SED SNA \ \ NAR OES CRN ““ SS Ses eae I NS DD) ’ Owe TNL Ae , : : . Aw Wey Ss MON “ \) ; , Sy SEMA NOAA TAOS A We on ea Abe 1418 . eae SAA \ 7 7 SAAR SAA SANA Ly ‘ ee ST “ SETNONAS ONIN UNS VANTIN A t . a. TN \\ XN NOON m \ A NAY \ \ ANN \ \X RNY EPA ge tl, ss wy we ie ZZ “ ow = z ee * Ata ee, tet ty LEE a Saat ABS DLA a a le Ba 5 We have placed you on our permanent mailing list for all publications issued by this department. It is earnestly desired that we may be favored with all of your publications. . a tealzee* we fade bs 35 ae mA 9 pe oe Ew . ® . / » 4 : 4 ls - - _ ‘ . ‘ iL. * - ’ - . od Po, » . » ~~ x ia s Se 2 aS eine Ml -* Md ee Weete) i OE a i ye ib ee ee Te Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from California Academy of Sciences Library http://www.archive.org/details/treesofindiana00deamx *soroods sIy} Jo osuBil O44 JO JIWII] ULNY}AOU OY} IvoU SI SIYT, “AyuNOD Aosog Ul oyv'T AOAOF Jo o10Ys SoM OY} UO (UINYOISIP WNIPOXBy) ssaudxD STATE OF INDIANA Eleventh Annual Report OF THE State Board of Forestry 197 1 CHAS. C. DEAM, Secretary On the Governor INDIANAPOLIS: WM. B. BURFORD, CONTRACTOR FOR STATE PRINTING AND BINDING | - : | ie ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Piate 132. | - St. Joseph | Etkhart aSoce: pr ie | | ee eS Marshall | ont ae ad doe Pulaski = o = \ r= — } tee Eta. ; ae weet! | 1 Miami | ' i | : | Carroll | le | a ae White = Cass ? +— —-+ co wo ‘ — } — o =a | | Howard | Nes | \ foe mS Ss! ] fer ae / sv | Boone ; Hamilton | Fountain j we | ! ee Beal | z \ ; T yon Clinton Tipton | J Vermillion. \ ; Putnam ee 7 r | | Owen | | “ es | ie | Lawrence es ) ( . ' Yt | Washington | Ae Orange COUNTY MAP OF INDIANA. , Kosciusko ; | FuRON = een oa | | i Wabash | | Madison r Dees ese 2 Morgan | Johnson | Shelby , eae Saas ne | j | Brown {Bartholomew | Spal I NA =" Te vitier r & aes eae nf lan mt bee a | | | ; Lagrange + Steuben ; Noble : Dekalb fea eas aie Delaware ; | Randolph : | | 7 Decatur Na 7 THE STATE OF INDIANA, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, DECEMBER 1, 1911. Received by the Governor, examined and referred to the Auditor of State for verification of the financial statement. OFFICE OF AUDITOR OF STATE, INDIANAPOLIS, December 26, 1911. The within report, so far as the same relates to moneys drawn from the State Treasury, has been examined and found correct. W. H. O'BRIEN, Auditor of State. DECEMBER 26, 1911. Returned by the Auditor of State, with above certificate, and trans- mitted to Secretary of State for publication, upon the order of the Board of Commissioners of Public Printing and Binding. MARK THISTLETHWAITEH, Secretary to the Governor. Filed in the office of the Secretary of State of the State of Indiana, December 26, 1911. L. G. ELLINGHAM, Secretary of State. Received the within report and delivered to the printer December 28; AOR. ED. D. DONNELL, Clerk Printing Board. (3) Letter of Transmittal. INDIANA STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, December 1, 1911. Hon. Thomas R. Marshall: Sir—As required by Section 4 of the act establishing a State Board of Forestry, approved March 1, 1901, we submit herewith the Eleventh Annual Report of the Board of Forestry, beginning with October 1, 1910, and ending with September 30, 1911. Very respectfully, S. BURKHOLDER, President. CHAS. C. DEAM, Secretary. (4) Indiana State Board of Forestry. OFFICIAL MEMBERS, 1911. DAMUEL BURKHOUDER, «President. .... 0... 2060 os Crawfordsville. So NSO UMITENS Co ove ane avavig, a 6s Wass I a ee ahs Lafayette. JSC NTE TG eee) IN 61100 3H b,c gle A aU Ot Columbia City. EID AM VE MWC ADIEINDAN', .c.5°5-.-e peu us eee eee Bean Blossom. CHNS 1G PUORAM. MeCrOLary .-. i) ica. rook eden ee. ke eer aanays Bluffton. Panini TRB ICES. . co e-. oa eae ene odors: Indianapolis. OFFICE OF SECRETARY. Room 110, State House, Indianapolis. (5) Contents. Page PIN ANCIARPOTAPEMENDT 0 gee chia to. oh i enews ee 11 TNPRODUCTION®.. orciate os oo ee ns PR awe dos ee ee 13 RUSHRVATIONSreot sod Geet ele eee no Brahe rae bale ga ee 15 (1) Experimental tracts, cultivation, pruning and experiments. . . 16-20 @) Siweld planting: ec. cel aa Soka ens wc oelb Se aR 21 (3) sHonest cleaning...jc550). oe Pee ve oe oa 27 (ANIME CUS A oe Pic de Bic. ee ae hee ene ee 27 (qyeworest tress So. oe es Se Dee oe 28 (6) General improvements. 2.42.2... 2.55 2 . Sus eu Ope See 28 CPG WASTE OU Sse. 5 coke eackis See eS Sere ek eek oe ee a 29 (6) Receipts from sales. 2.52 fd ec he on 29 OrFricE Work. Gy) Correspondence... tasiaec ecco Se ee +. ee 31 (2) PIEDRA Ys cece 5. Poet ema eS ge TA. Oe. DU 32 (3) Press bulletins: 3... 9.02 2..0- eens... See oe eo eee 32 (4); Circular letters:..<2 2k <0 oe oe oo ee eee 47 (So) wihieldtiwork 2. sole cf Oe Be ky oo hae 48 Some FEATURES OF THE CLIMATE OF INDIANA, by Verne H. Church..... 49 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE Woop WoRKING INDUSTRIES OF INDIANA, by Nr6d 2). Breeze 2iciee skis bic Cais acl h OR oe leek ee eee 59 Tue Rate or GROWTH OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF NATIVE TREES OF THE STATE RESERVATION; by Stanley Coulter. ... 2... .22 22. ou... ees 2 ee 67 TREES OF INDIANA, by Chas. C. Deam. Gl) Tra trode biomiss ss) ce de vo elon oe WES ace nn 86 (2) Key-to thewtamaliess ss fc 5c g-csur dd col. bed eo 95 (3) = Deseriptioms.c: ...265 oc.5 sas tee cos 5 gee ao ws See ea 97 (4) Measurements of large trees.........0.0.4. 6. 4.5 pa 354 (5) Specific gravity of some Indiana woods..... cay hig angle wee 356 DIOS Sx nese Spin o See ee aE aon nA 359 6) Illustrations. PLATES. PLATE— Paae. 1. Cypress (Taxodium distichum) in Posey County........ l’'rontispiece 2. Successtulcontestants mm forestry prizefor 1911................. 37 3. Annual meanteinperatune: in Indiana......s.cc.c 5... esse ee ee 50 4. Average date of last-kalling frostcimsprmg.... 0... ec ee oe 52 5. Average date of first killing frost in autumn.................... 53 GC. CAV era Ce MnO FOCI AON a.) es ide cl. ot os ale oiesd Ss Paley an ele 6 56 VES SCROOUSHANY MItO Me MBeMe fa. enka seas ctcueeen ys. ote s 98 8. pmus Banksiana.(Gray orvack Pine). ..0c 400.00... c ce ose ces 100 On anns Ava ema (OCI: TRO), 6.0.) caeren, ac» cag aa ob ke ceo o Mele 102 HOE iar lapneninas Clam ataela) a «cachet > 5 oe cceeatioe enc a old a clog ees 104 i? cisura camacensism(bemlock) 5-2... .-.0cess cee se erea seeks Se med 105 t2 haxoommaraictach wm: (Oy press) ssc. cuicoe ieee sw Yon bee 107 fens, occigaenralis: (Arbor-Vitae)....0.< ooted5a0 see dblen so ssa. 109 iAvJumiperus vireiniana- (Ried: Cedar) o..¢.4 canis... 4 es sh ts eek Ah io eoamemora (dolack- Willow ) eases 5. .< cn) os: oye eos Od eee 195 54 Quereusisehmecki “(Red Oak) 7.5.2.0. ....<. feo ae 197 bos Quercus-cocemea- (Scarlet Oak) s.20 5. 2... ke. a eee 199 56, Quercus ellipsoidalis (Pin Oak) s. . 5.) oo. 0 Se ee 202 5 Quercus;velutma ‘(Black Oak): ..0 2... 250.0 7 ae 203 do. Quercus faleata’ (Spanish Oak):...::...5 :....... 7 Se eee 206 59, Quercus imbricaria (Shingle Oak). .:........... “2... 2 ee 208 GO" @Quercus marylandica (Black Jack Oak)... ..2... ..05.) pee 210 61. Ulmus americana (White or Water Film). ....>. .. 2). 5) tae 23 62. “Ulmus'fulva’ (Shppery Elm). 002-5322 40. 00... 0 ae ee 215 63. Ulmus Thomasi- (Hickory or Rock Him)-7...2. 72:30) ee eee PAE 64,’ Ulmus-alata (Winged Hlm) <5. 302... ee ee 219 65; Celtis occidentalis (Giackberry):(.-)....0-5-. /- a. 20s eee 221 66: Celtis pumila, Glackberry)..<.. 32 2... <0 5.2 ee 223 67. Celtis mississippiensis (Yellow Hackberry).................... 225 68: Morus. rubra, (Mulberry): 3 230 i. vee oo. od 224 69:. Toxylon pomiferum (Osage Orange)..)..2.....02. . A445 eee 229 70. Magnolia acuminata, (Cucumber Iiree)........ “. «.. 720) ae 231 71, Diriodendron Tulipifera (Tulip or Yellow Poplar). ... 3278 ee 233 (2. Asimimea, triloba., (Pawpaw). 5 steels. o) 28 ee a ee 235 (os passairas Sassatras (Sassafras)...2. 8.212.002. ..6 00. eee Zot v4, Liquidambar Styraciflua (Sweet Gum)............:7>-. eee 240 (. Platanus occidentalis: (Sycamore);.... 2. 77. 2.. 1c.8 2 ee 242 76. Malus coronaria (Crab Apple), wide-leaf form.................. 245 77. Malus coronaria (Crab Apple), narrow-leaf form................ 246 78, Malus ioensis: (Western Crab Apple). 0.2... 7. ..... oo 4. sae 248 79. Amelanchier canadensis Guneberry)>................ : 2 ee 249 80. Crataegus Crus-Galli (Cockspur or Newcastle Thorn).......... 254 81. Crataegus cuneiformis' (Marshall’s Thorn)... .......:. )aeee 255 82. Crataegus punctata (Large-fruited Thorn).....-..............- 257 83. Crataegus Margaretta (Judge Brown’s Thorn)...............0% 258 84. Crataegus succulenta (Long-spined Thorn)...................4. 260 85. Crataegus neo-fluvialis (New River Thorn). ............ Ssaeeme 261 86. Crataegus Calpodendron (Pear Thorn). .........0.. 02>. see 263 87. Crataegus virides (Southern’ Thom)... ...°...>..2.5/:.-- oe 265 88. Crataegus nitida (Shining Thorn)............... ee es) 266 89. Crataegus macrosperma (Variable Thorn).:............ /aeeuee 267 90. Crataegus Jesupi (Jesup’s Thorn)... ..0.. 1)... .. 2.2. 20s eee 269 91. Crataegus ragosa (Fretz’s Thor); 2.22. 2.0... 2.2) eee 270 92. Crataegus Gattingeri (Gattinger’s Thorn).................ee0. 271 State Boarp or ForzEstTRY. 9 PLATE— Page 93. Crataegus pruinosa (Waxy-fruited Thorn)....................0. 273 94. Crataegus coccinoides (Eggert’s Thorn)..................22008 274 95. Crataegus coccinea (Scarlet Thorn) wives. ike es oe 276 96. Crataegus mollis (Red-fruited or Downy Thorn)................ 277 97. Crataegus Phaenopyrum (Washington’s Thorn)................ 279 98. Prunus pennsylvanica (Wild Red Cherry)...................... 281 99; Pranus amerreana (Wild: Red Plum).ic. 2.0.50 05. eee 283 100. Pronusasrac(Wild or-Canada Plum). .....0c..c.6. 5.0.08. 0005- 285 101. Padus'seretina. (Wild Black Cherry)... 0.0 .2.5.0... ccaneswossce 287 102s Cercigcamametinis RCUDUG):. ooo din fcc wt e waits ee vedas 289 103. Gleditsia tracanthos* (Homey Locust)... ..... 0... 00 l sce cco 292 104. Gleditsia aquatica (Water Honey Locust)..................... 293 105. Gymmocladus dioica (Cofleenut):. 22... soc. ved. vlna etd eo oe 295 106. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia. (Black Locust) .........0.6.00..% 2600 ctwe 297 107, Ailanthus' glandulosa. (Treevof Heaven)... ..<..2....0250.. 00.45. 300 195 DEX COCOA AVELOLLY)) (3 Ae eis ado Sus eee «Caw ks 2 Heat owe Ses 302 109, Acer*Necundo. (Box Milder) ia 5... ac cc ees its Ave os es eee 304 thos Acer rubrum: (Med iviaplens..: o. 6scck cle wl oa Sia e Male a se ales 306 Pil Acersaccharmum: (Silver Maple)... 5. 6.028 oes bP BS RS. oh ee 308 fiz eacersaccnamim: (sugar Maple)... 2 6204 cecs sv eae hee os we ons 310 Its.) Acer merum (Black Sugar Maple)... 254 nc. dion... be sha ee vat, euteodics m4 Pvesculisig abta: (buckeye), eetanc Te ors: suals ee cin 4,8 Sauron Meese gee onae eaters eee cee $2,386 88 Household supplies, hardware and tools........... 71 68 FTL ANG “CORN 4 cv o-aeceues ate sae 3 he oe ee ae ane 76 47 Seedlings “And. SCCO ye cere s oc loses. Sete eee ee ate: otters 106 60 Construction-imaterial sce coc eee a om ails ake ae 179 38 Sawmill work, fling tools,.-Ct@s nc ot ofacce o-< wert 21 66 Board tor pboardamemberss 2224.6 wn Oe ew ee ene 11 75 LEE 23 02 0) ene ee ie eo I ale ae ree AT acl Ee Ue ae 43 74 Pelephonesanagsrepaiwime™. <. ... salvarsan 2 bw oats crete 16 60 CGT al Enea ee nee ach ak aN Ue ae R Mlerich Ageinancre Sry gt 15 00 i B5) 2 CTAB SUR AY 2 aS ee AA gl Seg Pr ey Sy aR Lo ee te 22 65 BACs OUSweng DEUSNOS ss sebteiaanaies 10 50 Chas. Dean, 155 ties in log at 10 cents per tie............ 15 50 Alex: Neville. 2: COLGS' WOOG? isis o:s.< Saw 0 ois chee rae ee 3 50 Jobn-Gibson;, 10-.shocks: fodder: at SC. .....52.\5 sees eerie 80 Wo: Mekain, lc cord: 4-fo0t “woods ..2s,....c2hc. ah. sae ee L%5 WD: MeKain, 1°cord::4-f00t WoO0G....60°05 60s 5 ook cee 1 75 Jas: us Boling, 1 .cord 4-foot: wood... 0. 6s «ais on 6 ae ee 1 75 Office Work. The work of the office, in the greater part, was as follows: First: The answering of inquiries that came to the depart- ment through personal visits and correspondence. Second: The work of topically cataloguing the library acces- sions. Third: The administration of the Forest Experimental Sta- tion and recording data accruing from the experiments in pro- oTess. Fourth: Field work. Fifth: Creating an interest in forestry by issuing press bul- letins, offering a prize for the best essay on forestry and in mak- ing a preliminary study of the woodworking industries of the State. Correspondence.—The inquiries that came to the department were practically all in the nature of seeking information on forest planting. Landowners wish to know what kind of trees to plant; the distance apart the trees should be planted; where to buy the seedlings, ete. Only one inquiry was received asking where timber could be sold to the best advantage. This inquiry came from a non-resident who had an undivided interest in Indiana land. Owners of timber are never at a loss to find buyers. During the year 1,289 first-class letters were received, and 1.427 first-class letters were mailed. There were also mailed 2,096 first-class circular letters and 5,374 second-class circular letters. There are frequent requests for the annual reports and the supply previous to 1910 has been exhausted, except a few copies of 1903 and 1909. In September a janitor discovered about 300 copies of the 1903 reports that had been stored in the basement for years, which accounts for the remaining copies of this report. There were repeated requests for back reports, which can not be filled. The number of reports mailed during the year was as fol- lows: One of 1901, thirty-nine of 1903, two of 1906, fifty-eight of 1907, twenty-seven of 1908, five hundred and sixty-six of 1909 and 838 of 1910, making a total of 1,532. [8—28415] (31) 32 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Inbrary.—The total number of accessions is 1,068. During the year 302 accessions have been made. An effort is made to ob- tain for the library all the State and Federal publications bearing upon the subject of forestry. Press Bulletins—The number of press bulletins issued the past year was not as large as was desired. Neither time nor money permitted of the issue of more. The press bulletins are deemed to be of sufficient importance to be reproduced, and are as follows: [Press Bulletin No. 11.] PLANT A TREE. Many years ago it was a custom when a child was born to com- memorate the event by planting a tree. Today there are many trees sacredly guarded because they were planted by or for some- one whose memory it was desired to perpetuate. Every reader of this article no doubt recalls one or more trees with which are associated pleasant recollections. It may be the one in the yard under which you were accustomed to play. It may be the one that sheltered you when overtaken by a storm on your way to and from school. It may be the one on the river bank under which you sat with fishing pole in hand. It may be the one under which you and your lover exchanged vows, or it may be made dear to you by any one of the many incidents of life. When your child is grown, give it an opportunity to possess a living tree which it ean call its own. Mary’s and John’s trees will always be cared for with tender hands, and when their namesake has forsaken. the old homestead, there will always be a yearning to see ‘‘my tree’’ again. [Press Bulletin No. 12.] TEN DOLLARS FOR ESSAY ON FORESTRY. In order to encourage the study of forestry among the pupils of the public schools, the State Board of Forestry is offering four prizes of $10 each for the best essays on forestry. The contest- ants for the first prize are limited to the pupils of the seventh gerade country schools. The second prize is for the pupils of the eighth grade country schools. The third prize is for the members of freshmen and sophomore classes of the high schools of the State. The fourth prize is for the members of the junior and senior classes of the high schools. The conditions are as follows: SratTrE BoaRD oF FORESTRY. 33 The subject must be ‘‘T'o what extent should Indiana be refor- ested; give reasons.’’ The essay must be a hand-written manu- seript in ink, containing not more than one thousand words. The essay must be in the hands of the board on or before May 1, 1911. Former prize essay winners are not eligble. The essays are to be graded on the basis of 70 points for thought, 30 points for compo- sition, manuscript, etc. The board wishes original thought and no credit will be given contestants who copy verbatim works on forest- ry. If direct quotations are used they should be indicated by quota- tion marks and their source given in a foot note. It is hoped that every boy and girl, eligible to compete, who reads this will send an essay. Address your essay and inquiries to Chas. C. Deam, secretary, State Board of Forestry, Indianapolis, Indiana. [Press Bulletin No. 13.] GUN CLUBS TO BUY HUNTING RESERVES. It has been suggested that gun clubs, or a number of sports- men, form a company for the purpose of buying large tracts of hilly woodland of southern Indiana, and convert them into forest and hunting reserves. There are thousands of acres in that part of the State which are too hilly and broken to be profitable for farming. It was crdained by nature to be a forest and the hunters’ vacation ground. If you cannot go to the wilds of the Adirondacks, you can bring the wilds to you in Indiana. Interest a few of your friends in the plan of buying a 500-acre tract or more, and build a nice clubhouse on it. Maintain the best house you find on the tract for the residence of the custodian, who can farm a few of the best fields, guard the reserve and transport you to and from the re- serve. All the remaining cleared land and open woods should be afforested. In a few years the tract will be well stocked with game. Such an enterprise would not merely develop a hunters’ para- dise, but the timber products would yield a good per cent. on the investment. [Press Bulletin No. 14.] GREAT LOSS BY WATER. Many farms are partly ruined by erosion. The farmers in the southern part of the State have suffered the greatest damage. There are many fields and parts of fields in southern Indiana that 34 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT have been abandoned because they are so badly eroded that at present they can not be profitably farmed. Even grass will not grow on them, because the top soil has all been washed off, and now briars and bushes are taking possession. This article is to remind owners of such property that the only way to reclaim eroded land is to plant forest trees on it. Forest trees will stop the washing and soon grow into money. Remember that a guillied field on a farm depreciates the value of the re- mainder of the farm. The kind of trees to plant would be black locust, ash or yellow poplar, and seedlings may be bought for $2 to $5 per thousand. The trees should be planted in the spring, before the rush of spring work begins. If you have a gullied field, decide now to save it. If you are not certain as to what kind of trees to plant, or where to buy the seedlings to the best advantage, write the State Forester, Indianapolis, Indiana, for information and printed literature, who will be glad to assist you. Issued December 16, 1910. [Press Bulletin No. 15.] SAVE THE BANKS. Save the banks of your ravines, creeks and rivers by encour- aging grass, shrubs and trees to grow on them. Where you find the bank of a stream perpendicular you will usually find a tree on its top which protects it until the support beneath is washed away, when it tumbles to a watery grave. This reminds us that our streams are ever increasing in width, and many of us can recall when the fence stood a rod closer to the center of the stream. The same may be said of the banks of deep cuts along high- ways and railroads. If there is a bluegrass sod on top the bank it will be perpendicular for six to twelve inches, and the nude roots form a miniature ledge, which is sufficient to show the value of bluegrass as a soil binder. If it is not desirable to plant shrubs and trees on the roadside banks, sow the slopes with bluegrass sced, and scatter cornstalks on it, which may be prevented from washing away by weighing them down with pieces of old rails, brush, ete. When the bluegrass is well set the wash will be stopped. The banks of creeks and rivers may be best protected by plant- ing willows at the base. At the top white ash, black walnut, oaks and hickories may be planted, choosing the species best adapted Statrt Boarp or Forestry. 35 to the soil conditions. If the bank is low and flat, syeamore and elm may be set back of the willows. If conditions will warrant trees of a higher commercial value than elm and sycamore should be planted. The slope of the banks should be sown with bluegrass, and if there is too much shade for bluegrass, they should be planted with vines and shrubs that will endure shade, such as American sarsaparilla, briars, cornels, bladder nut, wahoo, wafer ash, ete. Neglect to fortify the banks of our streams means an annual loss of many acres of valuable land, whereas if they were planted with trees they would not only be protected, but would grow valu- able timber. Issued January 16, 1911. [Press Bulletin No. 16.] REPEAL THE LAW. Our wide-open ditches were once small creeks which have been straightened and dug deeper and wider in order to facilitate drainage. These wide creek-beds, together with the two broad ridges of earth on each side of the ditch, usually occupy about. two rods of space. This space is waste land and produces nothing but a crop of weeds. Now it is proposed to reclaim such waste land by planting trees on each bank. If forest trees are planted, such species should be selected as grow a deep root system, produce little shade and have a high commercial value, such as black walnut, ash, hickory end poplar. Orchard trees would have the advantage over forest trees in that they would not grow so tall and would shade the ad- jacent land less. If the ditch and its banks are narrow, the banks eould. be planted with peach and plum trees. By planting trees, not only would the waste land be made re- munerative. but the trees would assist in holding the banks. When these ditches were dug the sides were left very steep, and subse- quent rains, alternate freezing and thawing have loosened thou- sands of tons of earth from the sides of the ditches, which has in a greater part been washed away and the remainder deposited at the bottom of the ditch to increase the cost of cleaning it out. In the spring of the year it is not an unusual thing to see a stretch of bank a foot in width slip into the ditch and be lost forever. Wise landowners will see that ditch banks are protected by plant- 36 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT ing some kind of trees, shrubs or vines, whose roots will hold the banks and whose wood or fruit will be of value. But the State law says ‘‘owners of land through which an open ditch runs shall remove all brush and weeds from the banks of that part of the ditch through the lands owned by them re- spectively, during the month of July of each year.’’ The intent of this clause was to prevent the ditch filling up, but the contrary is true. The trees assist in preventing the banks from caving in, and stop lots of rubbish that would otherwise blow into the ditch. It is easier to clean a few leaves out of the ditch than to shovel out tons of mud, and to be deprived of the use of the ground along your ditches. If you think this law should be revised, write your legislator at once. Issued January 23, 1911. {Press Bulletin No. 17.] INFORMATION ON FOREST PLANTING. What kind of forest trees are best adapted to Indiana planting; how far apart the trees should be planted, to what extent the young trees should be cultivated and pruned; how fast they grow, and what per cent. on the investment the landowner may expect, are problems on which the State Board of Forestry is working. They now have twenty-nine tracts at the Forest Experimental Station planted to the most promising kind of forest trees. These tracts have been under observation now for several years, and each year they are regularly hoed, plowed and pruned. Every item of. ex- pense and every observation made is carefully itemized and re- corded. Thus, by recording and tabulating data on forest plant- ings, general and correct principles of forest culture can be worked out. The forest experimental tracts are located in the south part of the State, and what is true of trees in that part of the State might be different in the central or northern part of the State. So the forestry board expects to extend its investigations and ob- servations to forest plantings in different parts of the State. To do this it is proposed to cooperate with persons who expect to do forest planting. The board is not in a position to lend finan- cial aid to planters, but it proposes to give suggestions as to the best kind of trees to plant, how to prepare the ground, how to care for the trees, etc., and to make visits of inspection. In return the owner of the planting is expected to keep a record of all items BNE Miss Mary Mason Mecca, Indiana ss Cora Dougherty Bedford | ndiana PuatEe 2. Successful contestants in forestry prize essay for 1911. 38 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT of expense, and make observations, which are to be forwarded to the office of the secretary, where a permanent record of the plant- ing will be kept. If you expect to do any forest planting it will pay you to write to the State Forester at Indianapolis for his plan of cooperation. In this work the planter is free to do as he pleases. He plants the kind of trees he chooses and manages the way he thinks best. He gets the advice of experts without cost. At present the board expects to limit the number of codperative plantings to 100, so do not delay in taking advantage of this offer. Issued January 30, 1911. [Bulletin No. 18—Sheet One.] TO WHAT EXTENT SHOULD INDIANA BE REFORESTED? The uses of the forest are numerous. Besides yielding many useful and necessary articles, such as turpentine, resin, tar, tim- ber for fuel and lumber for building purposes, the forest is a soil former, a sod improver, a soil fixer, a flood preventer, a conserva- tor of moisture, a wind break, a beautifier of the earth, and a sani- tary agent; as it is one of the greatest protectors of mankind, its presence is most necessary to our well-being. In Indiana the protection which the forest gives is of far greater importance than the products which it yields. They can easily be brought into the State from some of the regions of the United States which are unfit for agricultural purposes but which are well-suited to the needs of the forest. But the protection which the forest renders cannot be thus transferred. Unlke many States, Indiana has no mountains, and very few rivers which need the protection of the tree. In this State the chief aim of reforestation is to establish small forests throughout the State, the purpose of which is not to produce lumber, but to protect the people living about it by acting as a wind-break or flood preventer. As has been said before, in many States the main purpose of reforestation in general is to provide future supply of timber, but in Indiana this is not the ease. This State is well adapted to agri- cultural pursuits, as it lies in one of the most fertile farming dis- tricts in the world. It would seem almost wasteful to devote such land to forests when there are so many acres in the United States which are unfit for farming purposes but capable of producing STtaTE BoAaRD OF FORESTRY. 39 excellent trees. They might furnish timber and lumber to Indiana, while it raises wheat and corn for them. So Indiana ought to be reforested only to such an extent that its people would receive all the forest protection that it needs. Indiana now has a forest reserve of 2,000 acres, located in Clark County. It is maintained solely for experimental purposes to obtain data concerning the growth and need of the various trees and to demonstrate the value of the forest to the people. At present reforestation must be carried on by the State. The growth of the tree is very slow, thus making the investment, which is increasing rapidly by compound interest, too long unavailable and too slow in producing returns for the farmer to undertake it again. Most of the land is divided into small farms, ninety-seven and four-tenths acres being an average-sized farm. The farmers are obliged to cultivate all their land in order to provide food for their families; therefore, they object to giving it up to reforesta- tion, especially when they cannot see the value of the forest. It has been suggested that the State compel each landowner to forest a certain per cent. of this land, but there are several objec- tions to such a plan; first, it would throw the burden of reforesta- tion upon the farmer; second, the land changes hands so often that it would be difficult to keep any one spot forested for a definite length of time. For instance, Mr. B. and Mr. 8. each own 160 acres of land. According to the requirements of the law each should have a four-acre forest. Now Mr. B. sells eighty acres of his land to Mr. 8. According to law Mr. B. is at liberty to cut down one-half of his trees, while Mr. 8. must add two acres to his forest, consequently the people are without the protection of the forest for at least twenty years. Third, if this plan were fol- lowed a great deal of good farming land would be devoted to forest, while much of the waste land, which needs the forest more than the farming land, would stand idle. The State must own and de- velop and protect the forests, at least, until the people come to know their value. Of course, all waste land should be reforested. By the term waste land we mean untillable land, such as hillsides, ravines, land too poor to raise the ordinary crops, such as wheat and corn, and fields which cannot be cultivated because of frequent over- flow. In the southern part of the State and in the Wabash Valley there are many hillsides so steep and rocky that it would be im- possible to till them. They are covered with large stumps, show- ing that they are adapted to the needs of trees and that a fine 40 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT forest grew there at one time. Such land should be forested. They ean be utilized for no other purpose. Then a forest planted there will give the people living near it the same protection that it would planted on a level, fertile field capable of producing excellent crops of corn. The forests have proven themselves soil formers, soil fixers and soil improvers. For this reason all the land too poor for farming purposes should be reforested. Every year in this State a great amount of property is de- stroyed and much suffering is caused by floods. All this might be prevented by planting trees along the banks of the rivers, where floods are frequent. ‘hey would absorb the moisture and thus pre- vent the floods. Now, if the purpose of reforestation is carried out woodlots must be established throughout the State. Every section of land should have its own forest. Most sections have land which can- not be well used for farming purposes, either because of its loca- tion or the character or quality of its soil. All such lands should be seized as an eminent domain and productive forests planted on it. If such lands are forested and properly cared for very little of our farming land need be devoted to the forests. But after the forests are established they must be taken care of, for a neglected forest is wore than no forest. In reply to the question, ‘‘To what extent should Indiana be reforested?’’ I would say, briefly, so much that all the waste land be utilized and the necessary protection against the natural ele- ments be given. | GLADYS JONES, Attica, Ind. Senior Class, Attica High School. TO WHAT EXTENT SHOULD INDIANA BE REFORESTED? The forests of Indiana are being cut down so rapidly that if some restraint is not put on this work of destruction the forests will, in a short time, be only a remembrance among the ‘‘ Hoosiers.”’ The people in early days can be pardoned for cutting down trees, for they had to do it to clear places for their homes and to pre- vent beasts and enemies from hiding around. Besides they were not taught the economical importance of the forests. There were many trees then, but wood for fuel and lumber is becoming so STATE BoarRpD oF FORESTRY. 4] scarce now that the preservation and restoration of our forests is a very important problem, hence the question, ‘‘To what extent should Indiana be reforested?’’ confronts us. The places that should be reforested are the sections of land not adapted to agriculture. Hilly country is not suitable for farm- ing, it cannot be easily tilled, and the soil has generally been washed off the rocks. There are many acres of such land in Brown County. If the lands that have always been poor or have been made so by improper usage should be properly reforested, the leaf- mould caused by the fallen leaves would enrich them and make them valuable. A great many tracts of land are located so as to be unprofitable for agriculture. They may be too far away from town or from the owner’s home. Some plots are too small, being cut off from large fields by railroads, creeks or roads. Many streams wash banks and make them irregular. If the right kind of trees were set out, they would have a tendency to hold the banks in. Publie property and lands not used for anything else should be utilized for trees. If trees were neatly and tastefully arranged around churches, schoolhouses, jails, libraries, halls and court- houses they would be a protection, would beautify the surround- ings, and around the schoolhouses would serve as a shade for the pupils during playtime. Trees should be set out on roadsides and public highways, to serve as windbreaks for the protection of the traveler and to beautify the roads. Of course, the old question would arise concerning the drying of the roads. It should be a supervisor’s duty to keep the roads well graded, the trees well trimmed, and it would not be necessary for the roads to be muddy. There are large government reservations not being used at present which should be reforested. Trees should be set out along the streets of our towns and cities between the sidewalk and the curbing. The street, indeed, looks beautiful that is well shaded by tastefully arranged trees. Every town or city should have a park to beautify them or to be a place of pleasure. What is a park without some trees? Where or who is the farmer that does not like a beautiful coun- try home, which cannot be made so unless some trees are used? How pretty is the small woodlot near the home of the farmer? Every farmer should have a woodlot. Ten acres would be the re- quired amount on a farm of 160 acres in Boone County. The woodlot serves as a protection to the buildings and orchard, also a convenient place to put young animals in, if it is placed near 42 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT the home. The trees should be planted in straight rows and a certain number to the acre. The number depend on the kind of trees. The dead trees and the trimmings from the others would furnish enough wood for domestic use. There are many things which lead us to believe Indiana should be reforested. The high price of lumber and firewood is due to the scarcity of trees. Some day there will not be any coal, for it takes decayed leaves and other plants to form it. The people then will have to depend entirely on wood for fuel. Trees retain moist- ure by their leaves and roots. The leaves form a thick carpet over the ground and prevent such rapid evaporation. Thus, by reforest- ing, the natural resources would be increased, the home would be more beautiful, and would serve as a check to floods. Hence, under all these conditions, why should not Indiana be reforested ? MABEL ADATR, Lebanon, Ind. Sophomore A, Lebanon High School. [Bulletin No. 18—Sheet Two. Released June 5, 1911.] TO WHAT EXTENT SHOULD INDIANA BE REFORESTED? There are so many reasons why we should use our best efforts to replace the forests of this State that they could not be easily be numbered. Several years ago people were awakened to the fact that our trees were rapidly disappearing, because the cost of timber, and especially hardwood of Indiana, had, in a few years, so many times coubled its value of an age ago. My father says that during his boyhood days lumber products were so lightly regarded that beautiful hardwood trees, such as ene could searcely find for a good example now, were cut down and cleared away with the waste wood, or burned in a huge fire- place, where it might as well have been substituted by soft wood, had they used any forethought in preserving their valuable timber. When we note what a few years time has done it gives us a very vivid picture of a treeless State in the near future, unless all co- operate and work to make it otherwise. For some time a great many people have been interested in this movement to reforest the State, and much good has been done, but there is still a large task for us to perform to convince and educate the people to the practical results of this work. State Boarp or Forestry. 43 The slow growth of trees is discouraging at first thought, when our parents think of this work from the standpoint of money, but many of our farmers or landholders have land which is of no use unless it could be utilized in this manner, and former experi- ments by men of this State goes to prove that it will not be a los- ing investment to set apart a tract of land to plant to forest. It has been found that the cost of your time and labor in rais- ing seedlings, preparing the ground, then planting, pruning and cultivating the young tree is easily covered by their value in a short while as posts, which you will have when you thin out your growth, besides you may use ground which is only used for pas- turage, and this might be continued to some extent, or if the soil is suitable potatoes or corn might be grown with the seedlings dur- ing the first two or three years. They are soon valuable also for shade, windbreaks or ornamentation. The fellow with a young forest will find his land far more de- sirable to the prospective buyer, thus you may be sure that the trees you plant will be of worth should you not be the one to reap the benefit of their maturity. Other evils which come from deforestation may be found among the hilly regions of the State. As the trees disappear the soil of a hillside decreases in value, since the rich top soil is easily washed away, and after a few hard spring rains a hillside field may become almost worthless. It is also to be noted that small streams disappear and floods from the larger streams are more frequent as the trees are cleared away. It is also a fact that people all choose bottom land in preference to the hilly districts for the farm home, while not many years ago many almost worthless hilly regions of today were valuable. Droughts are becoming more common as our forests go, because the loose leaf mulch then goes, leaving a soil so compact that the water is washed off and only a very small amount is held by ab- sorption. This leaf mulch also helps to prevent evaporation, and thus more ground water is preserved until taken by plant roots. Trees take a great deal of water from the soil, and moisture is constantly thrown off by the leaves. This is a help during the hot months to prevent dangerous thunder storms. These floods and droughts destroy much animal life. A flood may carry a great number of small fish out in larger streams, where they are consumed by larger ones, or during a flood fish may 44 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT enter a flooded area for the purpose of spawning, then the later droughts came, which resulted in the death of the young fish and > other animal life upon which they feed, until it seems almost use- less to try to replenish streams with fish until a preventative is used for droughts and floods. Forestry is now part of our school work, and if we boys and girls Land together and properly observe Arbor Day we will be amply repaid in the future with beautiful trees, their shade and a home for our birds. CORA E. DOUGHERTY, Bedford, Ind. Eighth Grade. Country Schools. TO WHAT EXTENT SHOULD INDIANA BE REFORESTED? First of all, any spot on earth (therefore Indiana) should bear upon its surface all that nature, and by nature we mean the wis- dom of God, endowed it. Trees, flowers and grasses are a connecting link between heaven and earth, and where man has intentionally or otherwise robbed the earth of this charm what is more his duty than, so far as is in his power, to replace it. Looking at the matter from a purely practical point of view, it is easily seen that the economic value of timber, even in a grow- ing State, is sufficient reason for reforesting the land. Men have learned too late that the leaves of the growing trees expire great quantities of water, which taken care of by the sun, winds and varieties of moisture, furnishes to the world the showers which are everything to the vegetation. It is said that Indiana soil will grow as good or better timber in accordance as any other State in the Union. We can readily perceive the protection which heavy forestry affords our crops from cold waves, droughts and such inconven- iences which are often to be dealt with in this part of the country. Where there is no timber, ground ceases to build and improve because of the lack of falling leaves and twigs which from year to year add to the richness of the coat of loam which is so valuable. Timber is valuable for fuel as well as building purposes, as we know the coal will soon be gone, as there is but a small quantity at the present time, and fuel will have to be imported, which is a heavy expense to the State. STATE BoaRD OF FORESTRY. 45 Ground denuded of trees becomes disfigured by the soil being washed away by heavy rainfall, because of the lack of roots which is between the bedrock and the soil proper. This disfiguration of the surface of the land is noticeable in our own State, which has been denuded of its forests only a short while; and as the years pass the conditions will, of course, become worse. Travelers in Spain and China notice this condition even in that far country, which is every day growing worse. While men have learned to make buildings without so much timber as was formerly used, there are places, and, indeed, ever will be, where nothing will answer so well as the walnuts, oaks and pines for the beautiful architecture which is always wanted in a building. Summing up, then, the reasons why Indiana should be refor- ested, we would say to replace, in a small measure, at least, nature’s primitive adornment, which, like the trimming on the maiden’s hat, is the portion that attracts; to preserve from greater disfig- uration the land surface itself, the roots of the trees, and the foliage mass, preventing, in a way, the washing away of soil, the making of ditches, gutters, etc., on slopes and plains; the furnish- ing, in a purely economical way, if not ornamental, of material for furniture, casings and building furnishings. Now, like the division of labor among the people of a community, or the members cf the body, so the trees that drew their sustenance from the earth should and will return a hundredfold that which it has taken, by laying their coverlets of leaves to be converted into loam, by adding their tons of water to be returned as rain to feed spring and river. Added to all this, we have the shelter from storm and sun, the nuts, the home of birds, bees and beast; in short, it is impossible to enumerate the many uses which trees supply in the world. Bry- ant may well ask us the question, ‘‘What do we plant when we plant a tree?’’ The nations of the old world are already at work replacing the groves that were ruthlessly destroyed, and are sparing neither ex- pense nor labor in doing so. No one who considers the matter in a fair light but will add their voice in commendation of the work, not only in the old world, but in that much loved section of the new which bears the name 46 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPGR1 of Indiana. Since ‘‘The groves were God’s first temples’’ let us replace those temples which our own hands have so carelessly torn down. MARY MASON, Mecea, Ind. Seventh Grade. District No. 8. [Bulletin No. 19. Released July 7, 1911.] HAVE WE MADE GOOD? COME AND SEE. Is it possible to reforest Indiana? Can we make forest trees erow in Indiana? Are you interested in forest planting or keeping up your woodlot? If you are you should accept the invitation to visit the forest reservation on July 27th. Arrangements are be- ing made to show the people what has been accomplished in the way of forest planting in the past seven years. There have been over thirty tracts planted on the reserve with the following species: Ash, catalpa, yellow poplar, black locust, oak, hickory, elm, chest- nut, pecan, buckeye, coffeenut, sycamore. There you can see which are the most promising trees to plant in Indiana; the distance apart you should plant the various kinds of trees; how you should cultivate and prune them. Remember that an object lesson is worth more than what you read or what tree agents tell you. If you are interested it will be a good invest- ment for you to see the many fields and hillsides that have been successfully planted to forest trees. The reserve can be reached by going over the Pennsylvania line to Henryville, or over the Indianapolis and Louisville traction line. Take limited cars to Henryville. Local cars will let you off at the reserve. The reservation hack will meet all trains, and guides will be furnished who will show you around over the reserve, consisting of 2,000 acres. Some prominent people have been invited and are expected to attend. For additional information address the State Forester, Chas. C. Deam, Indianapolis, Ind. The prize essay bulletin resulted in much good. Pupils from all parts of the State entered the contest. Great interest was taken in it by county school superintendents, city school superintendents and teachers. Some teachers became so enthusiastic on the sub- State Boarp or ForReEstTRY. 47 ject that they gave their pupils three months’ work on forestry, and as many as eight essays were received from one school. The plan of offering a prize for the best essay has met with such success that the board has decided to offer prizes in 1912. The subject will be: ‘*Woodlot conditions in the county in which I re- side and suggestions for their improvement. ’’ Circular Letters—Several inquiries asking the title of books on forestry and conservation suggested the idea of writing the hbrarians of the State. Accordingly, on January 17, 1911, a cir- cular letter was mailed to the librarian of each library of the State calling his attention to the increased interest in the subjects of for- estry and conservation and asking him to supply his readers with literature covering these subjects. The following list was sent as a suggestion : CHOICE BOOKS ON FORESTRY. Practical Forestry, by John Gifford. D. Appleton & Co., 1902....... $1 25 A First Book of Forestry, by Filibert Roth. Ginn & Co., 1902....... 2 A Primer of Forestry, by Gifford Pinchot, Parts 1 and 2, Bulletin 24, U. S. Division of Forestry. North American Forests and Forestry, by Bruncken, Putnam & Sons, SORE ea tak ilinwe Sve cog- ans. Se eo dialta Ste SRI ae, = NRE SER etc pact a ess 2 00 Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada, by Hough, 1907. Published by author, Lowville, N. Y............. 8 00 Economics of Forestry, by Fernow. Crowell & Co., fourth edition.. 1 50 History of Forestry, by Fernow. University Press, Toronto, 1907.... 2 75 Care ot Trees, by Kernow. Holt’ & Co. 1910S, Piienks.... cme ones se % 2 00 Trees of the Northern United States, by Apgar. 1892. American ROOK SCO) i siee a aos: och 0.cv aiibssaa 5.0 ree nat NA io ane cutene = ave, 0° < aap 1 00 Manual of the Trees of North America, by Sargent. Houghton, Mifflin CO ei ocd 5 dG ai ern sae NSLS, SIG lta gauss aa ea oa 6 00 Report of the National Conservation Commission, three vols., 1909, Senate Document 676. Obtained through your Senator. The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States, by Chas R: Van Hise... Macmillan. Co: dO1Qme 2. .o" oc Oe 2-00 American Forestry, monthly magazine, published by American For- estry Association, Wasbingtom 2 oot 5 crc ieciee ieee ge ae ott, omens 1 00 Publications of the Department of Forestry of the U. S. Publications of the Department of Forestry, Minnesota, New York, Michigan, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Wis- consin, and others. Plant Life of Maryland, Vol. 8, published by the Weather Service of Maryland. The Forestry Reports of Indiana, Coulter’s “The Forest Trees of Indiana,” in the Trans. Ind. Horticultural Society for 1891, and Coulter’s “Catalogue of Indiana Plants,” published in Indiana Geological Report for 1899. [4—28415] 48 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT This year a preliminary study of the woodworking industries of the State was undertaken. Accordingly, in July a circular let- ter with a statistical blank and stamped reply envelope, to the number of 702, was sent to each of the woodworking industries of the State. About 260 replies were promptly received. The delin- quents were again written to, and in all 375 replies were promptly received. The data received is made the subject of a special re- port and will be found on page 59. Field Work.—tThe field work consisted in inspecting woodlots. in response to requests from owners who asked the secretary to examine their woodlots and to make suggestions as to how to im- prove and to manage them. Several plantations that were visited last year were revisited for the purpose of collecting additional data. The amount of field work was necessarily limited on ac- eount of lack of funds. The new plantations visited are deemed worthy of record and are as follows: County. Town. Floyd ieee. sat Edwardsville.... ulton..4:2.0- Rochester....... Hulton’): oe... Rochester....... Fulton........ Rochester....... Gibson........ IPatokaere eee Hamilton..... Carmel.. ae Hamilton..... Westfield... Henry. ecee New Castle... .. enryah) ee New Castle..... Henry........ New Castle..... Henry se see New Castle..... Henny spe New Castle..... Henrysnes. soe New Castle..... ONT Yeo New Castle..... Jefferson...... Madison......... Laporte....... Laporte......... Laporte....... Laporte......... Washington...| Salem........... Owner. Beard, pe fa aa et al.. Scott, Sere s Johnson, Weis. .c. .deeee Banger. Ces ee ee Hodson, Albert.......... Hodson, Albert.......... Painter, A. C Payne, J. M Stewart, Elton.......... Stewart, Elton.......... Irwin, Chas. E Bogserman, Chas........ Bosserman, Chas........ McCurrach, David...... Species. Trees. Acres. Blackiwalnut..25\2. eee 1 Ceralpe Paee ae ox 12;050>|Seeeneeee Wahi oo. 2. ne. os 600" 4 eee Wild cherry..... 4300). ea cae es atalpaacakese 1,000" ae eee Catalpara....cor 12005 | ek eee @atalpasosoe an 300)| ee aneniae ae Catalparees-atce 1,200:|| Ha Os tes oe Catalpai.s 2.72... cl eee 1 Chestntt;. «... 8. jee 1 Catalpae...-.o. - 1 ,000;||Saeneea es OCUStae seer T, OOO)\\ bearer ane Catalpadse. ee. 600 SRA eee Catalpass -.0-c.- 600 ie teree ose Weocusti+.s. ee 30,000) eee Catalpay. «io... . 2 lee Bia 13 Locust. oso nou eee 2 Black locust ay ieee 35,000 15 Some Features of the Climate of Indiana. BY VERNE H. CHURCH, SECTION DIRECTOR, U. S. WEATHER BUREAU. The absence of mountain ranges and large bodies of water with- in, or contiguous to, the State of Indiana, together with the level character of its surface, gives it a comparatively uniform climate. While Lake Michigan forms a part of the northern boundary, it has very little influence upon the climate of the State at large, as their relative positions do not permit of interchange of air cur- rents in the regular course of the prevailing southwesterly winds. There are local effects produced by the lake over a limited area in its immediate vicinity, however. Altitude, direction of slope, char- acter of surface, and various other influences affect the climate of individual localities, but for the State as a whole, the climate varies quite uniformly with the latitude. Following the rule which obtains where ideal climatic conditions prevail, there is a gradual increase in both temperature and precipitation from north to south, or, as it is often expressed, with decrease in latitude. The accompanying chart (Plate 3) shows that the annual mean temperature ranges from slightly less than 48 degrees in the extreme northern part of the State to slightly more than 56 degrees in the extreme southern and southwestern parts. The northern half be- ing comparatively level, the isotherms are more regular and more nearly parallel there than in the southern half, where the surface is much more broken. The irregularities in the isotherms are at- tributed chiefly to local causes. The cold area in Henry, Wayne, Rush, Fayette, Randolph, Franklin and Decatur counties is ex- plained by the fact that this section of the State has an altitude of more than 1,000 feet. The highest point in Indiana is 1,285 feet above sea level and is located in the southern part of Randolph County. A further examination of the chart discloses the fact that the Wabash Valley is practically as warm at Terre Haute as it is at the mouth of the Wabash River, a peculiarity attributed to the topography of that section. However, a discussion of the mean temperature does not nec- essarily give a true conception of the climate of a State as affected (49) 50 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE. Data compiled from records of Meteorological stations established 10 years or more. eLRnART ANeOL. —_-—- ——- r ALLEN e | ' H WHITLEY 4 | ' FULTON . ort waynes 503 | sasren | PULAS 2. es oi | 4 ‘ ARRLE ' H | ia I | if op ee ee P= —— ROMOMO 2° ' | Howaro ——— oo nN (nee eee oa | CLINTON 1 TIPTON 8 is Sandal ' ' a aa «| ' | 5 Pvacons ie | ° | 4 iT HAMILT JON rou Ape [ns GOMERY!. BOONE | AMI Oo ° ° AN@aRso! ¢ ' AR BORN) A Nn pier peeks mice v « € 542° PLATE 3. Strate Boarp or FORESTRY. 51 by the temperature element. Due consideration must be given to the highest and lowest temperatures reached in the locality under discussion. The temperature has a comparatively wide range, as the State of Indiana comes well within the influence of the pro- nounced cold waves which occasionally sweep down from the north- west over the central valleys. The distance from any large body of water is sufficient to prevent modifying influences from that source in either summer or winter, except over a small area in the extreme northwest corner bordering upon Lake Michigan. The temperature at all stations occasionally rises in summer to 95 de- erees or more, but these instances are rare. The hot periods are generally of short duration and interspersed with those of moder- ate temperatures and cool breezes, which tend to greatly lessen the effect of the summer heat and produce a climate that is de- hghtful rather than oppressive. It frequently occurs that the high- est temperature of a season is recorded in the central or northern part, while the lowest is sometimes recorded at a station well toward the southern end of the State. This is due to the fact that the areas of high and low barometrie pressure, which produce these extremes of temperature, cross the State with as great frequency over one portion as the other. It may so happen that, during a hot wave, the heat is more intense in the northern. half of the State, while on the other hand, a cold wave may be more severely felt in the southern half. It is also true that the records of in- dividual stations are more or less affected by local topographic features. The lowest temperatures reached during a season, or period of years, have a greater effect upon the character of vege- tution than do the highest temperatures. The length of the growing season has a more direct and de- cisive influence than is exerted by the minimum temperatures. TE SE ES OT Lesa meee GSS EES 7 SW 02 ee eee ESS ee Ee Oe CE IIS OS SE Sy SEE CESSES CS GEE OI 9 2 7 2 2 ome) Gee LESS OS DD Ga NEE GE Sa UL) EEE GE) SS SSS CES SE GE eS SSS SST et | — SSS CS ee SS) CES eo ff Se SS Se Ee i | | 4 CLikakal SaIaaL es pL Cg CL LLL £1 Cl Ad i Li eee tell ten. Coe I A LT -—$—<—<———— es OI = OSL at al Se err esas eS MILLION mM EE Mate pa OPP a 3 SESS GI IOS Fe eee EE LLL LE EE ee a ——— ae aoe SS a ae I or SS ES G0 tt EB LE, —$— LS SE FE Fay a OIL ISIE L | a Oa A, tf N \ N N t. POM Ah EO 8 ae ee Cob Ah Akkikdd Aha DID DDD DOD ee, TO ba hnhnh AA huh eh hick ehiul dh At————___—__A4_ A Did os. hora ah ah rahi ahhh hart oh 1) DIOOa Se. 4 VET w a. : Ia aaa ——a | to rary = =r Sao: s == ». ae . ——— PT -——— =. te COL MALL! DAAM4 4 -s ane 1am SOON Iae. * a sn OLMIS OL LL | | SCALE OF SHADKS—Inches. Ll BS A & & Less than 36. 36 to 88. ~ 38 to 40. 40 to 42. more than 42. PLATE 6. Strate BoarpD oF Forestry. 57 below normal. It is now conceded by scientists that if any long period changes are taking place they are of a secular nature, and, therefore, not to be considered in a discussion of this character. The following graphic charts (Figs. 2 and 3) represent the mean temperature and annual precipitation, respectively, for the State of Indiana for the twenty-four-year period, 1887 to 1910, in- elusive. These records are compiled from all of the observations made during that time at the regular and cooperative stations of the United States Weather Bureau, which are about sixty in num- ber. & ER SSS ESS SSSR ee a oe ape a L262 oe Se 2 aes ae Gass GSI ee Wc | je a es aS, Ce a ae) ae ee a GP FP SD ae ee a SE S <3 SSN NINES SSISISSISSSSSIS eee Se 4 = SS be SS eS SS ee Ge ee ees ee ee Eas Ea eee eee Taq fo. Willer ATE UI 2729 HOU rT 272 TA {| iS } a rT TUS Fig. 3. Average precipitation for Indiana, 1887-1910. In order to illustrate the regularity of the temperature and rainfall elements during successive periods of vears, the following table has been prepared : 1887-90 1891-95 1896-00 1901-05 1906-10 Mean temperature (° F.)....52.1 52.3 53.1 51.5 52.4 Av. precipitation (inches) ...40.38 37.32 39.91 37.75 40.67 This grouping into periods shows that while slight fluctuations in temperature, and considerable ones in precipitation, have taken place during successive periods, there is no permanent increase or decrease indicated, and the variations are irregular as to the time of their occurrence. | The effects of forests upon climate is a subject that has been freely discussed, and various opinions prevail regarding the extent and nature of their influence. Authentic records of observations 58 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT made in different parts of the globe extending back for a period of several hundred years would be required to determine this point definitely ; but, unfortunately, such records are lacking. The avail- «ble data on the subject show that certain local effects are pro- duced by forests, but the temperature and precipitation of a region are not materially influenced or controlled by them. A few records in the United States date back to a time when the country was largely forested, and comparison made between these and records made since the forests were removed, indicate that no important er distinctive changes in temperature or precipitation have taken place as a result of such removal. Experiments along this line are being conducted jointly by the United States Bureau of Forestry and the United States Weather Bureau. lai opiate, 3a sy oe en 27 50 GGSEMIIG EM ee een eee ae, he gael coeur saetahoay re) ps aelisten “OPI 19 00 GO TEGIUWOOE A cote ere hrs bik Sie ee Saat piePedatat oh eye te oe NE 27 00 En et ee Se iat aie ial a trlesmnos Shae Caan een 18 00 “Se ae eee I ea gS 1 a tM a rer SSO oar Re NS 12 00 MTT Oe a ee eet ee oe os hs WF eb, Sole. wee ga ales) bon See she OR 16 50 ERGIRO TVs i acd fea cacao Ee eg eter hes eames} obiasy omen oU eae Rone 30 00 MATT ORAALY Gi Pie ete eais ww ews FR Ge Se ote cede erw Ones 107 00 MVADIC ea bich boc le aks Fv ass oe owe ee ae revels mona oye te Oe 16 00 (FT Se ROOT a aly ae eee aR abe Wee ga ae EE ar Sse Se ere 30 00 Oaks quartered. ycves wes he ee ve oR coke ep ns Se earn 62 00 POC ee ce ee aE Who SESIEIEE oT RO een ees tay sae 23 00 Pees Lada 1) ae eas orca tier one Aa bow Sestrri erin arnt Qe icion ec tr ect © 30 00 Si CAMMOT Cunt lie aciclicanidia sleream cpg eres aba Oke Cote | ieacares Seema erms 15 00 =i) oo | Rae eRe ote ania re PAC Seat Re PRICE An ye Gem art Mert eriade ocr pety > O- 36 00 Wellow? Opler sec co cc oe - sroste ohieltienciens enim a: Chevom Reva 27 00 TABLES SHOWING SOURCES OF LUMBER. (232 Concerns Reporting. ) The list indicates the kinds of industries and the number of each. Industries Using 75 Per Cent. or More From Indiana. Baskets, 3; excelsior, 1; furniture, 12; hubs and rims, 1; nov- elties, 2; plow handles, crates, porch furniture, 1; saddle trees, 4; saw lumber and dimension stock, 61; slack cooperage, 6; sled run- ners, bows, boxes, 1; spokes and hubs, 1; store fixtures, 13 igh cooperage, 1; tool handles, 6; veneers, 3; wagons, 3; washing ma- chines, 1. Total, 108. Industries Using From 50 Per Cent. to 75 Per cent. From Indiana. Furniture, 3: extension tables, 1; handles, 1; lumber, 1; lumber and planing mill products, 1; pianos, 1; spokes and scythe snaths, 1; vehicles, 1; veneers, 1; wagons, 2. Total, 13. State Boarp or Fornstry. 65 Industries Using From 25 Per Cent. to 50 Per Cent. From Indiana. Agricultural implements, 1; bowling alleys, 1; chairs, 2; crates, 1; excelsior, 1; flooring, 2; furniture, 1; handles, 3; hoops, 1; light vehicles, 1; lumber and veneer, 2; pianos, 1; posts, 1; staves and heading, 1; store, office and bank fixtures, 1; toys, 1; veneer, 1; wagons and hubs, 1. ‘Total, 23. industries Using From 1 Per Cent. to 25 Per Cent. From Indiana. Baskets, 1; boats, 1; boxes and cooperage, 2; brooms and mops, 1; caskets and coffins, 3; cooperage and woodenware, 1; crating and boxes, 4; furniture, 22; lawn furniture, 1; lumber, 6; lumber and planing mill products, 1; pianos, 2; planing mill products, 1; porch furniture, 1; toys, 1; school desks, 1; veneers, 3; wagons, 1; wood turnings, ete., 1. Total, 56. Industries Using No Lumber From Indiana. Brooms, 1; butter packages, 1; caskets, 5; cedar chests and boxes, 1; children’s wagons and sleds, 1; cigar boxes, 1; closet seats, 1; furniture, 3; interior trim, 1; lumber, 3; lumber and dimension stock, 1; office furniture, 1; packing boxes, 1; plows, 1; porch col- umns, 1; sash and frames, 1; shipping cases, 1; trunks, 1; vehicle stock, 3; veneer, 1; wheels, 1; whisky barrels, 2. Total, 33. Although the great centers of lumbering are somewhat remote irom Indiana, yet it is probable that a large number of wood-using industries will always remain in the State. Many kinds of wood industries will always keep closer to areas of dense population than to the great lumbering regions, for extensive forest regions cannot have a dense population. In the case of furniture-making it will doubtless be more profitable to keep the factories near the markets and transportation lines, and ship in the logs or dimen- sion stock from the lumbering regions. Indiana is a broad gateway between the East and West and through this wide opening between the Ohio River and Lake Mich- igan the great continental railroads must pass. With large forest areas to the north and south of us, this State will always have a large number of wood-using industries which must be near great population centers and transportation lines. Indianapolis, with its railroad facilities and abundant labor and capital, is the leading Indiana center of wood-using industries. This city is one of the great veneering centers of the United States. Evansville is advantageously situated for wood-using industries. 66 E.eventn ANNUAL REPoRT Located on the Ohio River, it stands almost at the gateway of the hardwood region of Kentucky, Tennessee and West. Virginia. If a more complete study of the wood-using industries of Indi- ana is to be made by the State Board of Forestry for the use and benefit of the people of this State, and especially for the manufac- turers of wood products, it certainly must be urged that more com- plete answers be given to the questions which are sent to the wood- using industries. Reports not complete nor accurate can be of only doubtful value. If each concern will make a full and correct state- ment, a study and report can be made by the State Board of For- estry which will be of great use to the wood-using industries and to the producers of wood. The Rate of Growth of Certain Species of Native Trees of the State Reservation. BY STANLEY COULTER, PH.D., DEAN OF SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, DIRECTOR OF LABORATORY, PURDUE UNIVERSITY. A fairly accurate knowledge of the rate of growth of the dif- ferent species of trees used in the industries is evidently a matter of extreme importance. ‘‘The very existence of a problem of forest conservation is dependent upon the question of timber pro- duction. If production falls below consumption at present or threatens to in the future the problem is very real. If the produc- tion exceeds consumption there is obviously no problem of con- servation to solve.’”! It is also clear that upon a knowledge of the growth-rate of trees must depend the correct answer to the oft-repeated question concerning the time necessary to bring certain species to market- able size. The whole question of the economic possibilities in the reforestation of denuded areas, of the returns to be expected in the shorter rotations for the production of post and tie stuff depends upon our knowledge of the growth rate of the forms with which we are dealing. So many factors enter in the determination of the rate of tree srowth that studies of this nature must be regional. The results are necessarily of fairly limited application. Some of the factors determining tree growth are composition and strength of soil, its porosity, the soil moisture, the exposure to light, the topography and the chmate. It is evident that conclusions drawn from a study of tree growth in New York or Arkansas might not, in- ceed almost certainly would not, be correct for Indiana. Before further intelligent progress could be hoped for in for- estal enterprises in the State it was necessary that accurate data bearing upon this question should be collected. Studies in the rate of growth of various tree species had previously been made by Ziegler’ and the approximate rate of growth given for the north- 1 Ziegler, HE. A. Rate of Forest Growth. Report of The National Conservation Commission. Vol. 2, p. 203, 1. 909. 2 Ziegler, E. A., loc. cit. 68 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT ern forests, the central hardwood forests, the southern forests, the Rocky Mountain forests and the Pacific Coast forests. A reference to the tables in that report will show that the results obtained in the studies set out in the present paper are in substantial agree- ment with his conclusions. In undertaking this study it was assumed that only those por- tions of the State which are untillable could be profitably devoted to timber production. True conservation consists in using every natural resource in the line of its highest value. In Indiana agri- eultural areas should, therefore, be devoted to agriculture and only those regions unfit for this devoted to forestry. In the main these regions lie in the southern counties of the State and more especially in what is known as the ‘‘Knobs.’’ The material for the first series of studies was collected from the State Forest Reserve in Clark County. The reserve embraces 2,000 acres and may be taken as fairly representative of ecological conditions prevalent over wide areas in our southern counties. The topography is broken, with elevations ranging from 500 feet above sea-level to 1,000 feet above sea-level. The soil of the tract varies from a loose to a compact clay. Though receiving the average amount of rainfall, the soil 1s usually hard and dry, not only because of the character of the soil, but also because of the quick run-off. The land is practically untillable, a statement veri- fied by the fact that the tract was purchased for eight ($8) dollars an acre. The timber to meet the future demands in Indian must, in the main, be taken from this region, which is sufficient reason for beginning these studies upon material collected at the State Forest Reserve. The sections were taken from trees whose diameters were as near 12 inches, breast high (43 feet), as could be secured. This size was chosen because at that diameter a tree is not only fit for firewood, poles and posts, but will also furnish a fairly good grade of lumber. Lumbermen, indeed, almost invariably cut below this diameter. Under present conditions trees from 12 to 16 inches in diameter may be classed as ‘‘saw-timber.’’ It is evident that the time required to produce posts, tie, pole and firewood material can be determined as well as the time to produce first-grade timber. The species selected for the study were the following: Serub or Jersey pine (Pinus virginiana Miller). Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.). Black or pignut hickory (Hicoria glabra (Miller) Britton). Strate Boarp or Forestry. 69 Shellback hickory (Hicoria ovata (Miller) Britton). Birch (Betula nigra L.). Beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart). Chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh.). White oak (Quercus alba L.). Searlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muench. ). Chestnut oak (Quercus Prinus L.). Red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Black oak (Quercus velutina Lamarck). White elm (Ulmus americana L.). Yellow poplar (Liriodendron Tulipifera L.). Red or sweet gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua I.). Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.). Black or sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica Marshall). White ash (Fraxinus americana L.). Ten trees of each of the above species were cut and a disk four inches thick was taken from a point 44 feet above the ground. Credit should be given to Mr. Ambrose Waltman, custodian of the State Forest Reserve, for his skillful selection of the individual trees for cutting and his careful preparation of the disks for the studies. The individual trees were selected from different expos- ures, different elevations and different soils where it was possible, in order to secure average conditions as nearly as might be. The following record was made for each specimen, the sheet being taken at random: TREE NUMBER 48. Species.—Shellbark Hickory. Character of Soil_—Sandy loam. Depth of Sowl.—About four feet deep with shale bottom. Exposure.—In ravine. Associate Trees Within a Radius of Fifty Feet, Arranged in Order of Abundance.—1 black oak, 3 white oaks, 1 ash, 3 shell- bark hickories. The Size of Associate Trees —3/7 inches; 3/10 inches; 1/14 inches; 1/16 inches. Total Height of Tree.—Seventy-nine feet. Diameter at 44 feet, 12.2 inches; 84 feet, 12.2 inches; 124 feet. 12.1 inches; 164 feet, 12 inches; 204 feet, 11.9 inches; 2423 feet, 10.9 inches, 70 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Length to Main Branch.— 44 feet, 6 inches. Length of Clear Bole.—20 feet, 6 inches. Width of Crown.—25 feet. It was impossible because of press of other duties to consider all of the data included with sufficient care to justify conclusions which would be at all suggestive. It is fairly certain that on such a limited tract soil differences are not sufficiently marked to seriously affect the rate of tree growth. The indications are that under such conditions soil moisture and exposure are factors secur- ing the most evident response. The data, however, are too meager to warrant any definite statements as to their effect. The determination of the age of the specimen was by the fa- miliar annual ring method. Evidently by counting these rings and adding the time necessary for the tree to reach the height from which the section was taken, the age of the tree from which the specimen was cut can be obtained. Before counting the annual rings several (usually four or five) diameter measurements were taken. The results of these measurements were then averaged and the resultant taken as the true diameter of the section. A place on the disk was then found having the average diameter. The rings were then counted in groups of ten years, the limit of each group being marked on a line of the radius. The decades were then measured and tabulated in order of age with the growth for the decade. The measurements are accurate to one-tenth of an inch. Each of the ten specimens of the eighteen species was thus meas- ured and tabulated under its species heading. These measurements were made under my supervision at the Forestry Laboratory at Purdue University by Messrs. C. J. Tay- lor and W. P. Brodie of the class of 1911. They were made with extreme care and at my suggestion inany of them were later re- peated in order that no question might arise as to the accuracy of the measurements. Without the skillful and intelligent work of these young men this paper would not have been possible at the present time. These tabulations were made the basis of a series of curves which showed graphically the rate of growth of the species studied. From this series of curves the conclusions drawn in this paper are derived, | State BoarpD oF FORESTRY. 11 The work of Messrs. Taylor and Brodie indicate the following results by species: Birch.—The average rate of growth in the material examined was .1 inch per year, the period of most rapid and uniform growth being from the tenth to the seventieth year. The taper is 2.2 inches for every ten feet. In the specimens examined no absolute conclusion ean be drawn as to the age at which profitable growth ceases, although a study of the curve would indicate it to be at about the one hundred twenty-fifth year. Chestnut—The average growth rate is .2 inch per year, the period of most rapid growth being from the tenth to the fiftieth year, although in some specimens the growth becomes less as early as the thirtieth year. The taper is 1.4 inches for each ten feet. Beech.—The beech grows extremely slowly, showing an average in the specimens studied of only .07 of an inch per year. Its period of most rapid growth is from the first decade to the fourteenth and apparently profitable growth ceases at approximately one hundred eighty years. The taper is 1.2 inches for each ten feet. Wiute Ash.—The white ash shows an average growth rate of .1 of an inch per year, the period of rapid growth being from the tenth to the sixtieth year. At sixty years the annual growth rate decreases and profitable growth ceases at approximately ninety years. White ash has a taper of 1.6 inches for each ten feet. Black or Pignut Hickory—This species in the region under consideration is an extremely slow grower, showing an annual erowth rate of only .08 of an inch. Its growth is very uniform, although in the specimens studied its most rapid growth seemed to take place between the one hundredth and one hundred thirtieth years. It is probable from an examination of the curve that profit- able growth ceases at about one hundred fifty years. The taper is 1.2 inches for each ten feet. Shellbark Hickory—tThis species shows an annual growth of .05 of an inch. Its growth is quite uniform, being perhaps slightly more rapid between the seventieth and the one hundred twentieth years. Profitable growth ceases at about the close of this period of rapid growth. The taper is 1.2 inches for each ten feet. Black Walnut.—This species shows an annual growth rate of .16 of an inch. The growth is uniform up to the fortieth year, the period of most rapid growth being from the tenth to the fortieth 72 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT years. After the eightieth year its growth rate decreases sharply and profitable growth would cease at approximately one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five years. The taper of walnut is 1.6 inch for each ten feet. Red or Sweet Gum.—The annual growth rate of this species 1S 12 of an inch. The growth is uniform and rapid up to about the seventieth year. At about one hundred years the growth rate de- creases so sharply as to make it fairly certain that under the con- ditions existing at the State Forest Reserve profitable growth would end at that age. The taper is 1.6 of an inch for each ten feet.. Yellow Poplar or Tulip Tree—This species shows an annual erowth rate of .22 of an inch. The rate of growth is uniform and rapid from the tenth to the fortieth year. Profitable growth does not cease until about the one hundredth year. The taper is 1.2 inches for each ten feet. Black or Sour Gum.—tThis is another slow growing species, showing an average annual growth rate of .08 of an inch. Its growth is uniform from the tenth to the one hundred and twentieth year and its profitable growth apparently continues far beyond that time. The taper is 1.2 inches for each ten feet. Scrub or Jersey Pine-—This species shows an average annual growth rate of .16 of an inch. The growth is uniform up to the fortieth year, at which time the annual increment decreases. The period of most rapid growth 1s from the tenth to the fortieth years. While these pines attain considerable size on the ‘‘ Knobs’’ the large trees are almost invariably ‘“doty’’ at the base, so that the species, in spite of its apparent promise, is not an especially desirable one to plant or encourage. The taper is .4 of an inch for each ten feet. Sycamore.—The sycamore shows an average annual growth rate of 2 of an inch, The most rapid and uniform growth is from the tenth to the fortieth year. After the sixtieth year the annual growth rate decreases rapidly. The taper is 1.2 inches for each ten feet. White Oak.—White oak shows an annual growth rate of .08 of an inch. The period of the most uniform and rapid growth is from the twentieth to the one hundredth years. The curves derived from the specimens studied do not indicate at what time profitable erowth ceases. The taper is 1.6 inches for each ten feet. STATE BOARD oF FORESTRY. 73 Scarlet Oak.—The average annual growth rate of this species is .15 of an inch. The growth is uniform and rapid from the tenth to the eightieth years. Its profitable increase continues far beyond this period, although even its approximate limit cannot be given from the data in hand. The taper is 1.4 inches for each ten feet. Chestnut Oak.—This species shows an average annual diameter increase of .14 of an inch. The most rapid growth is from the tenth to the seventieth years. Growth ceases to be profitable at approximately one hundred vears. The taper is 1.6 inches for each ten feet. Red Oak.—The average annual growth rate of red oak is .13 of an inch. The period of most rapid growth is from the tenth to the sixtieth years. The specimens examined showed a period of exceptionally rapid growth between the fiftieth and sixtieth years. Profitable growth ceases at approximately one hundred and twenty years. The taper is 1.8 inches for each ten feet. Black Oak.—This species of oak shows an average annual srowth rate of .16 of an inch, with the period of most rapid growth between the twentieth and seventieth years. Profitable increase apparently ceases at about one hundred years. The taper is 1.6 inches for each ten feet. White Eim.—The white elm shows an average annual growth rate of .16 of an inch. The time of most rapid and uniform growth is from the tenth to the fiftieth years. After the fiftieth year growth is extremely slow. The taper is 2.4 inches for each ten feet. It was assumed that to reach a height of four and one-half feet would require five years, so that in each case five was added to the number of rings counted. Great care was used to avoid including the so-called ‘‘ false rings’’ in the count and as such rings are fairly easily recognized it is believed that this source of error has been eliminated. Jn cases where the rings were very narrow and not sharply distinct, they were brought out by using phloroglucin and sulphuric acid. Finally, as each disk had its number and datum sheet, 1t was a simple matter to check back in cases where the measurements seemed doubtful. The curves of growth are not ineluded in this report, because few persons have had sufficient practice to interpret them correctly. Both the disks and these 74 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT curve-plats are on deposit at the Forest Laboratory of Purdue University and may be examined by any one interested in the ques- tion of tree-growth. | It is to be remembered that the results of these measurements hold only for the region studied or for regions having similar eco- logic conditions. Doubtless in the southwestern counties, with their deep and rich alluvial soil, the growth would be found to be very much more rapid. It will be observed also that for several of the species the conditions obtaining at the reserve are distinctly un- favorable. The hard, compact, dry soil would without question ereatly lessen the growth rate of such species as sweet gum, black walnut and sycamore, trees which find the conditions of maximum development in rich, deep, loose and moist alluvial soils. Taking all of these matters into consideration, however, we are forced to the conclusion that the production of timber material takes not merely care and skill, but time, and that the time re- quired is much longer than is usually thought and evidently very much longer than the average tree agent states. While the number of trees examined under each species is far too few to warrant definite conclusions, no doubt exists in my own mind that the re- sults obtained are fairly indicative of forestal probabilities and possibilities in such regions as those under consideration. As it is from just such regions that the future timber supply must come, the significance of these conclusions becomes evident. It is evident that some of the species indicated have a possible utilization before they reach a diameter of twelve inches. Every forest which gives the maximum returns requires ‘‘thinning’’ from time to time in order that the trees which are to remain until they reach ‘‘saw-timber’’ size may have room for growth. The utiliza- tion of these thinning cuttings is therefore a question of great im- portance in forest management. At a diameter of six inches cer- tain species have a value as posts; at eight inches many species have a fair value for handles, pulp, spools, props, and fuel; at eleven inches, under present methods ‘‘tie’’ size is reached. It follows that many species which it would not be profitable to bring to saw-timber size, might be very promising as furnishing ma- terial for the products where a less diameter is required. Table T attempts to place these facts in such form as to be readily under- stood. SratE BoarD oF FORESTRY. 75 TABLE I. Ave. Diameter Average Eight Inches. | Ave. Diameter Diameter. (Handle, Ex- | Twelve Inches. SPECIES. Six Inches. tract, Pulp, (Ties, Poles, (Posts. ) Spools, Props, | Saw-timber), Years. Fuel Wood.) Years. Years. | BU GN os rec OA AEE tia SE SEL CTE oe S bec ce bine 48 60 100 Chestwit ee Fee eee ee Oe eae 29 42 60 ICCC a See ee eee en kere en 75 100 150 Wines sheet ket eee cin ete ees scarce 44 70 110 Black thichkoryict eet eevee ee oe be. eee nk acs 95 120 150 Shellbarkihickoryso tere ono co © anaes ko 100 150 210 Black walnut ties ac teccs sh ote ae cs eee 32 45 70 Mellow-poplary.|..5) 54h ee tae ek Meee. 28 38 60 Redior sweetiewmnl, Hy geiy cacteetc set ce aoe ws stein 48 60 100 BisekOr/Ssour Puma. cient iste: 5 Eocene 74 100 150 SCLUDDINE sehr s tie oe cite teehee ERMA: 5 a osc 25 35 80 DMCAINIONGR srarcelece ashes ccoittet tte nae esha ae tee abe io kes aoe 60 70 94 Wihiteo dee... canna aa lt gar 60 80 120 SCanletioagk Pe. tales es Nee. Sw. a aches ae Bicone a 42 54 80 @hestnutoaks.ciw 2) (aerate oe oc tert ae tere 41 52 80 COO alets ter... eee eee 3 fe Se SY ee 48 58 84 Bac Galore Milstankeeke roe eee tee Bee. 3. ie 44 57 73 VARI GenG Lae hie ema he en Va eR i Le 27 35 56 These figures, it must be borne in mind, are based in each case upon an examination of only ten specimens and are to be regarded as indicative rather than as absolute statements as to the exact number of years required to reach the diameter mentioned. The figures represent the average growth rate of ten individual trees of each species under the conditions described earlier in the paper. For such regions there is little doubt that the shellbark and black or pignut hickories are the most slowly growing forms, while the scrub pine, chestnut, yellow poplar, black walnut and white ash are those which under the conditions named show the most rapid erowth. It is probable also that the ratio existing between thes2 orowth rates is expressed with practical accuracy in the results given. It is beyond question that under proper management the di- ameters named would be attained in a much shorter time. In a strong, loose, properly drained soil, with proper management the time required would be very greatly reduced. This conclusion 1s borne cut by the results obtained in the experimental plats at the Forest Reserve. An examination of the reports of the Secretary upon these plats is sufficient justification for this conclusion. A study of Table 1 will indicate promising species for post stuff, for handles, pulp, props, fuel wood, and ties. These species may well be encouraged and given the care necessary to secure their most rapid growth. 76 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Even taking into consideration all of the factors involved, the fact remains that individual peculiarities of growth, in the limited number of specimens examined under each species, may in some eases have modified the results to such an extent that the figures given do not express the true average annual growth rate. This variance in growth rate in different individuals of the same species under practically identical conditions is shown in Table II, modified from that prepared by Messrs. Taylor and Brodie. TABLE II. SHortest TIME IN WuicH INDIVIDUAL TREES REACHED A DIAMETER OF SIx INCHES AND OF TWELVE INCHES. Six Fach Sixtnch | “Twelve Inch i Imeleeanren Serene Diameter Diameter | Diameter Diameter = Shortest Average From | Shortest Average From Time. Table I. Time. Table I. Years Years Years. Years Birchmeier ee coe eae eae 38 48 70 100 Whesinutencs 0.0 tice rte 18 29 38 60 Beeebye). cae te Aa hs eee ne 60 75 90 150 Wihite tasks oe ee. ae 28 44 58 110 Biackwhiekory:. 002+ soso. ae J eee 75 95 130 150 Shellbark hickory............... 80 100 150 210 Blackiwalnutin. soc. oc eha ee ead 22 32 40 70 Sweetigum... ccc. cece eae ces ee 40 48 62 100 Wellow,poplarsisss is. etc eee 18 28 40 60 Black or sour gum............... 54 74 120 150 Scrub or Jersey pine.............. 20 25 40 80 SVCAMOTO? eens cel ee nto 16 60 30 94 Whitevoaksn nie a2 ee 45 60 70 120 Searletioaks si. Piccard acne 28 42 55 | 80 Chestnutioakies:: 02232 ee 31 41 50 80 Blaclioaliensrn sce ee eee 34 44 50 73 Whiterelma) 2 oe oe are 19 Di 32 56 These variations in growth rate show conclusively that the figures given are relative and not absolute and that they will prob- ably require modification upon the examination of a larger num- ber of specimens. There is also the suggestion to be drawn from this table that in the reinforcement of existing woodlots or in the reforestation of denuded areas only seed coming from rapidly crowing trees should be utilized. This is especially important in the work of reinforcing existing wooded areas if satisfactory finan- cial returns are secured. The solution of the problem of the timber supply in Indiana lies largely in the hands of woodlot owners. If the woodlots are made to carry their full load of such species as will come to marketable size within a reasonable time, the prob- lem is practically solved. From tables one and two data can be secured which will make it possible to undertake this reinforcement in an intelligent way and with every assurance of success. State BoarpD OF FORESTRY. rT A further study of the data reveals the fact that the form of trees studied is not good. The clear bole is not as long as it should be and the taper is too great. In all probability the failure of the trees to develop a clean bole is largely due to the fact that the land is not carrying its full load of trees in consequence of which the branches have not been naturally pruned. It is possible, also, that in some limited areas this condition has arisen from the fact that the soil was not strong enough to carry a sufficient number of trees to insure good form. This condition is shown by the following tables of species cov- ering length of clear bole, height to main branch and total height. BIRCH. Tree No. Length of clear Bole. Height to main branch. Total height of tree. 61 16 feet 6 inches 22 feet 60 feet 64 16 feet 24 feet 52 feet 6 inches 65 16 feet 6 inches 20 feet 9 inches 60 feet 70 12 feet 6 inches 20 feet 64 feet 71 20 feet 6 inches 32 feet 65 feet 75 24 feet 25 feet 60 feet 6 inches 74 ; 12 feet 13 feet 6 inches 56 feet 91 17 feet 6 inches 17 feet 6 inches 61 feet 98 20 feet 21 feet 60 feet 99 12 feet 15 feet 56 feet 9 inches CHESTNUT. 101 12 feet 6 inches 14 feet 52 feet 118 20 feet 6 inches 24 feet 68 feet 126 10 feet 6 inches 11 feet 68 feet 131 16 feet 6 inches 20 feet 56 feet 132 16 feet 17 feet 60 feet 133 16 feet 6 inches 20 feet 58 feet 137 18 feet 20 feet ' 56 feet 157 24 feet 32 feet 68 feet 158 16 feet 20 feet 58 feet 159 10 feet 14 feet 6 inches 52 feet BEECH. 7 16 feet 6 inches 18 feet 60 feet 4 inches 117 8 feet 6 inches 12 feet 68 feet 122 24 feet 40 feet 92 feet 125 12 feet 20 feet 60 feet 130 12 feet 6 inches 16 feet 66 feet 136 12 feet 14 feet 72 feet 138 8 feet 16 feet 68 feet 139 10 feet 20 feet 56 feet 140 9 feet 20 feet 58 feet 141 12 feet 6 inches 24 feet 60 feet 78 Tree No. 22 47 62 83 87 109 119 121 127 161 10 17 41 44 55 81 107 146 147 148 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Length of clear Bole. 22 feet 20 feet 9 inches 20 feet 6 inches 16 feet 13 feet 20 feet 32 feet 28 feet 6 inches 24 feet 13 feet BLACK OR PIGNUT HICKORY. 16 feet 10 inches 19 feet 16 feet 6 inches 16 feet 6 inches 16 feet 9 inches 20 feet 28 feet 28 feet 16 feet 6 inches 20 feet WHITE ASH. Height to main branch. 22 feet 9 inches 28 feet 6 inches 34 feet 22 feet 24 feet 20 feet 45 feet 32 feet 26 feet 14 feet 27 feet 9 inches 23 feet 20 feet 6 inches 22 feet 32 feet 32 feet 44 feet 6 inches 45 feet 24 feet 32 feet SHELLBARK HICKORY. 17 feet 12 feet 9 inches 20 feet 6 inches 20 feet 6 inches 12 feet 6 inches 12 feet 20 feet 20 feet 20 feet 6 inches 32 feet 6 inches 20 feet 6 inches 24 feet 20 feet 42 feet 30 feet 12 feet 12 feet 6 inches 8 feet 10 feet 29 feet 30 feet 23 feet 36 feet 32 feet 28 teet 28 feet 28 feet 32 feet BLACK WALNUT. 32 feet 6 inches 34 feet 34 feet 22 feet 44 feet 32 feet 32 feet 13 feet 8 feet 10 feet Total height of tree. 69 feet 58 feet 6 inches 62 feet 54 feet 59 feet 68 feet 6 inches 72 feet 6 inches 80 feet 68 feet 6 inches 58 feet 52 feet 6 inches 72 feet 72 feet 58 feet 9 inches 78 feet 6 inches 80 feet 80 feet 64 feet 72 feet 68 feet 69 feet S80 feet 6 inches 76 feet 9 inches 69 feet 62 feet 6 inches 72 feet 64 feet 72 feet 62 feet 72 feet 80 feet 72 feet 68 feet 86 feet 80 feet 48 feet 44 feet 6 inches 40 feet 48 feet Tree No. 13 14 19 84 89 102 148 149 150 153 32 82 108 113 115 116 120 128 Strate BoarD oF FORESTRY. RED OR SWEET GUM. Length of clear Bole. 31 feet 22 feet 27 feet 6 inches 12 feet 6 inches 13 feet 6 inches 8 feet 28 feet 6 inches 32 feet 20 feet 16 feet Height to main branch. 34 feet S inches 24 feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet Total height of tree. 68 66 82 57 65 60 60 72 80 64 YELLOW POPLAR OR TULIP TREE. 12 feet 6 inches 8 feet 28 feet 20 feet 45 feet 28 feet 32 feet 6 inches 20 feet 24 feet 6 inches 28 feet BLACK OR SOUR GUM. 30 feet 6 inches 30 feet 6 inches 388 feet 25 feet 6 inches 24 feet 20 feet 6 inches 27 feet 24 feet 6 inches 24 feet 24 feet 28 feet 6 inches SCRUB OR JERSEY PINE. 17 feet 9 inches 20 feet 9 inches 17 feet 6 inches 22 feet 8 feet 9 inches 9 feet 12 feet 9 inches 16 feet 9 inches 12 feet 9 feet [6—28415] PAL 20 42 feet feet feet 24 feet 47 45 49 30 36 32 feet feet feet feet feet feet 388 feet 35 feet 30 28 feet 27 feet 36 25 feet 6 inches 25 32 feet 28 feet feet feet feet 36 feet 28 38 feet feet 9 feet 10 feet 16 20 feet feet 18 feet 10 feet 62 64 76 70 89 84 88 69 78 72 65 feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet 4 feet 8 feet feet 6 feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet 6 feet feet feet 6 feet 9 feet 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet 6 inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches Tree No. 73 67 103 110 112 11 12 16 33 38 45 46 161 155 156 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Length of clear Bole. 15 feet 8S inches 20 feet 20 feet 17 feet 9 inches 12 feet 28 feet 12 feet 20 feet 12 feet 8 feet 12 feet 6 inches 25 feet 6 inches 12 feet 6 inches 20 feet 6 inches 8 feet 6 inches 16 feet 9 inches 16 feet 6 inches 14 feet 20 feet 24 feet 6 inches 27 feet 6 inches 16 feet 8 inches 25 feet 8 feet 9 inches 20 feet 6 inches 16 feet 9 inches 16 feet 6 inches 20 feet 6 inches 28 feet 16 feet 6 inches 18 feet 9 inches 22 feet 21 feet 3 inches 16 feet 6 inches 18 feet 6 inches 12 feet 6 inches 12 feet 6 inches 16 feet 6 inches 20 feet 20 feet SYCAMORE. Height to main branch. 22 feet 30 feet 45 feet 30 feet 16 feet 40 feet 16 feet 24 feet 14 feet S feet WHITH OAK. 14 feet 27 feet 6 inches 15 teet 81 feet 6 inches 22 feet 23 feet 24 feet 16 feet 6 inches 20 feet 27 feet SCARLET OAK. 30 feet 22 feet 35 feet 30 feet 28 feet 6 inches . 24 feet 26 feet 22 feet 40 feet 30 feet CHESTNUT OAK. 20 feet 23 feet 6 inches 28 feet 18 feet 18 feet 6 inches 18 feet 18 feet 19 feet 24 feet 32 feet Total height of tree. 65 G1 68 64 feet feet 6 inches feet 6 inches feet feet feet 64 feet 62 261 51 66 58 68 68 feet feet feet feet 6 inches feet 6 inches feet feet feet 9 inches feet 6 inches feet feet 6 inches feet 6 inches feet feet 5 inches feet feet feet 9 inches feet feet 6 inches feet feet feet feet feet 9 inches feet feet feet 6 inches feet 6 inches feet 6 inches feet 9 inches feet feet feet 109 165 168 169 170 173 174 175 177 STATE BoARD oF FORESTRY. Length of clear Bole. 26 feet 21 feet 12 feet 6 inches 16 feet 6 inches 16 feet 9 inches 8 feet 6 inches 18 feet 20 feet 6 inches 12 feet 6 inches 12 feet 6 inches 16 feet 10 inches 27 feet 6 inches 25 feet 16 feet 13 feet 16 feet 16 feet 20 feet 16 feet 24 feet 12 feet 6 feet 16 feet 12 feet 20 feet 16 feet S feet 28 feet 28 feet 20 feet 6 inches 6 inches 8 inches 6 inches 6 inches 6 inches RED OAK. Height to main branch. 26 feet 41 feet 30 feet 24 feet 9 inches 18 feet 12 feet 22 feet 24 feet 14 feet 14 feet BLACK OAK. 18 feet 27 feet 6 inches 41 feet 28 feet 6 inches 19 feet 6 inches 36 feet 24 feet 6 inches 23 feet 24 feet 29 feet WHITE ELM. 12 feet 6 feet 18 feet 12 feet 24 feet 16 feet 9 feet 29 feet 32 feet 25 feet 81 Total height of tree. 65 feet 75 feet 58 feet 58 feet 6 inches 56 feet 6 inches 56 feet 60 feet 62 feet 9 inches 60 feet 57 feet 64 feet 9 inches SO feet 7 inches 73 feet 6 inches 64 feet 9 inches 62 feet 8 inches 68 feet 6 inches 56 feet 9 inches 68 feet 60 feet 69 feet 56 feet 53 feet 69 feet 56 feet GO feet 56 feet 52 feet 64 feet 64 feet 56 feet When it is remembered that the trees considered were cut to a given diameter, being between twelve and fourteen inches out- side measure four and one-half feet from the ground, the above tables prove extremely suggestive. Tt is evident that no relation exists between diameter and height capable of expression in the In the region considered, trees twelve to four- teen inches in diameter show following height measurements: form of a ratio. 82 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Species. Average for 10 trees. Least height. Greatest height. Bieler crs ec ost 59 feet 7 inches 52 feet 6 inches 65 feet Chestnuts...) ato, 59 feet 6 inches 52 feet 68 feet Beech. os. aot 66 feet 36 feet 92 feet Write SA sine sete sect 65 feet 54 feet 80 feet Pignut Hickory... .: 71 feet 8 inches 58 teet 9 inches S80 feet Shellbark Hickory.. 67 feet 6 inches 60 feet 6 inches 76 feet 9 inches Black »+Walnut.:.< ... 64 feet 4 inches 40 feet 86 feet Red or Sweet Gum. 67 feet 4 inches 57 feet 82 feet Yellow Poplar:..... 75 feet 1 inch 61 feet 89 feet Black or Sour Gum. 66 feet 60 feet 76 feet Serub or Jersey Pine 56 feet 9 inches 48 feet 6 inches 65 feet SV CAMOPE Be os siete ess 64 feet 9 inches 60 feet 76 feet Wirite Oak. ic... 64 feet 8 inches 54 feet 6 inches 69 feet 6 inches searlet, Oakice..* << 67 feet 10 inches 61 feet 76 feet Chestnut “Oaks. . on. 63 feet 5 inches 51 feet 6 inches 69 ieet 9 inches TCU BOWES Ae 6s 3 60 feet 10 inches 56 feet 75 feet Panels Oaktree ac ie 66 feet 10 inches 56 feet 9 inches 80 feet 7 inches Wihite aime 2. ss. ss 58 feet 6 inches 52 feet 68 feet It is interesting to note that the results obtained from the small number of trees considered under each species, are borne cut by an inspection of the forests of the region studied. The relative height of the species is, without doubt, practically cor- rect, and while the average height of each species might require some modification, it is approximately correct. Within each species, however, the tables show that in trees of the same diameter the height may vary widely. In the case of the black walnut, for ex- ample, tree No. 179, with a diameter of fourteen inches, is forty feet high, while tree No. 163, with a diameter of thirteen inches is eighty-six feet high. It is, however, safe to say that any con- siderable number of Black Walnut trees of a diameter of thirteen to fourteen inches will average about sixty-five feet in height. This wide variation in height is, in the region under considera- tion, due in some measure to the unevenness in density of the second growth stand. In some cases the conditions are practically those of the open, while in others they are forestal. Another feature brought out by the tables is the scant amount of clear bole, which in some eases is as low as six feet and in many does not exceed eight or ten feet. An examination of the datum sheets shows that this is directly related to the density of the stand. In case of a short clear bole there are no other trees within a radius of fifty feet, or if any are present they are so small as to show that they have sprung up after the tree in question had ac- quired its permanent form. Srate BoarpD oF FORESTRY. 83 Associated with this is the slight height at which the main branching occurs. An examination of the tables will show that relatively few trees are included which would furnish a clear six- teen-foot log and only one or two which would furnish two such logs. The economic significance of these characters is so evident as to need no discussion. Some important deductions can be drawn from the facts set out in this paper. 1. The growing of ‘‘saw-timber’’ requires not merely care and skill, it also requires time. If the one hundred and eighty trees examined are considered it is found that the average time required to reach a diameter of twelve inches was ninety-four years. Saw- timber twelve inches in diameter of the species is not high class material. As a rule (excepting perhaps the hickories) the growth rate begins to decrease after sixty or seventy years, so that any diameter increase above the limits indicated would be extremely slow. Investment in land for the purpose of producing high grade saw timber is not a promising one for the individual. Such in- vestments are suitable for the State or for great corporations. 2. These studies indicate that the reforestation of our de- nuded areas is not a task for the individual land owner or investor, but is one which properly belongs to the State or in exceptional cases to great industrial corporations dependent upon the forest for raw material. The value of such investments is indicated by the large acreage of such land acquired within the last few years by the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and others. 3. The data emphasize the fact of the necessity of properly managing the existing woodlots. In practically every instance re- enforcement is necessary in order to secure a tree form which will have a market value. It is necessary, also, in the interests of true conservation that the woodlot should carry its full load of trees. Under present conditions this increase in the number of trees per acre, especially if of high grade species, cannot be looked for from natural seed regeneration. Suitable seed trees of de- sirable species do not exist in any area in sufficient numbers to in- sure their production as against that of less desirable forms. For- tunately this artificial reénforcement is neither difficult nor ex- pensive. It requires chiefly time and persistence. It should be rec- ognized that a woodlot carrying only one-half of the trees of which it is capable is as great a mistake economically as to permit a corn- 84 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT field to stand without replanting when every other hill is vacant. If the land owners of the State should compel the woodlot to carry its full load of trees the future of our wood working industries would be secure. The area within the State, now considered timber land, would be sufficient, if properly managed and made to carry its full load of trees, to meet all of the prospective demands of the State for many years. 4. Other facts obtained in these studies, but not set out in this paper, show that our present stand is not merely unsatisfactory as to quantity, but also as to quality. The proportion of the spe- cies is wrong. In almost every case the species of high value oeeur in secant numbers, the bulk of the stand being made up of species of relatively inferior value. There are to be found ordinarily more black oak than white oak, more black hickory than shellbark hick- ory. This condition is the result of long continued selective cut- ting and is one which can only be remedied by artificial reénforce- ment. The woodlots of the State must not only carry more trees, they must also carry trees of higher grade. Such a change of con- dition cannot be brought about in a year or in two years, but per- sistent, intelligent effort will ensure success in a relatively short time. In the region studied, which is fairly typical of large areas in the southern counties, a stand in which the trees average from twelve to thirteen inches in diameter, is approximately one hun- dred years old. None of these stands will cut to exceed 2,500 to 3,000 feet B. M. per acre; they sheuld cut from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The proportion of species is unsatisfactory. The species which dominate in numbers are not of high value, and valuable species are sparingly represented. These are the conditions which are to be corrected if our citizens do their part in the work of forest conservation. While the annual growth rate of the species discussed might be much more rapid in other parts of the State, none of the other statements of this paper would require modification. In no part of the State do the timbered areas show a full stand, a profitable proportion of species or any evidence of intelligent management. Until these facts are recognized and their significance appreciated the agitation for forest conservation is practically useless. Taking all of the facts into consideration the maintenance and improvement of existing wooded areas is the most practical and most promising line of effort in the conservation of our forest re- StaTE BoarpD oF FORESTRY. 85 sources. ‘his work is wholly the function of the individual owner. It is hoped that this paper will give something of intelligent di- rection to his efforts. The reforestation of the thousands upon thousands of acres of stripped and wasting land, is not the function of the individual, it belongs in all good reason, in economy, in a wise prevision of the welfare of the commonwealth, to the State. In case the State fails to see and seize the opportunity it will be taken up by the great corporations controlling our wood-working industries. 86 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Trees of Indiana. BY CHAS. C. DEAM. The number of trees included in this list is wholly arbitrary, the scientific definition of a tree being ignored. All the woody plants of the State that usually attain a diameter of 10-15 em. (4-6 inches) have been included and also a few that rarely attain this size in our area. Alnus rugosa (Alder), which in our area is usually a shrub, is included because it so closely resembles Alnus incana (Tag Alder) that it might be mistaken for it. Forms in our area that rarely attain tree size and are generally regarded as shrubs, such as Huonymus atropurpureus (Wahoo), Rhus species (Sumacs) and Hamamelis (Witch Hazel) have been excluded. Trees intro- duced that have freely escaped and have successfully maintained themselves for many years are considered members of our flora, but horticultural trees which have escaped, such as the apple, pear and plum have been excluded. Each tree is considered under the following heads: botanical de- scription, distribution, economic uses and horticultural value. Botanic description.—Great care has been taken to avoid tech- nical terms, but occasionally for the sake of precision and brevity, it has proven necessary to introduce them. It is believed, however, that none have been used of which the common school dictionary will not give a satisfactory definition. Botanical names are usually pronounced according to the English method of pronouncing Latin. The accented syllables have been marked as follows: the grave (‘) to indicate the long English sound of the vowel and the acute (’) to show the short or otherwise modi- fied sound. Some of our trees are easily identified and short descriptions are sufficient, while others, such as the oaks and hickories, are not easily identified and more detailed descriptions are desirable. The descriptions have been based upon characters which are conspic- uous in order that the aid of a microscope or lens would not be necessary. The color, size and measurements are based upon fresh material from mature trees. The measurements are given in the metric system, followed by the English equivalent in paren- theses. The last page is a plate on which the systems of meas- urements are compared. The etymology of such generic names as SraTeE BoaRD OF FORESTRY. 87 are of special interest has been given. The nomenclature conforms to that of the United States Forest Service, and when it differs from Gray’s Manual, 7th edition, the synonym is given after the common name. The common names are those commonly or locally used in this State, and when text-book common names are given they are so indicated. The names are arranged in the order of the frequency in which they are used, the most common being first. In naming the associate trees, they have been arranged in the order of their frequency, the first being the most numerous. The Malaceae (Apple Family) has been contributed by W. W. Eggleston of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., who is a specialist in this group. Distribution.—The general distribution is given first, which is followed by the distribution in Indiana. The number of individ- uals occurring on a given area is defined by using the terms common, frequent, rare, etc., which have no definite meaning, so the follow- ing arbitrary meanings have been attached to the following words and carefully followed throughout: very common, more than 25 trees to the acre; common, 5-25 trees to the acre; frequent, 1-5 trees to the acre; infrequent, 1 tree to 2-10 acres; rare, 1 tree to every 11-100 acres; very rare, 1 tree to more than 100 acres; local, when the distribution is circumscribed or in spots. The published records of the distribution of each species include only those where the name and county or locality are definitely given. When an author mentions one or more trees and the loca- tion incidentally, or when an author is not discussing the trees of the State, such publications are not credited. In considering some of the older publications it should be borne in mind that scientific accuracy was not as rigorously demanded as at present, and that some of the authors were not trained botanists. When errors in such publications are beyond dispute, attention has been called to them. ‘There are other records that are questionable, and atten- tion will be drawn to them when it is noted that they are beyond the known range of the species in the State. Additional records are those based on existing specimens de- posited in the following herbaria: Deam, Bluffton; Depauw Uni- versity, Greencastle; Grimes, Russellville; Lilly, Indianapolis; Pur- due University, Lafayette; Wabash College, Crawfordsville. The fact that a tree is not given as occurring in certain counties, does not imply that it is not found there, but that it has not been reported. It is believed that about one-half of our trees are found in nearly every county of the State. R8 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT A county map has been inserted on page 2 to assist in locating the records of the distribution of the species. Economic uses.—Under this head the physical appearance and qualities of the wood of each species and its principal uses are given. Other commercial products which may be obtained from our trees are also mentioned. It will be noted that no mention is made of the dry distillation of wood, because at present it is not used for that purpose in this State. All species of trees are used more or less for fuel in this State, but only the principal ones are named. Horticultural value.—The silvicultural qualities of only such species as are adapted to ornamental, shade tree or forest planting are discussed. The planting, spacing and management of such trees as are adapted to forest planting are discussed in detail. Drawings.—The drawings have been made by Miss Minnie Ells- worth Bartlett of Indianapolis. All were made from herbarium specimens taken from Indiana trees, which are deposited in the Deam herbarium, except the fruit of the genera, Juglans, Hicoria, Malus and Crataegus, which were drawn from fresh mature fruit. The drawings are all natural size unless otherwise indicated. Acknowledgments.—Material for the preparation of this work has been gathered from field work in sixty-two out of the ninety- two counties of the State at different times during the past fifteen years. All publications bearing on the distribution of Indiana trees have been freely used, and credit is here acknowledged. The general range of the species and the character and qualities of the wood have in the greater part been taken from the works of Britton, Hough and Sargent, to whom indebtedness is acknowledged. My thanks are tendered to the Board of Forestry for the privilege of undertaking this work and for services rendered. The most grateful acknowledgment is accredited Prof. Stanley Coulter, who read the manuscript, for inspiration, many valuable suggestions and criticisms. The favor of having the genera Malus and Cratea- gus written by the well known specialist, W. W. Eggleston, is appre- ciated not only by the author but will be by the readers of this book. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. N. L. Britton in examining critical sr... mens; of E. B. Williamson in reading manuscript; of E. J.. Gi_cies and W. B. VanGorder in furnishing material. Last, but not least, I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Stella M. Deam, my wife, in field and clerical work. SratTeE BoarpD OF FORESTRY. 89 TREES OMITTED FROM THE PRESENT List Wuicu Have Been ReE- PORTED AS NATIVE TO THE STATE. It should be borne in mind that the forests of Indiana have under- gone many changes since the first list of Indiana plants was pub- lished in 1819. Many birds and mammals have vanished from our area, and it is not unreasonable to believe that many of the plant forms also have disappeared after the advent of the ax and plow. In the preparation of the present list of trees of the State, a criti- cal examination has been made of the records of all the trees that have been reported as being native to the State. This seemed advisable in order that the present work might not be burdened with the discussion of unnecessary species and to correct errors if any existed. Pinus rigida Miller. Pircu Pine. This species was given by Baird and Taylor as occurring in Clark County in a flora of the county published in the manual of the schools of Clark County, Indiana, 1878-1879. The range of Pinus rigida is east of our area, and since the authors did not include in their list Pinus virginiana (Scrub Pine), which is frequent on the knobs, it is believed the reference to Pinus rigida should be referred to Pinus virginiana. It is to be noted that Prof. Stanley Coulter, who knew the authors of this flora and who is well acquainted with the trees of that vicinity, ignored the reference in his catalogue of the plants of Indiana. Chamecyparis (thyoides (Linnzus) Britton, Sterns’ and Poggen- berg. WuiTe Crepar. This tree was given a place in our flora upon the authority of Dr. C. R. Dryer of Ft. Wayne, who reported it from Allen County. All efforts to verify this record have failed. Dr. Drake in his picture of Cincinnati, published 1815, page 838, says,—‘‘The White Cedar and Cypress are found on the banks of the Wabash.” Since the range of this species is given by Sargent as along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida, it is improbable that it occurs within our area. Pépulus balsamifera Linnzeus. {Batsam Popiar. This species is reported by Bradner from Steuben County, where it may occur. The writer has a leaf specimen collected near Gage Lake in Steuben County, which if taken from a mature tree is unquestionably from balsamifera; if from a young tree, it may be grandidentata. In a reply to a letter addressed to Mr. Bradner asking if he had speci- mens from the tree on which his record was made, or if he knew where the tree was to be found, or if the record he made was from a cultivated or an escaped tree, he says he had no specimens and 90) ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT had no recollection of the location of the tree. Since the record could not be verified it is thought best to drop it for the present. J. M. Coulter reports it from Jefferson County, and A. H. Young, who also reported on the flora of Jefferson County, fails to mention it. The preceding record may have been made from a cultivated tree, or it may have been mistaken for Populus grandidentata, which is not reported and is within range of the county. Baird and Tay- lor also reported it from Clark County in a flora of Clark County but failed to report Populus grandidentata, which is locally frequent. Hicoria aquatica (Michaux) Britton. Water Hickory. (Carya aquatica (Michaux) Nuttall.) This is listed as one of the principal trees occurring along the Wabash in the Coblenz edition of Prince Maximilian’s travels in North America. It is recorded as ‘‘Water Bitternut (Juglans aquatica).’’ If it occurs in our area it most likely would be found in the extreme southwestern counties. It has been reported from Gallatin County, Illinois, bordering Posey County on the west. There are two other records of its occurrence in the State, which are doubtful. Ryland T. Brown reported it in a list of the prin- cipal trees of Fountain County in a report of the geology of Foun- tain County. Hvicoria laciniosa, which is sometimes called swamp hickory and which is more or less frequent in the county, he failed to report. It is believed this reference to Hicoria aquatica should be referred to laceniosa. B.C. Hobbs also reported it as common in Parke County in a short list of the principal trees. He named only four of the five or more species of hickory that occur in the county, and it is believed, since he was no botanist, that he confused the names. Elliott in his Trees of Indiana gives “Carya aquatica”’ as common, but no doubt this reference should be transferred to some other species. Hicoria myristiceformis (Michaux) Britton. Nurvea Hickory. This tree also was reported by Prince Maximilian as occurring along the Wabash River. The known range of the species is from North Carolina to Arkansas, and for this reason the species is not included in this list. Castanea pumila (Linnzeus) Miller. CHinquapin. This species was given a place in our flora in Coulter’s catalogue upon the author- ity of Sargent, Ridgway and Schneck. Ridgway, in giving an additional list of the trees of the lower Wabash Valley (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 17:415), says: ‘There is some doubt as to No. 16, Cas- tanea pumila, which is given on Prof. Sargent’s authority; but there is a possibility of an error having been made from the cir- Strate Boarp or Forestry. 9] cumstance that the name ‘chinquapin’ is in that region almost uni- versally applied to the fruit of Quercus Muhlenbergit.”” The Posey County record was based on a specimen in Dr. Schneck’s herbarium, which proves to have been taken from a cultivated tree near Posey- ville. Quércus ilicifolia Wagenheim. Brar Oax. This species is cred- ited to our flora by Will Scott in his ecological study of ‘The Lees- burg Swamp” in Kosciusko County, published in the Indiana Acad- emy of Science, 1905, page 225. In areply to an inquiry addressed to him he says no herbarium material was preserved. This eco- logical work was done during the summer months while working at the biological station at Winona Lake. In a footnote in this paper we are informed that for the identification of the trees listed, Apgar’s Trees of the Northern United States was used. In this key to the trees, Quercus velutina (Black Oak) is given only as a variety of Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak), and the distinction be- tween Quercus velutina with its many formed leaves, and Quercus theifolia is not made apparent. In view of the fact that the natural habitat of Quercus ilicifolia is sandy barrens and rocky hillsides and its western range is eastern Ohio, it is believed what Mr. Scott had in hand was a variable form of Quercus velutina, which is frequent in that vicinity. The evidence is not encourag- ing enough to include it. Quéreus nigra Linnzeus. Water Oak. This species has been reported by several authors for Indiana. It is believed that a majority of the records should be transferred to velutina and wmbri- caria or marylandica. Gorby and Schneck call Quercus nigra black jack oak, which is generally the common name for Quercus mary- landica. Ridgway in his writings of the flora of the lower Wabash. Valley, likewise speaks of Quercus nigra as jack oak and says it is found in poor soil. Coulter in his catalogue of Indiana plants re- garded these references to nigra as errors and did not include it in his list. The report for Crawford County by Deam should be transferred to marylandica. Since the range of the species is not north of Kentucky, the reference to the species in the State should be dropped. The published records are as follows: Carroll (Thompson); Crawford (Deam); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney) ; Jay (M’Caslin) ; Fountain (Brown); Miami (Gorby); Parke (Hobbs). Quércus Phéllos Linneus. Writtow Oak. ‘This species has been reported from various counties of the State. The tree is said to grow in swamps and on sandy uplands, ranging from Staten Island, 99 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT New York, south to Florida and west to Texas, and north to south ern Kentucky. If it occurs within our area it no doubt would have been found by Dr. Schneck, who was an enthusiastic student of the oaks. He reported it as occurring in the lower Wabash in his early writings, but his herbarium contained no specimens. The writer while in search for this species in Posey County met three men in widely separated parts of the county who were acquainted with the species in the South and they said they had never seen it in Indiana. One of the men was an old man who had spent his boyhood in Arkansas and was well acquainted with the willow oak before he came to Indiana. It is believed what has been reported for Phellos has been narrow-leaved forms of imbricaria (Shingle Oak), and that the records should be transferred to that species. The published records are as follows: Gibson, Knox and Posey (Schneck); Knox (Thomas); Miami (Gorby). Planéra aquatica (Walter) J. F. Gmelin. PLANER-TREE. WATER Kum. This tree was included in Coulter’s catalogue upon the authority of Sargent, who includes Indiana in the range of the species in his ‘‘Forest Trees of North America’’, Vol. 9, U. S. Census Report, 1880, page 124. Dr. Schneck spent a lifetime along the lower Wabash bottoms and very carefully preserved specimens of all the flora of the region where this species is reported to occur. In his report of the flora of this region in 1875 he does not include this tree. An examination of his herbarium material showed no specimens of this tree either from Indiana or Illinois. It is fair to presume if he had been acquainted with the tree he would. have had it represented in his herbarium. Since the white elm is fre- quently called water elm, as well as the planer-tree, it is easy to understand how confusion might arise in separating these trees by non-professional people. llex opaca Aiton. Holly. This tree was included in Coulter’s cat- alogue on the authority of Robert Ridgway, who said it ‘‘had been listed for southern Indiana.” It has not been possible to establish a reliable State record for the species, so it is dropped from the present list. Acer pennsylvanica Linnezus. Moosrwoop. The only record of this tree occurring in Indiana is in a report of the trees occurring along the Wabash River by Prince Maximilian. While Indiana is within the possible range of the species, it has not been discovered since. If not extinct in our area it is most likely to be found along the hills of the southern counties. Robert Ridgway says that he and Dr. Schneck saw it growing in a wooded cove near a cavern called Flory’s Cave in Johnson County, Illinois. Strate Boarp or Forestry. 93 Nyssa aquatica Linneus. Turrto Gum. This species is in- cluded in Coulter’s catalogue of Indiana plants and has been reported from many widely separated counties. But few speci- mens were preserved upon which county records were made. ‘Two of these have been examined which showed that they were variable leaf specimens of Nyssa sylvatica (Sour Gum), no doubt taken from a vigorous branch or a thrifty young tree. It is believed that all the locations of this species occurring in the State should be referred to Nyssa sylvatica. ‘This species has been a puzzle to the systemist who is not acquainted with both species, and so far as is known no one of those who reported aquatica for the State was acquainted with it at the time the report was made. The tree is said to grow in cypress swamps from southern Virginia west to Missouri and up the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois. If it occurs in our area it would be found in the cypress swamps along the lower Wabash. Dr. Schneck reported it for this region in the early years of his botanical work, but on May 20, 1902, on a speci- men of Nyssa he makes the following note: ‘I now believe all the forms of Nyssa are sylvatica.”’ This note is made to cover the forms of the Wabash Valley. Robert Ridgway also reported it for Knox County in his earlier publications, but in a letter from him dated November 11, 1911, he says, ‘““You will observe that Nyssa aquatica is not given in my two catalogues, and I think the species may safely be omitted.”’ The published records of its distribution are as follows: Dear- born (Collins); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Franklin (Haymond) and (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Jefferson (Coulter); Knox (Ridgway); Kosciusko (Coul- ter); Lake (Barnes); Marion (Wilson); Monroe (Blatchley); Noble (Van Gorder); Posey (Schneck); Putnam (MacDougal); V go (Blatchley). Halésia diptera Ellis. SNowprop Trex. (Halesia carolina Lin- nzus). This tree has been admitted to our flora upon the authority of Robert Ridgway who reported it as occurring near Evansville. Mr. Ridgway says he quoted from some standard authority but ean not recall where he saw it. Since the range of the species is much to the south of our area it is not included in this list. Fraxinus caroliniana Miller. Warer Asu. This species was in- cluded in Coulter’s catalogue of Indiana plants upon the authority of Dr. Schneck. It is asserted that specimens were verified at the Shaw Botanie Gardens, but an examination of the material there showed that no specimens from Indiana were deposited there. 94 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT There were no specimens in Dr. Schneck’s herbarium, so it is to be inferred that an error in determination has been made. Since the range of the species is given as swamps from Virginia west to Ar- kansas, it is proposed to drop this species from our flora. The published record of Brown for Fountain County is considered an error. Key to the Families. PAGE fueeves Jimearror SCAlEIKe. . Gi ocho. os ko oh ge SNe EIA CHA EE. ao hie ok sacar 97 Leaves not. as above. A. Leaves compound. Reaves palmately=compound (syn. 6 520 is Se ABSCULACER 2.25 00... 313 Leaves pinnately compound. Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end.......... CAESALPINACEA....... 288 Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end. Leaves alternate. eaters toothedallaroumamee. . .f.... 2. oy J UCLANDACHA, 7. 129 Leaflets-entire, or with 1—4 teeth near the base. Trees with thorns, leaflets entire, generally less than 4 cm. (1% inches) long........ PAP ACR ie ote ae coe 296 Trees without thorns, leaflets entire or with 1-4 teeth near the base, pause uae than 4 em. (14% inches)... _....SIMAROUBACE........ 299 Leaves opposite. Leaflets 3-5, fruit not bi-symmetrical.......... ACHRAGCH AE LES Ree Pe 301 Leatlets 5-11, fruit bi-symmetrical.. 02.2. 7. )-OLBACH AI... A ware 329 A. Leaves simple. Leaves opposite or whorled. Petioles more than 4 cm. (1% inches) long. Blades:palmately 3-5 lobed s)\. Seng. As he ee ACE RACHAT 2 ryiiciiecntze, 301 Blades entire or with 1 or 2 lateral lobes......... BIGNONIACHA 22g. 342 Petioles less than 4 cm. (1% inches) long. Flowers 4-parted, stone of fruit round............CORNACEH............ oZk Flowers 5-parted, stone of fruit flattened......... CAPRIFOLIACEH........ 349 Leaves alternate. B. Leaves entire. Trees with thorns and aailley sapeie so: 2. TOXYLON IN MGR ACH Aine s5. a 228 Trees without thorns, sap not milky. Leaves 3-5 nerved at the base. Leaves 3-nerved at the base. =... == CELTIS IN ANE AGRA iit 220 Leaves 5-nerved- at the base: 2.5 ..4 se CERCIS IN CAESALPINACE@..... 288 Leaves with 1 primary nerve. Leaves usually more than 1.5 dm. (6 inches) long, flowers solitary. Flowers appearing before or with the Flowers appearing after the leaves......... MAGNOLIACES......... 230 Leaves less than 1.5 dm. (6 inches) long, flow- ers in clusters. hark and leavyes-aromeatie.2 2 eS PAU RACES. 0. en 236 Bark and leaves not aromatic. EP Oig JG << AN A.C Gm oe ch eas. QUERCUS IMBRICARIA EN PAGAGH AE <2 o..2--- 207 [728415] (95) 96 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Fruit fleshy. PAG Fruit with one seed, stone cylindrical...... Nyssa IN CORNACE ANG: Suse 321 Fruit with more than one seed, rarely one, SGeds Mat wk 2. hae eee EBENACE 4.0.) Ane 327 B. Leaves finely serrate, coarsely toothed or lobed. C. Leaves with one primary vein. Bark and: leaves aromatic. 2,4 fcenus on eatin oe LAURACH 3) S27 eee 236 Bark and leaves not aromatic. Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit in cat- kins. Seales of winter buds 2, ovary many-seeded, seeds with a tuft of hairs at the summit...SaLrx rn SaLicacez... 118 Seales of winter buds more than 2, ovary 1- seeded, seeds without a tuft of hairs at the SSMU, ee eee NR eck rare ee Rr Secehs eaanae BETULACACH I... ones 150 Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit not in catkins. Fruit dry. Paruiit iss ata aeee ices eyes cea decih ogee gee Utmus In ULMAcEs% ... 212 Fruit nota saimara..<......:....s. assaa dee. » PAGACE AR iy ae sme 168 Fruit fleshy. Flowers more than 8 mm. (1/3 inch) broad, fruit edible, apple-like. Trees mostly with thorns, fruit with rem- nant of calyx at apex of fruit, norm- ally with more than seed... oan. MALACH a os 2 eee 244 Trees without thorns, fruit with no rem- nant of calyx at the apex, fruit a 1- seeded veddble Ginuer en se cman esata AMY GDALACE Agi. aaa 280 Flowers less than 8 mm. (1/3 inch) across, fruit a non-edible drupe. Leaves thick, generally widest above the middle, 3-6em. (1144-214 inches) long, stamens not on the petals, drupe with more Gham Ie seeds.S, Sancume pee hate AQUIFOLIACE......... 301 Leaves not thick, generally widest at or below the middle, 6-15 cm. (24-6 inches) long, fruit with 1 seed .........CORNACEM............ 321 C. Leaves with more than 1 primary vein. Staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins. EPUEC TA Vide eect re ee cetacean PoPrpuULUS IN SALICACE AS ..y. 4. sqnep ae 120 Pera tiesliyets ts a0, 5 atte oe oan eho ee erate Morus IN Morace® ... 226 Staminate and pistillate flowers not in catkins. Pistillate and staminate flowers separate. Leaves 3-nerved at the base, fruit a 1-seeded CHU E he Cie, 5 aI eet oO eee etre eee: CELTIS IN ULMACE&%... 220 Leaves 5-nerved at the base, fruit a head of car- pels or achenes. Bark fissured, not peeling off in flakes, leaves AT OMUAULO tae eid statin eho nee cies ee ALTINGINACEZ ¢ jy aeree 239 Bark peeling off in flakes, leaves not aromatic. .PLATANACE®.......... 241 Pistillate and staminate flowers in one. Praia Ey ee rercte cease Soo eee eee ae "TILIACES .:.... Ae 317 Bruit tbeslay | es. co) tesa ark ene a nab: MALACEAD). ... deca 244 Srartz Boarp or. Foresrry. 97 PINACEZA. Tue Prve Famity. Trees with a resinous juice; mostly evergreen; leaves linear or seale-like, clustered or alternate; flowers naked, appearing in early spring; fruit a cone or sometimes berry-like. A family of trees of ereat economic importance and widely distributed, although in our area the trees are usually small andjfew in number. Leaves all linear. Leaves in bundles or fascicles. Leaves in bundles of 2-5, with a sheathing base....... 1 Pinus. Leaves in bundles of more than 5, without a sheath- WUT DASE Le. LEAL ht eS eG eS ooh eS 2 Larix. Leaves apparently 2-ranked. Leaves:bluish-white beneath aay). os... co. ee eo. a Psuga: Leaves green on both sides, deciduous............... 4 Taxodium. Leaves scale-like, or some of them short and awl-like. . Fruit a small cone of 8-12 imbricated scales............ 5 Thuja. Bey Mop lever clip gallrn): aN vrer& WES ON OW hj, Hee al ON) EAI) in Nt VY? Mf} i \ ii ae ‘ fee py ea m= 3h \45 a Vii Ze a \ 7 2 ET LD WN = - = ING NEVA. = < ENS AS = MS t+7 SS NS Res < a er eh NAS a ES ZOSS £3 | 6. vas WE? RS = ’ =. . Coie = ri ~~ Vee: go!) SP OY — =~ eta = a e set? Et EB i SESCRe Ff iT CRIN aN = < 1" SS : 2<\wW il > (\s < Sy SS AEE =\\ o we A ES f AA Sere 2 xy ss \\ op) WeS~ p= y lhe RINKS =A SRS Ore =i ca SS 1, wy, x7) . re x) a ANNE NR Os fs SD Ss ZA A) ~~ “a NV NN 5, al iy SSO fi = . C1 ESS WN A LAth Bais he ASS <> eee WSs ww ee ity! EACA —— Pf Ne a= Ce ae >a ae 6 lS eb > —— <4 bs RN y Gi a as SS heat _ . ® any =, \ a — D ammay, 4) F ~~ VEN C= WAS ey Es, ~~ as ASS "FS WY ols ALY 47 ie ry. ANG! 7 (hse AM ‘en | a ales KY, a =S*4)h) <@ ta x U ye ape { S HEMLOCK. YSIS (Linnzus) Carr. + yee 4 TSUGA CANADI 106 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Economic uses. Wood heavy, hard, strong, light brown. Used in construction, fence posts and for fuel. Since the swamps have been drained the supply of this species has rapidly decreased until now it is of little economic importance. 3. TSUGA. Tue Hemiocks. Tsuga canadénsis (Linneus) Carriére. Hrmuock. Plate 11. Tall trees with reddish-brown or grayish and deeply furrowed bark; leaves short petioled, 1-1.5 em. (%¢-’% inch) long, flat or angular, obtuse or notched, apparently 2-ranked, bright green, shiny akove, bluish-white beneath, persisting for about three years; staminate flowers appear early in the spring from buds in the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the pistillate terminal, erect, oblong; fruit a pendulous cone borne on the end of last year’s branch, maturing the first season, short stalked, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 em. (14-1 inch) long; seeds 2 in the axil of each scale. Distribution. Nova Scotia west to eastern Minnesota, south to Delaware and along the mountains to Alabama. In Indiana it is found in limited numbers on the bluffs of Bean Blossom Creek in Brown County, of Walnut and Raccoon creeks in Putnam, of Sugar Creek in Montgomery and Parke, of Clear Creek between Clark and Floyd counties, of Raccoon Creek in Owen and on the north branch of the Muscatatuck River near Vernon in Jennings County. In our area it sometimes reaches a height of 30 m. (95 feet) and a diameter of 5-7 dm. (20-28 inches). The published records of the distribution are as follows: Clark (Baird and Taylor); vicinity of New Albany (Clapp); Parke and Putnam (Ragan). Additional records are: Parke (Wright); Putnam (Grimes) and (MacDougal); Brown, Crawford, Jennings, Montgomery, Parke, Putnam and Owen (Deam). Econemic uses. Wood light, soft, brittle, light brown, not dur- able, difficult to work, splintery but holds a nail well. Used for construction purposes. Where the tree is common the bark is used for tanning purposes. The powdered bark is used in medicine. 4. TAXODIUM. Tue Bap CYPRESS. | Taxodium distichum (Linnzus) L. C. Richard. Cypress. Plate 12. Straight tall trees usually with a buttressed base, frequently hollow at the base. When grown in very wet situations it develops steeple-like projections from the roots to above the water level Srate BoarRpD OF FORESTRY. 107 known as “knees”; bark gray or reddish-brown, long fibrous strips separating from the trunk; branches horizontal or rooping; leaves spirally arranged, appearing as if 2-ranked, 1-2 em. (34-84 inch) Yi Hs PLATE 12. ¢: ap aly ¥ , * MY .& \ WY S £4 WY alts i! \ Ly ay \VA NZ y WA NZ WW i, \e NZ Ny KZ VF \Z vf Oe \ = CZ ie oe es 7 2 ats AEF) 7 NZ ot 7 Y NIAC M \ Lh : a) NN: x . TAXODIUM DISTICHUM (Linnzus) Richard. Cypress. (x 1.) long, acute, yellowish-green, turning brown in the fall and drop- ping off; staminate flowers numerous, borne on long terminal droop- ing panicles, pistillate in small terminal clusters near the ends of the twigs of the previous season; fruit a woody cone, usually in pairs, 108 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT at the end of the branches, maturing the first year, globose, about 2 em. (84 inch) in diameter, wrinkled; seeds in pairs under each scale. Distribution. Along the Atlantic coast from Delaware south to Florida and along the Mississippi Valley south from southern In diana and Illinois to the Gulf. In Indiana it is found only in the southwestern part of the State, along the wet banks of streams or in river swamps and sloughs. In Posey County it is found in a few sloughs along the Ohio River about 3 miles east of Mt. Vernon, on the low border of Hovey Lake and in a few swamps along the Wabash River south of Bone Bank which is 6 miles south of a line running due west from Mt. Vernon. It is not found between Bone Bank and White River. Just north of White River in Knox County it formerly filled extensive sloughs. These have been drained, eleared and are now cultivated. It is usually a large tree, some- times reaching a height of 45 m. (145 feet) and a diameter of 18 dm. (72 inches). The published records of the distribution are as follows: Clark* (Baird and Taylor); Gibson, Knox and Posey (Schneck); Knox and Posey (Wright). | Additional records are: Knox and Posey (Deam). Economic uses. Wood light, soft, not strong, straight-grained, does not warp or shrink much, variable in color from a light to a dark brown, easily worked, frequently pitted by disease, and lumber which shows this disease is commercially known as “pecky cypress’’. Used principally for construction purposes. The tree has prac- tically disappeared from our area because the wood is easy to work and the swamps in which it grew have been drained and are now cultivated. Horticultural value. Strongly recommended by some nursery- men for ornamental planting. In some localities in the eastern states it is a fair success. The tree is adapted to a wet soil and no doubt in such situations would prove hardy and a moderately fast growing tree. 5. THUJA. Arpor-vira. Thuja occidentalis Linneus. ARBorR-viTH. Plate 138. Small evergreen trees or shrubs with bark on old trees reddish-brown or dark gray, shreddy; branchlets compressed, reddish-brown; leaves of two kinds, sharp-pointed and awl-shaped on the older branches, *Doubtless from a cultivated tree, because information solicited from the oldest residents of the county failed to verify this record, Srate BoarRD OF ForEStTRY. 109 PEATE Sle: THUJA OCCIDENTALIS Linneus. Arsor-Virm. (x1.) 110 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT blunt and scale-like on the younger branches, and 4-ranked, yellow- ish-green, about 6 mm. (1% inch) long; flowers appear early in the spring from buds of the previous season at the ends of the branches; cones maturing the first season, 1 cm. (%% inch) or less in length and about 0.5 em. (1% inch) in diameter, scales of cone 6-12. Distribution. New Brunswick south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Manitoba. In Indiana it has been noted in only a few of the northern counties, where it is found in swamps. The published records of the distribution are as follows: Ham- ilton* (Wilson); Lake (Hill). Additional records are: Lake (Deam). Economic uses. Wood soft, brittle, rather coarse-grained, pale yellow brown, durable, fragrant. In Canada where it is abundant it is used for fence posts, telegraph poles, shingles and on account of its lightness has been a favorite wood for making canoes. A tincture and a fluid extract of the leaves are used in medicine. Horticultural value. It is frequently planted for ornamental purposes and several horticultural forms have been developed. It is adapted to all kinds of soils and exposures. ‘Transplants readily but grows slowly. It retains its lower limbs which makes it a de- sirable tree to plant for a wind-break. The dwarf forms are com- monly planted for hedges. 6. JUNIPERUS. Tue Junipers. Juniperus virginiana Linneus. Rep Crepar. Crpar. Plate 14. Bark reddish-brown, shreddy; leaves sessile, opposite or ternate, usually of two kinds, seale-like or awl-shaped, 4-ranked, appearing as opposite, closely appressed, scale-like, bluish-green, 1.5-2 mm. (about 1-16 inch) long, except on some of the vigorous branches or seedlings where they are loose and about 1 cm. (%@ inch) long; flowers small, terminal or axillary; fruit berry-like covered with a bloom, maturing the first season, bluish, 5-8 mm. (14 inch) in dia- meter, sweet, resinous; seeds usually 1-2. Distribution. Nova Scotia south to Georgia, west to Texas and North Dakota. Found throughout Indiana although it has not been reported from a few counties in the east central part. It is found sparingly in the northern part usually on the bluffs of streams, becoming frequent in the southern part of the State, especially on sterile hillsides and in deserted fields. It is a very slow growing tree and in our area rarely acquires a diameter of 5 dm. (20 inches). *Doubtless from a cultivated tree. 111 BOARD OF FORESTRY. nr 4; STATI 14. PLATE LP Leg f LH b | t/ 0 hi x \ : 4 ff Uf) Rr, Y) Fo, awe é A SAID oF, VY P=, SDD PRIS YS) x a AY 4 Pa OS wn ! Sw ots ¢ { A N i: DY @ B ¥ ON Lh f = 2 So : hy ao te oh SY S SSN ~ I Z op 7) spl 4 aR 8 re SY ' Sh, so (x 3.) RED CEDAR. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA Linnzeus. 28415] [Ss 112 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT The published records of the distribution are as follows: Frank- lin (Haymond) and (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wil- son); Kosciusko (Chipman) and (Clark); Lake (Higley and Radden) ; Marion (Wilson); Miami (Gorby); vicinity of New Albany (Clapp); Noble (Van Gorder); Steuben (Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley)*. Additional records are: Monroe (Blatchley); Montgomery (Ev- ans); Putnam (Grimes) and (MacDougal); Tippecanoe (Coulter); Crawford, Fountain, Grant, Harrison, Jefferson, Jennings, Johnson, Kosciusko, Morgan, Parke, Porter, Putnam, Steuben, Warren, Washington and Wells (Deam). Economic uses. Wood light, brittle, close-grained, works easily, durable, sap wood thin and white, heart wood dull red, fragrant. Representative uses are posts, crossties, lead pencils, cigar boxes and chests. In this State when the trees become large enough they are generally used for fence posts. This species furnishes a large number of the commercial fence posts of the State, although they are shipped in, usually from Tennessee. Horticultural value. It has been used for a long time as an orna mental tree and nurserymen now offer several horticultural vari- eties. It is adapted to almost all kinds of soils, although its prefer- ence is for a thin gravelly soil. It transplants with fair success, grows slowly and is long lived. The tree grows rather compact and since the leaves do not fall for several years it makes a desirable tree to plant for a windbreak. iS “US 116 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Wayne (Phinney); Franklin (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Ham- ilton (Wilson); Jay (M’Caslin); Jefferson (Coulter) and (Young); Knox (Ridgway) and (Thomas); Kosciusko (Scott) and (Youse); Miami (Gorby); vicinity of New Albany (Clapp); Posey (Schneck) ; Steuben (Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley); Wayne (Petry and Markle). Additional records are: Lake (Hill); Putnam (Grimes) and (MacDougal); Tippecanoe (Coulter); Noble, Posey, Shelby, Ver- million and Wells (Deam). Economic uses. Wood light, soft, weak, light reddish-brown, the thin sap wood white, checks badly in drying. Used principally for heading in this State. 2. Salix amygdaloides Andersson. Wittow. Plate16. Bark of trunk fissured, dark brown tinged with red; twigs somewhat brit- tle, smooth, orange or reddish-brown; winter buds ovoid, about 3 mm. (1% inch) long, pointed, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 em. (2-4 inches) long, 1-2.5 em. (3-1 inch) wide, finely serrate, long attenuate at the apex, narrowed at the base, pubescent when very young, soon becoming glabrous, smooth and bright green above, paler or a bluish glaucous and smooth beneath; petioles 1-3 em. (84-114 inches) long; flowers appear in April or May, generally about two weeks after the preceding species. Distribution. Quebec west to Manitoba, south to central Ohio and west to Illinois, and southward and westward through the Rocky Mountains. In Indiana it is known only from the northern part of the State. The specimens at hand are one taken by Umbach in Lake County and one taken by Deam in Lake County. It is a small tree and is difficult to separate from the preceding species. It has a more upright habit of growth and is usually found on the borders of stagnant water such as ponds, swamps and lakes. In text books it is called the peach-leaved willow. The published records are as follows: Kosciusko (Scott). Economic uses. Too rare to be of any economic importance. 3. Salix lucida Muhlenberg. Witntow. Plate 17. Bark smooth or nearly so, reddish-brown, tinged with red, twigs smooth, dark orange the first year, becoming darker the second year; winter buds narrow ovate, 5-10 mm. (14-28 inch) long, reddish-brown, shiny; leaves ovate to lanceolate, 7-15 em. (3-6 inches) long, long-pointed, narrowed or rounded at the base, conspicuously glandular serrate, with a few hairs when they unfold, soon becoming glabrous, dark green above and paler beneath; petioles 6-12 mm. (14-1 inch) long, usually glandular near the base of the leaf; flowers appear in April or May. STATE BoARD OF FORESTRY. PLATE 17. SALIX LUCIDA Muhlenberg. SHINY WILLOw. Cx 1 ) 118 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Distribution. Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Pennsyl- vania, northern Ohio and Illinois and west to Nebraska. Schneck reports it as “common along streams”’ in the lower Wabash Valley. If the reports are correct the range of the species is extended from the northern part of Ohio southward to southern Indiana. It is found in swamps and on the borders of lakes and streams. In our area it is a small tree, usually less than 1 dm. (4 inches) in dia- meter. In text books it is called shiny willow. The published records of the distribution are: Clark (Baird and Taylor); Clay (Wilson); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Knox (Ridgway); Lake (Hill); Marion (Wilson); Miami (Gorby); Noble (Van Gorder) ; Posey (Schneck); Putnam (Wilson); Steuben (Bradner). Additional records are: Laporte, Noble, Steuben and Wells (Deam). Economic uses. ‘Too rare and small to be of economic use. 4. Salix alba Linnzus. Wittow. Plate 18. Bark on old trunks rough, thick, coarsely ridged, gray to brown; twigs smooth; winter buds 5-6 mm. (14 inch) long; narrowly ovoid, smooth and blunt; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-13 em. (2-5 inches) long, long-pointed, narrowed at the base, hairy on both surfaces when young, becoming smooth or nearly so above at maturity, bright green above, paler or glaucous and persistently hairy be- neath; petioles 4-8 mm. (és inch) long usually without glands, sometimes bearing a few near the base; flowers appear in April or May. Variety vitellina (Linnzeus) Koch, with yellow twigs, mature leaves glabrous above and whitish beneath, is the common form in our area. Distribution. Introduced from Europe and now naturalized in many parts of the State. It is one of the largest of the genus and it is not uncommon to see trees in cultivation that are a meter (39 inches) in diameter. The published records of the distribution are as follows: Clark (Baird and ‘Yaylor) and (Smith); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Franklin (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Ham- ilton (Wilson); Jefferson (Coulter) and (Young); Kosciusko (Scott) ; Marion (Wilson); Noble (Van Gorder); Posey (Schneck); Putnam (MacDougal); Steuben (Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley). Additional records are: Putnam (Grimes); Tippecanoe (Coul- ter); Posey and Wells (Deam). 119 State Boarp or Forestry. RrATHMIS. (ea) SALIX ALBA Linnzus. WHITE WILLOW. 120 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT Economic uses. ‘Too rare to be of any economic use. Horticultural value. Adapted to a moist soil, in which it grows very rapidly. Propagated either by cuttings or seedlings. It is used as a windbreak and is frequently planted for ornamental pur- poses. 2. POPULUS. Tuer Pop.ars. (From the Latin, populus the people; the trees used by the ancients along the highways.) Rapidly growing trees; buds large, scaly and more or less resin- ous; leaves alternate, broad, toothed or sometimes lobed; flowers © on pendulous catkins; anthers purple-red. In the following key mature leaves from trees are considered : Winter buds cottony, leaves more or less lobed........... 1 P. alba. Winter buds not cottony, leaves with margins more or less regularly toothed. Winter buds pubescent, appearing dusty; margins of leaves with 5 or less teeth per 25 mm. (1 inch).... 2 P. grandidentata. Winter buds glabrous or nearly so; margins of leaves with 6 or more teeth per 25 mm. (1 inch). Leaf blades blunt or rounded at the apex; shoots at first hoary becoming glabrous and brown...... 3 P. heterophylla. Leaf blades sharp pointed at the apex; shoots smooth or with only a few hairs, becoming gray. Apex of most of the leaves without teeth for about 5 mm. (14 inch); winter buds resinous and sticky, about 8 mm. (14 inch) long; stamens lesa silage? beret yc croatian, oh omute 4 P. tremuloides. Apex of most of the leaves without teeth for about 10 mm. (% inch); winter buds resinous but dry, about 12 mm. (1% inch) long; stamens TORE S Oley MO rg yeah ce be. oes Oe ee: 5 P. deltoides. 1. Populus Alba Linneus. Stiver—-Lear Popuar. Plate 19. Bark on young trees smooth, greenish-white or gray, on old trees furrowed, gray or dark brown; young twigs hairy, becoming smooth in age; leaves ovate or triangular, 3-5 lobed or occasionally irregu- larly toothed, hairy on both surfaces while expanding, becoming dark green and glabrous above and remaining white-hairy beneath; stamens usually less than 15, flowering season, March, April or May. Distribution. Introduced from Europe, now frequent in all parts of the State. StaTE Boarp or Forestry. 121 PLATE 19. POPULUS ALBA Linnzeus. SILVER-LEAF PopLaR. (x $.) 122 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT The published records of the distribution are as follows: Dela- ware (Phinney); Franklin (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Kosciusko (Clark); Marion (Wilson); Miami (Gorby): Posey (Schneck); Steuben (Bradner). Additional records are: Putnam (Grimes); Franklin and Wells (Deam). Horticultural value. Grows rapidly, adapted to all kinds of soil, though its preference is for a moist rich soil, propagated either by cuttings or seedlings, transplants easily, stands pruning well, com- monly develops a broad and open crown, leaf period long and has few insect or fungous enemies. It is valued as a shade and orna- mental tree. An objectionable character of this tree is its habit of sending up shoots from the roots. 2. Populus grandidentata Michaux. Quakina Asp. Corron- woop. Poppe. Plate 20. Bark smooth, grayish-green, becoming furrowed and dark brown on the trunks of old trees that grow in the northern part of the State, especially when found growing in swampy conditions. In the southern part of the State where the tree grows on the top of hills the bark does not darken so much and frequently remains a light gray to maturity or becomes only a dark gray color; shoots at first hairy, becoming smooth at the end of the season; leaves broadly ovate with large and irregular teeth, short. pointed, truncate or slightly heart shaped at the base, hairy when expanding, smooth at maturity; petioles strongly flattened at right angles to the plane of the blade; staminate catkins 2-8 em. (1-3 inches) long, the pistillate catkins at maturity reaching 6-12 cm. (214-5 inches) in length; stamens less than 15; flowering season March, April or May. Trees usually about 10-20 m. (380-65 feet) high and less than 4 dm. (16 inches) in diameter. Distribution. Nova Scotia, Ontario and northern Minnesota, southward to the Ohio River and along the Alleghany Mountains south to North Carolina. Locally distributed in all parts of In- diana. It is frequent or common in swamps, along the border of streams or in drier situations. In the northern part of the State it is generally found in moist conditions and exceptionally found in dry situations, while in the southern part of the State it is found either in moist conditions along streams or in dry situations such as the tops of hills. In Montgomery County along Sugar Creek it was noted on a high ridge associated with the hemlock. In moist con- ditions along streams it is usually found growing in colonies. When Srate Boarp or Forestry. 123 PLATE, 20. " 0 U, \ U a 4 h \) WW Ni ’ Ne . POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA Michaux. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN. (X 3.) Leaf in upper part of plate is a form often found on seedlings or shoots. 124 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT found on hillsides and hill tops there are usually only a few in- dividuals, which indicates that the preference of the species is for moist soil conditions. . The published records of the distribution are as follows: Clark (Smith); Clay (Wilson); Delaware (Phinney); Franklin (Meyncke) ; Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Knox (Ridgway); Koscei- usko (Clark) and (Scott); Putnam (Wilson); Steuben (Bradner). Additional records are: Crawford (Schneck); vicinity of New Albany (Clapp); Putnam (Grimes) and (MacDougal); Tippecanoe (Coulter); Clark, Decatur, Fulton, Jennings, Marshall, Monroe, Montgomery, Noble, Owen, Porter, Posey, Steuben, Vermillion, Warren and Wells (Deam). Economic uses. Wood soft, light and not strong. Used prin- cipally for pulp and excelsior. The supply in Indiana is so limited as to be of no economic importance. The pioneers were accus- tomed to cut small quaking aspens into convenient sizes for tying in the stalls of their stables in order that their horses might gnaw off the bark which contains a bitter tonic principle. 3. Populus heterophylla Linneus. LARGE-LEAVED CorroNwoopn. Plate 21. Bark deeply furrowed, the furrows as wide as the ridges, reddish-brown; winter buds glabrous or with a few hairs, slightly resinous, about 6 mm. (14 inch) long; leaves ovate, 7-15 cm. (3-6 inches) long, cordate or truncate at the base, velvety when young gradually becoming glabrous above and paler beneath and remaining somewhat pubescent, especially along the conspicuous veins, petioles round or but little flattened; flowering season March or April. Distribution. Connecticut south to Georgia and west to Louisi- ana and Missouri. In Indiana it is rare and local, except in the lower Wabash bottoms, where it is frequent or common around ponds and in sloughs. It grows in low woods and swamps. A medium sized tree, usually about 15-25 m. (48-80 feet) high and less than 5 dm. (20 inches) in diameter. The published records of the distribution are as follows: Dela- ware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Franklin (Meyncke) ; Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Doane); Jay (M’Caslin); Knox (Ridgway); Miami (Gorby); Posey (Schneck); Vigo (Blatchley). Additional records are: Blackford, Laporte, Posey and Wells (Deam). Economic uses. Too rare to be of any economic importance. Strate BoaRD or Forestry. 125 nh = PLATE 4 # i Ly p iF POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA Linnzeus. LARGE-LEAVED COTTONWOOD. (% 3.) 126 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 22. POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michaux. QUAKING ASP. (xX 3.) Leaves in upper part of plate show forms on seedlings, root or coppice shoots, State Boarp or Forestry. 127 PLATE 23. POPULUS DELTOIDES Marshall. Corronwoop. (x 3.) [9—28415] 128 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT 4. Populus tremuloides Michaux. Corronwoop. QUAKING ASP. Plate 22. Bark usually smooth, greenish-white or gray, turning an ash color on age and on old trees becoming rougher or fissured and much darker; twigs smooth or with a few hairs, reddish-brown, shiny the first season, gradually turning gray; leaves 3-9 cm. (1144-4 inches) long; usually wider than long, dark green above, lighter beneath, more or less pubescent when young, soon becoming gla- brous, petioles flattened; catkins at first 3-7 em. (1-3 inches) long, the fertile gradually increasing in length to about 10 cm. (3 inches). Usually a small tree, 30-45 feet high, and less than 3 dm. (12 inches) in diameter. Distribution. Alaska and Hudson Bay south to the Ohio River and along the mountains of Mexico. Found in all parts of Indiana, becoming rare or infrequent towards the Ohio River. It is found usually in colonies in open places about swamps, lakes and along streams. The published records of the distribution are as follows: Clark (Baird and Taylor); Dearborn (Collins); Decatur (Ballard); Dela- ware (Phinney); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Fountain (Brown); Franklin (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Ham- ilton (Wilson); Jay (M’Caslin); Jefferson (Coulter); Knox (Ridg- way); Kosciusko (Clark), (Scott) and (Youse); Marion (Wilson); Miami (Gorby); Noble (Van Gorder); Posey (Schneck); Putnam (MacDougal); Steuben (Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley). Additional records are: Putnam (Grimes); Tippecanoe (Coul- ter); Allen, Lake, Laporte, Marshall, Porter, Steuben, Warren and Wells (Deam). Economic uses. Not of sufficient size and abundance to be of much economic importance. 5. Populus deltoides Marshall. Corronwoop. Plate 23. Bark on old trees ash colored, deeply furrowed; branchlets round or those on vigorous trees angled, glabrous, yellowish-green becoming gray; leaf blades 4-12 em. (11%-5 inches) long, usually about as wide, coarsely toothed, teeth glandular, incurved, lateral veins prominent on both sides, petioles flattened; flowering season March, April or May. Distribution. Quebec to Florida and west to the Rocky Moun- — tains. Frequent in low woods and along streams in all parts of Indiana. The largest tree of the genus, usually 1-1.6 m. (8-5 feet) in diameter. In the original forests it was one of the largest of Indiana trees. State Boarp oF ForREStTRY. 129 The published records of the distribution are as follows: Clark (Baird and Taylor); Dearborn (Collins); Delaware (Phinney); Del- aware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Fountain (Brown); Franklin (Haymond) and (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Hamil- ton (Wilson); Jay (M’Caslin); Jefferson (Young); Knox (Thomas) ; Kosciusko (Clark); Marion (Wilson); Miami (Gorby); Noble (Van Gorder); Parke (Hobbs); Posey (Schneck); Steuben (Bradner) ; Vigo (Blatchley); Wayne (Petry and Markle). Additional records are: Montgomery (Evans); vicinity of New Albany (Clapp); Putnam (Grimes) and (MacDougal); Tippecanoe (Coulter); Hancock, Knox, Laporte, Marshall, Owen, Posey and Wells (Deam). Economic uses. Heart wood thin, dark brown, sap wood thick, nearly white, light, soft, weak, and warps badly in drying. Used principally for siding, sheeting, heading, wagon boxes, shelving, excelsior and pulp. The lumber has been such a favorite on account of its lightness that the supply has been nearly exhausted. Horticultural value. Bee's sed Ser Gap = BETULA POPULIFOLIA Marshall. Gray or Warts BIRcE* (x.4.) (Bract and nut, x2.) 162 ELeEventH ANNUAL REPORT ? " | jj ep : 4 i k f Ly j BETULA PAPYRIFERA Marshall. CANOE BircH. (xX 4.) (Bract and nut, x 2.) State BoarpD OF FORESTRY. 163 (34-114 inches) long and about 8 mm. (1/3 inch) thick, scales slightly hairy, the middle lobe acute, the two lateral lobes shorter, orbicular and diverging almost at right angles; nut oval, about 1.5 mm. (1/20 inch) long with wings twice as wide. Distribution. Alaska and Labrador south to New York, northern Indiana, Colorado and Washington. In Indiana it has been noted only in Lake and Porter Counties. In favorable conditions in the range of its distribution it is a large tree, assuming a height of 30 m. (98 feet) and a diameter of more than a meter (39 inches). In our area it is arare and small tree. This is the tree from which the Indians made their canoes and is frequently called the ‘canoe birch.”’ The published records of the distribution are as follows: Lake (Blatchley) and (Hill). Additional records are: Lake and Porter (Deam). Economic uses. Wood light, close-grained, strong and tough, light brown. Representative uses are spools, shoe-shanks, shoe pegs, tooth picks, wood bottles, etc. The greater supply is in Maine, where it is the principal wood industry. In Indiana the tree is so small and the supply so limited as to be of no commercial value. Horticultural value. Sometimes used for ornamental planting. It is not long-lived, requires much light, is adapted to a moist or dry soil. 4. ALNUS. Tue ALpers. (From the Celtic words, al, near, and lau, the banks of a river.) Bark astringent; leaves variously toothed or lobed; mature pis- tillate catkins oblong to ovoid, 1-2 em. (%@-34 inch) long, becoming woody and remaining on the tree for several months. A small tree or usually shrub-like in our area. Leaves sharply doubly serrate, the ends of the primary veins forming the apex of the larger teeth, glaucous ano pubescent -penéath 2. See oF ese oe, oe 1 A. incana. Leaves singly serrate, pale green and pubescent beneath.. 2 A. rugosa. 1. Alnus incana (Linneus) Muenchhausen. Tac ALDrER. SPECKLED ALDER. Plate 39. Bark reddish or bottle green with gray dots, whence its common name; leaves usually of a broadly oval type, short-pointed at the apex, widely rounded at the base, blade 4-10 em. (114-4 inches) long, 3-7 cm. (114-3 inches) wide, dark green and glabrous above, paler, glaucous and pubescent at least on the veins LEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT i) 164 Bu: PATE —_ \ i ss 2 508 ew: rad) a SS Pi Tac ALDER. ALNUS INCANA (Linnwus) Muenchhausen. State BoarpD OF FORESTRY. 165 beneath; staminate catkins terminal, 2-7 em. (24-234 inches) long, pistillate catkins lateral, bent downward, at maturity resembling a small cone; scales thickened at the tip. Distribution. Newfoundland and Saskatchewan south to Penn- sylvania, and west to Iowa and Nebraska. In Indiana it has been noted only in the vicinity of Lake Michigan where it is locally fre- quent in low woods and low places between the dunes near the lake. It frequently attains a diameter of 1-1.5 dm. (4-6 inches) and a height of 9 m. (29 feet). The published records of the distribution are as follows: Lake and Porter (Blatchley). Additional records are: Lake (Umbach); Porter (Chase); Lake and Porter (Deam). 2. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Sprengel. AtpER. Plate 40. Trunk fluted or angled, resembling Carpinus, bark thin, smooth or nearly so, grayish brown; bud scales thickly black resinous dotted; leaves ovate or oval, very short pointed or rounded at the apex, rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped at the base, rather regularly and mi- nutely serrate, 4-11 cm. (14-41% inches) long, smooth and dark green above, lighter below, with more or less rusty pubescence beneath, especially along the veins, under surface of green leaves sufficiently resinous to adhere to paper if pressure is applied; sta- minate catkins 5-8 em. (2-3 inches) long, 3-5 together, expanding early in the spring, pistillate catkins erect. Distribution. Maine to Florida, west to Texas, rarely inland to Minnesota. In Indiana it is found in widely separated parts of the State. It is local in its distribution, usually growing in clumps in swamps or along the banks of streams. It is usually shrub-like, although it occasionally attains a diameter of 7 em. (3 inches) and a height of 5 m. (16 feet). The published records of the distribution are as follows: Clark (Baird and Taylor); Gibson (Schneck); Jefferson (Coulter); Knox (Ridgway); Kosciusko (Coulter); Lake (Higley and Radden); Miami (Gorby); vicinity of New Albany (Clapp); Noble (Van Gorder) ; Posey (Schneck) ; Tippecanoe (Coulter). Additional records are: Jefferson (Young); Monroe (Blatchley) ; Jackson and Starke (Deam). Economic uses. Not of sufficient size or abundance to be of any commercial value, 166 EveventH ANNUAL ReEepoRT PLATE 40. \ ALNUS RUGOSA (Du Roi) Sprengel. ALDER. (X 2.) 167 State Boarp or Foresrry. FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA Ehrhart. Bercy (x 3.) (Nut, xd.) 168 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT FAGACEZ. Tue Beecu Famity. Trees with watery juice; leaves alternate, pinnately-veined; flow- ers of two kinds; fruit a l-seeded nut. This is the most important family of trees occurring in the State. Staminate flowers in heads on drooping peduncles; nuts triangular, inclosed in a woody husk armed with re- CURVE CRMINCKICS ae Meee iio rie hg noe i cee hae IE 1 Fagus. Staminate flowers in slender catkins; nuts not as above. Nuts inclosed in a woody husk armed with numerous Sema G IMC KICS: ir athe eM Ly ok ter eres aon eee 2 Castanea. Nuts seated-in a scaly and woody cups. <2... 4 6eau: 3 Quercus. 1. FAGUS. Tue Beecu. (From the Greek word phago, to eat, because the nuts were formerly used as food.) Trees with pale smooth bark; buds long, acute, chestnut-brown; staminate flowers in globose heads, stamens 8-16, pistillate flowers 2-4 in a cluster in the axils of the upper leaves; nuts usually 2 in an oval shell, which opens to discharge the nuts. Fagus grandifolia khrhart. Brecu. Rep Beecn. Wuite Brecu. YeLLow Beecu. Plate 41. Bark light to a dark gray; twigs red- dish-brown the first year, turning to gray; leaves ovate to oblong- ovate, usually rather long taper-pointed, wedge-shaped to cordate at base, regularly and usually minutely serrate, the veins ending in the apex of the teeth, silky when young, at maturity becoming smooth above and nearly so beneath, blade 6-13 cm. (21%-5 inches) long; flowers appear in May; nuts 1-1.5 em. (%4-'% inch) long, triangular, reddish-brown, pubescent. Distribution. Nova Scotia, Ontario and Wisconsin, south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana, though not frequent in the prairie region of the northwestern part of the State. It is frequent to very common in almost all parts of the State on high ground. In point of number it ranks first of Indiana trees. It is usually associated with sugar maple, buckeye, ironwood, white ash, red oak, linden and yellow poplar. Among the hills in the southern part of the State the oak is the dominant stand on the south slope of the hills and the beech the dominant stand on the north side. In Jackson, Scott and some adjacent counties it adapts itself to wetter conditions and is found in the flats associ- ated with sweet gum and pin oak. It grows to be a large tree in our area, reaching a height of 385 m. (115 feet) and a diameter of a meter (39 inches). Srate BoarD or FORESTRY. 169 The published records of the distribution are as follows: Car- roll (Thompson); Cass (Benedict and Elrod) and (Coulter); Clark (Baird and Taylor); Delaware (Phinney); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Fountain (Brown); Franklin (Haymond) and (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Jay (M’Caslin) ; Jefferson (Coulter) and (Young); Knox (Ridgway) and (Thomas) ; Kosciusko (Clark); Marion (Wilson); Miami (Gorby); Noble (Van Gorder); Parke (Hobbs); Posey (Schneck); Steuben (Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley); Wabash (Benedict and Elrod); Wayne (Petry and Markle). Additional records are: Montgomery (Rose) and (Thompson) ; Putnam (Cook), (Grimes). and (MacDougal); Tippecanoe (Coulter) and (Dorner); Clark, Decatur, Delaware, Floyd, Gibson, Hancock, Hendricks, Jennings, Laporte, Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Owen, Porter, Wells (Deam). Economic uses. Wood very hard, strong, usually tough, difficult to season, close-grained, takes a high polish, sap wood white, heart wood light or reddish-brown. Some trees are composed principally of white wood, hence the name ‘‘white beech’, and are much tougher than those that are principally red wood, which are popu- larly known as “red beech’’. Our best botanists have failed to separate the two kinds of trees botanically. Used chiefly for build- ing material, frame stuff, heading, staves and fuel. Horticultural value. Its dense shade, clean appearance of the limbs and trunk, slender branches which turn up at the extremities and freedom from disease and insects make this one of the most desirable trees for ornamental and shade tree planting. It is not easy to transplant and because it does not grow rapidly and straight it is not frequently used. When grown in the open it is not inclined to grow tall. It is best adapted to a moist, rich and well drained soil. 2. CASTANEA. Tue CHESTNUT. (Named from a town in Thessaly, famed for its chestnut trees). Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkhausen. CurestNuT. Plate 42. Bark of old trees deeply fissured, dark gray or brown, bark of young trees smooth; twigs at first hairy, soon smooth; leaves oblong- lanceolate, 1-3 dm. (4-12 inches) long, taper-pointed, wedge-shaped or obtuse at the base, coarsely serrate with incurved teeth, veins terminating in the teeth; flowers appear after the leaves in June or July, strong-scented, staminate aments terminal and from the axils of the lower leaves, 1-2 dm. (4-8 inches) long, pistillate flowers ap- pear in clusters of 2-5 just below the staminate aments or in the 170 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 42. CASTANEA DENTATA (Marshall) Borkhausen. CHESTNUT. (X43. STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY. 1g axils of later leaves; fruit ripens in September or October, con- sists of 1-3 nuts, rarely 1 or 5, enclosed in a round, spiny burr, about 5-7 cm. (2-3 inches) in diameter; nuts flattened and edible. Distribution. Maine, Ontario and Michigan south to Delaware and Tennessee and in the mountains to Alabama and west to Ar- kansas. In Indiana it is found only in the southern part of the State. Not known north of the 39th degree of latitude, except a few trees on the south bank of White River about two miles east of Anderson in Mound Park, which was a site of an Indian village. It is scattered in its distribution and occurs only in a few counties in any abundance. The greatest numbers are found in Clark, Crawford, Floyd, Jackson, Harrison and Washington counties. It is found on dry soil and is associated with black, white and scarlet oaks. The published records of the distribution are as follows: Clark (Baird and Taylor), (Coulter) and (Smith); Crawford (Coulter) ; Decatur (Ballard); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney) ; Floyd (Coulter); Gibson (Schneck); Harrison (Coulter); Jackson (Ridgway); Jefferson (Young); Knox (Coulter); Martin (Ridgway). Additional records are: Posey (Wright); Clark, Floyd, Jackson and Washington (Deam). Economic uses. Wood light, soft, not strong, checks and warps in seasoning, yellowish-brown and durable in contact with the soil. A large tree in our area, and formerly much used for rails because it split easily, and for fence posts and crossties on account of its lasting qualities in contact with the soil. The supply in this State is practically exhausted. Its principal uses are for fence posts, crossties, telegraph and telephone poles and lumber. The bark is rich in tannin and where available has been used in tanning. The nuts are edible and in the east are a profitable crop. The nut weevil usually destroys the nuts in this State. The leaves are ex- tensively used as a decoction or infusion for the relief of whooping cough. Horticultural value. In the forest the chestnut grows tall with a clean bole. In the open it develops a wide crown and does not grow tall. In its natural range it is one of the most desirable trees for ornamental and shade tree purposes. Usually the tree does not live to any great age if planted outside of its natural range. An objection to it is the litter made by the burrs of the fruit. This tree is not recommended for forest planting because a fungous bark disease has appeared in the east which threatens to kill all trees of this species. 1 4 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT 3. QUERCUS. Tue Oaks. (From the Celtic, quer, fine, and cues, tree; in reference to the quality of the trees. ) The leaves of the Indiana species are deciduous; flowers appear in April or May, staminate flowers in slender pendulous catkins, the pistillate solitary or in clusters in a scaly bud-like cup; fruit an acorn which takes one or two years to mature, ripening in the autumn. The trees that mature their fruit the first year are classed as white oaks and those that mature them the second year are called red, black or bristle-tipped oaks. The oaks are the longest lived of our native trees. They are peculiar in the amount of their annual growth, especially the white oaks. An examination of the annual rings of the oak will show that the rate of growth is nearly uniform from youth to old age. The slowest rate of growth will be found for the first five to twenty years. Almost all other trees show large annual rings in early years with a gradual decrease after the tree has fully matured With some trees the maximum growth rate is reached midway between youth and old age. The vitality of the acorn is short and nuts over a year old seldom, if ever, germinate. Nuts that are to be planted should be planted soon after they fall from the tree. This is the largest genus of Indiana trees and furnishes some of our most valuable hardwoods. The bark of some species contains a large percentage of tannin, and formerly tan bark was an import- ant article of commerce in the State. On account of their astringent properties, the bark, as well as the galls of some species are used in medicine. The heavy fruiting of the oaks was an important item to the pioneer, who was accustomed to feed his swine on the nuts of the forest, which were known as “mast’’, of which the acorns formed the greater part. Bark gray, more or less scaly; mature leaves never with bristle tips; fruit maturing the first year. *Leaves lyrate or sinuate lobed. Mature leaves pale or glaucous and glabrous beneath. 1 Q. alba. Mature leaves finely pubescent beneath. Terminal scales of the cup not awned. Pubescence on leaves beneath brownish; fruit nearly sessile; cup one-third to half as high NS Ne OMOM, ACOPMer as! ewer aa ek ee Nee 2 Q. stellata. Pubescence on leaves beneath whitish; fruit stalked, cup nearly covering the depressed BlODOSCTACONIA 2.5 tee ed eee, seek 3 Q. lyrata. STATE BoarRD or FORESTRY. 173 Terminal scales of the cup awned, forming a fringe around the cup, rarely wanting................ 4 Q. macroecarpa. *Leaves with sharp or rounded teeth, sometimes somewhat lobed in No. 5. Fruit peduncled. Peduncles exceeding the petioles..... ............. 5 Q. bicolor. Peduncles equaling or shorter than the petioles, LOI ISSUE), 01 RN ce aa 6 Q. Michauxii. Bark closevandlurroweds. 0... oo. ae ye 7 Q. Prinus. Fruit sessile or on very short peduncles............ 8 Q. Muhlenbergii. Bark dark, furrowed; leaves with bristle tips; fruit ma- turing the second year. **TLeaves more or less deeply lobed, the lobes or teeth conspicously bristle pointed. Mature leaves green and smooth beneath, except tufts of hairs in the axils, somewhat regularly lobed. Leaves lobed to about the middle, lobes wedge- shaped, broadest at the base; cup saucer-shaped ; nut about 2 em. (34 inch) broad.. ed 1 OD DU rmOra: Leaves lobed to beyond the middle, parole a eu ae so deeply lobed, at least some of the lobes broad- est at the apex. Cup saucer-shaped, rarely enclosing the nut for more than 1/3 its length. Leaves glossy above; cup about 1-1.5 em. (about Vomrncla e br dad. +2555 0 Sen aa RE htt ca 10 Q. palustris. Leaves dull above; cup 1.5-2.5 em. (about 34 machi): broad? jks tes ge ee Mer oY, 11 Q. Schneckii. Cup hemispheric or top-shaped, generally enclos- ing the nut for 1 its length. Inner bark gray or reddish, scales of the cup closely appressed. Cup brown, scales at maturity glabrous, glossy, acute, kernel white............... 12. Q. coccinea. Cup ashy, scales not glossy, hairy, blunt; kernel; yellow (0404.77, Uy) Re Sy y BiacK SuGAR MAPLE. REPORT a: \ (aie ) any iy ta. eee sodden: © a ciclo ate leriece 0.73803 Celim-ocemdentalis (Hackberry > 8.0. Je. cee ees ee ee ee 0.7287 Carmmus:Carouniana (Water beech) 4i5 2 a ee. eee eee ee 0.7286 Winnie 7 hemast “(Hickory Him) ete. tee eieeeee cance. Ses were ss. 0.7263 Primus americana’ (( Wild 2b1 Un ie ae. eeeeee tema na ae ok v's we ake 0.7215 mpi. quadranculata’ Glue ASH ss tas .G ves sec ace ees abe oe ele ete 0.7184 lcorrar IP eGan: AC eCCAaniyraet 1 fees nates Cy ks cosliart eiecupeere cuasen aa 0.7180 Malus coronaria (CrabcAppleyes. ..... cic cce Sacer reo eee 0.7048 Quercus velutina (Black Oalkey oo. bere ee ee ee ee ee 0.7045 Winns. talva CSlipperyHilno sc. 6 oo age gee eco ee ree 0.6956 Qucreus palustris” (Pin Oa)... o%. ...2t2...2 eerie te onset 26 Ge 0.3889 Pinus -Strobus CW hite Pine). .6.ic cw eee a oe eit Ce 0.3854 Thuja occidentalis: (Arbor-Vitsxe) 2S coak. hc is sbttawionni cosas baie ee 0.3164 SratTe Boarp or Forestry. > [ar J = vi PLAT v & c 9 G = ae qh | bl ie me 3 : SUILAWIINAD € c t SY¥YaAaLAWILATD IC SCALES COMPARED. ETR These can be cut out and pasted on wood. M ENGLISH AND Index. The accepted botanical names are in bold-face type, synonyms in italics and where the subject receives the most extended notice the page number is in bold-face type. Page et SE ARE a neice site teett nee at eg” «SR nee See oa 301 Ie ETN OR cee BEES SU dt ad anette a, |. sot ewe eae OU 303, 354, 356 PING DenRA erg ats aoa? 3c 8h sh aaa siege in 1 2 ot Rs LLG? BOO COE IDI WO) HOUT. 1S SOR Ie SAA TE Sb CAPR, ener a eae 92 HULL 4 eg eS CAL Ge cane OR on ee 7 A 305, 354, 356 OL ILO ie 2 ne Oe ee a ec re 307, 356 Sica Orn OE aT ee SRE 25 eo eS ca Oe eater Seem 309; oa» 2s gt ca tones arte nerd Gee oaths 138 ORION et een ale a ae ae ee a Pape ee her ae 146 JU Sas STs GE Oi ES a ae eo a A ERO RR ce ee 135 LO TRYST NCE EA 227 | TS Sa ADRES oo eee eee Gee Mae". 1 ae 142 REG TMT EGR AMIN oko a. tle sk ty oo Bac, whan Same Ress Lo lee PRR, «3 ‘cad te. 144 CAGES. SO OA IR te oe Ose. NE aU tel ee a ee 139 Siar SAPP TIMEEERIRINTUAOT fo, of Seo ke aes chp dex dieREe < ieno ee Le 169, 353, 356 Peco AURA, EEO OE SS Re) ©. cee ener Vat a oe eae Oe ge ee 90 eerie Shee, NiMmaPEMIRR CD ee ORS eet EA lens oh tc ms o Zicle whic eure oe 344 re lpa eee eee tee nt phen el le kn did: Cos naw ately bao ee 344 EARS Ey AMER Mss 2) Sateen Ae 0 Bl, aaa ee fe ss PRU rey Ate ae 344 lODInPLOr THe WEA VES OF 0-3) jee. sc. hs eee oe tas Werte cd ape 18 DETLOGs OF SOOM UNRO! «| ot ih came «1. acres Sos oe lad od gaaar see eee 16 EDULE aie SR A yl in Toe oA SR ata Aenea Pe SRP es 342 DETOURS Amat ak A SRPMS Sen, ca ARE Gy «ts ink ae eae eee aa 344 CALA ARC RE. Per ee a et ge ic EONS eres i vie aaa i See SD 344, 347, 356 SBECIOSE! Geet Toa hese tre nea ae oe reel, hale aet ot oaes cae 344, 347, 354, 356 C@auaipa sphinx on the Reservationey.. ac ..cS5. <5 se te es 27 CEG EN SESS Jb 5 POLI ERE Plata. Se Oe ee ee em ene eer ake een 110 RORIAMEROTE MET MRE! UE: WER pm ooh ah Re 9) och cepa eh ie am eis 110, 356 RCM ASHOl UMANTECL ANAM lee ee! 3. sop cen ow. Senn > eee SE rae 63 Rp aUMIC eres RY WME o Mh coh 5k ociub. s,cats ara) 1a A shnateade RARE OP es a I Oe 89 CELIO ES 3 AIO ae he een a POPC on ea et MTT PO eee ak So 220 IME SS ES SUSPECTS GS? a5. ipa) ws 3 fe Se eee CE Se ee Be 224 PEC 10 SS ea a ee ae COS | Na emmy ed Coen ern, Th 220 occidentalis: var- crassifolia. cc... fis ee eee 220, 354, 355 COUT) © OV RGIAYS BO cecal ae ea Rann eo ine gee ge EM > AS ( SU Mey nye Gent sera eae 2am CEKelSICANAGRMSIS.s © .'<5 oo / «os os ae Oe SS Ee ene 288, 354, 356 OhamaecyparisthyOrdes : 5... ..: <0 skekes Se cnk ee a tre seen pee 89 (CINCO) Spends 52 ie eRe ae RES alc Pete weg eT 286 Uses.ofumey bNGTaNG... ces eee ee ee en a ae ce 61 CFC eA ns oor ame oe Se nn. oc es eo 286 AUG LS OEY 6) aerate ee pepe
  • Sail Aion ss ween e eure cudeaam 5 TUSSLE OR) ea OS pe EE een ee. Se nn 93 RAL CTL) 2 Rae a ellie FAB ne (SNe a ES: ot ne a rr 93, 321, 355, 356 CRUE ras 2 Bo EMO AE Fc ene i a ee xe, oe ee 172 WSU oiia | fe A Ue ed ga ae ae nn ae Te a 186 JO Sa) EL EO ne it oe eon eee.“ > ae 91 TIGL. 2 Sol S088 ed RI Se el rl i ec eee ee 200, 204, 205, 207, 354, 355 ECL. “CG OSIM AA Ge Wns [i RMS Eee PM wy oe Sere ee 209, 355 IOLSeS «RRA AEs ee, A og Se Cn 2 Te ee ae ae 180, 182, 335, 355 LETTER: LEE ORAS MRO cer 9 eRe anne oP ae es 186, 355 Ches Gn wt Hemeiiedewor CLOW hilay lcs ca soew «Fe ee cee FS ahah iwi in essen by engeo ala wal 16 chestnut, rate of growth at Reservation................. 73, 75, 76, 80, 82 CHIMING RU IO MUR MNNRRE tae.) EAM oh ARMA 2 Micon: ws teens os a a mae bts 189 Cro Be AS Ss a Ps aS |.) Va tt © a> ee ne Aer cs 186, 353, 355 bhybridvolhe whitetandichmemepin f.\ice Fe oa soo So a es gang ag anes 176 OMAP SRT MUL AR rset a Th CIM ce SR gee wh a of wnscehSe Rha, ane De een hg ape 178 TCLS, Saag Ree ONO OS)” ae ae eRe eee oN er 207 NN ORS UID! et rags, Sa ote a clatige oe ee ce we a enn cua ee 182 ONCE GUE Ca) epee e ra em cert ee GM Tn ts eee cre rae 180, 356 TOL, (RIMS AS 9 RRRRAD NR Sect. Siac 9S RMR ae aa Pe. eociere ace Oe Dh 207 j ATS SRN SES i 2 igi) PB, a a gr ne ee a 1945-20 393s 0500 SIUSRG | ony) RR apiga te oS BURSTS) aE Ee SOO en oe Cem a Cais e N78). 355 eM es EVR Mtn SMe Ei, ota okie Pen coals ose 192, 196, 200, 205, 353, 356 ROG erate ol erowih at) Reservation. ¢.. cic ense Seo 135 19, TOj Sie ihe UGE: Paes ey oa gta ce oe dodwaree eae Ge aed on Ro ee ee 178 SGaRlCuMre se ohio C2 hee. 2 any Ae GG a ein os knee er Belle Dede 200, 355 scarlet, rate ob growth at Reservation. ..................(3, (5, 76, 80, 82 SLA GV 6 Ne a ESRD cee ROSE ck Sobel acer 2 SS OR ee eS 207 aa SRM ya, len oe on, 2) ei lad ea em aR LS ale 206, 353, 355 SUMMLIND rds ons yo oe oe SAS ea ae it ete 194, 355 SUNT TO ee ee, Nar ed OE ABET Pace oe) re gee 184 Sif. SOc, Ce) ice eee UE OME TALI alg A ae RS a eee Eee ie eo ered 189 (AOR) SYS a Rei ee POR md DR oe REE ea a Dina . ae RE n 186, 189 Mees Chan sLadianials. 3t2 ... see aR a sc Meret 2 lS aca 63 PRG OL 6 oe 2 Se os aed A el rere BL. 194, 207 WNC Te tk Voc rd age ae a ee eRe ee ee i eae 173, 3538, 355 white, rate of growth at Reservation...:........a...... (2; 7o7 (0; 30; _ 82 LAs) ie attire eaere LAMBS i ie is, «12s SUM Ria aR, NORE Pe ion Oe a ae 91 NOG) Cae eR Nee Me Mite Wen PAE REET ne eS Pee 189, 204 Ohiincerexpenses: oo oa a ee ee, - gat cose es A SO vod re 11 MEMEO RWORK «4 ce os CEE) ae Be oe eee oe ag ee re ae ree 31 SACS ORANGE 605 6. oe ae ee ee Re 228, 355 Osirya virginiana ae oe oo eee eee 152, 353, 355 JE UC Fools! i Le, ep gl ame eS ty ge NM ee aie CEG a4 5 ane ot 286, 356 MARV AN Perel od cit NT ARE aa ic Nya. es ese 234, 354, 356 Vu gc a Re ce LO ee Re ee a ey gs 234 MO i Ci Sh kT ae ee at 234 368 INDEX Page PeGanty 280s: cat 26 ye aa Sal re RE 135, 353, 355 period’olgrowth..of 2). 63 2s: ht ae Se eee en Gee es eee 16 Peppentdge retraces: oo Pet ah ees ot oe Tene en Pee ee ee ee 321 Persimmon: eee ac). oe et ae ee eS ee Cee eae $27, 354; 350 Pignaiteeti © 0 gS a cd hak DO ee ee a eS 138 Pinata 8 ok. en ee ie a eee 97 PAG SETA a: oc soe Po LO ae eee 100, 356 FE ee OM Oe eI Oe et EO oe DOE Ot ee a ee ee 100, 353 JCLSCH Heiss) NM ae ee i ee cen a ha a ana 356 rec ee ee ee Ce Pe eee ee Ae nie ye 89 SOMOS LAC iv pe trai ee RR See ead eee Ra et Pe a ee “101 scrub or Jersey, rate of growth at Reservation.......... 72, 75, 76, 79; "& SORUICOR. ceo. 5 en Ae beet one eel ee ee ee 101 WANIEOCAYS Lc eee oe. US en es a, ee 97, 353 Winbe-uses Of im Indrand.% ie. econ. oe eee 63 wellows ises.Orim Indiana .¢. [250.5 Sf Se ee eee 63 PUES eee ee oe a ns Las PRB Po ae ee eee ff VATU NAR ee BOSS. TS ais Pee AEN a ee 100, 353, 356 echindiae 6 ak at Oro. he OES: Las Sh ee Si eee 101 RTA fcc es Ooh. ft eer ete ey ent ae whe oe ee 89, 101 SUICOLUES See A nae perl EEE eRe tae een Renta ena he. 5. 97, 353, 356 PURER oe 2s SE oF 2 Sa en Re nee a ee ee 89, 99, 101, 356 HERR EIGU AIC 5. oe 28 8 ee hn Se te ls ban te ee eee 92 IPieteebree a hr ie oe oee pecs cd oes Pets ACH dae 2 eee 241 EMamMer-(heeu is kt ne fos pone epee Gees a ee 92 Plant avtree,apress’ bulletin | 2 ius. oy wns SEs Po a ts oo ee 32 Plantation,discusston on the maturity of: ..2. 022.4 r. 5s. 8 ee 23 Plantations visited ain. 1911: see a ee eee ee 48 Planting- a a OR A 128, 353, 356 LORRI? 7 ¢ US RS 9 SRR a Sa ata Gn ee eRe, a, ee Be 329 BPECC he HOI OM ITICT ANIA oe iets US Ss od Puede ee IE Foe Ss ae oa ale 57 Preliminary report on the wood-using industries of Indiana, by F. J. Breeze. 59 PRecenOUCuINeIr eet. uteri rots acd TEE ti . ) MOM ees le eee ime Ol” AT Ircerol Mme PRIME LING TINY acho 2 curt gd RE sco his OMe wicgg Sas bea es fe elses 64 USL ENTS GAEL, fe ofc jcnetan SRE Sey eae, Fg aarti er 343, 356 Pruning oi-experimental tracts at- Reservation... ......<2. 020 .n..... 5. ee 19 CES TU CEIC 2g 6 MRD ICG Sa OR Eg SRE got rp &-acl 2-280 SIC UCHTAT. eernit tot pairs. nae Rb teh re acts U4, oS) aewiee ee 282, 305 BOT ae ee dean el. | OMS og ke eng nd eres SE ie wage 284 BemHyIVAIIGA. oe es ahh UNA oe Sa oe ws ed gles 280, 354, 356 VOIR TM NEY BBC Ip GRE >” a cad Se eM nr P) a-rk 286 PAS CA SB sree ek fo ail see HMRI is) een n cle noth aie ea 122, 128, 353, 356 pL CUROLTISTE Sod SURO Si Pa LS 3 el A Be eR Ie Oe sera MODE A 172 eae rie Ss ures ae rep ep coe ler ele Te Ny Sa eS a 173,358, 850 ala SV LURIeNDERall ee. ee Mo aa ke cd ee Oe is BO, 176 DRCOLGRGRR Chats ts to ees ree cae aoa hapie E Cee Fe th te ee oe 184, 355 OCCURED et er oi ios a cin: Pie oes LE Oe es Mena a Ee eee 91, 200, 355 CUINSOIGQIES, ecko foe en a oe I ee ne eee ee ae 201 PACA e ee Gry w eR Re Se eR: DRE Nee > bat cee Oe Lt ee 205, 355 INCL C0 pe hs a a ee erties Sir Pe eT IRE i iS nt | ae ee ee 91 lmbrieariass 6308. 3dr Ge ec ee A ee 9t:92..207,..395 yaar see ire Se i ae Se cee ee ee 180, 355 MMACKOCAGPA 3. oot. he ae Ee ee ee ts ced oe eee 182, 353 PME VAANOIC! ks eee tek Se Re ee Oe ate Ae 91, 209, 355 TENURE ce oe ee ee a oe a 186, 189, 358, 355 Niahlenhbersit. >. 220s ee ae en. ee eee rele eee 189 EV ee Se ee he REN, Si ca OE. int nee oF palustris. 5 oo oF petty baler ee Oe ine a tae eae oe an 194, 201, 3538, 355 Lig Co) | CSI ee Aer ES cen AM oho og ES Ad ORR 7, AB Nt DUN eo RO Si PRIUS 2 Se ot Se ns Le ee eee 186, 191, 355 GLE 0, 6 A emia a een he MRE ADEE D SRS kA hn 192, 198, 353, 356 SCHNOCII: 2.6 22. i. os Ss bk Le ee ee eee 196, 353 stellata’: -.6. ao ee eee 178, 355 VOL OWUG 55008 ss yoo ok Qe GO SE SE EO Te Tay oe 196 VelWling 60s ee er ee ee 91, 204, 354, 355 Ratmtallsn- Indiana, average annual: 4.0> see os. eee. o OF ORSG Raimfall im Irdidnd, COMCEAMD, Se ale I A MR Oe aa eae le ERE, 9s 275 PEI MORNE TES fink. st SM CG Scart! kc oh Ue Pee AES Se ae Lae: 275 SUNT: 9c SNE a ge Bs Re Ree a ec: Seo cS a 264 Se Se MR Ge tT (Ree te Cee ERR un ty cee Sees Sta Sa be 264 OUD C ITU CT Sn CAG RR ene oO A eS ee ore ae 268 ern Gh eee MEU et GAME Gr, © ett Beet evs Ss dos dibs aleve weld Vas MOMs 264 ieee Laren NI MEMEMERe tor Lae RAGE TRIES sews 12 ute RAURE REED Ay och ws 0 wed bape Uo 278 (ERG IONGEG.. ge ot a ee a ce 270 0 RENUST SARS (he 2 1 AERIS ES. k , S ces© 291, 294 eae GQECIUETNOMN Smee Yan. 2 a ekere....cbeteae h ee rs ou dunce mh R ee are 108, 356 ETRE 0 Sete toc at PR oe Seay Sey ay acaiputy seis pan some 317 DAIMELICHA AS SRY | ore TA ne ona, ho tae Sek eat 317, 354, 356 MELCRODMY MN ettee a seit! el ER os ee Ps aw wate ee 319,054, 356 OTIS AP MING ie a SA a a, 7 aan cg SE AIR ve 317 To what extent should Indiana be reforested, by Gladys Jones........... 38-40 To what extent should Indiana be reforested, by Mabel Adair........... 40-42 To what extent should Indiana be reforested, by Cora E. Dougherty..... 42-44 To what extent should Indiana be reforested, by Mary Mason........... 44-46 Me OTINN OTOL UN 3.56 oo. sos k Rin whys ote eh sk eb sialon, Weeadel ss noe 228, 305 ear TC HOT. iO y ct os. han, Gren, We kee cen. aaron bes citys PRUE & hone sane 299 freee a one diveh-banks, planting of sf.) ) S6eake, woe eke 2 35 @rees, economic uses of as used in: this'report..220% deena one i. oss ss oe 88 Trees, experiment to determine periodicity of the growth of.............. 16 Prees, horticultural value.of as used im, this meporte iy ccs... eee 88 Trees, key to, the families occurring’ in Indiana, (8. os ea ee ee) os es 95 Mrees list ef @ropped from, the state: Moraes ace oS et ee ees 89 ircecwimaterial tor the Miustration, OL ya. Oe eer cc eee ees 88 Trees, measurement of some of the largest found in Indiana............... 353 fireecior Indiana by Chas(C. Deamy antag ar ware cue es ee 86-358 Trees, rate of growth of certain species of the Reservation...............67-85 ‘Trees, terms used to-define-distMbution (ol... 28 on. we ee 87 Mitigs.Canagensisnc<: goenes fc Meee Shee nie ne ee a 101, 106, 356 NU ISAL COUR hg ore te ioe os Do Oe ee EE a 211 LO\LT15 (Ca eae a nea MRE ES RNR Se SM IE, AC CN 4 ge alae, 212 ACA 6 oe oe ee ase oe oe ee ee eae 218, 355 americana... ye. 2 eee ee ee ee 212, 354, 356 POV A 2 ie aE RI ED Es 214, 355 NOMS | ilo et ls. i oR: 216.7215" 218,. 350 Undercrop, value. of in‘torest management. .-5e 2 ts eee te eS 22 Value ofa terest cropepredictedat ac an. coc ee oe ee oe as nes 23 Wat etormer: W216 ie ee ge a IM i ee a 88 —- a. > ~ Spee ~s on ba sieeiendlienatetlieerneiateernesteteent Ar a th eh i OTT 1853 00044