i He i + ep eishe rere ai ro i" 3 ath ‘) 5 Serer oie 5) See =o a’ os os = ne tab eefdiiins 2 :. SRY Sir CESS *(punoIsaLOJ IY} Ut dor} ofdde uv Sul}jeis-doy,) ‘(ee GDVd AAS) ‘NNIJ ‘ALIO AMV] LY ‘GUVHOUO AMNTY, §,°0D AUASHAN TIAMAL AO NOLLOAS Trees, Fruits and Flowers MINNESOTA 1917 EMBRACING THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FROM DECEMBER 1, 1916, TO DECEMBER 1, 1917, INCLUDING THE TWELVE NUMBERS OF “THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST” FOR 1917, EDITED BY THE SECRETARY, A. W. LATHAM, OFFICE AND LIBRARY, 207 KASOTA BLOCK, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. LIBRARY VOL. XLV. “EW York BOT. MINNEAPOLIS HARRISON & SMITH O0O., PRINTERS 1917 7 4 « c ‘ Y t c ‘ f ROG eu AS emma ©; « ‘ Lee < YAARGIA -¢ uw | f& ‘ ‘ : { j é re - * G ’ f é. a+ ' ah + 7 : ? PEK b »? i AUG 1 21949 Ses, ie LIBRAs . ‘NEW Yo mae wate it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine iain is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the’ °‘S articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, RDE and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. W002 eeee Vol. 45 JANUARY, 1917 No. 1 Hee eee Annual Meeting, 1916, Minnesota State Horticultural Society. A. W. LATHAM, SECY. The fiftieth annual meeting of the society has now become history. This gathering was held under most auspicious circum- stances, everything combining apparently to make the meeting one of unprecedented success in the records of the society. Even the weather was favorable for this purpose, being one of the mildest weeks known in the early part of December in this local- ity. The attendance was all and even more than anticipated. The badge book, which represents the notification of those who will be present at the meeting, showed 421 names, of which eighty-three were ladies, that being a somewhat larger number than the badge book of 1915 contained. The West Hotel again proved itself to be an ideal place for our annual gathering, with the exception of course that the vari- ous exhibits had to be held in separate rooms, which necessarily interfered with a comprehensive view of what was displayed, thus losing an effect which is of large importance for exhibition purposes. The exhibition, however, was a creditable one, espe- cially the apple exhibit, which filled the two rooms assigned them. There were altogether 499 entries made, of which the larger pro- portion were for apples. A good many seedling apples were shown, many of them new, and three of them were considered of such importance that an effort is to be made to secure scions from them for testing at the fruit-breeding farm and trial sta- tions. The vegetable exhibit, while of excellent quality, was not as large as last year, probably on account of the extraordinarily (1) 2 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. high price of vegetables, which interfered with the comparative attractiveness of the premium list. The flower show also was not equal to that of a year ago, but enough plants and flowers were displayed to handsomely decorate the hall and rooms so that everybody was satisfied with the general appearance. Besides the seventy-nine persons whose names: appear in the program, a large number of others assisted in various ways in making the meeting a success. We are especially indebted to those who gave their services so faithfully for four days as ushers and members of the reception committee. The utmost harmony and good will prevailed throughout the meeting. As far as the writer knows not an unpleasant word passed either publicly or privately. One of the choicest features of our gathering is the most agreeable social element displayed in so many ways. The presence of so large a proportion of ladies undoubtedly has much to do with this. How many were present at these meetings? This is a very difficult question to answer. Many were there for a single ses- sion or part of a session who were unable to attend longer, others were there for the whole meeting; several hundred certainly secured some good from this annual gathering. From outside of the state there was an unusual attendance, and every state, includ- ing Manitoba, with which Minnesota touches elbows, sent dele- gates and in most cases several visitors as well, so that there was a large number in attendance from abroad, some of these taking part on the program, and all of them adding increased interest by their presence and the part that they took in the discussions. Rev. Mr. Harrison, of Nebraska, was with us as usual at the opening session and delivered the invocation. Notwithstanding his advanced years he was able to present with his usual vigor the several addresses for which he was down on the program both at the state meeting and with the newly formed peony society. With one exception all on the program for Tuesday morning were present and delivered their parts, the missing member being detained at home, but having sent his contribution to the program. Tuesday afternoon the whole program of eleven parts were at hand promptly to perform the service announced. The Tuesday evening session was occupied by the State Florists. Wednesday forenoon the vegetable program was presented, concluding with a lively presentation of home canning. There ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 3 was only one absentee from the program that morning. It held a large audience to the very moment of closing, considerably past the noon hour. Wednesday afternoon session was occupied first with spraying experiences and a discussion of orchard pests by some of the professors of University Farm, the last part of the afternoon belonging to the program of the Garden Flower Society, one of the most interesting branches of work presented at the meeting. Thursday forenoon is the official session of the society, with its annual reports, all of which, however, were passed for early publication to make room for the seven or eight practical papers on horticulture, which fully occupied the time. The reader would do well to look over again the program of these various sessions, which will be found on page 475 of the report of the society for 1916. It is well worth studying, and especially when you know that all of these papers and the discussions following will be pub- lished during the year in the society monthly. Thursday after- noon at the outset there was found place for a presentation of the boys’ and girls’ club work in Minnesota, and two nice little talks from some of their prize winners. Then followed the election of officers, Pres. Cashman being re-elected, and two new members of the board being elected for the ensuing three years, Mr. Ed. Yanish, of St. Paul, as successor to Langford W. Smith, and H. J. Baldwin, of Northfield, as successor to John P. Andrews, who had served on the board with marked fidelity for twenty-three consecutive years. At this point was presented the names of eight persons, a list which was recommended by the executive board for honorary life membership on account of long and dis- tinguished service with the society as follows: Mrs. Anna B. Underwood, Lake City; Miss Emma V. White, Minneapolis; Mrs. Jennie Stager, Sauk Rapids; John Penney, Cushing, Wis.; Martin Penning, New Ulm; John W. Murray, Excelsior; P. Clausen, Albert Lea; H. J. Ludlow, Worthington. The remainder of the afternoon was occupied with the semi- centennial anniversary session, a full program as arranged being here presented—and it seems to me worth while to here repro- duce this program, as it needs special emphasis and should again be recorded for permanent preservation. The numbers on this program are likely to be all published in some one issue of our monthly during the coming year: 4 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY SESSION. J. M. Underwood, Lake City, Presiding. Song—Trafford N. Jayne. Some History—A. W. Latham, Secretary. The Heroes of Minnesota Horticulture—Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea. Personal Recollections—A. J. Philips, West Salem, Wis. The Ladies of the Society—Mrs. Jennie Stager, Sauk Rapids. Greeting from University Farm—A. F. Woods, Dean. The Minnesota Society and the Northwest—Prof. C. B. Waldron, Agri. Col- lege, N. D. Looking Ahead—C. S. Harrison, York, Neb. To conclude with a lantern slide talk, “Veterans of Minnesota Horticulture. ‘4 Slides prepared by Prof. LeRoy Cady. Friday morning session was given up largely to the plant breeders’ auxiliary, and as we had with us all of the leading plant breeders of the Northwest it was a thoroughly practical and profitable session. The reports of the fruit-breeding farm fol- lowed by discussions on this appealing subject made up a meeting of unusual interest. The last session of the annual gathering, Friday afternoon, is not to be considered as a weak one, as we always put onto the program of that session as good material as is found at any session of the meeting. As you read again this program you will note that this is the case. A large attend- ance was present at that session, and when the meeting closed, as late as 5:00 o’clock, after an hour given up to parting talks by many of the members, there were still one hundred in the audi- ence. I must speak especially of the Gideon Memorial contestants, four of whom delivered orations from the platform. Full par- ticulars in regard to this will be found in the Secretary’s Corner of this number. There are unquestionably many other things worthy of men- tion in this short account of the meeting, but where so large a number give splendid service to the society it becomes impossible to make personal mention. It is due, however, that I should speak of two of those on the program who came from a distance outside the state, delivering three addresses each without com- pensation by the society, and whose services were most highly appreciated: Prof. S. A. Beach, Horticulturist at the lowa State Agricultural College, and N. A. Rasmussen, President of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society, an expert market gardener and an institute worker in his own state. ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 5 As usual the climax of the meeting was the banquet, at which 210 sat down. The program follows: T. A. Hoverstad, Minneapolis, Toastmaster. Grace—Rev. C.D. Blaker, Minneapolis. 1. Song - Trafford N. Jayne, Minneapolis a! Sy, Pp Crosby, St. Paul_—“Would You be Happy? Do Something for Us.” 3. Whistling Solo ~ - Bertha Maud Pratt, Minneapolis 4. Miss Emma V. ieee Minneapolis—“A aunts at Your Expense.” 5. Reading - - _ Bertha Maud Pratt 6. Dr. E. F. Clark, Mirineapolis—“We Have the Earth—What is Left tor the Other Fellow?” 7. Song Mrs. Grace U. Bergen, Minneapolis ewe. T. E. Archer—‘Right Adjustment is the Condition of Success.” 9. Song * - Trafford N. Jayne 10. Rev. John M. Walters, St. Paul—“The Fun of Being a Farmer.” 11. Reading - - Bertha Maud Pratt 12. N. A. Rasmussen, Pres. Wig: State ‘Hort. Society, Oshkosh—“Keep Smiling” any. Not? 13. Song - Mrs. Grace U. Bergen 7 LA Rev. C. D. Blaker, Minneapolis —“Friends Must Part, but We Meet Again.” 15. Song - - - - - - - - “America” Some of our membership do not succeed in getting out to this annual banquet. If they want to know just what they miss, consult those who do come, and plan to be with us at this annual feast another year. The premiums awarded at this meeting amounted to $596.27, details of which may be found in another place in this number of our monthly. FRESH VEGETABLES DURING WINTER.—Few people realize the number of vegetables that may be kept in the fresh state for winter use. The essential conditions for the storage of all root crops, including such vegetables as potatoes, beets, carrots, horseradish, parsnip, winter radish, rutabaga, salsify, turnip, kohlrabi and also cabbage, are that they be kept cool and moist, away from air currents. Storing should be done as late as possible, avoiding freezing. These conditions may be met in several ways. The simplest for home use, where only a few of each are to be stored, is to place them in a box of moist sand or soil in layers and leave in a cool part of the cellar. Where larger quantities are to be kept, they may be put in what is known as an out-of-door pit. Only whole specimens free from disease should be used. The method is as follows: The vegetables are placed in a conical pile on the surface of the ground in a well-drained location. A covering of six to eight inches of straw or litter is then placed over them, and a covering of as much soil, commencing at the bottom and working toward the top. In severe climates a later covering of manure may be necessary as soon as the soil freezes. In this way, vegetables may be kept in perfect condition until well along in the spring.—J. J. Gardner, Col. Agri. College. 6 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Building Proposed for Minn. State Hocticultural Society. A. W. LATHAM, SECY. At the annual meeting two years ago a committee was appointed to urge upon the legislature the importance of a build- ing for the uses of the society and do everything possible to secure its erection. Our membership are familiar with the fact that a strong effort was made for this purpose, but on account of the prevailing sentiment in favor of stringent economy at that session it was finally decided, with the advice of members of the | 5 = Ip | his | Oe] | 5a ) ibe | ‘ ifl! HI ix) ty YY 68) be) |S == = 1 i St 2 as es = ==———— — SHEER UUW) FRONT ELEVATION Seale areet PROPOSED HORTICULTURAL MALL FOR. THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY legislature who were giving special attention to this matter, to hold the vantage ground gained by the presentation of the case which had been made by the building committee and allow it to rest until the next session of the legislature. At the late annual meeting of the society the building mat- ter was again considered, and the building committee continued with instructions to endeavor to secure the necessary appropria- tion from the coming state legislature. This committee con- sisted of J. M. Underwood, of Lake City; S. P. Crosby and E. Yanish, of St. Paul; President Cashman and Secretary Latham. Since then S. A. Stockwell,. of Minneapolis, has been added to the committee. Plans for the proposed building were drawn two years ago, which are again reproduced in this article. The building is to BUILDING PROPOSED FOR MINNESOTA contain all of the features that seem to the committee to be desirable, and to be equally well adapted to the uses of the auxiliary socie- ties as to those of the state society. The proposed building, as noted in the plans, is 119 feet long and 66 feet wide. It consists of two stories, the first one of which is in the nature of a high base- ment, the floor being three feet below the ground level. This floor is to be used for an exhibition room. The room is twelve feet high and sufficiently large so that all the exhibits of various classes made by the society can be shown in this one room at the same time. is sixty-four feet wide by eighty feet long and has a driveway in the rear so that teams can be driven directly when necessary in unload- ing heavy articles. ground floor at the front there are provided the nec- essary toilet conveniences and two large rooms which may be used for committee rooms or storage purposes. In the rear is located the furnace, coal bins and in one corner a stairway lead- ing up!into the auditorium above. arranged that either of the It 42249 CeCe 209C VOILVAATI AAIS in on the floor On the The building is so STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 7 a | | HHHH#H] | eee ee | CHA =||S2. LoTR A et a) J LJ 8 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. two front rooms provided in the basement could be fitted up for a kitchen and made available for banquet purposes if at any time societies using the building should have need of such accommoda- tions. The upper or main floor is approached from the front by a marble staircase, eleven feet wide, opening into an auditorium — the same dimensions as the ex- hibition room below, sixty- four by eighty feet, and suffi- ciently large to seat comfort- ably, with wide aisles, in ac- cordance with the require- ments of Minneapolis build- ing ordinance, eight hundred people. This room is abun- dantly lighted. The side walls are sixteen feet high, but in the center the ceiling is twen- ty-two feet high, the differ- ence in elevation being on ac- count of the curve of the iron trusses which support the roof, there being no posts in this room to obscure the (pas tesa A Vision. STAIR HALL The platform is ten feet deep and constructed in the usual manner in the rear of the building. On this floor, at the front, are also the secre- : tary’s office, library, cloak- room, closets, etc., an entirely convenient arrangement for the use of the officers of the society. The floors are concrete, and in fact the building itself is thor- oughly fireproof throughout and planned to be a handsome build- ing and finished in the highest style of art needed for such a structure. The walls are mainly of brick, the corners being cut stone, etc., the roof is of slate. As noted by the illustrations it is a building of the appearance of which the Horticultural Society may well be proud. The building committee has already at this date, December 19th, held meetings with the Board of Regents and Civic & Com- AUDITORIUM 64x60" SEATING CAPACITY 800 PERSONS “c-o FIRST ATOGE PLAN BUILDING PROPOSED FOR MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 9 merce Association, Minneapolis, and is working in other direc- tions to advance this project. Very early in the session of the legislature a bill will be presented, probably the same that was presented last year, a copy of which will be found at the con- clusion of this article. There will be the usual hearings before the various committees, and before these take place it is hoped that the membership will take opportunity to either see person- ally the members of the House and Senate from their districts, or write them personal letters urging their support for this build- | ing, of which the Horticultural Society stands so much in need. There was a very strong sentiment in the last legislature in favor of this building, and we have much reason to hope that the efforts to be put forth this winter will be crowned with success if we can have the support of the membership, of which their loyalty in the past to any interest connected with the society gives us full assurance. Of course the building committee is not tied down to this or -any other particular plan, but the one presented here seems to combine all desirable features, though it may seem best later to make some changes either in the ground plans or elevation. Those of our membership who have copies of the report of our society for 1915 are referred to pages 124 and 83 of that volume, where the general situation in regard to the building and its needs are very fully presented. Here follows a copy of the bill to be presented to the legis- lature for passage. An act providing for the construction of a building for the uses and purposes of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society and appropriating money for the same. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Minnesota: Section 1. There is hereby appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the construction of a Horticultural Building for the uses and purposes of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society and the purchase of a site upon which to erect said building, the same to be located at a point midway between Minneapolis and St. Paul on or near the grounds of the University Farm or on or near the grounds of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society, the location to be determined by the executive board of the Minne- sota State Horticultural Society jointly with the Board of Regents of the State University if located on the ground of the University Farm, or jointly with the executive board of the Min- nesota State Agricultural Society if located on the grounds of the last named society. The executive board of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society shall select the site if the building is not erected on the grounds of either the University of Minnesota or 10 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society,—said building and site to be the property of the State of Minnesota. Section 2. Power is hereby granted to the Board of Regents of the University of Minnesota and to the executive board of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society to contract with the execu- tive board of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society for the erection of said building on the grounds of the University of Minnesota or on the grounds of the Minnesota State Agricul- ee See respectively, and for the management and control thereof. Section 8. Said building shall be constructed by the Board of Control according to plans and specifications to be provided by the executive board of said Minnesota State Horticultural Society, and when completed shall be under the administration and control of said society for the purposes noted; provided, if said building is located on the grounds of either the University of Minnesota or Minnesota State Agricultural Society the man- agement and control thereof shall be determined between the respective parties. Section 4. Should said site be provided by gift or otherwise then all of said appropriation shall be available for the construc- tion of said building as aforesaid. Section 5. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. “THE CANADIAN POPLAR is distinctly different from the Norway or the Carolina. _The two latter are very similar. The vein in the leaf of the Carolina Poplar is red. Of the Norway Poplar yellow or light pink. Their wood when dormant is very similar, the bark being gray and corrugated. The leaves are flat, the edges slightly notched, but the leaf of the Canadian Poplar is curly, the edges crinkle. As you look across them, when they are growing, it is very noticeable and would attract the attention of the ordi- nary observer. The veins of the leaf are generally yellow or pinkish, shad- ing into yellow. The bark, however, is green and smooth. It is a little slower growing than the Carolina or Norway Poplar. It is more hardy, as numerous testimonials from the Dakotas and other locations in the north- west prove. The top has a well developed head, but the growth of the tree is not so rapid that the head will be too heavy for the body and the winds break it down. It is equally as hardy as the Cottonwood, with a more attractive foliage and a more shapely well branched top. This tree is the only one that is sufficiently hardy and resistent to cold extremes and sulphur fumes to warrant its planting at Butte, Mont. In that city it is planted extensively and no other tree seems to take its place. Any trees that will live at Butte, Mont., will grow almost anywhere in the world.”—E. A. Smith, Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City. FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION, STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 11 The Fifty-First Annual Convention of the Iowa State Horticultural Society. MRS. E. W. GOULD, MINNEAPOLIS, DELEGATE. Iowa may well be proud of its Horticultural Society and of its splendid exhibit of apples, pears, grapes and nuts recently shown in the State Capitol at Des Moines. Its rooms in this building are handsome and commodious, much like a large private library, where were easily accommo- dated the average of about fifty who were in attendance. Here the sessions of its annual meeting were held December 12, 13 and 14. Just outside its doors in the rotunda of the capitol was staged the exhibition of fruits and nuts. Some of the many interesting papers and discussions were upon “Renewal Pruning to Promote Bearing,” “The Family Garden,” “The Past, Present and Future of our Native Plums,” “Our County Agent,” “Spraying and Cultivating,” “Fall vs. Spring Planting,” “Orchards of Wisconsin,” “A System .of Parks, National, State and County,” “The Oaks,” “Some Native Shrubs,” a fine talk by our own Prof. Cady; “Conservation of the By-Products of the Orchard,” “Forty Years Rose Growing in Iowa,” “The Peony,” “The Mission of Beauty,” by Iowa’s poet, Mr. Eugene Secor of Forest City; “Records of Fall Bearing Strawberries for 1916,” “Evergreen Windbreaks,” “Arrange- ment of Farm Buildings and Grounds”—all of which awakened lively interest and warm discussions. On Wednesday afternoon a speaking contest by six students of the Horticultural Department of the State College at Ames and selections by a male quartette from Iowa State College made up a very popular program, much appreciated. The exhibit of apples consisted of over four thousand plates of apples and about two hundred boxes. Words fail to describe the beauty and fragrance of these. A few pears were shown, also grapes and nuts. That Iowa and Des Moines are awakening to the importance of this exhibit and meeting is shown by the fact that committees from the Greater Iowa Commission and the Commercial Club of Des Moines waited upon the convention, bringing an invitation and proposition that they hold their 1917 meeting in their Auditorium down in the center of the city and combine with the State Florists and Gardeners to make an exhibit that will be much more accessible to the general public. They felt that such 12 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. an exhibit should be seen by every man, woman and child in the city. Hach day of the convention I saw classes of pupils from their high schools studying the exhibit or listening to some dem- onstration by one of the college professors. This struck me as .a very fine thing, an idea that we might adopt with profit. The Commercial Club entertained the convention Tuesday evening at a theater party, and on Wednesday evening the annual banquet was held in a beautiful tea room. This was largely at- tended, the dainty menu and the eloquent and witty toasts com- bining to produce a most perfect evening. I found Des Moines a very beautiful city, with the begin- nings of a Civic Center, that, if carried out, will make it famed throughout our country, and its people, and those from the dif- ferent parts of the state, earnest, progressive and the kindest ever. Much credit is due Mr. Wesley Greene, the secretary of the Horticultural Society, for the very fine programs and general arrangements, contributing so largely to the success and pleasure of the meetings, and also to its cultured and genial presiding officer, Mr. W. B. Chapman. INSECT ENEMIES OF ROSES AND How TO COMBAT THEM.—In the path’ to easy success with roses lie numerous insect pests which, unless pre- vented, will devour leaves or suck juices, thus seriously impairing the vitality of the plants. The only way in which the rose gardener may prevent these attacks is by careful and insistent spraying with insecticides. Insects which most commonly affect roses, according to specialists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, are of two general types, those which eat the foliage, as rose slugs and the rose chafer, and those which suck the sap, as aphids, scale insects and thrips. The presence of leaf- eating insects is usually first detected through the discovery of partially eaten leaves or of skeletonized leaves; that is, leaves from which a portion of the lower or upper surface has been eaten, leaving the other surface as a transparent membrane, or leaves the fleshy part of which has been eaten clear through, often leaving merely the midrib and veins. The dis- covery of the enemy frequently follows. Protection from this sort of attack is afforded by hand picking or by covering both surfaces of the foliage thoroughly with some poisonous substance, as arsenate of lead. Wherever a garden hose is available, a strong stream of water directed against rose slugs on the foliage will knock them off and, in many cases, save the bush from further injury by them. The rose chafer is a rather difficult insect to control, and arsenical poisons applied at double the usual strength often fail to kill them before the damage is done. Frequent hand picking of the beetles and dropping them into a vessel containing water covered with a film of kerosene, or screening the plants with mosquito net- ting, especially the latter, often affords the only means of preventing their destructive work.—U. S. Dept. of Agri. WINTER MEETING OF WISCONSIN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 13 Winter Meeting of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. J. F. HARRISON, EXCELSIOR, MINN., DELEGATE. The annual meeting, 1916, was held in the senate cham- ber of the beautiful new capitol building, which is just being completed at Madison, Wis. The exhibits were arranged around the outside of the bal- cony, or corridor, which runs around the center of the building, and it was a fine exhibit of all kinds of apples and vegetables, which certainly were a credit to the Wisconsin fruit growers and a great advertisement for the state. One exhibit which was of especial interest and attracted a great deal of attention was made by one of the ladies, and her exhibit consisted of apples served in fifty-seven different ways. An exhibit of this kind gives one some idea of what an orchard means to every farmer and his family. The program was very interesting and very instructive, very much like our Minnesota program, but I believe I got much more out of it, and the reason for this was I did not have so many of my friends to visit with, consequently I got the benefit of the whole program. The papers and talks on orchard diseases were some of the best I ever heard. They certainly have men who are well up in the business of fruit growing in Wisconsin, and I do not think there is any danger of orchard diseases getting possession of the orchards there. I noticed their professors are not only professors but are practical fruit growers as well. They also have a lot of young students who will be able to take care of the fruit industry and combat the diseases which may attack the orchards and will keep the horticultural society alive when its affairs are turned over to them. I think the students’ contest was one of the best I ever heard. Making my report as short as possible, I will say the meet- ing was so very good I want to go again. The Wisconsin State Horticultural Society is hard to beat and the members are all the same good fellows as our own. 14 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. A Young Top-Worked Orchard. E. G. LEE, ST. PAUL. The theory and practice of top-working have been thor- oughly discussed before this society, and its purpose and advan- tages are well known. In relating the results of my efforts along this line, my purpose is merely to show how I have applied the principles of horticulture learned from the experience of others. I have obtained this information from many sources, studying the subject carefully for several years, but to the Minnesota Hor- ticulturist I am chiefly indebted for both knowledge and inspira- tion, and to Mr. Harold Simmons, of Howard Lake, for practical advice. In establishing a top-worked orchard, the problems faced might be classified under six heads: 1. Selection of a site. 2. The selection of the stock. 3. Planting. 4. Selection of scions. 5. The grafting operation. 6. Care of the orchard. My land is in the Minnetonka district, about one-half mile from the Tonkawood station on the Deephaven trolley. To the southwest is Christmas Lake, directly west is the main lake of Minnetonka, and just north is Gray’s Bay. Between these bodies of water and my property is an extensive growth of heavy tim- ber, so that my trees are protected from the hot southwest winds of summer and from the cold northwest winds of winter. The land is rolling with a prevailing north and west slope. The highest point is seventy feet above the lowest, which gives plenty of air drainage. The big lakes and nearby swamps afford moisture content. The soil is virgin hard maple land, part of it cleared just before planting. There is a light loam on top, which does not bake, and a heavy clay underneath. In the spring of 1912 I planted eleven of my eighteen acres with young trees. I chose chiefly Virginia crab stock, but as I had difficulty in getting the number of trees of that variety I required, I used about 100 Hibernal, which I placed in a block by themselves. ‘There are advantages in both these stocks. The Virginia has a very hard wood and probably provides stronger crotches. It throws out new branches more vigorously than the | Hibernal, which would seem to indicate greater vitality, but its branches have a slight tendency to grow in. The Hibernal has a more spreading habit, which is a great advantage in placing scions properly. I could find only two nurseries in the state at that time with A YOUNG TOP-WORKED ORCHARD. 15 Virginia crab trees growing on their own grounds. I took all the good trees they had. At tree-digging time in the fall of 1911 I went into the nur- series and made my selection personally. I did not pick one in ten of the trees which I found in the nursery. There is consider- able difference in the size of trees of the same age as they appear in the nursery row. There is a reason for this. Trees differ in individual vitality the same as human beings do. I wanted the most vigorous trees and was willing to pay for them. The trees I paid the most for proved the cheapest in the end. When time would per- mit I stayed to see my trees dug and placed in the storage cellar, with my label on every tree. This is the only right way to do. The care with which a tree is dug from the nursery row has much to do with its Tree No. 344. Hibernal, set spring, 1915, budded to subsequent thriftiness. Wealthy August, 1915. Photo taken July, 1916. I have since experimented by buying four and five year old trees, and proved that this can be safely done if the trees are selected and the digging supervised. } By selecting my own trees, I was able to get trees with a proper branch system for top-working. By supervising the dig- ging, I was able to prevent unnecessary mutilation of the root system. I was also able to see whether the trees were infected with root gall and to reject those that were. Most of my trees were dug from the nursery by a crew with spades. This is better than a tree digger if the men are carefully watched. Otherwise there is not much difference. Now I am thoroughly familiar with the difference of opinion about root gall. Consider all the arguments on both sides, and this fact remains: Root gall is an infectious bacterial disease. A tree may have vitality enough to overcome the disease after having contracted it, but the man who plants an infected tree 16 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. takes a big chance. Some trees that were dug after I left in one nursery were infected. I discovered this when I came to plant. I burned about fifty, some with galls as big as my fist. Where the galls were small, I cut them out, disinfected with bichloride of mercury and planted. But these trees have never done well, and I have since replaced a number of them. Where small shoots are seen coming up through the ground around the crown of the tree, root gall will gen- erally be found. It pays to investigate such cases. My planting was done with dynamite. A half stick of forty per cent. was exploded in each hole. The holes were marked twenty-five feet apart each way. The top soil was removed to a depth of about a foot. Then an iron crowbar was driven about two feet into the subsoil, a cartridge placed in the bottom, the hole packed with dirt and the fuse fired. If the cartridge is Tree No. 78. Virginia crab, top-worked to Jonathan. not placed deep enough, Photo taken July, 1916. most of the shot will be wasted in the air. After the dynamited hole was cleaned out, the top soil first removed was replaced in the bottom, and the tree set. The trees were taken from my storage cellar and car- ried about the orchard in a barrel half full of water on a barrel cart. Bichloride of mercury was dissolved in the water, to pre- vent the spread of any infection from one tree to another. The cost was about six cents per tree for dynamite. The total cost of planting that way was probably somewhat greater than by the use of a spade alone. But the work can be done very quickly by men who understand handling the explosive. I have since had planting done by spade, where it was neces- sary to replace trees, but, of course, in each instance the spot had A YOUNG TOP-WORKED ORCHARD. 7 been dynamited originally and thus offered no fair basis of com- parison. With the great difference in individual trees, a test between the two methods in order to be conclusive would have to be made on a large scale. . % It is customary to prune trees after planting. When trees are to be top-worked the following year, this should not be done. All the leaf surface possible should be encouraged the first season, to increase the size of the limbs. If the roots have been cut too much to support this leaf surface, the tree should not be planted at all. My orchard was interplanted with cultivated crops, and a hoe used around the trees up to the first of August each year. The first two years after planting the trees were hilled up in the fall, until I found this was not a protection from mice. I now use fine galvanized wire netting instead. I had a number of trees badly girdled before using the netting, and some had to be replaced. The first two years I painted my trees, trunk and branches with lime-sulphur in the fall. This did not deter mice and rab- bits, but I had no blight on my trees the following season, although thorn apple trees near my orchard blighted badly. The last two years I have not painted the trees, and I have had some blight to cut out. The past season has been the worst, although they have had less cultivation this year than at any previous time, owing to failure on the part of the man who under- took to do the work. In the spring of 1918, one year after planting, the top- working was started. Some top-working and budding has been done every year since. About one-third of the limbs were top- grafted the first year. W. S. Higbee, of Eden Prairie, did the work, and did it well. The weather was favorable, and only a small fraction of one per cent. of the grafts failed to set. Three-fourths of my 770 trees were grafted to Wealthy, the remainder to Jonathan and Delicious, changing every fourth row for cross-pollination purposes. I have since planted Stark Deli- cious trees on their own roots, and they have done well. I have also planted some Wealthy on their own roots for purposes of comparison later. My Wealthy scions came from the bearing orchard of Langford W. Smith. My Jonathan and Delicious scions came from the orchard of Harold Simmons, at Howard Lake, where they were cut from top-worked trees. As an expe- 18 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. riment, I top-worked one tree to Northern Spy and one tree to Spitzenberg. The scions were secured through the kindness of Mr. John Bisbee, of Madelia, Minn., who cut them from his own top-worked trees. The Spitzenberg bore ten small apples this season, one year after grafting. All the limbs of this tree were grafted in one operation. The top is noticeably out- growing the stock. “When my trees were planted I photographed several individual trees in different parts of the orchard. Every year I rephotograph these same trees, to illustrate the growth each season. I have here some pictures taken this year, for those who wish to see their present size. In conducting my or- chard operations, I have endeavored to use the same systematic methods as I do in business. All of my trees bear zine la- bels, stamped with con- secutive numbers, and Tree No. 337. Flanted 1912. Virginia crab top-Grafted hung on large rings of to Wealthy. Photo taken July, 1916. heavy wire which will not cut into the bark. An individual record of each tree is kept, and all vicissitudes through which it has passed are noted on the record. Some have been injured in one way or another, by mice, borers, blight, or accident of some kind—all these show on the record to account for the present condition of each tree. I have blue prints, showing not only the contour of the ground, but the exact location of each tree by number. If I wish to replace a tree, I can send a man into the orchard with a blue print showing its exact location. I do all my own pruning. I always carry a jar of bichloride A YOUNG TOP-WORKED ORCHARD. 19 of mercury to disinfect my tools, and a can of white lead and raw oil to paint over large wounds. I prune now for wood growth and open centers. I always hold the spray rod myself. I have a Hays power sprayer, capable of 300 pounds pressure, run with a Cushman engine, especially rigged so it can be belted to the pump jack of the well without removing the engine from the rig when filling the tank. As the trees are not yet in bearing, one spraying in a season is enough. It is applied just at caterpillar time in the spring. I use a combined solution of arsenate of lead, lime- sulphur, and nicotine (black leaf 40). This year it took 150 gallons of solution and one day’s time to spray the 770 trees. I have been at some disadvantage because I do not live on the place. Except for a cement storage cellar in which I lock my tools, there are no buildings on the land. The development of orchards for non-resident owners is not unusual in the Pacific Coast apple districts, but it is rather uncommon in Minnesota. As I can spend only one day a week in my orchard, I have expe- rienced some difficulty in getting my cultivating property done. At first I rented the ground on crop shares. Now I permit the use of the ground free on condition that my trees be hand culti- vated. Of course, I plan to live on the place, at least during the summer season, when the trees come into bearing. One of the conclusions to which I have come is that top- worked trees will be slower in attaining a given size. I have found no other expression of opinion on this point, though it is claimed that top-worked trees come into bearing earlier. It seems to me inevitable that cutting off the limbs for the insertion of scions, thereby reducing the foliage area, delays the growth of the tree. This delay is prolonged wherever scions fail to set, and as the setting is often a matter of propitious weather, there is always a proportion of risk when top-working is done on a large scale. But until the ideal seedling has been found, it must be our main reliance for ensuring hardiness in root systems, and quality and size of fruit. Before investing in Minnesota, I visited the big orchard projects of the far west, and I bought here, because, in spite of climatic difficulties, I considered it a better field from a commer- cial point of view, as well as a more desirable place in which to live. My orchard is still in the experimental stage, and while my experience is not yet conclusive, I am more than ever convinced that the outlook for commercial orcharding in Minnesota was never better than it is today. 20 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Husser: I would like to know whether it is a good plan to dynamite say just a week or so before planting, or if the dynamiting should be done some months ahead so the fumes get out of the ground? Mr. Lee: I don’t think the fumes make any difference, I think they get out of the ground very quickly. I don’t think there would be any advantage in dynamiting beforehand. Es- pecially if a rain should come and pack your hole, it might be a disadvantage. Mr. Husser: Does root-gall spread from one tree to the other in an orchard? : Mr. Lee: That would be hard to tell; I don’t think anybody knows. I don’t think it does; I think it would be from contact. It might be spread by tools used on a diseased root and then on some other root. Miss Funk: I would like to know whether scions should be taken from old trees or young trees. Mr. Lee: The best advice I can find on the subject is to take them from bearing trees. Mr. Brackett: What advantage, if any, is there in using scions from top-worked trees? Mr. Lee: I don’t know that there is any advantage. I got them because that was the only kind that existed in Minnesota of those varieties. Mr. Powers: Where you have a tree that you are afraid isn’t going to live very long but it may live some years, and you think it would be well to put a new tree near it, would it hurt the roots of the old tree to dynamite not far away? Mr. Lee: You mean a large tree? Mr. Powers: Yes, sir; one you don’t think will live more than two or three years. Mr. Lee: I don’t think it would hurt the roots to dynamite in the rows. Mr. Powers: I mean, if you put it three or four feet away to one side, would it spoil the roots of the tree? Mr. Lee: That would be pretty close; it might injure them. It depends upon the size of the trees. You might injure the ends of the roots of a large tree near it. Mr. Powers: In a western paper it says with a tree that is not growing well to put sticks of dynamite three or four feet away and loosen the earth. Mr. Lee: It would depend on the soil. If you had a soil with a good deal of rock in it and with a hard-pan down a couple of feet it might be a good thing. Mr. Crosby: I wish to transplant some trees which I have to a new place. When shall I do it, in the fall of the year or when the ground is frozen? Mr. Lee: Why not transplant them in the spring? Mr. Crosby: Some of the trees are four or five inches in diameter. I am quite anxious to save them. A YOUNG TOP-WORKED ORCHARD. yA Mr. Lee: I have had no experience in that line. I think it could be done in the fall. If a trench was dug around them and the trench covered with mulch you could lift them in the _ spring. - Mr. Crosby:. How about when the roots are frozen in the winter time, wouldn’t that be best? Mr. Lee: I would move them early in the spring while still frozen. . Mr. Kellogg: Is there danger of forming a cistern in heavy clay soil under a tree that would be a damage to it, to hold water? Mr. Lee: How would you form such a cistern? Mr. Kellogg: The dynamited hole. Mr. Lee: I don’t exactly get your idea. There can be no cistern as long as there is no air, and it certainly don’t leave any air space if you fill the hole up afterwards. The hole isn’t as big as you think. The hole isn’t over three feet in diameter and the earth is loosened up around that hole for several feet further on. Mr. Brackett: I would like to ask if you would recommend the planting of Delicious in a commercial way here in this part of Minnesota? Mr. Lee: That is a very difficult question to answer. I have been experimenting along that line myself. I have a hundred, part of them on grafts and part of them on their own roots. Mr. Brackett: Do you consider them hardy enough? Mr. Lee: I think the roots are hardy enough, although the buds are very tender. They have light growth, and IJ think it is due to bud injury in the winter. Mr. Richardson (of Winnebago): I wish to say that some fifteen years ago I top-worked a Delicious and the tree is there all right, but it never has borne a single apple. What is the cause of it I don’t know, but there has never been an apple on that tree that I know of. I have done considerable top-work- ing in my life, and I have found that some varieties do well on one kind and some on another. I top-worked some scions of a seedling I had there on a Hibernal and some on a Virginia crab. Those top-worked on the Hibernal never bore, never amounted to anything, while about four or five rods away those top-worked on a Virginia crab bore very heavily. It is a question of adapta- bility of the trees perhaps. I don’t know the reason. I found another thing in top-working and in grafting; you don’t always get exactly everything like you put in. I will bring up this after- noon some specimens of the Allen’s Choice apples and you can taste them. The Allen’s Choice is a sweet apple. I did the top- working, and I did the root grafting, and it was grown on a red -crab tree, and I want some of you to taste the apples to see whether they are sweet apples. Mr. Sauter: Mr. Lee, isn’t there danger in dynamiting in an old orchard that the falling dirt will ruin the near-by trees by big chunks of dirt falling down upon the tops of the trees and spoiling them? 22 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Lee: My experience is that the dirt doesn’t come down in chunks; it rains down in very small particles. ae Sauter: How do you put in your charge, do you cover it up? Mr. Lee: Oh, yes. I pack the hole, that is, the hole made with the crowbar; otherwise it would shoot like out of a gun. Mr. Sauter: I have a tree in my orchard, and I dynamited, and the big chunks of dirt came down and fell on some of the trees and ruined them. Mr. Lee: How much dynamite did you use for a charge? Mr. Sauter: Half a stick. Mr. Lee: Half a stick of forty per cent.? Mr. Sauter: Yes. Mr. Lee: How deep did you put it? Mr. Sauter: About a foot and a half. Mr. Lee: Have you got clay top soil? Mr. Sauter: Black loam soil. Mr. Lee: Of course, when I dynamited in my orchard there were no trees in it. I didn’t have any trouble with big chunks coming down, it was pretty well powdered up. THE FUTURE OF COLD STORAGE.—In the June issue of CoLD, under the above title, some of the present possibilities and improvements which have not yet been generally adopted, were discussed. To give some further idea of the scope of cold storage and some of its recent operations, let us con- sider a few of the things to which it has recently been applied; among them may be mentioned the following: Curing tobacco, tempering watch springs, in the manufacture of rub- ber, drugs, syrup, soap, ink, paint, vinegar, isinglass, etc., in oil refineries, sugar refineries, chemical works, mercerizing works, photo material fac- tories, in the manufacture of explosives, plows and other agricultural implements, optical instruments, electrical machinery, etc., in welding processes, for retarding growth of plants and vegetables, in laboratory work, hospital practice, shaft sinking and tunneling, for testing automo- bile parts, batteries, insulating material, paving material, etc. The United States Department of Agriculture has done some very important work in the educating of the general public to the advantages of cold storage and also in making practical tests in the storage of various products. One of their most recent efforts along this line has been to show that eggs should be kept under refrigeration from the time they are gathered until disposed of. This would mean that every farm producing eggs for market, should have a satisfactory refrigerator, and at present not one farm in ten has such. The Department of Agriculture points out that the loss of eggs from heat damage during the summer amounts to at least 25 per cent of the total. It does not require but little imagination to see that this 25 per cent in value of the egg crop would in a short time pay for suitable refrigerating facilities for protecting the eggs on their_ journey from the producer to the consumer. : One of the most recent developments is the storage of apple cider under refrigeration. It has been demonstrated that fresh cider well clari- fied may be cold stored for several months without chemical treatment and without important change. This means that it may be kept “sweet” for this length of time so as to be palatable and useful as a beverage. This in itself opens up vast possibilities as an outlet for surplus and low grade apples. AWARD OF PREMIUMS, ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 23 Award of Premiums, Annual Meeting, 1916, Minnesota State Horticultural Society. APPLES, = COLLECTION. C. Webster, La Crescent, Webster, score 85, $2.85. SI Matzke, South St. Paul, score, 90, $3.05. Geo. Strand, Taylors Falls, score 55, $1.90. Let I Tote La Crescent, score 70, $2.35. Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 65, $2.00. . Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score 68, $2. 30. P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score 50, $1.7 W.S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, score ai, $1.05. Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 83, $2.80. LE ROY CADY, Judge. SINGLE VARIETIES. Lords L, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, second premium, 50 cents. Yahnke, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, second, 50 cents. Hibernal, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. N. W. Greening, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. Wealthy, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. Longfield, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. Gideon, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, third, 25 cents. Superb, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. Walbridge, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. Yellow Transparent, M. Oleson, Montevideo, first, 75 cents. Duchess, M. Oleson, Montevideo, second, 50 cents. Duchess, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, first, 75 cents. Hibernal, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, third, 25 cents. Malinda, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, second, 50 cents. McMahon, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, third, 25 cents. Okabena, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, first, 75 cents. Patten’s Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, 75 cents. Peerless, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, second, 50 cents. University, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, first, 75 cents. Antonovka, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, third, 25 cents. Borovinka, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, second, 50 cents. Charlamoff, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, first, 75 cents. Peerless, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, third, 25 cents. Iowa Beauty, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, first, 75 cents. Yellow Sweet, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, first, 75 cents. Anis, D. T. Wheaton, Morris, first, 75 cents. Malinda, Henry Husser, Minneiska, third, 25 cents. Longfield, Henry Husser, Minneiska, second, 50 cents. Jewell’s Winter, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, 75 cents. Fameuse, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, 75 cents. Gideon, Henry Husser, Minneiska, second, 50 cents. Lords L, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, 75 cents. Yahnke, Henry Husser, Minneiska, third, 25 cents. Salome, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, 75 cents. Wolf River, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. Peerless, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. Fameuse, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. Utter, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. Antonovka, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. Yahnke, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. McMahon, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. Okabena, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, third, 25 cents. Jewell’s Winter, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, second, 50 cents. Scott’s Winter, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, second, 50 cents. Anisim, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, third, 25 cents. Malinda, Dewain Cook, Jeffers, first, 75 cents. Wolf River, Dewain Cook, Jeffers, first, 75 cents.” Wealthy, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, first, 75 cents. Patten’s Greening, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. Patten’s Greening, Frank Hatcher, Wayzata, second, 50 cents. Okabena, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. McMahon, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, first, 75 cents. Anisim, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, first, 75 cents. Duchess, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. Borovinca, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, first, 75 cents. Ben Davis, Pp. H. Perry, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. Yellow Transparent, P. Perry, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. ’ Tetofsky, P. H. Perry, eee first, 75 cents. Charlamoff, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. Wealthy, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, third, 25 cents. 24 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SEEDLING VARIETIES—Continued. N. W. Greening, W. P. Burrow, La Crescent, third, 25 cents, Wolf River, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, third, 25 cents. Fameuse, W. 8S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, third, 25 cents. Longfield, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, third, 25 cents. N. W. Greening, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. Plumb’s Cider, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. Brett, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. Hibernal, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. University, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. Gideon, Frank Hatcher, Wayzata, first, 75 cents. University, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. Jewell’s Winter, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. Anisim, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. Antonovka, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. Windsor Chief, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 4 R. S. MACKINTOSH, Judge. COLLECTIONS, TOP-WORKED APPLES. Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, score 43, $2.50. D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 48, $2.80. Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, score 52, $3.05. P. H. Peterson, Atwater, score 69, $4.00. Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 100, $5.80. Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 35, $2.05. Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 46, $2.68. J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 36, $2.12. F. I. HARRIS, Judge. PECKS OF APPLES. N. W. Greening, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 92, 70 cents. Wealthy, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 90, 68 cents. Walbridge, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 70, 52 cents. Scott’s Winter, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. Jonathan, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. Bethel, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. Daisy, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 60, 45 cents. Winesap, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 70, 52 cents. e Paragon, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. Malinda, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 75, 56 cents McMahon, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 75, 56 cents. N. W. Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 80, 60 cents. Patten’s Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 70, 53 cents. Wealthy, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 80, 60 cents. N. W. Greening, F. W. Powers, Minneapolis, score 50, 38 cents. Wealthy, F. W. Powers, Minneapolis, score 60, 45 cents. Wealthy, Miss Flora Moeser, St. Louis Park, score 60, 45 cents. Salome, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 80, 60 cents. Wealthy, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 75, 57 cents. Jewell’s Winter, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 80, 60 cents. Ben Davis, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 82, 62 cents. Peerless, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, score 50, 38 cents. Wealthy, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, score 60, 45 cents. Utter, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, score 70, 52 cents. Wealthy, Joe Baumgardner, Robbinsdale, score 80, 60 cents. Malinda, Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 80, 60 cents. Wealthy, J. K. McBroom, Exscelsior, score 88, 65 cents. Patten’s Greening, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, score 80, 60 cents. N. W. Greening, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, score 80, 60 cents. Lords L, Chas. Krause, St. Paul, score 70, 52 cents. Weaithy, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score 80, 60 cents. N. W. Greening, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score 80, 60 cents. Wealthy, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score 65, 49 cents. Peter, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score 70, 53 cents, Wealthy, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, score 82, 62 cents. N. W. Greening, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, score 82, 62 cents. J. F. Bartlett, Excelsior, score 75, 57 points. N. W. Greening, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, score 85, 64 cents. N. W. Greening, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 82, 62 cents. Ben Davis, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 85, 63 cents. Snow, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. Blacktwig, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 83, 63 cents. N. W. Greening, Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, score 75, 57 cents. Seedling, Dr. O. M. Huestis, Minneapolis, score 75, 57 cents. GEO. W. STRAND, Judge. AWARD OF PREMIUMS, ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. BOXES OF APPLES. C. Webster, La Crescent, score .956, $2.30; second premium, $10. Wealthy Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score .796, $1.90. N. W. Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score .805, $1.95. Patten’s Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 720, $1.70. ii beatae F. W. Powers, Minneapolis, score 716, 1.70. Apples, I. Harris, La Crescent, score .824, $2. Keep- alt June, Mrs. M. A. Knowles, Excelsior, poage 695, $1.65. Wealthy, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, score .855, $2.10. Wealthy, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score .866, 82 10; third, $5. Wealthy, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score .784, Wealthy, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, score OT. 3 307 fiTSt, $15. Wealthy, J. F. Bartlett, Excelsior, score .751. $1. 80. Wealthy, Jewell Nursery Cos Lake City, score .660, $1.60. Ww. G. BRIERLEY, RICHARD WELLINGTON, Judges. BARRELS OF APPLES. ee C. Webster, La Crescent, score .97, $2.95; first premium, $20. Ww. Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score .89, $2.75. ety, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score .905, $2.75; third, $10. N. W. Greening, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 895, $2.70; fourth, $5. Apples, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, score 76, $2.30. Wealthy, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score .65, $1.95. Wealthy, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, score .965, $2.90; second, $15. J. F. Bartlett, Excelsior, score .64, $1.95. Grimes Golden, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score .805, $2.45. N. W. Greening, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score "145, $2.30. W. G. BRIERLEY, RICHARD WELLINGTON, Judges. EARLY WINTER SEEDLING APPLES. No. 26, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, score 65, $4.65: John Van Loon, La Crosse, Wis., score 60, $4.30. No. 29, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 85, $6.10. W. H. Horton, Alexandria, score 50, $3.55. M. Oleson, Montevideo, score 55, $3.95. A. Brackett, Excelsior, score 75, $5.30. Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 50, $3.55. = jhe P. Burow, ‘La Crescent, score 70 wir re: McKibben, Ramey, score 60, $4.3 cre. A. Johnson, Minneapolis, score a "$5.35. M. Oleson, Montevideo, score 55, $3.95. CLARENCE WEDGE, CHAS. HARALSON, GEO. W. STRAND, Judges. LATE WINTER SEEDLING APPLES. Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, score 70, $2.25. No. 32, M. Oleson, Montevideo, score 62, Soi No. 11, M. Oleson, Montevideo, score 65, $2.10. Timothy Ryan, Hopkins, score 80, $2.60. Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 75, $2.40. P. H. Peterson, Atwater, score 65, $2. 10. . Louis Anderson, Gladstone, score 85, $2.70. Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 60, $1.90. Wm. Schmidt, Excelsior, score 88, $2.80. Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 65, $2.10. Rolla Stubbs, Maple Plain, score 60, $1.90. Mrs. M. A. Knowles, Excelsior, Soap 65, $2.10. Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 75, $2. W.-S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, the sions 75, $2.40. J. S. Decker, Austin, score 45, $1.40. Eleni: Runck, New Ulm, score 60, $1.90. H. L. Runck, New Ulm, score 67, $2.15. No. 17, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 90, $2.90. No. 19, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 95, $3.10. No. 23, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 73, $2.35. No. 1, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 55, $1.75. Arnt Johnson, Viroqua, Wis., score 85, $2.75. CLARENCE WEDGE, CHAS. HARALSON, GEO. W. STRAND, Judges 25 26 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. GRAPES. Collection, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, first premium, $8. A. BRACKETT, Judge. NUTS. Hickory, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, first premium, $1. Butternuts, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, fourth, 25 cents. Butternuts, D. T. Wheaton, Morris, first, $1. Hickory, Henry Husser, Minneiska, second, 75 cents. Walnuts, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, Butternuts, Henry Husser, Minneiska, second, 75 cents. Hickory, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, third, 50 cents. Walnuts, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, third, 50 cents. Hazel nuts, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, first, $1 Black walnuts, Fred Zuercher, fourth, 25 cents. Black walnuts, W. S. Widmoyer, second, 75 cents:. Butternuts, W. S. Widmoyer, third, 50 cents. THOMAS REDPATH, Judge. PLANTS. Collection, 12 palms, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first premium, $10. Collection, 12 ferns, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first $10. Collection, 12 blooming plants, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first, $12. Collection, 12 ferns, Merriam Park Floral Co., Merriam Park, second, $7. ee haa 12 blooming plants, Merriam Park Floral Co., Merriam Park, second, ' CUT FLOWERS—ROSES. Red roses, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, second, $2. Pink roses, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first, $3. White roses, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, second, $2. Yellow roses, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, third, $1. Red roses, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, first, $3. Pink roses, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, second, $2. Yellow roses, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, second, $2. Red roses, N. Nielson, Mankato, third, $1. Pink roses, N. Nielson, Mankato, third, $1. White roses, N. Nielson, Mankato, first, $3. Yellow roses, N. Nielson, Mankato, first, $3. CUT FLOWERS—CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 12 Yellow chrysanthemums, J. A. Webber, Excelsior, first, $4. 12 Yellow chrysanthemums, John E. Sten, Red Wing, third, $2. 12 any color chrysanthemums, John E. Sten, Red Wing, first, $4. 12 Yellow chrysanthemums, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, second, $3. 12 any color chrysanthemums, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, third, $2. 12 pink chrysanthemums, A. Herzog, 3526 Penn Ave. No., Minneapolis, sec- ond, $3. CUT FLOWERS—CARNATIONS. 25 red carnations, John E. Sten, Red Wing, first, $3. 25 pink carnations, John E. Sten, Red Wing, third, $1. 25 white carnations, John E. Sten, Red Wing, third, $1. 25 white carnations, John E. Sten, Red Wing. 25 red carnations, Hans Rosacker, 19th Ave. & Stinson Blvd. NE., Minne- apolis, third, $1. ‘ 25 white carnations, Hans Rosacker, 19th Ave. & Stinson Blvd. NE., first, $3. 25 pink carnations, Hans Rosacker, Minneapolis, second, $2. Red carnations, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, second, $2 Pink carnations, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, first, $3. White carnations, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, second, $2. BASKETS. Basket, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first, $10. WM. DESMOND, Judge. AWARD OF PREMIUMS, ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. VEGETABLES. Onions, red, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, second, $2. Onions, yellow, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, first, $3.50. Onions, yellow, S. O. Gates, Hopkins, second, $2. Onions, red, S. O. Gates, Hopkins, fourth, 50 cents. Onions, white pickling, Wm. E. Noack, R. 1, St. Paul, third, $1. Beets, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, third, $1. Cabbage, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, second, $2. Carrots, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, third, $1. Celeriac, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. Potatoes, Frank Dunning, Anoka, first, $3.50. Pie pumpkins, Frank Dunning, Anoka, third, $1. Hubbard squash, Frand Dunning, Anoka, first, $3.50. Parsnips, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, second, $2. Salsify, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, first, $3.50. Hubbard squash, Isabella Atherton, Newport, second, $2. Parsley, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. Parsnips, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. Potatoes, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, second, $2. Pie pumpkins,, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, second, $2. Salsify, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, second, $2. Hubbard squash, Daniel Gantzer, fourth, 50 cents. White turnips, Daniel Gantzer, second, $2. Onions, white, Daniel Gantzer, St. Paul, third, $1. Onions, yellow, Daniel Gantzer, St. Paul, fourth, 50 cents. Onions, white pickling, Daniel Gantzer, St. Paul, fourth, 50 cents. Carrots, Aug. Bucholz, Anoka, second, $2. Beets, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, second, $2. Cabbage, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, fourth, 50 cents. Lettuce, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, first, $3.50. Onions, white, Fred Scherf, Osseo, second, $2. Cabbage, Jos. Baumgardner, Robbinsdale, first, $3.50. Onions, red, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, first, $3.50. Beets, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, fourth, 50 cents. Carrots, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, first, $3.50. Celery, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, second, $2. Onions, white globe, Fred Wilson, Minneapolis, first, $3.50. Celery, Fred Wilson, Minneapolis, first, $3.50. Onions, pickling, H. G. Groat, Anoka, second, $2. Beets, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. Cabbage, Chas. Kraus, Merriam Park, third, $1. Celeriac, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, second, $2. Onions, red, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, third, $1. Onions, white, Merriam Park, fourth, 50 cents. Onions, yellow, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, third, $1. Onions, pickling, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. Carrots, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, fourth, 50 cents. ' Rutabagas, Daniel Gantzer, St. Paul, fourth, 50 cents. Rutabagas, Aug. Bucholz, Anoka, third, $1. Radishes, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, first, $3.50. Hubbard squash, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, third, $1. Parsley, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, fourth, 50 cents. Rutabagas, Fred Scherf, Osseo, first, $3.50. White turnips, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, first, $3.50. Rutabagas, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, first, $3.50. Rutabagas, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, second, $2. Potatoes, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, fourth, 50 cents. Pie pumpkin, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, fourth, 50 cents. Parsely, J. A. Webber, Excelsior, third, $1. Parsnips, H. G. Groat, Anoka, fourth, 50 cents. Parsley, Chas. Kraus, Merriam Park, second, $2. Parsnips, Merriam Park, third, $1. Pie pumpkins, Chas. Kraus, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. Salsify, Chas. Kraus, Merriam Park, third, $1. White turnips, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, third, $1. Potatoes, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, third, $1. J. V. BAILEY, Judge 28 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Collegeville Trial Station in 1916. REV. JOHN B. KATZNER, SUPT. — We regret to say that our expectation of a good fruit crop did not verify. Everything looked so promising last spring: the winter was not too cold, the trees though late were full of flowers, and no late spring frosts interfered with setting a good crop of fruit. And yet our crop, as in many other places, was very small and inferior. We can only attribute this failure to the many rains and unseasonable cold weather during May and June, followed by the excessive heat of July and August. Most varie- ties of apples dropped their flowers entirely or set only a few fruits. To make things worse, blight set in when the trees started to grow vigorously in July, which in spite of all the cut- ting could not be kept in check. Many trees were simply ruined, and we were obliged to cut a large block of trees from the or- chard. It is most discouraging to see a promising orchard gradu- ally ruined by blight. Would it not be possible to breed blight proof apple trees just the same way as Prof. N. E. Hansen is doing with pears? The best bearing varieties this year were the Hibernal, Duchess, Anisim and Patten’s No. 108. All others bore very little fruit and quite inferior. Patten’s Greening was small and partly full of cracks, just like ripe plums crack after a rain. The apples were about three weeks later in ripening and their quality was not up to its usual excellence. This might also have been brought about by the adverse condition of the weather. The new varieties of apple trees obtained last spring from the State Fruit-Breeding Farm are all alive and made a good growth. We expect to find some good kinds among them. Besides these we have a few seedings of our own raising which look very prom- ising. Mr. Chas. Patten’s pear seedling is a wonderful grower. Grafts inserted on German stocks made a growth of more than five feet over summer. One being three years old may bear next year. As most of these trees were standing among the old plum trees, and the place is needed for the better arrangement of the orchard, they were taken out and heeled in over winter and will be planted in a small trial orchard next spring. We have six varieties of Prof. N. E. Hansen’s new hybrid pears, grafted also on German pear stocks. They are now two years old, and most of them have made a splendid growth; some are seven feet high. We like especially No. 10 for its fine, stocky growth, large green, COLLEGEVILLE TRIAL STATION. 29 | beautiful leaf and few spines. They too have been heeled in over winter and will find their place in the trial orchard. In regard to blight they are so far immune, not a blighted leaf or branch was seen on the trees, although other pears standing around them blighted to the ground. They also seem to be perfectly hardy. Thus we have reasonable hope for successful pear-grow- -ing in Minnesota. Scotch pine on south slope three years after planting—at Collegeville. The old plum trees have done a little better than the apples. We got at least half a crop. Most of these old trees are now removed, and the plum orchard will get a new location. Of the new plums from the Fruit-Breeding Farm we cannot say very much yet. Most of the trees bloomed well but ripened only a few plums. The largest and best plum was again No. 8. The fruit was fully 134 inches long and almost that in diameter. Then there were Nos. 10, 20, 15, 11, 3 and 2. All of these were nice large plums, but not all of equal quality. No. 2 had the most plums, which were relished by many. We are waiting for a full crop, then we shall be able to pass better judgment on these new plums. We have lost a few trees, one each of Nos. 16, 20, 8, 3 and 21, and two or three trees have been injured by storms. 30 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Of all fruits the grapes have done the best. There were no frosts during May and June like last year, and the vines though kept back by cool weather finally came out strong for a full crop. The only disadvantage for doing their best was the short season for ripening their fruit well. Being about three weeks later than normal years, only the earliest varieties came to maturity. Late sorts such as the Concord never got ripe. The Concord too was a Man “ ea ia 4 ca Ht Scotch pine forest fifteen years old—at Collegeville. affected by mildew and produced very little fruit. All others did well; we gathered some five bushels of tame grapes. But the best bearing vine which ripened its fruit was the Alpha. It was just loaded with fine clusters of grapes. In the line of fruits we never saw a more beautiful sight than this vine. On one nine year old vine we counted eighty bunches. They were a surprise and an admiration to all visitors who had a chance to see them. We gathered ten bushels of grapes from the Alpha vines. The Alpha vines should be pruned every fall, otherwise bunches and berries would stay considerably smaller. That the Alpha is a hardy vine is shown by the fact that it was bearing this year at Thief River Falls, about 350 miles northwest of St. Paul. COLLEGEVILLE TRIAL STATION. 31 As stated in a former report we planted a new bed of ever- bearing strawberries, No. 1017, in spring, to which were added the plants, also No. 1017, received from the Fruit-Breeding Farm. They were well taken care of but did not do nearly as well as the preceding year. They produced some berries but on the whole were not satisfactory. At the same time and from the same source some strawberry plants of No. 3 were set out. These Scotch pine forest twenty years old—at Collegeville Station. plants made a splendid growth and promise well for a good crop next year. Currant bushes have done fairly well and quite a quantity of berries have been picked from them. Not much was done in forestry, only a few hundred Scotch pines were set out. Our little nursery is in good condition, and the grafts of apples, pears and plums made a good growth. A few pear buds of No. 26485 from the U. S. Dept. of Agr. inserted on German pear stocks grew very well all summer, but in September they blighted to death. Apple trees have been removed from the nursery and made ready for next year’s planting. 32 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The vegetable garden again furnished us all kinds of vege- tables and plenty of them during the season. It paid well for the work and care. As we had many rains during the summer months irrigation was not much needed for the best growth of plants. The root-cellar is now well filled with vegetables for use during winter. If there was anything worth while seeing at our place dur- ing the season, it was our floral planting. The artistic floral and foliage designs on our lawns were most beautiful. There were flowers of many kinds in profusion at all times. We admired in particular the peonies, dahlias, cannas, lilies and gladioli; of shrubs, the lilacs, spireas and mock orange. : This year has brought us meager returns not only in horti- culture, but in agriculture as well, for the labor and care bestowed on our orchards and fields. Another year may bless us with an abundance of fruit. WARNING. WHITE PINE. TREES BEING DESTROYED.—A disease known as the White Pine Blister Rust threatens the destruction of all the white pine and other five leaved pine trees in the United States. It has already appeared in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Minnesota and in Quebec and Ontario. There is no known cure for it. It kills the white pines infeeted and it spreads steadily. The spores or seeds are blown from diseased pines to currant and gooseberry bushes. They germinate on the leaves of these bushes. The leaves then produce millions of spores or seeds of the disease which are blown by the wind from the bushes to the pines, and even those several miles distant from the nearest bushes are infected, become diseased | and die. : The white pines in New England are worth $75,000,000; in the Lake States $96,000,000; in western States $60,000,000; and in the National Forests $30,000,000,000, or a total of $261,000,000. Unless the ravages of the White Pine Blister Rust are stopped these pines will be destroyed. The American Forestry Association urges people in all the regions where the disease has been discovered to destroy at once all currant and gooseberry bushes, diseased pines, and others exposed to infection. This will help to stop the spread of the disease-—American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 33 Apples and Orchards. KE. A. SMITH, VICE-PRESIDENT, JEWELL NURSERY CO., LAKE CITY. The problem of marketing apples is as great as the problem of planting and caring for the orchard itself. Any information derived from practical experience should prove interesting and profitable to apple growers in the northwest. Size of Orchard and Varieties.—The writer believes that a mistake is often made in planting too many varieties in a com- mercial orchard. There should not be more than five varieties, each consisting of a sufficient number of trees so there will be a carload or more to market at a given time. The reason for this is, that apples can be handled in car lots more economically and the profit will be correspondingly greater. If shipped to com- ‘mission men, they prefer them in car lots and can dispose of them at better prices in quantity, and will usually buy them at a given price on the tree or delivered F. O. B. shipping station in car lots. Among the varieties to plant, in locations similar to that at Lake City, the writer would select about 100 trees of the Duchess type, 100 of the Okabena, 600 of the Wealthy, 100 of the North- west Greening and 100 of some late winter apple. I use the word “type” in a broad sense, for it may be a matter of opinion rather than of merit as to which varieties are really the best and most profitable. The writer would not attempt to dictate in this regard, as the location must influence the selection. For instance, at Lake City and vicinity and along the bluffs of the Mississippi, the Northwest Greening is one of the most desirable varieties to plant, as it yields well in that locality and hangs on the tree well. The tree is vigorous and comparatively long lived, and there is never any trouble selling the apples at a good price. In some parts of the state, this variety is not a success. Therefore, the locality will have to be taken into consideration in determining ‘what to plant. I do not, however, recommend the Northwest Greening for general planting. The advantage of planting the Duchess type, is, that the process of picking may be commenced early. By getting these varieties on the market early and in good shape, a good price can generally be realized. Then follows the Okabena. This variety of apple is always in demand and the market never glutted. The apple is attractive, is a splendid all around variety for the season, a heavy bearer and the tree is vigorous. These early varieties 34 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. should not be allowed to ripen on the tree, but should be picked a little on the green side as they will ship much better and reach the market in better condition. Then comes the Wealthy. The weakness of this apple commercially is that it falls from the tree with the slightest provocation and many apples are lost, or on’ account of being bruised they must be graded low, bringing a correspondingly low price. The Northwest Greenings may be picked last. They hang on the tree well, pack splendidly and are iT ic er = ea E. A, Smith, Lake City. as attractive as any green colored apples that are put on the market. The writer has found there is a demand for crab apples at a good price, and a hundred crab apple trees would be found profit- able, as the fruit seldom sells for less than $1.50 per bushel and usually brings more. Apples for Live Stock.—We find in a recent article in one of the horticultural magazines, a correspondent advises that apples are the best conditioner for horses, cattle, sheep and swine that can be grown on the farm. The correspondent referred to stated that he was able to raise healthy hogs in the midst of a hog cholera epidemic with which surrounding herds were com- pletely annihilated. This correspondent writes that he fed his APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 35 hogs liberally with.apples from the middle of J ee to the end ss the season, that the hogs were la wore directly exposed to infection E from other herds, but he did not lose one. This fact alone, fully established, means thou- sands of dollars to the farm- ers of the northwest and is a big asset for the apple. Commission Men.--We have heard a great deal about com- mission men disposing of ap- ples at such low prices there was no profit to the seller. In many instances the writer be- lieves that these low prices were made necessary because the apples were poorly packed or were of poor quality. We have found reliable commis- sion men prompt in their re- turns, anxious to please the customer and reliable in their reports. Their commission varies from ten to fifteen per cent. upon sales, depending upon conditions connected with the sale. Packing the Apples.—The ordinary farmer pack is the poorest of all. If the apples are faced, the work is often poorly done, the apples being thrown hit or miss in the bar- rel, thus reducing the best ones to the lowest grade price. In packing apples, the barrel pack is the most economical and the best for this section of the country. All grades of apples should be faced with two tiers and legitimately these may eae of the: past apples in “UIQ aye] YB ‘pavyouo yng SOD AreSINN [eof JO META [BI}IVd 36 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the grade. The first and second grades should not contain apples smaller than 214 inches in diameter. The third grade may con- tain apples two inches in diameter. we Cost of Raising Apples.—In a recent magazine, I found the average expense per acre for an orchard in New York, including interest, taxes and every item of expense was $70.50 per acre and the net profit was $196.26 per acre. In the State of Washington, the average cost per bushel is 24c to grow, 16c to harvest, 10c for the box, making the cost, Spraying in the Jewell Bluff orchard. F. O. B. orchard, 50c per box, to which must be added interest and taxes on land valued at $200.00 per acre before planting and $500.00 to $600.00 per acre after the orchard comes into bear- ing. Only the choice fruit is shipped, and this is usually sold at from 90c to $1.00 per bushel, F. O. B. shipping station. In Minnesota, choice Wealthy apples can be grown at a total cost of 50c per bushel and sold at an average of $1.00 per bushel on land worth not to exceed $50.00 per acre before plant- ing. Selling Price of Apples.—The third week in September this year apples were beginning to arrive from Maryland and that section of the country, and prices were quoted on such varieties as York Imperial, Jonathan, etc., at $2.40 per barrel, at shipping station. The freight would be 65c, which would make the net cost, laid down at St. Paul or Minneapolis, about $3.00 per bar- rel for southern apples. Also apples from Missouri and Kansas ‘ .APPLES AND ORCHARDS. on were. quoted at $2.50 per barrel at shipping station, plus the freight of about 40c per barrel, making them net at Minneapolis $2.90, car load lots. At the same time the best quality of Wealthy apples were selling to the trade at $4.00 per barrel, F. O. B. ship- ping station, within a radius of 75 miles of the Twin Cities, and were selling at retail to customers in such varieties as Jonathan and Wealthy at 20c per dozen, 5c per pound and up, depending upon quality, making a retail price of $2.00 or more per bushel. Apples 21% inches and up average about 140 to the bushel. Best Location for An Orchard.—There are thousands of acres of land located on the bluffs and along the banks of the Mississippi and throughout the northwest, which are admirably adapted to growing apples upon a commercial scale. The bluffs which slope to the north and east are the best. At present most of them are covered with underbrush or a poor class of timber. Such land may be called practically valueless, so far as the pres- ent income derived from it is concerned. The timber, however, will usually pay for clearing the land. The Jewell Bluff Orchard.—The Jewell Nursery Company, of Lake City, Minn., endeavored to solve the problem of making such land profitable by clearing one of these steep bluffs. The cost of clearing the timber and digging roads on the side hill so that teams could traverse them, was estimated at $50.00 per acre. The orchard was planted largely to Wealthy, Northwest Green- ing and Virginia crab apples. The latter were planted for the purpose of top-working, which has since been done, being top- worked very largely to the Wealthy. Except for semi-hardy varieties, I can not say that I especially recommend top-working apple trees. The orchard now consists of about twenty-one acres and 1,900 trees. As the process of clearing and planting has extended over several years, not more than a thousand of these trees have come into bearing, and a number of these have only borne one or two years. It was this orchard that won two first prizes for the State of Minnesota at the Spokane National Apple Show in 1909 and 1911, in competition with twelve north central states, demonstrating the fact that Minnesota could grow as fine apples as can be grown anywhere. As the trees are located on a steep side hill, it is not possible, and not necessary, to cultivate the entire orchard, and so the sod is removed from around the trees for a space of about six feet in diameter and the earth is stirred two or three times during 38 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the summer so it will not bake and also to conserve the moisture. Sheep are pastured in this orchard. Spraying.—Our first spraying, spring of 1916, was done early, before the trees started to bloom. The second spraying was done just after the trees had blossomed and before they had completely set their fruit. The third spraying was done in the early summer. The spray used for each of the three treatments Jewell’s Winter apple tree, in Jewell Bluff orchard. consisted of lime-sulphur, arsenate of lead and nicotine, the first spray being in proportion, 63 gallons of lime-sulphur to 378 gallons of water. The second spray, 1314 gallons of lime- sulphur, plus 54 lbs. of arsenate of lead, plus 414 pints of nicotine to 450 gallons of water. The third spray consisted of 18 gallons of lime-sulphur, 72 lbs. of arsenate of lead, 6 pints of nicotine to 600 gallons of water. We use a two-horse sprayer which requires one man to drive and two men to spray. The orchard is thus quickly cov- ered. The total cost of the spray material was $27.00. Yield, Receipts, Expense and Profit—wWe figured that we had about a 50 per cent. crop upon trees that were in bearing. Our orchard is divided into three sections. The first or early planting consists of about 500 trees, which average eight inches APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 39 in diameter. The second section consists of 100 trees, which average five to six inches in diameter. The third section, and the last planted, consists of about 400 trees, which run two inches in diameter. Our total yield was 1,407 bushels. The total re- ceipts were $1,233.86. The total expenses were $746.28, leaving a credit balance and profit, not including interest and taxes, of $487.58. As four acres of this orchard are not yet in bearing, and four acres have just commenced bearing, the thirteen acres which are in bearing took care of and paid for the work upon the entire orchard. We believe that this expense more than equaled the interest and taxes for the year. Two hundred and forty-eight bushels of apples practically worthless for marketing were sent to the pigs. This was a very large proportion of poor fruit, the percentage of which we shall try to reduce the coming year. The real value of these apples for conditioning purposes is not known. SUMMARY. 1. If thinning is necessary, pick those apples which are scabby or misshapen, as they will probably go on the dump pile anyway. If you are intending to sell the apples green, the best must be picked. 2. Estimate the amount of the crop the latter part of July. Then order barrels sufficient to cover the estimate. 3. Arrange with commission men, or others, for the sale of the apples before they are picked. Reliable commission men will do their best for you in marketing your fruit, but you must get it to them in good condition. 4. To avoid bruising, use sacks for picking in, or baskets that are lined. 5. Arrange for spraying. Have the material ready in time and have the work well done at the proper time. 6. Have the tables lined, sides and bottom, where the ap- ples are sorted. 7. Use a screw press for heading barrels. 8. Face the top of the barrel with two tiers of the best apples in the grade. Do not use old or dirty barrels for ship- ping. 9. A spring wagon should be used for hauling the apples. 10. In Minnesota, the barrel is the best and most economi- cal form of pack. 11. Apples are the best conditioner for live stock that can be found. 12. An apple eaten each day will do much toward keeping the doctor away. 13. Utilize the waste land profitably by planting an or- chard upon it. 40 ' MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 14. If the fruit grower can establish his brand and secure a list of customers from year to year, selling them apples that will satisfy, he can get the retail price and increase his profit. 15. The profitable result of growing apples is in securing a market, adopting intelligent methods in selling and in keeping down the overhead expense. Mr. Kellogg: I wish to ask: the result of the painting for blight; was there any good from it? Mr. Smith: We have tried it. I would refer that question to Mr. Underwood, who is present. Mr. Underwood: I suppose Mr. Kellogg refers to our paint- ing our orchard trees with a preparation, I think it was called Warnocks. Some man down in Missouri, I can’t remember so very much about it, anyway he recommended a paint that would prevent blight. I painted our trees with that preparation, and all I can say is we haven’t had any blight, but it takes more than ‘one swallow to make a spring, and I am not ready to recommend it. I have heard that the preparation has been condemned and there has been some trouble about it, but I don’t know the par- ticulars about it. I know that our trees have not blighted since we put that preparation on. But we do not have much blight, it was only some Wealthy trees that had commenced to blight a little, and so we painted the trees. I shall try it some more. I have a little confidence in it, but I haven’t had the experience that would warrant me to say to this society, by all means get that Warnock paint and paint your trees if you have any trouble with blight. Mr. Powers: How do you paint them, put it on with a spray? Mr. Underwood: No, you scrape the roughness of the bark off from the body of the tree clear down to the ground and take the dirt away at the root of the tree and then apply it with a brush. It smells something like a petroleum product, I think it has that appearance. I don’t know whether any one else know anything about the paint or not. Mr. Ludlow: Will that paint keep off mice and rabbits? Mr. Underwood: I don’t know that. I want to say right here that the way to keep the rabbits and mice from girdling your trees is to get rid of the rabbits and mice. Don’t have any rab- bits and mice, then you won’t have any girdling, and it is easily done. The President: Tell us how you do it. Mr. Underwood: Our president gave us a splendid remedy at one of our meetings. He said to put some corn shocks around your orchard, have something for them to eat there and then put some poison in, I think. Anyway, that is what I would do. That will keep the rabbits away. But we have a man that works for us in the nursery a great deal, an old gentleman, and in the win- ter time he doesn’t work and he hasn’t anything else to do. He APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 41 goes around in our orchards and the way that man catches rab- bits is really a wonder. He snares them, and we pay him 10 cents a piece for the ears, and then he has the rabbit left. I don’t know whether he does anything with the skins or not but he certainly has a good many rabbits to eat. If you believe in eating meat at all a rabbit is good eating. The way we do to get rid of mice is to put a can at every tree in the orchard with a little poisoned grain in it. Lay the can down on its side, and the. mice will get it. If you haven’t any mice in your orchard there is no danger. Mr. Anderson: How do you poison the grain? Mr. Underwood: Soak it in strychnine. Mr. Harrison: One of the best remedies to get rid of mice and rabbits from the trees is to get some of the cheapest soap you can find and rub it up and down on the tree. The rabbit is a kind of a dainty fellow, and he don’t like soap. Prof. Hansen: I would like to ask Mr. Smith if he would recommend any apple earlier than the Duchess for commercial planting? Mr. Smith: The Yellow Transparent and the Tetofsky are very generally used in this section of the country. They are early apples, but they are poor shippers. Whether to plant them in a commercial orchard is a question. I can’t say I would. There are other fruits which take the place of the early apple. You have the early crab and have small fruits, and by the time they, and some of Hansen’s new fruits, are through you are ready for the apple. Mr. Horton: You spoke about planting trees of a late win- ter variety. What would you recommend? Mr. Smith: If I should recommend any I might recommend several, but I think that is for the party to decide in the locality where he lives. Mr. Underwood: Malinda. Mr. Smith: No Malinda for me. So there is a difference of opinion. Mr. Underwood: I don’t know why we should not grow the Malinda. It is better apple than the Ben Davis, a perfect keeper, and it is a prolific bearer. I want to tell you that eleven miles from Philadelphia is a large commercial orchard, several hun- dred acres and a great many thousand trees, and what apple do you suppose they grow the most of? It is the Ben Davis, and I would rather have the Malinda any time than the Ben Davis. The Malinda is a good apple. One of our members who isn’t here now says that he depends upon his children to tell whether apples are good to eat. They go down and get all the Malinda apples they can get, and he says if it is good enough for the chil- dren it is good enough for him. Mr. Vollenweider: In regard to the Malinda and Ben Davis. The Ben Davis is a red apple and the Malinda a yellow apple, and the people all take to a red apple in preference. 42 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Smith: In connection with the Malinda apple, I speak of it from a commercial standpoint. I find it is not a favorite in the market and doesn’t bring a high price. It comes in competi- tion with the late keeping varieties, and it does not*compare favorably with those in looks and in price. A Member: I would like to have that subject of a late apple discussed here since we have time. In our part of the country along the river shore we can raise better kinds than the Malinda. The Malinda with me runs rather smaller than the market favors. We tried some Salomes, and they did exceed- ingly well. It is a nice tasting apple and it has a nicer color. The tree looks hardy enough along the river. It is a late apple. I would give preference to the Salome. About the other late varieties of apples which were mentioned this morning, like the Stark Brothers Delicious, it is a question whether it will ever be a success. It seems they don’t develop a big enough apple for the commercial orchard. Prof. Hansen: I would say I was very much interested in Mr. Smith’s statement, and I thought maybe I was working along the wrong line; that is, for extra early apples. Some years ago I spent a day in Winnipeg, Canada. There were some of the Yellow Transparent apples, very large, wrapped in paper in a small crate. They sold well, and ever since then I have thought there was a market for a very early apple. I worked a little in that line to get an extra early apple ahead of the Duchess. If there isn’t any market for such an apple I worked along the wrong line. I know the Yellow Transparent blights badly in places and also that the Tetofsky is more of a home apple, not a shipper. It seems to me there is a chance for an early apple. The Yellow Transparent would fill the bill if it didn’t seem to blight in so many places. Mr. Smith: In partial answer to Professor Hansen’s ques- tion regarding the early apple: « There isn’t a great demand for it in the market, for the reason that it is apt to decay and perish very quickly. There is a competitor in the shape of the Duchess picked nearly ripe. That makes splendid sauce, and that is about the principal use we make of the apple at that time. Sol don’t believe that commercially the early apple would be very desirable. I think in this country we want a late apple, not an early one. Mr. Underwood: May I add a word in regard to the early apple. Mr. George T. Powell, who, you remember, was with us a few years ago, told us that the apple that he made the most money from was the Wealthy, and he picked it early. He recommends picking them early, that they are an early apple. Last winter I talked with Mr. John Collins, who has the large commercial orchard I spoke of eleven miles from Philadelphia, and he says that the apple that he makes the most money off of is his Wealthy, because he commences picking them early. Now, the idea is, your Wealthy and your Duchess bear too full, the APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 43 trees are loaded too much, and they fall off. Pick the largest apples, pick them early and put them on the market, and you will get a good price for them. That thins the tree out so that the apples that are left have a better chance to develop. That is one way to get early apples; pick the largest apples off the trees as soon as they are ready to pick, and they are bought readily for green apples. Green apple pies, you know they are good, and green apple sauce you know is good; and they bring a good price. Mr. Vollenweider: I have Duchess in my orchards, and I favor the Duchess. I do like Mr. Underwood says. I go to work and thin my Duchess and barrel them up and ship them to Minneapolis. They sell there for $3.75 a barrel. That gives me a better chance on the others, and they come along, and I get a good price for them. Last year when the Chicago markets were flooded with apples they told me I would lose money to ship my apples down there, but I did so and they brought me $3.75 a barrel when I couldn’t have sold them at home for twenty-five cents a bushel. I thought I would set out some more Duchess because I like them as well as any other kind. Mr. Hall: I would like to ask Mr. Smith to tell us how to raise the best apples for exhibit purposes. Mr. Smith: In 1909 and 1911 here is what we did. When we picked our apples, we picked three barrels of the very finest apples that were in the orchard. These were wrapped in paper at that time, and about three weeks later the apples were again picked over and the best picked out of those, from which we succeeded in getting one barrel. These-were shipped by express to Spokane, and those were the apples which took prizes in 1909 and 1911. This year we picked a box of the finest Wealthys we had and sent them to cold storage. I unpacked them yester- day. They had evidently been weighed down with about a ton of something else, and every apple was jammed. The apples were all right, but the method of handling has probably prevented them from being prize winners. So, as careful as you may be, someone else may spoil all your care. Mr. Hawley: I wanted to know as to the method of pro- cedure of thinning, when you do it and how much thinning you do, whether it would be advisable or not. Mr. Smith: We commenced to thin our apples the latter part of August. We sent some to market too soon. They ought never to be thinned until they begin to be colored a little, else you will get a very low price. As soon as they begin to color a little, if you wish to market them that way, pick the biggest and the best. 44 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Fruits for Minnesota Planting. List adopted by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, Dec. 8, 1916. For the guidance of planters. APPLES. Of the first degree of hardiness: Duchess, Hibernal, Patten’s Green- ing, Okabena. : Of the second degree of hardiness: Wealthy, Malinda, Anisim, lowa Beauty, Lowland Raspberry, Jewell’s Winter, Milwaukee. Valuable in some locations: Wolf River, Yellow Transparent, Longfield, Northwestern Greening, Tetofsky, Peerless, Salome. Most profitable varieties for commercial planting in Minnesota: Wealthy, Duchess, Okabena, Anisim. Recommended for top-working on hardy stocks: Wealthy, Malinda, ea Greening, Stayman’s Winesap, Grimes Golden, Milwaukee, McIntosh, alome. Varieties for trial: Eastman, Evelyn, Windsor Chief, Gilbert, Superb. CRABS AND HYBRIDS. For general cultivation: Florence, Whitney, Early Strawberry, Sweet Russet, Transcendent. Varieties for trial: Faribault, Dartt, Success. PLUMS AND HYBRID PLUMS. For general cultivation: De Soto, Forest Garden, Wolf (freestone), Wyant, Stoddard, Terry, Surprise. Most promising for trial: Compass Cherry, Hanska, Opata, Sapa, Stella, Waneta, Omaha. GRAPES. First degree of hardiness: Beta, Janesville, Hungarian. Second degree of hardiness: Moore’s Early, Campbell’s Early, Brighton, Delaware, Worden, Concord, Moore’s Diamond, Wyoming Red. ‘Red varieties: King, Sunbeam, Miller, Loudon, Minnetonka Ironclad. Black and purple varieties: Palmer, Gregg, Older, Columbian, Cum- berland. BLACKBERRIES. Ancient Briton, Snyder, Eldorado. CURRANTS. White Grape, Victoria, Long Bunch Holland, Pomona, Red Cross, Per- fection, London Market. - GOOSEBERRIES. Houghton, Downing, Champion, Pearl, Carrie. STRAWBERRIES. Perfect varieties: Bederwood, Enhance, Lovett, Splendid, Glen-Mary, Clyde, Senator Dunlap, Minnesota No. 3. Imperfect varieties: Crescent, Warfield, Haverland, Marie. Everbearing varieties: Progressive, Superb. ORNAMENTAL FRUITING SHRUBS. Valuable for trial: Dwarf Juneberry, Sand Cherry, Buffalo Berry, High Bush Cranberry. NUT FRUITS. Shellbark Hickory, Black Walnut, Butternut. GARDEN HELPS Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society Edited by Mrs. E. W. Goup, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. Minneapolis. December 6th, 1916.—The Minnesota Garden Flower Society has just completed a most busy and profitable year. We have a paid membership of 174 and two honorary members. Sixty-eight of these are new this year. Analyzing our membership list we find sixty-two live in St. Paul, sixty-nine in Minneapolis, nine belong to the Nemadji Club, thirty-four are scattered outside the Twin Cities. Thanks to Mrs. Boardman, we have one member in Chicago and two in Pennsylvania. So our fame is spreading. Sixteen have already paid dues for 1917. Our program committee issued the year’s program early. It was planned to have a meeting each month, alternating between St. Paul and Minneapolis. There have been six program meetings during the year; two in Minneapolis, three in St. Paul and one between the two, at the Agricul- tural College. One informal flower show, held in Minneapolis, May 22nd; the big June flower show with the Horticultural Society, June 23rd; two garden meetings, both in Minneapolis; and a greenhouse meeting. At the president’s suggestion, the experiment of serving tea and cakes, after the indoor meetings, has been tried with great success. In no case has the expense exceeded 50c, and the pleasure and sociability of the meetings has been greatly increased. The club owes thanks to the social committees ts the two cities for this service, since it has meant quite a bit of work for them. A garden photographic contest is being held now. Six contestants have entered photographs. Prizes are to be plants, given by Mrs. Sawyer, Mrs. Tillotson and Mrs. Gould. Our page in the Horticulturist has been kept up by Mrs. Gould, our president; and she is to go to Des Moines as the delegate from the Horticul- tural Society to the Iowa Horticultural Meeting. Seeds were given to members at the March meeting and the September meeting. The club is under obligations to Mr. Theodore Wirth, and Mr. Meyer, of the Minneapolis Park Board, and to Professor Cady, of the Agricultural College, for the seeds given out in September and for many other courtesies. We have published no leaflet this year, but instead have given each member a copy of Mrs. Boardman’s “Pronouncing Handbook.” Our society has been asked to give one day’s program at the “Farmers’ Short Course,” given at the Agricultural College the first week in January. Our day will be January 6th. Miss Anne McKibbin has offered us the use of about seventy lantern slides showing Italian gardens, which will probably be used then. Through an arrangement with Secy. Latham, it has been possible for us to give plant prizes to our members, for securing new memberships. There have been no formal papers given at our meetings during the year.—Mrs. M. L. Countryman, Secy. The January meeting of the society will be held January 6 at the Farm School, Room 20, Horticultural Building, at 10 a.m. and 1:15 p.m. Lunches can be procured on the grounds. We hope this meeting will be largely attended. The year’s program, we trust, will be ready for publication in the Feb- ruary Magazine. Watch this page for it. Our meetings during 1917 will alternate between St. Paul and Minne- apolis as heretofore and will be held on the second Friday of each month, exceptions being noted on this page. Our Nemadji branch has had a most active and successful year, having held fourteen meetings, one of which was a banquet at which the husbands were entertained. Flowers were sent to hospitals and members’ gardens visited by the society. This shows what a civic and social asset a branch in any of the smaller cities may become. Nemadji, we feel very proud of you and wish we had many branches a es splendid work you are doing! 45 SECRETARY'S CORNER COMPETITION FOR THE $1,000 Prize.—Another competitor has appeared for the $1,000 seedling apple prize offered by this society, Mr. Arnt. John- son, of Viroqua, Wis., the seedling entered being grown from seed of the Malinda planted nine years ago. It is claimed to be a long keeping winter apple, even into June. Scions will be sent for testing to the fruit-breeding farm. VALUABLE SEEDLING APPLES.—Amongst the various seedling apples exhibited, and to which prizes were awarded at our late meeting, were three that the judges decided were of sufficient value to ask further information about and endeavor to secure from them scions for testing at the fruit-breed- ing farm. These are known as Nos. 17 and 19 by J. A. Howard, Hammond, and a seedling without name or number from Wm. Schmidt, Excelsior. OUR REPRESENTATIVE ON THE STATE FORESTRY BoARD.—One member of the State Forestry Board is appointed on recommendation by this society. Hon. Henry C. Oldenburg, of Carlton, has occupied this position for a con- siderable time, and upon the solicitation of the officers of the board the executive board of this society endorsed his reappointment as our repre- sentative. MINNESOTA CROP IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION.—This state organization will hold its annual meeting in the Fairmont High School building, February 13-15 next. A large exhibit of corn is assured. It may be that some of our members will desire to attend this meeting and take part in this competitive display. If so, they should address the Secretary, Prof. C. P. Bull, Univer- sity Farm, St. Paul, Minn., for full information. SEE THE PINK S.iip.—Please do not fail to note the pink slip inside the front cover page of our monthly. Whether you have paid membership fee or not you will be interested in reading this over. It is our present plan to place this slip in every issue of every magazine sent out during the year. As it will be changed from time to time to keep abreast of the movement of the society it might be well for the member to read this month by month. DELEGATES TO IOWA AND WISCONSIN.—This issue of our monthly con- tains the reports of the delegates to the Iowa and Wisconsin State Horti- cultural Societies, both of which meetings were held at the same time, December 12-14, the week following our annual meeting. As these societies are so closely akin to the Minnesota Society in the character of membership and the kind of work being done, we have a special interest in them as co- workers and are glad to come in touch with them in this fraternal way. ARE You A MEMBER OF THE PRESENT STATE LEGISLATURE?—If so, will you not please write to Secretary Latham promptly to that effect. In the effort about to be made to secure from the State Legislature a home for the society we should like especially well to interest directly those members of - our society who belong to the present legislature. As this notice may escape the attention of some member of the legislature, will not other members of the society who know of any of cur membership who are in the legislature notify Secretary Latham also to that effect? (46) SECRETARY’S CORNER. 47 MEETING OF THE SOUTH DAKOTA STATE Hort. Socy.—As we go to press the date and place of meeting of this society are not yet known, but any one interested in finding out might address Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D. Prof. Hansen, always in attendance at our meeting, is secretary of that society, which fact alone insures an interesting program. The repre- sentative of this society at that meeting will be Mr. M. R. Cashman, of Owa- tonna, from whom we may expect an interesting report in the February number. WHO SHOULD BE MEMBERS?—We are very ambitious to reach more people with the work of the society and do more good, and there surely must be some of your acquaintances, dear fgllow member, who would be profited by a connection with this society. Won’t you please send to Secy. A. W. Latham, 207 Kasota Blk., Minneapolis, Minn., on a postal card, a list of such friends and acquaintances, either near or far, whom you would like to nominate for membership in this society, and the secretary will do his best to secure their names on our membership roll. Such co-operation as this in some form is absolutely necessary to insure success in our purpose to enlarge the field in which the society is operating, and we feel assured of having it. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SHIPPERS VIOLATE LAw.—lInspectors have found several interstate shipments of packages of fruits and vegetables, such as grapes, tomatoes, and berries, which contain no statement on the packages as to the quantity of contents. The net weight amendment to the Federal Food and Drugs Act requires that all packages of foods which are shipped into interstate or foreign commerce must be marked plainly and conspicu- ously with a statement of the quantity of the net contents, either by weight or measure. Shippers who violate the law by failing to mark the quantity of the contents of each package of fruits and vegetables they ship into inter- state commerce are liable to criminal prosecution. Several shippers have already been cited to hearings under the Food and Drugs Act for violating its provisions in this respect. AUXILIARY SOCIETIES AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.—Aside from what societies were spoken of incidentally in the brief report of the meeting, to be found on the first pages of this issue, there were also with us meeting in the same building at various times during the week, the Minnesota Bee- Keepers’ Society, L. V. France, Secy., University Farm, St. Paul, and also two other newly organized ocieties, the Minnesota Ginseng Growers’ Asso- ciation, F. C. Erkel, Secy., Rockford, Minn., and the Northwest Peony & Iris Society, F. C. Christman, Secy., 3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis. All of these associations are in a flourishing condition and doing the best kind of work along their respective lines. For the convenience of those of our membership who would be interested to become members of these auxil- lary societies the addresses of the secretaries have been given, with whom you could communicate. A JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL SocieTy.—As the result of a conference between the officers of this society and the extension workers at University Farm an arrangement has been made which is likely to result in the organ- ization of a Junior Horticultural Society, to be made up of such members of the Minnesota Boys’ and Girls’ Garden and Canning Clubs throughout 48 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the state as would be interested to receive our literature, plant and seed pre- miums, and contest for prizes to be offered for best work along their club lines. It is planned also to offer to these young people in a general way the expense of a visit to the next annual meeting of the society for the ten ranking members in a prize contest, five of whom will appear upon our program in recital of their experience in growing and canning garden prod- ucts. The details of this plan are not yet fully worked out, but-undoubtedly will be without difficulty as the movement develops. _ HORTICULTURAL PROGRAM AT UNIVERSITY FARM.—Farmers Week at University Farm, located at Midway between Minneapolis and St. Paul, this year will be January 1-6. Every branch of agriculture will be given atten- tion at this gathering. The large corps of professors and instructors at the Farm School, assisted by practical workers in the field, make up a course of study almost ideal. We hope that many of our members may have the opportunity of spending the week at the Farm and secure the fullest benefit from this splendid service. Horticultural subjects will be discussed as follows: Orcharding, Tues- day, January 2, 1:15 to 4:00 p. m.; Small Fruit Growing, Wednesday, Jan- uary 3, 1:15 to 4:00 p. m.; Vegetable Growing, Thursday, January 4, 10:00 a. m. to 12 noon, 1:15 p. m. to 4:00 p. m.; Garden Flowers, Friday, Janu- ary 5, 10:00 a. m. to 12:00 noon, 1:15 p. m. to 4:00 p. m. Lunches can be had at the boarding hall there, and to a limited extent we peerelaes those in attendance can find accommodations for the night as well. GIDEON MEMORIAL CONTEST 1916.—There were four students from Uni- versity Farm who delivered addresses at the annual meeting as contestants for the prizes awarded in connection with the Gideon Memorial Fund. The following three students were successful in this contest, viz.: Robert McGowan, School of Agriculture, first prize, $12.00. Subject, “The Codling Moth.” Henry Kaldahl, College of Agriculture, second prize, $8.00. Subject, “Roses for the Border.” Robert C. Shaw, College of Agriculture, third prize, $5.00. Subject, “Windbreaks.” These addresses were given before an audience of about one hundred fifty members of the Horticultural Society, were all well rendered and proved to be a very interesting feature of the meeting. The following gentlemen acted as judges: Prof. F. W. Broderick, Winnipeg, Man. Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D. Prof. Thomas McCall, N. W. School of Agri., Crookston. THE PROPOSED HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.—On page six of this number will be found an article descriptive of the horticultural building which it is hoped to secure from the action of the present State Legislature, and a brief account of what has been done so far to bring this about. The attention of every member of the society is especially called to this subject, and par- ticularly so as an appeal will soon be made to the membership to use their utmost endeavors to secure action on the part of their representatives in the legislature favorable to this end. The plan as at present developed con- templates the erection of this building on that part of the University Farm grounds which is near the Como-Harriet street car line, so that our meet- ings and exhibitions may be readily accessible to the thousands of attend- ants, young men and young women, at the Farm School, and further that the Farm School may have the advantage of the use of the splendid halls this building contains for any useful purpose connected with their work at such times as the Horticultural Society does not need them. Some agree- able co-operative arrangement will be made between the Horticultural Society and the management of the University Farm looking to these ends. Think of this matter, dear fellow member, and plan to render all the assist- ance possible that this first year following the semi-centennial celebration of our society may see it provided with a suitable home, to which the splen- did work of the society fully entitles it. ‘(aded aytsoddo 99g) *}ya, amteryxo 04) 4% Surpuejs uosperey ydug ‘NNIW ‘HOISTHOXY ‘WAVY ONIGHAUG-LINUY ALVIS VLOSHNNIJ AHL LV ‘¢ ‘ON AYUAUMVALG ONINVAP-ANOL AO MOOTA V NI DNIMOIA ANNA A While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, aid this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. Tee eee ee Vol. 45 FEBRUARY, 1917 No. 2 C00 eee Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm in 1916. CHAS. HARALSON, SUPT., EXCELSIOR, MINN. December 5, 1916.—Owing to peculiar and unusual condi- tions during last winter and spring, a large per cent of the fruit buds on plums were killed more or less, and this applies to the native plums nearly as much as to the hybrids. Some trees blos- somed quite freely but were in a rather weak condition to set fruit, which accounts for the small crop of plums. However, some varieties bore a light crop of good fruit, and we had approxi- mately seventy bushels of plums; with a fair crop we should have had several hundred bushels. Apples were also a light crop, and standard varieties as well as seedlings bore very little. Fruit was not up to size and crip- pled to a great extent, even where thorough spraying was done. Small fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries and currants were up to the usual standard and bore one of the best crops we ever had, and the fruit was large, perfect and firm. The weather was fine during the ripening season, with plenty of moisture all through the strawberry season. At the first two pickings, with careful sorting and packing twenty- seven berries would fill a quart box in good shape. A great many improvements have been made at the Fruit Farm during the past two years. A substantial and comfort- able modern living house has been built at a cost of approxi- mately $4,000, an addition to the greenhouse 20x100, a steel water tank with seventy-five barrel capacity for water supply, a machine shed 20x30. A sewer and drainage system has been installed, which was very much needed. The old farm house has been made partly modern. (49) 50 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The grounds about the buildings have been improved to some extent by planting shrubbery, a collection of roses, peonies, iris and several other varieties, all planted last spring. Plant breeding has been carried on, mostly with apples the last year, and from the results of this work we have a quantity of seed saved for planting next spring. The varieties used in these combinations were Hibernal, Duchess, Wealthy, Okabena, Windsor Chief, Jonathan, Grimes Golden, King David, Delicious, Fallawater and several other kinds. Topworked trees of some of the best seedlings and standard varieties have made a rank growth this summer and are in good shape for a crop another year. There was no blight during the summer, and apple trees of all kinds are in a good healthy condition. Minnesota No. 3 strawberry made a good showing this year again and is probably one of the best commercial varieties to plant in Minnesota. The plants are hardy, very productive, and it is an all around good market berry. In our final selection this year of strawberries we have several varieties that are equal to Minnesota No. 3 and probably will prove better in some respects, namely, Nos. 920, 924, 935, 758, 1228 and several others. One of these new varieties will be sent out for trial next spring. Minnesota No. 1017 everbearing strawberry has done better than any other variety, Progressive included, at the Fruit Farm this summer, but reports from other places would indicate that the foliage rusts badly and therefore is not adapted to all kinds of soil and locations. This variety has been way ahead of anything else for a number of years at the Fruit Farm. Out of 3,000 everbearing strawberry seedlings about 200 were selected a year ago last summer, and among these we hope to get some valuable varieties as soon as we can make the final selections. In Minnesota No. 4 raspberry I think we have one of the best commercial varieties to plant in Minnesota. The plants are hardy, make good strong canes, are resistant to disease, propa- gate very rapidly and are very productive. Its season is about a week later than the King, berries large and dark red, stand up well in shipping, and it is an all around good market berry. Minnesota No. 1 raspberry is a week earlier than No. 4, berries much the same and reported by some fruit growers to be satis- factory in every respect. It will not make quite as many canes as No. 4, which probably is an advantage to some growers, as it is less work to thin them out. MINNESOTA STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM IN 1916. 51 We have two varieties of everbearing tHep yee nee which I. had not paid much attention to until 3 a year ago. They fruited last fall a year ago and again last fall. These two varieties are promising, plants are productive and berries large. Stock is being propagated for dis- tribution later on. Two varieties of grapes are being propagated as fast as material will permit. They are both seedlings of the Beta grape. One is a red grape about the size of Wyoming Red, the other is black and about the same size. The vines are hardy and rank grow- ers, fruit equal to commercial vari- eties in quality. The plum hybrids were a disap- pointment this year, some varieties bore a light crop and some no fruit at all. Burbank X (crossed with) Wolf, Nos. 4, 6, 9 and 21 did the best. Of the new hybrids which fruited this year for the first time [ will mention One especially. It is a cross between the sand cherry and apricot. This seedling bore a fair crop this year of medium sized fruit, or about the size of the De Soto plum, fruit almost black when ripe with purple flesh, very small pit, fruit firm and quality good when fully ripe. This is the first one of the apricot hybrids that has proved of any promise. An- other one is a cross between Compass cherry and Satsuma plum. The fruit of this is of fair size, good quality, color purplish blue with purple flesh. Several hundred second generation seedlings, supposed to be from a cross of Compass cherry and pin cherry, nal fruited heavily this year but were not Re pumeer ae of much value with the exception of one, which has a black cherry, very firm and of good quality, the size of a Bing cherry. 52 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The tree grows more of a bush form than a tree, and the fruit ripens about first of August. If this variety proves hardy it may be of some value in some locations for its fruit and also for ornamental purposes. Another hybrid which fruited this year is Compass cherry with Climax plum, one of Luther Burbank’s introductions. Fruit dark red color, with green flesh, medium size and fair quality. This tree is an upright grower and with- out thorns; it is hardy and makes a fine tree. It was sent out as premium last spring to some members. Other hybrids fruited more or less but will require more time before I can report on them. Among several thousand gooseberry and currant seedlings fruiting this summer we have selected about 200 plants for propagation in a small way for further trial. All bushes not coming up to a certain standard have been discarded, dug up and burned, to make room for other plantings later on. A block of about four acres were planted to approximately 6,000 apple seedling trees last spring. These were grown from seed of N. W. Greening, Wealthy, Scott’s Winter, Bethel and other varieties—seed secured from D. C. Webster’s orchard at La Crescent, Minn., also from a quantity of seed from our own plant breeding work. We had very little fruit from the Malinda seedlings, planted some eight years ago. However, a few trees bore some very promising fruit of good keeping quality, and among them is one highly colored, of fair size and a good keeper, quality very good. The interesting part of it is that the apple is pink clear to the core. New fruit plants to members of the Horticultural Society were sent from the Fruit Farm last spring, consisting of hybrid plums, Minnesota No. 4 raspberry, No. 3 strawberry, No. 1017 everbearing strawberry. I have no record of how many plants were sent, but they ran up into the thousands. We ran short of plum trees and No. 4 raspberry, and No. 1 raspberry was substi- tuted where members had more than one lot of the No. 4 rasp- berry, and it was also substituted for plums in some cases. Some of the new strawberries were exhibited at the horti- cultural summer meeting last June, also plums, grapes and some seedling apples at the State Fair last September. The President: I know you will want to ask Supt. Haral- son some questions about these interesting things that he is working with. I was going to ask him if he has done anything with the cherry. . Mr. Haralson: I did quite a little last spring with both the sour and the sweet cherry crossed with the Compass cherry, MINNESOTA STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM IN 1916. 53 and we have quite a bit of seed for planting in the spring. I am going to work it pretty hard another year. Prof. Waldron: We have some notes on Minnesota No. 3 as compared with fourteen other varieties of strawberries for the year 1916. It was a poor year, very wet, a cold spring, and the highest yield we got was at the rate of 4,000 quarts per acre. That is very big for strawberries, as you know. The Minnesota No. 3 led the list, at 4,042 quarts per acre; Haverland, second, 3,742; Perfection, third, 3,358 quarts; Brandywine, fourth, 3,232; Fendall, 3,000; Warfield, 2,851, down to Dunlap . Mr. Clausen: I would like to ask if Mr. Haralson has any reports about No. 1017. Mr. Haralson: No reports especially. The only point I heard about it was that some people claimed it had rust and was not satisfactory on that account. Of course, this year was rather trying, and it might do better another year. As far as fruiting is concerned it has given satisfactory results. Mr. M’Broom: There are quite a number who have diffi- culty with the 1017. It is rather erratic. I know with me quite a lot of my plants didn’t make a runner, and others spread over a lot of ground. It is a matter of soil and location. I would like to know what location is suitable for that plant. Mr. Gardner: I want to say that I set out some of the 1017 this spring on my pl&ce, set them out in a patch where I had fifteen or twenty other kinds. I would take people through there, and there was not a time that ever I took anyone down across that row but what we found nice berries on those little plants.. Quite a number spoke about having blight; I haven’t had a single case of it. The President: Mr. Gardner has rather a heavy black soil. Mr. Gardner: Where these berries are it is first class limestone soil, and where that patch stands it is down ten feet to solid rock. All that land is limestone soil except on the east side it slopes off into black soil prairie, so we have a few acres of black soil prairie land. There wasn’t any blight on that plant. There is only one thing that didn’t strike me favorably. I don’t exactly like the looks of the berries—the shape of them. If they were as large as they are and shaped like the Progressive -I would like them better. Mr. Clausen: I have been growing it for a couple of years, the 1017, and I haven’t found it bothered with rust at my place. I had it on different soils, but I think the way to grow it is in hills. I have grown some in hills this summer, and they gave me lots of fruit, probably more than most of them. I feel like saying to the horticulturists here, don’t be too quick to condemn a new kind of fruit until you try it thoroughly. That is the trouble with a good many of us, if they don’t do good one year we give them up. I want you to try until you are sure. Mr. Kellogg: My boy had this 1017 growing for two years, but the last year the drouth was so severe that all his small fruit failed, and I cannot make a good report, but from what I saw at the farm it is ahead of anything we have ever had. I have great faith in it. 54 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. © Mr. Bartlett: We have been raising the 1017 for two years now, and I have noticed the same tendency with it which Mr. McBroom speaks of, that is, a tendency of part of the plants to produce runners and part of them fruit. I have found that part of them wold send out a lotof {gam ere runners with no fruit at all, and some of them almost killed SAE Gc themselves before the end of the whip dba tior season bearing. I have noticed Bs ies ‘is the same tendency near our SN ae place and also at the Fruit- ‘ Breeding Farm. I think one thing which we ought to keep in mind in connection with that fruit is the fact that it is a very heavy feeder and requires more fertilizer than the other ever- bearing varieties, and possibly if we gave this phase of the situ- ation the right amount of atten- tion we would overcome the ten- dency the plant has of killing itself by overbearing. I don’t think too much can be said in favor of the No. 3 strawberry or the No. 4 raspberry. We have tried them out extensively on our place, and they have given the best of results, and I believe there is no question but what the No. 3 strawberry will supersede the Dunlap strawberry, and the No. 4 raspberry will very soon take the place of the King and the other varieties which we have been growing. Prof. Beach: The No. 4 rasp- berry grown at Ames, plants sent us by Supt. Haralson, we find hardy and vigorous and pro- ductive and the fruit holds up well. It evidently would be a good market variety, of good flavor. Mr. Husser: We found the No. 3 strawberry to be a very healthy plant; the berry stands up very well, nice, bright color, — and they are solid, but I don’t « xo 36" Gio? 2a think they come up in produc- _ spring for first time. tion to the Senator Dunlap. But that will not discourage us to keep them another year or two. Maybe the peculiarity of the MINNESOTA STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM IN 1916. 55 season has something to do with it, so that it didn’t produce as well as the others. We had some rust in parts of some rows and not in other parts of the same rows. We think that was due to the water. It is where the water didn’t run off so good in the spring time that we had the rust. Mr. Black: I am inclined to think that in testing these new varieties we lose sight of one thing we should take into consideration, and that is the difference in the soil and also the cultivation and the different treatment that they get. I realize from my own experience in testing strawberries we must take that into consideration.. A year or two ago I had Progressives in two different places. They were the same kind of plants. In one place they made an abundance of plants, in the other place it was the exception where the plants threw out runners, but, as one speaker has said, they almost bore themselves to death with berries where they didn’t throw out runners. I am satisfied that was brought about by the condition of the soil. When it comes to the comparative yields of the different varieties we must take into consideration this difference of soil. I have had Dunlap on quite heavy soil where it did fine. When the variety was first introduced I condemned it for a number of years; I had planted it on light soil and it didn’t do so well. In fact, the first year it was almost a failure as to yield, but the second year it made a pretty good yield. The President: What variety of all the plums that you have originated do you regard the most promising for general cultivation in our state? Mr. Haralson: Well, as far as I know, the No. 6 and the No. 12 are the best. There are some others that may be just as good. J intend to make a final selection, though, but I want to hold it off another year. Mr. McBroom: In regard to the strawberry question I want to explain that I had a rather heavy soil, very heavily manured, before planting the No. 1017. Right beside them on the same soil I had the No. 3. They made a heavily matted, fine looking green row of new plants. While the No. 1017 did what I said, they didn’t do as well as the No. 3. The President: No. 3 seems to be making good su far as I have heard from it. Mr. Arrowood: I have been planting No. 3 strawberries I got from Mr. Haralson about two or three years ago and they have been doing splendidly; nothing better for a June plant. The No. 1017 didn’t make runners with me; I planted them in hills, but they are great bearers; they bear well. We have a few hills, and we send them out to the agricultural departments of our schools, and they are planting them in pots, keeping them in the class rooms. They report they are doing fine and will bear in the house. We have a plant in our house that has got fifteen or sixteen ripe berries on it. The No. 4 raspberry is one of our best berries. We have almost half an acre and got a large crop, and the berries sold at 20 cents a quart right on the ground. Our soil is what we call jack pine soil, rather high land. It is a sandy loam with a heavy hardpan about two feet down. 56 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Annual Examination of Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm for 1916. J. F. HARRISON, EXCELSIOR, 8S. A. STOCKWELL, MINNEAPOLIS, COMMITTEE. At the request of Mr. Latham, our secretary, the under- signed visited the Minnesota Fruit-Breeding Station at Zumbra Heights as a committee of inspection for this society on Septem- ber 16, 1916. As is known to all of us, the past summer was one of unusual severity on all kinds of fruit. We had a very wet, backward spring followed by the most severe drought that ever visited this section of the state. Consequently, the work at the Breeding Station has been very seriously handicapped. Nevertheless much has been accomplished. We found that the farm consists of seventy-eight acres; sixty-five acres are under cultivation and planted to various kinds of fruits and berries. The remainder of the farm is used for a meadow, and there is some timber still standing. There could be used to very great advantage at least twenty acres more of good land, and we earnestly urge the incoming State Legis- lature to provide the necessary means to obtain this land while it can be had for a reasonable price. We think it is not too much to say that the state’s investment in a fruit-breeding station will repay any outlay that the state may make. The last legislature made an appropriation for a superin- tendent’s dwelling, at a cost of about $4,000; a steel water tank, a sewer system and an additional greenhouse. The greenhouses are, of course, necessary for plant breeding during the winter and early spring. It is the practice of the superintendent to start about the first of January to force the blooming of the plants he desires to breed. This lengthens the season for breeding purposes very materially. Something like 6,000 apple seedlings were planted last spring for fruiting. As is known to the society, the fruits that are developed at the station are sent out (for testing) to the members of the society. Of course, there are a great many trees and plants discarded as worthless. . They have at the present time close to 40,000 seedlings of various fruits growing on the place. Mr. Haralson, the superintendent, thinks he has a very wonderful everbearing strawberry in Minnesota No. 1017. It ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM IN 1916. oy has been sent out to various members of the society, who un- doubtedly by this time will have determined its merits. Minnesota No. 3, a June bearing strawberry, ranks among the very best. It is being sent out as fast as it can be produced. There are other varieties coming on which promise well. Minnesota No. 4 is a raspberry of great promise. It is hardy and upree and very productive. a - New residence of superintendent at State Fruit-Breeding Farm. Reports from Minnesota No. 1 (raspberry) are gratifying. Two varieties of everbearing raspberries are to be sent out for trial as soon as enough stock is produced. They have as yet not been given a number. Some excellent plums have been developed, the best vari- eties of which are Nos. 6, 9, 10, 12 and 21. A number of excellent varieties of grapes are coming along satisfactorily. Beside the above the superintendent has a number of prom- ising gooseberries and currants. We found the station in good condition. It is wonderfully well cultivated, and everything about the place indicates intelli- gent and orderly administration. 58 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The station is exceedingly fortunate, we believe, in its superintendent, Mr. Charles Haralson. We are confident that his work for the state will be unsurpassed by any other of the excellent men who are doing so much for the world by breeding new and better varieties of fruit. We urge upon the society and the legislature most cordial and sympathetic support in every way of Mr. Haralson’s work. Mr. Stockwell: I want to express my appreciation of the work of this society ; I have mentioned it on one or two occasions before. I am a native of Minnesota, my father was a New England farmer, a New York school teacher and came to Minne- sota in 1856. One of the things that these pioneers suffered most from was the lack of fruit. They used to send to Massa- chusetts and get barrels of apples in the fall at great expense, and then they were doled out to us boys as long as the barrel lasted. My father spent hundreds of dollars trying to introduce fruit onto his Anoka county farm without success, and it was our opinion, and the opinion of people generally, that Minnesota could never be a fruit state. Now, less than fifty years after, I am sent as a delegate and member of this Horticultural Society to inspect the fruit-breeding station that is doing such wonderful things for the state of Minnesota. To my mind the work that has been done by this society is of higher consequence to the state of Minnesota than all the work of all the empire builders, financiers and captains of industry that the state has ever had. (Applause). I never come to these meetings and look at the vanishing old guard without a feeling of sorrow and also a feel- ing of gratitude for the splendid men and women who have made Minnesota a fruit growing state, because to my mind when we are really civilized we will eat more fruit and grow less of other things and we will cut out alcohol entirely. (Applause). The President: I think we all agree with Mr. Stockwell that Superintendent Haralson is one of the most useful citizens of the state of Minnesota. (Applause). $300,000,000 A YEAR WASTED BY WEEDS.—According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the annual waste due to weeds is esti- mated at $300,000,000 for the whole United States. In certain states where diversified farming is the exception and not the rule, the waste is said to approximate $40,000,000 per year. What the waste is in Colorado cannot be accurately estimated but it is undoubtedly true that considerable waste occurs. In the intensively cultivated sections the waste is not very large because of the clean culture needed for certain crops. In sections where grain crops are very popular, the waste is quite large. The principal ways in which weeds affect farming are through direct damage to the crop, cutting down the yield, cheapening the product, and lowering the value of land.—J. D. Marshall, Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado. A SUCCESSFUL CABBAGE FIELD. 59 A Successful Cabbage Field. E. C. WLLARD, MARKET GARDENER, MANKATO, MINN. Friends have told me that I make a mistake in selling plants and in telling how I do things. But for several years one of my specialties has been early tomatoes. Every year I have sold plants and told how to get them to fruit early, and still our income from plants and fruit grows larger each year. So I con- clude that, while there may be some loss through the compe- tition of my customers, it is not as great as some people imagine. Moreover this paper is not addressed to the men who would grow ten, twenty or forty acres of cabbages, but to the one who might grow a few dozen or hundred for his own use. The matters of first impor- tanee are seed and soil. Buy the best cabbage seed you can find. If you cannot find out what is the best any other way, test it. Get supplies large enough to last you two or more years from two or more reliable seed houses. Plant some from each lot, note which gives the best germina- tion, the best plants, the heavi- E. C. Willard and daughter Julia. est yield, the freest from rot in the field, and the best storage properties if stored. The ground for cabbage should be manured and plowed in the fall or early spring and cultivated every ten days until set- ting time. The seed for early varieties may be planted in hotbed or greenhouse or boxes or pans and set in the light of a sunny window in the dwelling house in February or March. Care must be taken that the plants have light enough and not too much heat or they will grow spindling. The stockier the better. As soon as the plants show their first true leaves they must be trans- planted about one inch apart in flats or beds, and as soon as the 60 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. weather permits they can be set in the open ground. While the plants are in greenhouse or hotbed careful attention must be given to watering and ventilation. They should be watered spar- ingly and should be ventilated every warm, sunny day, and also on cloudy days if the beds are warm enough. Too much water and too close an atmosphere cause spindling plants, also they are conditions which are favorable to the growth and spread of diseases, and the plants so grown, being soft, are very liable to disease. Before the plants are taken from hotbeds they should be hardened by exposure to the outside air. The sash should be left off both day and night, but can be put on in the case of a very cold night. Seed for the late crop should be planted May first, either by hand or with a garden drill, in soil which has been put in as fine mechanical condition as possible with a rake or with a smoothing harrow and plank drag. As soon as the young plants come up they should be cultivated with a wheel hoe or other tool and thereafter every ten days or two weeks. In June the plants should be dug and set. It is better done by the twentieth, although some seasons later planting will do. We prepare the ground as for a seed bed, then mark both ways thirty or thirty-six inches by twenty-one for Holland or Danish Ball Head. Then, if a wet time, we make holes at the intersec- tions with a dibble or even with the hand and set the plants. If it is a dry time or not likely to rain within a few hours, we can set with a hand machine which waters as the plants are set. Care must be taken to pack the dirt about the roots with the feet as one moves along the row. Plants to be set this way should be straight and not over large. If we set by hand we must first make holes with the dibble, then pour a little water in the holes, then set the plants quickly before the water all disappears if possible. A man can well do the setting and two boys the other work, including the digging of plants. If the field is large, the best way is to use a two horse planter. This requires a driver and one or two boys to drop plants into the machine. This must be the cheapest way to set, and, while I have never used a horse planter, I think, from observation, it is the best way. Fields set this way seem more uniform than hand- set fields. The secret of it is this. In setting with water, the settling away of the water brings the roots and fine soil closely together and makes the plants ready for a quick start. In hand setting with water one does not get the conditions just right. A SUG€CESSFUL CABBAGE FIELD. 61 Your cabbage will not do much if not started right, and, to repeat, there are four important points, soil prepared as for a seed bed, good plants, moisture and the packing of the earth closely about the roots. If the ground is dry, or as soon as it is dry, the plants ‘should be cultivated, and after that every week or ten days. They will respond well to hoeing, but usually it is not necessary to do much hand hoeing. If while the plants are still small, they are hoed with the wheel hoe once or twice across the rows, hand hoeing will be eliminated. Cultivation with the rows can be done with a wheel hoe if the plot is small. If the plot is larger it can be cultivated with a horse and five-shovel and fourteen tooth cultivator. We have never considered it necessary to spray our cabbage, but many do, and it is better to do it. For the aphis, spray with kerosene emulsion, for green worms use paris green or arsenate of lead. We have never used commercial fertilizers, and so can only advise regarding barnyard manure. Use it freely, as the cab- bage is a gross feeder. APPLE STORAGE.—The results of the investigations in the handling of northwestern apples for and in cold storage have been so consistent and conclusive that this phase of work may be considered completed. The results brought out particularly the importance of picking apples of various varieties at the proper stage of maturity, of careful handling in all har- vesting and storage operations, of prompt cooling, and proper storage temperatures. During past seasons the growers have frequently suffered very large financial losses from either too early or too late harvesting of apples of certain varieties, such as Jonathan, Rome Beauty and others. The work has demonstrated clearly that the storage life of apples can be prolonged from weeks to months by picking at proper maturity, and has shown how the grower may know when his fruit is of proper maturity for best results in storage. In connection with the investigations of the cold storage of Yellow Newtown apples in the Watsonville district of California, the most important discovery is without doubt the relation of tree vigor to the keeping quality of fruit in storage. Experiments extending over two seasons have clearly shown a marked and consistent difference in the keeping quality of fruit from different trees, particularly trees that for any reason differ in vigor and general healthfulness. During the past season the possibilities of common, or air-cooled, storages in different sections were carefully investigated. The results of these investigations have clearly shown the practicability of such storage under some conditions and the economic saving resulting to the industry in the use of houses properly constructed and managed.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 62 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Everbearing Strawberry Field. A. BRACKETT, FRUIT GROWER, EXCELSIOR, MINN. Mr. Brackett: 1 ish to say a few things about something that came up before I scart on everbearing strawberries. I have had at least fifty years’ experience in growing strawberries, and I don’t think it would pay to try to irrigate strawberries in Iowa or Minnesota. I know a gentleman, and a great many of you no doubt know him, out at the lake who has spent hundreds of dollars putting in an irrigating plant that he never got a dollar from, and it stands there idle today. I know this, that straw- berries very often are injured in the winter by root killing and will only bear one crop of berries, that is, just one picking, and then they will dry up. In my first experience with that root killing I thought it was the drought, and I tried irrigating, but I couldn’t revive those plants. If your strawberry plants have gone through the winter and have roots that are perfect, haven’t been injured by winter, I have never seen a year so dry in Minne- sota but what they would mature a crop of berries if the ground was well fertilized and well mulched. The expense of irrigating, no one appreciates that until he has tried it. You have got to keep that up all the time. Lots of years you won’t need it. This year during the severe drouth it might have been a small advan- tage on the everbearing; I know of one irrigating plant at Excel- sior; I don’t think the man got any benefit from the use of that. Now, we can’t say whether a crop of strawberries or a crop of corn or any other crop will pay us by just one year’s experience. If that was a fact the corn raisers of Minnesota in 1915 would have told you that corn did not pay. It wasn’t a paying crop that year. The wheat raisers in Dakota, many of whom didn’t cut their grain, if they should base their opinion on this year’s crop would tell you it doesn’t pay to grow wheat. We have got to take several years to decide on whether it is a paying crop or not. There are no doubt lots of people who have tried everbearing strawberries, and if you should ask them now whether they thought it would pay they would tell you no. For some reason they didn’t get any berries; I know lots of them didn’t get berries enough to pay for the plants, but it wasn’t the fault of the everbearing strawberries. You don’t need to irrigate the strawberry plant if you handle it right. Now this year I anticipated it might be dry, and as a precaution I mulched my strawberry bed in the fall of the year, and I mulched it heavily. Some people will say, “You smother your strawberries out.” For the last fifty years I never saw any strawberries smothered out. Last year if they would smother out mine would have smothered out, because we covered them heavily with slough hay, and then I put on fifty loads to the acre of stable manure. Then we had two or three feet of snow on top of that last year. The present season of 1916, with the severe drouth in the latter part of the season, has been very hard on a great many EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY FIELD. 63 fields of everbearing strawberries, which goes to prove that you cannot decide by one year’s test as to the profit of any particular crop. Beds of strawberries that were on rather poor ground and not mulched or cultivated proved a failure in our locality. The spring was very favorable, having plenty of moisture, and it looked very much as if there would be a large crop, with a probable price of about 10c per quart, but on account of the drouth the crop sold readily at $3 per crate of 24 pints. There is no question in my mind as to the everbearing strawberry taking the place to a great extent of the June bearing berries for home use or commercially. They require a different culture from the June berries to carry a crop during the entire season. I will give you my mode of handling them, which has been very successful this summer. I was quite certain that if we had a dry summer the berries would be few and small, and I prepared for it by mulching heavily with slough hay quite early in the fall. I then gave them a coat of stable manure from the horse barn, on top of the hay, at the rate of fifty loads to the acre. I am well aware that some of you will say there will be danger of smothering the plants, but in my lifelong experience I have never seen any plants smothered out. I have heard people claim they had their plants smother, but in all cases that came under my observation the plants were injured either by winter or by some cause other than smothering. It is true that if the covering is left on late until the plants have started to grow that they would be injured, but with the everbearing strawberry the covering should be removed early, and by re- moving early they blossom early, and if the blossoms should be killed by a late frost it would be an advantage, for by the second time they come into bloom the plants would be better established to mature a crop of berries. With the heavy mulching of hay and the additional covering with manure I conserved the moisture and had a continuous crop of berries from July 1 until October 14, on which last named date I picked 314 crates of berries. My total receipts were 221 crates from three-quarters of an acre, which brought me $3 per crate, or $663. There are several varieties of the everbearing strawberries on the market, but I consider the following the leading varieties: the Progressive, the Superb and the Americus. My first experi- ence with the No. 1017, which was originated at our experimental State Fruit-Breeding Farm, was not very satisfactory, but know- 64 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ing they had made such a fine showing there I planted it again this year on a heavy rich soil thoroughly manured, and they bore a good crop of fine large berries. I think it very essential that all everbearing strawberries have the rows thinned down to about six inches wide, with plants six inches apart, which gives larger and finer berries, and the plants are better able to stand the dry weather than they would be if left in a matted row. The United States government sent out an expert to investi- gate the everbearing strawberry throughout the United States. He stopped at my place last spring. He went through Iowa and Missouri and worked west to the Pacific Coast, spent the sum- mer in his investigations and came back over the same route and was at my place again this fall. His verdict was that where people had planted the everbearing strawberry on suitable ground and taken the right care of them they had proved a great success. When they are as extensively grown as the June bear- ing varieties we cannot expect the fancy prices that we are now getting. A Member: I would like to ask Mr. Brackett if he cut out the old plants this spring and got a spring crop off of his berries from the new plants? Mr. Brackett: It is a very good plan to take out the old plants for this reason: Everbearing strawberries bear up to the time the ground freezes up, and I think I had at least twenty-five bushels of green berries on my plants this fall that were frozen up. This heavy crop has weakened them to some extent while the runners have not been weakened so bad. You want to uncover your strawberries early; let them get started, and then if the frost comes along and kills the blossoms it don’t hurt them at all, they will go ahead and new roots will get started and there will be another set of blossom stems. It doesn’t hurt them to get frosted that way, while with your common berries if they get uncovered too early and get killed that is the end of your crop. A Member: I would like to ask how to treat the everbearing strawberry for plants, if you want to get plants from it. Mr. Brackett: I will tell you how I do it. I plant my ever- bearing plants early in the spring. They will start out runners, and we let them do that. Those runners nearly all of them will bear, and in the spring—or next spring, as I told you—I take up all those runners except just to leave that little narrow row, only six inches wide and plants six inches apart. You can keep an ever- bearing strawberry bed year after year if you take care of it, and you can grow June-bearing berries if you take care of them, but show me the man that will do it. Not one in five. They will let the weeds grow up, intending perhaps to do the weeding at some EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY FIELD. 65 future time, but it is neglected and finally the weeds will ruin the patch. It is easier to plow those under and plant a new bed than it is to take care of the old ones. Mr. Rasmussen: I would like to ask the speaker if for a period of years he has irrigated half a field of strawberries and let the other half go. Mr. Brackett: I irrigated the whole bed, and it all went. All the irrigation in the world wouldn’t have helped them; they were root-killed in the winter. Mr. Rasmussen: If you had irrigated half and let the other half go you could have compared them. How do you know what the result would have been? Mr. Brackett: Because I watched Mr. Endsley, of Lake Minnetonka, who put up a $2,000 plant, pumping from Lake Minnetonka, and only used it two years, and if he hadn’t had plenty of water he wouldn’t have used it that long. A Member: What kind of everbearing strawberries are there? Mr. Brackett: There are probably fifty or a hundred varie- ties of the everbearing strawberry. The Americus, the Progres- sive and the Superb are the three leading varieties. The Pro- gressive is probably the most popular, you will hear it recom- mended very highly, but the Americus has done the best for me. ee whether that is on account of my soil or what it is, I don’t now. A Member: You have the clay soil? Mr. Brackett: Yes, sir. A Member: Isn’t there a difference in getting results on sandy soil by irrigating than to irrigate on heavy soil ? Mr. Brackett: Yes, sir, there is a difference. On sandy soil you are much more liable to get root-killing. Now you will find a great many strawberry patches killed out next spring by root-killing because they have gone into winter quarters dry. The ground is dry, and you will have injury to them, and you no doubt will have injury to the raspberries and apple trees if they are dry and no mulch around them, by root-killing. Mr. Rasmussen: Wouldn’t it have been a good idea to irri- - gate them so they would not have gone into winter quarters dry? Mr. Brackett: Now, Mr. Underwood has an orchard down there of several hundred acres. I want to ask him if he irrigated this fall so they do not go into the winter dry. Mr. Underwood: I can’t irrigate, they grow on a side hill where I couldn’t possibly irrigate, but Mr. Brackett knows I lay great stress on having moisture in the ground. I irrigate them in this way. Every tree has a little channel cut around it up above it, and the water that falls runs into the basin where the tree sets, and they get their irrigation in that way. This moisture that is needed, if you can’t get it from the side hill in the way I do, you get irrigation anyway. Don’t let them go into the winter dry. 66 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. © Mr. Brackett: How did your ditch work this fall when we didn’t have any rains? Mr. Underwood: We had rains. And another thing I wish you would tell me, how would we have got any strawberry plants to sell this next year if we hadn’t irrigated our strawberries all through that dry season? They just stopped growing and we irrigated them and they went on growing, and we have got some plants, and I am sure we wouldn’t have had any if we hadn’t irrigated. Mr. Brackett: We have had as dry a year as we have known, and on my everbearing strawberries I will guarantee I have a hundred thousand runners I can take up. Mr. Latham: What kind of,a location does that strawberry bed stand in? Mr. Brackett: It is in a very favorable location. As I told you, it is on timber land, on land that had grown big hard maples and basswood. There was a great deal of leaf mold there and I fertilized it very heavily. It lays low with the hills above it, and I think probably it is one of the very best. If it hadn’t been I wouldn’t have bought it. Mr. Latham: Takes the water from the hillside? Mr. Brackett: It takes the water from the hillside. Mr. Latham: It is irrigated naturally. Mr. Brackett: That is the kind of soil you want to plant your strawberry bed on, irrigated naturally and not artificially. Mr. Rasmussen: Mine is a low, clay soil, and I put on lots of manure. The gentleman spoke about irrigating apple trees. We happen to have a few Wealthy trees in the raspberry patch that are absolutely the same as the ones outside of the raspberry patch. We watered them, and the fruit was one-third larger and hung on during the season while the others fell off. Mr. Smith (Oregon): If you have ground that does not contain natural moisture to produce vigorous plants and does not hold moisture during the season, why it would certainly pay to give them a drink when they are thirsty. The kind of land has just as much to do with it as the method of cultivation. The gentleman here from Wisconsin, Mr. Rasmussen, described his method of growing strawberries. Just across from the famous Hood River strawberry growing district, which probably grows a larger amount of strawberries than any other section, just across on the sandbar, the sandy land on the bank of the Columbia river, a man for the last fifteen years has been practicing the ~ same method as that of Mr. Rasmussen in growing strawberries, and seven years during that time he has won the highest price for the first perfect crate of strawberries. I have to talk irrigation frequently, but understand this: I always say when you can reach moist dirt with your finger you don’t need to irrigate. But when your plants need irrigation give them a drink. Mr. Brackett happens to have some place where the land does not need irriga- tion, but where it does need it you will find it a decided advan- EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY FIELD. 67 tage. In other words, it is an advantage to have water to give your plants when they need it if the Lord don’t furnish it. Mr. Brackett: He ought to have added, if you can afford to. Mr. Hawkins: I want to say I visited Mr. Brackett’s straw- berry patch. - He called me up over the telephone and he said the Americus was doing better than the Progressive, and I wanted to see that with my own eyes before I would believe it. I went there and when I came there, it was some time in September, and the patch was literally red with berries. I looked up to see why his patch was doing so well, and there was six inches of manure be- tween the rows, and, more than this, you could make a mud ball in September. So I think he has plenty of irrigation. Mr. Gust Johnson: I would like to ask how long the ever- bearing strawberry will bear without water on your land. Have you ever tried that? Mr. Brackett: It bears until it freezes up in the fall before it quits. Mr. Kellogg: If the strawberry bed went into winter dry, would you water it in the winter or would you depend on mulch? Mr. Brackett: I have protected mine by mulch. It would be too big a job to water it unless you have the water so you can control it perfectly. FRUIT IMPROVEMENT THROUGH BUpD SELECTION.—The work of keeping performance records of select trees of the Washington Navel and Valencia oranges, Eureka, Lisbon and Villa Franca lemons, Marsh grapefruit and Dancy tangerine has been continued during the year. Deciduous-fruit performance records on select trees of Carman, Elberta, Hale and Belle peaches and Baldwin, Ben Davis and Northern Spy apples have also been kept. In addition to these records, a tree census has been obtained, showing the conditions of established commercial orchards in regard to the uni- formity of type of trees and fruits borne by such trees. More than 200,000 select fruit-bearing buds from citrus trees with known performance records have been placed in the hands of cooperators who are to permit the depart- ment to secure progeny records from the trees so propagated. These buds are not only for the propagation of nursery stock, but in many cases for the top-working of unprofitable trees in established plantations. Recently, in co-operation with the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange, a systematic campaign has been undertaken to eliminate all of the inferior strains of grapefruit in California by top-working trees of such strains with select buds from trees of the Marsh variety with known performance records, thus reducing the grapefruit production of the State practically to the basis of a single variety. Each year sees an increase in the number of citrus growers in California who adopt the commercial tree performance record system for locating trees of unprofitable character, either because they bear little fruit or because they bear fruit of a strain not well suited to com- mercial use. A second commercial nursery has been established during the year in California for the purpose of propagating trees from wood borne by record individuals.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 68 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Evergreens. REY. C. S. HARRISON, RETIRED NURSERYMAN, YORK, NEB. Plenty of evergreens judiciously planted will check the fury of Old Boreas as he sweeps down from the north and give you a cozy shelter from his wrath. They bring the greenness of summer into the heart of winter. Animals greatly appreciate their protection, and when the sun shines on cold winter days you will see them sunning themselves on the south side of: the ever- green hedge. In our bleak northwest, where cattle are fatted in the open, often the protection they get is simply a wire fence—a poor shelter when the blizzard rages. A very expensive fence, too, it proves, for the loss of flesh on a hundred steers in a long, cold spell would build sheds enough to protect them. We can at. least have evergreen barns. Lumber is high and will be higher, and attention is now given to a more comfortable shelter than all out of doors. Take young bull pines grown from Black Hills seed, four years old and twice transplanted, and make a double hedge—rows _ ten teet apart and ten feet apart in the row, breaking joints. Have your hay and straw stacks in the center. Give your young trees the best of care. Build a fence inside to protect the trees from the stock till they get sufficient size, and give them the best of cultivation. Don’t depend on the weeds to care for them. When well established they grow from twelve to eighteen inches a year, and sometimes they make two feet. So it won’t take long for a fine shelter. If you want to move your farm 200 miles south, then plant a lot of evergreens and stay right where you are. When it is thirty below, put your themometer in the open and down it goes. Now take it into the evergreen grove, and up it goes five degrees. Plant for winter effect. Have a foliage garden to look at in the cold weather. Evergreens vary much in their tints and color- ings. The scopularum, or silver cedar, is cone-like in form, much like the Irish juniper, as it shimmers and sparkles in its silver frostings. The Douglas spruce has a dozen different shades and forms. The concolor is the most beautiful of all evergreens, retain- ing its form and color down to old age. The Scotch pine is light green. The ponderosa has a deeper color. The picea pungens stands guard in your yard like a faithful sentinel in EVERGREENS. 69 royal robes of silver and sapphire. So on a clear winter day you look out on your grove, and you have one of the finest foliage dis- plays that winter can give you. Raise your own evergreens. There is no bugaboo about it. Colorado Silver Blue Spruce. Get a little book issued by the Webb Publishing Co. and it will tell you all about it. I have sent a good many pounds of bull pine seed to the sand hills of Nebraska, and they had fine success rais- ing them in the open. I sent a lot to a man in Morris, Manitoba, and he has one of the finest evergreen groves in the province, and he was simply a wheat farmer.. For myself, I had a bed, without a screen, in a slightly sheltered garden, where for five years I 70 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. © raised a fine crop of bull pine seedlings, transplanting every spring and reseeding the same bed, and I never failed of a good stand. Some years ago I conceived the idea of raising evergreens in Engleman spruce. central Minnesota and so we started a nursery at Paynesville. We cleared out the brush and planted in the leaf mould. Having shelter on the south side, when directions were fol- lowed we had splendid suc- cess. Bull pine, concolor, pungens and Douglas spruce, all came up through that congenial leaf mould and did splendidly. Then a larger area was cleared and about $300 worth of seed planted. But some way they were not weeded in time. Twenty dollars spent in weeding at the right time would have saved $1,000 worth. of seedlings. The seed came up all right and the weeds came also. Twice I went up in June and i | found the weeds two feet ' tall and thick as they could stand. I pulled them up = and, of course, pulled up about five little evergreens to every weed. Now an evergreen, large or small, makes its push in early June. If well cared for it comes up good and stocky. If weeds are allowed to grow they become weak-kneed and fall over, and it is hard to ever get them up again. Fora persistent lack of timely weeding I threw up the job, but first I demonstrated a fact which should be a valuable asset to all this northwest, that with a very little care EVERGREENS. 71 and timely attention a man can raise all the evergreens he can use for about two cents apiece. So brush up, clear out a patch of hazel brush if you have it and raise your own. Plant in some sheltered spot—in your lati- tude it might be best to use a screen, but anyway raise your own. I once took off my hat and made a bow to myself, twenty-five years ago. At Franklin, Nebraska, I had an experiment station. This town is near the 100th meridian and on the verge of the semi-arid regions, and during half the seasons you can leave the “semi” out and call it arid. Then sometimesthe sirocco rages. At one time the wind was blowing like a blast from the furnace—mercury 112. I had white pine, white spruce, Black Hills spruce and Scotch pine in the nurs- ery, also a lot of bull pine, . and every tree went down but the bull pine. That seemed to laugh at the per- formance and appeared to say “give me some more.” I planted perhaps an eighth of an acre in straight rows, six feet apart. Twenty-five years after I visited them and was sur- prised at the result. The trees were about four to six inches through, straight as arrows and twenty feet tall. But pine, 2 years old, twice transplanted. There was a canopy of green above, for the branches had met. The ground was covered with a carpet of needles. It was then I paid my respects to myself. I wished I had planted forty acres, and I would have had a mecca which would have been a resort in summer when the green canopy would have been a shelter from the sun, and the breezes would fan the visitors as they reclined in the shade on that soft carpet. 72 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Some hints. Raise your own evergreens. Take care of them. Transplant when two years old in a nursery near your house. Cultivate well. Let them grow two years, then trans- plant again and let them stand two years. Then you have a fine lot of matted roots. Take the time when it is cool and the ground is moist. Your main dependence should be the bull, or pon- derosa, pine. Always get seed from the Black Hills, for we have found seed from the foot hills of Colo- rado won’t do. Prof. Green found that out to his sor- row. Don’t plant Norway spruce, black spruce or Eastern white spruce or white pine on your Western prairie. The pinus aristata and pinus flexilis will do well. So will the mountain pine if you want a dwarf for your yard. Engleman spruce will do well if you can put it where it can be protected from the two o’clock sun. The pinus con- torta, or lodge pole pine, which is the main tree growing in the Yellowstone Black Hills spruce. National Park, ought to be tested. It is very hardy, growing where there are frequent frosts all summer, and it can pack the most trees on an acre of any tree you ever saw. But put your main dependence on the bull pine. I know them, have raised them by the hundred thousand. Amateurs have raised in several instances 5,000 from a pound of seed and the seed costs $2.00 per pound. They are the identical tree the good Lord invented for all our bleak Northwest. The most beautiful tree that grows is the concolor, or silver EVERGREENS. Ko fir of the Rockies. The picea pungens grows ragged at thirty years of age and is thrown on the brush pile. The concolor, like the Christian, grows more beautiful with age. I have seen them seventy-five feet tall and four feet through, glistening in robes of emerald and silver. The trouble has been with sowing seed from the lower alti- tudes of Colorado. The pungens grows at an altitude of 10,000 or 11,000 feet and often the concolor grows beside them. Now if you could find an honest seed collector who would secure seed for you from those higher altitudes you could raise something to depend on. Then growing at this high altitude is the beautiful sub alpina, which ought to grow well in the north. Radish Growing. CHAS. HOFFMAN, MARKET GARDENER, WHITE BEAR. Radishes are grown more or less all through the year. In winter greenhouses produce them, and later towards spring they are raised in hotbeds and cold frames until still later they are raised in the open. To produce good, crisp radishes three things are essential, abundant moisture, rich, mellow soil and good seed. These three conditions being present, it only lacks one other feature to insure success, and that is, right seeding. In the small turnip-shaped varieties about twelve to eighteen seeds to the foot of row should give good results, provided the seed shows high germination. If it does not, it should be sown somewhat thicker. The summer varieties, like White Strasburg, should be sown thinner, as they form a larger plant, six to twelve inches to the foot, insuring a good result. Winter radishes, like the various Black Spanish sorts, should not have more than six to the foot to have well developed roots. Sow seed from one-fourth to one-half, or even three-fourths inches deep later in summer. Of all radishes only the small turnip-shaped is the commercial article, all other kinds having only local and limited sale. Of the turnip-shaped, both the red and the white tipped are about ‘in equal demand. We usually cultivate them but once, and that as they are forming their second or third leaves. When they reach about. three-fourths in size we pull them, tie them in bunches of from six to twelve, wash clean with a soft brush and market next morning. It pays to have them as attractive as one can have them, and to that end one should make a sowing about every week, as the third or fourth pulling does not compare with the first or second, neither in looks nor in quality. 74 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Secretary's Annual Report, 1916, Minnesota State Horticultural Society. A. W. LATHAM, SECY. The society year, just closing, while it has not been from an economic standpoint as successful for the average horticulturist as could be desired has nevertheless been a most successful one for the society, the membership having touched high water mark, and in many other ways the society has demonstrated its value to the horticultural interests of the state. This being the semi-centennial anniversary meeting of the society emphasizes especially the growth of membership during the fifty years of its life, beginning with a membership of ten in 1866, with 264 in 1891, at the age of twenty-five years, the first year of my service as secretary, and 3,837 at the present time, indicating well the increasing growth and usefulness of the society. The close of this year finds 3,454 names on the annual membership roll and 383 names on the life membership roll, mak- ing a total membership of 3,837 for the current year, an increase of 425 memberships at this date over the preceding year. There has been a material increase in the life membership roll of 383, consisting of thirty-two names, four of these honorary members, viz.: Chas. Haralson, S. H. Drum, F. W. Kimball, J. R. Cummins, and as far as we know no decrease, as no deaths that have come to the,attention of the secretary have occurred in the ranks of this large life membership roll during the year. Of this mem- bership a considerable proportion is to be credited to the auxiliary societies, of which there are now seven connected with the society, the total number of such memberships amounting to 957. Several of these societies are very active and doing most excellent practical work in their special fields. It would be well to encourage the organization of such auxiliaries at any points where there are two or three members who are willing to sacri- fice something to organize and maintain such a local society. Occasional local meetings throughout the year, a plan pursued by some of these auxiliaries, adds greatly to their neighborhood usefulness. The Farmers’ Institutes have not contributed this year as much as usual to this membership roll. The changed conditions under which these institutes are held have diminished the oppor- tunities for extending to the farmers of the state the opportunity to avail themselves of the advantages of this society, which, we SECRETARY’S ANNUAL REPORT, 1916. 75 believe, is to be much regretted. Twenty memberships have come into our roll this year from this source. The nurserymen have contributed also somewhat, although not so largely as in many previous years, the total number of names from this source amounting to 134. These are member- ships that have been given by the nurserymen to purchasers of their nursery stock. A special interest this year is connected with the distribu- tion of plant premiums, and an unusual number of our member- ship have asked for them. There was offered a selection of eight varieties of assorted premiums which were made up and handled by Prof. Cady from the University Farm Station. Prof. Cady also had charge of the mailing of small-lots of strawberry and raspberry plants which came to him in bulk from the fruit-breed- ing farm. The larger portion of the plant premiums were new fruits from the fruit-breeding farm, consisting of hybrid plums, No. 3 June-bearing strawberry, No. 1017 everbearing straw- berry, and No. 4 raspberry. Eight hundred and twenty members called for the hybrid plums, 857 called for the No. 4 raspberries, 687 for the No. 3 June-bearing strawberries and 1,478 members called for No. 1017 everbearing strawberries. The exhibits at the annual meeting last year considering the character of the season were very satisfactory, the premiums on fruits, vegetables and flowers altogether amounting to $604.00. The display at the summer meeting was almost entirely of flowers, strawberries receiving only a very small amount. This exhibit surpassed any that the society had ever made, we believe, the total amount awarded at that time being $178.75, towards which the Minnesota Garden Flower Society contributed $65.00. The trial stations of the society have increased in number by the addition of two stations, one at New Auburn, under the management of R. S. Hall, and another at Deerwood under the management of L. P. Hall, and one has been discontinued, at Madison, under the management of M. Soholt, it occupying prac- tically the same territory as the older station at Montevideo. These stations are all well equipped, especially with new fruit from the fruit-breeding farm, and many of Prof. Hansen’s new fruits are also being tried there. Their reports should be studied carefully by our membership as they appear in the monthly, and much valuable information may be received in this way. The Orchard Prize Contest, inaugurated in the spring of 1914, is proceeding. There are twenty-three persons entered in 76 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. this contest and that number of orchards were planted. We have not heard from all of them this season. Twelve have so far reported, and undoubtedly we shall hear from the others. As far as known the orchards are generally in good condition. It will be necessary on account of the increase of the cost of printing paper to ask for a somewhat larger appropriation from the state legislature for printing purposes at the coming session. The appropriation for the uses of the society has been for some years $3,000 per annum, and the printing appropriation $3,500. An increase of $500 for the printing appropriation is absolutely necessary to take care of our large issue of magazines and reports under the increased prices prevailing. The library has had quite a good many accessions this year, in all 149 volumes, ‘this bringing the number of volumes in the library as registered up to 3,449. The titles of the books which have been added to the library in 1916 will be found on page 509 of the report of the society for that year. The most important addition has been a set of twelve volumes of Luther Burbank’s “Methods and Discoveries,” an elegant affair which we were for- tunate in securing for thirty per cent. of the regular price. We have found it necessary to purchase several new book cases to accommodate this large increase in our library. The society has never been stronger in its working member- ship, nor had a more hopeful outlook than at present, and we anticipate an increased interest in its work and a continually enlarged membership. The finances of the society are in excel- lent condition as indicated by the secretary’s financial report and the treasurer’s report to be published later. ONE day last summer I saw a man in town with two bushels of the largest and finest-looking currants I ever saw. He sold them at eight cents a quart as fast as he could measure them out. Everybody declared they - were a new variety, and he could have taken several orders for cuttings. When he was done I told him that I knew they were the old Cherry cur- rant, and asked him how he grew them so large and fine. He said he had them planted along the east side of a six-board fence, so that they were shaded from the afternoon sun. Then he manured the bushes heavily with coarse barn-yard manure applied in the fall. That’s all there was to it. Ordinary Cherry currants went begging at five cents a quart, and his were snapped up at eight cents as fast as he could handle them. —_— = > COMPULSORY SPRAYING FOR FRUIT INSECTS AND DISEASES. 17 Compulsory Spraying for Fruit Insects and Diseases. K. A. KIRKPATRICK, HENNEPIN COUNTY AGENT, WAYZATA. Wide experience and observation in teaching, and extension work in a number of states, have led the writer to believe that neglected orchards or fruit plantations are a real menace to any community that is attempting commercial fruit growing. The same might also be said regarding poorly handled truck crops in a section devoted to truck growing. Inasmuch as every com- munity has organized means for dealing with human and ani- mal diseases or with any other problems that are of grave pub- lic concern, it would seem that all communities engaged in specialized farming, such as commercial berry growing, orchard- ing or truck growing, must very soon put in effect measures to maintain compulsory spraying and approved care of all planta- tions in those neighborhoods in order that the highest community efficiency may exist. Only when the community is reaping 100 per cent. results from its efforts can individual property be at its best therein. Undoubtedly the point will be raised that any compulsory procedure would be radical and smack of paternalism in public affairs. There are a few people in our midst who want to wal- low in and swallow a brew of “spread eagle” independence. 'To- day our only hope in the industrial or the farming world is inter-dependence. Where hundreds of people are gaining their living out of a specialized crop it is certain that the majority of the better class of growers will not long tolerate the shiftless, careless individual who is a real danger and a profit-loser to them. The time is coming when such inefficiency, either from choice or necessity, will be barred out of the community, call it paternal- ism or any other name that we may wish. It is certain that the progressive growers in any such communities will quickly wel- come any plan for controlling neglect in their midst if such plan can be shown to be practicable. Can we show practicability in any suggestion for compul- sory measures in the State of Minnesota? It will not suffice to advocate the system followed in western states, where there are horticultural associations with strong county organizations through which a horticultural inspector works. These men get nominal to splendid results, depending upon their own ability and the type of people with whom they have to work. If any compulsory measures are to be adopted in Minnesota it is 78 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. believed that too much local responsibility for carrying them out may not be given, while on the other hand, any great show- ing of authority from outside the community will not be brooked. If any measure of a compulsory nature in protection of fruit or truck crops are to be entertained by all parties con- cerned in the state, it is believed that the initiative for them should come from local parties. Progressive men in communi- ties devoted to these specialized industries must self-act to the extent of sounding out sentiment, laying out the proposed bound- aries for areas to come under such measures and in making pre- liminary arrangements for getting any plans into execution. The enforcement of measures after they have been initiated and approved by any locality should be left wholly with state or out- side forces. It is evident that any compulsory spraying or crop pest con- trol measures along the lines laid down above must be of local application in our state. The following outline has suggested it- self to the writer after conference with many growers and with several departments at University Farm. Much thought has been expended on this plan, but we trust that this meeting will pick the project to pieces and reassemble it as may seem best to them. In fact it is only hoped that this presentation may lead up to agitation that in the course of a few years will get the results suggested in the heading to this paper. First: It is believed that any measure of a compulsory nature should not apply unless at least 15 per cent. of the tillable area in any certain district may be shown to be cropped. with tree or bush fruits or Some other specialized crop warranting such action. . Second: 25 per cent. of the acreage in such specialized crop or crops should be represented in a petition for a hearing signed by the owners of this acreage. Third: Such petition should describe and define the area in which it is proposed to have a compulsory spraying measure, and after the signatures of the owners indicated above have been appended it should be filed with the Director of the State Agri- cultural Experiment Station along with a request for a prelimi- nary survey for the district in question and a public hearing in the matter within two months from the date of the petition. Fourth: After the above procedure has been complied with the director of the Agricultural Experiment Station shall direct the state nursery inspector to conduct a public hearing on a a COMPULSORY SPRAYING FOR FRUIT INSECTS AND DISEASES. 79 properly advertised date at a centrally accessible point in the proposed compulsory spraying district. At this hearing all local parties should be privileged to appear to uphold or oppose action on the measure. Fifth: At this hearing the president of the County Farm Bureau or similar county farmers organization, one county com- missioner, one representative from each of the Horticultural, Plant Pathology, Economic Entomology and Agricultural Exten- sion Divisions of the State University Agricultural Experiment Station should be present. Sixth: After supporting and opposing arguments have been heard, a vote of local parties present, each of whom should be an owner or operator of a plantation in the district in question, should be taken on the action. If 60 per cent. or more favorable votes should be cast, such voting would authorize the declaration and publication of the territory covered by the petition as State Compulsory Spraying District No. ; Seventh: When this action shall have been accomplished, the director of the State Agricultural Experiment Station shall authorize the state nursery inspector to declare and publish the action describing the district and defining its boundaries. Eighth: The next step might well be the election of five local directors each of whom should be a property holder and resident within the district in question to constitute a local board of administrators to administer the control measures in the district. This board, in conference with the state nursery inspector and the director of the State Agricultural Experiment Station, shall estimate the cost of the biennial control inspection of the district. In recommendation from the local board of con-- trol directors, one-fourth of the amount necessary for each ensu- ing year shall be included by the county board of tax levy on the tax levies against property included in the compulsory spraying district as outlined in the published declaration noted above. Three-fourths of the estimated amount for each year’s control inspection shall be appropriated from state funds and be included in the state nursery inspection budget of expenses. Ninth: The state nursery inspector and his deputies shall have charge of the enforcement of the compulsory spraying measures. They shall have police power and may order planta- tions handled along approved methods endorsed by the State Agricultural Experiment Station, such action to be taken by the owner within a prescribed period, or if an owner or operator 80 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. refuses to take such action may order the destruction of the crop or plantation by plowing or grubbing and burning.’ In case the owner or operator refuses to take such action, the inspector with his deputies may hire the work done and the actual cost of such destruction shall be paid out of the county contingent fund and shall constitute a lien against the property on which the crop or plantation was growing, and if not paid before shall be collected with any penalties at the time of the first transfer of such property after the destruction was ordered and carried out. Beautifying the Home Grounds. J. M. LINDSAY, AUSTIN. This sounds good, looks good, and when put into practice would be a great deal better. A man will build a three to five thousand dollar house with all the latest improvements and per- haps have only $.50 to $1.00 worth of some shrubs or flower. A well-arranged lawn should include a nice hedge, some shrubs, roses, bulbs and vines, with a few ornamental trees to complete the beauty of the home. A three to five thousand dollar house without these flowers reminds the sight-seers of a man that put up a lot of posts, thinking they would keep the stock in without the wires. Minnesota would be second to California as far as having beautiful lawns is concerned if the practice was more general. . People visiting California are delighted with the beautiful lawns. This subject is one of the principal ones talked of on returning from California. We can have the lawns look just as beautiful here in Minnesota if we would plant out in abundance as you see in California and with less expense. There are so many hardy shrubs, bulbs, roses and vines that could be planted in a lawn that take very little care. There is a great amount of labor each year preparing annual beds. They are all right, but there is less labor with the perennial beds. ; Plant a purple leaf barberry hedge and complete the lawn with hardy shrubs, such as spireas, snowballs, flowery almonds, iris, hydrangeas, phlox, high bush cranberry, clematis and flowery vines. Do this if you would have one of the prettiest lawns in Minnesota. ; USE FOR THE PROPOSED HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 81 Uses for the Proposed Horticultural Building. A. W. LATHAM, SECY. In the January, 1917, issue of our monthly there appeared on page 6 an article speaking in regard to the needs of the soci- ety for a home, accompanied by plans and descriptions of the proposed building. The members of the society are fully assured of their needs for such a building, as never in all the fifty years of its life has it had a really suitable place for its annual gather- ings, one which provides a suitable hall for the meeting of the society and an exhibition hall large enough and well enough LG a 5s Bi YY \) ey nA ‘aleuel a iH 7 | | sit H GUC ay CH Meat Ci | 1181 A] | pl _a_ ES ae FRONT ELEVATION seale eaFreet PROPOSED HORTICULTURAL HALL FOR. THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY arranged so that the exhibition in all of its classes may be installed in a way to impress those who might see it. The proposed building, to be located at University Farm, would provide all of these facilities and many more. It would not only be an ideal place for the annual meeting of the society with its large exhibits of all classes of horticultural products and an equally valuable one for its summer gathering with its immense showing of outdoor flowers, but it would provide equally good accommodations for all of its auxiliary societies in connec- tion with their meetings, many of which are held with much greater frequency than those of the state society. The Garden Flower Society holds a number of meetings during the year, alternating between Minneapolis and St. Paul, and with this cen- tral location all of these meetings could be held in the horticul- 82 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. tural building. The Bee-Keepers hold one or more meetings annually. The Forestry Association one or more, the State Flor- ists Society hold frequent meetings and a number of exhibitions during the year. This midway location would accommodate the florists to a nicety. The Vegetable Growers have lately organized a State Vegetable Society, which would find this building and its exhibition halls a convenient place for their purposes. Besides the Horticultural Society and its auxiliaries there are also a large number of other state societies devoted to various branches of agriculture and stock breeding, a dozen or more of =I ANTE ROOM SEATING CAPACITY 800 PERSONS AUDITORIUM 64x80" | am | ome | STAIR HALL i. FIRST FLOOR PLAN Scale ecommerce 6 Fect Mm. ANTE ROOM Ground floor plan of proposed Horticultural Building. them, all of which would find a welcome place for gathering in this proposed building. The Farmers Home Week at University Farm, where the building is to be located, would also occupy the halls the building provides, and a variety of other uses would be found for it in connection with the varied interests developing and fostered at University Farm. In fact such a building as this is greatly needed. Nothing of the kind can be found in either of the Twin Cities, and located centrally as this would be, at University Farm, there would undoubtedly be calls for it that would provide rental for other uses than those noted above. Where hundreds of conventions from all over the country meet in the Twin Cities some at least would be especially well accom- modated by such a building in the midway district. This matter is now pending before the state legislature, and the attention of our membership is called to it that they may assist in every possible way to secure the enactment of the nec- essary legislation to provide for the construction of the building. HANDLING AND STORING GLADIOLUS BULBS. 83 Handling and Storing Gladiolus Bulbs. G. D. BLACK, ALBERT LEA, MINN. Gladiolus bulbs are not dead or inanimate things like clods or stones. They are alive and will give us more and better flowers in return for good treatment, just as surely as do our domestic animals give us more and better eggs and milk when we give them the proper attention. Taking care of the bulbs during their dormant state, from the time they are har- vested until they are planted again, has not been given the attention that it deserves. It is not reasonable to expect best results from a bulb that has lost part of its vitality during this time. What I shall say on this subject will be based on my personal experi- ence. We commence digging about the middle of Sep- tember. We first harvest the small bulbs that have grown from bulblets. It is not necessary that these become ripe before Golden King gladiolus, originated by G. D. Black. they are dug. We prefer that they do not grow too large, so that we may be able to plant them next spring with our planter. If they are larger than three-fourths of an inch they must be planted by hand. These small bulbs are usually dug by loosening them with a spading fork, so they may be easily pulled up and broken from the tops into a sieve which will retain the bulbs and permit the soil to be shaken through. As we grow these small bulbs in such large quantities we do this work with a machine of our own con- struction. We next harvest the early varieties of the large bulbs and leave the latest varieties until the last. These should also be loosened with the spading fork so that they may be lifted easily 84 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. from the soil. Large growers use a digger drawn by a horse, which runs under the bulbs without turning them over. If the bulbs are just ripe enough, the tops can be easily broken off without injury to the bulbs, but if they are tough they should be cut off close to the bulb with a sharp knife. The roots and old, shriveled bulbs can be pulled off easiest about a month later, before they become too dry. These should always be removed before the bulbs are planted again. A small quantity of bulbs may be stored in a market basket and placed on a Shelf or hung from a joist in the cellar. If there are a number of different varieties that you wish to keep sepa- rate, they should be put in paper bags when dug. ' For storing large quan- tities we use crates eigh- teen by forty-eight inches in size. The bulbs should not be more than three or four inches deep in the crates or baskets, as they are liable to sprout or become mouldy if the air cannot circulate among and around them. They should always be kept dry and cool. A fur- nace room is. usually too dry and warm, a wet cel- lar is too moist. A cellar which keeps potatoes G. D. Black alongside his exhibit of gladioli, at well 6 usheNe ee riety "~~ “Freeborn County fair. ‘ w if the potatoes are kept on the floor and the bulbs overhead. A cool closet that does not freeze is better than a very warm or damp cellar. They will keep in best condition in a temperature ranging from thirty-two to forty degrees, with just enough moisture in the air so that they will not shrink much. Too much moisture will cause them to sprout, which will weaken them as much as HANDLING AND STORING GLADIOLUS BULBS. 85 - when they become too dry. This is the reason that gladiolus bulbs imported from Holland are seldom satisfactory. If the temperature and humidity of the air in the storage cellar can be properly controlled, I do-not know any reason why gladiolus bulbs may not be kept in the cellar through the summer and used for forcing in the greenhouse. They could be planted in September and October, or at least two months before the new crop of bulbs are sufficiently cured to be available for this pur- pose. We have accidentally demonstrated this to our own satis- faction. In the autumn of 1915 we found two lots of about 100 each in the cellar on the crates that had been overlooked at plant- ing time. One of the varieties, the Marie Lemoine, had grown new bulbs on the old bulbs, while on the crate in a dry cellar, without forming roots or tops. The other variety, No. 121, did not form new bulbs, but were somewhat shrunken. We saved both lots and planted them last spring. The new bulbs of Marie Lemoine which formed in the cellar the previous summer produced only a few spikes of bloom. The bulbs of No. 121, which had remained in the cellar for two win- ters and one summer, grew and bloomed just as well as bulbs of the same variety that were a year younger. A few days ago I found a few bulbs of Mrs. Francis King in the bulb cellar at Albert Lea that had formed new bulbs, while in a perfectly dry state. I have these bulbs here as proof of my veracity, as I will admit that I should have been very slow to believe this story until I had the actual experience. Some time in April, 1915, we sent a small package contain- ing four bulbs to a customer in New York. About a month later he wrote that he had not yet received the bulbs, and we refilled his order. In April, 1916, just about a year after we had sent the first package, he received it and returned it to me, remark- ne that a history of its journey for a whole year might be inter- esting. A neighbor of mine who is a railway mail clerk says that small packages and letters are sometimes left in the mail bags when being emptied, and it is a rule that when ten empty bags accumulate in a car they are made into a bundle and sent to Chicago or some other large terminal. It is supposed that this small package of bulbs was stored away in a bundle of mail bags for about a year before it was discovered and sent on to its des- tination. Upon examination we found that one of the bulbs in this package had grown a new bulb about an inch in diameter. We planted the new bulb that probably grew in a mail bag and it ' produced a small spike of bloom. I hesitated quite a while before writing about this incident because it is almost unbelievable to those who have not had much experience with the gladiolus. 86 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Flowers for Everybody's Garden. A. S. SWANSON, FLORIST, WAYZATA. Make a garden like this and buy, say, 50 cents worth of ae seeds to start with the first year, and the annuals I am going to recommend will all ripen seeds here; and if you save just a very few of the very best and most perfect flowers which first open for seed and harvest them when ripe, you will have as good, or perhaps better seeds than you can buy. There is no reasonable excuse why everybody’s garden should not have a wealth of beautiful flowers, just as good and charming a setting for a home as has any millionaire, because happily the best annuals are among the loveliest of flowers and will compare in every respect with the choicest of the more tender species which must be raised in greenhouses and given extra care and attention if they are to amount to much. In the first place I would name Zinnea Elegans, the strong growing strain. This splendid tropical looking, robust growing plant with its rich, glossy green foliage grows to a height of three feet, crowned on every branch with flowers four inches or more across, and sometimes as much in height, in shades of all colors except blue. This splendid plant is eminently fitted for and worthy a place in everybody’s garden, not only because of its charm, but perhaps even more because of its sturdiness, whereby it will take care of itself when once planted and will thrive under most any conditions, though it must not be deprived of the sun- light. Next in order I would put the African Marigold (Tagetes), the Eldorado. It is a splendid, large-flowering, robust growing plant, will grow three feet or more in height and give a wealth of its golden and orange flowers through the summer until cut down by frost. Next in order I would put Phlox Drummondi Grandiflora. This charming plant is also of such robust habit and strength it will almost care for itself after being planted, and the wealth of flowers it will produce is really remarkable, and it will produce them all through the summer if not allowed to bear too much seed, in almost endless variety of colors, shadings and markings of the flowers, which is one of its greatest charms. These three species of flowers should not be missing from anybody’s garden. I do not care how large or imposing or how small or humble it is, they are just as much at home in one as the other. While they may be raised from seed sown outdoors FLOWERS FOR EVERYBODY’S GARDEN. 87 in the place they are expected to bloom, very much better results will be achieved by sowing the seed the 1st of April in what a gardener terms a cold frame. This is easily constructed with four boards, say about six feet long, about twelve inches wide, by simply nailing the ends together and making a square frame, though one side should be a little higher so as to give a slope to the cover or roof, enough to readily shed the rain if covered with glass, which is much the best; six inches will be sufficient, but if cloth or canvass is used for covering twelve inches is not too much. Place this frame in a warm, sunny place—a southern slope is best—in such position that its highest side will be the north side, so the frame will slope towards the south. Put in about three inches of good, loose soil—a light soil that is not apt to bake or form a crust is much the best—have this firmed down and per- fectly level. Sow your seed in little drills across the frame about four inches apart and sow thinly. If after the plants are up they are crowded, thin out to at least two inches between each plant or transplant. When sowing do not cover the seed more than one-half inch. I should perhaps have stated the soil must be fairly warm before seed is put in and not too wet. This may be easily accomplished by having it exposed to the sun a few days before. Of course it must be sheltered from frosts, cold winds and heavy rains and looked after with water when dry—but do not coddle them or nurse them too tenderly. Give them plenty of air and sun, and when the weather is anywhere near comfortable let them be exposed to the elements, so as to make them sturdy and strong. About the middle of May set them out in their per- | manent quarters, or where you want them to bloom. This should be done during cloudy or rainy weather, or otherwise towards evening. Give each plant a good drink of water pretty soon after planting if moved with a clump of soil adhering to the roots, which may easily be done by giving them a good watering a few hours before transplanting if at all dry. The Zinnas and Marigolds should be planted fourteen to eighteen inches apart, depending on the soil, the better and richer the soil the more space should be given to each plant. The Phlox should be given about a square foot each. Now if this transplanting is done with some care, and the soil is in fair condi- tion, the plants should not need any watering at all, the natural rain should be moisture enough. For their well being, keep the 88 ' MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. surface of the soil stirred occasionally and keep it clean from weeds, and if the season is not a very wet one a light mulch of stable litter applied about the first of July will be all the care they require. You will be very much surprised at the results, the wealth of grand flowers you will have until frost cuts them down. Besides these we have quite a variety of Dwarf Sunflowers, which I consider very charming and worthy of a place in any- body’s garden. I like especially the single varieties. They have a very refined and artistic appearance. Growing to a height of about four feet, with numerous slender branches always supplied with a wealth of flowers, they are very desirable to place in the background or for filling up odd corners. They may be raised and given the same treatment as recommended for the Zinnias and Marigolds. Very many of our prettiest and loveliest annuals may be sown right in the beds where they are to bloom, and they thrive and develop best when not disturbed by transplanting. In this class I should place Calleopsis at the head. This is a splendid, easily grown plant which thrives and flourishes under almost any condition. They come in a great variety of colors, from rich erimson garnet and velvety brown to golden yellow, and are very free flowering, being literally covered with charming flowers, of which single plants will produce thousands through the summer. When sowing do not sow too thick, and when up thin out to at least six inches between the plants. As an all around desirable and easy plant to grow, which will give most pleasure for the little cost and trouble in sowing them, I think I would place some of the Poppies next in order. The charming Shirley Poppies at ieast should not be missing in any garden. The main quality I like them for is their earliness; they will be in their glory before most annuals are ready to show color, and though they do not last all summer they richly pay for their place .while they are with us. When through their beauty they may be removed and their place taken by their slower sisters, like Cen- taureas, which take more time for their toilet; or to develop their beauty they may be so sown as to fill the place of the Pop- pies by having the rows alternate. There is quite a variety of Centaureas worthy of a place in anybody’s garden. Centaurea Cyanus (Cornflower) comes in a great variety of colors from white to darkest blue. Centaurea FLOWERS FOR EVERYBODY’S GARDEN. 89 Imperialis (Royal Sweet Sultana), is another class of beautiful sweet scented artistic flowers in pink, rose, lavender, purple and white. Centaurea Suaveolens (Yellow Sweet Sultan, or Grecian Cornflower) is the only variety which produces yellow flowers, and they are very sweet too. Another one of our bright, pleasing annuals of very easy culture is Caculia (Tassel Flower, or Flora’s Paint-Brust) which produces its beautiful scarlet red, tassel-shaped flowers in great profusion all summer. Gaillardia (Blanket Flower) is another charming annual of easy requirements and should be given a place in every garden, producing, as it does, its large, brilliant and showy flowers from early till late with the minimum of care or attention. Sweet Alyssum, Candytuft, Ageratum and Mignonette are ‘plants easily grown, and are general favorites as much by reason of their fragrance as anything else. They are all rather ‘low growing and should be given a place on the outside of the flower bed as a border. Nasturtium is another well known and generally appreciated flower which should, however, not be - mixed with any other flowers but a separate place reserved for it. In a dry place, not too rich soil, they will bloom best. The seeds must not be sown until the soil is warm, say after the first of May. All the other annuals mentioned should be sown early as soon as the soil is in condition to work, that is as soon as it is dry enough in the spring so as to make it mellow and not sticky. Do not touch your soil in the garden before it is in condition. Nothing is gained by it and very often much time lost, and your plants will never do well if planted when the soil is in a wet or sticky condition. Portulacca, called Sun Plant because it loves a sunny exposed position, may be sown on a sunny slope, where nothing else will grow, and will cover the ground with a carpet in many of the richest colors and be a source of delight to every- body. I could mention many others which are worthy of a place in everybody’s garden of just as easy culture, but what I had in mind when writing this was to try to induce some one who has not tried to raise flowers to make a trial by pointing out the way, and show how little is needed and how easy it is to have at least some of the really good things there are in the floral kingdom. Anyone who will make a start with some of these I have men- 90 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | tioned will not be satisfied without adding a few more to the collection year after year. And when you have learned how to raise some flowers, with success be not afraid to try others of the hardier, robust growing species, such as Hollyhocks. While these are not strictly annuals, most of the single varieties which are the best for this climate will if treated as recommended for Marigold bloom the first summer, though not until late. If they have time to ripen any seed they will propagate themselves, and you will have plenty of seedlings another year which will be sure to bloom; and there is no showier or brighter flower in the whole list than these stately plants with their large, ce satin flowers in all colors except blue. Some varieties of Tobacco (Nicotiana), such as Sylvestris _and Affinis, are well worthy of a place in any garden—plants must be raised in the cold frame however. Of flowers that may be sown right in the bed for best results Eshscholtzia, the California Poppy, with its bright yellow flowers and distinct foliage, is well worthy of place. Of Lupines the annual varieties are very easy to raise and very pretty, and so are the annual Larkspurs (Delphinium). Petunias, such as Haward’s Star and Rosy Morn and other single varieties, are very beautiful and will make a bright spot under trees or other shady places, where sunloving plants do not thrive. Sow them in cold frame and transplant, the same treat- ment as for Asters will give best results, and they will thrive best in partly shaded situations. I could be tempted to include many more in my list, but am afraid I have made this paper too long already. Before I leave off let me warn you when sowing flower seed in the garden not to cover them too deeply as a very slight covering will suffice for most of them, and remember, the smaller the seed the less cover. A good plan is to sow in very shallow drills and cover with a little loose sandy soil, just sprinkled over the finer seeds. The coarser seeds may be covered one-fourth to one-half inch. Many failures that have perhaps discouraged many who tried to raise flowers from seeds is because of too deep planting and soil being too heavy. The tiny seed sprouts were unable to pierce the crust and consequently failed to appear. Another admonition: do not be afraid to thin them out when they appear too thick, give them plenty of room to develop if you want best results. While I advocate rather long narrow beds or borders as being the best place to raise flowers, do not understand that I ~~ a ee FLOWERS FOR EVERYBODY’S GARDEN. 91 thereby want them to be straight lines or square cornered beds. No! Make them with curved lines and rounded corners and as crooked as you will, and the better and more natural they will look. And the same in placing your different plants. Don’t have each variety in straight lines; for best effect plant rather in irregular patches, letting the different kinds run into each other without any preceptible boundaries. The effect will be more pleasing and results more satisfactory. One plant which I really have overlooked that ought to be perhaps the first one planted in any garden is Sweet Peas. This is such a general favorite that of course it must be in everybody’s garden. It is of such easy culture and so satisfactory in every way that no one should have any trouble raising them or having an abundance of flowers from them. The mistake most common is to sow them too thickly and in poor soil. They love a rich, deep soil, and for the best result the soil should be broken up eighteen inches deep and if of a poor, gravelly nature put several inches of stable—not horse—manure in the bottom. Plant the seeds as early as the conditions will allow (I have planted as early as the fifteenth of March one year) and plant four inches deep. Sow thinly or thin out to at least eight inches between each plant and let them well cover the ground before giving them any support, at which time a good mulch of old manure should be applied first. The best possible support is stout brush trimmings from plum trees, and have this about four feet high and strong enough so it will not break down. Treated this way you will soon have the brush all covered and a solid bed- of charming flowers, and if in a good, open situation and all flowers picked off so they do not produce seeds they should be a joy all summer. That’s a point to be remembered about all annuals—do not let them set seeds, or they will soon stop producing flowers. And remember to have your soil in good condition before sowing or planting so the plants may have a chance to get down deep in the ground with their roots, so they will be able to withstand the hot, dry spells of weather we occasionally get. My idea is that annuals for best results should never have any artificial water- ing, and if the soil is right they will not need it, but a good plan is about the time they commence to bloom to apply a mulch of some kind. And I would also add to not plant your annuals in little raised mounds, as is often seen. This is the worst possible 92 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, ~ place for most of our best annuals to thrive in a climate like ours, where the rainfall is no more than what is needed and should by all means be preserved. Have your beds level with the surround- ing lawn or ground, so as not to deprive the beds of their natural share of the precipitation. Mrs. Boyington: I was so happy to hear our friend note the real reason that takes the farm boy and girl away from home that I just have to say something about it . We have had teach- ers all over the country studying the question how to keep the boys and girls at the farm. I found out something the other day. When the farm mother is perfectly happy in her farm home and surrounded by beautiful things of life, she will keep her boys and girls there. It is the farm mother that sends her boys and girls to the city because she is not willing that they should live under the conditions that she has lived under, and I think Mr. Swanson has just put the blame where it belongs. (Applause.) “THE BLIGHT BACTERIUM, Bacillus amylovorus, discovered many years ago by Dr. Burrill, is the cause of the blight of pear and quince and twig blight of apple. It lives over in the blight cankers, especially upon the larger branches or trunks of the blighted trees. In this respect there is evidence that the pear is a large source of survival infection; also the quince, and as has been proved, the blight cankers on apple. With the beginnings of growth conditions in spring, just -before blossoming time, these living cankers exude the zoogloea of the bacterium, and these exuda- tions may be carried by any agency visiting first the bloom and subsequently other new growth. For this reason the advice to cut out and burn the blighted parts and all possible sources of surviving infection is founded on the right sanitation principle, and must ultimately be one of the means of reducing our trouble from blight.”—-A. D. Selby, Bulletin Ohio St. Hort. Socy. . THE CURRANT WorRM.—Most everyone is familiar with the spotted cur- rant worm about three-quarters of an inch long, that is sometimes capable of stripping a bush of its leaves in a few days. Many growers wait until they see the worms before they spray, and to their surprise find consid- erable damage done. Timely application of Arsenate of Lead (1 oz. of the paste form to a gallon of water) will prevent their depredations. The eggs of the first brood are laid when the currants are in blossom, so that the first spraying should be applied as soon as the blossoming period is over, especially on the lower leaves. This year the proper time to have sprayed would have been about May 20th. The eggs of the second brood were hatching June 21st, about the time the currants are full grown. If the worms of the second generation are abundant fresh hellebore should be used at the rate of 4 ounces in 2 gallons of water. Black currants do not seem to be attacked. GARDEN HELPS Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society : Edited by Mrs. E. W. GouLp, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. Minneapolis. NOTICES. The committee named to judge the pictures in The Minnesota Garden Flower Society photographic contest awarded First prize, Class I, Rev. H. D. Pomije, Olivia, Minn.; Second prize, Class I, Mrs. M. L. Countryman, St. Paul; First prize, Class II, Mrs. M. L. Countryman, St. Paul; Second prize, Class II, Mrs. M. L. Countryman, St. Paul; First prize, Class III, Mrs. C. E. Braden, Excelsior. No second prize awarded. Judges—Mrs. J. E. Richardson, Mrs. N. S. Sawyer and Mr. G. C. Hawkins. The premiums, all of which are plants, will be sent to the winners in the spring. A special premium of a year’s subscription to the Garden Magazine will be awarded the member who secures the greatest number of new members from the beginning of the year till the close of our June flower show. In case the winner in this contest is now taking the magazine, either the subscription will be extended another year or another magazine or a garden book will be substituted. One of the very best ways to interest your friends in this society is to bring them to our meetings, show them our magazine and call their attention to the plant and book premiums offered by the Horticultural Magazine in the 1917 numbers. This contest will be open to members of the Horticultural Society. Send all new names, with a choice of premiums, to our secretary, Mrs. M. L. Countryman, 213 South Avon Street,-St. Paul, remembering that plant premiums cannot be selected after April 1st. February 9th meeting of society at Public Library, Minneapolis, corner 10th and Hennepin, 2:30 p.m. All about starting the garden and ordering seeds. Very important meeting. Owing to the scarcity of seeds because of the war, all seed orders should be sent in as early as possible, as the supply of certain kinds is limited. If you do not receive catalogues regularly, postals, asking for copies, should be sent to the different seed houses at once. Making out the seed order and planning the garden should all be finished before the end of the month. Some of our members are contributing seeds of choice flowers for our annual seed distribution. This is most welcome this year, as on account of the war, seeds are going to be high, of limited quantity, and hard to get. If you have any to contribute, please send them to either Mrs. Countryman, 213 South Avon Street, St. Paul, or to your president. In the January Garden Magazine, Mr. G. W. Kerr, in an article on selecting flower seeds, suggests this border of annuals, the seeds of which will cost about two dollars. Each packet would contain enough seeds for from five to ten people if they were planted and treated carefully. So several could club together and greatly reduce the expense of this 36x6 ft. border, or order the convenient small packages some of our seed houses put up. Following is Mr. Kervr’s list: (93) 94 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Back rows in irregular clumps, in the order given—scabiosa, azure, Fairy; celosia, Magnificent; centaurea, Americana; nicotiana, affinis hybrids; zinnia, Mammoth; arctotis grandis; rubekia speciosa bicolor. Middle row in irregular clumps or masses in order given from left to right—phlox, rosea alba maculata; gypsophila elegans; antirrhinum, Cot- tage Maid; hunnemania; calendula, Lemon Queen; centaurea imperialis; phlox carnea, gaillardia picta lorenziana. Front row, arranged in masses, in order named—alyssum, Little Gem; mignonette, Goliath; petunia, white bedding; eschscholtzia, Golden West; ageratum, dwarf blue; thunbergia; dianthus chineusis; eschscholtzia, Fire Flame; portulaca, Parana. There is so much interesting and practical in this January number it would pay each of our members to have this number. If you have old seeds on hand they should be tested as soon as possible so as to know whether they are good before making out your order. The best way is to sow them in a shallow box of finely sifted soil, giving them the most favorable conditions possible; that is, keep moist and warm. Count the number of seeds sown, and the number that germinate, and then you will know just what percentage will grow, and how good your seed is. If you have no earth the test can be made by putting several thicknesses of blotting paper or cotton wadding on a plate; lay on your seeds, keep warm and moist (it must not be allowed to dry out). It is well to keep it covered with a glass. Results can be as carefully noted as with the earth test. This is the month in which it is well to go over all the garden tools, making sure they are quite ready and fit for use. Shallow boxes—about two inches deep—should be ready for starting seeds in. It is very important that these have good drainage. It is a great convenience to have a supply of labels ready, also some of those convenient and very cheap paper pots in which to transplant the little seedlings before putting into the open garden. Make your garden on paper. This will save much time when the actual out of door work begins. Are you feeding the birds these cold days? MINNESOTA GARDEN FLOWER SOCIETY PROGRAM, 1917. February 9, 2:30 P. M.—Minneapolis Public Library. Fertilizing the garden, hotbeds, cold frames, transplanting and care of seedlings. Use of catalogues. March 9, 2:30 P. M.—Wilder Building, St. Paul. Kinks in starting seeds, roses for Minnesota, their culture and care, garden arrangement (with slides). April 13, 2:30 P. M.—Minneapolis Public Library. Distribution of trial seeds, with talks on special varieties; special purpose plants; plants for shade, poor soil, dry situations, bogs; cutting; fragrance; rock gardens; ground cover; “Honey,” good white flowers. May—St. Paul. Non-competitive flower show and plant exchange. Special topic, Iris. June—Annual flower show with Horticultural Society at Earm School. July—Minneapolis. Picnic at Wild Flower Garden, Glenwood Park. Personally conducted by curator. August—Piecnic at Como Park, St. Paul. Visit to garden. Talk by superintendent of garden. : September 14—St. Paul, 2:30 P. M., Wilder Building. Bulbs and their artistic planting. Succession of bloom in bulb garden. Fall planting. | October 12, 2:30 P. M.—Minneapolis Public Library. Fall covering. Heeling in. New varieties especially successful. Reports on seeds. November—Chrysanthemum show, Como Park Greenhouses. December—Annual meeting with Horticultural Society. Dates to be announced later. —— ee SECRETARY'S CORNER : rrr errr “Tuer PLums, No. 20, received from the station two years bore about fifteen plums this year, and will say that I think them better for eating than the Opata and a really fine looking plum. Purple skin and a dark red meat, fine and sweet.”—M. L. Gibbs, Echo, Minn. Ir You SEND CHECK in payment of annual fee in the society add to it a sufficient amount to cover the cost of collection, and take early oppor- tunity to tell your banker what you think of this change in the time-honored method of doing business which involves so much expense and annoyance. -You better send a dollar bill anyway. It will come through all right. Give THEM WATER.—“Tell them to give all trees and shrubs enough of a drink in the fall after the leaves are down to last them all winter and keep on telling them until they believe it—and then we’ll have less trees freeze dry over winter. This a good fruit country, because it rains in the fall. The middle state are too dry in the fall. You must irrigate.”—C. J. Manner, Jerome, Idaho. PLANT PREMIUMS ALL PosTPAID.—An important feature of the distri- bution of plant premiums this year is the fact that they will all be sent out prepaid by parcel post, so that the recipients will not be put to any expense in connection with receiving them. Last year many of them went by express collect, but we found it a very expensive way of sending them, and have con- cluded this year that the society would bear the expense of distribution, so all the member pays is his annual fee to secure a share of these valuable new fruits and other plants offered. New FRvuITS FOR DISTRIBUTION.—Have you read over carefully the list of “new fruits” that are being offered as premiums to our membership the coming spring? They include not only the more valuable of those offered last spring, but also some new ones, the most interesting of which are premium No. 14, the No. 1 raspberry seedling, a week earlier than No. 4, that is doing so wonderfully well everywhere; also premium No. 17, which is a June-bearing strawberry, No. 935, a larger fruit than No. 3, also offered, and somewhat later. Supt. Haralson considers it an extraordinary variety. Premium No. 20, a collection of scions of the new hybrid plum trees, should attract the attention of every one who knows how to topgraft and has any plum trees to graft on. There are twenty lots in this list of premiums, and each member can select two lots. All this is given to a member, besides the annual volume and the magazine for the year. Our HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.—The “building committee” has been very busy up to this date, January 19th, endeavoring to get the building bill in shape so that it might pass the legislature and be enacted into law. A number of meetings of the committee have been had with various mem- bers of the legislature, until at the present time the matter stands something as follows: It has been decided between our friends in the Senate Finance Committee and members of the building committee that in order to secure (95) 96 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the necessary appropriation for such a building it will have to be constructed for the Board of Regents of the State University, and under their manage- ment and control though on plans practically along the lines suggested by the Horticultural Society, as the purpose of its construction is to provide suitable accommodations for this society and other similar societies who 1nay desire to avail themselves of them. It will contain the two necessary halls, one for the meeting, the other for exhibition purposes, suitable offices for the society, etc., everything necessary to make the building a complete plant for the purposes designed. Any objections on the score of possible uncon- stitutionality are removed by this change in the form of legislation. Our president, the building committee of our society and the executive board are practically agreed on accepting this change in our plans, and will press the measure along this line in full assurance that we shall meet with success. Nevertheless it will be necessary for the members to render assistance, which they can do to the greatest advantage by corresponding with their rep- resentatives in the legislature. PASSING OF CAPT. A. H. REED.—The death of Captain Reed, which occurred at his home at Glencoe, Minnesota, Sunday, January 21, removes from our midst one of the most picturesque and at the same time one of the most loyal members the Horticultural Society has ever had. He became a member of the society first in the year 1884, lending his strong influence from that time on till almost the day of his death for whatever appealed to him as being for the best interests of the society. For many years up to the last two years he was a regular attendant at our annual meetings, taking considerable part in the discussions, and he im- pressed his personality very strongly upon all who came in contact with him. For many years Captain Reed conducted a society trial station on his farm at Glencoe, and during a considerable portion of that time maintained a local Horticultural Society in his town. This station at his request was discontinued a year since on account of a severe accident with which he met | and which probably contributed to his death. A biography of Captain Reed was published in the report of this society for 1909, to be found on page 440 of that volume, and with it appears an excellent portrait of this sturdy soldier and pioneer of our state. A frequent correspondence passed between Captain Reed and the writer, the last communication from him being only a short time ago in which he expressed as he ever did his interest in the society and its work. SECKEL SEEDLING PEAR TREE NO. 1. Originated by Chas, G. Patten, and now growing on his experiment grounds at Charles City, Ia. (See opposite page.) qe whe it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. rp SE ee ee ee ee TMU OME UOMO OOOO UMN TTT Vol. 45 MARCH, 1917 No. 3 Fee ee eee eee Origin and Development of Hardy, Blight-Resisting Pears. CHAS. G. PATTEN, BREEDER OF NEW FRUITS, CHARLES CITY, IA. In the spring of 1884, almost a third of a century since, - it was my good fortune to begin planting a close group of pear trees at Charles City with the purpose of originating trees which would endure the rigors of our northwestern winters. The investigation was started with two trees of the Long- worth pear, which variety originated with Mr. Longworth, at Dubuque, Iowa, and which has since proven to be the most hardy, strictly American pear that has come to the knowledge of ex- perimenters for a long period of years. Close to this tree I set the Russian pear Bessemianka, which was supposed, at that time, to be very hardy and good in quality. On the west of the Longworth, I also set a small sweet pear, the early Berga- mot. As soon as this and the Bessemianka began to fruit, they developed blight and were cut out, leaving only so much of the latter as supported a graft of the Lincoln, a large pear, fairly hardy and nearly free from blight. The following summer found me in a physical break down, and I spent the winter in California and there learned of the excellent Winter Nelis pear. On my return the next spring, a letter awaited me from Mr. O. A. Bardall, of Grundy Center, Iowa, who had become interested in my writings, inviting me to come and see a pear tree that he had which was then five years old. The two previous winters were of marked severity and had destroyed a large part of the apple orchards of the north- west, Iowa included, but this pear tree at Grundy Center was as sound as though no winter had passed over it. I learned (97) 98 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. from Mr. Bardall that this was a Chinese sand pear which was imported by “John S. Collins and Sons,” of New Jersey, and supposed by them to bear a large sized fruit but of only cook- ing quality. Mr. Bardall had a few one-year trees growing, and two years later I planted one of these between the two Longworths, which I had set about twenty feet apart. Close to these I set a Seckel and an Anjou. The Seckel is early and of the highest quality, and the Anjou good and late in season. Up to this time, I had never seen blight on the Longworth and have seen very little since. I had learned by reading and correspondence with pear growers, mainly in eastern Wiscon- sin, northern Illinois and in Iowa, that these good pears were reasonably hardy and most free from blight. Thus had I grouped together a combination which I hoped would produce hardy, blight resisting pears for the northwest, and it now seems certain that such a result has been obtained. In the fall of 1895, I had about one hundred and fifty trees as a result of this experiment. The same fall ill health again sent me to California for the winter. These trees were, unfortunately, transplanted between older apple trees, which considerably retarded their growth, and a railroad cutting through my ground necessitated the removal again of quite a portion of them and with some loss also, but there are now about one thousand two to four year selected seedlings, mainly for use as stocks, and nearly as many cross-bred trees, mostly two years old, from the original one hundred and fifty trees. The first tree of this Chinese specie was set in my old experiment grounds thirty-two years ago. It is probably Pyrus sinensis. About a dozen varieties have been top-grafted on it. Five or six still remain. Another specie, brought to this country from China eight years ago, is being experimented on with intense interest in California and Oregon with the hope of securing stocks which are resistant both to blight and the woolly aphis, on which to graft their commercial pears, the common pear stocks or seed- lings being subject to both of these enemies. This new specie is known to botanists as Pyrus calleryana and is supposed to be representative of several allied species in China. The historical part of this work so far may seem tame and quite uninteresting, but I feel sure that it is crowded full of promise for the future of pear growing throughout a large portion of the United States. . oe ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY BLIGHT-RESISTING PEARS. 99 The original Chinese trees on my grounds seems as hardy as the best oak but not as adapted to our year round climate as some of my seedlings, which I do not doubt will endure fifty degrees below zero. The old tree, in our hottest summers, loses a-part of its foliage, but not so with seventeen out of twenty seedlings which I have. They have splendid foliage and are thoroughly adapted to our climatic conditions. About three years ago, I sent Rev. John B. Katzner of your society some scions of one of them, and he wrote me in Cluster of fruit on Warner pear on Chas. G. Patten’s experiment grounds. June last that the mercury sank to forty degrees below zero last winter and that he believed my tree would stand forty-five below, and I feel sure that I have hardier trees among them. One, dominant in Seckel characters in tree and fruit, is in first bearing this year, and is very promising in fruit and for future breeding work. So much for the extreme hardiness of these trees, and now what I believe to be of more far reaching benefit to our coun- try generally in this breeding problem is their freedom from that most destructive enemy of the pear, “the blight,’ which sometimes sweeps whole orchards as a fatal epidemic. In 1915, when the blight was severe in several places on my 100 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. _ grounds, out of about two thousand select and cross-bred seedlings not more than twenty-five were struck with blight. Two out of twenty trees, five to seven inches in diameter, had only one small limb touched by it—either in 1914 or 1915, when several seedlings of Pyrus communis, our common pear seedlings, three to four inches in diameter, standing close to these naturally crossed Chinese, were so killed by it that they were dug out. It is almost impossible for us who do not live in parts of this country where pear growing is on a commercial scale to comprehend the enormous losses sustained by the growers from this blight disease, such as sometimes sweeps over our Siberian crab trees. Prof. M. F. Barrus, of the Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in a bulletin issued last January writes, “Fire blight is without doubt one of the most destructive diseases of pears in this country;” “the losses from this disease amount to millions of dollars every year;” “large blocks of nursery pears are at times absolutely destroyed by it.” It is most destructive to pears and quinces though affect- ing the apple to some extent, as we of the west are aware. The articles quoted offer no remedy except cutting out the blight vigorously but add that careful cultural methods will help to keep the disease in check. Prof. Barrus says: “When blight infection becomes general in an orchard, efforts at control by removal of infected areas may be unavailing.” From the “California Fruit News” of San Francisco, October 28, 1916, I extract the following: ‘Pear blight is one of the worst enemies of the pear industry of California and | the Pacific Coast. Great efforts were made in this state to check the spread of pear blight and find some effective remedy or control, but little has been accomplished so far except in cutting out and burning of infected trees,” and adds, “Many of our agricultural experiment workers through the United States Department of Agriculture and the University of Cali- fornia have devoted much time to work and investigation of this problem.” Referring again to this new species, identified as Caller- yana, which has for the last few years been under test at Oroville, California, and which seems practically resistant to blight, I learn that it came from Hongkong, which has a tropical climate, and it is of very questionable value for cold regions, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY BLIGHT-RESISTING PEARS. 101 though we hope it will be of great value for the Pacific Coast. I am indebted to Mr. F. C. Reimer, superintendent of the Oregon Experiment Station, for information and extent of effort and interest which attaches to securing blight resistant stocks through a large number of the wild species of pear from China. This effort dates only a few years back, while the work at Charles City to breed hardy and blight resistant trees be- gan thirty-two years ago, with a Chinese pear naturally crossed with some of our best and nearest non-blighting American and European pears. The size of the fruit of the specie which I have, though small, is far larger than this new specie, which is only the size of a large garden pea. I have here a few views which will help to show the status of the work at the Charles City Station. The first one shown is of a tree which I denominated Seckel. No. 1, a seedling of the Seckel which has borne for the last five years in succes- sion, this last year about two bushels. For two years, 1914 and 1915, this tree was surrounded with blight, both on the ap- ple and the pear, and was not touched by it. The fruit is a half larger than its parent Seckel. It is good in quality, hangs well to the tree and is an early bearer, as some budded limbs indicate. Top-worked on this hardy Chinese stock which I have, it should be a success in this latitude (at Minneapolis), as the winter climate here and at Charles City are nearly the same. The next view is of a Warner pear, top-worked on the Orel, which has borne more or less generally a heavy crop for some six or seven years past and has never blighted. It was blown down on September 5th by a sixty mile wind with its very heavy weight of fruit. This is but one of several experi- ments with varieties top-worked high up on these blight re- sisting stocks which have proven quite a success. The Bezi de Lamott on the old Chinese tree and Winter Nelis on Orel, as also Vermont Beauty, are excellent pears and their uniting smoothly when top-worked on these. hardy stocks is of much value. The last view shows the worker and some of his work. The study of this fruit breeding problem and the great economic and aesthetic value which attaches to it, led the writer to prepare a paper for the American Pomological Society which met at Tampa, Florida in 1911 on “the adaptation of-the pear 102 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . to the Mississippi Valley States.” Long continued work with this fruit and the cumulating knowledge of the destructive blight has still further impelled me to the study of the sub- ject and an endeavor to learn of varieties which have in them the hereditary power to breed a race of pears suited to the demands of our climate, and it only now awaits the active and material support of the states to hasten the adaptation and devel- opment of this most delicious fruit to the great northern basin of the upper Mississippi, and in fact to a large part of the United States. It is interesting to note the difference there is between the Seckel Chinese crosses which were bred from the group of trees before mentioned, which are now twenty-four years old, and the smaller parallel row of trees, seedlings of the Keiffer hand-crossed with Winter Nelis. The latter are now seventeen years old. They were crippled by every hard winter, so that most of them died either with cold or blight, while the former with one exception, which has been removed, are apparently as rea hardy as any forest tree and Se eee a Se Ma 20s have never shown a blighted Chas. G. Patten in his seedling orchard. twig. In conclusion permit me to add that I think that you will happily join me in the knowledge of the discovery so long ago of this highly adapted wild pear, and of the auspicious development which has already been secured through its use in adapting this highly delicious fruit to this great northern basin of the upper Mississippi. NEVIS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 103 Nevis Trial Station in 1916. JAS. ARROWOOD, SUPT. The apple crop was very light. Too much rain in the spring and wind almost destroyed it, excepting a few seedling apple trees that seemed to stand the storms and bore a fair crop. The plum crop was very scattering, though all trees were in a good healthy condition. In regard to small fruits, strawberries, raspberries, cur- A wedding party at Mr. Arrowood’s. He stands by the post at the right. A glimpse of his orchard adjoining. rants and gooseberries, they were all good and sold to a ready market at home at a good price. The Hansen sand cherries are doing fairly well and seem to bear a good fair crop. In regard to my prunes, they are all first-class and bore a good crop of fruit this year. The Oregon sweet cherry is doing remarkably well; it bore some fruit. While the fruit may not be as large as some of the other commercial cherries, we believe it will be a success in Northern Minnesota and will be a good substitute for the cherry. It shows every indication of hardiness and is a great beauty. We would say in regard to the strawberry that Number 3, bred by Mr. Haralson at the Central Station, is a wonderful berry and a leader among all June bearers. 104 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The everbearing strawberries are not as good as we ex- pected, although they bore fairly well. We believe that the Num- ber 3 can be turned into a fall bearer as we kept the blossoms picked off on one plant until after the 20th of July. Then we let it grow, and it bore fruit until winter. Mr. Wedge, in a few back numbers, suggested that Number 3 should be named after a late Mr. Elliot. Not but what we feel that Mr. Elliot deserves many good things, but we would suggest that it be named after the originator. Mr. Jas. Arrowood in his hardy plum grove. We have an acre of raspberries. About one-half are Sun- beams and one-half were bred by Mr. Haralson at the sta- tion. They are all very good and are worthy of a place in every garden. We would suggest that there should be more raspberries and strawberries than there are planted. Our trees are all going into the winter in good shape. We would say that all seedling trees that have been bred here are leading the old stock of apples and plums. I am firmly of the opinion that Northern Minnesota never will succeed in the apple business only through the seedling prop- osition. I find that a great majority of our seedlings are mak- ing a better and stronger growth and ripen up their wood in better shape than the old varieties. JEFFERS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 105 Jeffers Trial Station in 1916. DEWAIN COOK, SUPT. The spring and summer of 1916 were cold with too much rainy and cloudy weather until some time in July, when it turned very hot, and the dry weather has continued up to the time this report is being made out—November 27th. We sprayed our trees several times with lime-sulphur solu- tion; still there was considerable scab on some of the fruit and foliage of some varieties of apples, especially Wealthy, Duchess, and Pattens Greening. Yet we had many other varieties that were practically free from apple scab. The apple crop was very heavy; most growers in this section had absolutely no market for their apples, either of the summer or fall varieties. There are several varieties of apples we have on trial that we believe worthy of special mention. Anisim is one of them. There is also the Starr apple from Vermont. This variety was sent me quite a number of years ago by Mr. Edson Gaylord. It is an improved Patten’s Greening, especially as to quality and freedom from scab, cracking and rot fungus. An expert would be bothered to tell them apart on exhibition without sampling their eating quality. The Wolf River and N. W. -Greening also seem to be varieties that are making good at this station. The Hibernal is a success as far as quantity of fruit is concerned, but the quality is so poor for eating out of hand that it is considered of no value here, where better varieties are grown. The King David is a promising little, hard, red apple that -fruited full this season. The Red Queen, an old Russian variety I received from Prof. J. L. Budd, about thirty years ago, we consider one of the most valuable varieties we have growing at this station. Season about with Wealthy, but free from apple scab. The varieties of fruit from the State Farm we report on as follows: Strawberries.—Minnesota No. 3 very fine, ranks up with Dunlap in every respect, of better quality. Minnesota, No. 1017 (Everbearing) very good. We had plenty of fresh strawberries all summer and fall, until after frosts, in spite of the dry season, all grown on plants set last spring. However the new runners did not set any fruit. 106 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Grapes.—Minnesota No. 1, Minnesota No. 2, Minnesota No. 3, and Minnesota No. 7, were not very good, and I think should be discarded, but Minnesota No. 3, Minnesota No. 4, Min- nesota No. 6 and Minnesota No. 8 bore a very good crop and appear to be worthy of further trial. Of plums from the state farm, but little can be said except that they seem all of them to be not very productive. Nine- e Corner of a Minnesota plum orchard. teen trees, nine varieties, set the spring of 1913, have not as yet borne or, rather, perfected a single specimen of fruit. These trees have been growing four seasons on well manured and well cultivated land in a well sheltered location. The plum trees from the state farm we set one year later, twenty-one trees, nine varieties, only perfected one specimen. It was found on Minnesota No. 20. Two varieties of hybrid plums were sent me by C. G. Patten spring of 1914. They were European and Americana crosses. They were labelled “Purple,” and “Purple D” and bore freely the past season. Trees appear very hardy, fruit only of medium size, very firm fleshed or, rather, hard, even after falling from JEFFERS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 107 the trees to the ground. One variety is very dark skinned, the other more on the purple order, but both varieties have the genuine markings of the European class of plums. Of those varieties originated and sent out by Prof. Hansen, the Watesa, Huya, Tapa, Zekanta and Yuteca, all Americana varieties, all bore good crop. We consider the Yuteca the most valuable variety on account of the large size of the fruit as well as its habit of bearing regularly. Of the Hansen hybrid varieties the Waneta is very promising. Ona couple of grafts set in the spring of 1914 we got some plums that for size and quality rank with the finest we have ever grown. The Hanska bore freely, but owing no doubt to too much dry weather during late summer, the fruit was undersized and not of as good quality as it had been other seasons. The other apricot crosses, with perhaps the exception of the Yoka, do not seem to be worthy of any further trial. They appear to lack productiveness. : The Cheresota was very full of fine fruit. Wohanka and Opata gave about one-third of a crop; the other sand cherry hybrids did not produce any fruit to speak of. Now a few words about the black fleshed sandcherry hybrids. As a class they seem to lack hardiness. The Sapa holds its own only a year or two and then weakens. The Enopa and Etopa kill back considerably every winter. The Wachampa seems to be the only one of the black fleshed varieties that gives at this station any promise of hardiness. Of Theo. Williams hybrid plums the Emerald, Stella and B. A. Q. still hold their record for productiveness and size of fruit. The B. A. Q. is of rather low grade quality. The Emerald however, is in my opinion of the best quality for eating out of hand of any plum we have ever sampled. Terry and Wyant bore full. We think spraying our plum trees last spring several times with lime sulphur solution helped us to get our plums sold on the farm at $2.00 per bushel. The sandcherry plums we sold at 10 cents per quart. The plum crop was almost a total failure all over this part of Minnesota. The ground is the driest I have ever known it to be at this time of the year. 108 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Sauk Rapids Trial Station in 1916. MRE. JENNIE STAGER, SUPT. The spring started propitiously. The pussy willows bloomed, and our hearts sang with the birds in the hope of a plenteous harvest of fruit. The plum trees were loaded with blossoms, other fruit buds were coming on, and the air was filled with the fragance exhaled from the opening flowers. Then, un- heralded, came a strong north wind which stilled during the night, and when we looked for our blossoms in the morning they were gone with our hopes. But for some unaccountable rea- son our apple orchard escaped, thereby giving a good amount of fruit. All of the raspberries sent from the Central Experiment Farm bore well. Number six and number seven had excep- tionally large fruit. There were a few berries on the everbear- ing ones sent last spring but not enough to judge what they will amount to. Strawberries did fairly well. I planted last spring six new kinds that are highly extolled in the nursery books and, as we had good growing weather, have a fine, clean bed of plants, and I am hoping some may prove extra good. The two-year-old everbearers were better at raising plants than berries, but the young plants taken from that bed and planted last spring showed plenty of fine, large berries in the fall. Of currants and gooseberries, we had a small crop. One small plum tree about as tall as myself, sent from the Experi- ment Farm two years ago, had six plums on as large as a crab apple, and of good flavor, and seemed proud of her exploit. Of vegetables here, potatoes did quite well. Cabbage and cauliflower poor, Lima and some other beans did not get ripe. Tomatoes were large. At our fair I had a plate of Mansfield tree tomatoes that weighed two pounds and over, each speci- men. Also some of Livingston’s that weighed as much. Roses were plentiful. I took first premium on Black’s gladioli, of which I had a perfectly gorgeous bed, and alto- gether we had nothing to complain of. 1915 Birp CouNT IN NoRTHWEST.—One hundred and twenty-four pairs of birds nest and raise their families on the average farm of 108 acres in the northeastern states, according to estimates based upon the second annual bird count conducted by the Biological Survey of the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture.—U. S. Dept. of Agri. ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. 109 Orchard Spraying in 1916. HAROLD SIMMONS, FRUIT GROWER, HOWARD LAKE. The season of 1916 will be remembered by apple growers of Minnesota as the season of seasons, demonstrating the ab- solute necessity of spraying if one is to conduct apple grow- ing as a business to success. In the past three or four years I have visited quite a number of Minnesota orchards, and the feature that has im- pressed me most is the lack of systematic pruning and uni- formatory among the trees of different varieties. Whether it is a lack of knowledge or just plain indifference on the part of the man that suffers the trees to occupy land that might .be employed to better advantage, I am unable to tell. They seem to be trusting to the “powers that be” to furnish them a crop of fruit, whether they make any effort to obtain it or not. I should think that the past season would have shown them the futility of trying to grow commercial apples without employing up-to-date methods in pruning, spray- ing, etc., and that it would stimulate them to make some effort along those lines. We have sprayed our orchard for eight years consecutively to the best of our knowledge and ability, and the necessity for doing so seems to be emphasized more and more as the sea- sons roll by. We sprayed the orchard for the first time the past sea- son as soon as the petals had all fallen, using commercial lime sulphur and arsenate of lead, five quarts of lime sulphur and two pounds of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water. We used an extra fifty pounds pressure this season, run- ning the machine at 250 pounds instead of 200 pounds, as in past seasons. With the extra pressure the work is apparently done better and much quicker. We deferred the job as long as possible on account of wet weather. We finally had to spray in order to catch the open calyx for the arsenate of lead. It rained two or three times during spraying and was cloudy for several days after. On account of the rain the spray dope did not stick well, yet the foliage was injured quite badly and the spraying did not check the fungus. Owing to the wet, cloudy weather, it was nearly three weeks after the first spraying before we could spray again. 110 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The second spraying we used no arsenate of lead, just the lime sulphur solution, same strength as before. The weather con- tinued cloudy with very little sunshine for some days after. Investigation later showed that we had not checked the fungus (scab), but the foliage on some trees was so badly used up that I was afraid to spray again. A still later examina- Cushman power sprayer, running at 200 lbs. pressure, in Mr. Simmons’ orchard. tion showed that the fungus was almost entirely confined to the leaves. The fruit seemed to be particularly free from it. During picking time this was borne out to a surprising extent. We had some scabby fruit, but a very limited quantity, and that was largely among Pattens and N. W. Greenings. My experience and observations for the past season have impressed me about as follows: The Greenings are much more susceptible to the fungus than are red or parti-colored varieties, and the thicker and more dense the trees the harder it is to do an effective job of spraying. Open headed, well pruned trees are sprayed to better advantage, take less material, they dry out quicker, lessening ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. 111 the liability to damage from burning, fruit is easier picked, color better, and it is invariably larger. I feel that the long continued cloudy weather during the spraying period was largely responsible for the injured foliage. I also believe that our orchard is pruned harder than any other in the state, it is an annual affair with us, and yet at every apple harvest I am impressed that we have too much wood in the trees. This problem of pruning calls for more judg- ment than any other operation in the orchard. If we could do all the pruning in the summer, with the trees in full foliage, it would simplify matters tremendously. But for various reasons that cannot be, and we have to do our pruning in the winter and early spring. It is the seeing the tree without foliage and at the same instant realizing what it will look like next summer, that calls for the exercising of one’s best judgment. The past season the man that sprayed sufficiently to con- trol the fungus did so at the expense of his trees, and if he did not injure his trees he did not control the fungus. Mr. Powers: Is it advisable to prune any time during the winter ? Mr. Simmons: It is considered that later in the spring it is better but for myself, with so much of it to do, as soon as the apples are out of the way I start to prune, and I prune all winter long. I don’t see that it makes any difference. Mr. Powers: Do you use the powdered arsenate of lead? Mr. Simmons: We use the paste, simply because it mixes a little easier. Mr. Powers: I want to ask another question and that is about lime-sulphur. You know there is a dry solution made down at St. Louis ,and the liquid—which do you consider the best? Mr. Simmons: Iam unable to say, I always use the liquid myself, never used the other. I have used bordeaux. Mr. Bingham: We have used a great deal of the paste and also the dry arsenate of lead. I find no difference in the two in controlling the apple codling moth or any of the insects except perhaps the paste may stick a little better to the foliage. The dry is much more economical to use, it doesn’t waste if you have it left over, while the other is injured by mixing, and I think the arsenate of lead as made today is made very fine and is perhaps more economical to use than the paste. You are paying freight on 50 per cent. water, and in the paste you are not having any loss if left over during the winter, and it mixes very readily with the spray. Mr. Baldwin: I have found in the matter of spraying the hardest proposition I was up against was to get at the principle. what do I spray for, and I have that one question asked me, I ibs MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. presume, hundreds of times from different individuals, to know really what they are spraying for. I made quite a study to find out how I was going to get at the codling moth, and I find from the very best and most reliable sources that the codling moth lays it eggs on the leaves and never on the apple itself. We are apt to think that it lays its eggs down in the calyx of that little, small apple, which is not a fact at all. I would think that the second spraying that the gentleman has spoken about, wherein he leaves out the arsenate of lead, to my mind would be a mistake, for the codling moth lays its eggs on the leaf, and we want to get the worm if we possibly can when it first hatches on the leaf, get it on the foliage before it gets to the little apple. My experience shows that after they get into the blossom end of the apple we want to get the spray into the blossom end. There are three or four days it is open to receive this spray. That is the time they all concede we ought to spray, but we do not expect the worm to be in there for some little time. It wilk take twenty-four days from the time they come out in the spring and go through the mating period and nine days before the worm will hatch, and we have got to have the spray there then. The second spraying can be done more carelessly and with less force then the first spray- ing, because all we can hope to get is the worm that hatches on the leaves. It will be the same number of worms, but we will get them on the leaves. It is no use spraying the fruit because if we don’t get the poison down in the little calyx while it is open we will never get it there, and we will not get the worm. Mr. Bingham: I would like to say that there is one point that is very well taken. In all of our spraying operations we use arsenate of lead in every spraying because we feel that the expense incurred for a pound of arsenate of lead powder to a bar- rel of fifty gallons of spray mixture is well expended, because that assures us of getting all the insects that are affecting the foliage as well as, as the gentleman says, the codling moth. We put it in every spray on the cherries and apples up until, per- haps, the last one, which is only for fungous diseases. Mr. Simmons: In Minnesota I think it is a rare thing for us to have more than one brood of the codling moth, and by spray- ing and spraying thoroughly so that the spray will drop under the tree, any time from the time the petals fall to eight or ten days after, if the job is done thoroughly, I don’t see the necessity of putting any more arsenate of lead on the trees. We have done that for years, the first spraying, and it has always controlled the moths. If you don’t have rain during the operation of spraying it is an easy matter. If the spray material gets thoroughly dry on the tree before the rain commences and the spray dope will » still be sticking on the tree when you get through in the field, I think the second arsenate of lead application is thrown away. A Member: I want to get clear in mind, when do you spray first? When the petals are falling? Mr. Simmons: When the most of them are down. A Member: When do you spray the second time? ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. 113 Mr. Simmons: Generally speaking, in about two weeks. A Member: How about the dormant spray? Mr. Simmons: I never use it. A Member: In the spring what is it that kills the foliage, the lime-sulphur or the arsenate of lead? - Mr. Simmons: Lime-sulphur when it doesn’t dry good is liable to kill the foliage, but that is only occasionally. The injury two years ago was very slight, but I think, ordinarily speaking, where you get the spray dope to dry out fast on the trees there is no danger of injury when it is used the generally advocated strength, five quarts to fifty gallons. Mr. Simmons’ orchard in full bloom. Mr. Baldwin: Relative to the second spraying with arsenate of lead. I have used that and used it exclusively, never using a bit of paris green, for twelve or fourteen years. When I spray potatoes I spray them when they are half grown, and then the next lot just as soon as they get new foliage. The bugs would never think of touching the old foliage, they are after the new foliage. We spray the first time before the leaves are half leaved out, and the worms know the difference between the young leaves that are succulent and the old ones. If we don’t put poison in the second spraying we have a lot of leaves the worms are going to attack, and there is just the place we want to get them. I think we ought to spray the second time to get the worms; they are not going to eat the old foliage that has the poison on. Mr. Bingham: I would like to ask the gentleman why he sprays the second time if he does not consider the addition of arsenate of lead of any particular advantage. We know that lime-sulphur in all sections does not control fungous diseases. Why do you spray the second time if you don’t use the arsenate of lead with new foliage coming on all the time? 114 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Simmons: We have never used more than two sprays. It has heretofore killed the fungus, this year it didn’t. Mr. Bingham: Do you find bordeaux any better to control diseases ? Mr. Simmons: I have never used bordeaux mixture. Mr. Bingham: I would say that we have found a very great difference in the use of lime-sulphur and bordeaux. I believe that lime-sulphur this year was a very expensive spray in many sec- tions. Even at the price of blue vitriol you could better afford to pay twenty cents a pound for vitriol and use bordeaux mixture. We carried on an experiment a few years ago with the use of lime-sulphur and with bordeaux. We had several different plots, and I also did lime-sulphur spraying on my commercial orchard. We had about $500 damage on the lime-sulphur scalding. Our experiment showed that hot weather would cause lime-sulphur injury. We had the experiments side by side; from the bordeaux there was practically no injury and from the lime-sulphur there Was considerable injury. The bordeaux rust is not an injury when it comes to market, but when we have the scalding in con- nection with heat we have trouble. Mr. Simmons: Where is your orchard located? Mr. Bingham: Straight east of here, a little south, on the shore of Lake Michigan in Wisconsin. Mr. Simmons: Climatic conditions are very different, you have a great deal more moisture than we have here. A Member: Do I understand that the arsenate of lead or bordeaux is a very good spray for a novice, that is, one who has a very few trees; for a general all around spray isn’t bordeaux and arsenate of lead good? The President: We have found it good. Who will answer the question? Mr. Smith: My experience in spraying is this, that one of the first things, if you are going to have any success or satisfac- tion out of the spraying, is to know what you are going to spray for, and next, the best time to do it. Now, I just came in and heard the gentleman talking about spraying for codling moth just after the blossom falls. We found that that is very effective, and probably three years out of five if that spraying is done thor- oughly enough with 200 or more pounds pressure it will get all the codling moth, just spraying with the arsenate of lead alone. And you will get better results if you spray with arsenate of lead alone, spraying for codling moth, than if you mix anything else with it. So far as the lime-sulphur and the bordeaux is concerned, there is a general misunderstanding in regard to those two sprays. Lime-sulphur kills whatever it touches. It is a corrosive and kills whatever it touches. We had a good deal of controversy at one time at a horticultural meeting in regard to the matter of using salt with the lime-sulphur and the man advocating it said that it would stay on longer. ‘Well,’ I said, “lime-sulphur kills whatever it touches.” ‘Yes.’ ‘“‘When?” ‘When it touches,” he ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. 115 said. “Then will it be any better if it stays on longer?” ‘Laugh- ter.) Lime-sulphur is a corrosive that kills any fungi, insect eggs or insects that it touches. It kills them then when it touches them, not tomorrow or next week or anything of that kind. Bor- deaux mixture is a fungicide that prevents the growth of fungi, and no fungi will grow there as long as there is any bordeaux mixture present. One is a preventive and the other is a destroy- ae opent; that is the difference between the two. Isn’t that right? Mr. Simmons: Yes, sir. Mr. Smith: There are insects that eat for a living, like the codling moth and a number of beetles and bugs. Arsenate of lead is a good agent to destroy those because if they taste of it they die, and arsenate of lead will remain for a long time where you put it if itis properly prepared. Lime-sulphur will destroy any- thing that it touches, and we use that for such things as do not eat for a living but do sucking for it. I have been asked hun- dreds of times: ‘What shall I spray my trees with?’ The answer is: “What are you going to spray for?” and I am entirely out of sympathy with the idea of mixing sprays. Know what you are going to spray for and the best time to spray for that thing, and then spray for that and you will do a good job. This going hit or miss style—I know one man that went to the trouble of tak- ing every kind of spray material that he saw listed and mixed them all up together and sprayed with it just after his trees were leaved out. The very first thing is to know what you are spray- ing for, and then you can get from the bulletins of your experi- ment stations the calendars that will show the period when it is best to spray. I was a little surprised yesterday when they were discussing the brown rot in plums that somebody didn’t say, “Spray with lime-sulphur.” I had thirty acres of Italian prunes in 1906; they were very badly affected with brown rot and a great many of those brown-rotted prunes were left on the ground. I got all the information I could on the subject, and the following spring just after the blossoms had fallen I sprayed thoroughly with a mild solution of lime-sulphur, with the result we didn’t have any brown rot. Now, I would have thought perhaps that wasn’t worth much except for the fact that just over the hill, half a mile from there, there were some trees that were not sprayed, and they had as much rot on them as they had had the year before. What the gentleman said about this rusting and blistering, and so forth,—weather conditions have a great deal to do with that. I think you can spray with bordeaux mixture when the trees and fruit are dry without much danger of getting any rust from it, but I would never undertake to spray a valuable apple orchard with bordeaux mixture when it was windy and rainy because you are then liable to get the rot from that. (Applause.) The President: Very much obliged to you, Mr. Smith. ’ 116 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — Mr. Baldwin: Don’t you think we are lacking in one thing? You go into the great fruit districts, and there they make spray- ing absolutely compulsory. Inasmuch as our president has some- thing to do with legislation, I should like to have something done in that way whereby we can absolutely make our neighbors spray. I think that could be pushed to the front like it is in other com- munities, where they will go into a man’s orchard and cut it down by law, in the real fruit regions, if he don’t spray. It seems to me that in this age when we have so many farmers’ organizations, if they would get busy in the winter time and organize in such a way, they could say: “Here, we will hire a man to do the spray- ing, we will get a good sprayer and then we will see that every tree, or fruit tree, in our locality is sprayed in a professional way by this man who knows how.” He can get his spray material at wholesale cost, and then get on a business basis. When we spray in our orchard, and our neighbor does not spray, his rubbish comes over in our orchard, and it makes it pretty hard for us to keep clean. (Applause.) Mr. Claussen: I agree with my brother here, but for some of us it might be too late. That is the trouble. It isn’t like threshing or something like that. I always had the same opinion as Mr. Baldwin. I want to ask a question. Is there any danger after spraying to let animals in there to eat the grass, where you have clover? Mr. Bingham: I would like to say one word in regard to the remarks made by the gentleman. We know that bordeaux mix- ture and lime-sulphur are both good for the same purpose, being fungicides. Now, the lime-sulphur in its concentrated form, as used in a dormant spray, will kill the eggs of certain insects and also the aphis, perhaps, but the lime-sulphur during the summer will not control the aphis. Furthermore, I don’t believe that it is absolutely necessary for one man to complain very seriously if his neighbor does not spray. We know that the codling moth does not spread over a great area, and that you can grow good apples right beside an orchard that is neglected, if you do your work thoroughly. There may be the border row that is affected, and a fence between the two orchards will prevent any effect at all. Fire blight is different, that will spread in the general direc- tion of the wind, but those fungous diseases do not travel very far in any direction. Mr. Rasmussen: I would like to say something as to the value of bordeaux mixture as a general spray. We use it on all our fruit trees, berry bushes, strawberries, celery, squashes, melons, beans, potatoes, about half the vegetables we grow, as a preventive, keep them covered all the time to keep diseases from them. Lime-sulphur is not safe to use on the tender plants. If you have a general run of spraying you will find the bordeaux mixture far more satisfactory, and we always add arsenate of lead to get rid of any insects that come along. A Member: Do you do it on rose bushes? ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. nay (eae Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, try to keep them covered, and you will find out you will not lose the foliage. It is a preventive, you get it on before the trouble starts. Member: Put the arsenate of lead in with it on the rose bushes ? Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, it is not necessary to, but we always mix it and the expense is so little we have the arsenate all the time. Mr. Underwood: There was a question asked whether there is any danger of the spray poisoning anything. We have tried to mow our orchard with sheep and have sixty or seventy-five sheep running in our orchard for the purpose of keeping down the grass. We have sprayed our orchard four times and never saw any symptoms of the sheep being affected at all. A Member: I will say that I have been raising apples and had calves in the same orchard, and I raised a crop of apples and a crop of calves in the same field. Annual Meeting, 1916, N. E. Iowa Horticultural Society. R. E. OLMSTEAD, EXCELSIOR, DELEGATE. The Northeastern Iowa Horticultural Society met in their 32nd annual meeting at Oelwein, November 15th and 16th. The officers of the society were all present, and the meeting opened as scheduled. The exhibition of fruit was very good, about 300 plates of apples being shown. Considering the season this was a very good display, in fact some of the fruit was very fine. The meetings for both days were especially profitable for one interested in horticultural work. The people of Oelwein did not attend the sessions very much. Mr. Geo. G. Platte had done some fine work in Oelwein in soliciting members to the association, securing some forty or fifty members. The papers and addresses on the whole were very excellent in character, and each one showed thought and study. Holding the meetings at different cities and towns is prob- ably a good piece of missionary work, as the tendency is to create an interest in the study and work in horticulture in each town in which the society meets. For those reasons it is doubt- less a wise provision made whereby the society meets in different towns in its section of the state. With twenty or thirty good, live horticulturists in session 118 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. there is always plenty of material brought forth for a discus- sion. This meeting was no exception, and the members each and every one seemed alert and equal to the occasion. But one evening meeting was held, that being in the high school auditorium. Music furnished during the evening by the Girls’ High School Glee Club and also two numbers by the Boys’ High School Glee Club were especially fine. Mayor Cole welcomed the horticulturists at Oelwein in a very fitting address. This was responded to by Mr. G. D. Black, form- erly of Independence, Iowa, but now of Albert Lea, Minnesota. A duet by Mr. and Mrs. Leo was well received and was re- sponded to with an encore. . Your delegate from the Minnesota State Horticultural So- ciety gave at this meeting an illustrated talk on birds. The im- pression that your delegate brought from the meeting was to the effect that the meetings might perhaps be better advertised so that the people of the town in which the meeting is held would know that there were some papers and discussions very much worth while, that they were educational and helpful, and that they ought to have a larger hearing. The Northeastern Iowa Society was very well represented, there being some one from practically each of the larger towns of that section. Mr. Wesley Greene, of Des Moines, read a very fine paper on insects, and in fact, every address and paper given at this meeting was well worth listening to, and your delegate was very glad to be a listener to the splendid pro- gram. That the Northeastern Horticultural Society of Iowa is doing some good work goes without saying. They are a live, wide-awake, stirring body of men and only good things can ultimately come from these gatherings. WATER REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS.—The study of the water requirement of plants has been continued during the past year with a view of determin- ing the crops and varieties most efficient in the use of water. The differ- ences exhibited in this respect by the principal crop plants are remarkable. Millet, sorghum and corn are the most efficient in the use of water. Wheat and the other small grains form an intermediate group, while alfalfa and other legumes have the highest water requirement. Alfalfa uses about three times as much water as millet-in the production of a pound of dry matter when the two crops are grown side by side. _ Varieties of the same crop show in some instances marked differences in water requirements, so that the careful study of different varieties from this standpoint is a matter of decided economic importance in connection with the agricultural development of dry-land regions.—U. S. Dept. Agri. ANNUAL MEETING, 1916, SOUTH DAKOTA STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 119 Annual Meeting, 1916, South Dakota State Horticultural Society. M. R. CASHMAN, OWATONNA, DELEGATE. I arrived at Watertown on the morning of February 16 and proceeded to horticultural headquarters at the Lincoln Hotel. There I met several horticultural acquaintances from Minne- sota and South Dakota, including our old friend Professor N. E. Hansen, who is secretary of the South Dakota society. The sessions started promptly Tuesday morning at 9:30, and with a very few preliminaries the program was soon in full progress. I might mention that I was elected an honor- ary member of the society and took an active interest in the proceedings throughout the sessions. Prof. N. E. Hansen, secretary, is to be congratulated upon the splendid numbers included in the programs for each and every day. The papers given were not only interesting for their contents but showed professional knowledge of the sub- jects discussed. The state of South Dakota, even more so than Minnesota, has a varied degree of climatic conditions. In the extreme south- ern portions horticulturists experience little difficulty in growing many of the semi-hardy varieties of apples, while in the central and northern sections none but the hardiest varieties can with- stand the severe winters. There was a very nice display of fruit exhibited in the lobby of the Lincoln Hotel. This display represented three sections in South Dakota; one which included such varieties as Jonathan, Haas, Salome and Malinda came from the vicinity of Vermillion, South Dakota. Another exhibit, from Big Stone, which is just west of Ortonville, Minn., displayed Wealthy, Pat- ten’s Greening, Northwestern Greening and Anisim. This col- lection was grown and exhibited by B. J. Tippet, of Big Stone. Another very remarkable display was exhibited by Mr. John Robertson, of Hot Springs, South Dakota. The orchard from which this fruit was gathered is planted on an elevation of 4,200 feet above sea level. These exhibits showed conclusively the possibilities of fruit growing in South Dakota. Mr. H. J. Ludlow, of Worthington, Minn., was on the program, and his paper was as usual very interesting and afforded much information on scientific orchard- ing. 120 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY. . Another paper which was received very enthusiastically was that of Judge L. R. Moyer, of Montevideo, Minn., on “Best Methods in Scientific Improvement.” I would be glad to see this paper printed in The Minnesota Horticulturist—for the subject was handled in a very masterly manner. Professor Beach, of the State College of Iowa, was present and gave several very interesting talks on the marketing of fruits and vegetables. Prof. Beach has a great fund of knowl- edge on horticultural lines, and his presence always makes this kind of meeting very interesting. South Dakota is doing much to encourage tree planting in the prairie sections, and to this end they offer a tree bounty for six years for any planter setting from one acre to twelve acres of trees. This tree bounty is calculated to encourage the planting of timber and shelter belts over the prairie sections. Honorable E. C. Issenhuth, of Redfield, S. D., appeared before the society and read a very fine paper on the “Planting of Groves in the Prairie Sections.” Mr. Issenhuth recommended that the state bounty law be amended to extend the period of payment to twelve years instead of six years. To this end, he was made chairman of a committee to draw up such a resolu- tion and present it to the state legislature. Hon. Issenhuth presented this resolution, which was approved by the society and undoubtedly will be incorporated as an amendment to the state bounty law of South Dakota. The Brookings College, of South Dakota, was well repre- sented, and Prof. N. E. Hansen gave several very interesting lectures on the progress being made in South Dakota through the work of the college. He certainly has the support of every South Dakota horticulturist, and it is well that he should, for he has put South Dakota on the map as the greatest plant- breeding state in the Northwest. His recommendation to en- large the work at Brookings through increased state aid was enthusiastically received. It is evident that if sufficient funds are furnished the plant-breeding department at Brookings that Prof. Hansen will soon bring out many more new fruits and grains that will mean millions to the northwestern states. Your delegate enjoyed the trip to Watertown very much and, judging from the enthusiasm and interest shown at the horticultural meeting at all the daily sessions, predicts for South Dakota a very bright future in its horticultural work. OPENING UP THE FRUIT FARM. 121 Opening Up the Fruit Farm. D. E. BINGHAM, FRUIT GROWER, STURGEON BAY, WIS. Let us take it for granted that your secretary in putting this topic on the program, as he did, had reference more par- ticularly to the tree fruit farm. While the same conditions apply in many instances, in some they differ. For instance, straw- berries, and some of the other small fruits, will grow and do well on good orchard land and will also grow well on land not good orchard land. It seems to me one of the first points to consider in opening up the fruit farm is selection of the soil, for this is a long time investment, and the soil must have a good foundation. There is danger of disappointment if the sub- soil is too sandy, or too wet, a hard-pan, etc. Trees will not do well for long on soil of such character. We prefer a | y good clay loam with a good || clay subsoil of such a nature as to insure good drainage. If we could have some gravel or lime rock in the subsoil all the better. Suppose we have such a soil, D. E. Bingham, Sturgeon Lake, Wis. we have other facts to consider also before it is a good orchard site. Air drainage is important. There should be nothing to obstruct the free movement of the air, and the site should have sufficient elevation to insure good drainage. The soil should not be too rich in nitrogen. Land that would produce a good crop of corn might produce too much wood growth. This must be determined by observing the crops and the growth of the trees; if inclined to be excessive, the fertility should be reduced by cropping. Planting. The varieties for the orchard, either for cherries 122 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. or apples, differ with different localities and different individuals. We all have our notions, and that coupled with the difference in ~ location widens the list of varieties commercially. Four to six varieties for forty acres is sufficient. I am going to select four varieties and these all red apples, Snow, McIntosh, Dudley and Wealthy. (This for eastern Wisconsin, Secy.) These all have faults, and it is hard to find a variety that hasn’t some faults. To those who object to the four I have mentioned I might suggest three or four more, Wagener, Salome, Seek-no-further and Liveland, all with some color. One must consider the variety somewhat in determining the distance apart to plant. In the Northwest we can plant closer than in a milder climate. Our trees bear young and consequently do not reach the size they do in the East and the Southeast. We plant Wealthy twenty feet; McIntosh, Snow and Dudley twenty-five feet, Wagener twenty feet, Salome twenty-five feet, Liveland twenty, but if planted in with other varieties twenty- five feet. Were all these varieties to be planted in alternating strips of several rows each, across a piece of land, twenty-five feet would be the distance I would use. Method of Planting. Our method is first to stake out our land, twenty-five feet square, lining up the stakes so they are in perfect rows, leaving twenty-five to thirty feet margin at the ends for convenience in turning later on. We use the tree placer, of which I have a model. This device insures perfectly straight rows with all sorts of workers. : Holes are dug amply large and deep enough to take in the roots without bending. Long roots are removed or shortened in- to reasonable length for planting. By using a tree placer and placing it against the stake, then tipping the point back, it can stay in position until the hole is dug and the tree placed in the hole straight up. Then the point is again tipped down, and the tree comes where the stake was. Nursery Stock. In either cherry or apple a two year, five to six foot tree, well branched, medium low head, is about the ideal tree. The reason I choose a two year tree is that the roots are sufficiently large to be woody enough to allow a ready formation of callouses, while the roots on the one year tree will be prin- cipally bark and very much slower to callous. Fall Dug Against Spring Dug Stock. I prefer fall dug stock stored with roots in dirt, not in moss or three-fourths of the OPENING UP THE FRUIT FARM. 123 roots may dry out during the winter. We want the mangled end of the roots to heal over, and, what is more important, we do not prune the roots of fall dug stock we plant in the spring. If they are pruned at all it should be done when stored and not after they come out of storage, as nature has healed the wounds, and you should not make new ones. We should plant early, as soon as land is in good condition to work and be- fore the trees have burst into leaf. Should the ter- minal buds be open, the tree should be pruned as soon as planted to take off that source of evaporation and keep the tree dormant as long as possible. Our best success is where the pruning and planting are done early and the trees re- main dormant till roots have started to grow. Pruning. Our rule in pruning is three-fourths of the top should be removed in a systematic manner, spacing the limbs right for after years and _ leaving only a few buds, cutting side branches shorter than the leader and to an outside or a side bud, though this is not absolutely necessary to the future shape of the tree. ‘SIM ‘ABQ UOdISINAS 4B ‘WIV SsUlg "| 'q JO pxBvyoIO AI1OYGO UL poys sulyoId JUSTUZAUOD VW EPIL TS PT EE Ry The second year we can rearrange the head somewhat, and after that the good work should continue every spring. 124 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Cultivation. Should crops be grown in the orchard, the cul- tivation conforms to the necessities of the crop being grown. Plowing in the spring and six or seven harrowings constitute pretty fair orchard culture. At all events use level culture, that is, do not ridge the tree rows one year and level them down the next. Always level culture. The gang plow, reversible disc, common cutaway disc, spring tooth, are what we use. We consider early cultivation important at least every other year. On land that is to be built up we use the following method: cultivate till June tenth, then sow clover, a mixture of alfalfa, Mr. Bingham in his low growing cherry orchard. red clover and sweet clover, if you please. Leave this till June 1st of the following year, then plow it under. Continue cultivat- ing till August. The next year cultivate till June tenth and repeat. ; Winter Protection. When the orchard is young and on an exposed location the snow sometimes blows off and winter injury results. To avoid this if the orchard is being cropped one should sow a strip of oats or allow weeds to grow along the tree row to catch the snow. We have used buckwheat, weeds, oats and clover. After the orchard gets older the danger resulting from no cover crop is less. When there is evidence of field mice the trees should be mounded in the fall. A Member: Have you had any experience in using dyna- jews to blast the holes? Will the trees do better in dynamited oles? o Palais « a Cc OPENING UP THE FRUIT FARM. 125 Mr. Bingham: That is a question that has been discussed a good deal. We don’t use it simply because our soil is of such a nature we wouldn’t gain anything by it. In a place where there is danger of poor drainage you can open it up down through that layer. I believe Mr. Kellogg asked the question whether there wouldn’t be a cistern formed if you dynamite a hole. I think there is some danger if you don’t break that soil clear to a.certain extent. If it is clay so the water doesn’t penetrate readily, it is more apt to be a water hole. A Member: When you plant your trees do you set them per- pendicular or leaning? Mr. Bingham: We set them straight up as soon as we can. Those are our instructions, to plant them straight. A Member: Do you plant them any deeper than they were in the nursery? Mr. Bingham: Usually about the same depth, or perhaps a little deeper. You must use your judgment. If a tree has a shallow roots we don’t like to plant it so deep. A Member: I would like to make a remark about the trim- ming of the roots at the time of planting of the tree that is dug in the fall. I remember once I planted some apple trees, and a portion of them didn’t seem to start to leaf out or grow until late in July. SoI pulled them up with the intention of throwing them away. But I found the roots alive, and they were starting at the ends where they were cut. Some of them had partly de- cayed. So we cut them off, and we planted them in water and in a short time they grew. After that I always cut the roots in the spring. Mr. Bingham: I believe that the cut ends of the roots should be allowed to callous over before planting. It seems to me a fool- ish move to take off the callous that it has taken all winter to form. The ends of the roots should be calloused. CEDAR RuST ON APPLES.—Cedar rust on apples continues to attract considerable attention and has been severe in certain localities. One of the striking things, however, in orchard pathology has been the fact that in many of the large commercial orchard districts of the eastern Appalachian Mountains, where cedar rust threatened the destruction of the value of the orchards, complete or partial eradication of the cedar trees in the vicinity - of the apple orchards, usually within a radius of one mile, has completely solved the problem in the most practical, simple and permanent way and at a very slight expense. While the destruction of the red cedars is to be regretted, this tree in the vicinity of apple orchards has come to be a veritable pest tree, and where the cedar-rust fungus has been specially abundant the necessity for its destruction has been amply demonstrated by the repeated experiences of the past few years.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 126 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Bridge Grafting Fruit Trees. (A Method of Saving Trees That Have Been Girdled by Mice or Rabbits or Seriously Injured by Blight or Other Diseases.) To be effective, bridge grafting should be done in the spring before growth starts, though sometimes it can be done after growth starts if dormant scions for the purpose can be secured. Prepare the wound in the tree by cutting away all dead tissue and thoroughly cleansing the injured parts. If possible, sterilize by washing with a solution of bichloride of mercury, copper sulphate, or some other antiseptic. The irregular edges of the bark above the girdled tract or wound should be cut back into an even edge, far enough from the wound to make certain that healthy cambium is under the bark. For the grafting, select scions from wood of the previous season’s growth, either branches which grew the preceding sea- son or water sprouts that are only a year old. The scion should be a little longer than the space which is to be bridged, so they will arch slightly over the central part of the wound. Bevel the scions at each end on the same side of the scion with a long sloping cut so that the wedge-shaped ends thus formed will be relatively thin and permit their being thrust well under the bark without danger of separating it unduly from the cambiumeat the points of insertion. The placing of the scions will be facilitated if the bark at the margins of the wound is slit for a short distance at the points where the ends are to be inserted. Importance of Uniting Cambium.—In placing the scions it is of the greatest importance that the cambium of the scions which is exposed in the sloping cuts at the ends be brought into intimate contact with the cambium that lies under the bark at the margins of the wounded area. The union of scion and tree can occur only where the cambium layers of the two come together. The scions may be secured in their proper positions, if need be, by driving a small nail through each end into the trunk. This will aid in drawing the cambium of scion and trunk closely together. The operation is completed by thoroughly covering the area occupied by the ends of the scions and the margins of the wound with grafting wax, strips of waxed cloth, or by some other means that adequately will prevent these parts from BRIDGE GRAFTING FRUIT TREES. 127 drying out. Some operators cover the entire wound, scions and all, with melted wax. Where the bridged portion is below or near the ground, many operators conserve moisture by cover- ing the grafts with earth. Bridging From the Ground.—Where the wound is so large as to make ordinary bridge grafting impossible, another method of bridging may be used. Two-year-old trees are planted about the base of the injured tree and their tops grafted into its trunk above the girdled space, which has first been cleaned as in the other method. As the tops of the small trees are too large to manipulate readily in the manner described for scions, V- shaped vertical grooves extending through the cambium are cut just above the wounded area in the bark of the tree to be treated. The tops of the small trees are shaped to correspond with these grooves. The two are then accurately fitted to- gether in such a manner as to bring the cambium of one into contact with that of the other. Small nails may be driven through the tops of the trees into the trunk, to hold the parts firmly together. The wounds incident to joining the tops of the small trees to the trunk of the large one should be well covered with wax, to prevent drying out. Sometimes cord is tied around the trunk to aid in holding the tops of the young trees in proper position. INVESTIGATIONS OF TEMPERATURES OF FRUIT IN TRANSIT.—The results of fruit-handling investigations during the past few seasons show that the most important factor in determining the condition of either fruits or vegetables in transit and after arrival on the market is the temperature maintained in refrigerator cars during transportation. All fresh fruit is alive, and the life activities continue with greater or less rapidity until it goes into consumption; the temperatures maintained in transit determine to a great degree both the rate of ripening and the development of fungi and other decay-producing organisms. The investigations during the past season have had mainly in view the improvement of refrigerator-car equipment, especially as regards insulation and facilities for free air circulation. The results of the work thus far have shown that through certain modifications in the ice bunkers, through the use of racks or false floors, and through better insulation, it is entirely practicable to increase the efficiency of refrigeration and to haul larger loads of fruit than formerly and with a lesser ice consumption.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 128 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Perennials for Busy People. MRS. H. B. TILLOTSON, EXCELSIOR. Every home should have a garden—it is needed just as much as the walks and the lawn. Not only will it help the looks of the house, it will contribute to the health and happiness of its inmates. I am going to try and tell you how to have a garden with the least possible expenditure of time and labor. I am go- ing to try and convince you that one-half hour spent in good, honest work in the garden each day, after it is well started in the spring, will give you all the flowers you can use in your home: and have some left for your friends. If we are to have but half an hour each day in our garden, time is the most important thing to consider. The garden then should be near the house, and in sight of the rooms where we spend most of our days, so the flowers may be seen from the windows and studied for future arrangement. If you wish to walk through the garden, or rest in your spare moments, it can be easily reached. (By the way, have a seat in a convenient spot). Select a bright, sunny location, well drained, away from trees, of you can, as trees are greedy feeders and seem to know where there is plenty to eat. Their roots reach out much further than their height. Any soil that will grow corn or potatoes will grow flowers. If some fertilizer is at hand, and you have some one to spread it around, you can grow better flowers, but this is not necessary with the general run of farm soil. To start your garden, have your ground spaded up in the fall if it is possible; early spring will do if you cannot manage before. Plan everything out on paper now, in January. There is really as much pleasure in planning a garden in the winter as in working in it in the summer. Send for catalogues and look all of them over. Such a glorious lot of flowers. You will want them all. Carefully select things that come up every year and need to be planted but once.. Many times you can get flowers from seeds (and save money) just as quickly as from the purchased roots. Order early and be ready when the spring opens. I would advise you to buy roots of the peony, iris, bleeding heart, trollius, dictamnus, or gas plant; lily-of-the-valley; and gypsophila, or baby breath; all fine things to have, but the seeds PERENNIALS FOR BUSY PEOPLE. 129 take from one or two years to germinate and several years be- fore they are in good bloom. Great help may be had in planning a garden from books and magazines. If you happen to take the “Garden Magazine,” mvch knowledge is to be gained through it’s reader’s service department, of which you may take advantage. However the one book that will give the most information is Mabel Cabot Sedgwick’s “Garden Month by Month.” It is a complete dic- View of Mrs. Tillotson’s flower garden from her summer home at Excelsior, Lake Minnetonka. tionary of hardy plants, which tells their color, height, time of bloom, preferred soil and location. You can get it in most libraries, and by renewing it can be kept a month, long enough to give you a good start. There are only three things that I can think of that posi- tively must be planted the year before; these are candidum, or Madonna lilies, and Oriental poppies, which should be planted in August; and the peony, after September 15th. After you have started your seeds early in boxes, pans or a hotbed—if you are fortunate enough to have one—and the little plants are ready to set. out, select a cloudy day for trans- planting if you can find one. If you cannot find one, soak the 130 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. _ little seedlings thoroughly for two days, make them fairly drunk on water, then take them up, put some more water in the hole where they are to go, spread out the roots and firm them in tight. They will grow without spading. I have forgotten how many thousand plants a good smart person can set out in one hour. The following suggestions will save much time and labor: Plant in straight rows, or in groups at regular distances apart, so that when you are cultivating you can take a long pull on the hoe. Have a narrow hoe, four inches wide, a plain blade on one edge and two prongs on the other. With this you can get into all small places. Do not let the weeds get ahead of you, or the ground bake hard. You can cultivate 630 square feet of surface in one-half hour. It sounds big, but I can prove it. Once a week is enough, unless the sun shines out very hot after a rain; then you would have to go over it to keep the ground from baking. Now what kind of flowers shall we plant? Let us take first the early things that establish themselves and live from year to year. First comes the scilla, in blue and white; and the crocus in purple, white and yellow. They make fine borders, increase rapidly and disappear as the summer advances. Arabis, or rock cress, white with its silver grey leaves; and phlox sublata, white or pink, its foliage like green moss, come next and stay after the blossoms are gone. Darwin tulips come in many beautiful colors and will increase for several years. Narcissus poeticus will do the same thing. These are not gone before the iris are in bloom. From the early little purple iris (Pumilla) to the stately and gorgeous Japanese, there is a period of nearly two months of bloom. The German iris are absolutely hardy, come in exquisite colorings, grow almost any place and once planted are good for many years. I can give you the names of a few good ones if you care for them. They are Pladia Del Matica, Madam Chereau, Fairy, Silver King, Her Majesty and H. Darwin. Next is the peony, so well known it needs no description, just as hardy as the iris and just as easy to grow. You can hardly kill it, and it responds quickly to kind treatment. Once estab- lished it is good for ten or fifteen years. With hardy phlox planted between, that particular spot in the garden will be in bloom nearly all summer. Pyrethum, or Paris daisy, blooms in May and comes in all shades of pink to deep red. Columbine, rocket, sweet william, hollyhock, Shasta daisy, delphinium and garden heliotrope are PERENNIALS FOR BUSY PEOPLE. 131 all sturdy growers and will take care of themselves. Coreopsis and gaillardia begin to bloom in June and keep it up until frost. Canterbury bells and foxgloves are biennials, but really deserve a place in your garden just for their beauty. If you start the seeds early in the spring and transplant in June, about half of them will bloom the next summer. This is just as well, because the rest of them will bloom the following year, and the first ones will seed themselves down, thus establishing your suc- cession. Of the late flowers, that is, from August on, there is the dahlia and the gladioli, classed as perennials in some books. The _ Beautiful white peony plant on home place of A. W. Richardson, Howard Lake hardy aster, golden glow, Chinese lantern plant, pyrethrum uli- ginosum, boltonia, platycodon and mallow are all fall flowers Delphiniums wil! bloom the second and third time if cut back each time as soon as the flowers fade. Sometimes you can coax the hardy chrysanthemum to bloom late in September, but it is uncertain, depending entirely on the season. There are some shrubs that deserve a place in the perennial garden, to be used as a background, or to cover up unsightly spots. Among these are the lilac, snowball, mock orange, spirea Van Houttii, hydrangea and the rugosa rose. There are a great many splendid perennials that I have not mentioned, not because they do not deserve a place in the hardy garden, but because I know the ones I have talked about give the best results, for the least expenditure of time and labor. a2 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mandan, N. D., Trial Station in 1916. W. A. PETERSON, SUPT. December 4, 1916.—From a horticultural standpoint the season of 1916 was a rather favorable one, even though the rain- fall up to date is more than an inch below normal. _ There was no late spring frost, and the first fall frost did not appear until September 15, when the temperature went down to 23 degrees Fahrenheit. This sudden drop did considerable A Mandan, N. D., home—the Virginia creeper a success here. damage to poplars from cuttings as they were then still growing. The winter injury that took place at this station during the winter 1915-16 was thoroughly stated in the 1916 mid-summer report from this station. This summer there has been severe injury from poplar beetles, especially to our trees grown from cuttings. This insect infested poplars and willows alike. Some poplars, especially the silverleaf, are practically immune to injury from this insect. During August almost continuous spraying with lead arsenate was done to keep this pest in check. ‘A power sprayer has been purchased, so the work can be done more effectively in good time MANDAN, N. D., TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 133 next year. Ash and boxelder and elm from seed made a fair growth this season. All windbreak combinations as well as all species demon- stration blocks of trees have made an excellent growth, both new and older plantings. All fruit plants, both in permanent plantations, as well as in the nursery, have made excellent growth. An extensive exper- iment with apple grafts, using various stocks, was started this year, and a good stand was secured with the grafts. In the nursery and orchards oats as a cover crop was seeded August Early tomatoes, trained and staked, at Mandan, N. D., Station. first, and this was twelve to fifteen inches tall when killed by frost September 15th. All apples and plums in the orchard were protected in fall with veneer tree protectors and a liberal mulch of old hay and strawy manure. Vegetables again were a very decided success. Especially most excellent results were secured with onions, early tomatoes, egg plants, cucumbers and watermelons.. It is our firm convic- tion that the cost of living on the farm can be materially reduced, and the quality raised, by growing all the vegetables under the best system, and canning and storing them for winter use. All ornamental plants did well. Perennials seem to be especially desirable for this section. The plant-breeding work is being continued and enlarged at a rapid rate. In fact this is rapidly becoming the main work 134 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of this station, and the possibilities along this line are really very gratifying. Some of the more uncommon material collected for this work this year includes the following: 3 bu. of native hazelnuts in this vicinity. 8 bu. native plums. 15 bu. native bullberries. 1 qt. native bullberries from absolutely thornless females. 7 absolutely thornless male bullberries. 17 absolutely thornless female bullberries. 5 white fruited Juneberry, native. 1 pk. native H. B. cranberry. Also liberal amounts of seeds or plants, or both, of black caps, gooseberries, currants, strawberries, choke berries, sand cherries, thornapples and grapes. | Messrs. Peterson and Pfaender, of this station, took an extended trip in September to Ottawa, Arnold Arboretum, Rochester, N. Y., Geneva, N. Y., and other points where large collections of fruits and seeds of Asiatic native species of fruits were collected, especially of pears, apples, plums and thornapples. Arrangements were made for securing extended lists of plant-breeding materials from these various sources. Another trip was made in September to the home of Max Schulz, of New Salem, N. D., to inspect and gather informa- tion on the top-working of apple trees. Mr. Schulz has, as far as we know, the only large collection of successful top-worked trees in North Dakota. He is successfully growing such varie- ties as Delicious, McIntosh, Bismarck, Milwaukee and other, top- budded onto Hibernal trees. On the whole this season has been a very successful one. Complete records are kept on all work done. Failures (of which there are also a good percentage) are recorded as well as suc- cesses. We wish to invite all horticulturists who can do so to visit us. Too CLosE CuTTING A1pS DANDELIONS.—There seems to be a tendency with people who pride themselves in keeping their lawns looking well trimmed to cut the grass too short. This is not a good practice, for two reasons: First the lawn dries up more rapidly when the grass is cut short. Second, when short, it is in the right condition for infection with dandelion and plantain seed. If the roller of the lawn mower is lowered as far as possible, the grass will not be cut so short, will not dry up so fast, and seed that blows in will not come in contact with the ground but will be held up by the grass-blades and will not germinate. A lawn looks as good if not better if not cut so Se ee P. Hopkins, Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo- rado. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF PEDIGREE PLANTS. 185 Comparative Value of Pedigree Plants. PROF. C. B. WALDRON, HORTICULTURIST, AGRI. COLLEGE, N. D. I am not going to talk on pedigree in plants, but I am going te tell something of the work we have been doing relative to try- ing out this term what you have seen in horticultural literature, and especially in advertisements, as to pedigree strawberry plants. I needn’t call any names; some of you people are familiar with the firms. We bought a considerable number of strawberry plants four years ago from nurserymen all over the United States, some that used the term pedigree plants and others that did not. Our soil at Fargo is very uniform, and these were grown in small plats, side by side, and, of course, given identical treatment. They were well known varieties, like the Warfield, Dunlap, Lovett, William Belt, etc. We have been selling the fruit of them, and this year we got a pretty good productive test. We found a very great difference in strains of the same variety. In the Warfield, for instance, we found certain plots that would give us only 42 grams of fruit to the plant, in other plots we found that the plants would average as high as 155 grams to the plant of the same variety. With the Lovett we found a greater difference, from sixteen grams to the plant up to 146 grams, and so on through. With Senator Dunlap we found certain strains running as low as eighty grams to the plant, and from there up to 122. Well, here is the thing we are looking for, to find out if any of these so-called pedigree plants are any better producers than the common plants that we bought from nurserymen that did not advertise the term pedigree. You are familiar, I suppose, with some of the firms in this country that have been using the term ‘“‘pedigree’’ in connection with strawberry plants for quite a number of years. One of these firms that was making the greatest use of it evidently has been doing so without very good authority, because in the case of the Senator Dunlap this par- ticular firm’s plants gave only 81 grams to the plant, while an- other firm which has never made any claims for pedigree plants, their plants gave 122 grams to the plant of the Senator Dunlap, the average through the plot. The Warfield plants from this same firm that has adver- tised pedigree plants so persistently gave forty-two grams to the plant, while another hard-working, honest nurseryman, who 136 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. never made any claims for pedigree plants, supplied plants that gave 155 grams to the plant. So at the present writing the claims that are being made for superiority in these so-called pedigree plants are not founded on facts. When it comes to trying them out, you do not get any such results as they claim for them. Of course, as Professor Beach points out, there is a possibility of bud variation. If it has ever occurred in strawberries I don’t. know of it. There is a possibility in strawberries, but. when a man gets it he will know it. I am not going into the abstract question of pedigree in plants, as I said in the beginning. That has already been dis- cussed some. I discuss it with my students, but 1 want about a month for that subject usually, five lectures a week and four long weeks, before I can get them to get much of a grasp of the abstract theory of pedigree in plants. In the Missouri case, in the work with strawberries, at the beginning of these experiments they started with two plots. The plants of one plot were propagated from six very productive plants which produced nearly four times the fruit of the six plants giving very low production from which the plants in the second plot were propagated. Each year propagation was made by bud or runner selection from the least productive plants of the one plot and the most productive plants of the other. These were planted and started in new plots. This brought the most productive plants in one plot and the least productive in the other. This was continued for fifteen years. They always selected the poorest producing plants from one plot and the best from the other. At the end of fifteen years the same range of variation has continued to exist. You can go into the second plot and get high producing plants and go into the high producing plot (so called) and get poor producing plants. Thus you have no pedigree by selection from bud propagation. . A few minutes ago one of the speakers called attention to the Minnesota 1017 strawberry, that certain plants made runners and others not. There is a difference in the individual plants. Some have the habit of overbearing and others make runners, and that is an individual difference. After five years of careful selection, using the least productive plants in one plot and the highest productive plants in the other, we will have the wide range of variation in plants from the same plot. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF PEDIGREE PLANTS. 137 You might get pedigree plants in two thousand years or something less, you might get a strain that would eliminate the . variation between the individuals, but up to this time it has not come. With apples, not many years ago we had a very skillful horticulturist with us who advised us to get our scions from the best bearing trees. Well, that may be good advice and it may not be. The man who gave the advice was one of the best horticulturists of this country. We all recognize that fact. Whether he was entirely right in this particular is another mat- ter. In Missouri experiments with apples, scions were propa- gated from two different lots. The scions in one lot were taken from a Ben Davis apple tree which had been an exceptionally poor producer. Those from the other lot were taken from a Ben Davis apple tree which produced the largest and best apples. The propagated trees yielded three crops. The report doesn’t say how many trees were originally put in, but I should imagine that a dozen or so trees were grafted from scions in each one of these plots, one all grafted with scions from the poor pro- ducing trees and the other grafted with scions from the good producing trees. These trees had yielded three crops at the time these con- clusions were taken. During this time there was no perceptible difference in size, color, grade or quality of the fruit from these two lots of trees. Impartial observers have been unable to make a distinction as to quality between apples produced in the one lot or the other. The yield from the low-producing parent is slightly less than those from the high-producing parents, but the indications are that there is no more variation between the two lots than there is between individual trees in either plot., Now that is as much as we know of the subject at the pres- ent time. (Applause.) MUSKMELON HANDLING.—Investigations in co-operation with the Bureau of Chemistry were inaugurated in 1916 for the purpose of determining the proper time for picking muskmelons and the best methods of handling the crop. The work in California during 1916 demonstrated the necessity of more careful handling. A large percentage of the deterioration in transit and on the market was traced directly to rough handling in the field and in the packing and loading sheds. When melons are picked before ripening, the deterioration is less than in riper fruit, but a large part of the crop reaches the eastern market in a condition unfit for consumption.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 138 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, Second Congressional District. S. D. RICHARDSON, WINNEBAGO. Apples.—Very heavy in some places, very poor in others. Some places trees failed to blossom. Why in some places they did not bear and in others bore heavily, under the same condi- tions apparently, is something I can neither understand nor give any reason for, only record the fact. Cherries were a failure. Plums.—Fair crop in some places and failure in others. Grapes.—Beta was a good crop but not enough vines planted to amount to much of acrop. What few of other varieties, where they were properly cared for, were a good crop, but they require more care and work than the average person will give them. Blackberries.—Not many raised. In some places where they were covered they were a good crop. Raspberries.—Same as with blackberry, only in some places the canes were badly diseased. Strawberries.—Were a good crop, everbearers especially. There has not been much nursery stock planted, but where it was planted results were good. There has not been much blight reported. In some localities there was some reported after the extreme hot weather of later season. Have grown blighters and non-blighters so close together that the limbs intermingled but never saw blight caused only by two causes—extreme hot weather or injury to the roots of the tree, and have effectually banished blight from the ground by deep tile drainage. Do not know of any spraying being done, only in the vicinity of Mankato, where it was attended with good results. All fruits seem to be going into the winter in good condi- tion, although in some localities the subsoil is quite dry. In some few places apples scabbed badly. The list of fruits recommended by our society are doing well, also the Surprise plum where it has other varieties to fer- tilize it properly. Also the N. W. Greening, Salome, Allen’s Choice, as hardy, long keeping winter apples. GARDEN HELPS Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society Edited by Mrs. E. W. Gou.p, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. Minneapolis. Mr. C. N. Ruedlinger, landscape gardener and city forester, has pre- pared for this society a list of trees, shrubs, vines and flowers that should be planted for fall and winter effect. Each one will add to the attractiveness of the home grounds, either through late flowering, ber- ries, green leaves or colored twigs. These were discussed at length at one of our fall meetings. The list is so valuable that it is printed be- low and will prove helpful to those who make new plantings this spring. PLANTING FOR FALL AND WINTER EFFECT. Shrubs With Attractive Berries—Snowberry, white; Coral berry, or Indian Currant, red all winter; Common Elder, black; Buckthorn, black; Elder Leaved Buckthorn, black; Burning Bush, red and yellow, September; Common and Purple Barberry, purple all winter; Japanese Barberry, bright red all winter. Dogwood, Cornus stol, white; alter, dark blue; alba, blueish white; sericea, blueish white. All colored twigs in September. Thornapple, red; Hydrangea pan.; Sumach. Wild roses: Rosa Blanda, scarlet; Rosa Lucida, red stems and red fruit; Rosa Humilus; Rosa Rubrafolia, scarlet. Rugosa Roses. Arrowwood, Viburnum deutatum, black; Wayfaring Tree, Viburnum lantana, red, turning black; Sheep, or Nanny, Berry, Viburnum lentago, blueish black; H. B. Cranberry, Viburnum opulus, scarlet red, Coton- easter acutif, foliage and berries all winter; Aronia nigra, foliage and berries all winter. Vines. Bittersweet, orange yellow, Wild Grape, Clematis paniculata Akebia, carry green leaves well into winter; Woodbine; Matrimony Vine. All attractive berries. Trees Turning Color. Norway Maple, late green turning yellow; Hard, or Sugar, Maple; Red Oak. Trees with attractive foliage and twigs. Silver Leaved Poplar, Birches, Yellow, or Golden, Willow; Ginnala Maple, foliage bright red; Tartarian Maple, foliage bright red. Trees with attractive fruit. Gleditschia-Locust, seed pods; Gymnoc- ladus, Coffee Tree, seed pods; Catalpa, seed pods; Mountain Ash, seed ods. : Evergreens for City. These will not be killed by the smoke. Koster Blue Spruce, Colorado Blue and Green Spruce, Douglas Spruce, Red Cedar, Creeping Cedar, Mugho Pine. Evergreens for Country. Douglas Spruce, Colorado Blue and Green Spruce, Koster Blue Spruce, Red Cedar, White Spruce, Norway Spruce, White, or Silver, Fir; White Pine, Swiss Pine, Red, or Norway, Pine; Aus- trian Pine, Buell Pine, Hemlock, Arbor Vitae Thuja, Arbor Vitae Pyra- midal Thuja. i Low Evergreens. Mugho Pine, Mountain Pine, Ground Juniper, Sabina uniper. 2 Perennials. Giant Daisies, Hardy Asters, Gaillardia, Boltonia, Lark- spur, Phlox, Helenium, Helianthus, Veronica, Liatris, Japanese Lantern Plant. ROSE SEED. We have been able to secure seed of the rose, Polyantha Multiflora Nana, or Little Midget Rose. It is a tiny, double rose borne in clusters. It blooms the first year from seed but attains a greater perfection the second year. As the seed should be sown in March, it will be given to our members at the meeting of March 9th at the Wilder building, St. Paul. Seed will be sent by mail to those of our members who send the secretary stamped * addressed envelopes. (139 BEE-KEEPER’S COLUMN. Conducted by L. V. France, University Farm, St. Prul. APRIL BEE-KEEPING PROBLEMS IN MINNESOTA. In the preliminary 1916 Beekeeping Survey of Minnesota, conducted by the University, Division of Bee Culture, we find some interesting infor- mation concerning April beekeeping problems in Minnesota. One hundred fifty-seven reports gave information on the particular point of what were the greatest April beekeeping problems. Bad weather, cold, rainy, cloudy, and windy, seemed to be the greatest evil, as 35.7 per cent. of the reports indicated. Twenty-five other reports named conditions that may be directly influenced by bad weather condi- tions, as to build up colonies; to keep them warm; to keep colonies strong, spring dwindling; to guard against sudden temperature changes; cold in April and few plants in bloom until in May; and to keep bees in the hives sunny, cold days. Seven reports considered proper windbreaks a spring problem as typified by this answer; to keep hives out of cold winds by windbreaks; the brood gets cold and queen stops laying. Over half, 56 per cent., of the reports thus accuse bad weather as being the greatest April beekeeping problem. Food and feeding followed next in apparent importance, as 18, or 11.4 per cent., of the reports indicated. Eleven of these reports were classified as “lack of food”; six, ““To keep bees supplied with stores,” and one report, “Bees are O. K. if honey lasts through April.” Robbing is a spring problem of importance. Thirteen reports, 8.2 per cent., gave robbing as their greatest April beekeeping problem. One answer tells its own story. “No April problems if I feed with narrow entrance.” Lack of pollen was of sufficient importance as a spring problem to claim first attention to six reports, 3.8 per cent. This lack of pollen proba- bly is of very much more importance than indicated by these few reports. “No April problems,” is definitely reported by six parties. Miscellaneous interesting important answers follow: When to put on summer stands; queenless colonies; to overhaul the hives; trying to handle bees in cold, damp weather; lack of knowing what to do and experience; no thought to any spring problems; time to care for them; spring dwindling; rush of farm work causes bees to be neglected; because of farm work some die from robbing or starvation—many perish when searching for water; cover the hives to protect brood from chills; keep the hives sheltered—see that bees get water and pollen; ignorance is my chief problem; no problems if fall feeding is adequate; I never face them, turn my back and keep out of the way—I think you have asked a lot of unnecessary questions; short of food, old bees die too soon, cold, rainy weather, dwindling, robbing, starva- we WHAT SHALL I DO IN APRIL? If the bees are all right in the cellar do not take them out until there is plenty of pollen available close by, willow, soft maple, etc. Many bees will be lost hunting for pollen when none is available close by. If the bees demand removal from the cellar before pollen is available, keep the bees (140) BEEKEEPERS’ COLUMN. 141 at home busy carrying in rye flour from a warm nook in the edge of the beeyard until pollen is available. Give the bees combs of pollen if you have any if there is no pollen avail- able outside the hives or the weather is too bad for the bees to get it. At the edge of the beeyard in a warm nook somewhere provide good clean water. Have mercy on the bees! Don’t let them fly far away in the cold for water. Many perish on such trips. Contract entrances so only two or three bees can pass at a time. Examine your bees the first warm day after removal from the cellar, and if they have not food enough to last till May 20th give them at once enough warm sugar syrup or, better, combs of honey saved from last year to last until June’ 1st. Don’t be afraid to give a colony too much food, they won’t dump it out of the hive or waste it. To prevent robbing keep all entrances very small, keep a hive open the shortest length of time possible and don’t spill any sugar syrup or honey outside of any hive anywhere. If robber bees pounce into a hive when it is opened, close it immediately and wait three-quarters of an hour or so before proceeding and let the bees quiet down. If a very weak, worthless colony has begun to be robbed, remove everything from the hive but one comb containing a little honey, contract entrance to one bee space and let the robber bees gradually take it. Usually the little honey will be robbed out and the robbers will be satisfied. If the whole hive being robbed is removed, the robbers may attack in force the next adjacent colony. Protect your bees from cold, bad weather until about May 15th or 20th by wrapping each hive closely with several thicknesses of heavy wrapping or building paper or tar paper, leaving the entrance open of course. The bees are used to the protection afforded by the cellar from the cold and wind. No wonder unprotected colonies in Minnesota in April do not “build up” and an unknown number actually dies. Their “overcoats” are removed, and they are set on their summer stands in that condition, with the larger per cent. of the population made up of already old bees, to withstand sudden extreme temperature changes and the spring winds and storms. This spring, 1917, if you cannot protect all of your colonies, try it out on every other colony in your beeyard. See if it pays in honey returns. Queenless colonies should be united with good colonies by placing above the good colonies with a thickness of newspaper between and protecting the entire two stories with paper. The second story may be removed in about four or five days. Keep the colony protected. In August see that all colonies have laying queens, and the queenless colony problem in the spring will practically disappear. Also see that all colonies in late September have a great abundance of food, either good light colored honey or sugar syrup. Honey is best of course. “A little too much honey in the fall is just right next spring,” is a rulg of a certain successful beekeeper which it would be well to follow in Minnesota. 4 ; A small number of colonies well cared for in the spring will usually — bring more honey returns with less work than a large number with little or no care. ates : April beekeeping problems will probably vanish if good laying queens and proper food is supplied in the fall, the bees are wintered in a good cellar and sufficient protection to May 20th, and possibly a pollen substitute for a few days is provided. Give the “protection” a good trial this spring and see if it pays in honey returns. ; (Part of the “Preliminary Report of the Survey of Minnesota Bee- keeping,” given at the December, 1916, meeting of the Minnesota Bee Keepers’ Association.) By R. S. MackintTos#, Horticultural Specialist, Agricul- tural Extension Diviston, University Farm, St. Paul. JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB. For a number of years the Agricultural Extension Division, co-operat- ing with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has been conducting contest work with boys and girls in Minnesota. Many successful state wide and local contests have been held and much interest aroused among the young people. At many fairs, farmers’ club meetings, and other gatherings, the boys and girls have been given demonstrations in bread making, canning, selecting seed corn, and other interesting and‘ valuable lines of work. Last year there were 10,940 Minnesota boys and girls enrolled in all projects, divided as follows: bread 3,500, corn 2,300, po- tato 1,260, pig 680, and gardening and canning 3,000. When one realizes the number of persons interested in these activities, he must be im- pressed with the magnitude and importance of interesting the young folks in such valuable work. The Minnesota State Horticultural Society has taken a deep interest in the boys and girls who are taking hold of gardening and canning work. One hundred dollars in prizes are offered by this society in 1917, mostly in the form of free trips to the next annual meeting of the society, to aid and stimulate more boys and girls in garden activities. Doubt- less this is the most important work ever undertaken by this society in actively supporting the young folks in horticultural work. In connection with the prizes offered, provision has been made for the organization of the Junior Horticultural Club as one of the af- filiated organizations of the Horticultural Society, membership to con- sist of such of these enrolled in the gardening project maintained by the Agricultural Extension Division of the University of Minnesota, boys and girls who pay the annual fee of fifty cents, through their local or state leader, for membership in the Junior Club. In return, each will receive the monthly magazine, the Minnesota Horticulturist, published by the Horticultural Society, and some seed or plants free. This means that each will receive much more in value than is contributed. Besides the general horticultural articles in the magazine, there will be a special page devoted to timely gardening notes for the members of the Junior Horticultural Club. BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ GARDENING AND CANNING PROJECT— Outline of garden and canning contest: Boys and Girls—Age 10 to 18, inclusive. Project: To grow a garden of a few standard varieties of vegetables and to learn to can and market the products. Size of garden from one square rod to one-tenth of an acre. What the club members must agree to do: 1. Follow carefully all instructions sent, especially those relating to management of club plat, care, marketing, and canning products. 2. Keep an accurate financial account of all items of expense and receipts. Keep a record of interesting points connected with all work. Fill out the regular crop blank, using pen and ink, and send to local leader or state leader before November 1st, 1917. (The local leader must forward all reports received to the state leader by 6 p. m., November 15, 1917). 4. Give a written story, “My Garden Work.” Basis of awards: 1. Quality of products produced.......... 30 2. Quality of products canned ............ 25 3. Cost of growing and canning products.. 25 4,* Story My Garden’ WorkZ7-) eee 20 100 Send enrollment of clubs and names of new members and write for further information to T. A. Erickson, State Leader of Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. (142) SECRETARY’S CORNER JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB.—Your attention is called especially to page 142 of this issue. It will be found very interesting reading—a new field of work opened up in connection with the Society. REporRT FOR 1902 WANTED.—There is a call from the library of the Agricultural College at Amherst, Mass., for a copy of the 1902 report of this society. This is one of the issues of which our supply is entirely ex- hausted. Is there any member of the society who would like to furnish us this volume? Address the secretary. SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER PAGE.—When you do this you will observe that the table of contents is no longer there, but you will find it instead on the inside back cover page. In place of this we have printed on the inside front cover page the material that heretofore has appeared on a pink slip in that vicinity. Dear fellow-member, please give this matter careful attention and let us hear from you promptly. Don’t REMIT BY CHECK.—Are you aware that nearly all checks that are sent in here in payment of memberships, except those on the Twin Cities and Duluth, cost this society from three to ten cents each to collect? You can safely send a dollar bill for this purpose or for three cents secure a postal order, but if you send a check be sure to add to it an amount suffi- cient to cover the cost of collecting. Your banker can tell you how much. REPORTS FRoM No. 1017.—Good reports are coming in from those who are testing the everbearing strawberry seedling, No. 1017, originated at the State Fruit-Breeding Farm. “The 1017 bore an immense lot of fine berries last summer and fall, and it seems impossible to improve on them.”—J. W. Skinner, Beltrami Co. “Of the plants of No. 1017 I got in 1915, three lived through the win- ter. It was very dry here in 1914 and 1915. It shows that 1017 is a hardy plant.”—W. H. Tomalin, Sask. LirE MEMBERS.—There has been considerable number of members added to our life membership roll the current year, in all 21, including those taken at the last annual meeting. Undoubtedly there are others who are considering the matter, and for their information it is stated here that. anyone who has paid $1.00 as an annual fee for the year 1917 who wishes to change to a life membership may do so, and the $1.00 already paid will be credited on the life membership fee, making a further payment of $4.00 sufficient for the first semi-annual payment, or $9.00 if paid in full. Not ENOUGH ANNUAL REPoRTS.—The annual volume of the society, entitled “Trees, Fruits and Flowers of Minnesota,” is limited in its issue to three thousand copies, considerably less than the number of our member- ship, and besides we have to reserve at least three hundred copies for exchanges, public libraries, life members, etc. Fortunately a considerable percentage of the members are not particular about receiving this volume, and it is required that members who do receive it distribute the magazines (143) 144 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . received the year before amongst those who would appreciate them—it not being necessary to keep them as the bound volume contains them all. Under the circumstances then we do not send out the annual volume, except when it is directly asked for. To members in Minneapolis it is never mailed except by personal request, the members calling at the office for them as convenient. WILL You RENEW YOUR MEMBERSHIP ?—Of course we are very desirous that all members of the society for 1916 should renew membership for the year 1917, and experience proves that the larger proportion will. If, how- ever, you have definitely decided that you will not renew, won’t you, please send a card to this office immediately giving us this information so that we may stop sending you our monthly, it being our practice to continue the names of the members of the previous year on the mailing list for the current year until we hear from them to the contrary. Please give this matter prompt atention, either remitting the annual fee or notifying us of your purpose to discontinue membership. OuR HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.—We regret not having any information to give as to progress of the legislation which has been started in our State Legislature for the securing of this building. The matter is in the hands of the committees of the two Hoyses, and since the issue of the February Horticulturist nothing whatever has been done in either committee as far as we are informed. The Executive Board of the society and the Building Committee stand ready to appear before the Legislative Committees in furtherance of this object whenever an opportunity is given to us, which we hope will not be much longer postponed. This does not mean that we consider the situation by any means hopeless. We are entirely confident that the building will be eventually secured, if not at this session of the Legislature, certainly at some other not so very far away, and the chances of its being at the present session we consider most excellent. APPLE SEED AND ROSA RUGOSA SEED.—The society has on hand a con- siderable quantity of apple seed secured from the choicest fruit displayed at the late annual meeting. All of the hardy varieties are included in the mixture. Besides this mixture we have a considerable quantity of seed from the Northwestern Greening apple, which can be furnished separately. The Rosa Rugosa seed on hand was secured from selected bushes of the Rosa Rugosa seedlings growing at the State Fruit-Breeding Farm. Any of this seed will be furnished at ten cents per package and directions for care and planting will be sent with each order filled. There is no more interest- ing pursuit connected with horticulture than growing and bringing to fruitage seedlings of this sort. One never knows whether it is to be the finest fruit ever grown or something of an ordinary character—at least it gives promise of being a hardy tree and especially so if it has never been moved from the place where the seed was planted. Seedling apple trees have a tap root which goes down to perennial moisture. Transplanting such a seedling cuts off this root. Don’t transplant your apple seedlings if it can possibly be avoided. ; “MOYS 0} SUIZOG Spnq JNA oY} JO 1OTOO sy} SV pasn Suroq sf pve] Jo o}VUssSAv pUB INYd[Ns-owLT ‘TAVd ‘LS ‘WHVY ALISHHAING LY NOILVYAdO NI YAAVUdS TANUVEA me ve it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. SO errr TMM LLM LLM MMM MMMM Vol. 45 APRIL, 1917 No. 4 Se eer TTT MMU LLL LLL OM LMM Some Insect Pests of the Orchard. A. G. RUGGLES, ASSOCIATE ENTOMOLOGIST, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. When we see nice fruit and hear people talk on the raising of good fruit, it does seem more or less of a sacrilege to come here and disturb your peace of mind and advocate a war. It Seems a shame that we must talk about such notoriously bad things as insects. These seemingly insignificant little animals, however, are capable of doing and are always present waiting to “do us ill.” It is only when our “fool luck” is with us that we are able to raise good fruit without a fight. It is a fact acknowl- edged by every one who has studied the problem at all that in- sects take a toll from the orchardist and gardener of at least twenty per cent. of his crop every year. Ina neglected orchard in an old fruit growing region, or in an abandoned garden, you have probably all seen the ninety per cent. or even 100 per cent. destruction. It is the man who has the fight Spirit in him who is going to win. It is the offensive army that always has the _ advantage, and to take the offensive we must be prepared. To be prepared one must first recognize the enemy as an enemy, and then must know the kind of ammunition to use, whether it is to be gas, poisons or cultural methods. About 500 species of insects have been recorded as feeding on the apple alone. Fortunately, only a few of these are very injurious. A number of the extremely injurious ones have not yet reached the state, or if here are not numerous enough to do damage, though undoubtedly they will later. Hence the need of preparedness, the only alternative being to quit the business. Knowledge of the enemy, timeliness and thoroughness in spray- ing or cultural methods are the requisites for success. I shall only mention four of our greatest insect pests of the apple and plum, namely: codling worm, plum curculio, scale insects, plant lice. (145) 146 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — The Codling Worm is always with us. East or west, north or south, this is the worst pest of the fruit of the apple tree. Like many other bad pests, it is an imported variety, not a native of America. In working against this insect we literally take the offensive, because the valuable spray is given ten days or two weeks before the insects appear. The worms have a habit of finding the blossom end of the fruit and starting their operations from that end. The moths that lay the eggs fly a week after the blossoms drop, and the larvae hatching from these work their way through the closed bracts of the blossom and begin feeding in the calyx cup. If we should spray at the time these worms are working, our poison would do no good, because we could not reach their feeding grounds. The time to spray is just as the petals have fallen, and while the calyx cup is wide open. The material to use in the spray is arsenate of lead. The Plum Curculio. The damage done by this insect is by the adult. When working on apples they disfigure the fruit, while in plums they produce worms, which feed upon the pulp, causing the fruit to drop. These forms hibernate as adult insects and come out fairly hungry in the spring, when they often eat the opening buds and young leaves. As the fruit begins to form the females begin depositing their eggs in the crescent-shaped marks that you all. have noticed. About the first of August; or about the time the plums begin to show color, adult beetles are seen again. At this time they feed on the fruit, making nice openings for the spores of brown rot:and other diseases to enter. Spraying with arsenate of lead at the time these forms are feed- ing and egg laying will keep the insects in check. Scale Insects. There are three very important scale insects found in Minnesota, the San Jose scale being the most dangerous. This insect has been found in a few places in the state but has not yet secured.a good foothold in any orchard. The Oyster Shell scale and the Scurfy scale have been present here for a num- ber of years, and often we see large trees badly damaged or killed by them. Scale insects are sucking forms of insect life. Besides this they have an armor-like or scale protection. This makes them doubly hard to combat. However, the dormant spray of lime sulphur will control the pests. The action of this material is somewhat different on the different scales. With the San Jose scale, where the insect goes through the winter under the scale, the lime sulphur softens the edge of the scales and along with other chemical actions practically suffocates the insects. The _——— SOME INSECT PESTS OF THE ORCHARD. 147 Scurfy scale and the Oyster Shell scale on the other hand pass the winter as eggs under this armor-like covering. The lime sulphur when applied to these forms seems to loosen the scale from the bark, which allows the wind to blow them off along with tneir numerous eggs. Plant Lice, or Aphides. These forms winter as eggs on the twigs. The little black, shiny specks seen around the buds on the twigs and the lenticels on the bark of the trunk during the dor- mant season are the eggs of these forms. In the spring these hatch and, reproducing very rapidly, are able to do a lot of damage by sucking the nourishment from the growing leaves and the blossom buds. In our experimental work we have found that a nicotine product, called sulphate of nicotine, is an almost perfect plant louse insecticide. It has given much better results than kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap, or any other of the con- tact insecticides. Unfortunately this product cannot be made at home. It is acommercial product, and is put on the market under such trade names as “Black Leaf 40,” “Black Leaf 20,” ‘Nicoti- cide” and “Sulphate of Nicotine.”’ Combination Sprays. It is very fortunate that we do not have to spray for insects and diseases at separate times. Almost | always it is best to make a combination of fungicide and insecti- cide. Lime sulphur used at the summer strength, (1 to 40) isa fungicide. Arsenate of lead, used at the rate of 214 pounds to three pounds of the paste, or 114, to 114 pounds of the powder, in a fifty gallon barrel of liquid, is an excellent insecticide for biting insects. These two can be combined making an excellent spray. If plant lice are present when this spray is to be used one-half a pint of Sulphate of Nicotine can be added to the spray liquid in a fifty-gallon barrel. In a combination of this kind, therefore, we have a material that will kill the disease, a material that will kill the eating insects, and a material that will act on the sucking insects. This is as near the ideal spray as we can hope to get. The number of sprays to use during a season would probably average three. Unless scale insects are present we never recom- mend the use of the dormant spray of lime sulphur. For scab, plum curculio and plant lice this combination spray should be used first as the blossoms begin to show color. The second spray should be given just as the petals have fallen, and the third spray should be given three or four weeks later, or in case of plums just as the fruit begins to show color. 148 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Concentrated Lime Sulphur. This material can be made at home, as has been shown in a number of the past reports in the Horticulturist. It is much simpler to buy it on the market, but in any case the material should be tested before used. The mate- rial sent out by any of the most reliable firms if left uncovered will change its composition more or less. To test one should have what is called a Baume Specific Gravity Scale, or Hydrometer. These can be purchased for $1 or $1.50 from any large drug com- pany, such as Noyes Bros. and Cutler, St. Paul, or Bausch and Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. To get the right amount of dilution, one must have a dilution table such as given in any bulletin or book where lime sulphur is discussed. For instance, if a Baume reading was thirty-two degrees, and you are going to use a dormant spray, you would dilute one part of the liquid with eight parts of water; if you are going to use a Summer spray, you would dilute one part of the lime sulphur with forty parts of water. The following table will show the amount of dilution to use with a reading anywhere from fourteen degrees to thirty- five degrees: ; DILUTIONS FOR DORMANT AND SUMMER SPRAYING WITH LIME SULPHUR. Amount of dilution. Reading on Hydrometer. Number of gallons of water to the gallon of lime sulphur. : For For Degrees Baume. San Jose Scale. Summer spraying Dormant. of apoles. BB nth ahs ats ie te Oh meth aoe TN aa oy age erate Pala Baht det atee gor h wiaitene 431), SOU Wo ee Rone LIL SR Ooh tii 411, Rs Pa ome Sy! 6 Gee Oke uP ee BALE 4 By Puna eee Ys Aare a ts 373), BO Sass ones 1 Re Ha A ye 361), BOL Pat dwt 2G Aa eae eee cm |. 341), BR 4 ao BNE ithe go BI,k ie a 323), Vf SP SOE SPE Ae eee 8 1 PT Sele ea ane Ok: BoA acs cee 291 Deir cee: Wane BO ee 273), 21 i SCRUM ORM aris OR Serta Ads rire fu FAS Ct le Pa ee MATES f Ap Sit! See ene 241), Ce vat ae eat Atha. cna siite ane 223), 71 EM Oars aera B87, ten kit Gee ae 211), 2] See ae SIL. {2 eee 193/, TOG ee eas 31) eee 181, GS PR eee clabela's be. on SCR ne ane ee 1 ny med 8) LG ee ae a ae 28 PA eens 16 16s eee eee ae 2G so PS 15 15; ces eee D1)... i eee 14 SOME INSECT PESTS OF THE ORCHARD. 149 Mr. Kellogg: I wish to ask if the plum curculio does not hatch before any foliage comes out? Prof. Ruggles: The plum curculio winters over in an adult condition. They do not do any damage until the fruit is present, but they do feed a little upon the opening bud and the young leaves, so the only way you could get them is to put the arsenate of lead spray on the leaves and buds, so they will eat it. The dormant spray will not do much good. Mr. Kellogg: Could you kill them better then than after- wards? Prof. Ruggles: Better as the fruit begins to form. Mr. Baldwin: Most of us buy the commercial lime-sulphur. Is there any reason why we should not insist on their giving us the readings of the strength? Prof. Ruggles: Almost all the reliable firms do that. The specific gravity readings are given on the container and tell you what dilution to make, and most of them tell the whole truth. LAWNS.—The proper time to reseed the lawn is a much mooted ques- tion. It is the practice of the writer to get busy as early in August as con- ditions will allow. Constant attention is the price of a good lawn, and one must patch up the bare spots as soon as possible. One of the reasons set forth against August seeding of lawns is that we usually have a spell of dry weather at this time. We can, however, expect rains in early Septem- ber, and by seeding near the end of the month there is not much chance of failure. Last year I seeded a lawn in August, and for several nights thereafter it rained hard. A splendid lawn was the result. Weed growth is practically completed by this period of the year, so one does not find so many weeds in an August sown lawn as is usually the case with spring sown ones. CRANBERRY CULTURE.—‘The proper soil for, the culture of this berry - is a peaty alluvial soil. A peat bog, if not too deep, or any black land on which wild bog cranberries now grow will present a suitable home for the cultivated berry. Beds are sometimes made on an ordinary, very sandy loam, but such soil requires the annual application of commercial fertilizer, which is not required on black soil. Moreover, ordinary soil runs more to »weeds than a peat soil does. A wet soil with the water just below the sur- face should be selected. If land of this character is ditched and drained until the water recedes to within twelve inches of the surface the results will be satisfactory.”—Canadian Horticulturist. Increase the vitality and the fruit-bearing ability of squashes, pumpkins and melons by restricting the vine growth. As a rule the vines tend to spread a great deal more than is necessary. Prevent this spreading by snip- ping off the tip ends of the vines, ogee with a sharp knife, close to, but just beyond a leaf stem. 150 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Montevideo Trial Station in 1916. LYCURGUS R. MOYER, SUPT. Perhaps there is no class of trees more enjoyed by the flat- headed borer than the Hansen hybrid plums. The bark seems to be especially juicy and attractive to them. One must watch the trees continually and dig out the pests, or very soon the trees will be gone. Among the Minnesota plum hybrids, No. 10 is very prom- ising. It ripens early, and in quality seems to be equal to the Surprise. Its fruit is large and fine looking. No. 81 is a much later plum, but it is of good quality too and of fine appearance. Trees of No. 8 and No. 10 have been fiercely attacked by the plum borer as well as have the sand cherry hybrids. One of the puzzles is how to protect these low growing trees from the depredations of the cottontail rabbits. The rabbits are a worse pest than the borers. Ohta appears to be the best of the red raspberries. It is reasonably early, large, of fine quality and a good yielder. It has been laid down and covered every winter, so that we do not know how hardy it is. Minnesota No. 8 raspberry is a late berry ad promises to be valuable; but this year a period of dry, hot weather came on as it was about to mature its crop, and the result was a failure. When Minnesota No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5 raspberries were sent out, they were sent under restriction, no plants to be dis- tributed. The plants were set in the open prairie, but protected _ by a tall hedge of lilac bushes on the west and by a thick growth of pines on the east. The rows became very much matted, the plants crowding each other in the row. They were not laid down, but were drifted under by an early snow and remained deeply covered all winter. They bore no crop. They have now been thinned out, and part of the rows have been covered with earth and part with half rotted straw. If they do not do better next year we Shall discard them. At this writing it does not seem probable that the everbear- ing strawberries will ever be very successful in Southwestern Minnesota. These strawberries ripen at the time of the year when we are very apt to have a drought, and unless the grower has means of watering at hand he is likely to see his crop dry up and perish. That was the case with the crop on Minnesota No. 1017 this year. pA MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION IN 1916. Bsa In 1905 we received from Prof. Green twelve apple trees budded on Pyrus baccata (Malus baccata). No. 1, Hibernal died in 1905. No. 2, Patten’s Greening, is a healthy tree, 19 feet high, with a spread of 12 feet, but the leaves have been somewhat atiected by the cluster-cup fungus. Two juniper trees are dis- tant about thirty feet to the east and two others dbout sixty feet to the west. No. 3, Oldenburg, died in 1905. No. 4, Wealthy, is 20 feet high and has a spread of 12 feet. It shows sunscald about 18 inches long on the south side, and suffers greatly from shot- hole fungus. Two junipers stand about sixty feet to the north- west, and two more about the same distance east. The junipers Winter picture of a splendid evergreen windbreak at the Montevideo Station. were full of the characteristic “apples” last winter, but do not -show any this winter. No. 5, Oldenburg, died in 1905. No. 6, Charlamoff, died in 1907. No. 7, Patten’s Greening, is a very healthy tree, with a height of eighteen feet and a spread of 18 feet. It produced about three bushels of apples last summer. No. 8, Patten’s Greening, is a healthy tree, about as tall as the other, but with not quite so wide a spread. It produced about two bushels of apples last summer. No. 9, Wealthy, became loose about the roots some years ago and had to be staked up. It has since been damaged by rabbits above the wood-veneer protection. It is about twelve feet high and has a spread of four feet. The fruit on the tree did not mature. No. 10, Hibernal, is healthy, with a height of fifteen feet and a spread of sixteen feet. It produced about three bushels of apples. There is a small sun- scald near the ground on the southwest side. No. 11, Hibernal, died in 1905. No. 12, Oldenburg, is about twenty feet high, and has a spread of 12 feet. It produced about a bushel of fine apples, but it has blighted this year all around near the ground and will 152 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. die. This trial, which has now continued for eleven years, seems to show that Patten’s Greening is most congenial on crap-apple stock, and that Hibernal comes next. Wealthy might have done something had it not been for the juniper trees that served as the winter host for the gymnosporangium. The trees all received garden cultivation, but the result does not show the Pyrus baccata stock is better than the root-grafted trees with the common piece-root stock. In the case of the Oldenburg tree the stock seems to have blighted, although there was very little ener in the orchard except on one tree from Ames, marked mG.) re No. 327 Ames is evidently a seedling of the Hibernal. It is equally hardy, bears well, and produces a large, sour, juicy apple, better in quality than the Hibernal, and not so subject to scab. No. Snd. 1, Ames, comes in a week or two later than the Oldenburg, bears a beautiful looking apple, one-fourth larger than the Oldenburg and of much better quality than the Okabena. The trees show a little blight. Since Anisim has come into bearing with us, it has become a favorite eating apple. It is small, but in quality it compares favorably with a Washington Jonathan. In a cool cellar it will keep until January. Opinions differ as to whether our wild high bush cranberry is different from Viburnum opulus of Europe and Asia. The American form of the shrub was called Viburnum americanum by Miller as long ago as 1768. It seems to be absent from the southwestern part of the state, but it was collected by Taylor at Glenwood about thirty years ago. I have seen it growing in the woods on the “Leaf Mountains” in Otter Tail county, where it is a beautiful shrub. It is worthy of cultivation anywhere. In the old volumes of ‘‘Garden and Forest” reports were made about a form of this shrub raised from seed obtained from the moun- tains about Pekin. We presume it was this form that was sent out by Prof. Green some years ago as Viburnum pekinensis. As growing at this station Viburnum pekinensis seems to be a larger and more luxuriant bush than Viburnum opulus. It has larger and longer leaves. When touched with the frosts of autumn its leaves turn to a coppery red. The large cymes of bright red fruit combine well with the leaves and make the plant a striking object. Caragana pygmae is a native of Siberia and Thibet. Coming from a dry, cold climate it is well adapted to our Northwestern prairies. It belongs to the section of the genus having but four leaflets. It is‘a low spreading bush well adapted to foundation planting. It is readily propagated by root sprouts or seeds. Caragana frutex was formerly called Caragana frutescens. It is a slender, upright shrub growing to about half the height of Caragana arborescens. It also has leaves with four approxi- mate leaflets. It makes an attractive screen growing to the height of about six feet. It is native from Southern Russia to China and is hardy at Montevideo. RASPBERRY CULTURE. 153 Raspberry Culture. A. 0. HAWKINS, NURSERYMAN AND FRUIT GROWER, EXCELSIOR. Raspberries may be planted in rows six feet apart and three feet in the row, or they may be planted in rows five feet apart and four feet in the row, so that they may be cultivated both ways. They may be planted either late in the fall or early in the spring. Fall planting is preferable when the ground has been soaked with heavy rains. There is no danger of winter killing when roots freeze up in wet ground. A fall like the one just past (1916) was very injurious to the raspberry plants, as the ground froze up with entirely too little moisture in the soil. Nothing but plants. of one season’s growth should be used, and care should be taken in selecting plants that are free from root knot and crown gall. Before planting the canes should be cut back to within eight or ten inches from the root, so that the vitality of the plant will go into the new growth which comes from the root. Set the plants with the crown about one inch below the surface of the ground and tramp the soil down firmly over the roots. Cultivate shallow once a week until about the middle of September. The best cul- tivator to use is a harrow-tooth cultivator with a sixteen-inch sweep. A sweep wider than sixteen inches is not desirable. As soon as the plants are through fruiting, cut out all the canes that have fruited and burn at once. If this is neglected insects and diseases will sooner or later ruin the plantation. The writer has not found it profitable to keep a raspberry patch more than three years. Planted in new ground they yield the most. Where the soil is not rich it should be made so by applying a heavy coat of manure between the plants as soon as they are planted. One good application will be enough for three years. Fertilizer applied after the first year will have a tendency to bring the feeding roots too near to the surface of the ground and make the canes too soft to stand winter injury. In this state most varie- ties need winter protection. Cover all the canes with earth any time after October fifteenth. The following varieties need winter protection for best results: King, Marlboro, Cuthbert, Columbian, care Queen and all the Black Cap varieties. Varieties that are doing well without winter protection are: Number Four, Idaho and St. Regis. By far the best variety ever fruited by the writer is Number Four. This variety originated 154 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. at the state experimental station at Excelsior, Minn. The bush is perfectly hardy and is a tall, vigorous grower. Fruit is much larger than King or Miller. Color is a light crimson, firm and of good quality. It is a good canning berry, a good shipper and productive. It does not cling to the stem like Loudon and does not drop or crumble like the King. A Member: Will you please repeat the name of the rasp- berry you speak of? Mr. Hawkins: Minnesota No. 4? The President: That is one of Mr. Haralson’s new crea- tions. Any other questions? Mr. Sauter: He said that he covered up the King. We do not cover them. I think they are just as hardy as the No. 4. Mr. Hawkins: I think at two or three years old they are not as hardy. Three years is all I think it is profitable to grow them. Mr. Rasmussen: My experience is different. I think at eight to ten years they would be in their prime. Prof. Dorsey: I might say that up at Bay Lake, Professor —_——_——— has a raspberry bed that has been in sixteen years, and they do not show any inclination to decrease in yield. Fif- teen years ought to be a conservative figure for the yield of a raspberry bed. A Member: How many years have you had the No. 4? Mr. Hawkins: I have only had them three years. Mr. Kellogg: You cover the whole cane? Mr. Hawkins: Yes, sir. A Member: The speaker spoke of the Columbian raspberry as needing cover in this section. For three years my Columbians have produced a cane eight or ten feet high, and no protection whatever except a few trees not far away. They have borne immense ¢rops, so much so I have taken a fancy to the purple caps and ordered some new canes. I would like to know if the Haymarket and the Black Pearl are hardy. I like the purple caps; I find the Columbian hardy. Mr. Hawkins: Don’t they kill back to the snow line? A Member: No. Mr. Hawkins: They generally do with me. Mr. Black: I just want to say that my experiments have all been made down at Independence, Iowa,—this is at least 150 miles south of here—and I found that the Columbian raspberry, unless it is a very mild winter, would kill to the snow line at least two winters out of four. During a mild winter they will stand it, but take an average cold winter, and they kill to the snow line with me down at Independence. Mr. Rasmussen: How about spraying your raspberries? Mr. Hawkins: We have never tried that. ; Mr. Rasmussen: We use two or three sprayings of bor- deau mixture. We think it is more necessary on the raspberries than on anything else. i RASPBERRY CULTURE. 155 Myr. Brackett: I agree with Mr. Hawkins on the No. 4 rasp- berry. It has done so well with me that I have plowed everything else under. Some of the neighbors that have planted it have been greatly pleased. I will venture to say that if you get our No. 4, from the Experiment Station, you will never grow any- thing else. (Applause.) A Member: Another man and I put out two thousand plants of the St. Regis, which had been recommended to us. This fall we didn’t get any fruit. I would like to know the experience of fruit growers this season. Mr. Rasmussen: I think they are the finest bush in the world, but they grow no fruit buds. Mr. Hawkins: We had avery hot spell, and I think that was the reason they didn’t set any fruit buds. A Member: How many crates do you pick an acre, on good land? Mr. Hawkins: On good land it would be about two hundred crates to the acre. The President: You notice that Mr. Hawkins emphasizes good land. Good land goes a long ways when it comes to grow- ing all that kind of fruit. Duluth Trial Station in 1916. W. J. THOMPSON, SUPT. ~ No new work was started. The orchard of apples, plums and cherries selected from the society list for our region, and set out in 1915, was carefully pruned and cultivated through the summer. Good growth was secured. The worst loss in 1915- 1916 winter was observed in the Hibernal and Anisim stock. Experiments in blasting holes for trees gave no noticeable differ- ences in quantity of growth as yet, but it was a great labor saving device. Fully one-half time was saved, besides the rather hard pan type of clay was thoroughly broken. Rutabagas were grown between the trees during the summer. This fall a cover crop of rye was seeded after disking the land thoroughly. It is planned to turn these under for green manure and follow with rutabagas in 1917. LOWERING Costs or Potato PRODUCTION.—Fifty years ago an acre of potatoes yielding 110 bushels required fifty-five hours of man labor. Now an acre yielding 220 bushels requires but thirty-eight hours,—thanks to the potato planter and digger. One man with a good planter can open the rows, distribute the fertilizer, drop the tubers and cover them over an area of three to five acres each day. Planters are now being used in many com- munities and a greater area covered. Best methods of cultivation and fer- tilization assist in reducing the cost per bushel of growing potatoes, at the same time increasing the yields.—Henry G. Bell. \ 156 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | Some Native Shrubs and Their Uses. ERNEST MEYER, ROSE GROWER, MINNEAPOLIS PARK BOARD. Through our woods, especially along the edges, around low places and swamps, along roads and railroad right-of-way, or wherever the trees have been cut down for some reason or other, or the ground is too rough for cultivation, or neglected for other reasons, we find an abundance of native shrubs suitable for the decoration of our home grounds, equal and often superior to the horticultural varieties. Whoever is able to distinguish the different kinds in their dormant state may collect enough of them for his plantings, if time is no object and facilities for transportation are at hand. Otherwise, they may be bought at some of the nurseries; espe- cially the ones that are also catering to landscape work. Of course, one is apt to hear the remark, “I wouldn’t have that in my yard, it grows all over the woods.” A remark that sounds just as much out of place to me as, for instance, “I wouldn’t have such and such an article. Why, it was made right here in town.” The types of all shrubs are native somewhere, and why should we despise the ones that grow all around us more than the ones that come from China or Japan? People who live in the suburbs and in the country, and the farmer who is wise enough to improve his place by the judicious planting of shrubs, trees, vines, evergreens and flowers, be it for the sake of just making his place more beautiful or to add to its future value, or for both reasons, will achieve better results and create a more harmonious effect by using our native shrubs and vines. The nurserymen and landscape architects, laying out big country estates, are making some use of them, but do not always use the full collection, probably because some of them are rather scarce and difficult to procure. This, however, should not excuse our nurserymen from having them, even if they should have to keep their own stock plants to propagate from. By using such shrubs for the planting out of their own yards and buildings, they would give, also, an object lesson to prospective customers. The most common and most widely distributed shrub is the Meadow Rose. It is, at the same time, one of the best all around shrubs. It thrives in either sunny or shady exposure, and in almost pure sand, but, of course, it also responds to good treat- ment. In June and July it is loaded with pink blossoms two to - two and one-half inches in diameter, and later in the season, and Pw a SOME NATIVE SHRUBS AND THEIR USES. 157, even in the winter, adds a touch of color to the landscape with its abundant crop of rose-hips and its red twigs. Another shrub for winter effect is the Red-Twigged {eas wood, found in low and moist places, also helping considerably to brighten up the sombre aspect of our tamarack swamps in the winter time. It adapts itself to any kind of soil if not too dry and is often used for hedges, but there is other material better adapted to this purpose. It is valuable in shrubbery planting and blooms most all summer. Before the last of the flowers have dis- appeared, the white berries already add to its decorativeness. Almost identical, but of a more up- right growth, is Bailey’s Dogwood. More stately and bold in appearance, and of a very distinct habit, is the Alter- nate Leaved Dogwood. Its branches are arranged in irregular whorls, forming — flat, horizontally-spreading tiers, espe- cially noticeable in winter time. It is equally attractive, with its white blos- soms and, later on, with its metallic blue berries. A lower grower, and already, for this particular reason, a valuable shrub, is the Panicled, or Gray, Dogwood, a well shaped shrub, with good, healthy foli- age. It thrives in both sunny and shady positions, is a prolific bloomer and fruit bearer, and its white or bluish-white berries are borne on red stems, form- ing a rather ‘pretty contrast. Further, we have the Silky Dogwood, A branch Sfiand cherry in fruit- with purple branches and dark blue ber- 22¢ # Wonderfully prolific bearer. ries, and the Round, or Big Leaved, Dogwood, with light blue berries on light purplish, brown spotted twigs. The family of the Viburnums furnishes us with a consider- able number of fine shrubs, as, for instance, the well-known High- bush Cranberry, with its pretty white flowers, its brilliant red fruit and its gorgeous fall coloring. 158 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . The Sheepberry, or Nannyberry, and the Black Haw are two similar kinds. The former distinguishes itself by its larger size, larger leaves, and longer pointed end buds, from the latter. They are among the most conspicuous shrubs when in bloom. The shiny leaves take on a beautiful color in the fall, and at the same time the bushes are loaded with bunches of big, bluish-black berries. Flower cluster on native sheepberry (viburnum lentago.) The Withe Rod has flowers and fruit almost like those of the preceding species and is even more useful, being a lower grower. The same is true about the Dockmackie, or Pursh. It grows in abundance wherever it has a chance but is seldom offered in the trade. Less conspicuous for their fall coloring, but more so for their fruit and general appearance, are the Arrowwood, Big Arrow- wood and Hobble-Bush. Our earliest flowering shrub in the spring is the Red-Berried Elder. In fact, it is so early that it suffers from heavy spring =o a SOME NATIVE SHRUBS AND THEIR USES. 159 frosts occasionally, to the detriment of the otherwise profuse crop of red, showy berries, which ripen in June. The Common Elder blooms during the summer and fall months, and its immense bunches of shiny black berries can often be seen, together with late flowers, at the same time and on the same bush. Probably the most conspicuous and popular ornamental shrub when in fruit is the Wahoo, or Burning Bush. In fact, it is so attratcive that it is just as apt to be torn to pieces for its fruit as the Lilac bush for its flowers, by children or by thought- less and ignorant grown-ups. The brilliant hue it attains in the fall is responsible for its name. | The Buffalo Berry also is of a striking appearance with its fine silvery foliage and its numerous small, orange-colored, edible, but rather acid, fruit. So is the Black Alder, Winterberry, or Deciduous Holly, with its load of orange red berries. Their flow- ers are inconspicuous. Among shrubs that are handsome, both when in flower and in fruit, is the Hawthorn, or Thorn Apple, with its abundance of decorative fruit, which is mostly red; but a yellow fruited one is fairly common in this vicinity. The Juneberry, with its snow white blossoms, silvery young foliage and edible fruit, blooms at the same time as some of our small flowering trees, like the Sand Cherry, Choke Cherry, Black Cherry, Pin Cherry and the Wild Plum. The Wild Crab is somewhat later. Two of the best shrubs, comparatively little known, are fie Black Choke Cherry and the Red Choke Cherry. They have very pretty flowers and red or black berries, respectively. Both would be worthy of the name “burning bush,” with regard to their fall coloring. Two summer flowering shrubs are .the white flowering Meadowsweet and the pink flowering Hardhack, the latter being particularly desirable on account of its pink flowers, most of the wild shrubs blooming white. A valuable shrub for general planting is the Prickly Ash, with its graceful shiny leaves and its spicy-smelling decorative seed. It is, next to the above mentioned Hawthorn, one of our best defensive hedge plants. The common Staghorn Sumac, that lights up our country- side as with fire in the fall months, is too well known to need description. 160 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Less known are the Hoptree, or Waferash, with big leathery leaves and curious bunches of seed, the False Indigo with its racemes of blue flowers and finely cut foliage, to be found along our lake shores, and the Button Bush, with its cream white flower buttons and its healthy, shiny leaves. A shrub fairly hardy here, but not native any closer to us than Pennsylvania, is the White Fringe. It is so handsome that High bush cranberry in blossom. I will include it here, and thereby maybe boost its dissemination. Its foliage is broad and heavy, the whole plant closely resembling the Himalayan Lilac. Its flowers resemble wisps of finely cut. pure white paper, and, also, its shiny dark blue fruit is very deco-. rative. Wherever there is room for any undergrowth in the woods, or in a neglected pasture, we find the Hazelnut, probably only conspicuous in its fall coat. The same is true of the Witchhazel,. except that the latter is more interesting on account of its. flowers appearing late in the fall and hanging on long after the: leaves have dropped off, and its seed not ripening until the next. season. SOME NATIVE SHRUBS AND THEIR USES. 161 The Ninebark is a big, wide-spreading shrub with pinkish- white flowers and reddish bunches of seed. It is useful for all kinds of plantings where it may have lots of space to develop. The Western Fly Honeysuckle and the American Bladdernut are two more shrubs that are not as plentiful in the trade as they deserve to be. The shrubs mentioned so far are mostly tall growers, say from four to thirty feet, but the following few may be used where lower ones are needed: The Snowberry; the Indian Currant, or Coral Berry; the Wolfsberry ; the Scrubby Cinquefoil, showing its numerous bright yellow flowers all summer; the Wild Black Currant, and the Wild Gooseberry. The Wild Honeysuckle, with its small yellow flowers, to be found in the densest woods and also in open spaces, reaches a height of from twelve to eighteen inches only. Then, there is the Leadplant, for hot, gravely soil, and, last but not least, the New Jersey Tea, which lights up whole hillsides with its pale lilac-blue flowers. It will thrive anywhere and can stand to be mowed and burnt down every year with impunity. Two shrubs that are really natives of Europe but have escaped cultivation, and are to be found growing wild here, can, on the strength of that, be used in wild plantings; the Common Barberry and the Buckthorn, both of them also making good hedge plants. A few shrubby native vines are the Virginia Creeper; the Bittersweet, with white flowers and a profusion of orange colored berries; the Wild Clematis, or Virginbower; the claucus Honey- suckle, the Catbriar and the Wild Grape. We have here enumerated about fifty kinds of shrubs, a half dozen shrubby vines, and a half dozen small flowering trees, native to this and the surrounding states—to be sure, a goodly number to select from for a small planting and enough varieties for a big one, if they are all used. Now, of course, with this I do not mean that horticultural shrubs or natives of other countries should not be planted. Far from it. They all have their uses, especially on city lawns and in city parks, but what I do mean to say is that shrubs like Hydrangea and Van Houttii Spiraea, planted along a woodland drive, would clash with their surroundings and look hopelessly out of place, while our native shrubs are appropriate anywhere and nowhere out of place. 162 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Hotbeds and Cold Frames Nine Months in the Year. N. A. RASMUSSEN, MARKET GARDENER, OSHKOSH, WIS. I think that yesterday some may have got the impression that I was irrigating and watering for experimental purposes in connection with the University, but if you got that impression I want to change your minds. I am growing strawberries and gardening for profit, and the hot- beds and cold frames I am now going to speak about are part of the business in which I make a living. They are not run for plea- sure, although it is a pleasure to do work of that kind, but pri- marily as a matter of profit. It is the same with the strawberries we spoke of yesterday. I water them -because I noticed that I could get better crops by so do- ing. That is why I irrigate and not for experimental purposes or because I am connected with the University. You have just been speaking about the high price of manure and the cost you are up against. We are paying about a dollar a load for manure besides the hauling, consequently we made N. A. Rasmussen, market gardener and = institute worker. up our minds we couldn’t afford to run hotbeds only two months in the year but had to extend them over a longer period of time in order to pay for the expense and work we are putting on them. We make a practice of run- ning them about nine months in the year. Another thing we had to do was to cut down the amount of manure we used. We used to have the beds on top of the ground entirely ; we didn’t care how much manure it took. We needed the manure for the garden anyway, and we didn’t think the loss was so big, but now we dig down and use pits altogether. We take a common frame and set it on top of the ground and then dig down about a foot, using the dirt we dig up to bank with and protect it so that the wind will shoot over it. We make the frame higher on the north side, thus giving it a slant. We use the manure after it has been forked a : . _s HOTBEDS AND COLD FRAMES NINE MONTHS IN THE YEAR. 163 over, filling within ten or twelve inches of the top, then adding four to six inches of dirt. What we don’t need for plants we sow to radishes at the start, and these radishes will be out of the way at the time our lettuce plants are ready for transplanting. There is more money in growing lettuce than radishes, but we can get a crop of radishes off with no extra expense other than the seed. We follow the lettuce with tomato plants, and practically all our muskmelons and cucumbers are started in the cold frames or hotbeds. We call them cold frames after we have taken out a crop of radishes and lettuce. They are all hotbeds to begin with. We take out the cucumbers and melons about the last days of May or the first of June—it may be about the 4th or 5th of June if the weather isn’t favorable for planting before that time. We then start with celery. All our celery plants are grown in the south part of the bed. We sow a row crosswise along the south side because we get a better stand of celery. At the time our cucumbers and melons are out our celery plants are ready to transplant. We put them about six to eight inches apart in the cold frames. We reserve one or two beds for head lettuce, as our trade demands some of this the entire summer. All we need to do with this celery after it is planted is to cultivate once or twice and water very frequently. We use a hoe with an extra long handle so we can stand up straight and not have to bend over. We cultivate it once or twice. All we need then is to water it. It takes a large amount of water but not as much as though it were out in the field. A Member: How do you prevent rust? | Mr. Rasmussen: We haven’t had as much rust in the frames as out in the field—or blight either. We take this pre- caution, we spray. We spray practically everything we grow, and every time we use bordeaux mixture for anything else we soak the celery, give it a good spraying, making the spray a little bit strong with blue vitriol. A Member: How many dozen of celery plants do you put in a sash? Mr. Rasmussen: Seven rows, four by nine, I think is what we get in a three by six sash. It depends somewhat on circum- stances. The earlier ones we plant a little closer. We put an extra row in this season. There isn’t much competition, and the trade will stand for that size of stock. A little later when celery is more plentiful we start out with one plant less, and we start with six rows. You have got to regulate that entirely by what your trade wants. A Member: That will be six rows and six inches apart in each row? 164 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Rasmussen: I think we start the earlier ones with seven rows, the very first, and then drop down to six, and for real fancy we drop to five. A Member: What variety do you raise? Mr. Rasmussen: We grow mostly the White Plume and some of the Golden Self Blanching. After taking out the crop of lettuce we spade up the entire manure with the dirt, so it is about three-fourths manure and one-fourth dirt. A Member: How long before celery is ready to cut after transplanting the last time? Mr. Rasmussen: I think we get our first cuttings about the 1st of September. Well, some of it is earlier than that, say about the 20th of August. We sometimes hurry it along. If some of it is getting too large we let it go but try to hold it back A Celery growing in Mr. Rasmussen’s hotbeds and cold frames. as much as we can without injury. We sort our plants as we go along, using the first sash for the larger plants so as not to have them come on at the same time; we spread them over a period of time. One great advantage is that your celery is absolutely free from dirt grown in this way. A Member: Doesn’t your celery grow spindling when grown under cover? Mr. Rasmussen: No, sir, we never cover it at all. When grown in this rich manure condition it is very easy to control the moisture. I think that is where you get away from the blight. A Member: About how deep is your hotbed where the cel- ery grows? Mr. Rasmussen: Our frames are twelve inches on the south side and eighteen inches on the north side. A Member: Then you spoke of digging out. Mr. Rasmussen: Then we dig out about a foot. The frame is set flat on the ground and we dig out about a foot of dirt for the first sash we start for lettuce plants and tomatoes. We start probably the last of February. We have it more shallow after that. ; 4 oe HOTBEDS AND COLD FRAMES NINE MONTHS IN THE YEAR. 165 , A Member: In wet seasons don’t your beds get too wet? Mr. Rasmussen: No, sir, we are careful about the drainage and don’t let the water settle on the plants. A Member: What is your subsoil? Mr. Rasmussen: A very heavy clay right where the beds are. There is gravel underneath, which makes a good under drain. A Member: How about shade in these deep beds? Mr. Rasmussen: They are really not deep. In the first place we bring the manure up within twelve inches of the glass. We let the bed slant a little bit with the slant of the glass and then we have about four to six inches of dirt. A Member: Do you use the closed sash for the celery? Mr. Rasmussen: Not very often. We do at first planting, of course, when we first set them, use the cloth sash. We have canvas sash we can handle easier, and we use them until the plants are well established and form their own shade. A Member: How far apart do you transplant them? Mr. Rasmussen: The first planting we hold about an inch and then reset from four to eight inches apart, according to the size of the stalk we want to get. We will follow the celery with radishes, which will come on about Thanksgiving. A Member: Do you practice shearing the celery plants if they get too spindling? Mr. Rasmussen: Not at any time, except when we are transplanting we cut them off sometimes. A Member: Do you cut the roots as well as the tops? Mr. Rasmussen: No, sir, we never do. I think they get — broken off a good deal with the dirt. We do that sometimes without thinking of it, but we do not make a business of it. A Member: What do you shade your plants with? Mr. Rasmussen: If we use glass we put on a solution of air slaked lime but as a rule we use the canvas because they are lighter to handle; we use them all the time we are transplanting. A Member: Wouldn’t it be better for you to build concrete frames? Mr. Rasmussen: I suppose we will have to come to it. I like the boards because they seem to hold off the cold more than the concrete would, but we will have to come to concrete. A Member: Isn’t it expensive to have to remove that manure before you put down new beds? Mr. Rasmussen: We run our beds east and west in long rows, and we have room for a horse and wagon to go through. We had to get away from hand work. A Member: Your land isn’t as high as ours. Mr. Rasmussen: You have to have space enough to pull your sash back and forth sometimes? A Member: Yes. Mr. Rasmussen: I think labor is getting as high priced as land. A Member: Do you ever take up your hotbeds? 166 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Rasmussen: Never take them up until they rot and we have to replace them. In the first place they were an eyesore, I didn’t like the looks of them. But I found out I could use them longer, I found they paid for the labor. A Member: Does celery grow tender after a frost? Mr. Rasmussen: I don’t know, we don’t want the frost to catch it. A Member: I generally let a couple of sharp frosts go by before I pick mine, and the tops will drop down. Mr. Rasmussen: We are growing for the market, and they wouldn’t want it in that condition. I don’t think it is necessary to let it freeze. A Member: How do you store your celery? Mr. Rasmussen: We don’t store any, for this reason. I never saw the time but what it would bring as much money in the fall as it would in the winter, at least, there is not enough difference to make up the loss. A Member: Too much extra labor and too much waste > when you store it? Mr. Rasmussen: We can’t afford to store it. Mr. Baldwin: Iam very much in favor of cement frames. I have them entirely on my place and have had them for years, and I wouldn’t trade my frames for all the boards there are in the lumber yards of Minneapolis. I think anyone that would put them in would never go back to the wood frames. With the aid of shutters I can use mine all the year around. Mr. Rasmussen: Do you not have trouble with the water running down and freezing? Mr. Baldwin: I don’t have any trouble with that at all. A Member: Is celery more profitable than cucumbers? Mr. Rasmussen: I think it is. Mr. Baldwin: It depends on where you are. if you have got to pump water from a well 80 or 100 feet deep it will make some difference. Mr. Rasmussen: My well is 240 feet deep; it is ninety feet down to water. I pump with a gasoline engine to an elevated tank. A Member: Do you have any idea how much water you use? Mr. Rasmussen: No, but I know it doesn’t take much gaso- line to run a horse and a half pump, and it doesn’t take any more water to grow celery in hotbeds, don’t think as much, as it does out in the open. We can’t get good celery without watering out- side. I think water is the cheapest plant food we have, even if we have to pump it from a deep well. A Member: Do you find it necessary to shade your lettuce with burlap shades practically all the time? Mr. Rasmussen: No. Of course, the head lettuce when we are growing it in July needs considerable shading, especially after a heavy rain when the sun comes out strong. We shade it, or it will start rotting. THE NEED OF FRUIT-BREEDING. 167 The Need of Fruit-Breeding. PROF. S. A. BEACH, HORTICULTURIST, AMES, IOWA. The late James J. Hill, some years ago, put out a statement rezarding the prospective development of this country and the significance of land ownership, in which he included an estimate as to the increase in population in continental United States. It is a statement which I have often thought of and often quoted. Mr. Hill was a brainy, clear sighted man, and one who could see and appreciate things of fundamental importance. This state- ment regarding the prospective increase of population in conti- nental United States was made some years ago. The fact that up to this date the prophecy has been fulfilled gives us all the more confidence in the reliability of this estimate for the future. The time set in this statement for the United States to pass the 100,000,000 mark was 1915. We actually passed the 100,000,000 mark in 1915. This estimate included the statement that by 1950 we should have 200,000,000 people in the United States. Inevitably along with this increase in population is to go a corresponding increase in land values. Land and hunger is to increase. As we have frequently said in discussing this matter, it is important that we do not forget that while there is a crop of babies every year there is only one crop of land. The time has gone by when men can go out west and get good cheap land with. - which to compete with the farmers of this region. A generation or more ago the pioneers came in here to take up cheap land. Where do their sons go to get cheap land? They go into the arid or semi-arid regions to the westward, or they go away off into the Canadian Northwest. But even in the Canadian Northwest they have to pay a much higher price for land than the Minne- sota pioneers paid when they came into this state. The day of cheap land has gone by. In meeting these conditions which we are beginning to face, and which our children must face, it is important that we provide for ourselves and put into the hands of our children the very best possible agricultural materials, so that we and they may be better able to succeed in the inevitable struggle which must be made with the rest of the world in order ‘to maintain the type of civilization which we wish America to stand for. We must more and more, I believe, meet strong competition as means of transportation are developed, new channels of trade are established and closer contact is made with all the world. 168 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~ Experiment orchard grounds at Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa. We must compete more and more with the six-cent a day labor of India and the very cheap labor of those other countries where it does not cost as much to live and to maintain churches and schools and all that goes with our type of civilization, as it does here in America. And while we are making progress in farm manage- ment, in the development of farm machinery, in an un- derstanding of the rotation of crops in a scientific way, in the use of fertilizers eco- nomically, we must also have, if we are to win this battle, the very best plant materials that _ scientific plant breeding can give us. We cannot afford to follow a hit or miss policy hoping to stumble upon the im- proved varieties of plants that are needed. On the contrary, we must go at it in the same scientific way in which Germany and the other countries have gone at the matter of preparing for this terrible conflict which is going on in Eu-. rope. We have another kind of conflict on. We must win. To win we must pre- pare for it by systematical- ly planning to put into our hands and into the hands of our children the very —_ i tes ee THE NEED OF FRUIT-BREEDING. 169 best plant material with which to produce the crops of grain, fruit and vegetables which are to maintain our agriculture and all of those other things which rest upon the foundation of our agriculture. To be of greatest benefit to this region, the work must be done in this region. One matter of importance, as I see it, and one reason why the work which you are doing is significant, is this: that the plant materials and particularly the fruit materials which you need to use here must be largely developed here; or if they are brought in from other regions they must be thoroughly tested here, for the purpose of showing to what extent they are adapted to this environment. Many varieties which are valuable and excellent in other countries or in other parts of this country can- not do well under our climatic conditions. Our best fruits in the future will be originated here. Illustrating this point I wish to call your attention to the apple list for Minnesota and adjoining territory. I took the trouble just a few weeks ago to send out some circular letters of inquiry in the Mississippi Valley. I started out with the idea of including the territory from Lake Michigan to the Missouri River, but I -didn’t get the responses from Wisconsin that I desired. However, the responses which I did get represent, I think, pretty well the territory from Dubuque, Iowa, up the river to Minneapolis and then westward to the Missouri River. I took a few representative nurserymen in that region and asked them to give me a list of the kinds of trees that they have been propagating for the past five years, which in a general way, I take it, means the kind that people here are planting most. Possibly some of the kinds which show up now.in small numbers may later develop to greater importance. Doubtless newer kinds have not yet come to their full recognition. Imagine, if you can, the apple trees in this entire region which have been planted during the last five years combined into one orchard a thousand miles long. The reports from these nurserymen as to what they have been propagating indicate that in this thousand miles of apple orchard the varieties would stand about as follows: 220 miles of Wealthy; 118 miles, Duchess of Oldenburg; 117 miles, Northwestern Greening; 93 miles, Patten Greening; 69 miles, Hibernal; 40 miles, Okabena; 39 miles, Malinda; 35 170 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. miles, Anisim; 26 miles, Yellow Transparent; 22 miles, Long- field; 21 miles, Iowa Beauty; 20 miles, Jewell Winter; 19 miles, McIntosh; 19 miles, Wolf River; 142 miles other scattering varieties in smaller numbers. Total, 1,000 miles. Examine the above list as to the origin of the varieties named. With practically but one exception they have either originated in the region extending from Lake Michigan west- ward to the Missouri River, or they are Russians. First on the list is Wealthy, which I believe to be a cross between some red Siberian crab apple and the Rambo. Look at its basin and note the resemblance in color markings and in form to the Rambo. I suggest that Mr. Elmer Reeves, who is here, be asked to make a statement of what he knows about the real origin of the Wealthy that you may place it on record in the report of this society as a correction of the old statement that it was grown from seed brought from Maine. At any rate, whatever its parentage, the Wealthy originated from seed sown by Peter M. Gideon at his home in Excelsior, near Minneapolis. Northwestern Greening, the next on the list, originated in Waupaca county, Wisconsin. Patten Greening, the next, is from Duchess of Oldenburg and originated at Charles City, Iowa, by Mr. C. G. Patten, whom I am glad to see here with us today. Hibernal is a Russian. Okabena originated here in Minnesota from seed of Duchess of Oldenburg. Malinda was brought as a little seedling tree from northern Vermont to Minnesota, where it was first introduced into culti- vation. Anisim is a Russian, as also are the next two on the list, Yellow Transparent and Longfield. Iowa Beauty originated with Mr. C. G. Patten, in northern Iowa. What is its parentage, Mr. Patten? Mr. Charles G. Patten: The Golden Russet. Mr. Beach: Jewell Winter originated in north central Iowa; McIntosh originated in Canada. Wolf River should be classed with the Russians; it originated in Wisconsin. Evidently it is a seedling of the Russian apple Alexander. Out of this list of fourteen best apples for this region, five were imported from Russia and the others, excepting McIntosh, were developed here, and most of them have the blood of Siberian THE NEED OF FRUIT-BREEDING. 171 crabs or Russian apples, if apples can be said to have blood lines of descent. The point I am trying to make is that of all the varieties which we now have those which are best for Minnesota are kinds which either have been introduced from Russia or which have been developed here, and the best of them have been developed here. We must do right here the fruit-breeding work which is to benefit us. We must develop our improved varieties here, out of the plant materials already here and any others which we can gather through the help of Professor Hansen and such other explorers from any part of the earth where good and useful plant material may be found. It is on this improved material that we are to build our most successful horticulture in the future. How is this to be done? Methods of Improving Plants.—The lines along which plant breeding can be developed are indicated by the methods used in propagating plants. We know that propagation of plants is either by sexual or by asexual methods. Take the apple for illustration. We have propagation from seed. This may repre- sent either one or two parent varieties. Then there is propa- gation by means of budding or grafting, which signifies the per- petuation of that particular variety by division into separate parts; it is simply a continuation of the original individual from which the buds or scions were taken. And so, although apple varieties do not come true from seed, we may multiply the trees of any variety indefinitely by propagating its buds or cions. Again we have the development of new types from seed as the result of hybridizing, i. e., crossing the parents to produce the seed. Very seldom do we have—but we may have—the origination of new varieties asexually as graft hybrids. In other words, there is such a thing as a graft hybrid, although just what its nature is botanists have not decided. Finally, we may have a new variety originating as a sport. For example: I have in mind a Concord grape vine on one side of which came out a branch which bore fruit almost twice as big as the ordinary Concord, a giant Concord, so to speak. When the giant Concord clusters were self-fertilized and the seed prop- agated it gave us a distinct line of seedlings as compared with the seedlings grown from the normal type of Concord produced by the other side of the same vine. Here was a new variety that LiZ MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | originated as a bud sport. It came originally from a bud on one side of that Concord vine which grew into the cane that bore the giant Concord fruit. Something had so fundamentally changed the nature of that original bud as to affect not only it, and the cane which grew from it, but also the seed which the giant Con- cord produced. Not only may we have the development of new varieties as bud sports, they may come also as seed sports. For example: we may get a smooth skinned peach, which we call the nectarine, originating from the pit of a peach. This is a case of a sport originating from the seed. Finally we may have new varieties originating as selected strains, either from seed selection or bud selection. By a long process of gradual selection and change a new variety may be developed in this way. For example, some lettuce growers of Rochester, New York, starting with Henderson’s Gold Ball let- tuce, after many years produced a selected strain which was somewhat different from the original type with which they started. Through a series of generations extending for. over twenty years they developed a lettuce gradually -by selection towards the type which they wanted. At the end of that time they had a variety which was distinct enough from the old Hen- derson Gold Ball so you could properly call it a distinct strain. So, also we may develop selected strains asexually, as for example, strains of violets, Madam Salleroi geraniums or, per- haps, of potatoes, or of other plants which are propagated by division of parts. Selecting the propagating material, buds or scions or cuttings, or whatever it may be, through a succession of asexual generations, we may thus sometimes succeed in de- veloping something different from the original type, which may be called an improved strain. The Work Should Have State Aid.—We must study scien- tifically these processes of reproduction and origination of im- proved types in order to make the greatest progress. The work which men like Mr. Patten is doing is a splendid type of work. It is the kind of work that ought to be perpetuated. Mr. Patten has but the life of an ordinary man in which to do his work; the state is perpetual; it will live on year after year, generation after generation. We expect that centuries from now the people of Minnesota will be growing apples and grapes and other good things here in this region long after we and our children’s chil- dren have passed away and have been forgotten. It certainly ee ee ee a ee = THE NEED OF FRUIT-BREEDING. 173 is the wisest kind of statesmanship to provide most liberally for the support of this kind of work by the state, on land owned by the state and by state employed specialists who have had the best training, thorough experience and thorough scientific study that they can receive. The splendid work of individual effort has accomplished much—these remarks are in no sense to be construed as a disparagement of such work—but the state can perpetuate the effort in a way the individual cannot do. In this rather rambling discussion I have tried to show these things: 1. The need of fruit-breeding work for Minnesota and for this whole region from Lake Michigan westward into the semi- arid districts of this great central plain. 2. The greatest advance in securing new and improved plants for this region must come through work done in this region. In order to get the “survival of the fittest’? the plants must be developed and tested under the climatic conditions which exist here. 3. Scientific methods must be followed systematically and _ persistently in order to achieve the highest degree of success in -fruit-breeding for Minnesota. 4. In addition to the work of individuals and horticultural . organizations, state aid is needed to secure most efficient prog- ress and permanent success. I wish in closing to commend most heartily the fruit-breed- ing work which Minnesota is doing, a work which, I believe, - has been accomplished largely on the initiative and by the sup- port of this splendid society. The society is doing a good thing for this state and the adjoining regions in helping to put fruit- breeding work upon a sound and permanent foundation, estab- lishing and supporting it so that it may make most permanent and most efficient contributions to the progress of horticulture in this splendid agricultural region. Mr. G. C. Hawkins: I would like to ask, what is this theory in regard to sports. I am in floral work. We have a bed of yellow and brown gaillardia, and out of this I have a sport, one plant that is pink and white, distinctly pink and white, from the ee brown and yellow. I would like to know your theory about is. Mr. S. A. Beach: I may say that we have more than one kind of sports. That is to say, we have a sport which may affect Simply what we call the body of the plant, so that it shows in- creased growth or different color or shape or size, or something of that kind. Is that change to be permanent or not? We don’t 174 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~ know. We put it to the test. We propagate it. If it holds true under sexual propagation then we call it a mutation, that is the scientific word for a permanent sport. Whether what you have is an ordinary sport affecting the body of the plant only or whether it is a more deep-seated change which will affect the sexual reproduction and can be reproduced from seed, in other words, whether it is a mutation or not, can be told only from the subsequent history of its pure bred seedlings. What it is that causes that mutation we do not know. For instance: there has been some scientific work done along that line by Dr. MacDougall of the Carnegie Desert Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona. Dr. Mac- Dougall injected some weak solutions of certain chemicals into the seed cavities of certain plants, at the time when the ovules were being fertilized from the pollen tubes. The result was that he got some mutations. He got certain changes, and those changes perpetuated themselves by seed. However, he couldn’t tell beforehand what changes he was going to get. All he knows is that he did, by putting in certain disturbing factors, cause changes to occur in the seed and in the plants grown from such seed. Just what it is that has acted as a disturbing factor in changing the colors of these flowers you mention we don’t know. Mr. Arrowood: We had a hollyhock that grew up so high (indicating) and the center was of a light yellow. All the sprouts around it from the ground up bore black flowers. There were ten of them, and every one had black flowers and the center was yellow. If you can explain that I would like you to. Mr. S. A. Beach: That is of the same nature as where you find a certain branch coming out from a peach tree, growing out of a bud, of course, in which a change has taken place in the bud. As that branch comes out and bears fruit you may find that it bears nectarines, and the other branches bear the ordinary peaches. In other words, what you have there is a bud sport. We can’t tell what caused it. Mr. Arrowood: If we save seed from this plant next year, will it produce the same thing or will they be different? Mr. S. A. Beach: That can be determined by testing. Care must be taken to make the test sure. You must be sure that the flower is protected from any outside pollen. In other words, it must be self-fertilized. Then plant the seed, and it may repro- duce this new type. If it does, you have what we call a muta- tion. The only way I know of to determine that is by actual trial. : Mr. Kellogg: I wish to object to the Wolf River being called a Russian. There may be a little Alexander blood in it, but it has more of the Wisconsin blood in it than Russian. (Applause). Mr. S. A. Beach: I stand corrected, but it establishes a point I wish to make, that the variety was developed in this region. F Professor N. E. Hansen: It is a seedling of the Alexander, which was named after Emperor Alexander of Russia. GRAND RAPIDS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 175 Grand Rapids Trial Station in 1916. OTTO I. BERGH, SUPT. The variety test of bush and tree fruits at this station has been enlarged considerably the past year. The plantings were made the latter part of May, as soon as the frost had gone out of the ground sufficiently. The cool and wet weather through June was exceedingly favorable for starting a new plantation, and the new stock made an exceptionally good growth and is going into the coming winter in fine condition. A very low TT Residence of superintendent at Grand Rapids Trial Station. percentage of the new plantations died during the summer where the stock was received in good order. -The new plantations include the following fruits: Grapes.—Campbell’s Early, Alpha, Hungarian, Dakota, Suelter and Worden’s Early. All of these made fair growth, and in the case of Campbell’s Early there were vines producing © as many as four bunches of fruit. Raspberries.—Herbert, Minn. 30, Minn. 31, Shipper’s Pride, Golden Queen, Marlboro, Worthy, Shaffer, King, St. Regis, Cuth- bert, Miller, Minnetonka Ironclad, Sunbeam, Gregg and Colum- bian. All of the above varieties made a very good growth and produced considerable fruit during August and early September. Blackberries.—Wilson Early, Snyder, Stone Hardy, Eldo- rado, Early Harvest, Blower, Watt, Erie, Iceberg, Ward, Mer- sereau, Kittatining and Ancient Britain. The most of these 176 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. varieties made exceptionally sturdy growths, some vines exceed- ing six feet in length, a few of which produced ripe fruit. Dewberries.—Premo, Lucretia and Austin, all of which made a good growth and bore some fruit, which ripened the latter part of August. Gooseberries.—Red Jacket, Champion, Downing, Houghton, Keepsake, Portage and Josselyn. Compared with other bush fruits the gooseberries made the least growth; however, in a few in- stances fruit was pro- duced. The berries were of exceptionally large size. Currants. — Victoria, North Star, Lee Prolific, White Grape, Red Dutch, Long Bunch _ Holland, Wilder and Black Cham- pion. In most cases these made satisfactory growth. Strawberries.—A few plants of the following strawberries were in- cluded in our variety test Spring in the air at Grand Rapids Trial Station. this year: Bederwood, Brandywine, Chesapeake, Clyde, Enhance, Enormous, Early Ozark, Haverland, Lovett, Senator Dunlap, Marshall, Sample, Wm. Belt, Wolverton and Warfield. This stock was in poor con- dition when planted; however, where the stock was in good con- dition the results were very encouraging. Tree Fruits.—A new orchard of tree fruits was set out this year in a more exposed location, which will afford better soil and - air drainage than there was in the location of the old orchard. The new orchard is located on a hill west of the station buildings. This change was made in order to safeguard the new plantation against blight and other diseases which have almost destroyed the old orchard. The soil condition in the old orchard is also very poor in that there is considerable seepage from the hillside where it is located, which we believe is the main cause of a lack of success in the past in growing tree fruits at this station. GRAND RAPIDS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 177 The new orchard includes the following fruits: Plums. No. in Condition at begin- No. poor condition ning of winter. Variety. trees. when planted. Weak. Dead. Semeresota ............ 12 0 0 0 ne ae 12 5 1 2 MIR os ew ¥en ees 12 i) 3 2 Me ak ew 12 2 0 0 i 12 0 0 0 ess oa 12 0 0 0 Se 12 0 0 0 RN oven le 5 Gu wl. 5 ore 12 0 0 1 Wachampa ...... Se ae Aes 0 0 0 EAE cS sc ewes 12 4 iP if Brrprise .. 02.0... 5 1 0 0 MIME ue 13 1 0 2 PE et 12 0 2 0 MIA ice S es Shei ee o's 11 1 0 1 ee 12 0 0 0 ee ae 13 5 1 2 WWIRECSSA on... se eee a 4 | a; Compass Cherry...... 12 0 0 0 Apples. ete ee oe ke es 13 0 1 1 ch 12, 4 0 0 Jewell Winter ....... Le 0 2 0 Pera). ls were ee 10 0 0 0 Meee i Slee 12 6 ih 0 iianiameil ........... 14 4 0 0 Meerous .. .... 2. Ge. 13 5 0 0 Pam avid ........ 2. 12 6 1 3 Crab Apples. i 12 0 0 1 Early Strawberry .... 12 4 0 2 Sweet Russet ........ 12 t ) 0 University Seedling Apples. Minnesota.—No. 36, 1 tree; No. 100, 1 tree; No. 79, 1 tree; No. A-1, 1 tree; No. 81, 1 tree; No. 269, 1 tree; No. 104, 1 tree; No. 82, 1 tree; No. 20, 1 tree; No. 20-G, 1 tree; No. ?, 4 trees; No. 132, 1 tree; No. 272, 1. tree; No. 135, 1 tree; Malinda, No. 29, 2 trees; No. 3, 2 trees; No. 38, 2 trees; No. 12, 1 tree; No. 32, 1 tree; No. 7, 1 tree; No. 12, 1 tree; No. 35, 1 tree; No. 17, 1 tree; No. 18, 1 tree; No. 13, 1 tree; Gilbert Winesap, 1 tree. The total number of trees planted was 369, of which fifty- nine were in poor condition when planted, either from dry roots, dry tops or both. Three hundred and fifty lived throughout the season, twenty-one made a weak growth, and nineteen died dur- ing the summer, leaving 329 out of 369 trees to go into the winter in good condition. 178 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Paynesville Trial Station in 1916. FRANK BROWN, SUPT. I am much afraid that this report will not be as optimistic as some of the preceding reports have been, as fruit was so nearly a failure in central Minnesota. One thing has been again demonstrated to the people of this section, and that is, we cannot grow apples without spraying, that is, no apples fit for market. Top-worked trees bore more fruit and better fruit than the trees handled in the ordinary way, a dollars and cents demon- stration that it pays to top-work, at least a part of the trees in the home orchard. Plums, except a few varieties, were a total failure; the Han- sen hybrids were beautiful, especially the Opata and Sapa, and the quality of course was excellent. Of the plum trees sent here from the Central Station, were two trees of No. 12 that this year bore for the first time. The fruit was of the very best and the trees heavily loaded. We shall watch these trees very carefully in their future development. We might add that they are very thrifty. No. 21 also bore some very fine specimens of fruit, with a very decided apricot flavor, but so far it has been a tardy bearer with us. Of the raspberries sent to this station, No. 4 has won the way to the front rank. It is a large berry, very firm, making it good for shipping. It separates easily from the stem, seems to be hardy, and the quality of the fruit is good enough for anyone. Minnesota No. 3 strawberry is still at the head of all the June bearing berries. Not only is the plant healthy and strong, and the fruit well up from the ground on long stems, but the fruit is all that could be desired in a strawberry. It is firm and a good shipper; it is a large berry, some of the best specimens measuring one and three-fourths inches in diameter and ripe to the center, with no green tip, as the Senator Dunlap has. Under the auspices of your superintendent it has been tested on various soils, and in different localities, and so far has the unqualified approval of all. The plants and trees sent here from the Central Station the spring of 1916 all lived and made a good growth. The raspber- ries, Nos. 30 and 31, supposed to be of everbearing habits, grew very well; No. 31 bore a few berries of a fair quality. This —— a - PAYNESVILLE TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 179 number has a strong cane and good foliage, but of course the first season is a small test. I have neglected to speak of the everbearing strawberry No. 1017. Itis one of the best plant makers of the everbearers, and the fruit is fine, but this last season it did not produce as much fruit as the Progressive. I think it worthy of further trial. Fruit buds have ripened up in good shape, and in that re- spect the outlook is good, but the ground is freezing up so dry that there is much danger of root-killing, a fact that we had all better take notice of ere it is too late. Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, Fourth Congressional District. B. WALLNER, JR., 200 DODD ROAD, WEST ST. PAUL. The Fourth District cannot boast of any extraordinary hor- ticultural feat this year. The yield of small fruits was fair considering the adverse conditions caused by the severe drought in the latter part of the- season. The apple crop was good notwithstanding the fact that the weather was far from favorable. The plum crop was almost a complete failure. I attribute this to the cold, wet weather during pollinization period. Grapes were fine, an abundant crop was gathered in our immediate vicinity. I specialize mostly in small fruits; currants constitute my main crop. The yield was not as abundant as usual, but the ber- ries were of exceptionally fine quality. I enclose report in detail. Apples.—Average 70% 1916, good 1917. Plums.—Average 5% 1916, good 1917. Cherries.—No crop. Grapes.—Average 85% 1916, good 1917. Blackberries.—Average 5% 1916, good 1917. Raspberries.—Average 85% 1916; drought reduced size of fruit at end of season; good 1917. Strawberries.—June bearing 85% to 90%, Everbearing 20% 1916 and fair 1917. Poor plant stand in unfavorable location. Other fruits.—Currants 80% ; gooseberries 90% 1916, good 1917. 180 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. About normal planting of nursery stock. Suffered to some extent from drought towards end of season. Slight amount of blight. Cut it out. Most of the large commercial orchards were sprayed with good results. Plum fruit buds were badly injured 1916. All plum vari- eties affected. Soil condition good 1915; foliage hung on late in 1915. Soil now very dry. Fruits went into winter last fall in fair condition. Lists of varieties of fruits of all kinds doing best in our locality: Apple.—Wealthy, Duchess, Patten Greening, North- western Greening, Florence and Strawberry crabs, Okabena. Plums.—De Soto, Forest Garden, Surprise. Grapes.—Beta, Brighton, Concord, Campbell Early, Delaware. Raspberries.— F. B. Farm No. 4, King, Cuthbert, Miller, Minnetonka Iron Clad. Currants.—Wilder, Victoria. Gooseberries.—Pearl, Downing. Strawberries.—Senator Dunlap, Bederwood, Warfield, Clyde. Everbearing.—Progressive and Superb. High bush cranberry. The results of this season prove that we should not spe- cialize on one crop. HAVE A GARDEN THIS YEAR.—That the majority of people have over- looked or forgotten the value of gardens in recent years is indicated by the slowness with which the idea of vacant lot and back-yard gardening in cities has sprung since the rapid rise in the prices of food products. Vege- tables and especially canned goods are unusually high in price and gardens will do more than ever before to cut down the cost of living. Properly cared for, the small plot or garden will supply enough vegetables for the average family. Good seed, proper cultural methods, plant food, either in the form of manure or fertilizers and a few garden tools are all that are needed to make a start in the gardening industry for home use. ESSENTIALS OF GROWING GOOD VEGETABLES.—Nothing is more impor- tant in growing good vegetables than to have a fairly rich soil with which to work. The soil that does not need enriching to produce at its best is seldom found, and success comes proportionately to the amount of fertilizers and manures that is applied when all other factors are given efficient atten- tion. Make the soil rich, prepare the seed bed properly, use good seed, keep down the weeds and supplement the natural supply of rainfall with sprink- ling when necessary to secure good vegetables during the coming season. ANNUAL REPORT, 1916, VICE-PRESIDENT, FIRST CONG. DIST. 181 Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, First Congressional ; District. C. E. SNYDER, PRESTON. The apple crop was light through the First District. It was an off year. Where trees were sprayed the apples were good and smooth, where not sprayed they were scabby. There was no blight nor much of any other disease than scab. About enough was raised for the local demand. No carloads shipped from this district this year to my knowledge. A well shaded residence street at Preston. Plums were a light crop generally but of good quality. Cher- ries none to speak of except Compass. Raspberries about one- half crop except in a few localities where the crop was fine. Strawberries, June sorts, were less than half crop owing to win- ter injury most everywhere. New set beds of Progressive gave good returns all fall. Currants a fair crop and gooseberries a great big crop. Grapes not many. Considerable nursery stock was planted this spring and re- sults are good. Not so many apple trees as formerly, but heavy planting of small fruits and ornamental shrubbery of all kinds. A great impetus to landscaping and ornamental tree, shrub, rose and flower planting is going on here. Fruit trees and all other fruits are going into winter in tip top condition, well ripened and plenty of moisture. The growth was not rank but good and solid. 182 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The fruit list adopted by the state is all right except there are more varieties we can grow here in this favored corner. We like the Malinda and believe it belongs in the first degree. Many trees in this district over thirty years old and as good as ever. It is surely as hardy as Okabena and not subject to blight. Northwestern Greening is mentioned favorably in all the reports to me. It is all right down here. Delicious I have been grow- ing from root grafts for about eight years, and after last winter think it no hardier than Ben Davis, Fameuse or Golden Russet. Salome is about as hardy as the Wealthy. Patten Greening is in The Root River at Preston, delightful parking opportunity. Is it being improved? demand when men from the south want apples. It is such a great pie and sauce apple, the tree is so dependable, such a young and prolific bearer of big apples. When the buyer from St. Louis came here last year he asked for one hundred or two hun- dred carloads of “those Patten Greenings.” Commercially it _ belongs right beside the Duchess and Wealthy and will turn out more carloads than either of the very best dessert apples in existence. A summary of the reports put to the top Carrie gooseberry, Perfection currant, King and Older raspberries, Dunlap and Warfield strawberries ; Progressive, fall bearing ; De Soto, Wyant, Stoddard and Hansen plums, Concord and Worden grapes. In roses the hybrid Rugosas are in favor, being free bloomers all ANNUAL REPORT, 1916, VICE-PRESIDENT, FIRST CONG. DIST. 183 summer and not much if any winter protection needed. The little hedge plant, Berberry Thunbergi, is in great favor, also Hydrangea Arborescens and Spirea Anthony Waterer and Van Houttii. Quite a number here spray their orchards, and it will soon become general, as the results are so manifest. Buyers look up those orchards first. The lesson has begun to sink in. We need vinegar, cider or evaporating factories to use up the cull apples. All the large growers deplore this waste. Spray or no spray, there are bound to be off-fallings caused by wind, drouth, neglect or something. There is a new everbearing raspberry down here, that we call Gilbertson, that surpasses anything else in the raspberry line in size, productiveness, also of good quality and about as hardy as King. Wherever we observed them this sea- ‘son they were loaded with great fruit all the fall, from plants set this spring. CO-OPERATIVE METHopS Not A CurRE-ALL.—‘“Fruit growers in the east have long looked upon the great fruit growers’ organizations of the Pacific Coast States as being almost models of all that fruit growers’ organiza- tions should be. The thorough manner in which they have safeguarded every step from the pruning and spraying of their trees and the thinning of the fruit to the packing of the product in neat, attractive packages, just so many apples, uniform in size and color, to the box, has been pointed out as the explanation of their ability to outsell—not undersell—eastern fruit in the eastern markets. It has come as somewhat of a shock, therefore, to many eastern growers to find that in spite of their apparent perfection of method, all things are not well with the fruit growers of the western coast states. In fact, it has seemed at times as if their situation could hardly be worse. The very prosperity brought about by their early successes has led, in a large measure, to their undoing. This success created a false optimism, which resulted in over plantings, excessive land values, increased cost of production, and ruinous competition between different co-operative organiza- tions. This condition, in turn, culminated in glutted markets, and such low prices for fruit that thousands of fruit growers have been ruined and large areas of fruit trees cut down and the land devoted to other crops.”—Cana- dian Horticulturist. UNIVERSAL FERTILITY SERVICE.—How about starting universal fertility service? All boys on the farm, and all men, too, are eligible to join. The requirements are that you do your share toward maintaining the fertility of the soil and promote agricultural preparedness by using the best methods of handling your soils and crops. Your experiment stations and agricul- tural colleges will furnish soil fertility ammunition in booklets and pamph- lets. Bigger production is needed and to secure it better methods of farming are urgent. 184 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Samuel Cooper, Founder of American Race of Everbearing Strawberries. CHAS F. GARDNER, OSAGE, IOWA. We are sure the members of our society will be pleased to See the portrait of this man, who is the founder of the American race of fall bearing strawberries. He is now eighty years old and is spending the winter in Florida (February 19, 1917). He will be back home April 1. He had the misfortune to lose his wife, who died last June. His daughter is with him at Eau Gallie, Fla., tak- ing care of him. He has been more or less under the doctor’s care for over a year, but now seems to | be improving. His first discovery was in the autumn of 1898, when he found growing in the row of Bismarck plants, set the previous spring, a plant that had made sixteen runner Samuel Cooper, now in his 81st year. plants, all of which had either ripe or green fruit or blossoms on them. The old plant was heavily laden with fruit. The first public exhibit of this fruit was at Buffalo, N. Y., at the Pan-American Exposition. He called his first variety “Pan-American.” See Iowa State Horticultural Report, Vol. 45, 1910, page 274. With this start he commenced to grow seedlings by crossing the best varieties and making selections. In this way he pro- duced the Cooper, a very valuable variety for crossing but not an everbearer. The following named seedlings were all fall bearers: Autumn, Onward, Forward, Advance, Superb, Peerless and Productive. Twelve years ago or more several experienced horticultur- ists took up the work by purchasing plants of Mr. Cooper and making judicious crosses and selections, until now there are per- haps 100 valuable varieties on hand which will be found worthy of culture. All the varieties that I have heard of, or seen, which have any value whatever for this latitude can be traced back to some of Mr. Cooper’s plants. We hope he may recover his health and live many years yet, to enjoy the great benefits which are accru- ing from his wonderful discoveries. STORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE WEALTHY APPLE. 185 Story of the Origin of the Wealthy Apple. E. M. REEVES, WAVERLY, IOWA. I am glad to tell you the story, if you desire it.. I do not wish to upset any cherished ideas you have in regard to the Wealthy, the one most prominent apple, I believe, of the whole list. Take it the whole world over, I don’t know of another apple that is as prominent and favored in so many places. We all know that Peter Gideon had some peculiarities. We all have them, and it is our peculiarities that get us into trouble sometimes, and sometimes they make us prominent. Mr. Gideon had his peculiarities, and one of them was that when he was going to do anything of any moment he consulted the spirits, and they guided him in whatever he was going to do. The general idea is that he consulted the spirits and sent down to one of the states in New England and got a small quantity of crab apple seeds and planted them, and from that planting grew the Wealthy. It will take a few moments for me to tell the story, and then I will tell you what I believe, and I have good reason for the belief I have. When I was about eleven years old a cousin of mine moved from Excelsior, Minnesota, to Waverly, near my home, and I was with him a good deal from that time on. He was a young man, and he had homesteaded near Excelsior and had worked for Mr. Gideon at various times, and he lived in his family and worked for him at the time Mr. Gideon obtained the seed from which the Wealthy was grown. He helped plant the seed and cared for the little trees during the first summer of their growth. In the fall he helped Mr. Gideon take up the row of seedlings that he had grown, and they buried them for the winter. The next spring he helped Mr. Gideon again in the planting of those little seedlings. One little incident he tells concerning the matter is that this Wealthy tree had a little branch or sprout that grew close to the ground, or just barely under the ground, and had formed a little sort of root on the lower end. Mr. Gideon cut off that branch and stuck it in a potato with the idea of making another Wealthy tree. He had not named the tree yet, but he was going to have two trees of the same sort, but this second tree was destroyed. This cousin told me the entire story of the origin of the Wealthy apple at the time that he moved to Waverly and insisted upon the facts, but we thought very little of it then. ‘ 186 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . A few years later Peter Gideon attended a meeting of the Northern Horticultural Society of Iowa at Hampton; that was. the winter of 1885, about. I could not be sure of the date with- out consulting the reports. On the way over to the train I picked out Mr. Gideon from having seen his picture and got into conversation with him at the depot. I tell this.so you will under- stand some of the circumstances that followed. At the depot where we got off the train at Hampton there was snow on the platform, ice and snow from the platform down to the rail track. Mr. Gideon missed his big buckskin mittens after he got off the train and got back on the car to get them. He had to hurry and the train started before he stepped off, and as he stepped off onto the platform, being somewhat old then, the platform took his feet from under him, and he started to roll under the train. I was young and active, and I reached down with both hands, got hold of his overcoat and pulled him back safely out of reach of the wheels. Afterwards, realizing the danger he had been in and his narrow escape, he seemed to attach himself to me, and we were together most of the three days of the meeting. We took a room together at the hotel and lying in beds that were close together we talked most all night. You know, I realized the importance of Peter Gideon’s work, and I was glad to talk with a man who had done as great a work as Peter Gideon had in giving us the Wealthy apple. It was a wonderful thing for me to talk to Peter Gideon, just as it should be a wonderful thing for us to talk with any of these men who wear the bronze buttons. In a few years we won’t have the chance any more. During the course of our con- sersation I asked Mr. Gideon about the origin of the Wealthy. “Well,” he said, “I will tell you the real story of that.” He said: “I haven’t told people right about that.” I asked him why, and he said it was none of their business anyway. So he told me this story: His wife’s father, Mr. Hall, lived in Illinois and planted an orchard entirely of Rambo apples, nothing else in the orchard. Then a few of the trees died, and he planted a large red crab apple, presumably the Hyslop. Many of us know the Rambo apple, and I think we all know the Hyslop crab. When these crabs got to bearing and the Rambo also were bearing, Mr. Hall sent a small box—I think it was a small chalk box—filled with STORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE WEALTHY APPLE. 187 these crabapples and wrote to Mr. Gideon to plant the seeds of those crabapples to see if he could not grow something that would bear fruit in the cold climate of Minnesota. Mr. Gideon saved the seeds from those crabapples himself, kept them until spring and planted them. This cousin of mine helped him with this work, with the planting and care of them, and it was. from that planting that he grew the Wealthy apple. Mr. Gideon told me this and insisted upon its being the fact, and it looks very plausible to me. I believe it fully. After going home. from Hampton I went to my cousin and asked him again to tell me the story of the origin of the Wealthy, and he repeated it. At that time I was perhaps thirty years of age, or near that, and he told me the same story that he had told when I was a small boy without my prompting him or in any way inter- fering with his narrative. So, friends, I fully believe that that is the real origin. You take a quantity of the Wealthy apples and compare them with the Rambo apples, as I had a chance to do at a meeting three weeks ago, and you will see a strong resemblance between the Rambo and the Wealthy. If you take some of the Wealthy trees where they are not growing the most vigorous, you will find some apples that have a crispness and the inside coloring like you often get in the Hyslop crabapple. Then also the seedlings from the Wealthy indicate somewhat its origin. Take it alto- gether I believe that that is the real history of the Wealthy. Mr. Philips: You claim that the Wealthy is a seedling of the Hyslop fertilized with the Rambo apple? Mr. Reeves: That was Mr. Gideon’s story. Mr. Philips: That does not hurt the Wealthy any. Mr. Reeves: It does not hurt the Wealthy a bit—not a bit. The Rambo is a good apple; it is a mighty good apple. Mr. Philips: I used to eat it sometimes when I was a boy. Prof. Beach: Did Mr. Gideon say that that was the Hyslop crabapple that the seeds came from? Mr. Reeves: He didn’t seem to be sure, but he thought it was. As to its being the Hyslop he was not sure, but it was a large red crabapple. Prof. Hansen: Is that orchard there yet? What part of Illinois ? } Mr. Reeves: This was a long time ago. I have no knowl- edge of it, but I presume it is not there any more. Prof. Hansen: Somewhere in southern Illinois? Mr. Reeves. I could not tell you. (Applause). GARDEN HELPS Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society Edited by Mrs. E. W. Gouup, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. Minneapolis. Seed distribution.—At the meeting to be held in the Public Library, Minneapolis, April 13th, our trial seeds will be given out. As fine seeds are very high and hard to get, it will be necessary to limit the distribution of these to our members, so please bring your 1917 membership cards with you that day. Seeds will be given out from 1:30 to 2:30, and will be given on new memberships or renewals made on that day also. Plant exchange.—Send lists of plants you have to exchange and those you wish, to our Secretary, Mrs. Countryman, 2138 So. Avon St., St. Paul, at once. The lists will be posted at the April meeting, and exchanges can be ar- ranged for between members. The May meeting will be regular exchange day, but if you have any to exchange the lists should be sent at once. NOTES ON MR. NESOM’S TALK ON “ LIME IN THE GARDEN. An acid soil is one in which there is a deficiency of lime. Sandy and peat soils are most apt to be acid. Apply a slip of blue litmus paper to damp soil. If the paper turns pink the soil is acid and needs lime. In every ton of hard wood ashes there are from 600 to 1,000 pounds of lime and from 40 to 60 pounds of potash. Crushed limestone is the most common form of lime applied to the soil. As it is slow in acting, it should be applied, if possible, in the fall at the rate of five pounds to ten pounds to every five square yards. This costs about two dollars a ton. Quick lime is faster in action and also more concen- trated, one pound of the quick lime being equivalent to two of limestone. It is better to use in the spring than the limestone. It should be raked into the soil early in the spring so that the rains may carry it down. Experiments have been made with lime in the home garden. Of fruits, currants, Cuthbert raspberries and strawberries were improved by the use of it; black cap raspberries, blackberries and cranberries were injured by it. Nearly all vegetables were improved by its use, those most benefited being asparagus, beets, celery, lettuce, onions, parsnips, peppers and salsify. The flowers most improved by lime were sweet alyssum, candytuft, poppies and mignonette; those improved but in lesser degree were fox- gloves, goatsrue, balsams, nasturtiums, columbines, gysophila and sun- flowers. Flowers that preferred acid soil and were injured by lime were indigo, marigolds, Japanese bell flowers, nicotiana, salvia and catch-fly. When making cold frames or hot-beds, five handfuls of hardwood ashes can be added to each frame the size of the ordinary sash. MIXED FERTILIZER FOR THE LAWN. Five pounds steamed bone meal, six pounds dried blood, two pounds nitrate soda, two pounds air dried fine soil. Use one pound per five square yards. Apply as a top dressing early in the spring. MIXED FERTILIZER FOR GARDEN. Five pounds nitrate soda, eight pounds dried blood, eighteen pounds acid phosphates, six pounds air dried soil. Apply as a top dressing early in spring at the rate of one pound to every five square yards. When transplanting one teaspoon bone meal can be mixed with the earth around each plant. (188) BEE-KEEPER’S COLUMN. Conducted by Franois JaGER, Professor of Apiculture, University Farm, St. Paul. The University Division of Bee Culture this year plans to supply Minnesota beekkeepers with untested three banded Italian queens at 50c each and tested at $1.00. Not more than four untested and one tested queen will be sent to any one beekeeper. Cash with order must be sent to “The Cashier, University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota.” Orders will be filled in rotation as received. Queens will be delivered as soon as conditions are right for raising good queens. Orders specifying that queens must be delivered on a certain day cannot be accepted. The University Division of Bee Culture is not in the queen rearing business, but is attempting to raise the standard of stock of bees in Min- nesota by supplying to Minnesota beekeepers a few high “blooded” queens at cost of production, for breeding purposes. There is no foul blood anywhere near our queen rearing apiary. To date, March 15, 1917, 67 queens have been ordered. Notices of bees for sale and those wishing to buy bees should be sent in to the “Division of Bee Culture, University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota.” JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB. By R. S. MacxkrnrosH, Horticultural Specialist. Agricul- ©) tural Extension Division, University Farm, St. Paul. _ Greetings to the boys and girls who have enrolled in the Junior Garden Club. We are starting out to produce something and the motto is: “Make the Better Best.” The motto means that we are going to do our best to grow the most and best vegetables and to market or can them in the best way possible. Thousands of boys and girls are working under this motto this year and in the South, where the season opens early, they are now at work. In Minnesota we cannot start so early, but we shall start just as soon as the time comes. The soil in the garden needs special attention, because it is in it and from it we shall get the fine vegetables. A sandy loam is probably best for most vegetables, but we must use what we have. Just as soon as the frost is out, and it is dry enough, plow or spade ground thoroughly to a depth of eight inches. If it is not rich enough, a three-inch layer of rotted manure may be applied before spading or plowing. A small garden can be spaded in a half hour or so. Keep the surface raked or cultivated after each rain to prevent its drying out. : Before the land is ready to work a plain and accurate plan must be worked out, so that you will know where every seed or plant is to go. George Washington, while president, managed his Virginia farms in a very careful manner. He had rotation plans made for several years in advance, so that he knew what was to go in each field on each farm each year. Our young gardeners should make a good plan. It will be useful (189) 190 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. next fall when the story of “My Garden Work” is written. Do not fail to make a record of everything done, for it will make it easier for you to write a good story. The plan shown here is for a garden a rod square, the smallest sized garden allowed. It is hoped that each garden will be larger and more vegetables grown. If you will notice the plan carefully you will see it calls for the growing of seven kinds of vegetables. gtiow NumMBERS DISTANCE BETWEEN Rows 1N INCHES IZ /. Raoisy ANO CARROTS FoLLowED BY TomaToes (3 —2 ——EARLY PEAS / —3 ——EARLY Peas a 18 44-——RF DISH AND CARROTS ForctoweEp BY Toma TOES eA at o—Eariy Peas ‘a 1&)% 6—__ Farry Peas Ne /5|— 7—Lettruce FoLrowep By TOMATOES : 18 —3 ——Earuy BEETS q EarrY BEETS is /3 JOo—Lerruce Fo.troweo BY lomaAToES 13 W—Earry S¥Ring BEANS pe 8 /2—Earty STRING BEANS J), A ——_—§_"§ 16 & Feces ———___—_———_3 Just before the seeds are to be planted the garden should receive another raking. This time all lumps, stones and rubbish should be raked off and the surface left perfectly even. This takes some time and skill. At the corners and the ends of rows drive stakes into the ground even with the surface. Two nicely pointed stakes and some strong twine are needed to use in marking the rows. When through work wind the twine on the stakes and put away in a safe place. This is a good motto: A place for everything and everything in its place. Therefore, keep the hoe, rake, spade and line in their places when you are not using them. Keep all tools clean and sharp. A good adage is: It is just as easy to learn JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB. 191 to do a thing right as it is to learn to do it PONS, Suppose we keep this in mind all the time. The seeds of radish, lettuce, carrots, beets, and peas may be planted just as soon as the soil is ready. Beans cannot be planted with safety until about corn planting time. Tomato plants should not be set until about the first of June. The time for planting depends upon the season, consequently it cannot be given exactly. * Starting tomato plants. If the tomato is selected as one of the chief crops it is necessary to think about the plants to be used. If you are to grow them at home the seed should be bought right away and planted in a box. The box, commonly called a flat by gardeners, is any kind of a box in which seeds are planted or plants set before transplanting to the field. A flat 12 by 16 inches and three inches deep is about right. Bore a few holes in the bottom to allow the surplus water to escape, cover each hole with a piece of paper and then fill the flat with nice garden soil. If the soil is heavy it should have sand mixed with it to make it lighter. Sow the seeds in drills about one-quarter inch deep. Cover the flat with a pane of glass and keep in a warm, light window. When the first true leaves appear transplant the young plants into another flat, setting them about two inches apart. Sowing the seeds in the garden. Stretch the line from stake to stake on row one. You will want to have the rows straight, so pull the line tight. With a clean hoe, spade, or other tool open a narrow trench about one inch deep. Do not move the string, for if you do the row will be crooked. Mix the radish and carrot seed and carefully scatter them along the bottom of the furrow, dropping from fifteen to twenty-five seeds to each foot of row. Cover carefully by pushing the soil back over the seeds and do not cover more than one-half inch. Slightly firm the soil a, little with the back of the rake or hoe. The radish seed will germinate in a very few days, but it will take ten days or more for the carrots to start. For rows two and three, dig the trench two inches deep and sow about a dozen seeds to each foot of row. Cover about 1% inches deep. Rows 4, 7, 8,9 and 10 are treated the same as number one. The beans are planted the same as the peas, except that they should not be planted until the soil is warm or about the time corn is planted. In rows 1, 4, 7 and 10, tomato plants are to be set three feet apart. All the carrots and beets should be used or canned before the tomato plants grow large enough to use all the space. Good varieties of vegetables for small gardens: Tomato—Bonnie Best and Earliana; Radish—Scarlet Globe or White Tipped; Lettuce— Black Seeded Simpson or Grand Rapids; Peas—Alaska or American Wonder; Beet—Detroit Dark Red or Eclipse; Carrot—Oxheart ¢ or Danvers Half-Long; Bean—Refugee or Wardwell. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP, 1917.—At the time of writing this note, April 20, the annual membership roll.for the current year stands at 2,431, the number at this date being 157 more than the number standing on the mem- bership roll in 1916 at the same date. This does not necessarily mean that the membership at the close of the year will be larger than for the year 1916. We can hardly hope for an increase over that maximum number, although we are working to that end. SECRETARY'S CORNER PROSPECTS FOR THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.—The building committee was in session on Friday last, the date of the great storm, in the afternoon with the Finance Committee of the Senate and in the evening with the Appropriations Committee of the House. There were present at this meet- ing, representing the society, Pres. Cashman, Messrs. S. B. Crosby, of St. Paul; E. A. Smith, of Lake City; Ed. Yanish, of St. Paul; John P. Andrews, of Faribault; Dean A. F. Woods, of University Farm, and the secretary. Every member of the committee present had some part in this appeal for the Horticultural Building, and from the character of the reception which was accorded us we are hopeful that our request will be granted and the building constructed the coming year. The need of such a building for the general uses of other societies beside our own is evidently fully recog- nized, and we feel sure eventually our request will be granted. A VALUABLE SEEDLING ORCHARD.—John Bisbee, of Madelia, has a seedling apple orchard of a number of acres. I do not know how many nor how many trees it contains, but I understood him to say when he was in the office a few days since, showing me a number of long keeping varieties of apples which originated in his orchard, that he had seven hundred trees that ought to have borne last year, something over a hundred that did bear. One seedling, very much like the Baldwin in appearance, of which however he does not consider it a seedling, of medium size and dark red color, very firm and solid in the middle of March, having been kept in an outside cellar, is evidently an apple of considerable value. He reports that the apples never blow off from the tree. As to quality it is sub-acid and by no means a bad eating apple, certainly a good variety to build from, and we under- stand Mr. Bisbee is saving seed from this as from others of his valuable seedlings—and the fact that he is now seventy-eight years has no bearing whatever on his continuance in his work in growing seedlings, which he will undoubtedly continue to do as long as he stays with us. We are promised a full exhibit of seedlings from his orchard at our next annual meeting and anticipate it will be a splendid collection. PASSING oF L. R. Moyer.—With great regret we note the passing of our dear friend and fellow-member, Lycurgus R. Moyer, which occurred March 14, following a very short illness from pneumonia. Few men have been held in higher esteem for their service to the public than Mr. Moyer. At the time of his death he was president of the village council and actively interested in every subject of importance to the welfare of the community in which he lived. He had operated a trial station for a great many years at his home in Montevideo, and the reports of his experiment work there have appeared regularly in our periodical, the last one which he will make for us being published in this number. Like all of his reports it contains matter of very much interest and deserves careful reading on the part of every one of our members. Mr. Moyer’s name appears first on our membership roll in the year 1889, and he has been a member continually since that date. The card index of the services of our membership kept in this office shows that few members have contributed as much to the work of this society as he. The matters of special interest of which he has written are largely about some phase of ornamental horticulture, and his place in our society in that field ranks first all these years without question. In this phase of our work he will be especially missed. In the year 1895 Mr. Moyer was elected a member of the Executive Board of the society, a place which he filled with singular fidelity for seventeen years. We hope to publish a suit- able biographical sketch of this much endeared member, who has now passed on to his reward. (192 \ LycurGus R. MOYER. Late of Montevideo, Minn. (See opposite page.) While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. Wee eee Vol. 45 MAY, 1917 No. 5 Tee ee IN MEMORIAM—L. R. MOYER Passed March 138, 1917. Aged 68 Years. In gathering material for this tribute to the memory of our departed brother and co-worker, there was sent me copies of the newspapers published in his home town, and I found that I could not do better than to incorporate extracts from what these writ- ers from his home said about him as a result of a long personal acquaintance. From the “Montevideo Leader” I have taken the following, which describes so very fully, certainly better than the writer could do, the character of this man of unusual public spirit and devotion to the common good. “Our friend and neighbor, L. R. Moyer, has passed from this life and our people are in deep sorrow. For more than forty-five years has he been closely identified with the social and business life of this community and from a mere hamlet has seen Monte- video grow and develop into a beautiful and prosperous city. During all these years he has been its steadfast friend and sup- porter, ever watchful of its good name, ever ready to serve its best interests. Always has he stood for the things that are worth while—for true character, temperance, education, good govern- ment, good morals, right living and a genuine, heart-felt Chris- tianity. Always when our people have gone to him for counsel or advice have they found him solicitous for their welfare and anx- ious to be of some real service. “Modest and unassuming to an extreme, he filled every sta- tion to which he was called with marked ability and discharged every duty with true fidelity. No other man has so strongly im- (193) 194 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. pressed himself upon this community or exerted so great an influ- ence for the good of all. In a thousand ways has he served our people so faithfully as to merit their recognition of him as our most distinguished citizen. He has passed from the activities of this life but his good deeds will live as a precious memory in the hearts of a grateful and appreciative people.” From the “Montevideo Commercial” I have taken the fol- lowing brief outline of Mr. Moyer’s useful life: “L. R. Moyer was born on a farm in Niagara County, New York, October 29, 1848. His early education was at a district school near his home. Later he entered a high grade school in Lockport, N. Y., and so devoted was he to his studies that his health thereby became impaired, and he came to Hudson, Wis., in the fall of 1868. Taught school for one winter near Lakeland, Minn. After spending one year at Duluth he came to the Minne- sota Valley on foot, having walked all the way from Benson, arriving here in August, 1870, when all there was to Montevideo was a log hotel and a small dwelling on the site of Chippewa County State Bank. His occupation at that time was that of a civil engineer, which consisted mainly in land surveying. He soon filed two choice tracts of land, one he took as a homestead and the other as a promotion claim. The latter he owned at the time of his death, near Camp Release Park. “He was admitted te the bar in 1875, and the same year the firm of C. H. Budd and L. R. Moyer was formed, which for many years was known as Budd & Moyer. In 1875 the firm did some banking business and in 1877 with a third partner organized Chippewa County Bank. In that small bank building the begin- nings of the Montevideo Public Library were carried on with a few magazines and a small collection of books. Mr. Moyer was elected soon after to the office of County Surveyor, which office he held for thirty years and was also for twenty years of this period Judge of Probate. He served several years on the public school board and has been for many years a trustee of Windom College, formerly Windom Institute. He was a life member of the Minnesota Historical Club and the State Horticultural So- ciety. Was a member of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science and of the Torry Botanical Club. He de- voted much time to the study of botany and has one of the finest herbariums to be found anywhere. He was president of Chip- pewa County State Bank at the time of his death, and was one of the directors since its organization as a State Bank. He was a member of Sunset Lodge No. 109, A. F. & A. M. and a charter member of the Montevideo Fire Department and was president of the City Council. “Lycurgus R. Moyer, lawyer, banker, naturalist and poet, son of Amos F. and Cornelia Rose Moyer, married Anna Wightman, IN MEMORIAM—LYCURGUS R. MOYER. 195 of Mauston, in 1876. Six children were born to this union. Waldo and Burrows died some years ago. Sumner, Amos, Cath- erine and Rose survive.” Judge Moyer, as we commonly term him in our society, be- came a member of the association, at least his name then first appears upon the membership roll, in the year 1889, the second year preceding my connection with the society as secretary. My acquaintance with Judge Moyer began at that time, and with the official relationship which he maintained with the society up to the time of his death there existed also a close acquaintance, which was ever a pleasant and, to myself at least, a profitable one. During all these years Mr. Moyer conducted a trial station for the society, and, considering the extensive field that his trial service covered, I am sure that no one will be offended at this statement that the most important trial station reports, including both fruits and flowers, that were published by this society came from his pen. In support of this statement, I call your attention especially to his last report, to be found in the April number of our monthly for this year. The card index of the contributions of our members to the work of the society shows that Mr. Moyer had contributed sixty-four articles, most of them reports from his station, though aside from this there were a number of especially valuable articles on some phase of ornamental horticulture, in which Mr. Moyer was especially interested. In the year 1895 Judge Moyer was elected a member of the Executive Board, which position he filled with distinguished fidelity up to and including the year 1913, in all eighteen years. At his age and state of health we anticipated his being with us for a long period of service yet, but we must bow to that inscrut- ible wisdom which determines events from a standpoint alto- gether beyond our reach.—Secy. 196 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. - The Successful Orchard. PROF. S. A. BEACH, HORTICULTURIST, AMES, IA. Orchards, as I see it, divide naturally into at least three classes. We often hear the home orchard spoken of in distinc- tion from the commercial orchard, but I wish to make a distinc- tion in the different kinds of home orchards. Domestic orchards :—First of all I recognize what I like to call the “domestic orchard.” It should be called the domestic orchard when it is planned and operated primarily for the simple purpose of supplying the family with fruit. ‘We have many home orchards that do more than that, so the words “home orchard” do not mean quite the same as the words “domestic orchard.” The domestic orchard should exist on every farm and, so far as pos- sible, at every home. I should like to see every home in the sub- urban districts, and even in the cities, supplied with fruit trees, wherever they have room enough to grow trees. I should like to see them devote some time to the domestic orchard. I believe this would tend to do two good things. It would tend to put the man, the children of the family and the wife and mother in familiar touch with one of the most interesting parts of God’s creation,—plant life. It would help to rest their minds and give them fine recreation aside from what they might get on the base- ‘ ball field or the football field or on the golf links or in the club or sewing society. Resting and re-creating their mind and body thus in a natural way, it would tend, I believe, toward the de- velopment of more simple and wholesome standards of life and thought. I firmly believe that the One we look to as the ideal man did this very thing. Read in the gospels the accounts of His life. He was something more than a carpenter that simply was busy in his shop. As His work took Him back and forth among the dif- ferent families of His home community where carpenter work was needed, He not only did His work but kept His eyes open to see the things of nature. He talks most interestingly about vine- yards. Some of the most important lessons which He left with His disciples were those in which the vine was taken as the illus- tration of the truths He wished to impress. Again He pictures for us the person who thought he had no further use for the un- fruitful tree, but his gardener put in a plea to let it stand one more year till he could fertilize and stir the soil and give it one more chance to fruit before cutting it down. We have also His refer- THE SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD. 197 ences to fig trees, olive trees and lilies of the valley. All this goes to show that this man, whom we look to as the ideal man, had His eyes open to nature and that He was a close observer of plant life, of that part of God’s creation which is exemplified in the trees and the fruits, the farm crops and the flowers. I believe, then, that every home, whether it be in the city, in the suburban districts or in the country, is distinctly the loser if it has not about it some cultivated form of plant life. I am told that in New York City some of the ladies of the most exclusive families are becoming enthusiastic over roof gardens and win- dow gardens, if they cannot get any ground upon which to grow flowers. These ladies are taking this up as a fad perhaps, but it surely is a most wholesome fad. They will be better persons because of their love and care for flowers. Commercial orchards:—But to return to the “successful orchard”’; that is what we started to talk about. First, as I have _ said, we may put into one class all domestic orchards. At the other extreme is the orchard which is designed primarily as a commercial proposition and where everything bends to that pur- pose. In some cases they have no other crops on the land. They do not even grow the hay or the alfalfa which they need to feed their teams or even their cow. The whole place is planted to fruit. That is the purely commercial orchard. Farm orchards :—But we have a great many orchards on farms, and I take it that our Minnesota farm orchards will come in here. We have a great many orchards on our farms which are something more than domestic orchards and something less than strictly commercial propositions. Let us try to get before our minds a composite picture of this class of orchards as they are scattered over Minnesota. Hundreds of them are less than an acre in extent; others may run from three to five or even ten acres. They are our farm orchards. What can be done towards making these farm orchards more successful? I wish to take up that proposition first before taking up the practical question of trying to establish a new orchard. I believe it is a good prin- ciple to follow, to first make the best we can out of what we already have in our hands and then go on from that to some- thing better. One of the finest things that this Horticultural Society is doing, and one of the finest things that the State Agricultural College is doing, is to stimulate greater interest along the lines of making these farm orchards better orchards. I firmly believe 198 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — if the owners of these orchards could be induced in some way to give them the right care and the right management that inside of two years Minnesota could double the value of her orchard output, and show a very high percentage of increase in yield and quality _ of fruit in a short time. I believe this could be done if only the people who have the care of those trees would give them the kind of care and management which is necessary in order to make an orchard successful. I should like to bring to your attention as illustrating this point of view some concrete examples from our own experience. In your sister state to the south, we are engaged in extension work among the farmers, as you are. Notwithstanding the fact that we are growers of corn and of hogs and of cattle, we are becoming increasingly interested in Iowa in the production of good orchards. One of the ways in which we are doing this is by carrying on demonstrations in orchard work in different com- munities over the state. One of the plans is to work together with the extension poultry expert and arrange dual orchard and poultry demonstra- tions. If they can’t get the folks interested in one they may in the other. When the subject of spraying comes up it is shown that the spray pump can be used to spray the poultry house to rid it of lice and vermin, and also to spray the orchard trees to protect them from the insects and diseases that prey upon the orchards. At the same time the young man can use it to wash the buggy on Saturday afternoon preparatory to the customary use of it on Sunday. It can be used to wash windows and porches and for various other purposes. So they induce people to take an interest in getting a spray pump. When that is done they have made a long step in advance. Why? Because one of the reasons why orchards are not more successful is because of the insects and diseases that prey upon them. If we can only put in the hands of our people a method of controlling those insects and diseases and give them confidence that they may control them if they will, we can get more of them to produce good fruit. Fruit is absolutely the best thing we can get out of any orchard. We cannot produce good fruit if we leave the orchard a prey to every insect and every disease that comes along. It must have our assistance. Let me tell you about one of these demonstrations. This orchard is located in west central Iowa, where there is a vast stretch of fertile country, similar to what you will see here in ’ THE SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD. 199 Minnesota in the corn districts, which are primarily given over to the growing of corn and hogs and cattle. In the midst of that level prairie is a farm which has an orchard of a little less than four acres. It was planted by a man who had an enthusiasm for trees. It passed into the hands of the present owner, perhaps eight or ten years ago. The orchard was planted from 1891 to 1894, and so is about twenty-two to twenty-five years old. In 1915 our men first succeeded in interesting the owner in putting on a joint demonstration on pruning and poultry for the benefit of the neighborhood. They held an orchard meeting and got the'neighbors to come in and see how to prune the trees. After that they sprayed the chicken house. The owner finally became so much interested that he decided to use the orchard for a demonstration in spraying. So they sprayed certain trees and left others unsprayed for comparison. They sprayed three times. In all the years before 1915 the owners had gotten enough apples out of that three and one-half-acre orchard to supply the family, and one year they had fruit to sell. But, as the result of spraying this season they had a gross return in money of over $600. Naturally the owner became interested. He discovered all at once that was the best three acres he had. In 1916 he wanted the demonstration again. I had the privilege of running down there one Saturday when the apple harvest was on. He had invited in all the countryside to his orchard. He had left a few trees unsprayed. I think I never saw a worse attack of scab and insects than I saw on some of those trees. I don’t dare tell you the difference between the sprayed and the unsprayed trees be- cause you wouldn’t believe me, but I can say it was a remarkable difference. This year he had gross returns of about $800 out of that orchard. The varieties were just the ordinary varieties gotten from our local nurseries in central Iowa from 1891 to 1895. A Member: Was that fruit sold locally? Prof. Beach: That fruit was sold locally and without pack- ing. He put up only about 100 barrels. Aside from that it was sold to the farmers who are more interested in growing corn than they are in growing apples. I saw one box of Jonathans that Saturday that was auctioned off to one of the farmers. He paid at the rate of over $2.00 a bushel to get that box of selected apples. We believe that if we can get a few locations like that in every county it can’t help but stimulate interest among our peo- ple in taking better care of their orchard trees. I wish to give you another illustration. I have here some of 200 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the blanks which we send out asking them to give us returns on their orchards. I have here the blank which we received from a gentleman by the name of Charles O. Garrett. He has an orchard farm east of Des Moines about thirteen miles. We asked him for his report for 1915. Mr. Garrett was brought up onafarm. He has gradually given more and more attention to fruit growing and less attention to general farming. These are some of the questions we asked: Q. How many acres did you have in apples in 1915.2? Ans. “Forty acres.” Q. What was the yield per acre? Ans. ‘‘Two hundred bushels to the acre.” Mr. Garrett is one of the most progressive of our orchard men. Q. Did you prune? “Yes.” Q. Did you spray? “Yes.” by 2: 3 What did you spray with? “Lime sulphur and arsenate of lead. Q. How many times? “Three times.” Q. Net returns per acre? “$150. Net returns for the orchard $6,000.” In contrast with that, are the replies from a man who has a farm of about 1,500 acres, but who is interested in stock rather than in the orchard. His father, however, did plant out a twenty- acre orchard of Jonathans, which are now fine trees of bearing age. The orchard was cultivated until the trees were about twelve years old; they are now about twenty years old. Q. How large was the crop in 1915? Ans. “Four hun- dred bushels on the twenty acres.” Q. Total gross returns per acre? Ans. “Five dollars.” Q. Cost of production? Ans. “Nothing.” Q. Did you prune? “No.” Q. Did you spray? “No.” You see he was not interested in the orchard. I believe in the hands of Mr. Garrett there might have been turned off at least $3,000 from that twenty acres of Jonathans. I could give you a great many other illustrations of this kind, gentlemen, but these must suffice. They will call your attention to the fact that we can make our orchards more successful if we adopt the right methods. . First of all I would say it is desirable to have good varieties. You may not be able to get the very best varieties to live here, but you can get good varieties that are hardy enough to stand in this climate. Second. The management of the soil should be such as to make conditions favorable to the vigorous and healthy develop- ment of the roots. Should the orchard happen to be in a dry THE SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD. 201 location be sure to incorporate an abundance of vegetable matter in the soil so that it can better hold moisture.: If necessary give it as thorough cultivation as you would corn. Don’t be afraid to manure it; that is one of the best things to do, not simply for its fextilizing value but also for the good it does in increasing the capacity of the soil to hold moisture by increasing the humus in the soil. The roots should have a steady supply of moisture and © not be smothered at one time with stagnant soil water and dry at another. If needed, tile the land. I know nurserymen who will rent, say, eighty acres to plant to nursery trees. They are located on a stiff clay loam. The very first thing they do on this soil is to put through it tile drains two rods apart. These nurserymen cannot afford to grow trees on soil where part of the time the roots would have too much moisture and part of the time not enough. They rent it for five years at an annual cash rent of $12 to $18 an acre. They must make their location the very best possible by attending to the condition of the soil as well as to the condition of surface drain- age and air drainage. Orchardists should do likewise. Then it is desirable if you are laying out a new orchard to have it located accessible to the market. Statistics show that the man who is located a mile from market can haul six loads of fruit to market a day with one team, whereas the man who is located seven miles from market will haul less than two loads, about one and nine-tenths on the average. That makes a lot of difference. The questions of labor and of supplies and all such things enter into the problem; so the accessibility to market and the haul that you are obliged to make are things worthy of con- sideration if you are planting a commercial orchard. In regard to varieties, if you have not the right kinds you may be able to remedy that by top-working to desirable kinds. I was on Mr. Wedge’s place a few years ago, at Albert Lea, and saw Hibernal and a lot of other trees top-worked to Windsor. The trees were so loaded that some of the branches touched the ground. The Windsor is a red winter apple of good quality. The grafts were none of them more than five years old. They ran somewhere from three to five years old. If you have varieties in your orchard that you don’t like you can often change them to advantage by top-working to some better kind. Last of all, I should say that whether or not we have a suc- cessful orchard will depend not upon its location, not upon its purpose, not upon its accessibility to market, but upon the study and the intelligent care which the man behind the orchard gives it. It depends in the final analysis upon the man. 202 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Two Thousand Pounds of Honey in 1916. MRE. J. A. DE LAMATER, MINNEAPOLIS. READ BEFORE 1916 ANNUAL MEETING MINN. BEE-KEEPERS’ SOCIETY. First I shall have to go back to the season of 1915, as the work you do with bees each season helps or hinders them the next year. In the spring of 1915 I had nine colonies that produced 700 pounds of honey. After the honey flow was over, I increased to twenty-four colonies, using nearly all my drawn combs, buying some queens from the Minnesota University, Division of Bee Culture, and raising some during the honey flow. By feeding sugar syrup for winter stores, all weighed sixty pounds or over. I took twenty-four colonies from the cellar April 4, 1916, but found that four colonies that I had not re-queened were weak and so combined them, leaving twenty colonies to commence the season of 1916. I used Minnesota bottoms and flax board on top of hive, wrapped all with heavy paper, and then put on a telescope cover. The bees were then protected from the cool mornings and nights of spring and fall. When taking bees from cellar, I mark any that seem light and give them a comb or two of honey that I have saved for that purpose. When weather is warm I equalize my colonies and clip my queen’s wings on one side. About May 11, 1916, I found my bees needing more room, as they had from seven to nine combs of brood. Then I took a super of drawn combs and put below the brood nest, putting a comb of brood with the queen and one frame of honey in the cen- ter, then the rest of the brood in the second story, wrapping both with wrapping paper. In about two weeks I changed the supers around, putting the brood below and the empty combs and honey on top, cutting out any queen cells. I carry them along in this way as far into the clover flow as possible, giving the queen both the hive body and super to lay in. About June 11 the bees were making preparations to swarm, with white clover yielding. Take a super of empty combs if possible, or frames of foundation, and put the queen with one frame of green brood and one frame of honey in the center of this super, putting it next to the bottom board and queen excluder on top, then another super on top with empty frames, with one frame of honey in the center, as this is’ where the honey is to be stored. Bore a three-eighths-inch hole in the center of this super so the drones can get out, then put the rest of the brood on top, making three supers above the queen excluder (if there is brood for two more supers). The nurse TWO THOUSAND POUNDS OF HONEY IN 1916. 203 bees will be taking care of brood in third and fourth supers, and field bees will be attracted to the lower brood chamber, where the queen has plenty of room to lay. Now you must look for queen cells in the third and fourth Supers and cut them out, or you can use them in making increase if you wish. You will find as fast as the brood is hatched your supers will be filled with honey, and if more are needed put the empty one next to the brood chamber. Apiary at St. Paul, on place of J. Alf. Holmberg. Leave honey on the hive until well ripened. With this method I only had three swarms, and this season was a hard one in which to control swarming. My bees also drew out over four hundred combs this season. WHat AsouT YouR BACKYARD?—The soil is probably hard and unyield- ing as lacking in plant-food. If you want to have a garden or even a lawn, you'll have to get to work early next spring, or sooner, if the ground isn’t® frozen. Spade thoroughly. Work over the upper three inches with hoe and rake. Break all clods fine, take out stones and rubbish, and add a dress- ing of manure. Work it into the soil well, until it is like part of the soil. Arrange to add your fertilizer early and work it well into the soil. First, however, get the soil in good physical shape by the above method of prepara- tion. 204 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The Magic of Flowers about the Home. MRS. W. C. LINDERMAN, MARENGO, ILL. I wonder why we cling to the old theory that to make our surroundings beautiful one must be rich as Croesus, when all that we need to do in God’s beautiful out of doors is to just assist dame nature a wee bit, and the surroundings of the most humble habi- tation will blossom like the rose. This is not just a beautiful theory. I have put it all into practice, and I offer my own little The house and grounds, “Lilac Lodge,’’ purchased in March, 1908. effort as proof and will invite you to come into my garden at Lilac Lodge, Marengo, Illinois. First, I want to show you one acre of land, a house on a hill bleak and barren, not a vine to shelter its unbeautiful lines. It looks like an old lady without the softening films of a veil to hide her wrinkles. The only redeeming thing about the place was at the back of the house, where two rows of lilac bushes over a hun- dred years old stood as shield and guard. The rows were about one hundred feet long and completely grown together, though originally planted about forty feet apart. It was little work for the good man of the house to trim down these old bushes, thus making a long avenue between that in May, with purple plumes falling on either side to the ground, forms a vista fit for dreams. At the end of this avenue we set up four ten-foot posts, and a bundle of lath made a triangle of lattice on top of the frame. We painted it all white, placed a white garden seat underneath it, then went to the roadside a mile away and dug up two Lombardy poplars to plant in the background. We named it after Marie Antoinette’s “Temple of Love,” in far off Versailles. 0 ee THE MAGIC OF FLOWERS. 205 At the head of this avenue we built a framework eighteen feet long and twelve feet wide, covering all with heavy wire. On the sides we planted woodbine and wild grape, and in three years this had made almost a solid growth of living green over the en- tire framework. In front of this pagoda, if I may be allowed the name for so crude a structure, we planted sumach with beds of ferns underneath. We took the fallen branches of a silver poplar to make a rustic railing for steps, etc., and let me assure you that combined with the wonderful perfume of the wild grape, the ten- der white and blue wood violets in the spring, it was a bower of beauty, while in the autumn the woodbine and the sumach pro- duced a mad riot of color. In the heat of the day, ’tis like Arthur’s island valley of Avalon, a place to say to a weary soul, “take thy rest.” Such a setting is a rebuke to all unkind thoughts. Now, will you go with me to the west side of the house, where live a wonderful old couple whose knowledge of garden lore is past all finding out. The second year after we had purchased adjoining homes, they asked me what I thought of a rose hedge as a dividing line, suggesting rose bushes. I was enthusiastic. In four years that hedge was a feast to the eyes, and though I have seen rose hedges in California, England, Scotland and Italy, yet never have I seen a more luxuriant growth or profusion of bloom than our dividing line rose hedge. In the corner I grouped golden elders, with their lovely creamy bloom in June, turning in the fall to rich purple berries, making a banquet for the birds. A few feet from this hedge we drove in four posts, used ' laths for the latticed roof and woven wire for the four sides, and planted around it “Jackmanti Clematis’ for early blooming and the “Paniculata Clematis” for later blooming, whose small, beau- tiful white clusters form a most attractive bower. A tiny wild climbing rose, that now is a joy to the eye, runs in profusion over the sides and roof. I make it a point to name after the donor everything given me for my garden, which gives one’s friends a personal interest in the grounds. I covered the floor of my wee house with white gravel, took the old trunk of a tree for a table, for ’tis there we love best to have our four o’clock tea, or it is a place in which our young guests may linger, two by two, for “There’s nothing half so sweet in life as love’s young dream.” In the center of my lawn, oh joy! is my fish and bird pond. *Tis but one year old. My friends scoffed at me. ‘The man of wrath” said, “It could not be done.” A landscape man told me 206 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. it must be built scientifically, that it must be drained, etc. Well! I have found that the best way to do in gardening is to listen to what everyone has to say and then do as you have a mind to. Yes, to be sure one makes many mistakes, but should never make the same one twice. Truly the difference between anticipation and realization is never more keenly realized than by the amateur gardener. Well, to go back to the pool. I had to have it. I had just reached a point that I could no longer endure without it. I had a hole dug, between two slender cutleaf birches, oblong in “Lilac Lodge’”’ in 1816—eight years later. shape, about six feet by ten, and three feet deep. I superin- tended this work, gaining in avoirdupois and spirituality all the time. I used the dirt to fill in garden beds that had sunk away. I had the hole filled in with about four inches of cinders, using two bags of cement. I put a border of stones all around the pond, dug a crescent-shaped bed around the back side of it, planted dogwood and tamarix, also used wild ferns and candytuft and “snow on the mountains,” keeping all in white and green. I filled the pool from the hydrant with my garden hose, and when it became necessary to clean it I used the same hose to siphon it out, took a broom to clean the bottom and then refilled. Three times from spring to October is all that is necessary to empty the pool. Little boys brought me minnows from the creek, that sported and lived in happiness all summer, while the birds came THE MAGIC OF FLOWERS. 207 by dozens for their bath and drink. I never knew, before the arrival of my pool, that we had such a wonderful variety of birds in Illinois, and, would you believe it, two brown thrushes did me the great honor to nest and bring up their family not forty feet from their bathing place. What lessons Nature teaches us, O restless women! Get out into the wide spaces, for nothing is more interesting than a garden, or more absorbing than watching the birds. I am won- dering if birds have memories. With all the other joys of spring, Rose hedge at ‘Lilac Lodge.”’ will they come back, think you, to my pool this second year, mat- ing, nesting, with their glorious melody? After the nests are built, and little families have come, all bird songs seem to wane. Perhaps they are like the humans for, after matrimony, come greater responsibilities, and oftimes ‘‘a moan comes with the > music.” We had another idea which should be exploded, that aquatics are but for the lily ponds of the rich. In the bottom of my pool I put a box of rich dirt, covered it all around with stones, and planted it with ‘water poppy” and “water hyacinths.” Planted in May, they bloomed all summer. This summer I shall plant some of the hybrid lilies. That little gem of water shining out of the emerald grass is visited all day long, not only by the birds,- but by little children, bless them, and even the dogs stop in their mad race to quench their thirst. The friends that scoffed, now pause 208 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. - to rest; for water in the yard, and an open fire in a room, act like magnets, drawing all congenial things to them. All around the house proper I have planted woodbine that now reaches the roof. I trained it on heavy wire so that no dampness could injure the frame house. The lattice work and window boxes for the porch are home made. At the end of the front walk, at either side, I have two electric light posts. I was in favor with the gods, for the posts (colonial columns, eight feet high) were cracked and thus unsalable at the lumber yard. They were set in cement to prevent decay, painted white, and on the. The present gateway to “Lilac Lodge.’’ top were placed two large electric light fixtures that had been dis- carded and laid in the attic for years; when lo, and behold, with my lights trimmed and burning I feel like the Goddess of Liberty lighting the world. On each side of our drive we put two slender tree trunks and made an arch on which we painted “Lilac Lodge.” At each side we again planted the woodbine. In two years you could not see the framework, and “Lilac Lodge” has to have its whiskers trimmed twice a year to be readable. It was from this arch we cut our driveway. The cutting out of the sods was by far the greatest expense of all I have had on the place. We cut a circular drive ten feet wide and one hundred feet long around a heart-shaped flower bed, the edge of which is planted with dwarf barberry, the center being filled in with shrubbery. THE MAGIC OF FLOWERS. 209 For all walks and driveways I bed heavily with ashes from the furnace, roll till it is packed tight and cover with a thin layer of crushed rock. The ashes keep white, and one can add a little rock each year, thus making the cost most meager. On the east side of the house at the foot of the vines, I have | a rugosa rose hedge. It is lovely with its beautiful foliage, but I would never advise planting hedging too close to the house. For three years this hedge sulked like a spoiled child, and sulky flowers are no more to be desired than sulky people, from both of which “‘good Lord, deliver us.” On the eastern side of my lawn, at its farthest point, is my little rose garden. The most successful are the hybrid teas. Be it remembered that roses should not be put with other flowers. They have the artistic temperament, and for all such we willingly make apologies for bad behavior; we also admire them most and love them best. For my background of the rose garden, I took two discarded clothes line posts, set them sixteen feet apart and united them with long strips of wood. At the lumber yard I found some odd wooden brackets which I painted white. At one post I planted a Crimson Rambler, at the other a yellow climbing rose, and there you have a pocket edition of the Parthenon—plus roses. On the front edge of the lot next to the road, banking the archway and in clumps, I have used spirea Van Houttii and Japanese purple barberry. I am bounded on the east by a most undesirable condition, consisting of an unused lot, whose owner believes in letting nature take it course. I have planted everything I could think of to screen off this grass and weed grown nuisance. I have used sumach, tamarix, mock orange, princess feather, flowering quince and snowballs. This year I shall put in front of it all a hedge of hydrangea. Do not expect that man of wrath, whether he be son, father, husband or brother, to always be in the most gracious mood when you ask him to assist you. Oftimes the bit of help you get is under protest, but good help, with here a little and there a little, will remove mountains. When it is all done the ’ chances are that the dear man will say as he looks about him with all the complacency of the cat that just swallowed the canary, “Ain’t nature grand though?” In his more sober moments I fancy he will say, ‘“Behold it is good, we builded better than we knew.” If one had not one dollar to spend we could still have beauty about us, with nature’s bounteous gifts in the woods, by stream and roadside, to be had, without money and without price. To oversee my own gardening has not been so much a neces- sity as a pleasure. It is not my vocation, but my avocation. Nowhere can earth’s mortals come in so close a touch with the infinite as out of doors and with a garden. “For him there is no unbelief who plants a seed and waits to see it push aside the sod.” 210 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . Ginseng Troubles. A. 0. GILBERTSON. Anyone growing ginseng on a large scale surely has plenty of trouble, even though he makes a fairly good success of the business. Perhaps it would be of interest to the members of this asso- ciation for me to give a general outline of what we have been trying to do in the way of cutting down overhead expense in connection with the growing of ginseng on an extensive scale. We have, at the present time, five and a half acres of gin- seng under artificial arbors. We also have a tract of thirty-two acres of natural timber that we have been working with, putting it into condition for planting, and we have, at the present time, growing on this timber tract, about twelve million plants of different ages, the bulk of them being one- two- and three-year- old plants. One of our main troubles in growing ginseng in the natural shade has been the weed question, and to overcome this difficulty we have found it the most economical to summer-fallow the tract at least three years previous to the planting of the roots. In this way we entirely do away with the expense of weeding even one and two-year old seedlings. We also find that we save the expense of preparing the beds for planting, as the continued working of the soil in this way, for two or three years, leaves the ground exceedingly mellow. Another advantage we have found is that it retains the moisture a great deal better. After a great deal of experimenting to find some tool that would work the ground satisfactorily, without coming in contact with the roots of the trees, the writer hit upon the plan of cut- ting down an ordinary pulverizer to the size of six disks. This makes it possible, by using only one horse on the machine, to work in between the trees, even though they are very close together. Our plan is to go over the field twice, going crossways the second time. We also have a special harrow, that we have made, to follow up the disk. : These four operations, two operations with the disk and two operations with the drag or harrow, clean out perfectly all the weeds, with the exception of a few, once in a while, next to the trees. We go over the ground in this way six or seven times during the season. In going over the ground, the first time or two with the disk, we have a man follow up with a grub hoe, cutting out any large roots that are near enough to the surface to interfere with the disk. In this way we have been able to work up a perfect seed bed at a very reasonable cost per acre. After having overcome the weed difficulty, our next trouble was the transplanting of the plants. This we have found very GINSENG TROUBLES. 211 expensive under the old method, especially when one has to set out plants into the millions, but we have been able by our method to cut down this expense to about 20 per cent of the original cost under the old method of using the dibble. One man with the tool that we use can transplant in one day from 10,000 to 12,000 plants and do it easily, besides doing it better. The plants, when they are ready to be dug for market, can also be dug at a great deal less expense when planted under our method. We are, at the present time, drying about four tons of trans- planted roots. These plants were from ten to twelve years old. Ginseng growing in the natural shade—at F. C. Erkel’s. Rockford, Minn. We also harvested our first crop of wild roots from our timber tract this fall, about 800 pounds green. We have found it no small task and expense to clean so large a quantity of roots, especially where they are grown in our soil, which is quite heavy, and for this reason do not clean readily. For washing the roots, the best we have found is an old style barrel churn. In using the churn however, one should be careful to fill the churn good and full with roots, but only about half full of water. In this way the roots will not be bruised in the least, from the fact that they are allowed to move around, but rather the water works through the roots with the motion of the churn. We have also found it necessary to use a power sprayer in spraying our arbors. Our power sprayer is a machine assem- bled by us. I might also mention that we use nothing but Pyrox in spraying our plants. 212 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Improvement of Vegetable Varieties by Selection. RICHARD WELLINGTON, ASST. HORTICULTURIST, UNIVERSITY FARM. In order to obviate any misunderstanding it is well to define at the outset the word “variety” as it is commonly used and to discuss its status in the light of modern plant breeding. Bio- logically speaking, it is ‘“an individual or group of individuals of a species differing from the rest in some one or more of the char- acteristics typical of the species, and capable either of perpetu- ating itself for a period or of being perpetuated by artificial means.” According to this conception a variety is an entity in itself, that is, all individuals within a variety possess identical transmissible characteristics. Unfortunately this is not the case, as many investigators, as well as practical growers, have proven. However, this knowledge furnishes us a working basis to carry on selection experiments. The methods of improving varieties by selection must neces- sarily depend directly upon the three methods of propagation, namely, asexual, cross-fertilization and self-fertilization. Asexual plants are those which are not propagated in a sexual manner, such as the potato. Theoretically speaking, no deterioration, or running out, should take place where this kind of propagation is practiced, but practically it does, as plants be- come diseased and decrepit by various causes and transmit their weaknesses to their progeny. When degeneration in potato vari- eties takes place rapidly, as it does at University Farm, prob- ably due to adverse soil conditions, no amount of selection, as has been conclusively proven, will bring them back to their normal state. Such being the case, it is necessary to secure new seed each year to obtain the maximum results. On the other hand, if degeneration takes place slowly then it is advisable to eliminate the weak plants and save only the strong ones, and in this way the general field yield may be increased. Cross-fertilized plants are those whose flowers are so con- structed that either insects or wind can easily distribute the pollen. Examples of these are the squash, pumpkin, melon, cucumber, lettuce, onion, corn, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, etc. Naturally on account of this crossing many weak strains are pre- served by the stronger. Corn is one of the best illustrations of this phenomenon, as many experiments have proven conclusively. By self-fertilizing individual plants and by breeding up strains from these many are found to be poor yielders and others good ee ah |, ae IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES BY SELECTION. 213 yielders. In one case the crossing of two medium yielders iso- lated from one variety of corn gave a much higher yield than that obtained from the field run. Sup- posing that all the weak strains were sifted out of every commercial variety, and only the strong ones left for intercrossing, then our yields should be mate- rially improved. At the University Farm many strains of Hubbard squash have been isolated and un- doubtedly many, if not all, of them will yield less than the field run. On the other hand they are remarkably uniform, and perhaps a cross between two of the highest yielding strains would give a more uniform and productive squash than we have at the present time. Isolation of strains is also being carried on with the greenhouse cucumber, head lettuce and onion with the same object in view. Self-fertilized plants are - those plants whose flowers are of such a nature that they usually fertilize them- selves. Illustrations of such plants are the bean, pea, tomato and perhaps the eggplant and pepper. Such plants differ from the cross- fertilized ones in that they do not carry along a lot of “WIB APISIOATU JV—S}JOOSUI LQ UWOL}VZI[I}AejJ-SSO1IO JUIAIId 0} Y}O[O aBsedayO Y}IM_pesdA0d syuR[d uBog BEN ] weak strains by crossing. However, each ee of this class of 214 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. plants contains many different strains, some being superior to others in productiveness or other characteristics. This fact is based on numerous experiments at several experiment stations, including our own at University Farm. Selections of the Refugee bean, 1,000 to One, the Alaska pea, and several vari- eties of tomatoes, have given many distinct strains, varying greatly in their yielding capacity. It may be of interest to note that this past dry, hot season has upset some of our natural expectations. For example, Earliana No. 10, a high yielding strain of tomatoes, was out-yielded by a supposedly inferior strain, but on the other hand it produced ten more fruits per plant and ripened its fruits earlier. It is apparent that the large number of fruits ripening during the intensely hot, dry weather caused this decrease in yield, but it is expected that, if we have a normal season next year the strain No. 10 will again take the lead. From all facts at hand it seems that one of the most impor- tant lines of investigational work with vegetables is to separate all the commercially grown varieties into their integral compo- nents, eliminate the weakest of them, and preserve only the strongest and most productive. Unfortunately, this work must be continued indefinitely, for weaknesses and other deteriorations continually work their way into varieties. We undoubtedly need new fruit varieties for our climate, but this statement does not apply to vegetables, as we already have plenty of good varieties. It is, however, essential to keep our varieties up to their highest ’ standard. Such work requires lots of money, time, and land, which we do not have, but this should not discourage us, but on the contrary make us more eager to secure the necessities which will make our work more proficient. QUANTITY AND QUALITY IN POTATOES.—‘Take care of your yields and ” the quality will take care of itself,” says H. J. Lurkins, Michigan’s well- known potato grower and authority, and county agent of Berrien County. Mr. Lurkins has grown an average of 454 bushels of potatoes to an acre on a 25-acre field. Hence, his word should carry some weight. Mr. Lurkins believes in planting none but the highest grade of seed from carefully selected stock grown in a seed plot. He manures his ground heavily a year ahead of the time it is put to potatoes. He plows it early in the spring and re-enforces the manure with a suitable well-balanced commercial fertilizer. He says the potato is a lazy plant and must have its plant-food close at hand, if best crops are to be secured. Mr. Lurkins grows 2,000 to 10,000 bushels of potatoes every year. His yields are high and his quality is always the best.—J. W. Henceroth. SUCCESS IN ORCHARDING. 215 Success in Orcharding. AN EXERCISE LED BY J. Fs» HARRISON, ORCHARDIST AND FARMER, EXCELSIOR. I think, in order to be a successful orchardist, the first thing tc take into consideration would be—if I were starting out again —the location of the land. I would also want to take the market situation into consideration, because I don’t think you could make a success as an orchardist unless you do. I presume that is the reason, if I am at all successful, because those two things were there anyway, whether I took them into consideration or not. I didn’t have experience enough to take those things into con- sideration, but the market, of course, developed later from our fruit association. Then I think the next thing to take into consideration is the planting of the orchard and the variety of trees and, of course, that should include also the care of the orchard, which would be spraying and pruning. You cannot make a success as an or- chardist nowadays unless you do spraying and also pruning. The next thing would be variety, and there would be only two varieties for me now. If I was planting out a commercial orchard now I would plant a few Duchess and the rest would be Wealthys. If I was going to plant an orchard of 500 or 600 trees, or a thousand, I believe I would put in about a hundred Duchess. The Duchess always sell well because when the mar- ket for the Duchess opens up, along in August, everybody is apple hungry, and they always sell for a good price. My Duchess that I sold this year brought me a good price, a dollar and a half a bushel. I should certainly be careful about getting too many varieties. That is where I made my mistake. I was for- tunate enough to put in more than half Wealthys, and other varieties would have gone begging for a market but for the Wealthys, and they have always sold the other varieties. You have got to take the variety that the public is acquainted with and that the public wants. If you take all these things into. consideration there is no question about your success as an orchardist. Another thing, your orchard is like lots of other things, you have got to enjoy it. There is no use of a man going into the livestock business unless he enjoys it. If he enjoys it, it is a source of pleasure to him—and it is the same with the orchard. I know I enjoy my orchard; I have reason to enjoy it. Once in a while I tell the boys this: When I was a boy—that 216 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. is, about the time that Peter Gideon was starving to death trying to propagate an apple for this locality, of course, an ap- ple with us was a thing we very seldom enjoyed. I remem- ber going to school in Chanhas- sen in a log schoolhouse, and the two Murray girlS were our teachers. I sometimes tell the boys that so they will appreciate the orchard. I have four boys and four orchards set out for them, and if they ever take to that and want to farm there is enough there for the four of them. I was going to say that those Murray girls used to bring an apple with them to school, eastern apples, and several of us boys there at school used to take turns in getting the peelings. I tell you, those peelings were fine to me, and sometimes we got the core. You know I made up my mind I would have an orchard for my boys. And once in a while when you see them, after they have eaten ten or fifteen apples, and they begin to throw away a great deal of the apple, I tell them, “When I was a boy that would have been awful good ‘stuff to me,” and they would say: “For heaven’s sake, never tell about the peelings.” This is the first time I have told anything about the peelings and being glad to get them. Now, they say that no class of people disagree among them- selves as much as horticulturists. "3RE JO OULOY UIE] [vapr YY, ‘IOIS[OOXW JO [INOS so[rur OMY ‘UOS[IIeH “yy “HUTT ne ee Rigs ne ge et SUCCESS IN ORCHARDING. 217 Each one has his own opinion about different kinds of fruits, and what satisfies one horticulturist don’t always satisfy another. There is another apple I am going to speak about, and that is the Northwestern Greening. This society has not recom- ~mended it, but I think it is a profitable apple and would make a profitable orchard. Of course, I have heard people say that after they bear a few years they will die out. I only had a half a dozen of those and still have four of them, and one of those trees bore ten bushels this year. I sold those to a commission man and he said those would bring $6.00 a barrel, or $2.00 a box. Another thing in favor of the Northwestern Greening, I think it would be a good thing to top-work them; I believe we could do that. What I was going to say about the advantage of them is the picking. They never fall off so you are obliged to pick them. I have seen them hang on the trees all winter. The apples are all perfect. While it might not be adapted to this particular locality, we do know they do raise them very successfully in the southern part of the state and Wisconsin. Some horticulturist may have tried a tree in this locality or farther north and it may have winter killed, while in the southern part of the state a tree may have done well and been very profitable, and I think this is the case with the Northwestern Greening. They have them here on exhibit every winter meeting, and they make a great showing. They make a great showing in a barrel or box after being opened up, and people have found them to be a fine baking apple. Along in the spring of the year they are fine, they are a fine cooking apple, they make fine pies and sauce, and they keep in any ordi- nary cellar. Mr. Underwood: This year the Northwestern Greenings, were perfectly sound, but some years they spoil in the core. I wondered what the trouble was. Mr. Richardson: It is the characteristic of the Northwest- ern Greenings, if the cellar is too warm, to turn brown in the core. Mr. Underwood: These were on the trees. Mr. Harrison: I have a root cellar on the north side of the house. It is a cement cellar with a flat top, reinforced with iron and about fourteen inches of dirt. A Member: How do you ventilate? Mr. Harrison: Ihave two four-inch soil pipes, one that goes down just through the ceiling and the other runs down to the bottom of the cellar so that it takes the foul air. They are at the further corners of the cellar. I put a screen in the pipes to keep the mice from coming in. The apples are kept in boxes and barrels. Mr. Soholt: I would say in regard to the pruning of the 218 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Northwestern Greening, they are easy to spoil and later on, of course, they rot. If you don’t prune them right after a few years they will spoil. Mr. Harrison: Of course, you can spoil any trees if you do not properly prune them. Another thing I found would make -a man successful in orcharding, if he had trouble with the old orchard. This idea was not altogether original with me. I bought a piece of ground with twenty-five trees on it that were thirty-five years old. Istarted in to prune that orchard, I did not cut it all to pieces, but I pruned it quite well, and I got from the young growth that came on those old trees just as fine fruit as the young trees had. You know it is the generally accepted conclu- sion that the young trees have the finest fruit. I found there was just as good fruit on the old trees thirty-five years old on the new growth as there was on any of my young trees; in fact, some of the finest fruit I ever saw. This was four or five years ago, and I kept pruning a little each year, and I noticed this year—I only sprayed once—I have finer fruit on those twenty-five or twenty-six trees than the. fruit of any other trees I have. I find they do that in the west; every year they cut out some of the old wood and that furnishes - new wood, and they say that is the way they keep their fruit. You know what fine fruit we get from the west; those trees are old, and that is the way they get it. A Member: What can you grow on sand hills? Mr. Harrison: If I was living in a sandy country I would have an orchard, I know I would, and I will tell you what I would do. I would dig a hole big enough to put in two good loads of yellow clay and I would mulch the tree, and I am satisfied I would grow apples. I would try that. You know we haul clay a long ways. You can afford to haul clay four or five miles to a sandy country to grow an orchard, and everybody ought to have an orchard. (Applause). BORDEAUX ON POTATOES.—The use of Bordeaux not only prevents blight, but also stimulates potato vines to greater starch production. This is brought about by a prolongation of the life of the vines. Three successive sprayings during one season will prolong the life of the vines for two weeks. This length of time during the most important period of the life of the vines means an appreciable increase in yields. In years when blight has not occurred, sprayed fields have yielded a profitably larger crop than unsprayed fields. An even distribution of Bordeaux on the surface of the leaves is highly important. To obtain the best results the spray machine should provide a constant high pressure and the nozzles should give a fine, mist-like spray. Sometimes 50 gallons of Bordeaux per acre is sufficient. If more is neces- sary it should be used when blight is severe. A VEGETABLE GARDEN FOR EVERY HOME. 219 THIS YEAR! A Vegetable Garden for Every Home. R. S. MACKINTOSH, MINN. AGRI. EXTENSION DIVISION. The greatest attention should be given to the home garden, especially this year of greatest stress, in order that vegetables produced may be used to take the place of the more stable food products, as grain and corn. It is urged that enough be grown to supply the table during the summer and sufficient amount canned, preserved or dried for two years. We may know where our food supply is for today, but we do not know where it is for a year from today. It is a well- known fact that the quickest way to replenish our short supply of food is to raise vegetables. The Minnesota Experiment Station has gathered consider- able information. regarding the cost of living on certain farms for a period of years. The average cost of growing the potatoes, vegetables and fruits in the garden was only $6.87 for each per- son per year. This included all the labor, taxes, seeds and other expenses connected with the garden. In a survey made by the United States Department of Agriculture it was found that, of the total food cost, the value of fruits was 6.4 per cent, and of vegetables, 11 per cent or a total of 17.4 per cent. The cost was less in the groups using the most vegetables. In the high meat consuming groups the total food cost was from $20 to $25 per person per year more than in the high vegetable consuming groups. If even $10 per person per year can be saved by the use of more vegetables it means a great saving on the 160,000 farms in Minnesota. These figures easily take the “sting” out of such statements as these: “Fruits and vegetables can be bought cheaper than they can be raised,” or “the garden is the most unprofitable part of the farm.” The size of the garden depends upon the number to be fed and the fertility of the soil. In most cases all the vegetables, and some of the fruits, can be grown on half an acre. No doubt a garden 50x200 feet, well fertilized, tilled and planned so as to use every available square foot, will be large enough to supply the vegetables for an average family of five persons. It is better to have a small garden well tilled than a large garden in weeds. In a small garden most of the cultivating can be done with a hand cultivator, for it is always ready, while with horse cultivators perhaps the work cannot be done at the right time. One of the 220 >MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. important factors in the success of a garden is to have all work done at the right time and in the right way. The varieties, amount of seed needed and notes regarding the time of planting, distance between rows and plants are given below in tabular form. The time of planting is relative rather than accurate, for one must use his best judgment in the matter. Several plantings at ten-day intervals should be made of radish, lettuce and sweet corn to provide a succession; a second planting of beets, carrots, turnips and rutabagas in late July to provide young roots for winter use. Two or more plantings of peas and string beans will provide fresh supplies of these im- portant crops. GARDEN PLANTING TABLE. —Distance— i= eet 3 Amount When $ « Sau a.0 VEGETABLE. VARIETIES. of seed to z oe BES soy needed. plant. 820 839 Ga ; aPinmad AAs Beans, String Wardwell, Bountiful, Refugee 1 Qt. May 15 18 4 2 Beans, Pole Valentine, Kentucky Wonder 1 Qt. May 25 36 24 2 Beet Detroit, Eclipse, Egyptian 2 OZ (ADT AO mas 3 ab Brussels Sprouts Dwarf, Long Island 1 Pkt. Apr. 15° 13) eae Cabbage, Early Wakefield, Winningstadt 1 Pkt. Apr. 15 24. 46 al Cabbage, Late All Seasons, Danish Ball 1 Pkt. June 1 36 18 Plants Carrot Chantenay, DanversHalfLong 1 Oz. Apr. 10 12 2 Cauliflower Erfurt, Snowball 1 Pkt. May 1 24 ib Plante Celery, Early Golden, White Plume 1“ Pkt. Apri 15 324 6 Plants Celery, Late Winter Queen, Giant Pascal 1 Pkt. June25 36 6 Plants Celeriac Erfurt 1 Pkt. May 25 24 6 % Cucumber Boston Pickling, White Spine 1 Oz. May 15 48 36 ul Egg Plant N. Y. Spineless, Black Beauty 1 Pkt. June 1 24 18 Plants Endive White and Green Curled 1 PEt. Apr. Laas 6 i Kohl Rabi Vienna 1 Pkt. Apr. 15 18 2 % Lettuce, Leaf Grand Rapids, Simpson 1° Oz. Apr.) 10.18 4 I, Lettuce, Head Boston, Hanson 1 Pkt. Apr. 10 18 6 i Muskmelon Gem, Osage, Montreal 1 Oz. May 25 48 48 1 Onion White, Yellow and Red Globe 2 Oz. Apr. 10 16 3 % Onion Sets Any color or kind Ot. Apr 10% 26 2 3 Parsnip Hollow Crown, Guernsey 1-Oz. Apr) thy ee 2 % Parsley ‘Moss Curled 1 Pkt. Apr. 10 16 2 % Peas, Early Alaska, American Wonder 1 Qt. Apr. 10 24 2 2 Peas, Late Telephone, Champion of Eng. 1 Qt. Apr. 20 36 4 2 Pepper Bell, Ruby King, Cayenne 1 Pkt. June 1 24 18 Plants Pumpkin, Pie Long or Round Pie 1 Pkt. June. 1. 725eb0 1 Radish, Early Scarlet Globe, Icicle 2:0z. Apr.clo0i ots 2 % Radish, Winter California, Spanish 1 Pkt. Apr..25 > 24 6 % Rutabaga Purple Top, Yellow Swede 1 Oz: Apr. 10: -24e we Salsify Sandwich Island 1 Pkt. May 10 16 2 % Spinach Long Standing, Bloomsdale 1107) “Apr tones 2 % Sweet Corn Bantam, Crosby, Stowell 2 Qts. May 15 30 18-30 1 Squash, Summer Scallop, Crookneck 1 Pkt. May 20 48 24 % Squash, Winter Marrow, Hubbard 1 Oz. May 20% Tai -% Swiss Chard Lucullus lt PEt. Apr: 2bi 224 6 1% Tomato Earliana, Bonny Best, Stone 2 Pkt. June 1 48 48 Plance Turnip Purple Top, Egg 1°Oz) “Aprscl0 aes 2 % Watermelon Dark Icing, Tom Watson 1 Oz... May 25..72 60 1 SUMMER CARE OF STRAWBERRIES.—On the care which the strawberry plantation receives during the growing season will depend to a large extent the kind of crop there will be next season. The more runners that can be placed with hand and trowel so that the plants will root quickly and be evenly spaced, the better. Very often there are too many plants in one place and not enough in another. Where plants are crowded and much less than six inches apart, the crowns do not develop well and the fruit is liable to be small. It is important to keep the plantation free of weeds and the ground cultivated as long as possible, as late growth, in the case of straw- berries, will result in better plants. A light covering of clean straw is desirable when the ground freezes in the autumn, to prevent alternate thaw- ing and freezing in the winter or following spring.—W. T. Macoun. ——_— ECONOMY IN SEED POTATOES. 221; Economy in Seed Potatoes. A. D. WILSON AND R. S. MACKINTOSH, AGR. EXT. DIVISION, UNIVERSITY FARM. Potato seed is scarce and high in price and many persons ave asking if it is not possible to use less seed per acre this year. Repeated experiments show that in normal times it is best to use seed pieces weighing from one to two ounces, which means using from ten to twenty bushels of seed per acre. Experiments also show that good crops may be secured by planting pieces as small as one-half ounce in size, or even by planting the eyes dug out of tubers to be eaten. For Field Planting.—By using medium sized or small pota- toes and by cutting into small pieces by hand (pieces about one- half ounce in size), six bushels may be made to plant an acre. It will be necessary to plant such small pieces with a hand regu- lated planter, or by hand. Special care should be exercised to prepare the soil especially well and not to plant until conditions are favorable, because these small pieces cannot withstand ad- verse conditions as well as full sized pieces. Scab and Other Diseases.—Scab is prevented by soaking seed for one and one-half hours in a solution made by mixing one pint (one pound) of forty per cent formaldehyde with thirty gallons of water, or by dissolving four ounces of corrosive sublimate in thirty gallons of water in a wooden vessel. The corrosive sub- limate is more effective but is very poisonous when taken inter- nally, although it does not harm the hands or clothing. It must be used with care. It is a crime to allow disease and insects to reduce the yield of potatoes: Hence, spray for bugs and blight this summer. For the Garden.—Eyes and seed ends of potatoes used for the table may be saved and planted by hand in the garden. The most satisfactory way is to plant these eyes or small seed pieces in soil in a shallow box kept in a warm, light place in the house, and the plants set in the garden as soon as soil and weather war- rant, or from May 20 to June 20. It is not advisable to plant these small pieces outside until the soil and weather are warm. Begin now to cut off the “seed” end of the tubers used each day for table use and put into a box of soil. The box should be three to four inches deep, fourteen to sixteen inches wide, and twenty to twenty-four inches long. Fill with fine garden loam and keep in the house in as light and warm a place as can be found. Be careful to select the best potatoes for this purpose. The land should be given more attention this year. It should be plowed six to eight inches deep and thoroughly har- rowed, especially just before planting. This makes the soil fine and in best condition for the seed-pieces or plants. When ready to plant, open a furrow about three inches deep and put the pieces from twelve to fifteen inches apart and cover with two inches of soil. From this time on keep the surface of the soil loose by constant cultivation. 222 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . Spraying Mixture. PROF. A. G. RUGGLES AND PROF. E. C. STAKMAN, UNIVERSITY FARM. Arsenate of Lead. This is probably the best “all around” stomach insecticide yet discovered. It is either a homemade or commercial prod- uct. The homemade material is not often satisfactory; hence we prefer the commercial material. Of the ordinary prepared paste found on the market, use 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water; of the commercial powdered form use 114 pounds to 50 gallons of water or the fungicide. The formula for sweetened arsenate of lead to be used on cabbage or radish maggot is: Lead arsenate: paste: aca... wat. SES 34, ounce New: Orleans molassesiit.t.ii00). 7 ales eee 14 pint WEG Wires pce Ee eceerel. expen ieee rae ee 1 gallon If rains wash the mixture off during the time the flies are active, (May 1-20 and July 1-20) spraying must be done over again. Lime-Sulphur. Lime-sulphur is both an insecticide and a fungicide. It was first used as a sheep-dip and then came into use as a scale insecticide. Since that time, many improvements have been made in its formula. The concentrated lime-sulphur is both an insecticide and a fungicide. At the rate of one gallon to nine of water, it is used only when the trees are dormant, at that time killing principally the scale insects. At the rate of one gallon to forty of water, it is primarily a fungicide, and is used with arsenate of lead when trees are in foliage. The following is the formula, although it probably is much better to buy the commercial product on account of its constant chemical properties: 50 lbs. fresh unslaked lime 95% pure. 100 lbs. sulphur thoroughly and finely pulverized. Water to make fifty gallons. After proper mixing, this must boil 45 to 50 minutes. See table for proper dilution of concentrated lime-sulphur following on second page. A resin mixture is often needed to make Bordeaux mixture or other spray compound stick to a smooth surface, such as raspberry canes when spraying for anthracnose. The resin lime mixture is made as follows: SPRAYING MIXTURES. 223 Pulverized resin, 5 pounds. Concentrated lye, 1 pound. Fish oil (or other animal oil), 1 pint. Water, 5 gallons. Place the oil, resin and one gallon hot water in an iron kettle and heat until the resin softens. Then add the lye and stir thoroughly. Now add the four gallons of hot water and boil until a little will mix with cold water giving a clear amber colored liquid. Make up to five gallons and keep as stock. In using this in Bordeaux mixture, make the 40 gallons as per formula, then take two gallons of this resin-like stock, dilute to ten gallons and add to the Bordeaux mixture or to lime-sulphur. Resin-fish oil soap, a commercial product, can be used instead of this “sticker.” Potassium Sulphide—(Liver of Sulphur.) This is a fungicide employed when it is undesirable to have the foliage discolored. It is especially effective against mildew on gooseberry and rust on carnations. A fresh solution is yel- lowish brown. Poermula—Potassium Sulphide ........:... 3-5 OZ. Water acs oc cee cae ba te 10 gals. Copper Sulphate (Blue Vitriol.) If trees are to be sprayed when dormant it is not necessary to go through the tedious process of making Bordeaux mixture. A solution one pound blue vitriol in 15 to 25 gallons water makes an excellent fungicidal spray at that time. Soap Solution. An excellent spray for soft-bodied insects, like plant lice, is made by boiling one pound laundry or Ivory soap in 12 to 15 gallons water. When the soap is thoroughly dissolved it is ready it: This sprayed when warm is preferable to using the liquid cold. : Nicotine. The nicotine in tobacco has great insecticidal value. The commercial extracts which are nicotine sulphate are excellent. “Sulphate of Nicotine’ and “Black dwarf 40” are two of the many trade compounds. They are the best plant lice insecticides yet discovered. They can be combined in many of the other com- bined spraying mixtures. PREPARING BORDEAUX MIXTURE FOR SPRAYING. ‘4 pounds of Copper Sulphate (Blue Vitriol). 4 pounds of good Stone Lime. | These are to be dissolved separately, each in 25 gallons of water ; then pour the two together into a fifty-gallon barrel, stir- ring thoroughly. This is the proper mixture for spraying apple trees. It is usually considered unsafe to spray plum trees with more than three-fourths of this amount of copper sulphate. 224 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The best way to dissolve the copper sulphate is in a cloth bag suspended in the water. It should not come in contact with metal. For a combined insecticide and fungicide add three pounds arsenate of lead paste, or 114 pounds of the powdered arsenate of lead, to each fifty gallons of Bordeaux mixture or diluted lime- sulphur. Concentrated Lime Sulphur. This material can be made at home, but it is much simpler to buy it on the market, though in any case the material should be tested before used. The mate- rial sent out by any of the most reliable firms if left uncovered will change its composition more or less. To test one should have what is called a Baume Specific Gravity Scale, or Hydrometer. These can be purchased for $1 or $1.50 from any large drug com- pany, such as Noyes Bros. and Cutler, St. Paul, or Bausch and Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. To get the right amount of dilution, one must have a dilution table such as given in any bulletin or book where lime sulphur is discussed. For instance, if a Baume reading was thirty-two degrees, and you are going to use a dormant spray, you would dilute one part of the liquid with eight parts of water; if you are going to use a summer spray, you would dilute one part of the lime sulphur with forty parts of water. The following table will show the amount of dilution to use with a reading anywhere from fourteen degrees to thirty- five degrees: DILUTIONS FOR DORMANT AND SUMMER SPRAYING WITH LIME SULPHUR. Amount of dilution. Reading on Hydrometer. Number of gallons of water to the gallon of lime sulphur. For For p Degrees Baume. San Jose Scale. Summer spraying Dormant. of apples. LF Ra ee RT AORTA oe ts eek aero eee gees a! BAN Sh ce IGeR AE 9 tae Ragan tl | eee Ae 431/, BB tO EDEL Behe BU TsO: OO, Ske 4114 BOS PORT ER Sa ey leek oar tt ee Sa OSes rere TUNA e FAN eee 373), SO. UA ees (igs 1 ea 361/, DQ ues ah Mere GARNI i ee 341, sec lilsihinedet ales Gl pk cache ee 323), DT hrs HIB, GASH OL Aerie Bae coe eee 31 Bg ore OC Pim Bayo Sisk hc aera 291% Brith. bh. EAc heater 51, so0ch eee 273), DAG Su ee SS Site (Pere Wet eT a eee DOr RABI oY EMR A Wee 6s ohn inane 2A1/, DO iat a ts aici dy ei tae Alico. 344 Cae 223), ON ORS ER AE 38) Ne ae 211, Ae a: aes a a NM) i 1934, 190, Sees Oe os SIS Se ae 181/, 18s SR ea a eee eae i PTS EM SAOS Dog Sits SR ee 16 TOs POA EGE Dy. ti Raat ies toe ae 15 Us Bayar De B17) 9 Ante Gene 14 PAL? RES RA) Ra aes eae are 1234, 225 SPRAYING MIXTURE. EONS FUVOUIIMOG AY aq} 01 Sars{tdde Aq psy aq Ukd TOWBULLOJUL IeyIANGy OU4 46 FSULBOG PIAGAUS CY “4S, Ing(noN.0R PM had A ded tt Gf AOL TEN ET dR ee di tens Nie hater prema see tnon lh emo f Tied *aTCISSOU UOT WOJVUIGUIOD a4 eyBUT 09 SXvd yy yt ‘ON DION dUL Ul 9uIt OF BUIy WOLF passnodsip Weed VARY sB[NUTIOJ BuyAvads [TV “§ ‘ON AION pur ‘appoIsung B YJIM paniqiuioy oq UBS VprIo|yoosSuT UR asvd ATOAD YSOULTB UT UOTIRIIJUBA POOS 9PIAOIg AIBSs900u $}9S }INIJ 9Y} 1917 YSNL eIn}XIwW xnvap10g j ee MOBTEL ‘uUOSB9S 9Y} JNOYSNOIY} xnvoapi098g usyM ieee qyods Jj el Q}IM petesAood [[9M 9G P[NOYS SoulrA yeodexy aieodde suriom u9[M (0G-¢) pBeT JO 9}¥UEeSAy| SULIOM O}BUIOT, ‘I[VJ UL S}UB[d 0} VSOTD 9}¥BATR[ND ‘UMOLS SPIIYI-OM} JSBOIT OLY WHOL Ysty soayout 9 918 sjJOOYS sunoc usu M (0G-p) DBO] JO oJVUaSTy | e® 918 souvod [I}uUNn xnBvepi0g YIM | esouoei14yuy JOJ SB VWURS yareq AeIS) iostoia ‘yno LS etes shin aah usdo SeAveT B10JOd aIN}XIW XNvEpPIOg-UISZY essouoelyyuy ‘Sseuvo posvoesiIp uinq pue jno ynoO AWHBHAdS VU "'SyOOM yovey (06-g) PB2T JO 9}BUaS e1}994 OM} 10 skep us} ATOAO SurAvads AIBSS9I00U S339 o9[}90q SB UO0OS Sy -Iv JO (0G-T) U90I1S SlIvg SO9A[OAUL AT[VNSN SIL “uoSsBaS u9syM USsiy (97e, pu 24} yNOYSsNoIYy} VIN} XIU xnBvapi90g yeodey|soyour g ore sjue[d usu A (0G-G-G) 294n}xIW xnvepiog| AI41¥9) IUSITA UVIM P2I2AOD [TPM 29q pl[NOYS sauUTA OLVLOd | s}1e1S | e[dde 10j sv sues S}OOSUL B[BIS ‘uingd pue UMOP Nd ‘pejooz yyMois Sulids ul sjyivjs yyMous | 2IN}JXIW xnvepi90g -J® SI 991} 9[OUM JI ‘TTVJ 94} UT | se uoos se |Aue s10Ja9q 9}eYd[NS s9ddoD! ayeydins szaddo;) yeyood untd seyoueiq pe,JOeye uing pue sung 9IN} XIU | (0G xnevoepi0g \=¥-'8) eINn}XIuW xnvoepsi90g | IO[09 svod [[vus ‘10 (Qf 037 T) P2IN{Ip aAnj[ns “Goa Aq po (03 SuISeq |joozIs oie HeOIq |-9WI,T poJerjUs90U00 snid { oT[noiny) -[PATIYS JINAIJ) SOlUUINUI [[B AOIJS9q |}INIyJ UsyAA|SuUINn[d usYAM| SPN AIMOY VaI0joOqG yn (0S-€) pest jo o9}vussiy yor UMOIA : WATd ee See Se “ares ; ie Suryeeiq vie spnq sy. a1Byd{ns 9Uur}0o0IN esno| : - sone eKG ¥ Jeol JUvIIND aie spnq Jeet se isn} aIN}XIW xnBvepIOg yods jeory ivedde 9.104 ‘UOIJEIO[OOSIp JUVAVId 0} BIOQGIT[IY SOABII Sur |-9[[ey 10 pest Jo o}euasay|] WOM JuBIINO asn ‘UdInN} 0} UlSaq salIteq UIA Sunodé sy|-Wosso[q 19,38 SsAePP Mol V e7eYd[Ns 9uljOoIN| (PTT Jud) LNVUYNAO | _ eTyord 9}TUM ‘suol} | $}OO1 UO JOBIXE ODDBQOY, sqnis -Ipuod pley aJepun seAIPT Op aOU Aress9oou IO 9BALe'T ‘SOUlBIJ P[OO UL SaaquInond sanfut usymM ieodde S9yuse IO DUI] poayeIS 91}99q A[SNOM9sS JOU Op sjOASUI }{[NpPe 9syuL yeodey S}]OOSUI SV UOOS SB 4snq|-11e 10 pBeT Jo s2}¥uUISIV Jaquinony Le: HaaAWnonos Meat es ee ; cee | 103 | 0¢-1T Arne 0Z-T ABW |PB2ET JO 9JVUISIv POUDdJOS MG] -SBUL BSeqqeO Se9ysSe pooM YIM 10 WI0j AIess90ou pelapmMod oy} YIM ysnq “10]8M AGBOS UI posn JI Jeet u9syM (0G-T) Usels stIeg 24} 0} 19}}9q HONS [[IM uOoSstiod o9yZ yeodey Ievvdde suIOM J9AIUZY AA 10 (0G-g) PBeT JO a}eUNSIy| WIOM aseqqeD =a S SE a sek qHOIVaAVO ie *paeyoio JO O[IUl % YIM SIVps. per yno 4ynO 3 | ‘jSN1I [0O1}U0D JOU S290p sUOTe | SuIAeIdg ‘SpuNnOM jooJUISIP ‘su9y Sulids ul }sing spnq o10joq (6-—T) aInj[ns owmiy7 S}O9SUT 9[BOS -uveo [[V Uing pue 4noO 9uNAd !4IMaIJ pe}}OI [[V pue S9ABZT USTI[eyI AOIS9G ‘yueseid ST JOU 19}}1Q 10 You MOLT ‘YOU SUI[POO JI 19}"e, syoOM INOj 10 9914} SuIAvids YPINOJ B VAIH ‘YOU SuI[poo 10J Tenyooyo aieedde sjoosul u9yM yuid ySOU SI ‘oTqissod se sdnd xA[ed 9} 19}PT Wes sjejod |moys 0} sSuIseq JZ94SsnT[O 0JUI PINbIT ey} Jo yonw se Sues SyooM ¢]/ J9IJR YSNE|\I9MOY UI pPnq w9}jU90 sy ‘II®@J sTejyed 94} 1933e Ysnf Surtvadg aAtddV SyIewW9ay Surkeidg | Surseadg SujAéAeids 4saig PATUL Puods9s ayurevarTriyervurre ri arueyYereserTrc aoTT ayeYyda[NsS 9UTIIOOIN JeYAyT T}OOIN querd 10 sprydy (0S-F -p~) 8IN}XIW xNnBvoOpIOg 10 ysny ‘(OP 0} [) peyN{Ip anjins SEOs -9UlI] pe}eijuUe0U00 sn{d orpnoing (0S-g) peeT Jo ojeuesay| | Yow Sul[pop Aevidg 1s9d SUMMER MEETING, 1917. Premium List, Summer Meeting. 1917. No Duplicating of Varieties Permitted. OUT-DOOR ROSES. 1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem. Collection—three blooms of each named variety, to be shown in separate vases $5.00 $3.00 $1.00 $0.50 Collection of named varieties—three blooms of each, in separate vases, am- SPEIRS OMULY A seteratons lersnnccalshtaamerevenstats teeta te ametale 5.00 3.00 1.00 50 Three named varieties, white—each va- riety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem 2.00 1.00 50 Three named varieties, pink—each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each,- each bloom on a separate stem........ 2.00 1.00 -50 Three named varieties, red—each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem........ 2.00 1.00 -50 Collection of Rugosa and Rugosa Hy- brids—each variety (consisting of one cluster of blooms on a single stem) ina SOP ALALC A MASE wereld slapelote lees etalaia's folate etoltie 2.00 1.00 -50 Most beautiful rose in vase............ A 1.00 Largest roSe iN VASE... .eeeeeseseeeces 1.00 Seedling rose to be shown by the origi- nator. (Not previously exhibited in competition.) Bronze medal donated by the American Rose Society. The following named varieties of roses to be entered separately and shown in separate vases, three to five blooms in each vase. Prince Camile deRohan, General Jacqueminot, Margaret Dickson, M. P. Wilder, Jules Margottin, Magna Charta, Paul Neyron, Madam Gabriel Luizet, Baroness Rothschild, Anna de Diesbach, Ulrich Brunner, John Hopper, Rosa Rugosa (pink and white), Baron deBonstetten, Karl Druski, Madam Plantier, Grus an Teplitz. Each, 1st prem., 75 cents; 2nd prem., 50 cents; 3rd prem., 25 cents. PEONIES. 1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem. Vase of Festiva Maxima, 6 blooms.. $2.00 $1.00 $0.50 ee “flesh or light pink << ss es ed “ec “ “se “ << #8 “medium or dark pink ‘ ‘< “ white «6 se “eé “ ac “e red ae “ “ee ae ae Collection—three blooms of each named variety in separate vVaseS........-s.005 $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $1.00 Collection—three blooms of each named variety in separate vases, amateurs only 6.00 4.00 — 2.00 1.00 Seedling peony, three blooms............ 3.00 2.00 1.00 .50 Collection—one bloom of each variety, shown each in a separate vase; for ama- teurs owning no more than ten varities 2.00 1.00 .50 (226) ee rtt—O—‘CS;C ia<- Nir ees ars beat le om 1 PREMIUM LIST, SUMMER MEETING, 1917. ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS. Vase of Canterbury Bells ....... Retace cs $1.00 $0.50 oe Se CONLAUPEA Mote wt tcle « mraietelatavsiefetetelotare 3 ibe * % MEM OTUIMDING fete ae ce cic lore acetate mtoie fe fs ‘ is LOUD a we cia tend oletulececn Bevel heletoye fe se ss “e BS ROUT VUE la vocalles« invoke sie anpsige AM be a fs oe “ Evening primrose (Oenothera).. Ne é Le 4 more et=me=N0t (0... cess ae atevel there ef “ a e RADE CES SUL OIV'G oh ccurtieiss choral er'sveh 8! biais, ele eke evens 8 “ s A PmGalllardias 2.0. . dae the < Me are if ae ss + BAUS DUIDISSS Fs! a fenciw ave btsre¥p iene giom she e § Li SLC CLANG? POPPIES see's se ordiewis sees 3 LM < REEL LLCS) | (ai ae; o:) 0% asera, tllalaoleielalye ache oie laje ate it ae a sf “LUT ay ba eas asic enetets eushels sec "S hy . ‘2 PPMP ILTLES © oii bi wid tos oe blebs te ahs 'w wher Wiel ave 4 es ee y PN TIMILEAL, DODDIECS . .iycicle ss eusce) oeucumns es ae Me MeOrien tal “DOPDICS Se vets. oscie sine os a cs Le MUSA ATISLES: |e aisia.elel sien DshanNerailate stepeetahers sf a Se cs Pee Perennial cCOrEOPSIS) *., 0. .')5.4,+ «sie one os @ se PREMIO EMT (ahs i ce eio eva wieneere es ae 3 a Le we MUS CA (CAISTOCS), «.sipisieres oye be viele e 0s eH Ly £ BSNVICC Ey WALLLATI: io.0:0 siei's iol die ete vie. « e¥Eyc LC 4 Se Collection—named perennials, in separate . SUR ce Seti, Sac ce Bisiel eres wel elendtera Sere $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 Collection of annuals and perennials in separate vases (not to exceed 12) by amateurs who have never taken pre- MeMgURES “ON? LO WETS 2.0. 62 ck ee ois so ele selnanee 4.00 3.00 2.00 Collection—named iris, in separate vases, SOPPUCATEVS I CACH » .5 5. 0) sielleis sw é die evleidiee efe wise 3.00 2.00 1.00 Collection of wild flowers, in separate PINE NER A Hest avaita’ ondierehe seliole.s jones) oimiviensueys, wipaaha 4.00 3.00 2.00 Collection of flowers by children......... 2.00 1.00 .50 Vase of any kind of flowers not named in this list. (An exhibitor may make any number of entries desired under PERE GIA EGS) 11s) nhe)-)s alee’) a « Oh tH eins oP) ciate TNeD a 2.00 1.00 50 Vase of flowers arranged for artistic effect 1.50 1.00 .50 Basket of outdoor-grown flowers, ar- Pete Peee ye CX MIDICOL sc. 2c ole eee sla es ses 3.00 2.00 1.00 STRAWBERRIES. One quart of each variety to be shown on plate, not in box. ist prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. Collection (not less than six varieties).... $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 Collection of three named varieties...... 3.00 2.00 1.00 ist prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. $1.50 227 4th prem. $1.00 1.00 4th prem. $2.00 .50 The following varieties of strawberries to be entered sepaiately: 1st prem. 2d prem, 3d prem. Bederwood, Dunlap, Crescent, Splendid, Clyde, Warfield, Lovett, Enhance, Glen Mary, Haverland, Minn. No. 3, Progres- : sive, Superb, Americus, each............ $1.00 $0.75 $0.50 Best named variety not included in the Pea EMS Leet ores cde iy os uiiave setae Sei epee allay ajeintal ele 2.00 1.00 50 Seedlings, originated by exhibitor........ 3.00 2.00 1.00 4th prem. $0.25 GARDEN HELPS 7 Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society Edited by Mrs. E. W. GouLp, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. Minneapolis. GROWING GARDEN FLOWERS FOR THE MARKET. It is a decided surprise to find how large a number of garden flowers can be used for the market, but it is no small trick to have at all times an abundance of bloom of the various colors and various styles. One never knows when the call will come for a yellow luncheon, a pink wedding, a red porch party or white church decorations. And so there must always be tall flowers and short flowers, and white flowers and colored one. But one garden gorgeous to behold this week may reach the end of its season and be entirely despoiled of its glory next. Is its successor ready? There would be little trouble if all the crops lived up to the February garden plan specifi- cations; but alas, the Iceland poppies, or the early sweet peas, or the daisies, or the asters, or the dahlias, or something else are sure to be put out of sorts with environment—and then what for a substitute? The only safety lies in planning superabundance of bloom (especially as then you'll have some- thing to give away—which is half the fun of having a garden). One day in desperation over a shortage of flowers between crops, in the middle of the summer, I said: “We simply must have flowers to burn.” And my aunt, a great literalist, asked, in surprise, “Why, what do you want to burn them for?” Perhaps you would like to know what flowers we use. As we have no regular greenhouses, our first Spring arrivals come from the cold frames where they were started the summer before. Most important of these are the pansies, particularly when they can be induced to long stems. They are very popular for table decorations, corsage bouquets and hospital messages. A sweet, sad little story came to us last year. A friend ordered a hospital bouquet for a friend of hers, and, by chance, along with other flowers, I put in some pansies. When the box reached the hospital, the sick woman was unconscious, but later she rallied enough to see the flowers and recognize the pansies. She wanted those separated from the others and put in a vase by themselves, close at hand. A little while afterward, she became uncon- scious again for the last time. But it was a pleasure to her friends to know that her last thoughts could be of her beloved pansies. Along with the pansies come forget-me-nots (star of love and Eliza Fan Roberts), lilies of the valley, violets, Iceland poppies and trolius. A friend receiving some Iceland poppies one year, the first of May, said, “How did you get such summery flowers as these out-of-doors in this cold weather?” Trolius is truly wonderful but is exasperatingly lacking in am- bition about filling the earth with its kind. Maybe its seeds will come up two years after planting, and most probably they’ll not. So few people know this lovely and comparatively rare flower that its name is something of a curiosity. Some people have called it “petrolius” and others have nick- named it “Tango Rose.” Bleeding heart, a real old-fashioned favorite, comes early, the colum- bines, also. The Rocky Mountain variety, with its big blue and white flow- (228) mms rn | ined GARDEN HELPS. 229 ers, people here seem to like best, but some of the pink varieties can hold their own well. ~ Valerian, or garden heliotrope, is sweet, as its name betokens, and pyrethrum, or “painted daisies,” give one of the showiest gardens of the whole year. After being cut they sometimes become quite languid on a warm day, but I am always sorry when their season makes its adieu. Mention should surely be made of the flowering trees and shrubs, apple, plum and cherry blossoms, lilacs, honeysuckles (the least satisfactory for decorations), bridal wreath and mock orange, all have their place in a garden flower business. Iris is lovely for decorative purposes, both in and out of the garden. Peonies speak their own praises. There is a steady demand for marguerites and their successor, Shasta daisies, throughout the summer. Sweet william is reasonably well liked, but it can easily glut the market. Oriental poppies are gorgeous and will hold up for a day or two after cutting. Perennial larkspur is a standard crop, and we are coming to like the annual. Lichnis is worth growing because it furnishes a good red for Fourth of July, if for nothing else. Sweet peas when they behave well run into money quicker than almost ‘any other flower, but they are mighty notional, and if weather conditions are not to their mind they are not slow in complaining. One always needs a good supply of madder, meadow rue, gypsophila (annual and perennial), and flowering spurge. All will serve in turn. Gaillardia for a general purpose garden flower is scarcely excelled. It begins blossoming in June and yields heavily straight through to freezing weather in November. It is an excellent keeper and is bright and decora- tive. Coreopsis is a standard yellow. Achillea at its best and when massed fills many of the requirements for a standard white. Pinks and forget-me-nots make the dantiest bouquets imaginable. Mignonette is popular, fully as much perhaps for the associations connected with its name as for its own quaint worth. Shirley poppies make a beauti- ful garden, and, like the Oriental poppies, will serve in the house for a day or two. Snapdragons can be used extensively if you can make them grow freely—likewise garden lilies. Gladioli should have successive crops all summer and fall. Cosmos is a standard. Everybody knows what asters may or may not be. Golden glow can be used in moderation—some of the best sunflowers quite extensively. Dahlias are more or less satisfactory as cut flowers. Autumn daisies (pyrethrum uglinosum) are especially fine for showy big decorations. Bollonia also has a place. Zinnias, marigolds, wool flowers and mourning brides (scabiosa) are excellent fall bloomers. Michaelmas daisies are inter- esting and sometimes are of use. And for winter keeping, straw flowers and Chinese lanterns have everything their own way.—Sabra M. Ellison, Okipee Farm, Minneapolis. . N. W. PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY, 3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis. Minn. How many of our members made a planting of peonies or iris last year that can be expected to bloom this season? Spring is the best time to plant iris, but the fall season is the proper time to plant peonies. There is certainly a great source of satisfaction in planning your garden so that it may contain new varieties each season that may possibly be strangers to you. It is not too early to become familiar with the location of large representative collections and plan an excursion of investigation with a view of bettering the collection you may already possess. A great number of the recent productions of both the peony and iris are wonderful and greatly excel some of the older varieties. Others, of course, are not to be compared with the varieties that have been in existence for many years, but which are comparative strangers to most of us. It is a pleasure to report a satisfactory growth of the ‘society, but our aim is high and our ambition is to enroll many more members this spring. We want each member of our society to become a missionary to the cause and send us at least one application for membership or, failing in this, the names of parties to whom we may write with a view of interesting them to join us in our work. Can we depend on you for this? The larger our society becomes, the more we do for you. Have you labeled or properly marked your plantings so there will be no danger of injury to the tender shoots as they are about to burst through the ground? If you have them protected with a covering, extreme care should be exercised in removing same if the season is well advanced. As soon as possible this spring, start constant and thorough cultiva- tion, using care not to work too close to your plants, as it is only by thor- ough cultivation and care that you may expect the most out of them. Re- member that any plant must be firmly established and planted where con- ditions are satisfactory in order to obtain the best results. One of the chief aims of our society is to familiarize each member with the different meritorious varieties of peony and iris and to encourage their cultivation, propagation and improvement, and we will gladly welcome any inquiries or suggestions that you may have to make along this line. Don’t fail to read Mr. Bonnewitz’s paper, ‘““A Business Man’s Pleasure With His Peonies,” which will appear in the columns of the Horticulturist. It is intensely interesting and brim full of enthusiasm, and was heartily received when read before our society at our mid-winter meeting. We want more enthusiastic members like Mr. Bonnewitz. We have in preparation material for another bulletin that will be issued in the near future. Each of our members will receive a copy as soon as completed. The committee appointed to arrange for a flower show this season will doubtless have something definite to report in the near future. Be free to write your experiences in the growing of peonies and iris, whether they have been successful ones or failures. If failures we feel that we can help you, if successful your experience may be helpful to others. If you have propagated new varieties, send us descriptions so that we may advise others of your efforts. We want to make this a real, live society in keeping with the Horticultural Society of Minnesota, of which we are an auxiliary Phone No. 37658. (230) PREMIUMS ON FLowers. An advance copy of the list of premiums to he offered on flowers at the coming summer meeting of the society is to be found in this number, and prospective exhibitors will see the wisdom of consulting this list promptly and acting accordingly. Notre ESPECIALLY in this number first the article on “growing vege- tables this year” on page 219, on “economy in seed potatoes” on page 221, the new spraying calendar on pages 222-5. These are articles of special importance bearing on the extraordinary efforts being made this year to increase the vegetable and fruit products of the country. No true horti- eulturist should fail to plant a large garden, and no true fruit grower should fail to spray the orchard and other fruit plants most thoroughly, following for this purpose the calendar provided herein. JAPANESE BARBERRY HARMLESS..-The common barberry, Berberis vul- garis, and its commercial varieties, together with some of the less common species of barberry, are unquestionably instrumental in spreading rust. However, the Japanese barberry, Berberis thunbergii, has no connection as far as has been determined with the wheat rust. It has been tried at this station, as well as at many others, for a number of years, and it has never been found to have rust. In any law providing for the eradication of barberry, the Japanese barberry should be exempt.—E.. C. Stakman, Head of Section of Plant Pathology, University Farm. HAVE You A VEGETABLE GARDEN?—There are extraordinary reasons why every member of the Horticultural Society should do his part in grow- ing a crop of vegetables large enough for home consumption and some to spare for the neighborhood and plenty to can for a two years’ supply. It is not too late when this is received for you to plant a garden, and especially in growing vegetables for use for next fall and winter. On other pages in this monthly you will find practical articles on vegetable gardening, some sound advice from experts in this field, also something about potato growing. We rely upon the members of the Society to do their share in this real national crisis. VISIT THE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM.—A good time to visit the State Fruit- Breeding Farm, at Zumbra Heights, is in the strawberry season, somewhere about the middle of June. At that time there will be a large field of No. 3 strawberries in fruitage and considerable quantities of a large number of other varieties of strawberries, both June-bearing and everbearing. There will be very many other things besides this of interest to be seen; scores of thousands of apple and plum trees will have blossomed and set fruit as well as quantities of all other varieties of fruits that can not be raised in this climate. The visitor will be especially interested to see crosses of the plum and apricot which we are informed should be in fruitage this year. Take a half day of and visit the Fruit-Breeding Farm. It can be reached by Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad from Minneapolis to Zumbra Heights station. The farm is about one-quarter mile south of the station. PLUM TREE PREMIUMS DESTROYED By Mice.—Something over one hun- dred members of the society we know are very much disappointed not to receive the plum premium, No. 19, a cross of Compass Cherry and the Climax plum, offered to our membership as one of the plant premiums this spring. These trees were carefully dug and proverly heeled in for winter keeping in the storage cellar at the Fruit-Breeding Farm. Usual precau- tions were taken against injury by mice, but unfortunately they were not successful, as all of this lot of trees had the bark eaten off by mice and were entirely destroyed. Supt. Haralson did the best he could under the cir- (281) 232 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. - cumstances in putting in some other things, which in themselves are intrin- sically as valuable. It is too bad so many should be disappointed in this way, but there is no help for it. No HoRTICULTURAL BUILDING THIS YEAR.—The present State Legisla- ture has seen fit to refuse the request of the Horticultural Society now for the second time, but we do not feel so badly about this as they also refused practically all of the requests of the State University for buildings, which in the judgment of the Board of Regents are imperatively needed, on ac- count of the high price of labor and building material, and extraordinary demands arising out of war conditions for unusual expenditures. Every item of expense which could be cut out without seriously crippling the state institutions has been refused by the present legislature. As previously noted, hearings were had before both the Finance Committee of the Senate and the Agricultural Committee of the House by the Society Building Com- mittee, assisted by a number of members of the Executive Board. We are informed that the majority of the Finance Committee were favorable to- wards our proposition, but the House Committee decided against us. No appeal was made to our membership to endorse this proposition, following in this the wishes of the members of the legislature who were endeavoring to secure this building for us. We are not discouraged but hopeful. The situa- tion is better for us than two years ago, and we hope successful efforts may undoubtedly be made with the State Legislature two years later. PASSING OF A. J. PHILIPS AND OLIVER GIBBS.—Since the issue of the last number of the Horticulturist two others of the old members of the society have been taken from us, Mr. A. J. Philips, of West Salem, Wis., and Oliver Gibbs, of Melbourne Beach, Fla. Mr. Philips had been a regular attendant at our meetings for so many years now that he had become well known to all of the members who are present at these gatherings. His prac- tical experience in horticulture and his quaint and humorous way of pre- senting any subject in which he was interested brought him especially into prominence. There will be a strong personal note in his loss which will touch each one of us who has had the opportunity of knowing Mr. Philips and profiting by contact with his personality. Mr. Philips was sick at home and then at the hospital at La Crosse in all about three weeks. His death occurred March 22 last. His name first appears on the membership roll of this society in 1876, more than forty years ago, and from personal knowledge of the earliest meetings of the asso- ciation and its active membership at that time it is more than likely that he attended meetings at an earlier date and was a member of the society, the earlier rolls of the association being kept in an imperfect way, which make the exact date of membership an uncertainty. Oliver Gibbs came into the society at about the same time. His name appears on the roll first however in 1880. Both Mr. Gibbs and Mr. Philips --ere made honorary life members only a few years later. Mr. Gibbs was always very prominent in the councils of the association up to the time of his removal to Florida, where the last decade of his life was spent. Very few members have contributed more in a practical way to the work of the association than these two whose names are grouped together in this notice. Mr. Gibbs was secretary of the society during three years, having been appointed to fill a vacancy in 1882, and only resigning on account of the duties devolving upon him as superintendent of the exhibit of the state of Minnesota at the New Orleans Exposition. On account of his absence from the state most of the time for the past ten or twelve years, and his blindness, which for some years has been practically complete, the membership of late years have seen very little of Mr. Gibbs, but the work that he did during his active years for the association had large value and contributed more than can be told in this note to the permanent life and growth of the asso- ciation. A biographical sketch of Mr. Gibbs was published in the report of this society for 1901, accompanied by his portrait taken at that time. A biography of Mr. Philips is found in the report of this society for 1898. In later numbers of this monthly, some time during this year, “in memoriam” sketches of the lives of these two prominent members will find suitable place a Te ¥ 3 we. “e mm ass. com sat BALSAM FIR AND EUROPEAN LARCH PLANTED ALTERNATELY, AT OWATONNA EXPERIMENT STATION. 3. « « No. (See opposite page.) While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. C0 Vol. 45 JUNE, 1917 No. 6 Tee Owatonna Trial Station, Annual Report, 1916, THOS. E. CASHMAN, SUPT., OWATONNA. The trees and plants at the Owatonna Station have gone into the winter in good condition, as there was sufficient rainfall to give them the necessary moisture. I am sure the public generally will be interested in the condi- tion and appearance of the different varieties of evergreens and European larch planted at the station in the years 1886 and 1887 by the late E. H. S. Dartt. That the readers of the Horticulturist may realize the size they have attained and the condition of the white and Norway: spruce, Scotch pine, European larch after a period of thirty-one years, I have had several photographs taken. No. 1 shows white and Norway spruce planted ten feet apart; the trees are planted alternately. The white spruce are the largest and best looking trees, with the exception of one, which is the third tree from the right in the picture. ' About twelve years ago, I was visiting the Station with Mr. Dartt, and he called my attention to those trees. He said, “You will notice I have planted white and Norway spruce alternately. This planting will prove some day that the white spruce will in time outgrow, will always look better, and will outlive the Nor- way spruce.” He said, “I will not live to see those results accom- plished, but perhaps you will.” He said, “You will notice now that the Norway spruce are considerable larger than the white spruce, but this will not always be.” And sure enough, the old gentleman’s predictions have come true. The trees now are standing from thirty-five to fifty feet high, and with the excep- (233) 234 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — tion of one instance the white spruce are considerably larger than the Norway. The white spruce carries a beautiful green luster the year around, while the Norway presents a dull and somewhat naked appearance in winter. Although the Norway are in good condi- tion and making a fair growth each year, they seem to be unable to hold their own with their more beautiful neighbors. No. 1. White and Norway spruce planted alternately ten feet apart. No. 2 shows Scotch pine planted a year later. They are large trees, very healthy and provide a good windbreak, but not nearly as attractive nor ornamental as either the white or Norway spruce. No. 3 shows the balsam fir and European larch planted alter- nately. In this case also, with one exception, the larch are much the largest trees. All are in good, healthy condition. While the larch loses its foliage in winter, it is a beautiful, symmetrical tree and one of the best trees for ornamental purposes. All of those trees would saw into barn timbers after thirty-one years of growth and prove conclusively that any of those varieties will yield large profits if grown for lumber pur-_ poses; and while they are growing into money as a saw log, they far more than compensate the owner for the money invested and the land they occupy on account of the protection they afford for ——a WINTER REPORT, 1916, OWATONNA TRIAL STATION. 235 buildings and occupants of the farm, as well as live stock, from wind and storms. The naked trees seen back of the evergreens in photograph No. 1 are Norway poplar about ten years old. They also have grown to be large trees and will soon be ready for the sawmill. Those trees are planted on various kinds of soil. Some on No. 2. Scotch pine, very heavy black soil where the ground is inclined to be wet. Part on clay hillsides, others on a rolling piece of ground that has a thin clay subsoil underlaid with a gravel bed, which shows that these varieties will do well in most any kind of soil that is not too wet. WILD PARSNIP A DEADLY PoIsSON.—Wild parsnip is not the common garden parsnip that has escaped from cultivation and grown wild. The latter has a more yellowish flower and a tap root. What is commonly called “wild parsnip” is the Wyoming water hemlock (Cicuta occidentalis), which greatly resembles the garden parsnip but has a whiter flower, the leaflets finely toothed along the margin, and a cluster of roots. Every year we have reports of children being poisoned by eating the roots of wild parsnip, and parents will do well to caution their children against touching any wild plant that has an umbrella-shaped top that looks like the garden parsnip.—Colorado Agricultural College. 236 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Raspberry Diseases in Minnesota. G. R. HOERNER, ASSISTANT IN PLANT PATHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. Many varieties of raspberries have been brought to a high state of development in this country. Co-ordinately with the development of the host plant, so have raspberry diseases de- veloped. The extent of this development has been such that a thorough study of these diseases, with the end in view of com- bating their ravages, has become a necessity if the successful growing of this excellent fruit is to continue. The first federal report on raspberry and loganberry pro- duction in the United States in 1899 shows an estimated national planting of 60,916 acres, with a production of 76,628,107 quarts. Minnesota is credited with 1,115 acres and 1,252,930 quarts. The last available federal statistics, for the year 1909, esti- mate the national planting at 48,668 acres, with a production of 60,918,196 quarts, at a valuation of $5,132,277. Of this total Minnesota grew 1,388 acres, producing 1,340,469 quarts, at a valuation of $178,689. For this short period of ten years these figures show a decline in the United States of 12,248 acres devoted to the crop with a consequent decrease in production of 15,709,911 quarts. Estimating the value at the same rate per quart as in 1909, there is a reduction in financial returns of approximately $1,335,342. Although Minnesota’s total acreage and yield increased, there was an actual decrease in production of an average of 158 quarts and a consequent loss of $20.54 per acre. No later figures being available, it is impossible to state whether the acreage and yield has increased proportionately, whether the yield per acre has been reduced or whether the actual number of acres devoted to this crop is on the decline as a result of the effects of disease. However, Mr. E. C. Magill, recently of Wayzata High School, in a report on a survey of the raspberry industry in Hennepin county for the past season, states that in four main berry growing districts only one is increasing its acreage. Many fields in the remaining three districts are said to have been already abandoned and others in such poor condition that the plants should be taken out. A number of varieties have been grown in Minnesota with varying degrees of success, and although weather conditions and poor cultural practices may be responsible for some decrease in yield, failure to recognize the importance and serious nature RASPBERRY DISEASES IN MINNESOTA. 237 of insect pests and plant diseases causes a high percentage of the reduction in quantity and quality of the fruit produced. The following diseases are the most important in Minnesota, Gray Bark, or Spur Blight. This is a fungous disease popu- larly so named because of the visible external effects on canes and spurs. I class it of first importance because of its widespread occurrence, the extent of the damage and, until recently, the slight attention that it has attracted. The Hopkins, Long Lake, Maple Plain and Excelsior dis- tricts, in Hennepin county, are all infested, some fields show- ing as high as 100% of the canes diseased. The districts about Mankato, Bay Lake and Aitkin are all suffering from the de- ae Loe h sop Wee — Gray bark, or spur blight, of red raspberries. structive effects of this disease. It has been reported from Douglas, Pine, Wabasha, Mower, Washington, Renville, Ram- sey and Cottonwood counties as well. Not only has the reduction in yield- been great in the last few years, but in many places the effects are so marked that the growers are seriously considering the abandoning of pres- ent plantings altogether. Some growers believe gray ‘bark to be most severe in older plantings or on canes weakened by winter injury. There has not been enough opportunity to collect conclusive evidence on this and other points under our conditions. The effect of winter- killing on various varieties, and the susceptibility of these same varieties to disease, must be investigated. Correspondence on this point with the Experiment Station will doubtless be of mutual benefit to grower and investigator. _ The first appearance of the disease, early in July, is char- acterized by bluish or brownish patches, either at the base of 238 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. green canes, or near leaf bases or buds. The fruit-bearing laterals are wilted down, become dry and fall off. Later in the year, beginning about the latter part of August or the first part of September, these bluish areas of the bark become grayish in color, and the outer bark finally cracks and peels off. The worst features of the disease are, first, the reduction of fruit bearing laterals and, second, the cracking of the bark, allowing loss of water needed for the ripening fruit. A de- tailed study of the disease is at present in ‘progress. Some varieties seem more subject to the ravages of the disease than others. OI RASPBERRY DISEASES IN MINNESOTA. 243 ~ mercial basis must take into account that good practice con- sists in preventing disease. The whole fruit growing com- munity is alert to the problem that if one man lets his orchard run wild or his raspberry patch run wild, it is going to injure all the rest of them. i I do not want you to understand that we are harping on theories, but you talk to a great many fruit growers when the limiting factor in production is disease, and when you prove that that disease can be controlied by very simple methods if in- telligently applied, you will have to admit there is something in this. We must take the prevention of disease into consideration as well as the mere culture of the plants. A Member: I naturally expect any one dealing in diseases and their remedies to talk that, but if we are looking for real things and going up higher we will look for the fruit and the production of them.. I think too much of an important feature is being made of disease. I think we ought to look for the fruit and the growth of things. Prof. Stakman: If the gentleman will undertake to spend a half an hour with me I will show him why it is we are trying to control diseases. The object is not to advocate some pet scheme of our own. We are not interested because we make our living—we hardly make that. The reason we are interested is, it is our duty to do it, and we are interested in the increase in yields. It is a financial proposition with the grower and not for us, and if this gentleman will spend some time with us we will prove it is a financial proposition. I would like to hear from some one who has had actual experience, I do not like this going back to the dark ages. Mr. Rasmussen: I never had a chance to attend the Uni- versity, and I had to call them to my place. If it had not been for them I do not think I could have gone very far. They gave me advice as to my irrigation system and as to spraying, and enabled me to save my crops. | Mr. Gust Johnson: I have been around a great deal over this state, and as to this disease it is a fact that it is a disease of the cane, and it is easy to prevent it. All these diseases can be cured or prevented by spraying, no question about it, it has been proved time and again. It is better to cure them than to dig them up and burn them. To dig them up and burn them is like killing a man when he is sick. Mr. Brackett: There is no question but what we have got to fight diseases. Some years here we could not grow a crop of potatoes unless we killed the potato bug. No man that pretends to raise apples would grow them without spraying them. But I believe with Mr. Underwood that there are a good many bugaboos, that we need not be afraid of, that are put out by people who have an interest in doing so. Foot note: Full directions for making this resin-lye-bor- deaux mixture will be found in Secretary’s Corner in this issue. 244 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . Strawberries with Jrrigation. N. A. RASMUSSEN, PRES. WIS. STATE HORT. SOCIETY, OSHKOSH, WIS. I do not think that in a commercial way we can afford to grow strawberries without water. In a small garden on the farm it is easy to get water to them, and in a commercial way you can grow them anywhere if you have water piped to the bed, and it is but a small extra expense if you have a well that supplies the water. We are surrounded by water on all sides, but _ the only water we can get control of is that down below, and we ought to have it on the strawberry bed. But before I go on about strawberry culture with irriga- tion I am going to speak a little on some mistakes we are apt to make. Most any soil will raise strawberries, and it has been said soil that will raise corn will grow strawberries. It will, but it will not grow crops worth while. We should have our land in the best of condition if we expect the best results. Clover sod, with a heavy application of barnyard manure plowed under in the fall or early spring, planted to potatoes or beans, kept thor- oughly cultivated and free from weeds, makes an ideal place for strawberries the following year. In the selection of plants, I think is where we are apt to make mistakes. I think we should select our plants much as the dairyman selects his cows. He takes one cow, perhaps, or a few good cows, as the foundation of his herd; we should take individual plants for the foundation of our strawberry bed. Go into the field soon after planting time, look for the plants that have thrown out extra large, strong fruit stems, © with runners not too numerous but large and strong; stake off and take your new plants from there. You will find that some plants will throw out several times as many runners as others; my idea is that the plant that will produce too many runners runs to runners instead of fruit. You may find some that run to fruit and will have practically no runners. We think by thus selecting the plants the strain is improved somewhat. We grow practically one variety, the Senator Dunlap. I find, however, that they will not do well in all sections, but in most cases where they have been tried they have proved success- ful. We set the plants with a two horse planter, the same as is used for setting cabbage and tobacco, and find they do far better than when set by hand, and also find this saves a great deal of expense. We set the plants 18 inches apart in the row and four feet between the rows. We cultivate with a a a STRAWBERRIES WITH IRRIGATION. 245 fine tooth cultivator, always using the rolling coulter attached to the side of the cultivator, as this does away with dragging and bunching the runners. It also cuts off the surplus runners, which on our rich land are apt to be very numerous. One drawback to strawberry culture is the running out of a variety, so to speak. Care should be exercised when digging plants to dig only those showing strong characteristics of the variety and to dig only good, strong, healthy plants. The two greatest troubles, however, are the leaf rollers and the hot, dry Pumping station in Mr. Rasmussen’s garden, supplying piping system for strawberries and celery. weather, and these ills may both be cured with the same simple treatment. It costs the average grower about $50 to plant, cultivate and care for an acre of strawberries. I contend this is not sufficient, we should give them better care, and for an additional $25 an acre we can, take it right through, double our crop. Some years we have saved our entire crop by protecting our- selves against leaf rollers, also drought, by watering, using the sprinkler system. The only way we can entirely control the leaf roller is by watering. They seldom start before picking begins, and this is just the time the water should be applied. Four or five days of continued hot, dry weather often ruins a crop or, rather, ends it, while if irrigating is done the season is prolonged to its natural length and the quality of the berries is fine throughout the season. 246 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | We pump from an ordinary well, and the pump throws an inch and a quarter stream. First we pumped directly to the field, which worked very well except that it is too hard on the engine and pump. We now use an elevated tank and find that works better. I prefer to have the water come directly from the well rather than have it pumped up and allowed to stand in the tank and grow warm. It is better for irrigating, and the pickers can drink the water, there being faucets all over the patch. We find that the plants like it better; the cooler the water the better they will respond and the more effective it is on insect pests. You can’t hurt the plants on a hot day with this water if you do not strike them with a heavy stream but use a sprinkler. We divide the patch into two sections and run a pipe through the center, placing a bib or faucet about every sixty feet, and then use common garden hose and lawn sprinklers, watering half the patch daily, which is also the part we pick each day. We plan to water as soon as they have been picked, using just water enough to revive the foliage. An inch and a quarter stream of water for an acre of strawberries is as much as we have had to use in the driest season, and I think we nearly doubled the size of the fruit through the entire season. The last berries, as a rule, are small, but I think with irrigation they are fully as large as the first; at any rate, they are no smaller and usually command a better price. Mr. Hoyt: How many crops do you pick, and can you keep up with irrigation a continuous picking of crop from your strawberry bed? Will they bear continuously, year after year? Mr. Rasmussen: We have never had a loss since we have started to irrigate. We planted berries this year, and as we were short of land we grew spinach and radishes between the rows. We pick a bed only one year,.and after having been watered the land is in good shape for plowing. We plow im- mediately after the picking season is over and plant to beans, cabbage or cucumbers. Mr. Gardner: I did not quite understand your statement of the amount of water you use. Mr. Rasmussen: We have an inch and a quarter stream pumped with gasoline engine into an elevated tank. - This is suffi- cient for an acre and a quarter of strawberries. Mr. Gardner: How big is your tank? Mr. Rasmussen: About thirty barrels. Mr. Gardner: Would you lay that pipe right along the row? Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, we lay it right on the ground, —— oe | STRAWBERRIES WITH IRRIGATION. 247 on top of the ground, so that when the strawberry patch is finished we change it to the raspberries or gooseberries. Mr. Gardner: You have got it so you can shift it easily from one place to the other? Mr. Rasmussen: Yes. Mr. Gardner: Have you had any experience with overhead irrigation? Mr. Rasmussen: I have not. The Skinner overhead system is better and more practical, but it costs considerably more money. ; Mr. Kellogg: How many acres have you irrigated from that pump? Mr. Rasmussen: One acre and a quarter of strawberries and two of raspberries. Mr. Kellogg: What power is that engine? Mr. Rasmussen: Horse and a half engine. . Mr. Brackett: In making your plant selections, do you find those individual plants remaining constant in the production of runners? Mr. Rasmussen: No, sir, but I think I can see improvement in the strain. I do not find as many of the plants that have too many small crowns. : Mr. Brackett: Do you spray? Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, we spray once with bordeaux mixture when the first blossoms appear. A Member: How high up is the tank? Mr. Rasmussen: We have a 25 foot trestle. It is on the highest point of our land. We have to figure to have a twenty foot pressure, anyway. Mr. Kellogg: How would you work it on ten or twenty acres? Mr. Rasmussen: You would have to have a better well, to begin with. Mr. Brackett: Those plants you have then are pedigreed plants you raise from the runners? Mr. Rasmussen: I do not know how I am going to get the pedigree. Mr. Brackett: I know of some people who are advertis- ing perigreed plants, and I was at a meeting in which that was discussed. There was a gentleman there who had been in the strawberry business a great many years, and he said he got some of those pedigreed plants and planted them. He also planted some Dunlaps that had been grown in an old orchard and had been neglected for ten or fifteen years, and he took out some of these plants and planted them beside the pedigreed plants, and he couldn’t see any difference—and I don’t think there is the least difference. A Wealthy apple tree is a Wealthy apple tree anywhere in the United States, because it is the whole tree that Peter Gideon originated. A Dunlap strawberry plant is a part of the first Dunlap that was ever grown. It has been produced by an offset, and it is a part of the 248 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. old plant, and I don’t believe you can improve it or you can run it out. Mr. Rasmussen: Go to a dairyman and he might tell you a cow is a cow, but there has been quite an improvement in cows. If you go at it right you can improve strawberries; I advise you to try it and find out the difference. Mr. Pfaender: I agree with Mr. Brackett, I do not be- lieve that bud selection improves the plants to any appreciable extent. I know that at the Central Experiment Station there were a large amount of Wealthy trees. They took some buds from the best trees and some from the poorest and some medium, and they set out an acre, thirty trees of each class. This orchard is about ten years old, and there is practically no difference in the yield of those three clases. Mr. Rasmussen: It may be true with the apple, I have not tried it. I do not think I can get anything out of that plant but a Dunlap, but I think I would get a better one. Mr. Hawley: I would like to ask a question, if you found any difference in plants selected from the main first runner instead of laterals? Are they better and why? Mr. Rasmussen: I have tried it, but I have never been able to find any difference. Mr. Hawley: There is a difference in the size of the plant? Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir. Mr. Hawley: Does not that continue the next year? Mr. Rasmussen: I do not think so. I like them better to plant, they are nicer to handle, but I do not think you are improving them. They come quicker and are stronger, but I do not think the runners will give you better fruit. Mr. Hawley: Why do you consider the berries unprofitable after one year? Mr. Rasmussen: Because I do not think we can get enough; there would be more difference in the yield in an acre of strawberries the second year than the cost of cultivat- ing a new bed? We figure we will never be satisfied with less than $500 gross returns from an acre. We ought to be able to get, like last year, over $1,000. On an old patch I never knew them to run over $350. Mr. Sauter: Which is your best variety? Mr. Rasmussen: Dunlap. Prof. Wellington: Professor Whitten, of Missouri Uni- versity, had been selecting strawberries for improvement, but his experiments have been negative. Mr. Rasmussen: We try to improve the strength and growth of the plants, and thereby we get better fruit. A Member: Have you ever, in sprinkling your berries in the day-time, noticed that the drops of water falling on the flowers would focus the light on the leaves and in that way burn the leaves? Mr. Rasmussen: Not if you use the spray and leave , STRAWBERRIES WITH IRRIGATION. 249 it on long enough to cool the plants before you take the water away, but you must leave it there long enough to cool them. Mrs. Franklin: I want to say that we only have a small patch, about 20x30 feet possibly, of strawberries, and the second year we got over fifty quarts more of strawberries off it than we did the first year? How do you account for that? Mr. Rasmussen: In the home garden I would not advise replanting every year. You can take care of them in such nice shape that you can keep them three or four years. We are apt to talk too much on the commercial side of it. Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, Third Congressional District. JOHN K. ANDREWS, FARIBAULT. In this district nearly all fruits excepting strawberries were quite deficient in quality and quantity. Very wet, cold weather in June, followed by a hot, dry July and August, are what our fruit growers attribute this deficiency to. Of apples we had in most parts a fair crop, but of a poorer quality than usual, excepting where the trees were sprayed. Plums.—Ranged from nothing to a very light crop. Cherries.—About the only cherries we raise in this district are the Compass cherries, which bore some this year. Grapes.—A light crop of good quality. Blackberries were a decided failure on account of the very hot, dry weather in July and August. Raspberries.—Reports on these are very uneven, ranging from no crop to a very good one. Strawberries.—The cool, moist weather in June was very favorable for strawberries, which returned a good yield, No. 1 in quality. Most patches were reported October 15 to be in good condition for 1917. Not much interest is taken by planters in general about con- trolling blight or in spraying the orchards. Wherever spraying is practiced the growers seem satisfied that it is the proper thing to do. The difference between sprayed and unsprayed orchards was very marked this year, the unsprayed fruit in many places being worthless. Our trees and bushes, came through last winter in good shape and were ripened up well this fall, ‘but the ground is extremely dry, and it seems very probable that we may have some winter injury to some of our less hardy trees and bushes. 250 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Nursery Legislation in 1917. F. L. WASHBURN, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. The amendment to the Horticultural Inspection Law is now a law, passed by the legislature recently adjourned. This enables the entomologist to better combat White Pine Blister Rust and other dangerous insects and plant diseases when occasion arises. He is also authorized to shut out from Minnesota trees, plants or shrubs from states infested with insects and diseases new to Minnesota. In virtue of this authority we have just issued the following quarantine notice dealing with White Pine, Stone Pine, Limber Pine and all other five leaf pines. State of Minnesota Office of the State Entomologist Quarantine Notice No. 1 White Pine Blister Rust. The fact having been determined by the Federal Horticul- tural Board, the Bureau of Plant Industry and state authorities that a dangerous plant disease, known as White Pine Blister Rust, exists in the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jer- sey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Wisconsin, affecting white pine, limber pine, stone pine and all other five leaf pines, and since we are endeavoring to stamp out this disease in the limited area in which we believe it occurs at this time in Minnesota, and since it may be introduced into Minnesota through shipments of nurs- ery stock of the above varieties from infected states, an absolute quarantine is hereby established prohibiting the shipment into Minnesota from the aboye named states of any and all species of five needled pines. Until further notice the foregoing quarantine shall become and be effective on and after April 30th, 1917. This quarantine is established under the authority con- ferred on the State Entomologist by the amendment to Chapter 206, laws of 1913, said amendment having been passed by the State Legislature at its 40th session. a a A BUSINESS MAN’S PLEASURE IN HIS PEONIES. 251 A Business Man’s Pleasure in His Peonies. LEE R. BONNEWITZ, VAN WERT, OHIO. One of my business associates finding me at work in my peony garden asked with surprise, ‘““Mr. Bonnewitz, why are you doing this kind of work?’ And I am sure he did not understand my reply when I said, ‘‘“My dear sir, I am working in these peonies now so that when I am eighty years old I shall have grown into a happy, likeable old gentlemen. It has taken some observation, and a little of my own home made philosophy, to enable me to realize that success in business will not necessarily bring with it a happy old age, and that he who realizes his con- nection with God’s animate world can be happy at any age.” And so I am realizing pleasure in the culture, care and ob- servation of my peonies, from the first days in early spring, when they so confidently thrust their heads through the earth, until the winter winds call me to lay the ripened stalks as a cover- ing for the new buds for the coming spring. The real peony enthusiast can see beauty in the plants as they first appear, and I well remember my exclamation of surprise as I one day saw a,tiny clod of earth thrown into the air, and saw a peony plant occupy the spot from which the earth had been thrown. That peony had brought its own spring with it. One of my peony loving friends tells me he can recognize some varieties in his neighbors’ gardens just by their appearance as they first greet the light. I have not yet arrived at this effi- ciency of observation, but he gets a pleasure out of his efforts to correctly name the varieties at this early time in their exist- ence. I have read of a grower who layered her peonies in the days of early spring, while the stalks were young and pliable, and who succeeded in growing a root upon the bloom stalk at the point where it was covered. It gave me pleasure to try that experi- ment last spring, and while I did not succeed yet it will give me pleasure to try it again next spring. It is the uncertain things which keeps our interest aroused. As the buds appear we notice that some of them are round like a ball, some are pointed like a rose bud, and others are flat. One of my friends tells me that “Pleas” varieties have buds which come to a sharper point than any of the English or French varieties. It will be a pleasure for me to see if my observations confirm the truth of his statement. The buds on Kelway’s 252 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Queen appeal to me for their particular kind of beauty. If I remember correctly, for nearly a week before the flower opens there are tracings of pink and white in a geometrical pattern which I have noticed on no other bud. What a pleasure it is for us who live in Ohio to realize that Edulis Superba will not fail us on Decoration Day, for it never has. And how we do wonder whether M. Jules Elie will keep ““Mons Jules Elie’? peony and stone bird bath. faith with us and march in the Decoration Day parade, and make more glorious the resting place of our Nation’s heroes. I always advise my friends who are thinking of planting any peonies to include at least one M. Jules Elie, for I think the growing of this one variety has made more peony enthusiasts than any one other thing in the world. Its beauty can be appre- ciated more easily than that of any other variety, and its cultiva- tion has seemed to me to serve the purpose of inculcating in the beginner his faith in his own ability to grow fine peonies. I know at least twenty varieties that I prefer to it now, but it gives me more pleasure to see one of my friends purchase an M. Jules Elie than it does to know of his buying a Therese or a A BUSINESS MAN’S PLEASURE IN HIS PEONIES. 253 Lady Alexandria Duff, for I know with the first he is getting the right start, and that he will grow into the desire to own the rarer sorts. It is a pleasure to own a fine, mature plant of any of the world’s best peonies, but it gives me more pleasure to own three, four, or five of a variety, because I can then give each of them individual treatment, and I can see how each one responds to the treatment given. It was a pleasure to see some wonderful Jubilees develop in my own and in my neighbor’s gardens, and to suddenly make up my mind to show those peonies at the New York show last June. It was a pleasure to meet other amateur peony growers at the show, and to become acquainted with the professional growers who attended the business meeting of the society. I do not need to tell you of the pleasure I had in seeing and studying the hundreds of varieties which were staged in the show, for I suppose at no other place in the world could so many different varieties be seen in one day. It was a pleasure to see that some of the very best flowers were exhibited by amateurs, and it was delightful to see how each amateur’s face glowed with pleasure as his flowers excited favorable comment. I liked to listen to each one of them as he told me of his garden and his favorite peony. It was a pleasure to find some of my flowers among the prize winners, and to make up my mind to strive for a place among the prize winners next year. But the greatest pleasure of the whole show was the delightful friendships formed through our mutual interest in this lovely flower and the fact that these friendships have been cultivated through correspondence in the ensuing months. We look forward with great pleasure to the next peony show, for we have promised to meet the same friends and hope to make other new and lasting friendships. Returning home is always a pleasure, but this return was particularly enjoyable, for I gave three extra days to it so I could visit the peonies at The Cottage Gardens, Queens, Long Island, and also Mr. Farr’s peonies at Wyonising, Pa. These two great peony fields were revelations to me, and it was a great satisfaction to meet the expert growers who are responsible for the correct cultivation and selection of varieties. They. gave their time to me willingly, and I tried to express my apprecia- tion, for a visit to these extensive fields under the guidance of the grower is a long step in peony education. 254 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Each one of you know my pleasure on my return to my own garden, for you experience the same pleasure when you return to your gardens. When I left my garden was beautiful with the early varieties; on my return it was the later varieties which made me glad that I possessed a garden of my own. Maud L. Richardson and Enchanteresse were appreciated not only for their beauty, which causes me to class them as extra high grade A vase of “‘Jubilee’’ peonies. varieties, but also because they added an extra week to the peony season. One Thursday in June, it pleased me to get a letter from my St. Paul friend and peony lover, Mr. D. W. C. Ruff, telling me how fine his peonies were blooming, and the following morning, while working in my own garden, the thought suddenly came to me, that it would be delightful to see the famous peonies of the great northwest. It took but a moment to begin to put the thought into action, and in less than three hours I was on my way to the Twin Cities, and Saturday morning found me in the most beautiful peony garden I had ever seen. LeCygne, La- France, Solange, LaLoraine, Alsace Loraine, Sarah Bernhardt, Madam Jules Dessert, Therese, Rosa Bonheur, Primevere, Mont A BUSINESS MAN’S PLEASURE IN HIS PEONIES. 255 Blanc, Mignon, M. Martin Cahuzac, Evangeline, and dozens of others of the world’s finest varieties were blooming as I had never seen them before. I was so delighted with Mr. Ruff’s garden that I spent two days in it, and I really wanted to stay a week. Monday found me in Faribault, and although I did not get to meet Mr. Brand, I was delighted to find his wonderful Eliza- beth Barrett Browning, and his splendid Mary Brand. His Martha Bulloch was a wonder in size, but the charm of E. B. Browning leads me to believe it will be recognized as one of the world’s great peonies. It gives me great pleasure that all three of these varieties have a home in my garden, and if they blossom in Ohio as they do in Minnesota it will be a pleasure to exhibit them in our Eastern shows. It is no doubt a wise arrangement which prohibits an ama- teur peony grower from selling roots, but in my case it has given me great-pleasure to give them away, and in some cases I find an added pleasure in planting connected with my love for peonies The greatest of all pleasures connected with my love for peonies is to find that my friends are learning to appreciate and love them too. There are certain friends I meet every week, and we always talk about our peonies. I am glad to see them, and I feel sure they are just as glad to meet me and to talk the latest peony news. I occasionally meet flower lovers who have not yet learned what a wonderful flower the peony is. A root of an extra fine variety sent to them postpaid at the right time, with proper planting instructions, not only makes a new peony enthusiast but strengthens our friendship. It has many times given me pleas- ure to send a root of a rare and fine sort to some other enthusi- ast of whom I have heard, and it will be a great pleasure at some time to have his opinion of my peony. Not the least of my peony pleasures comes when I am divid- ing some particularly fine plant to find that I can make three, four, five or a dozen plants where I only had one. It seems I have only begun to tell you of the pleasures of a single peony season, for I have not told them all by any means, but I realize you have more important things to discuss than peony pleasures, and so I will close with a reference to the pleasure I find in many growers’ well written peony catalogues. This kind of a pleasure is available fifty-two weeks in a year, and while it is true I have a fair library for a business man I have no books which are more often in my hands than the catalogues of the well known peony growers of the United States, and of Europe. Peony pleasures are health giving, life giving, love giving pleasures, which not only broaden our views of life and happi- ness but also give us length of days. 256 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Secretary's Financial Report, 1916. A. W. LATHAM, SECRETARY. DISBURSEMENTS. Postage! f7 Poeceas owas ee oft a ee sate Rie bes ee eee eee $714.51 Office trentawy Bytes cece ste ee tah and SRR Rac ant chek Sea Oe cae et oe ean 420.00 Telephone atm ass tT ee ow ie a ee 49.23 PPR GITU HA IOOES ods ont 5, « “se Tiayace hae = agavele iadegannie''e 2 doyeee eesbanae i 81.83 OCR SI OMIES 2's. 9x > anal 2 wlan aye sapne eiriern cae ink» eke len eae 25.00 Plant premiums ).. ask. s cdsids ieee ons aah pee 168.06 AMBISGATCE IN OLTGEs, 4 fis soc aim sels te.o etojnra 2 aoe a ne oe ee 757.75 PE RUPAIT SS silks cs orelkag Sst bee a eibinee Ga ote tee, Se allah eteigt eth me cea 417.44 Eixpenses annual meeting, 191b >. 25..6..<.6iioo ss ee ae ce ae 566.75 Expenses annual meeting, 1916. 26. io. & 20 9b ai. Deo nels 16.15 Fixpenses Summer ‘meeting, LOL ......:. 6.25454. d¢ s+ na eee i: 29.55 Banquet L9iG! :\. 0% visi sie Aalwiclea a e'ne ta cals ois Binge Aen 221.00 Reporting annual ‘meeting, SVS: . 5.6 Sis no cs © sass) oe ale 145.00 Expenses, viee-présidents 204 )s Wiis sq er WSs Aa De be 6.05 Expenses, superintendents trial stations.....................-4- 30.72 Hixpenses, delegates, .ete., TOUG 4 i). 2 hase. Sesion e oaliele set) er 145.87 . Assistant..lilbrariiams ti... opts tee il deaie clamcae aust tr oasiene oan tee ee 20.00 ' Discounts) on) memberships! im WOVG le yc 2. ae rise een 722.30 Discounts on memberships in 1917...............02200000- le 4 Examining officers’ , books!) ..1.). .w.ic0 7 s<0 nes vee tes oo 10.00 } Collecting. checks.) 3.3 Sk Maen lor ee alee, See 2 5.40 BABA yes Cs. Nelle in RS ee Sk a ie ee ee 49.05 Hennepin County Savings Bank, ... 35. ...4...0:.2.- + «9.5 900.00 j Mreasurer’s Salary s A915. 27 .rstelee slew els sosiece ei =eecel oboe che oe 25.00 Expenses; executive board) oo... hoe se eile ble hs te 6.00 Minnesota, Horestry.: A'ssociation.-. —. ccs oe etre cies eee 53.25 TERNS IS Oe os aia) bas Sabb ate ls Peakore td Se es tame Rea pee the ee 30.57 . . I BEDVICT a Vale) seas DESEO ag 8 Ac DA EA oleae h ey Nes eee cnt ty hots S.."3 oe 413.71 4 $6,079.49 RECEIPTS. Balance: 5 oie ds Peli k < elers SSG ad PURER Stated eae wea Sacto ete $112.13 G: W. Strand, “Treasurers 2.722 She eo cts saele Beane ea 800.00 Life membership fees irs hk kh AEB See ae 1a Seve! ape an 300.00 Books’ Sold 3.06 ik ee Pe SES Be Laces eee 24.50 : Ontts gold ted Fon OFS OPE a iE Le se A ee 21.21 _ Banquet tickets sold at $1.00 each............. PR Pa a ii 174.00 Garden Flower Society, account of premiums................+... 65.00 Annual 'membership fees for 1915.22. ic..5 8S tj oe nearer 32.00 Annual membership fees for 1916.00.) 52.005. 2% ek on eee 3,193.00 Annual membership: fees for 1917... 3 fh0.0ol SAE 315.00 Apples sold, annual meeting, 1916. '.. 20). 2). che ate opel ie ne me 33.75 Hennepin Co. Savings Bank, drawn out in 1916 ............... 750.00 Hennepin Co. Savings Bank, drawn out in 1914 ............... 200.00 Plant ‘premiiurig® se. Peale aie oes al. Os dnetela Aleisha Pe wea na 51.00 7.90 Sundries oii. g SE-oos eae ee EE Se chaos oe $6,079.49 SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL REPORT, 1916. 257 GENERAL STATEMENT, DECEMBER 1, 1916. Balance in Hennepin County Bank, savings acct., Dec. 1, 1915.... $188.62 Deposited in Hennepin County Bank in 1916.................... 900.00 eC Ti ALG Sse Liste a Cee uae Me Pe Rie clereowt Gv OG aces caw 20.78 $1,109.40 MMMREDEE SITLL OLO Ct. Foig 2 Le, Pace Sec e eNO s ctiels als bt Outs A. Y 750.00 DCL ATS SA VITIOS, ACCOUPE 5) aieisstinis alle vs acnaned or Bid vete LesapdbS iene ined « $359.40 Pann nd, Anchudine interest, ...... sds <5 Hs.sb ees colon eeia nes 146.29 DET SOCTOLATY S (ACCOUNE... hos cog ta dhnge cs isle ele dic.ewbie ts wea 413.71 Ree MRED TINT OA SUE OM scc54 aa eller erunseleuccoietal anickctosaie Ghapel eam'Ain elele evens 4,705.09 Iii p Tees aha oe ee RT Tie GR Rae ieee es $5,624.49 Annual Report of Treasurer, 1916. GEO. W. STRAND, TAYLORS FALLS, TREAS. RECEIPTS. 1915. MEIMPESEANGe ON NANG. 06 3/0 2s os os weve s elgpa cleo eee ee alerae $4,906.00 Dec. 1. Farmers Mechanics Bank, interest to October Ist..... 85.94 1916. Feb. 23. Semi-annual allowance, State Treas................. 1,500.00 June 22. A. W. Latham, receipts 11/30/15 to 6/15/16.......... 4,112.82 Aug. 29. Semi-annual allowance, State Treas................. 1,500.00 Oct. 1. Farmers & Mechanics Bank, interest to date......... 160.90 Dec. 1. A. W. Latham, Secy., receipts 6/15/16 to 11/29/16.... 623.48 $13,889.14 DISBURSEMENTS. 1915. ea Order 245, Premiums Annual Meeting, 1915.......... $604.00 gan. 3. Order 238, A. W. Latham, revolving fund........... 800.00 Mar. 1. Order 239, A. W. Latham, first quarter salary....... 450.00 June 38. Order 240, A. W. Latham, second quarter salary..... 450.00 June 22. Order 241, A. W. Latham, exp. secy. office 11/30/15 to YUE WB Fa Po Paades ch hae os Mk fal Rass AUS in erat RSA Oh ah ee Mee 4,112.82 July 1. Order 244, Premiums Summer Meeting............. 178.75 July 1. Order 242, Minnesota State Forestry Association.... 65.00 Sept. -1. Order 2438, A. W. Latham, third quarter salary...... 450.00 Dec. 4. Order 246, A. W. Latham, fourth quarter salary..... 450.00 Dec. 1. Order 247, A. W. Latham, Secy., exp. 6/15/16 to OL G4 hiss Welt yes, die ewe tam nat uum im astra bk ow 623.48 Balance: Onna nd sii. staapee te ee aac Pho tere. cea 4,705.09 $13,889.14 STATEMENT OF DEPOSITS. Security National.Bank, (open account). o.idince es reece eee nue $582.10 Farmers & Mechanics Bank (savings account)................. 4,122.99 $4,705.09 258 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Canning Fruits and Vegetables. R. S. MACKINTOSH, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DIVISION, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. In all well managed gardens there should be enough fresh vegetables to supply the table during the summer and to can for winter use. It is true that carrots, beets and similar vegetables can be harvested in the fall and stored in cool cellars, but they are often woody and are not so palatable as they are earlier in the season. Vegetables should be fresh and crisp when canned. Under modern methods it is comparatively easy to preserve a supply of vegetables. The simplest and best way of canning vegetables is known as the cold pack method. This means that the material is properly prepared and washed, then blanched in steam or boiling water and immediately cooled in cold water. The heat shrinks the material, while the cold bath hardens the tissue and sets the color. The product is packed in jars or cans while cold; hence the name, cold pack. Salt is added to each quart and the jar filled with boiling water. The best quality of rubbers should be used. The covers are put in place, tightened enough to prevent contents running out when turned upside down but permitting bubbles of air to escape in heating, and the jars put into the cooker and heated. The length of time required for the different vegetables is given in the table. The final heating of the vegetable and the sterilizing of the jar, rubber, cover and product are done at one operation. This process eliminates the use of any canning powders or preservatives and is easy, simple and safe. It is the method used by the boys and girls in the nationwide canning work under the leadership of the United States Department of Agriculture and state colleges of agriculture. EQUIPMENT. There are three kinds of equipment in use which, for convenience, may be grouped under three heads: (1) Homemade, commonly called hot water bath outfits, as pails and washboilers provided with a false bottom to keep the jars away from the fire. (2) Waterseal outfits, in which one or two covers are used to aid in maintaining a higher temperature. (3) Steam pressure outfits, which raise the temperature considerably above the boiling point. The homemade outfits are fairly satisfactory but require considerably more time properly to sterilize the material. It is a good plan to practice with a homemade outfit before buying a commercial one. In all outfits it is necessary to have a false bottom, at least one inch above the bottom of the vessel, to prevent the glass jars from breaking and to permit the water to circulate freely. Metal racks are best because they do not float. Wood can be used if weighted or held in place in some way. The water seal and steam pressure outfits are made especially for the purpose and require less time than the homemade. Thousands of these canners are in use, and there is no reason to doubt their practical value. In selecting an outfit, care should be taken to get one that is satisfactory in every way. Do not depend entirely on descriptions furnished by the manufacturers. es er Cr CANNING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 259 The time required for sterilizing the various vegetables is as follows: Hotwater Water- Steam Bath seal Pressure Vegetable— Outfit. Outfit. Outfit.* Spinach, beet tops, Swiss chard and other greens. 90 60 50 Carrots, beets and other roots and tubers......... 90 75 60 RN es Om. 676 ary etd ain hie aN eee ee, os SP a1 418°R wa 22 18 15 LOLLTU se.0 th i NSB te BB ie 180 90 60 BIPMMPEBEANS ANG PAS. . 2... ess wie ee eee ewe tees 120 90 60 EEC Ee) 60 45 35 *Five pounds pressure. CoLp PAcK METHOD. The three distinct steps to be observed in the cold pack method should be kept clearly in mind: (1) blanching; (2) cold dipping; and (38) final cooking or sterilizing. Blanching is the preliminary heating to reduce its bulk or shrink it. Cold dipping means that after the product is blanched it should be dipped into cold water.This hardens the tissue, loosens the skin, helps to prevent the loss of coloring matter in the final heating, aids in killing any bacteria which may be on the product and makes the material easier to handle in filling the jars or cans. Sterilizing, or final heating, of the product in the jar or can must be sufficient to kill all forms of bacteria. The time required depends on the vegetable to be preserved. RECIPES* GREENS—SWISS CHARD, SPINACH, BEET AND ‘TURNIP TOPS AND ASPARAGUS.—Can the day gathered. Sort and clean, blanch from 15 to 20 minutes in a vessel with a little water under the false bottom. Remove and plunge at once into cold water. Cut into convenient lengths and pack tight in jars. Add one level teaspoonful of salt to each quart, and add boil- ing water, if necessary, to fill the jar. Put on rubber and cover. Partially tighten cover. Sterilize 90 minutes in open kettle, 60 minutes in water seal. or 50 minutes under five pounds pressure in steam pressure outfit. Remove from canner, tighten covers, invert to cool and to test joints, and store in cool, dark place. | CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER, KOHL-RABI AND BRUSSELS SPROUTS.—Wash thoroughly and cut into small pieces. Blanch from three to ten minutes. (Cauliflower is very tender, so need not be blanched more than three or four minutes.) . Put into cold brine 12 hours. Pack in glass jars or enameled tin cans, add one level teaspoonful of salt to each quart. Fill jars with boiling water. Put rubber and cap in place but do not tighten. Sterilize the same as greens. Remove jars, tighten covers, and invert to cool and to test joints. CARROTS, BEETS, TURNIPS AND OTHER ROOTS AND TUBERS.—Can the day gathered. Grade by size and color. Wash thoroughly. Scald in boiling water long enough to loosen skin. Plunge at once into cold water. Remove skin. Put into jars, either whole or cut. Add one level teaspoonful of salt *Adapted from Circular NR-24, U. S. Dept. of Agr., “Home Canning Club Instructions to Save Fruit and Vegetable Waste.” 260 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. to each quart and fill the jar with boiling water. Put on rubber and cover. Partially tighten cover. Sterilize 90 minutes in open kettle, 75 minutes in water seal, or 60 minutes under five pounds pressure in steam pressure outfit. Remove from canner, tighten cover, invert to cool and to test joints, and store in a cool, dark place. RHUBARB.—Wash stalks clean and cut into pieces three-fourths of an inch in length. (Do not remove skin.) Blanch two minutes, dip in cold water, and pack in glass jars. Pour on thick syrup, boiling. Put rubber and cap in position, but do not tighten. Sterilize 20 minutes in open kettle, or 15 minutes in water seal or steam pressure outfit. Remove jars, tighten cover and invert to cool and to test joints. Wrap jars with paper to prevent bleaching. STRING AND LIMA BEANS, PEAS AND SIMILAR VEGETABLES.—Can same day as gathered to prevent souring. Clean and grade. Blanch in hot water from two to five minutes. Remove and plunge at once into cold water. Pack in jars. Add one level teaspoonful of salt to each quart and water to fill jar. Put rubber and cover in place. Partially tighten cover. Sterilize 120 minutes in open kettle, 90 minutes in water seal and 60 minutes under five pounds pressure in steam pressure outfit. Remove jars, invert to cool and to test joints, and store in a cool, dark place. TOMATOES.—Grade for size, ripeness and color. Scald in hot water to loosen skin. Pack whole. Add one level teaspovnful of salt to each quart. Put rubber and cover in place. Partly tighten cover. Sterilize 22 minutes in open kettle, 18 minutes in water seal, or 15 minutes under five pounds pressure in steam pressure outfit. Remove jars, tighten covers, invert to cool and to test joints, and store in dark, cool place. CorRN.—Can same day as picked. Remove husks and silk. Blanch on cob in boiling water from 5 to 15 minutes. Plunge at once into cold water. Cut the corn from the cob with a sharp knife. Pack tightly in jars. Add one level teaspoonful of salt to each quart and fill with boiling water. Put rubber and cover in place. Partly tighten cover. Sterilize 180 minutes in open kettle, 90 minutes in water bath, or 60 minutes under five pounds pressure in a steam pressure outfit. Remove jars, tighten covers, invert to cool and to test joints, and store in a cool, dark place. PUMPKIN AND SQuASH.—Cut into convenient sized pieces, remove seeds and skin. Cook 30 minutes to reduce to pulp. Pack in jar, add one level teaspoonful of salt to each quart of pulp. For pies add one cup of sugar to each quart. Put rubber and cover in position. Partly tighten cover. Ster- ilize 60 minutes in open kettle, 45 minutes in water seal or 35 minutes under five pounds pressure in steam pressure outfit. Remove, tighten cover, invert to cool and to test joints, and store in a cool, dark place. STRAWBERRIES. Recipe 1.—-Can fresh, sound berries the same day they are picked. Hull (twist berries off hull) and place in a strainer. Pour water over the berries to cleanse. Pack them in a jar without crushing. Pour hot syrup (two pounds of sugar to one quart of water) over the berries to the top of the jar. Put the rubber and cap in position, not tight. Sterilize the length of time given below for the particular type of outfit used. Minutes. Water bath, homemade or commercial ...3 00.2 00 55:5 056. see eee 8 Water, seal at. 214. degrees: iy)... ras (diye apetate e ceteticnsie ecole, ota aie anna 6 Steam pressure 5 pounds... 0). 0.'. sin cee eae rss: a0 = sels nine 6 Steam pressure 15 pounds)... 000. 2. oan Seca ae ole eee oes salen le 4 CANNING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 261 Remove the jars. Tighten the covers. Invert the jars to cool and test the joint. Wrap the jars with paper to prevent bleaching. Recipe 2.—Berries canned by this recipe will not rise to the top of the syrup. Use only fresh, ripe, firm and sound berries. Prepare the berries. Add eight ounces of sugar and two tablespoonfuls of water to each quart of berries. Boil slowly for 15 minutes in an enameled or acid proof kettle. Allow the berries to cool and remain over night in the covered kettle. Pack the cold berries in sterilized glass jars. Put the rubber and cap in position, not tight. ' $terilize the length of time given below for the particular type of outfit used: Minutes Water path, homemade or commercial. ..... 2.0.2... cece cee EE TGP POR 8 SOG A cites Yai dys vie cithatieee ws» peg Soe eee, wales Suter 5 ERS 5 FOUTS 5) co's Gyeie «ie seie- eynceon $0 epee aide tein nie st 2s clove ee 4 Beemmerecccure Lb POUNGS.....4 61... 22 ee cent eee on Deatachere rsa Cann oases 4 Remove the jars. Tighten the covers. Invert the jars to cool and test the joint. Wrap the jars with paper to prevent bleaching. . PINEAPPLE. Use sound, ripe fruit. Prepare, peel and core it. Remove all eyes. Cut the fruit into convenient cross sections and blanch it three minutes. Cold dip the fruit. Pack it in glass jars or enameled tin cans. Pour on thin or medium syrup (six pounds of sugar to nine quarts of water). Put the rubber and cap in position, not tight. Sterilize the length of time given below for the particular type of outfit used. Minutes. ewer nomemade,or commercial... 4... 60% 0 dd dene ab a et 20 et Ce PRCES Mi. oe as ee UE a ea 15 eT SR ASOID LCS 9S 0! 5 0 dsisye)'c ten hate feo i alee ss woe veim Syare wba Ss pees aa 10 MEEBO TT POUIIS S, \.° 65.5 6 so ts wie abled a vies eve wie eie dk ewe eewhia alee 8 Remove the jars. Tighten the covers. Invert the jars to cool and test the joint. Wrap the jars with paper to prevent bleaching. COMMON CANNING DIFFICULTIES* Canned corn, peas, beans and asparagus may show no signs of spoilage and still have a sour taste and disagreeable odor. This is known to the canner as “flat-sour,”’ and can be avoided if the product to be canned has not been gathered more than five or six hours before canning. Blanch, dip in cold water, and pack one jar at a time. Place each jar in the canner as it is packed. A little extra cooking will not affect the product. When the steam pressure outfit is used the jars or cans may be placed in the retort and the cover put in position but not clamped down until the retort is filled. Rapid cooling prevents overcooking, clarifies the liquid, and preserves the shape and texture. Corn gives the canner most trouble, but with a little care and study it may be canned as easily as any other vegetable. The corn should be just between the milk and dough stage. Blanch not longer than five minutes, then plunge into cold water. Cut the corn from the cob with a sharp knife and pack at once in sterilized jars. Best results can be secured when two persons cut and one fills. If it is necessary for one person to work alone, cut off sufficient corn to fill one jar, pour on boiling water, add salt, place rubber and cap in position and put the jar at once in the canner. Corn should not be tightly packed in the jar as it expands a little in processing. *Adapted from Circular NR-29, U. S. Dept. of Agr., “Common Home Canning Difficulties.” 262 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Corn should never be allowed to remain in the cold dip, and large quantities should not be dipped at one time unless sufficient help is available to handle the product quickly. FADED BEETS.—When preparing the beets leave on four inches of stem and all of the tail while blanching. Blanch not more than five minutes and dip in cold water. The skin should be scraped from the beet, not peeled. The beets should be packed whole if possible. MoLD ON CANNED Goops. Mold may develop on canned goods 1. If the seal is defective. 2.. If, after sterilizing, tops are removed from jars to replace rubber ring. If this must be done, the jars should be returned to the canner for at least five minutes. 3. If jars are kept in a damp place where the rubbers may decompose. OPERATION OF Hot WATER BATH OUTFIT. rae rules will help in the operation of the hot water bath canning outfit: 1. Support the jars on a perforated platform high enough to allow the water to circulate under, among and around the jars. 2. Have the water cover the tops of the jars by at least one inch. 3. Count time as soon as the water begins to jwmp over the entire surface. } 4, Remove the jars from the water and tighten covers as soon as time is up. When a hot water bath outfit is used loss of liquid during the sterilizing period will result: , 1. If the water in the canner does not cover the tops of the jars. 2. If the platform in the bottom of the canner does not permit the water to circulate underneath. Towels, excelsior, newspapers, hay and the like are unsatisfactory. 3. If the covers to the jars are adjusted too loosely. RUBBERS. A good rubber will stand considerable pulling and will return to its original shape. A good rubber will also stand several hours of boiling in a hot water bath outfit without being affected. BREAKAGE OF JARS. When jars break it is usually owing to such causes as: 1. Overpacking. Corn, pumpkin, peas, lima beans and sweet potatoes expand in processing, so the jars should not be quite full. 2. Putting cold jars in hot water or vica versa. 3. Having the wire bail of glass top jars too tight. 4. In steam canner having too much water in the canner. Water should not come above the platform. 5. Allowing a cold draft to strike the jars when they are removed from the canner. TESTS FOR JARS. The following are valuable tests: For screw top jars ' 1. Put top on jar without the rubber. Turn down tight. If the thumb nail cdn be inserted between top and glass, the top is usually defective. 2. Put rubber and cap in position and screw down lightly. Pull rub- ber from position. Release. If the rubber returns to position between top and jar, the top is defective. For glass top jars ‘ 1. Put top on jar without rubber. Tap with finger around the outer edge of the top. If the top rocks it is defective. : ; 2. The wire bail placed over the top of the cover should go in with a snap even when tightening lever or clamp spring is up. If it does not, remove bail from tightening lever and bend to make tight. la i N. W. PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY. W. F. CHRISTMAN, Secretary. 3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis. Minn. Our 1917 peony and iris show will be held in conjunction with the Minnesota State Horticultural Society and the Garden Society flower show. Full particulars as to date and directions for reaching the exhibit will be found in this issue of the Horticulturist. Don’t fail to read Mr. Bonnewitz’s very able paper which appears in full in this issue. Mr. Bonnewitz has 288 varieties of peonies in his garden. We want you to meet him at the June meeting. Your Secretary has the assurance of several members located outside of the state who expect to be with us at our June meeting. We will gladly welcome them and hope to be able to have a good exhibition on display. Don’t fail to disbud in order to get the best bloom for exhibition pur- poses. Thoroughly cultivate, exercising care not to work too close to the plant and cause injury to the roots. A committee on the peony and also one on the iris is preparing a list of 100 varieties of each sort that the society can unqualifiedly recommend as being desirable. It is the purpose to include only those varieties that have proven their worth from year to year in the various localities under adverse as well as favorable conditions. We are in hopes to have these lists com- piled in time so the matter may be brought before our June meeting. Some time ago I sent out the following questions to a number of our members: (1) Have you experienced any difficulty with the growing of peonies or iris? (2) If so, does it relate to disease or diseases of the plant or of the flower? (8) Describe the disease and state when it starts, its progress and effects. (4) What remedies have you applied and with what success? The following reply was received from Mr. James Boyd of Philadelphia, Pa., one of our members. Mr. Boyd has a splendid collection and his experi- ence will doubtless be valuable to our readers. I quote his answers below. (1) “Yes, I have experienced difficulties in growing peonies, particu- larly during the last two or three years. Before that time I thought the peony one of the easiest plants in the world to grow successfully. (2) “My plants have suffered mostly from what I call ‘root disease,’ or ‘black rot.’ The buds do not develop but become hard and brown and sometimes shrivel up. Here and there a stem will wilt completely and has to be cut off. The wilting of the stem generally takes place after blooming time and is almost a sure indication of root disease. (8) “When the plant is dug up, I find the part of the root from whence the withered branch was cut to have a black decay that extends down into the root. This seems to always start from the point where the wilted stem grew and sometimes will extend throughout a root that on first inspection appeared to be perfectly healthy. (263) 264 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~ (4) “I dig out, cut and scrape cleanly, all the diseased parts. I then wash the root thoroughly and dip it into a pail of Bordeaux mixture. The plants which I treated this way in 1915 look very well this year. I dug up several in order to examine them, and with the exception of one, possibly two, the disease seemed to have been stopped and the plants were making healthy growth. “A friend recommended using a 5% solution of formaldehyde. I tried this on several points which I was treating early in the season, giving them a dip in a bucket containing this 5% solution, after all of the black rot had been removed with a knife. I dug these plants up recently and looked at them and found a sort of bluish, fuzzy mould on them, which I did not like the appearance of. Perhaps it was harmless and would not interfere with the growth of the plants, but I decided to return to the Bordeaux mix- ture, which seemed to be giving good results. “Last spring I had a number of plants throw up crooked and deformed stalks. In some cases, some of the stalks would be extremely large, crooked and irregular, while others from the same plant would be thin and of irregu- lar size. Some plants affected in this way bore two or three enormous flowers on short stems, while the rest of the bloom from the same plant was small or deformed. I had never had this trouble before and attributed it to too much bone meal and ashes, or the use of these two fertilizers in con- junction. I withheld all further fertilizers from them during the season, cultivating the ground thoroughly, and applied a little lime. Most of the plants seemed to recover and became normal before the end of the season. In some instances, I dug up the roots and found them perfectly healthy. “The root disease which I have mentioned above, I have found very prevalent in plants which I have imported from England and France, par- ticularly in those from England: In some sections of this country it seems to be little known, while in other sections it has proven to be a great nuisance. The actual losses or deaths of plants from this disease have been very few with me, possibly because I have learned to look for it on appearance of first symptoms.”—Jas. Boyd. I consider the information contained in Mr. Boyd’s letter very valuable indeed and would be pleased to hear from other members who may have experienced trouble with their peonies or iris. Even though your plants are perfectly healthy, we want to be prepared for any contingency that might arise, and by-the exchange of experiences we will broaden our knowledge and increase our efficiency, thereby enabling us to handle intelligently and prop- erly any diseased condition of our plants. BEE- KEEPER'S COLUMN. Condreted by Francis JaGEer, Professor of Apiculture, ie University Farm, St. Paul. PL PD lO ON AA AN OPEN LETTER TO MINNESOTA BEEKEEPERS. To meet the extreme situation facing the country of the high prices and shortage of foods the United States Government has issued a call for increased production and better distribution of all food materials. The present 10% shortage in the sugar supply is conservatively estimated to be 30% or more by July 1, 1917. It is therefore urged that honey production -be raised to its greatest capacity and efficiency. Not only will this in- creased supply of honey materially help to meet the sugar shortage, but it will bring honey into actual general use among the public with beneficially healthful results. Incidentally of course the beekeepers themselves will profit from increased honey production in this and following years, as the wholesale price of honey, formerly 8% and 9 cents per pound, is now 11 and 12 cents, and there seems to be none obtainable anywhere in the United States at the present time. The nation’s need, an open market and good prices, present an opportunity for the beekeepers. To meet the call of the Government and bring honey production to a greater capacity and efficiency, organization and cooperation among the beekeepers is very desirable. With this in mind it is strongly urged that wherever possible for four or five or more beekeepers to get together, a local or county club or association be formed conveniently located in the county, to become a branch of the Minnesota Bee Keepers’ Association and hold local meetings every two weeks or so in May and June at least, where papers on present best methods of swarm control, honey production, mar- keting, etc., may be discussed with field meetings and demonstrations in bee- yards the same day whenever possible. It is planned to somewhat decrease for the immediate present the amount of beekeeping work at University Farm and help Minnesota bee- keepers in this work of organization, meetings, papers, discussions, field meetings and demonstrations, bringing as much as possible to the bee- keepers the present best methods of swarm control, honey production, mar- keting, ete. Every beekeeper is requested to get in touch with all possible local and county beekeepers immediately, the day this number of the Horticulturist is received if possible, choose a chairman and secretary and decide when and where in your county the first meeting of the organization will be held, adver- tise it well with notices, etc., in all the local papers, write to us for sample organization plans, papers, etc., and if possible someone from University Farm will be present, and probably also a representative from the State Beekeepers’ Association. As the winter losses the past winter for Minnesota are very heavy our best efforts are needed to meet the present situation. May we hear from you as soon.as convenient? (265) GINSENG COLUMN. Conducied by F. C. Erker. Rockford, Minn.. Secretary Minnesota Ginseng Growers’ Association. At the tenth annual meeting of the Minnesota Ginseng Growers Asso- ciation, held at West Hotel at same time of the Horticulturists’ annual meet- ing, it was decided to become affiliated with that Society. The attendance was about normal but an unusual amount of enthusiasm was manifested on account of the importance of the principal topic to be discussed, that is, the-marketing problem. There has been an unlimited and steady demand for all the ginseng: ever produced in the United States to supply the Chinese market, in which country ginseng has been in use for centuries and is considered a panacea for all the diseases the four hundred million or more Chinese fall heir to. By reports from China and from statistics furnished by the U. 5S. Revenue Department we learn there has been a steady increase in the value of ginseng roots. The average price per pound in 1858 as declared at the U. S. Revenue office was 52 cents per pound, while the average for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, as given by the same authority, was $8.91 per pound. Regardless of this steady increase in value the growers have for the past few years been compelled to accept less than half the amount that buy- ers paid them for the same quality roots three or four years ago. It is a well known fact that the cultivation as well as the sale of gin- seng in Manchuria is a government monopoly and that a trust handles the entire product for the government. It is quite evident this Oriental trust is having something to do about dictating the price to be paid growers of American ginseng. On November 1st a meeting was held in Chicago, with delegates from practically all the ginseng growing districts in the United States, for the purpose of organizing an American Ginseng Growers’ Association to look after marketing the million dollars worth of ginseng produced annually in this country. A co-operative selling organization was formed, and it is proposed to establish headquarters in New York and give the buyers every opportunity to do the square thing, and if they refuse to do this it is proposed to estab- lish a permanent selling depot in Hong Kong. Practically every member of the Minnesota Ginseng Growers’ Associa- tion present who has any roots to market at the present time or expects to have within five years took stock in this National Selling Association, and if the same enthusiasm is manifested throughout the United States among ginseng growers it will be an easy matter for the growers to control the sale of their million dollar crop through this co-operative selling association. (266) — GARDEN HELPS Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society Edited by Mrs. E. W. Gouxp, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. Minneapolis. ROCK GARDENS. England probably has the most wonderful rock gardens, for the people have utilized their naturally stony ground to the fullest extent and have some gorgeous effects as a result. Our own New England, with its boulders and rocks of all kinds, has for years been trying, at great expense, to blast and break and dig them out and to make in their place formal lawns, when the natural beauty of the surroundings could so easily have been main- tained by the informal planting of their rocky ground. They too have found this out and are producing some beautiful rock gardens. Most of us have some spot that simply will not conform to our idea of beauty, and perhaps a rock garden there might solve the vexing problem. Of course the most desirable rock gardens are the natural ones. I have in mind two spots in neighboring places where I long to make such a garden. One is a little cove with huge rocks deeply imbedded in a tiny spring, with a group of three immense trees at the head, a most ideal place for a rock garden. The other is a fascinating little stream flowing in a winding man- ner through a broad expanse of meadow land. An uneven rocky border would wonderfully transform the spot. Beautiful artificial rock gardens can be made with very little trouble or expense by selecting rough field stones, the flatter the better, and sinking one-third of the rock in the ground to insure a firm foundation. The spot should be slightly sloping, not too shady and without hollows, as Alpines cannot stand stagnant moisture. Leave the cracks and crevices for the Alpines to grow deep in and for the moss to creep in. Do not let your garden begin nor end too abruptly; lead up gradually to it by the use of odd shaped rocks, as an approach to the garden proper. The simplest rule is to follow nature as much as possible. There are many styles of rock gardens to follow, but the conditions on your place must guide your selection. A pleasing form is the wall garden, used wherever a bank or retaining wall is needed. No mortar is used as that hinders the very effect desired, that of the flowers growing in and out of the fissures and cracks. In laying each stone keep a backward, downward slope for drainage. -A hollow tile may be inserted to form a little waterfall. . Another style of rock garden is the border garden. This is the fore- ground for a formal or informal border and should be one-sixth the width of the border itself. Thus if you have a twelve-foot border planned, use two feet of it for a rock border. Lay the stones very irregularly and plant with flowers of varying heights, to keep the irregularity. A charming effect can be made where one has a terrace, by making uneven steps, wide enough for use as such, and planted with low growing Alpines, vines and moss. Rock gardens may also surround water gardens and bog gardens, by the use of flat rocks as an irregular. outline, rather than the straight cement edges more often used. Pathways may be made into rock gardens by using broken pieces of cement sidewalks or very flat rocks sunk in the ground in a very hit or miss pattern and planted with low growing Alpines. There are two kinds of rock garden plants, Alpines and rock plants. Alpines, as the name implies, grow in the Alps, while rock plants include Alpines and also plants from all parts of the temperate zones which are suitable for rock gardens. The literature on this subject groups all rock loving plants as Alpines, since many of the real Alpines grow in our own woods and on the mountains of our own country. Perennials and self-sowing annuals are used in planting rock gardens. Avoid anything that gives the effect of excessive work or expense. Small evergreen trees, shrubs and vines, as. well as moss, give the effect of age, which is so desirable in rock gardens. Pitch pine trees, daphne (267) 268 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ; cneorum, or garland flower, Virginia creeper, bittersweet, wild clematis, Kenilworth ivy and wall pepper are most suitable for this purpose. For rocky woodland use dog tooth violets and all other varieties of violets, hypatica, maiden hair ferns, spring beauty, bloodroots, bluebells and wild crane’s bill. For rocks exposed to full sunshine use dwarf irises, columbines, allys- sum, sexifraga and sedums. For tall Alpines use columbines, St. Bernard’s lily, bush clematis, bee larkspur, foxglove and saxifraga. The dwarf Alpines offer the following varieties: hypatica, wood ane- mone, snowdrop, windflower, gentian, harebells, Alpine asters, forgetme- nots, Iceland poppies and lily of the valley. Hardy perennials usually classed as Alpines but suitable for rock gar- dens offer the following choice: phloxes, especially the creeping phlox, Shasta daisy, spireas of all kinds, primroses, stone crop, or sedums, portu- laca and rock cress. Alyssums are very popular, as are the dainty gypso- phila and the little scilla bifolia, which often peeps through the snow to remind us of the approach of the longed for spring. There are many more, but time will not permit mentioning them. With such a wide range to choose from one can have a charming garden with as little or as much expense as desired, and, having once planted it, just keep it free from weeds, and it will be a “thing of beauty and a joy forever.” There is a delightful zest in trying new things, or, since there is no new thing under the sun, in trying new ways of doing old things, so I prophesy a run on rock gardens this year. Here’s success to them! WY YY SECRETARY'S CORNER A SPECIAL GARDEN BULLETIN.—A garden bulletin has been prepared by the Extension Division of the Minnesota State University especially to meet the extraordinary needs developing in connection with the campaign to increase the garden products of the country during the war. This bulletin very fully describes the operations in the vegetable garden, but it occupies too much room, however, to find place in this number of the monthly. Those who are particularly interested to receive this instruction are requested to . send for a copy of the bulletin to R. S. Mackintosh, Extension Division, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. To Mm MBERS OF JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB.—Owing to the unusual demand for space in this magazine, claimed by the special needs of the country in preparation for meeting the exigencies brought about by the war, the articles which would otherwise have been printed in the Horti- culturist for the special benefit of members of the Junior Horticultural Club will be omitted part of the time during this year. Instead, however, a circular letter will be sent out to all of these members, and it is sug- gested that any questions pertaining to garden operations or to the society itself that any member may wish to ask should be addressed to R. S Mackintosh, Extension Division, University Farm, St. Paul, and to such questions prompt replies will be made. New Lire MremBers.—Many names have been added to the life mem- bership roll since the lest annual meeting, as follows: Rudolph C. Schneider, St. Paul; H. L. Wallace, Grasston; A. G. Ruggles, University Farm, St. Paul; Henry Husser, Minneiska; Sil Matzke, So. St. Paul; John C. Wister, Philadelphia, Pa.; Harlow Rockhill, Conrad, Ia.; Dr. O. H. Wolner, Gilbert; Hjalmar Haakenson, Boyd; John J. Score, Bucyrus, N. D.; Rev. A. Wermerskirchen, Hokah; S. J. Jones, Minneapolis; Joe Baumgartner, Robbinsdale; Knute Bjorka, Belgrade; Dr. G. A. Hisen- graeber, Granite Falls; F. W. Manz, Paynesville; B. M. Benson, Minne- apolis, and John Krueger, Stillwater; Edwin O. Tollberg, Winner; C. C. Heath, Beltrami; F. K. Willson, Minneapolis; B. E. Bothun, Thief River Falls. In all twenty-two new life members since December 4, 1916. (Continued on page 272.) ee Le a NOTICE OF SUMMER MEETING, 1917 A JOINT SESSION OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY AND ITS AUXILIARIES, THE MINNESOTA STATE GARDEN FLOWER SOCIETY, THE MINNESOTA STATE BEE KEEPERS SOCIETY AND THE NORTHWESTERN PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY. Will be held WEDNESDAY, JUNE 27th, 1917, in the Gymnasium at University Farm, St. Paul. THE. GYMNASIUM BUILDING, in which this meeting is to be again held, was found last year to be espeically well adapted to our purposes. A very large room, excellently well lighted on three sides, with no posts in the center to interfere with the view gives an opportunity for a comprehensive view of the whole display at one time, which adds greatly to its attractive- ness. The grounds about this building and on the wooded slopes around the © football field, lying just south of the building, are now in a comparatively finished condition and fairly well sodded. The gymnasium will be open to exhibitors early in the morning, but visitors who are not exhibitors will be barred until noon, at which time the exhibition will be complete and judging done. It is almost impossible to do this work with the crowd of visitors who attend this annual display of flowers, making it absolutely necessary that it should be completed before visitors are admitted. THE EXHIBITION will remain in place undisturbed until 9 o’clock in the evening. All the flowers and fruits exhibited become the property of the association and will be distributed later to the various hospitals in the Twin Cities. THE PREMIUM ListT following this notice is practically the same as pub- lished in the May number of our monthly, and with a very few changes the same that was used last year. The winter of 1916-17 with a large fall of snow in this part of the state and plenty of moisture in the ground, create conditions especially favorable to perennial flowers, and with fairly favor- able conditions since then we have every reason to anticipate an extraordi- nary display, probably the finest the society has ever made. The North- western Peony and Iris Society, a new organization, for the first time par- ticipating in the summer exhibition, will add interest to the gathering, and especially so as it is understood that a number of peony experts from a distance will visit us. DEMONSTRATIONS. There will be usual demonstrations at the Farm, one by Professor Francis Jager, apiculturist, at 11:30 at the Apiary Build- ing. No special subject has been announced for this, but it will certainly prove to be a profitable occasion to those attending. Professor A. G. Ruggles, of the Entomological Department, announces a display of spraying machines, of which there are a number of kinds at the Farm. It will be made just north of the Spraying Laboratory. GUIDES TO THE GROUNDS.—Guides will be in attendance to escort vis- itors about the grounds to various points of interest. These guides will be prepared to answer questions pertaining to the various branches of edu- cational work at the farm. Those who wish to take advantage of the service will meet the guides at the gymnasium at 10:30’a. m. and 3:30 p.m. The guides will wear suitable badges. Picnic DINNER.—In regard to the picnic dinner, which will occupy the time between noon and 2:00 o’clock, we are not quite sure as to where it will be held, but probably near the dining hall. Should the weather be unfavorable of course there is plenty of rogm inside the gymnasium build- ing. Coffee will be provided, but the picnickers must furnish their own cups out of which to drink it. AFTERNOON MEETING.—At 2 p. m. the afternoon session of the meeting will be held in the same room in which the display of flowers is made, at least that is the present plan unless the display should attain unexpected dimensions, in which case some suitable place, probably in the grove near the gymnasium building, will be used for that purpose. There will be (269) 270 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | arranged the usual program of short talks, a number of which will be given on some of the prize winning perennials by exhibitors and visitors at the meeting. The session will be limited as near as possible to one hour, and it is especially requested that during the progress of the meeting all in attend- ance in the hall be seated, as any movement amongst the flowers on the part of those who desire to see them is sure to interfere with the success of the program. REACHING THE GROUNDS.—Take the Como-Harriet car in either St. Paul or Minneapolis, get off at Doswell Avenue, and a walk of approximately one- half mile will bring you to University Farm grounds. To reach the gym- nasium go north on Cleveland Avenue, which is the avenue running along the west side of University Farm, past the University Farm buildings until you come to the last building, which you will recognize as the gymnasium by its size. If you prefer to ride all the way to the grounds get off at Eustis Street, which the conductor will point out to you. From that place cars run every fifteen minutes into University Farm grounds, an extra fare of five cents being charged. Ask the conductor to let you off at the gym- nasium building, which you will reach from the street car line. Getting off at that point saves a long walk from the terminal station. If in doubt as to the way, follow the sign of the arrow. VISIT TO STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM.—This farm is located at Zum- bra Heights, twenty-two miles west of Minneapolis on the Minneapolis and St. Louis railroad. The train leaves depot at 8:35 a. m. Return can be made by way of Zumbra Heights landing on Lake Minnetonka and the lake steamers via trolley line to Minneapolis, or by waiting until mid-afternoon a train can be secured returning to the city on the railroad. One or more of the professors will go out Thursday morning, June 28th, to accompany any who may desire to take advantage of this opportunity to visit the Fruit-Breeding Farm. ENTRIES._—_All entries must be received by the secretary not later than Saturday, June 23d. No entries whatever will be received at the meeting. The exhibitors are urged to send in their entries at as early a date as pos- sible, under no circumstances later than the date noted above. Entry blanks will be furnished by the secretary on application. EXxHIBITS.—The judges will begin work on the exhibit promptly at 11:30, and any exhibit incomplete at that time will be judged on the basis of its condition at that time and not as to what it would be when the exhibit is completed. Fruits and flowers shown become the property of the association. RED Cross FLOWER SALE.—There will be a sale of flowers at this meeting for the benefit of the Red Cross Fund, and an opportunity is offered to members to bring in flowers for this purpose. Bring loose flowers or bouquets of greenhouse flowers, garden flowers or wild flowers. All will be salable. Do not overlook this patriotic feature of our annual summer gath- ering. Be liberal! Premium List, Summer “Meeting. 1917, No Duplicating of Varieties Permitted. OUT-DOOR ROSES. 1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem. Collection—three blooms of each named variety, to be shown in separate vases $5.00 $3.00 $1.00 $0.50 Collection of named varieties—three blooms of each, in separate vases, am- ALGUWUS: (ONLY * <.cvaueleteeasretene feuduonst evaveNalstenei =) clans 5.00 3.00 1.00 .50 Three named varieties, white—each va- riety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem 2.00 1.00 .50 Three named varieties, pink—each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem........ 2.00 1.09 50 Three named varieties, red—each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem........ 2.00 1.00 .50 Collection of Rugosa and Rugosa Hy- brids—each variety (consisting of one cluster of blooms on a single stem) in a SEPATALC, WASE. silels laxcreilel a si0i 6 ofa e ells slo ciate el sieha 2.00 Most beautiful rose in vaSe.............6. 1.00 Largest rose in VAS€.0....-- see eecnscces 1.00 1.00 -50 PREMIUM LIST, SUMMER MEETING, 1917. \ 271 Seedling rose to be shown by the origi- nator. (Not previously exhibited in competition.) Bronze medal donated by the American Rose Society. F The following named varieties of roses to be entered separately and shown in separate vases, three to fve blooms in each vase. Prince Camile deRohan, General Jacqueminot, Margaret Dickson, M. P. Wilder, Jules Margottin, Magna Charta, Paul Neyron, Madam Gabriel Luizet, Baroness Rothschild, Anna de Diesbach, Ulrich Brunner, John Hopper, Rosa Rugosa (pink and white), Baron deBonstetten, Karl Druski, Madam Plantier, Grus an Teplitz. Fach, 1st prem., 75 cents; 2nd prem., 50 cents; 3rd prem., 25 cents. PEONIES. “ Ist prem. 2d prem. 8d prem. 4th prem. Vase of Festiva Maxima, 6 blooms.. $2.00 $1.00 $0.50 * “ flesh or light pink es i ts Ss - os “medium or dark pink “ » a ¢ fe oe “e white oe a ae aa Collection—three blooms of each named Wanlety in Separate VASES: ...6....5.00. $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $1.00 In addition to the cash prizes offered the American Peony Society offers a silver medal for the best exhibit of the next above collection. Collection—three btooms of each named “se “e a “cc “ec “ oe “ oe variety in separate vases, amateurs only 6.00 4.00 2.00 1.00 Seedling peony, three blooms......:..... 3.00 2.00 1.00 50 Collection—one bloom of each variety, shown each in a separate vase; for ama- teurs owning no more than ten varities 2.00 1.00 -50 ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS. 1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem, 4th prem. MaTemOtmGanterpury BellS ....0000+ oe ee'e $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 4 BMPMCPCMCAUTCA, cic ee ec eenecew ness s * s ‘ PEOOIUMDING “cee tees cece ewe sf ‘cs Oy A, PCE NRE TEA | alah 0206 a,c, c:0 a vete syste ele! sie ove. '0 ee . fe us MIRC TONUIGDTULIND «cle. w5 nicie eve) o 0100 enela ol ale : se $$ by “Evening primrose (Oenothera).. i Ks a Me MMO SeL-IMe-NOC si... )5 6. tase ne eee te fe be e SE CPSMO ME aeeless 0% a aw leveya dle side a ere 4 * ee y SRM HEMMAT GUNES: icles lel= cls ef aleviejele siwle eae ES 4 % CCS SSOP STUTNIOS) eyo e oix/ciiepaile, o's erie. oie @ eye “ i Ly My PUGET POPPIES scr. ches sale ccc cers e's fe “ ss ? “TORTS al a nr oa sf “ “ $ BUPPPP IPN Code tere a esate es ayele, atlelal.s fo, 49 sve "eyays # “s $6 “ BRS COT NYSE Oreo oes ye be, Isso slip (oie ve alin’ teyeseie oye. re 2 is % SAMA POPPIES +. scr 2 oc dees es ‘ ss og < SPOULeNMIt Al —DOPPLES % 65 cc. cee ee este ‘ a ss EUR MMMEEREUIISIGS “55 5.5 055s Rey SRT altel: « ‘ a s fo see reniniial —CONECOPSIS: 22)... 0/6 as es a © . EGE EDIUINIR sveihs 0 chore ce bye iss sje 5 2, 0° 0 aS ‘ a Ae MSTA CeaiSICS: here were cle cislevsio ous ; es be 4 MESAVCeT AWILLTAIY 0.) .)e ots coe ote sieves «lee se fe ae Collection—named perennials, in separate “GLEBE 4) 2.0 SN eerie rere $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $1.00 Collection of annuals and perennials in separate vases (not to exceed 12) by amateurs who have never taken pre- MMMM MOM LEOW ELS nyse 5 so sce es octalsis eels ole 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 Collection—named iris, in separate vases, 5 blooms each....... BaD ne ete ae leroleus tel ct ete 3.00 2.00 1.00 Collection of wild flowers, in separate US Cte T etc ae catia oc'sr 3:ip.te \e'-aifpl aday dies sh.0i gt @ tints! bie Veeco 4:00 3.00 2.00 Collection of flowers by children......... 2.00 1.00 .50 Vase of any kind of flowers not named in this list. (An exhibitor may make any number of entries desired under SANIT EUL DB chai Poy.55:sc 2h ock jeusve sim is leo je; ails.) eliehe) eles te 2.00 1.00 .50 Vase of flowers arranged for artistic effect 1.50 1.00 50 Basket of outdoor-grown flowers, ar- Beams GND Vis EMMIDITOT:. o.. 2 )6 seo 0 sels atm 3.00 2.00 1.00 STRAWBERRIES, One quart of each variety to be shown on plate, not in box. 1lst prem. 2d prem. 8d prem. 4th prem. Collection (not less than six varieties).... $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 Collection of three named varieties...... 3.00 2.00 1.00 .50 The following varieties of strawberries to be entered separately: ist prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem. Bederwood, Dunlap, Crescent, Splendid, Clyde, Warfield, Lovett, Enhance, Glen Mary, Haverland, Minn. No. 3, Progres- sive; Superb, Americus, each............ $1.00 $0.75 $0.50 $0.25 Best named variety not included in the SUE. AE ieee TE ae een aries eri 2 00 1.00 .50 Seedlings, originated by exhibitor........ 3.00 2.00 1.00 SECRETARY'S CORNER. (Continued from page 268.) NEW FRUITS FOR THE TRIAL STATIONS.—There have been sent out re- cently from the State Fruit-Breeding Farm to the Trial Stations operated in connection with the society, as Supt. Haralson writes me, a sufficient quantity of plants of No. 935 strawberry to give it a good test throughout the state, and vines of twenty-seven varieties of grapes, originated, of course, at the Fruit-Breeding Farm, from one to four vines of each sort. Some of these grapes, Mr. Haralson says, are much better than the Beta grape, both as to size and quality, and all are hardy without winter protec- tion there at the station. Among other new fruits from abroad received this season at the Fruit- Breeding Farm for testing and experimental work is a quantity of Prof. N. E. Hansen’s seedling pears, what are considered hardy crosses and blight- resisting, which is equally as important in the growing of pears as to have them fully hardy. These trees, we understand, are seedlings that have not yet fruited. They constitute a very interesting experiment as to hardiness and blight resistance. Quality can be worked in later if proved to be right in those respects. RESIN BORDEAUX MIXTURE, OR RESIN-LYE BORDEAUX MIXxTURE.—As it is sometimes called, is simply the ordinary Bordeaux mixture with the resin- — lye mixture added. This resin-lye mixture is what we call a “sticker.” Its purpose is to cause the spray material to spread evenly and to adhere better to the somewhat waxy young raspberry canes. Its preparation is as follows: Pilverized « PESU cs. eh sewn eop0aha10 whee, woke lovee here oie ee eee 5 Ibs. Gontentrated ly eso. .2., ewe peed ote de cso elie Soh ee 1 Ib. Hish or othervanimal oils w. cetecien citer treme $0.75 $0.50 $0.25 Collection, not to exceed ten nor less than six WATIOUIGS: "ste: d-c ats Lr swhate ete Seo inte eat toner aa $20.00 to be divided pro rata TOP-WORKED APPLES. Collection of named varieties grown on scions top-grafted on other trees. Accompanying the name of each variety, shown on the same label (to be furnished by the management), must be noted the name of the variety on which it is top-worked. $40.00 to be divided pro rata. PECKS OF APPLES. Peck of any variety of apples, the fruit exhibited to be at the disposal of the society. An exhibitor may enter a peck each of as many different kinds as he pleases. $40.00 to be divided pro rata. BOXES AND BARRELS OF APPLES. Must have been packed by the exhibitor. Only one variety (not less than 2% in. in diameter) can be shown in a box. Bushel boxes of the standard size must be used. Awards will be based on the quality of the fruit, packing, etc. _ ; Box of any variety of apples, including seedlings. An exhibitor may en- ter a box each of as many different varieties as he pleases. $50.00 to be divided pro rata. Also 1st $10.00, 2nd $5.00. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. Barrel of apples, any variety, $40.00 to be divided pro" Taba: wAISO oo. sh.te is ene aero e sae a eee te escape $15.00 $10.00 $5.00 $100 SEEDLING APPLE PRIZE. The sixth prize of $100.00 will be awarded this season “for the best late winter seedling apple keeping till March 1st under ordinary cellar condi- tions” under the offer made first in 1905, restricted, of course, to the con- testants who have duly registered. NUTS liste 2nd. 3rd. Ath. Each variety of edible nuts, one quart. .$1.00 $0.75 $0.50 $0.25 CANNED AND DRIED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. Collection of canned fruits and vegetables (either or both) in quart glass jars. $40.00 to be divided pro rata. Ist... 52a 3rd. Collection of dried fruits .........-.0s.ceeeevee $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 . GARDEN HELPS Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society Edited by Mrs. E. W. Gov p, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. Minneapolis. The September meeting of the Garden Flower Society will be held Sep- terber 14th, 2:30 p. m., at the Wilder Building, St. Paul. Program—“Bulbs and Their Artistic Planting,” “Succession of Bloom in the Bulb Garden,” “Fall Planting.” Early this spring a premium was offered to the member who secured the greatest number of new memberships in our society, the contest to close the day of the June flower show. Mrs. F. L. Moffet was the winner in this con- test, sending in nine new members. We wish it was possible to give the premium—a year’s subscription to the Garden Magazine—to all who worked so hard to increase our member- ship, as several made a very good showing. As that is impossible, we are going to hold another compe- tition for new members, giving as a premium for the greatest number of new members, from September first until March first, a beautiful garden basket, that any one of us would be glad to own. So get busy, remembering that all memberships after August first will hold until December, 1918. Visit our Garden Booth, in the Woman’s Welfare Building, at the State Fair this year. Throughout the summer we have been sending an auto load of flow- ers each Saturday morning to the sick soldiers in the hospital at Fort Snelling. This will be continued as long as we have any flowers in our gardens this fall. Flowers can be left at the home of your presi- dent, either Friday night or Satur- day morning before 9:30. Mrs. James Jennison kindly gives her auto and her services each week fre and takes them down for us. We The Midget Rose. wish to thank her for this gracious act. It will be more difficult than ever to get good seeds next spring, so save any of fine flowers or vegetables you may have, being sure to store them in a dry place and label them clearly. Last March, at our meeting in St. Paul, we gave out the seeds of the Midget Rose, or Rosa multiflora. The little rose in bloom, of which a picture is given, was exhibited at our spring non-competitive flower show early in June by Mrs. M. S. Countryman, who also sends us the picture taken at that time. This proves that the seedsman did not exaggerate when he said it would bloom “three months from seed.” Mr. E. Meyer, who has grown this variety, gives us the following: The Midget rose is the only rose that will bloom the first year from seed. It is hardy out of doors if protected the same way as a Hybrid- Remontant or a Hybrid Tea Rose. It makes a good pot plant and with proper care will bloom indoors all winter. The plants should be selected after they have bloomed for this pot culture, to avoid spending time on an inferior plant. ire ie i — &= eS oe ie WB Ss "OS we FP we v= abt [oe aw jE —_ = i at Con = (365) N. W. PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY. W. F. CHRISTMAN, Secretary. 3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis. Minn. The N. E. Minn. Horticultural Society gave an exhibition of peonies in Duluth, Minn., July 17th and 18th, that was a pronounced success in every way. Many fine flowers were shown and deep interest manifested. A beau- tiful silver cup, donated by the Duluth Commercial Club, for the best exhi- bition of peonies, was awarded to Judge F. H. Cutting. A great deal of the success of the show was due to the untiring efforts of their president, Oliver S. Andresen, and the secretary, V. D. Vincent, who were ably assisted by Mrs. H. Nesbitt and Mrs. E. L. Kimball. The interest and enthusiasm. manifested seemed to be shared by all. They are planning a still better exhi- bition next year. Make frequent examinations of your peony clumps and should you detect any stalks wilting or dead, examine carefully for the cause. Remove any dead stalks that you may find, together with the soil directly surround- ing the affected stalk, as this is one of the best means of preventing further contamination of the balance of plant. The stalk may have been eaten off by a grub, broken off by the wind or by some careless person passing through the field, in which case there is no need to bother, but if Botrytis, or Root Rot, is the cause the future health of your plant depends upon the entire removal of the affected parts. Recently upon examining some plants the writer discovered where a worm had entered well up on the stalk and eaten its way down to the crown of the plant. This, of course, caused the stalk to wilt and die. No damage had been done to the crown of the plant. One of our Philadelphia members reports considerable damage in that section to their iris, due to an iris worm. I quote from his letter as follows: “The young worm makes its way into the leaf near the top and works its way downward. If a sharp lookout is kept at flowering time and for some weeks afterwards and the worm is prevalent the punctures can be seen on the leaves, and these should be cut off low enough and then burned. In this way the insect is kept in check, but if this is neglected for several years all your plants may be ruined by a sudden onslaught. It is also well to clean up all rubbish around the plants at the end of the season, thus destroy- ing a harboring place for the insects. I use no mulch whatsoever on my bearded iris for this reason, but whether that would be safe in your severe climate I, of course, do not know.” Have any of our members discovered this pest in this section? As we are about to publish another bulletin, I would greatly appreciate suggestions and items of interest from our members. Don’t fail to include one or more of the high class varieties of both peonies and iris in your fall planting. Let’s better the standard of both peony and iris plantings and awake to the greater possibilities that lie before use in the realm of beauty. It will well repay you for the additional cost. If you have not already ordered your peonies and iris for fall planting you should make up your order at once and send it in to the dealer. In the Northwest the last two weeks in September and early October is a very desirable time to plant peonies. They may, of course, be planted consider- ably later and still give a good account of themselves. I would be pleased to receive some good pictures of your garden or of specimen plants of either the peony or iris. I want to have some cuts made and printed to show our members what others are doing along the line of growing peonies and iris. (366) ee SECRETARY'S CORNER Lick CAN’tT STAND WATER.—Mr. Shane, at West Salem, Wis., had failed to clean a Rambler rose of lice with tobaeco water or soap suds. Then he tried hot water, a little hotter than he could hold his hand in, dipping the shoots twice, and it cleaned all the lice and red spider off, and his rose was a beauty.—G. J. Kellogg. STATE AGRICULTURIST GOES TO BALKANS.—Prof. Francis Jager goes Monday, August 20, to Washington, D. C., from where he will go with a Commission as Major in U. S.-service, for a Red Cross Survey of the Balkan States, especially Servia, returning about December 20th. He expects to bring back with him a number of the exceptionally fine pure bred queen bees of the Italian and Carniolan races from the Balkans and northern Italy, but especially from the government queen mating station in Switzer- land. ATTENTION, BEEKEEPERS.—AIl Minnesota beekeepers should make a special effort to attend the 1917 State Fair, observe carefully the first year’s results of a new management and classification of exhibits, spend consider- able time at the exhibits of the University Division of Bee Culture and Min- nesota Beekeepers’ Association, and be sure to watch for a notice and attend a special meeting of exhibitors, Minnesota Beekeepers’ Association members all in the Bee and Honey Building. Use the Univer- sity Division of Bee Culture and the Minnesota Beekeepers’ Association as sources of all bee information.—L. V. France, Secy. Minn. Beekeepers’ Assn. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY AT THE STATE FAIR.—It is expected that the State Horticultural Society will maintain an office in the Horticultural Building at the State Fair during the entire period of the fair. In that case the secretary—and at times probably other officers of the society— will plan to be in attendance and will be very glad to meet members of the society, not only those with whom we have a personal acquaintance, but especially members whom we have not personally met. The location of the office is likely to be adjoining the north door of the Horticultural Building, although this point has not vet been definitely decided. Don’t fail to look up the headquarters of the society when in attendance at the State Fair. -ARE You Doinc Your Part?—Every effort has been made and is still being made to secure preservation by canning and drying of as large a quantity of fruits and vegetables as is in any way possible. Are you doing your part in this? There is no doubt that the world is threatened with a shortage of food, and it is the part of wisdom that every effort should be made to increase the supply while there is yet time and opportunity. Con- siderable space to this subject has been given in this magazine the past months, and some is used in this number. We wish to emphasize the su- preme importance of this appeal, which should find full response with every loyal member of this society. BIENNIAL MEETING, AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—Notice is out for the regular meeting of this organization, which occurs every two years. This meeting will be held in Boston, October 31 to November 4. The notice does not say in what building the meeting will be held, but as the meeting is to be a regular meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, it will, without doubt, be held in the splendid building of that society. The New England fruit show will be held also in connection with it, and it is up to Minnesota again to capture the Wilder Medal, which has already been done. (367) 368 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. For full information address E. R. Lake, Secy., 2033 Park Road, Washing- ton, D. C. If any of our members are contemplating attending this meeting, we should be glad to hear from them in good season to secure for them an official standing with the Pomological Society. SCORE CARD TO BE USED IN JUDGING VEGETABLE GARDENS. 1. Arrangement, systems of companion and succession cropping........ 15 2. Straight, even, well-filled rows, proper spacing of plants........... 10 3. Cultivation and. care of plants..........220:.:25s.00s 006 een 15 4. Freedom from weeds, insects and diseases............eeceeeceeees 15 5. Varieties; importance of and proportion of most valuable crops..... 15 6. Yield (approximate or actual). ..2:.....022c0%00.00.e 00 5 seen 30 100 Prepared by R. S. Mackintosh for the Minn. Extension Division in judg- ing garden contests. NATIONAL VEGETABLE SHOW.—The Vegetable Growers’ Association of America is to hold this year at Springfield, Mass., a first national vegetable show, and a premium list for this show has been prepared and can be secured by addressing Eastern States Exposition, Springfield, Mass. As the regulations require that all entries must be made by September 1, this notice will reach you too late to take any part in this show this year. We under- stand, however, that this is to be an annual affair, and another year Minne- sota, either through individuals or through some of its strong vegetable asso- ciations, should certainly make a show of Minnesota vegetables—none better in the world—at the National Vegetable Show. Secure premium lists and become acquainted with the situation. Since writing the above, it has come to our knowledge that the new State Vegetable Growers’ Association, organized here last spring, has already made arrangements to make an exhibit at this show. We expect to hear good things of what they accomplish there. PREMIUM LIST FOR ANNUAL MEETING.—In this number is to be found a list of premiums to be offered by this society at the next annual meeting, to be held, probably in Minneapolis, the first week in December. There will be noted some radical changes in this list from that of previous years, namely, the increase in the apple department, and the addition of a special forty-dollar premium for collections of canned fruits and vegetables. This collection may consist of either fruits alone or vegetables alone or both, and this year especially when there is such a effort being made to secure an unusual amount of canned and dried fruits, this ought to bring out a con- siderable display. There has been a radical increase in the premium offered on top-worked apples, emphasizing the special value of this class of apple trees, this following the rather severe winter of 1916 and 1917. A consider- able increase will also be noticed in pecks, boxes and barrels. These pre- miums, with the interest which our membership has in this annual display, ought to insure a large exhibition. STORE FRUIT FOR THE WINTER MEETING.—Arrangements have been made with Booth Packing Co., as for a number of years now, to receive and care for fruit to be exhibited later at the annual meeting of the society. Tags for this purpose have been prepared and can be had at this office upon application for any quantity. Specimens gathered for this purpose should be free from blemish, not green or over-ripe, but well ripened up to the point where they are however still firm. Do not send to cold storage fruit that is al- ready mellow; it will disappoint you in its keeping qualities. It will probably be more convenient for you to send to cold storage all the fruit you plan to exhibit at the winter meeting, except seedling apples, which must be kept out of cold storage. All fruit so stored will be held at the expense of the society, and delivered without further charge to the exhibitor at the place of meeting the day preceding the opening of the meeting. Of course you will want to have some part in this splendid exhibition which the society will put up this year. (Cased a}1soddo 998) ‘dOHSMUOM S,HOVaG ‘AOUd — VI ‘SaNy ‘ADA TION TVAALINOIMYDY ALVLG VMOT LY AYALTNOMAOH OL CALOAMA SONIGTING JO MAIA TVILAVd ee er ii 4 Lt While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. Pee eee eee Vol. 45 OCTOBER, 1917 No. 10 SUVUUUU EEA EEA LALA Eee eee The Unfruitful Tree and How to Correct It. PROF. S. A. BEACH, HORTICULTURIST, AMES, IA. We grow orchard trees primarily for fruit. Some people seem to forget that and grow them for wood, but as horticul- turists we do not recognize that standard. The orchard tree is grown, or should be grown, for fruit. What is the condition, then, that we wish to secure in the tree? PLANT Foop: In the first place, we must recognize that the tree cannot make fruit out of nothing. It has no such magic ability. It must work; it must do its appointed work in order to produce fruit for the reproduction of its species, of its kind. What is that work? Well, in the first place, it must establish itself in the world. Take the apple, for instance—it is easy for me to talk about the apple; I have thought about it so much my mind naturally runs in that channel. What is the natural home of the apple? It is indicated by the present botanical name. The botanists keep changing the name every few years, and it is hard to keep track of it, but they call it Malus sylvestis, that is to say, “‘the apple tree of the woods.” It is found, I am told, in its native state in for- ests. Any tree that naturally grows in forests, the first thing it must do in life is to make a place for itself. If it started at once to fruiting it would be crowded and shaded out of existence by the taller trees which overtopped it. So the very first thing that the young tree must do—and that is evidently bred in the bone and sinew (so to speak) of the apple tree—the first thing it must do is to send its roots deeply into the ground and send up. its trunk as rapidly as it can into the sunlight, where it can fight for life. So we find the first condition in the early life of the tree is a condition of rapid vegetative growth. (369) 370 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. After it has established itself the next thing for it to do is to make out of the materials at hand that with which it can re- produce its kind, that is to say, fruit and seed. It then begins to think about producing fruit buds, speaking figuratively, and about bearing fruit. We then have in the period of slower growth a mature condition which is favorable to the repro- duction of its kind. We must understand the philosophy of these different conditions of growth to handle our trees most intelli- gently: First, the period of vegetative growth which is not con- ducive to productiveness; and, second, the period of more mature but of slower growth which favors fruit production. In growing an orchard our first desire then is not to bring it at once into bearing. Many young trees have been injured by allowing them to bear heavily when they are young and before they have gotten themselves well established. The first thing we ought to do with a young tree is to give it a good, thrifty, vigorous growth and make a framework fit to carry heavy loads of fruit. There are various things, as we know, that must be con- sidered in getting that kind of growth. In the first place, we must see that the soil conditions are favorable. If there are periods of a week at a time in which the soil is full of water, and the water stands there stagnant, it has just the same effect upon the tree as it has on the corn field. The cornstalks will begin to turn yellow under such conditions of stagnant water. They are asphyxiated; they are suffocated. The little fine feeding roots are choked out of existence because they cannot get the air which it is necessary for them to have in order to do their work, in order to carry on the vital processes of taking in plant food and of living and growing. One of the things which we horticulturists do not sufficient- ly recognize is the fact that the roots must have air to carry on the vital processes of root growth and activity. Down in the cypress swamps of Louisiana you will find cypress trees sending up great “‘knees,” as they are called, three or four feet tall or more. These are great growths of porous wood coming up from the roots, and sticking up above the water. What are they for? They are hollow inside; they are simply contrivances of the plant for getting air to the roots. We, as orchard men, as fruit growers and as agriculturists, must recognize this principle, that roots need air. How far ee THE UNFRUITFUL TREE AND HOW TO CORRECT IT. BiG! would the florist get in growing his crops on the greenhouse bench or in pots if he didn’t recognize the necessity of drainage underneath to give an opportunity for the air to get to the roots? He wouldn’t get very far. And the man who wishes to bring his orchard up to the highest degree of production also must provide for the aeration of the tree roots. That may mean tile drainage. It may mean the intro- duction of more vegetable matter in the soil to make it more porous. It may mean a certain amount of surface drainage. But we shouldn’t make the mistake of thinking because we have good surface drainage we necessarily have good under-drainage; the contour of the layers of subsoil or clay underlying the surface doesn’t always follow that of the surface. Just before coming here I went into a field where we are digging a trench. There is excellent surface drainage and no standing surface water where we are. Only three feet below the surface we struck water in this year, which has been so dry that good cisterns have failed. We have found that although it has a sufficient slope to carry off the surface water, this land must be tiled to get best results in growing orchard trees. I don’t know your soil, but I can tell you this one principle of soil management. and that is, to get the most out of your tree it must have air for the roots. SECONDLY: Orchard soils should have a constant supply of moisture because the trees take all of their food in the form of soup. The Lord hasn’t provided them with jaws and teeth with which to masticate their food, and they must simply suck it in. If you put the end of a towel in a wash basin and let the edge hang over you know what it will do, draw all the water out of the wash basin. In the same way the little fine roots will draw up the soil water and pass it on to the trunk and branches. That material as it comes from the soil is not in such form that the tree can immediately transform it into wood and into leaves and fruit buds. It is crude material. It is, as you might say, comparing the tree with a furniture factory, the lumber - that goes into the factory and not the finished furniture; or, comparing it to a foundry, it would be the raw iron and coal that you take into the foundry rather than the finished foundry products. So the soil solutions are simply the crude materials out of which plants are made. Where are these crude materials changed into the forms that the plant can use? It is in the green foliage by the help of the energy of the sun that the 372 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. oxygen of the air and the earthly materials brought out of the soil in the sap undergo chemical changes and are built up into elaborated plant food that nourishes the tree. It is such material only that the plant can digest and assimilate and make over into plant tissue. We must then remember this principle, that if we are to get the most out of the tree we must protect its foliage. Keep that in good working order. How else can the plant make its food? It needs abundant and vigorous foliage. Whenever as horticul- turists we allow insects or diseases or anything else to injure or destroy the foliage, in that way destroy the working power of the plant, it is like taking the money out of our pockets, money which we fail to get, because we do not have as much fruit to sell or to use in the family, which practically amounts to the same thing. It isn’t necessary for me here to dwell upon the methods of spraying for the protection of the foliage. That is a matter which has been discussed frequently. Plenty of information about it can be had from your experiment stations. The thing I wish to do now is to emphasize again the importance of keep- ing the foliage in good condition if you are going to expect re- sults out of the tree. PRUNING. We prune for two purposes. First, to give the tree a framework upon which to load the fruit—try to grow the tree in such shape that it can withstand the heavy storms and winds and loads of ice and snow, as well as loads of fruit. That isn’t a matter of pruning for fruitfulness; it is a mat- ter of pruning for a good mechanical framework. Then, having pruned to shape the tree from the standpoint of giving it ability to hold heavy crops of fruit, we have another important thing to consider, namely, pruning the tree so as to make easy the operations of spraying and of gathering fruit. Take this as a general rule: When a man has in mind the opening up of the tree-in such a way that he can spray all parts of it easily and thoroughly, he has a pretty good rule for pruning, because, in making the tree sufficiently open so he can reach it easily with the spray he makes it sufficiently open so that the sunlight can reach all parts of it. He accomplishes two things: Opening the tree so he can spray it for protection against diseases and insects and opening it so that the sunlight can get to all the leaves and the tree can make the food it needs to grow fruit and fruit buds. THE UNFRUITFUL TREE AND HOW TO CORRECT IT. 373 When the tree is in a condition of rapid, vigorous growth it is possible to check it, as the last speaker has indicated. I am in hearty accord with the position he takes that it is better to | do more pruning in the dormant season (if you are pruning for productiveness) than it is to prune during the growing season in June. Why? Because the leaves which are put out in the early part of the season are made, not out of the plant food that the plant makes that same season, but they are made out of the plant food that was made the previous season and was stored away in the roots and all through the body, trunk and branches. When it is dissolved in the sap in the spring then it comes out into those fruit buds and leaf buds and furnishes them the ma- terial out of which the tree could expand its leaves very rapidly. Those of you that have lived in a country where they make maple sugar know that sometimes they get a run of sap in February or March. What happens there is the changing over of the food materials, which have been stored away in solid forms, back into liquid forms, so that it can flow all through the tree to any part where it may be needed for the development of the leaf buds or fruit buds. If you prune after the tree has drawn upon all that reserve material to make its first leaves in spring, then by cutting off those new leaves you cut off propor- tionately more from the food factory of the tree than you do by pruning in the dormant season. Why? Because if we prune in the dormant seaSon we are taking away a part of the top. Its portion of the solid food which has been stored away in the roots waiting for the spring demand remains so that the branches which are left have that much extra supply of food material with which to stimulate their growth. We know as a rule if we wish to stimulate the growth of a branch we should prune it rather short in the dormant season. But we shouldn’t stimulate it into such rapid growth as to overcome its tendency to bear fruit. We do not want to put it in the condition of a very young tree by forcing an excessive growth of vegetation. What is better is to stimulate slightly the growth of the tree by pruning lightly in the dormant season. Pruning in summer, or rather the pruning in early summer, just after the first leaves have come out, has a tendency, aS we know, to check the growth. In case you have a tree that is too exuberant in its growth it is desirable, perhaps, to adopt that method. There is no one rule you can use alike for all trees, for 374 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the young tree, the old tree, the exceedingly vigorous tree and the slow growing tree; we must simply get at the principles underlying those things and then adapt them to the variety and its condition of growth. FERTILIZERS. In our experience one of the most important things in bringing the tree into profitable productiveness is to give the ground a good application of manure occasionally, say every three or four years put on eight to ten tons to the acre. You get out of that more than the beneficial effect of the fer- tilizer, you put more humus into the soil, and it increases its capacity to hold moisture and so gives the tree a continuous supply of moisture for carrying on its work. We have an orchard which we took hold of in 1910 for ex- periment purposes. It was then an orchard in full bearing. As I recall it, the trees were about eighteen years old. The or- chard was not in good condition. The land had been farmed until it was pretty badly run out before the orchard was planted. When we got hold of it the ground was all covered with rose briers and other things that go with that kind of cultivation or lack of cultivation. We took hold of it in June. The season of 1910 was characterized by a very late freeze, which took the fruit off the trees in all that region, so we had no fruit that year. The following year, 1911, we had our first crop of fruit from that orchard, which was 1,700 bushels. The next year we got 3,500 bushels. We began to prune and spray all of it, and por- tions of it were cultivated so that we were putting it into better condition for productiveness. The first year was 1,700, the next year 3,500, the next 2,000 and the next year 4,300. In 1915 we got 6,000, and this year, 1916, we will have at least 4,000, and probably more than that. This is an orchard which two years ago we fertilized by a good dressing of stable manure. We have had crops, as you see, every year during all this period since 1910. What have we done besides manuring it once to make productive that orchard which formerly was unproductive? We have pruned as needed but not heavily. We have pruned sufficiently so that we can spray read- ily. We have sprayed for the protection of the foliage against the attacks of insects and diseases. Since we are carrying on an experiment in cultivation and cover crops, some of the plots have been cultivated, some have been put in clover sod and some — in blue grass for the purpose of comparing these different kinds THE UNFRUITFUL TREE AND HOW TO CORRECT IT. 375 of soil treatment. One point I wish to call attention to here, is this, that as a result of applying stable manure on the part of the orchard under experiment, as compared with the part not manured, it is evident that we have made money by using ma- nure. That simply confirms general experience and observation, namely, that it is a good thing to give an occasional dressing of manure to the bearing orchard in order to keep the ground fertile and also to keep it full of humus, so as to increase its ca- pacity to hold moisture. Summarizing this discussion as to treatment of the un- productive tree to make it more productive, I would say: 1. Recognize the fundamental principles of growth, dis- tinguishing between the condition of rapid vegetative growth and the condition of slower mature growth favorable to the formation of fruit buds. 2. Make the condition of the soil such that the roots will be comfortable the year through—they can’t run away when it is too cold, and they can’t get in out of the wet when it is too wet—they must stay there. Make the soil conditions such that it will be comfortable for the roots all the year round. 3. Prune according to the needs of the tree. If the need is to promote the vegetative growth, direct your pruning in that way; if the need is to check the vegetative growth, direct your pruning that way. Above all, prune so that the sunlight can get to all the foliage in the tree and so that you can ADEBY, all parts of the tree thoroughly. Mr. Kellogg: How long does it take a fruit bud to mature? Prof. Beach: Ordinarily, in the case of the apple, the first indications that we can distinguish under the microscope of the development or the beginning of the development of the fruit bud are about the last of June. It has not been seen earlier than that. The progress of development is more or less rapid, ac- cording to the varieties and conditions, until fall. In the case of the plum the different parts of the fruit bud will be pretty well developed by fall; in the case of the apple the different parts are not so distinctly developed before spring. One of ‘the troubles with the apricot is, it carries fruit bud development so far that it is caught almost always by the spring frosts or freezes. Mr. Kellogg: How about a twig or a scion that will pro- duce a fruit blossom that season, at the closing up of the season? Prof. Beach: That might occur, but it would be out of the ordinary, it would be abnormal. Mr. Kellogg: Some trees do that every time. 376 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Prof. Beach: There are differences among varieties that way, just as we find among strawberries. Ordinarily the straw- berry forms its fruit bud so as to have strawberries in June, but we have so-called everbearing variations that will give us fruit in August, September and October. Then, too, the same variety acts differently in different seasons. After a prolonged period of summer drought some kinds of fruit trees will blossom after fall rains come. Mr. Hawkins: Is it injurious to cut apple limbs as large as one to two inches in diameter late in the fall, or this time of the year, and does it pay at all to trim old orchards? Prof Beach: Perhaps I ought not to try to answer that question because there are Minnesota men who know Minnesota conditions that can answer it better. I should say that I would prefer not to do heavy pruning of that kind until after the severities of winter are past, because there is danger of climatic injury to the exposed tissues. As to whether or not it is better to. prune the old orchard trees, I would either prune them or blow them out, I wouldn’t leave them as they are. Mr. Kellogg: How do you account for the heavy fruit in that experiment orchard year after year? Orchards generally bear themselves to death in one year. Prof. Beach: I might say the trees haven’t been overloaded generally. We have given the tree an opportunity to make fruit buds every year; that is to say, we have kept the foliage healthy, and we have tried to make the soil conditions satisfactory, main- tain fertility and keep a good, constant supply of moisture for the roots. In other words, we have given the tree a chance to make fruit buds every year and at the same time to carry a crop of fruit every year. Mr. Drew: In regard to tiling, I had a notion to remove some tiling that passed by some cottonwoods, and when we took the tile up we found that it was filled full of roots. Prof. Beach: Roots of cottonwoods, elms and willows will go a good ways to get a drink. Apple roots don’t go so far. I think there is little danger of apple roots filling the tile unless there is a constant flow of water. Where you have tile taking off the surface water only, that is, only the ordinary run-ofl, probably there will be no difficulty of that kind. Mrs. Franklin: I would like to ask a question. , join, csescls)sivleyele, exe etovea'e Xs iNvaya esti taieee 522 York St. So., Wheeling, W. Va. Anderson, Wm. ...1540 Kirwin Ave., St. Paul IMNNRNEABESEYTARDNEN SS Ea io's Gicle s:a,0icistn.e/s\eis,6\e1e-cr8 Elbow Lake AN RRI TEES Se Oye AV od a vei pse.'ela cle\ e's 0 (els veidie.eie.e(ers anby NMTRERRISENEL STV EN SES S21 sh 2!0,0, 01s) s:s:0:0,0 90 siesa afeishelolere.a0'e Nevis AIRMEN 6 AG 21 5 Y0/9,0/e oc: a ossa, Si a.e e/e:disi0)0'0 b niles Benson PMPICaT RTS) PEN 3 'a) n'a ata ele) disie @velo\sye «/«\ «ls aleeie Savage emer VETS. | ITSTION.... 0. - ciciecicjescisiececiee Savage PITTI OT? SUNIL | a e's 0.0m viejo.n 0 0.5 010.6 nine. siéielnje ANGE ae 324 New York Life Bldg., Mpls. L200. OU NC Dl Oe SECC R. 1, Milaca PARTE CHASE. ohi:c.ch.s:06ls elie ects 5 0% R. 1, Hopkins LN As 00 Oe 15 Carlyle Ave., Duluth Atwood, H. J....1941 Waverly Ave., Duluth TNMEC TIO PDAS S, © ocelos « Muvaictels wosyale aie @i salara,ele Mapleton Abnerton, Mrs. Isabella cece eccis soe Newport Ante I SOMOL GG ia\aciett eles sale miwietatotistared orote Underwood Amrstin, Miss), Miary. clic sscro:e//sreiste ata .aicie’si=! aoteisraele ih eda stale nie 6 ave.e ie enve 503 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth ANIStimy iO} eA. "Saeieism ctenctersisterstevanets MeVille, N. D- VAgITIe D! ADE ay gic iescte sais s\elaveictal dele wala qoisine Glenwood ASversy.s > Minss\GEbe) Bia ciciiessoetsaisie's See waete’s Excelsior Aryerss\ HAL Be wae sek tiem oe veces > gtttee Kimberly Batleys...do, eVINCent H.'s J: ssaaieintoiete oie classe cine Mudeiwteadclontas cee Dayton Bluff Sta., St. Paul ATER ie ac tees tise wes os Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. Baalsorts EUs MBN a hts cltis o/o sce sists wthsoistanjamtane’s Brooten Baelien sean © Hee. cictheicactan sec niles Rothsay Baillite,} Cs Heese ciweces wes Sta. F, R. 1, Mpls. Bagley, Mrs. Horace............ Towner, N. D. PS He AMEN Ge pwelaaarercisterraeere etree More tretiae Hastings Babeock, wMrse cde Bsacesiisis slenes ont ocke Belgrade Baldwin, > Ee tisedoanetisewaceteese tes Northfield Baker, H. F...4629 Lake Harriet Blvd., Mpls. IBameys Gales) Wien ai cise sole slmleisiecinia sot oslemiers Blackduck Bakers diehr OWriss «aici cic saa R. 3, Maynard amen sher, play Clactemie oc lersia eteuste ele iodeirs Stillwater jepapeh eyes YY Lae [Snel ON SRR SM nrrtocrining rac boo Mora Bakery Berti Stade elieicters vrs Hoosick Falls, N. Y. Bamford, Geo. J..1703 Sheridan Ave., St. Paul Baker Miss tdat tA. tz sachs asieres ee alee hemi tales Gee atrelrenaeia 4629 Lake Harriet Blvd., Mpls. pales reales Vist lremils ele cles oe'eleleleies=' Hyannis, Neb. IS IGTER PS tosh IL ee ROAM roccuotde Montrose Bartram, Mrs: ©. iS... 2.60. R. 1, White Bear Barnes, aiken Milaca IBESSEEEGS TE vWf ine cithetre cd wiv eietn dg See Rana eto Orr Brodalen,, ‘Gs, (Awe ssc: oso seeeeee Ottosen, Ia. estes WG ee alarriya crhe wis stats aoa bee Faribault Brumpton, Wm., 22% .s2. see od eee Shevlin AS ACCS ele PEM oon oe om oe ial cee tes oe eee Brown, Rev.:Geo: Wi... i.sj.- 2s seem Wilson, Wis. ieteeulers 710° Somerset Blk., Winnipeg, Man. Brown, Clarence, J. |. were 629 Sec. Bk. Bldg., Minneapolis Bayly, Mrs. J. W., 2419 E. 2nd St. Duluth Brown,, Mrs. ds 0Binnssun. 2412 Garfield, Mpls. Biermann. Henry Vsutteeose cee capes ae Glencoe Bugbie,.2 Av iB... css4 Seu een Paynesville IBiekerts We cdlndenes sh sowie Washburn, N. D. Buehler, John G..434 Main St. N. E., Mpls. Biggs, S. Elizabeth T........ Fairmont,. N. D. Bucholg",Augist. orc ese senent R. A., Anoka IBIXDy; p Elen ry, NS ss eacy.c siiedeneiesisnere Richville Bull, Geo. N...4116 8th St. W., Calgary, Can. Bill, Ambrose. .984 Gorman Ave. W., St. Paul Buol;: Peter) «oi. .'i sie 6-0 slerdaie ie eee Wabasha RIOUN DELO. Grd Mas sae ciclo ee ea ni aad eke Willmar Buckeye, di) 3s oes sie son os eean eee Lakefield BOSHNALGY SELGPMAt: = Ssmiite chotae eee Moorhead Burow;, -Wer, Pues. icici visors lccorlelete reams La Crescent BoardmanweMrs; His wAti.. Jae «iesats tebt sites deniae Burns, « Marks sc: « oe» vista ee Cass Lake 4852 Soh anatoo EEE 589 Lineoln Ave., St. Paul Burns, Chris ....c00.0.05.+eeerese se seees BEMMGTE Bollmann «Paral, tvs varyaaeteyatte tee Balaton Burquist;. A. Bit ccc.e tee deate sees Lindstrom Bolines palin, FAY sean doce tae Be ee Clarissa Burnetinc OhiMs. 502 ie te Torrey Bldg., Duluth Boe ns Herd vp sos-c sete: sce or Tea Soe Lansing Burch, Edward. P...... 1729 James So., Mpls. BOCK DONT 4.5 Geos, Wdicatiiesc ce cows sercemtedee ok Norwood Garnahan,. sEio) denice sce s eeciclolaictcteltens Longville iBradleys, Wis 24.0. pentheee Millarton, N. D. Carlson, Mrs. Wm., 6005 London Rd., Duluth Bradbury, W. W..... 1724 E. 8rd St., Duluth Carpenter, M. B..... Hotel Aberdeen, St. Paul Brabenzt vW.en Besse eet 915 8rd Ave. So., Mpls. Garison, Peters. scone erieeriaseheaee Mohall, N. D. IBFevie; ACI. aes tiotcr sede cravat nT ae Starbuck Carlson, J. A....... 3410 18th Ave. So., Mpls. Brives, es We oi'sanees% snes? ac eet ee Sanborn Carlson, Axel..Manhattan Bldg., Fergus Falls IBrigsen Gears Asc. sa ese taoteee eee St. Peter Carvertidnccnee ccke 2412 17th Ave. So., Mpls. Bretven: Wonnt: iss sscaar occu soo eae Lake City Carlson, G. GC. os .e sects eee e eens reer eeerees Tower PEW Os Litas sare Voter else cateieanivela dare Starbuck Catlin, T. J., M.D...-...-..++++2+ss -.-Palisade Breyer, Ps: P sncnssere ds 3318 4th St. No., Mpls. GaSe W reece Editeyapeichevoloteieloieiniers New Lisbon, ies Brierley, Prof. W. G..... Univ. Farm, St. Paul Cases is Stace Mer. Nat. Bk. Bldg., St. Pau Bren Wariiel ysis dsc cs oo etaw' a Vedas a eeads Hopkins Gecil Pan VEE saree Gen. Del., McKeesport, Pa. Brens, REV 1 Wl OS¢-s\asiss ais sviclanretelel mers cuinears Hopkins Charlson,) (Go irecibisaies at tom nels som oot Dennison Breening > ELS C.toeiccreriabcetweleie:s Sctetae iste Balaton Chapman, HH. H.......eeee see ee esse e ens tecees Bremer: -WGesliess 25. ds eects sont Cannon Walls.) lhe, i lenteste ns 860 Prospect St., New Haven, Conn. LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS. 519 Ghamberlain,. V. M.........s.00- Spring Valley Crookes viens. John aSitaes tence. eaccs seven Pi KON NT OHASS oi oe. eats bs bie vide loc ches erheve biota) 1 Orly EL) ARE ee a ae 1980 Montreal Ave., St. Paul MURIEL PI aN otters ae eiscessa'a 0.0 e aie pero ere me Dent Crooks, John S..1980 Montreal Ave., St. Paul Col yal Ga Ge OP Ce eee ae Mound Gazer a ise AS s <2 pets Seta tal Meats tas: scala weerele DIRE PLAII ce Wa Gio bie iiss s + oiaeciee bins Alberie Aue, i” —ayesc cae Univ. Ave. & 13th St. S. E., Mpls. OUT OVT Try en Of OR ee Redwood Falls GIRS a actretareie eee ne st cleaner Carnegie, Man. Reali, LOUIS IM... 2... aecc0c ncgie se ansleee GUtler Ae LOW ohh s o2%s « cunie'sin inte ofelbro mateo wee whe Glencoe a MER Rite’ 0' aces jure 54th St. & Pillsbury, Mpls Curran, Dro Bl .:.... 2612 13th Ave. So., Mpls. Chamber of Commerce................. Brainerd Cushing, Luther S................ Osceola, Wis. Giharstonherson, K.' Ou... 0. eee eiele s Zumbrota ee erson, Christ ane! Camden, PIl., Mpls. erney, J. W...Winsilow & Arion Sts., Mpls. 1 (Dh T has Dake en et I es Pa Atwate Chrudinsky, Mrs. Robt. J............. Lakewood Danten, 0 E. RR i Oo inate Ee Albert oe (Unik: VN 2 Lette nsec eens Gilbert DA US Aer nce IRE cesi c35 ts IM Chisago City Cheyney, Prof. E. G....... Univ. Farm, St. Paul Wales Oh Gee et She eric. Sega on soo Madison Chute, L. P........ 7 Univ. Ave. N. E., Mpls. Dahtheimers Mrank 5.695. «es Geese aes Anoka Christman, W. F...... 3804 5th Ave. So., Mpls. | Dadant, H. C........0....ceeeeees Hamilton, Ill. Christenson, Christ............ R. 3, Albert Lea Teer. WY eee Sak ue een coe R. 1, Wayzata Chermack, W. R.............++++00s005: Hopkins TMG ist Gln AS, eee ce tae ae ae, each ete Popple Cherveny, John J......-.......0++. Wimmera, |< Tah! Wiis: AQ, Oss cvaihs seeds ts agomtsoien ee Chelmen, PUM aveiaicet sciv.ce eee es Géeorsevillens.: “tie Fe sa Ne 490 4th St. W., Superior, Wis. WlrrrcrensOnty ©.) Gite vi viesccs cee esate vate Deerwood Day Stephens Es tarccsonc ies od naaee Northfield Chemak, Otto..........--.....++. R. 1, Hopkins Davison eA ET oe Maps inches be ee Chirstensen, M...951 Goff Ave., W. St. Paul | agen 1324 9th St. E., Des Moines, Ia. Christensen, Aug. .....:.......+.... Little Falls Darlingr. Drs (Cs nklssony snccrsnets tosses Christy Color Printing & Eng. Co......--.-. | ee. 697 Endicott Areade, St. Paul 2205p OOO 179 St. Paul St., Rochester, N. Y. Darrow. Geos os thce wt wore taceleetaane (Crenisy @ 0M 0h Blooming Prairie Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. UT atl PA Br Storm Lake, Ia. ID aVeEMMO nt. = AV cect vieretayslclerstty sb ietavdisye ietepes at Dennison Cleator, Frederic W............ Republic, Wash. Ipyeihtae, \ifeg ieee we A Base ne oapece cee Cannon Falls Cleveland, Henry.............. City Hall, Duluth 1 DYstel ian PSS Or Seca o ie Sree DoE eOme aE ore Austin Miscenaeiirs: Peter... :.1... 600.0005 Maple Plain De Mons, MR dteccas ss oue tem etaliidaye) INES Cleator, W. P....1400 Wash. Ave. N., Mpls. De WWorestare Gee pt se siecheertccscl telomerase Owatonna Orinicies.s AL Y......: Box 237, White Bear Deighton, C. H., 902 Wolvin Bidg., Duluth (CUPS Spy Oita 0 Lena Redwood Falls Deatherace) Mrs, -Robt.;. 2.25.21 octe es ceceeiel MEAIEL MEISEL We cteicicicirisss Sees teu dee fave Ge SPaITIE® |e astaiice siete sien eels s 2428 Portland Ave., Mpls. Clark, Geo. 'S. oo... 27 5th Ave. So., St. Cloud Deebach, Herman....138 4th St. E., St. Paul Rlementie Gs (Co. v. se uccen ce cases Mosier, Oregon Deebach, E. A..... ‘Dayton Bluff Sta., St. Paul Reet teem T MBE pieces tele c bisrrie ce sicee.e'v sme cis oe Pine Island De Lameter, Mrs. J.....0. 6352.0 Maple Plain LOU Ro WGA] ee 2110 Bryant So. Mpls. Derieckson, G. P..238 Franklin Ave. W., Mpls. Cig lin ee AACR 5 Cae Inkster, N. D. IDE REE ee Ed CRS Oaeringtcae nice cope 0 Bemidji NUTINASE ATCC MANY INST rs, 5s0vcle cases. eiole.cisiess o'sia o's's Hopkins Wester) mvs Wide easy opaerstaler spate ciara ebetstepetele Mound (Graleuiminy CC ih] a eee Excelsior Devore, F. J..... 972 Robert St. So., St. Paul Congdon, John S...... R. 5, Fort Collins, Colo. AD Wei datslieaae OU eRe aeb oot ameerts cooon bea Victoria Coffin, E. C.........:2449 Garfield Ave., Mpls. Ditibenner, wks, Crore asectas setae st Sleepy Eye CSyaV Eis, | VIN AITLIN Coe il 2 Ie Rn ea Dickenson tye Oyen wee eas Slee nares aite ersiane Anoka Berra yn ausrdles 1505 Shady Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. DixouwJas Ken. ste eda. bseNO vst haul Momrag ee iMande [WA ce ois ceies ss eis Sass Montevideo Dil S ae ebere. On aeeere sto calves seehel svels: est srs Dassel Manscdon wd. Wi... 20.0. 0s. 2620 Blaisdell, Mpls. Dikexstlentry Be). Mela... Hotel Berkeley, Mpls. Mi MEST TIAN Gr ES. co eieve tisiale s.c ove olv.e.o's R. 6, St. Cloud Digi en GUS eee etic seileaicases/= Augusta, Wis. GOA GLOVED fae. eo doce cee Eufaula, Ala. Wyrlneuries (Asse Ge ciara ctaier ere wirereres= ats Newell, S. D. Gila. 2 UA eee Enfield, N. H. Diekey,. Mrs.. G. H.........---+- Esmond, N. D. (So La tuiia.., (10)) 7. ae eee R. 2, Aitkin Dist. Inspector of Forest Reserve.......-.-- Constance, Geo. I.......... @iimaenkamds ye WAS |e eee oteveielcs ste 2 ete tasater cco lo/ wish eaepaieleles= arate Winnipeg, Man. Copme Bet Re se... 175 Winona St. E., Duluth IO mil J Nileieno gna GbabecopobeoadlfS St. Bonifacius (O16 20) A 0 Bee eee 225 Kasota Blk., Mpls. Dolley Nisetosscsasie acts 2303 Bryant No., Mpls. Cornmeal. Clicks che cence es Minnesota City Dodge, (Glekntenet Ahyanduecoacecencoocbr Moose Lake Cornell Lr. HH... ... 815 Fidelity Bldg., Duluth Doerhen dD aSupicerte me staeenesreceretals Laurel, Mont. ‘Gigi: (Ce SS SRR esenne eee ears Menahga Dobble, Mrs. Edwin.........--ssesccesesseces State Gollere of Agri, Cornell Univ.=library, ~ | — ...s-cccossers 1385 Raymond Ave., St. Paul Ua cd oie tle! <) bios oivieje.v'nre aris, wee Ithaca, N. Y. Dobbss eDavideskc wee ce ove sacs oo ee Suan US (Cres IEE 05 fe re West Concord Dawlers mye Acct heii hts Fort William, Ont. (Spree, U1" 0) Worthington DOT Wie Grtescsetevers cre stesetcssre 1132 Lbr. Ex., Mols. Cond. IL. SASS SiC ieee eee eee Grasston Dorland; “Wa Ely Hwee ce care aiste Prank. Dis... <«cnuce eee So. St. Paul Barra: Ab eet, > tte. cin eaten s: White Bear Gerlach, Mrs. A. F....1265 Dayton, St. Paul Warner. O:VRy. he accsathscctcln cee Ada | Gerber, A. H....1594 Portland Ave., St. Paul Fanning, Miss Mary G., Gerhard, Ray C........ 2722 Bryant So., Mpls. 756 E. 6th St., St. Paul George, R.: Boos... oe. 3615 Stevens Ave., Mpls. TARTIOCT NS DAY « siictavele'alvisievehne Sta. F, R. 2, Mopls. Gertsmann, Frank ;...... <0. stemas Morgan Farnham, Jas. M..114 1st St. S. E., St. Cloud Getty, D. CG... sce. ee eeeee eee e cece ees Mapleton Nestherstone,, |Site Lean cis« veaeenereree Red Wing Gibbs, Miss Ida W............ oo anin a wie sertesee Bella) wkrot a OliGuctes visi caphaleke Worthiielll:| \ | Gecucepeustereemaee R. 1,.Box 107, Merriam Park Hereesouyn Wile Ou tity. a teneod vite Acetic Litchfield Gibbs, A. B. ........seee cece eeeseseee eens ROWER Fees], Vinz...cor. Wins'ow & Arion, St. Paul Gubson; {Murdo sss.” Reva AUG iat. accent ens Rosemount RS RINMSEEMVION: Fafa ony v8 i0is vis iaye.s oie ose viee'eiye ee le Grygla ANS WA. OW oto.n We'ejs'eteisseys oie 146 48th St. We eels. PIETER TRENT acct cess cic iciaie's 1,0 o/s + sicju eye Granada ETI SBE ps Otis tat oe, ale siotatela.a Sts afoulergreie Albert Lea APRA ARAN Wel 2897 PE Siae Vso soso ale sis.s's ajeein'e piesa Fertile lob yay dane ose ddcceck tein eeetata se otehee tate Albert lea SBME ESERIES Ue ng csi Seve aie ioe) 0 0.sialoje «= viajeiaia’ Fertile Hillman, Wm. O...... 396 Dewey Ave., St. Paul PlosereINeT oe VE Es salsfeleinjcta ts aleve vec e ccsiees Heiberg ier: CTC. ame. eare F. B. Snyder, Excelsior Mbarara Ts Oe iiecalsyaials ea i's cies R. 3, Red Wing Hibbard, Mrs. Gi -J3.. 0% 412 Nicollet Ave., Mpls. UPTEISCREI PEN RONG, Fo. yale vie ccrdt icles ats of op oceleie elpne Ada Maicley, On M6 ot: onto. 1808 Girard No., Mpls. . Epps Backs Wrediv Gir 0% no saveansetse nee ae eee | s afeleeicls «mee 1022 Court Merrill, Mitchell, S. D. | Hidershide, Dr. Geo. N.......... Areadia, Wis. Hintermister, J. H...583 Wabasha St., St. Paul Hanesty Hid= se. .r. 2431 Lineoln St. So., Chicago Hitcheock, F. E..... 768 Osceola Ave., St. Paul as icy (PE oe Os See aE SAA ne is Little Falls Hants donn He. . = sa. 4430 34th Ave. So., Mpls. iermatads, C. Bosca: ose eee ae eee Red Wing Eigenmstad: © H.W. actress cnaiecee ete Red Wing iHofmariny ich, UL, sdies ee ta 3 Seco Janesville Hofmany-Rev., Cisse dadtee feane Bruno, Sask. Efotinians Els PRE Oe retake scioe os aeanetnetad niche tio Teale was sie atele 526 5th Ave. So., Wausau, Wis. Hotmaa, AGeon ted.c cates es in oa cane Long Lake Hobbs, Arnold....610 N. Y. Life Bldg., Mpls. ELOlie DORN) Prasanna ae TDs te Sob dois te tee o Carver Foto ren bt isos aces ok cic ce Hoffman BOWEN | eel OUI «sites oo bs Foie 1s ais halos seiene ala Fertile Holmberg, J. A..... 1241 Edgerton St., St. Paul HolmessMirs: dase TPisnceossst R. 1, Northfield VOM Ae OWN, 5 Ss csitisarerearcinien clattsrenin nate Wolverton Hollingsworth, -Ralph. iss choc teen cncece ater Binicis tsloatele nar sicts 1107 18th Ave. S. E., Mpls. Hotland;” Ozrat, Sitjicdsaiewans. asses 1, Winona Holimeier; Jobny Foret gags eeektes Excelsior Holaselks a Winslow 2% iiee sc ckis oe wetsie cele Hopkins Homola, rane Jies cuts «altace R. 3, Hopkins Holstad, Hans....920 St. Olaf Ave., Northfield ELOLLOU AW ac edie chise siemte sam tardies G Alexandria LOTR DY Seeley Coser in Macca Steines a idecenpeet os Cloquet Hostetter, A. B.....1810 E. 4th St. So., Duluth ELOVErsta Gis A Sel. = acne panies cd cantaelew acre Maynard Mowland,. Clintonr< J s.2:.swee so daseale Northfield Howland, Mrs. Eleanor..5802 Pleasant, Mpls. Eoseys Mrs: Niek? yc ccc. des cece ne cate New Ulm TOV Es ol ODN iat oy elapue archaea oe Northwood, Ia. Howard, Geo. F..1281 Raymond Ave., St. Paul EVO Vier BNW UE itase ate aie eisai c4 siaie So%e Scotch Grove, Ia. Houghton, Jas. G..... 3129 Clinton Ave., Mpls. Howlett, Mrs. D. D....... R. 5, Oshkosh, Wis. Hosmer, Ralph S..Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. RO TUOTIS Gr. oo Nada ss tate te hue Salcic oenNe ae Litchfield Eromacher,: He Soi si siesitele chasse Tappen, N. D. Hoppert, Walter O..R. 1, Box 198, W. St. Paul FEOOVEE sgl se Uae cis) ace phoia aoe R. 2, Kensal, N. D. POUT CHASES a jecice tiewye,o oe 244 Lewis St., Duluth ERO ib silts TEMS vera, ove ain cls) cgeeicselt cincavsraces pesos Fridley ELOY Ger cpa eieisias a lacitls beiatloceauails y ote Lake ' City Huestis, Dr. O. M..... 400 Central Ave., Mpls. Platt, .2heo. Ais Sosisccier tach ec aes Fergus Falls Fiuper, ) Branson 2 fe cathe cateecate sto Shakopee 13530) OR! al sR ee eS S SS CaCIAD Brook Park Fipppells Gi His sc% « 917 Marquette Ave., Mpls. Huffman, Mins’ Bish diss. detecc.cleits i Maree Nemadji Huber, Rey. vA. Te. «2... New Plymouth, Ohio grees hE. irelicen'c.s ayes ein sain ares ats Sele ollelcistctareteaketa eh otadeh nein 5.9 care Farm, Stock & Home, Mpls. TAM DGTE a AG GIN s. <;c1sietate sare rte ties tclteerar ote Elk River De (7 Cage SOT CS a ie Ss Wyndmere, N. D. raltqmist; Bsther, (Mc cos ..-c'sjs2 v creietit isle 'ole o ojzaletaie idliae tive wales The Knudsen Fruit Co., Duluth Eupbard) BWA sis oct scree wtels.creptele's ee Lake City ER GEN as ole Neate (osclhoPd.cie oc etlsiore-« R. 1, Wilton ls hbischse¥s) OW 2s cor nr e/a ee AeeC ao cee an Bidar pate ele rahe ws ceataiee 2143 Commonwealth, St. Paul 12K ge NY, ho Ree Nee Oa Ie eect IEE Hoople, N. D IEW Ys Ee (Ch Ui eS ee a opmmas Aran adas sc Tintah inp hrey, Di. Ac.%. ses 3624 Blaisdell, Mpls. EISHICH, (GLOSCOW es sede coca eseaiirneeaieit Felton Hurd, Burton....652 So. Smith Ave., St. Paul ECT Lum oye asistacslels clelasiei bin ease nte ele sete ane Hamel ISARCROT SATION S Telsieie satis ciatelel erect coleielalaiarevale Barrett invebricteen,: AVerld ..ccn scenic rine cs calle Fertile PMSMOUNASON; UE. | eas c.ccwisareccisip ure clvesiacieciaime/o® Saige tetee 121 2nd Ave. So., Jamestown, N. D. Innis) ‘GEO. Ss: «cise: Hamline Univ., St. Paul Ihfe, Fred..301 Brompton St. W., W. St. Paul Ivan vNOUT Neat. cee vs. So. Park, St. Paul MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Jackson, P. T.....1722 Summit Ave., St. Paul Janzen;. jAbr. 355 cfro ga vse Sept eee .-Mt. Lake Jackson, « Peter, | ...)./...dieiss/0-vcle obsess Cloquet JaCODSOD; Sis LE +57. Ha yaats lee et eae Madison Jager; Rev. strancis;..@.cs-eenee St. Bonifacius Jackson, AMES» «,.,:105.<000 csmeae peat Woodstock Jacobs, Dr. Ji. (Css. » mesic ae Willmar Jasmer; Paul As... ..q ss »sine does Winona. James rer ASC: adam cere Springfield, Il. Jacobson, Norman Gi. ccclnciscctelsneannel SEs 3 acs ata nyse Beck Bldg., Portland, Ore. James, J. Willis..1863 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul Jackson! sGeo: ois\te.c.ae eee Manchester, N. H. Jamison; Robteiics 0th «tebe eee Excelsior Jackson). lis) Byac saison eee 216 Lbr. Ex., Mpls. Jensen, Al" Piven anidteb awe oe tele Box 84, Askov Jerabek; Mrs. Mary...:4.4/c05 «ase nines Excelsior Jensen, Jens. AW, o.com see cele eee Rose Creek Jensen, Adolph....3315 17th Ave. So., Mpls. Jensen, (Is. “Pio. ncgis.s o:bcorern asset alo eee Morgan Jenseny ©, Mis is «+ sesen vies donee Albert Lea Jedhiekay Henry: c<) vec eae R. 3, Eagle Bend Jensen, ,AntOn 92% s/¢cliseive ee ile Ae McIntosh Jenson, Jens H. ........ Box 314, Hudson, Wis. Jennison, Mrs. Jas...4224 Fremont So., Mpls. genson, No, A. oases aos.cscclten Gteaaene Willmar JONSON; Tae. | i:s.Ssce ees visto oe Sober Clearbrook Jepson, sie Ds Ee sates 1600 Girard No., Mpls. Johnson, Gecaes 3390 Elliot Ave., Mpls. Johnson, Dr. Aw B, . iae:s plc tehiee eee Cloquet Johnson,’ Be) As: js se! seis cheie'o ere Maple Plain Johngon,, Pred \ 2s.5)0.:04 de tise eee Plainview Johnson, an. 28 22. ec eee Spring Grove Johnson; (©; 5 Bi Js) Yee ntn ease New Richland Johnson, PR: Hit ...22.qs-bieton eee North Branch JOONRONS 2AENb, occ palc- sea R. 2, Viroqua, Wis. Johnson, Henry V., i 614 E. Lawson St., St. Paul Johnson, Je Hi. 4...'. sek s see eee Doon, Ia. Johnson; (C3 lA* socks R. 1, Box 48, Ogilvie Johnsons: "Clyde sh iiss 5 heve'+,0 clepeisete ea Bergville JODNSON, Wee wis \..0.-\«1,.cneae Box 238, Albert Lea Johnson, cA. IN es «tess oa 4512 Drew Ave., Mpls. Johnson,* Bot Wo pases eccheremaae Breckenridge Johnson, L. F. ....1014 Bemidji Ave., Bemidji Johnson,!O2 JH... .< icasccsiesenee . 5, Willmar Johnson, Bs). J... ne0sseu ce ool sls dpi eit OA Meee 3931 Van Buren St. N. E., Mpls. Johnson: Jai Cio vecne ee 3343 Fillmore St., Mpls. Johnson; 7s. (Is waeiecst seredetal- lee Box 37, Cushing Johnson, T.. (Hi. vielen ee eee Maynard Johnson, Selmer.812 Zumbro St. W., Rochester Johnson, PW oe ae ction ae eee R. 2, Braham Johnson, Miss ‘Carolyn (Jv.5>-- «ce seca Sore aisiercsiaeio ae bis erecs 760 Linwood Place, St. Paul Johnson, Henry) Wu. ice.sci 8 R. 7, Fergus Falls Johnson, Alphonse E...........- R. 2, Stephens TOMNSOMs JROVil rctersiele sled telat attra R. 1, Brandon Johnsons Geo. lic 5c Fo oem): 4s pees ee Grygla Johnson, NZ © 'C.6 sii sce cps 0.0 = |s-Warson, OWia vHic e005. cvs te ates Madison, Wis. Tice oy) V1) ae | R. No. 1, Duluth SU oa thal 20 3 ere APC I tet Sissi Little Falls antkcade, OW. So... .cecccee sss Sioux Falls, S. D. DiaRGeene, WOW) (Biswas «« Poses cence Elbow Lake Heaney Si (Cae ee Coe Faribault | Langmaid, Abbie B..1019 University St., Mpls. Kirk, Loren:O.......... 716 4th Ave. So., Mpls. arson, ye Alireads c1 as <..osie nee ncuets Madison Bek, B, Bi... ..... 445 Laurel Ave., St. Paul | Landeen, A. F.....................4. Eagle Bend Kittson, Norman..1017 Dayton Ave., St. Paul | Lange, Marie R...................0. Deer River OD ETS) S Austin | Larsen, Raymond M..............c..cssceeen femers Northern sNurseries...%..c.ocssvecke ) |) ~) catewslecte ca awiecs 214 Providence Bldg., Duluth ° OA O IOS oe 1511 Raymond Ave., St. Paul MGANISUANI GUINTISY eo cidiescteicsare wiclettom ttetalere Cedar Bend POMMOMICM MIEN S BIS oo 5 ie icdlee sla veviacice ce’ Pine City Wet Keon suteyets olaclamati-iate 2216 Doswell, St. Paul mumroalls “By Ts... 2..6.... 119 Anoka St., Duluth WawSoniy Bs Biss» stat acral Nia ee ele ati Goodhue Kidd, Mrs. F. E..... 1800 2nd Ave. No., Mpls. Eatsehy Sohne Ares. elo = trasole ote etel re 2 Adrian Koza, JOS)... .. 917 Bellows St., W. St. Paul Eerols. Johny tans. caveats satuclelea tee Whalen Koester, John V...:...:.... Kasota Bldg., Mpls. IL is YANG So eo Seandno ane ooncioun BACH IbEdS LeRoy Kozial, Miss Justine M....... R. 3, Little Falls Mews MOnasH TS Sawer sececiats Beaver Brook Koutek, Jos...Butler & Stryker, W. St. Paul Tesliey VAG \ Whi < seer are 2124 Fremont So., Mpls. Lene. < LLNS DR ge ea Sleepy Eye WME WAS; PBOLts (occa slain distaste» Seiclare Siete wale Caledonia Koerner, Illa...... 1377 Grantham St., St. Paul Leonard, Dr. W. E..408 Donaldson Bldg, Mpls. IN023,17, . 02.5. awas eon cape Lowry Monson, IN io Litysis.: ss sonnei stedet Buffalo Lake Mondeng, Chas. 160 Newton Ave. No., Mpls. Montgomery, Katherine A., Bradley St. ‘Sta., R. 4, St.. Paul Montgomery, W. C..... 00. .e0c08 R. 3, Excelsior Moore,’ John en ore R. 1, Lonsdale Moberge, Oscar. ....0 5 6« sso om ae Lowry Moey. Po iC wes bei dic dics wicidia.c cls be ep Mentor Moffit, Mrs. F. L., 508 Univ. Ave. S. E., Mpls. Morrison, Rev. J. "Ds 2131 E. Superior St., Duluth Moran,., (Co | Bio ~~ cass eae eee ee Newport Moris, Mrs. F.......... 180 Rondo St., St. Paul Mornis; . John!) Ria... .< 0 s0% 0 «rosie Beaudette Morland, Ogden ‘Cs... ci...) ose Owatonna Moritz, ISAa! oi'iic ois avee:a1s's arate sist oe eee Hector Moses) W.! Site bce.cse cc sear cate Onamia Monsel;. Henry 3. ; +... 6.00 «0 <00< «aj Canby TWhoss;. WW a1 Bioigs ate scdesere daicte see leet Worthington Mosbjerg, Chr........... 210 7th St. No., Mpls. Moultony Hie Rios. viesic-n0 aid as voce Windom Mott? “Bs Risicnleccieste = oe cete > oer Hibbing MiallenyiA.-; Sais dae acct cae Custom House, Mpls. Mudd; Mrs: Neyaie.. ....0...saneeeeee Sandstone Mulqueeney, Mrs; Jassie. ccicnce eee Buffalo Munn, Mrs. M. D..... 614 Grand Ave., St. Paul Murray, De LA aes acsiwteeten nee Blooming Prairie Murray: Chas: Ms... 55665 cc come Princeton Musser) Bee Doo. nte i024 :0 0-554 Little Falls Mrsser, 1G, its {teen «s\-been eeu Museatine, Ia. Murphy, Frederick P...........- Central Lakes Murdock, H. E...... 1961 Queen Ave. So., Mpls. Murray, ‘Mrs. H. J., 812 Osceola Ave., St. Paul Murdock, E. C., 405 Scheffman Bldg., St. Paul Myrah,” BiG « 0is\0'y0 008s see Spring Grove / LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS. MEERETOOIN | Nien Kee nhaace tat Ante ceohenie Excelsior McAllister, Southwell, ° McAllister College, St. Paul McAllister, Geo. E...2637 Emerson No., Mpls. Metabe: Mrs: Mi... .cs.evesecewes Sta. F, Mpls. MeGallimn, John..ii.....csd. ccc. ds R. 1, Clinton McCoy, Dr. Mary...... 2127 E. 5th St. Duluth Me“Zabe, W. J., 2125 Abbotsford Ave., Duluth MMEMSEMIPO IC ER Gr ye) Paictesa'eieievaciciste cos ceee’s Willmar McCall, Geo. W............. Fort William, Ont. McCormick, Miss....2302 Blaisdell Ave., Mpls. MeDuffee, Herbert S., 2540 8rd Ave. So., Mpls. Menwnonen, Dr. C..A......2.... Macroth, Duluth oe hr ay Univ. Farm, St. Paul IEEE SN ET To ois o oe giaie.tse's'e v sed odie cewek Annandale McGonagle, Mrs. W. A..Hunters Park, Duluth McGolerick, Bishop Jas...............¢..: Duluth MeMillan, F. G...... No. 2 5th St. S. E., Mpls. McLeod, Neil A...... 523 8rd Ave. S. E., Mpls. McLean, Robt. C....... 735 Palace Bldg., Mpls: Wo LOST (Ss ea Cloquet MMII, ANCK . os 5 ails s ccc ceeetes Dayton RPMS MP EIS SE 5 cin sicieic osiucie cies eenhecess Pipestone (OETA Gl re Walker URED OTA | COs coe o-0/4)0<\voicie Cueshe oh vielen Duluth MONS OIIS voc cs yc ccs ccceccecacdescs Cass Lake PREP DOT MO DASE 5.5... ois6 c\eve ane watecds Round Lake Weald. A. P........ 25 E. Mankato St., Duluth Vora 2S CLs Ee eee Storden MNEIBGREVOSCAT, Wis. ccs seciccececeee ee R. 2, Aitkin Nelson, Chas. F., 1449 Hythe St., St. Anthony Park MRE TEMIL EE AGrY ate c stale wie oi, 00tcle w'eia's wieiv Lindstrom ESERIES TIS occ areas coe ese viele ewck Fergus Falls PS eMESTTN PMOL ATI | V2 |<) o/0\ 0% as0:cie ws ais.e,c 0c he Twin Valley phase) (Cis 7. ea er Park Rapids i 01a, 12tE 1) a) Montevideo WRU EMUPANIATON ie Said cic cccialc odes odie nutes ov Grasston Nelson, Mrs. V. D., 2829 9th St. So., Mpls. RUSE TS iS Sa ee Willmar is ities TENT O yy CO a ie ae Hibbing Nelson, Mrs. Wm............. Box 153, Spooner isi gHEGies QS oe a ee re Owatonna Nelson, E., 880 So. Robert St., W. St. Paul Nelson, Henry Set Re a (abclsista ny ayardis'e'biarn Sale aves slots Oslo Nelson, PUTS BIE, cis 5 ole are dia8ic als aacie cio wate ars Hector Nelson, A. M....... 5114 Elliot Ave. So., Mpls. mivelsons Geo. H.:.5 0.55.65. Hope via Owatonna Nelsen, Leslie...... 953 Goff Ave., W. St. Paul PERM TEIUM ALL 15), sic oe ps accu dc eed cid sles Cokato ING spy ls A: 1900 Washington No., Mpls. Wewlands Fy... /...... 68% Custom House, Mpls. Weey. state Col. of For........ Syracuse, N. Y. Nesbitt, Mrs. Victoria K., Sellwood Bldg., Duluth ho Ta lS 202) SRS a ra Clements Newhall, Mrs. H. F., 2702 Humboldt So., Mpls. N. Y. State Ranger School..Wanakena, N. Y. Nesbitt, Mrs. W. L., 4715 Fremont So., Mpls. Nichols, Sen SS SSagapee 707 Cham. of Com., Mpls. Nichols, Mrs. C. H..1920 Palace St., St. Paul Tad 20 1) TAA Mankato Nicol, Henry (Onan 1199 Reany St., St. Paul Nicholson, Mrs. Saml1.5303 Nicollet Ave, ., Mpls. APE SNORE osc ie's ac cicic code te Oe pase heaton Dent eeu nese etl Pi ee oi. cie s wicn cee Murdock PREP EIEIO org csc e oic cave a:difiacea vidice ershore c Renville MEME UII oc cle oic de vein 0s cles ccleeeweieie Duluth TEMP AOMMIVV LIM. Cinra/ole cies 1s ets ocd vee ole vise Elk River Inf. tlt «Dat lire i ll 0 eT Roseau Nousse, John, 1346 Western No., W. St. Paul NowlenB. E., 2370 Chileombe Ave., St. Paul emo reartict Wo. aos sacccicck see ene Lonsdale PGruiet Mathias -..o2...-oececs cle c'eccecse Lonsdale T3556 | Ag J Cn 715 21st Ave. So., Mpls. Nygaard, Thos...... 953 40th Ave. N. E., Mpls. MMC Ce Mes cn cree iiclaeeesec wie Pelican Rapids 525 GiBriens»s Paty NAV eesace wena ake ake Renville O'Connor, | Fas.; Tri dessctielcen ce: Granite Falls Odell, Mrs. R. R., 2836 Irving Ave. So., Mpls. Oehring, [ OPER © Ar Ames Ue ae Fe BR Elkader, Ia. Vogl s Chbehal DT 0) cone tain Welty aoe oa at ae Waverly GIRTON IRE Rie ios: nisi a cistowke sebremee are Verndale COTE AP OY al diols elas d cicic'ssa s'ere Maw Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. Oerande Arthur iJiashs. Secs oc Hettinger, N. D. Werosisie! Pata. circ toate Deer River Gilson LE WAS: aac wntesie, ccc dekweire Kalispell, Mont. Odenbure) Henry! Ce. 68. ..0cchhee oe Carlton GS Cris EERE oss wrcttie icieee ice R. 1, St. Louis Park Olson SPAMS PP oy Nes de hoes voter ee Kennedy CHRON shy ES: py oahencie cmsis caos gd tele pean Willmar Olesen Michaels cos) n..8 se das cates Montevideo GlSenheNirse! Dy Wr es ctko scsi White Bear OlsanyePeteny Ms ses viecccceeer ec R. 4, Zumbrota Olyigtend ah, pH. cok eenn a: cae Excelsior DISGNE FOL MGS pe asiclsictetshociae gecmat eee Braham Omon VO Me civics cack eee eee Beltrami L015 | lh] DE a oR as oe a eo POSER yk AB OM Pequot OMB Se Jew HB sae sels pas cate oe eae eles Hopkins Oldenher sy JOS Teccescieis.vace dese R. 1, Belle Plaine Glsony Wim! Ga. Saks. daa haeeic ste nae Dunnell Olson Mrs. (‘Otto WW ecco casein Eagle Bend Olson MOSCAT, Hii sas eciesi wake we pad ee ee Orr Old, Mrs. W. A., ; 5218 Washburn Ave. So., Mpls. Olson, A. H., 912 So. Robert, W. St. Paul Olson, Martin PSCC EE Lia ioe One. Lake City IOVS S ais sis acter cicing uote. cchtare Grand Meadow ISON WI OSCATIAAS , icravic isis sityscurateniaelelaereen Truman Olsenre Cesta Waicals;e omialsherae moon ik ee Central Olson; Paul... ........ 2538 Taylor St. N. E., Mpls. Olin, Miss Signe J., 328 No. 60th Ave. W., Duluth OIsony TT. odin sacs ceciwetttacas ccc Central Lakes Orddalens, ‘Ole cocaine aaa eee Kenyon O'Neill, O. H, 2170 Iglehart Ave., St. Paul Onsatas cCM as ovens bodice wk ooo Eee Bemidji Omlands ) Birtles oan., Pea evs yom eee McIntosh Orr, Grier 1 eta arcete 1040 Laurel Ave., St. Paul OeWeil> GWinnl:;.ocintetates eos cole co ronment Cass Lake OtNenlls Jaghe Miss eieced hawk eedees Woodstock Oram, ‘Martin Woeeuchatess 3240 16th Ave. So., Mpls. Onperaand:, BivOlen tienes. eee Sacred Heart Oregon Agri. Col. Library..... Corvallis, Ore. OSre ra AONE Nersisstnsrene ar soate etl aets Montevideo Osborne, E. W...... 323 N. P. Bldg., St. Paul Omer teranleed! 5.5 sscsee oes 867 Forest, St. Paul Oshormy a Mes yosciace 3900 Sheridan So., Mpls. Osborn! Fis Bice sist as. 2900 38rd Ave. So., Mpls. @ssood! HEE .cscacsas 757 E. 6th St., St. Paul Otte, E. W., 821 So. Wabasha St., W. St. Paul Ostercren,. A. Fs So hae ee seule No. St. Paul Ostrom, “Mirss Cs. (Toe isesiddasenyeeaee Winthrop Osborn; HiraniooH so. n0cjtaeete as R. 4, Albert Lea OverniAS Wiewictets Signe s he esauescte cede oe ee Alden Pabody, Mrs: FE. F...... 123 So. 11th St., Mpls. PaIzer;, sOISper wis neaceee aceioew eae Mazeppa Paine SW Wi aaterere or 706 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth Balke wn Stepaniss te vc. sciceiose was ence Bryant, Wis. Parinidee, ECs ciaeswise es nee aa Owatonna Parker, Gi Wit steces cet cee ae Valley River, Man. Parker), UVa iditae siscocienne Waverly Hotel, Mpls. RAtLON gle WW ccete atsiofejetnrevoht olen ci cbye ties Maple Plain Bain. wits OF Gis caer ose eee as Sherburn Paterson; devbieccs ccc South Shore, White Bear IPALBETSON: sO Oca the dew iuyne sovieee eer Ellendale Peer eds Alyce sieve swiss 5. oiate nae Eden Valley Redersone vbs pAb ta haa ste Asttretiterek hice tae Beardsley OT OTILG | Ge ASE ee ia tcsais Sieve. ceietolaplota eters R. 1, Osseo ER ESTar pee Ese Mic eeorex eis: aip ooo eid cts anaveleaiaretove a ate ‘Excelsior EB QTE SCG Vtas je taveicinicinietere ovalore clevsiaaterctevela,otein ele Eureka PISA ETSOR: sIAG 1 Wittsicicies ots: Sas else's tisuicemuioes Comfrey Bearson. iy El yalamat...c ss aicecusdaisiaaease R. 1, Welch Perkins, Alfred..1780 Wakefield Ave., St. Paul IPeekcmvirsy © BMWs s'secs vase Yo Mes vy Mpls. 526 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Pennington, E.......... 317 2nd Ave. So., Mpls. Public” Libratyy:.jced.0 3. soe keene ee Stes 11 Peake, CRRW Bis echo Seva edees Univ. Farm, St. Paul Pardy,( Caste eck 840 Met. Life Bldg., Mpls. FACES, Mais iis a Rhea tein kee ae ie Red Wing Purdham,) "(Gi W... 27 ps Sean: aeieael eee Anoka Perkins, Mrs. W. F., 2426 Crystal Lake Ave., Mpls. Leqdeelix OS 4 65 ee ee gett A Munsing, Mich. BEDENE Me EL sitesi, oben daes ah eae ne ee Manitou Peabody, Lloyd...... 300 Globe Bldg., St. Paul J2Pord |All s fr | Sea 1029 Igiehart St., St. Paul RPECKa SERS TONG aac foie cain Sawtele sae tee Deer River Perkins, Paul H...... 250 20th Ave. No., Mpls. Peterson; wAlyin. 33. ok. c4scuneeenks Astoria, S. D. IPGLELSON,~ FOSs, sos toys ors he to wee sane Lake Crystal (Peterson; Pes testers dates stertreracteettotas Atwater Peterson, AO. OL sos. tke celsk ks acte SO ae Willmar Petersony Garky He ies tasted te c.0. othe pee Storden Peterson. «We lig Ye c's cciele a de sacs Sante ete Waconia PEEL SOROS VIG Cia ee ales 6 eo Meee tele Albert Lea PeeWee SMOG, WG. tajee:s.ciovs slersiste epee R. 5, Mankato Peterson, Hans P., 3901 Van Buren St. N. E., Mpls. Peter, Justus..Smith & Annapolis St. St. Paul PGEEGY SOT, Wel ASe re we -jeccicithaterersiaxetete Blooming Prairie Peterson, Aug....916 W. Maple St., Stillwater iReterson;dohn Pe tis cs css. c beth cictviclets Aldrich StErSOM | CLASS, vel ain, s\eforsrerafersccye s¥er eid R. 2, Burtrum IPSEETSON, AK Oli Sy actinic sais Ae/tiatelarmad neta te Excelsior IREVEY Big biptihe sta a tec eidcletale naraktioctets 3 Clearbrook Petry sArthur $s soca. oe 930 Hudson, St. Paul Peterson, Mrs. Martin, R. 2, Kintyre, N. D. Peterson; Sls he ecec% cnr 887 Corham Ave., St. Paul IBEPOTSOMeyp cls’ Mia ccicselorn siete ayate- crafters ere Fort Ripley Peterson AS DULTLCON | vavcisie ays eotersehers stele laters Hayfield Rerersomey dle OSs Ss. caters, arate mereatecnetteraterd Sleepy Eye Peterson; PE eter! 5. os ccc sipaereto tae sven Deer River Peters, Hee Pre. sic: i Abche Reeeeeis a apres Glenwood PAISLEY SE, ie ich PMU ciavaisiats:oiocs/ Says) s eesrersi ersten eters Marietta PPO GCE WV Wiley, te) Lissyrsss fore ar cverareyarchere eaetels New Ulm Pe fertherey Com Aten decent ise cree ace R. 1, Winona Pfaender, Walter C...... Univ Farm, St. Paul era SED feo svevsss lots Fort Williams, West Ont. Pineo, Dr. W. B....507 Pillsbury Bldg., Mpls. rm leyayyAS Bye icctsie: stcskecton rahe access apeterete Park Rapids Pinkerton, S. W....1430 Capitol Ave., St. Paul Pisehner, August ss ssh oeke eck R 8, Mankato PrekattareyVeArpiTl:« ocktes acleteieve tctisieeyevenitets Stewart Pierce: Mrs Baxter. titwcc ene Ashland, Mont. Platten, Will J., Plank. Sirs: > Josephine ssa... csi oss ee stele Hopkins OT icy Eeaiclors eiacis oie icte sissies attons ocstee R 3, Mpls Poppler TOU ioc. ore sihatere © eeveeterolattelans Frazee OT APD Ne oi foeels acre che vaso ae Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. Porters da N.. 3.8 2947 Girard Ave. No., Mpls MODE ICA so lele a ies + scons te .aars cee erate wien Ogilvie ROLTET A CAINOS § celleretesishindleinnie estate Lake Benton POOLOTHV oe As oh ain ess orelale ayers Forest River, N. D. POIICL, Clu pO csece cen hort 240 Lewis St, Duluth Pollack, Mrs. Robt..5321 Avondale St., Duluth Pomijes Rev.) Heo Di cows: cscs sara seojencds Olivia POhter, (AS Els, 6%, of ave 2849 Irving Ave. So., Mpls. POUSSI Ets Ce CVV, salrin sles oere ah aces re casereererans Onigum Powers, Frank W....2816 Garfield Ave., Mpls. POM CED Hs WW crereroreis: o.Liensie's wisjemicelas cremewre aus Willmar sz ilace ONG reed dice co onie aickatie emcee. Winona POW. ecm Lie coc trese tate ek ark arose Pillager POSCIEY A Plats Biiia.c vie site cieine Cle ne aretaere Onamia Potter, BaF. S.0..:. 4400 Nokomis Ave., Mpls. {EMI er ital Vee as oreh ret Rare cige Raymond Potts, (Chas. W oem ebay. come cries inacikoe Deerwood Tega fefe(ore ol OS 0) eae ecm oma nT be LeRoy PPentiCe a Ore Linc melt aint ae eee eee Winona Pratt, Dr. C. C....307 So. Front St., Mankato Mes LOMs Mn OAc took sole lide eps anete cream bene Hastings PPImeb tes aTON SWisinchels arene cect tialelssta mer inieremelelate Ely PAIS) pO UI we: itceratee Aelee sirie Ue rae dacs Melrose Lei NUCL by RA Se Acree peIaic noe Iron River, Wis. eda 55 bate Dens ONS minke MO OOT ete roO WAI Rushford Prest, Miss Marion, 1713 Summit Ave., St. Paul Probett, Miss Ida..Care J. J. Dobbin, Excelsior Piupuard, (Ab ene te cient sires: clatter Battle Lake Putnam; Ris Wet) she eke eee Red Wing Pugh, Mrs. Dana V., General Delivery, Tryon, N. C. Quinn, Mrs. J. J., 4042 Wentworth Ave. So., Mpls. QUIBE,y Willd irrte ole a -lercit ote’ siele eee R. 6, Red Wing Quinn 57d. Hier ieee saci 5 eee Delano Quinny Ji AN ee a teases alee See eee Tower Rains,’ Dr. J2 Mie cndes heen eee ee Willmar Rankin, Prof. A. W., 916 5th St. S. E., U, of M., Mpls. Ramsdell, Chas. H..812 N. Y Life Bldg., Mpls. Rafelson,. Anton ~.... sii: +. mene Montevideo Ramey it "Es Wik 0c cclso tite eee Redwood Falls Ray abs W's .seeisiobis « 959 40th Ave. N. E., Mpls. Ralston, sOrsads i Pana eenie Cavalier, N. D. Rand) BeOR2% . h.02.s 3-20 een ee eee Frazee Rauscher, John....673 Bidwell St., W. St. Paul Rarig, Prof. F. M..63 Barton Ave. S. E., Mpls. Rauen,\Mrs. P.0 dnc. o cee White Bear Raddatz, “Arthur... .sccc eee eee Pine Island Ranney, H: Fi. ...:<%s;/s0:5. eee Benson Raftery, W, Es. so icts olor ace Garrison, N. D. Reed, John A........ 707 Cham. of Com., Mpls. Reed; Disc A. nace cots hese Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. Reeves, N. H.......... 3410 2nd St. No., Mpls. Reeves, Mrs. John. .......20<%.).ssceaeeene Nemadji Reed; (Calvin... .<.c.c-66 resection eee Killdeer, N. D. Redpath;\.Geo)) "Aso s.c2 cece Big Sandy, Mont. Reenter: Messe ovshs ose 1640 Montreal, St. Paul~ Reeves;, Mrs. H.< Gow. 22 1c. eels Nemadji Reamer, J. Ui...... 1921 Greysolon Rd., Duluth Reed; M:4 Hii... sic ooitee pees ae Hastings Rehbeth, Ed oes cee cjeieic-0 baie eee R. 3, Duluth Reinking; Wm... 5 «).):.....<3.0 + aac « ceil eaneees Osseo Rekedal, S2 Bini). 22... cies eee Lucan Reichert, John....... 215 E. 7th St., Red Wing Reno, Nils). 0.64 0. c5 oiiee Reeeere Excelsior Revord; "Te; Alls fcc. ele wcte.crets oie cine ae Austin Renner,. Wax. oS sees oon eee St. Louis Park Reme), Caspers, wa; ks oeheoeee Menomonie, Wis. Reynolds;) Min INiu.cet bos tee eee Turtle River- Remsker,: Rev:.; Peters. 2.2.5... cee Canby Reiland,, Wm........ R. 1, Bx: 20;-WeiSieweae Rempel, Henry D............ Wolf Point, Mont. Reniny.ass2 0B). acne 2636 Pillsbury Ave., Mpls. Reiten, HarsoiSi.,- as:iicnrias acters Hastings, N. D. Reithner; (C. W* 3...6-.c0 ea eae eee Deer River Richardson; ‘Tray Bree. seis ete New Brighton Richardson, Wii) Pi 5.202%)... sees Comfrey Riehl. Brame)... < dow ccletie< one ee Belle Plaine Rieke, Adolphy i. 3.\..2. snails shee Fairfax Rices Fics Oo ccivstect «ats oes en eee Northfield ices lan IE wissen ee Goe ae Park Rapids Rice, Millard). wiscacto aster Box 66, Berg, N. D. Rice; Mrs: Be Viieo. sisen-s oe aes ....-Dayton Ride Wiig 5 CBee ade cases eat a sceees 2 ae Shevlin Richardson, A. O;. .c.s.ceho. Sees Menahga Richardson, H. C........ 729 BE. 6th St., Duluth Richardson, W. D..Care Swift & Co., Chicago Rink, Mrs. M...... 894 Hastings Ave., St. Paul Rittle, Miss Anna E., 584 Selby Ave., St. Paul Rittmaster, Harry. .934 Allen St., W. St. Paul Ritehell, Wimisccrsruc oe lciatetdererces Sta. A, Mpls. Rising, Marion S....787 Laurel Ave., St. Paul Risch: John Sietescwes sec ch Chie oe wore Elkton, S. D. Rimstad,; Ladvilke™ oa: « «3c 80s Meee Dawson Rindahl; \C.) Ta, dene. ss. 22:22. baer Oklee Rittp A. os bccn ors 401 Sinnen St., St. Paul Robertson, John...........- Hot Springs, S. D. Roberts, ‘C. M...-....... 139 W. 40th St., Mpls. Roberts, Miss Emma M....14 E. 51st St., Mpls. LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS. Rogers, C. R....St. Anthony Falls Sta., Mpls. Rodgers, Dr. .Eimma. ............00% White Bear BrOneCcer ATP Vissewewtics deel saslee os oak Gladstone Rohan, Mrs. M. A....1004 Nicollet Ave., Mpls. MARE TER se oni a dr tlastcveieinale.cvese Esmond, N. D. HOCH Wie. BS) 0. < sai 17 E. Mankato St., Duluth FIO RCOV ET Wek Hie cicieis.ccsicttie uneladiecivieeiee Verndale modenberg, Henry... .....e.eeees Mindora, Wis. BP ESESEMMEBET CUMING cou /o.eiala on aloo «ce 'cye,en'e ate Farmington Rojina, Frank.......... Box 72, St. Bonifacius ERERTEREMME UV 2X0 ots: sia'c wie idles loigve escreveve wieloie Inkster, N. D. RMON ET ELS oe cies « Fergus Falls Wenplanics Bs Beis... 0.0.66 R. 1, New Richland Velie, Chas. D 225 Clifton Ave., Mpls. SUMED EURMMBEC SUI ese cia «t's 5 oisievais er aiove see's Spring Valley Vedi as 110) | | Shakopee Stee POMCN co 2 lech e'cie a csv a Gve\ oops salve aeieiese Canby Vareanas Rainy Dake. Co.....0....0..6 Virginia Vierling, M. A......... 824 Hall Ave., St. Paul OEMS Lites ss clare oic.o sidie'sis oo ac ccees Ostrander DOMINGO LIE alc craiciece vis c sieiesie cc eeceeae cee Cloquet Wineent,.V. D:........ Commercial Club, Duluth MEMINLOW. Pins. ccc cccecccseuessceuss Lonsdale WiakdaeeeWWencel Js..c.sccccceees yi eee Lonsdale Vollenweider, Henry .............. La Crescent Von Herff, B...... 4759 Ingleside Ave., Chicago WORE, Sia. 9) ie err ree Vergas VIGNE ETAT, oc. ccs cece cseces R. 2, Hopkins Werle. | a Faribault MielRorclths yf al CS 0 ea ee Lake Benton \itcu. [2 13 Se Renee re Se Dresbach Mone. (Ceo. Sa SSSR eee Moorhead NW VS N. Crystal Lake, Ill. VUTEC OUT Eolas cia. ca vnc ccticcadecdsveves Eureka WRT OSD on, cccce ste W. Winona St., Duluth Walgren, Swan J..... 3048 10th Ave. So., Mpls. RUVTIRTEEI GMT RIVES co ole sce. vsald.cle cle ce b's e's c's Northfield Waliner, Berthold, Jr..200 Dodd Rd., St. Paul Wallblom, Chas........ 1087 Jesse St., St. Paul \Weauic, lo 1A RA ae re Murdock \WEUG Deo | Egeland, N. D. IE ICO ale wcccocicc cs esccdscevseans Watkins Walkup; J. Bee... ..: 2416 Sheridan So., Mpls. SUPINE MEVETIUIS 5 05s accivacccecseace Plummer VSL ii Grand Portage DMCUNG ENERO, <0 cise. cesses eveece cece Sauk Rapids NPIS ON Te Gr, ok cbc cee ce eaecec savas Solway MATEO NT celine scdcseccc cease cae Leonard, N. D. AU pir ere 220M nr White Bear Washburn, W. O...1082 Summit Ave., St. Paul 529 Wiattner rare "Acc sesont sh tee ces tee easicte Canby Washburn: Profs) tins... + St. Anthony Park Wanbuss, Miramlcydhomscck oc sie tere poe Ola scxue Glencoe RW SUP TC TeNe MPEG Pai hie ra ajo ase biniers enlace nate Snowball Watts, Arthur...... 2833 17th Ave. So., Mpls. WBC Man tarts sop nea tind aie oacnuaieieine ocicinvermies Swift Warner, A. L......2391 Woodland Ave., Duluth Washburn, "Gar Oo wie cles eset Edgely, N. D. Water iG.*: Hick sc ekinnee ces cele tale te R. 1, Osseo Warner, Its. CO. He ode 2 R. 1, Bx. 85, Osseo VEIT etre CV ETO'.: .acerstetaroins Nisie sharntetefelesteferetercleie Frazee Watson, D. H....... Bx. 212, White Bear Lake Warners Mrs: Bhs (Orr. 2505 ccclee cnet pana oan meee a oti cevletets 8030 W. Calhoun Blvd., Mpls. Warwick, And........ 2525 18th Ave. S., Mpls. Watson, Mrs. J. L., 1173 Ashland Ave., St. Paul Warley er WUAt Se etic cate cie seineiscee ccs Holdingford Wang; Albert: «:....:..; 118 Park Ave., Duluth WANES RODE. WW spice «Sit sie os wreyeiele ctee Little Falls Welds? Jz- Qian oo cis:. 2% 1601 Fremont No., Mpls. Welker Satter vcccmahutvics seme Fall Creek, Wis. Wieder, ao tai cen clo tered vetoed osceisiets Albert Lea Weinhagen, Chas. ..... 361 Bates Ave., St. Paul Wiebster. i Beta a tric sins sle'sials viele sttauters St. James WedSer ArnG a rdiieic. so tucsce e aralsiele a ties Bemidji Wredbeelina be tk rardec cceas tc access Albert Lea INVENT ar CHAS Warcs bc cele canes 2 tie che alee Bete Hector \Visrete 1 87 = eal | ROR B eg U GRE ROC aa IOSD DSOOC CaCO eee Care Weed, Parker & Co., St. Paul Wegmann: Theos ls dice civ ct ool Lake Itasca Webber, sMrsseC. Conissg ste viece cee Crystal Bay NV EDeTs wits Ate teninote oes srettaes sicterrereeyte Excelsior WrelpveReyes Nrancis eae ac slssy osleioe cor Alexandria Wieb bers Ge = Citta cic ats avai ciouioie ions Crystal Bay Welkerts sElentyids a snreteeuceis samieetelsie setae St. Paul Wendelschafer, G:. Ti... .. ive ck sec ecee Cleveland Weir Reve. Gis Jick cciccces cincises aaa Caledonia Weld Floral Co., Frank......... Sarcoxie, Mo. Weestercaard,, Geese cic sci selves Buffalo, N. D. WieStermaer die PEt hevictsicias tisjes waiteela a share, Belgrade Weyer hattserg His E vei ccetsie « siclemlsneies, sarpale tole SC ASE ae re 1413 Mer. Bk. Bldg., St. Paul West Central School of Agri............ Morris Wetzel, Aug......... R. 1, St. Ignatius, Mont. Wiererharisers «Coc cNs vscis ocyere'eiee feraitians Little Falls Wietherbees Mii CHG ccoisieis exes: 0 ote Charles City, Ia. Wiest deere steno telsis 1898 Selby Ave., St. Paul SWVIGS Tapeh VW ups lise te et bia'olat caarsya caste No ols mhocaters. breie ere Hibbing West, Wm. L..... 43 So. St. Albans St. St. Paul Werner Hey Os nsieacics cars Agri. College, N. D. Wietzelen Mirsin Patil Koiccstecicis'stcae sidzielsicte Deerwood Westcott, Geo. E., 1173 So. Robert St., W. St. Paul Westerfield, E. O........... Fort Atkinson, Wis. West Dn all Gar DS siereressrvecstare McHugh Harris, E. = eR Aas See aoe Onalaska, Wis. CE Teaa res pov Bee ete Mcecara peo terste = iol a8 « eteinie oho"s,< LaCrescent Harrison, C. ne ..829 York Ave., York, Nebr. [Etiatteine) fea) eo ancbobomedtnosos Excelsior (EIS w/e 8 oe babocens obceeagHda bec Owatonna Hartman, M. B., 1020 Chestnut St., Glendale, Cal. BietovansSOns edo has. sisters ste iiaceiginie wince = Excelsior Hawley, Ts Git... -.- 504 E. Elm St., Lodi, Cal. Hermanson, Perman © 6. .<.ccc.aetewcisinm ne Hopkins Herrick, U. G., Main Office, Register Division, Mpls. aa ths OAS Vis, 3 0 o1| sieves 1412 W. 36th St., Mpls. Hoverstad, Ly = as a ee c-o Soo Ry., Mpls. PIG WALGS dis (Als voce cele coe opauae vsieisisie sie ole Hammond Bmnter wig iC. a... ¢ 5700 Nicollet Ave. Mpls. UIC PICK SONS IN © creioiels acs e/ejteie gantaiam ols Audubon Holway.,, Es. (We, Din, ne wince centr Excelsior Hjeltnes, K. Frimann, Ulvik, Hardanger, erway, 5382 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Eleing SAC 55 CANT ek noicoree nae sea ae Olivia | Mazey, E. H...2nd Ave. So. and 8th St., Mpls Haralson, Fred....1055 24th Ave. S. E., Mpls. | Matzke, Sil .........e.sceccceueeeee So. St. Paul Husser, Henry Sie’ bieiazavdiala's 1s" shoves ie oeemeee Minneiska Maniz5 I. Woiice sncte sic bo aniteine eee Paynesville Haakenson, Hjalmar...... Bx. -16,7R: 2, Boyd | McComb, Richard ................ Antler, Sask Breathe Crt Crne «coccinea enliecmthaee eee Beltrami McCulley, Preston ........c0cce0ees- Maple Plain MeKibben,; 0 Ac Ti cao... sas). agate ...Ramey Irish, Prof. HC es a a ae «00.0 190, Siete vee a hie ee , - 1. C., cKusiek, John Ci iss.s0,ans coe 7139 Lanham Ave., St. Louis, Mo. MeTeague;\. Reve: P\..s.s02 «ds seenaneee Sten as vi pe trate se Ra oe Vato 05) atta iene pea Lake eGlelland, Ti.7 Biss. eee tao eee R. 3, Hopkins ee oa sence 5241 Upton Ave. So., Mpls. | McKesson, J. H...5106 Lyndale Ave. So., Mpls. ate pape akg pene Bx. aOR euree re Metall zpot Thos: M. ...a0 sac Crookston ' ig Ub uote Sialereitiers ee cio ee oe all, se |, MeGonnell. “Roy E....<.:.:25. 0 eee ; WOUATNESSOUN, Pluctereaer tc iceten coerce Beltrami REpapst.. er Stone RONMSOMATADMAT Rocco eh: ect one Winnebago Johnson, Gust ........ 2620 E. 22nd St., Mpls. Nehring, Edward: 2.2.1... «.asnsaeeeee Stillwater Johnson, Rey. Same accteste sacs Princeton Nelson, A. A., Jr....3222 16th Ave. So., Mpls. Johnson, Miss Anna M.. Be hehe: ees elect : Bees ao chee 1125 5th St. moe woe ox 68, R. 1, Lafayette be OWN 7 JA we sale ware cree Say Jounson, Hans M.. .cisijscevditcee ee Pipestone Mocant des, Mead meg ee pee Wr JONES isi gece 6 cess 3736 Oakland Ave., Mpls. Norwood, Fi. + Bis ecic cies oc et ee eee :Balaton POHANSON; Vs Ps ts as chectcereen ae ee Excelsior Nussbaumer, Fred) .....\.+s..cspe eaten St. Paul Nelson, “Ivers. ; 0%: << feces sie,a/ets el See Cohen Newman, G. A..... 410 W. Olive St., Stillwater ee a ee Bheyentey Nee) Waritve (A... : ssa ee “Elbow Lake Klingel, Rev. Clement,....... St. Anthony, Ind. Negstad, A. L........... R. 5, Arlington, S. D. Knight, Se Gils caactencak.s serene : LeRoy 2A is SER Seca BE Box 172, Hopkins | O'Connor, Patrick H..827 12th Ave. No., Mpls. Rucher/Wur... 4... beste Faribault | Qesune” Fuuk A aos on ae PRG a0 Gti R. 9, Rochester Ortmann, Rev. Anselm...... Richmond, Minn. Pleasant Grove Farm, Lake Benton Gna, Ce Kuglers< By Sian ae Woe een eee Grand Marias 0 Tk Oe be ae : s VON HOF! iss v e's 26 cix'siz gue oie elaiere (ele een Watson IIT g NE CO ee Staten ots Siocs tele honey Neshkoro, Wis. Older, F. E., Pee Ge ene eee State Normal School, Los Angeles, Cal. Bien mena: 017, Cedar Ave... Mpls. | “Oslund, N,N: ..s-s-+-<0cs eee Cambridge Katever: JOHN sent tcteetees R. 6, Stillwater : BATSON 5) 5 Cxenas > volt ain ateelde ye ohare Winthrop Pattridges (Ci An < cietets oes cleecatelag eae Comfrey arson) ious: Meso cs. siuis aig Bees eek Hopkins Paulson, Johannes....Richfield, Sta. F., Mpls. Oe Aa ty miele ein atalaye Pais cmtntetcietcha in aie Faribault Pederson dis: sspveckiacaine pire =, Seer ien, OE. fulce) ia olgs asalerele’n) chai heya ioaehereistay ftetate Delavan PECt AV ROn russe sett eis/ai- alate etaiete oston : pls. PAHS AC AL 2. rons aihule vets wibiancahiornene Starbuck Peterson; Geo? (A. 35.1..100s eleto nee eee ‘ -Canby Kofinesss tAtGissiceevacsee se « Thief River Falls Peterson; i. (Grdcsc6 o'njs'eeeya viele ea Kensington NONE VECAT OM id icleidie.c cassictts sovcke waters ares Excelsior Peterson, 6" Ks ois cs ene ate pele ere Rothsay TOMES ABS Frac ce vice e tapas loo sielacetace Gaerne Luverne Peterson, R. M., Office of Markets, Loring; ArtG) ccccssnes 202 Clifton Ave., Mpls. Dept. of Agri., Washington, D. C. Loune, Mee. COMME eens 100 Clifton Ave., Mpls. Peterson, MG oe +. nis shea Mandan, N. D. CONC a A SARA SAN aoGo noone aac hea de Hae Fairmont Peterson, Wm. A., i eridescher silos lic cmeas ee pert eee Frazee 30 No. La Salle st Chiese ill. CATE ty Paty! a OB a ee Seay Sores Hear ee Ae Hopkins PTAENAESH. AaViANalins siete fale le eerie andan, N. D. Lundgren, Mrs. E. E..... 591 Olive St., St. Paul Leto ito DOS leo 3 A anamaert ai Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. Meyrin, A TS sor. ajeisrsreis sisieta wre! ovteistomiote Excelsior Pondsy le We osscteinice ceeeeeeeeess+-Madelia Lyndgaard, Jorgen................ Lake Benton Poore, Hamlin V Bird Island Tver, ee ‘ eNatofeteshetetete ces é Ath 3 Elkhorn, Wis. Pracne, essere Knox Blk., San Toe Uae eding, SVELECL Niefe ete eieseis (ers . 1, Box 64, Gary rosser, SIMI os Sie ale ave’ chouailnta riot stale ully Lape iS eee re ad eer Wabasha Perry, A. ig acne seeah Care putes Ags =a UGS TOL Mey eW cele. o's aclopstew'ia vou rictile : Lakefield Prusbeks (Bimily sac oe «ole eter . M. C. A., Mpls. Mien, (Chas: Hes iiwaesat asm ae © R. 3, St. Cloud 1 Cpa Fa gal Bits be (ee ey ire ei a Montevideo Macauley ses (Bin cic c teoueiet sedis Odessa Rice de Aare ecitre Seveid chet. trarele ete Renville Miller, Albert...... RK. “1,) Box 24; vaenen ree Har eM es 1 ERE RIOR IST 5.5 co ae Oe Gry dis ens 1c 010 bie eet ete celles ehicie sala apidan Rel), Sob Er oie c)5 510% sain aiviels' ome NYS DRTATION srattis ciataicicisi.c sea ain eeiateciniome Sleepy Eye Raymond, BE. A... .222.-2cscccesecceune Wayzata MOOTHEAG, Wie Wy ses >. dacleintecnae™ Bethany, Mo. Robinson, S. Roe..2217 Colfax Ave. So., Mpls. Mosbaeles: Eatdwitit s.c0.<.007 ctucesia sweets tere’ Askov Ruggles, Prof. A. G....Univ. Farm, St. Paul Mueller, Paul L....4845 Bryant Ave. So., Mpls. © “gk “es LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS. ETI OY AUN IN. cia c cic, cloisisinc's o.c'a olgselsis Robbinsdale SIUR, DREW, DMAGNIOS: 0.025 ct ecteosheweet Shakopee EC Vi ocic o's dibin wy slices ees riences sjareens Hills BEI NAG, | Eos. cect scsi cc neener sie Rushford Schenck, A. A., 12083 Farnham St., Omaha, Nebr. SPORE MORTILED Spr, ci pin isic oe uic.s 0.6.08 pias oe e'oe New Ulm ee EDI WY cc c'c'c ca tig alls alessio v\0.0 pine Crookston PPI ELSES DG so so .0 vs ctoie vie stewie oeieiviee’e Lake City sant kev. W. 'T...... Black River Falls, Wis. RMEEOM EUS WOLtN \. cc. ese ceccd acess Montrose Sebenius, John Uno...... Wolvin Bldg., Duluth DUSPRPEIIOMP OT UL cicle oth pins ccc ct suiccccecteens Hanska SS DS Charles City, Ia. REE PMMIBENEAE ETC, olcis oc cys,c'0 « ots 0 6. eres sis:s eas ace Canby EOI EERO) os, o's sc. syo eccicisss.e.e\vie.ajole » woe Zumbrota RSE TIETAF eS nla xlase'e we. 0.0,0,0 0 .c\a\e's 0°00" Kasson lower), (75 Se a Excelsior Smiley, Daniel............ Mohonk Lake, N. Y. PREETI SOCAN wis cine eldiap eas. oe bi ate s: ctaleiieree Lake City Snyder, Harry........ 1800 Summit Ave., Mpls. Pee RE er INV Ie) ao 1p) a ofera)cic:clv.e 0) ein evs Center Point, Ia. Soholt, Martin Speechly, Dr. H M..Fleet Hampshire, England MEPET EE PMI ICI DV c) a o's oie c'cle'sieie visieieiaiee,s Park Rapids PUES REIN sra.sislelojs naeinees es 315 S. E. 4th, Mpls. RSPR MERCI sce ccterccacceterncre Watson PI ES Pt sain occ cruicicie vows eee etiac:s Bruce, Wis. METERING OW ccspc acc cciccccnclvnsiees Taylors Falls REIRIRISTRS CATION” \Sicye cin ss clae'u nie g/eietae.e.a.sieiais Wayzata SERINGST DS WET. nase» cainisiacioses ete\sre/e bse etaIe aie Windom EVENT Maes | El. «Sic classi atstete olsic a are\e-ssesharale, stake Hastings Volstads HomeAc diciermccccias outst Granite Falls Warners Els, ici ese’ Bx. 18, California, Mo. SW sae ONIN Maer eycve, cle e(evtane Agri. College, N. D. Warren, Geo. H.......... 3443 Irving So., Mpls. SVVIgEIMETNS SNY eich Lustete nv s/ovs aya\eie = stsleralgerdlelslsiorsrerae Slayton Webster, Mrs. W. F..1025 S. E. 5th St., Mpls. Wendlandt, Wm..:.......... ».-R. 5, Owatonna Wentzel, Crookston Wentzel, Crookston Wentzel, Wm. F Crookston WWiCHCOM VV ey isa cscleteicye cn le'accclelu ove reta atatetals(ete Faribault WHS) Cio im ersicts airalersclausyeia's etoaase Excelsior WTC Elie ca ore wcom wicle-aialejs'e/ajesnicisteinnte aime ae nee Mabel Williams, J. G........ 931 Endicott St., Duluth Williams Mais js nrsis plants satan elatae Little Falls Wilson, Harold S........ Bx. 71, Monroe, N. Y. WV TSE GEO ss EAM ew clectiase's Ciclere ojniole:sinvele/elsicinisieiss4iatetaiewlerate Wirisht yon. OAs crcctocees ate ssis atiecte snare Excelsior Webstercs Di Chane Sat ces ecm oleatscna La Crescent Wiehe, C. F........ 1520 Jackson Blvd., Chicago WATS VVTINIS e Mio ster ater oe aioe ciec Park Rapids WOO dSre Ace dier screens. cos shevtieis alee College Park, Md. Wellincton, Ri. vs... Univ. Farm, St. Paul Wales, C. E..601 N. W. Nat. Bk. Bldg., Mpls. Wiatkle et Ae sconce 119 4th Ave. So., St. Cloud SVU MV Vu cicceiis ata rural alerts rere eioelaaiees Wyoming Weiss, Freeman...... 1602 No. Fremont, Mpls. Wieitretr iO) iE 5, eta sits, no mcleeimeiniar ete ater Hibbing AWE TOUN Gs AL a tetete crete creche vrorerave’s Mine Center, Ont. Walla centseEh a, Liar syagelsistacoleressle,s/aiets ne, sieies Grasston Wister, John C., Wister St. & Clarkson Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Wilner Dre sO r, bliscnraciaajssettelslele oieinisiacietee Gilbert Wermerkirehen, Rey. Father A.......... Hokah Wheeler, Gerda Willson, F. K..Linden Hills Sta., R. 2, Mpls. Wanishs, (MOWAT s cee oleicesiseietas Bx. 262, St. Paul DVOSG, LOUIS Pty ahaa s\efatain wrslafetasb)stvisieleealereinia Murdock ZELMELZ + cL NOSE EL sc sien) ava dle arsfeisialaracaae c mate Wabasha Fabel, Hiei Gre creel ctasniate siete saitebateiontie « avaraia Deer Creek Life Members Deceased in 1917. Mrefethren, FS G.......scies Stony Butte, Mont. METRO E eco kale dos es wncewelaee Miller, Mont. BRR MINOR VV cle o.c:2'« yi oie 6 oe'elclgie seine slotscioins.s Glenville ee Ted: Ooo nics see acs os'e R. 1, Good Thunder SIMBAISHRP TIO M ON UE 5 9: c)cieis c vintele «o's velelele.ciels.s Montrose Pisa WIOVEY. cies v0.0 RMareneait elahe eters Montevideo Oliver Gibbs 2 BROT a Melbourne Beach, Fla. RPEIPECIRETINGY.. ci esis cee cceceecceas Waterville PSC CIGAR Ine ie Aen West Salem, Wis. ATT REGUS oivic crsrecctusts oteethate eis Gare Ome Glencoe 534 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. List of Members, 1917, Minnesota Garden Flower Society. Abbott, Mrs. A. W., 221 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis Anderson, Axel, Hotel Leamington, Minneapolis Anderson, J. C. B., 1285 Portland Ave., St. Paul Anderson, Wm....... 1540 Kerwin St., St. Paul Baker, Miss Ida A., 4629 Lake Harriet Bvld., Minneapolis Baker, Harry Franklin, 4629 Lake Harriet Bvld., Minneapolis Bailey, Mrs. W. C., 1023 17th Ave. S. E., Minneapolis Barrett, Miss Alice, 2735 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis Bartram, Mrs. C. S., R. F. D. No. 1, White Bear Bass, Mrs. G. Willis, 1811 Bryant Ave. N., Minneapolis | Beckman, Mrs. A., 3922 Tyler St. N. E., Minneapolis | Beeman, Mrs. W. L., 2364 Buford Ave., St. Anthony Park Bet. Wir She Wises ae ea R. R. Hopkins, Minn. Bird, Miss Beatrice A..R. R. 2 Hopkins, Minn. Blodgett, Mrs. F. S..330 W. 3rd St., St. Paul Blodgett, Mrs. H. A., 856 Fairmont Ave., St. Paul | Boardman, Mrs. H. A., 598 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul Bofferding, Mr. W. H., 4423 Emerson Ave. N., Minneapolis Boyington, Mrs. R. P.........- Nemadji, Minn. Braden, Mrs. C. E............- Excelsior, Minn. Briggs, Mrs. D. H., 1646 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis Brown, Mrs. C. A., 251 Chamber of Com. Annex, Minneapolis | Brown, Mrs. G. T....646 Hague Ave., St. Paul | Brown, Mrs. G. W...... St. Louis Park, Minn. Brown, Mrs. J. F., 2412 Garfield Ave. S., Minneapolis Cady, Prof. LeRoy, 2121 Doswell Ave., St. Anthony Park Campbell, Mrs. Violet, 1650 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis Carroll, Mrs. Walter M., 2501 Pillsbury Ave., Minneapolis Chadbourn, Mrs. R. W., 1912 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis Chamberlin, Mrs. A. B., 3951 Portland Ave., Minneapolis Chapman, Miss Evangeline, 3352 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis Chatfield, Mrs. E. G.............- Mound, Minn. Clarke, Mrs. A. Y., Box 237 White Bear, Minn. Clausen, Mr. Andrew, 1700 Burns Ave., St. Paul Cotter, Mrs. Catherine, 3517 5th Ave. S., Minneapolis Countryman, Mrs. M. L., 213 S. Avon St., St. Paul Craig, Mrs. Hardin, 2725 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis Crooks, Mrs. John S&., 1980 Montreal Ave., St. Paul Crooks, Mr. John S., 1980 Montreal Ave., St. Paul Dahl, Mrs. A. O., 490 W. 4th St., East End, Superior, Wis. Darling, Mrs. W. L., 2100 Iglehart Ave., St. Paul | | | | | Dew, Mrs. H. A., 128 W. Elmwood Place, Minneapolis Dillery, Mrs. J. J., 402 St. Michael Apts., St. Paul Doyle, W. S., 701-3-5 3rd St. N., Minneapolis Drake, Mrs. H. T., 435 Portland Ave., St. Paul Drisko, Mrs. Ellis M., 3913 Garfield Ave. S., Minneapolis Dunn, Mrs. C. A., 2215 Como Ave., St. Paul Ebersperger, Mrs. S., 2008 Girard. Ave. N., Minneapolis Ellison, Miss Sabra M., Okipee Farm, Linden Hills Sta., Minneapolis English, Mrs. C. E., 2691 Lake of the Isles Blvd., Minneapolis Essene, Mrs. Anna, 3421 Longfellow Ave., Minneapolis Fairfax, Mrs. J. F., 4859 Aldrich Ave. S., Minneapolis Farmer, E. A. R. R. 2, Linden Hills Sta., Minneapolis _ Harrar, Ws Baw acniae = tastes Finkle, Miss Kate, : 2760 W. River Blvd., Minneapolis Forsaith;), Mrs. E:........... Robbinsdale, Minn. Franklin, Mrs. Anna J., $ R. 1, Box 47, Fridley, Minn. White Bear, Minn. Freeman, Marguerite........... Chatfield, Minn. Freund, Mrs. S., 73 Western Ave. N., St. Paul Fryer, Mr. Willis............ Mantorville, Minn. Fuhrman, Mrs. C. H., 976 Pacific St., St. Paul Gantzer, Mrs. John, 963 Como-Phalen Aves., St. Paul Gerhard, Ray C., 2720 Bryant Ave. S., Minneapolis Gerlich, Mrs. A. F., 1265 Dayton Ave., St. Paul Gerould, Mrs. J. T., 2022 2nd Ave. S., Minneapolis Gibbs, Mrs. F. H., St. Anthony Park, Minn. Gibbs, Miss Ida...... St. Anthony Park, Minn. Gile, Mrs. S. A., 3136 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis Glessner, Mrs. Frank, 3840 Sheridan Ave. S., Minneapolis Gould, Mrs. E. W., 2644 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis Gradin, Mrs. A., 3918 Polk St. N. E., Minneapolis Grant, Mrs. I. A., 731 Ashland Ave., St. Paul Griffith, Edith, 1307 4th Ave. S., Minneapolis Gundlach, Miss Caroline M., White Bear, Minn. Guthunz, Mrs. W de 1637 Hague Ave., St. Paul Haas, Mrs. J. M., 1725 Grand Ave., St. Paul Haeg, Mrs. Edward H., R. R. 1, Box 35, Station F, Minneapolis Hagen, Mr. H., 4116 Jackson St. N. E., Minneapolis Harper, Mrs. J. L., Lock Box 1625, Minneapolis Haseltine, Mrs. E. R.........- Excelsior, Minn. Hawkins, Mrs. G. C., 2913 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis Hawkins, G. C., 2913 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis Hawkins, John....R. 3, Merriam Park, Minn. Healy, Mrs. Reginald J., 2105 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis _ Hellquist, Mr. C. E., 811 Duluth Ave. N., Thief River Falls, Minn. LIST OF MEMBERS, 1917, MINNESOTA GARDEN FLOWER SOCIETY. Hickerson, Mrs. J. L., 1937 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis Hinners, Mrs. John L., 1850 Summit Ave., St. Paul Hirt, John H., 4430 34th Ave. S., Minneapolis Holtzermann, L 608 17th Ave S., Minneapolis Xiowe, Mrs. A., 3827 Central Ave., Minneapolis Hubbard, Miss’ Alice E., 4826 Lyndale Ave. S., Minneapolis Huffman, Mrs. E. J.........--+- Nemadii, Minn. Hulme, Mrs. M. M., 267 Baker St., St. Paul Hunter, C. C., 5700 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis Imhoff, Mrs. M. G., 167 W. Isabelle St., St. Paul Jennison, Mrs. James, 4224 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis Jepson, Mrs. J. H., 1600 Girard Ave. N., Minneapolis Jerabek, Mrs. Mary, R. R. 3, Excelsior, Minn. Johnson, Miss Carolyn, 760 Linwood Ave., St. Paul Kenning, T. A., 1815 26th Ave. N., Minneapolis Kidd, Mrs. F. E, 1800 2nd Ave. N., Minneapolis Kirk, Mr. Everett B..445 Laurel Ave. St saul Kjos, Mrs. Cornelius..651 Otsego St., St. Paul Kjos, Miss Thurine....R. R. 4, Kenyon, Minn. Klein, Frank..2421 24th Ave. So., Minneapolis Knowles, Miss Marjorie, 752 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul Koerner, Illa....1377 Grantham Ave., St. Paul Latham, Mr A. W., 207 *Kasota Bldg., Minneapolis Lawrence, Mr. James G...... Wabasha, Minn. Lawrence, Mrs. W. W., 2108 Woodland Ave., Duluth Leavitt, Miss Clara K., 2015 James Ave. S., Minneapolis Lightner, Mrs. W. H., 318 Summit Ave., St. Paul Linton, Mr. Robert, 1045 Everett Court, St. Anthony Park Little, Mrs. J. Warren, 3208 Lyndale Ave. Ludwig, Mrs. Frank, 1922 St. Anthony Ave., St. Paul Luther, Dr. C. M., 523 Forest Ave., S., Minneapolis Minneapolis Mackintosh, Mrs. R. S., 2153 Doswell Ave., Marshall, Mrs. L. Emogene, 3032 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis Mrs. Jesse A., 2215 Doswell Ave., St. Anthony Park Meader, Mrs. W. C., 4740 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis MitlerssT i... 47 Western Ave., Minneapolis Moeser, Miss Flora....... St. Louis Park, Minn. Moffett, Mrs. F. L., 508 University Ave. S. E., Minneapolis Moris, Mrs. Frank....180 Rondo St., St. Paul Morton, Mrs. George R., Bellaire, White Bear, Minn. Mepste Sey oieiccaat heigl ots Nemadji, Minn. Munn, Mrs. M. D....614 Grand Ave., St. Paul Murray, Mrs. H. J. “812 Osceola Ave., St. Paul MCT TOOM els ees tos cceaiciec ess Excelsior, Minn. McCormick, Miss, 2302 Blaisdell Ave., Minneapolis McIntire, Mrs. Marshall, 4945 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis McKibbin, Miss Anne, 83 Virginia Ave., St. Paul St. Anthony Park Maxwell, 535 McLaughlin, Mrs. A. S., 2417 Aldrich Ave. S., Minneapolis Nash, Miss Louise..866 Ashland Ave., St. Paul DF Eo 10 i OAS Oe om Barnum, Minn. Nesbitt, Mrs. W. L., 4715 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis Newhall, Mrs. H. F., 2702 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis Nichols, Mrs. C. H., 1920 Palace St., St. Paul Nicholson, Mrs. Samuel J., 5303 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis Odell, Mrs. R. R., 2836 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis Old; Mrs. W. A., 5218 Washburn Ave. S., Minneapolis Olmstead, Mrs. L. L., 3538 Architect Ave., Minneapolis Olson, Mrs. D. W., Box 413, White Bear, Minn. Orde, Mrs. George F., 1915 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis Patten, Miss J., Paul Perkins, Mrs. W. ine 2426 Crystal Lake Ave., Minneapolis Prest, Miss Marion, : 1713 Summit Ave., St. Paul Prins, Mrs. tAledcene« 694 Holly Ave., St. Paul 385 Ashland Ave., St. Quinn, Mrs. J. J., 4042 Wentworth Ave. S., Minneapolis Ramsdell, Mr. C. H., 812 N. Y. Life Bldg., Minneapolis Reeves se Wirsi tin Goon. letiets sjemeras Nemadji, Minn. Reevess Mars. connie dea. cere cess Nemadji, Minn. Richardson, Mrs. I. E....New Brighton, Minn. Rietzke, Miss.......... 246 Selby Ave., St. Paul Rink, Mrs. Marie, 894 Hastings Ave., St. Paul Rittle, Miss Anna E., 584 Selby Ave., St. Paul Roberts, Miss M. Emma, 14 BE. 51st St., Minneapolis Rosholt, Mrs. J., 1925 Penn Ave. S., Minneapelis Ruff, Mrs. D. W. C., 530 Globe Bidg., St 1 St. Clair, Mrs. George H., 1107 University Ave. S. E, Minneapolis Sauer, Mrs. E. A., 904 Hastings ‘Ave., St. Paul Saunders, Mrs. Wm sy aietepyatada Robbinsdale, Minn. Sawyer, Mrs. N. S...........- Excelsior, Minn. Scone, Mrs. J. A., 2015 ’ Girard Ave. N., Minneapolis Seath, Mrs. Eleanor, Okipee Farm, Linden Hills, Minneapolis Sell, Mr. era Dt rathelatsietet iscetsieiers Delano, Minn. Sexton, Mrs. C. ek "Blaisdell Ave., Minneapolis Seymore, Mrs. M. T., 109 W. 8rd St., Duluth, Minn. Signs, Mrs. C. E...... 873 Ottawa St., St. Paul Sime letons Merson le alitateis sro laiole sleirs Nemadji, Minn. Smit, Mrs. W. Siwart, 486 Portland Ave., St. Paul Smith, Wis c@a sercciel- = 48 EB. 4th St., St. Paul SrarbhaseeMies syle ed -fereretare 15 Nourse St., St. Paul Sprague, Mrs. James W., 3120 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis Stager, Mrs. Jennie........ Sauk Rapids, Minn. Starr, Miss Elizabeth.......... Excelsior, Minn. Stebbins, Miss Vera P. J., 320 Oak Grove St., Minneapolis Stranger, Mrs. J. M. E., 611 Donaldson Bldg., Minneapolis Strauss, Mrs. Minnie, 624 Ohio ‘St., St. Paul . = ofl ; ae At sh a oo ; re Ita pa" = oe p.3 ~~. wen 53606 v= _MINNESOTA STATE ‘HORTICULTURAL peer ree t Tereau, Mrs. F., 430 Iglehart Aves | St. Paul Terry, Mrs. hes wae Pee meee layton, Minn. Thomas, Mrs. A. P., 416 6th St. S. E., Minneapolis Tillotson, Mrs. H. B., ’ : ye 1320 5th St. S. E., Minneapolis Titus, Mr. Charles, 416 14th Ave. S. E., Minneapolis Townsend, Mrs. Emma §S. W., 2015 Stevens Ave., Minneapolis Tuller, Mrs. C. A., R. R. 1, Hopkins, Minn. Warner, Mrs. C. see R. R, 1, Box 85, Osseo, Minn. Miperen: Mrs. George me gras Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis Washburn, Mr. W. - ; 1082 Summit Watson, Mrs. J. Vie Whipple, (aie 1 IRC a ae Louis - White, Miss Emma V., ; aoae ‘Aldrich Ave. S., White, Mrs. J. S., 1471 Ashland A Wilcox, Mrs. E. W . Wyman, Mrs. Phelps, bORE: 8rd Ave. ‘s, : Zerwas, Mr. S., : 4054 Wentworth Ave, an ‘2 se Yr : INDEX A number of papers spoken of in the Journal of the last annual meeting (see page 481) accompanied by the words ‘‘See index’’ will not be found in this volume, having been left out on account of a surplus of material for the year 1917. They will appear in the volume for 1918. A Annual Meeting, Minnesota State Horticultural Society, 1916, A. W. Latham, Secretary 1 Andrews, John K., Vice-President Third Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916.... 249 Preteen bers, 1917, Who. Are: Voters sicc<.ciaijciniccc'scjc 0 e\e.0(0 0 sleet a niece sia viens eieeieees sce 517 2 SRE RS LORE Osu EE Be Penne ABCA COOMEEIE CRdeo soto oGd Tern OC SDE aera Cmmece metrkh 61 SPA TIOMOD LC TAT, | Pica cAS J SSEILGN. sists, tase «/epaceie Fitgal Since vibes # Bro o:2)2181 55) 0/ 6p kiero srain'e\t ian os Sie A lpvaseaie ails. 6 33 Serer Bets: eN EWAS © Lt al oS UALGIOI 2. yer) t nreyarsiateieie arse a pl ev abo ale. « sess So 6(o sis lets es sinlele @/0/zin's- w.abeve en ats ausiare 284 Perea ish NCVIS CLIial: StatiOn AN 19UG oo). ccs: ate oo 31cyc5 wrateie sinieis vwisis sye.e ose eiaieiera aslwern mars tig.6ie 103 PrUPlesvOre INCOLpOration,. AMeNAMENtS: LO... caiciec tess cise ea be tae ee clots vane eale cals wisi eis selec 515 Amanneoneereminms, Summer Meeting, UOT cccin.ci ceca coves ¢ ones gelebreiclen © sales ele viaiee cis slatees 300 B Be eremirots S.A. Need (of PH rilit-Breedinge. ch. <5< hecie sci cs dsr os 0s 8:0 80 00's barge as alsin opel I ereTI Braenebsir sc A., The Successful “Orchard. dri. sks teces dese valence sc sapieescacgenseute pene 196 Beaeoeeoron s. A.. Uniriittul Tree and. How. to: Correct Ti. ii. oe sine wes aieie cles onl icc ce 369 PecsmnpnenGelliars WINterins, A. Wie ERATICID or. cre sole’ vis crore, since Wate elm wags 6 o.eheielciie capied ciew one's ons 478 eRe STUETILET 7.2 Vin, EC TATICE 2 a oie, cores; os ale ou ssaie-qietelsravaaeiclaiei Pic as, xiesern’s/0\9 8; s/iaace o's, 0 leie «este aoe 140 a ENTS COITITITT 8 ies Vit ET ATIC CL et ccyaelcicesujaicieie Fisincs dite ooMaratlvze\aintnls je a aitle Wo'wip aye aists-ais pip ayecelstoi's 265 Eee REES MOON! E TOL, \MOTATICIS) PAREL sais = s. uje civ ciereisie ls asa aides « & 0)0'b oe clvrwfeleg SYP se ewsicie’o@ mele 189 Pee BEES Oe Oli: GeTOr. MTA CIS. ACCT Ha cs clercs ah leicc< oc ola viclajeleisyeis woieis’» ois orFinie nya c7e e(ofelaiee selsies 478 PoreemOonto i. Grand. Rapids: Trial Station ini 1916 irises cre 0010 os: 2 0npaens olnee nails esse sinecs 175, PRO TODOSCO) MOrticultural Bt 1dins.. <<, o oi0.0.0'» apie nia/o sins sees ors\e ere jn ie .e, e1n'0,0 0 (0.8 rates athe este 9 Pipe@vomen Ds Opening, up the Maruit, Mari. in/. cisje.0is 6.01.0 010 seinen. v1eie\a)pl'w 0 Beis an Oe o/nie s0.0 5) 121 mae. andine and Storing, Gladiolus, Bilbs'c2iv 0. :0:00.s.sls\e.0,s1s's 10.9016 01/:ar0j0 sieiew.s'e ae me 83 Bonnewitz, Lee R., A Business Man’s Pleasure in Peonies..........0:.2ceeeeeeeeeeteeeeees 251 Boys’ and Girls’ Garden and Canning Cluks in Minnesota in 1916, T. A. Erickson........ 383 Peele A VEL DCATINne StULAWDCINY VIEL. o0 c's ccioisss «'»\s\0r4 nfuje ole» in wists ola’ sle ole ale ssielticieiciolsinaicihie 62 Bridge Grafting Fruit Trees......... ra aE Ae Blake cite Ta RST aVGEE eres Fn. a sony obs iste (oleic visi Metalnin sie sioiatemipaeares 126 Brierley, Prof. W. G., Cider and Vinegar a By-Product of the Minnesota Orchard....... 318 Broarick, Prof. &.-W., Horticulture-in Western Canada..... ic. ..cccceeccecccccscccevnscers 290 Brownian. Paynesville: Trial Station im) L9LG ccc. sctsics oscoc cers 0c tociscler 06 0i0lec.0\00 te nelejeinre 178 Preortnren Pay Nes Valle ch rial SLACION « shoei 358 Laberty ‘Gardens, Prof. Ru(S. “Mackin tos btn cio rc ote eis otheteis'o mzele:e,o 6:5 ote «,ai« disiass\s/olaleicleleipheleiaie en 353 Life Members, Honorary ............. Mafayatn fuser sini Sigre'e v( eters iol fate: aias= ais cioatopdoai6:o)s eas ee 530 TPAfE! Members "Pad 5s oo.0,car stavaacyeiciocs'x vis ov aietete olovecalotale steele usseejea tatort card. oi efaovexaio Tai DvRe crete ae 531 Tafe Members,. Deceased’ in). 19172 0/02: «gE sialere's.0' ¥ sles oieis oleleasin tassel ele o's elcier spits [ole sete eee 533 Library in +1917; Additions ito Society < 7 oc solar ates od ccihnn lense Gis als olel ejaiale alsin eee een 516 Lindsay, J..M., Beautifyine the Home Grounds:5 2. on Simmons’... csenec/ceae cee co clerayaiee otesreclaret insists =o ee Stager, Mrs.-Jennie, Sauk Rapids) Trial -Station:: im U9UG6.--.752...0-. 00. «-s> oe acters Stager;-Mrs. Jennie, Sauk Rapids - Trial (Station sn a. . sews taceiec’s cl eaeite cele cine ole eine eran Stager, Mrs. Jennie, Ladies ‘of the “Society 2% <<< 0.0 s:cie Dhaciee = rele sete nieve o selst tie) eleie Biee oiets etnies Stakman, Prof. B.C: Spraying Calendart. ....5 0... vsncecatiscs carwelveiaihst= sti ate eee Stockwell, S. A., Annual Examination of Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm for 1916 Strand, Geo. W., Treasurer’s Annual Report, 1916... .0 00.5.2 acc cee ccc + oie ne oo selene Strawberries with Irrigation, .N. A. Rasmussemi. oo. cate ces aslo de ol cre ec's cle ole clcieiasiviain xis sae ete Summer Meeting, 1927, Aw W., Geathiamnns oh 50% «. cislesoo 0 0cntevercia'e siella ove «late ste ala ae teitiens er eet Summer Meeting; 1917;, Notice (Ob: 22 acids ve sisted e ae slot cleve.a’s © ete gic ojetvla cts == ane aan soe Swanson; A. S:, Flowers*for Hverybody’s Garden. 2 a. 5 Pie oicjecsies cog crsleleisieleie «\01"0 naia sys tetareiaaiaars a Tapley, W. T., Some Phases of Onion Culture... oo...) icc ccc ne cae ouaee ce vee ses sie sninesiaginin Thompson, W..S., Duluth Trial Station im LOG i. oo series so nnnjeleye erates mien ae Tillotson, Mrs. H. B., Perennials for Busy People. .....< 20... 00. cecesscueseenstesccrint scenes Top-Worked Orchard, A. Young. Ex..*Ge Lice cris oie sintuisls - fathi>) oat Unfruitful Tree and How to Correct It, Prof. S. A. Beach...............eseeeeeeseeeeeeree Vv Vegetable Garden for Every Home, Prof. R. S. Mackintosh..............0-.0eseeeereeeeees Vegetable Garden, House Mother’s, Mrs. E. W. D. Holway..............-see eee eeeeeeeees Vegetable Garden, The, Alfred Perkins.............+.+.0+-+- Tae Stetid a heze dala lel etete see , Vegetable Varieties by Selection, The Improvement of, Prof. Richard Wellington......... Vice-President First Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, C. E. Snyder......... Vice-President Second Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, S. D. Richardson.... Vice-President Third Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, John K. Andrews.... Vice-President Fourth Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, B. Wallner, Jr...... Vice-President Sixth Congressional Distriet, Annual Report, 1916, Math. Tschida........ Vice-President Seventh Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, G. A. Anderson.... 456 155 128 14 288 257— 410 369 * = : aa j ‘4 a, : a 22 INDEX. 543 Ww 4 Wallner, B.. Jr., Vice-President Fourth Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916.... 179 Waldron, Prof. C. B., Comparative Value of Pedigree Plants..............:eceeeeeeeeeeees 135 Waldron, Prof. C. B., Minnesota Society and the Northwest...............ceseeeee ences 440 Washburn; Prof. F. L., Notes from an Entomologist’s Garden..............cceeeeeeeeeees 470 Washburn, Prot. F. L., Nursery Legislation im 19172... 00.05... cee c cece eee w center ec cecal 250 Washburn, Prof. F. L., Top-Working with Tender Varieties..................e cece ee ener 288 Wealthy Apple, Story of the Origin of, E. M. Reeves............cc ccc cece cece eee e eect tenes 185 SRG TAO TCSCEMG “ETIAl. StAblOM se ss .ccce > cceicicseecsscsctes sleseaecbccceesceencese sale 284 Wedge, Clarence, Heroes of Minnesota Horticulture.............ccccceceee eset eee eeeeeceees 419 Wellington, Prof. Richard, Orcharding in Minnesota (Report No. 2)............0..e0eeee 387 Wellington, Prof. Richard, The Improvement of Varieties by Selection................... 212 RE MeRNCOTGe Crit Station,» PVG “COWES se «cies ce on.cie clei e cre soc cciee sb me0ieisbsivic ces ace aciesiacs 287 WntG@ercard Trial Station’ im, 1916, Pred Cowles... 0. scccces.scicccccsccecewecestecedcee 316 atrdee), (Ge. Au saccesstul Cabbare Wield ic. 6c ecm cnc velec rence ncccaseeetencsicnes 59 eerInreR ren Tye PG Via. ole Nee ELEN Vell otaystayofcls s/s o(01+/=ic'e:0.n'e c{sTo/ejele ale Sein oie ein civ assieye ie ele cleo +/ oinvedve 326 PeePeiripreirniaine. Gellar ON, Aj. RASMUSSEN ..2). 010.4 .c/ce/eiecciee neietvigle ce cioc nepeise ca seein caus 379 Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1916, J. F. Harrison............. 13 Woods, A. F., Greeting from Department of Agriculture, University of Minnesota........ 438 You? yr ait i “ yer : o * , Se ad __ : “ n)s-5 _s ; Jud tba Cat ne ek : a r , a wee fae R Rian eatpersal eins atrensaittir: nin Lobo haben > 3 5185 00289 3574 2 Say ee, ee et eg 7 . Tee et ptr we Kas ' ke amt, ‘ . 7 . 7 ’ = ol ON ES at rR is ; ¥ tits eT E Paar 4 = < y