sales « . ¢ *,. First th saaae .50
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i Becteit 8 Bap Aro aap Oe i .b0
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mtereanl....ctrseie seu ple i .50
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WASTIOTINIA) | 3). syste hegenays, Soe i .50
Menipnes oc Sake ee se i .50
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L’Indespensable_ ......... i .50
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Modeste Guerin ......... irs .50
Ppleherrimga, F5 kes es ss oe i .59
BUD eSNS: |i chic siee aise eek apas i .50
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Mdme, Channy........... Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City....First ........ .59
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Brickianna eee ect) 2 ve RS repetattets
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NET WANE STON: SPA UEN shere's so ctaletehe : de BAPSE Saar
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ATA EAIOTT ES oi oir ais ovsahe te fore cs by Hirst. Sees.
JU TTY GR OR RET oR i i + EDS E40 e's ic ote
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Pokemoke : . RTSt cee aeis
PELTED oto oy ss op starcteteacvase ses 4 ny BITS oo tetemers
PMPECESS” amiocnten fees ador 7 4 HATsw . ¢ ssw abe
penator Dunlap
Ororerer
266 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
175 eR BA OC IOP EEO ‘ oe MTSE ace ate 75
PIGG 22 Sipehiel alts ocaw as $i ES - 2c Hirst iaccsee 21D
elondilkcer | setae ee one haan sce cs “S -. a MITSE LY) eee .15
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Johnson's; Marly ve 56.26 ce. ots H. W. Shuman, Excelsior....... Second) 72 ..-5 .50
Kine’ Benjamin (<);. ... it Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City....First ........ Py)
PIGLEWaAys — device es warclsleiers 5 SS 2); DES Dae eae o15
BIACKIIOS...)-:56 bees epee sce se fs pce PBt, soc seas 75
PAVIPTIBUGEAIEDED <2 2.01 ieis 01 are E. A. Farmer, Minneapolis...... HIPSE. iAcoleueh yds)
Michael’s Early ......... ¥ me «se RSE. ss eee 78
ISTESCeENE, c,... seeideowbs tank ” 99 POPPA? Sn us) REIS cps 215
PIMAATIC Go iota Lia ca Sotstate bce toler weush ioc J.P) Brown, bureka, .osiaeee "THiTg. 3.10 26
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A i 2 ANDREWS, Judge.
APPLES.
CGS. sera aves pielotiree~ J. R. Cummins, Eden Prairie. .....Winst).-.oeses 2.00
A. BRACKETT, Judge.
VEGETABLES.
WGCTUUCE. 45132 OE Te cities het Mrs. F. H. Gibbs, St. An. Pk. .... Second ...... -50
TSECtUCe ss foe Te aaa ie H. F. Bussee, St. Anthony Pk..... HiTrse. +. orne 1.00
ASDALTASTIS! Lik icles eles ss e\e' Des S. R. Spates, Wayzata........ Second....... .50
ASPATALUS i220 Se ware viele ee Mrs. EF. H. Gibbs, St.. An. Pk Soins eee 1.00
JURE eg oor einoarsie oe Frank Moeser, Minneapolis...... RANG: roe .25
ROME TAME ise ctietes sie\ei tele, s Mrs. FB. Gibbs; St. Ani PES Second ...... -50
Hie Plantes. ce eet oo alee H. IF. Bussee, St, Anthony Pk: i. o Burst). eee 1.00
ESV P lant. Stree oe ie Bis aca wheats Victor: A. Neil, ...c..25aee Third )}\ icc -20
ICOUS suis tae techs a peeve ee Mrs. EF. H. Gibbs, St. An. -Pke?: a hirst eee eee 1.00
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EIS etree eis hao Meee te eelcoae tes HH. F'. Bussee, St. Anthony Pk... Hist seen 1.00
MUSHROOMS.
A. BRACKETT, Judge.
ETON ACE MGCL cw. ote cteeiciase ease 5 ie Minneapolis: :. J. sees Second ...... 1.00
Mrs. Whetstone.......... 5 ova to REREES Ee rete a 2.00
F. L. WASHBURN, Judge.
HOPEFUL FOR PEARS AND PEACHES.—That veteran of Northwestern
horticulture, F. K. Phoenix, Delavan, Wis, in a recent lettersays: ‘Judging
by your great success with apples especially I believe you,and perhaps I too,
may live to see first-class pears and peaches home grown and comparatively
common in the Northwest. I write this now, that there is profit, health and
honest pride awaiting reasonable effort in that direction.’’
THE SEEDLESS APPLE.—Judging by articles seen in “American Fruits’’
and elsewhere, there seems to have been developed at last an apple that is
practically seedless; at least that is the claim of the originators, who are now
propagating this novelty and expect to have it ready to put upon the market
in the fall of 1905. Dr. F. R. Smith, secretary of the Grand Junction, Colo.,
Fruit Growers’ Association, says in reply to a query from ‘‘American Fruits:’’
“Tt is a fact that such an apple has been produced and the claim made is that
they can propagate any variety of apple in the same way without seeds. I
have seen some of the apples. They claim they will have plenty of trees on
the market next spring.’’ ‘‘American Fruits’’ in commenting upon this says:
‘‘The revolutionary nature of the new apple is not alone confined to its seed-
less character. The resulting effects are even more far reaching. Chief of
these is the immunity of the new tree to frosts and cold weather. ‘here is no
germinating power to be destroyed, and as a consequence there is not a
country too cold nor a season too backward where the seedling apple will not
grow and bear fruit.’’ These are broad claims, the value of which remains to
be demonstrated. ’
rial tations.
MIDSUMMER REPORTS.
CENTRAL TRIAL STATION, ST. ANTHONY PARK.
PROF. SAMUEL B. GREEN, SUPT..«
Although the past winter was characterized by exceptionally
low temperature for a considerable length of time, yet there
has been comparatively little winter injury to the plants that
we have generally regarded could be depended upon. The varie-
ties of apples of what might be called the third degree of hardi-
ness, such as Ben Davis, showed considerable injury when
growth started in the spring, but they have generally made a
vigorous growth, and at this time bid fair to outgrow any
harmful result of the past winter. The apples that have been
entered in competition for the Horticultural Society premium
of $1,000 have been thinned out by this winter, and I am glad
on this account that we have had a severe winter that we might
dispose of the tender varieties of these candidates for our favor.
‘Such standard varieties as Hibernal; Patten’s Greening and
Duchess have shown plainly by their behavior this winter that
it is no mistake to keep them on the list of first degree of hardi-
ness. 2
The plums that we have regarded as being hardy have come
through the winter in good condition, and the promise is now for
a good crop. I should have stated that our apples also promise
a fairly good crop on those trees that did not bear well last year.
Our grapes are in most excellent condition.. The Beta grape,
which has been pushed to the front by this Station for several
years, remained on the wires last winter and yet started from
the outermost buds, and is now in fine condition and promises
a good crop this year.
The outlook for strawberries here never was better. Our
soil is heavy and bakes badly, and this spring it was so solid that
I thought it best to remove the mulch and cultivate the land, and
partly, at least, as a result of this treatment we have a better
crop than usual.
268 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Although our blackberries were covered by earth they were
enawed by mice to such an extent as to be seriously injured.
The winter was especially severe upon a few plants that we
have regarded as being exceptionally hardy, and among them are
the bull pine, of Colorado, and the Platte River cedar, both of
which have suffered far more than any of our native conifers. In
rows parallel to the bull pine, the Norway, or red, pine has come
through the winter in perfect condition; and in other rows
where the native red cedar and Platte River cedar are together
our native cedar is in perfect condition while the Platte River
cedar is badly injured.
Among the plants of newer introduction which have come
through the past winter in good condition and which I think
are deserving a place in our plantings, is Cotoneaster acutifolia.
This is a European shrub with bright, glossy foliage, and while
Autumn flowers in a corner bed.—Pyretherum Uligniosum and New England Asters.
it is of no special value for its fruit or flowers, is a most ex-
cellent plant for screens and other uses.
The late blooming tree lilac, known botanically as Syringa
Pekinensis, has come.through the winter in perfect condition,
and is now (June 27) in flower. It is certainly a grand thing and
well worth introducing more generally into our park plantings.
Among the things that were severely injured the past year
was. about fifty feet of hedge row of barberry, which was killed
out entirely. I do not know of any unusual condition that ex-
isted this year different from many of the eighteen preceding
years that it has grown in this place.
Our herbaceous plants, including peonies, irises and a lot of
other similar plants, have come through the winter in fine condi-
CENTRAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ST. ANTHONY PARK. 269
tion, and the bloom on them has never been better than this
year.
Our collection of hedges, which has attracted much attention
in the past is in good condition. The only severe loss in it this
year was the Platte River cedar. However, the Polish privit
was badly killed back but has started from the roots and is again
in good condition.
A small orchard on the north side of the hill at the station
had washed badly, and last year we seeded it down, and now
have a fine crop of clover growing on it, which we propose to cut
_and leave on the land. The object of thus seeding the orchard
is to increase the amount of humus in the land. It is our inten-
tion to break up this clover sod next year.
MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION.
L. R. MOYER, SUPT.
After a winter of unusual severity and a late backward spring, .
the trees, shrubs and flowers at the Montevideo Trial Station are
for the most part in good condition. Some hardy bulbs perished,
such as Ixias and Sparaxias. The little blue Siberian Scilla, how-
ever, came through in good shape. The Narcissi (the old Van
Sion) were badly injured. Tulips suffered to some extent and did
not give the usual amount of bloom. A portion of our planting of
Bleeding Heart and Perennial Phlox perished.
‘The earliest shrub to leave out and bloom at the station was
the Manchurian Bird Cherry (Prunus Padus commutata). This
shrub has been growing at the station for about ten years and has
reached the height of about twelve or fifteen feet. It was a strik-
ing object when in full bloom this spring and created much com-
ment. It was sent out from Russia as Prunus Maackii. It does not
produce fruit at this station.
Three different species of Caragana are in cultivation at the sta-
tion. Caragana arborescens has been growing with us for about
twelve years and has reached a height of about twelve feet. It may
be known from the other caraganas common here in the northwest
by its long pinnate leaves. Caragana fruiticosa has not been culti-
vated here quite so long. -It is of upright growth and with us has
reached a height of about eight feet. It blooms more profusely
than its larger relative and may be known from it by its having but
four leaflets on each leaf stem. Caragana pygmaea attains a height
' of from three to four feet and is the most ornamental of the three.
A hillside covered by this species when in full bloom is a striking
270 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
sight. Its leaves resemble those of Caragana fruticosa. It shows
its bright green leaves early in the spring and is then very attrac-
tive.
By far the best of the bush honeysuckles is the one received
from Prof. Budd some twelve years ago as Lonicera splendens.
It is now known as Lonicera Tartarica speciosa. With us it has
become a shrub about ten feet high, producing in May and in early
June an immense profusion of deep pink flowers. The flowers
measure rather more than an inch in diameter. This shrub is so
readily and cheaply raised from cuttings that it ought to become
common. Several other varieties of Lonicera Tartarica are also
in cultivation at the station, besides Lonicera Morrowi and Lonicera
Ruprechtiana. They are all well adapted to prairie planting.
The Russian Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia), more commonly
known as Russian Olive, has been growing at the station for about
twelve years and has reached a height of about fifteen feet. Its
silvery foliage becomes more beautiful year by year. It was unin-
jured by the winter. Russian Mulberry and Catalpa Speciosa suf-
fered to some extent; but the Russian Mulberry is fruiting plenti-
fully, and the Catalpa bids fair to bloom.
It. was a hard winter on cherries. Ostheim and Suda Hardy
root-killed, and Wragg and Bessarabian froze back to the ground.
It is hardly best to encourage cherry planting on our western
prairies. ,
Roses, even when carefully covered with earth, all suffered more
or less; but Madam Plantier was uninjured. Rosa Rugosa, unpro-
tected, came through all right and is now in full bloom.
Raspberries at this station were covered with earth and will
produce a good crop. .
Plums and apples are setting well, and we look for a fair crop
of fruit.. The old hardy sorts seem to be uninjured.
The following new material has been planted at the station this
spring: Carolina poplar, Tartarian maple, Ludwig Spaeth lilac,
Solanum dulcamara, Aristolochia sipho, Monarda didyma, Paeoma
festiva maxima, Paeonia rubra, Paeonia modeste, Paeonia rosea,
Paeonia Pottsii, Paeonia grandiflora, Paeonia delicatissima, Pyre-
thrum roseum, Madam George Bruant rose, Crimson Rambler rose,
Marshall P. Wilder rose, Polygonum multiflorum, Chrysanthemum
latifolium, Coreopsis lanceolata, Dicentra spectabilis alba, Dictamnus
fraxinella, Pentstemon Torreyi, Silene Virginica, Calycanthus flori-
dus, Lonicera Xylosteum, Pyrus arbutifolia, Anemone “whirlwind,”
Asclepias tuberosa, “Shasta daisy,” Coreopsis grandiflora, Dicentra
eximea, Silver King iris, Pyrethrum uliginosum, Rudbeckia speciosa,
MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION. 271
Viola cornuta, Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Syringa Emodi,
Philadelphus dianthaeflora, Spiraea tomentosa, besides several va-
rieties of the newer apple trees.
PLEASANT MOUNDS TRIAL STATION.
J. S. PARKS, SUPT.
June 13, 1904.—The outlook for apples for this year and for the
half-hardy trees in our section hereafter is not very encouraging.
The past test winter and the previous summer, with scab affliction,
have nearly wiped out all the half-hardy and many of the hardier
kinds as well. We find the trees on our grounds that were the most
affected with leaf and fruit scab last year are dying in proportion
to the amount affected—Haas, Ben Davis, Canada Red, Bailey’s
Sweet, Tallman Sweet, Snow and a score of other varieties; and
a long list of seedlings are dead or dying in about the order named,
and in about the order or extent of scab on leaf last year—that
would seem to be the cause of the mortality of the trees. On the
other hand, some of the hardier trees, such as Duchess, Wealthy,
Hibernal, etc., in this vicinity are reported as dead. Most of the
cherry trees and young pear trees in this vicinity are killed.
Small fruits nearly all wintered fairly well, with prospect of a
good crop of fruit. Apple crop will be very light. Duchess and
Wealthy and most crab hybrids have set fairly well, while many va-
rieties will not furnish a specimen.
Native plums wintered well and now indicate a bountiful crop.
Some plum pockets and other blight, but not serious. No late frost
to interfere with blossoms or fruit, even the Aitkin plum, that blos-
soms so early and is apt to be caught by late frost, escaped this year
and is loaded with fruit. The nutbearing trees, such as black and
white walnut, hickory, etc., are setting full of fruit. Forest trees,
such as elm, soft maple and cottonwood, are now ripening a bountiful
_crop of seeds.
This season has been an ideal one for transplanting all kinds of
nursery stock and a large amount of planting has been done.
We have been top-working a choice lot of plums on young native
stock with excellent success so far. The top-working of apples that
we have done for the last two years does not appear satisfactory at
this time.
272 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. |
SAUK RAPIDS TRIAL STATION.
MRS. JENNIE STAGER, SUPT.
June 15, 1904.—Apple trees came through the winter well, but
very few are bearing. Plums also lived, but will not bear much this
season on account of plum pocket. Spraying seems to have no ef-
fect on that disease. All old raspberry plantations killed back, but
young ones are thrifty. Currants and gooseberries are doing fairly
well. Strawberries, especially Clyde, would have been a heavy crop
but are suffering at present from drought. Young evergreens, catal-
pas and roses mostly killed to ground. Grapes doing fairly well.
All evergreens, deciduous trees and shrubs over two years old doing
exceptionally well.
WEST CONCORD TRIAL STATION.
FRED COWLES, SUPT.
June 13, 1904.—The winter of 1903-4 has left its marks on
some of our tender varieties. The Early Richmond and Wragg
cherries are dead, or nearly so. A few of them show a little life but
will be of little value. The Compass cherry is alive to the terminal
bud and hangs full of fruit.
Most of the plums that we are testing are fruiting, and some
are so loaded that they will have to be thinned, or the trees will be
injured.
Our bearing apple trees came through the winter in good condi-
tion, and most of them are quite full of fruit. We thought the se-
vere cold of last winter would be a test of hardiness, but we find
no injury, except a few one-year-old nursery trees killed back a
little.
The raspberries killed badly in this locality where not protected.
We were fortunate in having covered ours, and we have promise
of a full crop if the season proves favorable.
Strawberries winter-killed some, where the covering was light,
but in spots unprotected all killed out. They are full of bloom and
promise a good crop, but they will be at least a week later than usual.
Grapes are all right. They are blossoming some, but they need
a long season to mature any fruit on account of the late, cold spring.
Catalpa killed to the ground.
Flowering shrubs wintered well. Snowballs blossomed lightly this
year, but Spirea Van Houttei was at its best and was much admired
by all who passed by the place.
Some of my roses killed to the ground, even with a good covering
Jast fall, but after trimming them back thrifty shoots started, filled
se
WEST CONCORD TRIAL STATION. 273
with buds. The Rosa Rugosa stood without any winter protection
and came out perfect. At this time even the earliest roses have not
blossomed, and paeonies have not opened yet.
Evergreens came through in good condition. Norway spruce
sunburned badly but are starting a good growth. All varieties are
making a beautiful growth. Colorado blue spruce are especially
fine.
WINDOM TRIAL STATION.
DEWAIN COOK, SUPT., JEFFERS.
June 14th, 1904.—The wood of about all of our standard fruit
trees shows some discoloration as a result of the hard winter of
1903-4, the Anisim, however, being about perfect. Hibernal and
Winter scene at the Windom Trial Station.
J
Duchess are not quite free from discoloration, while the wood of the
Wealthy, Okabena, Peerless and Patten’s Greening show a trifle
more injury. - All of the above named varieties are fruiting freely,
and have probably not been materially injured. No blight in my
apple orchard at this date.
Crab apples, as a class, did not fare so well, weakened, as they
were, by the apple scab, which nearly defoliated some of the trees last
summer. Some of them were dead this spring, and most of .those
274 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
that survived did not bloom, but the Florence, Early Strawberry, B.
Maid and Lyman’s Prolific are now promising a good crop. Sev-
eral eastern varieties of apples and some of our Minnesota seedlings
are in rather bad shape, but I will reserve the details for the Decem-
ber report.
Plum trees in low, wet lands show considerable injury, no va-
riety being exempt. The following varieties planted on well drained
land are carrying a good crop: Wyant, De Soto, Wolf (freestone),
Wolf (clingstone), Hawkeye, Stoddard, Forest Garden and many
seedlings.
Norway spruce at Windom Trial Station. Set in spring of 1887.
There are no plum pockets on the plum trees, and the curculio
does not appear to be doing much damage, but the plum rot de-
stroyed many of the blossoms. This rot is now working to some
extent on the short spurs. Varieties with Chickasaw or Japanese
blood in them seem to be more susceptible to this plum rot than
do the pure Americana varieties.
We have a few trees of the Vladimir cherry, and they are now
carrying a small crop.
WINDOM TRIAL STATION. 275
Strawberry plantations, as a rule, came through the winter in
rather poor condition; the most exposed places suffered the most,
and the perfect flowering varieties seemed to be injured more
than the pistillates. They are just beginning to ripen on the old
beds, and the prospect is that after all we will have a good crop
of this fruit.
The Scotch pines, even where well sheltered from the winds, win-
tered poorly, and they do not, especially the larger ones, seem to be
recovering very fast. The various spruces wintered finely and are now
all of them growing vigorously. I believe they are better adapted
to this section than are the pines. Arbor vitaes are also in good
shape.
HORTICULTURE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
D. M. MITCHELL, OWATONNA.
Thursday, June 16.—I returned from the St. Louis exposition,
having spent two weeks there. It is impossible for me to describe it ;
one must see the exposition to realize how great an institution it is;
no line of business has been neglected, and the horticultural depart-
ment is just one among the many.
When one enters the horticultural building he cannot help but
feel that the fruit industry has been well cared for. The Palace of
Horticulture is 400 by 800 feet and was erected at a cost of $228,000.
In it nearly every state, as well as several foreign countries, are
represented. There is that rivalry between the different states that
makes the exposition what it is. A great deal of time and money has
been spent by the exhibitors, and no one can visit the horticultural
hall without realizing to some extent what the fruit industry of this
country is.
We expect to see large displays from such states as California,
Washington and New York, but when people come to the Minnesota
exhibit, many not being familiar with what is being done in Minne-
sota are surprised that we really grow fruit here, and there is
where we are showing that Minnesota is fast coming to the front
with her fruit products. It is surprising how many people, even
right here in our own state, know so little of our fruit industry.
Our exhibit attracts a great deal of attention and receives very
favorable comment.
When the boxes of Wealthy were opened and were found to be
nearly all sound, it gave me even greater faith in it than I had be-
fore. I think no apple has received more comment than the Wolf
River. We know the quality is not as good as many others, but
276 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
it is a wonderful show apple. Of course all our apples have been
kept in cold storage, and the boxes are taken out as they are needed
to replenish the fruit that has spoiled. This takes considerable every -
day, as cold storage apples do not keep well after being taken out,
but we have enough to last until the new crop can be had.
The two turntables are running nicely and add greatly to the
display. I am in hopes we will have a nice lot of strawberries sent
down; they will keep well in the refrigerator cases, and with care in
handling, they can be sent there in good condition. The day I left
Pennsylvania received a good many. ‘They arrived in good condi-
tion, considering the distance.
All the states are going to make a larger showing as fast as they
get fresh fruit, and I am sure Minnesota will do the same. Several
large vases of, paeonies are being used, to advantage, they attract
people and many ask in regard to them.
On the east of the agricultural and horticultural buildings there
is a space of several acres used principally for display of hardy
roses in beds. When I left they were in full bloom and were a
handsome sight. The beds of Paul Neyron were particularly at-
tractive.
I was asked by several how we managed to have so large and
strong a horticultural society. It shows that our work is being felt
outside our own state, and it makes us feel justly proud to know that
others, growing far more fruit than we, are envious of our society.
One cannot visit the exposition without feeling that he has derived
a great deal of benefit. There is more to see than any one can do
justice to.
MINNESOTA FRUITS AT THE WORLD’S FAIR.
W. L. TAYLOR, HOWARD LAKE,
We were always proud of the display of fruit made at the Min-
nesota State Fair and at the winter meetings of the State Horti-
cultural Society, but when we were permitted to attend the World’s
Fair at St. Louis, knowing the great amount of fruit raised in the
so-called apple states and noting the large amount of money raised .
by some states for a horticultural display and the small amount ap-
propriated by our own state, I thought Minnesota would not be in it
at all. You will imagine my surprise when I arrived May 14th to
find the prettiest display in horticultural hall with Minnesota’s ban-
ner floating o’er it. Horticultural hall covers about five acres, and
almost every state in.the Union:has a fruit exhibit here. “Our
Wolf River apple had: attracted a great deal of attention, and visit-
ors afl declared it to bé the largest apple in the hall. Our southern ~
HORTICULTURE AT THE WORLD’S FAIR. 277
cousins were amazed, and we would often hear the remark, “Why,
we knew you were the ‘bread and butter state,’ but did not know
that you aspired to rank among the fruit states.’ Once in a while
some southerner would say, “Do you really raise such apples up
there among the icebergs?” Or another would exclaim, “We use
_ Minnesota flour, have Minnesota butter in our cellar, but we never
tasted a Minnesota apple.’ Here is what H. M. Levering, master
in chancery, Petersburg, Ill., said: “Your installation is grand,
beautiful ; while not so large as some, I would pronounce it the pret-
tiest of them all.” Missouri is putting up quite an expensive ex-
hibit, California is in the lead as to amount of space occupied;
Colorado has a beautiful display and deserves credit for her good
taste ; Illinois is not far behind in the race for supremacy ; Washing-
ton is showing very highly colored apples as well as other fruit, and
if they only had Minnesota’s spicy flavor to help them out they
would soon be in the lead. Texas has done herself proud and gained
the good will of every one by presenting every visitor with a Cape
Jessamine blossom.
We were pleased to find one of our former Minnesota Horticul-
tural Society members in charge of the Texas exhibit, Mr. Mc-
Henry. Time has changed him somewhat, but he still has a love in
his heart for Minnesota. Such a good fraternal feeling exists be-
tween the representatives of the different states that I think the
fair will.do much to make us a united people, having one common
interest, the upbuilding of humanity. The state was very fortunate
in securing the services of Mr. Thomas Redpath, of Wayzata, who
takes pride in keeping our exhibit up to the highest point of perfec-
tion. :
In the Palace of Agriculture can be seen wonderful displays of
all the different states, as well as from every civilized country on
the globe. This building has a floor space of more than eighteen
acres, and if one goes through all the aisles and streets of this one
building he must travel over fourteen miles. And by the time he
visits the various buildings of the government, mines, transporta-
tion, liberal art, machinery, electricity, palace of education, fine arts
_and all’the foreign and state buildings, he will be apt to take up a
39
popular refrain, “It’s too big, too big.
Do not allow apples to lie in heaps or in very large bins to sweat. Sweat
ing ripens an apple in a very brief period. Get the fruit from the tree into the
hands of customers as quickly as possible. But if it is not to be marketed at
once; then store in a well-ventilated house or, better still. in cold storage. By
changing the air during the cold nights of autumn and spring, keeping the
house closed when the air outside is warmer, apples can be carried past the
autumn surplus to better prices later on.
ecretary’s orner.
} HoNoRs FOR MINNESOTA FrRouItTS.—‘‘'To Minnesota was awarded the
honor of having the best completed exhibit of fruits in glass jars at the open-
ing of the St. Louis Fair.’’—American Fruits, June, 1904.
BEST MINNESOTA APPLE FOR MAKING CIDER.—Is there anything better
than the Transcendent as a cider apple for Minnesota? This variety being so
subject to blight few want to plant it, and what is there that can take its place
for cider purposes?
FRUIT IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY.—A letter from Peter O. Vangen,
Climax, Minn., (in the Red River Valley not far from Crookston) says: ‘‘I
examined my apple trees and the following varieties showed bright wood:
Anisim, Charlamoff, Virginia, Whitney, Briar’s Sweet; the following showed
more or less discolored wood: Wealthy, Longfield, Good Peasant, Patten’s
Greening and Hibernal.
IMPROVEMENT IN THE MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT ST. LouIs.—There
have been added recently to this exhibit a colleetion of some fifty glass jars
of assorted fruits put up by the Jewell Nursery Co. These have been arranged
by Mr. Redpath along the upper shelving and just in front of the mirrors,
where they will show to the best advantage. We hope to publish soon a
photograph of the exhibit with its new adornments.
NORTHWESTERN GREENING APPLES FROM THE CELLAR IN JUNE.—Prof.
S. B. Green has been keeping a small quantity of Northwestern Greening
apples in his cellar, at his residence in St. Anthony Park, and they were found
in good enough condition the first week in June so that he was able to send a
peck of very nice specimens to St. Louis for display at the Minnesota fruit
exhibit. The fruit was kept without any special care in an ordinary cellar.
Topics FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING.—The program for the annual meet-
ing is now in preparation and topics in part selected. There are undoubtedly ,
subjects that many of our members would like considered that may not be
thought of by the officers of the society. If you will kindly write to the sec-
retary in regard to any such subjects that you consider of special worth for
this coming gathering you will to that degree assist the officers in this work.
DEATH OF GEORGE A. STAGER.—A clipping from a St. Cloud paper
announces the death of Mr. Geo. A. Stager, husband of Mrs. Jennie Stager,
who is so well known to the members of our society as a regular attendant for
many years at our annual meetings. Mr. Stager was connected with the St.
Cloud reformatory as superintendent of carpentry work. He was con-
sidered in good health and passed away after a few days illness only, at the
age of sixty years.
‘“‘AMERICAN FRuITs.’’—This is the title of a new monthly issued by
American Fruits Publishing Co. at Rochester, N. Y. Judging by the first
number it will prove to be a publication of much practical value, especially to
fruit growers who have a shipping interest to consider. A sample copy can
undoubtedly be had by application to the publisher. Subscription rates are
placed at $1.00 per annum, although they are making special limited offer of
50c for this year, as we understand.
SECRETARY'S CORNER. 270
HORTICULTURAL MEETING AT GLENCOE-—Upon invitation of Capt. A.
H. Reed, who is enthusiastic in his efforts to organize a strong horticultural
society at Glencoe, Prof. S. B. Green and the writer visited that place on
Tuesday, June 28th, attending during the day a dairyman’s convention and in
the evening a meeting of those interested in horticulture. On account of a
misunderstanding as to the place of meeting and the stormy evening the at-
tendance was light, but those present were sufficiently interested to have made
the gathering well worth while. A pleasant feature of the meeting was three
rows of little girls in white dresses with bouquets, to whom Prof. Green talked
very pleasantly for a half hour before the general subject of the meeting was
taken up. There should be such societies organized and meetings held in
every community in the state.
MINNESOTA STRAWBERRIES AT THE WORLD’S Fair.—On June 15th the
first case of strawberries was sent from Minnesota to the World’s Fair, being
contributed by Frank I. Harris, of La Crescent. The next shipment was made
the following Monday, and since that time strawberries have been going down
there in a steady stream in sfficient quantity to keep the Minnesota exhibit
amply supplied, and in the main they are coming in very fine condition.
Under date of June 23rd, Mr. A. K. Bush who was visiting the World’s Fair
at that time says: ‘‘The 64 plates of strawberries we had on exhibition yes-
terday were so attractive that about every person who passed the booth stopped
to look them over and say good things about the general appearance and high
quality.’’ Since the time above mentioned a large amount of strawberries
have been sent, so the exhibit must approximate at times 200 plates.
REFRIGERATORS FOR WORLD’S FAIR SHIPMENTS.—Ten refrigerators
have been constructed for use in shipping small fruits from Minnesota to the
World’s Fair. They are made to hold 48 quarts of strawberries or 96 pints
of raspberries, and will carry about sixty pounds of ice. Reports from the
Minnesota exhibit as to the condition of fruit received in them indicate that
they are maintaining a satisfactory temperature. These refrigerators have
been placed at the more central fruit growing points of the state from which
the largest shipments are being made. From other points fruit is being sent
in ordinary cases, and the weather continuing moderate this fruit is also
reaching the fair in fine condition. Special care should be taken in gathering
fruit for this purpose to select berries that are a little under ripe; over-ripe
berries it is useless to send to St. Louis. They become mouldy before they ar-
rive there even. Invariably gather fruit for this purpose before it is quite ripe
A. K. BusH AT THE WoORLD’S FAIR.—Mr. A. K. Bush was present at the
World’s Fair as assistant in the horticultural department during the last two
weeks in June. His report will probably appear in the August number. Re-
ferring to the exhibit in the course of his correspondence he speaks of “the
fine collection of Minnesota fruits which covered the shelving and filled the
various glass containers. The Minnesota fruit exhibit is certainly a credit to
the state and to the people who collected and installed it. The average of 300
plates compare very favorably with our next door neighbors in the building,
the states of New York, Washington, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. We
don’t show the quantity of apples that the first named states have in heaps and
piles, but our variety is fully equal to theirs. The booth is very tasty in de-
sign.’ And again he says ‘‘the Minnesota fruit exhibit, especially of straw-
berries, received many compliments.’’ His letter of June 25th says, ‘Our
strawberry exhibit excels anything that has been put on the tables up to date
so we are told.”’
280 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
NEW FRUITS AT SOUTH DAKOTA EXPERIMENT STATION.—In a letter
under date of June 21st, Prof. N. E. Hansen, says: ‘‘The numerous new
creations in fruits at this station came through the winter in very good con-
dition asa whole. If my 225 varieties of hybrid strawberries ripen in time
would like to send some to your summer meeting. I hope to select the best
three or four out of the lot and make a distribution next season. My Sand
Cherry hybrids appear promising. Some are hybrids of the Sand Cherry with
large Japanese plums and hence ought to give us something pretty good in
quality and of fair size.’’
MINNESOTA STRAWBERRY Crop.—Notwithstanding the considerable in-
jury to the strawberry fields in many parts of the state and especially where
the snowfall was comparatively light, the unusually favorable weather, with
plenty of rain and not too much heat, has brought out an unexpectedly large
strawberry crop this year, and with the new fields which were planted a year
ago this spring it is probable that the Minnesota strawberry crop will equal
the very large one of a year ago. In many cases sufficient attention is paid
to the growth of this berry so that it is becoming a large factor i in the income
of the fruit growers of the state.
COLD STORAGE APPLES FOR THE WORLD’s FatrR.—Of the apples that
are being taken out of cold storage every ten days for the Minnesota exhibi}
at the World’s Fair the Wealthy still holds the lead. Of the last lot taken
out at St. Louis on June 19th, Antonovka, North Star and Peerless were en-
tirely worthless. Other varieties, including Wealthy, Anisim and Yahnke
and a box of seedlings, were in good condition. About 44 bushels of apples
are yet in cold storage for the World’s Fair exhibit, most of them of varieties
that have heretofore shown excellent keeping qualities.
STRAWBERRIES AT THE SUMMER MEETING.—There were shown at the
late summer meeting sixty-six varieties of strawberries. There was less com-
petition than usual, two of the principal berry exhibitors, R.H. L Jewett and
Benjamin Hoyt, not being present. Senator Dunlap stands at the head ofthe
list as to number of plates of any one variety exhibited. _Bederwood, Warfield
and Clyde stand next; Sample is next in the list, followed by Enhance and ~
Brandywine; then Crescent and Splendid. There was a large number of other
varieties that had two plates shown. Senator Dunlap is evidently the favorite
with the Minnesota berry growers. ;
MAKE EARLY ENTRIES FOR THE STATE Farr.—A splendid premium
list in the horticultural department is offered to the growers of fruit and
flowers at the coming state fair. Over $1,000 is offered on the fruit list
alone and about two-thirds that amount for flowers. This should insure the
finest fruit and flower exhibit ever made at our fair. What have you that you
can enter for this display? Address E. W. Randall, Hamline, for premium
list if you have not one and make your entries early and prepare for the
occasion,
APPLES AND PLUMS WANTED FOR THE WORLD’S FAIR.—A good many
offers of fruits for the fall exhibit at the World’s Fair have already been made,
but it is desired that every fruit grower in the state who is interested in this
exhibit should have an opportunity to contribute. We want especially early
varieties of apples and plums, such kinds as can be sent the first of August or
thereabouts. Every variety of fall fruits that is grown in our state should be
shown at the World’s Fair. What have you, dear reader, that you are willing
to contribute to this purpose? Please write the secretary in regard to it with-
out delay that the necessary arrangements for shipping, etc., may be made.
od ‘AH ‘UW AO GUVHDAO NI SVYNHAVMO HO MDO'TA V
HHSS
THE MINNESOTA
HORTICULTURIST.
VOL. 32. AUGUST, 1904. No. 8.
APPLE ORCHARDING IN MINNESOTA.
H. F. BUSSE, MINNEAPOLIS.
The experience of the writer, which extends over a period of
twenty-five years, began in the spring of 1878, when he set out
fifty two-year-old trees consisting of the following varieties:
Transcendent, Hyslop, Briar Sweet, Virginia and Duchess.
These all grew well and four years after planting came in bear-
ing. Six years. after planting they started to blight. Nine years
after planting most of them were dead with the exception of the
Briar Sweet, Virginia and Duchess. Wishing to give the Tran-
scendent and the Hyslop another trial, these were replanted with the
same varieties. These trees grew well for a time, but upon coming
in bearing again blighted.
This experience caused me to believe that it would not pay to
plant these varieties in this location. However, I was determined
to find some variety which would successfully replace them, and,
after hearing that the Russian varieties were hardy and adapted to
different soils I determined to try these in their place. This move
proved to be a complete success, and as a result I now have the
Russians, Briar Sweet, Virginia and Duchess in the old orchard.
These trees are now all alive and bearing fruit every year. This
proved to me that apples could be successfully raised in Minnesota
and made me still more anxious to have a larger orchard.
Twelve years ago with a view to increasing the size of my
orchard I set out forty more Duchess. These are in thriving con-
dition, and from them I harvest each year a large crop of apples. So
far the orchard was a complete success and gave me much satisfac-
tion. However, the receipts from the sale of apples were small, and
I now saw no good reason why the orchard should not be made to
pay and pay well.
I then started my commercial orchard, in the spring of 1895, by
setting out 600 more trees. Of these 200 were crabs and 400
282 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
standard apples, comprising about fifteen varieties, among them the
Hyslop and Transcendent, for, as you all know, the public still
cries for them.
These were given the most favorable location, being planted
on a high knoll having a northwestern slope, which my experience
goes to show is the most favorable location possible. This time
the Transcendent and the Hyslop grew well and passed the period
when they had previously blighted and bore fruit for three years.
This was a source of great satisfaction to me, as I now thought
I had succeeded in finding a location where these varieties would
do well. But in June and July, 1902, these trees started to blight
with fruit upon them. This was discouraging enough, but, to
make the matter worse, some of the Wealthy and the Virginia crabs
also blighted. This convinced me that the Transcendent and the
Hyslop must have given the disease to the Wealthy and the Virginia,
since I had never known these two last varieties to blight in my
orchard. The Wealthy and Virginia blighted badly both in the
forks and in the body of the trunk. When the tree is so attacked,
death is sure to follow. It is my intention to replace these trees
with some other varieties which in my experience are long lived
and free from blight.
At the present time my orchard contains from 1,500 to 1,600
trees, young and old, and is in first class condition, practically free
from blight and bearing heavily. In fact, some of the young trees
planted only eight years ago bore from one to six bushels per tree.
In regard to the varieties of apples which are to be recommended
either for home use or commercial purposes, I am led by twenty-
five years’ experience to recommend the following varieties: among
the crabs, Shields, Lyman’s Prolific, Tonka and Virginia; among
the standard apples, Duchess, Okabena, Peerless, Patten’s Greening,
Wealthy, Hibernal and Northwestern Greening.
In addition to the crabs mentioned in the above list, I.also have
growing in my orchard the Florence, Winona Beauty and Montreal
Beauty, but as these are not yet in bearing I can hardly give an
opinion as to’ their value. There is one variety to which I wish
to call your attention. This is a seedling crab, ten years old, raised
from seed by me and not as yet named. This crab is about the size
of a Florence and a little darker red than a Transcendent. Two
points in favor of this seedling crab are: first, it sells for the highest
price in the market; and, second, it has been absolutely free from
blight for the past ten years.
Some Orange crabs which I raised last year could not be sold
in the Minneapolis market on account of their color. Nevertheless
APPLE ORCHARDING IN MINNESOTA. 283
they are fine for pickling purposes, although they do not make
good jelly.
I would advise any young planter to set out both crabs and
standard apples, since there is always a good demand for both.
During the past year the crop of crab apples was small, there being
but few upon the trees and these were small and scabby from fung-
ous disease. My own yield from 250 trees was but fifteen bushels.
The crop of standard apples, on the other hand, was the largest that
I ever raised and sold at good prices.
H. F. Bussee and his boys harvesting Duchess.
In conclusion, I would say that my own experience has been
satisfactory on the whole and that there can be no question about
successfully raising apples in Minnesota and making a good living
out of it. Those of us who started at an early day know some of
the drawbacks to overcome, lack of home grown stock for planting,
few varieties and many other difficulties. One by one these have
been removed by constant work and perseverance until at the present
time the demand for Minnesota apples to feed the great northwest
is rapidly increasing, while many medals from eastern states, won
in the face of Michigan and Missouri competition, prove that the
.
284 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETFY.
Minnesota apple is where it belongs, at the top, and that apple
orcharding in Minnesota is a subject well worth our consideration.
The Chairman: I will say that I visited Mr. Busse’s orchard
this past autumn, and it was in very fine condition. It is a very
fine orchard. I never saw Okabena look as well as they did in that
orchard. It has proved very productive with him. It is the same
with the Patten’s Greening. I think Mr. Patten has reason to
felicitate himself on originating that apple, and this society is fortu-
nate in getting it on its list. It is going to make a great record
in this section. I think any one may regard it as the highest honor
to originate an apple of that kind.
Capt. A. H. Reed: Why do you consider a northwest slope
best for the apple orchard?
Mr. Busse: I have two reasons: one is that there is more air
on that side, and the other is that the north side is not so much sub-
ject to drouth as the south side. Otherwise, we can get good trees
ona south slope by mulching and keeping the ground in good con-
dition.
Mr. Elliot: That is a good point; the drouth is not so severe
on a north slope as it is on a south slope.
Mr. Hall: Do you set a tree out that blights? Do you think
it affects the other trees?
Mr. Busse: It depends upon the varieties. I said in the paper
that the Hyslop will not do.
Mr. Kellogg: What kind of soil have you?
Mr. Busse: Heavy clay subsoil.
Mr. Kellogg: Do you cultivate your orchard?
Mr. Busse: I cultivate and mulch both.
Mr. Taylor: How far apart did you plant your trees?
Mr. Busse: I planted the old orchard 14x16, but those Duchess
spread out so I can hardly get through them. Then I planted the
next orchard 16x16. I found that sufficient for the Wealthy, but
it is not for the Patten’s Greening, Hibernal and such varieties.
. I set out some sixty or seventy Patten’s Greening about six years
ago, and we have a hard time now getting through with the wagon
to gather the apples. They ought to be set about twenty feet apart.
I started a new orchard a year ago last spring, and I set those trees
18x18.
Mr. Kellogg: What kind did you mostly plant?
Mr. Busse: They were mostly Wealthy. Sixteen by sixteen
would do for Wealthy and some upright trees, otherwise I would
set them 18x20 feet apart; that is not too close. The more sun
and air you can get into the trees the better.
Mr. Philips: Sixteen by thirty feet is still better.
Mr. Busse: Perhaps so, but I am not so rich in land as some
people.
Mr. Barnes: Which do you prefer, a low top or a tall bodied
frees
Mr. Busse: I would take the Wealthy with as low a top as I
could get it, but the Patten’s Greening I would not have with so low
a top. The Wealthy I would have with branches about two feet
from the ground.
APPLE ORCHARDING IN MINNESOTA. 285
Mr. Brackett: What do you consider the most profitable tree
in dollars and cents?
Mr. Busse: That depends a good deal upon the season. Some
seasons one variety does a little better than some other variety. We
have Duchess that I would say pay as well as anything we have in
certain seasons, but the Okabena pays:as well on the whole as any
variety I have in the orchard, and they are in bearing every year.
They bear well every year and more heavily than most varieties.
I would place the Patten’s Greening next in the list; as Prof. Green
said, it is a money maker. It was the best money maker I had two
years ago, although the Hibernal turned out well. They were so
large I think the grocer said there were sixty apples in a basket.
He said he could sell them two for a nickel and make a good profit
on them
Mr. Barnes: Did you plant them straight up and down or did
you lean them?
Mr. Busse: I slanted them to the south and have practiced
that method for several years. I did not do that in the first orchard
I planted, but since then I have done so. I think it is a good idea
as it seems to keep them from splitting out in the crotch.
Mr. Barnes: Do you notice any benefit by planting the lower
branches toward the south?
Mr. Busse: I always try to get the lower branches toward the
southwest side.
Mr. Barnes: I guess you understand your business. (Laugh-
ter.)
Mr. H. H. Pond: Does the Patten’s Greening show any dispo-
sition to decay?
Mr. Busse: No, sir, not enough to speak of. Almost any ap-
ple will rot. I find even the Duchess will rot, and the Patten’s
Greening will rot now and then. Ihave heard that said against it,
but I could not say that of my own experience. They will rot some,
of course, but no more so than any other apple and not enough to
make particular mention of it. I think when the Professor was in
my orchard the apples were all perfectly sound.
The Chairman: Does it drop with you?
Mr. Busse: No, sir, it does not.
Mr. Taylor: Do your customers inquire for any particular
variety of apples?
Mr. Busse: Well, people will ask me, “What varieties of apples
have you got?” I say to them, “A good variety.” Then they say,
“Sweet or sour?” J say, “Both.” (Laughter and applause.) - I
simply give them a trial, cut a piece out of an apple and let them try
it. There is no trouble about selling them after they taste the ap-
ples. Last fall after I was all sold out, I could have sold 500 bush-
els more if I had had them. I have got nothing but good, sound
apples, and I can get a good price for them.
The Chairman: How much do you get out of your orchard?
Mr. Busse: Well, I can’t tell exactly. I have so many trees
that were not yet in bearing. I suppose I had in the neighborhood
of three acres in bearing.
286 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Chairman: How much did you get out of them, say about
$500.
: Mr. Busse: Well, yes, I guess about in that neighborhood.
Capt. A. H. Reed: How much per bushel did you get?
Mr. Busse: $1.25 and $1.00 a bushel; they usually netted me
$1.00 a bushel. I always sold the Patten’s Greening and the Oka-
bena for $1.00 a bushel. The Okabena comes at a time just after
the Duchess and just before the Wealthy is ready.
Mr. Taylor: The tendency is to advise people to set trees a
little further apart than they have been in the habit of doing. Quite
a few people advised me to set my trees further apart. They are
fruiting now. I have had thirty years’ experience, and if I had’
set them thirty feet apart they would always stay far apart. If
trees are set close together one tree is a protection to its neighbor,
and it is a good deal better to set them close together than it is to
set them so far apart. A rod apart gives 160 to the acre, and they
will give a good deal larger yield to the acre.
Mr. Probstfeld: Mr. Busse said his Okabena were in good con-
dition at this time. I had to eat mine right away or lose them:
How do you account for that? He says his are in good condition at
the present time..
Mr. Busse: I have some Okabena at home, and they were pret-
ty good the other day.
Mr. Probstfeld: I keep my Wealthy way along to the middle
of January.
Mr. Barnes: May I offer one word of suggestion, and I would
not feel like going home without saying a few words. To you peo-
ple who contemplate planting an orchard let me give you this advice:
Plant your trees together close north and south; plant two varieties
in the same row. Plant the Patten’s Greening and the Northwestern
Greening alternately, and the Patten’s Greening will pay for itself
before the Northwestern will come into bearing, and if you have
them close together you lose no:time, money or labor in cutting out
those trees. You will lose no money in any event by planting close.
together north and south.
STARTING LOCUSTS FROM SEED.
PROF. S. B. GREEN.
How can I start a locust plantation from seed? What variety should I
select and where can I get seed?—F. J. Empenger.
The only locust that would be hardy enough for satisfactory growth in
your section is whatis known as the yellow or black locust. The honey locust
is too liable to kill back to the ground to be recommended for this purpose.
The seed of this locust may be gathered about Minneapolis,and I should prefer
to get Minnesota grown seed. The tree will be found quite hardy at Maple
Plain, but it is not sufficiently hardy for general planting in exposed places in
western Minnesota.
In handling the seed there will be poor success in making it grow unless it
is treated with hot water before being planted, but when so treated it will
grow quickly. The seed may be gathered during the- winter, as the pods re-
main on the trees until toward spring.
NOTES UN FORESTRY WORK IN MINNESOTA. 287
NOTES ON FORESTRY WORK IN MINNESOTA.
GEN. C. C. ANDREWS, CHIEF FOREST FIRE WARDEN AND SECRETARY OF
THE MINNESOTA STATE FORESTRY BOARD.
Mr. President; Ladies and Gentlemen: Pine County, in this
state, contains 900,000 acres of land exclusive of water. The Ger-
man state of Baden, which is smaller than Pine County, has 240,000
acres of state forest, from which it derives an annual net profit of
$660,000.. The kingdom of Wurtemburg is only a little larger than
our St. Louis County, but it has 418,000 acres of state forest, from
which it derives a net annual revenue of $4.00 per acre, which is a
great deal more than our American farmers derive from their culti-
vated land. The kingdom of Saxony has 432,000 acres of state
forest, from which it derives an annual profit of $4.50 per acre. In
Saxony they have ascertained that the average annual increment
per acre is 225 feet, board measure. They utilize there all parts of
the tree, even some of the roots, so from that state forest they have
an annual product of 97,000,000 feet of lumber, board measure, and
the forest remains unimpaired. It even becomes more valuable from
year to year. Now there are larger countries with these state
forests. Prussia has 6,000,000 acres of state forest, from which it
derives $9,000,000 annual revenue net, and France has 2,000,000
acres of state forest from which it derives a net profit of $1.91 per
acre. In these cases the forests are not all together, of course.
They are in scattered localities, and mostly on mountains and on
sandy soil. These forests have good roads through them, and they
are practically national parks, attractive for tourists, and our Amer-
ican travelers find great delight in going through them.
These are samples of what some of-the European countries have
been doing for a long time, and they show what could be done in
this country. Of course the revenue of the forest would not be so
large in this country as in countries thickly peopled, where labor is
cheaper and a market is easier of access.
It is said we must wait until there is a strong public sentiment
before we can accomplish much-in forestry. There is a good deal
of sentiment now for forestry. Governor DeWitt Clinton did not
wait for any very strong public sentiment before he built the Erie
Canal. They laughed at him and many called it “Clinton’s ditch.”
He was a statesman, and he put it through. There was no very
great public pressure brought to bear upon our statesmen in Min-
nesota, of whom Governor Ramsey was the leader, to provide by law
that all the school lands should be sold for not less than five dollars
per.acre. It was because there was a statesman at the head of af-
288 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
fairs that it was done. He looked ahead and had it done. The
consequence is that Minnesota now has a school fund of $15,000,000,
which is likely to be increased at $25,000,000. What we need is a
good, strong man in the legislature who will make forestry a
specialty. We have friends in the legislature. They added twelve
amendments to our fire warden law in our last legislature. They
appropriated $20,000 to extend Itasca State Park. They passed a
law authorizing the state forestry board to buy land for forestry
purposes at $2.50 per acre, but they failed to appropriate the money.
This was because there was no man in the legislature to make
forestry a specialty, and until we have such a man we will make no
particular progress in forestry in Minnesota.
Jack Pine grove. highest trees, about twenty-six feet high. on the thousand acres in Cass
County, donated to the state of Minnesota for forestry by the late Ex-Gov. John S.
Pillsbury. The Forestry Board has prepared a nursery on this land on
which it will sow pine and spruce trees this spring.
We have been discussing forestry for many years in Minnesota.
We have a forestry board which has been in operation five years.
We have on this board such men as Frederick Weyerhauser, the
greatest lumberman in the country, our friend Mr. Owen, John
Cooper, who was president of the State Agricultural Society and a
lumberman, Prof. S. B. Green, Dr. A. C. Wedge of Albert Lea,
and others—in all nine members. We are equipped to plant trees
on non-agricultural land, but the legislature has given us no money
for that purpose.
Let us suppose you are members of the finance committee, or
the committee on appropriations in the legislature. You are friendly
NOTES ON FORESTRY WORK IN MINNESOTA. 289
to forestry, but here comes the governor and prominent politicians
and say they must certainly have $100,000 for the St. Louis Exposi-
tion; they must have a lot of money for the state university; they
must build some more buildings at the state experiment station; they
have four insane hospitals and many other public institutions which
must be supported. Members from all parts of the state are clamor-
ing for money, and they will have it; and while they are friendly
to forestry, unless you have a man who makes forestry a specialty
and fights for it with energy, we shall not get money for forestry.
Now I trust that when you go home and in due time come to elect
senators and representatives you will say to the candidate, “My
Non-agricultural land near Ely, Minn., from which white pine forest has been cut.
friend, promise me one thing—that you will give earnest support
to forestry measures.”
What forestry means for Minnesota is simply this: The remain-
ing original pine timber will be cut in the next fifteen years. Some
second growth pine, if protected from fire, will then be cut from year
to year, but it will not be as good as the original growth, and there
will not be enough of it for home consumption. Lumber will be
‘dearer, and our great lumber industry will decline. There are, how-
ever, fully three million acres of waste land in scattered localities
which if planted with pine would in time become normal forests
yielding forever a supply sufficient for our home need. Such forests
‘would by their growth perpetually yield a net annual revenue on
290 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the capital invested’ of three per cent compound interest, besides:
many indirect benefits. On such waste, sandy land it will take on an
average about eighty years for a crop of pine trees to grow to mer-
chantable size. Individuals cannot wait so long for a crop, and they
will not engage in the business. The state, to whom time does not
occur, must undertake the work by purchasing waste land and plant-
ing it with pine.
The forestry board is ready to go to work. Will you see that
the legislature provides us with the means?
Mr. S. M. Owen: The gentleman was speaking about the in-
come of the state forests of Europe. What would the income be
from those lands if not in forest?
Gen. Andrews: Practically nothing. The lands are mostly
unfit for agriculture.
STARTING AN ORCHARD—SIX YEARS’ EXPERIENCE
WITH 1,100 TREES.
Cc. C. DIKE, WHITE ’BEAR LAKE.
In starting an orchard for commercial purposes, the object is to
make money, and the questions where to plant, how much to plant
and what to plant come in at the very first. A northeast slope, of
good timber soil, and well drained naturally or artificially, is gen-
erally considered by experts as the best. On my land I have all the
slopes. They are quite short ones, from one to two hundred feet,
and I have both apples and plums on slopes pointing north, south,
east and west. These slopes with me make no difference as I can
see—I think good soil and drainage of more importance than slopes,
and I think any land on any slope that will produce good crops of
corn, oats or potatoes can be made to bear apples and plums.
profitably.
About how much to plant: If it is for a home orchard and
pleasure, perhaps one hundred to one hundred and fifty trees,
selected with care from the list given in the Minnesota State Ex-
perimental Bulletin No. 83, edited by Prof. S. B. Green, will be as
well as one could do. Out of about a dozen varieties I think the
De Soto and Hawkeye have been the most profitable among the
plums. The Stoddard has also done well, and with me closely re-
sembles the Hawkeye. If I were to plant another orchard of 1,000:
or more trees, I think I should plant very few plums, and in apples
the Wealthy, Duchess and Patten’s Greening would probably be
about all the varieties I would have. If we can get the best early,.
medium and late apple with only three varieties it would be much
better than to have more. I think it will be very hard to find for the
STARTING AN ORCHARD—SIX YEARS’ EXPERIENCE, 1,100 TREES. 29!
vicinity of St. Paul or Minneapolis three apples that will produce
mote money than the Duchess, Wealthy and Patten’s Greening.
In crabs I have the Orange, Whitney, Early Strawberry, Vir-
ginia, Martha and Minnesota. With me none of these have been
profitable for market. I am told that the Florence, Shields and
Lyman’s Prolific will give the best early, medium and late crabs for
this locality. All are good crabs and prolific bearers.
Now about how much to plant: Judging from what experience
I have had I think 1,000 or more trees will give quite a business
or a good living for an average family, while with less than that
number it would be difficult to make a living without depending on
some other vocation to help out. I used to think the plums in this
vicinity would be more profitable than the apple, but the last two
years with me it has been the reverse.
In laying out my orchard I drove stakes to sight by and then
used the team and plow for marking the rows. On reaching the end
of the row, I returned with the plow in the same furrow, thus go-
ing twice in a row and throwing out the earth wider and deeper
than one could by going once in a place. I also found it easier to
make the rows straight and the same distance apart between all the
rows. In marking the cross row I also went twice ina row. This
plan aided considerably in digging the holes.
If you make the rows 20x20 ft. each way it gives you about one
hundred and eight trees per acre, or 4,320 trees on forty acres. I
planted my orchard much too close. I believe better results will be
obtained with plums by not planting closer than 20x24 ft., espe-
cially with the spreading varieties, and apples not closer than 20x25
ft. for the upright growers and 25x30 it. or even 30x30 ft. for the
more spreading kinds, like Hibernal and Lyman’s Prolific. I un-
derstand some large orchards will be planted in 1904 west of Minne-
apolis, allowing only a sq. rod per tree, or 160 per acre. I think
this is too close. Such close planting with low heading will make it
very hard to use clean cultivation or even cultivate at all without
close pruning after the trees come into full bearing.
On very rich soils it may do to have the holes as small as two
and a half feet in diameter and two feet deep, but I think a more
liberal hole will be better; and on poorer soils with stiff subsoils I
would not have a hole less than three feet in diameter and thirty
inches deep. In digging the holes on my land, which has a stiff clay
subsoil, I had all the soil, or top earth, placed one side of the hole and
on the same side with all the holes, and all the bottom earth thrown
out on the opposite side of all the holes. Then when I came to set
the trees, I had no difficulty in finding the best earth. In digging
292 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
holes if you find the water coming in and remaining there the
ground must be drained, for apple and plum trees will not live long
with roots under water.
When I came to choose my trees, I chose two year old root-
grafted trees. Local nurseries will generally give better results than
those from greater distances. It is easier to get them in good con-
dition. Mine were shipped and received in good shape. I imme-
diately heeled them in the ground, trimming off all broken and
bruised roots, and trimming off about one-third of the last year’s
growth from the tops. I took great care not to leave the roots ex-
posed to either sun or air much more than a minute at any one time;
also kept the roots well watered.
When all was ready for setting I had a man distribute the trees
in lots of about fifty each, in places convenient for setting, and
heeled them in. For getting water I had some holes dug in a swamp
near by and planks run out to the holes. I had a boy to take the
trees from the heeling-in trenches and drop them in the holes. I
had three good men with shovels to handle the earth. Coming to a
hole I would take a tree and hold it in the hole till it stood six to
eight inches lower in the hole than it stood in nursery row and note
how much earth would be required to fill the hole up to the roots.
Then I had the shovelers fill the hole up to the required point and
level it off. Now, I took my tree, got into the hole, spread out the
roots as naturally as I could and had the men sprinkle fine, rich
earth over the roots till they were covered about three inches deep.
After this I had the men shovel as fast as they could and I trampled
the earth in hard, taking pains to have the earth packed in close
around the tree and all around the edges of the hole, so as to leave
no air spaces to dry out the roots. I filled the hole so that when
finished it would be about two inches lower than the surrounding
ground. Now the water man came along and holding the pail breast
high or more, slowly poured the water so that it fell around the butt
of the tree and disappeared down among the roots, carrying con-
siderable fine earth with it and thus completely filling all. the small
spaces that might escape the hand filling.
In setting the trees I tried to have them all lean a little to the
southwest. Now after finishing a row I would go back and see if
the water had loosened up the roots so as to throw the tree out of
line and if any needed it would straighten them up and firm the
ground around the tree.
After the holes were prepared I set out in one day three hundred
and fifty in this way, and I think I can set 1,000 trees in three days
after the holes are ready.
STARTING AN ORCHARD—SIX YEARS’ EXPERIENCE, I,100 TREES. 293
In places where water is not handy a water tank and pump
might perhaps be secured from some one that had a thresher and
a more liberal supply of water be used with advantage. I gave
the trees, I think, two or three waterings after the setting and
leveled off the ground with team and drag and cultivator. The
heap of bottom earth left on the ground I spread around with the
shovel. '
The first season I aimed to go round once in about ten days and
stir up the ground around each tree for a distance of about six
feet in diameter with a four-tined hoe or a garden rake, thus giving
the trees a dust mulch. The first year I planted corn and beans
for a crop and cultivated freely. The second year I planted corn,
and after this I let the trees have the ground. I neglected to put
on tree protectors the first year, and this prepared the way to
numerous sun scalds.
Late in the fall I gave the ground a good deep cultivation and
mounded up the earth with a spade around each tree a foot high
or more for protection against mice. That winter we had deep
snows, and it drifted badly in the apple orchard. The mice and rab-
bits girdled about sixty trees so that they died. Since then I have
made it a point after every snow storm that left the snow deep
around the trees to stamp the snow down hard around the trunk
of the tree. I have had very little trouble from the mice since.
The cost of setting out the first seven hundred trees was about
five cents each. Later settings have cost more; labor was higher,
and I did not run so large a force. It is economy to have men
enough to fill all the stations so none will have to do double duty.
I have not sprayed much. I think if I had used the spraying
calendar faithfully for the last three years 1 would have done much
better.
So far I have not done much manuring. I have used ashes
freely on the apples with good results. The trees made a good
start the first year. The second and third years many of them made
a growth of from three to four feet and were so tender the winds
switched them badly. Since coming into bearing the growth has
been slower, and from now on I intend to manure freely, also do
more mulching.
So far I have depended on dust mulch mostly; where the
ground has been steep and washed badly, as it has in several places,
I have put in raspberry brush and coarse hay, then thrown on
earth and cultivated same as before. These places have not washed
to do any damage the second time.
294 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The first, second and third years I tried to keep off all buds and
branches that were not needed to make a good top, and if this is
faithfully kept up through the life of the tree no heavy pruning
will be required.
The fourth and fifth years I was very busy and pruning got
neglected. The consequence was this year I had to do considera-
ble pruning with the saw.
Limbs and branches for shade and protection from sun scald are
very desirable on the south and southwest sides of the tree. By us-
ing a little care in leaving branches and buds on these sides of the
trees and taking more of them on the north side much can be done
in giving proper shape to the tree. _ Branches that cross or rub each
other should be cut out, and where terminal branches are cut back
the tendency will be to make the top too bushy and thick. In such
cases cut out all superfluous branches, thus letting the sun in to
shine on the fruit.
Some trees by neglect will get badly out of shape. Such trees will
need close attention each year in cutting back one half of last year’s
wood growth, leaving the top bud on the side of the branch facing
the direction to which it is intended to divert the growth. By this
treatment there will be little difficulty in shaping the tree into any
desired form.
Space forbids prolongation of the subject. I have had the usual
trouble with blight, sun scald, leaf blight, fungous growths, aphis,
borers, curculio, plum pockets, gophers, etc., etc., These troubles
also include the small boy, who wants and tries to get his share of
all he can see.
Mr. Probstfeld: Is the Patten’s Greening the same as the
Duchess No. 3?
The Chairman: It is the same thing.
Mr. Philips: What do you understand by air drainage?
Mr. Dike: Having the ground so situated that there is always
a free circulation of air or wind.
Mr. Wm. Oxford: I would like to ask him why the lowest land
is not best for plums?
Mr. Dike: I don’t know; I thought so when I planted my
first plums.
Mr. Oxford: When I came to this country in 1852 there were
plenty of wild plums growing close to the creek in the low land.
My wife and I went out one day and got eight bushels. I planted
some of those trees, and they have never done so well since. I un-
derstand the lower the land and the more shade the trees have the
better the plums will be.
Mr. Dike: I planted fifty trees on the richest ground I had, and
the water managed to stand there enough so that the trees were all
killed.
STARTING AN ORCHARD—SIX YEARS’ EXPERIENCE, 1,100 TREES. 295
The Chairman: I think Mr. Oxford means by low land a place
that is well drained, where the water does not stand.
Mr. Oxford: Yes, it drains all right; it is right on the creek,
it is river bottom land. The De Soto is about eight miles from us.
Mr. O. W. Moore: lf you have fall enough so it will carry off
the water, and you will tile drain that land, you will have no diffi-
culty whatever in growing plums there.
Mr. Dike: I feel very certain of that.
GROWING EVERGREENS FROM THE SEED.
FRED MOHL, ADRIAN.
As a general thing, it does not pay an amateur to raise ever-
greens from seed, for the reason that two-year-old, 4 to 6 inch,
seedlings can be bought from nurseries at a nominal price per
thousand.
In raising evergreens from seed, be sure you obtain good,
sound seed, which may be bought at from 25c to 80c per ounce.
Prepare your seed bed thoroughly. Sow broadcast and evenly.
Go over the seed bed with a hand roller to press the seed firmly
and evenly into the seed bed. Sift on a covering about one-half
inch deep of fine sand. Build a lattice cover over the seed bed,
say three to four feet high, placing the lath about one inch apart;
cover both sides and top. It is well to scatter wood ashes ovez
the seed bed to prevent insects from eating the seed when it
sprouts. If the bed gets too dry, sprinkle it; if too wet, scatter
dry sand over it, which will absorb the surplus moisture.
When the seed comes up, keep the bed clean and free from
weeds by hand picking. The seedlings may remain in this bed
for two years, when they should be transplanted into rows one
foot apart and six inches apart in the row. It is best to have
a pail filled with mud and water in which to place the roots ‘of
the seedlings when moving them to the new bed, in order not
to allow the sun and wind to dry the roots for one minute, as
the sap in the root of an evergreen is more gummy than in the
deciduous trees, and if the circulation is checked it is next to im-
possible to restore it, and the tree is practically dead. The root
must be kept moist continually from the time it is taken out of
the ground until planted.
The best way to transplant the seedlings is to use a twelve
inch wide board, driving stakes in the ground at each end to hold
it in position. Stand on the board, and with a spade cut a trench
perpendicularly along the edge of the board. Take the plants
one at a time and hold them up against the perpendicular earth-
bank along the board, and with your hand, push the dirt up
against them to hold them in position. After the trench is filled
with plants, rake on dirt until nearly full, and with your feet
296 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
press firmly toward the bank of the trench, making the plants
so tight in the ground that they can hardly be pulled out. After
the row is firmly tramped, rake on more earth until you get it
level. This last covering should be left loose to form the dust
blanket and retain moisture in the ground. Now take the board
and lay same on the other side of your tree row and proceed
as before until you have the plant bed full. Do not allow the
roots to become bunched, but spread them out so that each
fibrous root has an abundance of well pulverized soil firmly about
it:
It will be necessary to again have a lattice covering over this
plant bed, as well as on the side, for the first year, so as to afford
Scotch Pine, Austrian Pine, Norway Spruce and Arbor Vitae grown from the seed
at place of Fred Mohl, Adrian.
partial shade from the sun and protection from strong winds.
The plants may grow in this bed for two years, when they should
be moved to their permanent place, but, as a rule, nurserymen
transplant evergreens three times; the third time they are usually
planted four feet apart between the rows and two feet apart in
the row. A better root system is obtained each time they are
transplanted, consequently a better tree to plant and much more
likely to grow.
The plant bed should always be kept free from weeds, and
by the use of hoe and garden rake the dust blanket is preserved
and soil-moisture retained. A cloudy, damp day should be se-
lected for transplanting evergreens.
TREE PLANTING ON MINNESOTA PRAIRIES. 297
TREE PLANTING ON MINNESOTA PRAIRIES.
GEO. L. CLOTHIER, WASHINGTON, D. C.
The desirability of forest plantations on the prairie farms of
Minnesota is generally conceded. Such differences of opinion as
exist concerning the establishment of forest plantations usually only
embrace questions as to the most desirable species, the proper loca-
tion of the plantations, the best methods of establishing the same
and the profits likely to accrue from planting. The following re-
marks will be confined chiefly to the discussion of these disputed
questions.
Geo. I,. Clothier, Washington, D. C.
Selection of Species—Among nurserymen and _ general tree
planters dogmatic’ assertions in the discussion of the merits of differ-
ent species are likely to be made. Judgment is too often based on
results gotten from temporary trials. A new species or variety
comes before the public, and everybody plants it without regard to
its limitations. The fact that it sells well is about the only quality
considered by the average nurseryman. The question as*to what
the future tree will develop into seems seldom to concern many of
our dealers. An instance illustrating this point is as follows: Three
or four years ago some enterprising dealer took it into his head to
advertise the diamond willow as a good fence-post tree. Everybody
»
298 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
began to ask for diamond willow, and dealers tried to supply the
trade. These willows were sold to farmers for fancy prices and
planted on the prairies of Minnesota and the Dakotas right on hun-
dreds of farms where this worthless shrub of a willow was growing
wild along the banks of every pond and water course. Nobody
seemed to have cared to enquire whether or not the diamond willow
attains the size of a tree or is long lived or is adapted to prairie
planting. Many a Minnesota farmer today ’is sick of diamond
willows. Such experiences as this disgust and discourage tree
planters, and hinder the whole movement in favor of forestry.
The use of the white willow in Iowa is another illustration of
the extensive planting of a species without knowledge of its dis-
advantages. In the early settlement of the prairies of Iowa, the
farmers thought it would be good policy to plant the white willow
in single rows on both sides of public highways. For a few years
it seemed that these plantations would be a great source of profit
to the owners, but now one hears only condemnation of the white
willow where it was so popular twenty years ago. To be sure, it
thrives, but it has become a nuisance in many ways. Its roots stop
up the tile drains; it shades the roads so densely that the surface
moisture does not easily dry out, and mud holes are now common
where the roads were always good before the planting of the trees;
it causes snowdrifts to fill up the highways.
The one mental attitude which is responsible for more failures
in tree planting than all other causes combined is the desire for
rapid growing species. The willow grows very rapidly, hence it
appeals to the pioneer planter. The cottonwood, box elder and
silver maple are trees very similar in behavior. They have been
planted in western Minnesota, Iowa and the Dakotas far too often
for profit. For the first few years they grow very rapidly on almost
any kind of soil. If planted on upland with a stiff clay subsoil,
these species begin to become stag-headed when about twenty years
old, and in twenty years more the plantation is usually dead, and
only its remnants are left to disfigure the farm. Ks
Instead of demanding that a species be a rapid grower, the
planter should ask that its growth be long continued, though it may
be slow. The greatest forces in nature move slowly, silently and
often unnoticed. With living creatures it is generally true that the
most ostentatious lead an ephemeral existence, while the unpre-
tentious species live on and thrive after their fast competitors have
perished and been forgotten. This is just as true of trees. Min-
nesota planters who contemplate the establishment of permanent
plantations on the prairies should consider the merits of such frugal
.
TREE PLANTING ON MINNESOTA PRAIRIES. 299
species as the hardy conifers, oaks, ashes, elms and hackberry.
There is no doubt but that this list of desirable species will be widely
extended in the future as experiments demonstrate the adaptability
of other species. It is rather certain, however, that the future list
will contain slow growing species rather than rapid.
By proper selection of seed from the northern limits of distribu-
tion, it is very probable that walnut, hickory and other valuable hard-
woods may be added to the list of desirable trees for planting in
western Minnesota. The red and bur oaks are the most hardy
species of this genus.
The planting of the more fastidious conifers, such as white pine,
in the Red River Valley is not advisable, yet experiments in this
region with the balsam fir, arbor vite, white spruce and European
larch should be made. It is an indisputable fact that evergreens
are more desirable on prairie farm plantations than deciduous species.
This is owing to the protective effect.of the foliage in winter.
Selection of Site—The farmer tree planter should give mature
deliberation to the selection of the site for his grove? This matter
should not be settled by chance. The considerations of site of
primary importance are as follows:
1. Degree of permeability of soil and subsoil, rendering tree
growth possible or prohibiting it.
2. Depth to ground water.
3. The proper planning of the fields and private roads on the
farm, and location of public roads adjacent to the same.
4. Location of the buildings and farmstead on the farm.
5. Need of protection, such as windbreaks, snowbreaks, etc.
6. Amount and location of waste land on the farm and its avail-
ability for planting.
Too much consideration to the question of adaptability of soil
and subsoil cannot well be given. Much of our prairie land that
produces excellent agricultural crops probably will not produce a
permanent growth of trees. Planting on such land except experi-
mentally is a waste of time and energy. If an impenetrable sub-
stratum, whether of clay or rock, exists as close to the surface as
two or three feet, it will probably be next to useless to plant on such
ground.
Depth to permanent moisture is another very important point to
consider. Where the ground water stands too near the surface suc-
cessful planting is very difficult, and where the soil is dry to great
depths tree growth is precluded.
The location of every forest plantation on a farm will largely
be determined by the size, position and shape of the fields. The
private and public roads will also have influence. No farm can be
300 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
properly laid out without considerable thought having been devoted
to the adjustment of the subdivisions of the same. Belts of planted
trees can very conveniently be placed at the borders of the fields.
In such positions they will serve the purpose of windbreaks and
also not interfere with the convenient tillage of the land.
The position of the buildings on a farm should have very great
weight in determining the location of the forest plantations. The
usual tendency is to plant the trees too close to the buildings and
thus to create conditions causing snowdrifts in winter to cover up
the residence and barns and hinder the work on the farm. Provision
for proper circulation of air in the summer should also be made.
For this reason forest belts on a farmstead should enclose a liberal
allowance of space around the buildings. The position of the build-
ings with reference to other parts of the farm and with reference to
neighboring farms will also determine the position of the trees. For
instance, if a natural timber belt on a neighboring farm affords pro-
tection from the north wind, the planter would hardly be justified in
planting a belt on his own land for this purpose. He could dis-
tribute his planted trees in some other direction to greater advantage.
The need of shelter and windbreaks is so urgent on the majority of
prairie farms, particularly in the Red River Valley, that this subject
cannot well be emphasized too much. It is difficult to estimate the
amount of comfort that can be derived on a bleak prairie from a
shelter belt of forest trees.
Every forest plantation on the unprotected prairies of Minnesota
should have a secondary protection, consisting of a separate planta-
tion. This secondary plantation has been named a snowbreak. The
purpose of the snowbreak is to cause the snow to drift outside the
boundaries of the main forest plantation or outside the farmstead.
As is well known, the snow drifts on the lee side of the obstructions,
causing the drift, rather than on the windward side. For instance,
a belt of trees running east and west along the north side of a
public road will cause the road to fill up with snowdrifts, providing
the prevailing wind be from the north. If the forest plantation is
in the form of a block, the snow will pile up in the whole block al-
most to a uniform depth, and during the long winter season it is
not likely to melt off in such a situation; on the contrary, it will con-
stantly accumulate, sometimes getting to be twenty-five or thirty feet
in depth. When it begins to melt in the spring time it will settle
down on the branches of the trees and crush them. Many an ex-
cellent grove in western Minnesota and the eastern Dakotas has been
almost ruined in this manner by the drifting of snow. If the planta-
TREE PLANTING ON MINNESOTA PRAIRIES. 301
tion is a narrow belt the most of the snow will drift on the lee side
of the belt outside of the boundaries containing the trees.
The snowbreak should consist of an L-shaped belt of trees one
or two rods wide, planted about ten rods to the windward of the
main forest plantation, that is, on the north and west sides in Min-
nesota. The main body of this belt may be planted with cheap
species of trees, such as white willow, cottonwood, box elder, etc.,
whose breakage will not be any great damage to the plantation or
much loss to the planter. The row on the extreme north and west
should consist of a tall growing species, an evergreen such as pine
Snow Trap 10 rods wide
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Plan for snowbreak on the prairie.
or spruce being preferable. The open space ten or twelve rods wide
between the snowbreak and the main forest plantation will serve as
a trap for the snow, into which the drifts will be piled.
The location of the forest plantation will also be determined by
the amount, kind and position of any waste land that may happen
to occur on the farm. It is always a good financial policy to utilize
the waste corners of the farm for forestry purposes whenever
possible.
Establishing a Forest Plantation.—Even after two or three
decades of experience in tree planting in the prairie states the popu-
302 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
lar mind is still greatly clouded as to what is meant by a forest
plantation and what methods should be used for its establishment.
Many of our nurserymen whose customers are chiefly city people
have developed the idea that tree planting means landscape garden-
ing. Their catalogues abound in eulogies of imported species from
all quarters of the globe. They advertise novelties as though such
material had been tested and its merits proven. They place fancy
prices upon their nursery stock and expect the tree planter to be able
to purchase this material to be used in a forest plantation. A little
figuring at this time would probably throw some light on the pos-
sibilities of farmers following their advice. A nurseryman who can
sell transplanted Norway spruce trees two feet high for twenty-five
cents apiece seems to think that he is offering goods at bed-rock
prices and often cannot quite understand why every farmer tree
planter in Minnesota does not give large orders for this kind of ma-
terial. He forgets that a forest plantation to be of any value must
have enough trees on it to shade the ground as nature does in her
forestry operations. In order to secure a good cover of Norway
spruce within ten or fifteen years at least 1,000 trees should be
planted per acre, and 2,000 would be better. One thousand Nor-
way spruce trees at twenty-five cents apiece would cost $250. No .
farmer who has good business sagacity is going to invest $250 per
acre in the nursery stock of a prospective forest plantation. The
average Norway spruce forests of Germany are not worth $250
per acre on the stump when the trees are one hundred years old.
_ The proposition that a farmer should invest $250 an acre in the
establishment of a forest plantation that must require one hundred
years of growth before it is mature is so absurd and so unreasonable
that it seems that no sane man would give such advice, and yet
such advice is common. A capital of $250 put at three per cent
compound interest would amount to $3,800 in one hundred years.
One of the greatest needs we have today for furthering the cause
of forest tree planting is a class of nurserymen who comprehend
the situation and who have enough ingenuity about them to grow
evergreen seedlings by the million at less than one cent apiece.
Present prices and present methods of nursery practice, particularly
with conifers, are hindering the cause of tree planting more than
all other influences combined. Our nurserymen must learn that a
forest plantation is not a lawn or dooryard plantation, that for
forestry purposes very small seedlings are much to be preferred to
expensive transplanted trees, and that their present methods of prac-
tice can be improved and cheapened to a marvelous degree. Do not
ignore the city customer who wants a half-dozen trees once a year
TREE PLANTING ON MINNESOTA PRAIRIES. 303
to plant on his bluegrass lawn and is willing to pay a good, round.
price for the operation of transplanting which such trees need pre-
liminary to the endurance of hard and unnatural environmental con-
ditions ; but these people are not all the people in the world who want
to plant trees. Minnesota farmers ought to plant millions of forest
trees where the city people plant scores, and they will plant in the
future by the millions if the growers will put the cost of this planting
within their reach. If the present lack of consideration for the needs
of farmer tree planters continues in Minnesota and the Dakotas for
the next two decades, state nurseries will be established for the grow-
ing of coniferous forest seedlings at reasonable rates. If the
nurserymen of the northwest are willing that this great opportunity
for business should slip out of their hands and be absorbed by the
state, the best way for them to bring this about is to continue the
attitude of ignoring the forest planter.
Cost and Profits of Planting.—An acre of forest can be planted
with 1,500 seedlings of the common deciduous species for $10.00 or
even less, counting nursery stock and labor. Whenever the farmer
can plant evergreens for the same price, coniferous plantations will
be the rule in Minnesota. Instead of the farm plantation consisting
of willow, soft maple and box elder, valuable, long-lived species
will be used.
It seems that at this point it would be well to cite what can be
accomplished in the production of planted coniferous forests on your
western prairies. A planted grove of European larch near Clear
Lake, S. D., a few miles across the Minnesota line, was measured
in the fall of 1901. The plantation had just completed its sixteenth
summer’s growth, having been established in May, 1886, by the
planting of seedlings shipped from England. At the present time
the nursery stock from which these trees were grown would cost
about $10.00 per thousand. No record of the prices that were paid
at that time are available, as the owner kept none. The labor of
planting was largely done by the plow, the ground having been
furrowed out and the trees set in the furrows. It is safe to estimate
that the total expense of establishing this plantation should not have
been greater than $20.00 per acre. At the time that it was made
the land which it occupies was worth about $10.00 per acre, so that
the total investment can be reckoned at $30.00 per acre.
In 1go1 this plantation had produced 1,054 first class and 1,139
second class fence posts per acre. Assigning the current value for
fence posts prevailing at that time in that part of South Dakota, this
grove was worth net $229.00 per acre. If compound interest be
allowed at five per cent on the investment from the time of the estab-
304 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
lishment of the plantation to the time the grove was measured, and
also ten cents per acre per annum for taxes at the same rate of in-
terest, the grove has produced a net annual acreage value of $10.70
in profits. Such profits as these are far better than anything that
can be had in wheat growing. No other grove of broad-leaf trees
either in Minnesota or the Dakotas has produced such an enormous
increment in value as this grove of European larch. When our
nurserymen succeed in growing larch seedlings for $5.00 per thou-
sand to a size ready for transplanting into the field, the probabilities
are that every Minnesota prairie farm will have plantations of this
valuable species.
Many of our tree growers advocate handling seedling trees very
tenderly in the operations of transplanting. If the proper-conditions
of moisture are maintained around the roots of the trees during
transit from the nursery to the field, or in shipment, rough usage
will not often cause any great damage. In the states farther south
osage orange hedges have been planted by simply opening a furrow,
laying the plants down and covering the roots with the earth thrown
from the next furrow. Tree planting, in order to be profitable, must
be reduced to the same degree of perfection and simplicity that our
farmers have brought into their production of agricultural crops.
The tree planter who advises the farmer to put the roots of his little
trees in the same position they occupied in the forest or seed bed,
and to be careful to sift the loose, rich earth around the rootlets,
and not to leave them until he has poured a bucketful of water
around each plant, might just as well preach to the wind, because
these precautions are absolutely impossible of execution, being pro-
hibitive in cost.
A farmer in Richland County, N. D., had a block of ten acres
of land that he wanted to plant to green ash seedlings. Instead of
purchasing high priced seedlings that were four to five feet tall, with
great large roots that would require a spade and shovel for their
planting, he bought the smallest, cheapest seedlings he could find
quoted on the market. He had a ten-year-old boy who was a very
industrious little fellow and one good hired man to assist him. He
and his hired man carried spades, and with the spade they would
make an incision in the ground, moving the spade handle back and
forth so as to make a little narrow slit in the soil. The boy was
on hand with a bucketful of trees with their roots well moistened,
and would hand out a tree to the planter when he was ready to slip
the little seedling down alongside the spade into the narrow slit in
the ground. The spade was then withdrawn, and as the planter
advanced he tramped on the earth at the base of the tree and firmed
——
TREE PLANTING ON MINNESOTA PRAIRIES. 305
it about the roots of the plant. In this way the three workmen, two
' men and a boy, were able to plant several thousand trees in a day,
and the whole expense of establishing that plantation did not exceed
$3.00 per acre. He secured almost a perfect stand, and his trees are
now several feet tall, growing thriftily, and no doubt in much better
condition than larger trees would have been if he had used them.
This is an illustration of the methods that must be employed in order
to make forest planting a financial success.
The planting of coniferous forest trees in New England is being
accomplished at present almost as cheaply as was the case with the
green ash seedlings above mentioned. There seems to be little doubt
but that white pine plantations can be established at $4.00 to $5.00
per acre. If the farmers of rock-ribbed New England can make
forest plantations at $4.00 or $5.00 an acre, where all of the labor
has to be done by man power, it seems that Minnesota farmers ought
to be able to accomplish the same results where horse power can be
used with such great facility. The difference in cost between Min-
nesota and New England plantations is largely due to the difference
in cost of the nursery stock. New England farmers can usually
obtain wild white pine seedlings from the neighboring woods at a
very small cost. A Minnesota farmer usually plows his land
preparatory to tree planting, and in the prairie regions this is abso-
lutely essential to success while it is not necessary in the east, but
the cost of plowing the land where gang plows are used ought not
to exceed $.75 to $1 per acre. Another expenditure that Minnesota
farmers will need to provide is cultivation after the trees have once
been established. In the more humid eastern states forest trees are
left to take care of themselves and are able to compete with any other
weedy plants which might interfere with their growth. On the
prairies of the west, cultivation to keep the grasses out of the grove
is absolutely essential to success. This cultivation adds materially
to the cost of the plantation.
The Minnesota farmer, however, has in store as a reward for
his extra labor and expense the prospect of a market far superior
to anything that can be hoped for in the near future in New Eng-
land. The millions of fence posts that are used every year on the
prairies of the west must be replaced in a few years by others. The
demand for fence post timber is constantly increasing, and this can
be grown in comparatively a very short time. The telegraph and
telephone pole industry is also likely to prove very profitable in the
future. European larch telegraph poles can be grown in twenty
to twenty-five years. When we remember that such poles now are
selling for $1.00 to $2.00 apiece on the prairies and understand that
306 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
from 250 to 500 poles may be grown per acre, we begin to see what
the possibilities are for commercial plantations of this sort. On the
whole, the prospect offers encouragement for Minnesota tree
planters. The question of the supply of material with which to plant
is bound to solve itself. It will perhaps be a number of years before
farmers can buy the most desirable kinds of forest trees and can be
sure that what they are buying is true to name, but the time is cer-
tainly coming when such conditions can be guarauteed to Minne-
sota planters. |
MALINDA—AND HER NOBLE FAMILY.
A. W. SIAS, HARBOR VIEW, FLA.
(Inspired by the show of Perkins’ Seedling Apples at Boston.)
Malinda—mother of a royal race,
At times hath a blush on her pretty face.
Vermont—the origin of this good fruit
That she drew sweets from maples who'll dispute?
Mr. Perkins—the godfather—may be
He’s in hot pursuit of the prize apple tree!
He’s on the right beat for a long keeper,
Knows the worm! and is not a late sleeper.
Malinda was born at Bethel, Vermont,
Named for Malinda Rollins—depend on't.
Was among the earliest pioneers:
At Elgin, Minnesota, a home she rears.
Here she met a crank—by name of Sias—
In horticulture, who posed as pious!
Way back in eighteen hundred fifty-nine,
He had a long string of rare fruits on his line.
But the Malinda was so sweet and good,
He caught her on hook—as such a crank would!
Malinda could not stand “forty be:ow,”
So applied for divorce—as you must know.
Her children I hope will all cold withstand
And bring millions to Red Wing—right to hand!
Wyman Elliot—at Boston—it seems,
Showed a thing far better than “Boston baked beans.”
All who visit the World’s Fair, must go see
Malinda’s most wonderful family !
Enquire for a man by the name of Latham,
You'll meet with due courtesy—he has ’em.
—Sam Bucus.
THE WORLD’S FAIR AT ST. LOUIS. 307
THE WORLD’S FAIR AT ST. LOUIS.
A. K. BUSH, DOVER.
(Mr. Bush was with the Minn. Fruit Exhibit, World’s Fair,
from June 15-30.)
Soon after I reached the grounds two old gentlemen were
seen at a distance gesticulating with great earnestness, and, to
all appearance, were relating to each other some of the interest-
ing episodes that had occurred in their experience and came un-
der their observation since leaving home, also describing in
glowing terms the wonderful exhibit that has been gathered from
the four corners of the globe and so artistically displayed on the
World’s Fair grounds. It so happened that I overheard a young
man tell one of his friends that those old fellows had only trav-
eled eight miles by rail during their lives until the exciting jour-
ney to St. Louis began. Those old mountaineers were living as
fast as boys at a circus and without doubt will entertain their
friends at home for weeks or months with recitals that will sug-
gest “pipe dreams” rather than solid facts which they really saw
with reliable eyes. At another time I heard a lady in the Art
Gallery, who evidently was an artist and had traveled extensive-
ly at home and abroad, say to a friend, “one might easily imagine
themselves amongst one of the choicest collections of paintings
in the old world; I did not expect to see such choice and rare
gems of art as I find in these buildings.”
In my opinion no one who can afford the expense can af-
ford to miss seeing the World’s Fair, because the opportunity
of seeing so many choice samples of the world’s products
bunched almost at our back doors may not, and probably will
not, occur again during a lifetime. I shall not attempt to de-
scribe an exhibit that is so large and varied that I could hardly
see over it in two weeks, but will confine myself to the Minne-
sota fruit and flower display in the Palace of Horticulture,
where I made headquarters and myself useful during the third
and fourth weeks in June. Sec. A. W. Latham, superintendent
of the Minnesota display, and his worthy assistant, Thos. Red-
path, deserve much credit for collecting and installing an exhibi-
tion so creditable to the “Bread and Butter State.’ It so hap-
pened that the writer was at the Minnesota booth during the
strawberry season, when we showed more and better fruit of that
kind than any other, or, in fact, all other states combined, We
maintained in good show condition 100 to 150 quart plates—not
samples—of fine, large strawberries during that time. This was
308 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
made possible because of the interested growers at home who
kept them coming in the large refrigerator cases of 48 quarts on
almost every train. Special credit is due Mr. Wyman Elliot of
Minneapolis for his good judgment, hustle and push in getting
out amongst the growers and selecting, packing, and starting the
berries so that they reached their destination fit for the exhibition
tables rather than the garbage can, which were receivers for
many arrivals of small fruits as they came to the building from
near-by states.
A lady from one of the Gulf States said to me one day while
the strawberry display was at its best, “Those luscious looking
‘berries must have been grown under glass if they came from
Minnesota!” The very name of our state suggested blizzards
rather than strawberries to her mind!
The Minnesota Fruit Exhibit will do much to overcome the
prejudice that is still maintained in some portions of the South
and East, where the papers have given much more space in ad-
vertising our blizzards than they have in calling attention to our
possibilities as a fruit and vegetable growing section.
If seeing is believing we shall make converts of some of the
old croakers at home and abroad before the World’s Fair closes—
cherries, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries, plums,
grapes, etc., in their season are coming to fill the plates when
strawberries disappear from the scene. When Wealthy apples
are red and ripe we expect to give the World’s Fair visitors at
St. Louis a surprise and treat equal to that enjoyed by them at
Buffalo, where they gave us credit of showing and freely dispens-
ing the best apples on the grounds. However, the anticipated
apple show will depend wholly on the Minnesota growers. If
they are as generous and careful in selecting and packing their
products as were the small fruit growers, we can capture the
approval of all who visit the Palace of Horticulture during the
months of October and November, when the attendence will be
at high tide. 3
The fruit judges who scored our strawberries did not miss an
opportunity of taking a box, when offered, for dinner, which we
regarded quite suggestive. We advise all our readers to go to
the World’s Fair and see for themselves.
Wavy Fruit TREES FaiL.—Country Life in America points out that the
dropping off of young fruit is not due to insect pests, as it is popularly sup-
posed. More often it is because of the fact that many varieties of fruits are
self-sterile and the blossoms require the contact of the pollen of other varie-
ties before they will mature fruit. Not getting this pollen, many fruit trees do
not bear at allor very much. The same trees treated by the new methods of
grafting and planting will often bear large fruit and plenty of it.
HORTICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS IN DULUTH. 309
HORTICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS IN DULUTH.
MRS. IDA B. THOMPSON, DULUTH.
‘ A truly beneficent state always protects beauty by its laws,
because our inbred savage instincts are ever ready to mar or
destroy early that which it desires to cherish late, and as it
is only the few who discern in the rough what the many see in
outline their task would be rendered hard without the protection
and aid afforded by law. This is why I claim with great con-
fidence your interest in Duluth. I have been disappointed that
our society could not hold there its annual meeting and so aid
the work for the “city beautiful.” One thousand dangers beset
the well favored thing or person everywhere. First, neglect is
a great factor; a beautiful thing gets less care than is usually be-
stowed on that less favored. This was so with my “city beau-
tiful for situation.”
Duluth in its early years was neglected; then foreign tree
peddlers, art lecturers with a financial love for their profession
only stirred the busy hive of industry to things beyond the
three streets of the original townsite. But they began the study
of the beautiful in nature right by letting alone the most unique
point of land in the union, six miles long, unrivaled in this
“bread and butter” state, naming it the Minnesota Point. This
island village has been an increasing joy year by year, and this
season art has been joined to nature and within hearing of the
lapping Mississippi grow flowers of every hue.
We cannot adequately set forth the many floral improvements
in the city proper. Landscape gardening has begun in earnest;
the work of the flower show for many years has been supple-
mented by various business enterprises with agents justly proud
of their work, for they tell the people that which profits from
their own experience, and orders follow, one firm having deliv-
ered over three thousand dollars’ worth and eighty per cent of
this was shade trees and twenty per cent fruits, with only two
per cent of loss.
The last few years in Duluth has added materially to the
chain of elevators, schools, churches and, best of all, parks, con-
taining over 500 acres, all of which have been beautified, espe-
cially the parks,—lungs for future generations—six in number,
any of which deserves a paper of this length to describe it.
Special impulse has been given to this work by our commer-
cial club. The parks are appreciated more than ever, and the
city has not grudged means for the enjoyment of our 75,000 in-
310 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
habitants. Then club workers have become more helpful,
schools more practical; private citizens have worked with each
other—the whole town was interested by a public competition
with a money prize for each ward.
The year of 1903 has been the best of all for home stock
planted; northern grown trees have supplanted the painted fruit
blossoms of eastern fame. At a summer fair held in this county
there was a creditable exhibit of the city apples and a tent of
fruit grown in the state sent by the enterprise of a state nurs-
ery had crowds of visitors and did us much good. The sale of
stock booked for spring is the largest on record; acres of land
have been cleared and planted with trees; the Normal School ad-
dition has changed part of a forest into a park. The brick, mor-
ter, stone and timber improvements have wearied us by their
monotony; the hardness from the distribution of much money
has’ been so reflected upon our people that we ourselves have
been in danger of losing the simple life that you and I love or we
would not be here.
_ But anew era has dawned; our own planted trees are now big
enough to shade us as we sit and think of the future when some
portion of our twenty-five miles of water front will be adorned
by a glittering stone building with a roof garden, where the
public of this most western port may bathe their bodies and re-
fresh themselves like the Romans of old.
Notes from an accompanying letter from H. Cleveland, of
Duluth, under date of Oct. 21, 1903, are appended:
“In my journeying about Duluth I have found many isolated
fruit trees in bearing, such as Duchess apples, maturing perfectly
about Sept. 20; crab apples, of endless varieties and full bearers;
Early Richmond and Morello cherries; and several kinds of plums
that annually repeat their gifts generously ; and currants, red, white
and black, of many varieties ; gooseberries the same, as well as rasp-
berries of the three varieties, red, purple, black and a few Antwerps.
“There is no doubt of the capacity of soil and climate as to rais-
ing many varieties of apples, all of the varieties of small fruits.
Several varieties of pears also will do well here. Quinces, plums
and also several of the grapes, as I will demonstrate in a practical
manner next bearing season. There are several large plantings of
strawberries that will come into bearing in 1904.
“T find an enlightened interest manifested generally in the com-
munity for home culture of fruit, and a widespread desire for home
improvements to grounds, etc.”
Mrs, Ida B. Thompson: Our park commissioners have done a
good work this year and have set apart some of the most beautiful
parts of Duluth to be adorned. They have done good work and
HORTICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS IN DULUTH. grit
are getting some good experience. They are beautifying many of
the waste places about the city.
In regard to fruit I would say that we have done well with our
apples, and our raspberries have done finely. I have been superin-
tendent of the county fair for ten years and always had the apples
“more or less under my care. This year was a very poor year, al-
though I had a good supply myself. I am sorry that Duluth does
not show up well at the meetings of this state society. That is why
I long for the time to come when you can hold a meeting in our city.
I cannot tell you what we lose in. the way of trees and shrubs, I
have no business to do so. We brag about what we have, but
we do not talk about our losses. (Laughter.) One thing that
handicaps us is the lack of public interest. We want to “ding” it
into our people all the time that they must plant trees and shrubs,
and we want to enthuse the young people to take up this matter.
We have a city that has more beauty to the square inch than any
city in the Union for its position on the map. I heard some one talk
about being three hundred feet above the river. Why, bless you,
some of us are six hundred feet above the lake.
Now I would like to say a word about my own fruit. I had the
best crop of black currants this year that I ever had. I had four
bushels, and I sold them all at fifteen cents a quart, and I did not put
them in boxes either, but I sold them by good fat milk measure.
(Laughter.) They were all large, and I had the good fortune to
take the first prize at the county fair. This year our people took it
into their heads to have a summer fair, and it came at just a time
when I could take this prize. I have some very good apples, and I
think if we imbibe the spririt of this society we shall soon be able to
report better things from the northern part of the state.
THE AMERICAN PoMoLoGIcAl Society, through Sec. John Craig,
of Ithaca, N. Y., announces that the report of the proceedings of the
recent Boston convention is ready for distribution. This report contains
an unusually large amount of valuable matter, including as it does the
addresses of noted scientists and pomologists. Important changes appear in
the amended code of nomenclature. Members of the society pay a biennial
fee of $2, either to the treasurer, L. R. Taft, Agricultural College, Mich., or to
Sec. Craig.
Last fall we had a fine young plant of salvia in the flower garden, and as
it was just coming into bloom about the time we were expecting frost it
seemed a pity to let it freeze, so we took it up and put it among the plants in
our window garden. It was never out of bloom from that day until late in the
the spring. It bids fair to be one of our best blooming plants. The bright
scarlet bloom is very showy, and as it is an upright grower, and has a limited
amount of foliage, it requires but little room.
312 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ASPARAGUS FOR THE HOME GARDEN.
E. F. PABODY, MINNEAPOLIS.
For seventeen years I have had a summer home on the south
shore of Lake Minnetonka, in what is regarded as the most favorable
horticultural location in the Northwest. The selection of this site .
was made upon the advice of that eminent horticulturist and pom-
ologist, the late Peter M. Gideon. In this delightful place I and all
the members of my family have found pleasure, profit and health
in cultivating flowers, fruits and vegetables.
To mar sometimes the pleasures, bitter disappointments have
been experienced during these years. For instance, a vineyard of
3,000 vines of the very hardiest varieties of grapes, principally Con-
cord and Delaware, Has proven to me that a commercial vineyard
will never pay in Minnesota. And yet finer grapes do not grow any-
where. Forty or fifty vines, near my cottage, yielded an abundant
supply of this very delicious fruit, and they are very highly prized.
Early Richmond cherry trees grew to a large size, were vigorous and
healthy, and gave promise of an abundance of fruit, but at the first
blush of red upon the fruit the wax-wings, or cherry birds, as they
are called, appeared in countless numbers until in desperation the
axe was laid at the root of every tree.
On the other hand, the earth never produced finer strawberries,
quantity, quality and beauty of coloring considered, than have de-
lighted our eyes and gratified our tastes. Raspberries, currants and
gooseberries have been grown that were unsurpassed anywhere.
Duchess and Wealthy apples with such colorings as no artist could
copy, and a flavor which only Minnesota could produce, have in their
season been a constant delight.
Coming thus in contact with nature makes life worth living and’
adds vastly to its zest and enjoyment. :
If the question were asked what part of the garden or orchard
had yielded the largest returns considering the expenditure of time
and money, I would say, without hesitancy, the small space given to
the asparagus bed. Seventeen years ago 100 roots, two years old,
were purchased at a cost of seventy-five cents. That is the entire
money expenditure. The work is scarcely anything. Caring for the
bed we only consider as exercise or recreation. Less than one day’s
work each year has been all that was necessary to keep the bed in
good condition. Seemingly it is as good today as it was the second
year after planting. It has yielded largely every single year, and it
bids fair to give good returns for one or two more decades. Heat
or cold, moisture or drought, have seemed to have very little effect .
upon its vigorous, rapid growth.
ASPARAGUS FOR THE HOME GARDEN. 313
Asparagus is one of our very earliest vegetables, as it is ready
for the table the latter part of April or the first of May. Not many
persons know what a delicacy, what a luxury, asparagus is. Per-
haps you have bought some spindling stalks that had been in a
grocery store for several days, perhaps the maid in the kitchen did
not know how to cook them properly, perhaps she dressed them
with skim milk instead of cream. If so, you haven’t a very exalted
opinion of asparagus: But if you go into your own garden and cut
the large, thick stalks of very recent growth, perhaps only a few
hours out of the ground, have them properly cooked and dressed
with rich cream, you will have one of the finest delicacies produced in
the garden. Asparagus is suited to a delicate invalid, and it is highly
relished by the working man and furnishes him nutritious food.
Many persons have been deterred from growing asparagus be-
cause of the methods of planting and cultivating in vogue a few
years ago. Once it was customary to dig trenches two and a half
feet deep for planting. In the bottom of these trenches was placed
one foot of manure, and the trench was gradually filled as the
crowns pressed upwards. As the full-grown stalks were delicate
and easily swayed by the wind, a stout stake was driven down by
each one, to which it was made fast..
All this has been changed and now no vegetable is more easily
planted and cultivated than asparagus. A‘ rich, sandy soil is best
suited to its needs. It should be plowed or spaded as deep as possi-
ble and well manured. The rapid growth of the large, succulent
stalks makes great demands upon all the life-giving principles of the
soil, and this demand should be supplied. For the home garden no
attempt should be made to start from the seed. Two years are lost
in that way. Buy two-year-old roots from a reliable nurseryman.
They will cost you only about seventy-five cents a hundred. One
hundred plants are enough for an ordinary family to begin with.
You may soon want more, for as you learn its value you will not
be satisfied with a small amount. For a long time we were limited
to one hundred, but two years ago we planted two hundred more.
As to varieties, Connover’s Colossal or Barr’s Mammoth are very
satisfactory. We have a bed of each. Early spring is the time to
plant, as soon as the frost is out of the ground. For one or two
hundred plants, rows two and a half feet apart and plants one and
a half feet in the row has seemed to me about right. Plant in
trenches or holes six inches deep. Do not fill the holes at once.
Place the crown below the surface and gradually fill as the plant
grows.
314 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The shoots should not be cut at all the first year and very spar-
ingly the second. Two years from the time of planting you will
have an abundance of this very delicious vegetable, if you have
taken the right course in planting and cultivating. With a knife ©
suited for the purpose the shoots should be cut two or three inches
below the surface. On some bright, warm days two cuttings can be
made in a single day.
The asparagus season is from about the first of May to the middle
of June. At the latter date all stalks should be cut below the stir-
face. The ground should be well worked three or four inches deep,
and a liberal coating of manure applied. Keep free from weeds and
allow the plants to grow until after the first killing frost. Then mow
and remove from the bed that the seed may not find lodgment and
sprout.
If you are interested in this subject and desire further informa-
tion, consult Prof. Green’s “Vegetable Gardening,” a book which
ought to be in the hands of every member of this society. His
article on asparagus is very complete
The U. S. Department of Agriculture is making an effort to
awaken a greater interest in the growing of asparagus. If you
will send.a postal card to Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agricul-
ture, you will receive, without cost, by return mail, Farmer’s Bulle-
tin No. 61, on asparagus culture.
In closing this paper a few sentences from this bulletin: will have
far greater weight than anything I might present to you. The
writer says: ‘The popularity which asparagus has achieved during
recent years is remarkable. Formerly a luxury upon the tables of
the rich, it is now, during the season, a vegetable seen daily upon
the tables of people of moderate or even small incomes. It is also
frequently recommended as an article of diet for the sick and con-
valescent. The fact that asparagus appears in the market at a time ~
of year in which few or no other vegetables are available has had
much to do with its increased consumption in our cities.
“Tt can be easily preserved by canning or drying, the product in
this form being almost equal to the fresh article; and this has in-
creased its use, being, as it were, a lengthening of the season. Field
culture, too, is one of the most interesting innovations of the present
age and one which has been attended with the most striking suc-.
cess.
“Within the last few years the cultivation of asparagus has been
greatly extended, yet the demand is still greater than the supply,
an indication that there is room for an extension of beds by those
already in the business and for the establishment of beds by those
who have as yet given no attention to this branch of gardening.
Every kitchen garden should have its bed from which the table may —
ASPARAGUS FOR THE HOME GARDEN. 315
be supplied with this most delightful and wholesome vegetable.
It is hardly to be doubted that a diffusion of knowledge concerning
the later and improved methods of culture, with their reduced cost
and lightened work, would do much to increase the popularity of this
vegetable and bring about its cultivation in gardens where it has
never found a place, but where its introduction would add greatly
to the present diet of the family.”
The President: I would like to ask Mr. Pabody whether he was
able to discover any difference between Barr’s Mammoth and Pal-
metto ?
Mr. Pabody: I can hardly tell the difference when they come
on the table.
Mr. Elliot: Is there any difference in growth, or in the amount
of stalks you get from a bed?
Mr. Pabody: I have not been able to see any difference. The
Barr’s Mammoth was planted in richer soil. Really I do not think
I could see any difference.
Mr. Taylor: Did you ever cover your bed with manure in the
fall of the year?
Mr. Pabody: No, sir, only in June when I[ cultivate. I never
put it on in the fall. It is said covering in the fall is really an
injury.
Mr. Baldwin: Have you ever had any experience with rot
and blight? It weakens our beds. So far we have not found a
remedy.
Mr. Pabody: No, sir, we have never been troubled with blight
or lost a crop from any cause.
Mr. Baldwin: I find it is very extensive throughout the state,
and our beds are very badly affected.
Rey. C. S. Harrison (Neb.): This rust or blight we get all over
the country. It struck the sand hills in Nebraska. From my obser-
vation I really think it is starvation. I notice that very highly fer-
tilized beds escape, whereas on poor ground they are almost entirely
killed; so I judge that has something to do with it. There
are some kinds that are immune. The White Columbia does not
rust at all. I was at Boston at the horticultural meeting, and I saw
some there as large as a hoe handle. I asked the man how he grew
it, and he said he dug his ground deep and put on all the strong
manure he could put on. I got a quarter of an acre of ground, and
I put on eight loads of strong manure, and I got it as big as a hoe.
handle, and I believe I can get it as big as a fork handle. People do
not understand what it is. A gray head came along one day and
asked me, “Do you folks ever eat that stuff?” I said, “O, yes, do
you cat eneen-peasy Fle Said, "Yes. 7: -awVell © said, at is 1USt
like green peas, only more so, and it comes earlier in the spring.”
Those who grow asparagus know that it is a rank feeder. If thé
rust threatens to wipe you out get this Palmetto and White Colum-
bia, which will not rust, put it in a well fertilized bed, and you ay
not be troubled with rust. :
Mr. Baldwin: Is not the Columbia a very poor yielder?
Mr. Harrison: Well, it is not so large, but it yields fairly well,
316 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. R. H. Pendergast: I am rather an enthusiast in asparagus,
and with the rich culture I give it J have never been troubled with
rust. I have always followed the rule of using a great deal of
fertilizer. I use ashes and salt and have always had asparagus. The
gentleman said he did not practice mulching in the fall. I make
it a rule to fill up my bed with stable manure at least a foot deep in
the fall. It decays and settles down, and the plants come
right up through it, and then I use a long knife to cut the asparagus.
Mrs. Ida B. Thompson: At what season do you usé salt?
Mr. Pendergast: I usually use it in the spring, but you can use
it in the fall. I am a strong enthusiast in the use of all the ashes I
can get. I use it on my small fruits.
Mr. Harrison: I think the application of salt is of rather doubt-
ful utility. Asparagus will stand more salt than any other vegetable,
perhaps for that reason it gets a good deal. Put salt on one row
and not on another, and I am under the impression you will not.
find much difference.
Mr. Pabody: I find a serious objection to the use of salt in that
it forms a crust over the ground and plants find trouble in toa ine:
their way through.
Mr. Elliot: There are some points brought out in this paper
that are different from the old teaching. We have always practiced
putting on our manure in the fall, but he has advanced the idea
that we ought to put it on after the close of cutting, cutting off all
the present year’s growth and then putting on the manure to fertilize
the plants. I can see that this is a good thing, in that it helps to in-
vigorate the plants and helps the crop in the following year, whereas
we put the manure on in the fall, and we do not get the benefit of it
early in the spring, when we ought to have it, as if put on earlier
in the season.
Mr. Beardsley: We practice field culture of asparagus. We
have our rows four feet apart in the field. We cut off all the foliage
in the fall. We go between the rows with a plow and turn a dead
furrow right on the ridge. During the winter we haul that furrow
full of manure, and in the spring we drag it down level. We have
got that manure covered up and it will feed the roots all the year.
Mr. Bailey: I would like to ask the gentleman if cutting off
the plants in the fall is not a bad practice, for the reason that there
is nothing there to hold the snow. We grow asparagus in a commer-
cial way. I leave the plants standing all winter and manure the
ground, and in the spring I run the disc harrow over it, weighting
it down, and it cuts up all the foliage and helps to bring humus into
the soil again, and | think the plants are not so liable to rust if they
are well protected.
Mr. Pabody: Do you not find that the sprouting of the seeds
gives you trouble? Ia) :
Mr. Bailey: Yes, the seeds sprout, but we cultivate our rows
right out and that destroys the sprouts and gives us no trouble.
HORTICULTURE ABOUT HINCKLEY, MINN. EF
HORTICULTURE ABOUT HINCKLEY, MINN.
A. K. BUSH, LECTURER WITH FARMERS’ INSTITUTE.
(Extract from letter dated June 9, 1904.)
This circuit of institutes is strictly in the best interests of potato
growers, and nothing but topics bearing on that subject are dis-
cussed regularly on the platform. However, I meet those who are
interested in fruit growing one-half hour before the advertised time
of opening, and answer the flood of questions that come from the
audience relating to the garden and orchard. We give notice of
these fruit growers’ meetings at the close of the morning session,
and, as a result, usually find the hall pretty well filled at one o’clock
with people waiting for instruction in the art. Strawberries do
splendidly on the heavy clay lands in the vicinity of this place, Hinck-
ley ; however, they are successfully grown all along the line of the
N. P. and G. N. Rys., from the Twin Cities to Duluth. Some farm-
ers are giving their attention to the growing of vegetables for the
city markets, which are quickly and cheaply reached. We visited
a Mr. Struble, at Mora, who has a very large winter storage build-
ing, so constructed that it is heat and frost proof, where onions
and cabbage are held for the late trade. It pays to prepare for this
business when cabbage sells for $75.00 per ton and onions $1.50
per bushel, as they did last winter, and were a drug on the market
early in the fall. We learned of one man who, last winter, sold
$3,000.00 worth of cabbage grown on a small field. Mr. Westman,
of Sandstone, told us he could not meet the demand that came for
his’ strawberries, which sold for $2.00 per case of 16 quarts. He
has several acres growing and is clearing land for a much larger
acreage. We visited his farm and was surprised to see so little
of the winter-killing which prevailed over a large portion of the
Northwest. We also met Mr. Nyberg at Sandstone, who now has
charge of the farm that the late Prof. Otto Lugger opened in the
woods years ago. He told me they had several bushels of apples
last year grown on the trees that the professor planted. Others
reported, on various occasions, promising yields of small fruits and
apples. In my opinion the time will soon come when this section
will be sending strawberries to the southern and eastern markets ;
as well as supplying the home trade. The tame grasses grow wild
in the woods. Clover abounds everywhere. The new comer soon
iearns that the pine stumps are removed at large expense, hence con-
fines his clearings to the growing of vegetables, fruits and similar
products.
ecretary’s orner.
THE MINNESOTA ROSE SoCcIETY.—A society under the above title has
been organized at Excelsior, the purpose of which is to consider not only roses,
as indicated in the title, but also hardy shrubs, garden flowers and other orna-
mentals. Mrs. H. B. Tillotson is president and Mr. J. R. Brown secretary.
MEMBERSHIP OF HORTICULTURAL SoctkTy.—The Membership of this
society is certainly growing and at this time including life members has
re ached the total of 1,762 members. It looks as though we were to make
the 1,800 mark this year.
PREMIUM ON PECK OF WEALTHY AT THE STATE Fair.—Through a
typographical error the premium offered on peck of Wealthy apples at the
coming state fair reads $2 00. Please change this to $20.00, which is the
amount of the premium. See page 77, state fair premium list.
MINNESOTA STATE FarR.—Don’t forget the state fair opens this year on
August 29th, and make your entries, etc., accordingly. Don’t leave your
entries to be made on arrival but attend to it immediately. If you have not
received the premium list, Sec’y E. W. Randall will send one by addressing
him at Hamline.
FRUITS IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY —Mr. R. M. Probstfield, of Moor-
head, writes in regard to this year’s fruitage in the Red River Valley, ‘‘Apple
trees of all kinds are loaded with fruit, raspberry crop immense, currents and
gooseberries good crop. Strawberries beds that wintered had also a good crop
this year. No blight on apple trees.”
INFLUENCE OF TOP-WORKING ON BEARING.—J. S. Trigg, of Rock, Iowa,
says,‘‘We note a marked difference in the bearing age of some Fameuse apple
trees top-worked on Hibernal stock and some top-worked on the Briar Sweet
crab,the latter bearing heavily in six years while the former have not yet pro-
duced an apple.’? What is the experience of our readers along this line, as to
the Hibernal being a late bearer when top-worked?
CoLD STORAGE FOR THE STATE FAIR FRuITS.—The usual arrangement
for storing early ripening fruits for the state fair and for the winter meeting of
the society has been made with A. Booth & Co, of Minneapolis. By using
these cold storage facilities the season of many of these fruits can be length-
ened, but special care will have to be taken in handling and packing fruit in-
tended for cold storage as bruises bring about early decay. Plums and early
ripening apples should be saved in this way in order to make a full exhibit of
what is grown on the place.
‘“‘VEGETABLE GARDENING’’ AT POPULAR PRICES.—The Webb Publishing
Co., of St. Paul, who are publishing Prof. Green’s book on “Vegetable Gard-
ening’’ have issued a new list placing the price of this valuable work at $1.00
bound in cloth, and $ ,50 bound in paper, and hereafter the paper bound
volume will be offered for securing a new member; the cloth bound volume,
SECRETARY'S CORNER. 319
as heretofore, one copy for securing two new members. This work should bein
the hands of every grower of vegetables in the northwest and found in the
library next to ‘“‘Amateur Fruit Grower.”’
DuLUTIT STRAWBERRIES AT THE WORLD’S Fair.—The largest and finest
strawberries that have gone tothe World’s Fair from this state have been sent
by two parties from the Duluth region, Mr. F. B. McLeran, of Wrenshall,
having sent three refrigerator cases of exceptionally fine berries and Mr. A.
McComber, of Duluth, one case of seedling strawberries. Mr. Wyman Elliot
was at Duluth and packed this latter case himself. There were many berries
in this lot leasuring six inches in circumference, and the judges at the World’s
graded them 98% out of a possible 100.
WEALTHYS OF THE 1903 Crop AT THE STATE Farir.-—A box of Wealthy:
holding a bushel, has been reserved out of the fruit that was stored last fall
for exhibition at the World’s Fair during the summer months, and will be
exhibited at the coming state fair that it may be seen what manner of success
attends this way of keeping fruit. The experience connected with the
storage of this lot of fruit indicates that when properly handled, packed and
stored at the right temperature, Wealthys can be kept in good condition
throughout the year and retain very fully the natural flavor. A very full line
of experiments should be conducted in the keeping of this fruit, which if suc-
cessful will add immensely to its value.
APPLES FOR THE WORLD’S FAIR.—A large quantity of apples will be
needed for the fall exhibit at the World’s Fair, and an opportunity will be
given to each member of the society to contribute to the apple exhibit. Many
of our members have already communicated with the secretary tendering
apples and other fruits for this purpose. The earliest apples are specially de-
sired, but of course shipments will have to be made at all times during the
fall months to keep up the display. If you have not already done so, please
communicate with the secretary in regard to your contribution to this display.
In some way contributors to this exhibit will be remembered in connection
with it, either by recognition from the World’s Fair or from the society. In
writing please state what variety can be furnished and in what quantities. A
box of a single bushel is a very satisfactory form in which to ship.
LATE WorDS FROM THE WoRLD’S Farr.—A letter received July 24th
from President Wedge, who is with the Minnesota Exhibit at the World’s
Fair at this time, says, ‘‘We have on exhibition today 213 glass jars, 140
plates of apples, 85 plates of raspberries, 51 plates of currants, 15 plates of
strawberries, 16 plates of blueberries. The small fruits, especially the straw-
berries and raspberries,attract much attention,and all small fruit isexcellent.’’
“You know the fine Washington exhibit opposite us: I have taken a great
deal of pains to notice which attracted most people going down the aisles and
can say positively that more by far look our way, and even if they are starting
to go by on the other side the sight of the fruit in the glass cases almost
always attracts them across the way. As I begun this sentence a group of five
did just this thing.”’
SomE Injurt1ous INsEcTS IN SO. MInNESOTA.—Prof. F. L. Washburn,
State Entomologist, who July 16th returned from the annual inspec-
320 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
tion trip of nurseries in Southern Minnesota, speaks of some things he noticed
as follows:
“The nurseries look in particularly fine condition, except that the destruc-
tive leaf hopper has begun seriously injurious work in one ortwo. We are
fighting the same now with special apparatus in two of the larger nurseries.
“I found the maple trees in the streets of Luverne loaded with the Maple
Scale, which we have to some extent in Minneapolis, and which is also com-
plained of as appearing very suddenly in South Dakota at Sioux Falls. I do
not think that the trees will necessarily be injured by this pest, because para-
sites are quite likely to appear to reduce its numbers materially, as well as
climatic conditions. Pruning the trees and burning the cuttings at this time
would be a decided help.”’
SMALL FRUITS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR IN JUNE AND JuLY.—The exhibit
of small fruits at the Minnesota exhibit, World’s Fair, commencing in the
middle of June, has been well sustained up to the time of this writing, July
23d, and without doubt will be until the season is over. During the last two
weeks of June, strawberries were the only small fruit sent there, and an
exhibit approximating 150 plates of this fruit was kept upon the shelves. Re-
ports from the World’s Fair received under date of July 20th speak of 257
plates of small fruits being on exhibition, besides approximately 140 plates
of apples. The small fruit exhibit has included in its season nearly every
variety of fruit in the line generally cultivated, and the list of contributors is
large. In another place in this number will be found a report from Mr. A. K.
Bush as to the strawberry exhibit, he being at the World’s Fair at that season.
There being no assistant at the fruit exhibit during the first half of July no
formal report has been made of that period. Mr. Clarence Wedge is with the
exhibit at this time and will be until August first, and we hope to hear from
him in regard to the Minnesota fruit show at St. Louis in the next issue of
our monthly.
THE Honor ROLL FOR 1904.—The list of those sending in new mem-
bers from the beginning of the year to June Ist is as follows:
J. M. Oliver, 1; T. Redpath, 4; T. E. Cashman, 31; F. M. Crosby, 3.
W. H. Noyes, 2; R. Naumann, 1; A. Brackett, 7; Oliber Gibbs, 1; F. Yahnke;
223 (Farmers’ Institute); R. H. Pendergast, 1; W. L. Taylor, 2; G. A.
Anderson, 1; S. D. Richardson, 1; A. Norby, 1; W. L. Parker, 1; Frank
Brown, 3; John Alf. Peterson, 1; C. C. Hunter, 2; Le Roy Cady, 3; P. Clau-
sen, 1; G. J. Kellogg, 1; G. W. Strand, 14; Ole S. Quammen, 1; F. X. Fero-
dowill, 1; Jacob Schwab, 1; Prof.S. G Green, 1; W. F. Naylor, 1; E. W. May,
man, 1; A. E. Johnson, 2; E. A. Webb, 1; L. Johannessohn, 8; 3. E. St. John-
1; J. Swedberg, 1; R. S. Brickey, 1; I. A. Barberg,5; Hans Nelson, 1; F. E.
Schotzko, 1; Jewell Nursery Co.,3; J. A. Campion, 1; Peter Peterson, 1;
Geo. C. Moore, 3; Jens Krog,1; A. K. Bush, 4; John Bisbee, 54; S. Soren-
son, 2; S. Sorenson, 2; I. B. Jorgerson, 4; J. V. Wichler, 12; Prof.
Wm. Robertson, 3; W. H. Eddy, 2; F. H. Amtsbauer, 1; E. P. Jensen,
1; Denery Tousignant, 1; A. J. Philips, 8; A. L. Brenig, 1; Iver S.
Klagsvik, 1; Henry Ginder, 1; Ole Skinnemoen, 2; C. R. Snyder, 3; C. Van
Vliet, 1; Aug. Logering, 3; W. J. Tingley, 2; Wm. Thomssen, 1; E. M.
Ericson, 1; A. H. Reid, 1; M. A. Hemstad, 4; Thos. C. Jones, 5; C. E.
Older, 1; N. M. Thygeson, 1; Geo. H. Hamilton, 1; Nils Flaten, 3; F. F.
Farrar, 1; Dr. E. M. Lundholm, 3; Rev. O. A. Th. Solem, 4; H H. S. Rowell,
3; Henry Dunsmoor, 1; John W. Brogard,1; Otto Kankel, 8; J. A. Saxon, 1;
G. Kuhnan, 1; John W. Erickson, 2; H. L. Simmons, 1; J. P. Ness, 2; Dr. R.
Patterson, 1; H. Cleveland, 1; K. W. Lewis, 1; Franklin Benner, 1; F. M.
Crosby, 1; G. Holty, 1; C. A. Grover, 3; David Secor, 1; O. F. Meyer, Le Ra
E. Wright, 1; Chas. Fitzer, 1; C. D. Brackelsburg, 1; Peter Lindstrom, 1;
Anton Jensen, 1; B. P. Christensen, 1; C. O. Peterson, 1; H. L. Morgan, 1;
Wm. Pfaender, 1; W. B. Gerth. 1; A. G. Long, 1; Frank Moeser, 1; C. A.
Mattson, 7; Cornelius Kelly, 1; O Hoglund, 1.
Further accessions will be reported later.
‘VHT LYAa’Iv ‘AHSSVW “M ‘V ‘UW AO ADNHCISHA
THE MINNESOTA
HORTICULTURIST.
VOL. 32. SEPTEMBER, 1904. No. 9.
PERENNIAL FLOWERS.
MRS. A. W. MASSEE, ALBERT LEA,
(So. Minn. Hort. Society.)
Of perennial plants proper we have a list that will give bloom the
entire season. A very modest, pretty plant, blooming very early in
spring, is Arabis Alpina. It is a low-growing plant, completely cov-
ered with sprays of dainty, white, fragrant flowers. A bed of it in
bloom looks like a snowbank. It blooms at the same time as the gay
early tulips, and planted in a bed in close proximity to the tulip beds
sets the latter off extremely well. It is very hardy, well liked by
bees and blooms the second year from seed.
Mertensia Virginica, commonly called Blue Bells, blooming in
May, to my mind are really beautiful planted in any vacant space.
They take care of themselves and multiply quite rapidly. We have
Dicentra (Bleeding Heart), which, if grown well, is quite ornamen-
tal for some time; and peonies, in variety, which every one knows,
loves and can grow. The first of the peonies to bloom is Tenuifolia,
quite distinct from any other variety in the foliage, which is fern-
like. It has quantities of very bright, deep red, fragrant flowers.
There is both a double and single form of this peony. Next to
Tenuifolia in time of blooming is Officinalis Rosea Rubra, the old-
fashioned, deep red peony, and it is still one of the best, although
less vigorous than some of the newer varieties. Most of the newer
varieties are later bloomers, having very large, double flowers, most
of them fragrant, in shades of pink, red, cream and pure white ; some
with light lemon or straw centers. All are beautiful, and it is hard
to say which is the favorite. I think I would have as many varieties
as I could well accommodate. By planting the different varieties
the blooming period can be extended over a period of several weeks.
Peonies should not be disturbed unless the clumps become too large
and encroach on something else. They like a deep, moist, rich soil,
but resent water standing around them. They should have a very
322 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
liberal dressing of manure each fall, to be worked into the soil the
following spring, in order to insure large, perfect flowers in abun-
dance.
The old-finished, fringed, fragrant Garden Pink, blooming in
June, are one of my must-haves. There is a white variety, very large
and fragrant, but to my mind not so pretty as the pink variety.
Both have the bad habit of bursting the calyx when fully open. One
of the most enjoyable things I had last year was a bed of Picotee
Pinks, or hardy Carnations. I purchased a packet of seeds for ten
cents, planted them in a box outdoors two years ago this coming
May, and raised about thirty plants. When they were about three
inches in height I trasplanted them into a well prepared bed of quite
light soil. The cutworms probably took one-third of the plants; the
others grew finely, and by winter were fine, stocky plants. I did
not cover them, as I have found that Garden Pinks resent covering.
I have lost many roots by the leaves drifting on to them. The rab-
bits immediately pre-empted that bed for pasture, and in the spring
it was a sorry spectacle for a flower crank. To put it mildly, I was
vexed and declared a war of extermination against the rabbits. I
had planted that bed for a purpose, not for the rabbits. It was a
little experiment to test their hardiness here, which I rather doubted.
Every plant was well trimmed, some to the ground; the latter never
came to anything; the others I carefully took up and reset so as to
fill the whole space, and soon they just fairly jumped, and stooled
out so thickly that when they budded I thought I had never seen any-
thing so full. Perhaps the rabbits did the correct think in pruning
them. When they bloomed I felt the experiment was a success far
beyond my expectations, and that is saying much. All the plants gave
double flowers excepting two, and these were pretty; some of them
_ were nearly as large, and all but the two fully as double, and all as
fragrant as the florists’ Carnation. The colors ranged from pure
white through shades of pink to the darkest red I ever saw in
Carnations. Some were white, edged with pink, others white or pink
penciled in darker shades, while one very dark red looked as though
it had been powdered with gold dust. I assure you I would not have*
undertaken to have counted the flowers on that bed. They did not
burst the calyx, but of course the stems were short so you could not
pick them without sacrificing the buds. I had so many I picked them
buds and all, and never enjoyed any flowers as much, and I am sure
the neighbors did also. They were at their full bloom in July and
into August, but there was never‘a time after they commenced bloom-
ing that I could not pick a nice bouquet until November. I am
very anxious about how that bed will come through this winter. If
PERENNIAL FLOWERS. 323
the plants are dead or very feeble, I shall start again from seed.
It would pay any one to sow a packet each year and so keep up
their stock if need be.
The Funkias, or Day Lilies, are very handsome perennials. Funkia
Subcordata, having large, white, fragrant flowers, in large sprays,
is the best. Any one, even with a small place, can have a clump of
this variety. It can be planted in a sheltered, shady corner by the
house. It likes moisture. There is a variegated variety the foliage
of which is very ornamental but the flowers insignificant.
The Hemerocallis, or Lemon Lily, is the choicest, most
useful, easiest grown perennial of ironclad hardiness I know. I be-
lieve it will grow anywhere and under the most adverse conditions.
I judge so from the action of my own plants. I set a small plant in
the poorest soil and the most exposed position on our place, and it
is now a large clump, and in June sends up many flowering stalks,
each one bearing several large, lily-like blossoms of a pleasing lemon
color and very fragrant. They bloom for some time, and the flowers
make beautiful large bouquets. It is an old plant but is rarely seen
in cultivation at the present time.
If your grounds are large you may have Delphiniums ( Perennia?
Larkspur). There are several varieties, white and shades of blue.
They are tall, rank growers, profuse and handsome bloomers, and if
planted in variety will give bloom from May until late in the fall.
They are fine for borders, as a background for other lower grow-
ing plants or among the shrubbery, the blue varieties being espe-
cially effective in the last named place. They like sunshine. They
are not so suitable for, small places.
Much is said about Rudbeckia (Golden Glow). I can’t say I
am very much in love with it as a plant, but I like the blossoms for
cutting. Cut large bunches with long stems, add a little green that
is suitable, drop them carelessly into a tall or large vase, let them
arrange themselves, and they are a close second to the yellow Chry-
santhemum. It is not suitable to small places, and even on large
ones one clump (and you will have to yearly curtail that) is enough.
Put it,in the background where it can peep over some lower grow-
ing shrub. To give large and perfect flowers—otherwise it is no bet-
ter than a weed—it must be liberally fertilized, as it is a gross. feeder.
The Perennial Phlox is well worthy a place anywhere. They
have been so much improved, and new varieties added, that one who
had not seen any other than the old loose panicled white and lav-
ender pink would hardly recognize these new and improved Phlox
as belonging to the same family. When in bloom, gorgeous is the
word that truly describes them. They have very large and close
324 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
heads of bloom and are of the most vivid colors. If planted in
masses, they make your eyes ache, and perhaps set your teeth on edge
if they have not been properly planted as regards shades. In plant-
ing in masses always put in a plenty. of the white varieties and save
your nerves. Perennial Phlox seems to be the only flower whose
colors will not harmonize when planted in masses, but with plenty
of white interspersed that unpleasantness is avoided. White Phlox
is especially pretty for cut flowers. I know of nothing so pretty for
large bouquets in summer as white Phlox and Fern fronds. They
look so cool and choice, not common at all, and the Phlox is fra-
grant. Phlox are nice for the border, each variety separated by some
other perennial plant or shrub, or among shrubbery, where it lights
up the somber greens and adds. much to the appearance of the
grounds after the blooming season is over for most of the shrubs.
The dwarf, early flowering Phlox commences to bloom in June and
with me rarely has more than one blooming period. The tall, late
blooming commence to bloom in July and bloom more or less until
hard frost. You cannot make a mistake in planting these new varie-
ties, and you will realize on your investment the first year and every
year thereafter. So try them if you have not already done so.
If you have a shady corner somewhere don’t fail to plant some
native ferns and a few wild flowers from the woods. Hepatica Tri-
loba, Bloodroot, Dicentra, Adder Tongue, the wild Wood Phlox and
others. I have some Hepatica Tribola planted along the north side
of the house, which I prize more than anything I have. They come
so early, are so dainty, so free in bloom that I can pick all I wish
for bouquets and still have more. The foliage also is ornamental
the entire season.
If I have exhausted your patience, which I must have, I have
not by any means exhausted the list of perennials that any one can
grow and with much less care than you must bestow on annuals or
bedding plants, and you need never be without blossoms from early
spring until late autumn. In this class belong the Lily and Iris, some
varieties of each being especially beautiful, notably so the Japan
Lilies and the Japan Iris in great variety. In fact, we must thank
Japan for many of our most beautiful flowers and shrubs. The
choicest varieties in both of these classes are just a little difficult
and need specially prepared beds, definite treatment and conditions
that are not always obtainable and for that reason every one cannot
succeed with them.
In conclusion, I want to speak of one vine with which I have
been more than pleased, and I wish I could induce each one of you
to plant one at least this coming spring. It is Clematis Paniculata.
PERENNIAL FLOWERS. 325
It is a vigorous, healthy grower, nice foliage, which keeps green un-
til the ground freezes, and in September and October is literally
smothered with dainty, white, star-shaped, fragrant flowers, grow-
ing in sprays. There will be hundreds of these sprays so that the
vine is one sheet of white, just a green leaf peeping through now
and then. It does not seem to be fussy in the least, and I should
say from my own experience it would grow anywhere excepting
perhaps in the shade. I prefer it to the Large Flowered Clematis,
and it is certainly much easier managed and less liable to disease.
One plant will grow to cover quite a large space in one year. It
must have something to support it; wire netting is what I use. It is
just the thing for a porch. Try it.
HOW |! GROW GRAPES.
J. W. MURRAY, EXCELSIOR.
“Good evening, neighbor. I just dropped in this evening to have
a little talk with you about growing grapes. I know you have had
some experience. I want to plant out a small number of vines en-
tirely, or mainly, for my own family use. I want to plant such as
are best adapted to that purpose, and I shall not begrudge them a
little extra ground, labor or expense to secure success.”
“Well, neighbor, if you proposed to grow grapes by the acre, for
commercial purposes, I should want you to consult some one else,
who is more experienced and more competent to advise you; but if
you only propose to grow a limited number, as you say, perhaps
. I can best aid you by telling you how I grow grapes on a small
scale, and as a house is best built by commencing at the ground and
building upward, so perhaps we had better commence at the ground
and work upward.”
“That will just suit me. Nodw what about the location?” ;
“Well, my own location was a very favorable one. I was half
a mile from the south shore of Lake Minnetonka, and about 100
feet above it, thus getting well above low frost lines.”
“A good location, I should think. And now what about the
slope of the land?”
- “Tn this I was also favored, for I had a gentle south slope, which
is doubtless the best. I should call a southeast or east slope next
best, a southwest or west slope next, and, lastly, rather than have
no grapes, I would try a gentle north slope.”
“And suppose your land was level.”
“It would answer if well drained.”
“How would you prepare the ground?”
“First, have your land in good condition for raising a good crop
of corn or potatoes; then plow deeply and cultivate thoroughly, as
you would for corn.”
“How far would you place your rows and your vines apart?”
“The standard distance is eight feet apart each way, but for a
small vineyard, such as you propose, I should much prefer to have
the rows ten feet apart and the vines eight feet apart in the rows.”
326 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
“Why plant the rows ten feet apart?”
“In this latitude the grapes want all the sunshine they can get
in order to ripen and color them well, and ten feet gives the sun ‘a
much better chante than eight; and then one-third of your space is
not continually in the shade of the row below it.”
“Which way would you have your rows?”
“T prefer east and west, and at least on a south slope should cer-
tainly plant them so.”
“How many vines would probably suffice, for a small family like
mine?”
“Well, perhaps forty. Don’t make the common mistake of plant-
ing too few.”
“Shall I plant cuttings, yearlings or two-year-old vines?”
“Plant two-year-olds, every time and no others.”
“Where shall I get the vines?”
“From your nearest reliable nurseryman, or some other in your
own or adjoining state.”
“Well now, what varieties shall I plant, and how many of each?”
“That is rather a hard question, and perhaps no two grape grow-
ers would make you out similar lists. I think this would do fairly
well: 10 Delaware, 10 Concord, 10 Brighton, 5 lona and 5 Rogers
No. 15 (Agawam). Unless your location is quite favorable, sub-
stitute some other for the Iona.”
“Well, now suppose that before I sent off my order I should con-
clude to plant sixty more, for commercial purposes, to pay the ex-
pense of keeping up and working the vineyard, what varieties
would you recommend for these sixty?”
“Just add this postscript to your order: ‘P. S. Please send me
sixty more of your best two-year-old Delawares.””
“You seem decidedly favorable to the Delaware.”
“Yes, sir; both for excellence and profit it is the king of Minne
sota grapes.”
“How is it best to plant?”
“Be careful to have your vines all run in the same direction, and
if they run from west to east, then plant them at an angle of about
forty-five degrees, sloping toward the east.”
“What care will they want the first season ?”
“Practically none, but to keep the ground well cultivated and
clean, and the vines may lie upon the ground. The second year one
or more small stakes will be needed for each vine, and the third year
you will want a trellis.
“In what shape would you train the vines?”
“For this latitude, train as a single arm or vine, with upright
branches, tied to the wires, while the arm is tied to the lower wire
and dropped down when pruned for covering.”
“Well, now, about that trellis?” D
“You have intimated that you would not mind a little extra care
and expense for the sake of having things about right. Then put
in a good, dry, six feet white oak, cedar or tamarack post, every
eight feet, and brace the end posts. Your post will stand four feet
or a little more above ground. Don’t make your trellises more than
ten vines long. I like six much better. Now put on four strands
HOW I GROW GRAPES. 327
of the ordinary grape wire (No. 12 annealed), and your trellis is
done.”
“Don’t some people use less?”
“Yes, some people use fewer posts, and also fewer wires, but I
don’t like the plan.”
“How shall I place the wires?”
“Place your first wire eighteen inches above the ground, and your
second eight inches above the first. Place your fourth wire at the
top of the posts and divide the remaining space with the third wire.
“T don’t need to go into all the minutia of pruning, training, re-
moving laterals and all that. You will want some good small grape
book or pamphlet for that and, perhaps, a little instruction and advice
from some grape grower.”
“Well, now, about winter covering?”
“After fall pruning and before dropping the vines for cover-
ing, go along with a hoe and dig a small trench about three inches
deep under each vine; then drop the vine into the trench and fasten
it down with some small, sharpened stakes, or a few shovelfuls of
earth, and the vine is ready for covering.
“Plow rather shallow or cultivate deeply all the space between
the rows, and with long handled, round pointed, clean, bright shov-
els. Cover the vines well, for winter protection.
“And now a special word of caution: Don’t take the earth away
from the roots of your vines to cover with. Remember that the
roots need more cover and protection than the vines do. People
often kill their vines, or at least many of the buds, by removing the
earth from over the roots, and then the next spring they generously
give the winter all the credit for killing or injuring their vines.
“After covering the vines, cultivate well all the spaces between
the rows. This cultivating is a great protection against freezing;
and for your small vineyard I am much inclined to think that it
would pay you well to cover all the spaces, vines and all, with three
or four inches of straw or, better still, with hay. And now you are
ready for winter.”
Mr. J. W. Murray: I cannot lay too much stress upon this pro-
tection of the roots of the vines. Right here I want to correct a
false report which went out from Minnetonka about a half dozen
years ago. It went out that the vines were very badly injured by
winter-killing. That report has never been corrected. That win-
ter that hundreds of vines were killed was one of the moistest I
have ever seen in Minnesota. I left out hundreds of vines on the
trellis that were never pruned or laid down. Those vines went
threugh the winter almost as well as those that were laid down and
covered deeply and thoroughly. Within a short distance of. the
village was a little vineyard of about a thousand vines. The vines
were not pruned or laid down, but they remained on the trellis all
winter, but out of that thousand there were not more than twenty
vines killed. The next year they bore a tremendous crop. I pre-
sume the vineyard overbore, and I doubt whether it has been worth
much since. Now why were they not killed?
The summer before had been one of the driest in the history
of Minnesota, and I have been here for forty-five years. You could
328 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
hear everybody say it was dry from fourteen inches down to four- -
teen feet. I guess it was dry all the way down and half way back.
(Laughter.) The summer before and the fall was so dry that the
ground was like an ash heap. That summer, however, being so dry,
was a splendid season for the production of grapes, and the vines
ripened their fruit finely. The vines overbore, and my Delaware
bore from twenty-five to thirty pounds of grapes each, and I do
not think one of them has borne a good crop since. Now what I
am getting at is that the main cause of the killing was the summer
heat. There was no such thing as winter-killing. This vineyard on
the hill I spoke of was a young one. It was not exhausted by over-
bearing ; it stood the winter all right. The point is this, in very dry
seasons you may sometimes have your vines summer-killed and
then the next spring you call it winter-killing. The remedy would
be irrigation, but, of course, we are ndt in a position to apply such
a remedy.
Mr. Hobart: -How many miles north of here will the Dela-
ware succeed?
Mr. R. H. Pendergast: I have been growing grapes on Lake
Superior for thirty years, and I have found the Concord and the
Delaware will not ripen. But the earlier grapes like the Moore’s
Early and the Janesville will ripen. We have that difficulty, that
we have not the requisite heat.
The President: Would they do better some distance away from
the lake?
~ Mr. Pendergast: The whole country around Lake Superior is
a cold country. That is what makes it a popular summer resort.
Our strawberries and raspberries are better than any I have ever
seen.
Prof. Washburn: The Worden is the most delicious grape I
ever tasted. Why not put that in the list?
Mr. Murray: You cannot ripen it, and if it does ripen it shells
off so badly that you can scarcely get a ripe cluster. If I were
planting again I hardly think I would plant any Worden.
Prof. Green: I would put the Moore’s Early in the same class.
Mr. Murray: I have left it out entirely. With us the Moore’s
Early is one of the poorest bearers we have. The vines kill, the
buds kill, you can hardly get a good vine. They never bore me a
full crop, and I left it out entirely. I hardly think I would plant it
at all, although if it would bear well it would be one of the very
best grapes to raise.
Mr. W. L. Taylor: I would like to emphasize’what has been
said about Moore’s Early, and I would like to ask a question about
the Delaware. I live on the E. J. Cutt’s place, and I am digging
out the Delawares because I have a better sale for the Concord.
It does not fail to ripen with us, but I can raise one hundred bushels
of Concord to one of Delaware. I have some grapes that were not
covered before the freeze came. Would it be better to put on ma-
nure, hay or straw for covering?
Mr. Murray: I think anything would do that would not injure
the vine.
HOW I GROW GRAPES. 329
Prof. Hansen: About the Moore’s Early. We were familiar
with it in Iowa. They found the Moore’s Early a very poor bearer
if it is not trimmed right. It should be trimmed with from five
to seven buds. In that case it is a very fair bearer, although it is
not as productive as the Worden. That is also the greatest objection
we have had to the Worden.
Mr. Murray: How do you get your vines covered ?
Prof. Hansen: We cover the ends of the canes.
Prof. Washburn: Are you seriously troubled with insects?
Mr. Murray: Not to amount to much.
Mr. P. H. Perry: Has any one tried the Campbell’s Early?
Mr. Taylor: I have some on my place, but do not like it as well
—as the Concord.
Mr. R. A. Wright: I had only one fault to find with Mr. Mur-
ray’s paper. I think the Concord pays better than the Delaware.
The Concord proves more profitable around Lake Minnetonka.
Sec’y Latham: I do not like to talk upon many subjects, but
I do know a little something about grapes. The Delaware has not
done very well this year. I think it has been because the growers
have not sprayed them. I sold my last vineyard last spring, but
while I owned one I always sprayed, and I am confident the cause
of their not ripening was because they were not sprayed. At the
time the mildew came and became a serious thing I know I had to
spray my vineyards while I had control of them. There is always
a little mildew on the vines, but not always enough to seriously in-
jure them. If there is enough to take the leaves off the fruit will not
ripen, and the people find out that the Delawares are not good. I do
not think the vine growers ought to grow that kind of fruit, and they
can avoid it by spraying. Grape vines should be trained on the
trellis to the east. In my first vineyard I planted about five hundred
vines, and I thought it would be a nice thing to train them toward
the setting sun. I had some poetic notions then, and my vines
were trained toward the setting sun. They struggled with the ele-
ments for several years, but they were stubborn and I could do
nothing with them until I turned them toward the east. If trained
toward the west the wind forces the foliage back towards the east
and north, because the prevailing winds in summer are from the
west and south. This is an important feature in keeping a vineyard
in good shape. Mr. Murray advises planting ten feet apart. That
same vineyard has done wonders at fairs, and yet the rows are
planted only six feet apart. That vineyard has been: bearing thirty
years. It is true it is not quite so convenient to cover. The point is
right here, in the summer the sun shines on one side of the row
in the morning and on the other side in the afternoon.
Mr. Preston McCulley: Would you not rather have the rows
running north and south?
Mr. Latham: No, sir, I would not.
Mr. Brackett: I think there was.a suggestion made in regard
to the depth at which they should be planted.
Mr. Murray: I suggested deep planting, but I suggested noth-
ing beyond that.
330 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Prof. Green: I want to answer the question that has been asked
as to how far north grapes can be grown. I have eaten some very
nice Delaware grapes on the shores of the lake near Aitkin. I was
going to say something as regards diseases of the Delaware. I
think we have more trouble with the mildew than with anything
else. I think that is the reason why the Delaware has not been
a success for the past two years. The remedy is that we must
spray with Bordeaux mixture. In regard to this winter-killing, I
want to take issue with Mr. Murray on that. If he remembers, the
vines that grew in sod that year did not winter-kill. The vine-
yard he speaks of was loaded with weeds, it was simply covered
with weeds. I think if you would ask Mr. Dewain Cook he would
tell you that they kill almost every winter until they are mulched.
We had a winter when the ground was bare, and we had just such
conditions around Lake Minnetonka as Mr. Cook has in south-
western Minnesota.
TOP-GRAFTING THE APPLE.
SETH H. KENNEY, WATERVILLE.
I began over forty years ago to try to get an orchard. I need
not tell the older members of this society of my failures. We all
have had them. I lost two orchards by root-killing. I did some top-
working more than twenty years ago on crab stock. The trees re-
main today good, healthy bearing trees. One was a Pewaukee, not
considered very hardy on its own roots; it was grafted eighteen inches
above ground, and the graft has outgrown the crab stump, but it
has borne large crops of fine fruit. The other was Transcendent top-
worked with Whitney crab—in this way it never has suffered with
blight. These trees led to top-working the Pewaukee on V irginia
crab about five years ago with success.
Three years ago I set thirty-one two-year-old trees of Missing
Link, and I cut 1,000 grafts and grafted on crab trees. This third
year many of the grafts bore apples, so that I gathered three bushels.
Here I had a good opportunity to see that a variety that did not suc-
ceed as an orchard tree was hardy enough to do well grafted on crab.
The apples were of uniform size and have the name of keeping one
year or more. A great many of the grafts did not bear last fall, so an-
other season I look for quite a bountiful yield. I made a great mis-
take in cutting off too much top the first year, which forced the
grafts to such a degree that many of the limbs blighted some. Since
the first experience I have whip-grafted in the top of the trees as
much as possible, and if any of the grafts fail no injury comes to
the tree. The three bushels this fall is the result of top-working on
crab stock.
TOP-GRAFTING THE APPLE. 331
The same spring I top-worked sixty Duchess trees with Malinda.
The Duchess apples got ripe early and were harvested. The Ma-
linda then had all the top of the whole tree, and the three-years’
grafts produced seven bushels of winter apples. One box I brought
to this meeting.
Three years ago I grafted some Seek-No-Further apples on crab
stock. They made very fine specimens, which I also brought to
this meeting; also one variety of apple from Iowa named “Isher-
wood,” that originated in Canada—this from a two-year-old graft;
and quite a variety that I obtained from Mr. Ivins, a nurseryman
from Iowa Falls. These I brought, thinking some of our lowa
neighbors might recognize them. I visited the orchard of Andrew
Top-worked apple tree. The points of union are where marked with x.
Wilfert, of Cleveland, and obtained scions, and two,years ago set
seven Yellow Siberian trees of his variety for winter use. None
of these will bear till next spring. Last spring I continued the work.
I wish to call your attention to one thing, that in thirteen va-
rieties that I have top-worked as far as they have borne I have not
made a single failure. The reward is so quick and certain. While
I confess I do not understand why the sap from a crab apple tree
imparts hardiness to tender varieties, I have seen it to my mind so
clearly that I feel quite sure if I had known what I do now twenty
years ago I would have had at this time a very large orchard. I
think I owe a debt of gratitude to this society when I see this top-
332 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
working succeeds so well. I think we shall raise the Ben Davis, the
Baldwin, Northern Spy and a long list of apples that the society had
thought we could not grow. The new seedling list now grown in
Minnesota, and the capture of the Wilder medal at Boston, Mass.,
speaks volumes for the work of this society.
There are a great many problems connected with this work that
I have to say I do not know but come to these meetings to
learn. The twenty-seven years that I have, I think, been to the
meetings almost constantly, has been a great pleasure, a source of
profit financially. I have not given close attention to orchard work
in grafting till the last three years. Our late president thought
Top-worked apple tree on place of R. H. lL. Jewett, at Faribault.
horticulture should “be taught in the schools.’’ He also said the
“Crab trees of Minnesota were as hardy as the oak.” There is
pleasure in raising the winter apples, assisting nature to produce the
fruit. There are many problems left to mankind to work out. Do
not any of you believe for a moment that the great Creator has not
placed in our reach a way to make Minnesota the best fruit state in
the Union.
Mr. Philips: One gentleman recommended three varieties. Mr.
Yahnke and I have four varieties. Would you recommend a man
spending his time on the Missing Link when he can top-work such
apples as the Wealthy and the Northwestern Greening. Would you
have him take the Missing Link?
TOP-GRAFTING THE APPLE. a8
Mr. Kenney: I put in the Missing Link because I thought I
could get apples the year round. I did not get them for commercial
purposes.
Mr. Elliot: I just want to illustrate one point in this paper, and
that is, one of the offspring of those Malinda apples was top-worked
on the Duchess. The point that interested me was that very thing,
the fact that he top-worked that Duchess right in the top, and four
or five of the scions are living and producing fruit, while the tree
below it is producing Duchess apples. Now in that Duchess tree
producing that fruit up to the time of the maturity of the Duchess,
they were drawing sustenance equally after that time, and the long
maturing apple took the strength of the tree and produced that nice
apple.
Prof. Robertson: I would like to ask Mr. Kenney whether he
took the lowest branches around the outside.
Mr. Kenney: No, I take the upper limbs. I found the rapidity
of growth on the upper limbs was five times that of the lower limbs.
But I take the outside of the tree, that is the best place to get good
results. I will say this, that I did not give the matter very much at-
tention. I did not begin top-working until three years ago, I had so
many other things to take my attention; but when I got apples I
was sure I could raise only on crab stock it came to me that I was
getting to be an old man, almost seventy years old, and I wanted to
do work to get the mast out of in the quickest possible time, get re-
sults just as soon as possible. I thought this practice might be use-
ful in showing those of my age how to obtain winter apples in
three years’ time. This has given me good success. I have a tree
twenty-five feet high from which I never got a peck of apples. I
cut off a few limbs and put them on top of the Wealthy, and those
limbs were as full as they could hang, and a great deal nicer fruit
than I ever saw on the other tree.
Mr. Philips: Didn’t the fertilizing have something to do with it?
Mr. Kenney: I couldn’t say.
Mr. Philips: The Martha crab will do well if half of it is left.
Mr. Bailey: Can’t we use Transcendent on the top? It blights
mostly in the top—cannot it be used successfully, say, with the Vir-
ginia ?
Mr. Kenney: Some years ago I used Transcendent to top-work
some Ben Davis; the blight would start in below the graft, and I
therefore don’t consider it safe to use.
Mr. Bailey: I mean where we want to get the Transcendent ?
Mr. Philips: The lower part of a tree over twenty years old was
worked on the Whitney and never blighted.
Mr. Bailey: I want to raise Transcendent.
Mr. Kenney: I have not tried that except one graft, and that
has not come into. bearing.
Mr. Murray: The gentleman said that grafting Martha on to
Wealthy would give you Martha. I have a beautiful Martha fifteen
feet high. I have tried grafting the Wealthy on to Martha to
make the Martha bear, but it had no effect, and I don’t believe any-
thing will make it bear.
334 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. A. F. Collman: I would like to ask a question here for my
own benefit. After listening to Prof. Hansen and the rest of them
this morning, I want to ask the question whether the Virginia crab
is not the very best stock to propagate a good orchard on? Is it not
the best stock that grows?
Mr. Busse: If I were to answer that question for myself I would
say it is not. I always thought the Virginia was free from blight
altogether, but it is not. It blighted badly last summer in the sum-
mer season, and I tried some old varieties top-worked, some were
Northwestern Greening, Wealthy, etc. I do not call the Wealthy
hardy as far as going into the winter is concerned, but I found the
Virginia does not make as good a graft as the Hibernal. The last
thing I grafted the Martha and Hibernal and Virginia, but the Hi-
bernal, I think, is the best for grafting any variety. The Shields is
a ‘good one, it will not blight and makes a better graft than the
Martha. I consider the Hibernal the best of all the varieties I have
tried.
Mr. Philips: I told you the other day that Mr. Grimes gave me
those Virginia crabs. I have been in this top-working business for
thirty years. I have seen the Utter grafted on six different stocks,
and in all my work I have never found anything equal to that Vir-
ginia crab. It will blight a little. There was nothing on my place
two years ago that did not blight, even the Duchess and the North-
western Greening had blighted limbs on. I could show you vari-
eties that you never heard of blighting that blighted that year. I
use my Hibernal, as Mr. Yahnke uses his, to top-work on. If i
were going to set out an orchard for money, raise apples for money,
I would settle down and plant the Virginia every year to top-work.
Prof. Goff, in looking over my premises, said it was the best tree
to top-work an orchard on. It grows a better top than any other
Tree:
Prof. Hansen: I visited Mr. Philips’ place, and I know he has
made a success with the Virginia crab as stock. I have had Vir-
ginia crab and Hibernal in hand for some time under our condi-
tions in Dakota, and I find the Virginia is somewhat subject to leaf
scab, and I prefer the Hibernal, as Mr. Busse has said. I rather
think it would be better than the Virginia as you go further west.
As far as Mr. Patten’s statement is concerned, I think we are all
agreed that young trees are better than two-year-old or three-year-
old, but the difficulty is to make the average planter see it. Here is
the practical difficulty, for the average planter looks at the matter
from a practical standpoint; he wants good, strong, healthy stock
something that the average farmer is able to see without putting on
his glasses.
Mr. Collman: I wish to say another word about this Virginia
crab. I have been in the horticultural business for a good many
years, and I have experimented quite a good deal, perhaps a good
deal more than I ought to have done, but I have never found better
stock than the Virginia crab, and two or three years ago when my
boys went on a farm of their own I said to them, “You plant Vir- .
ginia crabs, and when they get to be two years old i will top-graft
them, and they will live as long as you will.”
TOP-GRAFTING THE APPLE. 335
Mr. J. B. Mitchell (Iowa): I wish to ask Mr. Collman whether
he ever tried the Hibernal ?
Mr. Collman: Yes, but I never liked it any better than the Vir-
ginia.
Mr. Mitchell: When doctors disagree things are apt to get
pretty badly mixed up. I have had some experience in top-grafting,
and I find that locality and condition make a great difference. Now
in the case of Mr. Philips he is located on the Baraboo ridge, which
is some two hundred feet higher than the surrounding country. He
says the Virginia does not blight. I should think it would not in
that position, but with me it does blight some. I have top-grafted
the Virginia and the Hibernal, not extensively, however. In my
work in recent years the Hibernal has succeeded best with me; it
makes the best union in top-working; it has fruited the best, and in
my estimation the Hibernal is far the best.
Mr. E. A. Smith: Several years ago in our orchard at ‘Lake
City we set out a lot of Hibernal trees and crabs, top-working them
later on. Two years ago we top-worked a large number of trees
with Wealthy, and they started to blight, and before the next season
was over the trees were entirely destroyed. This summer we top-
worked the remainder, and the success was less than at first. Re-
cently going through those orchards with Mr. Underwood he re-
marked: “I am afraid the Hibernal is not going to be a good tree
to top-work the Wealthy, but perhaps there are some other varieties
more in sympathy with that stock.”
Mr. Andrew Wilfert: I have top-worked the Jonathan on the
Hibernal, also the Pewaukee, and they were the same size when
top-worked three years ago last spring, and the one that was grafted
on the Pewaukee had about fifty apples on. The one that was
top-worked on the Hibernal has not borne yet, still it made the same
growth as the other, and I think I can top-work them successfully.
I set out some more. I set out a Hibernal that I know has been
grafted on crab roots and then top-worked with winter apples.
THINNING PLUMS Pays.—In the future the thinning of plums will follow
closely upon that of. peaches. At the Michigan experiment station one tree
each of a number of varieties of plums was thinned, with a view of determin-
ing the value of thinning to help control brown rot, as well as to get finer and
larger fruit. As near as was possble, the fruits were thinned so that no two
plums would touch when fully matured. The fruit did not rot as bad and was -
much larger on trees thinned than on trees not thinned; also the trees did not
break down where thinned.
If not pruned, an old hydrangea paniculata will produce a very large
number of flower heads, but all of them small. It is merely a matter of over-
bearing and the consequent sacrifice of quality for quantity. The hydrangea
should be severely pruned every spring before growth commences, cutting all
of the last year’s growth down to one or two eyes, and removing the weakest
shoots altogether. When the operation is finished there should be more wood
on the ground than on the plant, and the result will be a fewer number of
panicles, but each of greater size and substance. To get the very best results
in this direction, the plants should be pruned very low, so that the branches
must start out quite near the ground.
336 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRESS
AS BETWEEN THE NURSERY ADVERTISER
AND THE PUBLIC.
E. A. WEBB, GENERAL MANAGER, “THE FARMER,” ST. PAUL.
I am glad of the opportunity of saying something on this sub-
ject, which is one that although not generally considered by the
people at large is, I believe, generally by editors and publishers of
agricultural papers themselves.
The lesson of our responsibility for the welfare of those about
us is taught negatively in the very beginning of recorded history,
where Cain exclaims to his Lord, “Am I my brother’s keeper ?”
The answer is not given; but scanty crops and noxious weeds have
made life burdensome for six thousand years and bear testimony
to the tremendous significance of our mutual responsibility for one
another’s welfare in this world. ;
Our subject is threefold and comes home to each of us in a
more-or less degree of personal concern. In the treatment of it,
however, I shall not be confined to its significance as to the nursery-
man alone, but as between advertisers generally and the publishers
of agricultural papers. Considered in the following order:
First: The agricultural press; its character; why it is influen-
tial; its editors and publishers.
Second: The public reached by the agricultural press; the class
influenced directly by agricultural papers.
Third: The responsibility of the agricultural press to its readers
in its advertising department.
First, the agricultural press: Those of you who have subscribed
for and read agricultural papers for thirty years or more have wit-
nessed a great advance in the character of these papers now from
what they were thirty years ago. Then there were two or three
agricultural papers of large circulation that were generally known.
Among these I recall the “American Agriculturist,” of New York
City, at that time a monthly journal; and the “Country Gentleman,”
published at Albany, by Luther Tucker, and still published by his
sons. I read the former with interest as a young man, although the
thought of publishing an agricultural journal myself would have
then been my last thought.
Twenty years ago the agricultural press had recruited to its
ranks more or less valuable sheets, mostly less. The great West
was fruitful of these productions, because the West was chiefly
depending upon agriculture; but the papers themselves, with few
exceptions, bore evidence of being edited by men of little practical
agricultural knowledge or experience. A very noticeable improve-
RESPONSIBILITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRESS, ETC. 337
ment has since taken place in the general character of agricultural
journals. As a class, they rank today as clean, wholesome and ably
edited as that of the best class of journals, and in my opinion they
are destined to wield an increasing influence for good in the land,
particularly if they maintain the same ratio of progress along the
E. A. Webb, manager of ‘‘The Farmer,’ St. Paul.
lines indicated in the next decade as they have in the past two. The
improvement in the character of agricultural papers has been
brought about largely by a growing demand for better farm jour-
nals, edited by men having practical experience and ability, and the
necessity for more scientific methods both in the cultivation of lands
and breeding of live stock, which are found profitable and necessary
338 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
to compete intelligently and successfully with other industrial pur-
suits.
Second, the public reached: A farmer may take half a dozen
papers in these days without taxing his annual. expense account to
any great extent. The cost of papers is so low that few intelligent
farm homes in the country are now without at least one paper that
treats of agriculture in one or more of its branches, so that the
agricultural press already may be said to reach people concerned in
this occupation very generally. ;
The constituency reached by the agricultural press has likewise
changed and is now in process of great advancement in agricultural
knowledge, due to a number of influences which could be named,
chief of which are the agricultural colleges and experiment stations
and the governmental recognition of the supreme importance of fos-
tering our agricultural industries. The Secretary of Agriculture is
now a member of the cabinet—and it is a most remarkable fact in a
country depending as ours does so largely for its prosperity upon the
products of the soil that its relative importance to the best interests
of the country at large did not dawn upon us earlier.
Today we are reaping the benefit of laws adjusted to favor
American agriculture and are to some extent already supplying a
world-wide demand for our farm products, which demand is des-
tined to go on increasing in proportion as we intelligently compre-
hend our opportunities and take advantage of them.
We have in this country agricultural colleges and experiment
stations in every state, and many men and women educated to im-
proved methods are back upon the farms, each one an influence for
good in their respective localities. These are the people reached and
to be sought, whose influence and example is of much importance
in their respective communities. Little wonder then that with an
increasing demand for the best light on current thought and farm
experience the farmer is looking to an enlightened agricultural
press to keep him posted.
The third factor suggested by my subject is the advertiser:
This is the man who through the medium of the agricultural press
seeks to reach and interest a reading people in his wares. We have
treated in what we have said chiefly with the character of agricultural
papers and the nature of their readers, now we consider the re-
sponsibility of the press as to its advertisers. While there should
be a direct relation between the advertising department and the edi-
torial staff, it is too often the case that the two departments do not
harmonize and differ in opinions as to policy and practice. We are
to deal, however, with what we believe to be the responsibility of the
agricultural press to its readers in its advertising department.
RES PONSIBILITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRESS, ETC. 339
We believe we are correct in stating that as a matter of fact the
agricultural press in its advertising department will be found freer
from quack remedies, nostrums and fakes than other class journals ;
standing in this respect on an equal footing with the best magazines.
It will be seen by this then that the agricultural press as a class
does aim at a high standard of ethics as to its responsibility to its
readers. There are, of course, exceptions, but those sheets admit-
ting advertisers of doubtful character will be found, on examination,
to be weak and of little influence
The subject assigned to me contemplates taking it up more in
relation to the responsibility of agricultural papers to nursery ad-
vertisers. The unfortunate situation is that there are comparatively
few nurserymen using agricultural papers. Those who do, we be-
lieve, are uniformly conscientious in filling orders and endeavor to
satisfy their customers and do as they agree in their advertisements.
We believe, however, that nurserymen do not appreciate the value
of the agricultural press as a medium to sell their stock, or they
would use it more freely.
The men who are perpetrating frauds upon the people of the
Northwest are not the advertisers of nursery stock to be found in
the advertising columns of agricultural papers, but are irresponsible
men with a beautifully printed and illustrated catalogue of trees and
shrubs, not adapted to this climate, who go about the country so-
liciting orders from farmers and deliver stock untrue ‘to name,
which is too often selected from the brush pile of some Southern
nursery or picked up as seconds wherever they can get them. These
men never advertise, and it is’ strange that intelligent people who
have been so often warned against the wiles of these fake traveling
tree agents will continue to be tempted by a good talker and a
highly colored plate book.
I do not remember that “The Farmer” has ever had a single
complaint from any of its subscribers against any advertiser of
nursery stock in our paper. Our uniform method in accepting ad-
vertisements from people we do not know is to address a letter to a
bank in their town, enclosing a stamped envelope for reply, request-
ing a report as to the character of the advertiser and his financial
responsibility. We have never failed to receive to such questions
as we ask uniformly courteous and satisfactory replies—either favor-
able or unfavorable—and they have given us our cue. While it
might be said that it would be natural for us to inquire into the
financial standing of an advertiser before accepting his business, it is
a matter of fact that the financial standing of the advertiser has very
largely to do with his general character. Men who are classed as
340 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
fakes are seldom, if ever, those who have any standing whatever in
the community where they live and would not be favorably reported
by a bank. Their record is soon established; and the banks make it
their business to keep posted as to the character of the people they
are doing business with and those who might become their custom-
ers. If, too, a man is responsible financially, and he perpetrates a
fraud upon a customer, he can be made to make it good. It is upon
his home record that we determine who is and who is not entitled to
become an advertiser.
The advertiser may, however, be fully responsible, and yet his
business methods may be such as to bring disappointment and loss to
his customers. This, of course, we can never always fully determine |
on the start; but we make it a rule to inquire very particularly into
the causes of every complaint received from our readers against any
advertiser, and if there is evident carelessness on the part of the
advertiser in filling orders we discontinue the advertisement pending
a more thorough investigation.
There is great variety in the way different nurseries - pack their
stock. Some of the largest Eastern and Southern concerns often
are the most at fault. Work is always done in a rush, the packing
season is short and help sometimes scarce; at such times men are
pressed into service who are not competent to pack the stock safely
for shipment. It is unfortunate that this is so, but the agricultural
papers themselves are not responsible for it and cannot protect its
readers unless the carelessness is reported. Again, customers them-
selves are too often ignorant of how to unpack and care for the
stock on arrival, and here comes in another complication for which
the farm paper cannot be blamed. The work done at the nursery
must be done in a thorough manner, and we believe it would be
well for nurserymen to have written or printed instructions deliv-
ered with the stock in every case. Some nurserymen do this, and
it is an advantage to them, for it instructs the customer, who too
often needs the information.
To sum up the subject: We have endeavored to show that the
agricultural press is growing in intelligence and capacity; that the
responsibility of the agricultural press to the public is recognized by
the editors and publishers of the papers themselves, and that an
earnest effort is made by most publishers to maintain a high standard
in determining the character of advertisers entitled to acceptance ;
that the constituency reached is becoming a more intelligent class,
and that the nurserymen themselves to some extent,in common with
all advertisers, come in for a share of responsibility, which must also
be felt and recognized by them in this connection.
PROTECTION OF SONG BIRDS. 341
PROTECTION OF SONG BIRDS.
MRS. J. B. HUDSON, LAKE CITY.
We read in Ecclesiastes “There is no new thing under the sun,”
so today the study of birds and song birds in particular is new
only in the increasing popularity and enthusiasm the bird lovers of
today are giving the subject.
The first great impetus to bird study in this country was given
by John Audubon over a hundred years ago, who by his spirited de-
lineation of American birds has made his name familiar to all stu-
dents of nature. So closely is he identified with bird lore, that
most of the societies for the study of birds are named for him.
Of the goodly number of these societies in the United States the
one common clause in the constitution is, “No one shall shoot the
song birds, rob their nests, disturb them during the nesting season or
wear their plumage.”
The small boy and the woman are birds’ worst enemies. ‘The
boy under the guise of collecting robs nest after nest. He soon tires
of the collection, and they are destroyed. He has learned very little
good beyond the names of the different birds and that he has so
many varieties of eggs. He puts no value on bird life and soon
from pleasure or sport joins the rank of bird destroyers. Then we
have the woman who, more through ignorance than indifference,
causes the wholesale slaughter of birds for millinery purposes. It
is estimated that 150 millions of the snowy heron, from which
aigrettes are obtained, are killed annually.
Once one becomes interested in the live bird the dead bird loses
all charm for him. Some one has said, when you know six birds,
their markings, colorings, habits, etc., the study becomes so fascinat-
ing you cannot drop it. Now I am willing to make a more radical
statement: I will say, when you know one bird—and I will take our
most common doorstep neighbor, the robin. Learn the male from
the female, watch the male when he comes north in the spring
followed in three or four days by the female—watch them during
the courting season, how he follows her, singing his sweetest songs,
strutting up and down in a lordly way, his bright vest showing off
to the best advantage, picking up a twig and in various ways coax-
ing her to go to housekeeping. A pair in my yard two years ago
gave me much pleasure. He insisted on building high in the oak,
and she preferred the lower and more protected branch. He would
carry up the twigs and material to the higher place, and she would
immediately remove them to the lower site. As is often the case
in our domestic life, for peace and harmony the female had her way,
and then the nest building progressed. He helped in the rougher
342 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
outside work, but when it came to the inside that alone was her
work. It was she who carried the mud from where the water
dripped off a rug, and it was she who patted and formed with her
little feet and breast the round little home. The four blue eggs
were laid, and she sat so contentedly while Mr. Robin in a tree
across the road sang “cheer up! cheer up!’ He was willing to sing
to her, but like many men thought it was for her entirely to do the
family work. But Mrs. R. thought differently. She would often
call to him, he would come reluctantly nearer and nearer, she wait-
ing patiently for him to snuggle down on the egg’s before she would
leave. Again she would go directly after him and bring him back.
She always seemed to know just what tree he was in, too. Then
came the intensely interesting period when the young were con-
Mrs. J. B. Hudson, Lake City.
stantly clamoring for food, and when they were leaving the
nest, teaching them by dainty bits of food to fly farther and farther,
teaching them to bathe and many amusing things one sees who has
eyes and uses them.
To the enemy of the robin, for the cultivated fruit he eats I
would quote from Wm. Dutcher on the economic importance of this
bird, and such an intimate knowledge of one pair will excite a desire
for facts regarding other species, which you can very easily bring to
your door by putting out a bathing pan in summer—one of the
large shallow milk pans answers the purpose very well. Put up a
PROTECTION OF SONG BIRDS. 343
house of three or four rooms for the martin, and anything from a
cocoanut shell to an old tin can will answer for the house wren—
and they are such industrious foragers, living almost entirely upon
insects, as caterpillars, bugs, spiders and their allies. But if the
wren had nothing but his little song to recommend him, one is well
repaid for the trouble of furnishing him a house, for he has such a
cheerful, musical song and is so persistent in singing. One day
by actual time my wren sang his little song five times in one minute.
Now that means a good many bursts of gladness from one little
throat in a day or a week.
A line with bits of cotton string and colored thread soon solves
the question can birds discriminate between colors. But to learn
these secrets of nature one must put himself in sympathy with
nature. One must become a part of the scene. For instance: I
have a piece of suet and pumpkin seeds near a window where | sit
and work in the winter. Then in a moment of rest by a chance
look many an interesting incident I have seen of the winter birds.
I could tell how my blue jays come for breakfast every morning,
my nut hatches come for lunch, how distressed my downy wood-
pecker was one day when he came and found no suet in the accus-
tomed place, the blue jays having picked it to the nail, and it dropped
into the snow—and his cry of delight after searching many minutes
and seeing it at last on the ground. In just the little while | have
been interested in our song birds I have seen many things I have
read about and, much more delightful, many things I have never
seen in print. I give it very little time I would give to any other
work, but now the pleasure of a drive or walk is enhanced by per-
haps a vivid dash of scarlet as a tanager slips through the green
leaves, the shrike, or butcher bird, is seen to impale a mouse or
smaller bird on a barb of the wire fence, or nests are discovered in
almost every tree. The eye is trained, the ear is educated in bird
songs—and where do you get such perfection as in the song of the
brown thrasher? And, best of all, we have awakened a feeling of
human brotherhood and a sympathetic interest in our feathered
friends.
So much for the sentimental side of bird study, for through this
side we reach most people first. The practical side appeals later,
let us hope not too late, for our song birds until very receritly have
been disappearing very rapidly, the main causes being the robbing
of nests, the gun in the hand of the small boy and the would be
sportsman, ornaments for hats and, by no means least, the quantities
of English sparrows that are spreading all over this country and
Canada. These causes can to a great-extent be removed. We have no
344 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~
dearth of laws, but they are practically a dead letter regarding the
song birds. We must reach the boys and girls in the schoolroom, edu-
cate this generation, and we have the law makers and the bonnet
wearers of the next—any effort directly or indirectly where women
can be induced to substitute something besides birds and skins and
feathers for adornment and a systematic organization throughout the
country for the reduction of the English sparrow. Educate the farm-
er and the horticulturist to the economic value of the birds, and they
will be their best protectors. The farmer is prone to look upon most
birds with suspicion. He will tell how the Baltimore oriole eats his
peas, but he cannot tell you how many cutworms and injurious in-
sects that same bird destroys.
The king bird has a habit of eating his honey bees, but here is
what Prof. Beal, of Washington, says: “After examining 281
stomachs of king birds, only fourteen contained honey bees. Of the
fifty bees in these fourteen stomachs, forty were drones, four work-
ers and six unable to identify sex.” For a long list of similar
analysis of bird stomachs, quoted by Prof. F. L. Washburn, see
page 355, Report of this Society for 1903. These same men fail
to put on the credit side of this bird the countless numbers of beetles,
weevils; wasps, grasshoppers, robber flys and other insects that prey
upon fruit, grain and even their honey bees, far outnumbering in
good the fact that they do eat a very few honey bees. I could goon
indefinitely quoting you statistics from the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, but you would not remember the statements,
and if you are interested in them a postal sent to Washington will
bring you without expense these bulletins, giving you full informa-
tion as to the insects, weeds, etc. each bird destroys.
Now talk this matter up with your friends through the school,
the church, wherever and whenever the opportunity offers, and we
will soon have a working force that will see the laws are enforced.
There will be an increase in the planting of trees, a suppression of
recklessness in chopping down woodlands, and you will be rewarded
by having a corps of winged workers around your home, farm and
city.
Prof. Washburn: I want to endorse one thing the lady said.
I think it is one of the most terrible things imaginable to see a young
boy in the spring take an air gun or a sling shot and kill the birds,
and I hope the society will take some action toward stopping that
practice.
Mr. Yahnke: I would like to ask the professor what in his
estimation is the best method to teach the boys the value of the birds
and to induce them to protect them ?
Prof. Washburn: I think the school teachers have that in their
hands.
PROTECTION OF SONG BIRDS. 345
Mrs. Hudson: I would like to tell of a little incident that
came under my observation of a little boy who was a regular little
missionary. One day another boy had a sling shot and insisted on
throwing stones at the birds. This little boy talked to him, but he
could not induce him to desist. Finally every time the other boy
aimed at a bird this little boy would strike his elbow. He did that
several times, but all this time he was earnestly talking to the boy
with the sling shot. Finally the boy became interested and dropped
his sling shot, and it was not very long before we had that boy work-
ing in our society. It is just in such ways we have got to meet
children. You have got to interest the women and boys personally.
Mrs. Ida B Thompson:- We have just organized a bird society
in Duluth, and I would just like to ask whether it is a good plan
to exterminate one kind of birds to support another, as the plan 1s
carried out in exterminating the sparrow. Children will not learn
to discriminate. Is it wise to tell a boy that he may shoot a sparrow
but he must leave the wren? Is it possible to teach him to dis-
criminate ?
Mrs. Hudson: I do not believe 1 would put the matter into
the hands of the small boy. I do not believe in letting the boy kill
sparrows. They cannot tell the English sparrow from other spar-
rows, unless they are exceptionally familiar with birds, and I would
not say that the small boy should be permitted to take that matter
in his hands. There are enough grown people interested to take
up that work.
Mr. J. S. Parks: I think it is perfectly proper to teach the
boy to discriminate between the birds that are good and bad. I think
it is feasible to do so; we are trying to teach a cat to discriminate,
and she is learning fast.
Prof. Hansen: The question of birds is one that bears an econ-
omic aspect. In France and portions of Europe they have found it
very necessary to distinguish between injurious and beneficial birds.
They teach it by means of charts and in other ways. I am very
glad to hear that the Audubon Society of Minnesota has made a
good beginning in that work. It has been found in France and
other parts of Europe that when the laws for the protection of birds
were repealed there was such an increase of injurious insects that
they had to pass those laws again. There is a very intimate re-
lation between the decrease of birds and the increase of injurious
insects, more than most people appreciate.
Mr. Harrison: How do they treat the English sparrow in
Europe?
Prof. Hansen: By the demands of nature and the enemies
which follow it, its numbers are gradually decreased. It will have
more enemies in America after a time. Sometimes a weed will come
from the old world in the same way, but it is gradually eradicated
or held in check.
Mrs. Stager: I remember when the first sparrows were brought
from England to New York. The last time I was back there they
told me they had almost destroyed their other birds. It is something
like the rabbits in Australia. I think something must be done with
the English sparrow. In our neighborhood there are fewer birds
346 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
than when I came there. The sparrows seem to drive the other
birds away. f
Mr. Stockwell: I think the most important agency for bring-
ing this matter to the attention of young children is through the
schools. We have got to reach the children through the teachers.
It seems to me we could do a very practical thing this afternoon by
appointing a committee to attend the meeting of the Educational As-
sociation and to forcibly bring this matter to the attention of the
teaching forces of the state. If it is in order I would like to move
the appointment of a committee, of which Mrs. Hudson is to be
chairman, to bring this matter before the Minnesota Educational
Association.
Mrs. Hudson: There are so many in the state that know a great
deal more about this work than I do that I really think it would be
better to name some one else.
The President: I think the suggestion is a very good one, but
I am almost afraid if we put Mrs. Hudson on that committee she
would be too modest to appear before the association.
Mr. Stockwell: We want the committee to present this matter
immediately to the teachers.
Mr. Brackett: There was a little boy five or six years old who
met some rather bad boys on the street and learned to swear a little.
His father learned of it, and one day he said, “Johnny, I understand
you have been swearing.’ Johnny asked, “Who told you that,
papa?’ The father replied, “A little bird told mey7) Wel re
plied Johnny, “it must have been one of those d d sparrows.”
So you see the sparrow is held responsible for a good many sins.
(Laughter. )
Mr. Philips: 1 want to say a word about this bird question.
One of the men I admire most today is Geo. T. Angell, of Boston;
I think he is doing a world of good with his paper. I believe, as
Mrs. Thompson, of Duluth, does, that we cannot go into our schools
and tell the boys it is wrong to rob a bluejay or a robin’s nest and
then tell them it is right to rob a mother sparrow’s nest. I built
a new barn and put on a cupola. The sparrows would come there
and eat with our ducks. When I built the barn and put up that
cupola in I had some slats put in, and they got in there and built
their nests. They acted just as though they thought that was built
for their special convenience, and I never saw a happier lot of birds,
but they spoiled a lot of hay. I saw I could not stand that, so I
sent the boys up there with some screening and had them put in
over the slats, and I want to say that it would have made anybody
feel sorry to hear those little fellows begging to go in there. I did
not want to disappoint them too much, so I fixed up a place behind
the barn for them to go in. You cannot tell a boy it is right to kill
one bird and protect another.
BusH FRUITS.—Not one farmer in a hundred raises all the small fruit his
family can use. The fruit garden should be on good land and near the house.
The land should be well drained. A good fruit garden may mean a few less
bushels of oats and corn, but the farm is made more homelike and is sup-
plied with the comforts and luxuries of the table.
HARVESTING AND MARKETING THE SMALL FRUIT CROP. 347
HARVESTING AND MARKETING THE SMALL FRUIT
CROP.
ALFRED O. HAWKINS, EXCELSIOR,
This subject I consider a very important one. My experience in
marketing small fruit for a number of years was on the Minneap-
olis market. The last three years it has been handled by the Ex-
celsior Fruit Growers’ Association.
This business must have careful attention. It is necessary to
have plenty of nice, clean packages ready for use before the fruit is
ready to pick. Never use old or second-hand packages, whether
boxes, crates or baskets. When possible employ grown people for
pickers and make a contract with them to remain during the pick-
ing season, with the understanding that they will be paid 75 per
cent each week and the balance at the close of picking season, but
if they do not remain they forfeit the 25 per cent. This is a neces-
sary protection for the grower.
In the beginning the pickers should have instructions to handle
the fruit without bruising, to pick clean, throw away overripe ber-
ries and fill the package up properly. When boxes are used each
picker is supplied with a carrier. When the carriers are filled and
brought to the packing shed, the one in charge receives the boxes,
notes the appearance and places them in the bottom of the crate to
cool off if in the forenoon, filling in the balance of the crate in the
afternoon. Berries will lose their freshness and mold very quickly
if picked when wet. The dew should be allowed to dry off thor-
oughly before picking starts in the morning.
Each grower must determine for himself which would be the
most successful way to market his crop. The consumer must be
reached in the most effective manner possible. Where small fruit
is not grown on a large scale it may be most profitable to retail to
private customers. Where acres of each variety are grown, the
grower will be compelled to sell to grocerymen, keepers of fruit
stands, on the market, to commission men, etc. In the vicinity of
Lake Minnetonka we market our fruit most successfully through
the fruit growers’ association.
Much fruit goes to waste each year by not having enough pick-
ers to handle the crop at all times, by improper picking and by care-
less handling. In conclusion, I wish to say, it matters not so much
what we do in life but how we perform what we undertake.
Mr. Preston McCulley: What price did your berries average?
Mr. Hawkins: I can’t tell you that. ;
Mr. A. Brackett: We picked a trifle over 11,000 quarts, for
which we received something more than $600.
348 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Baldwin: I would like to have some one give his experi-
ence with the folding box.
Mr. Hawkins: I never tried them. I always buy my boxes
ready made.
Mr. Baldwin: I used about 2,000 of them. The quart boxes
worked pretty well, but the pint boxes did not hold their shape very
well.
Mr. Brackett: I think it is a good plan to have a small stock on
hand in case you run out of boxes. It is hard to keep boxes in stor-
age. It isa good thing to have a few to fall back on in case you run
out.
Mr. Wright: The folding box is a new thing and perhaps has not
yet had a sufficient trial. It is made of spruce wood, which dries out
very quickly and by the time we come to use it it has shrunk con-
siderably. If they are wet a little after the bottom is put down it
will stay there. Put them in water and soak them for fifteen min-
utes or half an hour, and then let them dry out and you will find
they are perfect. You will find very little trouble with the bottom
coming out.
Mr. A. D. Barnes (Wis.): Is the .Fruit Growers’ Association
confining itself to any particular kind of box?
Mr. Hawkins: No, we have not yet adopted anything from
what we have been using.
Mr. Wright: Out at Excelsior we use the deep box entirely.
We never use the Illinois box at all.
Mr. Barnes: In central and northern Wisconsin that is the box
we are trying to adopt.
Mr. J. H. Shephard: Last winter I introduced a bill in the legis-
lature regulating the size of boxes to be used to conform to the size
of the Michigan box. There was quite a little discussion in regard
to the box. I found the commission men of Minneapolis, St. Paul
and Duluth wanted no law governing the size of the boxes. I think
we ought to have a uniform size of box through the country for
strawberries and raspberries. As it is now, they can send in under-
sized boxes from outside of Minnesota and undersell us. For in-
stance, they send raspberries in here from Washington in what they
claim to be quart boxes, but they only hold seven-tenths of a quart,
yet they sell for the same price as our full quarts. We have had to
sell them in pints. I found after the introduction of the bill that
every commission man in Minnesota was fighting the bill, and I
think this association should take the matter up next winter and en-
deavor to secure a uniform size for boxes. I also introduced a bill
to prohibit the use of boxes a second time. I found the same eppo-
sition and from the same source. This matter should be taken up
by your association and by the state board of health. It is not health-
ful to use the boxes a second time. They are full of microbes and
bacteria and are not fit to use a second time. - |
MINNESOTA AS AN APPLE STATE. 349
MINNESOTA AS AN APPLE STATE.
H. H. S. ROWELL, MINNEAPOLIS.
The assumption indicated in the title of this paper would have
excited popular ridicule in the early days of this society. That suc-
cessful apple growing in Minnesota is a fact is even yet accepted by
many persons only with large mental reservations. The following
statements are merely the brief summary resulting from a review of
pomological history in Minnesota. The past, present and prospective
conditions of apple culture in Minnesota are summed up largely
from the experience and observations of horticultural pioneers, with
some personal conclusions. For purposes of brevity, the detailed
elaboration of facts given is here omitted. The outline only is pre-
sented, under thirteen heads, as follows:
1. Minnesota an apple state, as a fact. Through half a cen-
tury of experimental work by pioneer horticulturists, at a sacrifice
of millions of dollars, the fact that Minnesota is an apple state has
been demonstrated. The orchard “funerals” in Minnesota, follow-
ing the “test winters” of 1855-6, 1872-3, 1884-5 and 1898-9 have
been valuable object lessons. The “survival of the fittest” is the re-
sult. Early and repeated failures have been made the stepping stones
to final success.
2. Convincing exhibits of Minnesota apples. About 1,000
plates of apples are now exhibited by this society, and more than
3,000 plates shown at the state fair, representing more than 300
named varieties, disproving the opinion expressed by Horace Gree-
ley, in 1865, that Minnesota could “never raise apples.”
3. Secret of pomological success in Minnesota. Success in
apple growing in Minnesota comes from the origination of new va-
rieties naturally adapted to this climate. Climatic conditions are
here similar to those in central Russia, where apples are successfully
grown, and Minnesota has the advantage of having over 5,000
square miles of water surface in its many lakes. The latitude is
right for the production of apples of a superior quality. What is
needed is the development of the right varieties.
4. Minnesota leads in experimental apple culture. Minne-
sota now takes front rank in its development of seedling apples, hav-
ing recently won, for the second time, the highest honors from the
American Pomological Society, for success in apple culture. Ten
thousand seedlings were sent out about fifteen years ago by Peter
M. Gideon, and from these are being developed many new varieties.
Many of the pioneer horticulturists of Minnesota are engaged in
similar work, and the results of their efforts indicate great possibil-
ities for the future.
350 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
5. Minnesota has the largest horticultural society. The Min-
nesota State Horticultural Society is the largest body of the kind
in the world, having grown, in thirty-seven years, from a member-
ship of nine to one of 1,430. Early difficulties in fruit raising united
Minnesota horticulturists. The society is an organization for earnest
work in a common cause. It should soon double its membership.
6. The Wealthy a Minnesota apple. The Wealthy apple, orig-
inated about forty-one years ago, at Lake Minnetonka, by Peter M.
Gideon, ranks among the best apples.in the world. In its prime it
has no superior in quality. It is now grown in many states of the
Union and in the home market outsells all other apples. Mr. Gideon
had vowed, after many failures, to succeed in raising apples or. leave
the state, and his development of the Wealthy entitles him to endur-
ing pomological fame. The Wealthy apple is a source of great
wealth to Minnesota, and the Wealthy apple trees form more than
a million living monuments to the memory of Mr. Gideon. One
nursery in this state has grafted and set nearly one million Wealthy
apple trees in the last twenty years.
7. Efforts to obtain an ideal apple. The zeal and enthusiasm
of Minnesota horticulturists is unbounded. They have repeatedly
gained victory from apparent defeat and will yet develop the ideal
apple for which this society has a standing offer of $1,000. Such an
apple will be easily worth $5,000,000 to the Northwest. He 4
8. Recent rapid pomological development. The United States
has now probably 250,000,000 apple trees, with an average crop of
200,000,000 bushels. Minnesota has probably 2,000,000 apple trees,
but not many yet in bearing. The Central West of the United States
is becoming the great apple growing region of the world. The in-
crease in number of apple trees in the United States from 1890 to
1900 was about 60 per cent, mostly in the Central West. In Min-
nesota there has been a very rapid orchard development during the
past three years. A more exact annual pomological statistical rec-
ord is needed.
g. Promising apple market in Minnesota. Minnesota is now
the market annually for 1,000,000 or more bushels of apples from
other states. It now produces probably 500,000 bushels annually,
nearly all for immediate neighborhood use, but should soon supply
home demands with 5,000,000 bushels annually. It already has the
trees, and within five years will have the apples; but there is no dan-
ger of raising too many apples, as consumption will increase with
the supply, and new markets to the Northwest -will open.
10. Apple growing in Minnesota commercially successful.
Apple growing is a commercial success in a considerable portion of
MINNESOTA AS AN APPLE STATE. 351
Minnesota, and may be extended to nearly all parts of the state, and
in limited, locations even 500 miles north of the Twin Cities, into
Manitoba.
11. Apple growing limit extended to corn limit. The apple
belt or zone can be made identical with the corn belt, which has
proven very elastic, having already been extended into North Da-
kota. Even to the northern limit of wheat, it is possible to grow ap-
ples. Minnesota now ranks in twentieth place among the corn
states, though it was once claimed that Minnesota could not raise
corn. Its development as an apple state is equally apparent.
12. The apple crop most profitable. At the present time, with
right care and location, the apple crop is the most profitable crop that
can be raised in Minnesota. Under proper conditions, after coming
into bearing, the Wealthy apple will average $100.00 or more a
year net profit per acre: One of the best investments for a young
man 1s the development of an apple orchard in Minnesota. The ap-
ple crop in Minnesota is surer than the orange crop in either Florida
or California.
13. Many present perplexities, but pathway pointed out by
pioneers. Countless horticultural difficulties are yet to be conquered
in this climate, but Minnesota horticulturists can overcome all ob-
stacles by continuous, united, untiring effort along the pathway of
pomological progress which has already been blazed out by pioneer
horticulturists. Minnesota can be and will be made much more of
an apple state in the immediate future.
MAKING AND PLANTING THE ROOT-GRAFT.
W. L. TAYLOR, HOWARD LAKE.
In the receipt for cooking hare it says “First catch your hare.”’
So in telling how to make the root-graft I will say, “frst get your
roots,” the “how” of which this year appears to be a conundrum.
The season in Minnesota is too short to grow first-class roots. Most
nurserymen obtain roots from southern Iowa or Nebraska. These
grown from Vermont apple seed are supposed to be the best in the
market. Roots are usually graded as No. 1, 2 and 3. No. I is
mostly used for large scions, but No. 2 does very well for some
kinds of crabs and smaller caliber scions.
After the leaves fall is a good time to cut scions. They are tied
in bunches of 100 and after being properly labeled are placed in
damp sawdust in the cellar near the roots, which have been previous-
ly packed there.
Early in January we begin work upon the grafts. First, the
scions are cut in lengths of five inches ; then with a sharp knife make
352 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
a slanting cut on the lower end of the scion about three-fourths
of an inch long; then cut in the opposite direction in the same place
a little deeper in order to make a tongue; now cut off the top of
the seedling root, and shape in the same manner as the scion; then
place the two cut parts together in such a manner that there will be
an almost perfect union of the two barks. The root is then cut off
about three inches from the scion and another graft is made on the
same root, one root making three or four grafts. The union of
the graft is wound with waxed thread. The grafts are then packed
in damp sawdust or sand to callous, or grow, together.
W. L. Taylor, Howard Lake, Minn.
When planting time comes be sure and have the ground in good
condition. It should be plowed in the fall ten or twelve inches deep.
As soon as the ground is in good shape to work, harrow it eight
or ten times, or until it is smooth and firm. Now mark with a line,
and then with a steel dibble make a hole seven or eight inches
deep, place the root-graft in the hole so that the root rests on the
bottom of the hole. Now with the dibble firm the dirt against the
MAKING AND PLANTING THE ROOT GRAFT. 353
graft by placing the steel two inches from graft, sinking it into
ground as deep as graft and pressing the steel toward it. Eight to
ten inches is a good distance between grafts. When all are planted
go over the rows with a wheel hoe or garden rake in order to smooth
the ground and loosen the surface.
Mr. Kellogg: I would like to ask him from which cut he gets
the best result, from the first, second, third or fourth cut of the
root?
Mr. Taylor: I find the first cut makes the best tree.
Mr. Kellogg: I find the second cut makes the best.
Mr. Andrew Wilfert: I find the root not cut at all makes the
best. (Laughter. )
Mr. S. D. Richardson: I made some from the top cut and some
from the fourth cut and put them right alongside of each other. I
moved them at one year old and in the fall I got the biggest tree
from the whip end of the root. (Laughter and applause.)
Mr. Yahnke: I was going to ask whether the scion has not just
as much influence on the growth of the tree the first year as the root.
I have experimented with scions from bearing trees and scions from
young trees, and find scions from the bearing trees are of slower
srowth, and scions from the younger trees make the stronger growth
the first year. I would like to know whether that is true in the ex-
perience of anybody else.
Mr. Philips: My experience is just exactly the opposite from
yours. (Laughter.) I get the best growth from scions taken from a
bearing tree.
Mr. Barnes: My experience has been almost identical with that
of my friend Yahnke. I believe nurserymen will find that they can
obtain the best growth the first year from scions taken from a young
tree, better than from a bearing tree. I have kept so still this
morning that I want to have the privilege of telling you a little ex-
perience I had with mulching. The question was asked here as to
whether nursery trees that were miulched in the fall would go
through a severe winter or not. It happened that a part of my nurs-
ery was mulched with leaves from trees near by, and where that
condition obtained they came through without harm, but right by the
side of them on the same kind of ground, having otherwise the same
treatment, there were 80,000 young trees absolutely killed that
winter. One fall I had a little time, and as I had some trees to
transplant under contract I moved them to another piece of ground,
and after they were planted I mulched them, and these trees came
out in first-class shape in the spring, while every other tree was killed
within two miles of where they were transplanted.
Mr. Taylor: I wish to say this in regard to mulching: Several
years ago when we had that bad year for root-killing there were
parts of the grafts mulched with stable manure. and on that part
there was no root-killing, but on the part where there was no mulch
almost all were killed.
Mr. C. S. Harrison: I just want to emphasize one thing, and
that is, when you are doing root-grafting do the work thoroughly.
354 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
I was in a nursery establishment last winter where they were driving
the men, and where a man was expected to run off 2,500 a day. [
said to them, “You are just wasting your material and your time.
There is no use in grafting unless you can make the scions and the
roots join perfectly, and the way you are doing it it is impossible to
do good work. You had better do the work right, and if you can-
not make more than six hundred a day it will pay you.” (Applause.)
The Chairman: There was a question asked this morning as
to the advisability of sowing oats in the orchard. I would like to
call for some experience in that direction.
Mr. Taylor: I think buckwheat is preferable to sow for winter
protection, and if the grafts get weedy do not kill the weeds out, but
let them stay weedy until the next season.
Mr. S. D. Richardson: I have been working in Minnesota since
1865. I used to sow buckwheat, but I quit it, and now I sow oats.
Two years ago I was down at Mr. Wedge’s place, and he had sown
buckwheat, and he had sown rape, and I told him that I had sown
oats and my protection was altogether superior to his, and my ex-
perience has been that a good growth of oats, letting it get up to
about eighteen inches high, will give you a perfect protection for
your trees. That winter that trees root-killed so bad I had sowed
oats, and where my trees were not covered with weeds or oats
I lost them all, but where I let the weeds grow and where the oats
stood I did not lose a thing.
Mr. C. S. Harrison: What time do you sow the oats?
Mr. Richardson: From the middle of August to the first of
September.
Capt. A. H. Reed: There is one point in the treatment of root-
grafts that has not been discussed, and that is in regard to the mate-
rial for winding. You want to wind your rootgrafts with waxed
paper.
Mr. Elliot: L. H. Bailey says in his book on “Grafting” that
we should use scions from fruit-bearing trees, and then others again
come here and tell us they get their best results from scions cut from
nursery stock. JI have seen in some Minnesota orchards trees
planted from which they expect to get only scions..
Mr. Yahnke: I suppose everybody has got his own opinion, and
I have always believed, and I believe it yet, that it is better to cut
scions from bearing trees, even if the trees are set back a little in
growth the first year, for by the time they get to be three years old
they will, as a rule, be up to the standard. I believe such trees bear
earlier and we get more prolific trees by taking scions from a bear-
ing tree. (Applause.)
The President: Can you get the scions?
Mr. Yahnke: The trouble is right here: Nurserymen are often
unable to get them, and so they do the next best thing. I will state
right here that a tree grown from scions taken from a bearing tree
must be more expensive because it requires three times the work
to cut the scions.
MNNNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 255
MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
DEWAIN COOK, JEFFERS.
(Mr. Cook was with the exhibit from Aug. I to 15.)
I reached St. Louis Monday morning, Aug. Ist, and found
that we had the best exhibit of small fruits on the grounds. Cold
storage apples were getting low; about all we could do with
them was to keep them polished and carefully turned. About
Aug. 5th half grown apples of the new crop began to come in;
by the 1oth they were coming in freely and of increased size
but many of them of so small a size that we could not use them.
—too many of them were Tetofsky, Whitney No. 20, small Yel-
low Transparents, etc., and crabs.
Right here is where the exhibitors of our state need to be
educated a little; our apples have to compete with the monstrous
ones shown by Washington, Colorado, Oklahoma and Arkansas.
Varieties don’t count; it is size and good appearance as well as
number of plates that counts here. The only recommendation
that I can make in connection with our St. Louis exhibit is that
small varieties of apples and all hybrids be kept in Minnesota,
and if crabs must be sent let them be few in number and of a
size that they will not be mistaken for apples.
The Minnesota exhibit occupies one of the best locations in
the hall and is well worth all that it costs by showing up the
resources of our state. Favorable comments were far in excess
of the criticisms, which almost invariably were made by Minne-
sota people who expected to see an exhibit, even out of our ap-
ple season, to exceed the grand exhibits annually made at our
state fairs. Most of the people who visited the exposition dur-
ing my two weeks stay there were from the southern states, and
our exhibit was an eye opener for them, some even expressing a
desire to live in a state that could grow such fine fruit.
I want to commend Mr. Redpath for his ability and untiring
energy in keeping our exhibit in the best shape possible.
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT
AT THE WORLD’S FAIR JULY 19 TO AUG. 15.
July 19. H. W. Shuman, Excelsior: 50 pints red raspberries, Marlboro,
Giant Iron Clad, Loudon; 15 quarts Pomona currants ; 6 quarts
North Star currants.
20. Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea: 25 quarts Loudon, red; 11 quarts
Elder, black.
20. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City: 62 pints Loudon; 21 pints Marl-
boro. law
356
Aug.
to
to
23°.
29.
30.
6.
“I
MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Rosehill Nursery, Minneapolis: 16 quarts Red Jacket gooseberries.
F. J. Empenger, Maple Plain: 24 pints King raspberries; 24 pints
Minnetonka Iron Clad.
J. P. Johanson, Excelsior: 24 pints raspberries, Loudon, Marl-
boro, King, Golden Queen, Giant Iron Clad, Shippers’ Pride,
Miller, Nemaha.
Deephaven Nursery, Excelsior: 16 quarts Stewart Seedling cur-
rants.
F. B. McLeran, Wrenshall: 24 quarts Enormous strawberries.
Minnesota State Reformatory, St. Cloud: 16 pints raspberries,
Cuthbert.
A. McComber, Duluth: 36 quarts strawberries, Seedlings.
A. A. Johnson & Co., Sebeka: 16 quarts blueberries.
F. Moeser, St. Louis Park: 24 pints Miller’s red raspberries.
C. J. Hamustrom, Minneapolis: 12 pints Loudon and 12 pints
Marlboro raspberries.
Wyman Elliot, Excelsior: 8 pints. North Star currants, 6 pints
Munger, 5 pints Columbian, 20 pints Loudon, 6 pints Miller, 4
pints Marlboro, 47 pints Nemaha raspberries.
Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City: 4 pints Columbian, 28 pints Lou-
don, 64 pints Nemaha raspberries.
Wyman Elliot, Excelsior: 23 Munger, 23 Marlboro, 2 Columbian
raspberries.
A. A. Johnson & Co., Sebeka: 16 quarts blueberries.
(O. H. Seamans sent part of this.)
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea: 1 box apples; Tetofsky, Okabena,
Charlamoff, Lowland Raspberry, Duchess, Beautiful Arcade,
Red Astrachan, Early Strawberry, Yellow Transparent.
Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City: 8&2 pints raspberries: Nemaha,
Loudon, Columbian.
A. A. Johnson & Co., Sebeka: 32 quarts blueberries.
I. W. Wood, Long Lake: 24 pints Columbian raspberries.
A. Schlemmer, Chisago City: 16 quarts Lucretia dewberries.
F. I. Harris, La Crescent: 1 bushel Tetofsky apples.
J. A. Howard, Hammond: 2 boxes Duchess, 1 box Borovinea, 1
box Transcendent.
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea: 1 box mixed varieties apples.
W. S. Higbie, Washburn: 48 pints Loudon and Marlboro rasp-
berries.
Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City: 1 box Yellow Transparent.
John R. Cummins, Eden Prairie: 1 box Lou and White Transpar-
ent.
Seth H. Kenney, Waterville: 1 box Tetofsky.
Nils Anderson, Lake City: 1 box Eucranska apples.
A. A. Johnson & Co., Sebeka: 16 quarts blueberries.
A. Schlemmer, Chisago City: 16 quarts dewberries.
G. A. Anderson, Renville: 1 small box Tetofsky.
A. B. Lyman, Excelsior: 2 bushels Duchess.
Gust Johnson, Excelsior: 48 quarts blackberries.
Frank Balzer: Small box of Duchess and Tetofsky.
A. N. Wright, Owatonna: 1 box Gladioli, 1 box Asters.
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea: 2 boxes apples.
A. Brackett, Excelsior: 1 basket apples.
Gust Johnson, Excelsior: 96 pints blackberries, Snyder.
Gust Johnson, Excelsior: 60 pints Snyder blackberries.
Jewel! Nursery Co., Lake City: 1 box apples, Early Strawberry.
Briggs & Gray (Gideon Orchard), Excelsior: 2 bushels crab-
apples.
A. A. Johnson & Co., Sebeka: 16 quarts blueberries. ®
COMMERCIAL OROHARDING ON THE FARM. 31577
COMMERCIAL ORCHARDING ON THE FARM.
D. M. MITCHELL, OWATONNA.
We who are here represent to a great extent the people who
have almost untold faith in our state as a fruit producing state. We
meet here year after year and talk over varieties, location for the
orchard, methods of planting, pruning, care, etc. I am not going
to discuss these points; we have had a great many good talks on
them at this meeting. The main point I wish to make is that every
man who is producing enough fruit for his own use can if he has
the room with very little more work and expense produce *consid-
erable for the market. Do not make up your mind to plant with
the idea of producing some fruit to sell and then plant it on some
tract of ground that will produce nothing else. Go into it as a busi-
ness proposition; give your orchard as good a place as you have
on the farm; give it the care you do your crops; look upon it as an
investment, and as such look after it.
After you select your location, choose your varieties and get
your trees and plant them as they should be planted, remember your
responsibility has just begun.. Do your part well and you will be
surprised at the returns in dollars you will get out of it for the
amount put into it. I am a firm believer in the commercial orchard
on the farm in Minnesota; in my opinion it will become an essen-
tion factor in farming.
lf there is one-reason more pronounced than another why com-
mercial orcharding is not carried on more extensively on the farm
it is because we do not realize the profits to be derived from the
orchard. There are equally as many and as good reasons why we
should produce our own fruit and some to sell as there are why we
should raise grain enough for our own use and have some to dis-
pose of. Very few of us stop to think that the Wealthy in its sea-
son will bring from twenty-five to seventy-five cents more per barrel
than the Ben Davis, Northern Spy or Baldwin. There is a man
who has a fourteen-acre orchard not far from my place in Owa-
tonna, composed principally of Duchess, Wealthy and Patten’s
Greening, who took $1,025.00 off of it the past summer. That is, as
you see, a little over $73.00 per acre. Of course considerable money
had to go for expense, which is true of all other crops. This also is
quite a large orchard, probably larger than is advisable for the aver-
age farmer to start with commercially. I give this only*to show
what can be and is being done in Minnesota. If we can profitably
grow enough apples on the farm for our own use, it is not unrea-
sonable to say that it is a paying proposition to grow them com-
mercially.
-I said in the beginning that I was not going to discuss care of the
orchard, and I am not going into details, but let us re-
member that cultivation is not one of the things that
ought to be done, but it is one of the things that must be
done. Many people look upon. orcharding as a failure
who have not given their trees half a chance. I,am not advocating
anything that is an experiment; commercial orcharding has ceased
358 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
to be an experiment in Minnesota. We as horticulturists believe a
great many things possible that many people look upon as impos-
sible, but I will say, in conclusion, that we can believe many more
things possible in commercial orcharding, in even a small way, and
we will still find we are then only beginning to realize what can be
done in Minnesota.
Mr. Radabaugh: I think the idea of the gentleman in giving
the commercial statement of what that orchard has done is one of
the things we neglect in our society. He shows figures of what
has been accomplished, and a great many people go into a propo-
sition of that kind for the money they can get out of it. I think it
is a gootl idea to report those figures 1 in our society.
EVERGREENS AND OTHER TREES FOR HEDGES.
C. L. KEY, ST. PETER.
Twenty years ago I planted white willows for a windbreak and
fence. They formed a solid fence, so that the horses and cattle
could not go between them. Now they are so large and tall that
the wind breaks them down, and the brush flies all over the place. I
am going to have them cut into cordwood this winter and let them
grow up again. By the time they grow large enough to blow down
again, I will perhaps have “‘passed to that invisible land from whence
no traveler ever returns.”
The golden willow makes a good windbreak and fence and looks
well in-summer and winter. I would advise any one that is getting
old like myself to plant them for windbreaks, as they grow quick. I
planted a hedge of this this spring; now they are six feet high. If
I were young [ would plant red cedar for ornament as well as wind-
breaks. I have a hedge of them that are loaded with seed. I gather
the seed in the fall and plant them right away. When they start to
grow, they will require some sort of artificial shade for the first sea-
son. I tried growing some under the shade’ of forest trees, but they
grow too slow that way for me.
There are three kinds of evergreens that I admire most. First
of all is the red cedar, because drouth, wind, cold and wet never
hurts them; next, are the balsam and ponderosa pine for beauty.
The mulberry makes a nice ornamental hedge. ‘They are rapid
growers. They bear berries every year. Some people make pies
out of them. The birds will take them in preference to any other
berry. I would advise any one that intends to raise small fruits to
plant lot§ of them.
Honey locust makes a good hedge and seems to stand the winters
all right. There are some trees in an old abandoned nursery near St.
Peter that were’ planted twenty years ago. I gathered some seeds
from them a short time ago. I am going to plant them; the trees
seem to be in:a thrifty condition.
The above mentioned are all hardy trees and will stand all sorts
of weather and climates.
The lilac makes a lovely ornamental hedge. You can trim it in
any desired shape you want. They leaf out early in spring,
and stay green till late in the fall. The prickly ash makes a nice
ornamental hedge. They have small red berries that hang on all
winter. J prefer them to mountain ash for beauty.
_Seeretary’s ®orner.
WuHo Has CRANBERRIES?.—The secretary wishes to secure native cran-
berries from a number of sources for exhibition at the World’s Fair in connec-
tion with the Minnesota display. Any of our members who have cranberry
marshes bearing will confer a favor upon the secretary by corresponding with
him on the subject.
O. M. Lorp at St. Louris.—The many friends of O. M. Lord, Minne-
sota City, one of the veterans of our society, will be pleased to know that he is
spending a couple of weeks with the Minnesota fruit exhibit at the World’s
Fair. Mr. Lord is also purposing to be at the Minnesota state fair with an ex-
hibit of plums, and we may hope to have him with us again at our coming an-
nual meeting.
PROGRAM FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING.—The program for this meeting
is still incomplete. Suggestions as to topics suitable for the occasion are still
needed by the secretary in the work of preparation. What subjects are there
that in your judgment should be considered at that time? Please write freely
to the secretary and give him the benefit of your thoughts on this subject. It
is the purpose in arranging this program to reflect as far as possible the senti-
ment of the members.
PRoF. JOHN CRAIG WITH THE ‘NATIONAL NURSERYMEN.’’—Prof. John
Craig, who since the promotion of Prof. L. A. Bailey as director of the college
of Agriculture of Cornell, New York, has filled the position of professor of
horticulture at that school, has been engaged as editor of the ‘‘National Nur-
seryman.’’ This journal while specially devoted to topics of interest to nur-
serymen is also of general value to all growers of fruits and flowers. The
accession of Prof. Craig to this position will without doubt add materially to
the practical value of this monthly.
NUMBER OF MEMBERS.—The members of the horticultural society are
to be commended for the result of their efforts in building up the member-
ship this year, which has already reached a total of 1771 members, of which
1651 are annual members and the rest life members. There have been six
additions to the life membership roll this year as follows: Thomas Lowry,
Minneapolis; F. F. Marshall, Crow River; W, P. Mann, Dodge Center; Ole ~
S. Quammen, Glencoe; C. J. Manner, Anamoose, N. D.; Victor A. Neil, Min-
neapolis. The membership roll at present stands 387 members ahead of last
year at this time.
AN ASSOCIATION OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OFFICERS.—A circular
has recently been sent out by the secretary of the Michigan. State Horticul-
tural Society asking for opinions as to the advisability of a meeting of the
officers of the state horticultural societies of the country to be held at St. Louis
in Octo>d2r. Itis the thought apparently to make this gathering a permanent
organization and to hold regular meetings thereafter to discuss any matters of
360 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
general interest to the horticultural societies, such as securing and retaining
members, prospects of fruit legislation, etc. A multitude of topics could be
considered at such a gathering, which should bring out thought of general
value to these organizations.
A MANUAL OF THE PEONY.—Underthis title a neat paper bound book
of 64 pages has been issued by C. S. Harrison, of York, Neb., who will be
pleasantly remembered by those of our society in attendance at the last annual
meeting, when he presented before us the subject of the peony. This manual
is a very complete treatise on the subject, as set forth in this title, giving cul-
tural directions of varieties, etc.
Over 200 varieties are named and described init. The last 11 pages
are devoted to a consideration of other specially valuable perennial flowers.
The writer does not know the price of this manual, but it can be secured by
corresponding with Mr. Harrison.
AMERICAN BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. —An association of this name
has recently formed of which Hon. James Wilson, U.S. Sec’y of Agriculture
is president and Prof. W. M. Hays, St. Anthony Park, agriculturist at the
Minnesota Experiment Station, is secretary. The object of the association is
not, as would appear at first thought, for the breeding of live stock alone, but
covers instead the whole subject of breeding. Inthe language of a circular
sent out, it is comprised of those ‘“‘interested in breeding plants and animals or
in the study of heredity.’’ This is a large and useful purpose and very practi-
cal as well, as the growers of seedling fruits in Minnesota are aware. The
society is planning ‘‘to publish a directory showing the line of breeding
carried on by each breeder of pedigreed animals or plants.’? A large member-
ship is desired,and all interested in the scientific as well as the practical side of
seedling culture should be in line with this association. Annual fee $1.00,
which may be remitted to the secretary.
FALL FRUITS FOR THE WORLD’S Fair.—It is hoped to exhibit at the
World’s Fair during the fall period, full lines of apples, grapes and
plums, possibly pears and peaches if there are any. So far the secretary has
not heard ofany of the two latter fruits ripening this year. Dear fellow mem-
bers, what have you that you can contribute to help make this a satisfactory
exhibit —one that the state would be proud of? A case of plums or grapes, or
a box of apples from each member of the society having an orchard or vine-
yard in bearing would amply supply all the fruit needed, and we ought to be
able to secure enough from so many interested contributors for our purpose.
If you have not already corresponded with the secretary in regard to this, will
you not doso upon reading this and let him know what varieties you have and
when they can be sent?. He will furnish you full directions for gathering and
and packing and shipping the fruit, anda recognition of your contributions
will be made in some suitable way at the proper time. Of course fruit for this
purpose should be extra large of its kind, free from blemish and packed in a
way to secure its getting there in the best of condition. Don’t think from this
that you haven’t anything good enough! You have! By selecting the best
fruit from your trees any one can do something towards this exhibit. If you
have crab apples, don’t send them loose, but only on the branch where a good
miny are clustered tozeth2r miking a fine show. Sucha cluster will be very
math app-eciated. Waat can you do to help in this splendid exhibit?
It is b2ing mid2 as you know under the auspices of the Horticaltural Society,
and all of the m2mbers must feel a common interest in it.
‘POST ‘MIVA ALVLS VLOSHNNIW “VIVH ‘TVYOLTOSILAOH
|
af
aot
THE MINNESOTA
HORTICULTURIST.
VOL. 32. OCTOBER, 1904. No. to.
HORTICULTURE AT THE MINNESOTA STATE FAIR,
1904.
A. W. LATHAM, SUPT. HORT.
The horticultural exhibit in connection with the Minnesota state
fair just closed was in some respects the most remarkable ever
made in the state. When it is considered that the fair was held
at an unusually early date and that the season for the ripening
of fruit was at least two weeks later than normal, and that
under usual conditions the fruit displayed is none too ripe, it
is apparent that the horticultural department. was badly handi-
capped in its efforts to make a display up to the usual high
standard. In spite of these unfavorable conditions, however, that
the display should have been such as to satisfy the manage-
ment and the throng of visitors and call forth no adverse com-
ment or criticism, is certainly cause for congratulation. It was, of
course, anticipated that the fruit display would be a comparatively
light one, as exhibitors are exceedingly loth to exhibit unripe fruit,
and special efforts were consequently made to decorate and adorn the
hall to cover up as fully as possible the anticipated defects, and the
results were almost all that could have been desired. Most of the
grapes and many of the plums displayed were absolutely green,
though they colored up some as the fair progressed ; and most varie-
ties of apples were only two-thirds grown and nowhere near in pos-
session of that high color which is so large a factor in the beauty
of Minnesota fruits. Even the early ripening sorts, as the Duchess
and others of that time of ripening, lacked much of being up to the
usual standard, there being a noticeable decrease in size and color
below the fruitage of ordinary seasons.
362 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The hall, as usual, was arranged with the floral displays and
decorative plants around on the outside of the space occupied by
fruits, with hanging baskets from every post and a number of
vases of flowers suitably placed in the center of the hall.
An unusually large display of cut flowers was made by
amateurs on Monday, and the same space occupied again by the
professionals on Thursday, the overflow of this extraordinary
exhibit finding a place along the center of the fruit tables,
brightening and beautifying the hall in a charming way.
There were three dining table decorations by Minneapolis
florists, and these were constantly surrounded by a crowd of ad-
mirers of their beauty.
The center of the hall as heretofore was occupied by six long
tables containing the fruits on display in this department.
The display of the Jewell Nursery Co., which for a number
cf years has been the crowning piece of the horticultural de-
partment, this year consisted of a windmill some thirty feet high,
arranged with a base of graduated shelves containing fresh and
canned fruits, the mill itself being veneered with apples and pro-
vided with machinery for turning the sails. Our readers will be
interested to know that since the fair this mill has been taken
down and is being set up in Horticultural Hall at St. Louis as a
feature of the Minnesota fruit display. There were three other
nursery exhibits.in the corners of the hall, by A. A. Bost, Ex-
celsior; Benjamin T. Hoyt, Hamline, and C. P. Nichols, North-
field.
The number of exhibitors was somewhat less than previous
years, some of them having lost much of their fruit from the
storms that did an especial amount of damage in the Minne-
tonka region, and others absent from various other causes. The
principal exhibitors present were all of them names familiar to
our readers, J. A. Howard, W. L. Parker, Dewain Cook, Frank
Yahnke, H. H. Heins, and that veteran in this department, Ditus
Day. A large number of other exhibitors contributed in a
greater or less degree to this display. Of those who might be
called regular exhibitors, we noted specially the absence of F. I.
Harris, of La Crescent; J. W. Lufkin, who owns the old Somer-
ville orchard, at Viola; F. J. Butterfield, Long Lake, and Wm.
Oxford, Freeburg.
Notwithstanding the decrease in the number of exhibitors,
the exhibit as a whole in the hall amounted to about the usual
maximum number of plates. There were approximately 419
HORTICULTURE AT THE MINNESOTA STATE FAIR, 1904. 363
plates of plums, 220 of grapes, 262 of crabs and hybrids, 317
of seedling apples, and enough more of named varieties of apples
to bring the total up to 3,538 plates. More than this number
could not have been accommodated without using the double
decked tables, the use of which is no addition to the general ap-
pearance of the hall.
A brief analysis of the fruit’ display will be of interest to
many of our readers. There were four exhibits in the class of
sweepstakes collections, varying from fifty-three to seventy-one
plates respectively. There were seven exhibits of pecks of
Wealthy apples, eleven exhibits of collections of ten varieties of
apples, four professional collections of apples, eight amateur col-
lections of apples, twelve collections of crabs and hybrids, five
collections of seedling apples, seven collections of seedling crabs
and hybrids. There were twenty-three entries for fall varieties
of seedling apples and fifteen entries of winter varieties of seed-
lings and four entries of sweet apple seedlings.
In the class of plums, there were seven entries for sweepstake
collections, varying from seventeen to forty-one varieties. There
were seven collections of named varieties of plums, and of seedling
plums there were four collections entered.
In the class of grapes there were four collections, varying
from twenty-seven to forty-five plates. Besides these there were an
infinite number of entries of varieties of single plates in all classes of
fruit, bringing the total display up to the figures given. The pre-
mium list which follows will supplement somewhat the above analy-
sis,
The most interesting exhibit of seedlings, as last year, was
made by Mr. T. E. Perkins, who had on display 114 varieties
from his seedling orchard at Red Wing. This exhibit almost in
its entirety, with the addition of some varieties not mature at
the time of the fair, will be shown at St. Louis at the World’s
Fair the last of September.
Mr. Wyman Elliot as usual judged the plums, and Prof.
Green the professional apples, Mr. Clarence Wedge and Wyman
Elliot uniting with Prof. Green in judging the seedling apples.
Mr. W. L. Parker and Mr. Geo. W. Strand judged the amateur
apple exhibits. Mr. A. Brackett judged the grapes. Mr. E.
Nagel judged the amateur cut flowers, and Mr. Gust Malmquist,
of Minneapolis, the general florist displays.
Among the visitors from abroad especially interested in our
art who spent some time in Horticultural Hall during the fair,
304 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
were Prof. N. E. Hansen, of South Dakota, E. M. Sherman, of
Charles City, lowa, and Rev. C. S. Harrison, of York, Neb. A
large number of members of our society aside from those who
were connected with the exhibits were present and spent much
time in Horticultural Hall, it being possible at almost any time
to get together enough members to hold a good sized horticul-
tural meeting.
In the absence of Mr. Thomas Redpath at St. Louis, where
he is spending the season in charge of the Minnesota fruit dis-
Single plate table, Hort. Hall, Minn. State Fair, 1904.
play, Mr. G. W. Strand officiated as assistant in charge of the
hall, and to his zeal and fidelity in common with that of other
assistants there its successful maintenance is in large part due.
It must not be forgotten that the decorations in the hall,
which were unique, beautiful and elaborate beyond any previous
effort in this direction, were put up under charge of Mr. Wyman
Elliot. Festoons of evergreen rope, with spirals of evergreen
around the posts, and clusters of evergreen sprays on the girders
and along the outside walls made up a decoration that, contrast-
ing vividly with the whiteness of the interior, was most pleasing.
PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FAIR, 1904.
PREMIUMS AWARDED ON
365
FRUITS AND FLOWERS AT
THE 1904 MINNESOTA STATE FAIR.
APPLES. PROFESSIONAL.
Sweepstakes Collection—
PROF. S. B. GREEN, Judge.
PAE WAL oo EL OITITN ONG latcie chase 6 visi chatersteifeters’ steve se ated a: ore, slavein, ants o/6bia cies ores! Steeles $17.90
WU ee EOE Sey PRTIN ELON mia cicrarctc aia eieveteievchel shale so oie heeleie tare inl ate aleraitieieleleie aasoweis 15.20
eA Rl age TLIC MAVUATI OL At sree ais oreve) ene lelore etoweae cic ouaiereialsoisuciavecolernie ce ofelerers star ciapeyaysveye"a¥e 14.35
CC PEUNCer wn Minn Ca POLIS eco. cae ree cle rita cies clei se ethane wiele cialereve busieecie asic 12.55
Collection (hybrids and crabs excepted)—
WEA LOW ALG Ae ELAITIIM ONG o ors.cio iste cere cteic clepernicie elaislaie ckeiereiwys le sieieis © 6p '9)2 018 w share aus $22.70
ESTA TA GRA TNIE Co VVIEEL ONL ED ors raha a) vend auareicvews avers levelelciersjeselo aipaescie@ a/c nd u alae o e'e's Senevelaye ste 18.20
DSW OOK WICC CL Siac seer a cleccitele clare caieveiere.c cease ais aielelace blaleraimis ace lcy diverse 18.20
Wien Parker Harm inetOninecae casts ste cis o,cstslele-vie care cia siete lee caves oie seiais.aiesveie 15.90
GEO. W. STRAND, Judge
Peck of Wealthy Apples—
Spee Ae EL ONV AEC ws ELe TTI ONG a5, tafeyese terete tlc arate espa al tlsio: afe's pela) sels! sis. aus idvale tora BEMM doves Ssak5
fetenH en OG ey eUell VOLTUG jo a clerereccie cle: oe nics ate Sets opsle’s uss ins ie) vis, over aetna eines 2 ee bate 3.00
Aenea. MeKCCISION sates osc eau op sa Sas, od eid oY nig, ocaiie lai a wiabs cele, siavecera bia, a-ave iw he ebota 2.85
Eee LE erny mL X Celi Ol ermine iacis «acti atcls eta a alalarsiaecietn delem cata dae pac oceans « 2.85
APA OSE ERK COLSIOR oe sjetarets avere- stave acetecelevsschsi ais aca ets sieys\s¥e Gee Sisveie clave se: pole¥edishoherets 2.85
sEATIVeR TANS CUED TT XC OAV VARTA OTL oor oy ay 2, orca oy chansons Gena ot wf my aU-av a orc at'es/ai by/ov al ev'e, Oh of oy evar ec alata oferpoetola 2.75
GuUSESTONMSON: PPIX CEISION (eo proc cre iye clove cisinisha ahole © alee susvorsrisetaraieveve ie erasers e oie Siena nee 2.55
Collection—10 varieties of apples (crabs and hybrids excepted)—
ra ReaD DIC SEW VATION lafeicre cree sis. wisi ejs/averaieieh aieia c:o afore cl aleioveie ile le ciel ee are. avevetahe ole Sraoctb
RSPR ET Ch UV Cl mad cUTYATTT OTIC ora reyacescy a tl atars a sa'a! = ©) oa Siasarerele ar avclace ale ele epelate.c.xicidialeneterereta Bin
eae Eee Orr yaw EP COISLOT ac eral escre es iatav ace che aicieiein ot aucielt.aicilei che ele etelarerelele ovate stamataraere 3.00
eel) pated Cline HEX CEISION =) sts lor eyeyetera nine eseida nin wlayaielielaial a) ofo 7a areimisleie fab wlarerorn, sate stl uterae 2.80
IDE Wahi © OO er ROLLONS sero crerclera ie eiatele whole aia) choline cay clare loseinve ove eXoserete Dnt oa aire eine 2.80
Ces LET LORIE eit canvases cbelernies cis; eataracef adatal al ci'si'siid, anere cveliarelal.s,0) fal elatanevecasereyehetetctete 2.80
ee ne UM INI NS HOCH VET AaIriGc. coisa ss srcjettanele Males one: cielo eee See ca ard sees 2.65
ater ape VAN ATE eX COLSI OME oicie aiatewlere artis ieiers auinieinininls aise a) cisiciwis’s'e\e\n-Jse eeieteeetae Selle 2.65
PL COVE amet COM mee teistciecs cla cic oc forers ie x eievele-oreters sie /alere ee chute claters e ciaatoeilave 2.50
EPSUEIM SET OLS 4D OL OIE S orale, cre crere cretaie, «ch syaracer save) gusuess/eoce) eo! peepee occevey one oieiece(anereeletaceds 2.35
PLUS) ty OED IVURTIEE OME © specie: cleve.esoie te evsiovece/ oveispcate-s\ cre clcyarensteroraiblela ticle casei aha tetel Saves 2.15
SINGLE PLATES.
PROF. S. B. GREEN, Judge.
1st 2nd 3rd
Prem. Prem. Prem.
Anisim—
Whe Soe hin Lettie sei ee croteiieie bis claro eral uc bere ere cities arealaae ee ce $1.00
See ET OW CONG ot ctaveltain vars oral aten oveyais eh areas oc sene: vvereiSla/ai sejatn cnvoreeve eerereiers $0.75
ey METI OGE VEO Emtec raise ciel atclslsfatetets Sie so eleielays ayattts s\alele dieletea eal $0.50
Anis—
MV Pree OOM = ocinier micas Glove el ltictevere arevs*ate oielersisca:ajare everakete qvetmiag «6 & 1.00
Antonovka—
PSG GO Kes aety toeininc sot sdbielece cele oles elaterelatare lave late cia eve ele 1.00
SAGES PER VLILATR tenet oe! old ey slieve elo chavene's) o1ace crelisleye: sinieleie e orale areveroeteers 75
WA ire ATOM a icles ce ac cite cin ec cute sce eielets apo dichelalave ciate clewsistee -50
Ben Davis—
HOP cee MCG etait crap aferolots ie cteisiele Gc ale.cl> «c'eie Sis olelersie aie te, oleae Sale 1.00
Brett—
VM ATC OT soe cin atuicte ai aisicicie Svate s cueleelederatane o svelte sovaise tine nelels 1.00
Borovinca—
ee AGrR LOU ANG mctaretetet versie cha lerchomeictee aravertnere a ccatene ave aieve aca aiercunie a ser 1.00
MG wali COOK acs sete cece tare eraeisrste a ste dicta dc aice cies acteeie aaa iD,
VV ee seed TOI ere eictave atts cin cprtosoke aed aioikis olelaloe a etaie aieeteie dtreve bre eters .50
Cross—
PIO W AUC OO Wie vidtcicciereccratcle ee lel actos sees e nee ree ees 1.00
PRESS SIN MITIAN ere lactate ciaitisiove aisiete stoic Sec sia alcatel elt elaieicieie stale apes -75
UV shure AUP ICOM ctatacis cle ieieta cies accle'slsis eievelosio ais eisieloieieleis evere elele.eo ete cvelels -50
Charlamofft—
ames MeL VITA crores ietererstste aie ctovero opsis iexe mrovthals halons srtesveucistersis etersterere 1.00
Vac tS oul BFE 0) eno Be Gt Sob DOR cn DiGT inc sIR IIIT ROTO On REA aids
AS EHOW ATO ene tcieverarctaiateysioctae etarckeyacousia eiaie o\6 wie e/elake cise nals aieiciesuaiate .50
Fameuse—
Frank Yahnke . Ae)
Gideon—
Gre A APA OMS OMe ge antec arias syeteveceVatonetera ccs ateis rate) a's. ovata latore: sv eieiwiscsv eve erate 1.00
PU RACS CERO EU RO cee tmrstn lavas apefetete atten lara el ckatatcl ats clers) ovste steicisiatetslete ote ao
Veet PROT at. papacer ey cya sic opevatne ate o,s:cieustaye s a/0 Selelatclew aeons eles sets -50
Christmas—
HAP ES REUVTILATD cece cfacorar tt ovens talon col rekaroneon’ ocr erate ous e-e e¥ece lat averepele)eceist'e we) ois 1.00
Giant Swaar—
iis Ny aalon Gi baGersc aSo0 < Doo Me OBO OOCIe DODO CC O DEI crint 1.00
Gilbert—
EF PAPE TIRVTAT Cas olarcvarsveietetorctabetcv avers cohsvoversrtotatel stopovers ta) ahepete Palo ofarePerat ats 1.00
Golden Russet—
IAsoe had GEN Ce p10) f= ean Os SAR AS CHGS TGAr GRE CREOCIRIC IDO CLOG InEIOE.CI aCe 1.00
ee eA PM ELOMTELY Ohicrercicnel clsiotatat crete) o ateset av opel dl ok al che) of ch chara) Mickey el crate’ ay tol ayel alanaye 75
366 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL
Grundy—
De A, THO WATE Sie fetes atest ie cee cinte aieta trelste c's staleVate ov ar= mceiere
Haas—
De A VETO WAT: Fai ahols Satels aiaeotm ete tejarclretalle: cteve Ors iste .« Creare Setente
AV 1 er RICO mies 2 oc ce Sle oak aie anid c av'ol 5 ane ove jousieo epasenste zee) gain
Iowa Beauty—
SHE ELA CORTE) Gia SiG eR IOs SH mie AIOITG eon Me reryesser ace aus
BES Ss INU ANT =o ole. c/o, Scuire’ ottclcr o\ at dint ol horeteje'n. wove (o's soi of Holbtoleratsfotat Act ate
PAS SER OWAL GG co ores ic recone lore tatareia teal (aavobetetlone tele ieiere eeniaee kote es
ISAS PET OWATGE iovaiaie © a lore folk erate tee tacrestionduate tops leta chet ehorenet stone iansiate
rani anne oss 5 oo 5 acs nly nia evatelotele(ayaeiel erates oovanereveee Peas
Wes, SPP Gr iaicc5.c ad orainielcleteretarcarctciels eioleuers stepiesis aicietee Dr atsineme
revel LOD
ABR gee lbiitt
Newell’s—
JAWB SFA WAT sais o0018 io voke tadete rahe yore trata toteraje ciatevadete) arterehemere ete teraie
Northwestern Greening—
A [ete = ee Ct 6) oo CISA Cem IO Ce Ey MEA Ere oe ss
OPAC OY A ICG os stare «lo tahe 5 eens este ie we lene meinista cieius ale ete apere tote
ASSES ALLL shoes baton im eieleiteieve reiniete elas e isuaiets te siete bes ioeierele ie
Se MARTI OWATO oe «tkoyeie sieislo enieierin Sise Ciel tee aroteisiels sn aot
Ce BE a YEN 6) (00-5 ce ae ICE IO. ore Cra Om OD cet omya pros oes
Plumb’s Cider—
TARP ELOW ANG oho is custetccete eh oe mie wre wire tears Sieped th eba tots epote eee
FOR ATUIC EY ATTIC eo a lelat cotetatevafa cteiets'siete, shehatetoobaus (ots, ato rer Orpregene rei
W.. L. Parker... 2.2.0.1. e ec cee eee ce eee ewes ccsconccs
Di CAPRA O WARES a 5,5 is ios ele, ons ela alele oialnina/cisie ee hatteators estate
7. feed Briel Sesh di 25 eras Biase: praiiG Re ae BOLO TOMO GE aoe
DS SEAS RN WV EUE GL oie ono ara ea tote RTS abi ete tade cans cha aloneliore tere ape
St. Lawrence—
Wes Li BR AMGr sol. dycteieretctemint Goats sista uartnes eet Sarees
J PA UE O WANS fae ciciedk dite boca ace elofele eve oncie aievede eselel cvetatevenseate
Scott’s Winter—
We FSP ar Or trsete pistale soso fein oaeieles lover le olnicataieicrenclepenn charset
de AS SEI OWATO Cicieinie so hie e aia aioe wired loka te seis Plate wletae wieelone
Tetofsky—
7 WY MOUTHS Sx avs oo Sisioin co esis oo oes Ait Ora ca aetna oe ere ale aa Seer
ESS oh FUNNCAEA oh.c Sis tetas | concl ata s Ieteieteioiets tetetaleue av oneta talisl s’'sia alielleit eyeksre rm
Ww. PPP ATRET. etch c bees slate cee ee eo ae ae fe arn eeietaies eset
Fi fa. Cag! shen, 22010 Ray ore Setar aetna 6 CAS Jar p ac DOOR >A OaDe arte Raise
Wolf River—
Ca Pie OS.) cick, actin Raie oounteenie ome ee adelais sis elem, ore
We DE PaP ers co baste cra aie wectctos oe ctle tie te oie risteiel tis cleave wielek cle
De 2A, HAOWEEOs cayenne sls cpt sd cles eta ete Os SE Shee ae
White Pigeon—
aN. Ae EV OWANO. I» 5 aainle adie role, 0 eiesrepotmiapatalenstereicie’s foie vial alate ace atone
Walbridge—
GIA, LARIGERSON ohai0 oie iaxeertibters ais Lore eee eae die es eas eile, aha ote
Prank, Yannke We. aibsiier care ce ce Se Rae ele ere eee sine ot
Ds LAR TOA TG sie Sito cc evoke) «2c a sel fareta mieten atetotate re alete otelals tnt «
Yahnke-—
SOCIETY.
1st
Prem.
Bs Ss ios I)
or OD
Bete, ii)
SASL08
«tiehey OU
a re br il
cet C eee
cele)
BO ts
o's oo al OO
Beet bbaili
Ge ce bet)
fo see
+ iosake LO
See lnlls
Morte SL
Seis alsuty
sees
Ae LEAH
2nd
Prem.
-75
-75
-75
-75
-75
75
-75
-75
-75
«15
15
75
.15
-75
-75
-75
75
-75
3rd
Prem.
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FalIR,
Yellow Sweet—
A. B. Lyman
Yellow Transparent—
COSTAR AGTC Er SOM create pte sic sie- sia harsitens oe erontatatd siete ares SANRIO 6 202 1.00
Duchess—
PARE ONAL Gary chelaieisis cmteisiolneieidteteiats $1.75
GPA PAMGSTSON EG cetevois Noletsielsaieelers/s
CE OLG Se craceradie tate ot salcloka laters ote
Hy AGe MMENESEV.EGUS 22 elem lovoleleiajeles <1
Frank Yahnke
JN 1B 1G AGE ROS Sates See NOR ORIOEOe
Hilbernal—
1.50
1.25
QAP
Ee OLAS snpivetnsitaferene soslsin ovieersvens
1st
PAW) ENO WAI Cla Av etoreyefarcierevay otal Gates skal hate, a's) al etapa valekenerorsy vars $1.75
agpe
im
2nd:
SEMI ED IO eral s ascii aetavele sveisiel etetavevel orenetavel «fe $1.75
: $1.50
PRENEH GIS | ars Ves Poa SS ooo clavate she
PUPAPME ETO MUU Cl ciate ssee ort shaver vet oial'c, die a eta Giver avevel ae, stores aiauetel Gp tye atenai oko $1.75
av LES ILO RENNES Abe. . o> SO DET OOO HO OOC DUC OO OD OIRCG Joni o ToRmeen
FAY LOWE TO sai ores che kaka ave creer S1n75
GPEITEMGSEVEGIES 015 cfe,stetorolc! orate) oiei
1D SAL) er eS eine in S125:
FRAP ATIC EE GOM chi sclolamlcher sateiereretel ele
DAMS Via WK iiss etic cisicteiete tere ee e
FESS PAVEQV AIM fos nyo er shovacshetolabavel ct atehs
$1.00
alate) sta
APPLES FOR AMATEURS.
W. L. PARKER, GEO.
Collection (hybrids and crabs excepted)—
Ea LAS ENeITLS er ORG AM icin Rie, sieveteysleleaalelaiie aie aia ce: tie mlelaldicis cio etaibis lores erate siase's 5) are )o\Solbtetellete ve
FAG) Ae Ney HEC CISTOI cr avetenelel olerova cnavers cralolinrelohel efohotetes =, Ulatelpi RlGR Riis sere oi evel ls) eens fuels
Ay emery rin Vinh Ey OCRSTON sieve cttcalele) abe os) ah ore lajs cle lotouwiorwio nis lers clei tie iy 6 tac lel teetalssolet: sale 5
TEC CISION arnectavetorcVanetoraicran avalebe tar sraievaialotav aha) chal steal shal sstalarchahWl etat ley erate te ard
PLES RD) Aye TTI N TT SEO atersate achcre la Rlcto ve her oreloielsale favetehckabessvoray ors oieietche diss MoNete\ sata al sfevete 6
FANCOM VV ALW CLO 1M aH COD OT tarctaselsiensrereterereretetorohetsva eel so io.a) eee lale levee) of st chokelie! ef a} aise ateiots
PP Ee eer.
ERA Cir ek HATTIE OWN iact roveuere aiatela (oie tay anaterel aval siete ra!(ofintovofeyo\"e: ctotstale la iayalls/a)sicte sta sisterelal
TNON Ne CUMMINS] PGSM PAT Cr yar ocx aie) oiniic) a) wnel see rere elicielofemaseie se] evete\eleiejleve feselnisieis)iole:«
SINGLE PLATES.
Ist 2nd
Prem Prem
Anis—
HWE TID yw. letshaaec(oaes » hubhala aco OCD GRO ORenr Choo UEm AC ODL $1.00
AP MICHEL Ela rir OMG sr IVINTNIN cre) aes eielclaliaraieusietel slelalelelststs\s\als/elsie.s!'s $0.75
Anisim—
ASD eden EX CElLSLO Ls AVIM Mle) aleis) ofe/ejeisteiels) sielaliaise|sisierste¥s\sis aJsis 6 1.00
Gust pAORMSONY EEX CEISTOR VEL yaray el aterorel of ool sl clever Vel iatele’sie| sieve) sum By 3)
{SEIS 1a Genhach Afortoehes Mihheralss soenerien co OoOUe coOConade CAOnO NOD
Antonovka—
FES EE PETIA a cree eereke aie oltre sire oierote ahossisini elise ie] cpaleso Sieicici sis sis @\egsiete’e« 1.00
Brett—
EM CULY:. FRR COUSUOM ra) cancel Jape Alae elole isc chate! hela) «: 0) ch seh anelay sl s)e) eyeie 1.00
FOS See OVC ES eye eae Cae ea UN Neck ot onctctal et ov cea) ctosley cre ca) ator ot eGalct elena avecefecsre .75
_A. Mitchell
1904.
2nd
Prem.
75
$0.75
-1
ol
3rd
$1.25
4th
$1.00
2nd
$1.50
5th
$0.75
367
3rd
Prem.
-50
-50
6th
Prem.
$0.50
-50
4th
$1.00
5th
$0.75
3rd
$1.25
6th
$0.50
W. STRAND, Judges.
-50
-50
308 MINNESOTA STATE
Borovinca—
F. Zuercher, Excelsior
Gust Johnson ....
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ist
Prem.
Mrs. S. R. Spates, TAT APRESS A ie dar Bcc eee
Charlamoff—
Jno. R. Cummins, Eden Prairie.....
L. Rowell, Farmington.
D. F. Akin, PURiGPCGIAG <6. 2 ado «0 vcd Come ee ee
Fameuse—
Ditus Day, Marnuineton’. ¢
] ht
SUG PPM EP
M. Dewitt
Rollin’s Prolific—
A. Mitchell
M. Dewitt
L. Rowell
Repka Malenka—
Gust. Johnson
A. Mitchell
M. Dewitt
Scott’s Winter—
M. Dewitt
A Mitchell
i ee ac |
ee
I) PCAC soil Yoroxcielsizisiernio eo aye; sierate(ainre stele
er ee ary)
ee
ee ee cd
ea ary
Ce
Peete we ee ee eee ee we eee eee eee eee eres ereeeeeeeeeeese
Pe
oy
ee ea
Ce i
ee
BEY EANISAINE foes 5 catejerene totes oaks ke beter ietchotets
Pe
1S ec) oh eens BOO OS POOR O DIO. 3
Ce
BLIDIeN gh SOO Oe Lose hore aa OO oA OMoc OOD Loa SOS eye
ist Heins. a) Sasa Miata ie ip ai kolisualeer Nea al omer ele
ec
Pe ee eC cy
ee
Pee ee a
Ce
ee
Pee
ee
Pe ee ad
Cd
i
ee d
Pe
ee ee ay
ee)
ee ee)
Ce
Seer e ee ee ee wee eee weer eee reese eeeeeeeeseeseeesesene
re ee ee |
ey
-00
ee, ee er ry
1.00
ee ee er ey
1.00
ee
00
TB WWI SALONS os)e wie 5.0 arb wie ero eisreiectaisls Sree Ree eevee, or iors ke lores ceteana
Ce ee re
1.00
ee ee ary
ee ee er
1.00
ee ee ee
1.00
rs
1.00
ee ay
1.00
ary
1.00
ee ey
1.00
1.00
20.0 [v0 0 810 \0)\ 0 ws oe) 6 a olels wlene
1.00
ee ee ee ee |
00
ee ee ee
-00
ee
-00
ie |
1.00
ee
1.00
ey
2nd
Prem.
-15
75
-75
-75
75
-75
-75
-75
-75
-75
-75
75
-75
-75
-75
-75
-75
-75
-75
-715
3rd
Prem.
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
-50
PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FAIR, I904. 369
1st 2nd 3rd
Prem. _P ; :
St. Lawrence— rem, Prem
EERO UTEILG vareia ceratererminterissteccians cVones ot ol ovelale)/ava (o's Glishelerereveye arate! giavaviela isiece 1.00
SLENI SPE) UV ay letetate tar ctae ete are eo ward cn vi eiclerel vonancrtareantaneieyersierslareive essere ais)
INTENSIVE WAGED crotseraete ciciarelsis ave ciel Gfarstat e'arcio.s. 8/ase\nral avev'al oy evens: ovejaleiatoele fetevers -50
EAD SN Ge NG EN ereieh crs rereravsetnic au chote for atiote tavern alaliicte t/a eraataterd arch olelelelorecs (are 1.00
M. PEM Wit Bharti sewehencneioiavalate ratorescnshetalanelocon svbatalereitrovetossvetas sieheneletenerevoerele «fD
University—
ALON CTS CPs epee FI IS och chevsiatcle tie (aloie’ataiv ura) AWaVaavelavebaleyayetshahorerssanaverarensdce WO
igh Sieh v7 Sh Bay 0) Ete Bab a ek) Ea Raa ey i3)
PSB) SMPIRO SLITS, yore ete ar etal cus faveio te-ere aleleia are ere eiavaoistcveteloteraiesalolepelers-owerere -50
Wolf River—
Pep LTO MET OTS). 0ye etatercrt oclare a sie aye celta Raterslete ste weteiate laters jcre a) diate ieics 1.00
12) Jeb MRC ACES Das aEEbeGo Cae DOM OCODO ODO ODO aco OOTIa COU OCOOS 75
Thy ADRES) 1G TAs SAI GA ONS DARD CAA TBCOO OG OO SO OROOOSOn ASE CE ORIeDe -50
White Pigeon—
IVS TOME Le wescrchatelctovarclcte chet laralare jalevevereNei/ctere evbiei leielatais esvoistela's sieves 1.00
PAUIMEIECHONI ma crcresere) aro cielacere she Bia aivare faye thre) onerefasalereleicvets js \e- eta vaileta aierete 315
Walbridge—
VERSE) WAL EE eictcicrc 7 evel siete olavoseleusiGtAG wr nuda Srerdinyel cleieiereieeelelans 8 s/s! etsleinevavete 1.00
VA MMIVETE CHE LIS care crarete: sictlic ls o ateis etaclkeh evela lola sialeyayesaveveienevelave eleisielelerene By {5}
Yellow ue
eM et UT Woe reretny ay oiei evel oh over ccelet aial/aicelretolerera nicfa(eie anater el epeveraystsielalcie\ale\alalcicis 1.00
Hy ARIE OEP earerere cratornia oe oak te ierekoleralcteier si clears lsat [ela c/s\siziele:elere: ererel -75
ya OEP AE ET eye ceereesteh onto cto eis aieice ae evelaiates a aheia ciosaiaeaviniaelasetalan eas -50
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Prem. Prem. © Prem: Prem: Prem. Prem.
Set .15
PPE PELCING (hia sus oasis cos oh oneee $1.50
Te ERO WV CLM a epetra, oe to aves ster oiarovaiwishetere $1525
VERSE See Eten SD ALES oye aos leversveioxoaels $1.00
PBTA CHEE ee ac chai sie see evans eases $0.75
A. Bost. ....---.2--eeeeeeenee $0.50
ETAT GUTS oretu,a)hetayateaials.0l 6) speieilevs La
ED NVI TEMOTE fysis)<5,0) slsierevacetorsts 1.50
1B SS ee ie ee a ; 1.00
Hts MPATLAT: i fesisiercters ¢vioeaessieeetares at
15 (IET ah cn e o ne ORROO ETE LOFICIC -50
lal riatSidSa seen coe GoD ooLMObOS 1.75
WBA OT ac cea innae en Seine Sols 1.50
BADE WEE enor tacos oro. : 1.00
RES ESS Gin tt ree eentare lalertc oy syslier .50
Patten’s Greening—
VAWIRG) (2) PaaRLEN PIR, eS ec] PRES Dats
AETV an ece neceta ceeie = ome orciele aie 1.50
TEAC AV Vela HIRO TE alot ta fae fate) sissy aie o) ova 1525
ESS a weve ODALES seeavcracinewe cis 1.00
TP RGIS ite vecaretsis 6 chens ia says wile sie .75
Meh) TGA CH ciation ate cars Rais ajarctelein els -50
” Peerless—
L. McNelly ‘
H. HH. Heins.............. Ae 1.50
Be bs ite 1.00
Mrs. S. R. Spates... ar 3¢5
EAC I TUG AGI, coc fs oe cie oe sis wie wyeljane .50
Wealthy—
. Brackett .......-.....-+-25. 1.75
A
18h 1.50
isl H. Whitmore...
H
A
FE.
Si MS UISSOw.sleyetetar's i 1.00
SUNT CCH EM Rat eras rcsionteereiciaiae wtD
RS AUIET CHEM eerciateleretsiais cletat= aPele aaa -50
CRABS AND HYBRIDS.
-Collection, not to exceed ten or less than six varieties.
GEO. W. STRAND, Judge.
WIGAN, 2b ba tel oad heb hal=tiOiMering SB oate cotrG Boe D UO ODOAD COOGEE COCO nO CUND cto UGOOOS $2.70
SMP AMEAELO uy cinG pera rarnGIncle cites te eyeiele etc iotere cers: stele sare) s)elnreyo michele sle/eele yaivicris ais cloiainie|«(e/siatc 2.70
EET eEreIns . MOLGaM cepts -tereletiusrarelere (alae voversheinle ols |ei0 6: oisie elaje!ehalel ae lalerel lets eleleefviiaie’ sici's
INn DD IVeGKel ak, LOS qos IS (oes eo Bok pe RGR Doo eb oIsoe COD OD OUOU LO KDU CGOdUO On COUr OOS pEEene
Frank Yahnke. Winona.
PE Perry Me CelSt Oleic rherheleia oi clove erator cae) oie) Sars olel/alct ale Tohel ole o's 2 iein\sjniela’s(c wis(ajein si vic/ale 2.65
370 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
H. H. Heins
A. D. Leach
Early Strawberry—
TEL SE PELGINS oie 0 ehaiardateterels ae acataia
Florence—
Bran Valinlee. 5's bs ac acess, aces, 2
CAI PINICHEIS ais 2. uiorsies cieve singeiele ec
ERED WAROUL Urals, i2jcheisrestedetelalsrs valves er ehere
Gideon’s No. 6—
WV ap is IP AP ICOT oo ic elatere'y lois's a 0's be we
General Grant—
Dat AnQeLOWALO satel thie distance de acice wa iee
AS WATE CINCO Le 2 te Sicieis ase oneie's ios cavers ialiaveieie
NEST SOT 5 fo wha ve s oeteta sie) ans jonny ore eal aheiat
Lyman’s Prolific—
ETS i SETI Cah, wees Veja tan evele'y iaveroreporecers
EAMG CHEL o-c.. tis stoic, > cis seins oo date
PEER OATES Mitearaie ea iencharetcve micshe apetare a whe pyaar
Pickett’s—
ASUELOW ALO: < cis peeve cuaveyninkeaaietaeetedarat >
al GLUE ties, ceraraia ete wlers, ouate'a eloyeuekekatenece
PeVET CCIM Sie re icieintie' avalarel ats to 'ekaleine
Shields—
ESL) SUCH clei csmcescvs oe faleadlaueeteyovets) eecaz
Ce |
aie. ofeca aisle oy oie ats arde alata 1.00
BIO PON TA SII ORE Inc 1.00
ees to on ewinas iw seXohayoiasaie\oiejepelobeiateys 1.00
ee
ary
eleiytsiololotsielel-atikaate a ee 1.00
ee eed
er as
aol aioho! eiatalolsta/sicleisiera ate aaa 1.00
i ed
Asiatntalalole/eieiale/ els etaietet attra 1.00
ed
ee ad
ABUDEBOO Se moerstes= ace es - 1.00
ee
ry
AGonoDo ont Scion ges 1.00
sige ejeiesdbs;o.e/ Ae kevseetenetek reget knees 1.00
siete oies2is¥erejolsieial=steketatste ena 1.00
ee
spy soils) slesejale Baclataio'o Gaese orate 1.00
ee ee ay
5 EN’ OTA 70 tein, nS ee eta bai fehet oie slo Sher =pide re oiesaraale oeprmieye' stele ele stat eh emede
Transcendent—
EES POV DETAR Cp vo, e ve sara ce sons twrre rote nelte
PN GATI AES OVA ik rote lnc tevalols wtevtovots clears
IED MER OUIIS Se careieictain/aysiaieteretats ai ciereiaione
Virginia—
PEL eS CLI ore ciara ors bi ocelot A /acspanstetatevote
Fre ee PLOW ALG praia niheloieio u's «etetsnaiers oi orate
A, foie bap BF thd 23 es ariel ion FcAn hcaino ce c
Whitney—
bode fei SY 0/2 PA ry Siebert eH ERO Pr eG
De Ale, CELOW ATG sles «tele vive lets, a latsys Potetp ee vette
WOLAT ICY ALI IRC ec iact ose bis erty ere aan Veet
SEEDLING APPLES.
: to all.
ee PROF. SAMUEL B. GREEN,
H
J
L
L
J
H.
DA WW CATON e525 ssc eke die, 5 rete renewal oie cect MRbcfote shale co stots /ave abveaere te enemies
J
M
A
A
H
12)
J
B Sah liloye telat eohaiebelin atenelghateraee 1.00
ee ee
Moke hels votaleoFaialia,nuriayeletaheteneae 1.00
aeceseeesr cere se ee sees sees
slalatalerehs feteya/e(olo)*ic\etelsisleLoReters 1.00
ee ee)
Pe ee
PAYA ole Goictoferalaletsietaiatateeyetete 1.00
ever errr reer esseeereoess
Eietala'atolletets late lolereie) ehahat sion dtotete 1.00
WYMAN ELLIOT,
CLARENCE WEDGE,
Judges.
-75
-50
-75
-50
-75
-50
-75
-50
-75
-50
75
-50
-75
-50
-75
75
75
-50
-75
-50
-75
-50
-75
715
-50
-75
-50
15
-50
PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FAIR, I9O4. 371
Collection, excluding crabs and hybrids—
PR mov Cr iI SECO nV Vid eaten epayeratote retire ore scare, sche) sheie versie e ei eldatee es een eel aS Ss $11.10
A God 8}, Daca Wale, 135-4 C (3) E10) oc ae Caressa eee eee a ee oe all Ur = 6.70
PV Viaee eise pete teers ms rer eh OMNIS al storace avorciere se ie are asl hap Gy whetctols Want ve c.g Nace meee he 15515)
Te) a Ete Ata aE ATTN ET LOMA -feraole iets wvevare ict cial aleraea avere ove. nrevevorous aks stele ousie oR Ee ooo, 5.55
TEU Sa aye He CTER TEN DOM fs ate lars (eal o acca Tere maislolorwie verte a5 conse wi cinrate css ccligye Iago celal 1.10
Collections of crabs and hybrids—
LL Orme Eves CUIAIEIAIT Sy pe HL OT) OPM ALTIG apctcve © /os\cre\stohs oye. cicioysicislguoicyeisnevelcichsiartycvarayolocendl steeds $3.15
tsi, LEE TN aree rey) TDS eye) SHOT ASAE a ee Se en es eB a eee i A eee aa Spee pe 2.05
CPB EAOUIST VA EV CLIN Gs fovat ciatatevetet chain’ oteiclel oooh elaborate oi eva) wrahe) oy av il ase/oal a sate EAE 2.25
eee COM MIO MLLER wie raiers claw oni eee eine isiocae oe een ee eee 1.90
TDVINS IDE AA aena coh tle Sane GpiGnoninb ho ORC EOS DOr nn SCO aE See ere were 1.90
SSP ML ame Feet ee CATION TD LOTT . Mthaleranetete sae ercierctoraterelereretevererccerarevste 6.00
SP erkins ssc. Devaar arebotesete.s crele tetevetarereiavers, oletenete 4.00
TBYSS PGT RATS sos etetein ih atccale cia tare oa isie ta steiniaie a a'ate eale:erarei os .00
SEO OMESUTIS! = fevers tot ataverevereler\arotsl e¥e ess bate etanat hel steleveel’s “e 1.00
Winter variety (not sweet, never having re-
Ee a premium at the Minnesota state
air)—
ee CLICINS = erereie/clelele Gr oteie lapeteretetelaleta cis ale verctaeterarelors 10.00
EVP EMIEINS roo cre aver oteyeetsuere 8.00
HE OTIS Sate eve iets! state; sie elavs cia latev heres s arclere's Soc 4.00
aE GU IN Saye chote, iasovese/ cleave ost on eigis ole wr Sielerelewere bie 2.00
Winter variety, open to all—
POP RAINS = oe noi els wore wha uie/aisie's side Si 654s lelaahees - 10.00
HERO T ITS ey eyot el atetevenalateteve <[alerel sell stdiarelajataiei ecarelelexels 8.00
SRILA THN MEE AHO GA OMe OOUSCTOCU ORGOOCe OOCITC 4.00
Se PMMA Vaa aT orate lek iatatate a sts alates eratator Gave ois ayn ie boleh ofeiiaz's lop aye 2.00
1st 2nd 3rd
Prem. Prem. Prem.
SEES CURTIN GS tatatia/ateel fateraray ciecnle felsic’ of areaver of elisiistelel'e'la’s) elsieie! ct) silat ayers $6.00
DEAT sc vans a eahe on ais eifes oc ac'eyek ei cyel suscai a) sleta"s afetels| ors are, afelora! elarelepeieisysisio $4.00
.
bo
BHA
.
HAHA
.
PPan
elle
PLUMS.
(Open to all.)
WYMAN ELLIOT, Judge.
Sweepstakes collection—
WS Wain @OOle OLE OMS rel ota taterecolatets terete tore inves lalove ye /elaislatollatn) aicyateKalelelwicielelejwuniaiel sve efsfoisini=ies $5.05
NOs Rey CuImMmMINS HINGeM Ter AIPIG so ojeocie.ceciclele ee ieselelsiwiainie'e oloia/e ie) oie iel eels) el >ia/sxjejainialaissaye> 4.80
paral Vea DIK SVVAI ON Ae =e tee (oirelere.re esse = yerotellornio/e ole o'e|o\a)n [osin!s)e) ele oi siei\e\e)ele\0)alnjalinjerela(alar= 4.55
(GB) Keiser Wbihyeas\eo ye Gap Gann OOORO dO OC DOUGU UOT SOD Oe OO OIranDpDOUs SDUDCSOOOOOO0O 4.25
GiGi Hunter MINNEAPOMS: cc. cee srs ale cre wie ole ove wielotoleleforei= = =/=\sjavclere + oleae vicldie 0 sie ae S3oe)s)
EHP REET O Wy RTC 2 ACL IT TOT ei oro = ale fe) otare. 0 1 Wien) sic! aie vin) siaie\els nis)6\a\v]ai'e/eje)o lee le\s)cinjnlareie’s 3.70
Pp é
varieties—
WMewaini Cools, FEMCLS scrote c ie elave ele ove cone wfetolarererelal eleinys|araleie\invelelclup = sineicinie|siniels sie's\a ial
Frank Yahnke Winona.. A
GSE, Older, uverne:...).\..5 2.
P. H. Perry, Excelsior..............
H. F. Busse, Minneapolis.............. =
TJ; Aj Howard, HammMonGd....0...2 ccc cece scene ccns
Gust Johnson, EXcelsSior.. 6.2... cee cnc ec cc wees mene cette ren csctesscesecens
Aitkin—
Se Ave tT O WANG a clfetciatalalclcRelesercicre afaicisietetinre' esis) ete Acdece Oe $1.00
ET Be TISSO re iicie etetate ala leta le siniciclotovetaotelore's wiela’e se, e’e\steje,o\vifatsinie/=.si°l= $0.75 6
Pye SED eu ZeLUGIH ary iaicielel elelelel wis eiatevelevera\e rere ate lates lo.elerele e\¢iei's si=njsjehe A
Black Hawk—
1Dizhylholel Golo) Gum GO AAGoe ODD OOO oc OO OOo abe Co mCOOUUO OOO OOo 1.00
Cheney—
PG Mrnesty.cdite eer aca Gi ele da etevelareis, s/,slelesisialalotele sieieia sielernpereitiete cision eee .50
Brame Varinike: <0 8F, 23 co 54 asa ade coe oe ee 1.00
Dewain) (Cook. scr shteacde de Solas Shas d coalesce eee eee ay 3)
Jo, ARS FLO WATG 22 Wc ton core tava cok seinat eee esie ane nen -50
Wyant—
Prank Wannke 3 /.j.0.os4 6h Scisarie nike de cbieaa Paes eee eee 1.00
DEWAINV COOK: ois \cie ni sre aos a rolsinie barons an Oeiioc not sane ae eee ae By (3)
Ws Se ELIS DIG es ols carers cide B sje wisieierote oole root ene ean eae a eee -50
Peaches—
ASOD) TSCA GID sin /e 5, a (e:ci0isleisicue.stayeieletas inlets aiajale store e ot ke eek hale Eee 1.00
Compass cherry—
BAS ES BUSS Os oid cic oo Sn bisigclietetes adie a atelete: a deiererctotae a atone ae eee 1.00
Ae ID Tie aehns 152.054 Soak a Sete ere Giese Bio le eeee bine oe Cee eee -%5
SEEDLING PLUMS.
WYMAN ELLIOT, Judge.
Collection of seedlings—
DEWAIN COOK 5). /=Rarelentenain ane
PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FAIR,
1st
Prem,
Agawam (Roger’s No. 15)—
Gust Johnson ..... tO POPE OC RE DD ADO STR CAAORRNE Rreieisversiernic
Ae AS mb ESOS tis alercrebcfaieisiehelistasloa sve esas ee
k. A. Sodergren
Aminina (Roger’s No. 30)—
SCOUTS bred COMMITS Ta erate enn den cuat ates toate Vel cyatene eters wieicie’ eVeiaic eyele ctclon wae Daieiele 1.50
Barry (Roger’s No. “43)—
Gus JODDSON, jim. 0.s6 Goodicoiricrd enc uU Bauer ppd é
Brighton—
TIS CRMOMUS ONL ep atater Merctaraiststlers are ioieva amo etl el eiavetote tals: oveie (cle ciotencle 1.50
PUNE OSE stctets, cies ss claro artichehate!atstalelatelelotatetatcrehhetstotse ucts oieeate Shoe
Concord—
Gust Johnson
A. A. Bost
ernie ekedetaja tel risie\elavohs [aveve le) lel exchorntaletersysfotalcistsyatcieiararcieke ee OO
Spal okefoieiehecalaiajelalsholajeketeieholereiofete) cisletatel sieleicrersione te &
CC i i a eC ae ee ars
GUISE DOMM SOM 5 sveve.sicicicrsts;o\s are. avatelatepeysoenenslettnetalde hl os Seek Haru ohe ors 1.50
PACMAN ETERS Cov ercheteue voretet ela: aie! we sy eiticlevelerehere eraletonat ofelierarcnencvcicenle wie austere
CASPAR ESSE cisveteicsel tialcusyel che levarere aeralelccerehacitiare class tele ctererererciare mea ere 1.50
EE ASe SOM OCT CT cree ain iale etekelst are el cretanmionle c Cue malcustercie/ beeen
TP 1S Toe ATO AS aR SOS AnnG AO BOD BUD CODE DORON IEE TE TeTSIIS caer
Delaware—
IST As OHMS Oe ccrevieteberetel aie visions vale: ovale oyetorencavs era avetalaa tea hte Soe LO
Gia SEOVACGTE SMAI oats 0: olctsraieia: ole o's eoteralctarsratatatwlotolien arits Be Ce
PAL CAS BOSE 2h aiiieeticcicececs
Duchess—
GUISE Me OLA SOM: See eterer seal ota eieratakotane rele inile siege tte aleleletedecine van sia acetned 1.50
Early Victor—
CRUSE DO MMS OMe ho cyele eichare swiss, 6 a70 tore ie ote oc0 blab Waretsterbic daalae A oeictem ee 1.50
Eldorado—
MIrSe a Sa bella Bartana. Selcte cchiovcteleolcithelc eretetat taiaraal tela eee 1.50
Empire State—
IMPS ISA Della aArEOMs oii F epcve ciate osticver eve. atic ol sh etetslles cheioioieval ol ae avele 1250
GATS EPMO NTIS OTL ra costo ts orotate are. avesaies'c\oualiot uel niet atch cl aletreis at laveltererara eet lenis 1.00
Green Mountain—
PARE AMES 0 Stsstucecnarn ove releveren vers: tiolelete vel shay cl chabert ofenebal reheat eval avebot ah cvetor ch akc 1.50
MrSarel Sa ella m BAG CO MM seers csie,-ictevsicre signetee steve palstaersicia RanAGr coe mic
Herbert (Roger’s No. 44)—
GUIS Ce OLMIS Ol eete ai cielo ote ter ciate tones aisierchsyeelaions slovevets slstaric ico alattaecacee 1.50
Iona—
A A BOSE heinistoce mea AIA RTO OR CAPR CIERO IPI CRE CIOI RCT ICO LIE COR CINE 1.50
HIS E ORSON ince Waiels wiskt ia aie etaite, stelaya oleksrutatetasiaje cates ls astelsies ciataletee ae
PET UP OPry Tataierets cela vielte velave 8s vGrerncis lado gield dtaaree eaves
Janesville—
TEA UBS OSE Os See ele oe eta anie dale palaele we ce wid dle teae Me wees 1.50
ET BDGU Via c clean at chatter etietatah aaa le 31.000, cutelie cia sielaiei se cielo wtaideatesnine
RAL PO OCEDST OM on sre sche clcyniakeie Loic wish uv! devere teat dale adleuel om Warclarajaieielecal ds
Lindley (Roger’s No. 9)—
Gust JOHUSONy ssevicietcte sc. An AoHat. CotetnaandcAb otGosaea:abrice 1.50
MTSE OUI S OT racetes aie ai cictejovelle eimlote a inyee/cdeleieharetors arate tintevelascte steerare steelers 1.50
Be oe aDig SD OTT Vis o's sire ee sreseh eh te Holla oy wre chien aslaricreValiajecwicta o.nle/a'ctaie ta ota avovalelate cietareione
GEIS Ea Ay OUTS Oliaare ge accion cls cle ie caviel s Tovohawateraitata fenatabeva‘e/ejalevc\ate eters a stare ane 1.50
Massasoit (Roger’s No. 3)—
GUTS Hes PUTTS OTT eer terete rote ct a cavedey nies eay at sirewoleP etete vas adaertisyerelereia ca cuatelaiMa areteeiere 1.50
Moore’s Diamond—
PAOEPAC CES IS Emer sara toha ce atanalevotete sic olde, ceva Awd ea ci dena at cmsehar es ore eraiera 1.50
GUSTO NSO ects: satoreieiaceleloie cle cicle Gre bl ere cle Wh © eee cercis cinaaauns
EAC SOMERSET CMa 4 tarecd ersiatelatale miclerciejonsolepere clake scayafeneke, © ses cysrevere
Moore’s Early— :
SAMOA EROS Goes Neve cre ecard, siais ei Nara orateial Men Mee ahole phere Malone dave ste erale 1.50
P. H. Perry
Niagara—
GiurStE TOMAS Ore ei cecbe retin cabs fos acarercdeitchareretatadal votetererss eiaieeets rete atate| alates 1.50
Wirss Save lla es Ae OTs ccataran ae oh cieiocieis shele ateial uilehetenel elas eter eel siete
R. A. Sodergren
Pocklington—
GAISE SI OLIM SOM zr ele vorcatatetsie celle avetied adele wiretetetelarsi'e ctalelsie store siolciareeinaete 1.50
SAT eA 1ES OSE Movie dav a chovatar ay arotehal due oy ava (ria ot ehielldleiet ohal wide elaratel wrath raetonee
Mrs. Isabella Barton.....
Pokeepsie Red— :
Gust Johnson .... renetetete Palaiteasivetaladetatorieiang slajesitsieters vio eoeaieieie/ NL TOO
Mrs. Isabella Barton. SAU URRIS Fok dckeos AS ahaa oat oh aay aid obaloleta: spt toley chavs
Telegraph—
Pe
1904.
2nd
Prem.
$1.00
-50
-50
-50
-50
50
-50
-50
-50
.50
-50
-50
50
374 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
1st
Prem.
SUBSE 7d DII SOT tetas sini ols fabio mar Seton as arate Rene eee 1.50
Mrs tsabeua. BartGnh crak eke kee to lrce oe eee 7
Wilder— me
GUSE: JORMA IIE hoe «wat cathearseme atic ae diele fa aoe ous ene 1.50
Woodruff Red— ;
Gust: JOMMSON 15 eA he dessins aio aan eNe ad Sve date eee ararehee Re ea 1.50
Mrs: “isabella Barton: > asics ore seis sce: obec acne :
W orden—
Gust SOBMSOM: ~xicis ipa, sreseto a oltardy she sips ord loves ava alaalow dro aiona eno onToR eee Crean
PEL PMR CEG a tia cd ctu crete aera Sie cit era Sarak cena oe ee eee eee
Wyoming Red—
GUE SORNSOD) \. aisha tele oe iatare te leieia etaiace leietaale mele cgi Geese eee 1.50
Seedling grape—
BGs HEnesty edt) “Belvtewstalstaierstete ss 5) aero a'r reke foture covets totetobetavays 1.50
PLANTS, PROFESSIONALS.
2nd
Prem.
1.00
1.00
1.00
38rd
Prem.
-50
GUST. MALMQUIST, Judge.
Collections of foliage and decoration plants—
1st 2nd
Prem. Prem.
Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis, Minn....... $35.00
R. J. Mendenhall, Minneapolis, Minn............. $30.00
E. Nagel & Son, Minneapolis, Minn..............
John Vasatka, Minneapolis, Minn...............
Collection greenhouse plants—
Res MVCN GCTINALUS, pop ccte acvcketamtaneate celeie ieee ere ererettete 20.00
Minneapolis, Mloral=Coisiscls os aie thetic eel oienesnrareiel sepelsieialatel srelel susjalelcveteia 4.00
Be decikemadenhalll sone sisters oieisvase| sisal ola eerie pusieleue ata 3.00
Minneapolis: WIOral GO. go. o eine: winje.c.0.0,0\0)2101610:0[s\1n10\ 0) ele 6
BITC Org Ol pee yenelenataraisialersiecetsnat ela otaraleye) aiatat stata sper avers
Single specimen fern—one in pot—
SONATA Wiel Set eed Favors oleiaaheinbeieiataielas aie! pisiiatsiow veleiatg eieiarel stats 4.00
Minneapolis Floral’ Cos foo .in~¢sececsceenesnccsnee 3.00
By INAS ae SON sas porels fain 2 sole) atelelelewlalel siatela veel dee
Mrs. Jas. M. Drew, St. Anthony Park, Minn....
Collection of geraniums in bloom—
POUT LV ASAUS As, wyere a iniee. 0 ere/ oho) 01s) sls eyeeistayshelofe/ alalele\pieione\ eke 4.00
ET IN ABEL Ge SON te crete cielael vareiele) leis ojo ies ajatstaajoteletelarals 3.00
RET. MWiericlen hallyi si aariraretotescAstetnlishelsinte ete a/a/staletate'e sient
Collection of carnations in bloom—
WB PIN ASCE Ge SOM s veces «cielo a: is .- clo s'n aiclelelsjatnialvlinte(s 3.00
VG UAiT WSUS ea. a ata nela efoto eyelet slisiese (ee els; e aile me'aliets lattes 2.00
Vase filled with plants—
ENA Cline OMS ches oie eds /aiel es ovelefalaiajehe: w 9:6 einyeueiny ela! mish one 4.00
John Vasatka ... A HNatate oie w.clveie wih aicleciodiersotatalstele 3.00
Minneapolis Floral Co. A eho cuhajeieteheiaroistaisis,cce allele; ofaiupatayens
RJ isneenhalls . s.0/ceackee cepa a es.cee oss + sole aly
CUT FLOWERS.
(Open to all.)
Collection of dahlias—
F. F. Farrar, White Bear Lake, Minn..........-++sse+e05 $3.00
Mrs. Krause, Rose Farm, St. Paul, Ubon Re aCe ciomip osas
Daniel Ganzer, Merriam Park, Minn IOC CR OOD DOO UCI En
Collection of sweet peas—
Mrs. R. A. Cass, Minneapolis, Minn...........-+eeeeeeees 3.00
Mrs. J. H. Swart, Minneapolis, Minn.......-..-+-+sseeeees
Mrs. J. V. Bailey, Sr., Newport, Minn.......-.+.+eeseee ree
Collection of asters—
Mra’ Graliso:. con debiiow oc aabielee ebicsies tins eere selene repr seirns 3.00
Alfred Loeffel, Merriam Park, Minn.......--++++++eeeeess
1 ONE fl =72) ber al sie) gO SAB AO Coton Doron OC DeO Ca IUCre Laor
3rd
Prem.
$20.00
10.00
3.00
-50
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2nd
Prem.
$2.00
2.00
2.00
4th
Prem.
$15.00
5.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
3rd
Perm.
$1.00
1.00
1.00
PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FAIR, 1904. 375
1st 2nd 3rd
Prem. Prem. Prem.
Collection of carnations—
TeMinnecapoliss Moral Coss cre salatite ccrelcrece te Lees oon aeons. 3.00
BWINASEIL Gs SOM oemres meee eee ia ecco aes Obie sn ib emtoud ee 2.00
DLT Cl PUM CUS EL ELK ob re Wetetstcy s Mereteieia ny cvas eciater ot AGie icicle ok ete tna ah ecahenat 1.00
Collection of roses—
Minneapolis nloralx©O's ceteaiscis.<) sla cctietce ce se dcr coarse 3.00
Be Na IPA LS OUM A ela Sete seo dels « Gee cee oleh ake eee ome 2.00
ANOS TeV aS oa Le etg ys (oi ciicus sys lausbelels leveiaia yee & Saas eke cic talewe oicntvew dete bc 1.00
Collection of gladioli—
Pea et Nte Te teh (otter stra mmc croxelbersuerteya eras a} vey Suck acchalep tein avccchcVerdecyd bot 2.00
IDS ONENESS Ree Yor Cai Rai ad el ie eI a Se Baa oe i ae UR Re 1.00
AGAMA AS ACOs hate eal srosatates sieve tirerss tra aistore eto © cio aca nee .50
DESIGNS, BASKETS AND BOUQUETS.
j 1st 2nd 3rd
Table decoration— Prem. Prem. Prem
Hennes pols Morall Cow sss sank cee ton he peewee ae ten $30.00 ,
IBS TY ERE ea Cx )eh tenets ty OMe che OIE STE Ae enn SNe Sere ene eet $25.00
JNO. Vasatkay fo..6 sce. SrateNsisa ral orietatarars-o rete teretchahern $20.00
Twelve-inch basket of ‘flowers—
WEHTIinN CHD OMS e ETOAC Osc cretetrsitarestctere cs tae. = oie e aisvetetate, Morena 5.00
DTD OSH VASE CICA, IS Bey ad ora cece sat Phatecopehe oa eee eed raed ies chee aerae 3.00
EES NSO TOce OOM ae eiarateue a che tera stave, ste ea Mee Oe hoe aeons eats
Table bouquet—
MOM USEC AOS crafere oreretercei ie o3 hse eo iiScinlog alee tee otic ie een 3.00
LES INRIA) P (CCIBIST OUT BIAS BRO GRD Gio OD BOG Een TAL PAGS EADIE Cet ae Alea Ace st 2.00
Mainneapoliss MIOral IC Oss conse cloc cic ohiee csmnic nce cae cee oes celanreels 1.00
Hand bouquet—
Min eca Oli Se HLOLAN © Occ. steyesNeree a Fatcneie oe crate lave cueie nisi ere Rocioletere 3.00
MINA ly Rens ONG: se.e ereicrevrel ola siate wie azacere rails Co ORa ete eea aback s bhiotere Bile 6 .00
John Vasatka. : She preyarn omMeaa, raveienegen etc he 1.00
Bridal pouquet—white ‘flowers—_
EN AS CIMCON bia aeye siajs tence eleveeicrh octhals olere eoitote amie acainelaciels 3.00
Minneapolis Floral peli HAE, Natass aisletttele ale Sise Neleiel sols, Sis herahora aoe 2.00
DOUMBVASALKA clacscie cae ses sities a isis ne aluatt elelivayeievous cei eiact ease gis 1.00
CUT FLOWERS.
(For amateurs.)
bo
.00
bo
E. NAGEL, Judge.
ist 2nd 3rd
Prem. Prem. Perm.
Mrs) Krause, “Rose Harm, St. -Paul; Minnis: 30). .c0 2 6s os $1.00
Mrs. E. O’Reilley, 412 Wheaton Ave., Merriam Park...... $0.50
Collection of coreopsis—
MST SHEDS Gl Sesictey-tavete coticis) « althe tereeela, of steve fara rere, tarntetevets oo eters 2.00
Geo. A. Kersten, 3108 Colfax Ave. S., Minneapolis........ 1.00
Mrs. M. K. Bond, 3138 Clinton Ave., Minneapolis......... .50
Collection of Dahlias—
Hare oe harran WhitembBbear) aise. J526s2ctalectelelie «sc eb eels 2.00
VERS GH bd J OD Sia wa scie a feleliete elles siete BY a Tle esate sates h-tey ete Rn Cat se 1.00
Geo. A. Kersten... py HERE a Ie GOTO. .50
Collection of everlasting flowers—
Mrs. See BEV aeatetaie otoscitotaretal ober ahelc|afolaictoleteiwnel draternt siarekeheve terete 2.00
Mrs. H. Gibbs... eeara clatctsid aye taro tntelatats.er foie terete relate 1.00
Danie ‘Gantzer, Merriam. Parke Seo uales. Seek os eee .50
Collection of gladioli—
1 so all Deel Deh 2h apo Ret ICND OC ROIS CLO oe COCICIOD CEOS CIO CIG RAO RIS 2.00
Cc. M. Hoag, 1818 Chestnut St., ” ‘Minneapolis k arateaferd ete iace se ake 1.00
Mrs) ES EE *Gibbs. ss. - a0. SOI ORL a SRO OILS Cire eiatalct stele she “ote .50
Collection of nasturtiums—
Mrs. A. A. Brown, 3129 3rd Ave. So., Minneapolis....... 2.00
Mrs. M. K. Bond...... Belch dlereetetee Mote Wiel ese whe faust Aietale Sites 1.00
Mrs. Krause ....... ¢ Sg (ais esha ehevetercvelarstere .50
Collection of marguerite carnations—
Mrs; i. H. Gibbs..\...... Pato chat va levaiclevevaincoratele crassierarajeyesens sists 2.00
IMrss ICTAUSGE omic cia alc ore sishers Eicvoharainistate bie 'e te ele alekintee O's sia dais oeleleldars 1.00
Collection of pansies—
Mire sn E UG ibe ce steraraccicictaren clereis chef eivieleisicciso asnis's aioaieiate 1.00
J. M. Schurff, 1413 Albany St., Aicd “Hamline. RPA Laie atete eins -50
Collection of verbenas—
Wrst ETS GAD DSi eretec cae caters ons Siete a(arev atid eraleiee eaters sereters 2.00
Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park Ed ee Pe Ea A CACHCIOTT nse 1.00
Mrs. Krause ...... Jae ee te oe DOr Spo ood aaa ns .50
Collection of zinnias—
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376 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
GROWING PEACHES ON THE PRAIRIE.
HENRY DUNSMORE, OLIVIA.
Although we can hardly say Minnesota is in the peach belt, yet
there are some fruits grown in the state that are raised with less
pleasure and profit to the grower than the hardiest peaches. About
eight years ago I planted twelve peach trees, four each of Elberta,
Champion and Bokhara No. 3. All of them made a very good
growth the first two years. The third winter killed two Champion
and three Elberta.
In 1900 I built a new residence and in the rush the peach trees
were left entirely without protection all winter. The Bokhara came
through the winter without serious injury, only the tops of the new
wood being blackened, and they bore a few peaches the following
season. The Elberta and Champion were killed to the ground and,
I might say, below the ground, for the roots were killed also, thus
proving to my satisfaction at least that the Bokhara could stand a
lower temperature then either Champion or Elberta.
The past season my trees bore a good crop of peaches ranging
in size from one and a half to two inches in diameter. From three
trees I gathered about three bushels of fruit, making my third crop
in succession.
The peach can stand a lower temperature than is generally sup-
posed, provided it is in a sheltered location; but if exposed to the
full blast of the northwest wind an ordinary winter would probably
finish it. The peach buds cannot stand an extremely low tem-
perature, like the apple and plum, yet, strange as it may seem,
when the blooming period arrives they seem to change places in the
classification of hardiness. From observations during the past four
years, I have noticed that the peach blossom in the same stage of
development can stand a lower temperature than the plum. In 1902
a great many of the plum blossoms were injured by too much rain
and frost, while the peach blossoms showed no injury. I speak of
one variety of the peach only, Bokhara No. 3.
I have grown a number of peach trees on native plum roots, and
think this makes the most desirable tree for Minnesota: They
should be grafted and not budded, for the same reason that it is
desirable to have the apple on hardy roots. When grown in this
form if the treetop should be killed by severe freezing the chances
are that the following spring it would send up a shoot from above
the graft and would form fruit-buds the same season. The trees
when small can be laid down for winter much easier than when
grown on the large, ash-like roots of the peach.
GROWING PEAOHES ON THE PRAIRIE. 377
I have grown a few seedlings from pits of fruit grown on my
own trees, hoping in this way to gain a point by environment and
probably in hardiness. My trees have always had a slight protec-
tion in winter except the one which I have already mentioned.
The time has not yet arrived when Minnesota can grow peaches
commercially, but I see no reason why any one who wishes to
grow a few peaches cannot have them much easier than grapes in
the prairie regions. Given the same care that grapes require, you
will get some fruit for your labor. The largest returns I ever got
from grapes on the prairie was disappointment. A common mis-
take with many who have tried peach trees and failed is in keep-
ing the trees covered until late in the spring for the purpose of
avoiding late frosts. In this way you may raise peach trees but very
little fruit. There is nothing to fear from spring frosts. It is
only the extreme cold in winter that has to be guarded against.
The peach buds must have light and air whenever they begin to
swell, otherwise they will not set fruit, or if they do they will be
abortive.
In this state the peach is grown at a disadvantage compared
with the apple, yet it has qualities that the apple does not possess.
Put on a two-year-old plum root, it will fruit at two years old, on
any other kind of root usually at three years, and when the fruit is
properly set nothing short of a cyclone will shake it from the tree.
During the last two years we had a number of terrific wind storms
that scattered apples and plums in every direction, yet the peach
trees never lost a fruit. [I am aware of the fact that a great many
persons are of the opinion that this delicate fruit cannot be raised
in Minnesota and may have an idea that this is booming the peach
for the purpose of selling a few trees. For the benefit of all doubt-
ing Thomases I will say that I have not any to sell.
NicE MIXED FLOWER BEDs that are pretty must be judiciously managed.
Plant tall flowers at the back and slope them gradually down to small flowers.
By doing this and judiciously matching the colors you can have many nice
flowers and an exquisite bed.
QUALITY SELLS THE Goops.—There is no secret in possessing a good
market for anything. Grow the best, put it up in the best manner, give good
weight and measure every time. Use clean packages, and then be sure that,
people know what you have to sell. The markets are rarely ever glutted with
the best. The man who tries to see how little he can give for the money or
how much inferior stuff he can work into the baskets is the one complaining
of poor markets and poor prices.
378 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PRACTICAL METHODS OF DEALING WITH WEEDS IN
NURSERY CULTURE.
W. S. HIGBIE, EDEN PRAIRIE.
Nature abhors bare ground as surely as she abhors a vacuum.
The Creator in His infinite wisdom has provided that myriads of
plants, comprising hundreds of species, should spring up as if by
magic wherever the conditions are favorable, to cover the face of
the earth. Thus we find some kind of vegetation growing on the
greater part of the land surface of the globe. When any of these
plants grow to interfere with the plans of mankind, they are termed
weeds, and man is wont to look upon them as a curse. The task of
combating undesirable plants forms a large part of the work of the
agriculturist.
No cast-iron rules should be laid down to govern the actions of
one who is engaged in any occupation, and the nursery business is
no exception. Each person must work out to a certain extent his
own salvation, varying methods to suit conditions.
To obtain the best results the land intended for nursery pur-
poses should be handled, at least one year previous to planting,
with a view to killing as many weeds as possible. Growing a —
crop of corn or potatoes, taking special care to keep them clean, or
alternate plowing and harrowing until July Ist, then sowing to
buckwheat, will help very materially in cleaning land.
Arrange the nursery so that the rows will be as long as possible,
leaving enough space between to allow a horse and cultivator to
pass without injuring the stock. In good nursery culture, how-
ever, the chief aim is not the destruction of weeds but cultivation
that is frequent and thorough enough to maintain a dust mulch,
which will conserve the moisture, produce a good growth of the
stock and incidentally kill all weeds before they get in sight.
At our place we use the following list of tools: an 8 in. plow
for one horse, a harrow tooth cultivator, a five shovel cultivator,
hoes, garden rakes and rake hooks. The first implement to be used
in the spring is the little plow. By swinging the clevice that is on
the end of the beam to one side and inserting a block of wood be-
tween it and the beam to hold it in place, we are able to get so
close to the nursery rows as to leave only a thin comb of earth
standing, which is easily and quickly levelled by using the rake
hook. The plowing is immediately followed by the harrow-tooth
cultivator with which we are able to keep the ground in good con-
dition until it gets packed by a heavy rain, when the other cultiva-
tor mentioned is brought into use.
PRACTICAL METHODS OF DEALING WITH WEEDS. 379
We plan to cultivate the nursery at least once a week, but alas,
the words of Robert Burns—“The best laid plans of mice and men
oft gang aglee,’ and sometimes we are compelled by force of cir-
cumstances to face weeds six inches to a foot in height. Then
again the little plow is brought into use, weeds are rolled out of
sight and cultivation resumed and continued until about the first of
October.
LIGHTS AND SHADOWS OF PIONEER FRUIT GROWING.
E. R. POND, BLOOMINGTON.
In the spring of 1844 my father brought some apple seed from
Connecticut and planted it on the Minnesota river bluff, about eleven
miles south of here. I suppose this was the first attempt to raise
apples in Minnesota. About 100 little trees started growing, but
of the 100 only two lived to bear fruit, and one of these died with-
out bearing a second time; the other one, at least sprouts from its
roots, is living yet and bears fruit every year.
I suppose father planted these seed in about as trying a place
as he could have found. They were on a south slope, the hill north
and west being high enough to keep off the wind. The garden was
enclosed by a picket fence, and the seed was planted about four feet
from the fence, so giving a great daily variation of temperature.
Some time during the sixties the tree was transplanted, but it
never amounted to anything in the new place, partly because the cat-
tle and sheep were occasionally allowed in the field. About ten
years ago my brother dug up one of the most promising sprouts and
set it out in his orchard, where it has had some care, and now it
is quite a good size and bears apples every year.
About the year 1849 we procured some currant slips or bushes
from Oliver Faribault, who then lived at Shakopee. They were the
old Red Dutch variety. Those currants did very well and bore
bountifully for years. I will say that I never knew what a currant
worm was by sight till about the year 1880.
Up to about twenty years ago we always had plenty of wild
plums from the side hills and river bottoms, but now they are nearly
all gone, and we are raising cultivated plums.
About 1871 I commenced farming for myself and was very
anxious to raise fruit enough for our own use, and when a tree agent
came around and showed his pictures and samples of fruit I did not
know any better than to give him an order. Some of the trees, per-
haps, would have been all right except for blight if they had been
on hardy roots. I also ordered a Lady grape at $2.50. I took as
good care of them as I knew how, but in five or six years they were
380 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIERY.
all gone. I also bought some Duchess, Woodward’s Seedling, Stew-
art’s Sweet, from Amasa Stewart, now of Texas. These trees all
died without giving much fruit, not more than two bushels. I
was pretty much discouraged about trying to raise apples.
About this time (1885) I commenced trying strawberries and
raspberries; then pretty soon I joined the horticultural society and
began to find out better ways of caring for the plants and trees.
I have made a new start in apple trees, but have not spent much
money on them and procure scions and graft them on roots of my
own raising, also planting promising seed and saving the best
plants.
But now, going back to about the year 1859, father bought a lot
of apple and pear trees from an eastern nursery agent. J remember
after setting them out in the spring we older children had to carry
water up the hill from the spring to water them. They all started
to grow, but I do not remember that one of them lived to bear fruit.
About the year 1872 he also bought one hundred apple trees. Of
these probably not more than a dozen or so ever bore any fruit;
four of them, Transcendents, are still alive, but nearly dead with
blight. Along through the sixties and into the seventies probably
one-tenth, and possibly one-quarter, of those living in our town
set out fruit-trees. Very few of them amounted to anything, but
here and there are a few Transcendents and Siberian crabs still
holding out in spite of blight.
Judging from the past, leaving out the last fifteen years, one
might be justified in saying “apples would not grow in Minnesota,”
but I believe we are finding out the reasons of our failures, and I
believe we can raise some varieties now that have failed heretofore,
by having them on hardy roots. My remembrance of the appearance
of the trees when they died would lead me to believe they died in
the root first, and then because of that the top had to die.
Among the fruit tree plantings that have come under my observa-
tion is one I wish to speak about. About forty-five years ago an
‘elderly man came to our town and bought a small place on one of
the highest points of the river bluff, and made a home where he
could end his days near his sons. He set out a number of apple
trees, some of them on the side hill in the sand and gravel, with
very little soil. The tops of these trees nearly all died down to the
ground, but most of them sent up sprouts from the roots and have
grown like a clump of bushes. Within the last six or eight years
a good many of them have commenced bearing, and there are nearly
as many different kinds as there are trees. -Several are winter apples
and some pretty good ones. Here were trees in ground where an
LIGHTS AND SHADOWS OF PIONEER FRUIT GROWING. 381
oak would hardly live growing and bearing fruit. Such an object
lesson as this I think should encourage apple seed planting, and
among the millions that would grow there would probably be an
apple that would beat the one that will get the $1,000 premium
offered by the Minnesota Horticultural Society.
Mr. E. R. Pond: I have here samples (exhibiting) of the apples
grown on the first tree planted in Minnesota. They are a sweet
apple. It was perhaps late in May or the first of June when my
father arrived there, so they may not have been planted until the
following spring.
The President: Is it a good sized tree?
Mr. Pond: This tree we have now is a small tree, probably
only two inches in diameter and eight to ten feet high. It is a sprout
from the old tree and was set out about ten years ago.
IMPROVEMENT OF SCHOOL GROUNDS.
FRANK H. NUTTER, MINNEAPOLIS.
The “school question” has been a prominent one for years in the
pulpit, on the platform and in the press, but it is only recently that
we have heard it referred to in a meeting like this ; doubtless natural
development is being carried out here as it has been in the case of
our cemeteries, parks and home grounds, and it is a matter of con-
gratulation that it is tarrying so little behind these other interests
in the journey towards the ideal.
The first ‘district schoolhouse” which I can recall was a small,
unattractive building at the intersection of two roads in the New
Hampshire hills. Yard there was none; close at hand a big pile of
stones picked from the adjoining fields afforded a convenient perch
for the quieter scholars at recess time; the carvings of the interior
were the work of the boys’ jackknives, the colorings and decorations
of the exterior the work of the elements.
A disagreeable picture you say? Not entirely so. In the summer the
young birches, sweet ferns, wild rasperries and blackberries of the
roadside thickets concealed much of the roughness of the surround-
ings, while a little brook trickling under the roadway was a center
of attraction to the little ones. Even in winter the foliage of the
young pines added a touch of life to the picture.
Twenty years later another district schoolhouse came under
my notice. A party of engineers, engaged in setting the first stakes
for what is now one of the thriving young cities of our state, were
tramping back to headquarters through several inches of fresh snow
and in darkness that confused all landmarks, so that dispute arose
as to the direction of home. At last a building loomed up near
at hand, which proved to be the schoolhouse. I can assure you it
382 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
was a welcome sight just then, for it enabled us to reconstruct our
geography and steer a straight course to our destination, though in
the glare of broad daylight it had few attractions. Standing on a
little rise in the prairie, which stretched to the horizon on every side,
Fig. 1. Improved school grounds.
it was apparently a target for all the blizzards of winter and cyclones
of summer. I know not if the building still stands, but I am glad
to say that with the settlement of the country, groves and orchards
have materially changed the landscape for the better.
However, these two examples are typical of conditions which
surround most of our schoolhouses, not only in the country but also
IMPROVEMENT OF SCHOOL GROUNDS. 383
in our villages and cities; for bareness and unkempt environments
may curse a costly building of brick and stone as well as some frail
structure of frame and clapboards.
How can these things be remedied? First, let us urge more care
in the location of the building. While it is necessary to accommo-
date the people of the district, still a slight variation from the abso-
lute center of the district may give a much better site so far as the
health and happiness of the scholars may be concerned. Of course,
the selection of a schoolhouse lot is frequently a difficult matter to
adjust satisfactorily to all concerned, and too often a tract of land
is selected for this purpose because it can be put to no other use.
Again, the schoolhouse lot should be of liberal size, especially
on the prairie, so that a grove or shelter belt may be provided, and
even in the villages more liberal things may often be accomplished.
Fig. 2. Improved school grounds.
Among the hoped-for advantages to be derived from the con-
solidating and centralizing of districts that is now being adopted
in some sections of our state may also be that of larger grounds,
affording room for school gardens and experimental beds, as well
as more extended work in the ornamental line.
When it comes to the planning of the schoolyard the question of
room for playgrounds comes at once to the front. Personally I
doubt the expediency of providing for much more than a little exer-
cise in the open air during recess time, in the immediate vicinity of
the schoolhouse. I believe, however, in the inalienable right of the
children to play, and to provide for that would in the village and
town urge the authorities to secure suitable playgrounds elsewhere,
which under proper supervision should be open for use throughout
the year, affording recreation in vacations and on holidays, when
the schoolhouse and its yard would be forbidden ground.
384 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The planting which may be done on the school grounds must
for reasons’ of economy be simple and so arranged as to give shade,
shelter and necessary privacy at the least expense of first cost and
subsequent care, and, if possible, the scholars should be encouraged
to take an active part in the work, of course under proper supervis-_
ion. That this is not impossible is proven by the experience this
season at one of the schools in northeast Minneapolis, where the
scholars not only worked enthusiastically themselves, but also in-
meet
Fig. 3. Improved school grounds.
terested their parents so that they joined in the labor, hauling black
dirt for flower beds and lawn. These were not people who took the
matter up for sake of the exercise, but they worked at it evenings,
after a full day’s labor elsewhere.
Even if the young folks make an occasional mistake, it is better
to let it pass without too much notice, for it is better to learn by
experience rather than to discourage their zeal.
For the planting of trees and shrubs native or common varieties —
should be generally used, for the results here should be such as to
induce the poorest scholar to try to do something similar at home.
IMPROVEMENT OF SCHOOL GROUNDS. 385
I have heard it said that lilacs and such flowering shrubs should
not be used on school grounds, as the children will pull them all to
pieces to rob them of their blooms; but if they are tempted that way
it is certainly a chance to teach them a wholesome lesson of self-
restraint. At the East Side school referred to the boys this spring
set out a long stretch of lilac hedge, and I venture to say if the
occasion demands the lesson will be taught without calling on the
principal to exercise her authority, unless it be to keep the peace.
Vines are among the most valuable accessories in ornamental
plantings and will be of much help in covering outbuildings or mak-
ing screen by training on trellises. On the building proper, if of
wood, it may be difficult to use them very freely on account of being
in the way in painting and, perhaps, rotting the woodwork; but if
the building be of brick or stone they are just what we need to cover
the bare wall. One of our native varieties of creeper, Engelman’s
woodbine, from its habit of growth, clinging directly to the masonry
without aid of twine or trellis, is of greatest value in this direction.
In addition to simplicity one other thing should characterize the
ideal school grounds, and that is neatness, and if the scholars can be
led to enforce that, not only in the front yard but in the back, a most
important lesson has been taught.
I have made three sketches to illustrate what may be done in the
way of simple treatment of school grounds: the first shows the sur-
roundings of a small building in a rural district; the second the
grounds of a more pretentious structure occupying a block in
some town or village; the last is not entirely imaginary, as it is a
plan that has actually been carried out for a city school. In these
drawings I have endeavored to carry out the principles before set
forth, with what success the reader must judge.
Mr. Chas. M. Loring: I think there should be as little grass on
the school ground as possible. The finest playgrounds I ever saw
were right in the middle of one of the largest cities in the world.
There were trees and shrubs and plenty of shade, and the children
were allowed to run all over it, and they enjoyed it. I believe in
having all the room possible for them to run and play and romp.
I believe in educating children, and if we educate them along these
lines when they become the grown people they will carry out
the ideas taught them while young. The plans Mr. Nutter has
shown are very good, and I think they would be of advantage to
those living in smaller towns to copy from. We do not pay enough
attention to ornamenting our school grounds, neither in the city
nor in the country. A great deal has been done in the city through
the influence of the different associations of which Mrs. Barnard
spoke, and that work is going on. I have visited a great many of
the schools myself, and I feel satisfied that the children are learning
386 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
a lesson in this matter of ornamentation that we shall feel and know
about in all future generations.
Mr. R. H. Pendergast: I must say that I think, as far as my
observation goes, we are ahead of your cities. I do not think
there is a place in the state where the ornamentation of school
grounds is finer than at Ironwood, on Lake Superior, and it is all
owing to the generosity of one of the mining men. They had a
yard laid off, and, as Mr. Nutter spoke of, they have shown a good
deal of judgment in not putting in many trees. There are some
trees there, but the shrubs are there in generous quantities. They
are placed in groups mostly, sometimes forty to fifty in a group,
mostly of the smaller kind. They have several beds of roses, and
I believe, as Mr. Richardson says, that with us up north they are
more successful than they are here. In the grounds there are several
large beds with from fifty to a hundred bushes, and they show up
well. In many places they have vines, and they have them on the
building more or less. They have not agreed with Mr. Nutter about
the playgrounds. They have very generous playgrounds. They
contain croquet grounds, tennis grounds and room for various ath»
letic games, and at the same time the children have free access to all
parts of the grounds. I visit there every summer, and I like to see
how things are progressing. There is no trouble about the children
disturbing anything there. As I have always preached, I want to
say now that the beginning is with the children. We have got to
educate the children. If the children are educated and grow up
and have homes of their own, they will put into practice those things
they have learned while they were children, and when they are
educated to see the beauty of trees and flowers and shrubs, they will
have them at home.
Mr. Morrell: I think the lack of interest in the planting of trees
on Arbor Day is very deplorable. In looking about the country we
find here and there a schoolhouse with one or two specimens of
small, sickly trees, but the majority have absolutely no trees in their
yards. There must be some good reason why there are not more
trees planted around our schools. One county superintendent said
that Arbor Day had been a failure. It seems to me it has been very
much so. The fact of the matter is the children go at it in a
haphazard way; they have had no instruction in practical tree-plant-
ing and in the propagation of trees and shrubs, and, as a conse-
quence, they take very little interest in the matter. It seems to me
more interest should be taken by the educators of the state in plant-
ing trees and improving school grounds, and there will be no
difficulty in doing so if the planting is done with ordinary care.
Prof. Hays: Madam President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have,
been greatly interested in the discussion of the school grounds, and
I got a very much larger appreciation of the opportunities of the out-_
door part of our schools. I have done some experimenting with
country school grounds with gardens, and put the work in the hands
of others in some cases, people who were employed by me so that I
could put some pressure on as to the manner in which they were to
take care of the work. The matter of gardens in the school is a
IMPROVEMENT OF SCHOOL GROUNDS. 387
difficult one because of the summer vacation. The fear we had
that that would make things difficult was more than justified by
the results. Mr. Nutter’s general plan of planting trees and shrubs
is well proportioned if put in practice on country school grounds,
but the phase of the subject that has come up and appealed to me
with the widest scope has been the fact that our country schools are
organized on a small basis. The teacher is hired temporarily, the
tenure of office-is short, and it is difficult to carry on the work that
needs executive thought and executive administration, and I have
come more and more to believe that the solution of the whole problem
lies in the consolidation of the rural schools. I visited some of the
Ohio schools, and those schools are taught by superintendents and
principals who have been educated in small colleges in Ohio. They
have no thought of putting in industrial work. Most of those schools
have not a tree or a shrub about them. I believe by consolidating
our rural schools, putting them on five or ten acres of land, educat-
ing in our normal schools and in our agricultural schools people who
shall be especially fitted to teach, locating these schools in many cases
in cottages and giving the teachers a longer tenure of office, that
we can do a great deal in the way of teaching the children about in-
teresting things, about ornamental things, and give them an insight
into industrial affairs that make for wealth and better living in the
country. The more I have seen of the subject the more I believe
we need to work along the line of consolidation. Then four teachers
may take the place of seven in the little schools. One or two teach-
ers can usually be found to teach horticulture and kindred subjects,
and thus give our country people all the advantages that the best
schools of the city possess.
Mr. P. J. Bentz: I have been greatly interested in the subject of
the ornamentation and improvement of school grounds. It is a
subject that appeals to me very strongly from the fact that I spent
the greater portion of my life on the bleak and open prairie. I can
see the improvement that is possible by the various methods that
have been suggested, especially that of centralization as mentioned
by the speaker who preceded me. I am afraid, however, that time
is in the far distant future, and I am afraid the present generation
will not reap any material benefit from such a plan, but I would like
to see the effort made that will produce results and produce them
right away. At present I can conceive of no better plan than for
each member of the State Horticultural Society to make it his or her
special interest to see that their school grounds are improved and
planted to trees and shrubs. The question of too many trees does
not appeal to us in our region. The trouble is that we have not any
trees. We have schools in the western part of the state where there
is not a single tree or shrub within the grounds, and, possibly, not
within a half mile of the school grounds.
It seems to me the centralization of the schools would tend to
bring about the very thing that I hope will be brought about, but
as it appears to me now, I believe it is in the far future, for the
reason that the people are not yet ready to centralize. The question
has been submitted in a great many communities, but with indif-
ferent or disappointing results, and as we cannot bring this about at
388 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
once we should until that time comes make it our special business to
see that our own grounds and surroundings are improved.
Arbor Day is largely a sentiment, I am sorry to say, and while
there is an attempt at improvement along that line in some communi-
ties, in the majority of cases it is simply a waste of time and effort,
and simply because the whole responsibility rests upon the teacher.
The tenure of office does not extend in the average over three
months, and with a change in prospect every year it is difficult to
interest a teacher in such a proposition. Possibly no work is done
at any other time than Arbor Day. I can recall instances where
trees have been planted by teachers and the older pupils, but after the
trees were planted and had started to grow and had every chance
to live and thrive, the people did not manifest enough interest to
fence the grounds in order to preserve the trees, or to put a mulch
around the trees to protect them, and under such circumstances how
can you expect a teacher to feel much interest in the improvement
of school grounds? The horticultural societies of the various states
it seems to me could do a wonderful amount of good along this
direction if they made it their special interest to see that something
was done and that in the right way. There are many places in this
country where schoolhouses have nice natural groves about them and
pupils can enjoy their recreation in the shade of trees. We cannot
put too strong an effort into this kind of work, and I hope our horti-
cultural societies and the people generally will wake up and take hold
of this work with more vigor and enthusiasm than they have in the
past.
Mr. A. G. Long: It’is rather a difficult matter to interest a com-
munity in the improvement of school grounds. The best method I
have found is to obtain permission from the proper authorities and
then go ahead and do it yourself—but be unselfish enough to let
somebody else have all the glory of the results. Mr. Nutter made
a very fine design for the improvement of our school grounds at
Lake Minnetonka, and then we raised funds in various ways to
carry out the design, so that the expense would not have to be met
with district funds. I “worked” my nursery friends for trees and
shrubs, and they responded very liberally. On Arbor Day the vari-
ous grades and the clasess in the high school planted trees, and my
son and I finished the job by putting in two and one-half days more
work. If we had waited to “fire” enthusiasm we would be waiting
still. Then we organized a “Get-to-Gether’” club in the school,
drawing up a short constitution for its government, and charging a
membership fee of ten cents for high school pupils, teachers and
those outside of the school, and the grade pupils were asked to pay
as many cents as corresponded with the number of their grades.
It was a noteworthy fact that the first grade pupils paid their one-
cent membership fees more promptly than any other grade. This
is just in line with the suggestion made this afternoon that this work
must be begun with the children. I know those little first grade —
pupils will be interested in the work during all the time that they
will spend in school, and the lesson learned will stay by them after -
they leave school. We have now a substantial Page fence around
the grounds, which will be covered with vines; a “circular cement
—
IMPROVEMENT OF SCHOOL GROUNDS. 389
‘walk leading to the schoolhouse door, and about one hundred trees,
shrubs and vines planted. Now my advice is, don’t talk as much
about it as I have done, but go home and go to work yourself; if
you can induce some one to help you so much the better, but anyway
go to work, and pretty soon when the results of your work become
apparent your community will begin to tell how “Betsy and I killed
the bear.” But I would also advise that first of all you have a
definite plan to work upon, so that the result will be a thing of
beauty and not an eyesore. Our plan was so well thought of that
it was given an entire page in the March, 1902, number of “Park,
Cemetery and Landscape Gardening.”
The President: I was just wondering whether the horticultural
society could not send out a circular or pamphlet giving definite
directions along this line. I do not know exactly how it should be
done, but enough should be printed so that school boards and com-
munities could be reached and instructed how to go to work. The
pamphlet I have in mind I think should mention the kinds of trees,
shrubs and vines that might be planted, and give a definite plan for
the improvement of school grounds along the lines suggested by Mr.
Long. I think’by some such method we might reach and interest
a great many communities that otherwise would not accomplish
anything in that direction.
Prof. Hays: One speaker suggested that the consolidation of
rural schools was a long way off. I am becoming very hopeful that
this problem will be solved and at no very distant day. Down in
Ohio this consolidation has been sweeping the boards. The trouble
in our western country, as I take it, is that we have not learned to
get together on any basis. The National Educational Association,
the state association, the agricultural colleges and the horticultural
societies are getting behind this movement. I believe it is impor-
tant that we get this matter of consolidation before the people. I
believe it will solve the problem.
Mr. Long: The trouble in this western country, or in Minne-
sota, at least, is that the rate of taxation is so unequal in the various
districts. The smaller districts would naturally consolidate with the
larger or village districts, where the tax rate is from 50 to I00
per cent higher than it is in the country districts. For instance, we
agitated the consolidation of two districts in our community, and
while our tax rate was thirty mills, that of the adjoining district was
but one-half mill, and the people naturally objected to increasing
their tax. This same condition exists largely throughout the west.
Mr. A. D. Barnes (Wis.): We have existing on our statute
books a law which permits the consolidation of schools. It is worked
something like the rural free delivery mail system. The children
are picked up by conveyances at their homes and carried to school
and back again, and where the scheme has been tried it has proved
a success.
Mr. R. H. Pendergast: We have that system in force in Duluth,
and we find it very practical. We carry it out on this line: Our city
is so laid out that we are going to have a million people by and by.
A good share of the city is still forest. We have been trying to
establish schools outside, but we could not get a good teacher for
390 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
a half dozen children. So we have consolidated our schools, the
city furnishes teams, the children are brought to school and taken
home again, we have got better teachers and each teacher has schol-
ars enough, and the schools are better in every way.
Prof. Hays: The movement for the consolidation of schools
has got to come gradually. It does not mean the consolidation or
bringing of two schools together, but it needs to take in the whole
county. It has got to be an entire county and not the children from
a little country school taken to a village school. When this thing
of wholesale consolidation comes to pass all those little jealousies,
this petty opposition of one district to another on account of tax-
ation, will pass away, and we will get this rural school business on
the same basis as we now have the rural delivery of mail.
Mr. O. W. Moore: I think the most sensible idea is to consoli-
date the schools of only one township. Let each township consoli-
date its schools, let the township bear the expense, and let each
township have a school by itself.
THE NOBILITY OF SERVICE.
PRES. CYRUS NORTHROP.
(Address at a banquet given by the Horticultural Society Dec. 3, 1904.)
Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentlemen. I do not like to be-
gin by differing from you, Mr. Toastmaster, but I must say at
the outset I am quite uncertain whether I shall speak on that
subject or not. Your very excellent secretary, who was so
kind as to invite me here tonight, suggested that topic, and I ac-
cepted it as being as good as any that could be suggested at that
time, and probably it is as good as any that could come at this
time.
I have in the course of my life had occasion to address a
great many assemblies of different kinds, and they come to me
always with a certain degree of difficulty in meeting the require-
ments of the occasion. I think I never pondered over a coming
engagement with more apprehension than I did last summer
when I was called upon to give an address before the National
Convention of Undertakers of this city. I had in my good
nature granted their request to make them an address and con-
sented to appear on that occasion and speak to the convention,
but I had no idea that that convention would ever meet in Min-
neapolis, or if it did that I should be here at the time; but,
unfortunately, I remained in the city all summer, and I went to
that convention, and I had a good time, but what I suffered in
anticipation can be imagined only by gentlemen who are called
upon to address assemblies without an opportunity for adequate
preparation.
THE NOBILITY OF SERVICE. 391
I am too young a man to have had any remembrance of those
reminiscences given here tonight. I was in the state probably
about the time that Brother Harrison was serving as an advance
guard, so to speak, of the advancing army of civilization, and
my only regret is that he did not stay in Minnesota instead of
going to Nebraska and trying to sweeten up that state. If he
had stayed here I have no doubt the cause of horticulture would
have been advanced more than it has. I remember the first years
I was here how comparatively weak the horticultural society was
and how I admired the fidelity of the few men who were putting
their hearts into it—Wyman Elliot for one, and J. S. Harris,
a sweet natured, earnest, faithful fellow—and as I look back
over the years that have followed since my first experience,
and as I look around upon you tonight as representatives of
this work, and as I see what you are accomplishing in the pro-
duction of apples in this state, 1 am moved to say that I heartily
agree with the sentiment expressed in an evening paper: that
no body of men in Minnesota, of the same number of men,
is doing as much for themselves and for the State of Minnesota
as this body of horticulturists. And it is to me particularly de-
lightful the enthusiasm which as individuals you have, as well
as the community of interest you feel in the progress of your
work. When a man plows an infinite number of acres, sows an
infinite amount of seed and reaps an infinite harvest, and goes
to the bank ultimately and deposits his cash, it is entirely a
commercial and business operation; but when a man laboriously
studies the laws of life, hybridizing, developing and creating
new species, and there comes into existence a new life, so to
speak, something that never was before, why it is almost like
being a partner to the Almighty in creation; and I cannot help
feeling that these horticulturists as they produce one thing
after another that is new have for the object thus produced a
feeling almost akin to parental love.
Now. you are doing the State of Minnesota a wonderful
amount of good, and you are doing it in two or three ways. I
stepped into your meeting yesterday, and I heard parts of two
addresses, one by Mr. Rowell and the other by Mr. Harrison.
The one presented very strongly the commercial value of your
work in producing the best apples, and the other dealt with very
much effectiveness upon the creation of beauty. You are doing
great things in both respects, in making it possible for this state
to produce what years ago it seemed impossible for it to pro-
392 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
duce ; you are giving a value to this state in dollars and cents that
cannot now be measured. And the other part of what you are
doing, the garden work, the interest in flowers, in the creation
of beauty and in creating a taste for beauty, is to be by no means
underestimated. If you men do not feel it as much as you
might, there are those under your roofs who do feel it—there
are the wives and daughters; not perhaps those of the more in-
telligent men of the state like yourselves, but those whom you are
trying to raise and lift up to stand on the platform you stand on
and have the interest you feel. There are in all of these homes
women whose souls naturally feed upon beauty, and who unless.
they have beauty to feed upon will grow dull and commonplace ;
and the man who loves flowers, and the man who makes it possi-
ble for every one in the state to have flowers, and the man
who multiplies the varieties that all tastes in the state may be
gratified, is doing a beneficent and a noble work; and these old
men who have grown gray in the service and who have put their
hearts into the little plants they were trying to raise and into
the methods of future development of the raising of fruit, may
well rejoice at the opening of this century that they have so far
cleared the way that the younger men coming on will be able to
complete what they have intended to do. And if there is now
any doubt whatever as to the possibilities of our climate, if any
one still fears that this climate is too cold for the permanent
raising of apples, I would suggest that if our whistling friend, |
Mr. Ellis, could be put in some of our forests during the winter,
the public faith in the climate of Minnesota would be greatly
strengthened, as all the people would naturally suppose that
entire flocks of birds had taken up their permanent residence in
Minnesota because the climate was so benign. I have said in a
few words what I think about the work of the Horticultural So-
ciety, and now I come to my text, “The Nobility of Service.”
I want to say that a selfish life is never a noble life, and I
want to say that a life of unselfish service is never anything but
a noble life, and that the men who are trying to do something
not for themselves but for the good of the state and of the people
who shall live here in the years to come, who as they create a
new species of fruit are thinking of the good coming to the
state in which they live and to future generations of people—
are the men who in a really altruistic spirit are serving in a
way that is truly noble. There is no higher ideal for any man,
there can be no higher ideal, than Jesus Christ, and he leaving -
THE NOBILITY OF SERVICE. 393
all the glory that he had came into the world not to be ministered
unto but to minister and to give himself for others; and the no-
blest man and the noblest woman is always the one who comes
the nearest to him in the spirit of service and self sacrifice.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT
AT THE WORLD’S FAIR, AUG. 17 TO SEPT. 17.
Aug. 17. J. A. Howard, Hammond, 2 boxes Duchess.
Aug. 18. A. B. Lyman, Excelsior, 2 bushels apples.
Aug. 18. A. Brackett, Excelsior, 84 pints Snyder blackberries.
Aug. 18.- A. A. Johnson & Co., Sebeka, 16 quarts blueberries.
Aug. 19. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, 1 box Okabena apples.
Aug. 20. Frank Moeser, Minneapolis, 24 pints Shipper’s Pride raspberries.
Aug. 22. A. Brackett, Excelsior, 2 baskets apples.
Aug. 22. R. E. Hynson, Mankato, 7 quarts plums, Hynson’s Honey.
Aug. 23. Dewain Cook, Jeffers, 2 boxes Duchess, 1 quart Aitkin plums.
Aug. 24. Gust Johnson, Excelsior, 84 pints blackberries, 2 bu. Duchess.
Aug. 25. R. A. Schultz, Le Roy, 1 box Duchess.
Aug. 26. Seth Kenney, Waterville, 1 box Duchess.
Aug. 26. Frank Yahnke, Winona, 16 quarts Cheney plums.
Aug. 26. A. L. Goldenstar, Garden City, 1 box Duchess.
Aug. 26. G. A. Anderson, Renville, 1 small box Duchess (5 plates).
Aug. 27. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City. 48 gts. Wilder & Cheney plums.
Aug. 28. Dewain Cook, Jeffers, 2 boxes Duchess.
Aug. 28. J. P. Andrews, Faribault, 4 boxes Duchess.
Aug. 28. Preston McCully, Maple Plain, 1 box Duchess.
Aug.29. A. Brackett, Excelsior, 2 bushels Duchess, 84 pints Ancient
_Aug.31. P. H. Overgard, Albert Lea, t small box Charlamoff.
Sept. 1. C. W. Merritt, Winona, 1 box Duchess appless.
Sept. 1. Gust Johnson, Excelsior, 96 pints Ancient Briton blackberries.
Sept. 1. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, 1 box Forsburg apples.
Sept. 1. Aug. Essig, Sanborn, 1 box Duchess, 1 small box crab apples
Sept. s. Minn. Exp. Station, St. Anthony Park, 1 box of buffalo berries.
Sept. 2. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, 1 box Wealthy.
Sept. 2. A. Brackett, Excelsior, 2 baskets Duchess apples.
Sept. 3. Fred Mohl, Adrian, 1 box Wealthy, 2 baskets Concord grapes,
16 quarts Forest Garden plums.
Sept. 3. Andrew Wilfert, Cleveland, 2 baskets De Soto plums.
é Sept. 3. R. E. Hynson, Mankato, 1 box Whitney, 16 quarts plums, Man-
ato.
Briton blackberries.
Sept. 5.. A. N. Wright, Owatonna, 16 quarts Forest Garden and Wolf
plums.
Sept. 5. Henry Dunsmore, Olivia, 1 box Cheney.
Sept. 5. H. G. McBride, Aitkin, 1 quart Forest Garden plums.
Sept. 6. Martin Penning, Sleepy Eve, 16 quarts plums: Wyant, New
Ulm, Surprise, Penning’s Peach, North Star, Cheney, Wolf, Lottie, Moore’s
Duet Early Red, Stoddard, Neily Blanch, Brittlewood, Mankato, Golden
ueen.
Sept. 6. A. Schlemmer, Chisago City, 24 quarts Transcendent.
Sept. 6. Alfred Holmgren, Kirkhoven, 1 box mixed Wealthy and crabs.
Sept. 8. A. D. Leach, Excelsior, 24 quarts Surprise and Lord’s plums.
pent: 8. B. P. Christenson, Hutchinson, 1 box Wealthy, Okabena, Pat-
ten’s G.
Sept. 9. Emil Sahler, Waseca, 8 quarts plums: Wolf, Pleasant, Faxe,
Early Minnesota, Seedling; 5 plates Wealthy and Peerless.
Sept. 9. Charles W. Johnson, Judson, 12 quarts plums: Burbank, Sur-
prise, Wild; 6 plates apples: Wealthy, McMahon, Hibernal and crabs.
Sept. 10. D. D. Vandergon, Maple Lake, 1 branch crab apples, 4 branches
high bush cranberries.
394 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Sept. 12. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, 2 boxes plums: Hawkeye and
Rollingstone; 1 box Okabena.
Sept.12. Dewain Cook, Jeffers, 24 quarts Hawkeye.
Sept.12. Mrs. E. Cross, Sauk Rapids, 1 box seedlings.
Sept.12. A. N. Wright, Owatonna, 1 box Okabena.
Sept.12. Aug. Logering, Long Prairie, 1 small box apples.
Sept.12. J. A. Howard, Hammond, 1 barrei Gilbert apples.
Sept.13. J. P. Andrews, Faribault, 2 boxes Wealthy.
Sept.13. W. E. Fryer, Mantorville, 8 quarts plums: Stoddard, Comfort,
Surprise, Wot, Forest Garden, Mankato, Rockford.
Sept. 13. George C. Simpson, Northfield, 1 box Patten’s G.
Sept. 13. E. C. Reed, Morristown, 4 plates apples: Okabena, Wealthy,
Peerless, N. W. Greening.
Sept.14. Dewain Cook, Windom, 24 quarts Stoddard.
Sept. 14. B. P. Christenson, Hutchinson, 8 quarts plums: Surprise and
De Soto.
Sept. 15. H. L. Crane. 16 baskets grapes: Moore’s Early, Janesville.
Sept.15. C. J. Orton & Son, Marietta, 16 quarts plums: De Soto,
Weaver, Surprise.
Sept. 15. A. D. Leach, Excelsior, 2 bushels apples: University; 1 basket
Sept. 15. W. W. Hart, Delavan, 1 large box Wealthy.
Sept.15. S. H. Drum, Waseca, 1 box Hibernal.
Sept. 15. John Bisbee, Madelia, 1 box apples: University, Good Peasant,
Sept.15. T. E. Perkins, Red Wing, 1 barrel and 1 box apples.
Sept.15. Frank B. Howland, Northfield, 16 quarts plums.
Sept.15. Fannie N. Bertha, 16 quarts plums: Harrison’s Peach.
Sept. 16. H. H. Heins, Jordan, 1 box apples: Okabena, Wealthy.
Sept.16. W. H. Eddy, Howard Lake, 1 box Wealthy; 16 quarts plums:
Surprise, De Soto, Wyant.
Sept.16. J. P. Andrews, Faribault, 8 quarts plums: Wyant, Hawkeye,
Lohman, Wolf, New Ulm.
Sept. 16. Dewain Cook, Jeffers, 24 quarts plums: Hawkeye, New Ulm,
Wolf.
Sept.17. Wm. Oxford, Freeburg, 1 box apples.
Sept.17. Minn. Exp. Station, 8 baskets grapes (5 varieties).
Sept. 17. W. L. Parker, Farmington, 1 barrel apples.
Sept17)- Ee Perkins, Red Wing, 1 bbl. seedling apples (85 varieties).
Sept. 17. A. B. Lyman, Excelsior, 1 box seedling apples.
CONSERVING THE FORESTS.
MR. S. M. OWEN, MINNEAPOLIS,
Last summer I spent a few weeks in northeastern Canada,
getting as far north as 250 to 300 miles north and east of Quebec,
for instance, and during my travels I fell in company with and
made the acquaintance of a gentleman who is the owner of a
million acres of land in that country. A million acres of land!
That is something over 1,500 square miles, as you know. He
was a very modest, unassuming gentleman. I was with him a
fortnight and became very much attached to him. I asked him
one day about the character of those lands. They are covered
now with a forest growth almost entirely and very largely
spruce. I asked him what those lands would be worth after the
timber was taken from him, whether they would be agricultural
CONSERVING THE FORESTS. 395
lands or not. He said a good deal of the land is non-agricultural
land. It would not produce agricultural crops profitably. “But,”
he said, “that does not concern me any because all the timber is
properly cut; our chopping is properly done; there will be a per-
petual forest of timber upon those non-agricultural lands, and
we will eventually make them more profitable than would be the
agricultural lands after the timber is taken off from them.” I
cannot conceive of any. crops that would grow on agricultural
lands as profitable as the spruce that they grow on non-agricul-
tural lands. Of course, this spruce has been made valuable
within the last few years, and they have just begun to utilize it
in that country in the making of pulp. One mill is making 150
tons of pulp a day, and this is made at the head of the Sagawa
river, at the head of navigation, and that pulp is loaded into
ships, and the product is all sent under an annual contract to
England. None comes to this country. There are other mills
representing from thirty to forty thousand tons of wood pulp
a day. I noticed that wood pulp makers like to use small
timber—they like to use butts of trees six to eight inches in
diameter, because the machinery works to better advantage on
blocks of that kind. I do not know whether you know how
pulp is made, but it is ground to pieces by great grindstones,
and they take it from the side of the block. Notwithstanding
that is the desirable size to use, I noticed they were using larger
blocks, from ten to twelve and even more inches in diameter,
and in some cases the blocks were split in two so they might use
larger trees. That was done notwithstanding the inconceivable
quantities of timber there, yet they are beginning to conserve
the timber by cutting the larger trees and getting the growth of
smaller trees. So that is what Mr. Scott meant by calling it in-
telligent chopping that would insure a continual revenue from
those lands that would be worthless for any other purpose.
I relate this incident simply to emphasize the reply made by
Gen. Andrews to my question about the forests that were bring-
ing those fine revenues to the European states that he men-
tioned. Land that is of no value without timber is extremely
valuable with the timber. As the General says, forestry means
the reforesting of those lands and getting a revenue from those
lands that would otherwise be profitless. It is for that cause
and purpose that we are asking and urging sufficient additional
appropriation from the legislature of this state to begin the work,
at least, of foresting these waste lands that we have in the state,
396 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
a great many million acres of them. Then we will not only be
getting a harvest from the lands, but we will be getting the bene-
fit of the presence of those great forests, which I think will be
pretty nearly as great in dollars and cents as will be the harvest
we get from the lands themselves. At any rate, it is almost im-
possible to compute the advantage to us if we can have those
great forest areas properly cared for from what they would be
if they were barren wastes. So this forestry idea of ours is not
a theoretical one; it is not a chimerical one. It is one of the
most intensely practical and economic questions that confronts
us in this state or any other state that has conditions similar to
ours. The thought has permeated the members of the legislature
to the exclusion of almost every other thought that those who
advocate forestry are visionary folks, that there is a little too
much daylight between the earth and our trees, and therefore
they have no confidence in us and do not listen to us with even
ordinary respect when we go before them, when as a matter
of fact there is no one article of agriculture or anything that
comes from the earth, there is no one thing that is more essen-
tial to the well being of this state nor that will add more to the
profit of the state than will that one department of a properly and
well regulated and administered forestry system. We are con-
tinually advocating this kind of economic principle, and we are
justified in this by the highest laws of economics. If any farmer
in the state has a few acres of barren land on his premises, and
he can by any possibility put those acres in a condition to get a
revenue from them he will do it, and he will consider it the best
possible business practice, and he will spend some money in ad-
vance in order that he may get a revenue from that land. We
are simply asking the state to do for itself what the farmer
would do for himself. There is nothing visionary or impractical
about it, it is a straight and simple business proposition.
There is one word I want to say in closing. I do not want
to let the occasion pass without acknowledging the work that is
being done in the way of increasing the forest area of the state
by the private planters all over the state: many of them, thou-
sands of them, each one of whom is doing a little. It may be
a few trees, it may be a few acres, but in the aggregate it makes
a forest area that will contribute in the future very largely to the
value of the timber supply of the state. I do not want to em-
barrass the gentleman, but my friend Gregg is an example,
and I do not know but that we are greatly indebted to him for
CONSERVING THE FORESTS. 307
that particular feature of the forestry question of the state. Mr.
Gregg has planted and has grown on his farm trees, groves, |
may say forests, on land that yesterday was in the semi-arid belt
of the state—although it was conspicuous for its absence last
summer—but it was there, and the trees would not grow well if
at all. But he has demonstrated that trees can grow there, and
he has made in a few years what was a prairie farm into a
farm that I have told him looked like an old New England
homestead two centuries old. Mr. Gregg is only one of a few
men who is doing this kind of work, and when we are advo-
cating this larger measure of forestry in our state we are not
unmindful of what citizens are doing, and if the members of the
legislature could be inspired with only one-half the enterprise
and the public spirit that is being manifested by those individuals
who are planting forests to the best of their ability all over the
state, I would be extremely hopeful of satisfactory progress.
I recall my experience in the state, now about twenty years
—and I traveled over sections of the state that were once tree-
less; you could see no tree in any direction as far as the eye
could reach. I remember sixteen or eighteen years ago travel-
ing over a section of the country. I had been traveling across
it for a half day and had seen no tree anywhere, but finally
looking away across the prairie, way down on the horizon, I saw
something that looked like a belt of green. I asked the gentle-
man with me, “What is that?” He said, “It is Mr. So and So’s
tree claim or timber belt.” There it was, a very conspicuous part
in the landscape, and as we drew closer to it it began to get
larger and more beautiful, and finally we came up to it, because
I wanted to interview its planter. I traveled over the same
country two years ago, but it has lost its peculiar charm, and
that timber belt was no longer conspicuous because it had neigh-
bors all around it. The aggregate of trees where a few years
ago nothing was growing is very large indeed. It seems to me
that the members of the legislature in the districts in which those
trees and groves are growing ought to be imbued with the spirit
with which the growers of those groves were inspired, and if
those groves did not teach them the value of the forestry move-
ment and what the state ought to do in the way of promoting it,
then it seems to me impossible to teach them, they are un-
teachable—in fact, it does not require a great stretch of the
imagination to believe that some of those people are not teach-
able. (Applause.)
ecretary’s orner.
MEMBERSHIP OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—The present member-
ship roll continues to be much in advance of that of last year, there being now
enrolled 1663 annual members, besides approximately 120 life members,
making almost 1800 members, about 350 more members on the roll than
last year at this time.
A SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD AT SAUK Rapips.—E. W. Mayman, at Sauk
Rapids, in a letter under date of Sept. 24th says, ‘‘My apple and plum crop
are excellent and of good quality. I am just now picking my Wealthy and
will have over 100 bushels. My apple and crab crop will exceed 300
bushels and plum crop between 40 and 50 bushels.’’
THE SEEDLING APPLE EXHIBIT AT ST. Louis.—A very full exhibit of
seedling apples from the orchard of T. E. Perkins, of Red Wing, is now being
made at the World’s Fair in connection with the Minnesota Fruit Exhibit.
Mr. Wyman Elliot went to St. Louis on Sept. 15th to set up this seedling
display. He writes that there are 130 varieties in the collection. There are
also a few seedling apples from other parties. The judges have not yet passed
upon this collection, but it is quite certain there is nothing like it in Horti-
cultural Hall.
PROF. S. B. GREEN ON THE PACIFIC Coast.—Prof. S. B. Green, horti-
culturist of the Minnesota Experiment Station, made quite an extended tour
of the Pacific coast this summer, visiting many of the experiment stations and
other points of special horticultural interest. We shall have the pleasure of
hearing from him at the winter meeting of our society as to his observations
during his trip. Our readers will be interested to know that Prof. Green is to
spend the first week in October at the World’s Fair as one of the judges of
apples and pears.
WHO HAs A LARGER WEALTHY THAN THIS?—The largest Wealthy that has
come to this office is from the orchard of George S. Perry, of Farmington. It
measures 113¢ inches around and weighs exactly 10 ounces and as to shape
issuperb. Itis a perfect type of Wealthy except, of course, that it is extra
large. Who has a bigger or better Wealthy than this? Should like to hear
from the next man. This specimen grew ona tree planted last year. There
were several other apples on the tree.
THE JEWELL NURSERY WINDMILL AT ST. Lours.—The windmill which
the Jewell Nursery Company erected and maintained in the horticultural de-
partment at the late Minnesota state fair has been removed to a central loca-
tion in Horticultural Hall at the World’s Fair and erected as a part of the
Minnesota Fruit Exhibit. For the benefit of our readers who did not
see this beautiful structure at the state fair, a brief description is given. The
mill is a very good fac-simile of an old fashioned windmill, standing on a
base of graduated shelves on which are placed glass jars of fruit of various
kinds and plates of fruit. The mill itself is veneered with apples and decor-
ated with mountain ash berries. It has four sails which turn about in a
natural way through the operation of simple machinery in the interior. The
entire structure is about thirty feet high. We hope to publish a photograph
of this windmill in the next issue.
SECRETARY'S CORNER. 399
SUMMER SEEDLING APPLES AT THE STATE FAtR.—The exhibition at
the late state fair of a number of summer seedling apples, that is, varieties of
seedling apples that mature in the summer, emphasizes the importance of
having a summer seedling class in the premium list. There are some valuable
summer seedlings that have heretofore been overlooked at the fair because
they mature and are gone before the fair is held. These seedlings could be
kept in cold storage in good condition for exhibition in a ‘‘summer seedling
class’’ at that time, and it seems to be wise to create such a class.
A. W. SIAS AT THE WoRLD’S Farr.—Mr. A. W. Sias, well known to all
the older members of our society, is now visiting the World’s Fair or was on
September 22nd, when Mr. Elliot met him there. Mr. Elliot says of him in
a letter dated at that time, “I have just met A. W. Sias,and we have been
renewing our early experiences in Minnesota. He is 73 years old and was the
first treasurer of our horticultural society.’’ Mr. Sias will be known to our
readers as the writer of a number of poems published under the nom de plume
of ‘Sam Bucus.’’ He is an old life member of the society, formerly a nursery-
man at Rochester and now for some years residing in Florida.
DEATH OF AN HONORED LIFE MEMBER.—We regret to announce the
death of an honorary as well as highly honored life member of this society,
Jacob W. Manning, who passed peacefully away at his home in Reading, Mass.,
on September 16, at the ripe age of seventy-eight years. As the founder of
the Reading Nurseries, he has continued to this advanced age the veteran
nurseryman of New England, though the management of the business long
since passed into the hands of hissons. Mr. Manning was often in Minnesota,
and to many of us who had the pleasure of an acquaintance his death comes asa
personal loss.
A NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.—A convention
has been called in Horticultural Hall, World’s Fair, for October 26th, of the
officers and workers in state and district horticultural societies, wfth the pur-
pose of perfecting a permanent organization. A short program has been pre-
pared, consisting of subjects pertaining to the work of horticultural societies,
and your secretary has been honored with a place on this program, although
he has felt compelled under the circumstances to transfer this honor to
another, and Mr. Frank Yahnke, who will be at the World’s Fair with the
Minnesota Exhibit at that time, has consented to take‘his place. The object
of this organization is most excellent, and it is probable that the meeting will
result in placing it on a permanent basis.
SAVE FRUIT FOR THE WINTER MEETING.—Have you saved any fruit
for the winter meeting, which convenes in Minneapolis December 6th to 9th>
The premium list as published in this number will be a guide to you as to the
quantity and varieties of fruit to save for this purpose. Probably there will
be some additions to this premium list in the way of special premiums, but the
writer is not yet prepared to speak of this. It is very desirable that we should
have a large display of fruit at this meeting and specially seedling apples.
Every seedling apple of probable value in the state ought to be exhibited at
that time. It will be noted that seedling apples from western Wisconsin, ©
northern Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota and Manitoba, may be shown in
competition with Minnesota seedlings. Lay your plans to attend this meeting
and bring a fine fruit display.
400 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.—A large
amount of fruit has been sent down from Minnesota to this exhibit the past
month, as may be seen by looking over the list of contributions published in
this issue. Besides the fruit that has been shipped there, something like 120
bushels of apples, 50 baskets of grapes and 25 cases of plums have been
placed in storage for use during the last two months of the fair, which closes
on December Ist. Apples generally are not as large as they have usually
been, but we have succeeded in securing some very fine specimens. About 50
bushels of apples secured are of the Wealthy variety, most of them beautifully
colored and many specimens ranging from 11 inches upwards. There is a
very full exhibit of all kinds of fall fruits grown in Minnesota now on display
with our state exhibit. Mr. Redpath reports that on Sept. 24th, besides the
fruit in glass jars, there were 314 plates of apples, 179 of plums, 109 of
grapes, two of peaches and three of raspberries. Referring to our fruit dis-
play Mr. Elliot in a letter dated Sept. 22nd, says, ‘‘We have plenty of good
fruit now for our exhibit. Our grapes are drawing considerable attention.
The plum exhibit is keeping up fine. We try to make the exhibit as attractive
as possible. The Perkins’ seedlings are holding up fine and are quite a show
of themselves.’’ Quite a large amount of contributions of fruit are yet to go
down to the World’s Fair, and every day records a number of consignments.
The friends of the exhibit are standing by it in grand shape, and during the
coming two months, at least, the Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at the fair ought to
be highly creditable.
PREMIUMS ON FRUIT AT THE 1904 ANNUAL MEBETING.
GRAPES. ist 2d 3d
Prem rem. Prem.
Collection: x. cos horas, sects Ss eis cies eie ei aS eee ected ee $4.00 $3.00
APPLES.
Collection, not to exceed 10 varieties..............6.. nsec vcccevees 6.00 4 00 2.00
Apples kept in cold storage. No variety can be shown in this
lot that will keep under ordinary cellar conditions till the
date of the meeting. Each nanied variety shown (with the
Above TESstrictiony) ois eelee sehicleis. te ee os mena eR ones ee eae .50 .25
Each variety of apples (or crabs) included in the 1904 fruit list
of this society, or in the 1904 premium list of the Minnesota
eee
State Fair (not kept in cold storage).. if .50 .25
Peck of Wealthy ee the fruit Sehiiited a eel at the die:
posal of the meeting. hte ae ; 4.00 3,00 2.00
SEEDLING APPLES.
Competition in seedling apples is open also to the western half of Wis-
consin, the northern third of Iowa, and all of North Dakota, South Dakota
and Manitoba.
EARLY WINTER SEEDLING.—The fruit shown must not have been kept in cold storage.
A specimen of wood three years old (at least six inches long) taken from the tree bearing the
apples shown, and a concise. history and description of the tree and its fruits, must accom-
pany each entry. ‘
Competition is open to all except on such varieties as are being propagated for sale by
some person other than the originator.
+
Premiums will be divided pro rata among all the entries commended by the judges ©
according to the comparative merit of each as a commercial fruit. Premium $40.00.
LATE WINTER SEEDLING.—Same conditions as for early winter seedling except that if
found necessary the fruit shown may be retained and final decision reserved till later in the
winter. Premium $60.00
Some special premiums will probably be offered as last year. Any parties
willing to offer such premiums are requested to communicate with the
secretary at an early date.
‘SSHINOUVd VAIV VUOTHIGNVUD GNV TVOULYO ASIOONVUN ‘HONAUA WAVA
THE MINNESOTA
HORTICULTURIST.
VOL. 32. NOVEMBER, 1904. No. 11.
THE PAEONY.
C. S. HARRISON, YORK, NEB.
This belongs to the Runnculacea family. It derives its name
from a Dr. Paeon, of legendary renown, who lived about the
time of the seige of Troy. It is said he first used the roots for
medicine. In medizval days it was known as the gallant herb
of the sun, good for falling sickness, and the black seeds taken
before retiring would keep off the nightmare. Infused in sack
and taken just before and after the new moon, it was a sovereign
remedy for weakness of the back. In case of children the surest
way to ease them was to hang a bit of the root around the neck.
There are several distinct native sorts. The officinalis, the
“piny” of our mothers, is a native of Switzerland and was intro-
duced into England in 1548. The tenuifolia, or fern leaved
paeony, is a native of Russia. It has extremely delicate foliage.
These are two varieties, double and single. The double is the
first of all to flower—following the tulips. It is like a General
Jacqueminot rose in beauty. The Edulis is a native of Tartary.
The roots are eaten. Then we have the Chinese and a unique
and distinct family of Japanese. These are mostly large single
and semi-double. Crosses have been made on a large scale be-
tween these varieties—mostly between the Chinensis and off-
cinalis families.
The old fashioned “piny” is not hardy in the west and north-
west. It has roots like the sweet potato, while the newer
sorts have roots more like the pieplant though much more solid.
Fifty years ago we had about twenty-five kinds of choice
paeonies ; now we have over 2,000 varied sorts, and the number
is increasing. In short, we are on the eve of the most amazing
developments of this flower. In Europe and America new sorts
are being produced all the time from seed.
402 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Their Hardiness—It is a matter of congratulation that the
most beautiful flower in the world, in many respects surpassing
the rose, is the hardiest of all. It is a success in Manitoba,
Minnesota and the Dakotas. The wonder is, when this flower
can glorify all the bleak northwest with its loveliness, that it is
Golden Harvest paeony. Originated in Nebraska. Immense fragrant, golden flower with a
tiny blossom of purest white in the center sprinkled with carmine.
not planted on a larger scale. Millions of dollars are wasted
every year on failures, while this is a success.
One year I imported a lot from England. By a blunder they
lay a month at the express office in Lincoln. When I went for
them the moss was dry as powder, and the roots snapped like
sticks. The buds were dried up. Of course the express com-
THE PAEONY. 403
pany pronounced them dead and paid for the delay, as_ they
should. As a forlorn hope I took them home, cut off the dead
roots and planted the buds in moist earth in a box in the cellar.
This was in November. It was an open fall. In December I
saw they had revived and had thrown out tiny rootlets. I plant-
ed them. They were of course frozen solid all winter, and in the
spring I had twenty-nine out of the thirty choice ones, some of
which cost $2.00 a root.
In the fall 1 have often cut up roots for sale or replanting and
left the rubbish on the ground, and found in the spring tiny buds
which had been neglected were throwing out leaves and roots
after freezing and thawing all winter. The root of the paeony
is like the gripsack which carries the supplies of the traveler. It
has life, vigor and bloom in embryo, and this makes it the easiest
of anything in the plant world to ship or handle, and with any
thing like decent care you have no loss. Will anything kill
them? Yes. Water must not stand on them. You must give
them good drainage, and in the extreme northern states it is well
to mulch them in winter. This should be done with all peren-
nials.
Thew Fragrance——This adds charm to their loveliness. Over
a garden of these flowers there are billows of perfume. Some
ladies drove nearly twenty miles to visit my paeonies while in
bloom, and they said they knew they were getting there by the
fragrance which was floating in the air. Some have the odor of
the rose. The glorious Humei is cinnamon scented; some are
like the heliotrope; and I have one promising seedling which I
have named Water Lily because it resembles it in form and
fragrance. Some, of course, are odorless but make it up by the
splendor of their beauty.
Their Loveliness——When I say they rival or surpass the rose,
I am disputed at once; but I have the finest varieties of both
blooming side by side, and I have had florists compare them, and
the rose is left. Where is there anything that can excel the
Baroness Schroeder—a sweet ball of etherial, exquisitely fragrant
loveliness, so fairy-like it seems as though it might float away;
in the center the delicate, lingering of tints of gold, and the rest
of snowy whiteness. There is Floral Treasure, a hemisphere of
symmetrical beauty, with rose-like perfume—six inches in diame-
ter—delicate flesh in color fading to white. This is Nebraska
born, and when you in Minnesota get fairly into business you
will rival or surpass it. There is Plutarch, odorless yet wonder-
ful in form—a ball of varnished crimson. Or take Tecumseh, the
404 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
solidest of them all—a system of blooms packed and pressed to-
gether; a fine keeper, so firm you could stone a dog with it. Lady
Alexander Duff is supposed to be the finest paeony on earth.
It ought to be. Mine cost $5.00 a root, wholesale in England—
lovely, white, tall, robust and highly perfumed.
Festiva Maxima has been propagated for thirty years, and
yet the demand is greater than ever, and the supply is always
exhausted. It is of immense size, often six inches in diameter, of
clear whiteness, fragrant and in the center drops of deepest red
sprinkled, which brings out the white in clear relief. The blooms
of this variety sell in Chicago for $2.00 per dozen, wholesale.
As cut flowers the paeony has few rivals. Just as the buds
are opening they are cut with long stems which are placed in
water over night; they are then shipped to their destination,
where they are kept in cold storage until needed. In England
and America there is a growing demand for these flowers for
weddings and funerals. When Mark Hanna’s daughter was mar-
ried last summer the house was beautifully adorned with white
paeonies.
The Time of Blooming.—Two years ago the first opened May-
5th, and I picked the last July 5th. Last year they were in bloom
six weeks, but it was an abnormal season. The last of April
when in full bud they were frozen solid for two days, then they
were pelted with three hailstorms. These flowers can be
forced in the spring, and by putting good sized roots in cold
storage till the first of June and planting out then, with cold
storage for late blossoms, you can easily have them three or
four months. I think as we get better acquainted with them
Wwe can enjoy them for six months.
I am astonished that the great bleak northwest are so reluc-
tant in planting these flowers, which are hardier than the pie-
plant. Most of the western planters send all they can raise east;
but few go to the west, where they are most needed.
Raising these thoroughbred flowers is a delightful and profit-
able occupation for ladies, and many are engaging in the busi-
ness. With care you can raise 500 to 1,000 from one root in
ten years. They are far ahead of thoroughbred live stock. You
know where they are nights. They do not get into wire fences
and tear themselves up. If you raise chickens they may have the
cholera, or the chicken thief may get them. It costs nothing to
winter them. You sell the roots in spring or fall and the
blooms in summer.
THE PAEONY. 405
Get the best, and they will always sell. I had one root of
Baroness Schroeder and in four years sold $34.00 worth from
it and had some left to plant.
September is the best time to plant, for the roots begin to send
out little rootlets for spring. If planted in the spring put them
out as early as possible. If you raise them for roots they should
be taken up and divided and replanted every two or three years.
Festiva Maxima paeony.
If you raise them for flowers let them stand five or six years.
Then you can divide them. But you will find many large club
roots that will be difficult to plant. You can give them almost
any kind of treatment. I have known clumps of them in Nebras-
ka to bloom for twenty years in grass and among trees. They
are as patient as a Rocky Mountain burro under neglect, but
they respond to generous care. If you want them at their best
and wish to increase them rapidly, have rich ground spaded two
406 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
feet deep, well fertilized with hen manure if you can get it.
Prepare it a few months before you plant, so the manure will be
well incorporated.
Does it hurt them to crowd them? No. The better they
are treated the more vigorous they are; left too long in neglect
the buds will begin to die. The plant can be entirely exhausted
so that it will throw up shoots but they will have no strength
to flower. If you get large fine blooms you must give the plant
something to make them of. You cannot expect your choice Jer-
sey cow to give the best results if fed only on straw.
Some people ask “Why don’t my paeonys bloom?’ They
may be exhausted, or they may be cheap, shy bloomers. You
have two cows in your herd; one gives you three times the results
the other does. So always get the best.
There are four points to score in a thoroughbred paeony:
beauty, fragrance, readiness to bloom and a prolific breeder or
multiplier. For instance, J. Discaisne is a fragrant, lovely flower,
but it takes about five years to double itself. That don’t pay.
La Tulipe is as fine a flower; two years ago I cut one two-year
root into seven; this fall I cut up the seven and had twenty-
eight. That pays.
I am now at work on an international peony pamphlet, with
writers from Europe and America, and well illustrated. I design
it as a complete manual for the successful cultivation of this
glorious and hardy flower.
Mr. Latham: I would like to ask a question in regard to
keeping the cut flowers of the peony. It is only in flower for
six weeks or two months. Is there any way of keeping the cut
flower for commercial purposes?
Mr. Harrison: The flowers are cut just as the buds open,
with long stems, the leaves stripped off, then put in a tub of
water over night, carefully packed and shipped to their destina-
tion, where they are put in cold storage, where they will keep for
a long time. There is a very late one I got from a large grower in
Chicago. It is called the Richardson’s Superba, and they have
kept for two or three weeks, and thus the season was extended.
If the leaves are stripped off and the stems left long, they will open
their blooms if cut in the bud.
Mr. Loring: Do you fertilize very heavily?
Mr. Harrison: The peony is about as patient as any flower
that grows. A neighbor of mine had some that bloomed for
twenty years, but the blossoms were small. It pays to take
the best of care of them. By the best of care I mean that the
ground should be spaded two feet deep, and thoroughly prepared
THE PAEONY. 407
before the plants are set in order to get the best results. I have no
trouble in getting 1,000 from one in ten years, and the flowers are
much more beautiful.
Mr. Loring: When heavily fertilized is there not a tendency
to go to foliage instead of flowers?
Mr. Harrison: I don’t think so. You take the La Tulipe,
the Grandiflora Alba and a great many of that sort, they will
respond very readily.
Mrs. Jennie Stager: Do they need resetting?
Mr. Harrison: If we raise them for the roots we do so, but
if you let them remain for twenty years there is a continual
growth and a consequent development of the flower. If you
grow peonies to sell it is better to cut them up, but if you want
them to bloom—and a great many do not show up until four or
five years old—you had better leave them alone for several
years.
Mrs. Stager: When is the best time to transplant?
Mr. Harrison: The best time is in September, or you can
plant them early in the spring. If you plant them in the spring,
plant them as early as possible. I planted in the spring on good
strong roots, and we had an enormous crop of flowers.
Mr. Philips: Would you advise planting as far north as this?
Mr. Harrison: Oh, yes, certainly.
Mr. C. C. Hunter: Are you troubled with insects?
Mr. Harrison: No, we are not. Some are troubled with ants,
but if you scatter a little sugar around your’ plants the ants will
not trouble them. The buds exude a sort of honey which the
ants are very fond of, but I do not think they destroy the flower ;
they are after the honey.
Prof. Washburn: They are after that sweet substance that
exudes from the flower, but they do not hurt the flower.
Mr. Harrison:. I have never seen any insect that will sting
them like they do the rose. It seems to be perfectly immune
from disease and insect pests.
Mrs. Loring: Is it not just as well to leave them alone if
you want the blossoms for home use?
Mr. Harrison: It depends upon the care you take of them.
If you find in about ten years that they are preying on each
other I should transplant. Old roots root in the center. I
got some Festiva Maxima from Teas. He let them grow so long
they looked like clubs. He let them stand a little too long, and
the roots were too large. I would not let them get too long.
Prof. Waldron: Can you retard blossoming?
Mr. Harrison: Yes, there are two or three different ways.
One of my neighbors dug a cellar and put some eighteen inches
of dirt over some, and they came up two or three weeks later.
That was too deep, of course, but if you cover them a foot deep it
will retard them. The better way is to take good healthy roots
and put them in cold storage, and on the first of May take them
out and plant them. If the roots are large there is so much plant
408 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
life stored in the roots that they get to blooming and have flow-
ers down to August. There is a wonderful progress being made
in growing peonies from seed. I have some Japanese peonies,
and they are beautiful. They are different from the others.
They are single and semi-double, and I obtained some very fine
blooms, and I expect to get some choice flowers as crosses.
They are standing side by side with the others, and I expect to
have the bees do the fertilizing. Peony culture has reached that
stage where we are ready to astonish the world with the display
of beauty.
Mrs. M. M. Barnard: How many years will it take for the
seedlings to bloom?
Mr. Harrison: Perhaps some six or seven years. I have
known peonies to live single for twenty years and then come out
double. It is also a fact that some of the double ones produce
single flowers. That is an abnormal condition.
Mr. Long: Do you remove any of the buds in order to se-
cure larger blossoms?
Mr. Harrison: It is not necessary as a rule. We have one,
it is a new one, which we call the Ste. Cecilia. We have a su-
perintendent of music, a young lady, and as I did not have a
name for the flower she asked permission to name it. She gave
it the name of Ste. Cecilia, and we have classed it under that
name. We have three large ones growing on one stem. I
should hate to cut one of them off. However, you can cut off
the inferior buds and leave the larger ones. Those that come up
first will bloom first, and if you have some come up a little later
you can in that way prolong the blooming season.
MULCHING.
H. H. POND, BLOOMINGTON.
When our fathers first began their attempts to raise apples in
what is now Minnesota, they considered this a cold and un-
congenial climate on account of its winters. Therefore they se-
lected the warmest accessible places for planting their apple
trees—south slopes protected by trees or hills from the north
winds and where the sun could reach them with the greatest
force.
They failed; not always and entirely, but generally they
failed. Some of them got a little fruit, and then their trees died.
Many trees perished before they bore any fruit. .
Among the first there were no long lived trees, or, rather,
they were all very short lived—a little later a very few, as
Mr. Somerville, for instance, succeeded in getting trees to live to
a good old age. But generally speaking they were all lost.
Of course the natural question was, “What causes the fail-
ure,’ and the natural answer was, “The cold winter.”
MULCHING. 409
Now we are having some success with the king of fruits—
and some failures, too. But we can look back and profit by the
experiences of the past. We see that the cold of winter is not
the only hard thing in the climate for apple trees; but the heat
of summer and the drouth and, perhaps, the moisture too are
possibly as hard as the winter. What can be done to overcome
these difficulties?
There are several ways of ameliorating these summer trou-
bles, and one of them is mulching, its object being to keep the
earth cool and moist around the roots of the trees.
There are many opinions concerning the utility of mulching.
Some are very much opposed to it; some put the question this
way, “Mulching vs. cultivating.”
I do not think mulching should be considered a substitute for
cultivation but should be used in conjunction with it.
In fact, cultivation has come to be considered one kind of
mulch, as we speak of a “dust mulch.”
Consulting Webster as to the definition of mulch, I find he
says “half rotten straw.” But I will not consider it in this re-
stricted sense, but to mean any covering for the ground to re-
tain moisture and coolness. Dust mulch is coming into great
favor of late and with considerable reason, for it is adapted to
use on a large scale and costs nothing but the labor of preparing
it, and this labor at the same time does away with weeds.
There is no doubt but the dust mulch is a very good thing,
but it has its drawbacks and failures. It is made, as is well
known, by a thorough cultivation of the surface of the soil,
and when this is well done it will retain moisture for a consider-
able time. However, the slightest shower causes a crust to form
and spoils the mulch. Well, it will be said, “Just run the culti-
vator over it after every rain, and you will preserve your mulch
all right.” Just so, but this is sometimes hard to do.
Our most severe drouths are often characterized by frequent
little showers, and it was from their bad effect in crusting the
soil that the old idea came that a little moisture is worse than
none at all.
It is often very difficult to keep the surface stirred after every
shower, especially for a busy man. Once a week is often enough
to stir to keep the weeds down, and that is about as mach labor
as most of us think we can afford to put on cultivation. But
we will suppose we have just got our orchard worked to a good
mulch. It is planted between the rows, say, with various garden
crops, as sweet corn, peas, beans, melons, etc., as is so often
410 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
recommended to beginners. Our orchardist views with satisfac-
tion his fine dust mulch and thinks, “Now I will have a week to
work at my corn, for that will do my orchard for a week.” But
before night he observes a cloud in the west, and in the evening
a few drops of rain fall, not enough to wet the soil any below the
surface, but he finds on examination next morning that the sun
is crusting the ground, and he must do his work over or lose his
moisture. So he spends the day going over his orchard with the
cultivator again just to break the crust, and his cornfield suf-
fers another day for the needed cultivation. The following night
there comes a good shower which wets down some, and the next
morning he says, “What a foolish man I was, I should have
waited till the rain was over before stiring that soil. Now I
shall have it to do over again. But I will learn a lesson from this,
and next time I will not cultivate on the first temporary clear-
ing off of the sky but will wait till the rain is over, and then
one going over will do, while this time it takes two.” So he
spends another day in the orchard, and the corn field suffers
again.
Next time there is a shower he waits, thinking there will be
another soon, but the expected shower does not come. He waits
several days, and as it looks like rain some of the time he goes on
with his other work and lets the orchard go. Time slips away
rapidly, and before he knows it the orchard soil is crusted, the
dust mulch spoiled, and the moisture gone, and he realizes that
a drouth has set in, and he is caught unprepared.
But how different is the straw mulch. We will suppose that
is put on in July just after a good rain, and the job is done thor-
oughly, placing the straw several feet out from the tree on all
sides and thick enough to be effective. If more rains come the
straw does no harm; if they do not come and a drouth sets in,
what a blessing it is to those trees! The soil will be loose and
cool and moist for a long time after the drouth begins. Then if
this straw mulch is used in connection with thorough cultivation
so much the better. The straw will do its work close around the
trees and under the low hanging limbs, and the cultivation will
take care of the spaces between the trees.
Then if cultivation must stop for the maturing of the garden
crops between the rows or for the press of work in harvest or
any other cause, the owner will have the satisfaction of knowing
that his straw mulch is all right if the dust mulch is destroyed.
Then again when those little dry weather showers come they
MULCHING. 4i1
do no injury to the straw, but what little moisture they do give
is preserved much better in the straw than on bare ground.
One objection which is sometimes raised to straw mulch is,
that after a drouth when the rains begin to fall the straw will
shed the rain away from the trees. This might be so if the straw
were piled close to the tree and left in a rounded up heap. But
that is not the way it should be put on. It should not be placed
against the trunk of the tree and should be thicker at a distance
of two or three feet from the tree. That will leave a depression
where the tree is, and the rain will be gathered in instead of shed
off.
Now for some instances of personal observation of the bene-
fits of straw mulching:
The fall of 1888 was a very dry one in the vicinity of the
home of the writer. We had decided that we wanted a row of
elm trees along the side of our driveway running from the house
north up an incline and over a gravel knoll. The ground was
covered with a blue grass sod, and with my present experience I
would not think of setting any kind of tree without better prepa-
ration. However, the job of setting them was given to a man
who was in the business, and the holes were dug and the trees
put in about the first of November. The ground was dry as deep
as the holes were dug and consisted principally of gravel. Think-
ing that it was rather a hard prospect for the trees after the job
was done, we decided to mulch them, and did so, using some old
straw for the purpose. .
While doing the work some neighbor passing by called out to
us and said, “You are spoiling your trees. That straw will kill
them.” Not seeing how the mulch could hurt them, we went on
and finished the job. The trees all lived through the winter, and
all but two are alive yet. They have been kept mulched contin-
ually, and though they have passed through several very.dry
summers have grown well and are now about a foot through in
stem and twenty-five feet high. They are things of “beauty and
a joy’’ while they last.
One more instance, and this relates to apple trees: The trees
were set in the spring of 1893 in pretty good soil and were
mulched. After the 20th of May we had no rain to speak of till
some time in the fall. They stood it all right and made a good
growth. The next summer, 1894, was the dryest ever known in
that locality, and from the way those trees grew I concluded
apple trees did not mind drouth, but now I think it was largely
the mulch. When the rains did begin in the fall I thought per-
412 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
haps I would have to remove the mulch to allow the rain to pene-
trate, but on examination found that it was wetting down as
well or better under the mulch than away from it. So I conclud-
ed that continuous mulching was the thing for me—straw close
to the trees and “dust mulch” between the rows.
It certainly preserves moisture, keeps the soil loose and cool,
and protects from excessive freezing in winter.
Mr. S. O. Tuve: Don’t you think the mulch provides a good
home for insects?
Mr. Pond: I presume it does.
Mr. Tuve: I know at the experiment station Prof. Green
keeps the ground perfectly clean. I presume he has some reason
for it.
Mr. W. L. Taylor: I visited an orchard this summer and
found the trees lying in almost every direction. I said to the
owner, “What is the matter with your orchard?” He replied,
“T have mulched too much; I will never mulch again.” The
trees could not stand up.
The President: How large were the trees?
Mr. Taylor: They had been planted seven years. They were
the Northwestern variety, but they could not hold up their wood.
Mr. J. P. Andrews: How deep were they planted?
Mr. Taylor: I could not tell you that. The man was very ©
much of the opinion that he did not want any more mulching.
Mr. Brackett: I don’t think it makes much difference what
you put on top of the ground, the roots will go where there is
subsistence. I just got back from a trip to the northern part
of the state, where the upper portion of the soil is very rich, and
I found that the forest trees do not go down over a foot, and it is
because they draw their nourishment from that portion of the
soil. Mulching will certainly bring the roots to the surface of
the ground.
Mr. N. C. Radabaugh: There are two classes of roots sent
out. Some are sent out with little small feeders. I mulched
some Martha trees last year, and I mulched them very heavily,
and in that mulch there was an abundance of little fine white
roots, and all seemed to be of one size. I cannot believe that
those roots being exposed would be the means of affecting the
tree, and on our soil, which is very light, I have always mulched,
and on our little homestead the orchard has had nothing but
mulching. I know there is a great deal of fruit there, because
mother never fails to send us a liberal supply every season. The
fruit is large and perfect. That orchard is mulched in the win-
ter time every year. We have bees in the orchard, and the fruit
trees are well fertilized. That the fertilization of the flowers is
perfect is indicated by the number of seeds developed, and I
think the bees and the mulching go a long way to add to the
regular crop of fruit.
Mr. Studley: I just want to add my testimony in the mat-
ter, and I wish to say that I can demonstrate to the satisfaction
MULOHING. 413
of any man—and give him the privilege of a thorough examina-
tion—that I have apple trees that have borne thirty-eight con-
secutive crops that for twenty-five years of that time have never
received any cultivation that I am aware of. My experience
with mulching has not proved it a detriment, but, on the con-
trary, it has been of the greatest benefit I have ever found in
my orchard business. My mulching has been done with clover.
When I concluded I did not want to bother with cultivation I
seeded the orchard down to clover. I have never been so greedy
that I cut that clover and took it off from the ground. I just
let that clover grow, then cut it off and let it lie on the ground,
and it is in that way I mulch my trees regularly every year.
I am too careful a man to try to remove that mulch. I want
my trees to live well and to do something. For thirty-eight
years they have borne crops, and this past season I marketed in
Minneapolis about six hundred bushels of Duchess. From
some of those Duchess thirty-eight consecutive crops have
been taken, and from one tree last year I took thirty-five bushels
of merchantable apples, and from another tree I took twenty
bushels of merchantable apples, besides taking off a good many
bushels of cider apples. Don’t be afraid to mulch your trees; it
is the salvation of your trees. It preserves the tree in winter,
but it also preserves it in summer, and my experience and ob-
srvation goes to prove that there are more summer-killed than
winter-killed trees. It is a good deal like a scabby calf that
is born in the fall, lives through the winter and dies in the
spring. A great many people say it is winter-killing when it
really is summer-killing.
Mr. Elliot: Do you use any mulch besides clover?
Mr. Studley: Yes, every year. I use manure from the cow
stable and horse stable.
Mr. Andrews: Do you mulch the entire surface?
Mr Studley: Yes, sit.
Mr. Andrews: Do you mulch more about the trees than
you do on the rest of the surface?
Mr. Studley: Yes, sir. I usually put about one-half of a
good sized load around every tree. I usually mulch two trees
with one load.
Mr. Andrews: Does the clover grow under the trees?
Mr. Studley: No, nothing grows under the trees.
Mr. P. J. Bentz (S. D.): Has any one had any experience
_ with alfalfa in the orchard?
Mr. A. B. Lyman: We have had two small orchards seeded
down to alfalfa for four or five years. I do not know whether
to recommend it or not. One objection is that it being a high
forage crop the dew stays on until almost noon and interferes
with picking the apples, and then again it needs cutting three
times in one season, and I do not care to go into the orchard
as often as that.
The President: Do they still keep alfalfa in the Peterson
orchard?
414 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Lyman: Yes, it grows there still. I think it absorbs a
lot of moisture that should remain in the orchard.
Mr. P. Clausen: Of what damage is fresh horse manure in
an orchard? I know it is very bad for manure, but I know there
are a good many people who use it for mulching. I do not
know what damage it will do myself.
Mr. A. J. Philips (Wis.): I have used a great deal of it.
The only damage it does is when you pile it two or three feet
deep around a tree.
Mr. Radabaugh: It will kill a tree, and it will not take a very
big pile either.
Mr. Clausen: It ought not to be piled right around the
tree, but it ought to be spread out. I never could sce that it
did any damage if I spread it out around the tree, and we
should not make a hotbed of it, but if it is spread out thin I do
not think it will do any damage. If it is put in contact with
the trees, of course, it will burn the bark when spring comes.
Mr. Radabaugh: Sydney Corp used to show the best fruit.
I was in his orchard about the toth of July. He said he could
not attend any more meetings. What surprised me was the
amount of fertilizer he had piled around his trees. Some was
piled as high as two feet, and it was mostly taken from the hog
pen. I asked him why he did not spread it out, and he said it
was not necessary, it would take care of itself. He has about
the finest fruit in Minnesota, and that was his method of mulch-
ing, and he seemed to make a success of it.
Mr. Geo. J. Kellogg (Wis.): We have a very successful
orchardist in Dane county. His orchard is on clay soil and he
practices what he preaches by putting on a mulch. That pre-
serves the moisture.
A DESTRUCTIVE BEETLE—A WARNING TO NURSERY-
MEN AND OTHERS IN PLANTING WINDBREAKS.
PROF. F. L. WASHBURN, ST. ANTHONY PARK.
In a shipment of nursery stock which passed through Minne-
sota from New York state on the way to a party in North Dakota,
a beetle introduced from England a good many years ago, known
as the alder and willow beetle, Cryptorhyncus lapath, Linn., has
been found, and identified at this office. This shipment was accom-
panied by inspector’s certificate in New York, and the Minnesota
nurseryman accepting it in good faith has unconsciously contributed
to our supply of noxious insects.
Previous to 1895 the beetle was confined to New York state,
where it became exceedingly abundant and is today so prevalent
that it would be practically impossible to eradicate it. But we are
informed by the New York Department of Agriculture that it is
possible to prevent the shipment of the beetle in nursery stock,
A DESTRUCTIVE BEETLE—A WARNING TO NURSERYMEN, ETC. 415
and that means will at once be taken to prevent a repetition of this
oversight. In this particular case twenty-five Carolina poplars
were killed in the shipment coming to Minnesota last spring. While
this tree may not be an elegant shade tree .from the standpoint of
horticulturists, it is valuable as a quick grower and particularly at-
The willow beetle once and one-half enlarged.
tractive to those desiring windbreaks for this reason. This beetle
attacks, as is evident from the above, this tree as well as willow,
balm of gilead, poplar, alder and sometimes, it is claimed, the birch.
In Massachusetts by destroying large numbers of balm of gileads and
willows it seriously threatened the business of the nurserymen about
1898 or 1899, and a little later it was found in Ohio; now we have
it in North Dakota and, probably, in Minnesota.
Work of willow beetle on Carolina poplar.
This beetle is dark brown, about half an inch long, with a long
snout, belonging to the so-called snout beetles, or weevils, has a con-
spicuous white patch on the rear part of its back, and some whitish
ones on its sides near its head. It makes a hole in the poplar stem
or trunk, lays an egg therein, and the larva hatching bores under the
back and later into the solid wood. Young nursery trees are easily
killed by this pest. When only a branch or a stem is affected it
can be cut off in June with the contained worm and burned with
416 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the culprit inside. A good preventive to young stock in the nur-
sery and elsewhere would be a whitewash on the trunks, containing
a liberal allowance of paris green, applied two or three times dur-
ing May and early June. Jarring the trees in May and June, in
the morning, causing the beetles to drop upon a sheet below, is also
suggested.
The entomologist considers the situation so serious that he is
sending to nurserymen a statement that this beetle is hereafter to be
included among the proscribed insects, and no nurseryman will be
granted a certificate from this date in whose stock this beetle is
found by the inspector. The accompanying photographs show the
beetle once and a half enlarged, and also the work of the beetle on
Carolina poplar.
THE FORWARD MOVEMENT IN HORTICULTURE.
C. S. HARRISON, YORK, NEB.
Beauty was ordained for the immortals. Because we have re-
sponsive souls, therefore the earth is clothed with loveliness, the
plains are carpeted with green and sprinkled with flowers, bloom
and fragrance clothe the trees in spring, and the fruits of autumn
are dressed in crimson and gold, making them great bouquets of
splendor. The earth might have been all gray or drab. Apple,
cherry and plum trees might have been content simply to bear
seeds like the ash or elm, instead of being wrapped with that de-
licious pulp and covered with delicate tissue whose tints and color-
ing are the despair of the artist.
What rapture inspiring scenes this earth presents! Moving
mountains of amethyst and amber, with mingling of opal, escort
the retiring day to his chambers in the west. Sublimity sits in the
top of the mountains and the Aurora Borealis flashes her splendors
on the northern sky.
Animals seem to take little note of beauty. In the early days I
used to drive through God’s great flower gardens of thousands of
acres in Minnesota when waves of fragrance hung in the air; but
my horse never cared—all he wanted was the sweet grass. He
never noticed when the great artist was painting these marvelous
tints on the western sky with those ravishing splendors fit for the
portals of the eternal day. But I never can forget the transports of
our firstborn when only a year old he saw a Minnesota sunset. It
thrilled his whole being. How he gazed and gazed, threw out his
hands toward it with unbounded glee. It seemed the first waking
up of the soul.
This earth of ours with arch kalsomined with blue and sprinkled
with stars, with its blossoms and gems, is a fit dwelling for those
who are soon to stand on the shores of a marvelous inheritance.
Did you ever think that the universe is planned as a flower gar-
den on a tremendous scale? When the Almighty drove his plow-
THE FORWARD MOVEMENT IN HORTICULTURE. 417
share through the fields of ozone he sowed the furrows with stars,
each shining in beauty all his own.
As you stand a victor under the arch over which is written “All
things are yours,” and you are greeted as the children of a king with
the salutations of the universe, you will look out on those landscapes
and find them all planned with art and taste surpassing human
thought. No two stars alike. One is an opal, another a ruby; there
a topaz, and that one an amethyst; there is a turquoise and that
monster ball is a diamond in full bloom.. Higher up there is a chal-
cedony, and there is an emerald, and farther on is a sapphire. What
a garden to bloom before us as the ages are marching by!
Rev. C. S. Harrison, York, Nebraska.
Such being our destiny we ought to pay more attention to the
beautiful down here. We raise great crops to feed our bodies; we
raise fruits to please our taste; we ought to raise something to feed
the soul.
Minnesota—land of the sky-tinted waters—was a delightful land,
one unbroken charm. Men came in and have robbed the state of its
primitive beauty. Many have built homes which have been as
carbuncles, blotches on the fair face of nature. This is simply cruelty
to God. I used to wander delighted through the big woods to the
north of us, and now right there you will find places where every
tree and shrub has been cut away, and a lone, brown, weather beaten,
unsightly house stands out in the desolation. Every home should
418 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
be an ornament to the landscape, matching the sky, the green of
the earth and the trees. Every farm should be planned as a grace-
ful, fitting framework and the buildings as a picture to fit the
frame, fitted to the appropriate surroundings.
The great west, after years of struggle, has conquered. the ad-
verse forces and is prosperous, and now the horticulturist should
preach the evangel of beauty everywhere, both by example and pre-
cept. He should branch out and test new things, and hold best that
which is good.
In the office of the skilled architect there hang the plans and
specifications of the monster building with its framework of steel.
So over every farm in the land there hangs an ideal of what it
should be, and the farmer should pull down the plan and work to it.
Few men know what they can do or what is in store for them or
the possibilities of that little empire of theirs, reaching down to the
center of the earth and up to the stars.
In the air and earth, in the shower and sunbeam, which belong
to them, are thousands of bushels of luscious fruit held in solution.
Plant vines, bushes and trees, and the bounty of Providence will
crystalize upon them. Also in this ideal there are marvelous scenes
of loveliness—fair landscapes with their enchantments, flower gar-
dens with the witchery of their beauty and a cheering procession of
loveliness. So plant flowers and in the wake of your hoe and spade
they will spring up to cheer you—before you a brown and bare
patch of earth, behind you an Eden.
I am no pastor knight with more theories to give you. I work
and am happy to be “the man with the hoe.’ The hoe instead of
the implement of degradation is the wand in the hand of the King
uncovering the secrets of nature, evoking forms of beauty from the
unknown. For nearly thirty-five years in the great west I have
been testing and experimenting, paying out thousands of dollars,
finding what I could not do. Even our failures are some of the most
valuable assets we have, and our successes, which are many, are
the hope of the future. Some things will not succeed. Don’t fool
away your time with rhododendrons, azalias and kalmias, and things
of that kind. They are exclusive, aristocratic easterners and will
have nothing to do with us. You might as well try to transplant a
Boston bred lady out on a great western prairie. I have tried that,
too, and it don’t work. But while we fail on many choice flowers,
there are others extremely well adapted to our soil and climate
which will do as well with us as anywhere on earth.
I love my work and my present parish. For forty-six years I
have been a professional man, and my work not without results,
my highest expectations realized. But I work now for the most ap-
preciative audience I ever had, 30,000 paeonies alone in about 400
varieties. Thousands of phloxes, gaillardias, columbines and other
perennials rise up to give me royal salutations. They never grumble
or find fault. They are a cheerful, smiling company, and while I
work among them there seems to thrill through my very being the
ache and eagerness of the overshadowing love—anxious to reveal
itself through my brain and hands to men. It is as though a voice
THE FORWARD MOVEMENT IN HORTICULTURE. 41g
said, “Introduce me to the world! Let them know how much I care
for them and what I would do for them.”
The fact is, the good Lord never has had half a chance for a full
revelation of himself to us. Develop his plans! Let the world know
what reserves of beauty there are yet to be disclosed! Reach out
and take your own, and you will find treasures fit for kings.
The possibilities of an acre of ground are simply astounding.
Who has ever tried to see what he could do with an acre of rich
land? Work it and miracles will spring out of it.
The farmer is partner with the Creator. The senior member of
the firm furnishes the capital, the junior member does the work,
and the result is garnered plenty. The devout man is amazed at the
result of this co-operation, but kindly Mother Nature says, ‘““There
is more—still more.”
In recent years there has been a movement for home adornment
all over Christendom. The last fifty years have witnessed great
gains in conservative England, in fact, all Europe. The world has
been ransacked to adorn our eastern states. In the west there has
been, up to date, more thought of cattle and wheat, hogs and corn
than of the cultivation of the beautiful.
Why should not the farmer be rich? What does the rich man do,
and how does he spend his money? He gets a piece of land and
at great expense he fertilizes it and prepares it for planting. He
gets an experienced gardener and pays a high price for trees, shrubs
and flowers, and there is real wealth in those few suburban acres.
I have spent much time in parks and private grounds of the
east studying this matter. Now the question comes up, ‘““Why can’t
the farmer fix up his grounds? Is not his family as dear to him as
the rich man’s? Are not his sons and daughters as worthy?”
Heaven help him if his boys are not far ahead of many of the
young men who do not have either to think or work. Would not his
family and neighbors appreciate a beautiful home? He has as good
land as can be found. He has fertilizers at hand and does not have
to pay $10 a cord for stable manute, as I have seen them do in the
east. He has learned how to plant and care for trees. He has
worked hard. Now let the boys bear the brunt awhile, and the give
a little time to fixing up. He will find the ground ready to respond
and hungry to show what can be done.
He can get a few books on horticulture and take some of the
best papers. He need not be afraid to ask questions. Most horti-
cultural editors are all loaded. The science is not a sealed one. It
has no secrets. We do not take out patents on our inventions as
others do. If in a twenty-mile ride he could visit some well laid out
ground, as we find east, it would be a delight for him to do so.
Well, he can have a Mecca of his own. Put one farm in Minnesota
at its very best, and it would be the center of attraction for miles
around. Fix up a whole section at its very best, and the fame of it
would fill the state.
I want to emphasize this: Work the gold mine in the front yard!
What do you mean? On the Conney estate, at Methuen, Mass.,
there are some of the finest trees on earth. See that picea pungens
420 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
shimmering and flashing in the sunlight, dressed in royal robes
of silver and sapphire! The owner would not take $100 for it. But
your nurseryman will furnish you a small one with as fine a color
for $2.00, and you plant it, and $98.00 worth of silver will spread out
on those branches. Why, you can just plant money and have it
grow.
On the famous estate of H. H. Hunnewell, at Wellesley, Mass.,
my attention was drawn to the most beautiful tree in the whole col-
lection. It came from England and had a high sounding name, and
it cost a large sum of money. I saw at a glance that it was simply
the blue type of the concolor fir—our old friend from the Rockies.
I had handled them by the thousand. Ultimately this tree will sur-
pass the pungens. Would the owner sell that specimen for $200.00?
No! he would not look at it, and would think himself insulted by the
offer. Two dollars will buy a nice three-foot tree of that type, and
there you have a lot of cash growing again.
I saw a Japan tree lilac thirty inches around three feet from the
ground, and thirty feet high, with great spikes of glorious flowers
looking at you from those leafy coverts. Would $100.00 buy it?
But you can buy a nice one for $1.00, and it will grow to be of the
same size.
I have a farmer friend in Nebraska. He is a Swede. I wrote
him up as a German, and he went for me. Well, if I was a German
I would be glad of it. If I was a Swede I would bless the land of
Gustavus Adolphus. I have revolutionary blood throbbing in my
veins, and I am thankful for that. Well, sixteen years ago my
friend laid out $50.00 for paeonies, and he got some fine ones, and
then he raised a couple of fine ones from seed himself, and they
stand up with some of our best imported ones, and they now sell
at 50 cents wholesale. I go 100 miles to see his collection. They are
almost as fine as my own. Well, you ought to see that front yard.
It would almost do for a portal to paradise, and he is now selling
every year over $1,000 from that two acres, and every fall he has to
shut down before the season is half over. He gets more cash out
of his front yard and those flowers than from the rest of the farm.
They are far ahead of corn and potatoes.
I know I could take two acres from many a western farm and
get as much out of it a year as many a farmer does from his 160.
So plant wealth where it will grow, and how it will increase the
value of the home! Take two farms; one has a hog lot in the front
yard, and the other is fitted up with the highest taste and art. He
is a poor farmer indeed who cannot add $1,000 or more to the farm
value by adorning his grounds.. Why not draw on all the sources of
wealth instead of taking that everlasting lubber lift on wheat?
I have a friend who is a deacon in the church. I hope he will
go to heaven when he dies. He is worth about $100,000. His cattle
pens come up within a few feet of the door. And oh, the flies! the
flies! I said to him, ‘“Why don’t you please your wife and move that
fence back and plant the yard to trees and flowers? It is a good
rich piece of ground, and it would add to your enjoyment and to the
value of your farm.”
“Oh,” said he, “I am not interested in those things.”
——e er
THE FORWARD MOVEMENT IN HORTICULTURE. 421
The patient wife is fighting flies in summer time, sickened with
barnyard smells, and almost dying with longing for a beautiful
home, which she ought to have. Now, I don’t know what this man
will do when he gets to “sweet fields beyond the swelling flood and
never withering flowers.” He don’t care for flowers and there
won’t be any shorthorns up there, poor man!
I visited another man. He was president of an agricultural
society. His wife was worn out and sick, and he, kind fellow, filled
his front yard with sick pigs so they could sympathize with each
other. No fresh papers or magazines in the house, only some agri-
cultural reports. He showed me a fine field of alfalfa. “There,”
said he, “is all the flowers I want.’ He had added acre to acre—
had 3% sections. The next I heard of them that noble wife was
dead, a sacrifice to his cattle and hogs.
I will speak briefly of something we can use for home planting.
Eastern experimenters are on the alert to find sports or variations
among native trees. For instance, you may find a hardy weeping
elm or one with very large leaves, or you may introduce new kinds.
It is very expensive to get many rare trees from eastern nurseries,
so I bought eighteen kinds of elms alone and then commenced
grafting them on one-year-old seedlings, just as the nurserymen
grafts his apples in winter. In this way you can test the newer
sorts. Some are too tender, and some are all right. The Scotch elm
is a noble tree with very small leaves. On its own roots it sprouts
like a locust ; grafted on native stocks it is all right.
For evergreens use your own as far as possible. Your northern
white spruce is a fine tree. It is the same as the Black Hills spruce.
Most of the Rocky Mountain conifers will do well. It is claimed
that some of them, even the concolor, is not quite hardy enough.
That may be because the seeds were gathered in the foothills. Un-
derstand that in the Rockies we have the temperate and the frigid
zones. The picea pungens is hardy in Manitoba because its habitat
is on the north side of the mountains, growing at an elevation of
g,000 to 10,000 feet above the sea level. The concolor, ponderosa
and Douglas spruce are found growing with them at this elevation.
So for the frozen north get seeds from the Rocky Mountain frigid
zone.
The Engleman spruce is a tree of great beauty, but in southern
Minnesota it sunscalds badly. In the northern part of the state it
would do well, and it may come in play when you come to reforest
your waste lands. It is the giant of the high altitudes. I wish you
could try the aristata, or foxtail pine, and also the contorta, which
grows all through the Yellowstone Park.
The pinus ponderosa is a grand and heroic tree. You will see it
growing in some of the most bleak and forbidding places on the con-
tinent. It will cling to the brow of a precipice, waving defiance to
cold and drouth. Sow the seed in the fall, and it will come up like
peas in the spring and put on the extra set of leaves which makes it
immune from the damps when the hot weather comes.
You will find the silver cedar, juniperus scopulorum, a very beau-
tiful as well as hardy tree. There are some fine specimens up at
422 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Paynesville, in this state, which I sent to friends years ago. The
foliage is exquisite, and in winter it will sparkle with its frostings
of silver.
Ornamental shrubs have a very important place. I will not dwell
long on this, for I had an article in the last Northwestern Agricul-
turist on the lilac. There are now over 130 kinds of these fine
shrubs, and here is a field for the enthusiast. If they never bloomed
they would be worthy of a prominent place on account of their
hardiness and striking leaf variation. The Ligustrina and Pekinensis
have very fine and delicate leaves. While the Bretschneideri, the
Emodi, the oblata and villosa have leaves very beautiful and striking.
The time of flowering varies from early spring till the first of July.
One of the triumphs of modern horticulture is the introduction
of syringa Pekinensis and syringa Japonica, lilacs that are trees.
They grow about as fast and as large as our native ash. Japonica
has a grayish white bloom, while Pekinensis has fine, pendulous
branches and snowy white flowers, honey scented. This tree is very
hardy. It has stood three consecutive years of terrible drouth in
total neglect and thirty-five below zero. I now have about fifty
kinds; all but one seem hardy and that may prove to be. It is the
cut-leaved Persian. The foliage is exquisitely beautiful. Plant these
in groups. A tree lilac in the center, then those of robust habit and
on the outside those of slower growth. Then you have a long suc-
cession of bloom, a rich variation both of blossom and foliage.
{ want to graft some of the late blooming bush lilacs on the trees,
and see if I cannot start an entirely new race. If I don’t live long
enough, you try it.
Syringas, or Philadelphus.—Of these there is a numerous family,
and I find them quite hardy. These can be raised from seed. Jack-
son Dawson, superintendent of Arnold Arboretum, of Boston, has
some extra fine seedlings with great showy flowers. I keep about
a dozen kinds. I should put these in groups.
There is a large French variety of immense snowy white flowers
that hang in chains. These are very rank growers. I have had
single stems grow ten feet in a season. Put these in the center, then
grandiflora, next coronaris with crown-like bloom, then zeyhery,
then Gordons, then Avalance and Lemoine, and surround the whole
with the golden dwarf.
Spireas are not quite as hardy, and yet from twenty sorts I think
you can select those that would do well here. I mention the hardiest
in the order of blooming. The arguta is very early and is a snow-
bank of white, and in the fall they are resplendent in their autumn
coloring, and the leaves hang on a long time. The next is pruni-
folia, or bridal wreath. Perhaps this is not hardy with you. Then
comes the queen of all, Van Houtii, which propagates so readily
from stools or cuttings—the easiest things to grow in the world.
They are strong and robust and make fine hedges. Then we have
the opulifolia with its wreath of foliage. It has a half globe for a
flower; put two of them together, and you have a small baseball.
This is a very strong grower. Put this in the center and cluster
the others around it. I have perhaps a dozen other sorts, but they
might not prove hardy.
THE FORWARD MOVEMENT IN HORTICULTURE. 423
Do not neglect the viburnums, or snowballs. There are over
twenty of these, among which are your high bush cranberry and
black haw. These with the old-fashioned snowball make a fine
group, and they are also famous for their fine autumn coloring.
Perennial Flowers.—In the springtime the west is the busy end of
the world, and we want to plant those things that will stay planted.
Annuals require too much care. They cannot stand dry weather,
not being so deeply rooted.
First you have pansies and tulips, then come the beautiful col-
umbines. I should have a large bed of mixed ones. You have then
almost infinite shadings of color. There are over fifty native sorts,
and these planted together give you a perfect charm. They readily
hybridize. The bumblebees seem almost intoxicated with the nectar,
and they mix the pollen, and you are greeted with perfect surprises
of beauty. You have here a succession of bloom lasting six weeks.
Oriental Poppies ——These are but little known. They are peren-
nial, having roots like a small parsnip. They are hardy. I saw
them growing without protection in a garden in the Yellowstone
Park. They are flame color and of dazzling splendor ; flowers often
six inches across, and inside the most delicate penciling and tracery
you ever saw. New varieties are now coming out, and there will
doubtless be a great improvement.
Gaillardias —These have flowers two and one-half inches across,
petals brown edged with gold. They are wholesale bloomers—at it
from spring till fall. The blooms are much used for cut flowers.
Great improvements are being made. There are now some eighty
kinds. In England they claim to have some with blooms five inches
across, but I understand these highly improved ones are not hardy.
Then we have the queen of all the flowers, not excepting the
rose—the modern paeony in 2,000 varieties. They are the hardiest,
most prolific of all—wonderful in form and splendor, while over
them hang billows of fragrance. By choosing different sorts you
have six to eight weeks of bloom, and with care you can have them
all summer.
Then we have the dazzling phloxes with rich variety. These
commence the first of July to bloom and reach down to the hard
frosts. You can so arrange it that when you look out of doors from
early spring till late in the fall there will be a procession of beauty
on dress parade.
The Future of Horticulture-—We are on the verge of great pos-
sibilities. Certain facts have been established and certain laws dis-
closed which give us: data for the future. I confess I have heen
caught with the fascination and zest of new discoveries. After
years of patient toil our native phlox, under the manipulation of
European florists, has now become a marvel of splendor, and it has
reached that stage where it is ready to launch out into new and mar-
velous developments. Already we have these with single blossoms
an inch and a half in diameter. I get the finest foreign ones that
money will buy and plant the seeds, and I have now quite a number
which vie with the finest we can import. Columbines have a sur-
prising variation, and soon those will be evolved which will be mar-
vels of beauty.
424 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
There are now over fifty kinds of gaillardies, and new ones
coming on all the time. We want more fall flowers; and in our
mountains and on the plains we have more than forty kinds of asters
alone. Let these be improved, and we have a beautiful after-frost
flower.
Where a plant like the paeony gets beyond its first hybridization
and becomes established, the florist is charmed by the constant sur-
prises in store for him. There is the great Festiva Maxima and
Floral Treasure—great hemispheres of loveliness six inches across;
and on the other hand we have the delicate little Morning Star with
its exquisite rays converging at the center. Among a thousand seed-
lings there may not be one you would throw away, but you usually
find one among them that will be a glory. I know a lady in Indiana
who has placed several new ones before the public. For one she
received $150.00. I aided her in selling another for $100.00. So here
is a field into which ladies can enter where there is both pleasure and
profit.
Fruits.—Blessings on the patient toilers of the northwest who
have moved the fruit belt 200 miles north—and they will move it
further. What a discovery the Wealthy apple was! It is probably
the most enormous bearer of all the trees in Nebraska.
I believe Minnesota will yet raise peaches. The Brownings of
Illinois and Nebraska have been at work forty years, and now they
have a peach that reproduces itself. Dr. Bailey, of lowa, has been at
work along that line. And this terrible year both these families of
trees bore many crops.
I was shown a seedling peach at Beulah, Col. It was grow-
ing at an elevation of 6,000 feet. I have known frosts in June
at that place that would kill the young oak sprouts back six inches,
and that tree never failed for ten years. It was nearly killed when
I saw it, by a fire. They wanted to know how to propagate it. I
told them to plant the seeds. There is not another peach tree within
thirty miles. So by watching these hardy sports and choosing the
hardiest from them your children will raise peaches.
What advance has been made in plums? Father Terry, of Iowa,
has given us fifty new and fine sorts. All you have to do is to
keep on, and you will get there. Prof. Hansen will yet give us
something to be thankful for in the improved sand cherry, and some-
body will take the hardy buffalo berry and make a new fruit of it.
It has been known to double its size under good cultivation.
I wish to mention two important adjuncts: one is the screen out
in the open—there is too much wind and too much sun. Have a
neat, tasteful screen of lath of any design you chose, and you have
forest conditions so dear to many tender flowers. With mulching
you can carry delicate flowers through, and when you are tired you
can come in and have a visit with them. .
A Farmer's Conservatory.—While in Massachusetts Mr. Parker,
now superintendent of the finest of the parks of Hartford, Conn.,
showed a very economical plan he was then using. He had a simple
grate furnace, and made and ran a prostrate flue from it around the
building. The furnace was on one side the door and on the other
THE FORWARD MOVEMENT IN HORTICULTURE. 425
side the prostrate flue rose to a chimney which had a damper in it.
No expense of furnace or boiler. The flue absorbed the heat, so if
the fire went out the latent heat would serve. A cheap arrangement
can be made by which the monotony of a long winter can be broken
and the farmer can have flowers and vegetables at little cost. Dig
down a few feet ; have no windows on the north; use brush or attach
a Russian hay stove to your plant, and there you are.
In closing I wish to put in a plea for Women’s Rights. The
sun never shone on a braver, nobler, more intelligent, self-sacrificing
‘race of women than those of our mighty west. They have been in
the advance guard as it has pushed ever westward. What long,
lonely and weary years she has spent in humble quarters, sometimes
in the house of sod or logs! With what infinite patience she has
waited and hoped for a better day! Sometimes while about her work
she has seen the painted faces of the Sioux warriors flattened against
her windows, and she all alone with her little ones. Through what
fears and alarms she has passed! But better days came; she made
them come. But how at times she suffered from intense cold, from
loneliness, lack of company and fresh literature!
What has been the result? Go to our great universities, our
academies and colleges, and you see armies of such mothers’ sons—
the finest material morally, intellectually and physically the world
has ever known, and they are fronting a momentous future now
waiting for them, and they will make their impress upon it.
How these women have worked maintaining churches, Sunday
schools, and encouraging education, religion and morality! They
are uncrowned queens with influence as strong as if they wore
diadems. Their pure, noble, untarnished lives have been among
the richest assets of the nation.
Don’t grudge one of these women or any farmer’s wife an acre or
two of the front yard while you have all the rest of the farm. Take
care of this woman! She is a daughter of God. Let there be a soft
carpet of green for her feet, plant for her every shrub and tree
and flower that will grow; from early springtime till into fall let
fragrant flowers rise up to bless her and worship her with their
sweet incense. No goddess of fable so worthy as she for all the
homage which nature and art can give her. Adorn the Beulah land
which lies on the nether shore with something of the beauty which
lies beyond.
SEED POTATOES SHOULD NOT SpRouUT.—To give a reason for taking good
care of seed potatoes: The first?sprout is always the strongest and thriftiest
one. If that is allowed to grow in a warm cellar or other place where seed is
kept and is broken off at planting time, the eye will send forth two others
but weaker ones. If these are broken off a third set of sprouts, still weaker,
will grow. Thus, instead of one or two strong healthy stalks several weak
ones will grow and the tubers will be small.
426 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE RED CEDAR.
C. S. KEY, ST. PETER.
Two years ago I joined the Horticultural Society, and in that
short time I have learned more about horticulture than I had gained
by experience in my former lifetime. I can now raise all sorts of
trees from seed and do my own grafting successfully.
As to evergreens for hedges I know of none bettter than the red
cedar. You can trim them in any shape you desire and not hurt
them. They will thrive well in any kind of soil; they will bend to
C. S. Key, St. Peter.
the ground before they will break. The berries make good medicine
for coughs and colds and will cure consumption in its early stage.
The oil of cedar will kill rats and all sorts of vermin. The tree makes.
the best fence post that grows; they will outlast all other timber.
Solomon used more cedar in the construction of the temple than any
other kind of timber. The reason he used cedar, I think, is because
, it was stronger and more durable than any other timber. I have
cedar trees that I planted twenty years ago. They bear seed every
year, and in winter the birds come from far and near to get the
berries. I am a lover of all kinds of evergreens, but I love the red:
THE RED CEDAR. 427
cedar the most. I was born in a log cabin, surrounded by large red
cedar trees that my father planted long years ago on his Indiana
homestead. If you will put red cedar shavings in your clothes chest
the moths will never ‘go near them. The honey bees love the cedar
tree because they know they are moth-proof. If you can afford to
make cedar hives for your bees you will never be troubled with
moths. In my opinion they are the most profitable trees on earth.
I raise evergreens from seed. The cedar I plant in the fall of the
year, balsam and all sorts of pines in the spring. They want to be
planted in the poorest land you can find. I planted some under
forest trees, but they don’t do so well as out in the open field. They
must be shaded for two seasons. In winter I cover them with forest
leaves, and then I throw some brush on top to keep the leaves from
blowing away.
There are many reasons why I love the cedars. They break off
the chilly winds of December and January and cool the hot south
wind in summer. When I was a school boy I made bows and ar-
rows out of red cedar, also torches to spear fish by. The cedar was
used by the Wyandotte Indians in the Wyandotte Cave to make a
light at a time when candles and kerosene lamps were unknown.
The cedar will stand severe drouth and wet and cold, like the cedars
of Lebanon will stand the storm and never die with old age as other
trees do.
THE MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD’S
FAIR, SEPTEMBER 1 TO 15.
The Minnesota exhibit at the World’s Fair from Sept. I to 15,
was very good. But as it was the last of the Duchess season, also the
last of the cold storage fruit and Wealthy coming were some-
what immature, the exhibit rather needed the contributions of
Patten’s Greening, Okabena, Peerless, Hibernal, Charlamof, Mc-
Mahon, University and others as early as they were sent in.
During the fore part of the season when the more perishable
kinds were on the tables, it was necessary to have fresh shipments to
replace them often. But from now on, as the Wealthy and other
late varieties are ready for exhibition, the plates will not need to be
replenished so frequently, and if parties sending fruit would heed
your instructions to send nothing but the best and most perfect
specimens, the exhibit would be kept up to its present standard and
there would be quite a saving in express charges. There was a
very creditable display of plums that attracted considerable attention
and comment; also one shipment of grapes that helped out the
exhibit very materially. J. P. ANDREWS.
428 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SOME NOTES ON VISIT TO WORLD’S FAIR, SEPT 15.
TO OCT. 1.
WYMAN ELLIOT, MINNEAPOLIS.
I was exceedingly well pleased with our Minnesota fruit exhibit
on my arrival at Horticultural Hall at the World’s Fair. When I
saw what we had on exhibition and compared it with the exhibits
from what are considered the great fruit states with the splendid
backing of large appropriations, taking Minnesota with $5,000
for installation and sustaining an exhibit for seven months and com-
paring it with Missouri with $28,000 for installation and $50,000
for furnishing fruit for show purposes, it shows a wide margin.
Our appropriation was not an amount sufficient to enable us to put
first-class help in the field to select fine fruits for exhibition pur-
poses. After seeing fruit that was sent forward for exhibition and
noting in how many instances it was not up to the standard for
first-class fruit, I am surprised that as good an exhibition was
maintained by our assistant superintendent at the fair. Apples
sent were often undersized, plums only medium in quality, grapes
fine when started, but bad packing and hard usage in handling had
broken the berries in nearly all bunches, and it was sometimes almost
impossible to pick out even one creditable plate worthy of a premium.
Express was in many instances paid on fruit that went into the dump
or was given away as the easiest method to get rid of it. I do not
wish to carry the idea that all of our fruit was of poor quality, for
there were some fine samples furnished, that had been handled and
picked with care and arrived in fine condition, giving credit to the
growers and attracting a great deal of praise. Our Wealthy were
highly colored and contrasted finely with University, McMahon and
Northwestern Greening. For inspection by the judges perfect
specimens were always sought out, though in many instances it was
hard work to get fine, suitable, even-sized fruit worthy of a pre-
mium.
There has been some unjust criticism by some people of our
own state that have never had experience in maintaining an exhibit
of this character. The average visitor was very well pleased and
gave many expressions of praise about our exhibit and expressed
much astonishment that Minnesota could make so fine an exhibition
of apples and other fruits.
The T. E. Perkins’ seedling apples attracted considerable at-
tention from northern fruit growers and horticultural scientists.
There were 130 varieties represented, illustrating very plainly in this
generation of seedlings the effects of cross-pollination. Owing to
a hailstorm in July this exhibit was not as perfect as that shown
SOME NOTES ON VISIT TO WORLD’S FAIR, SEPT. I5 TO OCT. 15. 429
at Boston last year. This display to a large majority of visitors at
Horticultural Hall did not appeal to them as being out of the ordi-
nary routine of fruit exhibits unless their particular attention was
called to it and a minute description was given illustrating the points
of excellence and possibilities to be derived from making crosses
when attempting to produce new and improved fruits by the seedling
process. When this exhibit was put on the table we supposed it
would hold good for six weeks at least, but the exceedingly warm
weather, with a temperature of 85 to 90 degrees in the hall, caused
many of the earlier kinds to decay at the end of two weeks’ exposure.
The remainder were repacked and sent to cold storage in Minneap-
olis for our winter meeting. .
Prof. A. T. Erwin, the judge that passed upon this exhibit,
was very much surprised to see the great number of good kinds
resulting from this cross of five known pollens on the Malinda’s
blossoms, confirming his view of the possibilities of combining the
good qualities by right manipulation of pollen from different varie-
ties to produce apples of superior excellence with all the desirable
points, such as habit of growth, hardiness, productiveness and keep-
ing quality. He thought this was one of the most remarkable pro-
ductions from natural pollination, giving us in the northwest great
hopes for the benefits to be derived from the production of seedlings
adapted to our climatic conditions and worthy of propagation.
Our second exhibit (the windmill) was a very unique and well
arranged design, attracting the attention of all visitors to the hall.
The number of persons visiting Horticultural Hall was exceed-
ingly small when compared with other exhibition buildings on the
ground. There was much to interest and instruct any person who
came to see fine fruit—a splendid place to see the fine varieties on
exhibition and compare their form and color when grown on various
soils under different climatic conditions and management.
MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR,
OCTOBER 15.
FRANK YAHNKE, WINONA.
My time here has been too short to give a full report of our
exhibit, and so I will only tell about my impression of it when I came
here. There are 1,200 plates of apples and go plates of grapes in the
Minnesota exhibit and all very fine fruit. We do not need to be
ashamed of our exhibit. There are other states with larger exhibits,
but they have only a few varieties. We have the finest Wolf River,
N. W. Greening and the best apple seedlings. Our grapes are
remarkably fine, which is shown by the fact that a judge one day
430 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
brought a man to our exhibit to show him the fine grapes grown in
Minnesota.
I have not a full list of contributors of the fruit on our tables,
but as far as I can remember them I will give them, and also the
varieties contributed :
H. S. Rowell, Wealthy apples; J. A. Howard, N. W. Greening
and McMahon White; Mrs. Isabella Burton, Excelsior, Wealthy;
Frank Yahnke, Winona; G. A. Anderson, Renville; Jewell Nur-
sery Co., Lake City; J. S. Parks, Pleasant Mounds; A. M. Miller,
Harmony; Preston McCulley, Maple Plain; H. L. Crane, Excelsior,
Minn.; A. A. Bost, Excelsior, Minn; A. Brackett, Excelsior, Minn. ;
William Oxford, Freeburg; C. W. Merritt, Homer, Peerless apples ;
Seth Kenney, Waterville; R. H. L. Jewett, Faribault; A. D. Leech,
Excelsior ; Jens A. Jensen, Rose Creek; Robb Bros., Winona, Weal-
thy apples; Andrew Wilfert, Cleveland, and C. L. Blair, St. Charles.
Some of the varieties of apples on the tables were: Wolf River,
N. W. Greening, Wealthy, Yahnke, McMahon’s White, Peerless,
Malinda, Okabena, Newell’s Winter, Patten’s Greening, Duchess,
University, Thomson’s Seedling and Hibernal.
As I have not the list at hand I will not try to name the
varieties of grapes.
I had not been with our exhibit five minutes when I noticed
the people who were coming along stop at our large apples and
say in astonishment and admiration, “Do these apples grow in
Minnesota? They are so beautiful!’
Two gentlemen from Germany came to me and wanted to
talk with me concerning our fruits. They were sent from their
government to learn our ways of doing things. These men were
astonished at how far we had advanced in the art of fruit growing.
When we were talking about the price of fruit they said they were
surprised that we sold fruit so cheap, for in Germany the best eating
apples sell at fifty cents apiece.
The only objection I have to our exhibit is that the windmill
does not stand at the same place the other exhibits do. This
would make it grand and beat everything.
If trees need manure it may be put on at any time during the winter or
toward spring. The quantity should be regulated by the condition of the
soil and the apparent needs of the trees, as shown by the growth. If the
manure is coarse the ground may usually be fairly well covered out a few feet
beyond the ends of the branches, and if the trees are large no harm will be
done if the entire surface of the ground is covered. The more strawy the
manure the better it is for the purpose.
HANDLING AND PACKING EVERGREENS FOR DELIVERY. 431
HANDLING AND PACKING EVERGREENS FOR
DELIVERY.
ROBT. WEDGE, ALBERT LEA.
There is scarcely anything in the line of nursery stock which
requires as careful and skillful handling as do evergreens. In
digging them, in getting them to the cellar or shed (whichever
the case may be), in grading them, in packing them and in
keeping them after packing, it should always be borne in mind
that we are handling trees with the leaves on and that there is
a constant evaporation of moisture from these leaves. We
scarcely ever think of moving, and much less of shipping, a
deciduous tree with the leaves on. Of course, there is not as
much evaporating surface on the leaves of evergreens, and yet
there is enough to make it a delicate matter to transplant them
successfully. :
I shall only treat of the subject of how they should be
handled after being ready to dig for the market, but it is just
as important that they be grown in the proper way. It is a well
known fact that evergreens which have been allowed to grow
vear after year without being cut under, as we call it in the
nursery, which is really just a pruning or cutting back of the
roots, are very difficult to transplant, as the fibrous roots, which
are the roots that get most of the nourishment for the tree, are
so far from the trunk that they are not retained in the digging.
This is one of the main reasons why it is so difficult to get trees
from the woods to grow when transplanted. These trees grown
close together are weak and hard to make live.
The first thing is the digging. This is one of the hardest
things to teach new hands, as it is very important that it should
be done quickly and in the proper manner. The roots of ever-
greens, especially those of the pines, peel, break off and split
very easily. Some new hands will pull the evergreens instead of
digging them; others will cut them off near the surface; and still
others—but these are few and far between—will take unneces-
sary pains. These points should be thought of in the digging:
1. Evergreens should be dug, not pulled.
. 2. We should be careful and not injure tops.
3. If there are hard lumps of dirt left on the roots which
will not shake off easily, as is often the case in clay soils, they
should be crushed, for if they are shaken off they will take some
of the fibrous roots with them.
432 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
4. The roots should not be exposed but should be imme-
diately covered with burlap or other material. Of course this
will not be necessary on a rainy day, as is often the case in the
spring.
Then after the digging comes the carrying of the evergreens
to the cellar. They should be carried in as fast as dug, kept
covered, and sprinkled as soon as they reach the cellar or, bet-
ter yet, sprinkled as soon as dug.
Then there is the grading, which should not be done in a dry
or sunny place. It may be done in the shed if the air is damp,
but the cool, damp cellar is the better place, although it is a
little.dark and a disagreeable place for the men to work.
After they are graded they are put in boxes or stalls. These
should be in a damp, cool place, and the roots of the evergreens
kept sprinkled every little while. The diggers and graders
should never get so far ahead of the packers that the evergreens
will be left in the stalls any great length of time.
Then there is the packing which requires a good deal of care.
The tops of evergreens should not be packed tightly, as they
will heat just like so much green grass piled together, while the
roots should be done up in as near an air tight package as pos-
sible. It is desirable to have some sort of lever or press to get
the packages tight, and it is absolutely necessary in making long
shipments or where a quantity is packed to put followers in the
boxes, never more than one foot apart for the larger sizes and
six inches for the smaller, as the boxes are often thrown on
their. ends by the freight handlers, and thus the evergreens are
forced from their places unless tight. There are few points
more important, as we have found to our sorrow in receiving
shipments from other nurseries.
It is difficult to tell how the packing should be done. Every
nurseryman has his own way of packing and his own
packing material, and I don’t know as any one feels entirely
satisfied with his way. Even the best and most carefully man-
aged nurseries will occasionally get off shipments that are de-
fective in their packing. There is yet much to be learned in this
line, and many simple machines and devices may be made to
save time and expense.
THE SELECTION OF SEED POTATOES. 433
THE SELECTION OF SEED POTATOES.
WM. SANDROCK, HOUSTON.
My experience in selecting potatoes for seed dates back to
the year 1878. At that time I read an article in some agri-
cultural’paper on plant breeding, and I thought I would try the
potato. I did so and with better results than I expected to see.
Soon after this a neighbor tried the Burbank Seedling, which
he thought could not be beat, so gave me a few pounds for trial.
I planted them and selected my seed from them in the fall, and
had a fine yield the following year. Only a few years after-
wards this same man that gave me the Burbanks came to me
for seed potatoes. He lost most of his through his cellar freez-
ing. The following fall he came to me to ask how I could ac-
count for the difference in the yield. He claimed my seed of
the same variety as his own yielded twice the amount, though
they were planted side by side. I told him it was all in select-
ing the seed; also my way of selecting it. That fall and the next
spring most of my neighbors wanted to change their potatoes
for planting. They had all kinds of excuses for making the
change, and they bought their seed potatoes from me, though
they could have got them cheaper elsewhere. Often after that
when potatoes were, so to say, “a drug in the market,” the
neighbors would feed theirs out in the spring and come to me
for a new start. I had no trouble to get from five to twenty-five
cents per bushel above market price, right at the house, and
think I was well paid for the little trouble I took in selecting
seed. I will state here that I have gone out of this business
since a few years, only raising enough for my own use, none to
sell.
Now as to selecting the seed, next spring select your po-
tatoes in your own way, cut them so as to have two or three
eyes on a piece, plant only one piece in a place thirty-six inches
apart each way. Next fall dig your potatoes with a long handled
mining shovel, or a potato fork, putting two rows together.
Now when you ‘find a fine hill put it to one side, and so on
through the field keep your finest hills apart from the other
potatoes, each hill by itself, till you are ready to pick them, then
examine these hills, do it yourself (don’t leave it to the hired
man, unless he has more interest in the matter than you have).
Should you find any potato in aforesaid hills that you would not
care to plant, throw the whole hill with the crop, and be care-
ful to save only hills where every potato is fit for seed. Should
434
MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
you come across an extra fine hill, keep that entirely separate
from the rest, and you can grow your seed hills from that next
year. Keep on this way year after year and you will more than
double the yield. They will also be less subject to blight and
rot. Give it a trial, at any rate.
CONTRIBUTORS OF FRUIT, ETC., TO MINNESOTA
June 15s.
pgs
22)
oie
23.
23:
23.
33"
23.
23.
24.
24.
24.
24.
28.
July 1.
1:
July 2.
FRUIT EXHIBiT, WORLD’S FAIR.
Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, peonies.
D. C. Webster, La Crescent, 16 quarts Warfield strawberries.
Jewell Nursery Co., 48 quarts strawberries: Bederwood, Ridge-
way, Black Joe, Warfield, Dunlap, Splendid, Clyde.
Harris & Welch, La Crescent, 16 quarts Warfield strawber-
ries.
Wyman Elliot, Excelsior, 48 quarts strawberries: Warfield,
Splendid, Clyde, Sample, Brandywine. Twenty-four quarts
of these were from A. Brackett.
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, 40 quarts strawberries: Beder-
wood, Warfield, Clyde.
C. A. Sargent, Red Wing, 24 quarts Warfield strawberries.
Mrs. Ida M. Kingsley, Stewart, 16 quarts strawberries, one box
peonies.
Clinton Falls Nursery, Owatonna, 2 boxes carnations.
A. H. Wright, Owatonna, 2 boxes peonies.
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, 25 quarts strawberries: Splendid,
Johnson’s Early, Warfield, Clyde.
Jewell Nursery Co.. 48 quarts strawberries: Splendid, Clyde,
Warfield, Lovett, Enhance, Bederwood, Black Joe, Haver-
land, Ridgeway, Dunlap.
Clinton Falls Nursery, Owatonna, 48 quarts strawberries:
Bederwood.
W. S. Widmoyer, Dresbach, 6 quarts Early Richmond cher-
ries; 6 quarts strawberries: Sample, Marshall, Warfield
and seedling.
H. W. Shuman, Excelsior, 48 quarts strawberries: Challenge,
Clyde, Marie, Miller, Parson’s Beauty, Strahelin, Oom Paul,
Uncle Jim, Klondike, Pokemoke, Dunlap, Minute Man,
Bederwood, Livingstone, New York, Sample, Aroma,
Warfield.
John A. Fairley, Faribault, 48 quarts strawberries: Bederwood.
H. J. Baldwin, Northfield, 24 quarts strawberries: Warfield. -
A. Schlemmer, Chisago City, 24 quarts Challenge strawberries.
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, 36 quarts strawberries: Clyde,
Challenge, Warfield, Dunlap, Crescent, Lovett, Splendid,
Brandywine, Johnson’s Early.
F. F. Farrar, White Bear, 8 quarts strawberries.
B. P. Christenson, Hutchinson, 16 quarts strawberries.
Fred Mohl, Adrian, 16 quarts strawberries.
I. W. Wood, Wayzata, 12 quarts strawberries.
R. H. L. Jewett, Owatonna, 48 quarts of seedling strawberries.
Frank Yahnke, Winona, 8 quarts cherries: King’s Morello.
North Star Plant Farms, Cokato, 16 quarts strawberries:
Brandywine, Splendid, Minute Man.
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, 36 quarts strawberries: Beder-
wood, Clyde, Crescent, Warfield, Dunlap, Splendid, Lovett,
Brandywine, Johnson’s Early.
A. Brackett, Excelsior, 48 quarts strawberries: Parker Earle,
Brandywine, Lovett.
CONTRIBUTORS OF FRUIT, ETC., TO FRUIT EX., WORLD’S FAIR. 435
July - 4.
June
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
BON eS
T4.
Clinton Falls Nursery, Owatonna, 48 quarts strawberries:
Bederwood, Warfield.
R. L. Baillif, Bloomington, 16 quarts Warfield strawberries.
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, 36 quarts strawberries: Beder-
weod, Crescent, Clyde, Lovett, Challenge, Warfield.
Charles Clarke, Owatonna, 48 quarts strawberries: Splendid,
Bederwood.
G. A. Anderson, Renville, 8 quarts Warfield strawberries.
R. H. L. Jewett, Faribault, 48 quarts strawberries: Edgar
Queen, Sheppard, seedling.
J. P. Johanson, Excelsior, 16 quarts strawberries: Gandy, Dun-
lap, Johnson’s Early, Sample.
Frank Yahnke, Winona, 16 quarts Homer cherries.
Hinckley Fruit and Vegetable Growers’ Association, 16 quarts
strawberries: Brandywine.
H. W. Shuman, Excelsior, 72 pints Marlboro raspberries.
Frank Yahnke, Winona, 16 quarts currants: Fay’s.
H. G. Westman, Sandstone, 16 quarts strawberries.
Fred Mohl, Adrian, 16 quarts gooseberries: Downing.
Frank Yahnke, Winona, 16 quarts Homer cherries; 16 quarts
gooseberries: Downing, Pearl, Houghton.
Frank : Harris, La Crescent, 24 quarts raspberries—18 red, 6
black.
Rose Hill Nursery, Minneapolis, 8 quarts gooseberries: Cham-
pion; 8 quarts currants: Wilder.
F. B. McLaren, Wrenshall, 24 quarts strawberries: Bederwood,
Warfield.
H. G. Westman, Sandstone, 24 quarts strawberries: Glen Mary,
Enormous, Warfield.
Minnesota State Reformatory, St. eloud, 16 pints gooseberries
and currants.
W. S. Widmoyer, Dresbach, 6 quarts Wragg cherries; 4 quarts
Montmorency cherries; 2 pints Marlboro raspberries; 2
pints Gregg; branches of choke cherry.
F. J. Butterfield, Long Lake, 24 pints Marlboro raspberries.
A. McComber, Duluth, 48 quarts strawberries: Crescent and
seedlings, 2 varieties.
Rose Hill Nursery, Minneapolis, 16 quarts gooseberries: Red
Jacket; 16 quarts currants: Red Dutch.
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, 24 quarts raspberries: Older,
Turner, Loudon, Caroline.
A. A. Johnson & Co., Sebeka, 16 quarts blueberries.
F, B. McLeran, Wrenshall, 24 quarts strawberries: Enormous
and Dornan.
Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, 36 quarts raspberries: Older and
Loudon.
R. H. L. Jewett, Faribault, 6 quarts gooseberries, 2 quarts
seedling strawberries, 40 quarts currants: Red Dutch, White
Dutch. (A list of the fruit contributed from June 18 to Sept.
20 was published in the October number.)
Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, 1 box Weaver plums.
Seth Kenney, Waterville, 1 box Wealthy.
H. L. Crane, Excelsior, 15 baskets grapes—Moore’s Early, Dela-
ware.
E. H. Thompson, Excelsior, 3 baskets Moore’s Early.
Dewain Cook, Jeffers, 24 quarts plums.
J. A. Howard, Hammond, 1 barrel Okabena, Peerless, Longfield,
Wealthy, Charlamoff.
M. Oleson, Montevideo, % bushel plums—Desota.
R. Parkhill, Chatfield, 2 boxes Wealthy and Patten’s G.
E. D. Fisk, Chatfield, 1 box Hibernal.
C. A. Murphy, Chatfield, 2 boxes Wealthy, Golden Russet, N. W.
Greening, Patten’s G.
W. Ferguson, Chatfield, 1 box Wealthy.
436
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
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Sept.
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Sept.
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Oct.
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tO b&w Hb
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MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
J. Gasper, Chatfield, 1 box Wealthy.
Unknown, Chatfield, 1 box Wolf River.
D. C. Hazelton, Cutler, 1 box Martha crabs.
Dewain Cook, "Jeffers, 48 quarts plums—Hawkeye, Wolf.
OW. Moore, Spring Valley, 2 grape baskets plums—Surprise,
Stoddard.
Victor Neil, Minneapolis, 1-3 bushel seedling apples.
Frank Moeser, Minneapolis, 6 pints raspberries—Shipper’s Pride.
ete = Christensen, Fairmount, 6 baskets Concord.
Martin Penning, Sleepy Eye, 8 quarts plums—Hawkeye, Stoddard,
Brittlewood, Surprise, Wyant, Comfort.
RoE Jewett, Faribault, 1 barrel Wealthy.
Isabella Barton, Excelsior, 1 box Wealthy.
Charles Blair, St. Charles, I box Peerless.
Alfred O. Hawkins, Excelsior, 16 quarts plums.
J. A. Howard, Hammond, 2 barrels apples—1 Wealthy, 1 Mc-
Mahon and Duchess.
Rats oe ae Bloomington, 2 baskets grapes—Delaware and Con-
cor
Unknown, 4 baskets grapes.
Jens A. Jensen, Rose Creek, 1 box apples—Malinda.
O. vie Moore, Spring Valley, 2 boxes apples—Wealthy and Peer-
ess.
John C. Sommers, Northfield, 1 box Longfield.
A. Brackett, Excelsior, 2 baskets apples.
H. H. S. Rowell, Excelsior, 2 boxes Wealthy.
C. W. Merritt, Winona, 1 box apples.
Louis Anderson, Rochester, 4 plates seedling apples.
Leonhard Fritze, Claremont, 1 box Peter and Wealthy.
C. W. Johnson, Judson, 1 small box Miner plums.
H. L. Crane, Excelsior, 21 baskets grapes—Concord, Delaware,
Moore’s Early.
C, O. Alsaker, Beardsley, 1 box apples.
E. H. Thompson, Excelsior, 1 box Wealthy.
Preston McCulley, Maple Plain, 2 boxes apples—1 Wealthy, 1
Patten’s Greening.
Robb Bros., Winona, 2 boxes apples—1 Wealthy, 1 Minnesota Spy.
Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, 1 small basket seedling plums.
ies Grane: Excelsior, 10 baskets Concord.
A. L. Goldenstein, Lake Crystal, 3 boxes Wealthy.
J. A. Howard, Hommand, tbarrel Wealthy and N. W. Greening.
J.2A: Howard, Hammond, 1 barrel Harding, Patten’s G., Scott’s
Winter, Newell’s Winter.
William Sandrock, Houston, 3 boxes Wealthy.
S. H. Drum, Waseca, I box Peter.
A. Brackett, Excelsior, 2 crates Concord grapes.
C. W. Merritt, Winona, I box apples.
Mrs. R. H. Wilcox, Elvsian, 1 small box Peerless and Wealthy.
H. L. Crane, Excelsior, 9 cases grapes—Duchess, Concord, Iona,
Brighton.
Frank Yahnke, Winona, 1 barrel N. W. Greening, Winter King,
Wolf River.
J. S. Parks, Amboy, 1 box Wolf River.
G. A. Anderson, Woif River and Wealthy, small box.
James F. Clark, 1 small box apples, about 5 plates.
A. M. Miller, Harmony, 1 box N. W. Greening.
ASPARAGUS is a crop which requires permanence, as it cannot be sown
and harvested the same year. A good way to raise asparagus in the garden is -
to have one long row. If it can be by the fence, so much the better; then its
roots can feed on both sides. The soil in which it is planted should be en-
riched by a liberal supply of well-rotted manure. Plow the ground if possible
or spade it up, making atrench a foot deep. Be sure your plants are of the
ight sort.
Procure them from a reliable nurseryman.
ecretary’s orher.
THE BEST MINNESOTA WEALTHY AT THE WORLD’S FairR.—As far as
heard from the best plate of Wealthy from this state shown at the World’s
Fair was contributed by Mr. C. W. Merritt, of Winona. We ought to havea
_fuller description of this plate of apples, but so far it has not come to hand.
PRACTICAL ASSISTANCE FOR TREE PLANTERS.—The United States
Department of Agriculture has issued a number of bulletins giving hints for
the practical assistance of tree planters, which can be had of the Department
upon application. Circulars number 21, 22 and 23 bear expressly upon this
subject. Address the Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
A Goop BLACKBERRY YIELD.—Mr. W. E. Fryer, of Mantorville, in a
recent letter says, ‘“This season I have picked 1450 quarts of blackberries on
six rows eighteen rods long, and four of the rows I planted in the spring of
1903, and between the rows of apple trees in the orchard at that. Apple
trees twenty-one feet apart between the rows, with two rows of blackberries
between each two rows of trees.’’
HONORS FOR PROF. SAMUEL B. GREEN.—Prof. S. B. Green has received
the highest award at the World’s Fair, denominated the ‘‘grand prize,’’ for
his work in planning and installing the collective exhibit of horticulture and
forestry for the agricultural colleges and experiment stations of the country.
A gold medal has also been awarded to the exhibit of the horticultural de-
partment of the University of Minnesota. These exhibits are to be found in
the Educational Building.
APPLE DAY AT THE WoORLD’S Fair.—According to the report of the
assistant superintendent in charge of the Minnesota fruit exhibit at the World’s
Fair, five barrels of Wealthy apples were contributed towards the distribution
of apples which took place on that day. Mr. A. W. Sias, the poet of the
society, under the nom de plume of ‘‘Sam Bucus,’’ celebrates this day in
rhyme, which will appear in the next number of the Horticulturist.
REMOVAL OF W. S. WIDMOYER.—Members of the society who are
acquainted with Mr. W. S. Widmoyer, who has resided for many years at
Dresbach, Minn., will regret to know of his removal from the state to Mis-
souri, where he is to engage on a large scale in orcharding. (The writer is
one of those who believes that there is as much money to be made in raising
fruit in Minnesota as anywhere else.) Mr. Widmoyer was a successful fruit
grower here, and we expect to hear of his prosperity in his new home. His
address is Seymour, Mo.
DELEGATES AT THE ANNUAL, MEETING.—Appointments of delegates
from adjoining states to our annual meeting as far as announced are Prof. F.
Cranfield, secretary of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society; and Prof.
A. T. Erwin, Horticulturist at the Iowa Experiment Station, to represent the
Iowa Society. Prof. N. E. Hansen, secretary of the South Dakota State
Horticultural Society will be here as usual, but I understand some other
member will be the formal representative.
438 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
BULLETINS ON HORTICULTURE FROM THE SOUTH DAKOTA EXPERIMENT
SratTion.—Prof. N. E. Hansen, horticulturist at the South Dakota station,
has issued during the past year three bulletins on horticultural topics, one on
“Early Garden Peas,’’ another on ‘‘Breeding Hardy Fruits,’’ and a third on
the ‘‘Western Sand Cherry.’’ The two last named will be of large interest to
the fruit growers of our state. Copies can undoubtedly be secured by address- »
ing Prof Hansen at Brookings, S. D. Both of these bulletins are well illu-
strated and go very much into detail as to the work in improving fruits that
is being done at the South Dakota station.
THE CONVENTION OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.—This gathering to-
gether of the officers of the state horticultural societies of the country was
held, as announced, on Oct. 26th in Horticultural Hall at the World’s Fair.
No report of the meeting isyetat hand. Mr. Frank Yahnke, of Winona, who
is at this time assisting at the Minnesota exhibit at the fair, presented the first
topic to the meeting, ‘‘How to Increase the Membership of a Horticultural
Society.’? Mr. Yahnke has had an opportunity to watch the process in Min-
nesota and is well qualified to speak on the subject.
A. H. REED AND THE MCLEOD CouNTy HORTICULTURAL Socity.-—Cap-
tain A. H. Reed, of Glencoe, one of the enthusiastic workers in this society,
has during the past year succeeded in organizing a local society in his vicinity,
called the McLeod County Horticultural Society, with a membership of nine-
teen who have joined the organization asa result of his personal solicitation.
There ought to be an organization of this kind in every county of the state,
and there would be if in each county there was a member with the degree of
zeal and impulse for service shown by Captain Reed.
BRINGING OUT THE APPLE SEEDLINGS.—‘‘A good way to bring out the
seedlings in the state is for the county fair managers to offer liberal premiums
on seedling apples.
‘‘At our recent county fair nine premiums were offered on seedlings,as fol-
lows: three premiums from three dollars down on sour winter apples, three
premiums from three dollars down on sweet winter apples and three premiums
from three dollars downon fall apples. Asa result about thirty seedlings were
exhibited, and out of the lot about twenty were from trees sent out by Mr.
Gideon many yearsago. The farmers here are sufficiently aroused sothat every
road-side tree is being watched and now and then one transplanted to the
home grounds.”’ L. P. H. Higby, Sec’y So. Minn. Hort. Soc’y.
GREEN’S VEGETABLE GARDENING AS A PREMIUM.—This very practical
work on vegetable gardening by Prof. Samuel B. Green is now offered with a
substantial paper binding at a price that the horticultural society can afford to
give it as a premium in connection with the securing of new members to
the society. Any member sending in a new member for the year 1905 may
now receive a copy of this book. It occupies the same field as regards: the
growing of vegetables that ‘‘Amateur Fruit Growing’’ does to growing fruit
and will be found of equal value. to those interested in this subject. A copy
can be purchased of the secretary also for $ .50 postpaid.
FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.—It is the ambition of the
officers of the horticultural society to make the fruit exhibit at the coming
annual meeting the largest ever shown at any of our gatherings, and judging
SECRETARY'S CORNER. 439
by the fruit now in storage it seems likely to be so. With the co-operation of
the members it can easily be brought about. Members attending the meeting
are urgently requested to make all the entries possible in every class. In
some cases the premiums bave been slightly increased over last year, and a
number of special premiums are being offered as additional inducements. To
make the best exhibit we have ever made, however, is sufficient inducement
to the members to bring about the best results.
SEEDLING APPLES AT THE WINTER MEETING.—As last year, an even
$100 00 is offered for premiums on seedling apples at the coming annua]
meeting of this society, to be divided pro rata amongst the exhibitors of seed-
lings possessing commercial value. Entries in this class may be made from
western Wisconsin, northern Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota and Mani-
toba. We hope for a full display of the seedlings of the northwest. Theseedling
apple exhibit last year was the most interesting part of the splendid fruit dis-
play made at the meeting. No exhibitor within these limits is barred, and the
fact that seedlings have been shown and taken premiums previously will not
interfere with their being exhibited and taking premiums again this year.
Bring out all of the good seedling apples.
PROGRAM OF ANNUAL MEETING.—The program of the annual meeting
of this society, to be held in Minneapolis December sixth to ninth, four days,
is now practically complete and will go to the printer Nov. Ist, to be ready
for mailing to the members Noy. 15th. The sessions will be held in the
Unitarian Church, where we were so splendidly accommodated last year. The
acoustic properties of the audience room are almost perfect, and there is no
difficulty in hearing members in any part of the hall. As the fruit room is on
the floor below there is no confusion or noise from this source to interfere with
the interest of the meetings. Look over the program and see what you are
specially interested in and plan to be there in attendance that particular ses-
sion or, better still, come Thursday morning and stay till Friday night—and
above all things don’t miss the society banquet, to be held Thursday evening.
Everything points to the fact that this will be the most popular and successful
gathering the Minnesota society has ever held. Hotel Vendome will be as
heretofore the headquarters of the members. A room can be engaged before-
hand for the mesting if desired.
RED CEDAR AS A CAUSE OF RUST ON WEALTHY APPLES.—In a letter
from Prof. Wheeler of South Dakota, he states that he recently visited
an orchard in that state and found the Wealthy trees very badly affected by
rust, although other varieties appeared to be quite healthy. He also states
that there are a large number of junipers (red cedar) on that place, and he
thinks they are probably responsible for harboring the disease, as they are
thickly covered with cedar apples, and many of them are dying as the result
of this disease. This is interesting from the fact that the Wealthy is never
seriously injured by leaf rust inthis section, nor are any of our apples seriously
injured in this way except in special locations.
It should be more generally known that the fungus that causes the rust
on apples passes one stage of its life on the red cedar, where it produces
swellings which in the late spring or early summer push out long, gelatinous,
scarlet horns, often two inches long, and these are very conspicuous in such
trees. In some parts of the country the only way of getting rid of rust has
440 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
been to destroy the red ceder. It is possible that some of the readers of the
‘‘Horticulturist’’ are troubled in this way, and have seen this peculiar growth
on the red cedar and have not known what it was.
In a long trip this was one of the few places in which Prof. Wheeler
found the Wealthy rusted. It was also one of the few places in which red
cedar was very abundant. PROF. SAMUEL B. GREEN.
THE MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT ST. Lovuis.—The Minnesota fruit
Exhibit at the World’s Fair is being well maintained. A very full assortment
of nearly all the varieties of fruit grown in Minnesota have been displayed
there in their proper season. Atthe present wiiting, October 24th, the only
fruits being shown are grapes and apples, including a large number of vari-
eties of each. The grapes are being sent down from cold storage in Minne-
apolis, where sufficient quantities are being held to maintain the exhibit until
the close of the fair, on December 1st. The apples. being used are sent in
part from Minneapolis cold storage and part of them from the cold storage at
the home of J. A. Howard, of Hammond, and some are being held in cold
storage at St. Louis. There are something like sixty bushels of apples in stor-
age for this purpose,most of which fruit is very fine indeed. Judging by the
reports that come to the writer from those visiting the fair, for the size of the.
exhibit Minnesota is making as fine a display as any other state showing in
Horticultural Hall. Prof. S. B. Green writing from St. Louis under date of
Oct. 12th says of the exhibit, ‘‘The exhibit is exceedingly creditable and
elicits much favorable commendation from visitors and judges. Those fine
Wolf River from Yahnke are especially good.’’ Mr. Redpath writing under
the same date says, ‘‘I think our fruit is fine and attracts as much attention as
any in the hall.’’
Inquiries are coming inas to what medals have been awarded to Min-
nesota exhibitors on fruit. I understand that some awards have been made,
but the judges are keeping this information until about the close of the fair,
when the purpose is, I believe, to give it out all at onetime. This is what I
learn in regard to it.
The windmill exhibit of the Jewell Nursery Company at the state fair,
which was transferred from there to the World’s Fair, has been completed
some weeks and is, of course, attracting a great deal of attention. An electric
motor has been put in to run the sails, so that it is now in complete working
order.
N. B.—Since writing the above aletter from Mr. Redpath dated Oct. 24th
says, ‘ We received this morning thirty-two quarts of cranberries. They are
as fine as I ever saw. Eight quarts of them are on the vines tied into bunches.
The people admire our fruit and tell us it is the finest in the hall.
GROWING TREES ON THEIR OWN Roots.—I saw an inquiry as to whether
any one here was growing trees on their own roots, etc.
Iam in an experimental way and have some Early Strawberry, Sweet
Russet, Martha, Virginia and Wealthy trees grown by the layering method.
I just bend down a limb that is near enough to the ground and place it in a hole
about eight or ten inches deep. The limb must be long enough so the tip
comes to the surface of the ground again.
They are very fine trees except the Wealthy and Martha, which do not
root readily. I shall report when these trees come into fruiting. Am highly
pleased with the method so far and think it is the cheapest and easiest way to
gtow them, especially those that root readily. Haven’t succeeded in rooting
plums yet. A. T. McKIBBEN, Ramey, Minn,
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BRONZE MEMORIAL TABLET, ERECTED IN MEMORY OF JOHN S. HARRIS
IN HORTICULTURAL HALL, MINN. STATE EXPERIMENT STATION.
THE MINNESOTA
HORTICULTURIST.
VOL. 32. DECEMBER, 1904. No. 12.
THE JOHN S. HARRIS MEMORIAL TABLET.
S. M. OWEN, CHAIRMAN, MINNEAPOLIS.
Mr. President, I will not talk very long, because it will not take
nearly so long to tell about what, we did as it took to have it done.
You will remember, perhaps, that a year ago the entire sum that
was received in the purchase of tickets for the usual banquet of this
society was devoted to the purchase of a memorial tablet to the late
Mr. Harris. The Farm, Stock and Home Company paid the entire
cost of the banquet, which left in the hands of the treasurer $110.
It was believed that for this sum a simple tablet could be procured
that would contain a medallion portrait of Mr. Harris, but the com-
mittee was unable to find an artist in Minneapolis or St. Paul who
could model the medallion in a satisfactory manner, and subse-
quently we found, and largely by reason of great good luck, that we
could possibly get a bronze tablet, which would be very much
preferable if we could get it, because the bronze is nearly inde-
structible, it would go through a hot fire without injury—so it would
be a more lasting tribute. The expense of a bronze tablet is
very much greater, as a rule, but fortunately we found a lady in the
city who, although she is classed as an amateur, has a wonderful
aptitude for modeling in clay. Mrs. Backus, the lady in question,
took a very small snapshot picture of Mr. Harris that gave a profile
view of him. This little picture was about 214x3% in. in size, and
very indistinct, and from that picture Mrs. Backus made the model
in clay which you see in bronze here today. It was a remarkable
piece of work, and if we had not been so fortunate as to secure this
lady to do the work it would have cost very much more money than
it did cost us.
We were also fortunate in having the bronze cast made. It was
made in Chicago, and largely on account of the cause it was done
much under the regular price. Therefore we were able to secure
this bronze tablet as you see it here, representing Mr. Harris in
such a characteristic attitude and in such a characteristic occupation
that it seems to me it makes it particularly pleasing to all of us who
knew him, and especially to you who associated with him so much
in this society. The tablet, as you know, is to find a permanent
-home in the main class room in the horticultural building over at the
442 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
state farm school; and there I understand it is to be accompanied
by the portraits of other eminent horticulturists, not only of this
state, but of other states; and the whole group, I hope, will serve
as an inspiration to those who will gather there for instruction. It
will not only inspire them in their work, but will give them to under-
stand that the people of the state are willing to recognize in a fitting
and substantial manner ahy eminence & ines oon U2 may attain.
Memorial 4[our.
In special commemoration of W. W. Pendergast, E. H. S. Dartt and
Jas. T. Grimes, all of whom died during the preceding year.
MEMORIAL HOUR ADDRESS.
S. M. OWEN, MINNEAPOLIS.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Whatever contribution
I may make to this occasion will be a spontaneous one from the
heart. I assure you the head has had no previous work and has
made no previous preparation for what I shall say. In fact, at this
moment I do not know myself what I will say.
Before proceeding to speak of the three members whose mem-
ories we are to commemorate today, I think it is proper to say that
the shadow of death thas fallen upon two of our living members,
that upon our stricken and beloved president in the loss of the wife:
of his bosom and the mother of his children, and in the affliction
of our other brother, Mr. Elliot, whose family has also been stricken
in the death of a sister. We should remember these men in their
affliction if for no other purpose than that we may be able to say
hereafter that while they are sorrowing in their homes at this
moment, as they are, that we here had been thoughtful of them,
and I believe they are conscious of the sympathy we have for. them,
and that that sympathy in this hour will help them to bear the burden
of the great affliction that has fallen upon them.
It seems to me these recent deaths are calculated to attune our
hearts to a more feeling and a more sympathetic participation in
this little memorial service we are about to take part in.
This memorial hour of this society I regard as one of the sweetest
as well as one of the most appropriate of all its work. It is so
natural in this organization, meeting as it does at least two times a
year, and bringing together substantially the same individuals every
time, which brings with it an intercourse and an interchange of
thought and a communion of spirit that greatly appeals to us and
that deserves this sort of recognition of the memory of those who
go before us.
This occasion is getting to be almost if not quite an annual one.
As the society grows in years it must necessarily he so. The mem-
bership of this society that is now conscious only to our memory
and to our recollection of them, is getting larger every year, and
the responses to the roll call of this society that can be heard only
hs
MEMORIAL HOUR. A443
by the soul are growing more and more numerous every year. The
list is now a long one, but we have the fondest recollection of them
all. There is no disposition to forget a single one, but those who
have departed within the past year are the ones whom we propose to
speak of more particularly today.
And what shall I say of them that you iD not already know?
They were friends of yours, they were brothers of yours. Many
of them were contemporaneous with you in the settlement and de-
velopment of this state, co-workers for years and years, and, of
course, you knew these men better as you knew them longer than I.
They were men, speaking of them as a group, that were well fitted
for the stations they occupied, well fitted to do the work they did.
They were pioneers, all of them, and they were well calculated to
make that fight of civilization against barbarism that they were
compelled to participate in; and in doing that they laid the founda-
tion of the development of the state, of its industries that we now
enjoy, and so much of which is to form their memorial, that which
is due to them for the work they did in developing the fruit interests
of the state in existence.
I wish to speak first of our late lamented president, whom you
all remember that brief year ago. It seems to me it cannot be a
year ago, as I come before this meeting now; it seems to me as
though I could turn around and see him behind me presiding as he
did that short year ago. You all remember what a pleasing pres-
ence he had in presiding over the deliberations of this society. He
was always genial, always humorous, but ever with a quiet dignity
that lay behind it all. In the manner of his speech and the look
of his eye was reflected the kindness and tenderness that was in
his heart.
He not only did a great work in developing the fruit interests
of the state, but he also did a great work in developing the educa-
tional and other important interests of the state. I cannot think
of any man in whom we can honor ourselves more than we can
honor ourselves in the late lamented Mr. Pendergast. He perhaps
had opportunities to make himself more conspicuous in life than
the other members whose memories we are commemorating now,
and perhaps for that réason he occupied a more conspicuous position
in the public eye. That might have been largely an accident on
his part. Perhaps one of the other men similarly situated would
have done as well, though probably not with the same element of
popular favor, because of the difference in congenital and character-
istic personal presence.
A year ago at this time Mr. Pendergast and Mr. Grimes were
both with us. Mr. Dartt was not with us, because he was already
failing in health, which would not permit his coming here. I[ think
that was the first meeting he had missed for a good many years.
There were very few meetings of this kind held by this organiza-
tion at which he was not present. Mr. Dartt did a great work,
not only on his own account, but he did an earnest, enthusiastic and
faithful work as superintendent of one of the state stations for the
development of fruit. He might not have accomplished all that
we would desire; it is doubtful if any man, even a young man, could
/
444 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
live long enough now to accomplish what is desired in the way of
fruit development in this state, yet what he did he did disinterestedly,
conscientiously. He was ever industrious in his work and faithful
in the discharge of his duties imposed upon him. He was always
a public spirited man, with an especial enthusiasm in the way of
helping to beautify and improve his town and making it a pleasant
abiding place, and in that work he did what should commend itself
to us and make us esteem his memory more faithfully. He may
have had some characteristics that were not pleasing to everybody,
but who of us have not? We must not judge a man by those quali-
ties, no more than we must judge a man by physical peculiarities.
Men are born with both of these peculiarities, and they are no more
responsible for the one than for the other. I can remember nothing ~
in relation to Mr. Dartt that was not of the most pleasant kind. To
me he was always genial, affable, cheerful and humorous, and his
deportment was all that any one could ask of a Christian gentleman.
With Mr. Grimes I had perhaps the least personal acquaintance
of any of the three, but I do not see how any one, even a stranger,
could look into that pleasant, genial face of Mr. Grimes without
being able to say to himself, “Here, I am sure, I have met a man.”
His work, just what he did or what he accomplished in his particu-
lar line of fruit growing I should have to leave to others to speak of
who knew him better than I did and who knew his work better
than I. But as for the man, his characteristics, his character, his
principle, too much cannot be said. It is something pleasant and
ought to be for all of you to think that we have had a man of such
character, such usefulness, such commendable qualities generally,
associated with us. In fact, it is such men that have made this so-
ciety what it is; that have made it an eminently useful and helpful
society, as it is, and have enabled it to do the work that people who
are to live after us will enjoy for long years after all of us are gone.
What I have said in this connection of these men who have gone
before us I can say of many who are yet living; they who are men
with whom we are all proud to associate, they who are going on
and doing the work which we always commended so highly in those
who have gone before; they who, we do not know how soon, will
be the subject of a memorial occasion like ‘this; and it will do no
harm if we say or think of them a few things now that we would
say and think of them at that time.
Let us participate in this occasion with more unction, with more
feeling, inspired by this thought, that many of the young are coming |
on; in fact, the element of youth in this society is very much larger
proportionately than it was years ago when I first became familiar
with the society. Then the faces of the young was a very small
element, indeed, in the makeup of its audiences, but now, I am happy
to say, it is a large element. And let us all commemorate these
workers who have gone before and by thinking more kindly of
the aged who are still with us encourage the young to emulate
their example, with the consciousness that they too will be similarly
remembered when their whitened hairs are finally laid low.
We have much in an occasion of this kind to give us thought, it
causes us to realize that there are things on earth of more importance
MEMORIAL HOUR. 445
than the dollars we are after, or the apples we aspire to, or the fruit
that we would perfect.
I said in the opening that I did not know what I was going to
talk about, and I scarcely now know what I have been talking about.
The truth is that my heart is full of the spirit of this occasion, and
if we could all feel as I do just now I am sure that this occasion,
this hour would have as much to do in improving men and women
as any hour we spend in trying to improve apples and other fruits.
MEMORIAL HOUR ADDRESS.
A. J. PHILIPS, WEST SALEM, WIS.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, and Members of this So-
cietv: Mr. Owen has covered the ground very ftlly, and I have not
the knowledge, I have not the ability, and I am not familiar enough
with the lives of these men to add anything to what Mr. Owen has
said that would make any impression upon your minds. All I can
hope to offer is perhaps a few words about the worth and the use-
fulness of these men.
As far as Mr. Pendergast is concerned, Mr. Owen has very
fittingly described him. He was one of the most genial presiding
officers I ever saw. He always had a fund of humor in things that
he said that would take with the audience, and an audience would
respect him and like him for it. He was just as pleasant when
you met him at the hotel as he was when presiding in this room.
He was a pleasant man to greet wherever you met him. You could
see in his countenance that he was a Christian man. I do not know
whether he belonged to a Christian church, and [I do not care, he
was a man who meant to do right.
Of Mr. Grimes I can say that I always had very much respect
for him. I met him and his wife a number of times, and at the
summer meetings he was always present, and he was always cheer-
ful and full of kindness. He never said as much as the rest of us,
but he was a well informed man, and one thing for which I shall
always cherish his memory was that he was the first man to call my
attention to the Virginia crab. He sent me my first tree. He made
it possible for me to produce that tree which I have given. to Pro-
fessor Green, thinking it might be an inspiration for some young
men at the school. It is a very fine tree, but I thought it would do
more good there than it would where it was before, and that at the
school of agriculture, where they take such great pains to train the
young.men for the work we are doing now, that it might be a valu-
able lesson in doing that work. Mr. Grimes made it possible to do
that; he recommended the stock and then sent me the tree, and I
have always honored and revered him for it.
In regard to Mr. Dartt: I was more intimately acquainted with
Uncle Dartt than with the other two. Mr. Dartt was on my mind
during the entire meeting last year. “I always missed him, I always
loved to hear him, whether it was here or in Wisconsin or Iowa. I
loved to be with him. We used to spar considerably. I recall one
circumstance which shows one of his characteristics. During one
of the meetings he said to me at the hotel, “It was a little dull this
morning. Now, I am going to read a paper. on girdling and top-
446 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
working, and I want you to pitch into me when I get through.
That will liven things up a little.’ He liked to see things move
along. After he read his paper I did pitch into him. A stranger
was in the room. On the way to lunch he asked Mr. Long, the re-
porter, “Who is that fellow who spoke after Mr. Dartt.?” Mr. Long
told him who it was. The man said, “I should think he would be
ashamed to talk to Mr. Dartt like that, one of our oldest members.
He said some things that many men would take as an insult.” Mr.
Long said to him, “I guess you will find that it made no difference.
You will probably see them coming down to dinner together.” He
was right, we did go down to dinner together ; it made no difference
at all.
I liked Mr. Dartt. He was a guest at my home many times;
my children liked him. He was odd in some things. One reason
why I knew him better than the others was because he came from
Wisconsin. He used to attend our meetings, and we felt that we
had quite an interest in him. Last year I missed him in this meet-
ing, and my mind was wandering down to Owatonna and wondering
how he was. As soon as the meeting was over I took the train for
Owatonna. Mr. Cashman met me at the depot and took me to his
house. He knew me when I came into the room, but he was in a
pretty bad condition and could not speak. His daughter insisted
that I stay over night, and before night he improved so that he
could speak a few words to me. The next morning I went in to see
him, and he was so he could speak a little. He asked me about
the meeting and what they said about the station. He also asked
about Mr. Elliot and Prof. Green, and he finally said to his daugh-
ter, “I cannot visit with Mr. Philips; I cannot talk with him. You
go to my trunk and get out that old diary I have there that I brought
from Wisconsin. Let him take that and go into the other room
and read it. That will tell him what I did from the time I was a
young man until the present time in horticulture. He will enjoy
that better than talking to me.’ He could hardly move in his chair.
He said to his daughter, “You go out of the room” (he was al-
ways contrary) “and Mr. Philips will go.” I went out and sat
down and read that diary. I found he began it in 1856. I would
have liked to have kept it, but his daughter wanted to take it with
her to California as a keepsake.
I went through the park, I noticed his improvements, I could see
what interest he had taken in horticulture—everything the man was
connected with showed his characteristics. He was somewhat
peculiar, and there were three things that he despised: those were
a drunken man, a man that was spitting tobacco spit all around him
and a dog. He did not like a dog. I used to talk to him about it,
and I told him there were good dogs and bad dogs, but I could not
change his mind. He did not like those three things. You go to
Owatonna into the room where he lay sick and where he died, and
you can see something of the fruits of his work. He took the first
Scotch pine that he had planted and had them sawed up into lumber,
and his room was fitted up with that lumber. The beautiful park
that he left to the people of Owatonna will give them reason to re-
member him for a long time. He laid out that park himself, he
MEMORIAL HOUR. 447
improved it, he put bridges across the little streams and ravines,
and he put signs on those bridges which nobody would have thought
of except Uncle Dartt. He provided a place for the boys to fish and
swim, and he had a place to cut ice. We went to the park at one
time to see them play ball. All that he asked for the use of the park
was that they should use it for the purpose for which it was made.
He had a number of small boats on the little lake, and the last work
he did he put in a little steamboat, but as a financial venture it was
not a success. He had an eye to the welfare and comfort of the
public and did what he could for it.
You have an institution over here at St. Anthony Park where
you are training young’ men and women from Minnesota and some
from other states in the work that we are doing, only you are going
to train them to do it better. I want to tell Prof. Green if he can
give them, the training so that they will follow in the footsteps and
emulate the examples of Prof. Pendergast, Mr. Grimes and Mr.
Dartt he will be doing a great work. Hold these men up as ex-
amples for the young men to follow. If they emulate those men
they cannot go astray, and they will not only be useful men in the
line of their chosen work, but they will be an honor to their com-
munity and to the state.
MEMORIAL HOUR ADDRESS.
C. M. LORING, MINNEAPOLIS.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Something over forty
years ago a young man came into the store where I was engaged
in business, one of the finest looking, most pleasant faced men I
ever met in my life. My heart went out to him immediately. His
face was so fresh, his eye so bright, his manner so kindly that one
could not help but love him. For quite a good many years I knew
this man very ,very well. Circumstances made it necessary for
me to be away from the state for quite a good many years, so that
I did not see him again until I met him as president of this society.
He still had the same kindly smile, the same pleasant manner and the
same faculty of drawing people toward him. He had done a great
deal of work, he had been an educator, he had done a great deal
of work in horticulture, he was honored at home and all through
the state. During the years that we had him here as president of
this society, as the time of the meeting approached one of the pleas-
ures we looked forward to was that we should meet Mr. Pendergast.
Last summer we had a call saying that he had passed away.
Quite a large number of gentlemen from the two cities went up to
Hutchinson to attend the funeral. We found his remains lying in
the casket on the lawn that he had sown, under the trees that he
had planted, surrounded by the flowers which he loved so well, and
the man who had done so much, whose life had been so useful, went
to his rest surrounded by all of his neighbors and his friends from
all over the country, who had come to pay a last tribute to his
memory. There was a gathering there of the people whom he had
448 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
known for all the long time he had lived in that beautiful village.
Kind words were said of him, as none other could have been said.
The procession formed and followed his remains to the little ceme-—
tery. He was laid away, surrounded by the friends of his early
_youth and his old age, and some one said when we came away, “This
is the pleasantest funeral I ever attended.” That was really true.
We could not have a feeling of regret only that we should never
see him more. We felt that his life’s work was done, that he had
passed into the rest to which he was so justly entitled. We shall
miss him here year after year as we gather at our annual meeting,
yet we shall have blessed memories and a thankful feeling that we
knew him and that we loved him.
Mr. Dartt I met nearly forty years ago as one of the earliest
members of this society. I knew him only as I met him at these
meetings. I knew him to be an earnest, conscientious and en-
thusiastic horticulturist. I knew that he felt that he was doing
something for the good of the state, and I knew that he really
wished to do something for the state, and I believe that he did. We
shall miss him at the meetings, especially the older members of
the society. We shall miss him for the energetic talk that the
gentleman who preceded me mentioned, and he did many times
enliven the meeting, but at the same time he told us something that
we were all glad to hear and to know.
Mr. J. T, Grimes, the other member who has passed away, was
one of my earliest friends when I came to this city. He was here
several years before I came. He was always to me the same kind,
friendly gentleman. It is said that “An honest man is the noblest
work of God.” Mr. Grimes was the personification of an honest
man. I have known him socially and in a business way, and I al-
ways found him to be just the same honorable, upright and gener-
ous man. He was a most enthusiastic horticulturist, and his home
was an ideal one. It was then a farm quite a little distance from
the city, as we considered it at that time. It was surrounded with
all the beautiful things that nature could give him to plant. He
had trees, shrubs and flowers. Everything that was new he had,
and I think we are very largely indebted to him for many of the
beautiful shrubs that we see around in our grounds today. The
last time I met him was at the summer meeting of the horticultural
society. He was nearly blind, and yet he was going about trying
to see the fruit, feeling of it with his hands in a loving way. His
daughter was with him and directed him to the various points of
interest to him. He said to me, “I was hardly able to get here, but
I had to come.” We were all glad to see him.
He has done his life work. His name will be honored in this
community where he lived so long, and we can only hope that when
we older members of this association pass away that we may have
the same kind sentiments expressed toward us that I know we all
feel and express toward his memory.
MEMORIAL HOUR. 449
MEMORIAL HOUR ADDRESS.
O. C. GREGG, LYND.
Mr. President and Members of the Horticultural Society: I do
not know how you were impressed with that organ solo, but I want
to premise my remarks by telling you how it affected me. I am
not a musician, but I think, I know, in fact, that I was born with
a love of harmony, and as I listened to those sweet strains from the
organ they: were interpreted to me. First, there were those strains
which always betoken sadness and mournfulness that is always oc-
casioned by death—and when we consider it from the standpoint
of nature there is nothing but gloom and sadness associated with
it. One of the brightest men of the century said when looking into
a tomb that it was “a windowless tomb.” But every human being
has another element in him aside from that of mind, which is com-
monly called the soul, and as I listened to that solo I found there
were strains in it that were suggestive of triumph, and I said to
myself, as I now say to you, they were exceedingly appropriate,
because you with me believe when we speak of death we do not think
of it alone from the standpoint of nature, which speaks to us only
of sadness and sorrow and mourning as those that have no hope,
but we think of it in another light, that betokens and makes us have
firm faith in a higher and better existence. And I do not speak in
fulsome praise, nor do I multiply words when I say that when we
assemble here this afternoon to pay respect to those three men that
we shall think of them as still living. I have no scientific proof of
the fact, but I cultivate the faith that although they do pass into a
higher plane of existence they still see us. I think so very fre-
quently of my old father whose portrait hangs over my desk at
home, and ever since I was a little boy I have cherished the belief
that my mother, who passed away when I was a child six years old,
nevertheless has watched over me and cared for me. John Wesley
said of his people, “It can be well said of them, they die well,”
and the proof of the strength of that: statement lies in the fact that
it has been received and handed down to us for over one hundred
years. That phrase carried the idea that the dying hour was the
merit and measure of life. I think there is a better measure and
which I would rather have said of me, and that is that ‘“‘he lived
well.”
I have a few words to say concerning Prof. Pendergast, be-
cause with him I was well acquainted, and you know, friends, if
you knew him at all, it is a truthful statement when I say that Pro-
fessor Pendergast lived well. I wish to call to your attention what
I believe to be a great fact in human life, that the best things, the
best in us, is the last to appear. Look over the history of the world,
and we have testimony abounding giving proof of a strong’ physical
organization. Athletics have abounded almost from the beginning
of history. And they have multiplied until we have rare examples
many times multiplied of men who have excelled in mental strength
and power to grasp things. After the mental comes the moral.
And today it is safe to say that we have a measure of soul life of a
man developed with the physical life, and when we speak of Prof.
450 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Pendergast we measure him by that life. Best of all, as I remember
him, having been in contact with him for some eighteen years, that
life seemed to him as being the essential point. It was emphasized
in his government as a teacher and as superintendent of our farm
school. It was spontaneous with him; he governed by kindness,
because he believed in kindness and love; and he governed well be-
cause he appealed to the most noble and the highest instincts of the
people with whom he was brought in contact. It was one of those
indications of the higher portion of our life. He was exceedingly
charitable in his conversation, and the more I see of men and the
more I study society the more I am inclined to place great stress
on that type of life that is charitable of the faults and shortcomings
of others. And with Professor Pendergast I want to speak a kind
word for my and your old friend, Col. John H. Stevens. Both of
them were similar in this respect. When we had occasion to speak
of others in a spirit of criticism they would have a sense of pain
in their countenances, and they would cast about for something good
to say of them. I want to bear testimony to the fact that Professor
Pendergast used his tongue exceedingly well. He lived near to
nature’s heart. I remember I was one day sitting in his office in the
capitol building when he said to me, “Mr. Gregg, I think very much
more of the meney I get from my farm than I do of my salary.”
Do you know what it meant? You understand. The fruitage of
the soil was dear to him. The money only measured his love for
the product of the soil. That was why he became a member of the
horticultural society. That was why he enjoyed himself in this
society. That is why toward the close of his life he took so much
pleasure in his home in the country and gave it his most careful
attention. ,
My time is expired, and I close by saying I wish this world had
a greater number of those who live and measure up to the standard
of life like our old friend and horticultural associate, Professor W.
W. Pendergast.
OUR COUSINS, THE TREES.
MRS. FLORENCE BARTON LORING, MINNEAPOLIS.
Though we can no longer cling to the “creed outworn” of the
pagan, believing every tree to represent the abode of a wood-nymph,
yet some of us regard these most lovable objects of inanimate na-
ture with an emotion at once more intimate and no less appreciative
and human. :
The dryad of ancient days was the daughter of superstition and
poesy: a lovely being, but somewhat elusive, except to the ultra
imaginative person; whereas our cousin, the tree, in modern days,
unaided by any interest beside that appertaining to itself, to the
seeing mind and feeling heart, affords an object of reverence, so-
licitude, admiration and affection unequalled by aught that lacks
the breath of life.
. You will remember that Lowell, in his poem of “Under the Wil-
lows,” alludes to this relationship in the following beautiful lines: .
OUR COUSINS, THE TREES. 451
“T care not how men trace their ancestry,
To ape or Adam; let them please their whim;
But I in June am midway to believe
A tree among my far progenitors.
Such sympathy is mine with all the race,
Such mutual recognition vaguely sweet
There is between us. Surely there are times
When they consent to own me of their kin,
And condescend to me, and call me cousin.
“And I have many a lifelong, leafy friend,
Never estranged nor careful of my soul,
That knows I hate the axe, and welcomes me
Within his tent as if I were a bird,
Or other free companion of the earth,
Yet undegenerate to the shifts of men.”
You will notice that he adopts no air of patronage in mentioning
the closeness of this bond, but instead, uses the expression, “they
consent and condescend,”’ which denotes the true tree-lover, and
affords a vast contrast to the complacent air of human superiority
which Tennyson displays in his equally noted poem, “The Talking
Oak.” Many other American authors, like Hawthorne, Thoreau,
Holmes, Burroughs, Aldrich and Schwarz, avoid, as well, a pomp-
ous attitude toward “our cousins” in their published writings, and
we can read such books with a warm interest denied to the less
sympathetic writer. The poet’s thought in tracing his ancestry
back of the ape to the tree is an idea certainly more pleasing to the
fancy than the bald statement of the law of evolution; and his ha-
tred of the axe finds response in many a breast, even though we
meekly resign ourselves, the next moment, as a convert to the meth-
ods of the scientific forester. His self-congratulation that the
leafy friend is a lifelong one, never estranged or over-zealous, is a
feeling that we all have had reason to experience, at times, when
some human friend has injured our sensibilities so that we crave
comprehension and consolation. Mother Nature is not always able,
in many of her manifestations, to readily adjust herself to our more
sorrowful or tragic moods; for we then gaze almost reproachfully
at the sun—he is too brilliant ; at the sky—it is too blue; at the brook
—it babbles of glee; at the ocean—its terrific sublimity passes us by.
The immovable mountains, aspiring to heaven, are more akin, but
their remote grandeur leaves us unconsoled, and it remains for our
cousins, the trees, to apply a soothing balm to the wounded spirit.
It is then, mayhap, that one ponders most fervently upon their
beauty and endearing qualities.
Stately benignity seems embodied in the oak, elm, beech, linden,
chestnut, maple, pine and others of the larger growth, while the
smaller varieties claim recognition like childhood’s playmates and
the host of edible fruit-bearing species spread their choice stores
invitingly, with never tiring hospitality. They all appeal to us, each
in his own way and in our own way; for personal predilection
counts for much in determining preference on the part of our leafy
452. MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
friends, and the associations of early youth are an important factor
also. Who can ever gaze unmoved upon the trees most clearly
pictured in the memories of childhood? The varieties of oak, native
to this state, were the constant companions of my youthful rambles,
and the intimacy thus begun in early days will last, undiminished,
to my latest breath. To “another, the elm might be dearest, from
a similar cause, while to the individual born and bred in the moun-
tain ranges of New Mexico, Arizona or California some storm-
racked conifer will dearer prove than any beautiful specimen of a
The largest elm in at Lawrence, Massachusetts.
favored but alien clime. - The human exception to this rule is fur-
nished by the nature in which familiarity always breeds contempt.
This class invariably undervalues home ties and relations to unduly
glorify exotic growth, either in vegetation or humanity.
Thus, w hile the majority recognizes all trees as kin, our first
cousins among them differ with the individual. And here let us
pause to advance the general proposition that it is the lover, seem-
ingly, who determines the situation usually—not the beloved. In
the majority of instances, through some blessed law of affection, ’tis
the one who gives most who receives most; and so do our leafy re-
lations only yield their secrets and love lavishly to those who care
understandingly and yearn deeply for their companionship! Also,
they are no respecter of persons—their best is given as generously
OUR COUSINS, THE TREES. 453
to you or me as to a queen or emperor. And what is this “best”
that is never withheld, unless we lack receptivity? [The rightful
claims of the forester, lumberman and artisan, or the man of com-
merce, have no place in this exposition, as practical compulsion
here plays the major part; and this theme is concerned only with
free gifts between those who are akin.] Their faculty of entering
into our sorrows, with comprehension rare, has already received its
mention; and their power to rejoice with us, in moments of delight
or exultation, knows no limit. If their arms seem striving to em-
brace us, their leaves to murmur tender, murmurous phrases, and
their patient, beauteous personality persuasively to whisper of en-
durance and hope in our hours of grief, just as surely in our joyous
The Minnesota elm on farm of A. C. Loring, at Lake Minnetonka.
days do their branches toss with happy glee, their leaves ripple with
laughter and their whole aspect breathe of good cheer.
The adaptability of “our cousins” breeds in us, too, a philosophic
calm concerning environment. Some species are naturally gregari-
ous, others preferring a more solitary situation: this one selects the
rich loam of a valley for its habitat ; that, the more sterile land of the
hill; while many thrive best in a northern climate, and others creep
toward a tropical heat; but should fate or man interfere with this
natural order of things, our tree-philosopher adapts itself to changed
conditions as far as Mother Nature will permit.
Both in summer and winter do we owe them a debt for provid-
ing homes for our feathered songsters, and during the latter season
a genial fancy makes us almost believe that the enduring foliage
of the evergreens, and the dried leaves still clinging to some of our
454 MINNESOTA STATE: HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
forest trees, seek to remind humanity of the departed summer only
to inspire faith in the coming spring.
This reminder, or illusion, is more eagerly welcomed by some
of us than are bizarre effects provided by imported specimens or
so-called improved varieties, which seem to anticipate the autumn
while yet the summer lives in undiminished splendor. These purple,
red or yellow trees and shrubs savor of the abnormal, and we glance
at them askance, claiming no closer communion, much as we would
be likely to avoid an unbalanced nature among humankind. In
autumn, when bright hues reign, their peculiar traits are lost in the
general revel of gorgeous coloring, as unequal or distorted natures
may, amidst unusual circumstances; in seasons of stress or great
festivity, in company with others, seem lost—or, appropriate enough,
during the general commotion affecting all.
Nature plants ‘‘our cousins” in an inimitable manner, a manner
most difficult to copy, even by a landscape expert.. When one views
Some scene of surpassing beauty untouched by man, the untram-
meled, pure design, so perfect as a whole and in detail, holds a secret
in its perfection that is yet unsolved by the artist, landscape archi-
tect or nature-lover. While viewing the scene with admiration, one
gazes into paradise, a paradise that assumes a sphinx-like transition
when one seeks to penetrate the why and wherefore of its complete-
ness.
It requires no prophet to predict that, some day, as now in
Europe, through the necessities of practical forestry, our woods
compassing any size will gradually become artificial in appearance ;
ultimately, to a considerable extent, beauty will be sacrificed to
utility ; which leads the tree-lover of today to reflect, half sadly, that
while coming centuries may achieve victories in science, art, in-
vention and altruism, surpassing the wildest dreams or hopes of the
present generation, one boon will be denied that coming race of men,
unrestrained, natural intercourse with “our cousins, the trees” !
In conclusion, even the most careless and light-hearted among
us at times will picture the last resting place, where, perhaps willing-
ly, we are fated to lay us down to sleep. And what, in connection
with the surroundings, is most prominent in the mind? A cold,
pretentious marble monument or a tree that will lean lovingly o’er
the departed one, yielding protection and sweetly if vaguely hinting
consolation to the living?
And in our dreams of the hereafter, can we not echo these senti-
ments -—
“Lord of the world to be, ;
Build me no jasper palace,
But the young leaf on the tree,
And the young bloom on the trellis !”
THE SUCCESSFUL APPLE ORCHARD OF THE FUTURE. 455
THE SUCCESSFUL APPLE ORCHARD OF THE FUTURE,
H. V. POORE, BIRD ISLAND.
The too often dying out of apple trees before fruiting, and the
very few years of fruiting of those trees that live long enough to
bear fruit, has convinced me that something is wrong and that I
need not look for success upon lines that I have been following for
the past twenty years.
My experience with apple trees has been such that the different
tunes which tree agents harp upon have no more charms for me.
Mr. Hamlin V. Poore and seven-year old Plumb Cider apple tree.
At one time it sounded nice to hear of the long-scion grafting
Epes the short-grafting process and the budding process; of the
wide leaf immunity from “blight, etc.: but the charm is broken, and
I have come to where I shall depend upon my experience and com-
mon sense to guide me in producing a successful apple orchard.
Where I am located the soil is deep, rich and porous, which
applies also to the subsoil to a depth of twenty feet or more, giving”
all the promise I could ask for successful and healthy crowth.
Therefore, I must look to other causes and conditions to account for
the short life of my apple trees. I find that in some seasons, owing
to drouth, the soil becomes extremely dry to a depth of four to six
450 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
feet; also in winter if there is no snow to protect the ground from
freezing deeply it becomes frozen to the depth of three and four
feet. I find conditions, therefore, very trying to the vitality of the
apple tree; especially so if the tree has been taxed by fruiting
heavily. So when I consider the methods adopted in the propaga-
tion of apple trees, I believe those methods are against the tree pass-
ing successfully through the unfavorable conditions just mentioned.
Very few trees regain the tap-root condition so necessary to help
them withstand extremes of drouth and cold.
If left to remain where planted after grafting, some would put
down deep roots, but after remaining in a nursery two or three years
the roots are cut off and the tree is planted in an orchard, and in
View in orchard of Mr. Hamlin V. Poore, Bird Island.
most instances the whole top left on. Owing to fertile soil and
favorable weather for growth the tree grows ‘and appears thrifty,
giving hope to the planter but of too short duration.
Now I come to my method of producing a successful apple or-
chard. I select seeds of apples grown in this state—the better the
apple from which the seeds are selected the gréater the promise of
choice seedlings being produced. These seeds I grow one year in
nursery row, then I transplant to permanent orcharc 1, having of
course the ground ready prepared and marked out. The greatest
care must be observed in the preservation of the tap root. With
spading fork, one forkful of earth is removed from the yearling tree,
and the tree is then carefully pulled up, preserving in addition to
the taproot all the lesser roots possible. By wrapping with wet
THE SUCCESSFUL APPLE ORCHARD OF THE FUTURE. 457
burlap the roots are protected from becoming dry in the air. In re-
planting every care must be taken to get the taproot deep down
again in its natural state. A forkful of earth is removed, and with a
suitable iron rod a hole is made deep enough to admit putting the
root down full length; then the hole is filled up with loose, fine earth
and firmly packed. The tree is now in its permanent place, as near
perfect in its root development as possible, which I consider most
essential for success.
All those trees which look most promising in growth, I will
leave to bear fruit and will top-work later if fruit is not worthy in
quality. Those trees which in growth appearance seem to tend to-
wards crab variety, I will graft at once to known choice varieties.
An orchard started as here suggested I am convinced will prove
successful in its production of fruit and long life.
Mr. Poore:. I have cited just what has been brought to my ob-
servation through life. I know of trees planted in 1848 in southern
Ohio at the time when they were introducing the root-grafting pro-
cess, where one-half were root-grafts and the other half were
stock-grafts. In 1898 I visited that orchard again and not a single
root-grafted tree remained, while the stock grafts were still there.
While I resided in Missouri in 1873 I took the first premium at the
St. Louis fair for the best seedling apple. My brother-in-law being
a nurseryman planted a large orchard, and in 1876 that orchard was
bearing heavily. A year ago my brother-in-law was up here and
told me that there was not one tree in that orchard alive today, but
those five seedling trees are apparently just as hardy and thrifty
as they were when I knew them last in 1873. I can account for it
in no other way except the maintenance of the natural condition in
the ground. Nature does something for us by helping to counter-
act the influence of climate, etc.
Mr. Yahnke: I would like to ask the gentleman how old his
trees are now which he planted when they were one year old?
Mr. Poore: After twenty years’ experience and close observa-
tion I have just started my orchard.
Mr. Yahnke: I have always planted young trees. My orchard
is planted on a northwest slope, and, like Mr. Busse’s, it is an ideal
spot because I have no other. (Laughter.) I had no other place
to plant them, and in planting I used young trees. You can plant
those young trees with long roots, and they will establish them-
selves and will go down where they can get water. My trees are
thirty feet above the level of the water, where every drop of water
runs away, and I have some of those trees planted 16x32 feet, and
they are interlocked in every way, and in the sixteen foot distance
they are interlocked four feet. They are vigorous and thrifty after
twenty years. I planted young trees, and I cannot emphasize that
point enough.
Mr. Rodell: In regard to the tap root, have you ever had any
experience that would go to show that you get as good fruit from
a tree with a tap root as from one that has no tap root?
Mr. Poore: I believe an apple tree will not do as well and will
not produce as heavily as from a root-grafted tree, but you take
those trees that produce heavily, followed by a hard winter, and your
458 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
orchard is ready to be planted again. We make a great mistake in
our reports about the hardiness of trees. One man will report one
way, and another man will report his trees thrifty and healthy. If
a tree fruits heavily its vitality is exhausted, and the hardiness of
an apple depends upon so many conditions of soil, climate, etc. that
we cannot say that an apple is hardy everywhere. I believe the
hardy apples you have got here will prove a failure if you take
them away from the conditions you have here. You cannot make a
statement here in regard to anything, but some one will appear and
give an experience exactly the reverse. Let us give the conditions
under which we are laboring. (Applause. )
Mr. Kellogg: If there is any advantage in the whole-root sys-
tem this man gets pretty near it. I would plant the seed where the
apple tree should stand. I do not believe in the whole-root system.
You will get the downward roots anyway.
Mr. Patten: Mr. Yahnke seems to be very positive in his
preference for a small tree. About thirty-five years ago when I
came to northern Iowa there was a man living there by the name
of Hyse, one of the most practical orchardists we ever had in that
section of country, and there was another man living in Mitchell
county, and their trees were six to eight inches in diameter. I
had a good deal of business with those two men, and they were men
who were practical orchardists, and those men would not plant
small trees. They wanted the best three-year-old tree they could
get, or even a tree four years old. My preference would be today,
if I could get a two-year-old and a year-old tree, | would take the
first of those trees, and I think it would stand more chances than
any other tree you could select.
Mr. Yahnke: Just one word more. We are both right, I
think. (Laughter.) It is all right to plant a bigger tree if you
have an ideal place to plant it, but when you have not an ideal place,
like mine and Mr. Busse’s, where you have to plant your trees it is
better to plant a young tree, because the roots will go down to seek
water, while an older tree will bear more fruit.
Mr. Philips: This is a matter upon which we are not agreed,
and it is a question which comes up everywhere. I was delegated
to plant a trial orchard in northern Wisconsin. I have a report
here of that orchard which it will take me just eight minutes to
read. That orchard has been planted eight years, and I have made
experiments in the growth of those trees right along the lines this
man. has been speaking about. I planted one-year-old, two-year-old
and five-year-old trees in the same row, and I have the dimensions
of those trees here.
“In the spring of 1896 I planted eighteen Northwestern Greening
apple trees in the same row. Nine were two-year-olds and
nine were five-year-olds. In 1903 I find the five-year-old trees aver-
age twelve inches in circumference and the two-year-olds eleven
and one-half inches in circumference, and in three years more the
two-year-olds, having been set back less in transplanting, will be
away ahead of the older trees, an argument in favor of planting
young trees. I also planted at same time nine different yarieties of
THE SUCCESSFUL APPLE ORCHARD OF THE FUTURE. 459
trees as follows: I planted two three-year-old Virginia crab trees ;
sixteen feet north of that I planted six Wealthy root-grafts, and six-
teen feet farther north I planted a three-year-old Wealthy tree;
then I repeated it for, as Mr. Gregg says, a check. Though the
Okabena and Northwestern Greening made a larger ‘growth all
around I will only give the measurements of the Wealthy now. In
1897 I top-grafted both the Virginia crab trees with Wealthy scions ;
now, in 1903 I find the top-grafted trees to be twelve feet high and
nine inches in circumference, the root-grafts, of which the best ones
were saved for trees without being moved or the roots mutilated,
are eleven and one-ualf feet high and six inches in circumference,
and the Wealthy that was three years old at time of planting is now
twelve feet high and eight and one-half inches in circumference.
Of over twenty varieties both top-worked and on their own stock,
the three that are most thrifty are seedlings from three different
states, to-wit: Okabena, from Minnesota; Patten’s Greening, from
Iowa; and Northwestern Greening, from Wisconsin. The above
crab trees were top-grafted in 1897.”
GROWING STRAWBERRIES FOR HOME USE AND
MARKET.
G. A. ANDERSON, RENVILLE.
The strawberry is comparatively easy to grow if it is given at-
tention and care at the proper time. Strawberries enough for family
use can be raised on a very small piece of ground, as the yield most
years is enormous if proper care is given. A patch of four or five
square rods will supply the average family. The strawberry is one
of our most delicious and wholesome fruits, both for canning and
especially to eat fresh. It is quite a comfort.to have them on the
table three times a day for a month or more, fresh picked from your
own garden, and, of course, the canned product can be had the rest
of the year. In selecting ground for strawberries select such as is
of medium elevation, and well drained, either naturally or artificially.
Steep hillsides should not be selected, as during heavy rains they
wash badly and cover the plants. My soil is a black loam with a
clay subsoil, and I find they do very well on that. Soil that works
easily is to be preferred to a stiff and heavy one.
Ground that has been growing a cultivated crop, such as corn
or potatoes, and received thorough cultivation is best, as it will be
cleaner from weeds and in better condition. If ground is not rich
enough a coat of well-rotted manure should be applied. I gener-
ally apply the manure to the crop growing the previous season. I
have also had good success planting on land that raised grain the
previous season, but then the weeds are more troublesome.
In the spring we do not plow the ground, but go over it several
times with a disc harrow and drag it until the soil is in fine condi-
tion. The reason we do not plow in the spring is that in a dry year
fall plowing holds moisture better.
After the soil is well worked and in a fine condition, we mark
the patch with rows three and one-half feet apart. This may seem
rather close to some, but we use the corn marker for the work, which
460 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
is three and one-half feet. After marking we take a two-shovel one-
horse cultivator, turning one shovel back and using just one. With
this we run in the mark, getting a furrow deep enough to set plants
in. I never usé a spade or dibble. On a dry day only a few fur-
rows should be made at a time.
_ The plants are set from one to two feet apart in the rows, ac-
cording to how strong a plant-maker the variety is. Only first-class
plants should be used, such as are dug from a one-year-old patch.
For commercial purposes I think it is best to raise the plants at
home, as it is sometimes difficult to ship plants and receive them in
good condition.
Strawberry plants can usually be set any time from April 25th
to May 15th or even later, but we get best results by planting as .
early in the spring as the ground can be worked and put in good
condition. An early start is of great advantage, especially in a dry
season,
The plants should be cultivated and hoed about once a week dur-
ing summer until about August Ist. After that time but few weeds
will appear, and those that do can be hand-pulled. All blossoms
that appear the first year should be picked off, as it will give the
plants more strength to develop. We let the plants form a matted
row about two and one-half feet wide. Plant two rows of pistillate
and one of staminate, of varieties that blossom at the same time, to
insure pollination.
In regard to the most profitable varieties, they differ somewhat
according to soil and locality. Among the pistillate varieties I have
found none to equal the Warfield, both as to yield, size and selling
qualities. For staminate we use the Lovett mostly. I have some of
the Splendid planted, but have not fruited them yet. I have fruited
the Brandywine two years, but they have not given good satisfac-
tion. As soon as the ground freezes hard enough in the fall to
carry a team the plants should be covered with clean straw, corn-
stalks or hay, three or four inches deep, to prevent ground from
freezing and thawing in winter and thereby heaving the plants. This
covering is left on the plants until they show signs of sprouting in
the spring. It should be left on as late as possible without injuring
the plants, as it tends to retard the blossoming period and may have
the effect of saving the crop from late spring frosts. The covering
is then raked off the plants and left in the spaces between the rows.
A part of the covering is left on the plants, as they will readily grow
through part of it, and the berries will be cleaner. This is all that
is done until the crop is ready, except to pull any. weeds that may
appear.
As soon as the crop is gathered we go over the patch with a
mower, cutting everything. This is left on the patch and in a short
time new plants will appear. In this way we have grown two and
three good crops without any cultivation after first year.
In regard to the profits derived from growing strawberries, they
will vary as any other crop according to season. For home use it is
not measured by dollars and cents, but by having a good supply of
home-grown berries for family use. For market the returns will
compare favorably with other crops grown. The year 1902 I kept
GROWING STRAWBERRIES FOR HOME USE AND MARKET. 461
accurate account of the berries sold from one-third of an acre. Fif-
teen hundred quarts were picked, which sold in our home market
for $165, and in addition to this about 5,000 plants were dug from
the same patch in the spring. This year the same patch, with an
addition of about ten square rods, produced 1,400 quarts, which sold
for $130, the price averaging about 2 cents per quart less this year
than 1902.
Mr. Barnes: When do you put on your mulch?
Mr. Anderson: Just about the time it is frozen hard enough
so the wagon will not cut through.
Mr. Alfred Hawkins: I would like to ask Mr. Anderson what
he uses in preparing the ground. Last summer I plowed my ground
and sowed it to millet. I plowed it under this fall and intend to
plant it to strawberries next spring.
One-third acre of strawberries on place of G. A. Anderson, at Renville, yielding
in 1903 Over 2,000 qts. Several thousand plants dug from it the previous year.
Mr. Anderson: I have had no experience with millet as a crop
before strawberries, so I cannot say how it would do.
Mr. Gardner: What variety do you fertilize with?
Mr. Anderson: The Warfield.
Mr. J. A. Shephard: I have sowed millet the last two seasons
before planting. It chokes out all the weeds and is a great benefit.
Mr. Elliot: Do you cut the top off or plow it under?
Mr. Shepard: I cut it off.
Mr. Elliot: Millet is a gross feeder, and it will injure the fer-
tility of the soil.
Mr. Shephard: Before sowing the millet I give the ground a
heavy coat of manure.
Mr. Geo. J. Kellogg (Wis.): I wish to ask Mr. Anderson
whether he restricts his plants in the row and what varieties he rec-
ommends for planting.
462 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Anderson: Most years I do not have to restrict them. I
just let them grow for matted rows two feet wide.
Mr. Kellogg: How long do you leave on your mulch?
Mr. Anderson: I leave it on all the time.
Mr. Kellogg: How deep do you cover?
Mr. Anderson: I do not cover them very deep, just enough so
the plant does not show through.
Mr. Kellogg: Does not that hinder their fertilizing?
Mr. Anderson: I don’t think so; I have never had any diffi-
culty in that way.
Prof. Robertson: Did you ever lose any by covering later in
the fall after it was frozen deeper?
Mr. Anderson: I never waited that long before covering. I
generally cover after the ground is frozen two or three inches.
Mr. Kellogg: What are the best varieties for family use?
Mr. Anderson: I think the Lovett and Warfield.
Mr. Kellogg: And which for market?
Mr. Anderson: The Warfield.
Mr. Elliot: Did you ever lose any by late covering?
Mr. Anderson: I never covered very late.
Prof. Robertson: I never cover mine until the ground is frozen
as deep as it is going to freeze. I think the heaving comes from
freezing and thawing. If I can have the ground thoroughly frozen
I never lose any by covering late. My strawberries are not yet
covered. You know some said last winter that they would be smoth-
ered next spring, but from those three small patches we picked over
1,200 quarts up to July 20.
Mr. Johnson: Why do you consider the Warfield the best as a
market berry?
Mr. Anderson: Because it is the best yielder, and it is the best
selling berry. ; ,
Mr. Brackett: Have you ever found that it was affected by
drouth on account of its being a short rooter?
Mr. Anderson: That has not been my experience.
Mr. Studley: Have you ever had any experience with wood
ashes ?
Mr. Anderson: I have never tried wood ashes.
Studley: I have dabbled in strawberries a good deal, and
my experience ‘is that wood ashes, a certain amount, is one of the
best fertilizers I have ever tried. I go to several saw mills within
easy reach, where I can get them in large quantities, and I spread
them over the beds, a certain quantity.
‘Mr. J. W. Murray: About how much?
Mr. Studley: I wait until the ground freezes. I want to say
to the gentleman who spoke last that in my experience I would ad-
vocate deep freezing every time. I want the strawberry bed thor-
oughly frozen before I cover it. I very often do not cover mine un-
til February. Then I do not cover very heavily. I use the ashes
in moderate quantities, just giving the bed a good white sprinkling.
I think any person who is in a position to obtain ashes will never
regret his work if his experience is long enough to prove their value.
GROWING STRAWBERRIES FOR HOME USE AND MARKET, 463
Mr. R. H. Pendergast: I have always made it a practice to use
ashes freely on strawberries, and another thing I use is salt. An
orchard and everything in plant life will be benefited by the use of
ashes. I never like to cover my strawberries until the ground is
thoroughly frozen. My experience is that I get the covering too
deep if there is a good deal.of snow, but I am so situated that I
can use evergreen boughs, and I keep my plants back by covering
them with evergreens. I find that gives me a later crop, which pays
better.
Mr. Kellogg (Wis.): How much salt do you use?
Mr. Pendergast: Not a great deal. I scatter it over the vines
two or three times during the season.
Mr. Kellogg: Say about two quarts to the rod?
Mr. Pendergast: That would not be too much:
Mr. Baldwin: I have had a little experience along that line.
The rule is to use 100 bushels of hardwood ashes to the acre. If
you use soft wood ashes or leached ashes you will have to use
twice as much. Each one has to study the requirements of his own
soil. If you had a timber soil you would naturally have plenty of
ashes; there is a good deal in that kind of soil. In every soil that
is lacking in potash you get good results from the use of ashes. If
you have a soil where plants are inclined to make too much growth
you will find it better to use ashes instead of manure; then you will
have it less fertile and get a good deal better fruit.
Mrs. Moore: What time do you put on the ashes?
Mr. Baldwin: In the spring of the year. I scatter them thor-
oughly and then harrow them in. It is used just like a commercial
fertilizer.
Mr. J. O. Weld: I want to add my experience on this subject,
which should be the experience of every man having a little patch
of strawberries. Most of my neighbors do not want to bother with
strawberries. They believe it does not pay, and they have a sort
of an idea that it is a work for women anyway. They plow a little
patch around the house and let the women take care of it entirely;
they think anything of that kind is too small for them to bother with.
I had a little patch for several years about 50x55 feet, or a little over
three rods square. Last spring it became pretty weedy; I did not
know what to do with it. Finally I went to work at it on my knees
to dig the grass out with a little trowel. While I was at work one
of my neighbors came along and said, “Why do you want to bother
with that; why don’t you plow it up? It will never amount to any-
thing.” I said I would try it anyway and see whether or not it
would pay. I got it cleaned, and when it came to the fruiting sea-
son we kept an accurate account of the berries we raised on that
patch. There were eleven in the family; we had all we wanted to
eat twice a day for a month;. Mrs. Weld canned forty quarts, and
in addition I sold $28.60 worth of berries from. that little patch.
That shows that it pays. I live at Lake Minnetonka, where we have
a good market for our fruit, but at any rate it paid me to spend
two days in that little patch. : ;
Mr. Gardner: What varieties did you have?
464 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Weld: I do not know. There were some Crescent, and
the other kind I do not know.
Mr. J. H. Shephard: I intend to use a transplanter next season
for strawberries. I would like to inquire whether any one has had
any experience with it.
Mr. A. D. Barnes (Wis.): Do you have reference to a horse
planter?
Mr. Barnes: I sent a customer at Milwaukee a good many thou-
sand plants last spring, and followed them down to see them set
with the planter. It was one that planted two rows, and it worked
with wonderful success. Two boys sit between the shovels and
drop the plants in the rows, the outside shovel covers them up, and
the concave shovel presses the earth down. That job was very suc-
cessful. They would plant five to six acres a day with a driver and
two boys dropping the plants.
The President: I think there is a machine of that kind manu-
factured in Minneapolis. I believe it is made by the Owen Manu-
facturing Company.
Mr. Kellogg (Wis.): I wish to utter a word of caution about
the Senator Dunlap. It will run ten feet, and unless it is restricted
it will not be a success. I keep it in narrow matted rows about
eighteen inches wide. I have some in rows at home about eighteen
inches wide.
THE MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD’S
FAIR, NOV. 1ST.
FRANK YAHNKE, WINONA.
How the fair impressed me when I came there, I have given you.
in my previous report, but after being there for two weeks I have
looked more thoroughly into it.
Both of our fruit exhibits are novelties. The old Dutch windmill
arouses more than a passing interest. The greater part of the peo-
ple who enter the Horticultural Hall from the south entrance will
first of all look at that windmill and utter exclamations of surprise
and admiration at such an exhibit from Minnesota.
This certainly is a fine exhibit and surely worthy of the admira-
tion the people bestow upon it. No apple on it is placed there by
mishap or chance. Each apple is placed to secure the best possible
effect, in blending of color and general appearance. Arrangements
are made so that the arms move by the use of an electric motor.
This novelty draws close observation and makes the people stand
still with awe and amazement.
The other exhibit is a novelty by its structure. It has a turntable
on each side revolved by the power of an electric motor. The fine,
large fruits, set up in such a way so as to blend the colors and give
the best possible appearance, always draw a crowd of eager ob-
servers, and we can at most any time hear such exclamations as
these: ‘‘What fine apples!’ “How beautiful!’ “Minnesota can
grow fruit!’ “These are the best looking apples I ever saw!”
“How nice and clear and fresh,” and ‘You northern states have the
advantage over us, for your fruits are not so much affected with
diseases.”
MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD’S FAIR. 465
These dear people who admire our exhibits of fruits so much do
not imagine how much work it is to keep it up in such a condition.
Comparing our exhibit with that of other states I can say that the
work on ours is triple or four times as much, even if other states
have larger exhibits. If our fruit were placed on tables like the
other states have placed theirs, the work to keep the tables and fruit
clean would be comparatively little, and very handily done. But on
our exhibit the shelves are so arranged that each shelf needs extra
work and care and often each plate. Besides this there was the work
to place the fruit on the windmill. One day during my stay three
barrels of apples were placed on the windmill, which took two men,
working hard, all day to do it.
Mr. Thomas Redpath, the assistant in charge of the exhibit, is
the right man in the right place. He not alone knows how to do the
work but he does it, too. He certainly does all that can possibly be
done to make the Minnesota exhibit an honor to the state, and I
received the impression that he succeeded remarkably well. During
my stay, I had the opportunity to see in what condition the fruit
shipped there arrived. Some of the fruit arrived in first class con-
dition, but other shipments were badly bruised and some decayed.
It was all due to the manner in which the fruit was packed.
Wherever the fruit was nicely packed, and the box or barrel filled
solidly, so that the apples could not move back and forth, they
arrived in good condition, but where they had a chance to move they
were badly bruised. When I left we had some very fine and large
Wolf River, N. W. Greening and many other showy varieties of ap-
ples on the table, also a nice display of grapes and cranberries.
SOME IMPROVED HOME GROUNDS IN MINNEAPOLIS.
MRS. M. M. BARNARD, MINNEAPOLIS.
This paper is not concerned with the park-like surroundings of
any of the palatial homes of which Minneapolis is so justly proud,
and except for the purpose of defining the limitations of the topic
it would not be necessary to mention them; for the home grounds
here referred to are those where no hired gardener is employed and
where careful economy is necessary in the expenditure of both time
and money, and yet where the results have added materially to the
fame and beauty of the city. It was to encourage such effort that
the Commercial Club in 1902, and again in 1903, offered cash prizes
for best kept lawns, and in recognition of former efforts along simi-
lar lines requested the Improvement League to appoint a committee
composed of three of its members to inspect the yards of all com-
petitors. This is an endeavor to give a brief report of the work of
that committee ; perhaps it would be better to say experience of that
commitee, for the Public Affairs Committee of the Commercial Club
had really done the work. The lists were all prepared, the city for
convenience divided into five districts, and four cash prizes offered
in each district: first and second for best kept and most attractive
406 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
yards, front and rear, of premises owned or occupied by one whose
income did not exceed twelve hundred dollars ($1,200) per annum;
and first and second (for each district) for yard, front and rear,
of premises owned or occupied by one whose income did not ex-
ceed $1,200 per annum showing greatest improvement during the
season. In addition to these, Northrup, King & Co. offered a cash
prize for the yard judged to be the most attractive, and another for
the one showing greatest improvement during the season of all’
in the city. The Jewell Nursery Co. offered prizes in plants. It is
important to bear in mind the qualification ‘‘whose income does not
exceed $1,200 per annum,” and also that no limitation was placed in
the opposite direction. Consequently it did not debar any one on
that end of the scale—not even that much excluded group, the last-
named of that.gruesome trio so often mentioned on our statute
books for the sole purpose of exclusion, and for legal convenience so
amazingly classified. We did not meet any of the first-named
nor of the second named of that trio, but of the last named, the ‘“‘mar-
ried women,”’ we met a great many, and they interested us the more
because they seemed to have more to contend with and because they
did seem to have greater difficulties to overcome. I will begin with
them.
There was one woman whose yard when we visited it in the
spring was as bare and unattractive as anything could possibly be
that was clean—for it was clean; even the dirt was clean and looked
as though it had been scrubbed and rinsed until nothing could be
expected to grow out of it, and clean old boards were used for walks
and fences, both of which bore unmistakable evidence of feminine
construction. The yard was all in the rear, for the house stood
so close to the street and at so great an elevation from the street,
because of grading, that there was no room for anything except a
precipice in front.
When we visited this same place again in August the transforma-
tion reminded me of the fairy stories that children delight to hear
where at a wave of the fairy godmother’s wand the ugly becomes
the beautiful. Here was a realization of it all, and this busy woman,
in her clean, blue calico dress, was the fairy, and her willing hands
the potent wand. All of that clean, ugly dirt was covered by a pro-
fusion of brilliant plants, every inch of space except that occupied by
the clean old boards was a mass of gorgeous color. Even the old,
eccentric looking fences and sheds were covered with vines, and the
plants could easily shake hands across the board walks. Every
well known annual was there; such a well cared for, jubilant collec-
tion of old friends from the flower kingdom is seldom met with—
all looking as merry as a May party.
Another representation of the “married women” group peeked at
us from’ behind the house where she was engaged in removing the
surface of her entire town lot, in order to replace it with rich loam.
She did not become visible, except as to her eyes and top of her
head, until a sudden inspection revealed our identity, when she hast-
ened to meet us and to tell us that she had been much afraid that
her “improvements” would be all completed before the committee
had been enabled to see the place in its original unadorned condition,
SOME IMPROVED. HOME GROUNDS IN MINNEAPOLIS. 407
for she had no intention of awaiting the slow motions of any com-
mittee. Her better half was “laid up” with a broken rib, and she
was, temporarily at least, “monarch of all she surveyed,” although
at that particular moment acting in the capacity of a self-regulating,
well-lubricated steam shovel.
When we called in August we would not have recognized the
place had it not been for the house, so greatly had this woman’s in-
defatigable energy changed the surroundings. She had a well-kept
lawn in front, and large vases containing palms, marguerites, vincas,
geraniums, etc., and others containing caladium, colens and other
ornamental plants, all growing as only a lover of plants can make
them grow. She had beds of cannas, hedges of sweet peas, and a
“rockery” over which trailed nasturtium vines covered with blos-
soms. Every home flower that we could think of was there, and
there she was herself, as busy as ever, but this time with a long
hose watering her grass and flowers.
A third woman could proudly boast of an income, for she sup-
ported herself and her boy by washing, and really ought to be
placed in the group with the capitalists were it not that she belongs
here also. Here is a description of her yard written down on the
spot. And remember, this woman, earning her living by washing,
with the help of this little boy had done all of the work! I quote
from my notes: “Yard ordinary size of town lot. Good lawn. A
great many flowers. Many bushes. Rose bushes, dahlias, tiger
lilies. Tubs filled with earth and plants growing luxuriantly. (Isn't
that symbolical?) Potted plants set about in the yard. Beautiful
beds of zinnias and petunias. Back yard very attractive—contains
strawberry bed and vegetable garden. Boy and mother do all the
work. Washes for a living.”
Two or three more I must mention before leaving this group.
One was obliged to confine her energies to a tiny little yard not more
than ten feet wide by five or six feet long, but she must have worked
hard to accomplish such results. She had enclosed her little yard—
which was all in front—by means of a neat little fence about two feet
high made of willow branches very firmly placed, with a neat design
carried out with perfect uniformity, a very artistic piece of work in
itself and made evidently by one accustomed to the handling of the
willow in basketry or chair making or both. The flower beds were
raised about eight inches above the ground, with sodded borders,
and were a strange looking collection. There was a crescent, a
star, a heart, a diamond and a long serpentine affair that we could
not quite understand the meaning of. Before the flowers had be-
gun to grow the effect was almost grotesque; its saving grace was
the palpable fact that there was a strong effort to give expression
to an ideal of some sort. This became intelligible when in August
the crescent proved to be a crescent of zinnias, the star a star of
mixed flowers, the serpentine bed a bed of pansies, and so on, each
design distinct from all the rest. At each side of the little yard—be-
side the ornamental little fence—was a hedge of sweet peas. Not
one inch of space was wasted.
468 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
In describing the next I think a quotation verbatim from my
notes, taken down on the spot, will speak as eloquently as anything
I could say, although the barest statement of facts: “An ordinary
town lot; contains five large beds of well trained, luxuriant sweet
peas, one large bed of verbenas, one large bed of phlox, one large
bed of geraniums, one large bed of cosmos, one large bed of English
daisies, one large bed of dahlias—dahlias were also used as hedges
between front and back yards—one bed of chrysanthemums, and one
long bed of castor beans used as screen to vegetable garden. Hedge
of sunflowers and golden glow used as screen to chicken yard.
Large bed of coleus and caladiums, five rose bushes. Bed of ferns,
bed of tulips. Total, sixteen varieties of flowers, twenty flower beds.
Also large vegetable garden in back yard and fine large flock of
‘chickens. All taken care of entirely by one woman.”
The enumeration of the work of these women grows painfully
long, and yet there were so many who interested us it is hard to leave
them—in fact I could not even begin this paper until I had dis-
carded my notes entirely through mere superabundance of material—
and the memories crowd one another. There was the sweet faced
Scandinavian woman who struggled so hard with her limited vocab-
ulary of English words to express her thoughts and feelings. Her
yard proved her love of flowers, for it was one luxuriant mass of
blossoms, which she shared with us generously and expressed her
love for by saying, “A bin friend to flowers,” a quaint expression
that delighted the committee, who then and there conferred upon her
the lasting title, “A friend to flowers,” and have never since alluded
to her by any. other name.
I hoped to describe the yards cared for by the boys and the girls.
We had, through our work in the Improvement League, learned
what was possible for a boy or a girl to accomplish, but were glad
to know that in this contest the yards cared for by them could com-
pare favorably with those cared for by the grown-up people, and
there were a number of them among the prize winners. As their
work has been described before in other connection, though, we will
pass on and allow the “lords of creation,” the capitalists, to appear on
the scene—and how quickly money tells, and what a difference the
combination of strength and money—even if that is an income that
does not exceed $1,200 per year—does make, when compared with
the almost total absence of income and only a woman’s strength!
First, there was the street car conductor who in a few weeks meta-
morphosed the hollow remains of a dumping ground into a perfectly
graded, sodded lot, with stone pavements, ornamental shrubs, beau-
tiful, enormous bed of flowers, ornamental little iron fence
marking boundary line at side of lot; chicken yard and house that
were so neat and attractive that we were almost sorry that vines
were planted to screen them from view from the street.
Then there was the brisk, busy man of affairs—a ward politician
perhaps—whose yard was brilliant with fresh paint—bright red
paint, too—and gorgeous flowers, who came out to say: “Mark it
high, and I’ll divide with you.” But unfortunately for all concerned
there were others in the district who had outclassed his efforts.
SOME IMPROVED HOME GROUNDS IN MINNEAPOLIS. 469
Better than this was the old gentleman who had abundance of
time and of energy, both of which he had used to such good advan-
tage that he had made his cool, well shaded corner lot so charming
that Mrs. Nye, who was the general of our party, had to remind us
again and again that we must move on or we would not get through.
Then there was the busy foreman who had made such beautiful
rustic vases and boxes and baskets, all filled with flowers and ferns,
and who had for years supplied his neighbors with cuttings, seeds
and bulbs until the whole district was a garden. When he learned
that the mayor’s wife was a member of the committee he picked
his choicest rose for her, and as he presented it to her, together with
a tuberose, said: “The mayor is the father of the city, isn’t he?”
Which remark we thought quite equal to the ‘friend of flowers.”
There were, besides, the gardens of the women, and the gardens
of the boys, and of the girls, and of the men, the gardens where as
members of one family and one household they all worked together,
and it is not strange that the two which proved to be the most inter-
esting and attractive of all that we inspected belong to this group.
One represented aesthetic endeavor, the other utility combined with
a due regard for aesthetic effect. They were both in the same dis-
trict, each confined to a single town lot, each perfect in its way—
together they proved to be an unsolvable problem for the committee.
It is impossible for me to give an adequate description of either of
them, but perhaps I may be able to convey a faint idea of their
nature.
The first when we inspected it in the spring was a neat, orderly
home, with good, well kept lawn, fine shade trees, house in good con-
dition, everything homelike and comfortable in appearance. When
we called in August the front yard was not conspicuous, although
the effect was harmonious and in good taste—a rustic basket, some
choice plants and ferns that were attractive but not brilliantly so. The
lawn was like clean, bright velvet, the lot enclosed by an iron fence,
perfectly plain, made of small iron pipe welded to plain iron posts
with no adornment at all, but—here is the beauty of it—red honey-
suckle had been planted at regular intervals and trained over and
about the rail, and there was nothing to detract from its delicate
beauty. At the side and next to the house were the flowers, many
varieties of choice plants, a large number of them in this climate
associated with hothouse culture. My notes contain the words,
“Cannot be described, must be seen to be appreciated.’ In the
back yard there were some arches over the walks and also as a
foundation for screens made of the same iron piping, with vines
climbing over them. Sheds and woodpiles that were in the corner
of the yard directly back of the house were completely screened in
this way, leaving the intervening space with grass plot and place for
drying clothes. At the other side of the back yard and let into the
velvety lawn were three large square tanks of neatest masonry, all
cemented and enclosed like the lot with an iron rail, over which
trailed beautiful vines. These tanks contained gold fish, which could
glide through little channels from one tank to another and around
and back and must have believed themselves in a large lake. The
tanks also contained exquisite aquatic plants; in one the familiar
470 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
white pond lily, in another the pink lily, and in the third other choice
aquatic plants. The little boy, who was the only member of the
family at home when we called, told us that the yard represented
the result of the combined interest and labor of them all, father,
mother and child. Everything about the place was in perfect order
and all spotlessly clean.
The other place, as before mentioned, was also a single lot. The
occupants had been there four years; father, mother and daughters
all worked in the garden. The little front yard was shady—too
shady for flowers, but a long bed of maidenhair and other ferns
that stretched the full length of the porch caused us to linger a long
time to enjoy the beauty of what seemed like a bit of the heart of
the forest. At the side, as an enclosure, was a hedge of arbor vitae,
between which and the house were the flower beds. Mrs. Keyes
counted twenty-seven varieties of flowers. There were varieties
there that we had never before seen, the seeds and slips from which
they had grown having been brought from the old home in Germany.
There were, besides these rare varieties, all the varieties of familiar
annuals. The back yard was divided into two parts: on the right
hand was the vegetable garden, which had produced in rotation of
crops all of the vegetables the family had required during the sum-
mer with the exception of potatoes, and there was a surplus for
winter storage. On the left hand was the fruit. In the center a
strawberry bed, from which they had gathered during this one sea-
son sixty quarts of strawberries. On each side of the square and at
each end was a row of small fruits—gooseberries as large and fine as
those raised in California; currants large and perfect, like the Cali-
fornia varieties ; raspberries and blackberries completed the list.
Some one in our party inquired how they managed to protect
‘their fruit from trespassers, boys. especially. The answer was:
“The boys never touch anything. They often come to the fence and
ask questions about the culture of the different things, but they never
bother us. They seem to respect us and our garden.”
I have avoided the use of names, but we have the names and
addresses of all whose gardens we visited—all mentioned in this
paper and many more.
I wish I had the power to impart to you an idea of the feeling
of reverence aroused in the members of our committee by our visits
to some of these homes. One member with head bowed and tears in
her eyes said, ‘I feel—oh, I can’t tell you how I feel! Just as I
do in church sometimes !’’"—a feeling shared by the other members
and akin to that experienced in the presence of the sublime in nature
or when up on a mountain height we catch a glimpse of something
fathomless beyond.
a
NURSERY IN THE PILLSBURY FOREST RESERVE. 471
NURSERY IN THE PILLSBURY FOREST R&SERVE.
GENERAL C. C. ANDREWS,* STATE FIRE WARDEN.
The spruce and pine nursery on the Pillsbury Forest Reserve
is located sixteen miles northwest of Brainerd. It is a carefully
cultivated and fenced acre in which principally Norway spruce
seeds were sown in long beds last spring. The Norway spruce came
up fairly well. In many of the beds the rows are full of thrifty
plants. The white pine and white spruce did not come up as well.
The trees vary from an inch to three inches in height, and it is
estimated that there are about a million of them.
The sight of so many young trees perfectly free from weeds is
most pleasing. Half the nursery is covered with lath screens, and
the other half with brush screens on poles resting on firmly set
posts eight feet high. This shade has tinged the whole floor of
the nursery with green moss—an interesting picture. The screens
were planned by Professor Green, were made by Lars Hope, the
nursery-keeper, in workmanlike manner, and will last several years.
The nursery being half a mile from Mr. Hope’s residence, he
was unable to prevent some of the seeds after they were sown from
being consumed by blackbirds and gophers. As many as thirty
gophers were shot. To dispatch the rest Mr. Hope put into their
holes paper saturated with bi-sulphide of carbon. To the black-
birds he issued a few rations of millet mixed with paris green with
desired effect.
Before snow falls these seedlings will receive a thin cover of
hay. Before they are over two years old they should be taken
up and set where they are to remain permanently. It is believed that
spruce for pulp will yield quicker returns than any other tree on
cut-over lands of light soil, and probably the forestry board will
experiment in growing spruce on a part of the Pillsbury donation
if the next legislature shall furnish means for doing so.
“APPLE DAY.”
HORTICULTURAL HALL, ST. Lours, Oct. 4, 1904.
Welcome to the glorious festive day!
We hope and believe it has come to stay.
And on this—the young kids will ever prey!
“Hooray’’ for ‘Apple Day.”’
This is the gala day of the World’s Fair!
Most glorious—though in conception rare!
Grand chance for dower—by some millionaire.
“Hooray’’ for ‘‘Apple Day.”’
Worth a hundred miles walk—is such a sight!
Legions will be tugging with all their might,
To put the ‘“‘Big Red Apples’’ out of sight.
‘‘Hooray’’ for ‘Apple Day.”’
The St. Louis Fair was not wrought in vain!
If it has foes —on ‘‘Apple Day’’ they’re slain!
With ‘“‘Big Red Apples’’—we’re sure of our game!
‘‘Hooray”’ for “Apple Day.’’
“Apple Day”’ makes ‘“‘Johunie Apple Seed”’ shout!
And ‘‘Gideons’ Band’”’ to enjoy the rout!
Foes all killed by kindness —or melted out!
‘“Hooray’’ for ‘‘Apple Day.”’ Sam Bucus.
472 MINNESOTA. STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MY CHERRY ORCHARD AND ITS LESSONS.
W. S. WIDMOYER, DRESBACH.
My first planting of cherries was made in the spring of 1893
and consisted of five trees each of English Morello and Mont-
morency, but it was so late that only two of each kind were alive
the following fall.
(Lesson one: do not plant too late in spring.)
I also planted ten trees procured from a neighbor and said
to be Early Richmond, but they are not; they are a tall growing
Cherry orchard on place of W. S. Widmoy er.
tree, with a light or grayish colored bark, and so far I have had
no fruit from them, although they usually blossom full.
(Lesson two: do not pick up trees or plants from all over
the neighborhood, unless sure you know what you are getting.)
I also set twenty root sprouts from an Early Richmond tree
which grew on the old farm and bore good crops for several
years, and which I know to be an Early Richmond on its own
roots, as I dug and set the tree myself in 1879; yet these twenty
trees have only had enough fruit for the birds so far.
(Question? Will continued propagation of the cherry and
other trees by root sprouts be followed by unproductiveness ?)
My main cherry orchard consists of seventy-five trees set
out in the spring of 1894, consisting of twenty-five each of Kentish
Red, Early Richmond and Homer Morello. In the spring of
MY CHERRY ORCHARD AND ITS LESSONS. 473
1900 the Kentish Red and Early Richmond were full of fruit
buds but were all killed by the cold weather. In 1901 we had
our first good crop of fruit, picking thirty-one and a half bush-
els, which sold in St. Paul and Minneapolis for $3.50 and $4.00
per bushel. They were Kentish Red and Early Richmond. The
Homer Morello trees were from root sprouts and have borne
only a few cherries up to this time.
The past two years there has been but a small crop. We
managed to get five or six bushels of the early ones, the birds
getting all the late ones, taking them before they were ripe
enough to market.
(Lesson three: shoot the birds.)
My trees were planted 12x12 feet, on the advice of the nurs-
eryman, which is much too close. They grow too tall, it is hard
to pick the fruit and causes so many of small lower limbs to die,
getting your bearing wood higher up each year.
(Lesson four: plant 18x18 or 20x20 feet.)
The first four years the trees were cultivated clean, raising
garden truck, muskmelons, etc., between them; since that time
they have been left in grass, this being cut twice a year and left
on the ground. This seems to be good for them, as they make an
annual growth of ten to fourteen inches.
I have tried several varieties of sweet cherries, and all have.
proved a failure except the May Duke. We had a few cherries
of this kind this season (1903). This is not a real sweet cherry,
but a very good sub-acid, much sweeter than Early Richmond,
etc., and the fact of its fruiting in Minnesota the past season is
cause for encouragement to the growers of this fruit.
From my experience, I cannot advise extensive planting of
the cherry in Minnesota except in the most favorable locations.
KEEPING UP HUMUS IN THE SOIL.
JOHN OSBORN, DASSELL.
The necessity of keeping soils well supplied with humus, es-
pecially in droughty seasons, is apparent to all good farmers and
gardeners. I may be asked what it is and what its specific office,
but more important is the question “How can it best be sup-
plied.” It is generally conceded to be a peculiar brown or black
matter resulting from decayed vegetation in the soil, and that
it is found only in the surface is apparent—imparting to it a rich
brown appearance. It contains carbon, oxygen and hydrogen,
and during its decomposition carbonic acid is formed which con-
\
474 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. *
tributes to the nourishment of the plant. But it is supposed to
render its most essential service by its power of absorbing with
ammonia and also though to a less extent, with soda, potash, lime
and magnesia and thus retaining these substances for the use
of the plant. Humus from its dark color causes a more rapid
absorption of the sun’s heat, absorbing twice or nearly its weight
of water, and retains a greater portion of it after hours of ex-
posure. It consequently enables the soil to absorb and retain
water, rendering it more mellow and capable of being worked
and of nitrification to work. With plenty of humus the soil may
be said to be in a proper mechanical order for the production of
good crops. J
To supply humus to those who are farming many acres is
much more difficult than for small areas where manures are
plentiful. Often it can be had for the hauling. One can resort
to various practices—plowing down clovers and rye for all corn,
potatoes and cultivated crops. For oats and wheat, plow the
land that was cropped as soon as the crop is removed and sow
to oats or barley, a small amount to the acre. By plowing shal-
low the seed that was shelled will come up also, and there will
be a good growth to turn under late in fall that will greatly aid
the next year’s crop. Very often a little extra labor and ex-
pense pays a handsome profit.
How to grow best and paying crops ought to be the farmers’
and gardeners’ motto and not to spread oneself over so many
acres that the light crop disheartens. It is always a pleasure to
look at a good crop and thrifty trees and shrubbery—all at their
best.
The strawberry patch, be it small or large, needs to be
well supplied with humus to tide it over the drouths that often
prevail in our northern latitude.
We have had several years’ experience in plowing down rye
and clover for potatoes and corn, and the results have been grati-
fying. The practice of burning straw is indeed a waste of humus
element. When leaves can be gathered they, too, plowed under
are good.
Most all farmers and gardeners need to lessen the area and
improve the soil and make it like that in older countries that
yields enormously, and the profit will be better, and we will be
better rewarded for our toil.
475
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SOUTHERN MINNESOTA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—The annual meeting
of this society will be held at Spring Valley, Jan., 13, 14, 15, beginning at
noon on the 13th and ending at noon onthe 15th. This society always has
a very interesting meeting, and members who are within reach of Spring Val-
ley are urgently requested to attend. Mr. J. C. Hawkins, of Austin, has been
appointed as delegate to represent the southern society at our annual meeting.
THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—This is, I understand, the
name of an organization perfected at the World’s Fair composed of officers
of the various state horticultural societies. Mr. Frank Yahnke, of Winona,
a member of the executive board of this society, attended and took part on
the program and was elected a member of the executive board of the national
organization. We may expect to hear from him further in regard to this new
national society.
List oF THOSE SENDING NEW MEMBERS.—The following is a list of those
sending new members from June Ist to Nov. 14th: M. Oleson, 1; T. E. Cash-
man, 5; B. T. Hoyt, 2; A. K. Bush, 25; Geo. W. Strand, 2; Jos. Wood, 1; Geo.
E. Fortin, 1; J. P. Andrews, 3; F. M. Crosby, 3; J. R. Cummins, 1; W. H.
Stout, 2; L. Johannessohn, 1; O. Hoglund, 1; LeRoy Cady, 2;A. B. Lyman, 2;
Jens H Krag, 1; J. A. Campion, 4; J. M. Underwood, 1;R. M. Probstfield, 1;
F. X. Ferodowill, 1; B. E. St. John, 2; Rev. Chas. Pfeiffer, 1; Rev. J. B. Katz-
ner, 1; J. V. Wichler, 1.
SEEDLING APPLES AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.—There will be a fine show
of seedling apples at the annual meeting this winter,even greater, we are assured)
than the one made last year. A number of Wisconsin seedling exhibitors
will be present, although we hear nothing as yet from northern Iowa or the
other states about us. What seedling apples have you, or that are in your
neighborhood, that have probable commercial value? Each member should
interest himself to see that such new fruits are displayed at the coming meet-
ing. The cash premiums offered will be divided pro rata among all the
exhibitors of seedling of commercial value.
FATAL TO RABBITS AND MICE.—an experienced orchardist recommends
the following sure method of getting rid of these orchard pests. ‘‘Make a
poisonous solution of one part sulphate of strychnine, one-third of one part of
borax, one part of white syrup, ten parts water. This is put into a roomy
bottle and well shaken. Now cut fresh twigs from apple trees (water sprouts
are excellent); have a small brush, and brush lightly over the twigs, especially
the terminal buds. The great value of this over poisoned grain is that it will
kill rabbits and mice and will not injure the birds or chickens, while the
poisoned grain will kill all. Scatter the poisoned twigs in runways and
places infested with mice or rabbits, and the results will be satisfactory.”’
480 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A CiTy OUTING FOR OUR MEMBERS.—Those of our members living outside
of the Twin Cities have as much of aright to a city outing in the winter as
the city people have for a country outing inthe summer. The meeting of the
horticultural society gives you just the opportunity needed. A low rate to
the meeting and special rates at the hotels, an interesting program during the
sessions of the meeting, the reception to the ladies of the society on Wednes-
day forenoon, and the society banquet Thursday evening—all these combine
—and add to this the other opportunities that come to the occasional visitor
in the city—making an irresistible attraction. Turn over the cares of home to
some one else for a few days and come in and enjoy this occasion with us!
DISCUSSIONS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.—The program allows for a litlle
more discussion this year than for some years past, but is still a very full one.
Members purposing to attend should look this program over carefully and
consider what subjects they would like to express an opinion upon and be pre-
pared to participate in the discussions that follow the reading of the papers-
The papers read at our meeting are short, a limit of 1,000 words being re-
quested, which will give considerable time for discussions, that are likely to
be the most interesting part of the session. The discussions are open to any
one present to take part in, and absolute freedom in this respect is desired.
Don’t wait to be called upon by the presiding officer, but take the floor at once
and give us briefly and concisely your thought on the subject under consid-
eration.
THE MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBIT AT ST. Lours.—A letter received under
date of Nov. 12th from Mr. Thoms Redpath, in charge of the Minnesota Fruit
Exhibit at St. Louis, says on that day theze are on exhibition with the state ex-
hibit 165 glass jars of fruit, 497 plates of apples, 21 of grapes and 44 of cran-
berries, and speaking of the fruit on exhibition there he says, ‘‘We have nearly
500 plates of apples on exhibition, and it is nice fruit.’? A letter from Geo.
W. Strand from the World’s Fair, written a week earlier, says in regard to
this exhibit, ‘‘I hear nothing but favorable remarks about our exhibit and
fruit, and it surprises the majority when they see it is Minnesota, ‘that far
north.’ ’’ No fruit has been sent for the use of the Minnesota exhibit since
Nov. 5th, and word from Mr. Redpath is to the effect that no more will be
needed to maintain the exhibit till the fair closes. What is said here in
regard to the Minnesota exhibit applies equally well to the newer feature of
the exhibit, the windmill, heretofore spoken of, erected by the Jewell Nursery
Company in September as a part of the state fruit exhibit. Evidently no
single feature in Horticultural Hall is attracting as much attention as the
windmill. It was a master stroke of good policy on the part of the commis-
sion in having this striking exhibit transferred from our state fair to the
World’s Fair. Inan early number of our magazine, probably the January
number, in connection with the publication of the report of the World’s
Fair exhibit, photographs of both of these Minnesota fruit exhibits will be
published, which will give an opportunity to those of our readers who have
not been privileged to attend the fair to see what Minnesota is doing for its
horticultural department.
JOURNAL OF
Z\anual eetins,
Minnesota State Horticultural Society,
DECEMBER 1-4, 1903.
TUESDAY MORNING SESSION.
The thirty-seventh annual meeting convened in the auditorium
of the First Unitarian Church, Minneapolis, and was called to order
at 10 o'clock a. m., by the president, Mr. Clarence Wedge, of Albert
‘Lea.
The exercises were opened by an organ prelude rendered by
Mr. E. A. Smith, of Lake City, which was followed by a vocal solo
by Prof. Crosby Hopps, of Minneapolis.
The President: It seems especially fitting at this time, as we
meet in this beautiful church, with the sacred and harmonious
strains of the organ in our ears, and the sentiment of that song,
which takes us back to the Beulah land of old associations, it seems
especially fitting that this association, with the tender feeling of
the glad Thanksgiving day still in our hearts, that we should invoke
the divine benediction upon this gathering, and we will join with
Dr. Simmons as he pronounces the invocation.
Prayer was then offered by Dr. H. M. Simmons.
President Wedge then formally opened the meeting with the fol-
lowing words of greeting:
Brethren of the Horticultural Society :
It is one of the greatest pleasures of my life to greet you this
morning as your president. When I say brethren, I mean it in the
fullest and broadest sense of the term. We want to inculcate a
feeling of brotherhood. We mean it as a brotherhood. We mean
to spread that feeling not only among the members of the horti-
cultural society, but all over the state, what we might call a com-
munity of interests, such as is generally felt in these times.
I wish to say that one of the most important things we can do,
and one that we ought to do, is to become acquainted with each
other. We have a badge book, and your badges are all numbered,
so that by referring to the book you may know the name of each
wearer of a badge, and I want you to become acquainted with each
other; I want you especially to make the younger members wel-
come and feel at home, and I wish to say to the older members that
this duty devolves upon you.
I believe this is the largest attendance we have had at the open-
ing of any meeting, especially so early in the morning. Let us take
each other by the hand, let us inquire each other’s names, introduce
482 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the new members and make them feel at home. That is what the
state is supporting us for, to encourage our effort and to encourage
new effort.
I want to congratulate the society upon having secured this
beautiful auditorium. We certainly could not have devised a more
comfortable place in which to meet and do our business. Let us
make the most of it, and let us rejoice that we are so fortunately
situated. You will find all the conveniences here, cloak rooms, lav-
atory, a lounging parlor, a spacious fruit exhibit room below stairs,
and we will not be disturbed by any one in that room unless they
make more noise than they ever did before.
Perhaps I should say that I feel a good deal of hesitation in act-
ing in this position. I have never attempted to preside over so
large a body before, but I trust I shall have no difficulty in keep-
ing you in order. I trust you will be patient with me. I distinctly
appreciate the honor of following the two worthy men who preceded
me. I cannot hope to say or do the fine things Mr. Underwood did
for you; I cannot sing a song, nor can I show you the beautiful
courtesy that is so characteristic of him. I need not speak of the
good qualities and capabilities of our late departed president. He
was a grand man in every way. I cannot hope to imitate that keen
and beautiful humor of his and the many other pleasing character-
istics that distinguished him as a presiding officer. And while I
cannot imitate my immediate predecessors I trust you will help me
in every way possible to make the duties of my position agreeable.
You will notice on the program that there is a ten minute limit
noted on the program for all papers and addresses. That was the
idea of the secretary, and I am not responsible for that feature. I
do not want you to feel, therefore, that I am at any time acting upon
my own suggestion. I am elad, however, it is there. It is just
the very thing I would like to see carried out in the conduct of the
program during the various sessions, especially among those of the
rank and file, and particularly among the older members. Let us
all be brief and concise, say what we have to say and be done with
it. That is a very strong point in any man, to know when he is
through with what he has to say upon a subject. Of course, we
have visitors here, and we must ask them to be very patient if we
have papers presented here that are of exceeding length. I think
it is some of you older fellows who are inclined to transgress in that
particular and monopolize the time too much. Let us have plenty
of time for discussion. That is the life of the meeting, and therein
lies the chief value in the presentation of a subject. The papers
will all be published anyway, but we want the discussion.
Asking you again to be patient and indulgent with me as you
have always been ‘with your former presse we will proceed with
the program.
The president appointed the following committee on credentials:
Messrs. L. R. Moyer, A. A. Bost and H. H. Pond.
The President: Our general subject this morning is “Small
Fruits,” and I will call upon Mr. A. Brackett to open the topic with
a talk on “Field Culture of Strawberries.”” (See index.)
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, I903. 483
Discussion.
The President: I think we have given this topic about all the
time we can spare it, and we will now take up another along the
same lines, and I will call upon Mr. Anderson to tell us about the
growing of strawberries for home use and market.
Mr. G. A. Anderson, of Renville, then read'a paper on the sub-
ject of “Growing Strawberries for Home Bes and Market.” (See
index. )
Discussion.
The President: We will now change the subject somewhat,
still continuing on small fruit, but we will now take up the black-
berry, and Mr. Anderson will read a paper on that topic.
“The Blackberry Patch” was the subject of a paper read by Mr.
Nils Anderson, of Lake City. (See index.)
Discussion.
The President: We now come to a very important feature of
fruit growing, and that is the harvesting and marketing of the crop,
and I will call upon Mr. Hawkins to read a paper upon that subject.
Mr. Alfred O. Hawkins, of Excelsior, then read a paper upon
the subject of “Marketing and Harvesting the Small Fruit Crop.”
(See index.)
Discussion.
The President: We will now take up still another branch of
small fruit growing, and that is the grape. Mr. Murray, of Ex-
celsior, has had a long and successful experience in grape growing,
‘and he will impart some of his information on that subject.
Mr. J. W. Murray, of Excelsior, presented a paper on the sub-
ject of “How I Grew Grapes.”’ (See index.)
Discussion.
Prof. Green: I am sorry that the students from the school of
agriculture cannot remain until the close of the session, but it will
be necessary for them to leave at this time in order to get back in
time for dinner. We would have had many more students here than
we had this morning but for the fact that about seventy-five are
attending the stock show at Chicago. About seventy-five came over
this morning, and I think they have enjoyed the session. I had in-
tended to have them go down in the basement and see the show of
fruit, but it is not all set up yet, and I think those that are inter-
ested will take it in later in the week.
The President: We shall now change the subject somewhat
and take up a more general line in horticulture, and I take pleasure
in introducing Mrs. Ida B. Thompson, who will tell us about horti-
cultural conditions as. they exist at Duluth.
Mrs. Ida B. Thompson, of Duluth, then read a paper entitled,
“Horticultural Improvements in Duluth.” (See index.)
Discussion.
On motion of Mr. Taylor the meeting adjourned.
484 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.
The meeting was called to order at 2 o’clock by the president, —
Mr. Wedge.
The President: We will at once take up the program for the
afternoon, and I will call upon an old resident for the first number.
I presume a good many of the older members know that when Mr.
Pond speaks of his father he is having reference to a noted Indian
missionary, Gideon Pond, of whom most of you know or have heard,
and Mr. E. R. Pond will now tell us something of early horticulture
in the state.
Mr. E. R. Pond then read a paper on the subject of “Lights and
Shadows of Pioneer Fruit Growing.” (See index.)
Discussion.
The report of the committee on credentials being called for,
Judge L. R. Moyer, chairman, reported the following named dele-
gates entitled to represent their respective organizations: A. D.
Barnes, Waupaca, representing the Wisconsin State Horticultural
Society; P. J. Bentz, Woonsocket, S. D., South Dakota State Hor-
ticultural Society; P. Clausen, Albert Lea, Southern Minnesota Hor-
ticultural Society ; representatives of local societies and visitors, Geo.
J. Kellogg, Lake Mills, Wis.; A. J. Philips, West Salem, Wis.;
Rev. C. S. Harrison, York, Neb.
On motion of Prof Green the report of the committee was
adopted.
The President: We are very much interested in these dele-
gates, and we would like to hear a word of cheer and encourage- .
ment from each one. I will call upon them in the order in which
they were reported, and the first on the list is Mr. Barnes, of Wis-
consin.
Mr. A. D.-Barnes (Wis.): Mr. President and Fellow Horticul-
turists: We are very glad to be with you again, and I assure you
that your meetings are and always have been very interesting to
me, and the appearance of so many students from the school of agri-
sulture betokens to me that you have lots of young timber grow-
ing up, although you are classed among the prairie states. JI have
a formal report which I will submit later during the meeting, there-
fore I shall not take up any more of your time now. However, I
would like to extend to you an invitation to meet with us in our
annual meeting at Madison the first full week in February. I always
enjoy the company of Minnesota friends, and I hope you may have
a profitable and enjoyable meeting. :
The President: The delegate from the South Dakota society
is Mr. P. J. Bentz, who is also president of that society. The South —
Dakota society is especially near to us, since it it a daughter of
this society. I will now call upon Mr. Bentz.»
Mr. P. J. Bentz (S. D.): I see by the program that there ar
so many good things to be said here that it appears like a waste of
time for me to speak at any length just now. I simply want to say
that we in South Dakota are making a little progress. Among the
things that indicate progression is the fact that we have just se-
cured a law permitting us to publish our annual reports, a conces-
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 485
sion we have been trying to secure for a good many years without
success. I know also that we are making some substantial progress
in fruit growing. Throughout the entire state there seems to be a
new awakening, and I think this has been largely brought about
through the medium of this society. The conditions that prevail
throughout the western parts of Minnesota are almost identical
with those that exist in our part of the state, and through the cour-
tesy of your society we have laid the foundation for future work in
our state. I did not come prepared to speak, but simply to listen.
I had the pleasure of attending your meeting last year, and I am
sure I was well repaid, and I am certain also that every person is
who attends these annual gatherings, whether in this state or any
other state where the conditions are so thoroughly discussed and
the way paved for the overcoming of the difficulties that confront
the horticulturist. It seems to me the people cannot afford to miss
the meetings. If I can be of any service in any way to the people
of South Dakota by giving them the information | gain here I shall
have accomplished a great deal. I do not wish to take up your time
any further, but what I learn here I shall try to impart to our people.
The President: We are very glad to hear these words of cheer
and hear of these signs of progress from our sister state to the west,
and now we will hear something from the east. I need not intro-
‘duce to you Mr. Kellogg, because he seems like one of our own
members, but we want to hear just a word from him this afternoon.
Mr. Geo. J. Kellogg (Wis.): I am not going up on the plat-
form and show myself like Barnes did, because I am not so hand-
some. I am troubled the same way Philips is, I talk too much. Ido
regret that you did not give us more time on small fruits, and I
would suggest that any one who wishes to put in a criticism or offer
a suggestion do so by putting it in writing and handing it to the
secretary that it may be published in the report. I think in that way
you can get a good deal of valuable information that would other-
wise be lost. I wanted to butt in three or four timies on straw-
berries, but there was no time, and I do not want to take the time
now to tell you all I know. (Laughter.)
The President: I hardly dare to call on Mr. Philips since what
Mr. Kellogg has told us, but if he will tell us one story and then
promise to sit down we will give hima chance. (Laughter.)
Mr. A. J. Philips (Wis.): I don’t need any introduction; I
can do the introducing myself. I would like to say a word that I
would have preferred to say while the young people were here, and
that is about that tree you see standing there. (Indicating.) But
Prof. Green is going to take it over to the school and put it in his
museum. I have talked top-working considerably in years gone
by, and I have had many different questions asked about grafting
and budding, and I would say again I would use the Virginia every
time. One man said in an lowa paper a year ago that there is noth-
ing gained by top-working, and said he would like to see some evi-
dence of its making the tree hardier or of its being any advantage
whatever. I told him this, that I planted a row of Wealthy, and then
a row of Virginia crab and top-worked them with Wealthy. Those
crab trees have been growing eighteen years,-and the Wealthy on
486 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
their own roots are dead. It satisfied me that the Virginia makes
a hardier stock and the trees live longer. My object in working
on the Virginia was to avoid the Wealthy crotches. During the
time I am here if you have any questions to ask I shall be glad to
answer them if I can. That work has been to me next to my chil-
dren. Prof. Goff said it was the nicest specimen of work done at
one time he had even seen. Latham gave me fifteen minutes to
talk, but this does not come out of the fifteen minutes. (Laughter.)
There’s no use telling you I am glad to be here, because if I wasn’t
I wouldn’t be here. (Applause.)
The President: Mr. Clausen, the delegate from the Southern
Minnesota society, is now present, and I will call upon him for a
word. This is the first time we have had the pleasure of greeting
Mr. Clausen in any of our meetings, and I hope he will feel perfectly
at home.
Mr. P. Clausen: I am very glad to be here and to have the op-
portunity of participating in the deliberations of this meeting. I
sometimes think I was born a horticulturist. I do not know whether
it runs in the blood or not, but I came to this country some thirty-
three years ago, and after being here a couple of years, being then
a young man of about twenty, I bought myself a couple of lots, and
the next thing I did was to buy some trees and plant them upon my
lots. I bought some apple trees from the Jewell Nursery Company, ©
and I planted those trees with the expectation of making that prop-
erty my future home. I expected to get a wife some time. I do
not know whether the trees are alive now or not, I have not seen
them for several years, but when I think of it I feel I have nothing
to regret, and I believe it would be a great deal better for a young
man to invest his money in that way than to use it as many young
men do at the present day. There are a good many young men
here this afternoon, and I want to say.to them that when I had a
little time in the evening I did not hang about the stores or the
streets, but I put it in working on my lots. I had some flowers
there that I cultivated for my own pleasure, and then I also had those
apple trees. I might keep on telling you of the progress I made in
horticulture, but I am not here to represent myself, but to represent
the Southern Minnesota Horticultural Society, which is a daughter
of this organization. I might also mention at this time that a grand-
daughter has been born during the past year. I presume some one
will be here to represent the interests of the granddaughter so I
will say nothing about her at this time. As far as the Southern
Minnesota society is concerned you can very uearly judge of what
we are doing and what progress we are making by the papers which
appeared during the year in the Horticulturist, of which I believe
there were twelve. We had in our little city a very interesting meet-
ing of the society, quite largely attended, and we also had the great
pleasure of having Mr. Philips with us. I do not know how we
would get along without him. We had quite a number of brethren
from our sister state of Iowa, and altogether we had a very inter-
esting meeting and a very fine display of apples. If I were asked
my opinion as to what is going to be the coming winter apple I
should say the Yahnke.
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 487
_I like to attend these horticultural meetings because I get a great
deal of valuable information every time I attend, and I can see by
looking over this audience that there are many men here who are in
a position to impart a great deal of information. It is something
like going to school, and it is a good thing to go to school. I have
not attended school very much in my lifetime, but there is one school
I consider superior to most schools, and that is the school of ex-
perience, and when I come to a horticultural meeting and look over
the audience sprinkled with gray heads, I know they have been
through that school of experience and that I can learn something
from them. Some of them have already passed beyond the gates,
but they have left the record of their experience behind them, but
many of them are still with us and we have the privilege of hearing
their many and varied experiences from their own lips, and I know
we shall all profit thereby. Another thing I wish to say before I
close, and that is to urge the young people to attend these meetings.
If they intend to follow horticulture as a pleasure or as a business
pursuit they can secure no more valuable information anywhere than
they can by attending these meetings. I have said much more than
I ought to have said, and I need not say to you that I am glad to
be here, and that I trust we may have a very profitable meeting.
(Applause. )
The President: I think it is a very rare occurrence that we have
the pleasure of meeting a delegate from Nebraska in our annual
gathering, but we have that privilege today. We all know some of
the Nebraska horticulturists and know something about their work,
but those who are not acquainted with any other representative of
Nebraska horticulture will remember the name of Rev. C. S. Harri-
son, of York,’ Neb., who in both the spiritual and horticultural field
was a missionary, who was once a resident of our own state, and
whom I take pleasure in introducing as the “silver tongued” ex-
ponent of good horticulture.
Rev. C. S. Harrison (Neb.): I also am sent as a delegate from
the Nebraska Horticultural Society, and I bring you greetings from
our great state of Nebraska. I hope I shall have a pleasant time
with you.
The President: We have another representative from South
Dakota, whom we regard, however, more as belonging to us than
to our sister state. A meeting of this society without the presence
of Prof. Hansen would be like the play of Hamlet with Hamlet left
out. Prof. Hansen, we want to hear a word from you.
Prof. Hansen (S. D.): In behalf of South Dakota I wish to
present to you Mr. Bentz who will tell you all you want to know.
It pays him to come over here and listen to these gray heads and
white heads and other colored heads who relate their experiences,
and it always pays me to come, and if I can add anything in the way
- our South Dakota horticultural experience I shall be happy to
O SO.
The President: I think this concludes the list of delegates and
visitors we have had reported to us, and I trust they will all feel
’ perfectly at home, take part fully and freely in our discussions and
enjoy themselves as much as possible.
488 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
We will now take up the regular program where we left off, and
I will call upon Mr. Elliot for a continuation of his valuable “chop
talk” of last year.
Mr. Wyman Elliot, of Minneapolis, then read a paper under the
title of “Chop Talk No. 2.” (See index.)
Discussion.
The President: We will now take up a subject that is of great
importance, although it is a much disputed subject. Mr, Pond will
tell us something about mulching.
Mr. H. H. Pond, of Minneapolis, then submitted a paper on the
subject of “Mulching.” (See index.)
Discussion. .
We will next take up a topic that will probably interest a good _
many who grow vegetables for market. I think Mr. Bailey can
tell us all about growing melons for market.
“Raising Muskmelons for Market” was the title of a paper read
by Mr. J. V. Bailey, of Newport. (See index.)
Discussion.
The president appointed the following committees:
President’s Address. Prof. Wm. Robertson, C. E. Older, J. L.
Tiegland.
Obituary. C. M. Loring, R. A. Wright, Dewain Cook.
Final Resolutions. A. Brackett, D. M. Mitchell, H. H. S.
Rowell.
COMMITTEES ON AWARDS.
Grapes, J. W. Murray.
Flowers, Mrs. Ida B. Thompson.
Apples in cold storage, W. L. Parker.
Apples not in cold storage, J. P. Andrews.
Peck Wealthy apples, W. L. Taylor.
Seedling apples, Wyman Elliot, Prof. S. B. Green.
The President: We will now proceed with the program, con-
tinuing the consideration of garden vegetables, and I will call upon
Mr. Peabody to give us his experience with asparagus.
Mr. E. F. Peabody, of Minneapolis, then read a paper under
the title of “Asparagus for the Home Garden.” (See index.)
Discussion. ‘
The President: We now come to the last number on the pro- ~
gram for the afternoon. We all like to hear of the experiences of
others, and I believe no one is more competent to detail many and
varied ventures than Mr. Cook.
Mr. Dewain Cook, of Jeffers, responded by reading a paper en-
titled “Horticultural Ventures, Wise and Otherwise.” (See index.)
Discussion.
On motion of Mr. Elliot the meeting adjourned.
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 489
WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION.°
The meeting was called to order at 9:30 by the president, Mr.
Wedge.
The President: Following a custom inaugurated by my prede-
cessors I presume it is necessary for me to present what is termed
the annual address of the president, and as that is the first number
on the program this morning we will take it up at this time.
President Wedge then submitted his “Annual Address.” (See
index. )
Discussion.
A motion of Mr. Gibbs, seconded by Mr. Wyman Elliot, to ap-
point a committee to consider the matter of securing a permanent
home for the society was put to a vote and prevailed unanimously.
The President: We now come to the annual reports of com-
mittees and superintendents of trial stations. I will first call upon
Mr. Elliot for the report of the executive board, of which he is
chairman.
Mr. Wyman Elliot then submitted the annual report of the Exe-
cutive Board. (See index.)
Following this report Mr. Elliot also presented the report of
the Legislative Committee. (See index.)
On motion of Prof. Green the reports made by Mr. Elliot were
unanimously adopted.
The President: Following these reports we come next to the
annual report of the secretary, which usually proves a very interest-
ing document.
Mr. A. W. Latham then read his annual report as secretary of
the society. (See index.) :
On motion of Mr. Taylor the report of the secretary was unani-
mously adopted.
Discussion.
Mr. Elliot: JI think there should be some action taken by the
society to raise that Gideon fund up to $500, and I hope some of the
members will think up a scheme whereby that may be done.
Mr. C. M. Loring: The secretary’s report is a very interesting
one, and the portion relating to the office and the facilities there is
something which it seems to me should be taken up by the society
at once. There certainly is not room enough in that little office to
take care of the business of this great organization, and some ar-
rangement should be made whereby a larger room or two rooms
might be secured. It seems to me the secretary should have a
private room where he could have his desk and transact his business,
and have the library and other things in an outside room. The
secretary is very economical, and he is conducting the business of
the society in a manner that entitles him to a great deal of credit.
But it seems to me where so many people come to the office as is the
case in his office, I think the society should provide more room,
and to that end I want to make a motion that the secretary be re-
quested to look about to see if an office might not be secured at a
rental not to exceed $20 per month which would provide better and
more ample accommodations.
490 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The motion was duly seconded and, being put to a vote, prevailed
unanimously.
The President: Since yesterday afternoon some more delegates
from neighboring states have arrived, and we would be very glad
to hear from them as we did from the others. I presume the com-
mittee on credentials has found them duly accredited delegates, and
we are very glad to welcome them. I first want to introduce to you
Mr. A. F. Collman, of Corning, Iowa, who represents the lowa
State Horticultural Society. Mr. Collman is not an entire stranger
to us, having visited one of our meetings a number of years ago.
Mr. A. F. Collman (Iowa): I am very glad to have the oppor-
tunity to be present at this meeting. I am sorry I left my cre-
dentials at the hotel, but I assure you they are all right. I have been
very much pleased to listen to your reports, and I am very glad that
you have such a live society. I have been acquainted with your
secretary ever since the World’s Fair. I know him to be an honest,
worthy and true gentleman, and I believe he is a fair representative
of your people here. I am very glad to be here, and will try to carry
home to our people whatever information I may gain at this meeting.
The President: We also have with us Mr. J. B. Mitchell, of
Cresco, Iowa, representing the Northeastern Iowa Horticultural So-
ciety. I will ask Mr. Mitchell to come forward that we may see
his face again and hear a few words from him.
Mr. J. B. Mitchell (Iowa): Mr. President, I am really pleased
to be here once more. The faces in the audience are not all strange
to me. I have been in this place before. I have always taken an
interest in- Minnesota horticulture, and I am so near the border that
our interests are almost identical, especially in the southern part of
your state. I formerly advocated the Russian apples very strongly
and still have a great deal of faith in them. I was down below in
the exhibit room, and I was wonderfully surprised to see the large
showing of apples at this season of the year, and, by the way, I
noticed a great many Russians down there. I am pleased to see this
society growing as rapidly as it does. I have always enjoyed my-
self here, and I think this occasion will be no exception. I may
have something more to say before the close of the meeting.
The President: We also have with us Mr. C. G. Patten, of
Charles City, Iowa. Mr. Patten is very near to us, and I know we
would all be pleased to have him come up here on the platform and
let us see his face once more.
Mr. C. G. Patten (Iowa): I do not know that I have very
much to offer, but the thought suggested itself to my mind in com-
ing into the room this morning and seeing only a few members
here, and noticing that the presiding officer was delivering his an-
nual address, I say the thought occurred to me that it might have
been better, or I might have wished that that address might have
come a little later on the program when there was a larger attend-
ance. I do not offer this as a criticism in any sense, but it seems
to me that a man occupying the position of president of so large an
organization as this, and as it should be considered the principal
address delivered before the society, it seems to me it should be de-
livered at a time when there is a more representative attendance
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 4gI
here than there is at present, or than there was at the time the ad-
dress was delivered. I do not know that I have any further re-
marks to offer, only to say that I am very highly pleased to meet
so many of my old friends here that I have met with before.
Sec’y Latham: Mr. Patten hits me pretty hard, but we have a
way of putting our best foot forward, and so we put the president’s
address on as the first number on the morning’s program, but 1 am
becoming pretty thoroughly convinced that when: people come to
Minneapolis to attend any convention something happens that keeps
them up late at night, and as a consequence they are late in getting
here in the morning. I.think we shall have to change the location
of the president’s address on the program hereafter.
The President: We will now continue the reports, and I will
call upon Mr. Lyman for the treasurer’s report.
Mr. A. B. Lyman, of Excelsior, then submitted the annual report
of the treasurer. (See index.)
On motion of Mr. Older the report was unanimously adopted.
The President: We are now ready to listen to the reports of
the vice-presidents of the various congressional districts. I will call
for the report from the First Congressional District.
The following reports were then submitted by the vice-presidents
of their respective districts :
First District, Mr. Frank Yahnke, Winona. (See index.)
Third District, A. H. Reed, Glencoe. (See index.)
Fifth District, R. A. Wright, Excelsior. (See index.)
Sixth District, W. L. Taylor, Howard Lake. (See index.)
Seventh District, D. T. Wheaton, Morris. (See index.)
The President: This completes the reports of vice-presidents
as far as they are present, and I think the society has reason to con-
gratulate itself upon the improvement and the progress shown by
these particular reports.
We will now take up the reports of superintendents of trial
stations, and instead of following the program I will call upon Prof.
Green last instead of first, and I will ask Mr. Cashman to present
his report.
‘The superintendents present from the various stations then sub-
mitted the following reports: .
Thos. Cashman, Owatonna. (See index.)
Dewain Cook, Jeffers. (See index.)
A. B, Lyman, Excelsior. (See index.)
L. R. Moyer, Montevideo. (See index.)
Mrs. Jennie Stager, Sauk Rapids. (See index.)
J. S. Parks, Amboy. (See index.)
F. J. Cowles, West Concord. (See index.)
Prof. Green: Mr. Lord is one of the oldest members of this
society, a life member, and I think it would be a pleasing thing to
do to send him greetings and expressions of regret that he is not
here, and I would move that a telegram embodying such sentiments
be sent to Mr. Lord.
The motion was put to a vote and prevailed unanimously.
The President: I will delegate Prof. Green to prepare and send
such a message as has been proposed.
492 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The President: The statement made by Mrs. Stager in her re-
port in regard to the Martha crab again brings out the point that
any fact in horticulture supposed to be firmly established may be
successfully contradicted. (Laughter.)
The President: We will now listen to the report from the
Central Station by Prof. Green.
Prof, S. B. Green, of St. Anthony Park, then submitted a report
from the Central Trial Station. (See index.)
The President: As it is getting somewhat late, and we have a
number of reports still on the program, we will omit two reports
and take up the report on packages and marketing. I believe Mr.
R. A. Wright is chairman of that committee. (See index.)
Discussion.
The President: I want to ask Mr. Elliot whether he is ready
to report on the Gideon Memorial Fund.
Mr. Elliot: About all there is to be said was embodied in the
report of the secretary, and unless Prof. Green has anything further
to add I have nothing to report.
The President: Then we will next pass to the report of the
committee on the Harris Memorial Fund, of which Mr. S. M. Owen
is chairman. (See index.)
The President: JI presume the members present have all ob-
served the tablet in bronze in the corner of the room, and I am sure
we are all very much gratified to have such a beautiful and lasting
memorial of Mr. Harris.
On motion of Mr. Parks the meeting adjourned.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.
Owing to the sudden summons to the president, Mr. Wedge, the
meeting’ was called to order at 2 o’clock by the secretary, Mr. La-
tham, who called Prof. Green to the chair to act as president pro
tempore.
The Chairman: It is a matter of regret to me that the president
has been called away, and at the same time I esteem it an honor
to be called to preside over this meeting.
Without any further preliminaries we will take up the regular
order of the program, and I will call upon Mr. Rowell, if he is pres-
ent, to read his paper.
Mr. H. H. S. Rowell, of Minneapolis, then read a paper entitled,
“Minnesota as an Apple State.” (See index.)
The Chairman: I know you have all heard of Mr. Harrison,
know of him and have read his writings in the various agricultural
papers, and we will now have the pleasure of listening to an address
by Rev. C. S. Harrison, of York, Nebraska. Mr. Harrison is presi-
dent of the Park and Forestry Association of Nebraska, and has not
only been a missionary in the Christian church in Nebraska and
Minnesota, but also a pioneer in horticulture. I now have the pleas-
ure of introducing him to you.
Rev. C. S. Harrison, of York, Neb., then delivered an address
upon “The Forward Movement in Horticulture.” (See index.)
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, I903. 493
WOMAN’S AUXILIARY.
The meeting of the Woman’s Auxiliary was called to order by
the president, Miss Emma V. White, at 3 o’clock.
The President: As the time is beyond the appointed hour on
the program we will not take up any time with preliminaries, as we
have a full and, I trust, an interesting program. It was even said
last year that the meeting of the Woman’s Auxiliary was the best
of the entire session, and I hope we may again merit your approval.
The ‘“‘President’s Greeting’ was then presented by Miss Emma
V. White, the president. (See index.)
The President: As our secretary, Mrs. Anna B. Underwood,
is in California at this time, we shall necessarily have to dispense
with the report of the secretary.
The next number on the program is a paper by Mrs. Loring.
We all know of Mr. Loring’s love for and interest in horticulture,
especially the ornamental side of it, and we are not surprised that
Mrs. Loring should have imbibed some of his interest and en-
thusiasm. :
“Our Cousins, the Trees,’ was the title of the paper presented
by Mrs. Florence Barton Loring, of Minneapolis. (See index.)
The President: We had the great pleasure of once listening te
' Mr. Harrison this afternoon, and I presume we are all glad that
he appears on the program again, although speaking on a different
subject. As he is one of the greatest authorities on this topic we
are all eager to hear him.
Rev. C. S. Harrison, of York, Neb., then presented a paper treat-
ing of “Peonies.” (See index.)
Discussion.
The President: I think we have all been very much entertained
and instructed by this excellent paper.
We will now take up another subject that is of the greatest in-
terest and importance to us all, and I know of no one who is more
competent to speak upon it than Mrs. Hudson, whom I take pleasure
in introducing to you.
Mrs. J. B. Hudson, of Lake City, then read a paper on the sub-
ject of “Protection of Song Birds.” (See index.)
Discussion.
The following resolutions were offered by Mr. S. A. Stockwell,
of Minneapolis, and unanimously adopted: Whereas, there is
much danger that some of the most valued friends the horticulturist
possesses, the birds, will be destroyed, and whereas their destruc-
tion is largely due to the ignorance and indifference of our adult
population coupled with the thoughtlessness of young boys and _so-
called sportsmen, and, whereas, one of the most effectual means of
informing the citizens of our state upon this subject is the public
school. Therefore, be it resolved, that this matter be brought to
the attention of the approaching State Educational Association.
That a committee of five be appointed by the Minnesota State Horti-
cultural Society to present this resolution to said association, and
urge it to adopt some immediate plan to systematically educate the
children of our public schools on this important matter.
b
494 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The President: We have another paper on the program right
along this same line, and it is written by a man whom we all know
to be a great friend of birds. I will ask Mr. Gibbs to read his paper.
Mr. Oliver Gibbs, of Prescott, Wis., then presented a paper en-
titled “Our Summer Boarders—The Birds.” (See index.)
The president appointed the following committee to present the
matter of the protection of birds to the Educational Association of
Minnesota: Mrs. J. B. Hudson, Prof. F. L. Washburn, Mrs. E. M.
La Penotierre, S. A. Stockwell, Mrs. Ida Thompson.
The President: The subject on our program becomes somewhat
changed now, and we take up the matter of home and school im-
provement. As you all know, Mrs. Barnard has done some ex-
cellent work in this city in connection with home and school im-
provement, and she will tell us something about that work in some
Minneapolis homes that has been done this past summer.
“Some Improved Home Grounds in Minneapolis,” was the title
of the paper presented by Mrs. M. M. Barnard, of Minneapolis.
(See index.)
The President: I am very sorry that our limited time does not
permit us to discuss this most excellent paper, but as we still have
two more papers on the program we must make the most of our
time, and I will call upon Mr. Nutter to read his paper.
Mr. F. H. Nutter, of Minneapolis, then read a paper on the sub-
ject of “Improving School Grounds.” (See index.)
Discussion.
On motion of Mr. Gibbs the meeting adourned.
THURSDAY MORNING SESSION.
The meeting was called to order by the First Congressional
District vice-president, Mr. Frank Yahnke, at 9:30 o’clock.
Vice-Pres. Yahnke: JI am very sorry to hear that our president
was called away under such sad circumstances. I feel somewhat
indisposed today and am not in a proper condition to conduct this
meeting, and I will therefore ask Prof. Green to take the chair.
Prof. Samuel B. Green: I believe Mr. Yahnke could handle
the meeting very well, but since it is his wish, and he has requested
me to do so I will take charge of the meeting.
The Chairman: We will take up the first number on the pro-
gram this afternoon, and that is a paper by Mr. Older. This subject
of evergreens is one that we are all interested in.
Mr. C. E. Older, of Luverne, then read a paper entitled, “The
Pines and Their Comparative Value in Minnesota.” (See index.)
Discussion.
The Chairman: Although this number is not on our program,
Mr. Barnes has a report from the Wisconsin Horticultural Society
which I am going to ask him to present now. I know we shall all
be glad to hear what they are doing in Wisconsin.
Mr. A. D. Barnes, of Waupaca, then submitted a “Report of the
Wisconsin State Horticultural Society.” (See index.)
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 495
Discussion.
The Chairman: We will now take up a report that was deferred
from yesterday morning, the report on the ornamental list, and as
the chairman, Mrs. Underwood, is not present I will ask Judge
Moyer to make the report.
The “Report of the Committee on Ornamental List” was then
submitted by Mr. L. R. Moyer. (See index.)
Discussion. ‘
The Chairman: I wish to introduce to you a gentleman who
is well known to many of you. Over in Wisconsin they have a
secretary that is able to hold the “cranky” fellows well in hand, and
we would all like to know a man who is able to do that. We would
like to hear from Mr. Herbst.
Mr. J. L. Herbst (Wis.): I did not come up here with the idea
of making any speech at all, because I, somewhat like your secre-
tary, am very modest and retiring when 1 am away from home.
There is one thing that impressed me particularly when I came into
the room yesterday afternoon, and that is the great number of young
faces in the audience. It has always been a question with me what
we would do when such men as Philips, Yahnke, Kellogg and other
good and great-hearted men are gone. I am glad to note that your
society as well as the Wisconsin society is exerting its influence
in the direction of drawing in the younger element. I am sorry I
did not get up here a little earlier. I understood there were several
prominent Wisconsin horticulturists coming up here, and I mis-
trusted there was something wrong. Some time ago your secretary
asked me what we did in Wisconsin when they talked too long. I
told him we shut them off. I imagine Kellogg and Philips and
Barnes came up here because they thought since they were visitors
they could talk as much as they pleased, and they would not be shut
off. Then I imagine they are up here for another purpose also.
Every winter at our state winter meeting they always have a nice
display of fruit. I was down stairs looking over your display of
fruit, and I think I shall stay to see that none of those apples are
lugged off. That is all I have to say. (Laughter and applause.)
The Chairman: Weare very glad to hear from Mr. Herbst, and
glad to see so many of our Wisconsin friends.
We did not have time yesterday to take up Mr. Latham’s paper
dealing with the horticultural exhibit at the St. Louis exposition, but
I think right now is a good time to hear from Mr. Latham.
Secretary A. W. Latham then made a detailed statement con-
cerning “The Minnesota Horticultural Exhibit at the Coming
World’s Fair at St. Louis.” (See index.)
* The Chairman: I am going to call on the committee on seedling
fruits for a report. Since Mr. Elliot is unable to be here this morn-
ing I am going to ask Mr. Strand to read that report.
The “Report of the Committee on Seedling Fruits” was read by
Mr. Geo. Strand in the absence of the chairman, Mr. Elliot. (See
index.)
Discussion.
The Chairman: I see Mr. Gregg is now present, and I shall ask
him to read his paper. -Mr. Gregg knows what he is talking about
496 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
because he has had the experience to back him up.
Mr. O. C. Gregg, of Lynd, then spoke briefly of “Some Success-
ful Trees for Southwest Minnesota.”
The Chairman: I think we are now ready to hear the report of
the committee on fruit list, and I will ask Mr. Cashman to make
that report.
Mr. Thos. E. Cashman, in behalf of the committee on fruit list,
submitted a report. (See index.)
Discussion. ‘
On motion of Mr. Cashman the fruit list was unanimously
adopted as read.
The Chairman: We will now have the pleasure of hearing from
Mr. Barnes, of Wisconsin. Mr. Barnes is competent to speak on
the subject for which he is down on the program, and I am sure
we shall all be interested in what he has to say.
Mr. A. D. .sarnes, of Waupaca, Wis., then presented a paper on
the subject of “Northern Apple Seedlings and the Great Good They
Are Doing.” (See index.)
Discussion..
The Chairman: We now change the subject to plums, and Mr.
Hynson will give us his experience.
Mr. R. E. Hynson, of Mankato, read a paper under the title of
“My Plum Orchard.” (See index.)
The Chairman: I am very sorry that we have not the time to
discuss this most excellent paper, but I am sure we all appreciate
the value of the experience of Mr. Hynson.
The chair appointed the following Committee on Permanent
Home for the Minnesota State Horticultural Society:
C. M. Loring, Minneapolis; O. C. Gregg, Lynd; S. M. Owen,
Minneapolis; L. R. Moyer, Montevideo; W. H. Dunwoody, Min-
neapolis,
THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.
The meeting was called to order at 2 o'clock by the temporary
chairman, Prof. Green. |
Mr. E. A. Smith, of Lake City, rendered a funeral march on
the organ, which was followed by a vocal solo by Mr. Crosby Hopps,
of Minneapolis.
Mr. C. M. Loring offered the following resolution:
Resolved, That.it was with sincere regret and profound sorrow
that the members of the State Horticultural Society learned of the
death of three of their oldest and greatly honored associates, Prof*
W. W. Pendergast, late president, E. H. S. Dartt and Jas. T. Grimes.
Resolved, That this association extend to the family of each,
sincere condolence in their bereavement.
Resolved, That, as a mark of respect to the memory of our de-
ceased friends, the business of the association be now suspended to
enable their associates to pay fitting tribute to their high character
and their valuable services in the cause of horticulture.
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 497
Resolved, That the secretary transmit to the family of each of our
departed friends a copy of these resolutions.
On motion of Mr. Loring the resolution was unanimously
adopted.
The Chairman: This is an hour that is sacred to the memory
of our friends in horticulture that have passed away during the
past year. We have had three deaths in our society of members
who have performed great services in horticulture in this state, and
we are to refer to their work and to their lives at this time. The
works of all of these men have been So eminent that they will live
after time, and will go on to bless future generations. We have
a number of friends to call on this afternoon, some who have known
these men for many years. The first one I will call upon is Hon.
S. M. Owen. (See index.)
The Chairman: I will call upon Mr. Loring to add his tribute
to these departed friends on this occasion. (See index.)
The Chairman: Iam going to call on Mr. A. J. Philips to say
a few words on this occasion. (See index.)
The Chairman: Mr. O. C. Gregg is with us, he knew the men
whose memories we honor today, and I will ask him to say a few
words about them. (See index.)
The Chairman: We will now have to draw these very appro-
priate and inspiring exercises to a close. I know there are others
here who would like to speak and to whom we would be only too glad
to give the opportunity, but the time set apart for this portion of
the program has expired, and we will close this memorial hour with
a song by Prof. Crosby Hopps.
The Chairman: We will now resume the regular order of the
program.
The Secretary: I have here some resolutions relating to the
Board of Regents of the State University, which have been handed
me, and which I will place before the society. (See index.)
Discussion.
On motion of Mr. Latham the resolution was adopted.
The secretary also read the following resolution relative to the
proposed discontinuance of the Owatonna trial station, etc. :
To the Honorable Board of Regents, State University of Minnesota:
Resolved, That as an association representing great agricultural
and horticultural interests in this state We recognize in the Agri-
cultural Department of the University of Minnesota a great aid to
the advancement of our state agricultural and horticultural interests
generally, and we thoroughly endorse the educational work it is now
doing.
Resolved, That we are greatly pleased at the liberal treatment
which this department of our university received at the hands of
our legislature last winter.
Resolved, That we are surprised to learn that some of the mem-
bers of the Board of Regents of our State University are opposed
to the continuance of the Owatonna Tree Station.
Resolved, That we heartily endorse the work of the Owatonna
Tree Station and are opposed to its being discontinued unless the
work now being done there shall be removed to a more suitable loca-
498 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
tion where it can be continued on a much larger scale and in a man-
ner commensurate with the growing horticultural interests of the
state of Minnesota.
Resolved, That we consider the region of Lake Minnetonka, on
account of its natural advantages, nearness to the central station
and ease of access therefrom, as especially well located for an orchard
trial station, and would call your attention also to the fact that the
expense of installing a station there would be much more than met
by the profits accruing to the Board of Regents from the sale of the
property formerly used as an orchard trial station in that region.
On motion of Mr. Latham: the resolution was - unanimously
adopted.
Mr. C. M. Loring submitted the following resolution:
Resolved, That the secretary of the Minnesota Forestry Associa-
tion is hereby requested to prepare a bill to be presented to the state
legislature providing for bounties for tree planting on the public
highways throughout the state.
On motion of Mr. Loring the resolution was unanimously
adopted.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS:
The time for the election of officers having arrived, tellers were
appointed and ballots taken with the following result: (See index.)
MINNESOTA STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION:
The annual meeting of the Forestry Association was called to
order by the president, Mr. C. M. Loring, who immediately opened
the program by reading the “Annual Address by the President.”
(See index.)
Discussion.
Pres. Loring: We have with us today Gen. C. C. Andrews, State
Fire Warden, and we shall be glad to hear anything he may have
to say.
Address by Gen. C. C. Andrews, St. Paul. (See index.)
Pres. Loring: We always expect to hear from Mr. Owen in a
forestry meeting, and I take great pleasure in calling upon him at
this time. (See index for address of S. M. Owen.)
Pres. Loring: We are very fortunate to have with us today a
lady who has been of very material and valuable aid in this forestry
movement, and to whom we had the pleasure of listening two years
ago upon this same subject. I take pleasure in calling upon Mrs.
W. H. Bramhall, of St. Paul, for a few remarks. (See index.)
Discussion.
Mr. Chapman then introduced the following resolution, and on
his motion it was unanimously adopted:
Resolved, that the Minnesota Forestry Association does hereby
most respectfully request and urge each and all of our representa-
tives in Congress to prepare, present and use all honorable means
to have passed at as early a date as possible, a bill paying the In-
dians for the pine to be leit standing for reforestation purposes, and
providing for payment for timber and lands reserved under the so-
a <%
Be
ieee
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, I9Q03. 499
called “Morris Bill,” and to do any other acts and things necessary
or advisable to render said law operative and effective.
Resolved, That the secretary of this association is hereby in-
structed to at once send a copy of these resolutions to each of our
said representatives.
Pres. Loring: We also have with us a gentleman ren a neigh-
boring state who is deeply interested in this question of forestry,
and who is doing valuable work in his own state. We would like
to hear from Rev. C. S. Harrison, of Nebraska. (See index.)
Pres. Loring: I entirely overlooked the name of a gentleman
who is down on the program and who is no stranger to you. A
forestry meeting would not be complete unless we heard from Prof.
Green. (See index for remarks by Prof. S. B. Green.)
Pres. Loring: This concludes our program, and I think we have
had a very interesting meeting. It has been so to me, at least.
The report of the secretary and treasurer was then read, after
which the election of officers took place with the following result:
President, Chas. M. Loring, Minneapolis.
First vice president, S. M. Owen, Minneapolis.
Second vice president, O. C. Gregg, Lynd.
Secretary and treasurer, W. T. Cox, St. Anthony Park.
On motion of Prof. Green the meeting adjourned.
FRIDAY MORNING SESSION.
The meeting was called to order at 9:30 o’clock by the president
pro tempore, Prof. Green.
The Chairman: There are several committees to report, but
as they are not yet ready we will take up the program of papers.
The general subject for this morning is “Nursery Topics,” and the
first number on the program is a paper by Mr. Roy Underwood.
Mr. Roy Underwood, of Lake City, then read a paper on the
subject of “Apple Stocks: the Best Kind, and the Best Method of
Growing.” (See index.)
The Chairman: As some of these subjects are so intimately as-
‘sociated I will call for Mr. Collman’s and Prof. Hansen’s papers
before taking up the discussion. In this way we will save ‘time
and discuss the subject all at one time.
“Whole Root versus Piece Root Grafts” was the subject of the
paper presented by Mr. A. F. Collman, of Corning, Iowa. (See
index. )
This paper was immediately followed by one from Prof. N. E.
Hansen, of Brookings, S. D., entitled “The Pyrus Baccata as a
Stock in the Nursery Row and Elsewhere.”” (See index.)
Discussion.
The Chairman: We have given a long time to the discussion
of these papers, and the discussion has been very interesting, too,
but we have other papers on the program that ought to be valuable
and bring out a similar discussion. I think I will call on Mr. Taylor
for his paper.
Mr. W. L. Taylor, of Litchfield, then read a paper on “Making
and Planting the Root-Graft.”’ (See index.)
500 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Discussion.
The Chairman: About all of our time this morning has been
given to the consideration of the apple; now we will change the sub-
ject and take up the plum, and Mr. Cashman will read a paper
on the propagation of the plum.
“Best Methods of Propagating the Plum” was the subject of a
paper read by Mr. Thos. E. Cashman, of Owatonna. (See index.)
Discussion.
The Chairman: We would be very glad to continue this dis-
cussion, but we have a long program this morning, and there may
be people here who are just as mué¢h interested in what Mr. Higbie
is going to bring out in his paper as they are in plums, and I will
call on Mr. Higbie. ,
Mr. W. S. Higbie, of Washburn, then read a paper on the sub-
ject of “Practical Methods of Dealing with Weeds in Nursery
Culture/2e (See andexs)
Discussion.
The Chairman: Our next number on the program I know will
prove of great interest, judging by the discussion we had the other
morning. Almost everybody is interested in evergreens, and I know
of no one who is more competent to speak upon the subject than
Mr. Norby.
Mr. A. Norby, of Madison, S. D., then read a paper on the sub-
ject of “Latest Experience with the Rarer Conifers.” (See index.)
Discussion.
The Chairman: Mr. Norby is full of valuable experience with
these conifers he is trying to grow in the trying situations of South
Dakota, and we ought to take occasion to pump him thoroughly to
get all the information possible. However, it is almost time for ad-
journment, and we still have two more papers on the program. I
hope we may be able to get back to this subject again during the
meeting. I see Mr. Webb, of ‘““The Farmer,” is here, and I will ask
him to read his paper.
Mr. E. A. Webb, publisher of “The Farmer,” St. Paul, then read
a paper on the “Responsibility of the Agricultural Press as Between
the Nurseryman and the Public.” (See index.)
The Chairman: This was a most excellent paper that Mr. Webb
presented, and I know you would be glad to discuss it, but we will
have just time enough to hear Mr. Hunter’s paper which, I am sure,
will also prove very interesting.
“Selling Trees’ was then presented by Mr. C. C. Hunter, of
Minneapolis. (See index.)
Discussion.
On motion of Mr. Thos. Cashman the chairman was instructed
to appoint a committee of three to draft suitable resolutions upon
the death of Mrs. Clarence Wedge.
The chair appointed as such committee Messrs. Thos. Cashman,
C. M. Loring and Wyman Elliot.
On motion of Mr. Taylor the meeting adjourned.
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, I903. 501
FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.
The meeting was called to order at 2 o’clock by the chairman,
Prof. Green.
The Chairman: We have a long and very interesting program
this afternoon, and without any further preliminaries we will take
it up at once. I will first call on Mr. Dike, of White Bear, who has
a fine orchard and is in a position to give us some very valuable
experience.
Mr. C. C. Dike, of White Bear, then read a paper on the subject
of “Starting an Orchard-—Six Years’ Experience with 1,100 Trees.”
(See index.)
Discussion.
The Chairman: I think we will leave Prof. Robertson’s paper
for a little while, and I will call upon Mr. Busse.
Mr. H. F. Busse, of Minneapolis, then gave his views upon
“Apple Orcharding in Minnesota.” (See index.)
Discussion.
The Chairman: This has been a very interesting discussion,
and when we have a chance to question a man of Mr. Busse’s ex-
perience we usually obtain some pretty valuable information. We
have heard what has been done with orchards that are already
planted and bearing, and now we will ask Mr. Poore to tell us about
the coming apple orchard.
Mr. Hamlin V. Poore, of Bird Island, then read a paper en-
titled, Phe Successful Apple Orchard ofthe Future.” (See
index. )
Discussion.
The President: We have given about all the time possible to
the consideration of this subject, and we must pass on to the other
numbers on our program. We will now take up a subject that
ought to interest the average farmer, and I think Mr. Mitchell will
give us some valuable information in regard to orchards on the farm.
Mr. D. M. Mitchell, of Owatonna, then read a paper on the sub-
ject of “Possibilities of Commercial Orcharding on the Farm.” (See
index. )
Discussion.
The Chairman: This is a very interesting and valuable paper,
and Mr. Mitchell is to be commended for the practical way in which
he handled the subject. The next number on the program is by a
veteran in apple growing, Mr. Kenney, and I believe we shall be
interested in what he has to say on top-working.
Mr. Seth Kenney, of Waterville, read a paper on “Top-working
to Secure a Long-Keeping Apple.” (See index.)
Discussion.
The Chairman: We have had a very interesting discussion of
the papers this afternoon. This concludes our program with the ex-
ception of Prof. Robertson’s paper. The subject of blight is one
that we are all interested in, because we have all suffered from blight
more or less. I don’t know whether Prof. Robertson can tell us
anything new about it or give us a remedy for its prevention, but I
think we shall get some interesting facts about it anyway.
§02 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Prof. Robertson, of St. Anthony Park, then read a paper under
the title “Apple Blight in Review.” (See index.)
Discussion.
The Chairman: I think we have all learned something about
blight. I don’t know whether we have learned enough to keep it
away from our trees, but we have heard lots of theories and some ex-
periences, and we can apply those we consider best. This concludes
our program, and as we have some questions in the question box
we will take those up next and see what there is in them.
(The questions and their answers will be found at various points
in the preceding pages.)
The Chairman: As we have a little time to spare now I will
give Mr. Elliot an opportunity to make a few remarks that I think
will be of interest to us.
Mr. Wyman Elliot proceeded to talk about the exhibit of apples
from Minnesota at the meeting of the American Pomological So-
ciety, held in Boston. in September last. (See index.)
The Chairman: Before final adjournment we have several
committee reports to hear, and if-Prof. Robertson is ready I will call
for the report of the committee on president’s address.
Prof. Wm. Robertson, chairman, then submitted the “Report of
the Committee on President’s Address.” (See index.)
On motion of Mr. Taylor the report of the committee was unani-
mously adopted. :
The Chairman: I will ask Mr. Loring to present the report of
the obituary committee.
The “Report of the Committee on Obituary” was read by the
chairman, Mr. C. M. Loring, as follows:
The obituary committee beg leave to report that during the past
year the following members of the Minnesota Horticultural Society
have passed from earth:
W. W. Pendergast, of Hutchinson.
E. H. S. Dartt, of Owatonna.
Jas. T. Grimes, of Minneapolis.
J. H. White, of Robbinsdale.
and recommend the adoption of the following resolutions :
Resolved, That this society extend to the relatives and friends
of the deceased sincere sympathy and condolence.
Resolved, That the society forward to the family of each a copy
of this report.
C. M. LORING,
R. A. WRIGHT,
DEWAIN COOK,
Committee.
On motion of Mr. Older the report of the committee was unani-
mously adopted.
The Chairman: There is a special committee, of which Mr.
Cashman is chairman, to report on the death of Mrs. Wedge.
Mr. Thomas Cashman, as chairman, then presented “resolutions
of sympathy and condolence on the death of Mrs. Clarence Wedge,”
as follows:
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 503
Whereas, It is with the deepest regret that this association has
learned of the affliction which has come to our honored president,
Mr. Clarence Wedge, in the death of his wife,
Therefore, be it resolved, that we tender to him our condolence
and sympathy in this his hour of sorrow.
Resolved, That the secretary of this association forward to Mr.
Wedge a copy of these resolutions. :
THOS. E. CASHMAN,
WYMAN ELLIOT,
CHAS. M. LORING,
Committee.
On motion of Prof. Wm. Robertson the resolutions were unani-
mously adopted by a rising vote.
The Chairman: The last committee to report is that on final
resolutions, and I presume Mr. Brackett is ready.
The report of the committee on final resolutions was submitted »
by Mr. A. Brackett.
Resolved, That we, the members of the Minnesota State Horti-
cultural Society, do sincerely thank the members of the Unitarian
Church for kindly furnishing us with the most convenient and pleas-
ant building that this society has ever enjoyed.
Resolved, That we are under obligations to Professor Crosby
Hopps for the very fine music that he favored us with.
Resolved, That we, the exhibitors of fruit, thank Mr. C. M.
Loring for his generosity in giving $25.00 in cash as premium on
fruit.
Resolved, That the nurserymen and others deserve great credit
for the unusually fine display of fruit and also for the many valuable
papers they furnished us with, many of them being the hard learned
lessons of a lifetime.
Resolved, That Professor Green deserves great credit for the
kind, pleasant and efficient way in which he has conducted these
meetings in the absence of our president, Mr. Clarence Wedge.
Resolved, That we thank the outside people for the interest they
have taken in these meetings in having furnished us with the best at-
tendance we have ever had.
Resolved, That we who attended the banquet will always re-
member with pleasure the fine repast that was so kindly furnished
free of charge by Mr. E. A. Webb; and also the fine entertainment
furnished by the good people who furnished the program, and finally
Resolved, That we must not forget to say that we all hope this
society may flourish and that we may always have as pleasant a meet-
ing as this has been, and if it should continue for the next hundred
years we hope that Mr. Philips, of Wisconsin, will always be here
and that his supply of stories may never give out.
On motion of Mr. A. J. Philips the report of the committee was
unanimously adopted.
504 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
TWO-MINUTE TALKS.
The Chairman: We come now to the closing feature of our
meeting, one that we have observed for a number of years and which
adds greatly to the feeling of friendship and good fellowship among
those who gather here, and that is the two-minute speeches by not
only the members, but also the friends from sister states whom we
are fortunate enough to have with us. I will first call upon Mr.
Bentz, the president of the South Dakota Horticultural Society.
Mr. P. J. Bentz (S. D.): I do not wish to occupy much time,
because there are many others whom we wish to hear. I am very
glad to again have been able to be with you. I have profited very
much by my visit here, and in this connection I wish to extend to
the members and friends of the society a cordial invitation to attend
the meeting of our society to be held on the third Tuesday in Janu-
ary at Madison, and I am very sorry that the relationship that has
so far existed between the societies of South Dakota and Minnesota
will have to be terminated in all probability, as we are going to
publish our own report. If an arrangement can be made by which
the combination might be kept intact it would please us very much.
I am sure I have profited very much, indeed, from the information
and experience we have gained from this society, and we shall always
hold your efforts in our behalf in grateful remembrance.
Chairman S. B. Green: We have enjoyed the society of South
Dakota as an adopted child, and while we regret to lose it, we are
glad at the same time that it has arrived at such an age that it is
able to take care of itself. We are glad to know that North Dakota
is represented at this meeting, and we hope to be able in the near
future to adopt their organization as a child of this society. We
would like to hear a word from Prof. Waldron.
Prof. C. B. Waldron (N. D.): The North Dakota society is not
formed yet, but on the 19th and 20th of January we hope to perfect
an organization. The enthusiasm of Minnesota has crossed over the
border to the extent that the people of North Dakota are just full °
of this enthusiasm, and sentiment is so strongly shaping itself in this
direction that a society will be organized on the 19th and 2oth of
January, at which time we extend to you all a hearty invitation to ©
be present, for we know that without your valuable work and your
assistance we should not have felt encouraged to take the step we
contemplate taking in the near future.
The Chairman: We are very’ glad, indeed, to know that this
gospel of horticulture is spreading and that this society has been the
means of promoting it, and I am sure we are all hoping for the
success of the North Dakota society which is to be organized. We
have another visitor here from a sister state whose pleasant voice
and wise counsel we have been privileged to hear during this meet-
ing, and I will call upon Mr. A. D. Appletree Barnes, of Waupaca,
Wis., for a few words.
Mr. A. D. Barnes (Wis.): Mr. President and Friends: I
want to assure you that it has done me a wonderful lot of good to
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 505
affiliate with the congenial members on this side of the Mississippi,
and as the delegate from Wisconsin and in behalf of the members
of our own society present at this meeting, I want to assure you also
that we have been cordially greeted and royally entertained at this
meeting and at your banquet, and we had the best of everything,
both in a substantial way and in the sentiment of this society
during this meeting. I enjoy with you your progress in horticulture.
We rejoice with you in your achievements. I think the laurels you
have won are of ten times more value and greatly more appreciated
than those that are more easily won than you have won yours. I
want to thank you for all the good things we have been made the
recipients of at your hands. I want to extend an invitation to you
all to visit us in our homes in the various parts of the state, and
also to visit us in our meeting at Madison in the second week in
February. Every single horticultural latch string in the state of
Wisconsin hangs on the outside.
The Chairman: We are very glad to hear these words of
appreciation from our Wisconsin friend. We would certainly keenly
feel the loss if we were to lose the presence of our genial and valued
friends from across the river. We have another delegate present
from a sister state, who is not here as an entire stranger, having been
with us some years ago, and I take pleasure in calling upon Mr.
Collman, of Iowa. )
Mr. A. F. Collman (Iowa): Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gen-
tlemen, I always appreciate a good social time, and I always enjoy
myself where there is anything enjoyable, and this is certainly a
place to enjoy one’s self. When I was here before, a number of
years ago, I had the honor to be escorted by my friend, Mr. Elliot,
through your university and through Prof. Green’s classroom, and I
enjoyed that very much. I went home and told my people there
was a great future before Minnesota, for the reason that they had
such good schools where they fitted young men and women for life.
My prediction came true, because now I see some of those young
men who were in school at that time taking a prominent part in the
administration and deliberations of this society, and I am more than
pleased with the progress and improvement you have made and are
still making. Now, my friends, let me ask all of you to stand by
your schools and by your professor of horticulture. He is doing a
great work that you ought to appreciate, and his reputation as a
foremost horticulturist is not confined to your state, but it is well
known and appreciated in our section of country. You want to keep
him and keep him in the harness and hold up his hands, as well as
those of your secretary and other officers. I wish to thank you for
the kind treatment you have accorded me, and I shall carry the very
best reports home to my people in Iowa. I hope we shall have the
pleasure of meeting many of you next week at our annual gathering,
and we shall try to use you as well as you have used me. (Ap-
plause.)
The Chairman: Iowa is a good place to go to; they always
use their delegates well, and I know whoever goes there will receive
a cordial reception. We have a gentleman here from a state which
is not often represented in our meetings, but the visitors from which
506 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
we are always glad to welcome. I take great pleasure in asking
Mr. Harrison, of York, Nebraska, to speak to us for two minutes.
Rev. C. S. Harrison (Neb.): Mr. Chairman and Friends: I
think it takes a cold climate to develop warm hearts. I have been
very cordially received here and enjoyed myself very much. I am
catching your spirit, and I am getting full of enthusiasm. The way
you defy old Boreas, I want to tell you right here and now (and I
am no prophet of the future), that you will yet be raising peaches
in Minnesota. We have data from which we are going to work.
The Brunings have been selecting hardy peaches for forty years,
and they have some of them so perfect that they will stand almost
anything in the way of climate. They have crossed the Champion
with the Alberta and have grown seedling peaches in which you can
see scarcely any variation from the original. After that terrible
year that wiped peaches and almost everything else out of existence
Mr. Bruning had a good crop of them. Those trees went through
a temperature of 40 below and then bore. . Then there is Dr. Bailey
who is developing another family. The last of August we had a
regular New England sleet storm. We found the trees and every-
thing remained solid for nearly two days, and the frost did not come
off the windows until the next day, and yet it did not affect the
peaches. If you can raise peaches when the mercury goes 14 below
zero you ought to be able to raise a good crop where it goes to 25
below. You are surely going to bring the peach belt up this way.
Do not depend upon budded seedlings, but those seedlings of a true
variety, plant those and you can hope and expect to get good results.
You do not need to lay them down and cover them up. I do not be-
lieve it will be twenty-five years before you will be growing a splen-
did crop of excellent peaches here in Minnesota. There is another
matter I want to speak of, and that is home adornment. You are
going to have some of the most beautiful places on the face of the
earth. You can raise evergreen to place upon your farms, you have
the right spirit and you will adorn your places in a most beautiful
manner. When I come up again—I do not know when I can come
up again, I am 71 now—but when I come again, in ten or fifteen
years from now, I know I shall find things in magnificent shape.
(Applause. )
The Chairman: We are gratified to hear such pleasant predic-
tions from Mr. Harrison, and we are willing to believe that he will
prove a good prophet. Mr. Harrison is a man who looks on the
bright side of things and works for the best interests of everybody.
He is a power in his own state, and we are very glad to have had the
benefit of his enthusiasm at our meeting. We have a number more
of visiting friends here from whom we would like to hear, and I
will ask Mr. Mitchell, of Iowa, to say a few words. :
Mr. J. B. Mitchell (Iowa): It is with the greatest pleasure
that I find myself here. I have certainly enjoyed myself, and I wish
to thank you for the cordial reception you have given me. We
have been a little proud of our work in Iowa, quite so I may say, but
I am afraid, I really believe, we shall have to yield the medal to Min-
nesota. You are certainly getting ahead of us in horticulture. You
are making more progress, and especially in one thing which I con-
ag
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, I903. 507
sider very essential in the work of any organization. I see many
gray heads in this society, and the same is true of our society, the
gray head predominates, and the question often comes to me, “What
is to come hereafter?’ Here in your society you are getting in
many young men; I see you are increasing in that direction a great
deal faster than we are, and that is something that ought to be
commended and that is encouraging. I am glad that I have been
privileged to meet with you, and I want to extend to you a cordial
invitation to meet with us in the Northeastern lowa society which
meets at Decorah.
The Chairman: We are glad to hear these words of com-
mendation from Mr. Mitchell, and I am sure we have enjoyed his
presence here as much as he has enjoyed being here. We have
another gentleman here from Iowa, one who is no stranger to you,
whom we almost regard as belonging to us, and whom we are always
glad to greet. I refer to Mr. Patten. We want to hear a few words
from you, Mr. Patten.
Mr. C. G. Patten (Iowa): I believe there are few living who
can appreciate as I can the rapid growth of this association and of the
horticulture of your state. I well remember when the apples brought
to your exhibitions would not cover more than three times the space
of the secretary’s table, and now go into the room below and see
what you have accomplished. I do not wonder that you have a
wonderful inspiration in the culture of fruits and in the matter of
home adornment. It took no ken of prophet to predict that here in
the Twin Cities, with your splendid opportunities, you were to be the
prominent horticultural society of the whole western continent.
Massachusetts occupies that position in the eastern states, and I
declare to you from what I see before me and what I have seen in
the years during which I have been coming to this state, it seems
to me there is nothing in the way of your attaining the eminent posi-
tion of being the first society of this whole western region. I thank
you for your kindness, and I hope as many of you as can will come
to the meeting of the Iowa society. We are glad to codperate with
you, and we need your cooperation.
The Chairman: Mr. Patten rarely misses one of our meetings,
and we are always pleased to have him with us, and hope he may be
able to attend many meetings to come. I am going to call on another
gentleman whom we hardly count as a visitor, because he never
misses one of our meetings, and we regard him as belonging to us
about as much as he does to Wisconsin, Mr. Philips.
Mr. A. J. Philips (Wis.): The first meeting of this society I
ever attended was held at Winona, and I shall continue to come
just as long as I am able to do so. I hope you will not take that
resolution that was passed seriously, in which the hope was ex-
pressed that I would attend for a hundred years to come. I feel
about that a good deal like the old minister felt when his church
proposed to raise his salary from $400 to $600. He said, “Brethren,
don’t do it. It has taken all my strength and energy to collect $400,
and if you add $200 more I feel that the task of collecting it will be
. too great for me. Don’t do it, brethren.” (Laughter.) It would
be more than I could do. One thing has pleased me very much, and
508 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
that is the tribute this society has paid to Mr. Patten. I have
heard mean things said about him, just as there are mean things said
about me, but I am awful glad he came to this meeting just to hear
the many kind things said about his work and about the Patten’s
Greening. I should think it would renew his age ten years. There
is one thing I don’t like. Mr. Elliot said you had nearly $500 in
the Gideon memorial fund. I wish the people of Minnesota could
be enthused to make it $5,000. They don’t realize what Mr. Gideon
has done for them. I want to see that fund go up to $2,000;
I think it ought to go up to that anyway, and I think if you all do
what you ought to do we can get it up to that figure. Another thing
I don’t like—although I don’t like to say anything about it—but we
have been working for all these years ta get out a fruit list for the
benefit of the people of Wiscinsin and Minnesota. People have read —
it, and it is a guide to go by, and then in spite of our fruit list you
have an article come out in one of your city agricultural papers
saying that there are two better apples than you have on your list,
just holding up those two as the best there are and throwing all the
rest away. Here we honored the name of Harris last year, and that
story is right on the same page where the articles on horticulture
appear. After all these years of work by experimenters, such as
Harris, Somerville, Dartt and others, the report goes over the state
and over the northwest that there are two better apples than anything
found in your fruit list. I think that is ashame. You know I always
have a good time when I come here and I hope to live to come again.
( Applause.)
The Chairman: Of course, we do not expect Mr. Philips to live
to be a hundred years old and attend all of our meetings, but we
hope to have him with us a great many times more. We have another
Wisconsin man with us, a sort of partner of Mr. Philips’, whose
face we are always glad to see, and I am going to call on Mr. Kel-
loge.
Mr. Geo. J. Kellogg (Wis.): I came here as a delegate from
the horticultural society of Lake Mills, but I did not give them
credit when I was called on yesterday morning. We organized three
years ago, and ran along several years without creating much inter-
est, but last spring I advertised in the papers telling the children
twelve years old and under that if they would come to my garden
they should have strawberry plants free. The next day ninety-seven
came, and we got up quite an interest in strawberries. I offered
a prize of fifty cents for the biggest strawberry grown from those
plants. It created quite an enthusiasm for strawberries, and we
had a very fine exhibition. I think I showed fifty varieties to the
children. My Senator Dunlap had some very fine fruit, and I prom-
ised the children that the next season I would give them six plants
each of the Dunlap. One hundred and fifty-two have asked for the
plants, and out of that number we shall get a lot of horticulturists.
I have gone a little outside of the common nursery business. I have
gone to grafting trees on the highway. I told the children the apples
would be for them. Two little girls come along one day while I was
grafting and wanted to know what I was doing. I told them, and .
they were very much interested. In a month they met me again
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 509
and they told me there were no apples on those trees yet. I thought
it would be too bad to disappoint them, so this fall I went along and
stuck some apples on the limbs and the little girls found them. I
have a daughter who has been living here eighteen years, and that
is one reason why I am here so often. I have enjoyed this meeting
wonderfully well. As I said before, I wish more of the people of
this city could have seen this wonderful display of apples you have
here. There are ten thousand people in this city who ought to have
seen it.
The Chairman: I believe we appreciate Mr. Kellogg’s pres-
ence just as much as he enjoys our meetings. We hope to see him
here for many years. I am now going to call on Mr. Ditus Day, the
oldest member of the Minnesota Horticultural Society.
Mr. Ditus Day: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am
glad to meet with you. I was one of the first members of this so-
ciety, and I wish to say to you today that I have always looked for-
ward to these meetings and enjoyed them, and I enjoy being with
you today. I have not taken an active part or had much to say in the
meetings of the society for the past few years, but years ago I had
considerable to say; and of late years I have found that others have
taken my place who can talk better and serve you better than I can.
When I wish to speak on a subject sometimes the words fail to come
td my mind which I wish to use to express my ideas. Therefore |
have not endeavored to take any part in the discussions, but never-
theless I have enjoyed myself tremendously. I recall to mind when
we used to meet in the early days of this society there were only a
few of us, but we were full of hope and enthusiasm. There is only
one person here who was present when the society was organized,
and that is Mr. Wyman Elliot, and another one, A. W. Sias, is living
in Florida. As I said before, only a few of us met, but our hearts
were in the work. Some people thought we were foolish to try to
raise fruit, but notwithstanding discouragements we persevered.
My brother-in-law, Capt. Aldrich, used to say to me, “Ditus, why do
you spend so much time going to those horticultural meetings? I
can sow an acre of wheat and with the proceeds buy more apples
than you can raise in twenty years.”” There were many others who
practically told me the same thing, and I recollect that thirty years
ago there was a general impression that we could not raise fruit
in Minnesota, but we have succeeded wonderfully, even beyond our
own hopes and expectations. I have met a number of my old asso-
ciates and have enjoyed myself very much, and before I sit down I
wish to thank you, gentlemen, for the privilege of saying these few
words to you. (Applause.)
The Chairman: Weare very much pleased to hear these words
from Mr. Day. It gives us fresh courage and inspiration when we
compare our present conditions with those of thirty and forty years
ago, when we still have some of the pioneers in the work with us
to urge us on. I am now going to ask Mr. Frank Yahnke to say a
few words. He is always ready to say the right thing.
Mr. Frank Yahnke: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:
The highest honor that was ever bestowed on me, the biggest bouquet
ever thrown at me, was at the time our late president, Prof. Pender-~
510 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
gast, said to me, “You are always practical in your speech and your
papers.” I went down to the exhibition room and got two apples,
because our friend Herbst said Mr. Philips was going to take them
along home with him. I went down to get them first. Mr. Herbst
says Mr. Philips takes the best he can get at our exhibit and takes
them to Wisconsin, where he exhibits them at their meeting and takes
a premium. We have a lawyer in our town who is a great temper-
ance man. He was present at a temperance meeting recently, and
he proved that he did not have a drink in twenty years. He said he
had had liquor in his cellar for twenty years, and that was proof
that he never drank. I have these apples here which I am going to
give to Mr. Philips, and they are my witnesses that he did not take
them. If he gets into trouble on this account at the Wisconsin meet-
ing he will have hundreds of witnesses to prove his innocence. Mr.
Kellogg here swears to everything Mr. Philips says. We have suc-
ceeded’ wonderfully in our society, and I hope the work will not
stop here because we have made a success of it. We have got to
continue working with all the energy and means at our command.
We have got to work for this society until every man, woman and
child in the state of Minnesota is a member. Every school ground
in this state must be made ornamental with trees and shrubs so
that it will be a thing of beauty for the children who go there. Our
streets and roads in the country must be made to look as well as
the streets of Minneapolis, and a great deal better than some of
them. (Applause.) And more than that, we have got to have fruit
on every farm; we have to have it in abundance, so that some of these
city people may have some of it, and that not only while the fruit is
in season but all the year round. (Applause.)
The Chairman: I wish everybody might be as enthusiastic as
Mr. Yahnke; there would be some wonderful things accomplished.
This occasion would not be complete without a word from Mr.
Loring.
Mr. C. M. Loring: I must say I enjoyed this meeting more
than any we ever had. Ina very short time, in a few years, we are
going to have a jubilee; it will be fifty years since this society was
organized, and I want these two gentlemen that come here every year
and enliven our meetings to keep just as far apart as possible until
that time, so that they may come here in good order, the one from
Wisconsin and the other from the southern part of this state. I
think the chairman is entitled to a great deal of credit for the har-
mony he has maintained between these two friends. (Laughter.)
We congratulate ourselves on having gone down to Boston and
taken the Wilder medal, but good gracious! don’t you know we
always get what we go after? Down at New Orleans we took the
premium for sugar, apples, grapes, butter, wheat and flour. Of
course, we can take the premium if we go after it. We are going
down to St. Louis next summer and sweep the whole board. So, as
Mr. Elliot has said, get ready for it, let us go down there and clean
them out. It has been a great pleasure to me to meet my old friends
here. It has been one of the grandest meetings I have known in this
city, one of the most interesting, and if people could only realize
what has been done by this society and could see the fruits of its
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. ae
labors, it seems to me we would not have a hall large enough in the
city to hold the members of this organization. Our friend Yahnke
is right when he says we are proud we have fifteen hundred members,
but we ought to have three, four or five times as many ,and with a
little effort we shall get them. (Applause.)
The Chairman: That is the right kind of enthusiasm. With a
feeling like that on the part.of every member we are bound to grow.
We have with us a young lady from Wisconsin who is making quite
a record with seedling apples, and has taken several premiums here.
We would like to hear from Miss Cairns.
Miss Gertrude M. Cairns (Wis.) : It is a great surprise to me to
be called upon, because I certainly did not expect to say anything,
at least no more than to ask a few questions, and I have not asked
many because there have been so many good things said there was
no time to get them in. I am very glad to be here and to have
been able to attend the meeting of this society. I was up here two
years ago. I was somewhat afraid of you before I came here the
first time. I felt that I would be out of place. However, you made
me feel so much at home, and I found so much inspiration in your
meeting, that I was anxious to come back again. I could not come
last year, but I found I could this year. I have been interested in
these meetings for many years. It seems to me if we can make oth-
ers know how much there is to learn here from those who are inter-
ested, that even those who grow fruit in a small way only would be-
come interested, and that the wish expressed by one of your mem-
bers would come true, that people would come to the meeting because
there are so many things that can be carried away and made use of,
even by those who are not extensively engaged in horticultural pur-
suits. As far as my seedling apples are concerned, I brought them
up here to show what can be done and what has been done under
practically the same conditions that exist in parts of your state, to
show you that apples can be raised from seed, and as my seedlings
are raised only comparatively a few miles from Mr. Philips’ place,
it carries out the thought in speaking of that work that good apples
may be obtained from seeds, and that some are hardy. At least these
seem to be hardy. I think the paper which was published in the last
number of the “Horticulturist” gives all that I know in regard to
these seedlings, and I will only say that they seem in every way
perfectly hardy and good bearers. (Applause.)
Mr. C. M. Loring: I was much struck with what one gentle-
man said in regard to plums, and I believe that fruit ought to be
improved. I want to say here, Mr. President, that in order to stimu-
late that effort a premium should be offered, even though a small
one, and I want to offer a premium next year for the best plum.
(Applause. )
The Chairman: We have a few minutes more time, and I will
call upon Mr. Wheaton for a few words.
Mr. D. T. Wheaton: It has afforded me a great deal of pleas-
ure, as it always does, to be here. I have always been interested in
fruit, especially in apples. I love apples, and before coming to Min-
nesota lived in a state where apples grew plentifully. But the ap-
ples I had to eat when I was a boy do not compare with the apples
512 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
in the exhibit room below today. I believe Minnesota will in the very
near future raise more apples than the eastern states. I am very
hopeful of the outlook with the efforts that are being made in ship-
ments outside of the state. |
The Chairman: I see another old and valued member before
me, whom I know as an enthusiastic and tireless worker, but from
whom we never hear a word. Now I am going to call upon Mr.
J. R. Cummins for a little speech.
(Mr. Cummins declined to speak.)
Mr. Wyman Elliot: Since Mr. Cummins declines to speak, I
will represent him as his proxy. I want to say that we have not in
the state of Minnesota a more thorough experimenter than Mr.
Cummins. It always gives me a great inspiration to go to his place
and see the work he is doing, not only in seedling apples, but in orna-
mental plants and small stuff generally. He has demonstrated the
possibilities of light sandy soil, and I hope we shall have him continue
with us for many years to carry on this work.
The Chairman: We have with us a gentleman from Duluth
who, I believe, has never been with us before, but whose presence
we have appreciated, and I believe also that he enjoyed himself. We
would like to hear from Mr. Pendergast.
Mr. R. H. Pendergast: I am glad to say that I enjoyed this
meeting very much. It is the first meeting I have attended since the
early days of the society. I was one of the early workers in horti-
culture in the state. I was brought up ina New England state, and I
learned that we had to work for results. I have been doing a little
in the line of experimenting. I find conditions for growing fruit in
our section of country are very different from what they are here.
We find the quality of fruit is better than it is here on account of the
climatic influence, and one of the things we are not troubled with is
too much heat, I have been watching that blight for a good many
years. I was in Illinois nearly forty years ago, and I watched its
progress further north, and after I went up to the lake I was anxious
to see whether we would be troubled with it there. Excepting the
Transcendent, which are the worst, up to three years ago I had never
seen a sign of it. I cannot speak in regard to the cause of it, but we
have cool summers, and that is a great benefit to small fruits. We
can beat the world on small fruits. In regard to blight, as I said
before, up to three years ago I had never seen a sign of it. Three
years ago we had set out thousands of thrifty trees, and a rainy
spell was followed by the hottest kind of weather, and inside of a
week you could hardly find a Transcendent tree that was not blighted.
The Chairman: Now we want to hear a word from Mr. Rich-
thrdson.
Mr. S. D. Richardson: I have heartily enjoyed this meeting;
it was the best I ever attended, and I hope I shall live to attend many
more. I am glad to see the younger people taking up the work.
It is the young people who are doing the world’s work, and it is
being well done, and I think we need have no fear for the future of
this society so long as the present prospects of help from the young
people hold out.
JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1903. 513
The Chairman: Mr. Parks never has much to say, although
he knows a great deal. We want to hear from him.
Mr. J. S. Parks: I have attended but few meetings of the
society, but I have been a member since coming to the state. Those
meetings I have attended I have enjoyed so well that I intend to stay
around as long as Mr. Philips does. (Laughter.)
The Chairman: Now we want a word from Mr. Taylor before
we adjourn.
Mr. W. L. Taylor: Prof. Green poked a little fun at me because
I liked the Malinda. My children are very fond of the Malinda
apple. In fact, I have to fence off the Malinda apples from the other
apples in the bin, or they would eat up all the Malindas first.
Mr. Wyman Elliot: I want to say that I have enjoyed this
meeting very much, and we have gathered a great many valuable
points of information from our visiting delegates, and in order to
express in some way our appreciation of their presence and of their
aid and suggestions I will move you that all visiting members and
delegates be made honorary annual members for the next year.
The motion was numerously seconded and, being put to a vote,
prevailed unanimously.
Mr. Frank Yahnke: I believe there is one thing that has been
forgotten although certainly not for lack of appreciation, and I want
to move a vote of thanks to Mr. Philips for his kindness in bring-
ing this fine specimen of a grafted apple tree to the meeting and for
its presentation as an object lesson to the school of agriculture.
The motion was duly seconded and, being voted on, prevailed
unanimously.
On motion of Mr. Elliot the meeting adjourned.
Executive ~PBRoard
1903.
RECORD OF MEETINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD, 1904.
Record of meeting held in secretary’s office at 8 p. m., Nov. 30,
1903.
The following members were present: Wyman Elliot, Clarence
Wedge, S. B. Green, J. P. Andrews and L. R. Moyer.
The bill of Prof. S. B. Green, expenses of seedling committee,
was allowed, $15.27... The secretary’s bill for expenditures of the
office from June 22, 1903, to date was audited and ordered paid:
AS Wy Eatham,; Secretary. So ee ae $546.37
The report of the public examiner finding the secretary’s books
correct was presented and accepted.
The chairman of the board was instructed to secure the services
of some competent person to examine the secretary’s book hereafter
after each semi-annual settlement.
The following other bills were audited and allowed:
A. Bs Lyman, treasurer, premiums. paid at annual meeting, 1902,
$174.95.
A. B. Lyman, treasurer, premiums at summer meeting, 1903,
$136.25.
Wyman Elliot, expenses as delegate to Am. Pomological Society,
$56.00.
Mr. Forest Henry was recommended for a life membership
(honorary).
Adjourned sine die.
Wyman Elliot, Chairman.
A. W. Latham, Secretary.
Record of meeting held in Armory Hall, State Exp. Station,
June 24th, 1904.
Present, Wyman Elliot, Clarence Wedge, Samuel B. Green, J.
P. Andrews and A. W. Latham.
Wyman Elliot was elected chairman for the current year; and
A. W. Latham was elected secretary at a salary of $1,000 per annum.
The salaries of the president and treasurer were fixed at $25.00
each for this year.
The bill of the secretary for expenditures of his office from
Nov. 30, 1903, to June 23, 1904, was audited and allowed at
$1,624.67.
Adourned sine die.
Wyman Elliot, Chairman.
A. W. Latham, Secretary.
MEMBERSHIP, 1904.
ANNUAL MEMBERS.
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PSPelate Mrs: Os cates shit octee sie eee Cedar Mreemany;sONAthHa Ns’. Madelia Ganllke ME, (Coriatiade cs cccste cele ',.. Thompson
Erdahl, Absalon...... R. D. 2. Blue Earth Garlick, L. W ; Huntley
Erickson, Oscar........ care State School, (GER STIAE Tee toale > nose eral eiaivinhel stale e ateraze Glencoe
PF a Siei<\cis asidoe ate ibe eit eres wistte Owatonna Getchell, W. H
5 18 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Gerdsen, “Henry ccc < sseseer eeeeeee-Madelia
SANS) IA WAT Se eteciohsiniciote vier>inia ie nts nates Elk River
Bemaiin, HAlonzO- ey eek vee Spring Valley | Headley, C. W.... . Winnebago City
Hapmards Geo, Hi ..sosbss se eee St. Paul | Hermanson, H. +++... Hopkins
HaKt, (Geos Wines ix ceoe lenient Cable, N. D. | Hebbel, Henry ...Windom
DAP W.. IW 22. occ keh ahead nonce Delavan’| Heinan,; John ’.........2se. esses Hastings
HAE) BIW. .2e nc eee Madison, S. D. Heath, (Cir Cr. 2 wabtensercstaatee eee Beltrami
Hawkins, John...... Box 495, Minneapolis Hinkley, C. N.......0- eet aia Sa tenn Osseo
Hamustrom, C. J........... Sta. A., Mpls. Hibbs; Dz Rateovensasah PES to “Albert Lea
Eitwikinson, PM avait sacle eee ‘Harris | Highmark, L. P.........0. ..West Duluth
iamimerereny LAS Ry... cso Meee eee Hagris)| “biebie;W Sis 5.2.2. neers Eden Prairie
ERT Lis Cenc s casas sd pace cet cae See BS Dri 8. Pe. oe actos oe eee SAO, Nee
PAARSOM fs: 30.5 sate ce vee ee Ada Bicks:) Carl, vcs’. hacker « bier DAES OVINE RE
Efaley; Marines. .))0- 2. 0 ae Gwaientctaws BLICKSH Ol6. feo id ee hee ...Hickson, N. D
Haseltine? Krank "Tis. ..cecne.- Crookston | Hicks, A...... Esmond. N. D.
HaepriOle ud. «.ciacdsaeecct cies Hendrum | Highby, L. P. H...... feel Albert Lea
Hanscom, W. H....812 41st Av. N., Mpls. Hila =e ; pee Laub 2 ee
Hart, Frank B...... 1001 E. 19th St.; Mpls. Sea te Sess ts a see eee Watson
Harts Ae feiss PE Sli lek ee See Hintermister, Jr. J. Henry.....
Fianmer MBs. ess. s. 0 2ocn ls Heiberg _ pretest se. 205 Dispatch Bide, ‘St. Paul
Hanson, Mrs. A. $.3232 Harriet Av., Mpls. Hinds, H. W......... ..s+s.sHuron, Ss. D.
PAH CHa! WWa 5 sos oe nts ee Marietta | Hill, C. L.....-....ee ee eeee -..-Albert Lea
Pear TISOR: JVs iE s oSorccu vente Chanhassen Hill, Ceres aid dale enc olan ooeee Lelk River
Hamilton, Geo, H........ 1065 Ottawa Av. EXipples,Ponn' 5 2), ts tees « Elbow Lake
TERDE HOV A lS ARABIA eoppicr eat oe Alexandria
Holcomb, Moody Lester Prairie
Gee, COA e ccs «.c1s\«is,010 nidvoie miele e Madelia
POM ACEO. CE PAM o5 060.0% «= arerere Long Prairie
BAG CR EAS eye asin nhc c's 0 014.0 6 6 aiei eae Fargo, N. D.
Holmen, Elmer O.......... Horace, N. D.
TAOWERSEAG, UCAS... cs -0.c vaio bne'e o.0 oie © Cambridge
Holl Dr P.M Sta. A, R. 4, Mpls.
EW aati, | oe 1S ar: 53/0, ehofeiere:s.< City Hall, Mpls.
TE diy ES ee oo Oot Fergus Falls
EMEA By ER scrsre he olere, oe sie 3 Estherville, Iowa
PEMes ere Se Po. oss eses.s Winnebago City
TEETIGTES ben ed 2 eel So ee eet Madelia
LETT TIC TS he Wa CAB Bae on etc oes Elbow Lake
PR RERERISGE ESS TVW cis of brace cto aislerp ss bel ofede Alma, Wis.
ESR e 5 Al eas wa ais oe St. Anthony Park
AMES OUTN SY PEG AUMEES = o's a yo o'e ol iSisrerelele.e £09 Mankato
Etat HENIA Boss ras oie eee: se: 5% Redwood Falls
Ingebretson, Wm..........++ Colfax, Wis.
WEG Lan a enc. Sey Aitkin
LORS VAG oe a pe ceoncind: ie Laer Hamline
Iversen, MOA elena are oye, steierensiale: 3 Lake Benton
AVES Ma Si EY o's, o:t's,.0) Js, 3550, 010 klate Crookston
Imsdahl, J. Big Woods
Ioves, C. C ...-Pine City
REO SOP be Gow ate lsisiciereveyeeie oefelate Madison
UACOBSEHVPORDDNYS Foie cass ee ole e ale Franklin
SIRIGOMS CTs OG ire cisioiclorsieie ove traiethe siete Tyler
SAMO SEMA GEACOD 4g, ciara a’e.«: «rere: 5 sles Snare lors Tyler
EPC OMSOT, TAD oom jeje /e,n:0's, 0.0, cras clare Ruthton
ena Me ciate ee pe wee Petersburg
aeesematamt } AS Ce oss visser aieare Petersburg
RRR CLIO WG OG s, aie ic ye Lose lwiote a2 seule Exe Stillwater
ETI GMea he VE rsin em yclatelers ote chit bls-0 ie Little Falls
Jenson, SS Bhs Abie wehbe bssaw Albert Lea
PENSE TP IOTISHA 0:6 sie cise see aiats «ip Rose Creek
TET Ge a Os 02 A ee Montevideo
PLEAS CIMT ROTI eh a are uo: & ale GKelalapaermtaleiaoe yler
Wensenas Mragatia PLL. Ses cde ee eee Tyler
Jensen, C. M...... Box 74, Fostoria, Iowa
Jensen, ubegWie sous a dase «gobs McIntosh
Jenson, James R...... Woonsocket, S. D.
Jensen, PATA SE gp ishcpNeietelois wictozate Erwin. S. D.
HOUNSOU AHEAD Fabs v0.8 tb ve clscekis Benson
WORBECTSOMN, | Fos Baek caeieissrerstoreneiaieve Hutchinso
PONSS, TERHOSY MSe os ols cbc ee oeieteberd ars « Russell
eR TATICS SOT, Bscic ws jojovesavoresyesnsiaecre Beltrami
ROM SOW CAMGNGW, 20 sc sce ociels ere oul Dassel
4G. AE SG) DEG NO 2 Ran ee Re Se Kingston
SIME SURERAT PEON aso a ratatsiayasc winiclowtena Kingston
MEMMNSETE POLO i. Giclkeeiecisseie tela anne Tyler
icine Sigiae ths Ch kel 2 ee Ri ae Semen ey fens ore Tyler
WOMMSONS FLOM VAS s Lake City
er AL IVI. aaeretsiatn «GA on tek stan ols Elk River
Kelley, Clark «. 0s. Devil’s Lake, N. D.
ETT Oe bar pins cya). 00) silelvie's jalan Fargo, N. D.
‘Kepner: .N. Be. . ss. 3 New Rockford, N. D.
FRCS, eee x-cini si «wala s oeielel aisle Elk River
Ketcheson, Melville ........ Milnor, N. D.
pe TT Gy. ara Ati Sin ie oie leo.e o's winrmavale Hickory
eallay | COEMCIIUUS < salec 0/0 00's ee Little Falls
TIM SPAY, METCGs |. a. cs wee aales.e 5 Eagle Bend
aim kaGe Wa. Seiscecisc cas Sioux Falls, S. D.
ampere (ari e Are cas ais shale se o's n 8 New London
era ba Tes a VAL Gis cleat). choos, r=\)e o)elnleiu ere Austin
SUES OT TIE = VG Asn a a 01 0) 0) «0 aiotalaiiels) sae Rovers
Kingsley, Mrs, Ida M........<.:.. Stewart
earehirtad CHAS S teers ae < clera sistas Dodge Center
iTS AE CELE Seno aoeeoae Vernon Center
Kingsbury, NY, cy. chats QR Ee chan eee
sate edenchoyeiaNe ous 1996 Mill. Ay., St. Paul
Lat e OSE Seem ano ee. Butterfield
TGIGRS VARA EVOT SScrae wien «,010) «(oye Underwood
a UESTEY SITE ARS OEE BABROOODS GOL Oe Caledonia
Ii ais no = 2 ea oae Litchfield
TCS ISO WAS crorapere\e:a,orn a'p cereus New Richland
alnSsmgemnaty BIG 5 Cos oo ew ojere we, 0 0 010) sce Welcome
RAG VATE oy ete En cicle siaioch cis aie) = tape torarets Starbuck
TKGNIGSOR. ICVEELC: =. (cts is on 01s) 000,005} Hartland
Knutson, J. O
Knoles, Bat Al siivc «sos
ARR Deg Bic orerava! crore @ eisia tiene sia 1E
Knuppel, Fred
Kosbab, Paul
Kording, John
AOU OMAS). 's7c,010's) sheiocs a) © siminterinte © Taopi
TE GESDEOSOLEM. Acre vos c/eietals a « aie aisle Franklin
FRGV AES INVASCL ( ccoaccclecisc cine ciao Owatonna
EGolpGrt WhO DO) a5. > s.sieicinc)s cee asacerew Mankato
Koch, H. W..Bennekom, Holland, Europe
TORTS. Be WG. anion wieo'e a8 E. Grand Forks
KGLESCH UP AMISUSE. Oh a ialastetel siat St. Louis Park
Oly SG Rites cismcletsisials o.s <.s)0. Lake Benton
Krog. AT GAS TL Se Be ere enor Lake Benton
RP ag he les tei Us sce «) nein opelpree Marietta
LESS GIS 1 t PLS eae Ieee Cet Tyler
Iya) ae 1S | ee eaaeicueroor Mt. Lake
KEOUGHNADEL |GEO.. o:0\6 oes 's aeelersiane Fertile
IAG Ul darth WS BU SMG RIaa GO noe nom ornisc oc
ikQritiensua 4 Ce Ree See GnpoROr ne
Kuvass, John K
Kwetensky. J. J
Larson, Orin
Colfax, Wis.
WANE Cs We occ cle 0 3209 3d Av.
a)
520 MIN
PsA MGC. Seatiee cae wos aie aes Rush City
FSR CS eh ala allen Fae seen Albert Lea
oa MONE. Monit. ck tak weit eae pe cote Jarretts
Barson, Gewis' +..22%%.5 Minnetonka Mills
Tiare Ay Eset sce 2 Black River Falls, Wis.
Damperd> JAMes 13 feces es aiciss'e e's Fairmont
VATSON PAIDENE Clee ae ebies ss) + sie ris Goodhue
Lambrecht, M...... 520 Rice st., St. Paul
TREWROTe MEL. AL itetas ve inin spies ope Owatonna
Paneling SVs aatese ssasgece ee Owatonna
PT Sr SA PRC eases 2S kts 2 eis cee Winthrop
PRUETT ey ites ees ieys co Bales acere Owatonna
MPS TEE cd a eG 00 re a Owatonna
Darson, eon ard i... 6 =o). «a ee eee Isanti
Tard be Chas teres st a8 25 o'c:c ain’ ore een Downer
Larson, Oliver ....
Larsen, Swen ....
Larson, Corneilus
ATAP NOM ALLE r es pits. oa) avers 015%
DAEVOR Te? Bs Ono Said i Kota
AT ATIG PL es oan siceie s ¢ ie's oletotele ee olatate
A PCA PSEC LCE \siolelx'o'o o's "ale w'aholferegle
DRATISA WENANIS Totes ais wistoua c @)s\e oe
TEAL AVM LCLL 2)5,5:5:00'sie5 afc 8e.6 mmr
UE Sensibied UE SSSA err ee ea thee St. James
Usagi, Ae TRS Shee av cies Seis R. D. 3, Mankato
TDW PCNCE. AIOUIS .ie).)o's'storatels'e «ipa > New Ulm
ERE SO Ee EOE, 2c stots oa bets oe Poi ens Morgan
TAME esos NCIS Ciss:s a sarensunes Hutchinson
ASAP ROTEURSS PECL iclote' e's siecle ore eae Otisville
ERENT NOTIN: 7,92 as biol o ties woe ee eee Grandy
ARC WIR MOY <2 oS Lats abe Sas Winong, Wis.
ASCALH S PTO 5 occi2i cues ence aye te ae atm Cleveland
Lembrand: Jacob + ::...502 tf. ceases Jordan
Leibold, Frank.107 N. Minn. st., New Ulm
PES 7a Sgt ses ented ia aha igo aiane hia) ane tendo Dover
Leach, WA DY ess Aids oydicc bial rece eel ee Excelsior
Lee, Theodore SA ae ohicvans ists baeatagarerote Benson
TiGGnArGeh) i -Ag 5% 52205 weg te Spring Valley
TRE SECT AOTWAT \ '. a's sinew wei eee oe Jackson
VIG IPEOt MASS terials fe stots Forman, N. D.
Wee, pa Out Mis: ve55 57545 tsp e Aneta, Ineo
Piericley ecctr lars |) -F elle laie'n'e eet Gallatin, N. D.
THCAEHELS PV Oe oe oslo nso ih Riese bial Huntley
TREC GE OACE a eiir's te lalalo’s ale nintatel se aareate Madelia
THGesS Peter’ s soos tateinleto 629 5th st. S., Mpls.
Ween iSrs OSB Aces Sate North Branch
PRACT: HB Oss bo css ote tee ee Beltrami
BB Sie pl MA DO Binge eae ne PON tei ety ic Delavan
THPREL OOTP = actus feces cer supose Cloquet
TANASEVOM, + PCL ee oss nislelwla cate tela cia Harris
Payinestone,s “Re: AGS. ks sc ose Spring Valley
PAVABETS? WANG 2 oF o3i occas des eee Scandia
Lindland, H Vienna, S. D.
Pyeerene searl HAs sitletstets 514 Nic., Mpls.
Tinie AG HTISt 46 < sie slo lo lates oe Colfax, Wis.
Dindert,VAndrew. I 222.304 suse tee te
Owatonna, care Clinton Falls Nursery
TandertesKaxrlos) WA. -5 jets ite vesicle bales ane
LT ae care Clinton F’alls Nursery
ADB ye ee Wins 5 be seas cvaichelenapelaunee Robbinsdale
Lindley, Clarkson ........ 620% Nic., Mpls.
MOE has seiclala' ache alis celal Scie abtreratone ok over
pmdatom. ARtOIM: 355 ose kee ee Westbrook
Ty AWE Weis Siete Hankinson, N. D.
Lilleskor, DOM Lissa e cere Cannon Falls
BGR IS, PAIIES claiaisss le'stel osteo sete Lewisville
Diepine, Wy VB. x a's Jide dessa eeee Welcome
Die PAV MEL Sok esis a's ee eral Alpena, S. D.
PASTY ME ATONTAS J os ale oes rales Fargo, N. D.
Diljéholm: ‘Chass sissies Plano, N. D.
DUMMeY ISAAC. Ces 5h sicesrenaaateace Amboy
Lioteren G4 Tundaquistascc c25 cheese eee
Bhs arave's Jocaterar dare ...00-32 S. 5th st., Mpls.
Longfellow, L.........1808 Vine pl., Mpls.
TOSerAnE AVE: cis. eee ig orale Long Prairie
LOWE: TOWN Silos oaths dt fatale ae ce Fairmont
Dy) eG 5s. UE item bie e ole tte ote Excelsior
TT FEB Baie tee wee ac ahateretat ovate h 820 Hen., Mpls.
TOOK CT. Non eet is hss ecte ns seen e MPa Scriven
Lumdquist, “Walter «os cc cesesls ccms Winthrop
Ign, - AWC ssa. Seco e et New Richland
Tat OMG ATT INV, Eieje a ore.n)m sa.e ace SEY oils Buffalo
Lamdblad; “Petert . ayes. oo. ss set. Wayzata
NNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Liacken,. Ku J.).ee «cule ote Portland, N. D.
Lunde, Nels Joo. sce Wee Junction
Lundholm, Dr. “HD. Me eeeeeeies eit
Saracen ten Pe 358 E. 10th st., "St. Paul
Tuneird "C: Pes. ..ceceeneweee ‘ leepy Eye
Lund, To clnie’s a's w'els's © alata es ieee Hopkins
Lunde, Rev. A. M....:.:s0ssss uo Bay
Lundquist, Rev. Hjalmar...
MAA Sn rsa te 920 Burr’ st., St. Paul
Trund: Wictor.:.\. .''s\s'cle ate oer . Scandia
Tain deren. * 35 .%s7.'s els lp(elntels'stelel tataeneame Kis a5
Mareck!: Datusiewiiic c's cis cle aictete eta nee
Seed ee 1215 Marshall st. N. * api “Mpls.
Mathison, Martin .......<... .......Hector
Mattfield; Hlenry: ooic)cnce visti one Cologne
Maenusson, Sven: sss. sesenle oiebten Harris
Malcolm, H. W. -1922 Hawthorn, Mpls.
Mattson, Chas. “Asta ke ete eae Scandia
Mayan). Bi. SW. cc cts oes eater Sauk Rapids
Maschger, A. F....859 E. 7th st., St. Paul
Mack,’ Wms oss sine cece etare einai Belview
Mager, Victor.
Mather “Jit SecA ste ste tetelcte tae
Manning 3. Evatetectoietets
Madsen, Henry Aorici ace
Massee; Ol Wit tie tale eet
Martéerisen; RR. dit. ie ccemeate Sait Sep leks
Martin? 8 Bess cee saa ie eee Claremont
Wiayo, He AT sia | sects Walhalla, N. D.
May,'C2 Bis. cece ds Gece 6c nid eee aan
Mathews)" Sam) o/0.:. Wie Lita: otelaaitp ere ae .Lac qui Parle
Millers) Dic. och eenea veteeeiee Sauk Rapids
Mills): GR. cbse aes -St. Charles, Ill.
Mighton, S. RB... ..Box 524, ‘Winnipeg, Man.
Milter: Si'OF ss ache cee eres ... Lakeville
Miller, K. O
Miner, O. E J niet obete ie see Sleepy Eye
Mitchell; SD70M os . Girci con oe meer .Hannaford, N. D.
MIT hALp IND isc ceveta sesoelsess earmomy
Minars, Adolph G.. ...Pine City ©
Miller, Peter ...... .. Westbrook
Mills} Mrs. JS. aaete ....Elk River
Mickelson, H. J..........-...-Himmerman
Millen) Ei.....25 ns piemene stucotevdtale Albert Lea
Mainsaas. Bi Ol ss swe se eee sisteveld ele VWROEG
MATIeCT:,.Jin, EE. oreleca sokic Constance
Swanson, Theodore .........:.-. Monterey
Switt: 9 oo os Cannon Falls
"RAVLOTS “SIPS. 5 cp iciv's o 5 ov sist Boyd, Wis.
Pagior- sere. 6s ss0.00 des Mapleton, N. D.
WaVlor odes BACs 25 bs, 050 Bellingham, Wash.
Raleottss Mir, VAL. Ts) .> ence eee Westbrook
WGSHG SUOWAS . ores 0-000 ,5)0,0,6;0, 5:4, tea Ray, N. D
Tew, WS Ite aos vss ASO che Rushford
Teply, JOR. 295 sec 3000 Bryant S., Mpls.
Thompson, George .......... Colfax, Wis.
Thompson - OO! Awwccexecgecs ae Elbow Lake
‘Lhompson, Mrs. J5cBs sbi ee > dee Wayzata
Thompson, A. E........ 2205 Grand, Mpls.
THOMSON, PoP oo, 5c snes ss cs See Dawson
"RHOMISSED, “WAM. +:<\s\s.0s,s'ereiniie eile ee ote Taopi
kl Ve 8) of > Mel ge yl LS ee Hillsboro, N. D.
Thompson, Geo. F Minneapolis
Alinvererrasctors eg DAMM 5 Ieee RAreACi ena. cite Excelsior
thomas, Geos. iO. sists 5 sateen ok Mabel
Thompson, Lewis.......... Hatton, N. D.
Phoma ss Ee W's. smear see Oberon, N: sD:
Thompson, E. B....New Rockford, N. D.
henipson> OWA. . es.6c005 6 Edgely, N. D.
Thompson) di. MT. 'siasfelsies oc oe Ayr, “Ns, Dx
SHorson. Otis isd. os sie ease « Sos et Swift Falls
Thygeson, faa Sy er ee eee ier beter
EIS Spe 205 Dispatch Bldg., St. Paul
‘RAOMBSON, JOM ee. cs sea faa eee Beltrami
"THOMPSOM RP TANEK ss os o's s:0.c olde ee Constance
SER OMIASS CAV Vis'> «(eo ln'e ca chek Chandler, S. D.
WANeCPIANION Do Viesiselsistee ston clonic Minneota
Asn SILSY, iV es ccite ce tart eeew ee Withrow
WOMAN We ele cte steasie~s Kildonan, Man.
Tomyle, By discs st cece wt een ae
....Care of Towle Syrup Co., St. Paul
"EGE CYSOM, CA. slave co spol: acais auc wicts,c eke eae Adams
Momlnson,. Geo: -s sbeea xs «ce oeeee Princeton
‘Tousignant, ADeCNECLry.. 2s <,>.> .. -).c2seesee a3 7 ee Perham
Way, on. fE. 2. nc. .a0c see Claremont
Waldron,, ascssae .-Horace, N. D.
Walker, Li. 6 ow s'oveleve etek See ate urtz
Walgren, Swan Sp isis eelhe canis: Reine Willmar
Wales; Js Hi; : <'s 250 cb eat eee Welcome
Wadsworth, H....«?/sscsaeeeeee Glencoe
Walder, . Wit: 3: <7. 3. 2aeene Cotas oir Fillmore
Wards BA: og eiemed Are ay - ...Pinestone
Warren,. Albert. . oo: ea asee seen - Hinckley
Wachelman; F./Gijcs7.seeeeee Lake Elmo
Wells, C. 5 eee a 508 Phoenix, Mpls.
West, Miss Martha ote oats 2239 Gordon Av.,
sxepeia We, = ocr orate areeiens ....-St. Anthony Park
Weeks, Canute.........% Vermillion, S. D.
Wedge, Clarence.......... ae, Albert Lea
Weld;; J. O:. sm s+ secsicte att tee Mound
Wielehs J. Fidcs sccm eee sinee Winnebago City
Webster,* D. \C.. 2cs)- ee eee Crescent
Webster, Geo. lr. aces ss Sioux Falls, S. D.
Westcott, J. W..618 S. Union, Fergus Falls
Wreller,iVl....3'0 ive eee eee .- Minnetonka
Westerhulm. M.......... ......Hutchinson
Webster, AlfscA:..05 28. 25.5 .....Lafayette
"WiedeensRODptin..cieiaceeeacee -Albert Lea
Westley, Ce Ms cade ots Hannaford, N. D.
Webb. M.A 353s cGe eee ‘Winnebago City
Wellers, paper ab sips nareieeens «+....Luverne
Wree: ©, :As2.’, sch dis s neieeeeeee 2% opie ee et
"Wreldi Hy Hiss otc ces i ee o's po pds s RO CEO
Westergard, P. J...c:.. oocceseo belgrade
Webb, Fi 1. ee vole 0/0 eles s Aor On
Westman, N. G......... .......-sandstone
Wihite; th. “As:...:s < 0-6 ye ALO, las wees
Whiting, -G.. Eo... 246 ee Yankton, S. D.
Wilkins, Mrs. Mary J..... ...Sauk Center
Witte: JH... '. 7: pcee sree . Minnetonka
Wichler, J. V..506 E. Main St., Owatonna
Wilfert, Andrew. ..ssccpeee eee Cleveland
Wilcus, Aug..S. A. U. My St. Anthony Pk.
Wicklund, John. ...s<..7 826 seer Kandiyohi
Williams, Mrs. Geo....... 11375 Snelling Av.
ci vee nian sreeesp tee dae aie 6 a ee
Wilkinson; CoB... 0.22 -sseeen eee Owatonna
Wilbur) oo iai 5/0 > pate ....-Floyd, Iowa
WALLS) Toh St, ¢ oo. it eee 227 Bellingham
Wilwerding, Anton) Seeaes +.+.--Freeport
Wilson, Mrs. S: 1.24). s<5acke sae Madelia
Wieland) F. J......0..-- sen New Prague
Wieland. G;/Ciiwseeeee ae .....New Prague
Wiser *W. Tic), .. eenee wb ole « aipieie pO MOED
Willsie; M. J... :,..% 2,35 see Prosper
‘Wall, (Oscar. Hi. 7. #eeee ” Bismarck, ND:
‘Williamson, J. ..:Jaseeee Dresden, ND:
Widmoyer, S.. Sa ee pig Bee Fe, Mo.
Wanters Hh Win. :casaccee ....Fergus Falls
Wishart, Diet Nii es sleteiclsiete ian Mapleton
Wise? JsAnsseskisic ieee Lake Paria’ Iowa
Winslow; Richard... 2. /a¢2s8bee atfield
Wieland 3 Ri’G oo oscs. cee Park River, N. D.
Wieland, Hi. PB... 6. .s.cesccine seen Fisher
Wicks: Cs-O.cfideoetiaurene E. Grand Forks
Williams, DD, Geto g tea ce ....-Constance
LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS, 1904. 525
WHLESTICY.” JOSEP is afc c's celela'e!ee olan New Ulm SYGCO LTV VV at pH tie witnselts ose stat ene isuel sere Owatonna
Wield JONNY ei cvscce cs Blooming Prairie BYAMEE ON MISA AGE Cheer masa ae Semen Madelia
WV OG OSCDDN. t:c.ci010s oie eclelw ecla gieaiere Windom PCI SSM NAS ECA”. 5 nots estate Meters sierate Canby
AVVO OETEIEN VV) ACS cicie's 3 cite owieve seco ares Madelia SUT a EASA WW is e's 'a\'slfoteiteeiaietarerratcenete Sanborn
Ai, co bo (a 2 a Cee Sedov Spring Grove MOTT DEVS Cri An ie ts sisi ece Cannon Falls
Wood, 1D} Gratz on Demroriaae Farmington, N. D. Mer rem Oar Mieta. oe cide cele Alpena, S. D.
Wood, PAPe ip etcfecis c:or sc acateereiestelsieis/ets Rothsay RIEL CHET aE EEC isre\ slein lest silc.e cleeyetente Excelsior
Woodward, F. E......1911' Pleasant, Mpls. } Zeller, John...................0.- New Ulm
Wood, I. Woh scsos sebaceemees s Long Lake AS Sy Rak Orso. 7 FOREST ORr AE Dawson
Wright, PAIN ave iai'afere sjaitisteisiore sale) ous Owatonna BODVISTs od Otte teisieaieueclsie 6 cies acces Bellingham
WONT esa eV nie Elis oie ois mieten slistaliersiclae1s eis Hastings Artzmanny, Rey AME. .2.. sc Morristown
UUABETI Swed hie ke sravepaverare croresere thar giafalers 0h Monticello Zachman, Frank....St. Michael’s Station
RMIOLGt ES OSCAR. caciccioicielets atvie.cf oh neces Cokato AT PA TUUOUG a tele leletalese wis sisis « s\isis'cis whe Irving
\Winlegidess (ORs Sid Gmapodnoatdeoo cane Sandstone AACHIUGZ eG COte lois erelghals sis) sua\ele ovate Deephaven
PRU ye ey tele ciareielalciele: di aie: aiefatelel atets Seandia ie Zarek, SCari Gireeistiecis cis ac» clelotesreles Jordan
Waa TOS ELIAS 6) sala sci») sit wiap0)eiel sic/sfolm Winona ACIMMICT ING COL cielevsislaicle occcceic'e eleteve's « Waltham
LIFE MEMBERS.
PANTS NTE tereyaloxs. 6 Hed ob ...-Fullerton, N. D. GOW TVA OSsreleisteteteteieterelbic s\e'ste'e Minneapolis
FATIGEESOM, Go Acaetare a reke/e lel skxje'a)s ase Renville nina zh 1s nd SS Ae as OOOO OE DOr Ee Excelsior
Arnold; ei:) Bi +.) “7805 Pioneer Press Bldg., WEN, Anis ing coe fete Short Hills, N. J.
SRP take i atey tavapciete aietaacjo.e ie era ele sue reve St. Paul Mann, W. P..........Dodge Center, R. 1.
BARC eG COs Atsiaiatslsiaicla's cst .....Janesville MANETS Out dl-telereisicierceretas Anamoose, N. D.
BRU ZL aie, Eerie) <) store sele ecevovejny=) aia Stillwater Manning, IW Eee sieva ars 1146 Tremont Bldg.,
Cady,” WeROyswe oe develo Se Att O yg BTS Pees ye ec cakeveleies ate c.elalalel storcuetsis.a siete Boston, Mass.
Cashman, M. R...............-- Owatonna” |) Marshalls i) EB tas. seca seis. aes Crow River
Cashman? “TWOSs oH sieiccieccielse © « Owatonna Macanley. ST. UB are caacce Montreal, Canada
Whiston Sess bn) Coie Sicisse che icleta,cvai he Fairmont MeCulley, Preston...) hese. Maple Plain
Clark, Chas. B..... 1513 Bryant N., Mpls. WVEOTT aay ECO View Wis et avatetste el alistalerall, «sefa\s Webster
AS TIVATION She ad siete stereo ialeie cislelele cs Eden Prairie VE Grr EDA Sic aperotebathy e aistey aleve casks ia ov Sleepy Eye
Daniels, R. L.......... Box BI, Stillwater | Mackintosh, R. S............ Auburn, Ala.
Danforth, Wm................-. Reds Whine #\vickibben. Aw “Mericatis sare so cs skies Ramey
IE HPC Vices eecelele)«' ciclere: evohevehaie's Owatonna WeTPearue.. Revie pete wees fencer Preston
DEACON Rye miele <5 ...Taylor’s Falls | Nagel, Eggert....1118 W. Lake St., Mpls.
Dickerson, Wm. L........Richland, S. D. Nelsons) Age Ane divectatd unre htarers einle. ce Atwater
Doughty, J. Cole..............-. Dake City, | Nehring, .Wdwardc..c.cscs.+ +. Stillwater
PPOMSMMOLG PCM Uys accte ielotetelais\= elojasnyaie Olivia, | ONussbaumenr, reds. 5) 50.5... St. Paul
Dunwoody, Wm. i. .52 S 10th St., Mpls. Peterson, Wm. A.......- 164 La Salle St.,
Eliason, M.A... 2... .50-- Prblehicen eater eed trary) at eae nce eee eel: Chicago, Ill.
BANS ero CLO OM: lsc y7/ ACE, sWWhole=Root vs. Piece=Root Grafts)... sl ine. sods occa 154
Conifers, Latest Experience with the Rarer, A. Norby.................. 27
Cook, Dewain, Horticultural Ventures Wise and Otherwise............. 137
Cook, Dewain, Midsummer Report, 1904, Windom Trial Station.......... 273
Cook, Dewain, Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at the World’s Fair........... 355
Cook, Dewain, Windom Trial Station. Annual Report.................... 58
Cowles, Fred, West Concord Trial Station. Annual Report..............
528 INDEX.
D.
Dike, C. C., Starting an Orchard, Six Years’ Experience with 1,100 Trees
Duluth, Horticultural Improvements in, Mrs. Ida B. Thompson..........
Dunsmore, Henry, Growing Peaches’ on the Prairie..............ssmee ee :
Es
Elliot; Wyman Chop Tako No.) 2\s). Joote NOCD GEC n Orne
J.
TOE Oe LAT MUale MeCtineey S OOS nia oars eitkslat ele lelete)acvee ye sip alate alc cleia'erselsleie o/s a «8 481
K
Keeping up Humus im the Soil, John Osborn... 22... 0. oii. eee eee 473
Kenney seth. ber yLop-Grahtineg the, “Apple sic « beck ccuamine) bene 390
NOCWAY TSDLUCe EP rOts Sebo Gules sasintisn th tadecride taiwan ee Le. ad
Northwestern) Greenine An CneTayinewd ssh «sae « de'< snelebe et end lr Se dtc cs 13
Notice /Of Sumter > Meehing snc cue tects cls Ske 6 Sale oso eee eee an 233
530 ' INDEX.
Nursery in the Pillsbury Forest Reserve, Gen’l C. C. Andrews....... Pose 10!
Nutter, F. H., Delegate, Annual Meeting, Iowa Horticultural Society,
1908 Cbs is c.siwcccccue DA cere acdie ob 2 oa sake esl eundesinelo Beles ook us ee 183
Strawberries, Field Culture of! Al Brackett): 20220) (0237 a eee 121
Strawberries for Home Use and Market, Growing, G. A. Anderson....... 459
INDEX.
T
Taylor, W. L., Minnesota Fruits at the World’s Fair...................
Taylor, W. L., Making and Planting the Root Graft.................04--
Tavlor, W. L., Vice- President’s Report, Sixth Congressional District...
Thinning Fruit, IAS GIS CUSSION: oot. cle nue =n mis)» cieielsinieioieisic'wle snc 6 ele cle silences
The Nobility of Service; Pres. Cyrus Northrop........................-
VOT) CLL Se eI ERS Ee OUTS. HA ESS ES TIS IME aio eveyepe satel ote eloicteseisic ls vcisie eicee«
Thompson, Mrs. Ida B., Horticultural Improvements in Duluth. Sree oheratele
Trial Stations, Annual Reports, INU oo pep eee HOD OO ON Oo BGOOOCOmOrnOoIo
rita HONS VEG SUIT IFET! a RCD OLUS: is < cle e' ci-belcss « cus sts elofafelelelc\ ele leiets) c/s se cle eee
Trial Stations. COSTE LOIS a OMNES she ecana se enchsiiaiccrs celee aymtepenetctevmusiotelel s lolaisileye i's laters
Mreasunem see Arima lp EveD OLE 2L0 OssAcn vc sVANVUTD .n = cvctauelerevelaiaie)*!e) «| o/stels.0) 6 eye «
Tree Planting on Minnesota Prairies, Geo. L. Clothier...................
SH ceay CARI TMTALT tome cAI tpeectebetey a satere tepeucifeveuchalaners stenerelexelarevezs incl lar aveteteieie faveta eal eilslel ul sichelie rte
Underwood, Roy, Apple Stocks in the Northern Nursery.................
Mince recite nl Smee MORES oO 0 olapalcleinte siolsheteelcisieicte efeliccs asx ole steleldlola/elslalakels folelereie! ~
Vice-President’s Report, Eighth Congressional Dist., A. F. Gastfield....
Vice-President’s Report, Fifth Congressional Dist., R. A. Wright......
Vice-President’s Report, First Congressional Dist., Frank Yahnke......
Vice-President’s Report, Fourth Congressional Dist., B. T. Hoyt.......
Vice-President’s Report, Sixth Congressional Dist., W. L. Taylor.....
Vice-President’s Report, Second Congressional Dist., David Secor.....
Vice-President’s Report, Seventh Congressional Dist., D. T. Wheaton..
Vice-President’s Report, Third Congressional Dist., A. H. Reed........
Ww '
Washburn.) brother. Al Destructive: Beetles oc. ci. clei s scie/e e/a cleelciee ols.ersts
Webb, E. A., Responsibility of the Agricultural Press, etc.............
Wedge, Clarence, President’s Annual Address................cceeeseeees
Wedge, Robert, Handling and Packing Evergreens for Delivery.........
pees ae Nursery Culture, Practical Methods of Dealing with, W. S.
TERPS imate pawate feta a elich or cuca ial cho Paannonentr alec oak are ome arariaher ole ct slal ddr exe vaimteneds, bik Wleserelucenonons
Nest Concord rial’ Station Bred 7 e©OwleSate. 3c. 2s seiuswiattvertsisinjersteve’ersferele ons
West Coneord Trial Station, Annual Report, Fred Cowles.............
Widmoyer, W. S., My Cherry Orchard and Its Lessons.................
Windom Trial Station, Annual Report, Dewain Cook....................
Windom Trial Station, Midsummer Report, Dewain Cook...............
World’s Fair, Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at, Nov. ist, Frank Yahnke....
World’s Fair, Some Notes on Visit .to, Sept. 15th to Oct. 1, Wyman
BENE Cotter aco ocaere Otte eas cas ores onto sua) Shave lions retetos oops Sia ia3e eect ack sbateaatie. eralatict sous eel ereeete
Wheaton, D. T., Vice-President’s Report, Seventh Congressional Dist...
Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, A. D. Barnes, Delegate from
WV SC OMG Tate vst Rea eons avers Cre satevavecalsiatensteve toa: alate: chats, okactia aeaterertbelotel veievech ele /sisieuieteve
Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1904, Thos. E.
Carrara ner tenie eei eee eter ee eee rac Fie ese: eliatavayevehor ci ahayatesas'chalz payers law, wie io, aiereye els sete bie.s
Nvoman- sPAmxiliarye 1908s Amira IMC SEINE: 5 a. ccatelsseloictasclelssatelele leis’ o\cuelelele.-<
World’s Fair, Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at the, Oct. 15th, Frank Yahnke..
World’s Fair, Contributions to the Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at the......
World’s Fair, Contributors of Fruit, Etc., to Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at.
World’s Fair, Contributors to Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at the........
Wiorld?s' Hair: Horticulture at, thes Dy Mee Maitenelle tac oc cre» oh eceialeteieieievole st ate
World’s Fair, Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at the, Dewain Cook...........
World’s Fair, Minn. Fruit Exhibit at the, Sept. 1 to 15, J. P. Andrews...
Wiorldiss Hair, Minnesota Hruits vat ithe; War ia: Maylors.. oie cee ons ecto
World’s Fair, St. Louis, Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at, A. W. Latham....
Wright, R. A., Vice-President’s Report, Fifth Congressional District....
Ve
Yahnke, Frank, Horticultural Needs of the Minnesota Farmer..........
Yahnke, Frank, Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at the World’s Fair, Oct. 15th..
Yahnke, Frank, Minnesota Fruit Exhibit at the World’s Fair, Nov. 1st..
Yahnke, Frank, Viece-President’s Report, First Congressional District...
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