, sometimes it is drawn so as actually to touch the top line of the escucheon. But the necessity of finding room for charges above and below the chevron has caused it to be not only diminished in bulk but drawn with a very obtuse angle. By far the best and most elegant examples are those in which the angle does not at most exceed a right angle.

A Chevron occurs as armes parlantes for the families of TEYES, and TEYEYES (Argent, a chevron gules) in the letter of the Barons to the Pope in 1301 : Or, a chevron gules (d'Or, au chevron de gueules) is the coat of STAFFORD, Duke of BUCKINGHAM (Plate XIII., fig. i).

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Argent, a chevron azure, is borne by the Venetian Counts CANALl; the Barons von POLLNITZ; the Danish ERIKSENS ; the families of METSCH ; BEAUREPAIRE ; BROUILLART ; ASBACH, etc.: its reverse is used by the English families of LADBROOKE (or LODBROKE) ; GUR- WOOD ; STANGATE, etc. ; and by those of BRUHL ; MALMONT ; LA PORTE ; COLOMBIER ; CIOLI, etc., abroad. Argent, a chevron sable is borne by the TRELAWNEYS, and PRIDE AUX (in the latter case the label gules, originally borne for difference, has become a regular portion of the charges). HOLBEACH bears the same, but with the chevron engrailed.

Azure, a chevron or, is in England borne by the Norman D'ABERNONS ; in France, by the family of GoRREVOD, Dues de PONT DE VAUX, Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, etc. It is borne by the VENDELINI of Venice ; by DuiVEN or DuiNEN ; and by VERREYCHEN, Counts de SART, in the Low Countries; by MONTCLAR; HERAUT ; CHAMPSDIVERS ; and others in France ; by the Counts GOTTER of Prussia and as canting arms by the families of SPARRE in Sweden ; and MYPONT in Burgundy. With the field billetty or it is the coat of the Counts de CRUYCKENBERG ; with the field flory argent, by BLANCHAERT in the Netherlands ; and with the field bezantce, by DU CHESNEAU. Azure, a chevron per pale or and argent is the coat of the SALIGNONS in France.

The families of TOUCHET, Lords AUDLEY ; KYN- ASTON ; VAN DRIESCHE in Holland, etc., bear Ermine, a chevron gules. Gules, a chevron argent was the original coat of the great House of BERKELEY ; and is also borne by the Counts of HERBESTEIN ; and the Prussian Barons LEDEBUR. Gules, a chevron argent (often ermine} is the coat of the great family of GHISTELLES in Flanders ; Gules, a clievron or is the coat of the CHAMPERNONS, and COBHAMS; HERZEELE, Marquises of FAULQUEZ;

PLATE XIII.

1. Chevron.

(Stafford.)

2. Chevron checquy. 3. Charges on a chevron. (Sempill.) (Pringle.)

4. Chevron ploye". (Mott.)

5. Chevron reversed. 6. Fess between chevrons. (JB-ulgarini. ) (Fitzwalter. )

7. Chevronels. (Clare.)

£

8. Chevron cotised. 9. Chevron ecime".

(Glutton.) (La Rochefoucauld).

10. Chevron fracted. 11. Chevron romyu. 12. Chevrons interlaced. (Hazier de Linage.) (Beaumont.) (Wyvill.)

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and NETTANCOURT : SPARRE, Barons de CRONENBURG ; the families of MONTAUBAN ; SWART ; and VAN VEEN, (Holland) ; HARELBEKE (Flanders) ; HERBESTEIN, etc. Sable, a chevron ermine is borne by BAYNARD ; and Gules, a chevron vair by BLAKET.

When the chevron is of fur, the spots and panes do not follow the lines of the Ordinary, but are placed paleways ; a chevron chequy follows the same rule, as in Plate XIII., fig. 2, the coat of the Lords SEMPILL: Argent, a chevron cJiequy gules and of the field, between three hunting horns sable garnished and stringed of the second (d 'Argent, au chevron echiquete de gueules et d' argent, accompagne de trois cors de chasse de sable lies de gueules). In like manner when a chevron is charged the charges are placed paleways, unless it is specified that they are to follow the direction of the chevron, thus in Plate XIII., fig. 3, the arms of PRINGLE are : Azure, on a chevron argent three escallops of the field. In the coat of HEPBURN : Gules, on a chevron argent a rose between two lions combatant of the first : the lions of necessity follow the lines of the chevron.

In foreign coats the chevron is often drawn ploye, i.e., with its limbs curved inwards. I believe this has arisen simply, as in the analogous case of the fess voutee (page 125), from the surface of the escucheon having been convex ; but in course of time, it has become the ordinary use of some families, even when the escucheon affords a plane surface, and it is accordingly so specified in many foreign blazons. Thus, Argent, a chevron ploye gules (d 'Argent, au chevron ploye de gueules) is the coat of the Danish AuGUSTlNS or OWSTINS; the reverse is that of the RODENEGGS, Counts WOLKENSTEIN. The Barons von NEYDECK bear : Or, a chevron ploye gules. Plate XIII., fig. 4 gives the coat of VON MOLL in Tirol : Azure, a chevron ploye between three estoiles or.

This Ordinary sometimes assumes an abnormal position,

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springing not from the base but from one of the sides of the escucheon (in which case it is said to be couche} or from the chief, when it is blazoned as " reversed." Gules, a chevron reversed argent, is the coat of the Bavarian Barons RUMLINGEN DE BERG; and of the Tyrolese family of M ALGOL ; and Plate XI 1 1., fig. 5, shows the arms of the Tuscan Counts BULGARINI : Gules, a cross argent surmounted by a chevron reversed gules. Or, a chevron couched azure, is the coat of DOUBLET.

The chevron is often borne engrailed, embattled, wavy, indented, etc. When its top is blunted it is said in French blazon to be borne crime. In the arms of LA ROCHE- FOUCAULD, Plate XIIL, fig. 9, the uppermost chevron is thus treated. Barry of ten argent and azure three chevronels gules, the first ecime (Burele d' argent et d'azur a trois chevrons de gueules brochants sur le tout le premier ecime}.

In the coat of the family of ZUR SUNNEN in Basel (given in the Zurich Wappenrolle, No. 548) the chevron or is terminated by a fleur-de-lis argent — the field is gules. A rare example of a chevron invecked (cannele') is that of VAN HEYLBROUCK of Flanders : d 'Argent, au chevron cannele de sable.

The chevron occasionally appears in chief; thus the arms of the Earls of STRATHERN were those of STUART (Or, a fess chequy azure and argent) with in chief a chev- ron gules. (Or, two chevrons gules, STRATHERNE ancient.)

Similar coats are those of the English families of KlRTON, who bear : Argent, a fess, and in chief a chevron gules ; STRELLS, the same but with the charges sable ; and SPRINGHOSE, Gules, a fess and in chief a chevron argent.

The chevron is "broken" or "fracted," brise, when each limb is broken across, as in Plate XIIL, fig. 10, which is the coat of the Counts de LINAGE in France (d'Azur, au chevron brise dor, accompagne de trois roses d argent). A

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solitary example of a chevron thus treated is the Scottish coat of JOHN ALEXANDER of Kinglassie, Per pale argent and sable a cJievron brise at the summit ; and in base a crescent, all counter-changed. In a chevron rompu, or failli, there is a lack of continuity in one of the limbs, and the position of the failure must be speci- fied ; thus the Provencal family of MAYNIER, Barons d'OPPEDE, bears : d'Azur, a deux chevrons d 'argent \ Vune failli d de.vtre, I'autre a senestre. I n the coat of BEAU MONT in Maine (Plate XIII., fig. n) five chevrons are thus faillis, or roinpus, alternately : " d 'Argent, a cinq chevrons de gueules rompus, les I, 2, 3, a dextre, les autres a senestre"

In the last two examples more than one chevron occurs in the field ; when this is the case English heraldic writers often call them " chevronels," as if they were diminutives of the chevron. French blazon knows no such distinction ; and it is one for which there is no reason but the desire to complicate matters.

Argent, two chevrons azure, is a coat of BAGOT, and TYRREL in England ; of RENNEBURG, or RAIMBERT in Westphalia ; of LlNDENPALM in Denmark. The Counts de PERCHE, in the First Crusade (noo), bore : Argent, two chevrons gules ; BELESME; KENDENICH; BREITEN- BACH, etc., do the same. Argent, two chevrons sable, is the coat of the family of M'LAREN ; Azure, two chevrons or, is borne by CHAWORTH in England ; SARTIGES in France ; TOLLENS in Holland, etc.

Three chevrons appear in several coats of great families Or, three chevrons gules (d'Or, a trois chevrons de gueules) are the arms of the DE CLARES, Earls of GLOUCESTER, etc. ; and were also borne by the Counts of HANAU (Holy Roman Empire) ; the Barons* VOORST, or VOERST ; by CREVECOZUR ; and wavy gules by the VAN DER RYTS of Flanders. The Counts of MERAVIGLIA bore them azure.

Or, three cJievrons sable (d'Or, a trois chevrons de sable)

is the coat of Sir WALTER DE MANNY (founder of the Charterhouse) ; of the LEVIS, Dues de MIREPOIX and DE VENTADOUR in France ; the Barons van HAER- SOLTE ; and MULERT ; the ARMELLINI of Italy ; VAN ALKMAAR of Holland, etc.

Argent, three chevrons gules, is the coat of the family of DU PLESSIS RICHELIEU, of which the great Cardinal Due de RICHELIEU was a member ; of the Marquis de BASSOMPIERRE ; of the County of RAVENSBERG (now quartered in the Royal Arms of Prussia) ; it was borne also by PHILIPPE DE BELESME, Comte d'ALENgoN (First Crusade) ; by the families of CHATEAU-GONTIER ; BOLS-YvON ; DE GORTERE dit SOMBEKE ; and by that of SETTIMO, Princes de FlLlOLA in Sicily.

The reverse (Gules, three chevrons argent) is borne by JESTYN AP GWRGANT (one of the ancient Welsh princes) ; BANESTER ; MANCICOURT (who also bore the reverse) ; FAVERGES, etc. GALLOT in France has a rather peculiar coat — Ermine, tliree chevrons, the centre one gules, the others sable (d'Hermine, a trois chevrons, le premier et le dernier de sable, le second de gueules].

The Chevron, like the pale and the fess, is not in- frequently borne coticed, and even double coticed though rarely ; the diminutive chevrons employed for this pur- pose are called " couplecloses," but are not used singly. Three chevronels are borne "interlaced" or "braced" in base, in a few English coats. Argent, three chevrons braced sable are the coat of HEDWORTH; and BRACKENBURY ; Azure, three chevrons braced or, is that of FlTZHuGH. [Most frequently this bearing is found in combination with a chief as in the arms of WYVILL : Or, three chevronels braced vair, a chief gules (Plate XIII., fig. 12.)] The French coat of LA GRENEE in Picardy, is : de Gueules, a deux chevrons entrelaces, I'un de I'argent renversc et mouvant du chef, Vautre d*or. The G AN NAY in Berry bore : de Gueules, a trois chevrons

PLATE XIV.

1. Cross.

(St. George.)

2. Cross raguly. 3. Cross quarter pierced.

( Laurence. ) ( Whitgreave. )

4. Cross wavy voided. 5. Cross patee checquy. 6. Cross moline square pierced. (Duckinfield.) (Lawley.) (Colvile.)

7. Cross potent quadrat. 8. Cross patonce voided. ( LichfiM ) (Pilkington. )

9. Cross flory. (Lamplowe.) '

10. Cross fleur de lise\ 11. Cross botonnee. 12. Cross retranchee and pommette>!. (Pereira.) (Winwood.) (Manfredi).

renverses (for, an cJief d' argent, cJiarge de trots etoiles cT argent.

VI. THE CROSS. — The CROSS as an Ordinary occupies the space of a pale and a fess united. Its many varieties as a heraldic charge will find separate treatment in a supplement to this Chapter, page 151. In this place we shall only deal with the plain Cross as an Ordinary.

As might be expected, this form is frequently found as a sole charge. Argent, a cross gules (Plate XIV., fig. i) is the " CROSS OF ST. GEORGE," and forms the ancient banner of ENGLAND ; is also borne as the Arms of the ORDER OF THE GARTER; and of the Republic of GENOA, of which ST. GEORGE was the patron saint; by the Prince- Archbishops, Electors of TRIER, or TREVES ; by the City of PADUA ; and by some families named ST. GEORGES in France, of whom one family bore the title of Marquises de VERAC. The families of IBANEZ DE SEGOVIA in Spain ; of the Florentine POPOLESCHI ; of BlORNSEN in Denmark ; of VAN BOUCHOUT in the Netherlands ; all used the same. The reverse (Gules, a cross argenf) is the arms of the great ORDER OF THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM, Sovereigns of RHODES and MALTA ; of the Dukes of SAVOY ; of the Lordship of ASPREMONT ; and of the cities of VICENZA and ToURNAY, etc.

A rgent, a cross sable (d'A rgent, a la croix de sable} was the coat of the Prince- Archbishops, Electors of COLOGNE.

Azure, a cross argent, was the coat of the Byzantine family of DUCAS ; with the cross or, of LA CROIX, Due de CASTRIES ; of the city of .VERONA ; of the families of TEIXEIRA in Portugal ; and OLUJA in Spain. Or, a cross gules, is the coat of DE BURGH, Earl of ULSTER ; of BIGOT ; of the principality of ANTIOCH ; of FABERT (Marcchal de France]; of the Barons ANDLAU ; the Counts of RECHTEREN ; and the Barons HEECKEREN, etc. It is also borne (for CORSBY) en surtout by the

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CARLYLES, Lords TORTHORWALD, in Scotland (Plate XXXV., fig. 5).

A large number of families bear the cross formed by the varying partition lines. Argent, a cross engrailed sable (cT Argent, a la croix engrelee de sable), belongs to the SlNCLAIRS, Earls of ROSSLYN. (See, too, the arms of the Earls of CAITHNESS, etc., in Plate XXXVL, figs. I, 2.) It was also the coat of the family of MOHUN, and FlTZ- HENRY in England ; DU GuE, Vicomtes de MEJUS- SUAUME in Brittany; FEUQUERAY, etc.

Argent, a cross embattled sable, is the bearing of BALMANNO ; and AUCHINLECK in Scotland ; with the cross gules it was borne in early times by DALING- RIDGE; DRAYTON; and GOURNEY (or GURNEY); DE LA LYNDE ; and TIPTOT, in England ; by CROVILLE ; LANCY; and the Cardinal de LENONCOURT, in France. Argent, a cross raguly sable (d 'Argent, a la croix ecotee de sable}, was the coat of SANDYS. Gules, a cross engrailed argent, was borne by the INGLETHORPES of Norfolk, of whom one was Bishop of ROCHESTER 1283-1291 ; and the reverse is the coat of LAWRENCE. Or, a cross engrailed gules were the arms of the family of DE LA HACHE ; and of several families in the Low Countries, e.g. HAYNIN ; WARCOING ; WAMBRECHIES ; VAN DUDZEELE, etc. Or, a cross engrailed vert, is borne as a differenced coat for HUSSEY, the original coat being the plain cross. Sable, a cross engrailed or, is the well known bearing of the Suffolk family of D'UFFORD (or D'OFFORD) of which JOHN was Archbishop of CANTERBURY, in 1348.

VII. THE SALTIRE (Sautoir}. — This Ordinary takes up the space occupied by a bend and a bend-sinister combined in the form of the letter X. Its name is of uncertain etymology, but it seems to be derived in some way from the verb sauter, to leap. My own idea is that it may have originated in the strengthening stays of a palisade, such as that by which the lists and their

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enclosures were formed, and that the upper angle formed a convenient place for the foot of one who desired to leap the barrier. The tradition that the apostle ST. ANDREW suffered martyrdom upon a cross of that shape led to the prevalence of the saltire as a heraldic charge in Scotland, Burgundy, and other countries where ST. ANDREW is a popular saint ; more particularly in Scotland, where the adoption of ST. ANDREW as the national patron goes back to a date before the introduction of armorial bearings. ST. ANDREW was as stated above also the patron saint of Burgundy ; and in Spain the capture of Baeza from the Moors, on St. Andrew's Day in 1227, gave an impulse to the adoption of the saltire by some of the families who figured thereat (" Heraldry of Spain and Portugal," p. 5.) The CROSS OF ST. ANDREW, of silver on an azure field, the banner of Scotland, is represented on Plate XV., fig. 8. The cross known as that of ST. PATRICK is Argent, a saltire gules. It occurs as the arms of the FlTZGERALDS, Dukes of LEINSTER, Earls of TYRCONNEL, KILDARE, etc. ; but I am not aware of its appearance in any way as a national ensign until it was made part of the insignia of the Order of ST. PATRICK upon its foundation in 1783. Gules, a saltire argent (de Gueules, au sautoir d' argent), is the coat of the great house of NEVILLE, Earls of WAR- WICK, WESTMORELAND, etc. It was also borne by VANDER AA, in Flanders ; VAN EYCK ; VAN JUTPHAAS ; BORGHARTS ; OULTRE, and other Low Country families. The reverse is the coat of GERARD, and WINDSOR in England ; of FLEMAL ; BENTHEM ; OOSTDIJK ; GOHAING ; VAN DEN EECKHOUT ; and others in the Netherlands. LA GuiCHE in France bears : Vert, a saltire or (de Sinople au sautoir d'or*). The family of MAXWELL in Scotland bears: Argent, a saltire sable; and the same coat, but with the Ordinary engrailed (cT Argent, au sautoir engrclc] is the coat of the COLQUHOUNS. The

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old coat of the house of LENNOX is Argent, a saltire between two roses gules ; (d Argent, au sautoir de gueules accompagne de quatre roses du champ]. They later bore the saltire engrailed ; a coat which is also that of the NAPIERS, and MACFARLANES.

When a saltire is charged, it is the rule in Scotland that the charges should slope with its limbs, the central charge, if any, being upright, thus in Plate XV., fig. 9 the DALRYMPLE coat is Or, on a saltire azure nine lozenges of the field.

The old rule was that the width of the arms of the saltire if uncharged was one fifth of the field, but if charged one third. The latter part of the rule was not observed in the old examples which remain to us. In Scottish Heraldry the saltire is often used in combination with the chief, this of course does not encroach upon, or cover any part of, the saltire, which is accommodated to the diminished space of the field. The Arms of the ANNANDS, the old Lords of ANNANDALE : Or (some- times argent), a saltire and a chief gules (Plate XV., fig. 10), were adopted by the BRUGES when that lordship was acquired ; apparently first by the fourth Lord of ANNANDALE, the father of ROBERT BRUCE the com- petitor for the throne ; whose son charged the chief with a lion passant gardant or, perhaps as a souvenir of the original arms of BRUCE. The BRUCE coat was differ- ertced, both chief and saltire being made wavy, by the BRUCES of Balcaskie and Kinross.

The combined saltire and chief of the ANNANDS were not only adopted by the different branches of the family of BRUCE, but by the KlRKPATRICKS ; JOHNSTONS ; JARDINES; MOFFATS; and other families feudally con- nected with the Lords of ANNANDALE, or belonging to that district.

The KlRKPATRlCK coat was : Argent, a saltire and cJiief azure, the last charged with three cushions or.

PLATE XV.

1. Cross moline. (Molyneux. )

2. Cross ancree. (Montalembert. )

3. Cross moline voided. (Knowles.)

4. Cross crosslets. 5. Cross crosslets fitche'e. 6. Cross gringole* (Beauchamp.) (Rattray.} (Montfort.}

7. Cross of Toulouse. 8. Saltire.

(Mozzi). (St. Andrew's Cross.)

9. Saltii-e. (Dalrymple. )

10. Saltire and chief. 11. Saltire ancree.

(Bruce of Annandale. ) (Broglie. }

12. Saltire couped. (Glanville.}

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JOHNSTON bore : Argent, a saltire sable, on a chief gules tJiree cushions or. TWEEDIE : Argent, a saltire engrailed gules, a chief azure. JARDINE : Argent, a saltire and a chief gules, on the last three mullets of t/ie first. M OFF AT, of that Ilk : Sable, a saltire and chief argent ; otherwise, Argent, a saltire azure and chief gules. (FONT'S MS.) TENNENT : Argent, a saltire and chief gules.

The Saltire, in Foreign Armory is subject to some of the variations incidental to the cross, thus : Or, a saltire couped andflory azure, is the coat of LE BARBU. Or, a saltire and ancred, or uwline, azure (d' Or, a la croix ancree en sautoir d'azur] is borne by the Dues de BROGLIE of France, who came originally from Piedmont. Argent, a saltire pommetty azure is the coat of FlOLO of Venice. Argent, a saltire echanchre (v. p. 76) gules, in chief a crown or, are the arms of VAN HUCHTENBROEK in Holland. Saltire may also be borne in greater numbers than one ; or may be one of several charges in a coat. In this case, according to general usage in Scotland and England, the arms of the saltire are usually, though not invari- ably, couped horizontally ; and not, as in Dutch Armory, at right angles to the several limbs. Plate XV., fig. 12, is the coat of GLANVILLE of England; Azure, three saltires or ; and of BoYSLEVE, Marquis d'HAROUE ; and MOLEN, Marquis de ST. PONCY, in Brittany. For the Saltire thus used as a charge the French name is flanchis. There are many instances of its use in the Armory of the Netherlands: Sable, tJiree saltires or; and Or, tJiree saltires gules ; are both coats borne by Dutch families named ALMOND.

Argent, three saltires gules, are the arms of the Counts van der DlLFT DE BORGHVLOET ; of BESOYEN ; and FAVELETTE. Azure, tJiree saltires argent (d'Azur, a trois flanchis d' argent] is the coat of BEVERWIJCK ; BEAUMONT ; VAN DEN HEUVEL, etc.

Perhaps the best known instance is that of the Arms

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of the Lordship of BREDA ; Gules, three saltires argent, which was quartered in the shield of the Princes of ORANGE, and has from it come into the escucheon of the Prussian monarchy.

Azure, three saltires argent, on a chief or as many of the field (d'Azur, a trots flancJiis d" argent, un chef (Tor charge de trois flanchis du chain f) is the coat of BALZAC, Marquis d'ENTRAGUES in France.

Or, six saltires gules (three, two, one), are the arms of PAPENBROEK in Holland ; and those of the city of AMSTERDAM are : Gules, on a pale cousu sable three sal- tires argent.

VIII. THE PILE. — The Pile is a triangular wedge- shaped figure, issuing (unless it be otherwise specified) from the Chief, of which if it be borne alone it occupies a little more than the third part.

Argent, a pile gules (d 'Argent, a une pile de gueules) (Plate XVI.,fig. i) is the old coat of the family of CHANDOS. The Lords CHANDOS bore the field or. Or, a pile engrailed sable, is borne by WATERHOUSE ; and Argent, a pile wavy gules, by DELAHAY. Azure, a pile wavy issuant from the dexter corner of the escucheon or, are the arms of ALDAM of Kent. Ermine, on a pile gules three lions of ENGLAND, was the coat granted in 1663 by CHARLES II. to his natural son JAMES CROFTS, after- wards Duke of MONMOUTH ; it was quartered with Or, an escucheon of FRANCE, within the double tressure flory and counter-flory of SCOTLAND. Argent, two piles sable (and the reverse) are the arms of HuLLES. Ermine, two piles in point sable (that is issuing from the dexter and sinister angles of the escucheon and meeting, or nearly meeting, in the base are the arms of HOLLIS, Earl of CLARE (1624). The coat of D'ESTAMPES (already given in Plate X., fig. 4) contains two such piles in chevron issuant from the base. Or, two piles issuant from the base gules, is the coat of the Barons d'O-MPHAL of Holland.

PLATE XV L

1. Pile. (Chandos.)

Iff

2. Three piles. (Anstruther.)

3. Piles in point. (Brechin.)

4. Piles in chief. (Isham.)

5. Piles from sinister. 6. Piles from sinister base. (Henderson. ) • ( Wroton. )

7. Pile reversed. (Hulse.)

8. Emanche.

9. Pointeent^e. (Lernout.)

10. Pall.

(Ptyin.)

~\ r

11. Pall. (Canterbury.)

Y

12. Shakefork. (Cunningham.)

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Plate XVI., fig. 2, contains the coat of ANSTRUTHER of that Ilk : Argent, three piles sable. When the piles are three in number a somewhat fanciful connection has been traced between them and passion nails, by which designation they are sometimes blazoned. They are often represented in point as in the coat of HoLLis above given, and are not then conjoined where they leave the chief. Or, three piles in point azure, is the early coat of BRYAN ; and Sable, three pales in point argent, that of H ALKETT. Or, three piles in point gules, are the arms of the Lordship of BRECHIN (See Rollvi 1256), originally borne by David, Earl of HUNTINGDON, brother of King WILLIAM THE LION (Plate XVI., fig. 3). This coat has often been erroneously tinctured ; Argent being substi- tuted for the field Or. The arms have thus been made identical with those of the family of WlSHART, who have been described as " WlSHARTS, Lords of BRECHIN ! " There were no such persons. The right tincture of the field is the ancient one of Or, whether it appear in the quarterings of the MAULES, Lords PANMURE, and Earls of DALHOUSIE ; or in the arms of the City, or in those borne by custom for the See of BRECHIN. In all these cases the arms of the territorial Lords of BRECHIN are intended, and not those of the comparatively insignificant family of WlSHART. The same coat is also borne for BASSETT ; and, piercing a human heart, for the family of LOGAN in Scotland.

Where three piles are used, a common arrangement is that two issue from the chief, and one (reversed) from the base. Three sable piles thus arranged in a silver field are the coat of HULSE (Plate XVI., fig. 7). In several English coats the piles are flory, i.e., the point of each terminates in a little fleur-de-lis ; for example, Or, three piles issuing bendways from the dexter chief, and flory, at the points sable, are the arms of NORTON. Those of WROTON have the piles issuant from the sinister base, and are of the same tine-

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tures. (Plate XVI., fig. 6.) In the coat of ISHAM, as borne in modern times, the piles are found of small size in the chief of the shield ; Gules, a fess, and in chief three piles wavy argent (Plate XVI., fig. 4) ; but originally the piles were of the ordinary size, and were debruised by the fess ; as in GLOVER'S Ordinary of Arms, HARL. MS., 1392. Three piles wavy issuant from the base are frequent in French Armory, and are often blazoned as flames. Or, three piles wavy issuing from the base azure, is the coat of the Marques de FUMEZ. The HENDERSONS of Fordel (Plate XVI., fig. 5) have the piles issuant from the sinister side of the shield : Gules, three piles issuant from the sinister flank argent; on a chief of the last a crescent azure (vert in WORKMAN'S MS.) between two ermine spots sable. (But see STODART, Scottish Arms, i., 308.)

In Foreign blazon when piles thus issue from the flank they are called an emanche ; or the shield is said to be fcrnanche. Plate XVI., fig. 8, is the coat of VON RlGEL, in Bavaria ; d 'Argent, a une emanche de trois pieces de gueules mouvante du flanc dextre. (The piles here are shorter than our English ones.) The family of HOTMAN, originally from the Duchy of Cleves, bear : Parti emancJie d' argent et de gueules. The family of AQUIN in Dauphine bear : "-d'Azur, d quatre piles renversees d' argent, appoin- tdes vers le chef en chevron; c'etoient anciennement cinq A a 1'antique liez qui faisoient un A quint." MENETRIER, Methode du Blason, pp. 132-133.

It should be noticed that the Ordinary in its proper English form of a wedge issuing from the chief, is, I believe, absolutely unknown to French Armory. The pile-reversed issuing from the base is, however, not rare, and is called a point le.

If this pointe is gradually curved upwards the shield is blazoned ente en pointe. Plate XVI., fig. 9, is the coat of LERNOUT in Flanders, and is : d'Or, a la pointe entce de sable char gee d' un fleur-de-lis du champ.

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Before passing from the subject we may note that an ingenious attempt has been made by a modern writer to trace the piles, especially when borne three in number, to the tails, or ends, of the pennons borne in mediaeval wars. The paper referred to is by Mr G. J. FRENCH ; it was read before the Archaeological Association in 1857, and was reprinted for private circulation. Mr FRENCH argues that, as the pile is often borne wavy, or engrailed, the idea that it was derived (as some writers assert) from the piles driven into the ground as foundations for a building, is utterly untenable. On the other hand the wavy piles would very fairly represent such pennons or tails of standards as the soldiers bore in the Crusades, etc. He points out that the early kite-shaped shield admitted the displayal of these rays in a perpendicular direction (as in the coat of ANSTRUTHER, Plate XVI., fig. 2), but that the smaller heater-shaped shield of a later period made it more convenient to gather the points in the base (as in the coat of BRECHIN, fig. 3). He refers to the MS. of Sir DAVID LINDSAY, in which both arrangements appear in the Arms of the same family : " On the shield of Erskyn lord of Brechine " the piles converge to the base ; and on that of the " lord of Brechane of auld" (-i.e., as anciently borne), "the piles are placed perpendicularly." Another instance he finds in the coat : A rgent, three piles sable, on a chief of the first as many annulets of the second, borne by Sir JOHN YOUNG, who in 1541, married MARGARET SCRYMGEOUR, of the family who were hereditary standard-bearers to the Kings of Scotland, and afterwards, Earls of DUNDEE. Mr FRENCH thinks the piles were assumed by YOUNG in memory " of the standard borne by her ancestors as the charge on his armorial shield " ! The SCRYMGEOURS, however, really bore : Gules, a lion rampant or, holding a scimetar argent ; and in 1521, i.e., twenty years before the match referred to, we find in

Mr STODART'S Scottish Arms, p. 215, that the seal of WILLIAM YOUNG bears the piles and a chief charged with escallops.

IX. THE PALL (Pairle}.— This is a Y-shaped figure produced by the union of the upper half of a saltire with the lower half of a pale.

The French name appears to be derived from the Latin pergula, or Italian pergola, a forked stick or prop.

It is of very infrequent use in British Armory. Its English name has been derived from its supposed identity with the Archiepiscopal Pallium borne in the arms of the See of CANTERBURY (Plate XVI., fig. 1 1) and some other Ecclesiastical coats, and which will be noticed in its proper place as a charge, and not as an Ordinary (vide post, Chapter XIII.).

In Foreign Heraldry the Ordinary is only occasionally found. Or, a pairle sable is the coat of the Barons von RiiPPELlN in Wiirtemburg; Plate XVI., fig. 10, d'Azur, au pairle (Tor, is that of PEPIN in Brittany; d'Azur, au pairle d'argent is borne by COLLET. The town of ISSOUDUN or YSSOUDUN bears d'Azur, au pairle d'or, accompagne de trois fleurs-de-lis, mal-ordonnees du meme, the pairle being intended to recall the initial of its name. (The phrase mal-ordonnees is used by French armorists when instead of three charges being arranged in the usual way two and one, they are, as in the present case, placed one above two.) Azure, a pairle argent is borne by the French family of COLLET, Gules, a pairle argent is the coat of the Bavarian DEICHSLERS. Gules, a pairle ermine is the coat of TAFFIN. Gules, a pall-reversed ermine, is an almost unique example in British Armory, and is borne by the family of KELDON, or KELVERDON, in Essex. The Barons KFELLER DE SACHSENGRUN, in Austria, use, Gules, a pairle-reversed argent.

In many old representations of the arms of the CUNNINGHAM family in Scotland the charge is the pall,

or pairle ; i.e., the Ordinary is drawn as touching the edges of the shield. It is now, however, depicted differently ; being couped and pointed at its extremities as in Plate XVL, fig. 12, Argent, a shake-fork sable. From a supposed identification with the hay-fork, it is commonly known as a " Sliake-fork " in Scotland. The Breton family of CONIGAN, Barons de Roz, bear : Quarterly I and 4 ; A rgent a pairle sable. 2 and 3 : Or, three buckles azure.

Only one example is known to me in which the pairle is bounded by any line but the straight one ; it is that of the family of BuGGE in Denmark, whose coat is ; Argent, a pairle engrailed vert.

THE CROSS.

The use of the CROSS as an Ordinary has been referred to in page 141. But it was most natural that the symbol of salvation should be in use also as a favourite armorial charge ; and that it should be represented, as is the case, in a great variety of ways. A few only of these can here be brought under the notice of the student, for Dame JULIANA BERNERS in the Boke of St. Albans writes that " crossis innumerabull are borne dayli," and BERRY'S Encyclopedia Heraldica enumerates three hundred and eighty-five varieties ! The Cross of the Passion itself, with the long vertical arm, and the shorter horizontal one, is that which was probably intended when the charge was first assumed. On the long shields of the crusaders it would be the natural form ; but as the shield became shorter in pro- portion to its width it was represented in the form in which it now appears as an Ordinary, having the traverse, or horizontal bar, placed across the centre of the shield ; so making the four arms of nearly equal size, and extending to the borders of the shield. This alteration was moreover convenient as affording space for the

charges which were so frequently placed in the cantons, or spaces around the arms, of the cross.

The true Latin cross, the Cross of the Passion or Long Cross (fig. 47) is accordingly seldom met with. In this case the arms do not touch the borders of the shield, and the vertical piece is much longer than the traverse. An instance of its use is afforded by the coat used for the See of DUNKELD, which is: Argent, a passion cross sable between two passion nails gules. I assume that this is also the bearing in the coat of ANWICKE: Argent, a holy cross sable. It is so, certainly, in the coat of AUSTIN of Norfolk : Gules, a chevron between three long crosses or. In French blazon it is sometimes termed a cross Jiaussee. Sable, a Latin cross patee or, is borne by the Bavarian family of VOLZ. When the "long Cross" is represented upon three steps, degrees or grices, it is called a Cross-Calvary (fig. 49). Argent, a Cross- Calvary on tJiree degrees gules, is the Scottish coat of LEGAT (the steps need not be named as the title alone suffices). Argent, a cross "graded of three" sable — the coat of WYNTWORTH — is the same charge. Argent, a Cross-Calvary gules, on a cJiief azure five besants, was the coat of Bishop WESTON of Exeter (1721-1742); the cross being added as a difference to the Weston coat.

A CROSS PATRIARCHAL is the long, or Latin- Cross with a double traverse (fig. 50). Sable, a Cross- Patriarchal argent, was the coat borne in the twelfth century by several English prelates named TURBINE : RALPH, Archbishop of CANTERBURY (1114-1122); his brother SEFFRID, Bishop of CHICHESTER (1125-1143), and their nephew JOHN, of ROCHESTER (1125-1137). HESME in France uses the reverse. VESEY, Viscount de VESCI bears : Or, on a cross sable a cross-patriarchal of the field. In the Cross-Patriarchal both traverses are situated above the centre of the perpendicular beam ; but the CROSS OF LORRAINE has the traverses

disposed so that the second and longer traverse is placed as near to the base of the upright as the smaller one is to its summit (fig. 52). This bearing derives its name from the fact that it was used as their badge by the family of the Dukes of LORRAINE. It does not appear in their coat of arms, but depends by a chain from the necks of their eagle supporters. Azure, a cross-of -Lorraine argent, is the coat of EESEN and SWIENEZIC ; and Argent, a cross-of- Lorraine sable, is that of the French MARCELS. Per pale or and azure a cross-of -Lorraine counter-changed, is borne byFURSTENHAUER. The family of ARNOLET DE LOCHE- FONTAINE, Marquises deBusSY D'AMBOISE used: Azure, a cross-of-Lorraine or, within a bordure nebulee-fleur-de- lisee of the same : a noteworthy form of the bordure.

The Cross, having four equal arms known as the GREEK CROSS (fig. 48), also called a cross couped ; and a cross hummetty (in French une croix alesee], appears in the arms of the modern Kingdom of GREECE — Azure, a Greek cross argent, and is also borne by the Marquises of ST. GELAIS, in France. Gules, a cross couped argent is the coat of SWITZERLAND. Or, a cross couped azure is borne by YvOR of France, and its reverse by SOLVI of Spain and GLAVENAS of France. XAIN- TRAILLES of GASCON Y uses : d 'Argent, a la croix alesee de gueules.

The CROSS PATTY (patee) in old writers is called sometimes FORMY, or PATEE FORMEE (fig. 53). It is a cross of equal arms which are flattened out ; the lines which spring from the centre being usually slightly curved, or concave. Argent, a cross patty sable is the early coat of BANASTRE : Azure, a cross patty or, is borne by WARD ; Gules, a cross patty argent, by ATTON ; Gules, a cross patty or (perhaps patonce is intended) by LATIMER. The CROSS-PATTY is sometimes borne, not as a cross couped, but as a cross patty -throughout, i.e., its bounding lines are produced to meet the edges of the shield, as in

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Plate XIV., fig. 5, the coat of LAWLEY. That this was the original bearing of the Counts of COMMINGES, or COMMENCES, is shown by the seal of Count BERNARD V. in 1226. Here the shield and caparisons of his horse are charged with a narrow cross which expands rapidly at the ends ; and in fact these form a continuous bordure to the escucheon. This fact is especially worthy of remark, because the origin of the present coat, and the meaning of its charges, have been a source of discussion and perplexity to several writers. It is blazoned now as : de Gueules, a quatre otelles d' argent. The otelle is a charge which occurs but seldom ; and it has been taken variously to be the blade of a spear ; a cicatrised wound, or a peeled almond ! (The latter two even in MENETRIER, Methode du Blason, p. 24, Lyons, 1718 ; — and I'A rt du Blason Justifie, p. 130, Lyons, 1 66 1 . ) Such are the far-fetched fantaisies of the old Armorists ! Really the otelles were nothing more than the pieces of the field which appeared within the arms of the cross- patee-tJirougJiout : but ignorance turned the charge into the field, and the field into the charge ; and then, to account for the result, indulged in such speculations as to its origin as those I have above recorded. Or, a cross patty sable, fimbriated (i.e., bordered) gules ; otherwise blazoned (or gules voided sable] is the coat of the Counts RAOUSSET DE BOULBON. Per saltire or and argent, over all a cross patty azure was used by the celebrated HUGH PUDSEY, Bishop of DURHAM (1153-1195). (The charge of VOLZ already given is a long cross patce at the ends.) The Cross given on Plate XIV., fig. 5, is a cross patee-throughout, i.e., its extremities reach the edges of the shield.

Gules, a chevron between ten crosses patty argent is the well known coat of BERKELEY, Earls of that place. (Their original coat was the simple chevron.) The Scottish families of BARCLAYS bore : Azure, a chevron

between three crosses patty argent, with many differences. Azure, three crosses patty argent, is the coat of DUGUID ; with the field gules, of DAWSON. Or, a fess between three crosses forming vert, is borne by RlLEY ; dOr, au chevron accompagne de trois croix patees d'azur, is borne by DANES of France. In French Armory the cross patee appears most frequently in Breton coats : Argent, a cross patty between four mascles gules is borne by the Breton KERGROAS ; and de Gueules, a trois croix patees determine is the coat of JOUSSEAUME, Marquis de la BRETESCHE. The Poitevin family of BARLOT bear : Sable, three crosses patty argent. This shield is often borne en ban- niere (vide ante, p. 57). The cross patty is occasionally formed by a compound line. Or, a cross patty engrailed is ascribed to PESHALL.

In common English parlance, the cross patty is often, but quite erroneously, termed a Maltese Cross, which is a bearing quite different in shape (as will be seen by a reference to page 164; figs. 53 and 55, where the two crosses are drawn in close proximity). This is a mistake which is sometimes made by people who ought to be better informed. The badge of the " Order of Valour," the highly-esteemed VICTORIA CROSS, is actually a cross patty, but in the Royal Warrant of its institution it is declared that the badge " shall consist of a Maltese Cross of bronze," etc.

THE CROSS PATTY-FITCHY (patee fichee) (fig. 54).—- The cross patty -fit city consists of the three upper portions of the cross patty, but the fourth is a point or spike — a cross " fixibyll," sharpened so as to be driven into the ground. This is a pretty common charge in British Armory. Gules, a cross patty-fitchy or, are the arms of HEYTON ; Or, a cross patty-fitchy gules are those of SCUDAMORE. Gules, a fess counter-compony argent and sable, between tJiree crosses patty -fitchy argent, was the coat of BOTELERS, Lords SUDELEY. Argent, a chevron (some-

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times engrailed) between three crosses patty-fitchy sable, is the coat of FYNDERNE or FINDERNE.

THE CROSS POTENT (potencee} is a plain Greek cross, having at the end a piece of equal width placed at right angles, so that the cross appears to be formed of four T's, or patents (fig. 51).

Gules, a cross potent or, is the coat of CHATTERTON ; Azure, a cross potent (sometimes engrailed) or, that of BRANCHELEY ; Sable, a cross potent or, that of ALLEYN. The arms of the Duchy of CALABRIA are Argent, a cross potent sable — often quartered in the 2nd and 3rd, with ARRAGON in the ist and 4th. Azure, a saltire between four crosses potent or, is borne by VlALART in France (cTAzur, au sautoir d*or cantonne de quatre croix potencies du meme}.

The cross potent is occasionally found fitcJiy, Such a coat was assigned by the Heralds of later time to ETHELRED, King of WESSEX.

THE CROSS OF JERUSALEM. — This is the name given to the cross potent with its accompanying crosslets which appear in the arms of JERUSALEM (see Plate IX., fig. i). Many attempts have been made to account for its adoption. The most probable, perhaps, is that which sees in the middle cross the initials H and I of Hierusa- lem, or of the Blessed Saviour IHESVS, and in the whole bearings the hieroglyphic of the five Sacred Wounds. The charge has been adopted by several foreign families. Argent, the Cross of Jerusalem gules, is used by LlBOTTON of Liege ; the reverse by CABELLIC, and CROUSNILHON, and LEZERGUE of Brittany. Sable, the Cross of Jerusa- lem or, is the coat of the Barons BERNARD DE FAU- CONVAL. The Swiss DlETRlCHS use Azure, the same cross or.

A coat somewhat resembling the coat of JERUSALEM has already been given for LlCHFlELD (Plate XIV., fig, 7>

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THE CROSS PATONCE. -- The cross patonce is at the same time one of the most frequent, and beautiful of the forms of the Cross used in British Armory. It has foliated ends and expands slightly by curved lines from the centre. It is given voided on Plate XIV., fig. 8 ; the arms of PlLKiNGTON, Argent, a cross patonce voided gules, but is better represented in its usual form on page 164, fig. 56.

Argent, a cross patonce gules, is the coat of COLVILLE, and CARLYLE. With the charge sable it is borne by BANESTRE, or BANESTER ; and azure, by the Barons of M ALP AS. Barry of eight argent and gules, over all a cross patonce sable,\s the coat of GOWER (one of the principal charges in the coat of the Dukes of SUTHERLAND) ; others of the name have borne Ermine, a cross patonce gules, which is also the coat of GRINDALL and INGHAM. Gules, a cross patonce argent (or more frequently or) is the coat of LATIMER (often blazoned flory, See p. 153). Or, a cross patonce gules, is borne by FREVILLE. Sable, a cross patonce or, is used by LASCELLES and, within a bordure, by the Earls of HAREWOOD of that name. Azure, a cross patonce or, is borne by the WARDS, Viscounts BANGOR. Azure, a cross patonce between five martlets or, is the coat assigned by later Heralds to EDGAR ATHELING, and other Saxon princes. It is used as the Arms of UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD. Its em- ployment by the Plantagenet Sovereigns as a coat of Augmentation is referred to elsewhere in this volume (Chapter XVI.).

There is often some confusion between the Cross Patonce and THE CROSS FLORY or FLEURY. The distinction is supposed to consist in this; that, while the arms of the cross patonce gradually expand, those of the cross flory are of equal width very nearly to the end. But I agree with NlSBET and GIBBON in thinking the true cross flory to be one of which the end terminates in fleurs-

de-lis, as in Mr BURNETT'S sketch, Plate XIV., fig. 9, or perhaps better in my own on page 164, fig. 58. Sable, a cross flory between four escallops argent, is borne by FLETCHER of Saltoun. Or, a cross flory sable, the coat of LAMPLOWE, or LAMPLUGH. RADA in Spain bears Or, a cross flory sable, often drawn as a Cross of Calatrava. Argent, a cross flory sable, is the coat of SwiNNERTON.

The Cross fleurette or flurty, or fleur-de-lisee (fig. 57), is again often confounded with the preceding one. But correctly drawn it should be a plain cross couped having a demi-fleur-de-lis attached to the extremity of each arm ; it is represented in Plate XIV., fig. 10, the arms of PEREIRA. This is known abroad as the Cross of Cala- trava from the Cross which appears in the arms of that famous Spanish Order. (The badge of the Order was different in shape, being more like the cross flory ^} The Cross of Calatrava figures in many important Spanish coats, and is often drawn and blazoned voided, i.e., the body of the cross is in outline, allowing the field to be visible in the intermediate space. The Spanish VlLLA- GOMEZ use : Or, a Cross of Calatrava gules between four cauldrons sable. The PANTOJAS of Estremadura bear : Azure, a cross florencee gules bordered or, within a b ordure of sixteen panes gules and argent. In English blazon this would be, Azure, a cross fleur-de-lisee or, voided gules, etc.

The French VlLLEQUlERS bear : Gules, a cross fleur- de-lisee between twelve billets or (NlSBET wrongly makes the field azure).

THE CROSS ANCREE, and the CROSS MOLINE.— The cross ancree has its extremities terminating in two curved pieces like the hooks of a grapnell (as on Plate XV., fig. 2). It resembles the cross moline (which is so called from its being similar in shape to the iron cross in the centre of a mill stone) except that the latter is now borne pierced in the centre, in French ajouree ; the piercing is usually square, but may be round, or lozenge-

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shaped. It must however be noticed that this is rather a modern refinement, and that the cross moline of the Rolls of Anns is not thus pierced. Argent, a cross moline sable is the coat of COLVILLE. The COLVILLES of Ochiltree bear the same square-pierced, as in Plate XIV., fig. 6. These two are NISBET'S instances (i., p. 115), and it will be noticed that here the piercing is duly expressed. In my view the cross moline and the cross ancree are practically the same thing ; and if there be a piercing it should be, as in French blazon, distinctly expressed. D'Or, a la croix ancree de gueules is the coat of the AUBUSSONS, Comtes de la FEUILLADE ; Dues de la ROANNALS. Argent, a cross ancree sable is borne by the Marquises and Comtes de MONTALEMBERT in France (Plate XV., fig. 2). Gules, a cross moline or, in chief two mullets argent is borne by the Marquises de COURVOL. The Dutch family of BENTINCK, now Dukes of PORTLAND in England, use : Azure, a cross moline argent ; the Marquises' de SALVERT in France use the same. This coat is also attributed to MOLINEUX ; but the MOLYNEUX family, Earls of SEFTON, etc., usually bore the charge Or, and often square, or even quarter, pierced (cf. Plate XIV., fig. 6). (The difference between quarter piercing and square piercing is, that the former is much larger than the latter, taking up the whole square at the point of inter- section of the arms of the cross.) Gules, a cross moline argent (sometimes ermine) are the arms of EEC, or BEKE. They are also those of the Principality of RATZEBURG (quartered by Mecklenburg), and of the Principality of CAMIN (quartered in the full coat of Prussia). Both of these Principalities are Bishoprics seized and secularised at the " Reformation." Or, a cross moline, and in the dexter canton a rose gules is borne by SVMENS in Brabant. Per f ess or and azure, over all a cross moline argent, is the coat of the County of GRADISCA.

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Per pale argent and azure, a cross moline counter changed, is borne by LlGNIERES.

Gules, a cross moline or, is borne by VlLLEHAR- DOUIN. Sable, a cross moline argent is the coat of UPTON in England ; UiTENHAGE in Holland ; DEYN in Guelders, etc. The UPTONS, Viscounts TEMPLE- TOWN, make the charge or.

THE CROSS SARCELLY, or RECERCELLEE, is simply a variety of the cross ancree, or moline ; only differing from the latter in having the hooks at the end drawn larger so as to admit of another convolution. The cross of the BEGS, or BEKES, referred to above, is often drawn after this fashion. Argent, a cross sarcelly voided or, is the coat of BASING.

In Plate XV., fig. 13 gives us the arms of KNOWLES, or KNOLLYS, formerly Earls of BANBURY : Azure, crusily and a cross-moline disjoined, or voided through- out, or.

THE CROSS BOTONNY (or BOTONNEE) (trefle) is repre- sented on Plate XIV, fig. 11, the arms of WlNWOOD, Argent, a cross botonny-sable, in it each arm of the cross terminates in a trefoil. A rgent, a cross botonny -gules, borne by BRYERLEGH ; Azure, a cross botonny argent, by GOLDIS- BURGH ; and Or by WADE of Kent. Gules, a cross botonny or was used by JOHN BOKINGHAM, Bishop of LINCOLN (1362-1398). Quarterly gules and azure over all a cross botonny or is the coat of PiERREFEU, and THOMAS DE LA VALETTE, in France. Gules, a cross between four crosslets botonny argent are the arms of DE CLAIRON, Comtes de HAUSSONVILLE in France. The Cross botonny is occasionally met w\\hfitchy at the foot.

THE CROSS POMMETTY (POMMETTEE), or POMMELLY, is one of which the arms end in a ball, or globe. It is some- times called a croix bourdonnee, from the round ball by which the tops of the bourdons, or pilgrim's staves, were surmounted. Argent, a cross pommetty sable are the arms

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of WASSELEV, WASTERLEY, or WESTLEY, sometimes blazoned as : —

THE CROSS CLECHEE, is not a common form in British Armory. In it each arm of the cross expands into a kind of curvated lozenge shape, voided like the handle of a mediaeval key, and having a small knob at each angle (Plate XV., fig. 7). De Gueules, a la croix clechee et pouunettee cTor, were the arms of the Counts of TOULOUSE ; a circumstance from which this cross derives its ordinary Heraldic name of "a cross of Toulouse" In the seal of RAYMOND VII., Count of TOULOUSE in 1228, the "voiding" is only a plain cross. D'Azur, a la croix de Toulouse d'or, is the coat of VENASQUE in France. Azure, a cross of Toulouse argent, is borne by BOFFIN D'ARGEN^ON in France. Or, a cross of Toulouse gules are the arms of LUPIA in Spain. The same coat is borne by the Italian Mozzi (Plate XV., fig. 7) ; and by ST. GlLLES, ROUSSET, LAUTREC, and L'IsLE JOURDAIN in France.

A CROSS FOURCHEE, OR FOURCHETTE, is one in which each arm of the cross forks like a V. Or, a cross fourcJiette sable is the coat of TRUCHSESS DE KULENTHAL in Germany ; the reverse is used by VAN VIERACKER. (Page 164, fig. 59.)

THE CROSS TAU is in the shape of a broad letter T. Or, a cross Tau azure, were the arms of the Order of ST. ANTHONY (probably originally the cross, or crutch-head, of a pilgrim's staff). With the field argent this forms the first and fourth quarters of the coat of the Barons HAN NET in Prussia. Argent, a cross Tau gules, is borne by VAN GENT of Utrecht ; and, with the cross in bend, by the Counts von ROTHALL (SlEBMACHER, Wappenbuch. iii., 14). Azure, a cross Tau or, is used by the VROOMBAUTS of Flanders. (Page 164, fig. 61.)

THE CROSS GUIVRE, or GRINGOLEE, is a plain cross

couped ; at the extremity of each arm are two serpent's M

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heads curved outwards. (See Plate XV., fig. 6, the Arms of MONTFORT.) The Barons von UFFELE in Flanders use : Argent ', a cross guivree azure (over all Argent, three fess-de-moulin sable]. Gules, a cross gringolee argent, is borne for MERCKELBACH. Argent, a cross gringolee gules, are the arms of HAGEN, and OTHEGRAVEN.

A CROSS URDEE is one in which the arms are spread at the end into a lozenge shape. In Plate XIV., fig. 1 2 the Cross of the MANFREDI (there called a cross retranchee) is of this shape, but is also pommetty.

THE CROSS AVELLANE is one of which the arms take the conventional form of a filbert It is but rarely met with except as the cross which adorns the Orb of Sovereignty in the British Regalia.

THE CROSS AiGUlSEE is simply one of which the points are sharpened into the shape of a chevron. (Page 164, fig. 60.)

CROSSLETS.

These are properly only little crosses ; but the word is often used as an abbreviation for the fuller term Cross- Crosslet, or Crossed Crosslet. In these latter each arm of the cross is recrossed by a small piece at right angles. In the Cross-Crosslet-fitchy the lower arm is pointed, and the traverse thereon is usually omitted. Crosslets are usually borne in groups ; sometimes as powderings of the field (see Seme, or Crusily, p. 112). There are, how- ever, instances in which both the Cross-Crosslet and the Cross-Crosslet-fitchy are found in arms as a sole charge. Argent, a cross-crosslet gules, is a coat of BRIERLEY ; of CROSSLEY ; and of DUNNING in Scotland, Ermine a cross-crosslet sable is the coat of CARROLL. Argent, a cross-crosslet-fitchee sable is borne by the Kentish SCOTTS. Gules, a cross-crosslet-fitchee argent, is a coat of ROUSSET in France. Sable, a cross-crosslet argent, is used by DURRANT, or DURANT.

But, as has been said, the chief use of the cross-crosslet

is as a subordinate charge. Thus: Azure, a bend between six crosses-crosslet-fitchy or, is the coat of the Earldom of MAR. The CHEYNES bear the same but with the charges argent. The Scotch family of SPALDING bears : Or, on a cross azure five crosses-crosslet of the first.

Gules, a fess between six crosses-crosslet or is the well known coat of the BEAUCHAMPS, Earls of WARWICK. (Plate XV., fig. 4.) Argent (and Or), a fess dancetty between tJiree crosses-crosslet-fitchy gules, are coats of SANDYS of England (sometimes the crosslets are botonne, or trefle, in these coats). Gules, a fess between tJiree crosses-crosslet-fitchy or, is borne by GORE, Earl of ARRAN in Ireland.

Azure, a fess engrailed between six crosses-crosslet or, was the coat of WILLIAM CAMDEN, the Antiquary. Gules, a fess chequy (or counter-company) argent and sable, between six crosses-crosslet of the second was the coat of BOTELER, or BUTLER in England. Argent, a chevron gules between three crosses-crosslet-fitchy sable, within the Royal Tressure of Scotland, is the coat of the KENNEDYS, Earls of CASSILIS, and Marquesses of AlLSA. Azure, a fess argent between six crosses-crosslet-fitchy or, is the arms of the old Scottish house of RATTRAY (Plate XV., fig. 5). The LONGUEVILLES of Huntingdon, bore : Gules, a fess dancetty ermine between six crosses-crosslet-fitchy argent. The CRAVENS, Earls of CRAVEN, use Argent, a fess between six crosses-crosslet-fitchy gules.

A rgent, six crosses-crosslet-fitchy sable, on a chief azure two mullets or, is the coat of CLINTON, Duke of NEW- CASTLE. A rgent, on a fess gules tJiree crosses-crosslet of the field was borne by CORSANT, a family who were engaged in the First Crusade. (Salle des Croists at Versailles.)

Vert, a saltire between twelve crosslets or is the coat of the Lordship of MEHRENBERG, quartered by the House of NASSAU. (Notice these are crosslets proper, z>., small plain equal armed crosses.)

The Norman family of BREZE, Comtes de MAU- LEVRIER, bore : d'Azur, a un dcusson d1 argent borde d'or en abime; accompagne de Jiuit croisettes d'or en orle. These arms appear on the handsome monument by GOUJON, erected in the Cathedral of Rouen by DIANE DE POITIERS (mistress of HENRI II.) to the memory of her husband the Due de BREZE.

47. Passion. 48. Greek. 49. Calvary.

50. Patriarchal. 51. Potent. 52. Lorraine.

53. Patty. 54. Patty-fitchy. 55. Maltese

56. Patonce. 57. Fleur-de-lisee. 58. Flory.

59. Fourchy. GO. Aiguisee. 61. Tau.

CHAPTER V.

THE SUB-ORDINARIES.

THE charges known by this name are as follows : — the QUARTER ; the CANTON ; the GYRON ; the INES- CUCHEON ; the BORDURE ; the ORLE ; the TRESSURE ; the FRET ; the LOZENGE ; the FLAUNCHE and FLASQUE ; the BILLET ; the LABEL ; and ROUNDLES of various colours.

I. THE QUARTER (franc-quartier}. — As its name denotes this bearing occupied originally the quarter of the shield, i.e., the first fourth part of the field cut off by the palar and fess lines meeting in the fess point. It is found drawn of this size in early English blazons. In modern ones it has undergone some diminution and cannot now be practically distinguished in most cases from its former diminutive, the Canton, except when, as in the instances now given, it is the sole charge. Argent, a quarter sable is the coat of SUTTON, Lord LEXINGTON ; Gules, a quarter argent is the old coat of BLENCOWE. SHIRLEY, Earl FERRERS, uses : Paly of six or and azure a quarter ermine. Counter-vair a quarter ermine, is borne by SALPERWICK, Marquis de GRIGNY : the President LAMOIGNON bore : Losangd de sable et d^ argent au franc-quartier d'hermine. GENDRON uses d'Azur, au franc-quartier d'or ; Du- BUISSON, d 'Argent, au franc-quartier de gueules ; and DASBOURG of Luxemburg, Or, a quarter sable. Gules, frettyor, on a canton of the same a lion pass ant sable is the old coat of DE RiBAUMONTwho took part in the First Crusade. In the Armorial de Gueldre the arms of the Sire de LEEFDAEL are : Or, three cinquefoils gules, on a quarter

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of tJie last an eagle displayed argent. Only two of the cinquefoils are here visible ; the third is hidden by the quarter, but is supposed to be still existing under that addition or augmentation. ( Vide post, p. 427.)

II. THE CANTON (Franc-canton]. — This as stated above is a diminutive of the Quarter. It occupies the ninth part of the shield (or the space either on the dexter or the sinister in the upper portion of the escucheon if the shield were supposed to be charged with a plain cross drawn of the correct proportions). Both the quarter and canton are, theoretically, additions to the original coat ; and if occasion require it are considered exempt from the ordinary rule which forbids colour on colour, or metal on metal. Plate XVIIL, fig. 2, is the coat of KlNGSCOTE, Argent, ten escallops, four, three, two, and one sable ; on a canton gules a pierced mullet or. In all such cases the number of charges named is that of what is assumed to be the original coat, including those " absconded " or hidden by the canton, as in the similar case of the quarter. Usually the canton used is the dexter one, but in a few cases the sinister canton is employed. Chequy or and gules a sinister canton argent, are the arms of SLEIGH. Sable, a sinister canton argent is in SIEBMACHER'S WappenbucJi, for EYTZENRIET.

Per f ess argent and or, on a canton gules the lion of St. Mark, is the coat of the Venetian FOSCARI. A rather remarkable coat is that of SCHATZ of Bavaria ; Per bend sinister argent and gules a canton of the last. This is, however, rather a case of a German parted coat.

The Canton has been sometimes thought to indicate the square banner of a knight-banneret. It may have done so very occasionally. I remember three coats in which the lower edge of the charge is indented, as if it had been intended to give the idea of a banner (though not necessarily that of a banneret, which was simply square). In the Second Calais Roll, i.e., the Roll

of Knights made at the Siege of Calais in 1348 (HARL. MS. 6589, printed in Notes and Queries, 5th. S., vol. iv. p. 324), is the coat of Sir WILLIAM DE LA ZOUCHE, Gules, bczantfe, a canton indented in the bottom. Or, a canton indented at the bottom gules was the coat of BESYNGBURGH. Azure, a chevron engrailed, and a canton indented at the bottom, was borne by DEDNAM.

Instances of the use of the Quarter and Canton as " DIFFERENCES : " as " AUGMENTATIONS : " and as "MARKS OF ILLEGITIMACY:" will be found respectively in the subsequent Chapters which treat of those subjects.

A Canton, and Fess (or bar), are sometimes conjoined in one bearing without any dividing line ; as in Plate XVI 1 1., fig. 3 which is the coat of WOODVILLE or WIDVILLE : Argent, a fess and canton conjoined gules, borne by Queen ELIZABETH WOODVILE, wife of EDWARD IV. Or, a fess and canton sable, are the coat of GEOFFREY RlDEL, Bishop of ELY (1174-1189). Chequy or and gules, a canton barry argent and of the second, are the arms of TREDERN in Brittany. Ermine, on a canton gules an escucheon voided argent, is the coat of SURTEES of Durham.

III. Next to the QUARTER or CANTON, we may place the GYRON (giron} which is the lower half of a Quarter, formed by a diagonal line ; or we may define it as the piece included by half the partition line per bend, and half the partition line per fess meeting in the fess point.

There is, I believe, only one instance in British Armory in which a single Giron occurs as a charge ; it is in the coat of CHIVERS : Argent, a giron azure, and three cinquef oils gules. Plate XVIII., fig. 4, is the coat of DE CLUSEAU in LIMOUSIN, d 'Argent, au giron de gueules. Girons appear in the arms of the GlRON, Duke of OSSUNA, Marquis of PENAFIEL in Spain. The name is said by BARNABF. MORENO DE VARGAS to have been assumed by RODRIGUE GONSALEZ DE ClSNEROS who

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yielded his own horse to ALPHONSO VI., whose charger had been killed under him ; and in order to secure the return of the horse to him, he cut off with his sword a giron, or gusset-shaped piece, from his surcoat, that so he might be recognised by the king at the close of the combat. (See MENETRIER, Traite de rOrigine des Armoiries, Paris 1680.) The GlRON arms are: Or, tJiree points ', or girons, moving from tJie base of the shield gules ; and a bordure chequy of the same tinctures. The Dukes of OSSUNA bear : Per fess (a) in chief, CASTILE impaling LEON ; (b) in base, Or, three girons accosted, issuing from the base gules ; for GlRON the whole within a bordure chequy gules and or, thereon five escucJieons azure, on each as many plates in Saltire, — "/as Quinas Reales" of PORTUGAL. ( Vide infra, p. 441.)

In the remarkable coat of MORTIMER, Earl of MARCH, Plate XVIII.jfig. 5, a small gyron (sometimes called a "bast esquierre") occurs at each end of the chief. The arms are blazoned : Barry of six or and azure, on a chief of the first tivo pallets between two gyrons of the second, over all an inescucheon argent. Otherwise : Azure, three bars or, on a chief of the last two pallets of the first, the corners gyroned of the first and second, an inescucJieon argent. (See the seal of EDMUND MORTIMER, infra ; and also the chapter on DIFFERENCES, infra p. 448.)

The curious arms of the French family of PRESSIGNY resemble those of MORTIMER ; and the coat was one which was thought so difficult to describe clearly and succinctly as to be a test of a man's knowledge of French blazon. It is : Per pale or and azure three bars counter- changed ; a chief also per pale and of the same tinctures, tJiereon two pallets between as many girons all counter- changed. In the centre point of the whole shield an escucheon argent. These were the arms of RENAUD DE PRESSIGNY, Marechal de FRANCE, in 1270.

The coat blazoned above is that drawn in the MS. Armorial du Heraut " BERRY," circa 1450, No. 716.

" D'or et d'azur, au pie party, Au chef palle, fesse, contre-fesse, A deux quantons gironnes Et un escu d'argent par my (i.e., ' en abime ') Sont les armes de Pressigny."

There are slight variations, but MENETRIER (or his editor), for once goes all wrong in La Nouvelle MttJwde du Blason, 1718, p. 263. A good modern French blazon, given in RIETSTAP'S Armorial General under MARANS, is : Fasce-contre-fasce d'or et d'azur de six pieces, a un ecusson d'argent en abime ; au chef tierce en pal (a) tranche" d'or et d'azur ; (b) parti d'azur et d'or; (c) faille d'azur et d'or, but the tinctures are repeated (four times) in a way which would have been very shocking to an English Herald of the old school.

IV. THE INESCUCHEON, OR ESCUCHEON (ecusson).— The former name is applied only when, as in the MORTI- MER coat above recorded, there is but one such charge ; when there is more than one they are called escucheons. This is however a modern refinement which does not get universal acceptance.

Argent, an inescucheon ermine is said to be the coat of BAZIN, or BASING ; and its reverse that of BLANKFRONT. It is not always easy to determine whether a coat should be blazoned as charged with an escucheon, or with a bordure ; for instance in GLOVER'S Ordinary the coat of GWYN is said to be both: Vair, an escucheon or; and Or, a bordure vair. Azure, an escucheon argent (d'Azur, a I 'Ecusson d'argent) is the coat of WAVRIN, as borne in 1191 (Third Crusade); and still by the Counts of WAVRIN in Belgium (See Armorial de Gueldre, No. 154). Or, an escucheon gules, is the coat of the Lordship of BlTSCH, quartered by the Counts of HANAU. Or, three escucheons barry of six vair and gules, is borne by MONT-

CHENSY (Rolls of 1277 and 1296). Gules, three escucheons argent, is the coat of JOHN FlTzSlMON (Roll temp. HENRY III.) ; and its reverse (Plate XIX., fig. 12) is the well known bearing of the Scottish family of HAY. PLANCHE suggests that did we know the paternity of EVA, wife of WILLIAM DE HAY A, who was living in 1174, we might probably be able to account for the adoption of these arms without going back, as the pre- posterous legend does, to the times of the Danish invasion of Scotland.

The same coat: Argent, tJiree escucheons gules, is the bearing of the Counts de RlBEAUPlERRE, or RAPPOL- STEIN, of Alsace (MORICE, Chevaliers de la Toison (TOr, No. 144) ; of RABENSTEIN in the Wappenrolle von Zurich (No. 385) ; of the ancient Dukes of SPOLETO ; of the French families of ABBEVILLE DALENONCOURT ; LA MOTTE, etc. ; of LE BRUYN of Holland ; and of the English D'AVILLIERS (temp. EDWARD I.). Or, three escucheons vair, was borne by DE FONTAINE in 1203 at the Third Crusade (Salles des Croises at Versailles).

V. THE BORDURE (bordure}. — The BORDURE is, as its name denotes, a border surrounding the shield. According to French usage it should occupy one-fifth of it ; but in practice its size depends on whether it is borne charged or plain. The confusion in ancient blazons between coats in which this or an escucheon is the sole charge has been already noted. Chequy or and azure a border gules, was the coat of the Counts de DREUX, created Earls of RICHMOND in England. Ermine, a bordure gules appears in the Roll of 1286 as the arms of HUNDESCOTE. Ermine, a bordure engrailed gules is the coat of BARNEWALL, Lords TRIMLESTOWN, in Ireland, etc. Or, a bordure engrailed sable is borne by KNIGHT. Its chief use, especially in Scotland, has been as a brisure ; that is, as a mode of differencing the younger branches of families from the parent stock ;

and its use for this purpose will be more fitly considered in the chapter on DIFFERENCES. (Chapter XIV., p. 437.)

But there are a few examples in Scottish Armory in which the bordure is used as a principal figure. Plate XVII., fig. 2, is the coat of the MAULES, Earls of PAN- MURE, it is Per pale argent and gules, a bordure charged with eight escallops, all counter-changed. These number six only in Sir DAVID LlNDESAY's MS. and on the seal of Sir DAVID MAULE, in 1320. (See the Registrum de Panmure, I., clxiv., edited by JOHN STUART, LL.D., privately printed in 1874.) Fig. 3 of the same plate is the coat of the old Earls of DUNBAR and MARCH, unquestionably the chiefs of their family. It appears on the seal of Earl PATRICK as early as 1 292 ; and the bordure is there charged with eight roses ; this is the usual number, though it varies in the seals of his descendants, and occasionally the bordure appears to be uncharged.

The Bordure may of course be formed of any of the compound partition lines ; as in the coats of BARNE- WALL and KNIGHT above given where the bordure is engrailed. The HAMILTONS of Neilsland difference with a bordu re-quarterly, engrailed argent, and invecked azure. It may further be parted per pale, or per fess, or be borne quarterly. It may also be compony, or gobony, that is divided into pieces of alternate metal and colour. The Spanish family of IRRIBERI, bear : Or plain, within a bordure compone of eighteen pieces of azure and the field. Such bordures are frequently used, as will hereafter be shown, as marks of cadency ; and only one is therefore given here. HUMPHREY, Duke of GLOUCESTER, fourth son of HENRY IV., bore the Quartered coat of FRANCE and ENGLAND, within a bordure compone sable (sometimes azure) and argent as in Plate XVII., fig. 4.

In gobone, or compone, bordures, the pieces or com-

pons, are often charged. A bordure counter-compone differs from the bordure-£9&W in having two rows of pieces. It is, in fact, Chequy of two rows. Such a bordure appears in the coat of OLIPHANT of Condie (Plate XVII., fig. 5). Gules, three crescents argent, a bordure counter-compony of tJie tinctures. Barry of six or and sable, a bordure counter-compony of the same is the coat of the Barons SAVA of Italy and Provence. A curious Italian bordure counter-compone is that of the RlZZOLETTl of Padua — the outer panes are alternately sable and argent, while the inner row is of gules and argent. A similar example is found in the coat of the Galician Counts of STADNICKI. There the outer compons are of azure and argent, the inner ones of argent and gules. In bordures gobone, and counter-compone the pieces, or panes, follow the outline of the shield and the lines which divide them are usually drawn as if radiating from the centre point. But in a bordure chequy, these are not only three rows of panes or chequers but the dividing lines do not follow the outline ; the chequers are all rectangular, and the bordure as a whole is treated as if it were itself cut out of a chequered field ; as in Plate XVI I., fig. 6. BARCLAY of Touch bears: Azure, a chevron or between three crosses patee argent ; a bordure chequy of the second and first. When a bordure is blazoned flory, crusily, bezante, or billetty : it is under- stood to be charged with eight fleurs-de-lis, crosslets, bezants, billets, etc.

The expressions a "bordure of ENGLAND" or a " bor- dure of FRANCE " are used to imply in the one case, a bordure gules charged with eight golden lions passant gardant ; and in the other, a bordure azure charged with eight fleurs-de-lis or. Similarly, a " bordure of CASTILE " (now borne in the Royal Arms of PORTUGAL), is of gules charged with the golden castles of CASTILE. (Plate XVII., fig. 7.) RICHARD, Earl of CORNWALL, elected

PLATE XVII.

m wj

1. Bordure. 2. Bordure. 3. Bordure.

(Earl of Cornioall.) (Maule.) (Dunbar.)

4. Bordure compony. 5. Bordure counter compony. 6. Bordure checquy. (Duke of Gloucester. ) ( Oliphant of Gondie. ) (Barclay of Toitch.)

7. Bordure of Castile. (Portugal.)

8. Orle. (Baliol.)

9. Orle of martlets. (Gledstanes.)

10. Tressure flory counter flory. 11. Tressure. (Fleming.) (Howard.)

12. Tressure. (Earl of Aboyne.)

King of the ROMANS, second son of King JOHN of ENGLAND, bore: Argent, a lion rampant gules crowned or, within a bordure sable, charged with bezants, varying in number. (Plate XVI I., fig. i.) Quarterly or and azure, a bordure counter-changed is used by AUBER in France, and (with sable instead of azure] by ADALBERT. Occasionally a double bordure is found in the Heraldry of the Peninsula. Of this one example may suffice. The Portuguese ORTINS bear ; Em campo azul hum Sol de ouro, e duas bordaduras, a primiera de prata cheya de rosas verdes ; a segunda composta de prata e ver- melho. (Azure, a sun in splendour within two bordures, the first argent charged with roses, vert ; the second compony argent and gules.)

There are some coats in which the effect of several bordures is produced, and which require skill and atten- tion in blazoning. For example : the Counts de THIERMES bear : Or, a bordure azure, and en surtout an escucheon argent thereon a lion rampant gules crowned or within a bordure azure. Here the effect is the same as if the argent shield bore a triple bordure, azure, or, and azure.

A CIRCULAR BORDURE is found in the coat of the Scottish family of KlLGOUR. Argent, a dragon volant in pale wings displayed within a circular bordure sable thereon three crescents of the field (see STODART, Scottish Arms, ii., plate lv.). The French blazon of this bordure would be Vetu en rond. The German family of LEO bear: d'Or, au lion de sable, le champ vetu en rond du mcme. The Florentine BELLINCIONI use the same, the field of argent, the lion and bordure gules, and the Swiss RHEINAU, Azure, a lion rampant or, a bordure circular gules.

Of this bearing Vetu en ovale is a variation. Or, six mule shoes azure nailed argent, the field vetu en ovale ermine, is the coat of FERRIERE DE TESSE.

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The coat of Lord GRAY, although to appearance a differenced coat — Gules, a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed argent, seems to belong to the same category of principal arms ; just as in English Armory the TALBOTS, Earls of SHREWSBURY, bore : Gules, a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed or, in which coat the bordure appears to be not a brisure denoting cadency from an ancestor who bore simply Gules, a lion rampant or, but rather a difference originally assumed to distinguish the family of TALBOT from other families who bore the common charge of a lion or on a field gules. (My MS. Ordinary contains the names of over a hundred families to whom this coat is attributed.)

In Spanish coats the bordure is sometimes found of the same tincture as the field, only separated from it by the pourfilar line ; thus the Andalucian family of CANI- ZARES bears : Gules plain, a bordure of the same charged with eight saltires couped (flanchis) or. ESCORN A similarly bears : Argent, an ox statant gules, on a bordure of the field eight bells azure. (On Spanish bordures see my "Heraldry of Spain and Portugal," and pp. 440, 475, infra.}

In England the use of the bordure as a principal charge is not unfrequent, and in such cases it is itself generally charged with eight repetitions of a minor charge, bezants, escallops, roses, etc.

The different families of ERPINGHAM bore: Argent, with bordures of various tinctures for difference, azure, vert, gules, and sable, charged with martlets argent, or or. We cannot say which was the original or principal coat. The various D'ARCY coats afford like examples.

VI. THE ORLE is a narrow bordure detached from the edge of the shield. Gules, an orle argent (Plate XVI I., fig. 8), was the coat of JOHN BALLIOL, the vassal King of SCOTLAND. The coat of the Berwick-

shire family of LANDALE of that Ilk, which has long been borne cti snrtout by their heirs-general, the Earls of HOME, is : Or, an orle azure.

In very early English blazons the Orle is sometimes described as " un faux ecusson" (See the Falkirk Roll of 1298, and the still earlier Rolls of 1240 and 1256; MS. 414 in the Heralds' College ; and HARL. MS. 6589.)

The ORLE is seldom found charged, or formed by any other than the line following the outline of the escucheon in which it is borne. But KNOX, Earl of RAN- FURLY in Ireland, bears : Gules, a falcon volant or within an orle wavy argent ; ULSTER'S Register also has recorded a coat granted in 1693 to a cadet of this family, which has the orle waved on the outer, but engrailed on the inner, side ; and a coat of LANDEL, presumably differ- enced from that already given, has the orle engrailed on the inner edge ; and there is another in which the inner edge is indented. FONT'S MS. gives as the coat of NORIE : Per pale argent and sable an orle engrailed on both sides, and charged with four quatrefoils, within a bordure all countercJianged.

The family of CHADWICK bears : Or, on an orle gules, the outer edge engrailed, eight martlets argent, all within an orle of eight crosslets sable.

Six, eight, or more minor charges, such as bezants, martlets, crosslets, etc., placed round the shield as they would be arranged if there were a bordure charged with them, ate said to be "in orle" as in the coat of GLED- STANES, now GLADSTONE (Plate XVII., fig. 9) : Argent, a savage's head couped, distilling drops of blood, wreathed with bay and holly leaves all proper, within an orle of eight martlets sable.

The coat of CONSIDINE also has an unusual orle : A rgent, an orle gules flory and counter-flory on the outer edge only vert ; in the centre a dagger in pale azure, the hilt or.

Among the curiosities of Heraldry is the coat of BENEWITZ of Bavaria, who bear : The arms of the EMPIRE within a circular orle nebuly azure.

The Barons von SCHAWENBURG use: Argent, a (plain) bordure nebuly of or upon azure, over all a saltire gules.

VII. THE TRESSURE. — This bearing is almost peculiar to Scotland, and is very familiar in consequence of its position in the Royal Arms of that country. A plain tressure is a diminutive of the orle, and is depicted half its thickness ; it is never borne alone. There are a very few instances here given in which a triple tressure is used. Azure, three concentric orles or, is a coat ascribed to LANDELLS; Gules, three such orles argent, is attributed to Sir JOHN CHIDIOK in the Roll of 1308.

In foreign coats the plain tressure, or orle, is some- times repeated. The Breton family of BAIGNEAU bear : Or, four concentric orles (or plain tressures] sable.

But in Scotland the tressure is always double, and almost always flory-counter-flory of fleurs-de-lis, to the number of eight at least. In the well known case of the Royal Arms of Scotland the tressure is often inaccurately depicted, all the heads of the fleurs-de-lis being turned outwards in spite of (or rather in ignorance of the meaning of) the blazon.

When properly drawn the fleurs-de-lis are cut horizon- tally into two parts ; and the upper and lower portions project alternately from the outer edge of the outer tressure, and from the inner edge of the inner one. No portion of the fleur-de-lis now appears upon the thin strip of the field which is shown between the two tres- sures. (See Plates XXXVL, XXXVIL, XXXVIII., etc.)

Popular belief long associated this bearing in the Arms of Scotland with a supposed alliance between one ACHAIUS, King of the Dalriadic Scots, and CHARLE- MAGNE ; and declared that it commemorated the agreement that the French lilies should be for all time

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coming a defence to the lion of Scotland. It is easier to laugh at the transparent absurdity of this fable than to account for the first introduction of the Fleurs-de-lis into the Royal Coat of Scotland. Historically no alli- ance between SCOTLAND and FRANCE can be found earlier than the reign of ROBERT BRUCE.

On the seal of ALEXANDER II. the lion is the sole charge. On the Great Seal of ALEXANDER III. (1249- 1286) the lion rampant appears alone upon the shield borne by the monarch, but the caparisons of this charger have the lion surrounded by a bordure ; this is charged with small crosslets but the inner edge has a border of demi-fleurs-de-lis. (VREE, Genealogie des Comtes de Flandre, Plate xv.) A portion of this seal is engraved in LAING'S Scottish Seals, vol. ii., Plate ii., fig. i, and I am inclined to think not so accurately as in VREE'S example, where the whole seal is given, and the crosslets distinctly shown on the bordure. To this bordure I believe we must trace the origin of the tressure flory-counter-flory, which had no direct connection with any French alliance connubial or political.

In the Roll of Anns of the Thirteenth Century, to which the date 1272 is assigned, we find what is, so far as I can trace, the first blazon of the Scottish Arms, No. n. " Le Roy d'Escoce, d'or un lion rampant et un borde florette de gulez." This may correspond sufficiently with the bordure upon the seal of ALEXANDER III. referred to above, but it assuredly is not the tressure flory-counter- flory as borne in later times. This was certainly held in honour in Scotland in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and occasionally bestowed as an augmentation of their arms on persons descended maternally from the Royal House ; and upon others who were thought to have deserved well of their King and country. THOMAS RANDOLPH, Earl of MORAY, whose mother was ISOBEL, sister of King ROBERT BRUCE, bore : A rgent, three cushions

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pendent within the Royal Tressure gules ; the tressure being an addition to his paternal coat (Plate XXXIII., fig. 9). No tressure, however, was borne by the CAMP- BELLS, or the Earls of MAI^, who were equally descended from sisters of King ROBERT. As early as the middle of the fourteenth century we find several families of mark bearing the tressure without having any near connection with the Royal House. Thus the FLEMINGS of Biggar bore : Gules, a chevron within a double tressure flory-counter- flory argent (Plate XVII., fig. 10). It will be noticed that the chevron, or other Ordinary, in Scottish coats is not prolonged beyond the inner edge of the tressure ; in a few foreign coats hereafter to be given (p. 181) this rule is not observed. MALCOLM FLEMING, on whose seal in 1357 the tressure occurs (LAING, Scottish Seals, ii. No. 366), probably obtained that armorial distinction in reward for his devoted service to the cause both of ROBERT BRUCE and his son. It was two generations later that Sir MALCOLM FLEMING, of Biggar and Cumbernauld, allied himself to the Royal House by marriage with a daughter of ROBERT, Duke of ALBANY. The Royal Tressure also occurs on the seal of WILLIAM LIVINGSTON as early as 1357 (LAING, Scottish Seals, ii., No. 650), and with these two families may be classed a house of more mark — that of the SETONS, whose representative Sir ALEXANDER SETON bore the tressure in 1337 (Scottish Seals, ii., No. 891); certainly not (as has been sometimes represented) in virtue of descent from King ROBERT'S sister CHRISTIAN, whose husband, Sir CHRISTOPHER SETON, was only collaterally (if at all) related to the head of the Scottish house of SETON.

Of the descendants of the daughters of ROBERT II. and ROBERT III., the Lords of the ISLES ; the KENNEDYS ; the LYONS ; the GRAHAMS of Garvock ; and the EDMONSTONES, all bore the Tressure ; but no such addition was made to the arms of the Earls of DOUGLAS,

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or of ANGUS ; or to those of the DOUGLASES of Morton ; the LINDSAYS, Earls of CRAWFORD ; and the KEITHS, who were genealogically equally entitled to it. The families of MURRAY of Touchadam ; CHARTERIS of Kinfauns ; and MURRAY of Tullibardine (Scottish Seals, ii., No. 771) all had the Royal Tressure in their arms before the sixteenth century. The towns of ABERDEEN and PERTH also obtained early the right of honouring their arms with the addition of the Royal Tressure. It appears on the still existing matrix of the Burgh seal of ABERDEEN which was engraved in 1430. It was at a rather later date that it appears in the arms of the BUCHANANS and MAITLANDS. It is not easy to explain the motive of an Act of Parliament of JAMES III. of the date 1471, which, however, was never carried into effect, that there should in future be no tressure about the lion in the Royal Coat : — " In tyme to cum thar suld be na double tresor about his armys, but that he suld ber hale armys of the lyoun without ony mar." In later times the Royal Tressure was occasionally borne by virtue of Royal Warrants, several of which are recorded in the Lyon Register ; and it must be presumed to have been so granted in various cases in which the warrant is no longer extant It has been held to be ultra vires of LYON to allow it (except by a special warrant from the Sovereign) to any family which could not prove descent from an ancestor entitled to bear it. JAMES V. in 1542 granted a warrant to LYON to surround the arms of JOHN SCOT, of Thirlstane, with the Royal Tressure, in respect of his ready services at Soutra Edge with three score and ten lances on horseback, when other nobles refused to follow their Sovereign. The grant was put on record by the grantee's descendant PATRICK, Lord NAPIER ; and is the tressured coat borne in the second and third quarters of the NAPIER arms. (It may be mentioned that the late Mr RlDDELL sug-

gested a doubt of the genuineness of this instrument on the ground of an obvious error in the date of it, King JAMES not having been at Fala until the month of October. It appears however that the discrepancy is simply due to a clerical error (See NAPIER'S Partition of the Lennox, pp. 217-226; and RlDDELL's reply in Addi- tional Remarks on the Lennox Representation, pp. 79-87).

When the Royal Tressure is granted to the bearer of a quartered coat it is usually placed upon a bordure surrounding the quartered shield, as in the case of the arms of the Marquess of QuEENSBERRY, to whom, in 1682, the Royal Tressure was granted upon a bordure or. A like arrangement is borne by the Earl of EGLINTON, and is found upon a seal of Earl HUGH, appended to a charter of 1 598.

The Royal Tressure has at least twice been granted as an augmentation to the arms of foreigners. JAMES V. granted it to NICOLAS CANIVET of Dieppe, secretary to JOHN, Duke of ALBANY (Reg. Mag. Sig., xxiv., 263, Oct. 24, 1529). JAMES VI. gave it to Sir JACOB VAN ElDEN, a Dutchman on whom he conferred the honour of knighthood.

In a few exceptional and later cases the floriation of the Tressure has been somewhat varied. The Tressure (Plate XVII., fig. 12) granted to CHARLES, Earl of ABOYNE, third son of the second Marquess of HUNTLY, is adorned with crescents without, and demi-fleurs-de-lis within ; and the Tressure borne by the Earl of ABERDEEN, another member of the GORDON family, bears thistles, roses, and fleurs-de-lis alternately. On I2th March 1762, a Royal Warrant was granted directing LYON to add a " double tressure counterflowered as in the Royal Arms of Scotland," to the arms of ARCHIBALD, Viscount PRIMROSE. Here the Tressure was gules, as in the Royal arms, although the field on which it was placed was vert. In a new record of the arms of ARCHIBALD,

Earl of ROSEBERY, in 1823, this heraldic anomaly is done away, and the blazon is now: Vert, three primroses within a double tressure flory-counter-flory or. {See STODART, Scottish Anns, vol. i., pp. 262-263, where mention is also made of an older use of the Royal Tressure, or, by " Sir ARCHIBALD PRIMROSE of Dalmenie, knight and baronet, be his Majesty CHARLES ye ii. create, Vert, three prim- roses within a double tressure flowered counter flowered or")

There are in Foreign Heraldry a few coats in which the Tressure appears. Or, a tressure azure, is the coat of TROMENEC in Brittany.

Or, a double tressure flory-counter-flory vert, over all a cross gules (d'Or, au double trescheur fleure, contrefleure de sinople a la croix de gueules brocJiante sur le touf] is borne by ROCQUENGHIEN of Cambray; and BAULANDE of Hainault. BOSSUT of Liege bears the same but with a saltire gules brochant over all ; ESCORNAIX (otherwise VAN SCHORISSE) bears the same, but with a chevron gules brochant over all. (See MAURICE, Toison d*Or, p. 91.) In the cut of the arms of DES CORNAIS in MENETRIER'S Mttkode du Blazon (opposite p. 1 54, No. 8) the chevron gules does not pass the inner edge of the tressure ; and there is the addition of an escucheon en surtout, Azure a bend or. In the other cases, and in the next example, the Ordinary en surtout comes to the edge of the shield, v. p. 178.

Vert, a double tressure flory-counter-flory or, over all a chevron azure, is attributed to ALLOIS of Belgium.

VIII. THE FRET.— This Sub-Ordinary at an early

period originated in the still earlier fretty coats (vide

pp. 96-97); as a charge it is peculiar to British Armory.

It is produced by the interlacing of the bendlet and

bendlet-sinister with a large mascle of equal width. Plate

XIX., fig. u, is the coat of the HARRINGTONS, Sable, a

fret argent (and is probably a canting coat derived from

a herring net). The MALTRAVERS, who bore : Sable, a

fret or ; the VERDONS, who bore: Or, a fret gules ; the

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TOLLEMACHES, whose arms were : Argent, a fret sable ; the ETCHIN GRAMS, whose coat is : Azure, a fret argent, and other families who now bear a single fret, are found recorded as originally bearing Pretty in the ancient Rolls of A rms.

A Fret, like a saltire or cross, is also (though infrequently) borne, singly or in combination with others, as a minor charge, and is then of smaller size and couped. The coat of OYRY is : Azure, three lucies hauriant argent, two and one ; and as many frets or, one and two.

IX. THE LOZENGE (and its variations, the FUSIL, MASCLE, and RUSTRE). — The LOZENGE is a four side figure (rhombus) of which the angles at the top and bottom are acute, and those at the flanks obtuse. As a single charge, or uncharged Sub-Ordinary, it is seldom found in British Armory. Gules, on a lozenge or a chevron azure is the coat of BROOKE. Per fess or and gules a lozenge counter-changed is that of KlRKE, or KYRKE. It is more frequently found in Foreign blazons, where it is commonly drawn as a lozenge throughout, i.e. its points touch the borders of the escucheon. This is also blazoned as vetu, or chape-chausse. The EuBINGS of Bavaria bore : de Gueules, le champ vetu d^ argent.

Gules, a lozenge argent (de Gueules, a une losange dargenf) is the coat of the extinct family of RORDORF in Bavaria and of the Counts von GRAVENECK or GRAFENEGG (of the Holy Roman Empire). The reverse is borne by the Swedish and Prussian Counts of SCHWERIN ; and is the same as that of EUBING above.

Gules, a lozenge-throughout per pale or and sable is the curious coat of FlDELER (SlEBMACHER, Wappenbuch,

»•, 153).

Per fess argent and azure, a lozenge-throughoui counter- changed ; are the arms of CORRER, or CORRARO, of Venice. This coat is also sometimes blazoned : Coupe d*azur, sur argent, cJiape-cJiausse de I'un en Vautre. Gules,

on a lozenge-throughout or, a trefoil vert is the coat of the French family of BENTOUX.

In the Armory of England and of the Low Countries the Lozenge is a frequent charge : either detached, or conjoined with others. Plate XVIII., fig. 7 is the coat of HYDE, Earl of CLARENDON : Azure, a chevron between tJiree lozenges or. Gules, three lozenges argent is a coat of GREYSTOCK. Or, three lozenges gules, is borne on the Continent by the Dutch families of WOERDEN ; HOOLA ; VAN GEESDORP ; VAN VLIET ; by TROISDORFF in Westphalia, and GAUTHIER DE GOURAVAL in France. Or, tliree lozenges sable is the coat of DE LlNDT ; JANSDAM ; and KEMP in the Netherlands.

Frequently the lozenges are borne touching each other at the points in fess, in pale, or in bend. Argent, three lozenges conjoined in fess gules is the well known coat of MONTAGU, or MONTACUTE, Earls of SALISBURY (Plate XV II I ., fig. 9). Sable, three lozenges conjoined in fess ermine, are the arms of GlFFARD. Argent, tJiree lozenges con- joined in bend sable is borne by the Austrian Barons von SEUSENEGG ; the same in pale is borne by HOUCHIN, Marquis de LONGASTRE. Ermines, three lozenges ermine in triangle, meeting at the fess point ; is the coat ascribed to HALLOFTE or HOLLOFTE. These lozenges in French would be blazoned "enpairle\" thus the Counts BRAUN VON WARTENBERG bear (for BRAUN), d 'Argent, a trois losenges de gueules appointees en pairle.

Five lozenges are often borne conjoined in pale, fess, bend, or in cross. In the Low Countries there are a very considerable number of coats containing eight, nine, and especially ten, lozenges conjoined. The last are usually arranged 3, 3, 3, i ; thus HAUDION, Count de WYNEGHEM bears : Argent, ten lozenges conjoined azure 3, 3, 3, i ; and the Barons C ARTIER D' YVES do the same.

An elongated lozenge, each of whose sides is much longer than its horizontal diameter, is called a fusil

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(fusee) from the French fuseau. The family of CHAMP- NEYS, county Devon, bear: Argent, two fusils in fess gules, as Plate XVI II., fig. 1 1 . Azure, three fusils conjoined in fess argent, is borne by the Austrian Counts von EGGER, and by FRIBERG ( Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 153). Azure, three fusils in fess or, is the canting coat of FUSEE DE VOISENON in France (d'Azur, a trois fusees d'or accolees en fasce) ; and LE FUSELIER in Cambray, bears: d'Or, a cinq fusees d^azur range es en bande.

Perhaps the best known English example is that afforded by the coat of PERCY, Earls and Dukes of NORTHUMBERLAND : Azure, five fusils conjoined in fess or (Plate X VI II., fig. 12). In early Rolls these were called " mill pecks," and are probably armes parlantes.

A Lozenge voided, that is deprived of its middle, only a border being left, is called a Mascle, from macula, the mesh of a net. (It may be noted that in some early Rolls of Arms this term is applied to a lozenge.) Plate XVI II., fig. 8, Ermine, a mascle sable, is the coat of FAWKES of Yorkshire. The Mascle is fre- quently found in Low Country and Breton coats. Argent, a mascle sable, is borne by LOHEAC DE TREVO- ASEC ; and (with the charge azure) by TREANNA. Argent, three mascles azure, is the coat of MERSEMAN of Flanders ; of MAES and DE GOYER of Holland ; Argent, three mascles sable, of PANHUYS ; MADOETS ; WAES ; and GOVAERTS, all also of the Netherlands.

Gules, three mascles argent, was borne by LE BASCLE, Comte ARGENTEUIL ; and by VERRUSALEM, one of the seven patrician families of LOUVAIN.

Mascles are most frequently borne combined, thus the great family of DE QuiNCY, Earls of WINCHESTER, bore : Gules, seven mascles conjoined, 3, 3, I or (Plate XVII I., fig. 10). FERRERS bore the same.

Or, seven mascles conjoined azure, 3, I, 3, is the coat of

COURRAN, and the Vicomte de PLEDRAN in Brittany bore the same but differently arranged — 3, 3, I.

The great house of DE ROHAN (Dues de ROHAN, BOUILLON, and MONTBAZON, Princes de LEON, MONT- AUBAN, SOUBISE, etc.), bore : de Gueules, a neuf mdcles d'or (3, 3, 3) accolees et aboutees.

The same coat but with the field azure is that of LE SENECHAL, Barons de QUELEN, Marquis de PONTE- CROIX.

Thirteen mascles conjoined or (4, 4, 4, i) in a field gules is borne by TlGNlVlLLE. Azure, afess between three mascles or, is the coat of BETHUNE, or BEATON (the family to which Cardinal BEATON belonged). Sable, afess between three mascles or, is borne by the Scottish MlCHELLS or MITCHELLS.

RUSTRE. — A Lozenge pierced with a circular opening is called a Rustre (ruste]. Or, a rustre sable, is borne by CUSTANCE. The Irish PERYS have Or, three rustres sable. SOUMERET D'ESSENAU, in Flanders, uses the reverse. De Gueules, a trois rustes d' argent, is the coat of SCHESNAYE. The Belgian family of AAVAILLE, bear : Or, a /ess gules between three rustres azure.

The fields LOZENGY, FUSILLY, MASCALLY, have been already noticed in Chapter III. ; and are probably more ancient than these charges which have been derived from them.

X. THE FLAUNCHE (FLASQUE, AND VOIDER).— The FLAUNCHE borne only in pairs, is a projection from each side or flank of the shield, bounded by the segment of a circle. In French blazon the shield is said to be flanque en rond. De Sable, flanque en rond d' argent, is the coat of the Spanish family of MARTINET. The HOBARTS, Earls of BUCKINGHAMSHIRE bear : Sable, a star of eight points or, between two flaunches ermine (de Sable, ci une e"toile rayonnante d'or, flanque en rond determine) (Plate XVI 1 1., fig. 6). The PARKERS,

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Earls of MORLEY, use : Sable, a stags head caboshed, between two flaunches argent. Gules, two leopard's faces between as many flaunches or is the coat of FRERE.

When the flaunches are smaller in size they are some- times blazoned as flasques, or voiders. The HAMILTONS of Colquot in Scotland are said to bear : Gules, three cinquefoils between two flasques argent.

XI. THE BILLET (AND DELVE). — BILLETS are small oblong rectangular figures, regarding which it has been disputed whether their name is derived from letters or logs of wood. In British Armory they are usually borne in a perpendicular position, abroad they are often couchees. BlLLY in France bears : de Gueules, a trois billettes, d' argent. Plate XIX., fig. i, Sable, a bend between six billets or, is a coat of CALLENDAR in Scot- land ; and of ANVIN in Picardy (which goes back to the Second Crusade). A similar coat, but with the bend engrailed, both it and the billets being argent, was borne by the Lords ALINGTON.

Gules, a bend between six billets or (de Gueules, a la bande d'or accompagnee de six billettes du meme, rangees en orle) is the coat of the French Marquises de SAVEUSE.

Azure, a bend between seven billets or (four in chief and three in base) was borne by the Marquises de CHAS- TELLUX. UAzur, a onze billettes d' argent, 4, 3, 4 is the coat of BEAUMANOIR, Marquis de LAVARDIN.

Gules, three billets in pairle sable, are the annes par- lantes of the Silesian family DIE SCHINDEL. A rgent, three billets couchees gules is borne by the WOESTWYNCKELE of Flanders. Argent, six billets couchees sable, are the coat of the Dutch family of VAN VEEN. Gules, four billets couchees in pale argent that of ABILLON. Occasionally the billet is borne voided ; d'Azur, a dix billettes videes argent, was borne by the Marquis de ST. PERN.

More rarely still they are pierced circular, as (some-

times only) in the coat of DE LA BEDOYERE : d*Azur, a six billettes percdes cT argent.

A billet with four equal sides is called a delve, and represents a divot, or spade-full of turf, or earth, thus delved out. A rgent, five square billets, or delves, 3 and 2, gules, is the coat of the Piedmontese MASSON. Argent, a chevron between three delves gules, is the coat of WOODWARD of Kent.

XII. THE LABEL (OR FILE). — This figure is sometimes numbered under the SUB-ORDINARIES. Its use as a brisure, or mark of difference, will be considered in the Chapters on CADENCY or DIFFERENCE. Here it will be treated of as a common charge. We do not know with certainty what it was at first assumed to represent. It is apparently a narrow ribbon or bar, "filum," " lambel," stretching across the shield, from one side to the other, and having other narrow ribbons, varying in number, dependent from it at right angles. In modern times these points are usually three in number ; and they are often drawn slightly patees, or broader at the lower ends. The modern form of the cadency label is as unsightly as it is without authority.

I have already printed in BOUTELL'S Heraldry, His- torical and Popular, p. 469, a number of interesting examples of the use of this bearing as a sole charge, etc.

LE CORNUT DE ST. LEONARD (Liege) bears : Gules, a label of three points argent ; DU ROZON (Brittany), TROGOFF, LARDIER, and CHARDOIGNE (France) : de Gueules, au lambel d'or.

BLANDIN (Brittany): Argent, a label of five points sable ; DE KERSBEKE the same, but the label of gules.

GROBBENDONCK (Brabant) : Quarterly, I and 4. Sable, a label argent: 2 and 3. Or, a fess embattled counter- embattled gules ; VAN OOSTENWOLDE, and DU PONT, Or, a label azure ; MONFRAIN, the reverse.

Very rarely we meet with the label as a sole charge in British Armory. Argent, a label of Jive points azure, is ascribed to HENLINGTON : and Azure, a label of five points or to SABBEN.

Occasionally the label occupies an unusual position. GuiLLlM says that Argent ', a label of five points in bend sable was the coat of one MORIEN, buried in St. Mary's Church at Oxford. Argent, a label of five points in bend gules is an Irish coat of GOFFE. In the coat of DE LA ROCHE DE BEAUSAINT : Per pale gules and ermine over all a bend wavy argent ; a label azure is placed bendways upon the Ordinary. In the arms of the Dutch BARESTIJNS : Argent, a wolf passant gules, a label of the same is beneath the wolf's feet. The Frisian family of ROORDA bears : A rgent, two roses in chief gules, in base a label sable.

AURELLE DE LA pREDIERE in Auvergne, bears : Or, a chevron azure in chief, a label reversed gules.

In the coat of OHA DE ROCOURT in Belgium : Argent, a barbel in pale gules, a semi-circular label of five points azure surmounts the head of the fish.

It is rare to meet with a label with less than three points, though I have found a few examples. The Spanish family of BERENGUER has (as its 1st and 4th quarters) Or, a label of one point azure.

In HARL. MSS., 1441 and 5866, there is recorded a coat of FlTZ SlMONS : Sable, three crescents argent, in chief a label of two points, in fess one of a single point of the second. The coat of DE LA VERGNE in Brittany is Gules, in chief a label of two points or.

LALANDE bears : d'Or, a deux lambels de trois pendants, le premier de gueules, I'autre de sable pos^s I'un sur I'autre.

The Barons von der LlPPE of Courland use: Argent, two labels, each of four points, in pale sable.

The Barons HOENS in Flanders have : Azure, three

labels argent, respectively of jive, four, and three points in pale; and (with the labels or) this is the coat of EFFEREN VON STOLBERG in Prussia ; and of the Florentine BUONACORSI, now extinct.

On early seals the number of the points of the label varies considerably. On that of GuiLLAUME D'ASPRE- MONT, one of the Chevaliers Bannerets of Touraine in 1213, his shield bears (gules) a lion rampant (or) crowned (azure), and debruised by a label of ten points. (See La Touraine, par BOURASSE, p. 371, folio, Tours, 1855, while at p. 347 the number of points is seven.) Seven is also the number borne by DE RAMEFORT, another Chevalier Banneret of Touraine : — Fusille or and azure, a label of seven points gules.

There are many other curious points connected with the use of the label into which we have not space now to enter. Besides those which are charged, some of which will be noticed in a future chapter, I have notes of some which are bordered, engrailed, etc. ; but I con- clude this sub-section with two curious examples. Or, a file (i.e., label) of tJiree points gules from eacJi a bell pendent azure the clapper sable. This is the canting coat of BELFILE.

TOMKOWITZ, in Poland, bears : Vert, a label of three points in fess argent, a ball of the same affixed to the bottom of the centre point.

XIII. ROUNDLES.— We may include the ROUNDLES among the Sub-Ordinaries. These are balls, or circular discs, of metal or colour, and have, very needlessly, special names given to them in respect of their tinctures. Unless distinctly described as a ball, a roundle of gold is called a Bezant, a name probably derived from the gold coins of BYSANTIUM in use among the Crusaders ; usually it is a small flat plate of gold, but is sometimes figured as a coin, — when this is so it must be expressed. A similar disc of silver is called a Plate (from the

Spanish plata, silver). (Coins as heraldic charges are noted hereafter in Chapter XIII., p. 389.) The French call both bezants and plates by the general name of besans, affixing thereto the designation of the metal, e.g. besans d'or, besans d argent, etc. The Roundles of colour, or of fur, are similarly called by the general term of tourteaux, and their colour is specified. In German Heraldry the roundles are nearly always globes. In British Armory by a Torteau is meant only a flat, round plate gules. The difference between those of the roundles which are globular and those which are flat should be noted ; and in drawing duly expressed by shading. A Roundle azure is called a Hurt ; this is probably globu- lar, and the name derived from the English hurt, or whortleberry, not, as GERARD LEGH contends, from a hurt, or bruise, received in war ! The French call it a tourteau d'azur. Roundles of sable are called Ogresses, Pellets, and Gunstones ; and are evidently intended to be globular. Their most usual name — Pellets — is thought by some to be derived from the Spanish peletta, the leaden knob of a bird-bolt or blunt-arrow. Pomeis, or pomeys is the name given to roundles of a green colour, obviously from pomme, an apple. (A recent authority, the writer of the article on "Heraldry" in the Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th Ed., vol. xi., p. 697, tells us that this is called a " Pompey" /) Roundles of purpure are not often met with, but are called golpes, or wounds ; these, I suppose, should not be globular in shape, as are the still rarer Oranges, ottenne; and Guzes, of sanguine (eyeballs accord- ing to GERARD LEGH !). Roundles of fur are flat.

This confusing English nomenclature is the subject of the just disapproval of Foreign Armorists, particularly of DE LA COLOMBIERE, who says : — " De vouloir prati- quer ponctuellement tous ces differens termes c'est plu- tost obscurcir la science que 1'eclaircir ; c'est pourquoy je ne s^aurois approuver ces noms bizearres qui n'ont

PLATE XVIII.

1. Canton. (Nod.)

B*+ TOM

** *

2. Canton. (Kingscote.)

3. Canton and fess. (Woodville.)

4. Gyron.

(De Cluseau.)

5. Gyrons. 6. Flanches.

(Mortimer.) (Hobart.)

V

7. Lozenge. (Hyde.)

8. Mascle.

9. Lozenges conjoined. (Montacute.)

10. Mascles conjoined. (De Quinci. )

11. Fusil. (Champney.)

12. Fusils conjoined.

aucune etymologic claire, et ne sont point intelligibles."- (La Science Heroique, cxv.)

This nomenclature is not found in the early Rolls of Arms; where, as in the Armory of the Continent, all roundles of metals are besants, and all those of colour torteaux. In Scotland the English use as to roundles of colour has been adopted, but the practice of calling those of metal Bezants or, and Bezants argent has never gone out of use.

A few examples of the use of roundles, at home and abroad, may now be given.

Azure, a bezant, is ascribed to BASSINGFORD, and to BiSSET. Gules, a bezant to BURLAY, and GOSPATRIC. RANDLE HOLME gives, Or, a hurt, as the canting coat of HURTLE ; and, similarly, Argent, a torteau to TORTOX (probably a family of his own invention).

In the Zurich Wappenrolle (i4th century) Or, a ball sable, is the coat of TUFEL ; Sable, a plate, is that of SCHMID, according to SlEBMACHER, Wappenbuch, Hi., , 115.

Azure, a chevron or between three bezants are the well known arms of HOPE.

MONTESQUIOU, Marquis de FEZENSAC, bears : d'Or, a deux tourteaux de gueules, I'un sur Vautre, en pal. With the tourteaux of sable this is the coat of BELLY in France. Azure, two plates in pale, is borne by VERDUZAN. Azure, three plates, two and one, is the coat of 'the Princes of MONTLLART. Gules, three bezants, was borne in England by DENHAM ; LA TOUCHE ; and others ; — the same, but with the bezants (sometimes plates) figured, by GAMIN of France. I suspect the roundles in the coat of BOULENGER of Holland to be balls, and not bezants : dAzur, au chevron d'or, accornpagne de trois bezans du mcine; and in that of BOULA DE MAREUIL, dAzur, a trois besans dor. Gules, three balls in f ess or, is the coat of CLOOT of Brabant.

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The BANDINI of Florence bear : Gules, three plates, but these roundles are balls in the coat of HOFREITER DE DACHAU. Plate XIX., fig. 3, Or, three torteaux, is the well known coat of COURTENEY, and of the Counts of . BOULOGNE ; and was also quartered for the County of GRONSFELD by the Counts of BRONCKHORST, of the Holy Roman Empire.

Barry of six argent and azure in chief three torteaux, was the arms of GREY ; with a label ermine this was the coat of the unhappy Lady JANE GREY, proclaimed Queen of England, and executed in 1554.

Another well known British coat, that of ZOUCHE (Plate XIX., fig. 2), bears : Gules, ten bezants, 4, 3, 2, I. Argent, six hurts, 2, 2, 2, are the arms of DE CASTRO in Spain. Argent, a chevron gules between tJiree hurts, appears in early Rolls of Arms for BASKERVILLE.

Perhaps the most important Foreign instance of the use of roundles is afforded by the coat of the Florentine MEDICI, Grand Dukes of TUSCANY, which was originally, Or, six balls gules. (NOTE, not torteaux as very often wrongly blazoned by English writers, but palle, i.e. balls, possibly pills !) These were borne sometimes seven, or eight in number ; but six, in orle, is the most usual arrangement. The uppermost one was changed into a ball bearing the Arms of France, as an augmentation by LOUIS XL of France, in 1465. (See the grant in Mrs PALLISER'S Historic Devices, etc., p. 171.) This is some- times wrongly depicted. While the palle are properly drawn as balls, the one in chief is wrongly represented as a flat plate of azure. In Florence itself, however, the French augmentation is properly shown as a ball, like the others in shape ; these are often in very high relief, as in the MEDICI chapel in the church of San Lorenzo.

Roundles are often charged, thus: Ermine, three pomlis, each charged with a cross or, is the coat of HEATHCOTE, Lord AVELAND ; and Gules, three plates, on each a fleur-

PLATE XIX.

1. Billet. Callendar.

2. Bezants. Zouche.

3. Torteaux. Courtenay.

4. Roundles. Punchyon.

5. Fountains. Stowrton.

6. Gurges. Gorges.

8. Annulet. Lowther.

9. Annulet Stoned. Eglinton.

10. Vires. Firtew.

11. Fret. Harrington.

12. Escutcheon. Hay.

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de-lis sable, is that of TOMLIN. Or, three hurts, on each a mullet argent, is borne by MONTCHAL, of France. When roundles are parted, or counterchanged, they retain in English the name of roundles ; thus in Plate XIX., fig. 4, Per bend argent and sable, three roundles within a bordure engrailed all counterchanged, are the arms of PuNCHYON of Essex.

In French Blazon a roundle composed of metal and colour is called a besant-tourteau, or a tourteau-besant, according as they£>/^on which it is placed is of colour, or of metal.

A curious instance of the bearing of besants-tourteaux is afforded by the Spanish coat of FUENSALDA : de Gueules, a six besants tourteaux d* argent et de sable poses 2, 2, 2, les I et 3 a dextre, et le 2 a senestre, coupes ; les trois autres partis.

Roundles barry wavy of six argent and azure (the conventional representation of water), are called Foun- tains, or Sykes, as in the canting coat of WELLS ; Azure, three fountains ; and in that given on Plate XIX., fig. 5 Sable, a bend or between three fountains, the arms of STOURTON ; Argent, a chevron sable between three sykes, is the canting coat of SYKES. Akin to this last bearing is the Gorge or Gurges, or Whirlpool, a spiral line of azure commencing in the fess point of a field of argent, and occupying the whole shield ; it is figured in Plate XIX., fig. 6, and was borne, in the reign of HENRY III., as armes parlantes, by the Wiltshire family of GORGES. In GLOVER'S Roll of A rms, No. 1 88, this bearing takes an unusual form : being, Argent, four concentric annulets azure, the exterior one is cut by the outline of the shield. It is there given thus : " Rauf de Gorges Roele dArgent & dazur " (sic).

CHAPTER VI.

ANIMATE CHARGES : — I. THE HUMAN FIGURE.

NEXT to geometrical figures, the most prominent charges in armorial bearings are those derived from the animal and vegetable creation ; and of these those which repre- sent man its lord, may be supposed to claim precedence in our consideration.

The entire human figure, naked or clothed, appears occasionally in our own Armory, but is still more frequently met with in the wider range of Foreign Heraldry ; this contains many very curious examples, only a few of which can find description within the narrow limits of the present work.

The figure of the BLESSED SAVIOUR seated in majesty (as represented in REVELATION, i. 16 — ii. 12 — xix. 15) is the charge, derived from ancient seals, of the arms of the See of CHICHESTER. The utter ignorance of many of the old heraldic writers (if we can in courtesy confine it only to those of far back times) could scarcely be better exemplified than by the treatment which the noblest of all charges has undergone at their hands. The figure of the " Lord of Life and Glory " has become according to them " Azure, a PRESTER JOHN sitting on a tombstone, in Jiis left hand a mound, his right hand extended, all or ; on his head a linen mitre, and in his mouth a sword ppr" (FOSTER'S Peerage.} Where the whole bearing was thus travestied it is no wonder that the details have become ridiculous ! " The rainbow throne of light " has been degraded into a tombstone, and the sword issuing from the mouth into a skewer passing through it !

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The bearings , which appear in some of the Post- Reformation Sees are derived from representations of the Blessed Trinity, or of the Saints to whom the Cathedrals were dedicated, which appeared on the ancient seals.

The figure of the Blessed Virgin bearing the Divine Child which appears, on an azure field, in the arms of the See of Salisbury had a similar origin. These are identical with the arms of the PHOUSKARNAKI (or FOUSKARNAKI) of Greece. As armes parlantes the curiously designated Breton family of LENFANT-DlEU use cTAzur, a un enfant JESUS, les mains jointes d' argent, naissant d'un croissant d'or, surmonte d'un soleil du meme, et accoste de deux etoiles d'or. The family of LORETTE use also as armes parlantes the following coat : Per pale azure and or, the figure of NOTRE DAME DE LORETTE Jwlding in her arms the Holy Child.

The families who bear the names of saints, such as ST. ANDREW, ST. GEORGE, ST. MICHAEL, have (perhaps not unnaturally) included in their arms representations of their family patrons.

The Bavarian family of REIDER include in their shield the mounted effigy of the good knight St. MARTIN dividing his cloak with a beggar (date of diploma 1760). The figure of the great Apostle of the Gentiles appears •in the arms of the VON PAULI. JOERG, and J6RGER, of Austria, similarly make use of St. GEORGE.

Continental Heraldry affords not a few examples of the use of the personages of Holy Writ. The ADAMOLI of Lombardy bear : Azure, the Tree of Life entwined with tJie Serpent, and accosted with our first parents, all proper (i.e., in a state of nature). The addition of a chief of the Empire to this coat makes it somewhat incongruous.

The family of ADAM in Bavaria improve on Sacred History by eliminating EVE, and by representing ADAM

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as holding the apple in one hand, and the serpent wriggling in the other. On the other hand the Spanish family of EVA apparently consider there is a sufficiently transparent allusion to their own name, and to the mother of mankind, in the simple bearings : Or, on a mount in base an apple tree vert fruited of the field, and encircled by a serpent of the second.

The family of ABEL in Bavaria make the patriarch in the attitude of prayer to serve as their crest ; while the coat itself is : Sable, on a square altar argent, a lamb lying surrounded by fire and smoke proper.

SAMSON slaying the lion is the subject of the arms of the VESENTINA family of Verona. The field is gules, and on a terrace in base vert the strong man naked bestrides a golden lion and forces its jaws apart. The Polish family of SAMSON naturally use the same device, but the field is Azure and the patriarch is decently habited. The STARCKENS of the Island of OESEL also use the like as armes parlantes ; the field in this case is Or. After these we are hardly surprised to find that Daniel in the , lions' den is the subject of the arms of the Rhenish family of DANIELS, granted late in the eighteenth century ; the field is Azure. The Bolognese DANIELI are content to make a less evident allusion to the prophet ; their arms are : Per fess azure and vert, in chief " the lion of the tribe of Judah " naissant or, holding an open book with the words " LlBRl APERTI SUNT." (DANIEL vii. 10.)

The Archangel St. MICHAEL in full armour, as con- ventionally represented, treading beneath his feet the great adversary, sable, is the charge on an azure field of the VAN SCHOREL of Antwerp ; and he also appears in the arms of the city of BRUSSELS.

Heathen mythology has been laid under contribution even more frequently than Holy Writ. NEPTUNE is to be found in the arms of NOLTHENIUS of Guelderland.

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Azure, Hercules proper, combating a lion rampant or, appears as the coat of WILL at Augsburg ; rending a tree in the arms of FAURE ; and slaying the hydra in the canting coat of HERKLOTS.

The personification of FORTUNE is a favourite, both as a crest and as a charge, in German armory. Usually she is represented, as in the arms of ANTONELLI, naked, standing on a globe (sometimes floating on waves), and holding a veil, or sail, above her head.

Besides such instances as have been already referred to, the naked human figure is a not unfrequent charge abroad, though we have not many instances of it at home. The shield of the Scottish family of DALZIEL of that Ilk (Plate XX., fig. i), which goes back at least to the fourteenth century, is Argent, a naked man proper. Occasionally in early examples the arms are drawn extended, and in some representations, though not in the earliest, the body is swinging from a gibbet. This is an allusion to a probably not very ancient legend, in which the founder of the family is said to have recovered the body of King KENNETH III., who had been hanged by the Picts.

All such legends in connection with Heraldic bearings must be received with the utmost incredulity. In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred the story has been invented to account for the arms ; not the arms assumed as a historical hieroglyphic.

The coat of the VEGNUDINI of Bologna is Argent, on a terrace a naked woman standing between two vine shoots, and holding in her right hand a pruning-hook, all proper, on a chief azure three mullets or.

The Pomeranian family of PlRCH have a very remark- able coat : Per pale (a) Azure, a fish haurient in pale argent ; (b) Gules, on a terrace a naked woman affrontee, a fox running between her legs from right to left and holding in his mouth a quantity of hay — " la dite femme

empoignant de ses deux mains la queue du renard et sen frottant le corps" all proper !

Azure, a naked boy pointing to a star in tJie dexter chief, all proper, is the coat recorded for the Scottish family of OSWALD, in FONT'S MS. (vide infra}.

A naked boy shooting (not Cupid*) is one of the charges of the Bolognese ARFETTI ; and the SCHEU- CHENSTUEL DE RHAIN in Bavaria, a family now extinct, bore : Gules, on a mount in base sable a naked boy with extended legs, and arms akimbo.

I have a good many similar examples in which the motive for the adoption of the charge is hard to find. This, however, is not the case in the canting coat of the family of BESSON, who bear : d'Or, a deux enfans (jumeaux, en patois bessons) de carnation, affrontes, se tenant d^une main et port ant de I'autre chacun un rameau.

The Barons GEMELL, and the Sicilian GEMELLI, have arms of which the motif is the same. Two nude chil- dren are the supporters of the family of NlCEY in Champagne ; and two naked virgins with dishevelled hair those of the Counts des ULMES.

A SAVAGE, or wild man, usually represented naked but wreathed about the head and loins with verdure, and holding a rough bough of a tree as a club, occurs frequently both at home and abroad, but with us is more common as a crest or supporter than as a charge of the escucheon. (The charge in the coat of OSWALD is often thus drawn.)

In Germany still, and among ourselves before the six- teenth century these savages are often not wreathed but are drawn covered with hair, and in aspect " affenartig? as a German writer terms them. An English example of the savage man is afforded by the arms of the families of EMELIE, EMLAY, or EMLINE, of Northamptonshire, and elsewhere (Plate XX., fig. 2). They bear : Sable, a wild man standing wreathed, and holding (some-

PLATE XX.

1. Man. Dalzell.

2. Savage. Emlyn.

3. Horseman. Maguire.

4. Saracen's Head. 5. Heads conjoined.

Lloyd. Aforison.

6. Moors' Heads. Sardinia.

1. Sinister Hand. Maynard.

9. Legs. Isle of Man.

10. Arms. Tremayne.

11. Eye. Heshuysen.

12. Heart.

Douglas.

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times a staff raguly, at others) a tree eradicated, all proper.

The coat ascribed to DRUMMOND of Kildies is : Or, three bars undy gules, over all a naked man in motion brandishing a sword proper.

In Foreign Heraldry kings, queens, bishops, priests, mounted or dismounted knights, pilgrims, miners, and men of other occupations, appear properly habited in great variety ; in our own Armory they occur only occasionally. Plate XX., fig. 3, is the coat of the Irish MAGUIRES — Vert, a mounted knight armed cap-a-pie and holding in his hand a sword all proper.

The arms of LITHUANIA (which were quartered with the arms of POLAND, Gules, an eagle displayed argent in the shield of that kingdom) were : Gules, a knight armed cap-a-pie mounted on a white horse, brandishing' his sword all proper, and bearing an oval buckler Azure thereon a cross patriarchal or (vide post, p. 486).

A volume would be required for the full description of all the curious instances of the use of the human figure in Continental Armory, here it will suffice to mention but one more instance. The Spanish family of PALACIO in the Asturias, bears, on a green field two couples of both sexes performing the national dance of \he fandango !

When we come to the consideration of the HUMAN BODY in its several parts as a Heraldic charge the abundance of examples is even more embarrassing.

HUMAN HEADS are borne in profile, or affrontes, and either couped or erased, that is either cut cleanly off at the neck, or having a ragged edge of pieces of skin. The Savages head is usually wreathed with foliage ; while the Saracens head is usually banded, or wreathed about the temples, and wears earrings, as in the arms of GLEDSTANES (Plate XVI I., fig. 9). Plate XX., fig. 4 gives us the arms of MARCHYDD, or MERGETH, AP CYNAN, a Welsh chieftain, still borne by his descendants the

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LLOYDS, Lords MOSTYN ; the PRICES ; and WYNNS ; it is : Gules, a Saracen's head erased at the neck proper, wreathed about tJie temples sable and argent. This is also the coat of the BRUUNS of Denmark. It should be remarked that " Moor's heads " are generally drawn as those of "blackamoors," or negroes, as in Plate XX., fig. 6 which represents the arms of SARDINIA: Argent, a cross gules between four Moor's heads couped sable, banded of the first. A single Moor's head proper, on a chief argent (as the " arms of CORSICA ") was granted as an augmentation to the arms of ELLIOTT, Earl of MlNTO, and is still borne in their escucheon. It is also the coat of the Florentine Pucci ; of VAN DER ELST and of GENDRON in HOLLAND. Or, a Moors head and biist proper, wreatJied sable and or, is the canting coat of the Tirolese Counts MOHR DE TARANTSBERG ; and a similar coat is borne by MAIR of Bavaria. Argent, three negro's J leads in profile sable wreatJied of the colours is borne by the CANNINGS.

The long continued struggle between the Turks and Hungarians accounts for the introduction of the head of a dead Turk with his single long lock of hair into several important Hungarian and Transylvanian coats. The Austrian Counts and Princes of SCHWARZENBERG impale, or use as a quartering, with their own arms of SEINSHEIM (Paly of eight argent and azure) the follow- ing concession : — Or, a raven sable, collared of the field, perched on the head of a dead Turk, and picking out his eye ; no doubt an agreeable memorial of a hard fought fight !

A singular coat Plate XX., fig. 5 belongs to the Scottish family of MORISONS of Dairsie in Fife. Azure, tJiree Saracen's Jieads erased, conjoined in one neck, and wreathed with laurel all proper, the faces respectively turned towards the chief and flanks of the shield. In Foreign Heraldry a somewhat similar arrangement is known as a " Tete de Gerion" and is borne as the canting

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coat of the TRIVULZI of Milan, d'Or, a un tete de Gcrion de carnation , couronne d'or, avec les barbes et cheveux grises. Here the tre volti, triple faces, are two in profile towards the flanks ; the third is affronte.

The head of JANUS with its double face, occurs in the arms of several families, e.g., JANER in Spain bears, Or, the head of Janus crowned with an antique crown proper.

The head of ARGUS is the charge of the arms of the French family of SANTEUIL : — d'Azur, a une tete d' Argus d'or, the head being plentifully covered with an inde- finite number of eyes — of course these are armes parlantes = " cent ceuil."

Other heads are occasionally met with ; the heads of BOREAS, ;£OLUS, MIDAS, and of ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, and ST. DENIS, have all of them come under my obser- vation, and some of them in more than one instance.

The conventional representation of a CHERUB — the angelic head surrounded by six wings — appears in the arms of the Italian family of BUOCAFOCO, or BUCCA- FOCO ; — Gules, a seraph or. Three such cherubs are the coat of the French CHERINS ; dOr, a trois cherubins de gueules ; and the Counts TRIANGI naturally bear : Gules, a chevron ploye argent between three cherubs proper, their wings or. The Italian house of MALATESTA of Rimini, bore : Vert, three human heads affrontes proper; and the GRYNS of Cologne chose as their heraldic property the coat : Sable, three Jiuman heads affrontes, grinning, or grimacing, proper {!} and crowned or.

The HUMAN EYE appears as a charge (usually in armes parlantes} in more coats than might have been expected. The coat of the HESHUYSENS of Amsterdam is: Azure, two Jiuman eyes in f ess proper (Plate XX., fig. 1 1 ). The Catalan GRANULLAS bear : Or, two human eyes in chief proper.

The FlNlELS of Languedoc have no less than nine ; d'Azur, a neuf yeux ouverts d' argent, 3, 3, 3.

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In the coat of the French family of DENIS the eyes are weeping, de Gueules, a deuxyeuxlarmoyants au naturel, les larmes d* argent en chef, et une rose d*or en point. The BELLEVOIRS carry the matter further ; their coat is : Sable, two human eyes in chief proper, the base of the shield seme de larmes argent. One more example will suffice — the FORMANOIRS bear: Or, fretty sable, the claire-voies charged with human eyes proper.

Of the HUMAN HEART in Armory, not perhaps the oldest but the most famous example occurs in the DOUGLAS coat to which the heart was added (at first uncrowned) by the first Earl of DOUGLAS, in commemora- tion of his uncle the good Sir JAMES having set out to Palestine bearing the heart of his royal master, in order that it might be deposited in the soil of the Holy Land : a journey frustrated by his falling in an encounter with the Moors in Spain (See LOCKHART'S Spanish Ballads}. Or, a heart gules is borne by CORTI. Argent, three hearts gules (d' Argent, a trois cceurs de gueules), is the canting coat of CCEURET, Marquis de NESLE ; and d 'Argent, three green hearts (d? Argent, a trois cceurs de simple) that of CCEURVERT. Or, three hearts sable the points in pairle are the arms of the Counts of DERNBACH.

In many coats additions of a sentimental character are found. Azure, a heart inflamed or, is borne by ST. HlLAIRE ; Or, a heart gules, a pansy issuant therefrom, azure (or vert) ; is the coat of CHAILOUS, or CHAYLAU ; Azure, a heart or winged argent is that of GENESTET. But even a more distinctively "Valentine" character is found at times. The GOESHEN, or GoSCHEN, family bear: Argent, a heart gules, inflamed and pierced by an arrow or, the point and feathers azure. The GujANS of Chiir bear : Azure, a heart gules, pierced by two arrows in saltire argent, the flame has developed into a surmounting estoile. The family of RHODIUS of Brabant bear : Gules, a heart inflamed,

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pierced by two darts or. The VANNS of Holland use Or, two human hearts gules inflamed or, the dexter projecting over the sinister. The arms of the Counts COLLEONI of Milan are, in modern times, blazoned as : Per pale argent and gules, three hearts reversed counter- changed. In ancient, and less delicate, times the bearings had a different significance as armes parlantes.

Or, six beards sable, are the arms of the Venetian BARBANI ; and Or, a beard sable, of the BARBONIANI.

The TONGUE appears as a charge in the coat of LlNGUET : Azure, two pens in saltire argent, on a chief of the last three tongues gules.

The LlPS (and TEETH) are used in the canting coat of LlPPE of Switzerland : Argent, two upper lips each above a row of teeth fesseways in pale proper, all within a b ordure azure.

The TEETH alone: Argent, three molars gules are borne by CAIXAL of Spain ; Or, on a fess gules three double teeth argent, is the coat of the Dutch KlES.

The JAW BONE appears in the coat of the Spanish QUEXADA : Argent, five jaw bones gules 2, I, 2 ; while QuiJADA bears : Argent, four lower jaws, 2, 2, azure.

The whole SKULL, either alone, or in conjunction with the piratical crossbones, is occasionally used as a heraldic charge : as by DlDlER DE MORTAL : de Sable, a trots tetes de mort d 'argent ; au chef d 'azur charge d 'un cheval issuant du second (note the "pale horse " of death, REV. vi. 8, in the chief). VAN GORCUM in Holland bears: Per pale (a) Gules, two crossbones supporting a skull argent; (b) Azure, two swords in saltire proper. The Dalmatian family of MORTE is even more funereal : Sable, two cross- bones in saltire supporting a skull argent.

The whole SKELETON is used as supporters by the PELETS ; and as a crest by the VAN SCHOONHOVENS of Ghent (holding an arrow and between two wings or), and by TOD VON LEWENTHAL (holding bow and arrow and

between two horns per fess, the dexter or and sable; the sinister sable and argent].

In the coat of the family of DE LA SABLONNIERE of the Netherlands two human skeletons sable hold a sieve gules in an argent field. The family of LEICHNAM, in Hesse, bear : Gules, a corpse enshrouded on a bier proper, as canting arms.

In British Armory the HUMAN ARM is very frequently employed as a crest, often embowed and vambraced, that is in armour ; sometimes couped at the elbow, and upright (a cubit ami), and holding a variety of weapons, etc. : Argent, a hand appaume (i.e., open, show- ing the palm) couped gules, are the arms of O'NEILL, Earl of TYRONE ; the sinister hand is known as the " Badge of ULSTER," and is the distinguishing mark of the dignity of all Baronets except those of Scotland and Nova Scotia.

Azure, a hand appaume argent are the canting arms of MAGNE, in France, and are also those of the family of WAROQUIER, or VAROQUIER ; whence arose the French proverbial " Je te donnerai les armes de VAROQUIER ! " a threat of a box on the ear ! A BLESSING HAND is one of which the thumb and two first fingers are alone extended, as in the act of Episcopal benediction.

Such a hand occurs occasionally as in the arms of BENOIT : Azure, a chevron or between three hands blessing argent. In Scottish Heraldry it is the crest of the MILLARS.

Azure, three hands (sometimes dexter, sometimes sinister) argent are the armes parlantes of MALMAYNS ; and Or, three clenched fists proper, those of PoiGNET.

Argent, a chevron azure between tJiree sinister Jiands appaumes gules is borne by the Lords MAYNARD (Plate XX., fig. 7), while the French Counts MAYNARD DE ST. MICHEL are content to use d'Azur, a une main dextre appaume e d'or.

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Gules, afess between four hands (argent or or) is the coat of the QUATERMAINES.

An arm is often represented as issuing from the edge of the shield. In some University arms it issues from the chief, as in those of the UNIVERSITY OF PARIS, which are : Azure, tJiree fleurs-de-lis or, a hand and arm issuing from clouds in chief and holding a book proper. In French blazon an arm is called a dextrocJiere, or a senestrocJiere according as it is represented a right or a left hand. (RlETSTAP says, but wrongly, according as it issues from the dexter or sinister flank.) If the elbow is not shown the term is un avant bras.

Or, a right hand and arm issuing from a cloud in sinister flank and holding a sword proper in pale, was borne by the Princes POTEMKIN in Russia. The arms of the County of SCHWERIN as quartered by the Princes of MECKLENBURGH, are ; Gules, an arm in armour to the wrist embowed, issuing from clouds on the sinister side, and holding a gem ring, all proper, round the arm a scarf azure. (The clouds were originally only the puffings at the top of the sleeve !)

Or, a chief azure, thereon a hand and arm proper vested ermine, the maniple (sleeve or fanori] ermine extending over the field in pale; is the coat of VlLLIERS DE L'lSLE ADAM, Grand Master of the Knights of the Hospital of St. John. Similar to this the coat of MOHUN : Gules, a dexter arm proper in a maunch ermine, the hand holding a fleur-de-lis or (cf. p. 458).

Several of the Highland Chieftains have a quartering in which a hand issues from the flank and holds a cross- crosslet (^£ Plate XXXVI II.,figs. 4, 5,6, and pp. 512, 513).

In French Armory two arms are sometimes repre- sented as issuing from the flanks, the hands being clasped in the centre of the escucheon ; this bearing- is known as a Foi. The Counts COUSIN DE LA TOUR- FONDUE bear : d'Azur, a une Foi d' argent.

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UAzur, a une Foi d'or were the arms of Foi DE ST. MAURICE.

This bearing occurs in a very few instances in English Heraldry. Sable, two arms issuing from the flanks and embowed in fess argent, the hands conjoined, between three crescents of the second, is recorded in CAMDEN'S Visitation of Huntingdonshire in 1613 (Camden Society), p. 55 for CRESPIN, or CRISPIN. Gules, two arms issuing from the flanks, the hands conjoined argent between three hearts or; are the armes parlantes of PUREFOY, Bishop of HEREFORD (1554-1557). Another coat borne by a family of the same name is : Sable, six armed hands embracing in pairs argent two and one. Gules, two hands issuing from the sinister base and grasping a broken two- handed sword in bend-sinister proper, is the coat of KEMP, in Scotland. Sable, two arms issuing from the flanks in base, conjoined in chevron and grasping a human heart or, is the allusive coat of DE LA FOY.

Gules, three dexter arms vambraced fessways in pale argent, the hands proper, is the coat of ARMSTRONG.

Gules, three dexter arms conjoined at the shoulders, and flexed in pairle or, the fists clencJied proper ; is borne by the family of TREMAYNE (Plate XX., fig. 10).

HUMAN RIB BONES appear in the canting coats of

COSTANZO of Naples, DE LA COSTE DU VlVIER, etc.

The arms of the Portuguese DA COSTA are : Gules, six human ribs arg&nt, ranged 2, 2, 2, fessways in pale.

HUMAN LEGS AND FEET occur with some frequency as Heraldic charges (Plate XX., fig. 8). Argent, a man's leg erased at the thigh in pale sable, is borne by the family of PRIME in Sussex.

The well known insignia of the ISLAND and KING- DOM OF MAN (Plate XX., fig. 9) is at least as ancient as the middle of the thirteenth century. This was the ancient symbol of Trinacria (Sicily), afterwards adopted as the arms of that kingdom under MURAT, and it is

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interesting as an example of a heraldic charge evolved out of ancient symbolism. As borne in comparatively modern times it is blazoned as : Gules, three legs in armour embowed and conjoined at tJie tliighs proper, spurred and garnished or. An early example of this coat is engraved in Mr PLANCHE'S Pursuivant, p. 112, with the legs encased in the banded chain mail of the thirteenth century, and without spurs. This coat has been quartered as " Arms of Pretension " by various English families; and still appears among the quarterings borne by the Earls of DERBY ; and the Dukes of ATHOLE ; and M'LEOD. It is also borne for the name of AUFFRECK. The legs would in foreign blazon be described as " conjoined in pairle : " and the coat is thus borne on the Continent by the Franconian family of RABENSTEINER ; and by DROGOMIR in Poland.

A remarkable Spanish coat is that borne by the family of BONES COMBES : Or, two legs issuing from tJie flanks of the shield, the feet immersed in water in base all proper. (Escudo de oro, y dos piernas en ademan de banarse. PlFERRER, Nobiliario de los Reinos y Senorios de Espana, vol i., No. 279, Madrid, 1857-1860.) The MALAGAMBAS bear : Azure, a human leg proper, shod, and pierced by an arrow in bend argent, distilling blood. On a chief of the second three estoiles of the first.

FEET alone occur in the Armes parlantes of VOET and SNEEVOET of Flanders ; Azure, three human feet argent. A family of VOET in Holland bears : Gules, a human foot argent ; and one of the same name in Flanders bears : Azure, three human feet, the soles alone appearing, proper.

CHAPTER VII.

ANIMATE CHARGES : — II. BEASTS.

I. THE LlON. — No animal has anything like so prominent a position in early, and even in later heraldry, as that which is held by the Lion.

The earliest known example of it is on the seal of PHILIP I., Count of FLANDERS, appended to a document of 1164; and before long it became the ensign of the Princes of NORWAY, DENMARK, SCOTLAND, and (according to most writers on the subject) ENGLAND, of the Counts of HOLLAND, in fact of most of the leading potentates of Europe, with the important exception of the German Emperors and Kings of FRANCE. In England in the reign of HENRY III. it was borne by so many of the principal nobles, that no idea can have existed that sovereign houses had an exclusive right to it. In Foreign Armory the coats in which the lion appears as the principal, most frequently as the sole charge, may be numbered by thousands.

The English lions which appear first on the seals of RICHARD I., 1195, 1198 (DEMAY, Le Costume d'apres les Sceaux, p. 144) were, in the reign of HENRY III. and for two centuries afterwards, more generally designated leopards, and that not only (as has been said) in derision by the French but by the English themselves. In token of their being his armorial insignia, three leopards were sent to HENRY III. by the Emperor FREDERICK II. GLOVER'S Roll, c. 1250, which gives lions to six of the English Earls, begins with " Le roy d'Angleterre porte, Goules trois lupards d'or" On the

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occasion of the marriage of the same King's daughter, the Princess MARGARET, with King ALEXANDER III. of Scotland, a robe was made for the King, of purple sar- cenet with three leopards in front and three behind ; and these little leopards were also placed on the violet brocade robe made for the Queen (Close Roll, 1252). The designation of leopards continued to be generally adhered to throughout the reigns of the three EDWARDS, though the identity of the animals was occasionally disputed; and NICOLAS SERBY was "Leopard" Herald in the reign of HENRY V. But by the end of the fifteenth century it seems to have been decided by com- petent authority that the three beasts in the royal coat were lions ; and the early armorialists, JOHN of Guild- ford, NICHOLAS UPTON, and the rest, protest strongly against their being called anything else.

Mr PLANCHE considers that, from a historical point of view, these writers and their successors are in the right, and his reasoning is somewhat as follows. In the early days of coat-armour, more especially in England, the animals most usually met with were lions and leopards, which in the rude drawing of the day were distinguishable only by their respective attitudes. The lion's normal position was rampant ; the " ramping and roaring lion " of the Psalmist, erect and showing but one eye and one ear ; that of a leopard was what came to be defined as " passant-gardant," walking along but showing both eyes and ears. As the necessity for varying the attitude of either animal arose out of the multiplica- tion of coats, the terms came into use of lion leoparde for what we call a lion rampant-gardant, and leopard lionne for a lion passant. Now, when a lion came to be repeated more than once in a coat of arms, and space did not admit of its being placed in the rampant attitude, it was very apt to assume the position of a leopard lionne, or even of a leopard simply.

The earliest trace which we have of the arms of any member of the English royal house is on the shield of King JOHN as prince, on whose seal are two lions passant, or leopards-lionnes. These become three on his seal as king, in 1290. On the other hand the earliest Great Seal of RICHARD I. (c. 1189), where we have also the earliest representation of the arms of any actual monarch, exhibits a lion rampant ; but as the convex shield pre- sents but half its surface, Mr PLANCHE (following HENRY SPELMAN in his Aspilogid) considers that the complete device had been two lions rampant-combatant. (See the Catalogue of Seals in the British Museum, vol. i., Nos. 80 and 91.) He finds corroboration of this view in the words of the contemporary poet WILLIAM DE BARR, who says of RICHARD, " rictus agnosco leonum illius in clypeo ;" and in the description in GEOFFREY VINESAUF'S Chronicle of his interview with FREDERICK BARBAROSSA, in the Isle of Cyprus, where the English King's saddle is described as having behind "two small lions of gold turned towards each other with their mouths open and each stretching out his forelegs as if to attack and devour the other." It may be remarked that VlNESAUF's evidence would be stronger if he had alluded to the lions as the coat-armour of RICHARD ; his description rather implies that they were embroidered on his saddle. In any case, however, after a universal and authoritative recognition of four hundred years' standing of the English^ royal animals as lions, they can hardly again be degraded on doubtful antiquarian grounds into leopards. The idea that sprang up in the middle ages that the leopard was the issue of the pard and lioness, helped to bring that heraldic animal into disrepute, and accounts for the anxiety of the early English armorial writers to adopt or revert to the designation of lions.

In French blazon the old distinction between the

lion and the leopard is still preserved. The lion is our lion rampant. The leopard is the same beast but passant-gardant ; while the names lion-leoparde and leopard-lionne are respectively given to our lion passant, and rampant-gardant.

The knowledge of natural history possessed by the early heralds, or wearers of coat-armour, was limited. Most of them had never seen a lion ; but the graphic and spirited character of the drawing made up for its want of realism. Mr RUSKIN (Modern Painters, iv., 106) contrasting the true, or mediaeval, griffin with its false or renaissance counterpart, remarks that the Lombard workman did really see a griffin in his imagination and carved it from the life. The mediaeval herald had in like manner so truly beheld with his immortal eyes a creature possessed of the power and majesty of the lion, that he delineated it as he had seen it. The lions of the fourteenth century are perhaps the best. Towards the sixteenth their grotesque character becomes some- what exaggerated ; but they still convey the idea of strength and kingly dignity ; and are vastly superior to the utterly un-idealised lion of more modern heraldry.

Before enumerating the different attitudes of lions in later heraldry, the terms armed and langued^ as applied to them and to other beasts of prey, have to be explained. The former term applies to the claws and teeth, the latter to the tongue. When a lion, or other animal, is described as armed argent and langued gules, it is meant that the claws and teeth are argent, and the tongue gules. In English heraldry it is presumed that, unless otherwise blazoned, the lion is armed and langued gules , and there is therefore no occasion to mention the fact. In the case, however, of either the lion, or the field which is charged with it, being gules, the lion is represented armed and langued azure, unless otherwise described. This is the general under-

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standing with regard to the blazons of the Heralds' College in modern times ; but in the heraldry of Scotland this usage, though introduced, has not been at all times so clearly admitted.

In Foreign Armory a lion is understood to be repre- sented rampant unless some other position be expressed, and it may be noticed that the royal beast is only very exceptionally borne proper, that is of its natural colours. Of the multitude of coats charged with lions only a few ancient examples can be recorded here.

Or, a lion rampant sable (d'Or, au lion de sable] is the well known coat of the Counts of FLANDERS (pp. 483); of the Duchy of JULIERS (quartered by the Counts PALATINE OF THE RHINE, and in the Royal Escucheon of PRUSSIA) ; by the Lords of KONIGSTEIN ; and of MAHLBERG, the latter quartered by the Princes of NASSAU, and the Grand Dukes of BADEN. It was borne by the Counts of LYONNAIS ET FOREZ, and the families of GRASSE, and LEON (Salle des Croises, 1096). In Britain it was used by the families of WELLES ; GRIFFITHS, Princes of CARDIGAN and GWENT ; and by their kinsmen the MATHEWS.

Or, a lion rampant gules (cTOr, au lion de gueules] is the blazon of the Counts of HOLLAND, and the original coat of the Counts of HAPSBURG, now Emperors of AUSTRIA. It was also early borne in France by the families of FOUCAULD ; and DU PUY ; in Germany by the Counts UNRUH ; RECKHEIM ; and ROUCY ; in Britain by the CHARLETONS, and other descendants of the Princes of POWYS ; in Scotland by FARQUHARSON, MACDONALD, and MACINTOSH ; and by the DUFFS, Earls, now Dukes, of FIFE.

A rgent, a lion rampant azure (d*A rgent, au lion d'azur] is the coat of the CRICHTONS of Frendraught ; of the BRUGES, and FAUCONBERGES, or FALCONBRIDGES ; and of the Counts MENSDORFF-POUILLY of Austria.

PLATE XXI.

1. Lion Rampant. Louvain.

2. Lion Rampant gardant. 3. Lion Rampant regardant. Sherburn. Pryse.

4. Lions Passant. Clifford.

5. Lions Passant, gardant. 6. Lions Passant, regardant. Le Strange. M'Mahon.

7. Lion salient. DUlington.

8. Lion dismembered. 9. Lion Queue fourche"e. ' Maitland. Montfort, Earl of Leicester.

10. Tricorporate Lion.

Nashe.

11. Winged Lion. Venice.

12. Lioncels. Longespee, Earl of Salisbury.

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A rgent, a lion rampant gules (d'A rgent, an lion de gueules) is borne by the Counts of ARMAGNAC in France ; the Barons of WARTENBERG ( Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 191), the Counts von ALTDORF ; the PREISSACS, Dues de FlM ARGON, and D'ESCLIGNAC in France ; and by the family of FEZENSAC (Salle des Croises, 1097).

A rgent, a lion rampant sable (cTA rgent, au lion de sable), are the arms of STAPLETON, and FlTZ ROGER in England, the Welsh families of LLOYD ; MORGAN ; WYNN, etc., the Counts BARBARANI, and LOREDAN of Venice, the Barons BERSTETT of Austria, the French families of FlENNES, and POLASTRON (both in the Salle des Croises, thirteenth century), etc.

A sure, a lion rampant argent (d'Azur, au lion d' argent) is borne in England by the MONTALTS, and CREWES ; in Scotland by LAMONT, M'DOUGALL, and M'NEILL (quartered with other coats, v. p. 512). In Italy it was carried by the BELLUOMI, and the Venetian Rossi, etc.

Azure, a lion rampant or (dAzur, au lion dor), is a coat of frequent occurrence both in Britain and on the Continent. At home it is an early coat of NEVILE ; BRAOSE or BREWYS ; and was borne by HUGHES ; MEREDITH ; and LLOYD in Wales ; in France by SAULX, Due et Pair de TAVANNES ; the families of LA NOE,

PlEDEFER, GRA£AYT, MUSY, etc.

Gules, a lion rampant argent (de Gueules, au lion d' argent) are the arms of the English MOWBRAYS, quartered by the Duke of NORFOLK ; and of the Scottish WALLACES. Abroad it is borne by the PONTEVEZ, Dues de SABRAN {Salle des Croises, 1096); the Neapolitan Counts D'ARIANO; the MANTELLI of Italy, the LOVENSCHILDS of Denmark ; the ANTOINGS, VAN NOORDENS, VAN SANDWYKS, etc., of the Low Countries, etc.

Gules, a lion rampant or (de Gueules, au lion d'or), the arms of FlTZ ALAN of Arundel, is also a coat borne with great frequency. It is the old coat of the Dukes of

ZAHRINGEN ; of the Vicomtes de GOYON ; of the MAULEONS, and LAUTRECS, crusaders in 1224; of the MONTLEONS, bannerets of Touraine ; MONTBAZON, SOISSONS, ROSTAING, SABRAN, VERTHAMONT, etc.

Or, a lion rampant azure (Plate XXL, fig. i), the arms of LOUVAIN, is the well known coat of PERCY, Earls of Northumberland ; and of RIVERS, Earls of DEVON, etc. It was also borne by the Counts of ZUTPHEN, in Holland ; by the Counts, afterwards Princes of SOLMS ; by the GRAMONTS (Dues de CADEROUSSE, GUICHE, and GRAMONT, in France) ; by the Neapolitan ACQUAVIVA, Dukes of ASTI, etc.

Sable, a lion rampant argent (de Sable, au lion d1 argent], is the coat of CROMWELL ; VERDON ; SEGRAVE ; (later crowned or) in England ; of the Duchy of AOSTA ; of the Norman Counts of MEULLENT ; of the Barons of QUERNFURTH ; and the Counts of GONDRECOURT.

Sable, a lion rampant or (de Sable, au lion a" or} are the arms of the Duchy of BRABANT ; of the CAPECI of Naples; the Marquesses of NYDEGGEN ; the CHAUVIGNY, Comtes de BLOT, etc.

Vert, a lion rampant argent (de Sinople, au lion a" argent], is borne by the Barons BOLEBEC in England, the HUMES or HOMES of Scotland, the DIAZ of Spain, etc. A list at least as extensive might easily be given in which the like arms are borne with the simple differences of the addition of a crown, — as in the coat of the Lordship of GALLOWAY : Azure, a lion rampant argent, crowned or, also borne by the Counts of GLEICHEN ; and of EBERSTEIN (one of the BRUNSWICK quarterings), — or of the lion's tail being fourcJiee (originally a mere freak of the artist's brush, afterwards converted into a real mark of differ- ence) thus : Argent, a lion rampant queue four chee gules, is the coat of VALKENBURG ; and in England was borne by MOUNTFORD; HAVERING; ST. PAUL; and BREWSE.

With the above indications of the important position

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occupied by the lion in British and Foreign Heraldry it may suffice to add here a few other examples in which the royal beast figures in important coats.

The MARSHALLS, Earls of PEMBROKE bore : Per pale Or and vert, a lion rampant sable. The TALBOT coat is, Gules, a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed or ; the GRAYS of Howick bore the same, but with the charges argent (v. p. 435).

The Counts of PoiCTOU ; the GOYONS, Dues of VALENTINOIS ; the Dukes of COURLAND ; the Counts of SUSENBERG, etc., all bore: Argent, a lion rampant gules crowned or.

Azure, billetty a lion rampant or, are the well known arms of the Counts of NASSAU (v. pp. 404 and 466). A similar coat : Argent, billetty (couches) azure, a lion rampant gules, was borne by the Counts of GEROLDSECK (v. p. 490).

Azure, fleury and a lion rampant argent is the coat of HOLLAND of England ; and, with the charges or, of BEAUMONT, both in England and in France. Azure, crusily a lion rampant or, was borne by the BRAOSES, BREUS,or BREWES (v. ante BRUCE, p. 144); the LOVELLS bore the reverse.

The tressured lion of SCOTLAND is treated separately (pp. 177, etc.), but Argent, a lion rampant azure within the Royal tressure gules, is the coat of LYON, Earl of STRATHMORE (v. p. 349).

In Plate XXL, are exhibited the attitudes of lions in later heraldry, some of which are applicable to other animals. In the examples which were given above, all are in the original and most frequent attitude known as rampant, the left foot alone supporting the body, the head in profile, the tail elevated and curved, as in fig. I, the arms of PERCY, or LOUVAIN. In the position known as rampant-gardant (the "leopard lionne" of French blazon) the attitude of body, legs, and tail is the same but the head is front faced, i.e. the full face is turned

towards the spectator as in No. 2, the coat of SHER- BURNE of Stony hurst in Lancashire, Argent ', a lion rampant vert. Azure, fleury, a lion rampant-gardant argent is the original coat of the ROLANDS, or HOLLANDS, Earls of KENT, and Dukes of SURREY (v. p. 215); Gules, a lion rampant-gardant argent was the coat of MARNEY. Gules, a lion rampant-gardant or, is borne by the Counts and Princes of SAYN.

When the lion is rampant-regardant the general atti- tude is the same but the head looks backward and is accordingly seen in profile, as in No. 3, the coat of PRYSE of Goggerdan in Wales, Or, a lion rampant- regardant sable. Or, a lion rampant-regardant gules, was borne by GUTHRIE of Halkertoun in Scotland.

When passant (in French blazon, un lion ttopardf) the beast is depicted in a walking attitude the dexter fore- paw elevated, the other three resting on the ground, the head in profile and the tail curved over the back, as in the English coat of GlFFARD (No. 4). Gules > three lions passant argent (de Gueules, a trois lions leopardes dj argent). The position termed passant-gardant, the attitude of the Royal lions of ENGLAND, is the same, but the animals are front or full-faced, as in No. 5, the coat of LESTRANGE, Gules, two lions passant-gardant argent (de Gueules, a deux leopards dy argent). A rgent, a lion passant- gardant gules, crowned with an imperial crown, and gorged witJi an open one, both proper, are the arms of OGILVY, Earls of AlRLY. The same position with the head in profile and looking backward is known as passant-regardant, as in (No. 6) the Irish coat of MAC- MAHON : Argent, three lions passant-regardant in pale gules. This coat is also borne by the Marquises of MACMAHON in France, the family to which belongs the late President of the French Republic, Le Marechal MARIE EDME PATRICE MACMAHON, Due de MAGENTA, who bears the same arms : d 'Argent, a trois lions

Icopardcs de gueules regardants ; with the addition of the special augmentation of a Duke of the French Empire : a chief gules seme of etoiles (drawn as mullets) argent (a un chef de gueules seme d' etoiles d' argent).

An attitude slightly differing from rampant, is that known as salient, in which the animal is represented in the act of springing upon its prey, both its hind legs being on the ground and its fore-paws elevated and extended, as in No. 7, the arms of the DALLINGTONS : Gules, a lion salient or. Or, a lion salient sable, is the coat of FELBRIDGE. (This is an attitude seldom, or never, met with in Foreign blazon.)

A few other attitudes are enumerated by heralds, but though sometimes used for crests, are rarely if ever found in arms ; such is statant, in which the lion stands with all four legs upon the ground. In French blazon this is described as pose. Azure, a lion statant or, are the arms assigned to EDMUND BROMFIELD, Bishop of LLANDAFF, in 1389. A lion in the same attitude but presenting his full face to the spectator, is said to be statant-gardant. This is the attitude in which the lion now appears in the Royal Crest of England. In some modern blazons the word statant is omitted.

The lion couchant is represented lying down ; and dormant, as sleeping with its head resting on its fore- paws. Sable, a lion or, couchant upon a terrace azure is the coat of the family of HEIN of Lorraine. Sejant is the term applied to a lion sitting ; — sejant-gardant, when in this attitude the full face is shown ; — sejant-rampant when though still seated the fore-paws are raised in the air, as in the coat of HOHENHAUSER of Suabia ; Argent, a lion sejant-rampant sable ; — and sejant-affronte when, as in the Royal Crest of SCOTLAND, the seated lion is shown with its whole body facing the spectator.

Or, a lion rampant dismembered, or couped at all its joints, gules, is the coat of the MAITLANDS (Plate XXL,

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fig. 8), an allusive coat to an old orthography of the name " mautelent," or mutilated. Allusion has already been made to the representation of the lion with a double tail (queue fourchee}, and to the fact that this, which has in process of time become a real difference or distinction in the case of some important coats, arose simply from the exuberance of the painter's fancy in treating the swelling, or central enlargement, of the tail of the conventional mediaeval lion.

The coat of the kingdom of BOHEMIA is now, Gules, a lion rampant, queue fourchee argent, crowned or. (In the 1 4th century Zurich Wappenrolle the tail is thus treated.) In the historical Heraldry of ENGLAND we have other examples : Gules, a lion rampant queue fourcJiee argent is the coat of SIMON DE MONTFORT, Earl of LEICESTER (Plate XXL, fig. 9); and Or, a lion rampant queue fourchee vert was borne by the SUTTONS, Barons DUDLEY. Azure, a lion rampant queue fourchee or appears in the old Rolls of Arms for STAPLETON. In many important historic coats the lion is represented crowned (in some cases the crown is a much later addition to the original arms). In many coats especially in Foreign Armory the lion grasps some object with its paws ; thus Azure, a lion rampant or holding a quince of the last, slipped vert, are the arms of the Italian SFORZA. Azure, on a mount in base vert, a lion rampant crowned or, and holding a sabre argent, is borne by the Princes of KOHARY in Hungary. At times it is collared (with or without a chain), or gorged with a coronet or antique crown. A lion is said to be morne in the very rare examples in which it is deprived of its natural weapons the teeth and claws. A lion morne" appears as a canting charge in the coat of the old French family of DE MORNAY : — Fasce d argent, et de gueules, au lion morne de sable couronn^ d*or brocJiant sur le tout. I have noticed that the lion morne occurs in the arms of several old Breton families, KERBOURIOU,

KERBESCAT, KERANGUEN, etc. It is styled diffamed when without a tail, and evire when represented without indications of sex. Other leonine monsters are occa- sionally found, e.g., two-headed lions, and lions bi- corporate and tri-corporate. Examples of the last are afforded by the seal of EDMUND CROUCHBACK, ist Earl of LEICESTER ; and in the coat assigned to the family of NASH ; — Or, a incorporate lion rampant azure the bodies issuing from tJie dexter and sinister chief points and from the base, all uniting in one head gardant in the fess point (Plate XXL, fig. 10).

The Arms of the Republic of VENICE are the Evan- gelistic Symbol of its Patron Saint, ST. MARK. Azure, a winged lion coucJiant or, holding' between its fore-paws an open book thereon the words PAX TIBI, MARCE, EVAN- GELISTA (MEUS) proper (Plate XXL, fig. 11).

By an utterly unnecessary refinement the name of lioncels is often given to a number of lions represented in the same field, or to lions charged upon an Ordinary, and therefore of smaller size. Thus, the coat of WILLIAM LONGESPEE, Earl of SALISBURY (Plate XXL, fig. 12), is often blazoned : — Azure, six lioncels three, two, one, or. The family of DE BEAUVAU in France thus blazons its coat : — d'A rgent, a quatre lionceaux de gueules armes et couronnes d'or (these lions are represented 2 and 2). The French family of MONTGOMMERY bears ; de Gueules, au chevron determine accompagne de trois lionceaux leopardes d'or.

We often find instances in which the lion is borne not of one tincture but barry, or bendy, or chequy, or other- wise divided. The arms of the Grand Dukes of HESSE are : — Azure, a lion barry argent and gules crowned or. The Spanish MENDEZ bear Argent, on a lion gules three bends or.

Lions and other animals ordinarily face to the dexter side of the shield, unless otherwise blazoned ; when they

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are required to face the sinister they are said to be contournes. But in Germany this is a matter which is treated as of no importance. The German heraldic artist who arranges a series of shields for decorative pur- poses has no hesitation about turning the charges to the sinister if it seem desirable ; and in the case of quartered or impaled coats in which several lions appear, it is quite usual to make the lions turn so as to face each other, or to look towards the central line of the shield. Thus in the arms of WALLENSTEIN, Duke of FRIED- LAND, the arms are Quarterly, I and 4, Or, a lion rampant azure, crowned of the field ; 2 and 3, Azure, a lion rampant crowned or. Over all, en siirtout, as an augmentation, the Imperial arms: Or, a double-headed eagle displayed sable. Here the lions in the first and third quarters are drawn contournes, so as to face those in the second and fourth (cf. pp. 473, 490). The German heralds arrange helmets and crests on the same principle of symmetry. (See Chapter XIX.)

In British Heraldry two lions rampant placed face to face are said to be counter-rampant, or combatant.

When back to back they are said to be addorsed (addosses).

Or, two lions combatant gules, is the coat of WYCOMBE. (Plate XXII., fig. i.) Per pale argent and or, t^vo lions combatant, the dexter gules the sinister argent, is borne by the Barons STEIN DE BRAUNSDORF. Gules, two lions rampant addorsed argent, is a coat of ROGERS.

When two or more lions passant in pale face in opposite directions they are said to be counter-passant, as in Plate XXII., fig. 2 ; the arms of GLEGG : Sable, two lions counter-passant in pale argent. Or, three lions counter-passant sable, is the coat of TESTU, Marquis cle BALINCOURT.

A demi-lion rampant, that is, the upper half of a lion rampant, with a portion of the tail, often occurs as a

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crest ; and very occasionally is used as a heraldic charge, either issuant or naissant, terms which, though often con- founded, should be carefully distinguished. The latter term is only used when the charge is represented as rising out of the middle of an Ordinary, or other charge (quasi nuncesset in nascendo]. Thus in Plate XXII., fig. 5, is the coat of Sir HENRY EAM, or ESME, K.G., temp. EDWARD III. : Or, a demi-lion rampant gules naissant from a /ess sable. Whereas fig. 4, the coat of CHALMERS of Balnacraig, is blazoned : Argent, a demi-lion rampant sable issuing out of a fess gules ; in base a fleur-de-lis of the last. Fig. 3 is the coat of MARKHAM : Azure, on a chief or a demi-lion rampant issuant gules. It should be noticed that this distinction between naissant and issuant is not observed by modern French Heralds, who apply both terms indifferently to a demi-lion. So far as my observation goes, if there is any distinction it is this : — that an animal rising from the base line of the shield, or of an Ordinary, is generally said to be issuant (issanf], while an animal rising out of the midst of it is usually blazoned as naissant. UAzur, au lion naissant d'or, is the coat of CLAIRAMBAULT, Marquis de VENDEUIL ; with the lion crowned this is also the coat of the Barons ERATH of Nassau. D'Azur, seine* de fleurs-de-lis d'or, au lion naissant d^ argent was borne by the old French crusading family of MOREUIL. (Salle des Croises, 1202.) Per fess, or, and wavy azure and argent ; in chief a lion rampant isstiant gules ( Von Gold ilber Blau quer getheilt, im oberen goldenen Felde ein wachsender rother Lowe, im untern blauen zwei silberne wellenformig gezo- gene Querbalken} are the arms of the County of ROTELN, or R6TELEN, quartered in the full shield of the Grand- Dukes of BADEN (v. p. 491). Argent, three demi-lions rampant gules is the coat of STURMY. Or, three demi-lions rampant gules is borne by TOURNAI, Comtes d'OlSI. Gules, three demi-lions rampant argent, in the centre point a

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bezant, is the coat of the BENNETS, Earls of TANKER- VILLE.

Parts of a lion are not unfrequent as charges, particu- larly the head, either erased or couped. Argent, three lion's heads erased gules (Plate XXII., fig. 6) is the coat of SCOTT of Bal weary. De Sinople, a trois tetes de lion arrachees d'or is borne by BERTHELAY QuESQUERTIN, of France.

A lioris gamb is the whole fore-leg, in the walking attitude unless otherwise specified, as in Plate XXII. , fig. 7, the coat of NEWDEGATE, which is Gules, three lion's gambs, erased argent. Two lion's gambs, issuant from the flanks of the shield and conjoined in chevron, is the bearing of several English families, e.g., Azure, two lion's gambs chevronways argent, supporting a cinquefoil or, is a coat of CHIPPENDALE.

A lion's paw is cut off at the middle joint, and is usually drawn erect, as in fig. 8, the coat of FEATHER- STONE : Argent, three lion's paws couped and erect sable.

Lion's tails are occasionally found as heraldic charges ; as in the Cornish coat of CORKE : Sable, three lion's tails erect erased argent (fig. 9). They also occur as the canting coat of TAYLARD : Or, on a mount gules in base three lion's tails erect of the second curved towards the sinister.

Only a single example of the use of the lioness as a heraldic charge is known to me. The family of CoiNG in Lorraine bears : d'Azur, a une lionne arrttee d'or.

The following fourteenth century examples of the use of the lion as a heraldic charge are taken from the oft quoted Wappenrolle von Zurich, and should be of interest to the student of early armory.

(51) END: Azure, a lion ramp ant- gar dant argent, its feet or.

(186) MARTDORF : Argent, a lion statant-gardant gules.

(284) CASTELN : Per pale or and argent, a lion statant- gardant gules.

PLATE XXII.

1. Lions Combatant. Wycombe.

2. Counterpassant. Glegg.

3. Issuant. Markham.

4. Tssuant. Chalmers.

5. Naissant. Esme.

6. Lions' Heads. Scott.

7. Lion's Gambs. Newdegate.

8. Lion's Paws. Usher.

9. Lions' Tails. Corke.

10. Tiger. Lutwyche.

11. Lions' Heads reversed

and Jessant de lis.

See of Hereford.

12. Leopard's Face. Pole, Duke of Suffolk.

(3°5) WlLDENVELS : Per pale argent and sable, in the first a demi-lion statant-gardant gules issuant from the dividing line.

(408) TANNENVELS : Azure, a lion rampant or, queue argent.

(489) RlNACH : Or, a lion rampant gules headed azure.

A curious use of the lion as a charge occurs in several ancient coats of the Low Countries, e.g. in that of TRASEGNIES, whose arms are: Bande d'or et d'azur ; a Vombre dii lion brocJiant sur le tout, a la bordure engrelee d'or. Here the ombre du lion is properly repre- sented by a darker shade of the tincture (either of or or of azure], but often the artist contents himself with simply drawing the outline of the animal in a neutral tint.

Among other curiosities of the use of the lion are the following foreign coats.

BoiSSlEU in France, bears : de Gueules, seme de lions d'argent.

MlNUTOLI of Naples : Gules, a lion rampant vair, the head and feet or.

LOEN of Holland : Azure, a decapitated lion rampant argent, three jets of blood spurting from the neck proper.

PAPACODA of Naples : Sable, a lion rampant or, its tail turned over its head and held by its teeth.

The Counts REINACH of Franconia : Or, a lion ram- pant gules, hooded and masked azure (see above).

Of coats in which several lions appear the following are examples.

A rgent, tJiree lions rampant gules, crowned azure is the coat of BARBANCON. Argent, three lions rampant sable, is used by CHEVERELL in England, and with the lions crowned or, by HALEWIJN of Flanders (Armorial de Gueldre}. Gules, three lions rampant or, was the coat of Prince TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD.

Or, three lions passant in pale sable, is borne by CAREW.

Per pale azure and gules three lions rampant argent, is

the coat of the HERBERTS, Earls of PEMBROKE and MONTGOMERY ; it is also borne by VAUGHAN. Sable, three lions passant in pale argent, is the coat of ENGLISH. Quarterly or and gules four lions passant gardant counterchanged was borne by LLEWELLYN AP GRIFFITH, Prince of NORTH WALES ; and is still used at times as the Arms of the Principality of WALES.

Azure, six lions rampant or, is the coat of WILLIAM LONGESPEE, Earl of SALISBURY ; and LEYBURNE bears : Or, six lions rampant sable, in several ancient Rolls of A rms.

II. OTHER BEASTS.

THE TIGER. — The tiger of real life is but rare as an armorial charge, and it is used in armory mainly as a crest, and for supporters granted to persons for service in India. Thus the supporters granted to OUTRAM (baronet) are two tigers, rampant gardant, wreathed with laurels and crowned with Eastern crowns, all proper.

A very modern coat, granted to BRADBURY in 1874, is : A rgent, on a mount in base a tiger passant proper, on a chief vert two other tigers dormant, also proper.

The Tiger is as infrequently found in Foreign Heraldry, and I have only on record three instances of its use. The modern blazon of the Italian FlRENZUOLA is : Argent, a tiger rampant proper girt round the body or, and holding a reaping hook proper, but I think the old blazon was a wild cat.

The HERALDIC TIGER found in a few English coats, and sometimes used as a supporter, bears but little resemblance to the real animal. As drawn it has the body of a lion but the head nearly resembles that of a wolf (Plate XXII., fig. 10). Or, a tiger passant gules, is the coat of LUTWYCHE. In one or two old English coats the tiger is drawn in combination with a mirror. One of the old beliefs regarding the tigress was that she was

so greatly afflicted with vanity that she could be robbed of her whelps if a mirror were placed in her path, the depredators finding it easy to carry off their prey while the mother was contemplating her personal charms ! (See GUILLIM, Display of Heraldry, pp. 188, 189.) Argent, a tiger or, regardant at a mirror on the ground proper, was the coat of SlBELL of Kent.

THE LEOPARD. — The leopard of natural history, as distinct from the lion, is not a frequent charge in British Armory, and it is quite probable that in most ancient instances in which it is found, the lion was really intended. Gules, a leopard passant gardant or, spotted sable, is the coat of ARLOTT, and the charge is clearly canting on the leopard of natural history (v. p. 210). The leopard also occurs occasionally as a supporter. The leopard's head, however, is a frequent heraldic charge : it is represented full-faced, and no part of the neck appears. Plate XXII., fig. 12, is the coat of POLE, Duke of SUFFOLK: Azure, a fess between three leopard's faces or. (See DALMATIA, p. 494.)

The Marquises de BARBAN^OIS in France bore: de Sable, a trois tetes de leopard d'or arraches et lampasses de gueules.

A curious combination of the leopard's head (often reversed) with the fleur-de-lis occurs in several old English coats. Gules, three leopard's heads jessant de Us or, appears to have been borne by the family of CANTE- LUPE in the thirteenth century. Of this family was THOMAS DE CANTELUPE, Bishop of HEREFORD, 1275- 1282, and the arms since borne for that see (Plate XXII., fig. 11) are the arms of that prelate only differenced by the leopard's heads being reversed. Mr PLANCHE, in his Pursuivant of Anns, pp. 103, 104, shows that the original arms of the CANTELUPES were the fleurs-de-lis alone ; and though it is quite possible that the leopard's heads were added intentionally to mark an alliance or sub-infeudation, it yet appears probable that, as his

Q

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engravings show, the charge may have been developed out of a variation in the drawing of the fleurs-de-lis Sable, three leopard's heads reversed jessant de Us, are the arms of WOODFORD. Sable, tJiree leopard's heads or, jessant de Us argent, are those of MORLEY. Gules, three leopard's heads or, jessant de Us azure, over all a bend of the last, are the arms of TENNYSON, and probably are only a variation of the similar arms of DENYS, or DENNIS. Lord TENNYSON, the poet-laureate, has a grant of the following coat : Gules, on a bend nebule between three leopard's heads jessant de Us or, a laurel wreath in chief proper.

With the Heraldic leopard we may couple the LYNX, the PANTHER, and the WILD CAT, or CATAMOUNT, which appears in some Scottish crests.

The domestic cat, dignified by the old Heralds with the title of musion, occurs in the canting arms of KEATE, or KEATS (Argent, three cats in pale sable). The COMPTONS of Catton, in allusion to their place of residence, bore : Sable, three cats passant gardant argent collared and belled or. The cats in the arms of the Scotch family of SCHIVES, or SEEVES : Sable, three cats passant in pale argent, are said to be civet cats, and are thus allusive to the name. There are several Foreign coats which bear a panther, but in the Armory of Britain the heraldic panther is only met as a supporter ; as thus borne by the Duke of BEAUFORT it is a leopard-like beast, inflamed at the ears and mouth, and seine of roundles of various colours.

Per fess argent and gules, in chief a denii-panther issuant argent inflamed proper, is borne by the Princes of STARHEMBERG. The Tirolese FIGHTERS bear: Per fess argent and gules, a Jieraldic pantJier counter-changed. Argent, a panther rampant azure, is the coat of HOCHART of Wiirtemberg. Azure, a pantJier rampant argent crowned or, is the coat of the Pomeranian JATSKOW.

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BOAR. — The boar, i.e., the wild boar, or sanglier, is represented in profile, and in British armory is usually passant. Like the lion it is often described as armed and langucd, but this is needless when tusks and tongue are of the natural colour. The French armorists call the tusks of the wild boar its defenses, and the beast instead of being termed armed is said to be dcfendu. Gules, a boar passant or (Plate XXI II. , fig. i) belongs to the family of BAIRD of Auchmedden in Banffshire. Argent, a boar rampant sable, is the coat of the Counts von BASS I:\VITZ ; the Barons von EBERSPERG bear : Argent, on a mount vert a boar passant sable.

The head of the wild boar (Jiure] is of frequent occurrence as a heraldic charge ; and is often described as armed ; thus, Plate XX I II., fig. 2 is the coat of ELPHIN- STONE : Argent, a cJievron sable between tJiree boars heads erased gules armed argent (d' Argent, au chevron de sable, accompagne de trois hures de sanglier de gueulcs aux defenses d'argenf]. Azure, tJiree boars heads coupcd or is the well known coat of the great Scottish family of GORDON ; and Or, tJiree boar's heads erased gules, armed and langued azure, is borne by URQUHART. Sometimes the heads are borne erect, muzzle upwards ; Argent, three boars heads erased erect sable, is the coat of BOOTH (originally that of BARTON, see NISBET, ii. 49).

The domestic PIG, as distinct from the savage wild boar, finds a place in Heraldry, usually as the charge of a canting coat ; as for instance : — Azure, three boars passant in pale argent, is the coat of BACON. Sable, three boars argent, is the coat of SWYNEHOWE. Similarly in France theDES PORCELLETS (Marquises de MAILLANE) bore originally d* Or, a un porcelet passant de sable. Other less important branches of the house blazon the beast as a sanglier. The Marquises de HOUDETOT bore anciently, d'Or, a six pores de sable; and the blazon of the Norman HAUTOTS is d'Or, a sept porceaux de sable.

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Argent, a chevron between tJiree "pores" sable appears in the Rolls of Arms for SWYNETHWAYTE.

Among the curiosities of Heraldry we may place the canting arms of HAM of Holland : Gules, five hams proper, 2, I, 2. The VERHAMMES also bear: Or, three hams sable. These commonplace charges assume almost a poetical savour when placed beside the very matter- of-fact coat of the family of BACQUERE : cTAzur, a un ecusson d'or en abime, accompagne de trots groins de pore d' argent ; and that of the WURSTERS of Switzerland ; Or, two sausages gules on a gridiron sable, the handle in chief.

WOLVES. — The wolf occurs in a good many coats in British Armory and is usually drawn salient, or leaping forward as if to seize its prey. It is however sometimes represented passant, as in the canting coat of LOWE, Gules, a wolf passant argent. Vert, a wolf sejant argent, is borne by the Dutch family DE WOLF. Or, a wolf passant sable, is the coat of the old Counts of WOLFFS- THAL. UOr, au loup rampant d'azur arme, etc., de gueules are the arms of the French Marquises d'AGOULT. Gules, a wolf rampant argent, was the armes parlantes of the Counts of WEISSENWOLFF. Gules, a wolf saliant or, is the coat of the Marquis d'ALBERTAS.

In Spanish Heraldry the wolf is the most common of animals. It is there very often represented as ravissant, i.e., carrying the body of a lamb in its mouth and across its back. Or, a wolf saliant regardant sable ravishing' a dog proper, is the coat of the Austrian Barons von KALITSCH.

The she-wolf occurs in several foreign coats : the French family of LOPPIN bear: d 'Argent, a deux louves rampantes et affrontees de sable. The SEGURS bear Azure, and the same charges argent. Gules, on a mount vert, a she-wolf coucJiant and suckling her young or, is the coat of the LUPARELLA family at Rome. Gules, a she-wolf suckling two children proper, is the allusive coat of the Bavarian family of ROMUL.

PLATE XXII I.

2. Boars' Heads. Elphinstone.

3. Wolves' Heads. Robertson.

4. Bear.

St. Gall.

\

5. Bears' Heads. Forbes.

N. ./

Foxes countersalient. Williams.

7- Stag trippant. Strachan.

8. Stag at gaze. Somerford.

9. Stags courant. Rae.

10. Stag lodged. 11. Stag's Head cabossed. Downes. Mackenzie.

12. Stags' Horns. Boyle.

( "9 )

The wolf's head appears frequently as a charge, especially in Scottish coats. The arms of ROBERTSON of Strowan (Plate XXIII., fig. 3), are: Gules, three wolf's heads erased argent. In representing the head of the wolf it is usual to have a portion of the neck depicted ; and in the older representations of the boar's head, both at home and in Germany, the same was the case.

BEAR. — The Bear is not an animal frequently repre- sented in its entirety in British coats. When borne it is usually in reference to the name, and is drawn with a muzzle, and often with a collar and chain. Argent, a bear rampant sable muzzled or, is the coat of BERNARD, or BARNARD, and, with the addition of a collar and chain, of the BERESFORDS. A rgent (or Or), a bear passant sable, are the arms of FlTZ URSE. In Foreign Heraldry, as might be expected, its use is somewhat more frequent ; and it is generally drawn without collar, muzzle, or chain. Or, a bear rampant sable, is the coat of OELPER in Bavaria. Argent, a bear passant sable, of the Prussian families of BEHR, and ROCHOW. Argent, a bear statant sable, appears in the Wappenrolle von ZiiricJi for BARENSTEIN ; muzzled and collared the same is borne by BEHR of Prussia ; and BlORN of Denmark. The well known arms of the Swiss Canton of BERNE are : Gules, on a bend or a bear passant sable. Argent, a bear erect sable, is the coat of the Swiss Abbey of ST. GALL (Plate XXIIL, fig. 4).

The white POLAR BEAR is certainly intended in the coat of WOHNSFLETH of Holstein : Azure, a white bear rampant contourne collared gules ; and the same animal is very probably represented in the arms of ARESEN of Denmark ; Azure, a bear passant argent.

The BEAR'S HEAD frequently figures as a charge, and is usually drawn muzzled. Azure, three bear's heads argent, muzzled gules (Plate XXIIL, fig. 5) are the well known arms of the family of FORBES in Scotland. Azure, a fess or, in chief a bears head proper, muzzled and ringed

( 23° )

or, is the coat of the BARINGS, Earls of NORTHBROOK, etc.

Fox. — The Fox is an animal seldom met in British Heraldry. Gules, a fox or, is assigned to the family of GAVE NOR. Argent, two foxes counter salient in saltire gules, the sinister surmounting the dexter (Plate XXIII., fig. 6), is the coat given for CADRODHARD, a British prince of the tenth century who certainly never bore it. It is, however, quartered in memory of their descent, by the family of WILLIAMS- WYNNE of Wynnstay. Argent, three foxes passant (or cour an f), gules (or sable], is borne by TREGOZ of Cornwall.

Abroad, it is somewhat more frequently found. Or, on a mount, a fox proper, is the canting coat of the Dutch Counts van Vos ; other families of the name bear the fox passant, or rampant, gules. Or, a fox rampant sable, is the coat of the Venetian BALBI ; Vert, a fox rampant argent, is borne by the Barons von REINECK ; Argent, a fox rampant gules, are the armes parlantes of the Tirolese Counts FuCHSS, whose supporters are two foxes gules, mantled ermine. Per fess argent and azure (sometimes azure and argent) a fox rampant counter-changed, is the coat of the ZANI of Venice. The French families of RENARD, and RENAUD, bear the fox passant or ; the first on a field gules, the other on a field azure. Azure, three foxes rampant gules, is the coat of VON DER HEIM, and of RODENBERG in Holland.

THE ELEPHANT is but little used in Heraldry ; and in British Armory is seldom found except as an allusive charge. Gules, an elephant passant argent (armed or), is assigned to the English ELPHINSTONES. Gules, an elephant argent on a mount in base or, is the canting coat of the Counts von HELFENSTEIN of Suabia, and appears very quaintly drawn in the Wappenrolle von Zurich, taf. ii., fig. 40. In its conventional representation, Argent, with a castle on its back proper, it is borne in an

azure field by the Russian and German Barons le FORT, and it is thus represented in the insignia of the Chief Order of Knighthood of Denmark ; and in the arms of the STERCKS of Brussels, but in this last it is of sable, tinned gules > in a field argent, and the tower bears three armed men. The French family of DE BARRY bears : Azure, three elephants or ; the two in chief affrontcs. As supporters the elephant is used by the Prussian Counts von GOTTSTEIN ; the Danish families of AHLEFELD, DANESKIOLD, etc. ; and the English Earls of FOWLS.

The ELEPHANT'S HEAD alone, is the charge of the arms of the Dutch family of DERX, who bear : Or, an elephant's head in profile proper. Sable, on a fess between three elephant's heads argent as many mullets of the field, is the coat of PRATT, Marquis of CAMDEN. Its tusks are borne by the Counts AvOGLI of Ferrara : Azure, three elephant's tusks issuing from the dexter flank argent.

THE CAMEL (or DROMEDARY), is used in British Armory as an allusive charge by the families of CAMEL who bore Azure (or sable] a camel argent ; and Or, tJiree camels sable. Vert, a camel argent (or or) is borne by FALLOWES of Chester. The French CALMELS D'ARTENSAC use : d' Argent, a trois cJiameaux arretes statant d'azur. Its hump makes the camel an appropriate coat for the Italian GOBBI : Azure, on a terrace vert a camel argent. KROCHER of Prussia bore anciently, Or, a camel passant sable ; the more modern coat is, Azure, a camel argent. Camels heads are borne by KEMELS in Flanders, Azure, a chevron between three camel's heads or: and by DiEK of Holland. Camels support the arms of the Counts of ROMREE.

STAGS (BUCKS, HARTS, HINDS, DOES) are frequent in British and German heraldry ; much less so in that of the southern countries.

The terms of blazon used in regard to them differ somewhat from those applied to beasts of prey, and

require separate explanation. The antlers of stags, being regarded as ornaments, rather than as weapons, are known as attires, and their branches are called tynes (cors in French), and the beast is said to be attired, (rame in French). As in the case of bulls, unicorns, and other cloven-footed animals, the stag is said to be unguled (ongle] when its hoofs are of a different tincture from its body. A stag in the walking attitude is said to be trippant. Plate XX I II., fig. 7, Azure, a stag trippant or, attired and unguled gules, is the coat of STRACHAN of Glenkindy, in Aberdeenshire. Azure, three bucks trippant or, is borne by GREENE. When standing still and full-faced, it is described as at gaze. The Barons von HlRSCHBERG bear, Argent, a stag at gaze gules. (Plate XXIII., fig. 8) Vert, a stag at gaze or, is borne by SOMERFORD of Stafford. The family of RAE of Pitsindie in Perthshire bore: Argent, three roebucks courant gules (Plate XXIII., fig. 9). A stag reposing is said to be lodged, or couchant : — Sable, a stag lodged argent (Plate XXIII., fig. 10), is the coat of DOWNES of Chester. Vert, tJiree bucks lodged or, is a coat of ANDERSON. In the attitude of a lion saliant it is described as springing ; d1 Azur, a trots cerfs elances d'or, is the coat of the Counts BORLUUT DE HOOG-STRATEN of Holland. Or, tJiree bucks rampant sable, unguled or, their attires wreathed of the tinctures, is borne by the German Counts of WALMODEN. Another family of WAL- MODEN bears : Or, three bouquetins, or chamois, sable.

The REINDEER is borne by the HIRSCHMANNS of Franconia : tinctured gules it is used as a supporter by the Marquis of DOWNSHIRE, Viscount HEREFORD, the Lords KENSINGTON, etc. (see English Glossary, j.z/.).

MOOSE-DEER are the supporters of the Lords CAR- LINGFORD and CLERMONT.

In Scotland the stag's head erased in profile, is borne by several branches of the family of CRAWFURD ; and

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it also appears on the seal of the ABBEY of HOLYROOD HOUSE in commemoration of a legend regarding the foundation of the religious house which is at least as old as the first half of the fifteenth century being told in the old Ritual Book of the Abbey (Bannatyne Club Mis- cellany, ii., 11) dating about the time of the captivity of JAMES I. in England. King DAVID I., according to BELLENDEN'S narration, coming to visit the Castle of Edinburgh on the Festival of the Elevation of the Holy Cross, when the country all round was " ane great forest, full of hartes, hyndes, toddis, and siclik manner of beistes," joined, contrary to the admonition of his confessor, a hunting party of his nobles, and had a miraculous escape from an enraged stag by the intervention in some shape of the Cross, and as an atonement for his having profaned this holy day and in thankfulness for his deliverance, he founded the Abbey of Holyrood House : Sir GREGAN CRAWFORD is said to have aided in some way in the King's preserva- tion, and thence acquired the coat alluded to, Argent, a stag's head erased gules. The favourite position however of the stag's head is cabossed (or caboshed}, that is, full-faced with no part of the neck visible. LEGGE, Earl of DART- MOUTH bears : A zure, a buck's head cabossed argent. Sable, three buck's heads cabossed argent belongs to the family of CAVENDISH, Dukes of DEVONSHIRE. Argent, on a bend azure tJiree buck's heads cabossed or, to that of STANLEY. Barry of six argent and azure over all three stag's heads cabossed or, is, with many variants, a coat of WOODWARD of Gloucestershire, and the neighbouring counties. In Scotland the stag's head cabossed, known as the Caberfae, is most associated with the family of MACKENZIE, whose arms are, Azure, a stag's head cabossed or (sometimes with a star or between the tynes). The French term of blazon for this bearing is " un rencontre'' BoUTON uses the term massacre, which is

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really only applied to the attire and the piece of the skull connecting the horns, as in the coat of COCKS, Earl SOMERS ; Sable, a chevron between tJiree stag's attires argent (tie Sable, au cJievron d'or, accompagne dc trois massacres de c erf d" argent] ; and single antlers also occur as in the Scottish coat of BOYLE of KELBURNE (the paternal coat of the Earl of GLASGOW), Or, three harts horns erect gules two and one (Plate XX 1 1 1., fig. 12).

In the quartered coat of the Dukes of BRUNSWICK two quarters are each charged with a single stag's horn, Argent, a stag s Jwrn gules is used for the County of REGENSTEIN ; Argent, a stags horn sable for that of BLANKENBERG.

BULLS, OXEN, Cows and CALVES. — When bulls or cows, etc., occur in Heraldry they are said to be armed of their horns, and unguled of their hoofs, as in the coat of BEVILL of Gwarnack, Plate XXIV., fig. I. Argent, a bull passant gules armed and unguled or ; this is also the coat of the Margravate of NIEDER LAUSITZ (v. p. 500). ASTLEY, Earl of SHAFTESBURY bears : Argent, three bulls passant sable armed and unguled or. Gules, on a mount in base vert an auroch, or wild ox argent, were the original arms of the AUERSPERGS, Princes of AUERS- PERG, Dukes of MUNSTERBERG in Silesia, etc. Argent, on a mount vert, a young bull statant gules is the coat of the Princes PONIATOWSKI, and the Counts ZALEWSKI, and KOMOROWSKI of Poland, of the clan ClOLEK ; it is also borne by the WAIDER of Tirol. Argent, a bull rampant gules, is the coat of TORA in Spain. Or, a bull passant sable horned or, is borne by the Barons PLESSEN ; de Gueules, a une vache d 'argent, is borne as a canting coat by LA VACHE DE LA TOUCHE of Brittany. The PUGET, Marquises de BARBENTANE, bear : d' Argent, a une vache passante de gueules surmontee d'un estoile entre les comes. Or, a cow sable, is borne by VACHER of Cambray. Or, two cows passant in pale gules, collared, armed and belled azure, were the arms of the Counts of BEARN, and borne

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by the Kings of NAVARRE. The French term for belled is clarincc. (On the original arms of STYRIA, v. p. 499.)

The family of VAQUER of Majorca bear : Azure, on a terrace a cow witJi her calf all argent.

The calf is frequently used as a canting charge. Azure, a calf passant or ; and the same on a mount vert, are both borne by the families of KALFF of Holland. Argent, three calves passant sable; are the arms of MEDCALFE, or METCALFE. Argent, on a bend sable three calves or, are those of VEALE.

The Heads of bulls, oxen, etc., may like those of stags, etc., be borne either caboshed, or in profile ; they ar.e drawn in profile unless the other form is prescribed in the blazon. Argent, a bull's head erased sable, Plate XXIV., fig. 2, is the older coat of the Scottish family of TuRN- BULL ; in later times three heads were substituted for the single one. (See BUFFLE, in French Glossary^}

GOATS and GOAT'S HEADS are found occasionally as heraldic charges. The family of THOROLD of Lincoln bears : Sable, three goats salient argent (Plate XXIV., fig. 3). Sable (or vert\ three goats passant argent, is borne by the families of STANSFELD, or STANSFIELD, of Yorkshire ; MARSTON of Lincolnshire uses : Sable, three goats salient argent (Plate XXIV., fig. 3), as does THOROLD. CABRERA, in Spain, bears: Argent, a goat rampant sable within a bordure of rocks proper ; a very curious example (PlFERRER, Nobiliario de

E span a, No. 537).

SHEEP, both rams and lambs, are frequently found as allusive charges. The coat of LAMBTON, Earl of DURHAM, is : Sable, a fess between tJiree lambs trippant argent. Vert, a lamb argent, is the coat of LAMBERT of Ireland ; VAN BUTEN ; LAMMENS ; and ADRIANI. LAM- BRECHT of Flanders bears the same with the field azure. Azure, a sheep argent, is borne by SCHAEP. of Holland ; and rampant by the Marquis AGNELLI.

The sheep which is borne on an azure field by the Counts ALESSANDRI of Florence has two heads.

The Barons von WlEDERHOLD of Bavaria use : Per pale or and azure, over all a ram salient argent. Gules, a ram passant argent, is the coat of the Franconian Counts VOIGT DE RlENECK ; and, with the ram salient, is also borne by the Barons BojANOWSKl. In the Wappenrolle von Zurich, Or, on a mount vert a ram passant sable, is the canting coat of RAMENSPERG (No. 72). Or, tJiree lambs sable, is borne by LAMMENS of Holland.

Vert, three rams argent, is borne by BELIN ; and by PASTUREAU. Azure, a chevron between three rams or, is the coat of RAMSEY.

THE PASCHAL LAMB. — A lamb bearing on its shoulder a flag, or banner, argent charged with a cross gules, and having its head adorned with the saintly glory similarly charged, occurs not unfrequently in German Armory. Gules, a paschal lamb argent, on a terrace vert, is the coat of the Bavarian WtJLFER (and, without the terrace), of LAMPOINS of Holland. Plate XXIV., fig. 3. Azure, a paschal lamb argent, is borne by PASCAL of France, PETIT, and WOLTHERS of Holland. A curious use of this charge as a symbol of the Resurrection, and as a canting coat, is found in the arms of the families of OSTERTAG in Bavaria and Suabia : Azure, on a mount in base, a Paschal lamb argent. (OSTERHAUSEN, OSTER- HAMMER, and OSTERRIETH, also have the Paschal Lamb among their charges, and see the arms of PERTH, Chap. XXI., p. 632.)

The late LYON granted to the honourable family of LAMB of Brechin, of which ancient city one was Provost, the following arms : Azure, a Paschal Lamb proper, on a chief argent three hawk's heads erased, also proper. The crest is a Paschal Lamb proper, and the motto, Virtus sine macula.

THE ANTELOPE of Heraldry is generally represented

PLATE XXIV.

2. Bull's Head. Turnbull.

3. Goats. Thorold.

4. Paschal Lamb. Pascal.

5. Antelope. Dighton.

6. Horse.

Westphalia.

7. Hare. Cleland.

8. Otter. Meldrum.

9. Talbot. Wolseley.

11. Mole. Mitford.

12. Ermine spots. Henderson.

in a very conventional manner (see Glossary of English Terms] ; its chief use in British Armory is as a supporter. Plate XXIV., fig. 5, is an instance of its employment as a charge ; Per pale argent and gules an antelope passant counter-changed, the coat of DlGHTON of Lincolnshire.

THE HORSE alone, as distinct from its use in conjunc- tion with a mounted knight, is scarcely so frequent a charge as we might have expected.

The escucheon of WESTPHALIA, Gules, a horse courant argent (Plate XXIV., fig. 6), formed part of the arms of the Electors of HANNOVER, and so was borne by the four GEORGES, and by WILLIAM IV., as a part of the Royal Arms of GREAT BRITAIN. Gules, a demi-horse argent hoofed and maned or, issuing out of water (either proper, or in its conventional representation barry wavy argent and azure} is the coat of TREVELYAN. Gules, on a base vert, a horse passant argent, cingled sable ; is borne by the Counts BYSTRZONOWSKI.

One chief use of the horse is as an allusive coat. Gules, a horse argent, are the arms of the Roman CAVALLI, and salient of the French CHIVALETS, and CHEVALERIE ; Or, a horse rampant gules are those of RENNER ; Argent, a horse sable, saddled gules, those of POULAIN ; Argent, a horse proper of R6SSLER. Argent, a fess between tJiree colts courant sable, is the arms of COLT (Baronet). Gules, a mule passant argent, is the canting coat of MOYLE. The humble ass is the charge of the family of ESEL (Sable, an ass argent, a chief of the same) ; and Or, an ass issuant from the base sable, is the coat of VAN DER EESE of Holland ; Azure, an ass passant sable (? proper] is borne by LOVARI of Udine. Sable, a fess (or) between three asses argent, are the canting arms of AYSCOUGH.

The Bavarian family of FRUMBESEL, now extinct, used to bear; Argent, an ass rampant gules.

We have the HARE in the Scottish coat of CLELAND

of that Ilk (Plate XXIV., fig. 7). Azure, a hare saliant with a hunting horn vert, garnished gules, pendent at its neck ; and as the canting coat of several German and Netherland families of HAAS, etc. HAAS of Bavaria bears, Gules, a Jiare leaping argent. Vert, on a mount a hare sejant proper, is borne by VAN NOORT.

THE RABBIT occurs somewhat more frequently still. Argent, a chevron between three conies sable, is the coat of STRODE of Devonshire. Vert, tJiree rabbits argent, is borne by VAN DEN SANTHEUVEL of Holland.

The family of AYDIE, Marquises de RlBERAC in France, bore de Gueules, a quatre lapins d' argent, 2 et 2. Gueules, au chevron d'or accoste de trots tetes de lapin d'1 argent, is the coat of DUMONT DE BOSTAQUET, in Normandy. Or, a lion rampant gules on a bordure azure seven rabbits argent spotted sable, are the armes parlantes of the Portu- guese family of COELHO ; sometimes the lion is charged with three bars chequy or and azure. (Em campo de ouro hum Lead de purpura faxado de tres faxas, empequetado de ouro e azul, armado de vermelho ; bordadura azul com sete coelhos de prata malhados de prato.)

King MANUEL granted to NlCOLAO COELHO, a com- panion of VASCO DA GAMA, a special coat : Gules, between two columns argent (each on a mount in base vert, and bearing a sJiield azure charged with the " Quinas " of PORTUGAL) in chief a lion rampant or, and in base a ship upon the sea proper.

SEALS are borne by the BENNS of Holland : Gules, three seals argent fessways in pale the middle one con- tourne ; and by DE WULF : Vert, two seals rampant addorsed or.

OTTERS and OTTER'S HEADS, are occasionally found in Scottish Armory. The coat of MELDRUM is : Argent, a demi-otter issuant from a bar wavy sable (Plate XXIV., fig. 8). Argent, a chevron between three otter s heads erased sable, is the old coat of BALFOUR ; and the same with

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the charges gules is that of FuLLERTON. It is also the charge in the arms of the Styrian FlSGHL, Gules, on a bend an otter holding in its moutJi two fisJi proper.

THE BEAVER is borne as canting arms by the Swiss family of BlBER, Or, a beaver rampant sable ( Wappen- rolle von Zurich, No. 294) and also, but sometimes gules , by the Barons BlBRA.

THE BADGER is naturally the charge in the coats of the English families of BROCK {Argent, a badger passant sable] ; and BADGER (the same but the field or) ; as well as in those of the Swiss DACHS, Gules, a badger rampant or, and of the Bavarian Counts von DACHSBERG (the same but with the charge argenf].

THE HEDGEHOG, called anciently an Urchin, appears in the allusive coats of HERISSON and HERRIES (Plate XXIV., fig. 9), Argent, three urchins sable; and in the French coats of LE HERISSE : d'Or, a trois Iierissons d'azur ; and d 'Argent, au chevron de gueules accoste de trois hcrissons dc sable. } EZ, of Poland, Gules, a hedgehog or.

The kindred PORCUPINE is the canting coat of the French family of MAUPEOU (inal peau], Comtes d'ABLEiGES, Marquises de MAUPEOU. SlMON EYRE, Lord Mayor of LONDON in 1445, bore : Gules, a porcu- pine erect argent, armed, collared, and chained or (probably, as sometimes blazoned, an urcJiin in allusion to his name). It is the dexter supporter of the DE LlSLES.

MOLES arebornebythe MiTFORDS (Lords REDESDALE), Argent, a fess between three moles passant sable ; and by the Polish TRZYKRETI : A rgent, tJiree moles fessways in pale sable. UOr, a trois taupes de sable, are the arms of FAYDIDE DE CHALANDRAS. MOLL in Holland uses : Or, on a mount in base vert a mole sable ; another Dutch family of MOLLE bears : Vert, on a chief or a mole sable.

THE SQUIRREL occurs in some English coats, usually as an allusive charge. Or, a squirrel sejant gules, are the arms of SQUIRE. A rgent, a squirrel sejant gules, cracking

a nut, are, with trifling variations, those of several families of NUTSHALL, and SQUIRE. Argent, a chevron aztire between tJiree squirrels gules (with or without nuts), is the coat of LOVELL.

FOUQUET, the celebrated Finance Minister of LOUIS XIV., bore: d' Argent, un tcureuil rampant de gueules (often augmented thus : a la bordure de gueules semee de fleurs-de-lis d'or) ; with the ambitious motto : " Quo non ascendant ? " Or, a squirrel on a mount proper, is the coat of STUMPF of Bavaria ; and of SiCHTERMANN in the Netherlands. Or, three squirrels gules, is borne by SQUIRE, and ASHWEED ; also by the Danish ALKE- VEDERS. Or, three squirrels sable, is a coat of DU BoiS.

THE APE as a charge is more frequently met with abroad than in British Heraldry, but there are neverthe- less a few examples of its use. Vert, an ape sejant, banded and chained to the sinister side of the shield argent, is the coat of APPLEGH. Sable, a chevron or between three apes argent chained gold, are the arms of LOBLEY. Argent, an ape gules, holding an apple or, is the canting coat of AFFENSTEIN (Zurich Wappenrolle, No. 412). Without the apple this is borne by PASCAL-COLOMBIER of France. Apes are used as supporters by the FlTZ- GERALDS, Dukes of LEINSTER ; and by the MAXWELLS of Pollok, as far back as the reign of ROBERT III.

RATS. — I do not remember any instance in which rats occur as a British charge, but they are found in some foreign coats. The arms of the See of ARRAS are : Or, a rat sable in the centre point between two pastoral staves paleways addorsed proper, the whole within an orle of ten rats of the second. UOr, a trots rats de gueules, is the coat of the Breton family of DE LA BEN- NERAYE. Argent, a rat rampant sable, was the coat of the Bavarian BlLLlCHS now extinct. Rats support the arms of RENAUD DE VELORT, in 1449.

DOGS.— I have left until the last the Dog, the faithful

companion of man, which appears frequently in armory, both at home and abroad ; the talbot (a species of mastiff) and the greyhound are the most frequently used.

Argent, a talbot passant gules (in chief a crescent for difference), is the coat of Viscount WoLSELEY (Plate XXIV., fig. 9) ; Argent, a greyhound courant sable, is that of MORETON. Azure, a greyhound (salianf) argent collared gules, is borne by the Austrian Counts BLOME ; and with the collar or by the French Counts NlCOLAY.

Vert, a greyhound passant argent collared gules buckled or, is ascribed to the Byzantine house of SCYLITZES ; Azure, a talbot statant argent, to the Silesian Barons HUNDT.

Three greyhounds courant fessw ays in pale, argent, was borne with the field gules, or sable, by various families of MAULEVRIER ; and Azure, three greyhounds pursuing a stag argent, all bendways and "at random," is the coat of YARDLEY. Argent, a chevron gules between three talbots passant sable, was used by TALBOT of Norfolk. Azure, a chevron or between three greyhounds courant argent, is the coat of GRIMMINCK of the Netherlands ; and, with the hounds also Or, of DE HONDT of Flanders.

FIG. 62. —THE EAGLE OF GERMANY.

CHAPTER VIII.

ANIMATE CHARGES. III. A. THE EAGLE. — B. OTHER BIRDS.

SECTION A.

THE EAGLE.— In the eagle as a heraldic bearing we have a point of contact between ancient Mythology or symbolism, and mediaeval Heraldry. The bird of Jove, King of gods and men, adopted as the standard of the Roman Emperors in heathen times, continued in use after Rome had become Christian.

After the coronation of CHARLEMAGNE in Rome, on Christmas Day in the year Soo, that prince, claiming to be the successor of the old Roman Emperors, is said to have adopted the eagle as his ensign, and placed it conspicuously on his palace at Aachen.

The eagle of the Holy Roman Empire was borne by the German Emperors in the attitude known as " dis- played ; " that is with the body upright, the wings on either side raised to the level of the head, and the legs extended beneath them. The eagle thus displayed is enamelled on the hilt of the Sword of CHARLEMAGNE, still preserved in the Imperial Treasury in the Burg at

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Vienna. (See LABARTE, Handbook of the Arts of the Middle Ages, fig. 50, p. 114, 1855.)

The Imperial seal upon which the eagle first appears in any shape is that of the Emperor HENRY III. (1039-1056) in which the sceptre carried by the prince is surmounted by a single-headed eagle. (See Dr ROEMER BUCHNER'S Die Siegel der Deutschen Kaiser, No. 26, p. 24, whose note is worth transcribing. " Die romischen Consuln hatten einen elfenbeinern Stab, mit darauf geschnitztem Adler, wie viele Miinzen, und diptycha consularia beurkunden. Sollte nicht von den- selben HEINRICH III. dieses uralte Zeichen der Herr- schaft angenommen haben, und hierdurch der Adler, als Reichsadler aufgenommen worden sein ? ")

At the battle of Molsen on the Elster, in 1080, GODFREY DE BOUILLON, afterwards the first Christian King of JERUSALEM, is said to have borne the banner of the Emperor HENRY, which was charged with the eagle — "dux cum aquila praecedens Imperatorem" (WILLIAM OF TYRE, Historia Belli Sacri, p. 150). HENRY'S rival, RODOLPH of SWABIA, who fell in the same battle, u-sed, after his coronation in 1077, a Great Seal on which he is represented holding in his right hand a very short sceptre or staff surmounted by an eagle with close wings. (GLAFEY, Specimen decadem Sigilloruin,\.-diQ\z iv., p. 25 ; Leipsic, 1749; and ROEMER BUCHNER, Die Siegel, etc., p. 26.)

The earliest appearance of the eagle as a heraldic charge, which has come under my notice, is afforded by the Great Seal of the Markgrave LEOPOLD of Austria in 1 136; on it the mounted figure of the Markgrave bears a shield charged with the eagle displayed. (HERGOTT, Monumenta Austria, torn, i., tab. i.) From about this time it was borne not only by the Emperor, and the King of the Romans, but by the princes who, as Vicars of the Empire, or Lords of its Marches, were charged with the

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government, or defence of its provinces. It was thus borne, for example, by the Counts of SAVOY, as Mar- quesses, or Mark-graves, of the Empire in Italy, a title which constantly recurs upon their seals. (See also

P- 535-)

The single-headed eagle displayed of the Empire was also borne as the supporter of the escucheon of Savoy. See the gold " Doppel Doppia" of CHARLES EMANUEL, King of SARDINIA, 1746 ; and it has not yet been disused by the Kings of Italy. (It thus appears, for instance, on the centre of the reverse of the Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy.)

Under FREDERICK I. BARBAROSSA (Duke of Swabia, elected King of the Romans in 1152; crowned as Emperor, at Rome, in 1155), the eagle had become the recognised standard of the Holy Roman Empire.

" At quae Caesareae, signum latiale cohortis Regia fulget avis, magnorum densa virorum Agmina ceu magni glomeravit viscera regni."

(Quoted from GUNTHERUS, by DUCANGE, torn, vii., sectio xviii.).

The eagle is embroidered with the Heiligenscheine, or "glory" round its head, upon the gloves which formed part of the Imperial coronation robes in the twelfth century (See BOCK'S splendid work ; Die Kleinodien des Heil. Romischen Reiches, etc., taf. viii., Wien, 1864); and the head of the eagle is for the first time thus encircled (diademed} on the Imperial seals, by ALFONSO of CASTILE, elected King of the Romans in 1257. (ROEMER-BUCHNER, Die Siegel, etc., No. 48 ; VREE, Genealogia Comitum Flandricz, pi. xvi. ; OETTER, Wappenbelustigung, i., 50.)

The eagle appears on the coins of the Emperor OTTO IV., 1208, and on those of several of his successors. The Emperor is represented on horseback bearing a shield

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charged with the eagle. OTTO was thus armed at the battle of BOUVINES :—

" Quar il porte, ce n'est pas fable, L'escut d'or a 1'aigle de sable." (PH1LL. MONSKES, MS. Historia Francorum.)

From BOCK'S Kleinodien, etc., we see that OTTO'S imperial mantle was powdered with single eagles dis- played, and with lions rampant. (Taf. x., 13.)

In his letters FREDERICK II. (elected King of the Romans at the age of three years ; and crowned as Emperor at Rome by Pope HONORIUS in 1220) often speaks of his victorious eagle banners. A boldly sculp- tured escucheon of this Emperor, with the single-headed eagle displayed, is still extant in the north aisle of the choir of Westminster Abbey (fig. 62, p. 242).

The secretum of FLORENT V., Count of HOLLAND (son of WILLIAM, Count of HOLLAND, who was elected King of the Romans in 1247, crowned at Aachen 1248, and slain in 1256), bears the lion of HOLLAND in a shield placed upon the breast of a single-headed eagle displayed (VREE, dt Seghelen der Graven van Vlaendren, pi. Ixxix.). This eagle is also one of the charges on the seal of WILLIAM'S sister ALICE, wife of JEAN D'AVESNES, and on the counter-seal it is curiously dimidiated with the lion rampant (Plate XXXVIL, fig. 6).

The seal of RICHARD, Earl of CORNWALL, and POICTOU, brother of our King HENRY III., and elected King of the Romans in 1257, bears, circa 1260, his arms {Argent^ a lion rampant gules, within a bordure sable charged with bezants) supported by the eagle displayed ; and his son EDMUND used the same arrangement.

These arms remain in the painted glass, or appear on the encaustic pavement, in many of the churches in England with which he was connected. A list of these churches will be found in an article on " RICHARD King

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of the Romans " in The Gentleman s Magazine, vol. ccviii., pp. 1-13, which also contains coloured plates of the encaustic tiles to which reference is here made. It is curious that, at least in England, RICHARD does not seem ever to have used the German eagle as his arms, but at Great Malvern the eagle (which is there double- headed) is surrounded by the bordure bezantee. At Warblington in Hampshire the rampant lion is borne in an escucheon without the bordure on the breast of a double-headed eagle. It must be noted, however, that in many cases the glass and tiles are probably of a later date, and we cannot safely appeal to them as affording evidence of RICHARD'S own use.

The coins of ADOLF OF NASSAU, elected King of the Romans in 1291, bear the single eagle displayed ; and in 1298 the surcoats and housings used at the battle of Gellheim by ADOLF and his rival competitor for the Imperial Crown — ALBERT of AUSTRIA, son of the Emperor RODOLPH, — were of yellow cloth charged with the same figure.

We learn this from the rhythmical chronicle of a contemporary poet, OTTACAR VON STEYERMARCK, from which the following lines are quoted in a paper in the Cornhill Magazine, 1865, from which I also borrow the appended translation.

" Nu warn auch die Wapperi-Klayt Yetweders Kunigs geleich Albert der Furst Reich Auf ain reiches Tuch gel Mangen Swarczen Adaler Hies wurcheusz nach Seiner Pet. Dieselben er hat — Wappen Rokh und Degkh — Von Nazzau der kech ; Des Wappen-Klayt man markht Geweben, und gewarcht In derselben Vart und Gestalt."

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" Now were also the surcoats Of each King the same. Albert the Imperial Prince On a rich yellow cloth Many a black eagle Distributed according to his wish The same he also had, — Surcoat and housings, — Nassau the arrogant The surcoat was observed Woven, and worked In the same colour and form."

SPENER (OpusHeraldicum^^.rs. spec., pp. 66-67, quoting from FUGGER, Spiegel der Ehren des Hauses OesterreicJi} says that, as Emperor, ALBERT bore, on the breast of the single-headed eagle of the Empire, his arms — Quarterly ; i. AUSTRIA ; 2. STYRIA ; 3. CARNIOLA ; 4. HAPSBURG.

On the Great Seal of the Emperor LOUIS IV. (Duke of Bavaria, elected King of the Romans in 1314, crowned as Emperor at Rome in 1328) the throne is borne by eagles, and the eagle displayed surmounts the cross on the Imperial sceptre.

This is the first Imperial Great Seal to which a counter- seal is attached ; this bears without a shield a standing eagle turned to the sinister, but with its head regardant to the dexter. (ROEMER-BUCHNER, Die Siegel der Deutschen Kaiser, etc., No. 55.)

On the secretum of MARGARET, Sovereign Countess of HOLLAND, second wife of the Emperor Louis, the single eagle is represented ; and on others of her seals it bears a lozenge shield charged with four lions : two of HOLLAND, and as many of FLANDERS : the red lions of HOLLAND in chief and base; the sable lions of FLANDERS in the flanks. (VREE, Gen. Com. Flandr., p. 58.) The pourfilar lines which would have made the lozenge quartered per saltire are omitted, as they are also in the quartered escucheon of Queen PHILIPPA of HAINAULT in Westminster Abbey. (See pp. 462, 463.)

The eagle properly displayed as a heraldic charge upon a shield is shown on a somewhat smaller seal of the Emperor GUNTHER VON SCHWARZBURG, elected King of the Romans in 1349 (No. 58, of ROEMER BtJCHNER).

On the Great Seal of the Emperor CHARLES IV. (King of Bohemia), elected King of the Romans in 1308, crowned at Rome in 1312, this throned effigy is placed between two shields, one of the single eagle ; the other bearing the lion of BOHEMIA. (ROEMER BUCHNER, Siegel der Deutschen Kaiser, No. 59, etc.)

An Imperial dalmatic of the fourteenth century bears golden roundles charged with the single-headed eagle (BOCK, Kleinodien, taf. xi., 14).

THE DOUBLE-HEADED EAGLE. — The origin of the double-headed eagle displayed is a matter of some uncertainty.

DuCANGE (vol. vii., Dissertatio de Inferioris ALvi Numismatibus, p. 151) writes : —

" Quaedam Germanos bicipitem aquilam sibi adrogasse existimant ex quo in clade Variana signa Romanorum et aquilae duae in eorum venere potestatem ; tertia a signifero priusquam in manus hostium veniret, in cruenta palude, ut ait Florus, quas quidem binas aquilas diis patriis in lucis ii suspenderint.

Ulricus Huttenus : —

" Vindice ut Arminio, ceteris prope rura Visurgis Romanas acies miro Germano motu Quintiliumque ducem conciderit, unde birostrae Contigerint aquilas, traducti insignia regni Excussumque jugum non tantum haec tempora nossent."

NlSBET thinks that it originated in the arms of the Emperors of the East, who, he says, when the throne was occupied by two co-regnant princes, placed two eagles, one above the other in one shield on their seals and coins ; and that it was adopted in Germany " by the Emperors of the Western Empire, upon the decline of that of the

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East, especially by SlGISMUND who joined both the eagles together with their heads separate, to show the sovereignties of the two empires conjoined in his person : which practice was continued by his successors " (System of Heraldry, i., 337-338). The Imperial eagle was " not one eagle with two heads, but two eagles, the one laid upon the other, and their heads separate, looking different ways, which represent the two heads of the Empire after it was divided into East and West."

"Non emin biceps est aquila" subdit Cuspianus "ut imperitum vulgus credit, sed duse simul quarum altera alteram expansis alis obtegit," etc.

NlSBET, however, seems to be mistaken when he adds to the passage above given from Cuspidion (as he calls him) the assertion that this was also the opinion of BELLARMINE, as will be seen from :the following quota- tion : — " Sed hanc sententiam cui adstipulatur Flaccus Illyricus, jure exagitat cardinalis Bellarminus, qui non duas aquilas in insignibus imperatores gerere, sed unum divisum in dua capita, ejusque rei causam esse quod Imperium esset inter duos principes, quorum alter in Occidente, alter in Oriente, sedem habebat.

" Cui quidem Bellarmini sentential consentanea sunt quae habet loannes Georgius Trissinus, poeta Italicus (lib. 2, de Italia a Gothis liberata ) : —

" ' II grande imperio ch'era un corpo solo Avea due capi ; un nel'antica Roma ; Che regeva i paesi occidental!, E 1'altra nella nova, che dal volgo S'appella la citta di Constantino. Onde 1'aquila d'oro in Campo rosso Insegna imperial, poi si dipinse E si dipinge con due teste ancora.' "

The double-headed eagle of gold on a red field, here referred to as borne by the Emperors of the East, was indeed used by them in later times, and appears in more

modern days as a quartering in the shield of the Dukes of MANTUA to denote their pretensions to the Eastern Empire, derived from the Marquesses of MONTFERRAT.

But DUCANGE very properly remarks that — " hse recentiores conjecturae ingenii potius acumine quam ipsa nituntur rei veritate, cum biceps aquila longe recentior videatur praesertim apud Byzantines ; ut pote quae uniceps in insignibus gentilitiis Palaeologorum Montferrat- ensium descripta sit qua Imperium Constantinopolitanum designatur ; deinde in effigie Constantini Palaeologi (1041-2), Michaelis imperatoris filii (quam initio hujus dissertationis describimus) pallium aquilis cum unico capite inspersum conspiciatur." So also on the coins of THEODORUS LASCARLS, MICHAEL, and ANDRONICUS PAL^OLOGUS, the eagle is single-headed.

The eagles on a coin of THEODORUS LASCARIS in 1251 are double-headed : and the letter of DEMETRIUS PAL/EOLOGUS to CHARLES VII. of France, circa 1400, has a seal of blue wax (according to Imperial custom), charged with the double-headed eagle. MENETRIER thinks that the use of the double-headed eagle by the Emperors of. the East arose in the same manner as that of the double cross which appears on their coins.

He says that as the cross was used as a sceptre, and when two Emperors were co-regnant it was represented with a double traverse and held by both ; so on their seals and coins they united two eagles into one. But it appears more likely that the Byzantine princes borrowed the double-headed eagle from the Turkish dynasty of the Seljooks. This emblem still remains carved over the principal entrance of the Turkish fort of Kara Hisar in Anatolia. The double-headed eagle, which is the charge of the Imperial Arms of Russia, was assumed by the Grand Duke IVAN BASILOVITZ of Moscow, who, in 1472, married SOPHIA, daughter of THOMAS PALEOLOGUS, and niece of the last Emperor of Byzantium, CON-

STANTINE XIV. It appears first on a seal appended to a charter of 1497. (See KOEHNE, Notice sur les Sceaux et Armoiries de la Russie, pp. 8, 9, Berlin, 1861.)

STEPHEN NEMANJA, Czar of SERVIA and BOSNIA, had long previously assumed the double eagle of Byzan- tium (but silver instead of gold, on a shield gules] ; and used it, crowned with an eastern crown, as the crest of his crowned helm. (See the account of The Book of Anns of the Nobility of Bosnia, or Illyria, and Servza, etc., in the year 1340, given in EVANS' tour Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina, in 1875, pp. 214-225.)

The double-headed eagle displayed was borne, with variations of tincture and accessories, by several of the great Byzantian families : KoRESSIOS bore : Sable, beneath the Imperial crown proper, a double-headed eagle displayed or, holding in each of its claws a sivord paleways argent. VATATZES used : Vert, the double eagle displayed or, above each of its heads an estoile argent. LASCARIS bore : Or, a double-headed eagle displayed sable armed gules, beneath an Eastern crown of tJiree points of the last.

Although, as we have seen, the assumption of the double-headed eagle displayed as the arms of the Holy Roman Empire has been commonly attributed to the Emperor SlGlSMUND, it is quite clear that it had been in use at an earlier date. It appears, I think not for the first time, on the coins of the Emperor LOUIS THE BAVARIAN in 1 3 14. The seals of his sons, Duke WILLIAM of BAVARIA, Count of OSTREVANT, and ALBERT, Count PALATINEoftheRHlNE,^>^ 1 350, bear the shield of their arms (Quarterly, i and 4, BAVARIA ; 2 and 3, FLANDERS quartering HOLLAND, vide p. 462), upon the breast of a double-headed eagle displayed. (VREE, Gencalogie des Comtes de Flandres, plate lix.) Earlier instances still are afforded by a shield in one of the windows of York minster, circa 1307 ; and in a MS. copy of MATTHEW

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PARIS, circa 1250, now preserved in the British Museum, this eagle occurs unmistakably for the Emperor of Germany. In the Roll of Anns of tJie Thirteenth Century, probably written about 1280, its first and third entries are : — I. L'Empereur d'Almaine ; d'or a ung aigle espany ove des deux tetes sable. III. Le Roy d'Almaine, d'or un egle displaye sable. (ArcJiczologia, xxxix., p. 378.)

In the Wappenrolle von Zurich, if No. 12 be (as seems pretty certain), the shield of the Empire, the eagle is still single-headed.

The earliest use of the double-headed eagle on an Imperial seal with which I am acquainted is afforded by a counter-seal of the Emperor WENZESLAUS (King of BOHEMIA, elected King of the Romans, and crowned at Aachen in 1376, but deposed in 1400). On this counter- seal the double-headed eagle bears on its breast a round escucheon charged with the Bohemian lion. But on this Dr ROEMER BtJCHNER makes the following remark :—

" Irrig ist es wenn dieses Contrasiegel als doppelter Reichsadler angesehen wird, schon als bohmischer Konig fuhrte er solches, daher kein Reichswappen, wahrschein- lich sind die Adler von Brandenburg und Schlesien hier vereint." (Die Siegel der deutschen Kaiser, etc., No. 64 Frankfurt am Main, 1851.) On the Great Seal itself of WENZESLAUS the Emperor is seated between two shields, the dexter one charged with the single eagle displayed, the arms of the King of the Romans ; the sinister bearing the double-tailed lion of BOHEMIA. If this view be correct, as an undoubted emblem of the Holy Roman Empire the double-headed eagle first occurs (so far as seals are concerned) on that of the Emperor SlGISMUND (son of CHARLES IV., King of HUNGARY and BOHEMIA, crowned at Aachen in 1414, and as Emperor at Rome in 1434, died in 1437). Here, for the first time, the armorial shield is charged with the double-headed eagle, of which the heads are " diademed " or surrounded by the golden

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HeiligenscJieine, (The double-headed eagle, thus adorned, also appears on the counter seal with an inscription allusive to EZEKIEL xvii. 3 and 7. See ROEMER BiiCHNER, Siegel, etc., No. 73.)

After the adoption of the double-headed eagle as the arms of the Empire, the single-headed eagle displayed became the distinctive possession of the King of the Romans; the second head being added on his attainment of the Imperial Crown. See among other examples the fine counter-seal of MAXIMILIAN, as King of the Romans,, in VREE, Die Seghelen der Graven van Vlaendren, plate xlvi., Bruges, 1 640. Here the single-headed eagle with the HeiligenscJieine is the charge of his shield, and bears on its breast a small escucheon of AUSTRIA, impaling BuRGUNDY-ancient (apparently sans bordure). But on MAXIMILIAN'S signet (Ibid., No. 56) after his attainment of the Imperial dignity the eagle (which bears the correct impalement) is double-headed.

On the Aurea Bulla of CHARLES VI. (1711-1740) the HeiligenscJieine is converted into a flat circular plate.. It is only on the seal of CHARLES VII. (1740-1745) that the sword and sceptre both appear in the dexter claw> and the orb in the sinister, of the Imperial eagle.

The first instance of a Great Seal in which the Im- perial Eagle is represented bearing on its breast the escucheon of the personal bearings of the Emperor, is that of CHARLES V. (ROEMER BUCHNER, Die Siegel, etc., No. 88) ; on this the arms of the Spanish kingdoms are represented crowned. Many of CHARLES'S seals have this escucheon uncrowned (See VREE, Die SegJielen de Graven van Vlaendren, plates Ixii., etc.). On one Seal, as Duke of BURGUNDY, Plate Ixii., his escucheon is of AuSTRIA-modern only. The coats of CASTILE impaling LEON are sometimes similarly used alone.

As a heraldic charge, apart from any connection with the Empire, we find the double-headed eagle displayed

in a lozenge, upon the seal of ISABEL DE ST. VRAIN in 1262. (DEMAY, Le Costume cTapres les Sceaux, p. 229.) On the magnificent encaustic pavement of the church of Saint Pierre de Dive, in Calvados, which is probably of the early part of the thirteenth century, the double- headed eagle displayed occurs with very great frequency. (This pavement is engraved in DE CAUMONT, Abea'daire d'Archeologie, pp. 384-386.) Argent, a double-headed eagle displayed sable, over all a cotice gules, was the coat worn by the celebrated BERTRAND DU GUESCLIN, Con- stable of France (d. 1380). The Marechal de Bouci- QUAUT bore a like eagle, though his arms are differently tinctured ; they are: — d' Argent, a I'aigle eployee degueules, armee d'or (See the Armorial de I'Heraut Gelre]. The double-headed eagle occasionally occurs in English Heraldry, as in the coat of SPEKE, of Jordans, Barry of eight argent and azure, a double-headed eagle displayed gules (Plate XXV., fig. 2).

The consideration of the use of the Imperial Eagle as an augmentation may be fitly deferred to the special Chapter on AUGMENTATIONS.

The Eagle now borne for the German Empire is single- headed, of sable, armed and langued^W^. Over its head is placed the crown of CHARLEMAGNE (fig. 97, p. 617). Upon its breast is an escucheon which contains the personal arms of the Emperor, viz., the Royal Arms of PRUSSIA : — Argent, an eagle displayed sable crowned, and with klee-stengel or, armed gules, holding in its dexter claw the Royal sceptre, and in the sinister the Royal Orb, on its breast a small escucheon of the arms of the House of HOHENZOLLERN, viz., Quarterly argent and sable (Ein von Silber und Schwartz quadrirter Schild).

The arms of the Kingdom of POLAND are : Gules, an eagle displayed argent crowned or. This appears as early as the year 1255, on the seal of King BOLESLAS, where the shield borne by the royal knight is charged with the

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eagle. Later on, since the union of Lithuania to Poland in 1385, the arms were quartered with the following coat : Gules, a knight mounted on a white horse, and bearing on his buckler azure a cross patriarchal or, for LITHUANIA.

The arms of the imperial city of FRANKFURT are identical with those of POLAND.

The arms of the Markgravate of BRANDENBURG, which was given in pledge by the Emperor SlGISMUND to FREDERICK of HOHENZOLLERN, Burg-grave of Niirn- berg in 1417, and which became the foundation of the splendid fortunes of the present Imperial German dynasty, were : A rgent, an eagle displayed gules ivith " klee stengeln " on its wings or, and armed of the last. (In silbernem Felde ein aus gebreiteter rother Adler mit goldenem Schnabel, und goldenen Fiissen. Die beiden Fliigel des Adlers sind jeder mit einem goldenen Klee- stengel belegt.) (For Klee-Stengel, see note, p. 344.)

As might be expected, both the sable single-headed eagle of the German kingdom, and the double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, enter with great frequency into the armorial bearings of the Princes, provinces, and cities of the Empire. A large and inter- esting volume might easily be written which should deal exclusively with the Heraldry of the Eagle. It is not possible in our limited space to do more than allude to a few of the most important examples.

The coat of the Duchy of SILESIA is : Or, an eagle displayed sable, crowned (and often armed) of the field ; on its breast and wings a crescent with a cross between its Jiorns argent. The Dukes of GLOGAU bore the same without the cross. (Plate XLVI.)

The County of TIROL bears: Argent, an eagle dis- played gules croivned, armed, and with " klee-stengeln " or. (Im silbernem Felde ein rother ausgebreiteter gekronter Adler mit goldenem Schnabel und Ftissen, und goldenen Klee-stengeln auf den Fliigeln.)

The arms of the Markgravate of MAHREN, or MORAVIA, in the Austrian Ecu complet are : Azure, an eagle displayed chequy argent and gules crowned or (p. 496).

The Duchy of WESTPHALIA (one of the Saxon and Anhalt quarterings) bears : Azure, an eagle displayed, crowned or; and the same coat (but often with the crown omitted) is used for the Palatinate of SAXONY.

Azure, an eagle displayed argent, is the coat of the Counties of ARENSBERG, and MUHLINGEN ; and, with a golden crown, of the House of ESTE, from which our own Royal Family derives its descent, and of which the Dukes of MODENA are the chief representatives (p. 508).

The arms of the Duchy of CARNIOLA, or CRAYN, are given at p. 495, infra.

The famous Genoese family of DORIA bore : Per fess or and argent, an eagle displayed sable.

The Princes of LOBKOWITZ quartered with their own arms (Per fess gules and argent, the coat of the house of ZEROTIN) : Argent, an eagle displayed in bend sable, crowned or, and charged on the breast with an eagle of the field. A parallel coat to this curious blazon is recorded in the Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 115, where Argent, an eagle displayed in bend gules is the coat of SCHONEN. The Marquises of FAGNANI in Italy also bear : Azure, an eagle in bend argent.

The Counts of SAARWERDEN used : Sable, a double- headed eagle displayed argent ; a coat which appears in the escucheon of the Dukes of NASSAU.

Gules, an eagle displayed chequy sable and or, is the coat borne by Popes INNOCENT III., GREGORY IX., and ALEXANDER IV. of the family of SlGNlA at Agnani.

Per bend argent and gules, an eagle counter-changed, is the coat of the Italian family of SECCANO ; and, with the tinctures azure and argent, of the Venetian LOMBARDI.

The family of DE LlMESAY in Normandy, from which

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the great Scottish house of LINDSAY, Earls of CRAW- FORD, etc., derives its origin, bore : Gules, an eagle displayed or, which was also the bearing of the families of RYE, Marquess de VARAMBON; VlENNE; FERRONAY (banneret of Touraine), etc. Or, an eagle displayed azure, the coat of the PRIGNANI, was borne by Pope URBAN VI.

The French family of COLIGNY (Dues de CHATILLION, Marquesses d'ANDELOT, etc.), used : Gules, an eagle displayed argent, crowned or. In England in early times the eagle was only borne by a very few families of distinction. RALPH DE MoNTHERMER, Earl of GLOU- CESTER in right of his wife, bore (as in Plate XXV., fig. i), Or, an eagle displayed vert, arms which were afterwards quartered with those of MONTACUTE in the shields of the Earls of SALISBURY and WARWICK. The notorious PIERS GAVESTON, created Earl of CORNWALL by EDWARD II., bore : Vert, six eagles displayed or.

The Eagle appears in the coat of QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD, which are those of its founder ROBERT DE EFLESFELD, confessor to PHILIPPA, Queen of EDWARD III.: — Argent, tJiree eagles displayed gules armed or. It will be seen from the foregoing examples that the heraldic eagle has usually its beak and claws (sometimes the beak, legs, and claws) of a different tincture from the rest of its body. In the first case it is sufficient to use the phrase armed, which includes beak as well as claws : in the latter case the term employed is usually beaked and membered (in French becqute et membree), the legs including the claws. In the Armory of Germany and the Low Countries the whole unfeathered part of the leg is intended when the term armed is used.

The arms of the great French family DE LA TRE- MOILLE (Vicomtes and Dues de THOUARS, Dues de la TR£MOILLE, Princes de TALMONT, et de TARENTE, etc.), are: d'Or, au chevron de gueules accompagne de trois aigles d'azur, becquces et membrees du second. [This

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coat is often borne by the chief line en surtout above the quartered coats of i. ANJOU-NAPLES ; 2. SlCILY ; 3. LAVAL ; 4. BOURBON-CONDE ; as representing CHAR- LOTTE of ARRAGON, wife of GUY, Comte de LAVAL (vide infra, p. 452).]

The famous CHARLOTTE DE LA TREMOILLE, Countess of DERBY (d. 1664), was daughter of CLAUDE, Prince de TALMONT, etc., by CHARLOTTE, daughter of WILLIAM, Prince of ORANGE (v. i., p. 466).

In Scotland the eagle displayed occurs at an early date. The RAMSAYS bore: Argent, an eagle displayed sable, beaked and membered gules. The CARNEGIES, now Earls of SOUTHESK, used : Or, an eagle displayed azure, beaked and membered gules now charged on the breast with a covered cup of the field. But early seals of this family show the eagle standing on a barrel, which was allusive to their tenure of the estate of KlNNAlRD " for the serwise of the kepeing of the Kyngis ale sellar within the Schirefdome of Forfar" (STODART, Scottish A rms, ii., pp. 137-138). A rgent, three eagles displayed gules ; crowned or, is the coat of the DE COURCYS, Barons of KlNGSALE, in Ireland.

The allerion (in French alerion}, originally synony- mous with an eagle, was in the hands of some fanciful heralds, deprived of its legs and beak, as in the arms of the House of LORRAINE still quartered by the Emperors of AUSTRIA : — Or, on a bend gules three allerions argent. The myth which refers the origin of this coat to a fowling exploit in Crusading days is too absurd for further quotation. The charges are really anagrams (alerion) of the name LORAINE (see PLANCHE, Pursuivant, pp. 86-91).

The coat of the great French family DE MONTMOR- ENCY is still blazoned with allerions instead of the original four eagles : d'Or, d la croix de gueules cantonne de seize alerions dazur. . The MONTMORENCY-LAVAL (vide

supra} differenced this coat by charging the cross with five escallops argent. (See Chapter XIV., p. 452.)

When two or more eagles are borne in a shield they are sometimes, but quite needlessly, blazoned eaglets; but even the heraldic purists who insist on this distinction admit that it need not be made when the birds are separated by an Ordinary. Thus : Azure, a pale between two eagles displayed argent, is the coat of WOODWARD, of Warwickshire and the neighbouring counties. Argent, a saltire gules between four eagles displayed azure, is used by HOBART, Earls of BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. The great Italian house of the GONZAGAS, Dukes of MANTUA, bore : Argent, a cross patee-througJiout gules, between four eagles displayed sable (vide p. 535).

Except as a crest, or supporter, the eagle of heraldry seldom appears in any other attitude than displayed. An eagle volant, i.e., flying bendways across the shield, occurs in the armorials as the coat of STAYLTON or STALTON ; — Sable, an eagle volant argent, but I do not remember any other example.

An eagle rising, that is in the act of taking flight (in French essoranf), is almost equally rare. The French family of SAFFRES, bear the canting coat ; de Gueules, a cinq saffres, ou aigles de mer, essorants d' argent, 2, I, 2.

The founder of the French Empire deviated from the mediaeval idea of the imperial bird, in favour of the pre- heraldic and classical type. The arms of the Napoleonic Empire are : — Azure, an eagle rising (its head turned to the sinister) ; grasping in both claws a thunderbolt or. (Plate XXV., fig. 3.) The official blazon of this coat was simply : d'Azur, a I'aigle d'or, empietant un foudre du mcme. (SlMON, V Armorial General de r Empire Fran- qais, tome i., page I. Paris, 1812.)

Parts of eagles occur not unfrequently in armory ; MONRO of Foulis bears : Or, an eagle's head erased gules. (Plate XXV., fig. 4.) WINGS, presumed to be those of

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eagles, are often borne in pairs. Gules, three eagle's wings or, is the coat ascribed to Sir WALTER BAND in the Roll of EDWARD II. (Their frequent use in German crests will be referred to later on.) When the wings are thus conjoined they are often termed a vol, and when the points are turned downwards this is styled un vol abaisse, or the wings are said to be conjoined in lure (that is, after the fashion of the instrument used by falconers to lure the hawk back after its flight). The coat of the SEYMOURS, Dukes of SOMERSET is : Gules, two wings con- joined in lure, the tips downward, or (de Gueules, a un vol abaisse d'or). Plate XXV., fig. 5. A single wing is often termed a demi-vol. Gules, a demi-vol abaisse argent, is the coat of the Princes of BEVILACQUA of Italy. (See USENBERG, p. 490.) A rgent, two demi-vols addorsed sable, is borne by the Prussian Barons von KONIG.

Per chevron argent and gules, three demi-vols erect counter-changed, was used by the important family of the Counts von ORTENBURG in Carinthia.

EAGLE'S LEGS are also borne, couped, or erased at the thigh. Of these a single example may suffice : — the Marquis d'ARCHlAC in France, bore : Or, two eagles legs couped at the thigh in pale gules. (SEGOING, Armorial Universel : planche 24. Paris, 1679.)

Among the curiosities of Heraldry we may number the coat of the Danish family of STIXEN, now extinct, which was : Azure, an eagle displayed, without a head or. The family of SCHAD in Wurtemberg bore : Or, an eagle displayed, without feet, and having a ribbon tied about its neck or. The STAHLIN VON STORKSBURG, in Bavaria carried : Azure, an eagle displayed or, its head concealed by a tilting helm argent.

The Norman family of SACQUEVILLE, or SACQUIN- VILLE, used, d'Hermine, a Paigle pamee de gueules, that is, with drooping wings and head and open beak. The Wappenrolle von Zurich gives (No. 503) a curious example

PLATE XXV.

1. Eagle displayed. Monthermer.

2. Two-headed Eagle.

3. Imperial Eagle. France.

4. Eagle's Head. Munro.

5. Wings. Seymour.

6. Goshawk. Weele.

7. Falcon rising. Price.

8. Hawks' Bells. JSellchamber.

9. Owls. Prescott.

10. Swans. Wolryche.

11. Stork. Oglander.

12. Pelican. Chantrell.

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of the eagle displayed in an unusual position : Or, an eagle displayed sable, armed gules ; its body fessways with the head to the dexter flank. This coat is attributed to EPTINGEN, of Basel. (See also EGGENBERG, Plate liv., fig. 5.)

SECTION B. — OTHER BIRDS.

THE VULTURE. — The Vulture appears but rarely in armory, but there are some examples of it. Azure, a vulture rising argent ; on a chief or, an estoile gules, is the coat of the Dutch family of Busc, settled at Berbice. Or, on a mount vert, a vulture rising gules, is used by GEYER of Bavaria ; Gules, a vulture rising argent, by GEYER of Strasburg ; other families of the name have similar bearings with different tinctures.

THE FALCON is generally represented close ; that is, in a sitting posture with its wings closed on the body ; an attitude presumed with regard to other birds when the contrary is not expressed in the blazon. The falcon is distinguished from the eagle by being also jessed 'and 'belled, i.e., having globular bells attached to its legs by small thongs or jesses. These jesses are sometimes drawn flotant from the leg, and with vervels, or rings, at the ends.

Armorists sometimes profess to distinguish the large goshawk, or falcon, from the smaller sparrow-hawk ; but practically they are hardly recognisable from each other in heraldic drawings. When the beaks, claws, jesses, bells, etc., are of a different tincture from the bird the fact requires to be specified in the blazon.

Plate XXV., fig. 6, is the coat of WEELE of Staver- ton (Visitation of Devonshire, 1620): Sable, a goshawk, perched on a stock issuant from the base, armed, jessed, and belled or.

Or, a falcon rising azure, is borne by PRICE of Plas Cadrant in Anglesey (Plate XXV., fig. 7). Azure, a falcon belled argent, is the canting coat of FALCOZ DE LA

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BLACHE, Comtes d'ANJOU (d'Azur, au faucon d' argent grillete du meme}.

The family LE TONNELIER, Comtes de BRETEUIL, Marquises de FONTENAY, carried : d'Azur, a un epervier essorant d'or, longt* et grillete (lined and belled) du meme. HAWKER of Wiltshire bears : Sable, a hawk on its perch argent^ beaked and legged or. NOBELAER of Holland uses : Or, a falcon sable hooded, and standing on its perch in base, gules. DE WEERT of the same country bears : Argent, a falcon sable, hooded, lined, and membered or.

In several coats the falcon is represented seizing on its prey (trussing is the English phrase, empietant the French). D'Azur, a un faucon d'or, grillete d' argent empietant une perdrix du second, becquee et onglee de gueules, is the coat of TARLET. Sable, a hawk or, trussing a duck proper, on a chief of the second a cross botonny gules, is borne by MADAN, or MADDEN, in England and Ireland. Or, tJiree falcon's heads erased gules, was the coat of NlCOLSON, baronets.

In Armory OWLS are represented full-faced, as in the arms of PRESCOTT, baronets : Sable, a chevron between three owls or (Plate XXV., fig. 9).

THE SWAN besides being the device of the great family of BOHUN (vide infra, p. 589), is a favourite bird in the old heraldry both of England and of the Continent. WOLRYCHE bears : Azure, a chevron between three swans argent (Plate XXV., fig. 10). Gules, a swan contourne argent, beaked sable, membered or, is the coat of the Lombard Counts PARAVICINI. Or, a swan gules, beaked and membered sable, was used by the old Westphalian Counts von STEINFURT. Gules, a swan argent, beaked and membered sable, gorged with a crown or, is the coat of STORMARN in the Royal Arms of Denmark.

The head and neck of the swan, frequently used as a crest (Plate XLV., fig. 2) ; also occurs as a heraldic charge : Azure, three swan's heads erased argent, gorged

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witJi ducal coronets or, is carried by BAKER of Gloucester- shire. Gules] three swans heads and necks conjoined in pairle argent, is the curious coat of the Counts PRZICHO- WITZ of Poland.

THE HERON, STORK, and CRANE are seldom dis- tinguishable in heraldic drawings. Plate XXV., fig. 1 1 is the coat of OGLANDER : Azure, a stork between three crosslets fitchees or. The Barons DOBRZENSKY bear : Azure, a stork proper. Gules, three cranes argent, were the arms of the Scottish Lords CRANSTOUN.

THE CRANE is usually represented standing on one leg holding in the claw of the other bent one a stone called its " vigilance" from a fable that this was so held that the noise of its fall might awaken the bird if it fell asleep ! This makes it a fitting canting charge for the name of WACHTER ! Several baronial families of this name bear : Argent, a crane sable with its vigilance on a mount vert.

SlEBMACHER (Wappenbuch, i., 131) ascribes to the Rhenish family of WEILER, the coat following : Azure, a double-headed stork argent. A rgent, a heron volant in fess azure, memberedor, are the armes parlantes of HERONDON ; while families of HERON use, Gules, a heron argent; A rgent, a heron sable ; and the reverse. This bird is the chief charge in several coats of the Spanish GARCIAS.

THE OSTRICH is usually depicted in early Heraldic drawings with a horse -shoe, key, or nail in its beak. This arose from the mediaeval idea, not altogether extinct even now, that the bird had the capacity to digest any substance however hard, and especially iron.

The MACMAHONS of Ireland carried : Argent, an ostrich sable, in its beak a horse-shoe or. MATTHEWS of Cornwall, used simply, Sable, an ostrich argent. Gules, an ostrich argent, in its beak a horse-shoe azure, are the armes parlantes of the Bavarian family of STRAUSS. Other families of the name vary the tinctures.

OSTRICH FEATHERS are often borne for Crests and

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Badges ; the best known instance is afforded by the Badge (often erroneously called the Crest) of the Prince of WALES (on which see Chapter XVI 1 1.).

THE PELICAN is represented in both British and Foreign Armory with a bowed neck vulning (i.e. wound- ing) her breast ; from an old belief that she was accustomed to feed her young with her blood. When thus occupied, standing in her nest, and surrounded by her little ones, she is said to be in her piety, as in Plate XXV., fig. 12, the coat of CHANTRELL of Berkshire: Azure, a pelican in her piety, argent. Bishop Fox of Winchester, who founded Corpus Christi College at Oxford bore : Azure, a pelican or, vulned gules ; which still forms part of the coat armorial of the college. ( Tierced in pale : — I . Fox ; 2. The See of WINCHESTER ; 3. The arms of Bishop OLDHAM.) Azure, three pelicans argent, vulned proper, is the coat of PELHAM. Argent, tJiree pelicans in piety or, their nests vert, was borne by the Scottish family of PATTERSON.

THE RAVEN occurs early in British Armory as a canting charge. In GLOVER'S Roll, THOMAS CORBET bears : Or, two crows (or corbies] sable. Argent (and or), a raven proper (i.e. sable), are the coats of several families of this name, as well as of RAVENTHORPE.

Or, three crows (or ravens] sable, is borne by CORNEILLE, and by the Counts de CORNEILLAN, and the families of CORBOLI of Tuscany, RAVESCHOOT of Flanders, RAVEN and DE ROECK of Holland, CRAVEN of Prussia and Saxony, etc. The Cornish Chough of Heraldry is a crow of purplish-black colour, with red beak and legs. We have it in Plate XXVI. , fig. i ; the coat of ONSLOW : Argent, a fess gules betzveen six Cornish choughs proper.

Three such choughs in a field argent are said to be the bearings of THOMAS A BECKET, Archbishop of CANTER- BURY ; as well as of CORNWALLIS. Argent, a cross sable

between four Cornish cJwugJis proper, is the coat of the Lords AYLMER.

THE PARROT (Papmgoe,or Popinjay), occurs in GLOVER'S Roll as the coat of MARMADUKE DE THWENG or TWENGE, " d 'Argent, a trois papegayes de vert ung fece de goules" In Scotland its most familiar use is as the coat of PEPDIE : Argent, three papingoes vert, beaked and numbered gules (Plate XXVI., fig. 2), a coat which is quartered by the HUME, or HOME, family in most of its different branches. It is also the coat of SORIN in France.

The same coat, but with the field Or, is borne in France by the Counts GuiOT DE PONTEIL, and the Marquesses GUIOT DE DoiGNON (d'Or,a trois perroquets de sinople, deques et membres de gueules).

A single popinjay appears in the coat of the French family of PARIZOT (cTAzur, a un perroquet d'or). In the Zurich Wappenrolle of the I4th century No. 527 is, Gules, a parrot azure legged or, Jwlding in its beak a horse-shoe argent, a coat attributed to HEIDEGK.

COCKS occur frequently in Armory. Argent, tJiree cocks gules, armed, crested, and jelloped (the term applied to its gills) sable, is the coat of COKAYNE (Plate XXVL, fig. 3). Argent, three cocks gules, is with similar allusive intent the bearing of the COCKBURNS of Scotland. Argent, a cock gules, armed, crested, and jelloped or, is used by the Counts HAHN, of Mecklenburg ; and Argent, a cock sable, armed and crested gules, by LE COCQ, Counts de HUMBEKE in Brabant. The Marquises de VOGUE bear Azure, a cock or. Gules, a cock argent, having pendent from its neck a shield azure charged witJi a fleur-de- lis or, is the coat of the Marquises de 1'HOPITAL DE VlTRY.

Or, on a mount in base vert, a hen sable crested gules, was borne by the princely Counts of HENNEBERG, and appears in the full coat of the arms of PRUSSIA ; as well as in those of the Saxon Duchies.

Azure, three hens or, is the coat of the Dutch family of

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KIP ; while LE CAUDRELIER of Artois uses : Azure, a hen sheltering her chickens or(d'Azur, a une poule d'or, couvante des poussins du mcme]. Argent, tJiree hens sable, are the arms of the Counts VON MOLTKE (Denmark, etc., see p. 544).

SWALLOWS (Hirondtlles) were allusively borne by the ARUNDELS of Sussex, whose coat, Sable, six swalloivs argent, 3, 2, I, is found upon a seal of the twelfth century. The Martin, or swift, a species of swallow, is the origin of the martlet, one of the best known charges of Heraldry. There are early examples of the martlet properly furnished with legs, but about the close of the thirteenth century the custom arose by which the bird is represented without feet, and sometimes without a beak. It was early in use as a charge for differencing coats, but was employed in a manner quite different from its use as a mark of cadency in modern Heraldry,

THE MERLETTE in Foreign Armory is drawn some- what differently from the British martlet ; it is without the long cleft tail, and in fact only differs from the canette (or duckling) by being represented without beak, or feet. The coat of FEN WICK is : Per fess gules and argent, six martlets counter changed (Plate XXVI. , fig. 4). D*A rgent, a la fasce de sable, accompagnee de trois merlettes du meme, rangees en chef, was borne by the French Marquises de BEAUHARNAIS, to which belonged the Empress JOSEPHINE. The Due de MORNY, who was conspicuously associated with the Second French Empire, bore : Argent, three martlets sable within a bordure corn- pony alternately of the arms of Dauphiny and of those oftJie French Empire (vide infra, Chapter XVII.). Or, three martlets in fess gules, is the coat of the Counts of VELEN in Westphalia. (On arms of EDWARD the Confessor, see p. 528.)

THE PEACOCK occurs in a few instances, and mostly as an allusive bearing ; it is borne either with its wings

PLATE XXVI.

1. Cornish Chough. Onslow.

2. Papingoes. Pepdie.

3. Coclcs. Cokayne.

4. Martlets. Fenwick.

5. Bream Naiant. Breamc.

6. Salmon hauriant. Way.

7. Dolphin. Dauphin of France.

8. Dolphins. Dolfini.

10. Trout. Troutbeck.

11. Stockfish. Iceland.

12. Escallops. Dacre.

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close, or with its tail expanded, in the latter case it is blazoned as in its pride.

Or, on a mount vert, a peacock in its pride, is the cant- ing coat of DE PAEUW of Holland, and is sometimes borne without the mount. Or, four bendlets gules, over all a peacock (close) proper, is borne by the Princes of WlED.

In the Wappenrolle von ZilricJi, No. 476 is a coat attributed to HURUS. In it the head and neck of a peacock azure rises from a small champagne gules ; and the whole of the rest of the field is occupied by the feathers of the expanded tail proper. The French family of PON NAT use : d' Or, a trois tetes de paon d^azur, and have peacocks (close) as supporters.

Sable, three peacocks close argent, is the canting coat of PEACOCK. Another family of the name in Scotland uses : A rgent, three peacocks in pride proper, which is also borne allusively by PAWNE.

DUCKS, GEESE, PHEASANTS, MOOR-FOWL, PLOVERS, FINCHES, DOVES, and other birds, occasionally appear both in British and Foreign Armory, and then usually with an allusion to the name of the bearer ; there is nothing in their use which makes it needful to enlarge this chapter with examples, but the BIRD OF PARADISE requires a special mention as a foreign charge. D 'Argent, a trois oiseaux de paradis sable, is borne naturally enough by the French family of PARADIS DE PAULHAC. The Russian families of RjEVSKl ; and YEROPKIN, use : Argent, on a terrace vert, a cannon mounted or, supporting a bird of paradise proper ; this is also the coat of the Princes WlASEMSKl of Livonia. (See KLINGSPOR, Baltisches Wappenbuch^ The arms of the family of FlNCKE- NAUGEN in Courland are : Or, three finches' eyes proper. (Ibid., plate xxxiii.)

The mythical PHCENIX, represented as an eagle amid flames, comes more properly under the head of Chimerical, or Mythological Figures (vide infra, Chapter X.).

CHAPTER IX.

ANIMATE CHARGES. III. — FISH, — REPTILES, — INSECTS.

FlSH. — The Heraldry of Fish is the subject of a very interesting and beautifully illustrated monograph by Mr THOMAS MOULE, published in 1842. Under this cate- gory are recognised various animals which in modern zoology would not be so designed, such are the Whale, Dolphin, etc. The kind of fish which forms a heraldic charge is often unspecified, though an acquaintance with local phraseology would often enable us to determine the exact species of the fish intended. Thus the blazon of the coat of GARVINE in Scotland is simply : Azure, three fishes naiant argent, but we know at once that these fish are " garvies," or sprats. Vert, three fishes or, spotted gules is borne by DOGGE, and we see that the Dog-fish is certainly intended. In the early Rolls of Anns, how- ever, we have the Luce, or Pike ; the Herring, Salmon, etc. borne allusively by the families of LUCY (Gules, three luces hauriant argenf) ; HERINGAUD (Gules, tJiree herrings hauriant argent] ; SALMON (Sable, three salmons Jiauriant argenf), etc. Hauriant is the term employed when the fish are represented paleways, rising to the surface for air ; naiant describing them when swimming fesseways.

Azure, three bream naiant or, are the arms of the family of BREAME of Essex (Plate XXVL, fig. 5). Azure, three salmon hauriant argent: is the coat of WAY of Buckinghamshire (Plate XXVL, fig. 6).

The DOLPHIN is in Heraldry considered the King of fish, as the lion is of beasts, or the eagle of birds. Its

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form, borrowed from classical mythology, resembles but faintly that of the dolphin of zoology. Whether blazoned naiant or hauriant, the dolphin is most fre- quently depicted as embowed, or in a curved attitude.

DaupJiin was a title given in France in ancient times to certain feudal seigneurs, and was adopted from the charge borne in their shields of arms. The old romance of GERARD DE ROUSSILLON mentions "dauphins," in an enumeration of feudal titles along with " comtes, bers (barons), and bannerets." The chiefs who bore this title were the Dauphin de VlENNOIS, and the Dauphin d'AUVERGNE.

In 1343 King PHILIP of France purchased the domains of HUMBERT III., Dauphin de VlENNOIS. The common story that it was a special condition of the purchase that the title and arms of the Dauphin should be always borne by the eldest son of the King of France seems to be without solid foundation. (" Le titre de daupliin fut specialement affecte au fils du roi qui regut cette province en appanage. Ce fut d'abord le second fils du roi qui porta le titre du dauphin ; mais dans la suite ce nom fut reserve au fils aine, heritier presomptif de la couronne." CHERUEL, Dictionnaire Historique des In- stitutions, etc., de la France, tome i, p. 260, Paris, 1855.)

The Dauphins of VlENNOIS bore : d'Or, au dauphin d'azur, cret^ oreille et barbe" de gueules (Plate XXVI., fig. 7). This coat was quartered in the second and third quarters by the Dauphins of FRANCE, with the plain coat of FRANCE in the first and fourth ; the addition of the quartering of DAUPHINY being a sufficient brisure. The fleur-de-lise coronet of the Dauphin was arched in with four golden dolphins (Plate XLVIIL, fig. 18).

The family of LA TOUR DU PlN, who claimed descent from the Dauphins d'AUVERGNE, also quartered their arms, but the French Heralds make this difference that in this latter case the dolphin is borne paint, i.e. lifeless,

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with gaping mouth and closed eye, and of the one colour only. The normal position of a heraldic dolphin is that which it assumes in these coats, viz., embowed, with the head and tail towards the dexter side of the escucheon. If the dolphin be blazoned as naiant, it is still, if borne singly, represented as embowed, but when as in the case of the Venetian DOLFINI (Plate XXVI., fig. 8) three dol- phins are borne naiant in pale (of or on an azure field in this case) the bodies are more nearly straight ; and the same is the case when three dolphins are blazoned haurianf], as in the arms of VANDEPUT (Or, three dolphins Jiauriant azure],

The Scottish family of MONYPENNY bears : Argent, a dolphin naiant azure. Two dolphins hauriant addorsed form the charge of several English coats, e.g., Argent, on a field vert, HAMNER: Sable, on a field argent, COLSTON ; Or, on a field gules, ELLEY, etc. ; and are used as sup- porters by the TREVELYANS, BURNABYS, etc.

THE BARBEL, or BAR, is in favour in French Heraldry, the fish being borne in pairs adosses, their backs curving towards each other; as in the arms of the powerful Counts and Dukes of BAR (BAR LE Due), whose terri- tories lay on the Meuse west of Lorraine, they bore : d'Azur, seme de croix recroisettees, aupiedficJie, d'or, a deux bars adosses de meme (Plate XXVI. , fig. 9 and p. 496). It is said that the seal of THIERRY II., 1093-1 104, bears the barbel, and that the field was made crusily by RENAUD I., d. 1149. CLERMONT-NESLE, bore a similar coat but with the field de gueules trefle. DE ROUVILLE carried : d ' Azur, seme de billettes d'or, a deux bars adosses d' argent. The Counts LAVAULX-VRECOURT bore : d'Azur, a deux bars adosses d' argent, accompagnes de quatre croisettes d'or. The Counts of BARBY, whose arms are included in the Saxon quarterings, used, Azure, two barbel addorsed between four roses or. Gules, two barbel addorsed or, is the coat of the Counts of MUMPELGARD, or MONT-

BEILLARD, and of the Counts of PFIRDT, or FER- RETTE. (Plate XLV, fig. i.)

SALMON are sometimes represented in the same attitude as by the Princes of SALM who carry : Gules, two salmon addorsed between four cross lets argent. Argent, tzvo salmon addorsed gules, is the coat of the Counts von WERNIGERODE of Prussia.

PIKE were known as lucies, or geds. Under the latter term they form the charge of the GEDDES arms : Azure, three geds hauriant argent. Azure, a pike in bend argent, is borne by GlEDE, of Denmark.

A curious Dutch coat is that of the Viscounts JAN DE LA HAMELINAYE, etc. : — Sable, two pike affrontes in bend, biting an eel ondoyant in bend sinister, argent.

In Foreign Armory three fishes are occasionally found in pairle (arranged in the form of the letter Y), thus KIPPENHEIM and BERNBACH both bore : Gules, three barbels in pairle or, their tails to the centre. So also DORNHEIM, Gules, three fish in pairle heads inward argent: DIE HINDER bore, Gules, tJiree fisli conjoined in pairle with one head argent. Azure, three fish in pairle argent, is the coat of KRECHWITZ. An unusual but rather tasteful arrangement is shown in the arms of TROUTBECK, as shown in Plate XXVI., fig. 10. Azure three trout fretted tete a la queue argent.

A salmon with a ring in its mouth is one of the charges of the arms used for the City of GLASGOW ; and two such salmon are employed as supporters of its shield. It is here connected with a local legend of ST. MUNGO, or KENTIGERN, though Mr MOULE (Heraldry of Fish, p. 126) reminds us that it occurs in the tale of POLY- CRATES, related by HERODOTUS a thousand years before ST. MUNGO lived ; as well as in the Koran.

Gules, tJiree salmon hauriant each with a ring in its mouth argent, are the arms of SPROTTIE.

The arms of ICELAND ; Gules, a stockfish (or dried cod),

argent crowned with an open crown, or, is borne among the quarterings of the Kingdom of Denmark (Plate XXVL, fig. 11).

THE WHALE. — Only two or three examples of the use of the whale as a heraldic charge have come under my notice. The arms of the Dutch family of DOLL are : Azure, a whale argent, naiant upon the upper part of a f ess wavy of the same, but this seems to be only a variation of the coat borne by the DOLKS which was : Argent, a dolphin sable crowned or, its tail curved in the air disporting itself above the base of the shield barry of four azure and argent. Azure, a whale argent finned and tailed gules ; is the coat of WAHLEN. (See Fierte, in the Glossary of French Terms.)

Gules, three whales hauriant each having in its mouth a crozier or, were the arms of WH ALLEY ABBEY. Argent, three whale's heads erased sable is the coat of WHALLEY.

In French Blazon the head of a fish (like that of a wild-boar) is termed a hure. U Azur, a la fleur-de-lis d'or, accompagne de trots Jiures de saumon d' argent, is the coat of LE BRIS DE HOUAREE. LE BOURG of Brittany bears : de Sable, au sautoir d' argent cantonne de quatre hures de saumon du meme.

The Polish family of BYDANT bear : Gules, two fish jaws argent affrontes in pale ; a like coat is borne by LUZYANSKI.

THE EEL occurs not unfrequently in Armory. It is represented ondoyant, i.e., with a wavy outline (See ANGUILLARA, p. 120). Argent, two eels ondoyants, and affrontes in pale between as many estoiles gules : is said to be borne by a Scottish family of ARNEEL. Or, three eels gules without heads palew ays, 2 and I, is the very curious coat of VERGEYLL of Holland. (For eels in Spanish coats vide infra, p. 390, sub voce " CAULDRON.")

Of SHELL-FiSH, or what pertains to them, the most prominent and important bearing is the shell of the scallop, or escallop. Argent, on a bend azure three

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escallops of the field, is borne by the BERNARDS, Earls of BANDON, in Ireland. This charge was associ- ated with the ancient pilgrims, of whose equipment the scallop-shell, probably as a convenient drinking vessel, usually formed a part. ( Vide infra, p. 375.) The banner of ROBERT DE SCALES at the siege of CARLAVEROCK was of Gules, charged with six escallop shells argent. An even better known example is afforded by the coat of the great family of DACRE : Gules, three escallops argent. (Plate XXVL, fig. 12.) This is also the coat of the KEPPELS, Earls of ALBEMARLE. Azure, three escallops or, was borne by the PRINGLES, whose name was supposed to be a corruption of pilgrim. Or, on a chief sable three escallops argent is the coat of GRAHAM, Duke of MONTROSE ; and Argent, a chevron between three escallops sable, is borne by LITTLETON, Viscounts COBHAM. Argent, on a bend gules coticed vert three escallops or, was the coat of DARWIN, the naturalist. When the inside of the escallop shell is shown it is called a vannet, and is often drawn without the oreilles : — the little projecting pieces at the junction of the shell. The French VANNELATS bore : Azure, a vannet or.

CRABS, LOBSTERS, CRAYFISH, PRAWNS and SHRIMPS, all are found in the armorial menagerie. Azure, a chevron argent between two fleurs-de-lis in chief and a crab in base or, is the coat of CRAB of Robs- law.

Or, a lobster in pale gules, is the coat which is blazoned on the tomb of Cardinal NICOLAS DE CUSA in the church of S. Pietro in Vincoli at Rome. THIARD, Marquis de BISSY, bears : dOr, a trots ecrevisses de gueules, poses en pals 2 and I.

REPTILES.

Reptiles of all kinds, serpents, adders, crocodiles, T

lizards, scorpions, tortoises, down to frogs and toads, are found occasionally in British Armory, and still more frequently are to be met with in the heraldry of Conti- nental States.

Serpents or snakes may be represented erect, or erect-wavy (pndoyants en pal), or gliding forward in a horizontal line : or nowed, that is tied in a knot, or, in the form by which the ancients symbolised eternity, in a circular form with the tail in the mouth. Three such serpents argent on an azure field were borne by the French family of LAUZON.

Argent^ two serpents erect addorsed sable, are given as the arms of LONGSHARE ; and Gules, an adder nowed or, the coat of NATHELEY, is represented in Plate XXVI I., fig. i.

Gules, three snakes nowed in triangle argent (Plate XXVII., fig. 2), is said to have been the coat of EDNO- WAIN, Lord of Llys Bradwen in North Wales, and is still borne by several Welsh families who claim him as their progenitor.

The coat of VAUGHAN of Talgarth (Plate XXVI I., fig. 3), is, Azure, three boy's heads argent, having serpents encircling their necks proper.

The most famous instance in which a serpent is used in Continental Armory is afforded by the arms of the family of VlSCONTI, which afterwards became from them the recognised coat of the Duchy of MILAN : — Argent, a serpent ondoyant in pale azure crowned with a ducal crown or, and vorant a child gules. (Plate XXVI I. , fig. 4, and p. 495.) An absurd fable is of course extant to account for the origin of this remarkable coat, but when we find it, as we do, among the series of escucheons adorning the splendid tomb of JEAN GALEAZZO VlSCONTI in the Certosa at Pavia, and accompanied by the name of the lordship ANGLERIA or ANGUIVARIA, for which it was borne, we see that we have here only another instance

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of the adoption of armes parlantes. (See MENETRIER, Origine dcs Armoiries, p. 105. — DANTE refers to "la Vipera" Purgatorio, viii., 81.)

In the coats borne by the several families of the GUZMANS of Spain, of which one is engraved on Plate XXXIII., fig. 8, the caldron, or cooking pot, which was the peculiar ensign of the ricos hombres, is accompanied by a number of serpents issuing from it. This has been thought to indicate some legend of African campaigns, but I have elsewhere said (" The Heraldry of Spain and Portugal") that they have a more prosaic origin, and are simply the eels which would find a natural place in the caldera (vide post, pp. 389, 390).

The serpent represented, as in the arms of MILAN, ondoyant in pal, is termed in French blazon une couleuvre.

The celebrated COLBERT, Marquis de SEIGNELAY, Ministre des Finances of LOUIS XIV., bore : d'Or, a une couleuvre ondoyante en pal d'azur ; and the same coat was used by the COLBERTS, Marquises de TORCY, de SABLE, de MAULEVRIER, de ST. PONANGE, and de

COLBERT-CH ABAN N AIS.

The Roman family of BlCHI, or BlSSl, used : Gules, a column argent, its capital and base Or, encircled by a serpent azure vorant a child vert(!) Argent, a couleuvre vorant a smaller one proper, is one of the quarters (formerly the crest) of the Italian CIPRIANI. Several Polish houses originating in, or affiliated to, the families of WONZ, bear the couleuvre. WONZ I. — Azure, a cou- leuvre ondoyant in pale or. WONZ II. — Gules, a like cou- leuvre sable, in its mouth a slip of orange fruited proper. WONZ III. — The same, but crowned and holding a globe or in its mouth. WONZ IV. — Gules, a couleuvre crowned Or. WONZ V. — Like ViSCONTI, but the infant proper. WONZ VI. — Gules, two couleuvres ondoyants and affrontes en pale, eacJi crowned or.

Argent, two bars gules, over all as many serpents

affrontes paleways azure, is the coat of the well known Breton family DU REFUGE.

In a good many foreign coats the serpent is repre-r sented entwined around the stem of a tree (sometimes holding in its mouth the forbidden fruit) as in the coat of the Austrian SCHRECKS, the Dutch CRULLS, etc. (See also Chapter VI., pp. 195, 196.) Under the system adopted in the French Empire by which the dignity or office of an individual was indicated by an addition to the charges of the shield, A canton azure, on it an antique mirror in pale or, wreathed witJi a serpent argent ; was the distinguishing badge of a " Count Senator." (See L Armorial General de r Empire Fran^ais, tome i., planche xv., etc.)

The Polish family of DziULI bear : Or, three serpents ondoyants fessways in pale azure.

Vert, three asps paleways or, is the canting coat of ASPENELL.

The Heads of serpents, apart from their bodies, are sometimes met with as heraldic charges.

The Castilian GARCINI bear : Or, on a bend gules three serpents heads vert. But as there is a French family of GARCIN to which the Spanish house probably belongs, and which bears the same arms, but with the substitution of monstrous or chimerical heads for those of the snake, it is pretty clear that the latter was not the original bearing. In the coat of the Castilian BEJARANO we have, however, undoubted serpent's heads, Argent, five serpent's heads or, langued gules. (This coat may be put among the examples of armes fausses ; — armes pour cnquerir, etc.) Another family of the name in Estrema- dura bears : Gules, a lion rampant proper, between the heads of four serpents vert (or proper) issuing towards the lion from the angles of the shield. A cross couped and ornamented at its extremities with serpent's heads is termed a cross gringolce (See p. 161, Plate XV., fig. 6).

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LIZARDS. — Azure, tJiree lizards or, is borne by the Irish COTTERS.

The French family of LE TELLIER, Marquis de LOUVOIS bore a doubly canting coat : d'Azur, a trots lezards d' argent, posh en pals, ranges en fasce ; au chef cousu de gueules chargt de trots etoiles d'or. Here notice the chef blazoned cousu, or tacked on to the field, to avoid the reproach of false heraldry ; the three lizards (stelliones) and the three etoiles (stellce) as canting charges. Or, three lizards vert, is the coat of ROSVERN in Brittany; and of VAN DER HELCK in Holland. Azure, on a plain in base a chameleon proper, in chief the sun in splendour, is a coat assigned to ORY.

The CROCODILE, or ALLIGATOR, appears as the charge of a few coats. Gules, a chevron argent between three alligators proper, is the coat of HITCHCOCK. DUCLAU, Barons of the French Empire, bore in their first quarter : Or, three grenades sable, inflamed proper, 2 and I , in base a crocodile azure. The DALBIACS bear : Or, an olive tree eradicated vert, on a chief gules a crocodile is su ant from the sinister proper. (This family is of French origin and the coat is often blazoned Per f ess gules and or, etc.)

Sable, a crocodile or, is borne by AUTROCHE of France.

A crocodile is the crest, and is also the dexter Supporter granted as an Augmentation to SPEKE, the discoverer of the sources of the Nile (v. Appendix).

The city of NlMES has for its arms (derived from a medal of Nemausus) : Gules, a crocodile vert chained in front of a palm tree rising from a terrace vert. On either side are the letters COL and NEM (for Colonia Nemausensis], founded for the veterans of Africa after the battle of Actium.

SCORPIONS. — Argent, a chevron between three scorpions sable, is the coat of COLE. Other varieties exist ; some- times the chevron, sometimes the scorpions, are tinctured gules. Argent, a scorpion sable in pale, is the coat of the CAPRINI of Verona; one of the quarterings of SCORPIONE

of Milan ; and is also borne by the GUINANDS of Neuf- chatel. Argent, a chevron sable between tJiree scorpions fes sways gules, is borne by BELLERO in Belgium.

TORTOISE. — The tortoise is borne as the charge in the arms of several English families of GAWDEY, either passant, or erect : i.e. displayed like the heraldic eagle. Vert, a tortoise passant argent, is the coat most frequently seen. It has been adopted also as a charge in the coat of the Scottish family of GOUDIE : Argent, a chevron between two trefoils slipped in chief vert, and a tortoise passant in base gules. The French CHAUTONS bear : d1 Azur, au chevron d'or, accompagne de trois tortues du meme. HENRION, Barons de PANSEY, bear : Or, a chevron azure between three tortoises erect, sable.

Vert, three tortoises erect, is the coat of HARPENY or HALPENY. The French ROSSELS use : d' Azur, a trois tortues d'or.

FROGS AND TOADS. — These reptiles occur as Heraldic Charges with considerable frequency, and are often allusive in some way to the name. The best known family in Britain which bears them is probably that of the BOTREAUX of Cumberland : Argent, three toads erect sable. Argent, a chevron between three powets (or tad- poles) sable, is a coat of some Scottish families of RUSSELL (the chevron is sometimes gules), and the tadpoles are often blazoned as gouttes reversed.

We may pass over the old fable that the French fleurs- de-lis were derived from an earlier coat (borne by PHARAMOND ! !), Azure, tJiree toads or; a legend from which our neighbours across the Channel have perhaps (though by no means certainly) derived the sobriquet of "Johnnie Crapaud" Rather it seems probable that this appellation is of Flemish origin. PHILIP VON ARTEVELDE perhaps had it in his mind when he declared that the French soldiers could not pass the river Lys to attack him " a moins qu'il ne fussent

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crapauds," a conviction which cost him dear ; but thenceforth "crapauds francJios" appears to have been the sobriquet attached to the victorious French. (See REY, Histoire du Drapeau, etc., de la MonarcJiie Fran^aise, tome ii., p. 32. Paris, 1837.)

As a canting charge the frog is found in the arms of the German families of FROSCH (Sable, on a bend wavy or, three frogs proper], FROSCHAMMER, FROSCHAUER, FROSCHL, etc. Of the latter name two families in Bavaria use : Gules, a frog paleways proper ; and Sable, a frog or. Similarly the Spanish family of GRANOLLACHS use : Azure, two bends or, on each three frogs vert. Argent, . three frogs vert, is borne by DE LA RUELLE in Belgium, and by a Breton family, GAZET DE BRAN DAY. D'Or, a trois crapauds de gueules, is the coat of CoiSPEL. The Saxon family of LOSS, Counts of the Empire, carry : Gules, a frog bendways within a circular wreath of laurel vert. Vert, three frogs seated or, are the arms of the Netherland families VAN RYCKEVORSEL. Frogs were used as supporters by Lord SOMERVILLE, c. 1570-1580 (SlODART, Scottish Arms, i, 309).

The zoology of Armory makes no pretensions to scientific accuracy, and we may therefore include in this Chapter LEECHES. Of these PREEDE in Shropshire bears three in a field argent. The IGELSTROMS of Livonia and Esthonia use : Gules, a river in bend wavy argent, thereon five leeches sable. EGLOF DE SCHONAU in Swabia : Azure, on a bend argent three leeches sable. The French family of DOULLE bears : d 'Argent, a trois sangsues de sable posees en pals 2 and I .

The ordinary Earth worm appears in the coat of the REVERONI : de Gueules, a un ver tortille d' argent en fasce ; au chef d'azur charge d'un soleil naissant d'or. The Barons von FECHENBACH of Franconia use : Argent, a worm embowed in pale sable. The DU VERNEY

of Lyons use : Verty three silk-worms bendways, 2 and i, and charge the chief (? or) with as many mulberry leaves proper. The Breton SOUEFF bear : Barry azure and or, seme of silkworms counter-changed.

SNAILS are borne by ALESSO, Marquis d'ERAQUY in Italy, etc. (d'Azur, au sautoir d'or accompagne de quatre lima$ons a" argent).

INSECTS.

BUTTERFLIES. — This insect is more frequently found as a heraldic charge in French Armory than in our own. The PAPILLON, Vicomtes de BRAITEAU, use d'Or, a trots papillons de gueules. A family of the same name settled in England bear : Azure, a chevron between three butterflies argent. Sable, a butterfly volant argent is the coat of BOLLORD. The Breton family of BARIN (from which came the Marquises of BoiS-GEFFROY ; LA GRANDE GUERCHE, and DE LA GALISSONIERE) bear: Azure, three butterflies or, as did also the English M US- CHAMPS. The AVAZZI of Bologna used : Azure, on a pale argent two butterflies {proper or or). DROUALLEN, in Brittany, carries: Argent, three butterflies sable. Argent, a fess embattled sable between three butterflies gules, is an English coat for KERFORD. Gules, a chevron between three butterflies argent, is the coat of JAGOU, and (but with the chevron or) of ALLAIRE in France, and the Channel Islands.

FLIES. — The ordinary House Fly is borne as a canting charge in the coat of the Venetian family of FlERAMOSCA : Paly gules and argent, over all on a bend or, three flies sable. The family of VLIEGE in Flanders used : Azure, a cross argent between four flies or. (This coat is now borne by a family of GHISELIN, who have assumed the name and arms of VLIEGE.) Argent, a chevron between three flies sable, is the coat of DE THOU, Comte de MESLAY ; and Azure, a chevron between three

flies or, that of MOUCHARD, Comte de CHABAN, both of France. The Florentine VESPUCCI bear : Gules, a bend azure seme of flies or. In Santa Maria Novella at Florence this VESPUCCI coat appears, with, in the sinister chief, a pot of lilies, on the tomb of ANTONIO STROZZI. (See also LlTTA, Celebri Famiglie Italiane.) Per pale gtiles and azure (or azure and gules] three flies (sometimes blazoned gad-flies, sometimes bees} or, are coats used by several English families named DORE, DAWRE, or DOORE.

Next to FLIES naturally come SPIDERS, of which there are some rather curious examples. Or, tJiree spiders azure, is the coat of the English C KETTLES. The Russian family of RUKOFF bears : Tierced in bend- sinister, i. Vert, a spider in its web proper ; 2. A sure, a dragon sable winged gules ; 3. Lozengy argent and azure, a dragon, as in 2. The extinct family of RAGNINA at Ragusa, used the canting coat : Gules, a bar argent, in chief tJiree spiders sable, in base as many bends of the second.

BEES are often used in Armory as an emblem of industry and perseverance, as well as in allusion to the name of the bearer. Azure, three bees volant or, is used in England for BYE ; and, with a chevron of the same, for BEE, and BEEBEE. The flies of MUSCHAMP (vide supra} are sometimes blazoned as bees. Argent, a bend between six bees sable, is the canting coat of BEESTON.

The Emperor NAPOLEON replaced the proscribed fleurs-de-lis by golden bees, which he used as decora- tions for his coronation robes, and also employed in the heraldic augmentations hereafter to be described. The origin of the assumption of the bee by NAPOLEON as an Imperial badge is curious. In the year 1653 there was discovered at Tournay a tomb supposed to be that of CHILDERIC (d. 480), father of CLOVIS. Among the precious articles enclosed therein, or found in proximity to it, were about three hundred small objects of gold

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and fine stones, which somewhat resembled in shape an insect, and to which the name of " bees " was given. These, and the other contents of the tomb were pre- sented by the Archbishop of Mentz to LOUIS XIV., and were long preserved in the Bibliotheque Royale at Paris. These so-called bees were stolen in 1832, and only two remain at the present day. One of them is figured in the separate plate opposite p. 21 of the Histoire de rOrfevrerie-Joaillerie, by MM. LA CROIX et SERE; Paris, 1860.

Among those who were present at the discovery, or whose attention was immediately directed to it, was JEAN JACQUES CHIFFLET, at that time physician to the Archduke LEOPOLD, Governor of the Netherlands, and afterwards chamberlain of PHILIP IV. (He is best known, perhaps, as the author of the Insignia Gentilitia Equitum Ordinis Velleris Aurei, printed at Antwerp in 1632 ; and containing a catalogue of the Knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece, with the blazon of their arms, etc., in Latin and French.)

CHIFFLET was charged by the Archduke to write an account of the discovery ; and in his opinion these golden insects had been employed as the decorations of the royal mantle, which very possibly was the case. But CHIFFLET went further, and declared that in these insects was to be found the origin of the fleur-de-lis. This statement occasioned a great literary controversy with regard to which it will be sufficient to say here that CHIFFLET'S assertion was very hotly contested by TRISTAN DE ST. AMAND (Traite du Lis, 1656); and later by the celebrated antiquary MONTFAUCON in his great work, Les Monumens de la MonarcJiie Frangaise. (See the Histoire du Drapeau, etc., de la Monarchie Fran- $aise ; par. M. REY, tome, ii., p. 27, Paris, 1837.) The Emperor NAPOLEON, whose ambition it was to pose in some sort as the successor of Princes anterior to the line

of CAPET, assumed these bees as the badge of his new Empire ; and, as has been stated, caused them to be largely employed among its heraldic insignia.

Not only his coronation mantle, and that of the Empress JOSEPHINE were thus semes ; but the mantling surrounding the Imperial arms was similarly decorated ; as were those of the " Princes-Grands-Dignitaires " of the Empire, to whose armorial bearings there was also added, as indicative of their high office, a chef d'azur seme d'abeilles d'or (SlMON, r Armorial General de r Empire Franqais, tome, i., p. v., planches 5, 7, 8). The chief azure charged with three fleur-de-lis or, which had figured in the arms of Paris, and of so many of the cities of the French Monarchy, was replaced by a chief gules charged witJi tJiree golden bees. This chief also figured for a time in the escucheons of Aachen, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Bremen, Brussels, Cologne, Dijon, Florence, Genoa, Ghent, Hamburg, Lyon, and Parma. Under the " Second Empire " the Napoleonic bee naturally came again into favour ; but, so far as my observation extends, did not succeed in ousting the restored fleurs-de-lis from the armorial insignia of French cities, and corporate bodies.

The Low Country family of NOUST bears: Argent, three bees vert ; Or, a bee azure, is the coat of the Castilian PECHA. The coat of Sir ROBERT PEEL, Bart. (Prime Minister, 1 834- 1 83 5 ; 1 84 1 - 1 846) was : A rgent, three sheaves of as many arrows proper banded gules, on a chief a bee volant or. Sable, a chevron between three bees argent, is used by SEWELL, and GERLINGTON; with the field Azure this was the old coat of BYRES (see STODART, Scottish Arms, i., 329).

The Swiss HUMMELS use : Azure, a bee in pale or winged argent, its legs sable ; a family of the same name in Bavaria, uses the curious coat : Argent, on a bend or three bees of the first, their heads downwards. (This is a

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curious coat, being what would be styled " false heraldry," as composed of metal on metal. The lambrequins of the helmet are similarly of argent and or ; whatever may be its cause the infraction of the general rule is certainly deliberate.) The French FREPPELS bear : Azure, a bee or. Gules, seme of bees volant or, is the coat attributed to the Byzantine house of SCLEROS. The French family of GUESPEREAU has as its armes parlantes, Azure, three wasps or. Beehives with bees flying around them occur in some very modern coats, and, though improperly, as crests.

ANTS. — The family of BlGOT, Counts de ST. QuiNTIN in France, have the curious coat d'Azur, a trots fourmis d'or posees en fasces rune sur rautre. (The curiosity of this coat consists in the fact that whereas the vast majority of heraldic charges are necessarily represented much smaller than in nature, the escucheon must be of a very miniature character in which these charges are not drawn on a highly magnified scale.) Another family of the name BIGOT DE LA CHAUMIERE has the coat: Argent, a chevron gules between three ants sable. As armes parlantes the CASSANTS of Piedmont bear : Bendy or and vert, each piece of the first charged with an ant sable ; a chief or, thereon an eagle displayed sable. A most singular coat is that of the family of ALQUERIA DE BoiGUES, in Catalonia : Or, eight ants in pale, 2, 2, 2, 2, sable, each enveloped in a flame or. (See PlFERRER, Nobiliario de los Reinos y Senorios de Espana, iv., No. 1742, Madrid, 1857-1860.) Argent, six ants, 3, 2, i, gules, is assigned to an English family of TREGENT ; and A rgent, a bend azure between three emmets sable, to MASSY ; I think I have met with no other instances in our own Armory.

GRASSHOPPERS and CRICKETS may be not unfitly joined together here. Both are used as armes parlantes. The Genoese family of GRILLO (Marquises d'ESTOUBLON

in France) carry : Gules, on a bend or a cricket sable. The GRIONI of Venice used : Azure, on a bend or three grass/toppers sable. D' Argent, a une cigale de sable, is the canting coat of the SEGALAS of France. The WOODWARDS of Kent bear: Argent, a chevron between three grasshoppers vert ; but the most familiar example of the use of this insect in British Armory is afforded by the crest of the GRESHAMS ; a golden grasshopper (usually on a mount vert), which forms the vane of the Royal Exchange in London.

Even the unattractive WOODLOUSE has its representa- tives in the Armory of the Continent, the arms of the French family of MACON being : d' Argent, a un chevron accompagnt de trois cloportes de sable.

Perhaps of all insect coats the most singular is that of the PULLICI of Verona : Or, seme of fleas sable, two bends gules, over all two bends sinister of the same. This may remind us of the jest of HENRY VIII., who affected to take the ermine spots in the arms of WISE — (Sable, three chevrons ermine) — for even more ignoble insects, as charges " becoming an old coat." The old Heralds, who pretended to find in Armorial charges the hieroglyphic of the moral character of the bearer, would no doubt have discovered in the PULLICI charges the symbols of restless activity and relentless bloodthirstiness !

CHAPTER X.

ANIMATE CHARGES.— V. MONSTERS.

IT has been seen that the conceptions of the old heraldic writers with regard to many actual animals partook largely of the fantastical. But creatures altogether imaginary also figure largely in Armory, though perhaps not to so large an extent in our own as in that of the Continent. A large number of the Supporters of our Peers are, however, of this character. The monster of most frequent occurrence in English Heraldry is the GRIFFIN, or GRYPHON.

We find the original idea of this creature in classical sculpture (probably derived from Assyria), and in Teutonic legend : — a creature supposed to have been originally generated between the lion and the eagle, having the body and hind-legs of the former ; the head, wings, and fore-legs being derived from the latter. In mediaeval times the existence of such a creature was no matter of doubt. The "veracious" Sir JOHN MAUN- DEVILLE tells us in his Travels that they abound in " Bacharia." " Sum men seyn that thei han the body upward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun ; and treuly thei seyn sothe that thei ben of that schapp. But o Griffoun hathe the body more gret and more strong than 8 lyouns of such lyouns as ben o' this half (of the world) and more gret and stronger than an 100 egles such as we han amonges us . . ."

" Griffin's claws," probably the horns of a species of ibex, were to be found not only in cabinets of antiqui- ties but in the treasuries of cathedrals and other religious

foundations. The grypisJiey, or " Griffin's egg," probably that of an ostrich, was often mounted as a drinking cup, and esteemed a treasure of the greatest rarity. (See Report of Historical MSS. Commission, I., p. 66.) I am inclined to think that griffins, and other monsters after- wards noticed, may have found their way into Armory from the Lombardic style of architecture, in which they are continually employed.

DE CAUMONT (AbeMaire dArcheologie, iii., 184) says, " Le basilic, 1'aspic, le dragon, et autres figures sym- boliques du demon, meritent d'etre attentivement etudiees dans les eglises romanes ou elles se trouvent."

These grotesque figures were denounced by ST. BER- NARD in a letter written to WILLIAM, Abbot of ST. THIERRY, about the year 1125 (i.e., just about the time of the rise of Hereditary Heraldry). He says : " A quoi bon tous ces monstres grotesques en peinture et en sculpture ? . . . A quoi sert une telle difformite, ou cette beaute difforme? Que signiftent . . . ces centaurs monstrueux . . . ces quadrupedes a queues de serpent ..." etc. (Quoted by DE CAUMONT from MABILLON, inter opera Sti. Bernard^

In one of the earliest Heraldic MSS. in the College of Arms (L. 14), the arms of SIMON DE MONTACUTE are represented. The shield contains a Griffin statant; but the usual attitude in British Armory, and the all but invariable attitude of the creature in Foreign Heraldry, is segreant (the equivalent phrase for rampant] ; this charge was afterwards adopted by others of the name of MONTACUTE, and was, I suppose, the origin of its use as Supporter by the Dukes of MANCHESTER.

Or, a griffin passant gules, is the canting coat of GRIB in Denmark. (The arms of STYRIA are at p. 495.)

Mr PLANCHE, in his Pursuivant of Arms, gives four examples of its use from a Roll temp. EDWARD III. " Monsire de GRIFFIN " is there said to have borne, as armes

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parlantes, "Sable, a une griffin d' argent beke et pieds d'or" Plate XXVII., fig. 5 is the coat of TRAFFORD, of Trafford, County Lancaster : Argent, a griffin segreant gules. This coat was also borne by the Neapolitan family of GRIFFA ; and occurs in the Wappenrolle von Zurich (No. 352) for BERNSTEIN. The Russian Princes LAPOUKHIN bear a shield Per f ess, in chief the arms of the Russian Empire ; in base the coat just blazoned. The Supporters of the Austrian Imperial Arms are Two griffins or, the wings and plumage of the breast sable. As a supporter the griffin appears frequently in British Armory. It is thus used by the Dukes of CLEVELAND and MAN- CHESTER, the Viscounts BARRiNGTON, Earls of CAITH- NESS, Lords DELAMERE, and by the Earls of MAR.

Or, a griffin segreant sable, is attributed to IVAN AP CADIFOR VAWR, a Welsh prince ; and is still borne by several families of MORGAN. Argent, a griffin segreant azure, diademed or, is the coat of the Italian FRANCIOTI. The PERALTAS of Spain bear : Gules, a griffin within a chain in orle or.

The Griffin occurs with considerable frequency in the arms of the Baltic Provinces ; and forms, consequently, the charge of several quarterings in the arms of MECK- LENBURG, and in the full shield of the Prussian Monarchy ; thus, Azure, a griffin segreant gules, crowned or, are the arms of the Duchy of STETTIN ; Azure, a griffin segreant or, are those of the Lordship of ROSTOCK. Argent, a griffin segreant barry (or bendy sinister), gules and vert, is borne for the Duchy of WENDEN. Argent, a griffin seg- reant gules (crowned or), is carried for POMERANIA. With- out the crown these arms are used for MONTEPULCIANO.

The great princely family of the ESTERHAZY-GALAN- THA in Hungary use : Azure, a griffin segreant crowned and standing upon a crown or, holding in its right claw a drawn sword, and in its left a rose branch proper. Azure, a griffin segreant or, is the coat of the Portuguese

PLATE XXVII.

1. Adder nowed. Natheley.

2. Snakes. Ednouain.

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J. Snake entwined. Vaughan.

4. Serpent Vorant. Visconti.

5. Griffin Segreant. Trafford.

5. Griffins' Heads. Toke.

7. Dragon. Dauney.

8. Wyvern. Drake.

9. Cockatrice. Langley.

10. Unicorns' Heads. Preston.

11. Seahorse. T-ucker.

12. Mermaid. Prestmch.

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ROBALOS, or REVALDOS ; the Italian RIVARI, and AFFAITATI ; of GRATET (Count de BOUCHAGE, and Marquis de DOLOMIEU in France), etc.

Gules, a griffin segreant argent, are the arms of English families of BRENT, and SWILLINGTON, and of the Polish Jierba, or clan of GRYF ; as such they are borne by SzCEPANOWSKI ; OSTROWSKI ; ODORSKI ; and the Counts KONARSKI.

The Silesian GREIFFN (SIEBMACHER, Wappenbuch, i., 67), and the Barons von GREIFFENSTEIN, bear : Sable, a griffin segreant argent; and the Sicilian ACCORAM- BONI : Per fess, gules and or, a griffin counter changed. In the Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 74, is the coat of GRIFFENSTEIN : Or, on a conventional mount vert (isolated and of four coupeaux) a griffin statant sable, the beak and forelegs gules ; and WlLDENBERG, No. 134, bears : Or, a griffin segreant sable, the beak and foreclaws gules.

Although the griffin is usually found singly in Armory there are a considerable number of instances in which more than one is depicted in the shield. In the Roll of EDWARD III., referred to on a preceding page, JOHN DE MEUX is said to bear : " d'azure, a vi. griffins d'or," which was double the number which sufficed his contemporary OLIVER DE WITH.

In British Armory when three griffins appear they are usually represented passant, as in the later arms of WITH or WYTHE (with the same tinctures as above). Argent, a chevron between three griffins passant sable, is the coat of FlNCH, Earl of AYLESFORD. Argent, a chevron gules between three griffins segreant vert, is a coat of FORSYTH, in Scotland. Azure, two griffins segreant and combatant argent, is the coat of CASTELAIN in French Flanders.

The head of the griffin is represented in armory with prominent ears ; a feature which requires attention, inas-

29°

much as it is this which distinguishes the griffin's heads, borne as separate charges, from the heads of eagles similarly used. Plate XXVI I., fig. 6 is the coat of TOKE in Kent ; Per chevron sable and argent, three griffin's heads counter changed. The DRAKELOWS of Essex, and the Counts d'HANE DE STEENHUYSE in Belgium bear : A rgent, a chevron gules between three griffins heads erased sable. Per pale or and azure, on a chevron between three griffins heads erased, four fleurs-de-lis, all counterchanged, are the arms of POPE, Earl of DOWNE, and are attributed to the poet of that name.

A variety of the GRIFFIN is found in the Gryphon- marine, or Sea-Griffin. In it the fore part of the creature is that of the eagle, but the wings are sometimes omitted ; and the lower half of the animal is that of a fish, or rather of a mermaid. Such a creature is the charge in the arms of the Silesian family of MESTICH ; Argent, a sea-griffin proper. (SlEBMACHER, Wappenbuch, i., 69). Azure, a (winged} sea-griffin per fess gules and argent crowned or, is the coat of the Barons von PuTTKAMMER. One or two other Pomeranian families have the like charge without wings. GORCKEN bears : Or, a sea-griffin per fess sable and gules, and PAULSDORF : Gules, a sea-griffin per fess or and argent. GORKE used : Argent, a sea- griffin azure, its tail gules.

THE DRAGON. — Before the beginnings of Heraldry the winged and four-legged monster known as the DRAGON was familiar in legend ; and it is hardly yet a settled question whether the Armorial monster, which also figures in so many early romances, may not be the traditional representation of the last survivors of real animals now extinct. As now depicted it has a head resembling that of the griffin, a scaled body with four legs with claws, bat wings, and a long barbed tail and tongue. A monster somewhat of this kind (but with two legs only) is found upon some of the shields borne by

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the Normans in the Bayeux Tapestry, and in more than one instance appears with its head transfixed by the Saxon spears. By some these have been considered regular banners, but if so they are unique, as no other mediaeval examples are known of standards cut out to the shape of an animal. Standards of this shape, however, are represented as borne by the Dacians in the sculptures on TRAJAN'S Column, and on the Arch of TITUS at Rome, and a possible exception is noted below.

Mr FRENCH in an interesting pamphlet, On the Banners of the Bayeux Tapestry r, etc. (reprinted from the Journal of the Archaeological Association, in 1857), very plausibly suggests that, as the figures on the Saxon spears corre- spond exactly with those nailed upon the Norman shields, they were those which had been torn off by the spears of the Saxon warriors from the shields of their invaders. We may here remark that the term " dracones " which is occasionally applied to standards in mediaeval chronicles has no reference at all to standards of this kind. " Draco " was a general term for a serpent ; and the long snake or whip-like pennons were so called (vide infra, p. 657).

In Excerpta Historica, p. 404, there is printed, however, a mandate of King HENRY III. in 1244, directing "a dragon to be made in fashion of a standard, of red silk sparkling all over with gold, the tongue of which should be made to resemble burning fire, and appear to be continually moving, and the eyes of sapphires or other suitable stones, and to place it in the Church of St. Peter, Westminster, against the King's coming."

The Dragon is not a frequent charge in British Armory, but is more often met with as a supporter, or as a crest.

The Arms of the City of LONDON are supported by two dragons rampant argent, the inside of their wings charged with a cross gules. The Red Dragon is the

badge of the Principality of WALES. It was used as a Supporter of the Royal Arms by all our Tudor Sovereigns, and also appears on the Standards of HENRY VII. and HENRY VIII. (Excerpta Htstorica, pp. 56, 57.) Two dragons sable, ducally gorged and chained or, are the supporters of the arms of the Baroness NORTH.

The English family of DAUNEY bears : Argent, a dragon rampant sable (Plate XX VII., fig. 7): and the family of RAYNOR is said to use : Argent, a dragon volant in bend sable. The Irish O'NEYLANS have : Gules, a dragon statant proper.

The Imperial yellow Dragon of China (gorged with a mural crown and chained sable\ is the sinister supporter of the arms of Viscount GOUGH.

The DRAGON of Foreign Heraldry corresponds with the WYVERN of British Armory, having only two legs, and being usually represented with its tail nowed in a circle. The arms of DRAKE of Devonshire are blazoned, Argent, a wyvern, its wings displayed, and the tail nowed gules ; but these are obviously armes parlantes, and the charge is the dragon of foreign armory (Plate XXVI I., fig. 8). Gules, a dragon winged argent, inflamed (i.e. with fire issuing from its mouth) proper, was borne by the Barons von DRACHENFELS. A like coat, but with the dragon or, belongs to DRAGE of Denmark. Argent, a dragon sable crowned or, holding in its mouth a flaming brand proper, is the coat of Austrian Counts von WURMBRAND. The Genoese house of DRAGHO used, Azure, a dragon argent ; and the DE DRAGO of Rome, Argent, a dragon vert. The BORGHESE family, to which Pope PAUL V. (1605- 1621) belonged, used, Azure, a dragon or (often with a chief of the Empire). In the Low Countries the Barons de DRAECK carry : Azure, a dragon or; which is also the coat of DE DRAGON DE RAMILLIES in Artois. The Florentine DRAGOMANNI have, Or, a dragon gules (cVOr> a un dragon aile a deux pattes de gueules les ailes

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levees). Two wyverns gules are the supporters of the arms of the Duke of MARLBOROUGH.

The Dalmatian GAZZARI bear: Argent \ two dragons aff routes their tails no wed in salt ire rampant against a covered cup or, surmounted by a fleur-de-lis of the same. The dragons in the arms of the Italian families of Pozzo (Princes BELLA ClSTERNA, etc.) correspond to our wyverns : — Or, a well gules accosted by two dragons affrontes vert, their tails nowed in saltire beneath the well.

A dragon with a human face is known in French blazon as a dragon monstreux. The family of ANCEZUNE, Dues de CADEROUSSE, bear: Gules, two such dragons affrontes or (each holds with one claw its beard of snakes, and the tails and each claw of the feet are also serpentine).

Sometimes only a portion of the dragon is represented. The Princes BUONCOMPAGNI bear : Gules, a dragon naissant or (issuant from the base) ; to this family belonged Pope GREGORY XII. (1572-1585).

Two wyverns inflamed proper, are the supporters of the arms of the Earls of EGLINTON.

. THE COCKATRICE only appears to differ from the Wyvern in possessing a cock's head and wattles, with a barbed tongue. It occurs in the coat of L.ANGLEY, Argent, a cockatrice sable beaked, wattled, and membered gules (Plate XX VI I., fig. 9). This creature was, I believe, identical with the BASILISK ; it was assumed to possess the same deadly powers, and to have been produced in a very remarkable way, viz., from an egg laid by a patriarchal cock and hatched by a toad ! " Le basilic a par devant la forme d'un coq, par derriere celle d'un serpent ; — ' habet caudam ut coluber, residuum vero corporis ut gallus,' selon le texte de Vincent de Beau- vais. C'est ainsi qu'il etait represente sur un eglise des environs de Lyon." The cut given by DE CAUMONT in illustration of this passage, from the Lombardic sculpture

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at Lyon, has the name BASILICUS engraved above the creature (Abecedaire d* Arch£ologie> iii., 183, 184. See also the "Account of the Basilisk" in J. ROMILLY ALLEN, Christian Symbolism, p. 390). Or, a basilisk vert, is the coat of the Spanish family of BAS : with the charge sable it is that of TRAPPEQUIERS in Flanders. A cockatrice or, winged azure, is one of the Supporters used by the Earls DELAWARE.

THE SALAMANDER, — the well known device of FRANCIS I. of France, which occurs with such frequency in the chateaux of Fontainebleau, Blois, Chambord, etc. — is the charge of the Italian family of CENNINO : Azure, a salamander or in flames proper. Tinctured vert, and in flames, it is the crest of DOUGLAS, Earl of ANGUS. The family of BRACCHE has such salamanders as supporters.

THE AMPHIPTERE is simply a winged serpent. Azure, an amphiptere or, rising between two mountains argent, are the arms of CAMOENS the Portuguese poet. Azure, a bendlet purpure (probably originally argent but discoloured) between two ampJiipteres or, was borne by POTTER of France. These were used as supporters by the POTIERS, Dues de TRESMES, and DE GEVRES, who, however, used quite different arms : Azure, three dexter hands or, over all a canton chequy argent and azure.

THE CHIMERA is a monster of rare occurrence abroad, and does not occur in our own Heraldic menagerie. It is depicted as possessing the head and breast of a woman, the forepaws of a lion, the body of a goat, the hind legs of a griffin and the tail of a serpent. A simpler prescription for its composition consists of the fore parts of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. The Chimaera on the mosaic pavement at Aosta is thus represented. (See DIDRON, Annales Archcologiques, xvii., p. 389.) The family of FADA of Verona have their own peculiar recipe : Gules, a winged

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chimcera argent, the head and breasts carnation (or proper) the feet those of an eagle.

THE SPHYNX resembles the preceding in having the head and breasts of a woman ; as usually drawn the rest of the body is that of a lion, though according to some writers, it should possess the paws of a lion, the body of a dog, and the tail of a dragon. It occasionally appears in Foreign Heraldry as a convenient hiero- glyphic to commemorate some service in Egypt, and is the crest of the British families of ASGILL, Baronets LAMBERT, GOATLEY, etc. The GILLARTS of Brittany bear : Azure, a spJiynx couchant, winged or, on a chief argent three ermine spots sable. The SAVALLETTES of Paris use : Azure, a sphynx, and in chief an estoile or. The Austrian Counts PROKESCH D'OSTEN carry : Azure, a sphynx couche on a pedestal or, on a chief indented argent a cross of Jerusalem gules ; and have sphynxes as supporters.

The arms of the families of VRANX D'AMELIN ; HOL- BERG ; OSTERBECH ; etc., have the same supporters. The old family of FRIES in Austria, has its arms charged with a creature which can differ but little from a sphynx : Per f ess sable and or, a lion rampant counter- changed, the head being that of a girl.

THE HARPY is somewhat more frequently found in Armory. It has a human female head, the body of an eagle, and in British Heraldry is, I think, used only as a crest (e.g. by TRIMNELL, ASHLEY, etc.) and as the sup- porters of the arms of the extinct Lords Hoo. On the Continent there are several examples of it in arms. Probably the most important is the coat borne by the extinct RIETBERGS, Princes of OST-FRIESLAND : Sable, a harpy crowned, and with wings displayed all proper ; between four stars, two in chief as many in base, or. The family of RlTTBERG in Ost-Frisia, probably con- nected with the preceding, bear : Or, a harpy proper

crowned of the field. The Harpy of the Danish REIGS- DORPS (or RlGSTRUPS), has a human body and arms, as well as the ordinary female head. The body is habited gules, and the head is crowned or ; but the rest of the charge has the usual sable feathers. The extinct family of KNOB in Denmark used : Azure, a harpy proper habited or, the arms akimbo. Another Danish family, that of KALF, has a coat only varying from this in its tinctures ; the field is Or, and the body is habited azure. Azure, a harpy or, the head proper, is the coat of LAMI in France ; and Or, a harpy gules, is that of BAUDRAC of the same country. The City of NURNBERG bears : Azure, a harpy displayed armed, crined, and crowned or.

Another classical monster is the HYDRA, a dragon with seven heads. D "Argent, a un hydre de sinople, is borne by GARRAULT of France. The Marquises de BELSUNCE, in Navarre, use the same coat, but one of the creature's heads is nearly severed and jets forth blood. The Comtes de JOYEUSE used : Azure, three pallets or, on a chief cousu gules three hydras of the second.

THE UNICORN. — Of fabulous creatures none is more famous than the Unicorn, mentioned by Greek and Roman authors as a native of India. It is represented as a horse furnished with a single long and twisted horn, and having a goat's beard, and cloven hoofs. The supporter of the Royal Arms of SCOTLAND for about a century antecedent to the union of the crowns, it became at that time one of the Supporters of the arms of the United •Kingdom, and in that function is familiar to all. Its use as a charge in British Heraldry is comparatively modern. Sable, a unicorn passant argent, is the coat of STEAD. In Scotland the coat of the PRESTONS of that Ilk, afterwards of Craigmillar, Argent, three unicorns heads couped sable, armed or (Plate XXVII., fig. 10) is at least as old as the fifteenth century. Gules, a fess vair between

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three unicorns passant argent (or or), is borne by several families of WILKINSON on both sides of the border.

The Unicorn is somewhat frequently used by British Peers as a supporter. A unicorn argent, armed, maned, and unguled (hoofed) or, is the dexter supporter of the Arms of the Duke of RICHMOND. A like creature, but gorged with a collar per pale azure and or and chained of the last, is the dexter supporter used by the Duke of SOMERSET. Two unicorns argent support the arms of the Duke of RUTLAND. The supporters used by the Earls of STAMFORD are spotted ermine. The Barons of KlNGSALE use two unicorns azure each maned, armed, gorged with the coronet of an English prince, and chained or. There is no more real incongruity in a blue unicorn than there is in a red lion ; but the unicorn is so generally used of a white colour that this example seems strangely exceptional. It is not, however, quite unique ; Unicorns are frequently found as supporters in Foreign Armory, and those used by the Livonian Barons de BRUININGK are green with golden horns. (KLINGSPOR, Baltisches Wappenbuch, plate xix.) A unicorn was one of the supporters of COLBERT, Minister of Finance to LOUIS XIV. (LA PoiNTE, Chevaliers de I'Ordre du St. Esprit, planches 128, and s). As a charge the unicorn occurs on the armory of Germany with considerable fre- quency. Per bend sable and or, a unicorn rampant counter-changed is used by KENTZ of Niirnberg. Azure, a unicorn salient argent is borne by the Silesian Barons von PARCHWITZ, and the Bavarian Barons von WALDEN- FELS. Or, a unicorn salient gules, is the coat of DE WITH of Holland. Argent, three unicorns sable, is borne by CLAIRAUNAY of France.

A SEA UNICORN, that is a unicorn whose body ends in a fish's tail, is borne by the Prussian DIE NlEMPTSCHER : Per f ess argent and gules, a sea unicorn counter-changed (SlEBMACHER, Wappenbuch, i., 69):

THE PHOENIX is represented as an eagle displayed issuing from flames. The modern coat of the family of SAMUELSON, created baronet in 1884, is: Sable, three piles wavy two issuing from the chief, the third from the base, argent, on each a pJioenix in flames proper. The Phcenix issuing from a ducal coronet is the well known crest of the SEYMOURS, Dukes of SOMERSET. It was one of the very numerous devices of Queen MARY STUART, and also of her rival Queen ELIZABETH.

THE PEGASUS, the winged horse of APOLLO, is a charge somewhat analogous to the unicorn. It is best remembered as appearing in the coat granted to MICHAEL DRAYTON, the poet : Azure, gutty d' argent a Pegasus of the second. Gules, on a mount of three coupeaux in base vert, a Pegasus salient argent, is borne by WYSS in Switzerland. D'Azur, a un Pegase d' argent, aile d'or are the arms of POLLIA in Bresse. The Bavarian family of HABERSTOCK, now extinct, bore, Gules, on a mount in base argent, a Pegasus statant of the last. There is a canting allusion to the name in the arms borne by the Prussian HOCHREUTERS : Argent, a Pegasus salient sable. Sable, a Pegasus salient argent between seven flames or, are the original arms of SEEBACH. Two Pegasi are the supporters of the arms of the Viscounts MOLESWORTH, the dexter is Argent, winged or ; the sinister Gules, seme of crosses crosslet or. A Pegasus argent is the sinister supporter of the arms of Lord MOUNT-TEMPLE. Two winged stags were the supporters of JAMES ELPHINSTONE, Lord COUPER, in 1620 (LAING ii., p. 58). (See also the French Royal supporters, infra, p. 636).

THE CENTAUR, a monster, half man, half horse, is but seldom met with in Heraldry. Gules, a female centaur passant without arms argent, the hair plaited en queue, is the singular coat of the KRAUTERS of Niirnberg. The DE BROUILLI, Marquises de PlENNE, used as supporters

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two centaurs gules holding clubs or (as represented in LA PoiNTE, CJievaliers de VOrdre du St. Esprit, planche 57, these have no fore legs but this is, I conjecture, an error of the artist. It must, however, be noted that this is the earliest type of the centaur, as is evident from the bassi relievi at Olympia). When represented discharg- ing an arrow from the bow the technical term employed is centaur-sagittaire. Vert, a centaur-sagittaire or, is borne by the Counts REILLE ; and Per f ess or and azure, a centaur-sagittary counter-changed, is the coat of the Roman SATURNINI. Such a figure is sculptured on a column in the Romanesque cloister of ST. AUBIN at Angers. (DE CAUMONT, Abe'cedaire d' Archeologie, iii., 185; cf. DANTE, Divina Commedia; Inferno, xii., 56, 60.)

THE SEA-HORSE. — The sea-horse is found in the Scottish coat of ECKFOORD ; Argent, in a sea vert, a sea- horse rampant issuant proper. Per chevron gules and or, three sea-horses crowned, counter-changed, is borne by ESTON of Eston in Devon ; and Azure, a chevron between three sea-horses or, or argent, is the coat of the TUCKERS (Plate XXVII., fig. ii).

THE SEA-STAG was borne by the family of LlNDEN- BERG in Prussia, now extinct : Argent, a sea-stag gules. Gules, a sea-stag or, its tail curved to the dexter, is the coat of the Silesian POGORSKI (correct MOULE, Heraldry of Fish, p. 209).

THE COCK-FISH is a still more curious compound ; it is used as the charge in the arms of the Bavarian family of GEYSS : Or, a cock sable, beaked of the first, crested and armed gules, its body ending in that of a fish curved upwards proper.

THE SEA-LlON. -- This creation occurs in the " Mediaeval Bestiaries," under the name of the " Serra" it is there usually winged. Without wings it appears in the arms granted to Sir ROBERT HARLAND, Baronet : Or, on a bend wavy between two sea-lions sable, three

buck's Jieads cabosJied argent. The crest is a sea-lion holding an anchor in pale. The sea-lion is also the crest of the Earls of THANET and of HOWTH ; of azure and supporting a tower in flames it is that of the DUCK- WORTHS, Baronets. Two sea-lions argent, guttees de larmes, were the supporters granted to Admiral Bos- CAWEN, and his descendants, Viscounts FALMOUTH. A sea-lion and a mermaid are the supporters of the arms of the ST. LAWRENCES, Earls of HOWTH : Gules, two swords in salt ire proper between four roses argent, barbed vert.

THE SEA-DOG is a supporter of the arms of the Lords MOWBRAY and STOURTON. Mr MOULE, Heraldry of Fish, p. 149, says: — "The sea dog of heraldry is no other than the male or dog-otter, being a four-footed animal, but is drawn, according to heraldic fancy, with a broad fin continued down the back from the head to the tail ; the feet webbed, and its whole body, legs, and tail covered with scales." This state- ment may be correct ; the otter may be the original of the heraldic creature known as the sea-dog, but it is quite clear that, as represented, the latter finds a fitting place among armorial monsters. The otter, of whose use in armory The Heraldry of Fish contains a sufficient number of instances both as a charge and as a supporter, is usually drawn proper, and is thus very unlike the heraldic sea-dog.

THE MERMAID, or SYREN (Sirene), is represented with the head, body, and arms of a beautiful girl, but with the tail of a fish.

" Desinat in piscem mulier formosa superne."

HORACE, de Arte Poetica, 1. 4.

Such were, perhaps, the syrens of Cape Pelorus who failed to lure to destruction ULYSSES and his companions ; HOMER, Odyssey, xii., 39, 166; but OVID (Metamorphoses, v., 552) represents them as having wings. (On the

Syren, see the chapter on the " Mediaeval Bestiaries " in Christian Symbolism in Great Britain and Ireland, by J. ROMILLY ALLEN, 1887, being the " Rhind Lectures on Archaeology for 1885.")

In British and French Armory the mermaid usually carries in her hands a comb and a mirror. Gules, a luermaid argent crined or, holding a mirror and comb of the third, is the coat of PRESTWICK, formerly Baronets (Plate XX VI I., fig. 12). Argent, a mermaid gules (or proper} is borne by two families of ELLIS. The seal of Sir WILLIAM BRUWERE, or BRUERE (temp. RICHARD I.), is one of the earliest instances of the use of this bearing in British Armory ; in it the right hand rests on the hip ; the left touches the head, possibly has the traditional comb. (MOULE, Heraldry of Fish, p. 214.) Vert, three mermaids, two and one, each with comb and mirror or, is the coat of WOLLSTONECROFT. Gules, three winged syrens argent, is borne by BASFORD (see p. 303).

Few of the monsters of Heraldry have so ancient a pedigree as the mermaid. Mr MOULE says (Heraldry of Fish, p. 2 1 1 ) : " The relation of a being, half-fish and half-human, is of the earliest antiquity." It was thus that the Philistine idol Dagon was represented. In Babylonia a similar idol was worshipped. The mermaid is depicted on the ancient Greek Vases ; and occurs frequently in Norman and Lombardic Church Architec- ture (See the Sculptures of the crypt of the church at Parize-le-Chatel, figured by DE CAUMONT, Abecedaire d' Archeologie, tome iii., p. 189.)

In it the syren is usually represented holding in each hand the long tresses of her luxuriant hair, some- times she bears a comb ; at others a fish. Often in ancient sculpture, as still frequently in German Armory, the mermaid is represented with a double tail, held up in either hand, a tail replacing each leg ; and this I believe to be the more correct mode of

delineation, though it is not, I think, known to British Armory, except as the crest of WALLOP.

Such a mermaid appears in the arms of the Bavarian family of BAIBEL (Gules, a mermaid with two tails which she holds in her Jiands all proper]. The Bavarian BENDERS use : Azure, a mermaid proper, holding her two tails sable; and the Augsburg family of FEND carry: Gules, a syren proper holding in Jier Jiands Jier two tails or. Such a syren (proper) is the crest of the great Roman house of COLON N A. The DIE RlETTERof Niirnbergbear: Per fess, sable and or, a mermaid holding Jier tails proper, vested gules and crowned or. The BERBERICH of Wtirz- burg, have as arms : Gules, a syren with two tails, crowned and holding in each hand a fish all proper. Or, a syren proper holding her two tails vert in Jier Jiands, crowned with an antique crown or, is the coat of the Counts DA SCHIO. Azure, a syren with comb and glass argent within a bordure indented gules, were the arms of the family of POISSONIER, in Burgundy. The heiress having married into the ancient house of BERBLSSY, the latter assumed the syren as a tenant (or supporter), to its own punning arms: d'Azur,a une brebis d' argent, sur une terasse de sinople, as appears in the stained glass of Notre Dame at Dijon (See MOULE, Heraldry of Fish, pp. 212, 213). The mermaid, or syren, is frequently used in Britain and in France as a crest, and as a supporter to the shield. The Viscounts BOYNE thus employ two mermaids each holding a mirror proper. The shield of the Viscounts HOOD is supported by a merman and a mermaid ; the former holds a trident, the latter a mirror, all proper. (The supporters of the Earl of HOWTH have already been mentioned, p. 299.) The dexter sup- porter used by the Earl of SANDWICH is a merman (or triton) holding a trident, and crowned with an Eastern crown. The SCOTS of Harden had mermaid supporters (see STODART, Scottish Arms, i., 383) ; and one is still

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used in this capacity by Lord POLWARTH; as the dexter supporter it was employed by Sir WALTER SCOTT (" the Wizard of the North "). A triton and a mermaid were the supporters of the CAMPBELLS of Ardkinlas. Mermaids are the supporters of the arms of PIERRE, Due de BOURBON in 1352 (DEMAY). They were early the supporters and badge of the great family of the BERKELEYS (see my Heraldry of Bristol Cathedral}.

The French THOLOSANI bear : Azure, a siren with two tails, and upraised hands proper. The supporters are two mermaids with double tails, each holding a banner of the arms. The crest is a demi-mermaid, holding in each hand a banner argent. The SERENELLI of Verona use: Azure, a mermaid proper habited gules, holding her two tails argent. The Dutch Barons MEERMAN bear : Sable, a merman in armour, holding a sabre, and a circular buckler argent.

In France the family DU BEC, Marquises de VARDES, etc., had their arms (Fuzilly argent and gules) supported by two mermaids. The like supporters of ST. GEORGES, Marquises de VERAC, hold mirrors. (In LA PoiNTE, Les Chevaliers du St. Esprit, planches 40, 149, the mer- maids in both instances are drawn so as to indicate a division of the tail into two.) The latter family also used as a crest a syren in a tub, holding a mirror. This is the famous MELUSINE, used as crest and supporters by the house of LUSIGNAN, in memory of ISABEL, the betrothed of HUGH DE LUSIGNAN, Count de la MARCHE, who was Queen of King JOHN of England, and afterwards wife of HUGH DE LUSIGNAN. The same supporters (without mirrors) and crest, were used by DE CASTILLE, Marquis de CHENOISE ; these, and the supporters of the GIBELLINI, also have bat-wings. Mermaids support the arms of MONTROSE.

DEVILS. — As some of the monsters described in this

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chapter were taken to be the hieroglyphics of the Evil One, we may not unfitly add here a few examples in which his personality is represented without the inter- position of any veil.

The German family of TEUFEL naturally bear : Or, a devil gules. The TROLLES of Denmark, with equal pro- priety, carry the same personage in a less mischievous form : Or, a devil in profile decapitated gules, his rig/it hand raised, his left clutching his tail ; his head full-faced resting against his breast. The H6EGKS, Barons of HOEGHOLM, use the same but omit the head. The KUGLERS of Wiirttemberg bear : Or, a devil standing on a ball, and holding another in eacJi hand, all sable. The demon of the SlSSlNKS of Groningen is a personage of more elaborate construction : Or, a horned devil having six paws, the body terminating in the tail of a fish, all gules.

The classical FAUN, out of which the modern concep- tion of the form of the devil appears to have been developed, appears as a supporter of the arms of SWEERTS, YSEMBART, and other Low-Country families.

The Bavarian Counts von FROHBERG have their arms supported by creatures which partake of the nature of a faun : — savages whose legs adjacent to the shield are replaced by those of a deer, or goat (TYROFF, Wappen- buch des A dels des Konigreichs Baiern, Erster band, Taf. 39).

In the Armory of Germany the grotesque element has very much more play than in our own ; and an account of its curiosities would contain many examples of monstrous beings as wonderful as those which have been described above ; but as for the most part they occur in single instances only, I have not thought it needful to swell this chapter by descriptions of them. I conclude with one more classical example. The family of MEDICO DAL SALE in Verona bear : Or, a, Cerberus sable, collared gules, sejant on a terrace vert.

CHAPTER XL

INANIMATE CHARGES. — I. ASTRONOMICAL.

BEFORE treating of the large and important class of armorial charges which are taken from the vegetable king- dom, it will conduce to clearness if we advert to those Heraldic Charges which may be termed "Astronomical," consisting for the most part of conventional representa- tions of the heavenly bodies, and also of certain repre- sentations of what used to be called "the elements," some of which impart a semi-pictorial character to heraldic shields. THE SUN, surrounded by rays, is described in British Armory as being in his splendour. In all but the earliest heraldry our great luminary is depicted as a globe of gold with the lineaments of a human face, surrounded by rays, alternately waved and straight. French Armorists tell us that when the sun is depicted of any other tincture than or or argent, it is only the ombre du soleil, or the sun in eclipse. Nevertheless in the earliest English example, the coat of JEAN DE LA HAVE, in the Roll of Arms known as ST. GEORGE'S ROLL, the blazon is: Argent, the sun in his splendour gules, and the human lineaments are not expressed. Azure, the sun in splendour or, is borne as a coat of Augmentation for the Marquisate of LOTHIAN, being quartered with : Gules, on a chevron argent, three mullets of the field for KER, Lords of JEDBURGH. It is used by the Austrian Barons DIETRICH DE DlEDEN ; and as armes parlantes by the French family of SOLACES, and by ZON (or VAN SON) in the Netherlands. It is similarly borne by the Counts de SONNBERG in Austria, and the families of

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SONNEBERG (who however sometimes difference by making the sun argent, or bearing it of gules in a silver field). In the coat of the Counts von SONNEBERG (Plate XXVI II., fig. I.) the sun is clear of the mountain, the blazon being Azure, tlie sun or, in base a mount of the same ; sometimes the mount is sable, and the Swiss family of the name bear : Argent, a sun gules, in base a mount of tliree coupeaux vert.

The Spanish family of BlLQUES DE ORCION substitute the quartered arms of CASTILE and LEON for the human face ; and some English families of DYSON have as their charge the sun half eclipsed, i.e. per pale sable and or.

Gules, a sun or, is the coat of SONNEMAER.

Azure, the sun rising from behind a kill or, is the coat of the Scottish family of HlLL ; and the same with the mount argent is used by the Bavarian family of ANNS.

There are other coats in which two, or three, suns appear. Gules, three suns argent, is the coat of CHALANGE in France. D'Azur, a trois soleils d'or, is the canting coat of the Breton TRESEOLS, and of VAN SON in Holland. Sable, two demi-suns accosted, are the curious arms of HAEHNEL of Bavaria.

THE MOON is represented by a crescent (croissant) one of the prevalent figures in Heraldry, both as a difference and as a charge ; and one which, perhaps with more reason than in other cases, is associated with crusading times. Its ordinary position in Armory is montant, or with both horns upward, a position which is only expressed in French armory when a crescent thus depicted is found in conjunction with others not so situated. Azure, a crescent argent, was borne as an allusive coat by LUCY, by VERNON, Marquis de BON- NEUIL, by TOGORES of Spain, and by other families.

When the horns of the crescent are turned to the dexter side of the shield it is called a crescent-increscent, (croissant-tourne^; when to the sinister its appellation is a

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crescent-decrescent (croissant-contourne"} ; and when re- versed croissant-verse.

We have an example of these three less frequent positions of the crescent in the shield of the Austrian family of PUCHBERG. (Plate XXVIII., fig. 3.) A sure, three crescents, those in chief addorsed, that in base reversed or. BANNES, Marquis de PUYGIRON, bears a similar coat, but the crescents are of argent, and the single one is in chief. The LUNELS of Languedoc, bore : Azure, a crescent verse argent ; and the great Arragonese house of LUNA : Chequy or and sable, on a chief argent, a crescent verse, cJiequy as the field. (For LUNELS, see FrencJi Glossary?)

In Scotland the coat of theOLlPHANTS (Plate XXVIII., fig. 2), is Gules, three crescents argent ; Or, three crescents gules, that of the EDMONSTONS ; and, Gules, tJiree crescents within tJie Royal tressure or, that of the SETONS.

Gules, three crescents argent, is the coat of the ancient family of VAN WASSENAER in the Netherlands ; often quartered with those of the Burg-gravate of LEYDEN : Azure, a fess or.

The Princes PlCGOLOMlNl of Siena bear : Argent, on a cross azure five crescents or. To this family belonged Popes PlUS II. and PlUS III.

The combination of the crescent and cross in the shield of CATHCART, Plate XX VI 1 1., fig. 4, Azure, three crosslets fitchees rising from as many crescents argent, has a pleasing effect. The coat of MlNSHULL combines the crescent and star, Azure, an estoile issuing from a crescent argent ; these are the arms of the town of PORTSMOUTH.

Sable, a crescent between two stars in pale argent is the coat of the East Anglian family of JERMYN, Earls of ST. ALBANS, 1660-1683.

Some confusion exists in the language of blazon between the armorial representation of the stars as

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heavenly bodies, and a very different object, the mullet (inolette) or rowel of a spur. Mr PLANCHE, Lancaster Herald, lays it down as a rule that an estoile or star should always have six points, to distinguish it from a mullet, which has five, and that these points should not be wavy unless the star be said to be rayonnant.

In most European countries, however, the estoile has five straight rays (a single one uppermost, otherwise it is blazoned in French renversee) and the molette six. I should be inclined to make the distinction consist solely in the charge being pierced or unpierced ; in the one case a molette, or spur rowel, is obviously intended ; in the other a star. In the case of stars of more than five points the number should be specified. Gules, a star of eight (sometimes of twelve) points argent is the coat of BAUX, Due d'ANDREE, quartered by Queen ELIZA- BETH WIDVILLE, wife of EDWARD IV.; of six points it is used by the Counts von STERN ENBERG. Azure, a star of six points within a bordure argent was the arms of GOETHE. The Princes of WALDECK bear : Or, an estoile of eight points sable (Plate XL I.). Per f ess gules and argent, tJiree estoiles of six points countercJianged, is the coat of the Counts of ERPACH, who quarter Argent, two bars gules for BREUBERG.

The English coat of DE VERE (Plate XL, fig. 2) is usually blazoned Quarterly, gules and or, in the first quarter a mullet argent. But the charge in this coat is really a star. A beautifully diapered example of this shield exists at Hatfield, Broad Oak, Essex, of the date 1 298, a period when the rowelled spur was not in general use.

Plate XXVI 1 1., fig. 5, is the Scottish coat of SUTHER- LAND : Gules, three stars or. The HURRAYS bore : Azure, three stars argent ; and the BAILLIES of Laming- ton : Azure, nine stars, 3, 3, 2, I argent. The existence of the 1 3th century MURRAY seals is sufficient evidence

PLATE XXVIII.

1. Sun.

Sonnenberg.

2. Crescents. Oliphant.

3. Increscent, Decrescent, etc. Puchberg.

4. Cross and Crescent. Cathcart.

5. Stars. Sutherland.

6. Estoile. Ingleby.

7. Mullets. Wollaston.

8. Mount.

9. Hill. Hinsberg.

10. Burning Mount. M'Leod.

11. River. Lauterbach.

12. Hedge. Fare.

3°9

that, as in the case of DE VERE, the bearings were stars, not mullets.

The Portuguese ROJAS (whence came the Spanish Dukes of LERMA) bear : Gules, five stars of six points or.

When minutely drawn or sculptured, the star is not depicted as a plane figure but with each ray raised to. a central ridge. This point is much more attended to in French Armory than in our own.

The coat of INGLEBY : Sable, an estoile argent (Plate XXVIII., fig. 6) is given as an example of the ordinary English estoile or star, and in Plate XXVIII., fig. 7, the coat of WOLLASTON : Argent, three mullets pierced sable, is given as indicating the distinction referred to above.

Azure, the sun and moon in chief, and the seven stars in base or, is the coat said to have been borne by JOHN DE FONTIBUS, Bishop of ELY (1219-1225). (PARKER'S Glossary of Heraldry places the stars in orle, and the other charges in pale.)

The PLANETS and even CONSTELLATIONS are occa- sionally found in modern coats. The astronomer LAPLACE, created a Count by NAPOLEON I., bore : d'Azur, a deux planetes de Jupiter et de Saturne, avec leur satellites et anneaux places en ordre naturel, posces en fasce, d^ argent ; a unfleur a cinq brandies d^or en chef.

The constellation of the Great Bear appears as one of the many charges in the landscape which is called the arms of the STOFFELLA of Austria ; and in the coat of ADLERSTJERNA of Finland.

Azure, the stars composing the constellation of the Great Bear arranged in bend argent, is a much better coat from a heraldic point of view, and is borne by BAR of Hannover. The same constellation also figures in the arms of the Scottish DlCKSONS, now settled at Gothen- berg, etc., in Sweden. (Cf. the arms of MADRID, p. 313.)

In Swedish Armory occasional use is made of the astronomical planetary signs ; and the symbol for MARS,

$ appears in several coats granted to distinguished military officers. In British Heraldry the azure chief in the unheraldic coat granted to Sir JOHN HERSCHEL, the astronomer, is charged with the planetary symbol of Uranus $ irradiated Or. The rest of the shield is argent charged with a pictorial representation of the "forty-feet reflecting telescope," with all its apparatus of ladders, gallery, elevators, and observer's house, — a sad specimen of the degraded state of heraldic taste at the period of the grant.

The arms of THOYTS in Essex are : Azure, on a fess between three six-pointed mullets or, two astronomical symbols of the planet Venus.

A COMET, or blazing-star, occurs in several foreign and in .one or two British coats. Azure, a comet in the dexter chief, its rays in bend or, is borne by CART WRIGHT in Scotland ; and by the Roman MELIORATE The same coat, but with the charge in pale, is borne by one of the Spanish families of DlAZ ; and identical with the last, but with the field gules, are the arms of the Sicilian ROSSI, Princes of CERAMI. The Norman family of PiGACHE DE LAMBERVILLE bear : Argent, three comets gules.

The arms of the present Pope, LEO XIII., of the Counts PECCI, are : Azure, on a mount in base a pine tree proper, in sinister chief a comet its tail in bend sinister, and in base two fleurs-de-lis or, over all a fess argent.

RAINBOWS are found in a good many foreign coats ; they are conventionally represented as of four bands, or, gules, vert, and argent ; unless their tinctures are specified, as in the coat of the Barons HACKE, who bear : Argent, two rainbows addorsed, moving from the flanks each of three bands, gules, or, and the external one azure. Occa- sionally the rainbow is borne proper as by the Barons PFULL : Azure, three rainbows in pale proper.

CLOUDS AND LIGHTNING are also heraldically

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represented. The family of LEESON, Earls of MlLTOWN in Ireland bear : Gules, a chief argent in the base thereof a cloud proper, and issuant therefrom rays of light pale- ways or,

A more conventional coat is that of DONNERSPERG : Sable, tJiree thunderbolts or issuing from a chief nebuly argent ; in base a mount of tJiree coupeaux of the second. This conventional THUNDERBOLT, of arrow - headed rays conjoined with wings, was the canting coat of the Danish family of BLIX : the field azure, the thunderbolt argent. Two thunderbolts appear in the elaborate shield of the family of the Russian Marshal SUWAROFF, Prince ITALISKY.

The family of CLAPS in Flanders have a landscape in a thunderstorm ! The Italian TEMPESTA bear a storm represented more conventionally : Gules, eleven hailstones argent (3, 2, 3, 2, i).

The conventional representation of the north wind, the head of BOREAS, is borne as armes parlantes in the escucheon of the BORIAS of Spain ; and also appears in that of the BRASCHI, Dukes of NEMI. Pope Pius VI. (1775-1800) was of this family. The arms are: Gules, a garden lily slipped proper in dexter chief, the conven- tional symbol of the wind blowing on and bending down the lily ; on a chief argent three estoiles or.

From the heavens above we descend to the earth beneath. Examples already given have shown how the earth is represented : (a) by a champagne, a piece in base cut off by a straight horizontal line, corresponding to a chief, and often counted as an Ordinary by French Heralds : (b) by a terrace, which is a champagne repre- sented more naturally with a less regular outline and usually green in colour ; (c] by a mount (as in Plate XXVI II., fig. 8); this is simply a piece of a roughly semicircular shape in the point of the shield, but is usually blazoned conventionally with three or more coupeaux (in

French a tertre) one above two, as in Plate XX VI II., figs, i and 9. A considerable number of German and Swiss coats bear the inount-in-base, after this fashion.

The conventional representation of WATER is by a base or champagne, Barry-wavy argent and azure, as in the well known coats of the cities of OXFORD, BRISTOL, etc., is frequent in Spanish Armory (Plate XXXIX., fig. i). But later the sea is represented rather as in nature, at times still, at times un mer agite, and a semi- pictorial character is given to the bearings employed.

In the earliest times of heraldry, the charges depicted on the shield were separate and independent, and were more or less conventional even when the objects, such as birds or beasts, might have been represented naturally. The best and most artistic heraldry retains this conventional character to the present day.

A less severe style seems to have been introduced upon the Continent at an earlier date than among ourselves. Still there are a few pretty old Welsh and other coats, of a more pictorial character, usually connected with a legendary history. But while our own Armory was severe in character that of some of the states of the Continent aimed not unfrequently at more pictorial effect. For instance, as I have shown in greater detail elsewhere, many Spanish coats effloresced into the landscape style. Castles rise out of the waves, or are placed upon a mount ; armed men appear upon their battlements, and beasts of prey ramp against their sides or issue from their doors. In the coats granted to COLUMBUS and CORTEZ, towns with spires and belfries ; and seas strown with palm-clad isles ; replace the conven- tional and more artistic charges which had amply sufficed for earlier times (Plate XXXIX., fig. i).

A tree upon a mount in base occurs with great fre- quency, birds perch upon it, beasts of prey ramp against its trunk (y. p. 317), or are represented passant in front of

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or behind it. The arms of the city of MADRID are, Argent, on a mount in base a tree witJi a bear rampant against its trunk proper ', the whole within a bordure azure, charged with seven stars of the first. In Italy and Germany the same tendency is not so pronounced, at least in mediaeval coats, for later the degraded and debased style which characterised English Heraldry in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries finds too many counterparts in the Heraldry of Germany of the same period.

It will be sufficient to cite here one or two instances in which the tendency to depart from earlier simplicity becomes manifest. Plate XXVIII., fig. u is the coat of LAUTERBACH : Gules, a river flowing in bend sinister ; here the river, represented with the outline of a bend sinister wavy, has lost something of its conventionality. Its surface is slightly flecked, sometimes even fishes dis- port themselves therein. In Plate XXXI I., fig. 8, the arms of the ARIGONIO family of Rome are represented as, Argent, a lion passant along the tops of three columns gules, on a chief azure, an eagle displayed or. The Sile- sian coat of BUSCH (Plate XXIX., fig. 5) shows the com- mencement of the landscape style. Azure, a lion passant or, issuant from, and half concealed by a forest proper.

THE MOUNT IN BASE, which nearly corresponds to the French terrasse is not unknown in Scottish Heraldry. The coat of WATSON of Saughton (Plate XXVIII., fig. 8) is ; Argent, an oak tree growing out of a mount in base proper, surmounted by a fess azure ; the WOODS of Balbegno bore, Azure, an oak tree issuing from a mount in base or ; pendent from one of the boughs by straps gules two keys of the second (as Thanes of Fettercairn).

The conversion of the devices which appeared on the Burgh Seals into armorial coats assisted the spread of a less pure style of heraldry. Instances of the semi- pictorial style will be found in Plates XLIL, and XLIII.,

in the arms of the Highland chiefs ; we have there the rock in the sea ; the castle on its mount, the burning mountain (as it appears also in Plate XXVIII., fig. 10), the coat of M'LEOD of Lewis, Or, a mountain azure inflamed proper. It will be noted that here the mountain is not, as is usual in Continental heraldry, in the base of the shield, but is detached from it. Argent, a volcano proper is borne by CHAUMONT in France. The Barons GVLDENHOFF, of Sweden and Livonia, have as the second quarter of their arms ; Argent, two volcanoes in action accostes proper. With these exceptions, we have left untouched the element of fire, but it will be sufficient to say that the conventional representa- tion of it by wavy piles, gules or or, issuing from the edges of the shield, degenerated into flames au naturel. UOr, a trots flammes de gueules is the coat of AROUET DE VOLTAIRE ; d'Azur, a trois flammes d'or ombrees de gueules, that of BRANDT, Counts de MAR- CON NE. Or, on a chief gules three flames of the field, is used by CHAUMELLS in France ; and Sable, on a fess argent three flames gules, is borne by DEEGHBROODT (or DEYBROOT), of Flanders. Argent, a fire-brand in bend azure inflamed proper, is the coat of BRANDIS in Bavaria. The Polish clan of BRANT I. has the same charge sable on a field or; and the Barons BRANDT, of Baden, use Or, three fire-brands paleivays sable each inflamed at the top, and in three places on either side, proper.

FIG. 03.

FIG. 64.

FIG. 65.

FIG. 66.

FIG. 67.

FIG. 68.

FIG. 69.

FIG. 70.

CHAPTER XII.

INANIMATE CHARGES. — II. THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

TREES, FLOWERS, FRUITS, ETC. - - The vegetable kingdom has largely contributed to Armorial blazonry. Entire trees though not found in early examples became fairly common by the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries. Though sometimes drawn " eradicated," that is, showing the branches of the root, they are for the most part represented on a mount in base, which in German Heraldry is often replaced by the conventional symbol of a hill with three rounded tops or coupeaux. Oaks are the trees most common in British Armory.

Argent, on a mount in base a grove of (fir) trees proper, appears in the Scottish Registers for the family of WALKINSHAW of that ILK. The same coat, with the species of tree undefined, is used as canting arms by FORREST, and by BUSH.

In France a family in the Lyonnais, named DUBOIS, naturally uses : d 'Argent, a un foret de sinople ; others of

the name in Lorraine are more simply contented with : d'Azur, a une arbre d'or. The family DE LA FORESTIE DES AUBAS bears : Or, a forest vert, on a chief azure tJiree mullets of the first ; resembling which is a Picard coat: Argent, three trees vert, on a cJiief azure as many mullets of the field ; DE LA FOREST places these trees on a mount, and charges the chief with the three fleiLrs-de-lis of France. In Holland the VAN DEN BOGAERT use : Argent, on a terrace five trees vert. The coat of the Viscounts O'CALLAGHAN of Ireland is : Argent, a mount in base on the sinister side thereof a " hurst " of oak trees, therefrom a wolf issuant all proper. With this we may fitly com- pare the coat given in Plate XXIX., fig. 5 for the Silesian family of BUSCH : Azure, on a mount in base vert, a lion passant or, issuant from a grove of trees in the sinister flank of the second. The DE BuiSSONS of Geneva use : Or, three bushes vert, two and one. The French BuiSSONS (Marquises d'AussONNE, and DE BOURNAZEL), bear: Or, on a mount in base a bush proper, on a chief argent a lion issuant sable.

The family of WOOD of Hareston in Devon bore at the Visitation of 1620, Argent, on a mount in base an oak tree proper fruited or (Plate XXIX., fig. i). (Vide ante, p. 313, for WOOD of Balbegno, and WATSON of Scot- land.) Argent, on a mount in base a tree, the trunk surmounted by a salmon holding in its mouth a ring; from the dexter branch a bell (that of ST. KENTIGERN) pendent, and on the top of the tree a robin all proper, are the arms of the SEE, also assumed for the City of GLASGOW. The salmon and robin refer to miracles attributed to ST. MUNGO, or KENTIGERN. An interesting historical coat is that granted to the PENDERELLS, who hid CHARLES II. in an oak tree after the defeat of Worcester : A rgent, an oak tree proper fructed or ; surmounted by a fess sable, thereon three Royal crowns. ( Vide infra, Chapter on AUGMENTATIONS.) Argent,

an oak tree vert, is the coat of the O'CONOR-DON of Ireland.

Azure, on a mount an apple tree fruited proper, are the armes parlantes of the Dutch APPELBOOMS, and of the Barons APFALTRER. The coat of M'GREGOR, called M'GREGOR of AULD in a sixteenth century MS., is : Argent, a fir tree eradicated in bend sinister surmounted by a sword proper, supporting on its point an antique crown gules (sometimes or) (Plate XXIX., fig. 2). Argent, a pine tree eradicated vert, fruited or, is borne by the Marquises CHATON DE MORANDAIS in France. Azure, a palm tree eradicated or, is the coat of TAGLIAVIA of Sicily (Plate XXIX., fig. 3) ; Or, a palm tree on a mount vert, are the armes parlantes of PALM in Austria. Or, an olive tree vert, is borne by the families of VIEDMA, AMBOIX, CHARLES and OLIVER. Gules, an olive tree proper, eradicated argent and fruited or, is the canting coat of OLIVIERA in Portugal ; and the OLIVIERS, of which name there are many families in France and the Low Countries, nearly all use the olive in some form or other as the charge of their arms. Ermine, an olive branch vert, is borne by the Barons ZANGIACOMI. Argent, three cypress trees eradicated vert, on a chief gules as many besants, was used by TARDY, Comte de MONTRAVEL ; Or, three laurels vert, on a chief azure as many thunderbolts argent, by the LAURES of France (cf. PLINY on the laurel).

In the Heraldry of Spain, Portugal, etc., a tree on a mount in base is a frequent charge, and it is very generally supported by one or two animals rampant against the trunk of the tree ; or passant in front of, or behind it. Gules, a pine tree vert, eradicated argent between two lions rampant against it or, is the Portuguese coat of MATOS. Or, a palm tree vert, supported by two lions rampant azure, is borne by LANARIO of Naples. Or, a tree eradicated vert, supported by two lions rampant

gules, is attributed to the Byzantian house of CAN- TACUZENE.

The wild cherry tree, in French crequier, is depicted in the ancient conventional manner in the arms of the French Dues de CREQUY (Plate XXIX., fig. 4; and, better, on p. 344, fig. 72). UAzur, au crequier d'or, is the coat of ANAUT. Argent, a nut tree eradicated -vert, is borne by NoziER, and NOGARET in France, and by FACCHINETTI in Italy. To the last named family belonged Pope INNOCENT IX. (1591-1592.) Or, a willow proper, is the coat of the Counts de SALTS.

Occasionally we find a dead tree used as a charge. Argent, on a mount vert a dry tree, is the coat of the Barons MtJHL of Brunswick. The KORNKOOPERS of Holland use: Argent, a dry tree sable. The stocks, or stems of trees eradicated, with or without branches sprouting from them ; or the branches alone, are frequent Armorial charges. Or, the stem of a tree couped in bend sable, is borne by the Counts von SCHONFELD of Austria. Or, two trunks of trees erect in pale sable, is the coat of DORGELO of Northern Germany ; which seems a corrup- tion of D'ARGELO in France, a family which has the same bearings. The Portuguese TRONCOSO have the armes parlantes of Azure, two tree trunks in saltire or. Argent, three tree trunks couped sable, is similarly the coat of BLACKSTOCK in Scotland ; and Vert, three trunks of trees raguly and erased argent, is that of the English STOCKTONS.

Equally conventional in its drawing with the coat of CREQUY given above, is the linden branch which forms the charge of the arms of the Counts von SECKENDORFF, knotted into a form somewhat resembling the figure 8 (Plate XXIX.,fig. 6). The Italian family DELLA ROVERE, Dukes of URBINO bore: Azure, an oak tree eradicated or, its four branches knotted saltireways. These were the arms of Pope SlXTUS IV. (1461-1484), and were also

PLATE XXIX.

1. Oak Tree. Wood.

2. Fir Tree. MlOregor.

3. Palm Tree. Tagliavia.

4. Crequier. Crequy.

5. Forest. Busch.

r

6. Lime Branch. Seckendorf.

7. Hazel Leaves. Haderigg.

8. Laurel Leaves. 9. Lime Leaves adosse's . Foulis. Ortlieb.

10. Trefoil. Hervey.

11. Trefl^. Hilinger.

12. QuatrefoiL Ftncew*.

quartered in the first and fourth by ALEXANDER VI L, with his personal arms of CHIGI (Gules, in base a mount of six coupeaux, and in chief an estoile or), in the second and third places.

Argent, on a mount in base three hop-poles with the vines all proper, is the coat of the English HOUBLONS, or HOBILLIONS (originally refugees from France at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes).

Palm branches are a frequent armorial charge : Azure, two palms in saltire between four estoiles or, is the coat of RICHARDOT, Comte de GAMARAGE, Prince de STEEN- HUYSEN. Azure, three palm branches or, is the coat of the PALMIER:.

Argent, two vines interlaced, issuing from a mount of six coupe aux in base all proper, is borne by the Princes RUSPOLI ; and Gules, two vine shoots addorsed, each bearing a bunch of grapes proper, is used by the Austrian Counts and Princes LlCHNOWSKI.

Leaves of plants are common in Armory both at home and abroad. The family of HAZELRIGG have : Argent, a chevron between tJiree Jiazel leaves slipped vert (Plate XXIX., fig. 7). Argent, three laurel leaves vert, is used by FOULIS (Plate XXIX., fig. 8) canting, of course on the French "feuilles." Azure, three laurel leaves or, is quartered by the Dukes of SUTHERLAND for LEVESON.

Argent, three holly leaves vert, is the coat of QuELEN (Dues de la VAUGUYON, Princes de CARENCY), of France, and by TERBRUGGEN, and VAN DER HULST, of Holland, LE MASSON, and IRVINE of Scotland.

Vert, three holly leaves or, and the same coat with mulberry leaves, are attributed to two families of WOODWARD.

Allusion has been already made (page 50) to the arms of BURNETT ; and the Scottish coat of I RVINE of Drum :— A rgent, three bunches of holly leaves each consisting of as

( 320 )

many leaves, slipped vert, banded gules, is both ancient and well known.

The English family of MALLERBY used Or (some- times Argent), a bunch of nettles vert, canting on mat herbe. It is somewhat strange that the French MAL- HERBES resisted a like temptation, and preferred, Ermine, six roses gules.

A curious use of the linden leaf as a portion of a partition line is shown in Plate XXIX., fig. 9, the arms of ORTLIEB of Ntirnburg. The FlGUEROAS of Spain use : Or, five fig leaves in saltire vert ; while the FlGUEIREDOS of Portugal use the same on a field gules (the stalks are usually in chief).

A single leaf is not often found as a heraldic charge, but Argent, a linden leaf vert, occurs in the Zurich Wappen- rolle, No. 273, for REGROLTZWILE (REYNOLDSWYLE) ; and the like coat, but, with the charge in bend, and with the stem in base, is the coat of the Austrian Barons DEBSCHUTZ DE SCHADEWALDE. Argent, an aspen leaf proper, appears in the Armorials for ASPINALL ; and the German family of EwiG are content with a single oak leaf argent on a field gules. The Dutch VAN HULSTS also bear : Or, a holly leaf in bend gules. The coat of the Counts von BlSMARK, to which family Prince BlSMARK, the late great Chancellor of the German Empire, belongs, are : Azure, a trefoil without a stalk or, in each of the spaces between the foils an oak leaf argent (See p. 545).

The TREFOIL is usually blazoned slipped (i.e. stalked), Gules, on a bend argent three trefoils slipped vert (Plate XXIX., fig. 10), is the coat of the HERVEYS, Marquesses of BRISTOL, and was borne by JOHN HERVEY (apparently their ancestor) before 1407, as is apparent from the proceedings in the GREY and HASTINGS controversy.

The Irish national badge of the shamrock, is identical with the trefoil. A curious example of the trefoil in

conjunction with a partition line may here be given as a pendant to the somewhat similar coat of ORTLIEB already referred to. It is that of the extinct family of HlLINGER of Bavaria, and is given on Plate XXIX., fig. n. (On Klee-Stengel, see note at end of chapter.)

The rue leaves of the Crangelin, or Rauten-kranz, to which allusion has been already made, p. 131, are undis- tinguishable from trefoils.

In French Armory the trefoil is especially frequent as a charge in Breton coats. It is also often met with in Low Country arms, but is seldom found in those of other countries.

In German Heraldry a charge known as the nenuphar leaf, which resembles a trefoil without a stalk, occurs in the charge of some important coats. This leaf, which is that of an aquatic plant, has given rise to some curious divergences of blazon. It is sometimes found described as a " heart ; " as the bouterol of a sword ; and even as the horns of a species of beetle, — SchroterJwrner! These variations have been the result of the ignorance of artists who gave themselves licence in depicting a charge of whose true meaning they were in doubt.

The coat of the Duchy of ENGERN, or ANGRIA : Argent^ three (such charges) gules (sometimes the field is gules and the charges or), which appears in the coat of the Princes of ANHALT ; in the £cu Complet of PRUSSIA, and in the escucheons of the Saxon Duchies, for the County of BREHNA, is blazoned in all the ways referred to above. (See SPENER, Opus Heraldicum, pars, spec., p. 26, etc., who leaves the question of the real meaning of the charge in an uncertainty which I shall not pretend to remove.) The nenuphar leaf as now borne is usually slipped. Gules, two leaves of nenuphar their stalks twisted in saltire argent, is the coat of the Austrian Princes von KAUNITZ. Azure, three leaves of nenuphar slipped or, is borne by the Swedish Barons KOSKULL ;

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Argent, three nenuphar leaves slipped vert, is the coat of the Dutch VAN DER MEER, and DE JONG. In German coats linden leaves are often found in pairle, the points of the leaves directed to the two upper corners and the base of the shield. Argent, three linden leaves in pairle gules issuing from a ball in the centre or, is used by the Barons ROMBERG.

The flowers called QuATREFOILS, and ClNQUEFOILS, are of very frequent use as heraldic charges. (In these names the syllable foil imports petal, not leaf, in the botanic sense.) Neither of these charges is furnished with a stalk. ' ^ Azure, three quatrefoils argent, is the coat of the VINCENT family (Plate XXIX., fig. 12), sometimes with the addition of two bars of the same between the charges. Per f ess azure and argent, two quatrefoils in pale counter- changed, are the arms of the MOCENIGO family of Venice : the Barons BlEDERMANN of Austria and Saxony use, Per pale sable and argent, two quatrefoils (otherwise roses] counter-changed. Azure, three quatrefoils or, appears in early English Rolls for BARDOLF. Per bend dancetty azure and argent, four quatrefoils counter changed, is used by the Yorkshire family of CHAYTOR, Barts.

Cinquefoils appear at an early date as an Armorial charge, and they are usually, though by no means invari- ably, drawn pierced, i.e. having a small central circular aperture. A cinquefoil ermine appears on the seal of ROBERT DE BELLOMONTE (or BEAUMONT) Earl of LEICESTER, in the earliest days of Heraldry, and even in the thirteenth century cinquefoils were used in the arms of several families related to, or feudally connected with, the Earls of LEICESTER (who bore the ermine cinquefoil on a field gules. Azure, a cinquefoil ermine, is the coat of the Lords ASTLEY (temp. EDWARD I.). Gules, crusily, a cinquefoil or, was borne by GILBERT DE UMFRAVILL, Earl of ANGUS in 1290 (his seal see LAING, ScottisJi Seals, i., No. 87, has ten crosses in orle).

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Gules, three cinquefoils ermine, often argent (Plate XXX., fig. i) is the coat of the great family of HAMILTON in Scotland, whose alleged descent from the Earls of LEICESTER is, however, doubtful. Argent, three cinque- foils sable are the coat of the Lords BORTHWICK. Gules, three " narcissuses " argent, pierced of the field (or cinquefoils), are the arms of LAMBART, Earl of CAVAN. In Foreign Armory the cinquefoil, like the trefoil, is found chiefly in Breton and Low Country coats.

A charge resembling the cinquefoil is the FRAISE, or strawberry flower, which in Scottish Armory is recognised as a distinct bearing : the difference in representation is that the foils are somewhat less widely separated, as in Plate XXX., fig. 2, the arms of FRASER : Azure, three f raises argent, a coat in use in the thirteenth century, but with this difference that the number of charges is more frequently six (borne three, two, one), than the present number.

In the earliest Heraldry, cinquefoils, sexfoils, and roses, are hardly distinguishable from each other, thus in the Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 343, is the coat of ROSENBERG, Argent, a rose gules seeded or. There are no barbs and it might as well be blazoned a cinquefoil pierced did we not know from the name of the bearer the flower intended. The heraldic history of the rose has been in later times quite distinct from that of the other charges.

Azure, crusily, three cinquefoils argent, is one of several D'ARCY coats, varying only in tincture for difference, but the charge is often drawn as a sexfoil in early Rolls of Arms.

THE ROSE. — The Rose, which is now esteemed the national floral emblem of England, appears to have been first used as a badge by EDWARD I., who probably inherited it from his mother, ELEANOR of PROVENCE, or assumed it in memory of his descent from her. The Rose of Provence was, according to tradition, introduced

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into that country by THIBAULT IV. and the returning Crusaders.

On a Great Seal of EDWARD III. in 1340, small roses appear between the words of the inscription. Under RICHARD II. in 1377, the garters prepared for the King and the Earl of DERBY had roses thereon (BELTZ ; History of the Order of the Garter, p. 244), and there are other instances of its use ; but it was not, it seems, one of the prominent Royal Badges until the " Wars of the Roses;" these derived their names from the Red and White Roses which formed the respective badges of the rival houses of LANCASTER and YORK.

It is not at all clear under what circumstances the roses were assumed as the emblems of the rival factions. The red rose has been thought to be a badge of the Lancastrian honour of RICHMOND. With perhaps greater probability, the use of the white rose has been traced to RICHARD of CONINGSBURGH, Earl of CAM- BRIDGE, second son of EDWARD III. He married, as his second wife, MAUD, daughter of Lord CLIFFORD, whose family are said to have assumed the white rose as a badge in memory of "Fair Rosamond" CLIFFORD. (See Chapter on BADGES infra.)

As a heraldic bearing the rose seldom appears as a sole charge in English Armory ; but abroad it was used by several important families. Argent, a rose gules, barbed and seeded proper, was borne by the old Counts, now Princes, of LlPPE. It is quartered in the Saxon Arms for the Burg-gravate of ALTENBURG ; and was the annes parlantes of the Barons, Counts, and Princes of ROSENBERG. These are also the bearings of the ancient Royal Burgh of MONTROSE.

Azure, a rose or, is the coat of COSSINGTON ; Ermine, a rose gules, barbed and seeded proper, is borne by BOS- CAWEN, Earls of FALMOUTH, and was the original coat of NIGHTINGALE. Or, a rose sable, is the coat of the

Lordship of WlLDENFELS quartered by the Counts zu SOLMS.

As early as the thirteenth century roses (possibly then not clearly distinguished from cinquefoils) were borne by the Earls of LENNOX ; and at a comparatively early date by other families feudally connected, or allied, with them, e.g. the NAPIERS, and MACFARLANES ; besides WEDDER- BURNS, and BLACKADDERS in Berwickshire. Plate XXX., fig. 3, is the coat of LENNOX : Argent, a saltire between four roses gules. The conventional representation of a rose, has five (occasionally six), fully opened petals, between which are barbs to represent the calix; and stamina, or seeds, in a small circular centre. Thus borne, it is not represented as slipped or leaved, unless these facts be expressed in the blazon. When a rose is said, as above, to be barbed and seeded proper, it is meant that the barbs are green ; and the stamens, or seeds, of yellow. The colour of the rose always requires specification. In the Wappenrolle von Zurich the arms are twice given (Nos. 142, 213) of the family of GtJTINGEN : Argent, a rose gules, barbed, seeded and slipped proper (at the latter place the seeding seems to be argent). No. 265 of the same MS. is the coat of ROSE NECK : Or, a fess azure between six roses gules, stalked proper. No. 33, the arms of BUCHEG is: Gules, on a pale or three roses of the first slipped and seeded proper.

In the early Heraldry of England the. rose is not generally slipped. The arms granted in 1450, to KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, by HENRY VI. are: Sable, three roses argent ; a chief per pale azure and gules, in the first a fleur -de- Us, in the second a lion passant gardant or ; but in later grants, as in the coat granted to WILLIAM COPE, cofferer to HENRY VII., Argent, on a chevron azure between tJiree roses gules, as many fleurs-de- lis or (Plate XXX., fig. 4), the roses are slipped.

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THE FLEUR-DE-LIS. — Of all the floral devices used in • Heraldry the most famous is the fleur-de-lis, now gener- ally identified with the iris. Its floral character has been altogether denied by some writers who have professed to trace its origin to the head of a lance, spear, or sceptre, to an architectural finial ; to a frog, a bee, a sacred mono-

FIG. 71. — EARLY SWEDISH COAT (FROM HILDKBRAND, Dct Srcnska Eiks Vapnet).

gram, etc. (The student who is interested will find all these suggestions stated, and refuted, in the excellent work of M. REY ; Histoire du Drapeau, des Couleurs, et des Insignes de la Monarchic Franqaise, 2 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1837, and can hardly fail to be surprised at the prodigious number of treatises which have been published on the subject.)

It is at first sight so difficult to explain the reason why, when other great potentates were assuming for their armorial emblems the lion, the eagle, etc., the sovereigns of France should have preferred the apparently humble iris-flower, that we are hardly surprised to find the fact accounted for by the tradition that it was brought from heaven itself by an angel to CLOVIS, King of the Franks, on the occasion of his baptism, as a special mark of favour on the part of the BLESSED VIRGIN, whose

peculiar symbol the lily has always been. The tradition has many variations of place and circumstance. It is, however, somewhat surprising to find that the French Bishops at the Council of Trent, when disputing for the precedence of their Sovereign, fortified their claim by alleging that the King of FRANCE had received the fleurs-de-lis direct from heaven : " Gall(or)um regem unctum esse et lilia divinitus accepisse ! " (DE LA ROQUE ; Traite singulier du Blason, p. 47, as quoted in REY, ii., 17.)

The most probable explanation of the origin of the fleur-de-lis as the device of the Kings of France is that put forth by M. REY, which has received the approval also of Mr BLANCHE, " that the Fleur de lys, or Flower de Luce was merely a rebus signifying Fleur de Louis." Up to the time of LOUIS VII. the kings of that name (identical with CLOVIS) called themselves, and signed themselves, Lois or LOYS. Even after the name had settled into its present form, " Loys " was still the signa- ture of the Kings of France up to the time of LOUIS XIII. (REY, loc. dt., ii., 44). LOYS, or Louis, VII. received from his father the surname of " FLORUS."

The coins of LOUIS VI. and LOUIS VII. are the earliest on which the fleur-de-lis appears. But it also appears at that time on the coins of FLORENCE (a city which was the mint of many European sovereigns, and whence the designation of florin is derived). M. REY, in view of these facts, inquires : — " Ne peut-on pas dire alors que cette coincidence du surnom de Florus avec le nom de Loys ou lis, de celui de Florence avec celui de fleur de lis, et enfin de tous ces noms et surnoms entre eux, a donne lieu a la formation du nom de notre illustre insigne ? "

M. REY traces the fleur-de-lis as an artistic ornament to very early times ; centuries antecedent to its adoption as an armorial ensign. (It is curious that on a coin of

HADRIAN, Gaul is personified by a woman bearing in her hand a lily : the legend is Restitutori Gallice^} On a medal of GALBA the fleur-de-lis forms the head of the sceptre. MONTFAUCON gives an example from an ancient diptych in which the crown of the Empress PLACIDIA (daughter of THEODOSIUS THE GREAT), who died in 450, is ensigned with a fleur-de-lis. These, and a multitude of other early instances, are given in his plates by M. REY, to whose work I again refer the curious reader.

In France, as in many other countries, the sceptre borne by the prince was, at a very early date, ornamented by a floral emblem, varying in details but bearing a general resemblance to \h& fleur-de-lis of later times.

The seals of the Emperors HENRY I. (d. 1024) and CONRAD II. (d. 1039) afford early illustrations of the custom. (See GLAFEY, Specimen decadem Sigillorum, etc., tab. iv., Lipsiae 1749; and ROEMER-BtJCHNER, Die Siegel der deutschen Kaiser, etc., pp. 22, 23, Frank- furt am Mayn, 1851.) In France the germ of the armorial fleur-de-lis may thus be traced to the fleurons which adorn the sceptres and the crowns of HENRI I., PHILIPPE I., and LOUIS VI. A signet of LOUIS VII. bears a fleur-de-lis florenc^ee, but the charge first takes a definite heraldic shape on the seals of PHILIP AUGUSTUS (d. 1223); whose Great Seal represents him crowned with an open crown of fleurons and holding in his right hand a fleur-de-lis (several of his successors are similarly represented), in his left a sceptre surmounted by a lozenge charged with the like emblem. On his counter- seal is engraved in an oval a fleur-de-lis entirely of the heraldic shape. (M. DEM AY, in his book so often cited in previous pages, points out, pp. 194-196, the analogy which exists between the fleurons, held in the hand, or surmounting the sceptre as well as adorning the crown, of the effigies of the BLESSED VIRGIN depicted on the

seal of the chapter of Notre-Dame at Paris in 1146, and on that of the Abbey of Faremoutiers in 1197, with those borne by ST. LOUIS IX. in 1226.) On the occasion of the coronation of his son PHILIP (in his own life- time), the king, Louis VII., regulated the details of the ceremony, and among other things prescribed that the prince should wear " ses chausses appelees sandales ou bottines de soye, couleur bleu azure semee en moult en- droits de fleurs de lys d'or, puis aussi sa dalmatique de meme couleur et ceuvre" (GOURDON DE GENOUILLAC, L'Art Heraldique, p. 224).

On the counter-seal of LOUIS VIII. (1223-1226) there is a heart-shaped escucheon seme de fleurs-de-lis (Plate XXXVI L, fig. 5). The counter-seal of ST. LOUIS IX. bears a single fleur-de-lis. The shield and caparisons of the horse of his brother CHARLES, Comte d'ANJOU (after- wards King of SICILY), as borne on his Great Seal, have FRANCE-ANCIENT (i.e. seme de fleurs-de-lis) within a bordure of CASTILE, derived from his mother BLANCHE, daughter of ALFONSO VIII. of CASTILE. On her seal of vesica shape Queen BLANCHE is represented holding a fleur-de-lis in her hand, and the space between the legend and her effigy is occupied by two fleurs-de-lis. On her circular counter-seal the field is occupied by a large castle for CASTILE, having on either side a small fleur-de-lis (see Plate XXXVII, fig. 6), and a third fleur-de-lis sur- mounts the castle on the inscription band which bears the words " BLACHA FILIA REGIS CASTELLE " (VREE, Genealogie des Comtes de Flandres, plate xxxix.). By an edict, dated 1376, CHARLES V. reduced the number of fleurs-de-lis in his shield to three " pour symboliser la Sainte-Trinite." On the counter-seals of LOUIS XII. and FRANCIS I, the escucheon is surmounted by an open crown of fleurs-de-lis, is supported by two kneeling angels, and the point rests in the petals of a garden lily, slipped and budded proper. (Plate XXX VII., fig. I.)

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On the first Great Seal of EDWARD III. (Jan.-Oct. 1327) a small fleur-de-lis is placed above each of the castles which had appeared on either side of the throne in the Great Seal of his father EDWARD II. (The same matrix had served for EDWARD I. and EDWARD II. with slight additions.) On his second Great Seal (1327-1336) a fleur-de-lis alone appears on either side of the throne.

The fourth Great Seal (Feb.-June 1340) is the first on which his arms appear : Quarterly, I and 4, FRANCE ; 2 and 3, ENGLAND. The shields upon the canopy of the obverse have but three fleurs-de-lis ; but on the reverse the shield surcoat and housings have the French quarter seme de fleurs-de-lis. On the second Great Seal of HENRY IV., in 1411, the fleurs-de-lis in the quarters of FRANCE, are reduced to three (Plate XXX., fig. 5). The French quarter was only removed from the arms of the Kings of ENGLAND in 1 80 1. (See the Catalogue of Seals in the Department of MSS., British Museum, Vol. i., Nos. 160, 161, 182,

2590

In Scotland, Queen MARY, in 1564, has on her counter-seal the shield charged with the arms of FRANCE (dimidiated), and SCOTLAND (entire) (LAING, Scottish Seals, i., No. 64).

At the head of this Chapter are indicated several of the many forms in which the beautiful bearing of the fleur-de-lis has been represented in the arms of FRANCE, up to the close of the Monarchy.

The arms of FLORENCE are : Argent, a fleur-de-lis florence'e gules, as in Plate XXX., fig. 7.

The family of CHATEAUBRIAND, who used originally the arms : de Gueules, seme de pommes de pin d'or, are said to have received permission from ST. LOUIS IX. to substitute for them de Gueules, seme de fleurs-de-lis d'or, in reward for the valour displayed by GEOFFREY DE

CHATEAUBRIAND at the battle of Mansourah in 1250, with the proud motto, " Mon sang teint les bannieres de France?

The letters of nobility granted by CHARLES VII. in December 1429 to the brothers of LA FUCELLE, JEANNE D'ARC, with the surname of DU Lis, are : Azure, between two fleurs-de-lis of France, a sword in pale proper, kilted, and supporting on its point an open crown, Or.

The Fleur-de-lis appears early, but not frequently, in British Armory, in which somewhat later it was to become a favourite charge. Allusion has already been made to its adoption by the MONTGOMERIES (ante p. 50).

In the Roll of Arms known as GLOVER'S Roll, said to be of the time of HENRY III., WILLIAM DE CANTELOWE (CANTELUPE) bears : Gules, three fleurs-de-lis or (vide ante, p. 225) ; and ROBERT AGULON, Gules, a fleur-de- lis argent. Others of this name bore : Azure, a fleur- de-lis argent, afterwards the coat of the DlGBYS, Earls of BRISTOL. Or, a fleur-de-lis azure, are the arms of PORTMAN. Or, a fleur-de-lis sable, is the coat of TlLLY, Marquis de BLARU in France. Per pale azure and or, two fleurs-de-lis accostes counter changed, are the arms of the FuGGERS, the merchants and bankers of Augsburg; Counts in 1507, and in 1803 Princes of the Holy Roman Empire. Gules, three fleurs-de- lis or, was also borne by the family of BROWN of Colstoun.

Azure, fleury (or seme de fleurs-de-lis] argent, is an old coat of MORTIMER ; and was also borne by BAZENTIN, and the MALAPERTS, Barons de NEUFVILLE. Some important Low Country families bear : Argent, fleury gules, e.g. the Barons d'HAULTEPENNE; KERCKEM, Barons de WYER ; and OUPEY. (In the Armorial de Gelre, the arms of the last-named family are drawn as,

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A rgent, six fleurs-de-lis gules.) A sure, six fleurs-de-lis and a chief or, was borne by the Princes of PORTIA, of the Holy Roman Empire.

Several ancient families in the Low Countries bore fleurs-de-lis dimidiated by a horizontal line, i.e. with the lower half of the flower wanting. In the thirteenth century MS. just quoted (L 'Armorial du Heraut Gelre, or Gueldre}, the arms of " Le Sire de LlNTRE " are : d' Argent, a trois fleurs-de-lis au pied coupe de sable. The Sires de WESEMAEL bore the same, Gules and argent, and those of BERGEN OP ZOOM, Or, the flowers gules. The French DE VlGNACOURTS, of whom were two Grand Masters of the Knights of St. John, ALOF DE VlGNA- COURT (1601-1612), and ADRIAN (1690-1697), bore : Argent, three fleurs-de-lis dimidiated gules.

The Barons VENNINGEN bear (Plate XXX., fig. 6) Argent, two staves or sceptres, ending in fleurs-de-lis gules. A similar coat is that of the DELBENE of France who bear : Azure, two fleurs-de-lis in saltire, each of the long stalks ending in three roots argent. The Veronese DEL BENE bear : Azure, two garden lilies in saltire argent, so these are only varieties of drawing the same coat.

The fleur-de-lis has been represented in a hundred different ways, as may be seen in the plates of KEY'S work already referred to, rHistoire du Drapeau, des Couleurs, et des Insignes de la Monarchic Franc^aise.

From these most of the characteristic examples engraved in the woodcut at the head of this chapter are taken.

No. i is from the demolished church of ST. HiLAlRE at Poitiers ; and also appears on the tombs of the Comtes d'Eu, at that place. (REY, Plate ii., fig. 12).

No. 2 is from a portrait in panel in the Sauvageot Collection, dating from the close of the fifteenth century (REY, Plate ii., fig. 85).

PLATE XXX.

1. Cinquefoils. Hamilton.

2. Fraises. Fraser.

Lennox.

4. Roses slipped. Cope.

5. Fleurs de lis. France.

6. Fleur-de-lise. Venningen.

7. Fleur de lis florenc^e. Florence.

9. Chaplet. Lascelles.

10. Pomegranate. Granada.

11. Rye. Riddell.

12. Garb.

Grosvenor.

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No. 3 is from stained glass in the Depaulis Collection (KEY, Plate iv., fig. 16).

No. 4 (REV, Plate iv., fig. 31).

No. 5 is from the seal of Falaise (REY, Plate iv., fig.

33)-

No. 6 appears on the seal of the Chatelet of Paris in 1 3 37 (REY, Plate L, fig. 8).

No. 7 (REY, Plate xvii., fig. 210).

No. 8 is the bulging and ungraceful form affected under the latest Bourbon Kings.

The association of the fleur-de-lis with a leopard's ('or lion's) face in the arms of the CANTELUPES, and of the See of HEREFORD is alluded to elsewhere (p. 225).

The fleur-de-lis in early examples was often drawn with a globular centre, as in fig. 65, and Mr PLANCHE (in the Pursuivant of Arms, p. 103) suggests that this may have originated the bearings just referred to, the globular space being filled up with the leopard's head to denote some family alliance.

Argent \ on a chief azure, two fleurs-de-lis or, was borne by CLINTON of Baddesley. Azure, a cross argent between four fleurs-de-lis or, is the coat of SEVASTOS of Byzantium. Gules, a cJievron between three fleurs-de-lis or, is the coat of BROUN or BROWN of Scotland (cf. p. 331).

The earliest known armorial shield in Sweden bears a fleur-de-lis between two stag's attires, connected by the crane, or scull plate in base (vide fig. 71, p. 326, and p. 52, ante]. Sable, a chevron between tJiree fleurs-de-lis argent, is borne by several important Welsh families (VAUGHAN, Earls of LISBURNE ; WYNN, POWELL, EVANS, WILLIAMS, GRIFFITHS, etc., who claim descent from EDNOWAIN AP BLEDDYN). Sable, a fess between six fleiirs-de-lis or, is borne by the Barons de la MOTTE FOUQUE.

With \^^ fleur-de-lis in its conventional form we may fitly couple its prototypes the iris and garden lily. In

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their botanical forms both are occasionally found as heraldic charges. The Picard family of LlHONS bears : Azure, two garden lilies argent. The Marquises of ANJORRANT in France, now extinct, used : Azure, three garden lilies argent, slipped and leaved vert. HENRY VI. in 1440, granted to the COLLEGE of ST. MARY at ETON, the coat : Sable, three garden lilies argent, on a chief pet pale azure and gules, a fleur-de-lis of France, and a lion of England. Sable, three lilies proper, are the arms attri- buted to WINCHESTER COLLEGE. Azure, three lilies argent, is the canting coat borne by LlLLlE of Scotland.

The arms of the City of DUNDEE are : Azure, a pot of tJiree lilies proper.

The natural lily supports the shield of France in the counter-seals of LOUIS XII. and FRANCIS I. (vide supra, p. 329; and Plate XXXVIL, fig. i).

THE THISTLE, now the national emblem of SCOTLAND, has no place in the early Armory of that country. It was unknown as the badge of Scotland prior to the reign of JAMES III., 1460-88 when, in 1474, it appears first on the groats in the silver coinage. In an inventory of the effects of that prince made at his death in 1488, a coverlet " of variand purper tartar browden with thris- selis " is one of the items. On the altar diptych preserved at Holyrood, which contains the portraits of JAMES III., and his Queen, MARGARET of Denmark, the arras behind the kneeling figure of the Queen is powdered with thistles. The picture, or at least this portion of it, was probably painted by MABUSE about 1485. (See Dr LAING'S Historical Description of the Altarpiece, Edinburgh, 1857. This should be read with the Athe- nceum criticism on the picture, then exhibited at the STUART Exhibition in London, No. 3199, Feb. 16, 1890.) The thistle only appears on the gold coins of Scotland in 1525.

THE ORDER OF THE THISTLE was instituted by

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JAMES V. in 1540. On the counter-seal of Queen MARY, 1542-1567, the shield of the Royal Arms of Scotland is surrounded by the collar of the Order ; and behind each of the supporters is a badge of the crowned thistle. (LAING, Scottish Seals, i., 59.) The signet of Queen MARY (No. 66) similarly has the collar of the Order of the Thistle around the shield. It need hardly be said here that the legend attributing the date of the foundation of the Order of the Thistle to the year 809 is as mythical as the person, King ACHAIUS, who is said to have been its founder.

The reader may gauge the real ignorance which exists as to the reason for the assumption of the thistle as the badge of Scotland by consulting the articles on the subject stored in that most useful of all periodicals or magazines, Notes and Queries. In it the question has been raised, over and over again, but we never get one step further than the well-worn story that at the battle of Largs one of the Danish invaders trod with bare foot on the prickly flower, and that his cry of pain caused the failure of the attempted surprise !

After the thistle had become the national badge we naturally find it often introduced into new coats of arms, and augmentations granted to old ones. It was usually slipped and leaved, as in the coat of concession granted to the first Earl of LEVEN (Plate XXX., fig. 8), Azure, a thistle ensigned with an Imperial Crown, all proper ; and its use is pretty frequent in the somewhat debased heraldry of the close of the last century and the beginning of the present. Or, three thistles vert flowered gules, is the coat of the Scottish family of ROMANES.

The thistle is found also as a charge in Foreign Heraldry, and, usually, as an allusive one. For example, Gules (or Azure), three thistles or (often with a chief of the Empire), is the coat of the CARDONAS of Spain. (Plates XL and XLI.) Or, three thistles vert flowered

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gules, is borne by CARBON and DlBBITS in Flanders, CHARDON DU HAVET in France. Argent, three thistles proper is the coat of the French DONODEI and TRICARDS (d* Argent, a trots chardons au naturel). FOURNILLON uses : Gules, on a bend or tJiree thistles proper.

DAISIES, OR MARGUERITES ; ASTERS. — Argent, three daisies gules stalked and leaved vert, is attributed as armes parlantes to DAISIE, or DEISIE, of Scotland. The Marquises de MARGUERIE in France similarly use : d* Azur, a trois marguerites, tigees et feuillces d* argent. MARGUERIT in Franche Comte uses' : Vert, three marguerites or. The Dutch MATELIEFS bear : Azure, on a mound in base vert three daisies proper. The Bavarian SPRUNERS have used since 1571, Per f ess azure and or, in base three marguerites argent slipped vert.

The Bavarian HORNUNGS had a grant in 1589 of Gules, on a mount in base vert three asters azure, slipped proper.

WREATHS, or CHAPLETS OF LEAVES or FLOWERS, or of both combined, are found both in British and Foreign Heraldry. Argent, three cJiaplets gules (Plate XXX., fig. 9) is borne by LASCELLES ; and by HILTON, in early Rolls of Arms.

Argent, three chaplets of roses gules leaved vert, is the coat of the Irish HEARNES, and of HOEDE in Flanders. A well known coat of this class is that borne by FlTZWILLIAM, and the Barons of GREYSTOCK : Barry (of six, eight, or more) argent and azure, tJiree chaplets of roses gules (leaved vert). Gules, three chaplets argent, are the canting arms of GARLAND. ScHIECK of Hesse, uses Or, three chaplets of roses gules. Gules, a wreath of white roses leaved proper, is the coat of the German GRANTZ, or KRANTZ (SIEBMACHER, Wappenbuch, ii., 75).

The Counts WREDE in Germany use : Or, a laurel wreath set with five roses gules (on a canton azure a sword in pale proper]. Azure, tJiree lattrel wreatlis, is

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borne in France by MlLLY. Or, a cJiaplet of oak leaves proper banded gules, is the surtout of the arms of the Princes CAROLATH-BEUTHEN (of the Holy Roman Empire) by whom it was borne for the Barony of SCHONAICH. Azure, three oak-wreaths or, is the coat of CHAMPREDONDE. Sable, three chaplets argent, is the coat attributed to VAN ARTEVELDE of Flanders.

Or, a crown of thorns sable (quartering in the 2nd and 3rd Azure, three bezants] are the arms of BuROSSE of Gascony. Argent, five crowns of thorns sable, 2, 2, and i, was borne by the Vicomtes de MEAUX. (Salle des Croises, a Versailles, 1248.)

GILLYFLOWERS, PINKS, ETC. — Argent, three gilly- flowers slipped gules within a Royal t res sure vert, was the coat of the LIVINGSTONES, Viscounts KlLSYTH. Argent, three carnations gules, slipped vert, is borne by NOYCE. The Earls of ROSEBERY now bear : Quarterly, i and 4. Vert, tfiree primroses within a double tressure flory counterflory or (for PRIMROSE) (v. p. 1 80) ; 2 and 3. Azure, a lion rampant double queued sable (for CRESSY).

CORNFLOWERS, ETC. — Argent, a chevron gules between tJiree "blue bottles" slipped proper, is borne by BOTHELL; with the chevron azure this is also the coat of BOTHELIER in France.

TULIPS. — As might be reasonably expected a con- siderable number of families, and especially in Holland, have this flower as a heraldic charge. VAN GENNEP uses, Or, on a terrace vert a tulip gules, slipped proper and crowned of the first ; LORE in Zealand has : Argent, on a terrace vert a tulip or, slipped and leaved proper. The coat of D'ARRIPE of Amsterdam is, Or, a chevron azure between three tulips proper. BLUMERT of Niirnberg, and ISNARD in Provence bear : Azure, three tulips slipped and leaved or; and THUMERY : Or, a cross engrailed sable between four tulips gules slipped and leaved vert.

THE PANSY AND VIOLET. — These flowers which are

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almost, if not entirely, unknown in our own Armory, are not very scarce as Continental charges. Gules, tJiree violets slipped argent, is the canting coat of VlLLY in France. VAULTIER (dit BEAUREGARD) of Brabant uses : Sable, a chevron argent between in chief two violets slipped and leaved, and in base an anchor, all or. VAN GROENEN- DYK has : Or, a chevron between three violets gules, slipped proper. VERGNIES of Holland bears : Azure, a chevron between three pansies or. The Barons de LEUZE, in the Low Countries have for arms: Argent, a chevron gules, between three pansies slipped and leaved proper.

SUNFLOWER AND MARIGOLD.— The arms of the Dutch family of BLOM are : Argent, on a terrace a sunflower proper ; and of VAN BLOMMESTEIN : Sable, three mari- golds slipped and leaved or. The DADVISARDS, Marquises de TALAIRAN bore : Azure, a sunflower on a terrace ; and turning towards a sun in dexter chief, all or. The Marquises d'ESPAGNET in Provence use : Azure, three marigolds on one stalk leaved or ; on a chief gules a sun in splendour. The Counts de MAISTRE use : Azure, three marigolds or (XAVIER DE MAISTRE' was of this family) ; another Dutch family of BLOM use the same.

Many other flowers are found as heraldic charges, especially when they can be employed as armes parlantes ; e.g. the arms of the family of GlAClNTO are : Gules, a hyacinth proper. The Dutch VLASBLOMS have : Argent, on a terrace a flax plant with three flowers all proper. The cotton plant is the charge of the arms of COTONER of Majorca ; Or, a cotton plant of five shoots vert, each flowered argent ; to this family RAFAEL and NICOLAS COTONER, Grand Masters of the Knights of ST. JOHN ( 1 660- 1 680), belonged. The Counts JACQUEMINOT bear : Or, an orange branch vert, flowered argent and fruited proper.

I have only noted two or three examples of the use of the tobacco plant, which appears to me somewhat un-

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grateful on the part of nouveaux ricJies who have made a fortune by its sale. As an honourable exception I may quote the arms of CARDOZO : Sable, five bezants in saltire, on a chief indented argent tliree tobacco plants vert. Baron MtJLLER, the great Australian botanist, had a grant of the following appropriate coat : Or, two branches of the eucalyptus accosted ', the feet interlaced proper.

This section maybe fitly closed with the coat of RAMERA of Spain : Or, a bouquet proper, tied with ribbons gules.

FRUITS. — Various fruits appear in the Armory of our own and Foreign nations. Argent, a pomegranate gules (originally vert], seeded and slipped proper, are the well- known armes parlantes of the Kingdom of GRENADA (Plate XXX., fig. 10), and the escucheon of the Spanish Royal Arms is usually ente en point of this quartering. Gules, a pomegranate or, is used in England by families of GRANGE and GRANGER. Or, a fess indented ermine between three pomegranates leaved proper, is the coat of BARR. Azure, tJiree pomegranates or, is borne in France by GRANDIN ; and, with a fess argent, by VlLLERS. Argent, three pomegranates proper, is the coat of GRENIER, and GRANIER, another family of the same name (GRANIER DE CASSAGNAC) uses : Gules, three pomegranates slipped and leaved or, seeded of the field. The Sicilian family of GRAN ATA bears : Azure, a pomegranate or, seeded gules.

BUNCHES OF GRAPES are of frequent occurrence.

Argent, a bunch of grapes pendent stalked and leaved proper, was the coat of VlNEY ; and the same between two flauncJies sable, on each a boar's head argent (for EVANS), was borne by Viscountess BEACONSFIELD (1868- 1 872), wife of BENJAMIN DISRAELI, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Gules, two vine shoots addorsed each bearing a bunch of grapes, leaved proper, are the arms of the Princes LlCHNOWSKI in Silesia. Or, a fess gules between tJiree bunches of grapes azure, is used by the Dutch UYTREDERS.

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ORANGES are occasionally found, mostly as canting charges, but not often in British Armory. The Breton family, ORENGES DE LlMEROU uses : Pale d' argent et de gueules, a la bordure de sable, chargee de Jiuit oranges d^or. (Another French family D'ORANGE DE LA FEILLEE bears this coat slightly differenced : Argent, tJiree pallets gules, and the bordure with five oranges^] Azure, three oranges or, leaved vert, is the coat of WlCHERS of Holland. To LIVINGSTONE, Viscount TEVIOT, there was granted as an augmentation to be borne in the 1st and 4th quarters of his arms : Azure, three oranges slipped proper within an orle of thistles or. Vert, tJiree lemons or, is the coat of LlMOS of Spain ; and with the field azure of LlMO- JON of France. The bezants of MELUN are melons (?).

APPLES and PEARS. — These fruits appear in a con- siderable number of coats at home and abroad. Argent, a fess between three apples gules is borne by APPLETON (many families of this name bear the same coat with variations of the tinctures). Argent, tJiree apples slipped gules, is the coat of APPLEGARTH. In France, POME- REU, Marquis de RlCEYS, bears : Azure, a chevron argent between three apples slipped and leaved, the stalks in chief, or. The Venetian MEMMI used : Per fess or and azure six apples counter-changed (three and three). PERROTT bears : Gules, three pears or, on a chief argent a demi-lion issuant sable. U Azur, a trois poires d' or feuillees du metne is the coat of POIRIER in France. Two curious examples of the manner in which charges were converted into armes parlantes are the following : — CRESTIENNOT in Paris bears: Argent, a chevron between tliree "bon chretien " pears azure; and WARDEN in Scotland: Argent, a chevron gules between three warden pears leaved proper.

ACORNS occur not unfrequently. Argent, tJiree acorns slipped vert, is the coat of AlKENHEAD of that Ilk. Azure, tJiree acorns 0r, was used by PORET, Marquis de BLOSSEVILLE ; VAN EYCK ; and DU CHESNE ; and, with

the addition of stalk and leaves, by Barons von GREINDL; VAN AELST ; and with the field argent by Barons CLOEPS DE HEERNESSE in Belgium, etc. Azure, a chevron between three acorns or, is the coat of VERREYCKEN, and with the cups vert is borne by IFELD or I FIELD. Sable, on a fess between six acorns or, three oak leaves proper, is the coat of OKE, and OKEDEN.

PINE APPLES are often not distinguishable in Armory from FIR CONES which are a pretty common bearing. Argent, three pine apples vert, stalked or is a coat of APPLE- TON. Argent, three pine cones vert, is that of KEROULLE in Brittany. Gules, three pine apples or, was borne by the French Marquises de PlNS, and by ARGENSOLA of Spain. Or, three pine apples vert is used by the Spanish PlNOS. Azure, three pine cones or is the coat of the Counts and Princes von WALDBURG. The original coat of the CHATEAUBRIANDS has been referred to already on p. 330.

Instances appear in Armory of the use of many other fruits. Walnuts, cherries, strawberries, ananas, elder- berries, melons, pepper-pods, etc. are all found as charges at home or abroad.

Ears of rye and of barley appear in very early English coats ; one for the name of RYE, Gules, on a bend argent three rye stalks sable ; the other for GRANDORGE, Azure, tJiree ears of barley or. The Scottish family of RlDDELL uses, Argent, a chevron gules between tJiree ears of rye slipped and bladed proper (Plate XXX., fig. 1 1).

GARBS, or WHEAT SHEAVES, belong to the earliest class of English bearings ; they appear first on the seal of RANULF BLUNDEVILLE, Earl of CHESTER, who died in 1232. The garbs thus becoming the arms of the Earls of CHESTER were largely assumed as charges by families related to, or feudally dependent on them. In 1389, when the SCROPE and GROSVENOR controversy was decided, the GROSVENORS being found not legally entitled to the disputed coat (Azure, a bend or} assumed

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in its stead ; Azure, a garb or (Plate XXX., fig. 12) as suggesting a descent from the Earls of CHESTER. This coat is still quartered by the GROSVENORS, Dukes of WESTMINSTER. It was also the coat of the family of the Counts de ST. PAUL, who fought in the First Crusade (Salle des Croises a Versailles), and, with a bee volant in chief gold, of the Polish Counts KAMAROWSKI. Among the families referred to above as feudally connected with the Earls of CHESTER were the CHOLMONDELEYS of Vale Royal, who bear : Gules, a garb, in chief two helmets or (Plate XXX I., fig. 4) (Marquises CHOLMON- DELEY ; Barons DELAMERE). The Earldom of CHESTER is now one of the dignities of the Prince of WALES.

Azure, a garb, and in chief two mullets or, is the coat of WAUCHOPE of Niddry in Scotland.

The garb in Heraldry is often banded of another tincture, thus the COMINS, or COMYNS, of Yorkshire bore : Argent, tJiree garbs gules, banded or. The arms of the ancient family of COMYN (Earls of BUCHAN, etc.), of such note and so ramified in Scotland in the thirteenth century, is Azure, three garbs or ; the sheaves were originally of cummin, and borne allusively to the name, but they have long been understood and blazoned as garbs, or sheaves of wheat. Similarly the PEVERELLS bore : Azure, tJiree garbs argent, which were originally sheaves of pepper (vide infra, Chapter on BADGES, p. 586). Sable, three garbs argent, was borne by M'MURROUGH, King of LEINSTER in Ireland, as well as by the old families of SEGRAVE, and DELAFIELD ; these are also the arms of the County of BtiCHHEIM in Germany now quartered by the Counts von SCHONBORN.

The Vicomtes de BROSSE, dit DE BRETAGNE, chevaliers bannerets of Touraine, afterwards Comtes de PENTHI- EVRE, and Dues d'ETAMPES bore, Azure, three garbs or, banded gules (quartering 2 and 3, BRETAGNE, Ermine plain].

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Argent, a chevron between three garbs gules, is the coat of SHEFFIELD, Duke of BUCKINGHAM, in 1703 ; and Azure, a chevron between tJiree garbs or, is that of the HATTONS of Cheshire (Earls of WINCHELSEA).

Gules, a chevron between three Jiandfuls of wheat (glanes) or, are the armes parlantes of the French GLANNES, Barons de VILLERS-FARLAY.

The coat of the family of LE SERGEANT DE MARSIGNY in Artois is worthy of note because in it (d ' Aznr, a trots gerbes mal-ordonnes a"or) the charges are arranged one and two, instead of in the almost invariable fashion two and one.

VEGETABLES, the humbler but more important fruits of the earth, are only very occasionally met with in British Armory ; but in Continental Heraldry their use is much more frequent. The humble cabbage and turnip and others are employed, usually indeed in the manner of which we have already seen such a multitude of instances, as allusive to the name of the bearer.

COOLE, or COELEN, in Brabant uses only Argent, three cabbage leaves vert ; but another family DE COOLE, in Holland, bears : Azure, three cabbages or, a coat which is borne by the Russian family of KATCHENEVSKI with the addition of a chief of the last tJiereon a harp gules. The Dutch COOLMANS have as arms : Gules, tJiree cabbages argent. Argent, three cabbages vert, is borne by KUMPSTHOFF of Rhenish Prussia.

THE TURNIP, AND BEETROOT, are more frequently used than the preceding. The Italian RAPACCIOLI and RAVANI, and RAEPSAET in Flanders use, Azure, a turnip argent leafed vert. RAPE or RASPE, of Tournay, the same on a field gules.

BEANS, AND BEAN CODS are found in British Armory. Azure, three beans or, is assigned to MERTON, while Argent, three bean cods fessways in pale vert, is borne by HARDBEANE. Azure, a chevron between three bean pods

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paleways argent, is used by LE FEVERE DE MANEGHEM of Flanders ; and Or, three bean pods azure, by FAVIERES.

I have in my collection instances of the use of Maize, Lettuce, Fennel, Sage, Artichokes, Truffels, Celery, Carrots, Peas, Cucumbers, etc., but it would lengthen out this chapter unreasonably were I to give instances of all One more, however, ought not to be passed over, the MUSHROOM, as being about the last bearing which we would fancy a novus homo would be likely to assume, yet I have seven or eight instances. The Count de LESSEPS bears, Argent, on a terrace two vine shoots fruited, and at tJieir base as many mushrooms vert ; in the sinister chief a radiant sun proper. LAUNAY DU VALAY bears: Gules, six mushrooms argent; and GlJYOT D'ANFREVILLE : Azure, a chevron argent between three mushrooms or.

NOTE. — The Klee-Stengeln which appear on each of the wings of the eagles displayed of PRUSSIA, BRANDEN- BURG, etc., in the form of a golden trefoil with a long curved stalk reaching to the breast, appear to be only the development of some simple lines which are found in early examples of the I3th century to indicate the anatomical construction of the eagle's wings (See Plate XXXVIII., fig. i, and HlLDEBRAND's Heraldisches Musterbuch, Plate xxviii., fig. 9).

FIG. 72. — ARMS OF CREQUY.

FIG. 73. FIG. 74.

(HELMETS FROM WOBSAAK, Nordiskc Oldsager, fig. 570.)

CHAPTER XIII.

INANIMATE CHARGES. — III. MISCELLANEOUS.

MILITARY CHARGES. — Heraldry being military in its origin, and connected in its early development either with military expeditions, or with the jousts which were preparatory for them, it is natural that the implements of warfare, and other objects connected therewith, should find an important place among its emblems.

First of these naturally comes the knightly sword. As a heraldic charge this has a long straight blade with a cross handle ; its hilt and its pommel are often of a separate tincture, usually or, or gold. Or, a two-handled sword in pale azure, is a coat of the Scottish SPALDINGS.

The family of KlLPEC, of Kilpec in Herefordshire, bear : Argent, a sword in bend sable (Plate XXXI., fig. i). The heiress of this family married PHILIP MARMION, Baron of SCRIVELSBY, temp. HENRY III., Hereditary- Grand Champion of England. From this family the Championship passed to the DYMOCKS, who bore : Sable, a sword in pale argent, hilted or, as their official coat, quartered with their personal arms : Sable, two lions passant in pale argent crowned or. It seems probable that the MARMYONS had similarly used the coat in

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combination with their personal arms : Vair, a fess gules.

The ERSKINES of Dun quartered in the 2nd and 3rd places : Gules, a sword in pale argent, kilted and pommelled or, with the well known ERSKINE coat : Argent, a pale sable, in the 1st and 4th. In British Armory, if the contrary be not expressed, the point of the sword is in chief. Azure, a sword argent, is the coat of the Genoese FERRI ; and the same, but hilted or and with the point in base, of GOUDELIN, Vicomtes de PLE"HEDEL in Brittany. The arms granted to JEANNE D'ARC have been already noticed at p. 331, ante. The arms borne by Marechal LANNES, Due de MONTEBELLO, were : Vert, a sword in pale or, and a chief with the insignia of a duke of the French Empire (vide ante, Plate X., fig. 3).

Gules, an antique sword in bend, point in base proper, is the coat of VlLLENEUVE (Salle des Croises 'at Ver- sailles).

The Arms of the City of LONDON are : Argent, a cross gules ; in tJie first canton a sword (often called a dagger] of the second. It is often said that this " dagger " commemorates the despatch of the rebel JACK CADE, by Sir WILLIAM WALWORTH, then Lord Mayor. Like too many heraldic legends this story is without foundation in fact The sword is simply the well known emblem of ST. PAUL, patron saint of the city ; and Gule's, two swords in saltire argent, hilted and pommelled or, are still the arms of the See of LONDON. They are also borne by HlTROF of Russia. Azure, two swords in saltire argent hilted or, are the ancient arms of BONAR of Kimmerghame in Scotland ; and, with the points in chief, are borne by the family of SPADA of Lucca.

Per fess sable and argent, over all two swords in saltire gules, are the arms of the Arch-Marshalship of the Holy Roman Empire, held by the Electors, now Kings, of Saxony. (Hence came the two red swords so

PLATE XXXL

1. Sword. Kilpec.

2. Spear. Shakespeare.

3. Battle Axe.

4. Helmet. Cholmondeley.

7. Pheon. Sydney.

8. Battering Rams.

9. Caltrap. Trapper.

10. Chains. Navarre.

11. Chains. Cadenat.

12. Water Budget.

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familiar to all collectors of Dresden china.) Azure, tJiree swords in pile argent (kilts in chief], is the coat of MlNI- BERTI of Italy, and ODET of Brittany. Sable, three swords in pile, points in base argent, hilts and pommels or, is the coat of PAULET, or POWLETT, Marquess of WINCHESTER.

When swords are borne barwise, i.e. fessways in pale, the blazon must specify to which side of the escucheon the points are directed. CHUTE uses : Gules, three swords barwise, points to the dexter, proper, hilted or. Gules, three swords barwise argent, hilted or, the centre one pointing to the sinister, is a coat of O'SHEA ; another has the swords two in saltire, points downwards, sur- mounted by a third in pale its point in chief. The Roman SPADAS bear : Gules, three swords bendways in pale argent, the hilts to the chief or ; on a chief azure tJiree fleurs-de-lis or.

Of SPEARS and LANCES we find a good example in the canting coat granted to our great dramatic poet WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE ; Or, on a bend sable a spear of the first, steeled (or pointed], argent (Plate XXX I. , fig. 2). Azure, a lance or, is the coat of the Italian SOLDATI ; the same, enfiled at its point by an annulet argent, is borne by DANBY of France.

Argent, a broken spear bendways between two pierced mullets (or spur-rowels} of six points all azure, is the coat of AUCHMUTY of that Ilk. Gules, tJiree tilting spears, erect in fess the points argent, is borne by AMHERST, Earls AMHERST.

Gules, tJiree tilting spears or, armed argent, two in saltire tlie third reversed in pale ; are the arms of the herba, or clan, of JELITA in Poland, as such they are borne by the Counts BlELSKl ; and ZAMOISKY, etc.

CRONELS, which are the blunted ends of lances used in jousts and tournaments, are found in the coat of

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WISEMAN, Sable, a chevron ermine between three cronels argent.

JOGHEMS of Holland bears : Gules, tJiree cronels argent, (vide infra, p. 388, under CHESS-ROOK.)

Or, a pike head in bend sable, is the coat of the Counts von REICHENSTEIN ; with the field argent it is found in the Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 490, for MAZINGEN ; Gules, a lance head bendways argent, is the coat of the Counts LAINCEL in France. Sable, tliree spear heads argent gutty de sang, is the coat of APREECE, or PRICE, and is also borne with the addition of a chevron argent by other Welsh families of PRICE, WILLIAMS, REES, WATKINS, JONES ; the Squire of the Black Prince, Sir DAVID GAM, bore the same.

Sable, a battle axe or, headed argent, is the coat of OLDMIXON. Gules, a LocJiaber axe between three boars heads erased argent, is borne by RANKEN of Scotland.

Azure, an axe argent in bend sinister, is the coat of the Barons BlEL of Mecklenburg. Gules, a broad axe argent, the handle or (the blade turned to the sinister), are the arms of the Polish herba of TOPOR, and as such are borne by the Counts OSSOLIN-OSSOLINSKI; TARLO; MORSKI ; and ZABIELLO. The Polish Counts OKSZA- GRABOWSKI, and the family of OKULICZ in Russia, bear the like ; but the blade is turned to the dexter, and the handle is sable.

Argent, two halberts in saltire azure,was used by ECCLES of Kildonan. Gules, two Jialberts addorsed or, is borne by the Marquises ACHEY DE THORAISE in France. Argent, three doloires, or broad axes, gules, those in chief addorsed, is the coat of RENTY in Artois ; quartered from early times with Argent, tJiree bars gules, by the great house of CROY, Princes de CHIMAY (MAURICE, Toison d'Or, planches xv., xxii., etc., and v. infra, p. 549).

CONGREVE of Congreve bore: Sable, a cJievron between three battle-axes argent (Plate XXXI., fig. 3).

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HELMETS, as external appendages to Armorial Coats, will be dealt with elsewhere (Chapter XIX). Plate XXXI., fig. 4, are the arms of CHOLMONDELEY already blazoned on page 342. Gules, a close helmet argent, is ascribed to ROBERTOUN in FONT'S MS., and in MACKENZIE'S Science of Heraldry, p. 66. Argent, tJiree morions sable banded gules, are the arms of the Barons KETELHODT. Azure, three helmets argent, is the coat of the ANTELMI of Venice, and G-UIBERT of France. Sable, three tilting helms argent, is an old coat of DAUBENY.

Of BOWS we have an example in Plate XXXL, fig. 5. Ermine, three bows bent and stringed paleways in fess sable, the armes parlantes of BOWES, Lords BOWES of Clonlyon in Ireland. With the bows gules this coat is quartered by the Earls of STRATHMORE, for BOWES of Streatham in Northumberland. These are long-bows, but the crossbow is also used in British Heraldry, and is that which most generally appears in the Armory of Continental nations ; as an exception we find, Or, tJiree long bows fessways in pale azure, stringed sable, the coat of the Bavarian Counts d'ARCO. (TYROFF, Wappenbuch des Adels des Kb'nigreichs Baiern, Erster Band, Plate xiv., Niirnberg, 1818.)

Gules, a crossboiv or, is used by BALISTE of France, and by ZMODSKI of Poland. Ermine, a crossbow bent in pale gules, is the coat of ALB ASTER in England, a curious corruption of the original ARBALESTIER. The ARBA- LESTES, Vicomtes de MELUN, bore : d'Or, au sautoir engrele de sable cantonne de quatre arbaletes tendues de gueules.

ARROWS, if not otherwise blazoned, are borne paleways with the points downwards, and are said to be barbed of the tincture of the points, and feathered, or flighted, of that of the feathers. In Plate XXXL, fig. 6 is the coat of HALES of Norfolk : Gules, three arrows or, feathered and barbed argent. Vert, an arrow argent, the point

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upward, is said to be the ancient coat of M'ADAM ; but the coat registered is, Vert, tJiree arrows argent.

Argent, an arrow in bend-sinister or, winged sable, is the curious coat of ALE, in Denmark. Several baronial families DE HEUSCH in Limburg use : Or, an arrow in bend gules the point in chief. Azure, two arrows in saltire or, is the coat of PlLLERA, and BULING, both of the Netherlands. Azure, three arrows argent, is the canting coat of ARREAU, in France ; the same, but with the charges or, is that of the English ARCHERS. Gules, three arrows or, feathered and headed argent, is the coat of HALES.

ARROWS IN BUNDLES (usually of three only) are called sheaves, and are said to be banded.

BIRD-BOLTS, or QUARRELS, are names given to the shorter arrows used with the crossbow : Azure, three bird-bolts or, are the armes parlantes of BOLTON (the bird-bolts have blunted heads). Argent, three bird-bolts gules, appears in CHARLES'S Roll for RALPH DE BOZON.

A BROAD ARROW and a PHEON are represented similarly, except that the Pheon has its inner edges jagged, or engrailed. In English Heraldry the Pheon is represented with the point downwards, as in Plate XXXI., fig. 7, the arms of SYDNEY, Earl of LEICESTER : Or, a pheon azure. In French Armory the pheon is drawn with the point uppermost. The Breton Counts WALSH, originally from Ireland, use : Argent, a cJievron gules between three pheons sable.

SCYTHES. — The scythe-blades, which appear in the coats of several great Polish houses, would scarcely seem to be of military origin, and fitly to claim a place in this section. This is however the case. The scythe-blade fixed vertically at the end of a long pole, was the arme blanche of the Polish peasantry ; and those who have read the history of their attempts to regain national independence will hardly need to be reminded how very

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efficient a weapon this proved itself to be at close quarters, and especially against cavalry, in many a san- guinary conflict The Counts ALEXANDROWICZ, bear: Gules, t^vo scytJie-blades in saltire between two broken swords in pale, the hilt of the one in chief, that of the other in base proper. The families which compose the house, or Jierba of ROLA, bear : Gules, three scythe-blades in pairle, issuing from a rose in the centre point, all argent. This coat is borne by the Counts ROLA-WOLSKI. Another great Polish house, that of PRUSS II., has the coat : Gules, two scythe-blades in oval, the points crossing each other argent, and tJie ends in base tied together or, the whole surmounted in chief by a cross patriarchal-pate e, of which the lower arm on tJie sinister side is wanting. These are the arms of the Counts JEZIERSKI.

SHIELDS differing in shape from the Sub-Ordinary already referred to as the Escucheon (Chapter V., p. 169), are sometimes found in Continental Heraldry.

The Polish clan of JANINA bore : Or (often gules], an oval buckler of bronze (or purpure], the coat used by SOBIESKL

Gules, a round (or oval] target, with pointed centre argent in bend-sinister, is the surtout of the Barons ROTHSCHILD, now Lords ROTHSCHILD in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Gules, a round target between tliree antique crowns or, is the coat of GRANT, of Ballindalloch.

TENTS. — Sable, tJiree tents argent, is borne by SABCOTT of Northamptonshire ; and TENTENIER of Holland uses : Azure, on a terrace vert, a tent argent, sur- mounted by a weatJier cock or. Sable, a chevron between three tents argent, is borne by TENTON, and Azure, three tents or, by the French family DE LA CHASTRE.

MILITARY BANNERS occur chiefly in comparatively recent heraldry in Great Britain, as in the present coat of BANNERMAN : Gules, a banner displayed argent, thereon

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a canton azure charged with a saltire of the second, which seems to have superseded in the i/th century the insignia formerly borne by that family (STODART, Scottish Arms, ii., 396). The coat of the English GARBETTS is said to date from 1486 ; it is : Gules, on a knightly banner flowing to the dexter argent, an Imperial eagle sable. The Counts and Dukes of WURTTEMBERG, since 1336, quartered with their arms the official insignia of Great Standard Bearer of the Empire : Azure, the Imperial banner (charged with a single-headed eagle displayed) in bend proper. The Portuguese family of B AN DEI R A use : Gules, on a banner argent, its lance and fringe or, a lion rampant sable. Gules, a banner gathered round the splintered staff in bend or, is borne by the Austrian Counts CETTNER, and by PRZEROWA of Poland. KINGDOM in England bears : Azure, three banners bend- ways in pale, to the sinister, or. Azure, tJiree pennons argent in pale and saltire, are the arms of STANDAERTS in Belgium. (For GONFANONS, v. p. 372.)

BATTERING RAMS appear in the coat of the family of BERTIE, of which were the Earls of ABINGDON, the Dukes of ANCASTER and KESTEVEN, and the Earls of LlNDSEY in England ; they are : Argent, three battering rams fessways in pale proper, armed and garnished or (otherwise and more correctly azure}. (Plate XXXI., % 8.)

BEACONS, used to convey intelligence of the approach of an enemy, or to muster troops, appear in two or three British coats. Sable, three beacons inflamed proper, with ladders or, are the arms of DAUNT ; and the like coat, but with the field azure, is that of GERVIS.

The CALTRAP, or CHEVAL TRAP (chausse-trape], was a military instrument of iron, with four sharp points so arranged that however it lay one point was uppermost. It was placed to defend a post against the approach of cavalry. The family of TRAPPE (whose arms are *

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recorded in the Visitation of London in 1563) bore: Argent, three caltraps sable (Plate XXXL, fig. 9). Or, three caltraps gules, is a coat granted to HORSEMAN in 1 590. The French family of GUETTEVILLE DE GUENON- VILLE bore : d' Argent, seme de chausse-trapes de sable.

CHAINS as a Heraldic Charge are directly associated with military affairs. They are mostly found in the armory of the southern countries of Europe, especially in the Peninsula. The most illustrious example of their use occurs in the arms of the Kingdom of NAVARRE (Plate XXXL, fig. 10), Gules, a cross, saltire, and double orle of chains, linked together or, the coat which according to tradition was assumed by SANCHO " the Strong" in memory of a successful attack in 1212 on the camp of the Moorish army under MiRAMOMELlN, which was defended by a strong barricade of chains through which SANCHO and his followers cut their way. MENETRIER points out that this coat is an allusive one to the name of NAVARRE ; una varra, or 'na varra, in the Basque patois being the name of a chain. Notwithstanding this I have elsewhere ("The Heraldry of Spain and Portugal," p. 2) given my reasons for the opinion that this story is not lightly to be relegated to the ordinary limbo of heraldic myths. In any case, the chain was assumed into the coat of many of the noble families who were said to have been present with SANCHO on this occasion. (See ARGOTE DE MOLINA, Nobleza del Andalusia, L, cap. 46.)

The MENDOZAS bore : Gules, a bend vert bordered or, over all an orle and saltire of chains of the last. ZuNIGA adopted a chain in orle or over the plain coat, Argent, a bend sable ; and MENESEZ assumed, Or^, a chain in bend azure. Among the other families using chains as charges are PERALTA, SOTO, URBINA, TELLEZ, etc. Many others bore it as a charge on a bordure, e.g., BERMUDEZ, MUNOZ, FERNANDEZ, IRIARTE, YRUSTA,

2 A

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VARELA, etc. (See PIFERRER, Nobiliario .... de E span a.)

On the counter-seals of Kings Louis V., PHILIP V., and CHARLES IV., of France, the shield of FRANCE- ANCIENT is placed within an 8 foil upon a device of the chains of NAVARRE, in memory of their mother, JEANNE, wife of PHILIP IV. (le Bel] and daughter and heiress of HENRY I., King of NAVARRE. (See VRE"E, Gencalogic des Comtes de Flandre, Plates xli., xlii.) In later times, as by LOUIS XIV., the arms of NAVARRE were not quartered with those of FRANCE, but were borne on a separate escucheon, the two shields being accoles, under one helmet and crown. (The dalmatic worn by the sinister supporter, and the banner borne by it, are alike charged with the arms of NAVARRE. See a good con- temporary example in DE LA PoiNTE, Chevaliers de VOrdre du St. Esprit, planche i., Paris, 1689.)

.The chains of NAVARRE came in time to be con- founded, by some ill-informed heraldic writers, with a carbuncle or escarbuncle, and we accordingly find them sometimes so blazoned. (I have in an earlier chapter pointed out that this heraldic charge originated in the metal boss and bars with which an ancient shield was strengthened, and was no portion of its heraldic bearings, though in some cases it afterwards became an integral part of them, as in the case of the arms of the Dukes of CLEVES, Gules, an escucheon argent, over all an escar- buncle or. Possibly the name of the bearing may have originated in a precious stone set as an ornament in. the central boss of the shield.) FERRET of France uses : Azure, a chain bendways or. Chains are borne in the English coat of ANDERTON ; Sable, tJiree c]iains argent. The coat of the French CADENETS : Azure, three chains bendways or, is given in Plate XXXI., fig. 1 1. Argent, two chains in saltire gules (or azure), is borne by ZANCHINI of Tuscany; and Azure, two chains in saltire, attached to an

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amulet in tJie centre-point argent, is the well known coat of the ALBERTI. Sable, a cJiain, of two links and as many half links, in pale argent, were the arms of the Barons von NEUHOFF (or NEUENHOF), to which belonged the unfortunate adventurer, THEODORE, King of CORSICA.

THE WATER BUDGET (bouse], is a conventional repre- sentation of the leather bags in which water was carried ; and probably dates from crusading times when such vessels were employed in the marches across the deserts. It was depicted with considerable variety of form in the early Rolls of Arms. It is very seldom met with except in English Heraldry, where its primary use appears to have been as a canting coat. The TRUSBUTS, Barons of WARTRE in Holderness, bore, a" Argent, a trois boutz deau de gules, and thereby symbolised both their family name, and their baronial estate. ROSA, heiress of the TRUSBUTS, married EVERARD DE Ros ; and, as was usual in the case of great heiresses, her arms were assumed by her descendants, and were borne with variations of tincture by several families of DE Ros, or DE ROOS, of these an example is given on Plate XXXI., fig. 12. The water budget is found as a charge in a few Scottish coats mostly of modern date, in which as in several modern English coats, borne by families of the name of ROSE, it was probably assumed without any other connection as associated with the name of DE Ros.

The Lords ROSS bore : Or, a chevron cJiequy sable and argent between three water bougets of the second. The ROSES of Kilravock bear, Or, a boars head couped gules between tJiree water bougets sable.

Of the equipment of a knight the shoes of his horse formed a very important part and we may therefore in- clude them in this section. A horseshoe being the badge of the MARSHALLS (See PLANCHE, Pursuivant, p. 114) horseshoes were assumed as armes parlantes by their descendants the FERRERS who appear to have

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borne, Sable, six horseshoes argent. (Sometimes the colours are reversed.) Later they bore (as Earls of DERBY) Vaire or and gules, on a bordnre azure six Jwrse- shoes argent. Or, tJiree horseshoes sable, is the coat of STAEL and VAN DER HOVEN in Holland ; it is also that of FERRIER in Scotland, and forms the foundation of several modern grants in that country.

The early coat of HENRI DE FERRIERES appears on his seal in 1205 (DEMAY, p. 205). It bears an escucheon with a bordure charged with six horseshoes. I have engraved it page 453, fig. 90. Azure, a horseshoe argent, is the coat of the Counts, and Princes, von TRAUTSON. D' Argent, a trots fers de cJieval de gueules clones d'or, is the coat of LA FERRIERE. FERRAGUT in Spain bears, Gules, a Jiorseshoe and in base a passion nail paleways or.

It is perhaps in the Armory of the great houses of Poland that the horseshoe occupies the most prominent place. The family of the Counts DOLENGA bear: Azure, a horseshoe argent ensigned at the top with a small cross patee or; and between the branches of the shoe, an arrow in pale of the second flighted of the third, point in base. (Plate LIIL, fig. 12.) The Counts GUTAKOWSKI bear: Azure, between tJiree estoiles, a horseshoe argent, surmounted by a plume of tJiree ostrich feathers proper. The Counts de RYTWIANY-ZBOROWSKI, of the great family of JASTRE- ZEMBIEC, bore : Azure, a Jiorseshoe reversed (that is with the points in chief) between its branches a small cross pattee en abime. (It must be noticed that French Armory differs from our own with regard to the position of the horseshoe ; in our blazon the horseshoe is borne with the semicircular curve towards the chief, but in French blazon this is un fer de cheval verse.)

The family of POBOG, bears: Azure, a horseshoe argent, ensigned in chief with a small cross patce or; to this house belong the Counts ZAPOL-ZAPOLSKI. The family of KRZYWDA bear the same coat, except that the

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cross patee on the horseshoe lacks its sinister arm, and that another gold cross patee is placed en abime.

BREYS, or BARNACLES, a twitch to curb horses, occur in the arms of DE GENEVILLE, or JOINVILLE, Seigneurs de BROYES ; and this coat appears in several early English Rolls of Arms.

Azure, tJiree breys or, on a chief argent a lion issuant gules. These are said to be the chief arms of the family (to which DE JOINVILLE the chronicler of the Crusades belonged). But in GLOVER'S Roll, No. 103, and Second Nobility Roll of EDWARD III., No. 77, this coat with a chief ermine is attributed to GEOFFREY DE GENEVILL. The Lords GENEVILE in Ireland appear to have borne the same, and in the Armorial de Geldre the chief is distinctly ermine. So also in PLANCHE'S Roll, and in the Rolls of the Thirteenth Century, and CHARLES'S Roll. SIMON DE GENEVILLE (No. 102 in GLOVER'S Roll) bears the coat first given, but differenced with the field sable. Gules, a barnacle argent, is borne by WYATT (Plate XXXII., fig. i). Argent, a barnacle sable, is the coat of BARNAKE, and of POYLE ; the first named also bore, Argent, three horse barnacles sable. Per fess gules and azure (one or) three barnacles argent, was another coat of WYATT, or WYOT.

STIRRUPS are generally borne attached to a leather thong and buckle, as in the coat of SCUDAMORE, Plate XXXII., fig. 2. Gules, tJiree stirrups leathered and buckled or, borne by the Viscounts SCUDAMORE in Ireland. The GlFFORDS used the same but on an azure field. Gules, three stirrups leathered argent, are the arms of the Barons d'HEMPTINES in Belgium.

Gules, a stirrup (without a leather) argent, is the coat of the herba of STRZEMIE in Poland, borne by the JANISZEWSKI, etc., and (within a bordure or) by the Counts BRZOSTOWSKI.

CASTLES. — This may be as convenient a place as any

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in which to speak of Castles and other buildings, many of which were of course military in their nature ; and are frequent Heraldic charges. The Castle is generally represented by an isolated wall, above which appear towers usually, though not invariably, three in number, and this fact requires specification in the blazon.

The best known example is afforded by the armes parlantes of the kingdom of CASTILE, now and for many generations back occupying the first and fourth quarters in the shield of the Spanish Monarchy. They are repre- sented on Plate XXX 1 1., fig. 3, and are, Gules, a castle triple-towered or. Later refinement has specified that the gate, or port, is azure. By modern rules we find that the colour of the masoning, or marks of mortar between the stones, should also be indicated ; this is almost invariably sable, and as its mention is by no means general, I do not advise the student to cumber his blazon therewith ; though I give the example of Gules, a castle triple-towered argent masoned sable, which is the blazon of a quartering of LINDSAY for the feudal title of LlNDORES. Occasionally the field is thus masoned as in the coat of PEREZ, of Portugal, Argent, masoned sable a f ess gules. (Vide p. 362.)

Gules, a castle argent, is one of the quarterings of M'LEOD. This was the coat of the Marquises of CASTILLON, and was also the bearing of the CASTILLES, Marquises de CHENOLSE ; and of DE CASTEL- LANE. It was also that of SALVIAC (First Crusade). Gules, a castle with two towers argent, the port and windows sable, are the coat of the Lordship of HOMBURG, quartered by the Counts of SAYN.

The Yorkshire family of RAWSON bears: Gules, rising out of water in base azure a square castle in perspective, Jiaving at each angle a tower and cupola argent. If the cupolas of towers are surmounted by a vane they are said to \tegirouettis of such a tincture.

PLATE XXXII.

1. Barnacle. Wyatt.

2. Stirrup. Scudamore.

3. Castle. Castitte.

4. Tower. Towers.

5. Tower triple towered. Aberdeen.

6. Castle. Chdtelain.

7. Column. Colonna.

8. Columns. Arigonio.

9. Ladder. Scala.

10. Stair. Gradenigo.

11. Lymphad with Fire. 12. Lymphad under Sail. Lorn. Earl of Caithness.

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The French nobles used these vanes, generally banner- shaped and gilded and painted, or pierced, to represent their family arms, as a sign of their noblesse ; DU VlEUX- CHATEL DE KERLEORET in Brittany, bears : d'Azur, a un chateau cTargent girouette d'or. The CnATELAINS of France use : Azure, a chateau of three towers girouettes azure, as in Plate XXXIL, fig. 6.

In many old representations the Heraldic Castle stretches across the whole field from one edge of the shield to the other, as still in the arms of the great Polish herba of GRZYMALA. (See NlESIECKI, Korona Polska, Warsaw, 1728-1743.) Or, a castle triple-towered gules, the port open, the portcullis sable (now borne, but not originally, on a terrace vert). These arms with slight variations are borne by the Counts GRZYMALA (DE GRUDNA-GRUDZINSKI); the Counts JABLONOWSKI; and the Count POTULITZ-POTULICKI. (Some add a knight in armour at the gate.) The Castle is thus borne in several City arms (e.g. those of Prague and Cracow) and in the bearings adopted for several of the Tuscan Comparti- menti (See Le Armi dei Municipj Toscani, Firenze, 1864).

TOWERS are frequent in Armory ; and, like castles, are often placed upon a mount in base, or rise out of water, treated either naturally, or conventionally, i.e. Barry argent and azure. Or, a castle gules, in base the sea argent, is the coat of BROUCHIER of Provence ; and the same, but with the base wavy azure and argent, is borne by FERNANDES DE CASTILLO of Spain. The Tower is, however, often represented as an isolated charge, as in Plate XXXII., fig. 4, the coat of TOWERS : Azure, a tower or. If the tower be surmounted with turrets, as is often the case, the fact is mentioned. Or, a tower triple-towered azure, is a coat of BLUNT, or BLOUNT. In modern blazon the castle and tower are not so distinctly defined as in earlier instances. I subjoin examples of both bearings. Azure, fleury or, over all

a castle argent, was borne by LA TOUR D'AuvERGNE (Vicomtes de TURENNE, Comtes d'AuvERGNE, Dues de BOUILLON, Princes de SEDAN).

Gules, on a mount or, a tower argent, roofed azure, is the coat of the Bavarian Barons HARSDORF.

Vert, a tower argent, is the coat of LESVAL in Flanders ; and with a chain of the last bendways over all of the Spanish CATENAS (vide ante, p. 353). The French Marquises D'APCHIER, bore : Or, a castle triple-towered gules, from each of the exterior towers a battle-axe issuant azure, the edge of each turned to the flanks of t/te shield. This may have been the model for the Irish coat of HlCKS : Argent, a tower sable, issuant from the top four axes two turned to the dexter, as many to the sinister azure.

A rgent, a tower gules, in front of two sceptres in sallire azure, is the coat of the Princes von THURN.

Azure, a tower or, is borne by CANO, Barons de MEGHEM ; and by the Spanish CASTELLETS ; also (with a naked woman issuing therefrom and holding a flower azure) by the Bavarian Barons von FtJRSTENWARTER. Azure, on a rock a castle triple-towered argent, is the coat of Prince POZZO DI BORGO. The arms of the city of EDINBURGH are : Argent, on a rock proper, a castle triple- towered sable, masoned of the first, topped with vanes gules ; the windows and portcullis closed of the last. In the blazon of these arms in the last edition of BURKE's General Armory (which had, if I mistake not, the supervision of the late Mr STODART, Lyon Clerk- Depute, so far as Scottish coats is concerned) the blazon is as above, except that the towers are said to be " topped with three fans gules " / I have ventured to turn these into vanes; but I have a strong suspicion that the "fans" of the official blazon are really only the red pointed roofs of the three towers, which as drawn would have some- what the shape of an inverted fan. The arms of the city

of ABERDEEN as confirmed by Sir CHARLES ERSKINE, LYON, in 1674 are : Gules, three towers triple-towered, within a double tressure flory-counter-flory argent (Plate XXXI I., fig. 5).

In some Irish and Spanish coats the castle is borne supported by two lions or other animals rampant. The arms borne by the O'KELLYS are : Gules, on a mount vert a tower supported by two lions rampant argent. A family of GONZALES bear : Azure, on a mound in base, a castle argent, supported by two lions or, a bordure engrailed of the last. The Portuguese CAMARA use : Sable, on a ter- race in base vert, a tower supported by two greyhounds argent ; a variation is : Sable, out of the sea in base a tower argent supported by two seals proper.

In the Wappenrolle von Zurich there is given the curious coat of WILL : Or, on a rocky base bendways gules a castle azure. (No. 326.)

It need hardly be mentioned that castles entered largely into the so-called arms of cities. These arms were usually derived from the Common Seal of the Burgh, on which a castle was naturally the prominent figure.

The arms of HAMBURG are : Argent, on a terrace vert a castle triple-towered gules, the port open. Those of the city and Marquisate of ANTWERP are : Gules, three towers in triangle connected by walls argent : in chief two liuman right hands couped, in bend and bend sinister. To this was often added a chief of the Empire.

The arms of the City of DUBLIN are : Azure, three towers argent inflamed proper. Gules, three towers triple- towered argent, is the coat of COUDENBERG, one of the seven patrician families of Brussels. Or, tJiree castles azure, is used by TORELLES of Spain. Or, five castles in saltire sable, within a bordure gules thereon nine saltires or, is borne by the PENERANDAS of Spain. Azure, three towers argent, is the coat of the Marquise de POMPADOUR.

The Vicomtes von DAM in Flanders use : Per fess gules and sable tJiree towers argent mal ordonnes (i.e. one in chief and two in base).

THE CASTLE or TOWER sometimes occurs in con- junction with other buildings, or with a projecting wall. In the Armorial de Geldre, the arms of TURPIN DE VlNAY are represented with "un pan de mur" stretching towards the sinister flank of the shield. In the later Supple- ment which follows M. VALLET'S edition of the Armorial de Berry, the coat of VlGNAY or LA TOUR DE VINAY is blazoned : de Gueules, a une tour d' argent, et un avant- mur crenele du meme (No. 1950, p. 198). Azure, a bridge argent supporting a castle or, is borne by PONTAUT ; this resembles the eighteenth century English coat of TROW- BRIDGE, Bart. Or, over water in base a bridge of three arches embattled thereon a tower proper, its flag flying azure charged with a cross potent of the field ; on a canton of the third two keys in saltire gold.

Of bridges without castles there are a good many instances. The Scottish family of BRIDGE naturally bears : Gules, a bridge of one arch argent, streams trans- fluent proper. Azure, a bridge argent, is a coat of PlERREPONT, and (with square arches) PONTBRIANT. Gules, a bridge of two arches or, is borne by the Marquises of PONTEVES in France. Or, a bridge of three arches sable, is used by the Prussian BRUCKNERS. The Venetian Counts da PONTE carried Azure, a bridge of one arch with steps (? the Rialto) or. In the coat of REYNELL of Devon the whole field is Argent, masoned sable, with a chief of the second (vide ante, p. 358).

WALLS are occasionally found alone without towers thus, Argent, a wall gules, is the coat of the Danish Counts REVENTLOW. Azure, in base a wall embattled or, is the coat of the Markgravate of OBER-LAUSITZ, quartered in the arms of the Saxon Duchies. Or, a broken wall in fess proper, on a cJiicf sable three escallops

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of tJie first, and in base a rose gules, was borne by GRAHAM of Inchbrakie. Of other buildings there is a great variety borne usually with some canting reference. Azure, a Jiouse argent, is the coat of CASANOVA; Gules, a portal or, appears for LA PORTE ; Or, a palace azure for DESPALAU of Spain ; PALAU has Or, a palace vert, a b ordure company of the colours. Gules, a church argent, for KlRCHNER ; Azure, a chapel or, for LA CHAPELLE. Gules, three single arches or, is a coat of ARCHER. Sable, three dove cotes argent, appears for SAPCOTE in the Visita- tion of Huntingdon by CAMDEN in 1613. We have one or two instances in which a whole town is represented. The arms of the Spanish Kingdom of VALENCIA are : Gules, a city argent. One of the quarterings granted to CORTEZ was : Azure, rising from a champagne barry wavy azure and argent, a representation of the city of MEXICO proper. The escucheon of PIZARRO contains two such coats ; one Sable, a town rising out of waves argent ; the other Sable, a town on an island, the spire of the church crowned with an Imperial crown proper:

In contrast with these almost the slightest shelter possible, a mere roof supported on four posts, called in Polish by the name of Brog, appears in the arms of the illustrious Polish family of LESZCZYC ; Gules, a square roof or, on four posts argent, borne by the Counts LESZCZYC DE RADOLIN-RADOLINSKI, and by the Counts SUMIN-SUMINSKI.

COLUMNS and PILLARS, are not of frequent occurrence as heraldic charges, but there are a few instances in British armory and more abroad.

In Plate XXXII., fig. 7, are the arms of the great Roman family of COLONNA, Princes of PALESTRINA, Dukes of PALIANO, etc. ; Gules, a column argent, its base and capital or, surmounted by a crown of the last. This coat is also used by the COLONNA, Counts WALEWSKI of Poland. Or, a pillar sable enwrapped with an adder

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argent, is an English coat for MYNTER. Gules, a column crowned or, round it a serpent twined azure engoule of the first, is the coat of BlSClA of Rome. The same, but the snake replaced by a vine shoot, is borne by BAISNE of Provence. Azure, three pillars or, is used by the GASTINELS of Normandy, and Sable, three pillars, the centre one crowned or, by EzEL of Silesia. Or, a column gules between three Cornish choughs proper, is used by KVNDER. A Scottish coat, that of EDWARD, is, Azure, a fess argent, surmounted of a pillar gules issuing from the base wavy azure. The Cornish TREMENHEERES bear: Sable, three columns paleways in fess argent. The MAJORS of Suffolk use, Azure, three Corinthian columns each surmounted by a ball, two and one, argent.

A curious Italian coat that of ARIGONIO of Rome ; A rgent, three columns paleways in fess supporting a lion passant gules, on a chief azure, an eagle displayed or, Plate XXXII, fig. 8.

LADDERS in British Armory are invariably scaling ladders having hooks at the top of the perpendiculars. Argent, three scaling ladders bendways gules, is a coat of KlLLINGWORTH ; Or, three scaling ladders bendways throughout gules (that is they touch the edges of the shield) is borne by CHEPSTOW, otherwise SCHIPSTOW. The ordinary ladder without hooks appears as a canting charge in the coat of the Princes della SCALA, of Verona. Anciently they bore: Gules, a ladder of four steps in pale argent. The more modern coat is that given in Plate XXXII, fig. 9; Gules, a ladder of five steps in pale, supported by two greyhounds rampant argent, langued, collared and crowned or.

The SCALIGERS, who pretended descent from the SCALA Princes, used : Or, an eagle displayed sable, holding in its claws a ladder of tJiree steps gules. The Florentine SCALI bore : Azure, a ladder in pale or, and another SCALA family used the reverse.

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In the Zurich Wappenrolle there is an early instance of the use of a ladder as a charge ; No. 430, the coat of WERIANT, is, Argent, a mount in base of tJiree coupeaux vert supporting a ladder of four steps in pale gules. Or, a scaling ladder in bend sable, is used by the Barons von LtJTZOW ; Argent, a scaling ladder gules barred or, is the coat of the Counts BREDOW. Gules, a ladder in bend or, was borne by MAYA (GOUSSENCOURT, Le Martyrologe des Chevaliers de S. Jean, ii., 12).

The Barons von DONOP bear, a scaling ladder gules consisting of a single pole hooked at the top, and with traverses as steps, on a field argent. The GRADENIGHI of Venice appear to have borne originally, Gules, a ladder in bend argent, but in process of time the ladder has been converted into a regular stair, filled up azure ; as in Plate XXXII., fig. 10, the coat of the Counts GRADE- NIGO. In the Wappenrolle von Zurich No. 322, is the canting coat of LAITERBERG, Argent, two ladders in saltire gules.

THE CATAPULT, or BALISTA is known in Armory by the old name of a swepe. I am only acquainted with one instance of its use. MAGNALL bears : Argent, a swepe azure, charged with a stone or.

THE SLING, which was in effect a catapult on a small scale, occurs in the British coat of GARDEN : Sable, a sling between two pheons argent ; and in a very few foreign coats. CHARBONNEAU in France bears : de Gueules, a une fronde tortillee en triple sautoir d'or, mise en pal, chargee d'un caillou d1 argent ; et accostee de deux autres de meme.

THE PORTCULLIS or HERSE (/terse sarasine], so well known as a Tudor badge (v. post 596) occurs not very frequently as an armorial charge. Argent, a portcullis sable, chained proper, is a coat of REYNOLDS in England ; and in Scotland is recorded in WORKMAN'S MS. as the armes parlantes of WlNDYGATE (!) more generally borne

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as Gules, a portcullis or, which is also the coat of APEL- VOISIN in France (de Gueules, a une herse sarasine dor].

In CARR'S MS., printed as an appendix to TONGE'S Visitation of the County of Durham (Surtees Society) is the coat of ROBERT LEWEN, Sheriff of Newcastle : Argent, a bend bretesse gules, over all a portcullis in chief azure. Here the portcullis is not an isolated charge, but it occupies the whole chief with its two horizontal and five vertical bars, the latter ending in spikes.

In later times CANNON, and other fire-arms, have found their way into the list of Armorial charges. Argent, a culverin in fess sable, is the coat of LEIGH. LEVERSAGE bears : Gules, tJiree lions heads erased argent, in the centre a matchlock or. MARCHAL DE SAINCY uses : Azure, on a mound argent flory vert, a cannon mounted proper. Gules, three cannon fessways in pale argent, is the coat of GUNNING. Gules, six cannon mounted acules 2, 2, 2, argent, are the arms assigned to the Province of GUIPUSCOA in Spain.

The coat of arms granted in 1864 to JOHAN NICOLAS DREYSE, inventor of the needle gun, is interesting though not a good specimen of heraldic skill : Gules, two needle guns in saltire proper, surmounted by an escucheon of tlie Prussian arms. In base an old-fasJiioned musket proper. On a chief azure the rising sun irradiated or.

FIG. 75.

FIG. 70.

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SHIPS occur in Armory first on the semi-heraldic seals of maritime burghs. In early examples they are usually of the fishing boat type, with a single mast carrying a large square sail, either furled or set. The Lymphad, or ancient galley, thus equipped, and also furnished with oars, is a characteristic and important bearing in the early heraldry of Scotland, especially in the arms of the families of the Hebrides and Western coast. It is frequently carved on the crosses and memorial slabs of lona and the Western coast (See Figs. 75 and 76 from Sculptured Monuments of lona and the West Highlands, by JAMES DRUMMOND, R.S.A., Plates XVII., XXV., XXXV., XXXVI, etc.).

In all these examples the boat is of one type, single masted, apparently undecked, and having the high prow and stern characteristic of the Viking age. (See the Bayeux Tapestry, and the engravings of the chapter on War Ships in DU CHAILLU'S Viking Age, vol. ii.)

On a seal of ANGUS OF THE ISLES of the year 1292, appended to a Homage Deed in the Chapter House at Westminster, the lymphad, or galley with furled sail, appears, but is not included in a shield (LAING, Scottish Seals, i. No. 79). The seal of ALEXANDER, Lord of the ISLES and Earl of ROSS, in 1338 has a shield borne on the breast of an eagle displayed, and charged 1st and 4th with a galley under sail ; 2 and 3 with the arms of the Earldom of ROSS (Gules, three lions rampant argent). (LAING, ii., No. 537.) On the handsome seal of ALEX- ANDER, Lord of the ISLES and Earl of ROSS, the shield is thus charged : i. A galley surmounted by an eagle displayed (Lordship of the ISLES) ; 2. ROSS, as above ; 3. Azure, three garbs or (BuCHAN) ; 4. On a bend between six cross lets, tJiree buckles for LESLIE, all the quarters within a Royal Tressure (LAING, i., No. 451, Plate XII., fig. 6). In the seal of JOHN, Lord of the ISLES and Earl of ROSS in 1454, ROSS and the ISLES are quartered within

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the Tressure, precedence being given to the Earldom (LAING, ii., No. 452, Plate XII., fig. 4). On a later seal of the same person in 1476, after his resignation of the Earldom of ROSS, the galley alone appears and is sur- mounted by an eagle displayed, all within the tressure. In no later representation of the galley of LORN, or of the Lord of the ISLES is it represented under sail. It is often drawn with sail furled, and oars in action ; but sometimes as at anchor, with the oars in saltire across the mast ; sometimes with no visible oars, and with flames in the crow's nest at the top of the mast. (This is sometimes, but without any reason at all, called " St. Anthony's fire" probably it was only the beacon intended to mark out the position of the chief's galley.) This is represented in Plate XXXII., fig. 11, a coat of LORN. The Lords of LORN claimed seniority to the Lords of the ISLES in descent from SOMERLED ; and their arms (generally considered feudal rather than arms of descent) are quartered by the families of ARGYLL and BREADAL- BANE in the simpler form, i.e., the galley alone without the eagle displayed. The Earls of ATHOLE and of ARGYLL have borne the coat somewhat differently ; ATHOLE had Argent (or more generally Or), a lymphad sable with fire at the top of the mast ; ARGYLL bore more generally, Argent, a lymphad, sails furled and oars in action sable, flags flying gules.

A similar coat to the last was quartered by the HAMIL- TONS as the feudal arms of ARRAN after they became Earls of that island. The old feudal coats of the Earl- doms of ORKNEY and CAITHNESS also consisted of a ship, or lymphad, of different tinctures, which we find marshalled in different ways in the coat of the SlNCLAiRS after they came into possession of the latter Earldom and resigned the former.

On the seal of JOHN, Earl of CAITHNESS in 1292, the galley is represented without a sail, and is sur-

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rounded by the Royal Tressure. (LAING, Scottish Seals, i., No. 149.) On that of HENRY SINCLAIR, Earl of ORKNEY, 1407, the shield is: Quarterly ist and 4th (Argent) a cross engrailed (sable] for SINCLAIR ; 2nd and 3rd (Azure] a galley with sails furled (or) no tressure, for ORKNEY (LAING, i., No. 745). The coat of CAITHNESS : A sure, a lympJiad or, under sail argent, is given in Plate XXXII., fig. 1 2. The seal of AGNES, Countess of BOTH- WELL, daughter of HENRY, Lord SINCLAIR, in 1564, bore : Quarterly ist and 4th a galley within the Royal Tressure ; 2nd and 3rd a galley under sail ; over all, in an escucheon en surtout, the engrailed cross of SINCLAIR (LAING, ii., 907). The seal of Bishop THOMAS MURRAY of CAITHNESS (1348-1360) has on it a shield containing a lymphad within a tressure (LAING, ii., 1094). The modern arms of the Earls of CAITHNESS combine both the coats given above : Quarterly, i, the galley at rest, oars in saltire, within the tressiire ; 2 and 3, Or, a lion rampant gules, SPAR ; 4, the galley under sail. The quarters are divided by the engrailed cross sable of SINCLAIR (vide infra, Chap. XV., page 511, and Plate XLIIL).

On the seal of EDWARD PLANTAGENET, Earl of RUTLAND, Admiral of ENGLAND, 1395, the ship, of one mast, bears a sail charged with his arms : Per pale (a) the arms of EDWARD THE CONFESSOR differenced by a label of three points ; (b) FRANCE ANCIENT quartering ENGLAND, differenced by a label of five points (vide p. 474). I have engraved the ship from DEMAY on Plate XXXV., fig. 4. The Arms of the City of PARIS are Gules, a galley under sail argent, on a chief azure three fleurs-de-lis or.

Boats, and ships fully rigged, with three masts, occur in late coats. Argent, a three-masted galley, sails furled sable, is the coat of MEARES ; and Azure, a three-masted galley, sails furled or, flags gules, that of JoWETT.

Argent, a boat sable, with two paddles or, occurs in the

2 B

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Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 43 5 , for OBERREIDERN. The Danish families of BOTH and BOTHMER bear : Argent, a boat, the former gules, the latter sable ; but the coat of the Counts BOTHMAR in Germany is : Azure, a boat argent. Gules, a boat or is borne by the Polish Jierba of LODZIA, of which are the Counts LoDZIA, the Counts SZOLDRSKI, and the Princes PONIN-PONINSKI. The Princes GlOVANELLl in Austria use : Gules, on a sea in base azure a boat argent, tJierein two young rowers ppr. Gules, on a sea azure a ship with three sails argent, on each a cross of the field, is the coat of the Counts HENNIN of Baden. The Danish Counts STRUENSEE bore : Argent, on the sea a ship proper flying Danish flags, all within a b ordure or. Or, three boats in pale sable (sometimes manned) is a coat of BAAD in Denmark, and the French ALLEMANDS bore : Azure, tJiree ships or, rigged, etc., argent.

THE ANCHOR, though frequently found as an armorial charge in British Heraldry, is not remarkably more frequent in it than in the coats of other nations, some of which have no sea-board.

Azure, an anchor argent, is borne by OFFER in Scotland, by LANGLOIS in Bavaria, OESTERREICH in Pomerania, and PlOT in Dauphiny. The Barons von LUDERITZ of Prussia use : Argent, an anchor bendways gules, the flukes in chief. Or, an anchor sable, is the coat of CHAPPELL in England, of CROELS in Brabant, of GROONENDYCK and POLANEN of Holland, and the Barons van der HOOP (the last of course is a canting coat on the anchor as the emblem of Hope). Argent, two anchors in saltire sable, on a chief azure three mullets or, was borne by the Comtes de ST. CRICQ in France. Or, three anchors in pairle sable (without rings), is the Dutch coat of BON.

Azure, on a bend argent three anchors sable, is used by LANSER of Luxemburg. Sable, a chevron between three

anchors or, are the armes parlantes of ANCRAM. Argent, a fess wavy between tJiree anchors azure, is a coat of JAMIESON. The Greek family of ZALLONI bear : Or, a Greek cross gules between four anchors sable.

We ought not to pass from things nautical without recording that Noah's Ark is found as the charge of several foreign coats. Azure, on waves in base NoaJis Ark, surmounted by the dove volant bearing an olive leaf proper is the coat of the French family of L'ARCHEL. The Sicilian family of BONO have a coat which shows the charge under other circumstances ; Azure, on a mount in base the Ark of Noah or, surmounted by a rainbow or, gules, vert, azure, and argent. The Polish clan of KORAB bear : Gules, the Ark of Noah, prow and poop ending in lion's heads, the ark having also a tower {!\ as such it is borne by OSTROWSKI, BOGUSLAWSKI, FALEBOWSKI, etc.

Of the useof things ECCLESIASTICAL as heraldic charges, the best examples are found in the arms used for Episco- pal Sees, and other ecclesiastical foundations. In them naturally the pallium, the mitre, the pastoral-staff, or crozier, the sword of St. Paul, the keys of St. Peter, occur with considerable frequency. The Arms of the See of LONDON have already been given (p. 346 ante) ; those of the See of EXETER : Gules, the keys of St. Peter in saltire or, wards in chief, surmounted by the sword of St. Paul in pale proper, Jiilted gold, are depicted in Plate XXXIII., fig. 6.

But these ecclesiastical charges appear also in personal arms. A rgent, a crozier, or pastoral staff, in pale sable, is the coat of the Scottish M'LAURINS, who claim descent from an Abbot of Achtow, in Balquidder. (See SKENE, Celtic Scotland, iii., 343-4.) BENOIT in Dauphiny bears, Gules, a pastoral staff argent. The Breton DES AUBRAIS, use Gules, three croziers or. As a canting charge the crozier appears naturally in several Swiss and German coats of families of BlSCHOFF, e.g., those of Basel use :

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Azure, a crozier or; a family of this name from the same city now settled in England uses, Argent, on a pile sable a crozier or (this coat is often found blazoned : Sable, a crozier or, the field cJiape-ploye argent (vide ante, p. 88).

The Dutch family of PABST bear : Gules, tJie papal tiara •proper. Another in Germany uses the same, but with the field sable. The VAN DER HELLEN have a coat which we should be inclined to pronounce decidedly that of some ecclesiastical foundation : — Azure, a chevron between three chalices or, each surmounted by the Sacred wafer. The Kingdom of GALICIA, in SPAIN, has as its armes parlantes: — Azure, crusily (or between six cross- lets) a monstrance (originally a covered chalice) or.

The family of ARRAS uses : Gules, a church candlestick or. GlSSEY in France bears : Gules, three such candle- sticks, each surmounted by an estoile, or. Or, tJiree candle- sticks sable, is the Scottish coat of KYLE, but whether these are ecclesiastical or secular I have no means of determining. Gules, a lighted candle proper, guttering on the sinister side, is the coat of BERNALEZ in Spain.

The family of LE SENS, Marquises de MORSAN in Normandy, naturally use : Gules, a chevron between three censers or.

There is one charge of considerable importance in Foreign Heraldry which is ecclesiastical in its origin, viz., the GONFANON, or church banner. This is a square or oblong piece of stuff with triple pendants. Unlike the military banner, which was simply a square flag nailed by one of its sides to a lance or staff, the gonfanon, or church banner, was furnished with rings sewn on its upper edge, and was suspended from a cross beam.

It appears generally in the arms of families who were the avoues, or advocati, of bishoprics and other ecclesi- astical foundations, who administered civil justice, and led to war the military contingent which under the feudal system these foundations had to provide. The

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Wappenrolle von Zurich of the I4th century (the most important of continental armorials) gives five examples of the use of this bearing on Plate VI., Nos. 128-132. WERDENBERG : Argent, a gonfanon sable, fringed or. VELKIERCH (FELDKIRCH), and CHUR, both: Or, a gon- fanon gules. TETNANG : Argent, a gonfanon gules; and ASPERG : Gules, a gonfanon or. (I have figured the charge on Plate XLV., fig. 3, from the Zurich Roll.}

The best known example of this charge is found in the coat borne by the Counts of AUVERGNE, of whom ROBERT V. became Count of BOLOGNE or BOUILLON in 1260, in right of his mother ALICE, who was daughter of HENRY I., Duke of BRABANT, by MATHILDE DE BOULOGNE. They bore : Or, a gonfanon ringed gules, fringed vert (Salle des Croises at Versailles). (In the Armorial de Geldre, the horizontal piece is reduced to a mere strip from which hang three broad pendants.) A legend, which appears to be entirely without foundation, ascribes the origin of this bearing in the arms of the Counts of BOULOGNE to a consecrated banner which was said to have been sent by the Pope to a brother of GODFREY DE BOUILLON. The true origin is that already suggested above.

Azure, a gonfanon or, is the coat assigned in SlEB- MACHER, Wappenbuch, iii., 12 to the Counts of HERREN- BERG. Argent, a gonfanon gules, its rings or, were the arms of the Counts of MONTFORT of the Holy Roman Empire. (MONTFORT and FELDKIRCH are coupled together under this blazon in the modern ecu complet of the Austrian Empire. See p. 499.)

BELLS. — The bells which appear as heraldic charges are supposed to have an ecclesiastical origin ; and, indeed, are usually blazoned " Church-bells," to distin- guish them from the grelots, or hawk-bells, to which allusion has already been made. Argent, three bells azure, is the family coat of the poet WORDSWORTH.

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Sable, tJiree church-bells argent (sometimes with a canton ermine), is borne by several families named PORTER. BELL in Scotland ; BRUMMER of Esthonia ; BELS of Flanders ; HAMING, and DE BEYER of Holland ; all use Azure, three bells or. Or, tJiree bells sable, is the coat attributed to the Byzantian COMNENI. Per fess azure and or three bells counter- changed, are the armes parlantes of the Bavarian KLOCKEL. Sable, a chevron ermine between three church-bells argent, is the coat of BELL in England.

In Continental Armory the clapper of the bell is very often of a different tincture. In French blazon the term employed to denote this is bataille. The Comtes de BELLEGARSE bore : d'Azur, a la cloche d' argent, bataillee de sable. Argent, a bell azure, the clapper of the field, is the canting coat of CLOCK, in Holland.

SCOURGES. — The BATTUTI of Bologna have as armes parlantes the following bearings, which may, I suppose, be included among ecclesiastical charges: — Argent, a bend azure between two scourges gules, each of four cords ending in little spiked balls, or.

CARDINAL'S HAT. — Argent, a cardinal's hat, its strings now ed gules, is the coat formerly assigned to SCLAVONIA, or the WlNDlSCHE-MARK ; as now borne in the Austrian Acu Complet it is$ not a cardinal's hat properly so called, i.e., one entirely of red ; but a flat ecclesiastical hat of black, edged and tied with crimson. The Dutch VAN GOGH use ; Argent, three cardinal's hats gules; and the Belgian DE BORMANS have the same on a field or. The Florentine CAPPELLI bear, Or, a cardinal's hat gules. Argent, aflat hat gules, its strings twisted of the same and or is borne by N AIMER, and NEU MAYER, in Bavaria, and is I suppose intended as the cardinal's hat. Argent, three flat Jiats stringed in pale gules, is the coat of H6LTSLER.

THE PALLIUM, or PALL, an ecclesiastical vestment,

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the use of which is almost entirely confined to Arch- bishops, appears in the arms of the Sees of CANTER- BURY (Plate XVI., fig. 11), ARMAGH, and DUBLIN; and in those of the French See of EMBRUN. Formerly it was also the principal charge of the See of YORK.

PILGRIM'S STAVES and SCRIPS may be considered to come under the category of ecclesiastical charges. Argent, three bourdons, or pilgrim's staves, gules (often in pile) appear in early Rolls of Anns (e.g.,'m HARL. MS. ,65 89, JENYN'S collection) for BURDON. Azure, three pilgrim 's staves or, is another coat of this name ; and is also the canting coat of PILGRIM.

The French family of BOURDON DU PLESSIS, uses : Sable, three pilgrim's staves paleways, two and one, or. The connection with the name is pretty clear in the coat of TROTTIER of France ; Azure, tJiree pilgrim's staves or, attached to each an escallop gules. The Low Country family of STEPS also bears another BOURDON coat : Gules, tJiree bourdons or.

As to the PILGRIM'S SCRIP, or WALLET, this is used by ROMIEU ; Or, a pilgrim's scrip azure, tJiereon an escallop argent; and the English family of PALMER carries : Argent, a chevron between tJiree palmer's scrips sable, garnished or. Another family of this name unites both staves and scrips ; Argent, a chevron vert between three palmers scrips and staves sable garnished or, is the coat of the Irish PALMERS (Baronets).

The multitude of articles used in domestic life which appear in our own Armory, and the still wider range taken in Foreign Heraldry, will permit of only a few being mentioned in a work of this limited magnitude ; and a selection must therefore be made of such as appear to have some special claim to notice. Nearly every culinary or domestic vessel, for instance, appears in one or other foreign or British coat ; usually, of course, these charges have been adopted as armes par-

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lantes, when even a remote connection could be traced between their names and the designation of the bearers.

First of all we will take articles of dress.

Plate XXX 1 1 1., fig. i, is the coat of HASTINGS, Earls of HUNTINGDON, Argent, a maunch sable ; Azure, a maunch or, is that of CONYERS. This bearing is known in French blazon as une mancJie mal-taillee, it is really only the long hanging sleeve of a mediaeval female robe, and mal-taillee is only a synonym for old - fashioned. There is a good deal of latitude in the way in which maunches are represented ; but, as Mr. PLANCH^ remarks, "this charge, however extravagantly drawn, cannot exceed the absurdity of the fashion it commemo- rates." Or, a maunch gules, is also a HASTINGS coat and was borne by the Earls of PEMBROKE. HENRY DE HASTINGS, No. 146, in GLOVER'S Roll, also bears this in Roll of Arms of Antiquarian Society, No. 77 ; and RAUF THONEY, No. 79, with the field argent. WILLIAM DE MOHUN : Gules, a maunch argent and label azure, is No. 156 of ST. GEORGE'S Roll. Other HASTINGS bore : Argent, a fess gules between three maunches sable. Argent, a chevron between three maunches sable, is the coat of MANSEL. (For MOHUN see under MARSHAL- LING, p. 458 infra^} Sable, a maunch argent, was borne by THOMAS WHARTON, Governor of Carlisle, created Lord WHARTON in 1544 by HENRY VIII., who also gave him, as an armorial augmentation, a bordure or charged with eight pairs of lion's paws saltire-ways erased gules (the paws of the Scottish lion !) in memory of his bravery and skill against the Scottish forces at Solway Moss.

This charge is very rarely found except in British Armory, where it appears as early as the I3th century ; I have, however, noted a few foreign examples. The Poitevin family DE LA COSTE uses : de Gueules, a la nianche mal-taillee cTor. CONDE" DE COERNEY in Cham- pagne, bears : Or, three maunches gules.

PLATE XXXIII.

1. Maunch. Hastings.

2. Buckles. 3. Buckles, Lozenge-shaped .

Leslie. Jerningham.

4. Ducal Crowns. See of Ely.

7. Covered Cups. Schaw.

10. Hunting-torn. Hunter.

5. Antique Crowns. Grant.

8. Caldrons. Guzman.

11. Clarion. Granville.

6. Keys. See of Exeter.

9. Cushions. Randolph.

12. Words. Mendosa.

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BUCKLES (fermaux] occur in England as early as CHARLES'S Roll, and are supposed to have a military as well as a civil significance. There is some diversity in the mode of drawing this charge ; the best known is that in which they are borne in the Scottish coats of LESLIE and STIRLING: Argent, on a bend azure three buckles or, Plate XXXIIL, fig. 2. (See also Plate XLIL, fig. 4.) The buckles in the arms of JERNING- HAM are lozenge-shaped, and are depicted in Plate XXXIIL, fig. 3 : Argent, three lozenge-shaped arming- buckles gules. The buckles in Continental Armory are generally of the lozenge shape. Sable, a lozenge- shaped buckle argent, is the coat of Baron von SCHMID- BURG in Bohemia. The Prussian Counts WALLENRODT use : Gules, a lozenge-shaped buckle argent, the tongue broken in the middle. A similar coat, but with the lower part of the charge curved into a semi-circle, is also borne by several families of ZEDLITZ, Barons and Counts in Austria and Prussia.

One of the best known instances of the buckle as a heraldic charge is afforded by the arms of PELHAM : Gules, two half-belts palewise in fess, the buckles in chief argent. This coat was assumed by Sir JOHN DE PEL- HAM to commemorate his share in the capture of King JOHN of France, in the battle of Poitiers. It was also used as a badge by the PELHAMS, Earls of CHICHES- TER, etc. Gules, three round buckles argent, are the early arms of ROCELINE or ROSSELYN (temp. EDWARD I.).

The buckle is used in several Scottish coats as a difference to indicate a LESLIE or STIRLING connection. The STIRLINGS bore Argent, on a bend (engrailed) sable (or azure] three buckles or: in 1292 the buckles were borne on a chief. Sir JOHN DE STRYVELIN in 1342 bore: Argent, on a chief gules three buckles or (See TJie Stirlings of Keir ; priv. print, 1858 ; and STODART, Scottish Arms, ii., pp. 80, 81).

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CUSHIONS have become important in the Heraldry of Scotland from having been, as far back as the thirteenth century, the bearings in the coat of the family of RAN- DOLPH (more correctly RANULF) who became Earls of MORAY in 1312. In the earliest RANULF seal, circa 1280 (LAING, Scottish Seals, i., No. 688), the cushions are of a square shape, with a point uppermost and without tassels, and may therefore be better designated pillows, or oreillers, as pROISSART terms them, and as they are styled in CHARLES'S Roll. BRUCE's famous comrade in arms, and nephew, got the Royal Tressure as an honourable addition to his coat ; and these bearings : Argent^ three cushions lozengeways within a double tres- sure flory-counter-flory gules, which appear on the seal of THOMAS Earl of MORAY in 1314 (Scottish Seals, i., 690) (Plate XXXI II., fig. 9), were inherited by the DUNBARS, Earls of MORAY (Scottish Seals, i., 196, 297), the heirs of line of the RANULPH family; and continued to be borne by the descendants (illegitimately) of those Earls, the DUNBARS of Westfield, sometimes to the exclusion of their ancestral coat of DUNBAR. (See STODART, Scottish Anns, ii., 9-12.) Earls of MORAY of a later and distant lineage have since borne the cushions within the tressure as the feudal arms of their Earldom ; but in later times with the field Or instead of Argent.

Cushions appear in the arms of other noble Scottish families including those of the JOHNSTONS, who bear the ANNANDALE saltire and chief, the latter charged with three cushions (not however placed lozengeways) in respect of their supposed connection, feudally or otherwise, with the RANDOLPHS (vide ante, p. 145).

Gules, three square cushions argent (afterwards tasselled or), were the arms of GREYSTOCK, Barons of GREYSTOCK, 1306. PLANCHE, Pursuivant, thinks that these cushions (carreaux) came from the family of CARRO, RANULPH DE GREYSTOCK having purchased from the King the

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wardship and marriage of the heiress. " De goules a trois horeillers d'or is in GLOVER'S Roll for REDMAIN ; and in CHARLES'S Roll, Argent, tJiree pillows gules, is the

COat Of WUNHALE.

CROWNS and CORONETS, as ensigns of dignity and external ornaments of the escucheon, fall to be noticed in a subsequent chapter. The kind which appears most frequently as an armorial charge is the mediaeval open-crown ; a circlet of gold with four foliations (three of which are visible, an entire one in the centre, two others in profile, or only half visible, one on either side of it), these foliations are vulgarly called " strawberry leaves," and the crown itself is often styled " a ducal coronet," though erroneously, since there is in it no reference to ducal or other titular rank.

Three such crowns appear in the arms of the See of ELY, Gules, three open croivns or, the mythical coat of ST. ETHELREDA (Plate XXXIII., fig. 4). And these bearings are used by ESSCHEDE of Holland, and JAGENSDORFF of Bavaria. A curious coat is that of DU FAURE, in France ; Azure, tJiree open crowns enfiling a bend of the field. Argent, tJiree open crowns gules, is borne by KONINCK of the Netherlands, and in the arms of the kingdom of SWEDEN : Azure, tJiree open crowns or, where they are often, but mistakenly, asserted to indicate the former union of the three Scandinavian kingdoms, SWEDEN, NORWAY, and DENMARK. (On this see ScriEFFER, de Antiquis verisque Regni Suecice Insignibus; Holmiae, 1678 ; and HlLDEBRAND : Det Svenska Riks- vapnet, 1883.) Sable, tliree open crowns in pale or, are the arms of the See of BRISTOL. Per pale or and gules, two open crowns counter changed, is the coat of CEPEDES of Spain.

The EASTERN, or ANTIQUE, CROWN, is drawn like the corona radiata of classic times, usually with eight pointed rays (of which five are visible) proceeding from a golden circlet (Plate L., fig. 13). The Scottish

family of GRANT, now represented by the Earl of SEAFIELD, bears : Gules, tJiree antique crowns or (Plate XXXIIL, fig. 5).

Azure, an antique crown of five rays (i.e. of five visible rays) or, is the coat of MALCHUS, Counts of MARIEN- RODE in Wlirttemberg.

A ROYAL CROWN, that is a floriated circle closed by bands of gold gemmed and surmounted by an orb and cross, appears occasionally as an armorial charge. The arms of the Spanish kingdom of TOLEDO are, Azure, a royal crown or, the cap is gules. These are also the annes parlantes of KONIG in Bavaria. Gules, an Imperial crown proper, is borne by LANDESCRON, and Gules, the crown of CHARLEMAGNE (fig. 97, p. 617) proper, by KAISER. This coat was also borne en surtout by the Electors of HANNOVER for their dignity of Arch- Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire : as such it appears in the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom as used by the five Sovereigns of the House of HANNOVER. KEYSER bears the same but the field is azure. Azure, a coronet enfiling a sceptre proper, is the coat of the Barons KONIG of Wiirttemberg.

SCEPTRES. — Azure, two sceptres in saltire or, was borne by the Princes of HOHENZOLLERN en surtout, as the ensign of their office of Arch-Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Empire. The same coat forms the first and fourth quarters of the arms of the Barons von SONDERNDORFF, and is also borne by the WESTHOFENS of Liibeck.

The Princes of THURN and TAXIS have en surtout, for the first of their principalities, the following coat : Argent, two sceptres in saltire azure, over all a tower gules, the port of the second.

THE ORB OF SOVEREIGNTY, Or, on a field gules, was the badge of the Electoral dignity attached to the PALATINATE of the RHINE. Azure, an orb argent,

banded and surmounted by the cross or, is the coat of the Marquises de MUN. Or, an orb azure ensigned of the field, was used by QUAEDBACH of Liege : the family of VERSCHOW bear the curious coat: Argent, an orb reversed azure, ensigned or.

STAVES. — The Irish USHERS use : Azure, a chevron ermine between tJiree batons or rods or. The ULSTER King of Arms of that name, in 1588, appears to have borne : Gules, three batons paleways or.

CUPS. — As allusive to their name and office the BUTLERS of ORMONDE, etc., quartered with their personal arms (Or, a chief indented azure] the coat : Gules, three covered cups or. A Portuguese family of BOTILHER, combines these bearings. It uses : Gules, two covered cups or, and a chief per fess indented or and azure. A German descent is attributed to it (but I think it is clear from the arms erroneously), in the rare work La NobiliarcJiia Portugueza of M. A. MONTEIRO DE CAMPOS, 1754, p. 248. " BOTILHER, Sao Alemaes e por allusao ao appelido, trazem por armas em campo ver- inelho duas copas de ouro cubertas, e hu chefe endentado de ouro, e azul." Bishop BUTLER of BRISTOL, and of DURHAM, the author of the Analogy, bore : Argent, three covered cups in bend sable between two cotices engrailed gules. The BUTLERS, Earls of LANESBOROUGH, make all the charges sable. Gules, tJiree covered cups argent, was the ancient coat of D'ARGENTINE ; and the SCHAWS, or SHAWS, of Sauchie bore : Azure, three covered cups or, Plate XXXIIL, fig. 7. The LAURIES of Maxwelltown used : Sable, a cup argent, issuing therefrom a garland between two laurel branches all proper. This seems to be derived from an older coat given by PONT and PORTEOUS, Sable, a garland ^vitJl an open cup resting on tJie upper part of it argent (See STODART, Scottish Arms, ii., pp. 198, 403). The Neapolitan Princes PlGNATELLI (to which house Pope INNOCENT XII. belonged) bear :

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Or, three pots with handles sable (those in chief affrontes}. These are pignates, and, of course, allusive to the name. The CANNEGIETER of Holland bear a similar coat, but \h& pignates are gules. Analogous to these is the cant- ing coat of the BlGCHlERl of Verona who use: Argent, a fess gules between three drinking glasses half -filled with red wine proper. The Vicomtes CROESEN of Flanders bear : Sable, three chevrons between as many goblets argent, but the family of CROESEN of Holland uses : Azure, a chevron between three goblets bottoms upward. (Are these punning coats from the French griser?} The Mar- quises FlASCHI naturally bear : Gules, a flask argent.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS have, indeed, no direct rela- tion to the preceding charges, yet there may be some appropriateness in including them here. Not a few of them are found represented in both British and Foreign Armory. The Violin " the Queen of musical instru- ments," is borne allusively by the English SWEETINGS : Gules, three violins transposed (i.e. head downwards) argent, stringed sable. This is also the coat of the Dutch Barons von SwiETEN. The Barons von der HOUVEN in Rhenish Prussia bear : Argent, three violins necks upwards or — (notice les annes fausses) — as a variation from the ordinary family of the same name who bear: Argent, tJiree violins sable, stringed or, necks in base. To the Italian family of VlOLA is attributed the following coat : Azure, a violin or, crossed by its bow in bend sinister proper. In the Wappenrolle von Zurich No. 212 is the coat of the old family of WlLDENFlNGEN : Argent, three viols transposed gules, corded sable (the viols have very short necks after the fashion of the time — fourteenth century). The Scottish family of SUTTIE of Inveresk use : Azure, three viols transposed argent, stringed sable.

THE LUTE naturally figures in armes parlantes, being borne by LUETTE in Brittany : d'Azur, a un luth d'or, pose en bande, accompagne de deux mains d* argent. A

modern family of LAUTZ in Silesia has had a grant of Azure, a lyre argent in bend, stringed or, all within a b ordure of the last.

The Bolognese LlRONl use : Azure, a violoncello in bend-sinister, crossed by its bow in pale ; in chief three mullets, all or. The Swiss family VON STAIN bears : Gules, a mandoline transposed in bend argent. In France, GuiTTARDT, and GuiTTON, both use : Gules, a guitar or.

DRUMS. — The family of BUBNA in Bohemia (Counts since 1644) had as their ancestral coat a cymbal, but now bear : Gules, a drum bendways proper ; while the French TABOUROTS use : Sable, a chevron between three drums fessways argent. THIMUS of Liege has : Gules, a tambourine or.

CYMBALS (or SHAWMS) are the natural armorial property of SCHAUMANN of Prussia. Gules, a cymbal of bronze, supported by an iron leg proper. (This is a very modern invention.)

HARPS. — The best known example of the use of this instrument in British Armory is, of course, the coat now borne in the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom for IRELAND. Azure, a harp or, stringed argent. There has been some little uncertainty as to the exact time, and the reason, of the adoption of this coat as the National arms. RICHARD II. granted to ROBERT DE VERE, Marquess of DUBLIN, and Duke of IRELAND, as an augmentation to his arms a coat Azure, tJiree crowns or, (witJiin a bordure argent). The three crowns in pale appear on the Irish coins of HENRY V. and his successors ; and, without the bordure, were the well known arms assigned by early Heralds to ST. EDMUND of Wessex ; and it is not clear why the bearings were considered appropriate to IRELAND. But it is certain that previous to this date Ireland had no other well deter- mined armorial ensign, otherwise it, and not this coat, would naturally have been assigned to the royal favourite.

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HENRY VIII. substituted the present harp for the crowns upon his coinage, probably in consequence of his having received from the Pope a harp said to be that of BRIAN BOROIHME : but he did not use the harp in his armorial bearings. In 1552, EDWARD VI. created a King of Arms for Ireland, by the title of ULSTER ; and the harp formed one of the charges in the arms and badge assigned to the new official. None of the Tudor sovereigns quartered any arms for IRELAND, though all used the harp on their Irish coins. The Irish harp crowned, appears as a badge on ELIZABETH'S second Great Seal (1586-1603). (British Museum Catalogue of Seals, vol. i., No. 990.) On her silver coinage for Ireland the escucheon contains three harps, perhaps for the three districts of LEINSTER, MUNSTER, and CON- NAUGHT, but at her funeral there was carried the Banner of Ireland, Azure, a harp, crowned with an open crown or, and stringed argent. JAMES I. adopted this, but without the crown, as a quartering for IRELAND ; and continued the use of the crowned harp as the badge of that kingdom. (I have been indebted to the notes of " GARTER " LEAKE for some of the above information).

Sable, a harp argent stringed or, is the i/th century coat of HARPHAM ; and, with the inversion of the two first tinctures, is borne by HARPSFIELD of England, and HARPEN of Prussia. Gules, a harp or, is the coat of LA HARPE in Switzerland, and of the Due D'ARPAJON in France. Gules, a harp argent stringed or, is the first quarter in the arms of the Russian Princes BAGRATION.

A curious use of the harp as an allusive charge is found in the arms borne by several families named DAVID, in France, Burgundy, Moravia, Flanders, etc.

HORNS AND TRUMPETS. — Of these the hunting horn, bent into a nearly semi-circular shape occurs most frequently in Armory. It is often garnished with mouthpiece and bands of a different tincture (enguicJie

et virolle) and stringed (lie}. In Scottish Heraldry it is the invariable practice to represent the hunting- horn with its mouthpiece on the dexter side of the escucheon. In England, and on the Continent, the reverse is the case. Besides its use as a charge canting on the name it occasionally has reference to some right of forestry. The coat of the FORRESTERS of Garden in Scotland, is Azure, three hunting-horns sable, garnished gules. The Lords FORRESTER of Corstorphine use : Argent, a fess gules between tJiree hunting- Jiorns sable, garnished or, stringed of the second. The old coat, recently revived, of HUNTER of Hunterston is given Plate X X X 1 1 1 ., fig. 10. Or, three hunting-horns vert, gar- nished and stringed gules. The PENNYCOOKS (or PENI- CUIKS) of that Ilk, bore : Argent, a bend azure between tJiree hunting-horns, stringed sable. This coat has refer- ence to the tenure of the lands of Penicuick, the reddendo of which was the blowing six blasts of the horn at the King's hunt.

Argent, a bugle-horn stringed sable, was borne by KlNGSLEY of KlNGSLEY at a very early date, as heredi- tary Forester of Delamere. The arms of the Princes of ORANGE were : Or, a hunting-horn azure, banded gules, and appear en surtout in the escucheon of the Princes of NASSAU. Azure, a hunting-horn argent, vir oiled gules, is the coat of the Counts of MANDELSLOH. Or, a Jiunting-horn turned to the dexter and set on a mount gules, was borne by the Barons HORNECK DE HoRN- BERG in Bavaria.

In the Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 93 is the old coat of HORENBERG : Or, out of a mount in base vert two hunting-horns paleways sable stringed gules. Here the horns are but slightly curved towards the flanks of the shield ; but in ancient coats the horns are sometimes represented as straight. A well known instance occurs in the arms of TRUMPINGTON : Azure,

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crusily and two horns in pile or. This is also the coat of PYPE.

Azure, three bugle-horns or, is the coat of CORNET, and of the Barons TRICORNET.

The important herba of TROMBY I. in Poland has as its arms, Argent, three hunting-horns in pairle sable, stringed and garnished or, which are accordingly borne by the Princes RADZIWILL. Or, three Jiunting-Jiorns gules, garnished argent, is the coat of the Counts and Princes of HORN in the Netherlands. The Florentine GuiCCIARDINl bore : Azure, tJiree hunting-horns argent, the mouth-pieces and viroles or, banded gules.

Gules, three trumpets fessways in pale argent, is the canting coat of CALL (Baronets).

In Plate XXXIII., fig. 1 1, is represented the old coat of GRANVILLE (afterwards Earls of Bath) which is blazoned as : Gules, three clarions or ; sometimes as rests, or organ-rests, otherwise as sufflues or clarichords, etc. Some have supposed it was a rest to support the end of the lance carried by a mounted knight. But that no such contrivance was ever in use is shown by the evidence of seals, monuments, etc. PLANCHfi in his Pursuivant has an interesting passage on this charge, which he conceives to have been a clarion, a canting badge of the CLARES, Earls of GLOUCESTER, under whom the GRAN- VILLES held the lordship of Neath. He suggests that the ancient clarion which, as usually drawn, bears little resemblance to a trumpet, may really have been that classical instrument the Pan's pipe or mouth organ. The CLARES were Lords of GLAMorgan. PLANCHE gives a drawing of the charge from Sir CHRISTOPHER BARKER'S Heraldic Collections (HARL. MS., 4632) in which it is clearly an organ. (See also the Journal of the British ArcJiceological Association, vol. iv.)

Azure, two organ-pipes in saltire between four crosses patee argent, was the coat of Lord WILLIAMS of Thame, 1554.

The family of DE BLASERE in Flanders bears : Or, a whistle in pale gules. Gules, on a bend or, a flute, or shep- herd's pipe, of the first, appears to be the original coat of the Border family of ELLIOT. Sable, three pipes argent, is the coat of PlPER.

I may here mention that a musical stave with notes occurs in the arms of VAN NOOTEN in Holland ; and that in those of ROLAND DE LATTRE, better known as ORLANDO Di LASSO (ennobled, in 1570, by the Emperor MAXIMILIAN II.), the musical characters known as a "sharp," "flat," and "natural" appear as armorial charges.

DICE, CARDS, AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF AMUSE- MENT.— Gules, three dice in perspective argent marked (for six in front, three on the sinister side, two on the top) sable, is the coat of MATHIAS in England ; of a family of the same name in France, and of QuiNTANA in Spain. For the former families the allusion is clear to the " lot " cast by which ST. MATTHIAS was chosen to the office of the Apostolate. MACIAS, in Spain, similarly bears : Gules, six dice (two, two, and two) all marked for sixes sable (PlFERRER, Nobiliario de Espana, vol. ii., No. 1113). The English families of AMBESACE bear varying coats of the like origin, of which one example will suffice : Or, on each of three dice sable an ace point argent. Azure, three pair of playing tables (backgammon-boards) open proper, edged or, is a coat of PEGRIZ. The Dutch family of CAARTEN use : Gules, a playing card argent charged with the ace of spades sable.

CHESS PIECES are also borne. The rook (roc d'echi- quier) is a somewhat favourite bearing in Continental coats usually in armes parlantes. In early English Rolls, however, it appears apart from this. Gules, three chess-rooks ermine, is the coat of FlTZSYMON in the Roll of Arms of 1277 (HARL. MS., 6137); and Gules, three chess-rooks argent, was borne by Sir EDWARD WALSING- HAM in the time of EDWARD I.

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Families of ROKEWOOD, in the eastern counties of England, used : Argent, six chess-rooks three, two, one sable; and Argent, three chess-rooks and a chief sable. Azure, tJiree chess-rooks argent, is the coat of the Breton Barons BONNEFOUX, and the Vicomtes de GuiTON, as well as of the Marquis d'Aux, and the Dues de ROQUE- LAURE. Azure, a fess between three chess-rooks or, is borne by BODENHAM. The chess-rook is also borne in the arms of numerous families of ROCA, ROCCHI, DE LA ROQUE, ROQUES, ROQUEMAUREL, ROQUETTE, etc. It must however be stated that, in at least some of these cases, as certainly in that of the family of DE LA ROQUE D'ESTUER, the bearing is probably rather the cronel, or blunted end, of a tilting lance, than the chess- rook. This was called a roquet, or roc, from its resem- blance to the chess-rook. MENETRIER says, "Roc est le fer morne d'une lance de tournoi, recourbe a la maniere des croix ancrees" (cited in C. VON MAYER'S Heral- disches A b c-Buch; see also JOUFFROY D'ESCHAVANNES' Traite Complet du Blason, p. 158; and the whole matter is treated in an interesting way in HlLDEBRAND's treatise, det Svenska Riks Vapnet, pp. 45-48 ; where are given the above quotation and a reference to VlOLLET LE Due's Dictionnaire raisonne du Mobilier}.

The Spanish family of ROCABRUNA bear: Gules, seme of chess-rooks or; and the Catalonian ROCABERTI bore : Or, three pallets gides between twelve chess-rooks sable.

I have met also with examples of other chess pieces, e.g., ROHRMANN in Germany uses : Gules, a chess knight or; KONING of Holland, Azure, a chess king or.

A great number of families in Holland named ZUYLEN bear charges known as zuylen (often blazoned as columns) which are, in all probability, nothing more than the familiar chess-rook.

PLAYING TOPS appear as charges in the armes par- lantes of TOPCLIFFE : Argent, a chevron between three

PLATE XXXIV.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

1. From Seal of Philippe Comte de Valois, 1327 (Demay). 2. Banner from Bayeux Tapestry. 3. Pennoncelle of Percy (Archaeologia JEliana). 4. From Seal of Earl of Rutland, Admiral of England, 1395 (Demay).

playing tops sable ; and Azure, a top or, the peg argent, is used by TOLLENAER of Holland.

MONEY. — Under Roundles (p. 191) we have alluded to the fact that figured bezants, gold coins in fact, are found as armorial charges ; we have now to give a few instances of the use of these and other coins. The Sires de .MONNET, who were Vicomtes de SALINS, bore at a very early date: Azure, nine plates, 3, 3, 2, i. The Counts von SCHILLING have the curious coat : Gules, a fess sable thereon twelve plates = shillings (notice les arnies fausses). The DUYSENTDAELDERS of Amsterdam bear: Gules, in chief the figure \, and in base three thalers argent. The MlCHELl of Venice have a coat which is said to be historical : Barry of six azure and argent, charged with twenty-one roundles (6, 5, 4, 3, 2, i) of or on the azure bars, and azure on those of argent. [Another variation is : Barry of six azure and argent, the azure bars charged with eleven bezants (5, 4, and 2) and a twelfth on the last piece of argentl\ This coat is said to commem- orate the fact that the Doge DOMENICO MlCHELl, the Crusader, finding himself short of cash for the payment of his troops, distributed to them circular pieces of leather, afterwards to be redeemed for golden coin. If this be true the earliest bank notes were not of paper.

When we turn to DOMESTIC CHARGES we find some curious instances. The CAULDRON, or COOKING-POT, which appears in the coats of arms of so many great Spanish families, ought perhaps rather to be counted among the military charges. The Pendon y Caldera were presented by the Sovereign to the newly created Ricos hombres, or Knights Bannerets, — the banner denoting authority to levy and lead troops, the cauldron the ability to feed them. " Las insignias de los Ricos hombres eran un pendon con divisa, y una caldera, que les davan los Reyes, despues de haver velado una noche en la y glesia que mas devocion tenian. Con el pendon

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les concedian la facultad de hazer gente para la guerra ; la caldera significava eran ponderosos para la sustentar y mantener." (Origen de las dignidades seglares de Castilla y Leon, lib. i., cap. ix.) Out of these caul- drons often issue a number of eels, which are often blazoned as serpents, as in the arms of GUZMAN, Dukes of MEDINA-SlDONlA, etc. Azure, two cauldrons in pale chequy or and gules, the handles and five serpents issuing at the Junction of the handles with the cauldron all corn- pony of the second and third. The whole within a bordure-compony of the arms of CASTILE, and LEON. Plate XXXI 1 1., fig. 8. The GUZMANS, Counts of TEBA, bore : Per saltire, azure and argent in chief and base a cauldron, as in the coat above, but with the serpents vert ; in each flank five ermine spots (2, i, 2) sable. To this family belonged the Empress EUGENIE, wife of NAPOLEON III. The original GUZMAN coat appears to have been : Azure, two cauldrons in pale or; a b ordure gules thereon eight cauldrons of the second. HERRERA bears : Gules, two cauldrons in pale or, a bordure of the first thereon twelve cauldrons of the second (PlFERRER, Nobiliario de los Reinos y Senorios de Espana, No. 5 1 1).

In some important coats, especially in the northern provinces of Germany, a triangular cremailliere, or pot- hook with a ratchet, for supporting a cauldron over the fire, is frequently found as a charge. Or, a cremailliere gules, is the canting coat of KETTLER, Duke of COUR- LAND. Argent, a cremailliere sable, was borne by the Counts van der DECKEN, and by the family of GRUBEN, both of Hannover. The Barons HADELN use : Gules, three cremaillieres in f ess argent.

THE SCOPULI of Mantua bear ; Gules, a besom argent in pale, the handle in chief or ; while the ESCOBARS of Estremadura have Or, three ozier besoms vert, banded gules, the handles in base. The Castilian PADILLAS carry Azure, three frying pans paleways in fess, each between as

many crescents argent, one in base, another to the left hand, and the third above, the hollows of all being turned towards the instrument. (These charges have a prepos- terous legend, the simple reason of their use, viz. as canting charges, being too prosaic for some minds.)

EATABLES, which we would hardly expect to find in armorial coats, nevertheless occur there occasionally, not merely in the figurative coat borne by the Dutch PAIN ET VlN, Azure, a wheat ear and a bunch of white grapes leaved proper ; but in a much less conventional way. The extinct family of REICHBROD bore : Quarterly, i and 4, Argent, an eagle displayed sable ; 2, Azure ; and 3, Gules ; in each of these last quarters five white loaves arranged in cross. A family (not the great one) of MONCADA in Arragon, bears: Argent, seven flat loaves proper (2, 2, 2, 1 ). Two families of FRANGIPANI have armes parlantes ; the one bears, Gules, two lions rampant ajf rente's holding (and breaking] a round loaf proper ; the other uses, Azure, two hands argent which hold a broken loaf or.

Gules, an egg argent, is the coat of BUSCH. The German DOMEYERS bear : Sable, a chevron ploye between tJiree eggs argent ; while the Silesian JAWORSKI use : Gules, ten eggs 4, 4, 2, argent. (See also p. 228, ante, the arms of WURSTER, etc.)

MIRRORS are frequently found in German coats for the name of SPIEGEL, and its compounds. The Counts SPIEGEL ZUM DESENBERG bear : Gules, three round mirrors argent in square frames or.

THE COMBS which appear in several coats are for the most part either those used for carding wool, as in the coat of TuNSTALL, Sable, three wool-combs argent ; or curry combs, as in the arms of the Belgian Marquises MAILLEN D'OHEY — d'Or, a trois peignes de chevaux de gueules. Gules, a chevron between three wool-combs argent, is the well-known coat of PONSONBY, Earl of BESS- BOROUGH. The Swedish family of ANREP bear : Or, a

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comb in f ess, its teeth itpwards azure ; those of the name in Esthonia and Prussia pierce the comb at one end with a circular aperture. The family in Livonia bear: Or, a comb in bend, teeth downwards sable ; and the Russian Counts ANREP-ELMPT use : Or, a comb in bend azure, the teeth downwards (See KLINGSPOR, Baltisches W appenbucJi}.

THE JUNGINGENS of Suabia have : Azure, a pair of scissors open, blades upwards, argent, a coat which goes back at least to the fourteenth century, when it appears in the Wappenrolle von Zurich, No. 290.

WEARING APPAREL is represented chiefly by Hats.

Per f ess argent and azure, a hat counterchanged stringed gules, is the coat of CAPELLO of Venice. Argent, three caps sable, banded or, is borne by the English CAPPERS. A rgent, a chevron gules between three caps of maintenance azure, appears to have been the original coat of the BRUDENELLS, Earls of CARDIGAN ; though they are now generally blazoned as morions or steel caps.

GLOVES occur in the old coat of WANCY or WAUNCY: Gules, three dexter gloves, fingers downwards, argent ; another coat of the name is, Gules, six gloves argent.

SHOES. — ZAPATA of Spain uses : Gules, five shoes chequy or and sable ; on a b ordure of the field eight escucheons of or a bend sable (sometimes azure).

Gules, two slippers in pale or, is the coat of ABARCA in Spain ; Or, three boots sable, is a coat of HUSSEY ; and Argent ', three shambrogues sable, is that of COKER. Argent, three skates fessways in pale gules ; and Azure, three like skates or, are both canting coats of Dutch PATYNS. The Barons de RAET bore : Gules, three skates or paleways 2 and I.

THE HAUNCH has been already noticed on page 376 supra, but there are one or two instances of other articles of wearing apparel. COTTEBLANCHE bears : d'Azur, a trois cottes d "argent ; and the ABBENBROEKS of Holland use : Gules (or azure], a pair of linen breeches argent.

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AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTS — Ploughshares, pickaxes, shovels, rakes, fire-pans, eel- spears, fish-hooks, hammers, mill-sails, gates, and many others appear in Armory as occasional charges but do not need more than an allusion here. But the mallet, or hammer, appears so early as a charge, and in such important coats, that we must make an exception in its favour.

MAILLY bears, Or, three mallets vert, the principal arms of the family (See L* Armorial de Geldre, No. 83, and the Salle des Croises at Versailles, No. 160). Branches of this family differenced by change of tincture, the mallets being gules, or azure. The branch in Picardy, and that settled in Burgundy bore : Gules, tJiree mallets or, which was also the coat of DE MONCHY (Salle des Croises, No. 75) and D'HAMERE-ROLLAINCOURT used, dA rgent, a trois mallets de gueules. I n these Low Country coats the mallet is of a peculiar shape, like the apex of a chevron, with a short handle. The mallets are also sometimes drawn pencJies, or inclined bendways (they are so in the above coat of DE MONCHY). Vert, on a chief argent tJiree mallets pencJies gules, is the coat of GlELlS, one of the seven patrician families of Louvain. Sable, on a chief argent tJiree mallets pencJies of the field, is borne by the Counts von STEEN. Azure, on a chief or tJiree mallets pencJies gules, is used by QUAREBBE ; and Gules, on a chief argent three mallets pencJies sable, is the coat of the VAN DER LINDENS, Barons d'HOGG- VOORST. ( Vide Plate XL.).

DE BACQUEVILLE, also an ancient family, bears : Or, three hammers gules. (In the Armorial de Berry the blazon is, d'Or, a trois maillets de gueules, but I think wrongly.) In the Rolls of Arms of the Thirteenth Century the coat, Sable, tJiree hammers argent, is ascribed both to JOHN and RICHARD MARTELL ; and WILLIAM MARTELL bears : Gules, three hammers argent. (In

2 C Cl

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the Armorial de Berry this coat appears for " LE SEIGNEUR DE MARTIAU," No. 557.) In the same Roll, WILLIAM DE HURSTHELVE bears : Azure, three hatchets argent.

LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET, WORDS, AND ARITH- METICAL FIGURES, are found in a good many foreign coats ; but in only a few English ones. Among these we find one very instructive example in the old coat of VAVASSOUR. On the seal of MALGERUS, or MAUGER, LE VAVASSEUR the charge is a capital M with widely spread legs, which also of course contains the letter V, and was practically a monogram of the wearer's names. This was the origin of the fess dancetty, which, of Sable, on a field or, is the charge of the family arms to the present day (See PLANCHE, Pursuivant of Arms, p. 125). Argent, a chevron between tJiree old English Ws sable, is the coat of TOFTE ; Gules, three £'s or that of KEKIT- MORE, both English examples.

Gules, on a fess argent the letter §^ sable, is the coat of the Barons ALTHANN. Sable, a fess between three gt'j or, is borne by DE FlZE of Liege. The family of VAN DER EE uses, Or, a chevron azure between three <$s gules. Every letter of the alphabet is similarly employed.

The Italian ABICI bear : Azure, the letters A B in chief and C in base gules (note]. The ORSENIGHI use : Argent, a lion rampant gules over its neck a label argent charged with the letters, A B C D E F. The Sicilian QUARANTA have, Azure, on a fess argent X X X X sable. PESC in Holland, bears : Gules, tJiree S's argent. The extinct family of ZACHREISS in Bavaria used : Sable, on a fess argent the word ££ifft. The MAGALOTTI of Florence bear : Barry of six or and sable on a chief gules the word LlBERTAS (or LlBERTA) or. This word LlBERTAS appears also in the arms of several cities, e.g. LUCCA, bears : Azure, between two bendlets the word LlBERTAS.

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The Duchy of RAGUSA bears : Argent, tJiree bends azure, over all the word LlBERTAS in f ess or. The city of ROME still uses the well known letters, S P Q R, preceded by a cross, all argent, in bend on a field gules (vide ante, p. 229).

Many Spanish families bear their motto in a bordure around the shield, and sometimes introduce it into the shield itself. Plate XXXIII., fig. 12, is the coat of MENDOZA, Duke of INFANTADGO : Per saltire vert and or, the chief and base charged with a bend gules bordered of the second ; the flanks with the words AVE MARIA on the dexter, and GRATIA PLENA on the sinister, all azure.

JOVE uses : Per saltire vert and or, the first charged with two bends of the second ; the flanks with the words, AVE, and MARIA. (PIFERRER, Nobiliario, etc., No. 790.)

FIG. 77.

Fin. 78.

FIG. 79.

END OF VOL. I.

PRINTED bY \V. AND A. K. JOHNSTON, EDINBURGH AND LONDON.

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Woodward, John, 1837-1898.

A treatise on heraldry British and foreign :