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The flame of the dogwood and sumach

That fires the edge

Where the field carries up to the forest

Its purple of sedge;

The blue of the monkshood and aster,

The sourwood's wine,

And back on the hills the unshaken,

Sustaining green of the pine.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2012 with funding from

LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation

http://www.archive.org/details/treesofnorthcaroOOcoke

North Carolina State Library
Raieigh

THE
TREES OF NORTH CAROLINA

BY

W. C. COKER, PH.D.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND DIRECTOR OF THE ARBORETUM IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROUNA

AND
H. R. TOTTEN, M. A.

INSTRUCTOR IN BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROUNA

i

> -, ~> >

> 3 t>

CHAPEL HILL

W. C. COKER

1916

.

To the young people of North Carolina, — in the
hope that as they learn to know their state better they
may come to love her more.

Copyright

1916

By W. C. Cokee

and

H. R. TOTTEN

INTRODUCTION

In the preparation of this little book the authors
have had in mind the need of a simple treatment of
the trees of North Carolina for the use of any
one who may be interested in them. Until now
there has been no publication even approximating
this character except Dr. Curtis' Woody Plants of
North Carolina (1860), a valuable work, but long
since out of print and out of date, and Bulletin No. 6
of the North Carolina Geological Survey by Pinchot
and Ashe (1897), which is also out of print. The
Woods and Timbers of North Carolina, by P. M.
Hale (1883), was a republication of the reports of
Dr. Curtis and others.

With the rapid advance of education and culture
in our state it will not be long before some knowledge
of nature will be desired by most of our citizens, and
the size, beauty and economic importance of our trees
should entitle them to first place in our interest and
affection. Every high school graduate at least should
know by sight the principal trees of the community,
and we hope that this little book will make possible
the beginning of such a delightful acquaintance. We
have referred frequently to places and trees about
Chapel Hill. This will be of great aid to the stu-
dents here and through them will serve as examples
for the whole State. The dates are the dates of

c: cr a a A

Introduction

flowering as recorded at Chapel Hill. The few tech-
nical terms that we have found it necessary to use
will be found explained in the Glossary and Index.

The flora of North Carolina is very rich, and in no
way is it richer than in the beauty and variety of its
trees. As will be seen from the following pages,
there are native in this state, according to our con-
servative treatment of the species, one hundred and
sixty-six kinds of plants that normally grow to tree
size, and this is excluding a number of introduced
trees that have escaped to a slight extent and are
mentioned in the foot notes. To this number it would
be easy to add at least a dozen more hawthorns by a
less reserved treatment of that problematic group,
and another dozen plants by including certain shrubs
that occasionally reach the size of small trees.

In the number of its trees our state is superior to
any of the other States of the Union, with the excep-
tion of Florida and Texas. Florida stands first with
about 328 native trees, including 38 species of
Crataegus (Small, Florida Trees, 1913) ; Texas is
next with 198 native species, including only nine spe-
cies of Crataegus (Lewis, The Trees of Texas,
1915), but this includes nine species that also grow
in North Carolina and have been excluded by us as
shrubs. Next after North Carolina comes Georgia
with 134 trees (only six species of Crataegus count-
ed) as estimated by Harper and the probable oc-
currence of about 20 more is suggested (Southern

Trees of North Carolina

Woodlands, Vol. I, No. 6, p. 32, 1908). In this list
Harper includes about six plants that we have consid-
ered as shrubs, but this is largely offset by his treat-
ment of Fraxinus and Tilia of which only one species
is given of each. Alabama follows Georgia in the
number of its trees which, as listed by Harper con-
sist of 121 species, only five hawthorns included
(Geol. Survey of Ala., Monograph 8, p. 189, 1913).
He supposes that the number will reach 140 or 150
when the flora is better known. It is surprising to
find that the large State of California has only 94
species (Jepson, Trees of California, p. 13, 1909). In
North Carolina we have twenty-four oaks of tree size,
while California has but thirteen. In Minnesota
(Clements, et al., Minnesota Trees and Shrubs,
p. iv, 1912), there are only 274 species of woody
plants, trees, shrubs, and vines, while in North
Carolina we have about 450-odd woody plants.

To a discerning person it is not necessary to say
that to know the names of the trees and the few facts
about them that are given in this book is no more
than a beginning of the knowledge and interest that
should result from a long and intimate association
with them. There is in each tree a complex individu-
ality which is too manifold and mutable for one to
fully grasp in a lifetime of study, and what is found
there will not be determined by its infinite possibil-
ities, but by the limitations of our eyes and hearts.
It is fascinating to observe the seasonal changes — the
swelling of the buds and unfolding of the leaves with

Introduction

their delicate colors, each kind differing from all
others in shade; their growth and change in tone to
maturity, and the putting on of more cheerful colors
in anticipation of death ; the expanding flowers with
their structure, odor and insect visitors ; the forming
of the fruit, its ripening and its fate; the seeds with
their germs and reserve foods and protective coats;
the distribution and planting of the seeds; their
sprouting and development into seedling and sapling ;
the slow growth of the tree to full stature and
strength, — if in the kindness of nature we should be
spared to abide with it so long.

In conclusion let us suggest to the reader that if
for any reason he cannot find the name of a tree from
this book he be not too easily discouraged, but observe
it through the year and study the fruit and flowers
as well as the leaves. If this does not settle the diffi-
culty, a twig with several leaves of average size should
be pressed, and if possible the fruits and flowers, and
these should then be sent to one of the authors at
Chapel Hill. We should take pleasure in seeing the
specimens and in helping with the name. We should
also greatly appreciate any data about trees that are
rare or local or are found outside of the limits given
in our descriptions. With anyone desiring help or
further information, or who can give us information,
we should be glad to correspond.

University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, N. C.
July 24, 1916.

KEY TO THE SPECIES*

I. Cone-Bearing Trees: Mostly Evergreen. Gymnosperms.

A. Leaves needle-like, united in bundles.

Leaves five or more in a bundle White Pine (8)

Leaves tbree or rarely four in a bundle.
Leaves ten to fifteen inches long ; cones

five to ten inches long Long-leaf Pine (7)

Leaves five to ten inches long ; cones

three to five inches long Loblolly Pine (2)

Leaves six to ten inches long ; cones less

than three inches long Pond Pine (6)

Leaves three to four inches long ; cones

two to two and a half inches long Black Pine (5)

Leaves two in a bundle.

Cones about three inches long, prickles

stout Table Mountain Pine (4)

Cones about two inches long or less, prick-
les weak.

Branches scaly ; leaves not twisted. . . . Short-leaf Pine (1)
Branches nearly smooth ; leaves twist-
ed ^. . . Scrub Pine (3)

B. Leaves single, linear, roundish or flattened.

Evergreen ; cone not spherical.

Leaves abruptly narrowed to a little stalk.
Leaves extending in one plane ; cones

%-% inch long Hemlock (12)

Leaves spreading in all directions ;

cones 1-1% inches long Carolina Hemlock (13)

Leaves sessile.

Leaves nearly round, not white be-
neath ; cones pendulous.
Leaves bluish-green (glaucous), cones

persisting for years Black Spruce (9)

Leaves yellow green ; cones falling

early Red Spruce (10)

Leaves flatfish, white beneath ; cones

upright Balsam ( 11 )

Not evergreen ; cone spherical.

Leaves spreading in two roms (one

plane) Swamp Cypress (14)

Leaves pressed against the twigs and

all around it Pond Cypress (15)

* Numbers preceded by the letter p. indicate the page, all others
refer to the plant number.

Key to the Species

C* Leaves very small, scale-like.

Fruit a small blue berry Red Cedar (18)

Fruit a little cone about the size of

a pea Juniper (16)

Fruit a cone %-% inch long Arbor-Vitae (17)

II. Broad Leaved Trees: Not Cone Bearing. Angiosperms.

Leaves evergreen, splitting into strips, grouped
at the top of a single stout stem (Monocot-
yledons).

Leaves several feet wide, fan-shaped Palmetto (19)

Leaves not splitting into strips, usually not

evergreen ( Dicotyledons ) .
A. Leaves compound, alternate on the twig.
Leaves twice compound.*

Trunk and branches thorny or prickly.

Leaves less than one foot long Honey Locust (110)

Leaves more than two feet long .... Hercules Club (140)
Not thorny.

Leaflets with teeth China-berry Tree (p. 73)

Leaflets without teeth.

Leaflets one-sided "Mimosa" (p. 71)

Leaflets symmetrical Kentucky Coffee Tree (p. 71)

Leaves once compound.

Odor offensive Tree of Heaven (p. 73)

Odor not offensive.
Fruit a flat pod.
v^rBranches with short thorns ; twigs

> — •*» and leaf stems not sticky Black Locust (113)

^Branches with or without short
thorns ; twigs and leaf stalks

very sticky Clammy Locust (114)

Branches without thorns ; twigs

and leaf-stalks not sticky Yellow Wood (112)

Fruit a small one-seeded capsule ;
branches prickly ; leaves fragrant

when bruised Prickly Ash (115)

Fruit a small red berry ; twigs

smooth Mountain Ash (85)

Fruit a small red berry ; twigs dense-
ly fuzzy Staghorn Sumach (116)

Fruit a nut, hull dividing into four
parts when ripe.f
Bark flaky or scaly. $

* The Honey Locust may also bear once compound leaves.

t In the Pig-nut Hickory the hull usually does not split into
parts.

t In the Small-fruited Hickory the bark is sometimes only ob-
scurely flaky below, but in such cases the upper part of the tree
will show this character more clearly.

Trees of North Carolina

Leaves scurfy-hairy ; shell of nut

thin, hull thick Scaly-bark Hickory (27)

Leaves smooth.

Hull contracted into a neck at

the base Pig-nut Hickory (30)

Hull not contracted into a
neck at the base.
Hull of nut thick, shell

thin N. C. Scaly-bark (28)

Hull of nut thin, shell thin Small-fruited Hickory (29)
Bark not flaky.

Leaflets smooth, broad ; nut with
a persistent hull and usually

with a neck at the base Pig-nut Hickory (30)

Leaflets hairy, broad ; nut with

a thick shell White-heart Hickory (32)

Leaflets with minute silvery or
brownish scales below, nar-
row ; hull of nut yellow with

minute particles Pale Hickory (31)

Leaves hairy, leaflets narrow to

broad ; nut bitter Bitternut (33)

Leaflets smooth, narrow and
numerous ; nut bitter, flatten-
ed, rough Water Hickory (34)

Fruit a nut with a green hull that
does not split away.

Hull of nut with sticky hairs Butternut (25)

Hull of nut without sticky hairs. .Black Walnut (26)
B. Leaves compound, opposite on the twig.

Leaflets clustered at the end of the leaf-
stalk (palmately compound) Buckeye (133)

Leaflets not clustered at the end of the leaf-
stalk (pinnately compound).
Leaflets not lobed ; fruit simple with an
apical wing.
Fruit averaging 2 inches or more long ;

a tree of the coastal swamps Pumpkin Ash (156)

Fruit less than 2 incnes long.

Wing narrow, linear, extending about

half way down the narrow seed. . .Darlington's Ash (157)
Wing spatulate, broad, extending
about half way down the long nar-
row seed.

Twigs and leaf -stalks velvety Red Ash (155)

Twigs and leaf-stalks smooth Green Ash (155)

10 Key to the Species

Wing broad, extending more than
half way down tne short plump

seed Small's Ash (158)

Wing long, narrow, pointed or notch-
ed, not extending down the short
plump seed.

Twigs and leaf -stalks smooth White Ash (153)

Twigs and leaf-stalks tomentose. . Biltmore Ash (154)
Wing broad, extending all around the

seed; a tree of the coastal swamps Water Ash (159)
Leaflets, at least some of them, lobed ;

fruit double, with two wings Ash-leaved Maple (132>

Leaves simple, alternate on the twig.
Fruit not an acorn. (For "Fruit an Acorn"

see page 16.)
1. Branches thorny.

Edges of leaves not toothed or lobed Osage Orange (p. 52)

Edges of leaves with teeth or lobes.
Fruit % inch or more thick.

Leaves at least twice as long as

broad Narrow-leaved Crab (88)

Leaves nearly as broad as long Crab Apple (89)

Fruit not % inch thick.
Leaves three-lobed.

Leaves about twice as long as

broad, acute at base Green Haw (94)

Leaves about as broad as long, not

acute at base Washington Thorn (102)

Leaves deeply cut with more than

three lobes Parsley Haw (100)

Leaves not deeply lobed.

Nutlets with cavities on their in-
ner faces.

Fruits globose Chapman's Thorn (103)

Fruits pear-shape Pear Thorn (104)

Nutlets witnout cavities on their
inner faces

Leaves about twice as long as
broad.

Leaves small, mostly less than

one inch wide.

Leaves dark shiny green

above, smooth, toothed on

upper half ; fruit nearly

y2 inch in diameter Cock-spur Thorn (90)

Teees of North Carolina 11

Leaves as above, but hairy ;
fruits slightly hairy,

about % inch in diameter Barberry-leaved Haw (91)
Leaves similar to above, or
three-lobed on vigorous
shoots, hairy when young ;
fruits about % inch in

diameter Spatulate Thorn (99)

Leaves larger, mostly over an
inch wide.

Leaves dull above ; fruits
short oblong, % inch in

length, white dotted Dotted Thorn (92)

Leaves dull above, fruits
globose, one-third to one-
half inch in diameter, pale

dotted Chapman's Hill Thorn (93)

Leaves shining above, often
three-lobed ; fruits glo-
bose, % inch or less in

diameter Green Haxo (94)

Leaves about as broad as long.
Flower-stalks smooth.

Leaves half leathery ; fruits

about Vi inch in diameter Boynton's Thorn (95)
Leaves thin ; fruits about %
inch in diameter, with a
more or less waxy bloom Waxy Thorn (101)
Flower-stalks hairy.

Fruit pear-shape, about V2

inch long Summer Haw (96)

Fruit globose, %-% inch in
diameter, marked with

dark dots Sunny Thorn (98)

Fruits globose, about y2
inch in diameter, not

dotted Rough Thorn (97)

2. Branches not thorny.

a Edges of leaves not toothed or lobed.
x Leaves evergreen.

Leaves averaging less than 2% inches
broad.

Leaves aromatic when bruised.
Twigs smooth.

Twigs light green, leaves white

beneath Sweet Bay (76)

Twigs brown, leaves light be-
neath Smooth Red Bay (80)

12 Key to the Species

Twigs hairy Red Bay (81)

Leaves not aromatic when bruised.
Twigs smooth.

Leaf broadest near the outer end He Huckleberry (117)
Leaf broadest near the middle. . . Laurel Cherry (109)
Twigs hairy.

Leaves over 3% inches long. ... Rhododendron (148)
Leaves less than 3% inches
long.

Twigs sticky when young and
becoming smooth in latter

part of season ; fruit a pod Mountain Laurel (149)
Twigs not sticky ; leaves of-
ten with prickly edges ;

fruit a berry Dahoon Holly (120)

Leaves averaging more than 2% inches

broad. Magnolia (75)

y Leaves not evergreen.

Leaves large, averaging over 5 inches
long.

Leaves not bad smelling when
crushed.
Leaves not eared at the base.

Over 12 inches long Umbrella Tree (71)

Less than 12 inches long Cucumber Tree (74)

Leaves eared at the base.

Over 18 inches long Learge-leaved Cucumber (73)

Less than 18 inches long Mountain Magnolia (72)

Leaves bad smelling when crushed. . Pa ivpaw (78)
Leaves averaging less than 5 inches
long.
Blade of leaf as broad or nearly as

broad as long Redbud (111)

Blade of leaf much longer than
broad.

Fruit a persimmon Persimmon (150)

Fruit a blue or black berry with
large stones.
Veins from mid-rib strongly

curving toward tip Blue Dogwood (142)

Veins from mid-rib not strongly
curving toward tip.
Fruits usually 3 on a common

stem Black Gum (143)

Fruits two on a common stem Water Gum (144)
Fruits one to the stem ; leaves

sometimes toothed Tupelo Gum (145)

Trees of North Carolina 13

b. Edges of leaves with teeth or lobes.

x Blade of leaf as long as broad or less
than twice longer than broad.
Blade of leaf broad and notched at the

end Tulip Tree, "Poplar" (77)

Blade of leaf pointed at the end.
Fruits on a leaf-like bract.

Leaf green beneath American Linden (135)

Leaf gray and moderately tomen-
tose beneath with short hairs ;
bracts mostly abruptly narrowed
at the base and under 4 inches

long White Linden (136)

Leaf silvery and densely covered
beneath with short hairs ; bracts
usually tapering at the base and

mostly over 4 inches long Michaux's Linden (137)

Leaf rusty beneath with short

hairs Doivny Linden (138)

Fruits not on a leaf-like bract.

Leaves five-lobed, smooth and

shining Sweet Gum (83)

Leaves large with many irregular
lobes and teeth ; bark white,

flaky Sycamore (84)

Not as above.

Blade six inches or more long,

not lobed Cotton-wood (23)

Blade smaller or deeply lobed.
Leaf-stalks not flattened.

Leaves smooth on both

sides ; fruit white White Mulberry (p. 52)

Leaves more or less tomen-

tose below, harsh above ;

not increasing by suckers Red Mulberry (70)

Leaves densely soft, tomen-

tose below, harsh above ;

increasing by suckers. . . . Paper Mulberry (p. 52)
Leaf-stalks flattened below the
blade.

Leaves white tomentose be-
neath White Poplar (p. 30)

Leaves smooth, teeth large,

less than 14 on each side Large-toothed Poplar (24)
Leaves smooth, teeth small,
more than 14 on each
side Carolina Poplar (22)

14 Key to the Species

y Blade of leaf much longer than broad.

Leaves evergreen, thick and leathery.
Edges of leaves prickly.

Leaves less than twice as long as

broad American Holly (118)

Leaves more than twice as long as

broad Dahoon Holly (120)

Edges of leaves not prickly.

Leaves averaging less than 2 inches

long Yopon Holly (119)

Leaves averaging more than 2
inches long

Fruit a red berry Dahoon Holly (120)

Fruit a silky pod Loblolly Bay (139)

Leaves not evergreen.

Teeth of leaves with bristle tips.

Leaves white tomentose beneath. . .Chinquapin (42)
Leaves not tomentose beneath. ... Chestnut (41)
Teeth of leaves not bristle tipped.
Leaves over 5 times as long as
broad.

Branchlets drooping Weeping Willow (p. 28)

Branchlets not drooping.

Leaves green beneath Black Willow (20)

Leaves whitish beneath Ward's Willow* (21)

Leaves less than 5 times as long
as broad.

Leaves with conspicuous paral-
lel veins from the mid-rib to
the edge.

Bark smooth or with only
slight furrows and cracks.

Leaf margin undulate Witch Hazel (82)

Leaf margin smooth or mi-
nutely toothed Buckthorn (134)

Leaf margin distinctly
toothed.

Bark whitish, trunk with-
out ridges Beech (40)

Bark very dark, trunk

with ridges Hornbeam (36)

Bark quite rough or papery.
Leaves and young bark
with odor of wintergreen.
Bark whitish, peeling off

in papery layers Yellow Birch (39)

Bark not white or papery Cherry Birch (38) t

* The leaves of the Silky Willow, which is only a shrub, are also
whitish beneath and must not be confused with this.
f See also B. alleghanensis (p. 36).

Trees of North Carolina 15

Leaves and bark not aro-
matic.

bark falling away in pap-
ery layers, brownish. . . River Birch (37)
Bark rough-scurfy ; fruit a
cluster of hop-like

bracts Hop-Hornbeam (35)

Bark rough ; fruit small,
flat, winged.
Leaves averaging less

than 2y2 inches long Winged Elm (68)
Leaves averaging more
than 2y2 inches long.
Soft velvety below,
rough above ; wing
of fruit not hairy Slippery Elm (66)
Smooth or nearly so
above, smooth or
tomentose below ;
wing of fruit hairy White Elm (67)
Leaves without conspicuous par-
allel veins from the mid-rib
to the edge.

Leaves without teeth, general-
ly, but not always, lobed ;

aromatic Sassafras (79)

Leaves toothed but not lobed.
Leaves distinctly sour to the

taste Sourwood (146)

Leaves distinctly sweet to

the taste Horse Sugar (151)

Leaves not distinctly sour
or sweet.

Leaves with coarse teeth
like a saw, ovate-lanceo-
late ; bark with thick,

corky warts Hackberry (69)

Leaves oval, downy be-
low ; fruit four-winged Snowdrop Tree (152)
Leaves ovate to obovate,
rather abruptly point-
ed ; fruit a bitterish

plum Wild Plum (107)

Leaves long-lanceolate ;

fruit a sweet plum . . . Chickasaw Plum (108)
Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
about 3 times longer
than broad ; fruit a
small red cherry Wild Red Cherry (106)

16 Key to the Species

Leaves oval to lanceolate,
about twice longer than
broad ; fruit a small

black cherry Choice Cherry (105)

Leaves obovate-lanceolate,
less than an inch
broad ; fruit a small red

berry Deciduous Holly (121)

Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
with a long point, more
than 1 % inches broad ;

fruit a small red berry Mountain Holly (122)
Leaves small, ovate,
shiny, thick, with mi-
nute teeth on the turn-
ed under edges ; fruit

small, black Sparkleberry (147)

Leaves ovate, tapering to
a point, bronze when
young, smooth beneath
at maturity, teeth small
and very close ; fruit

small, reddish Shad-bush (87)

As above, but leaves to-
mentose at maturity
and not bronze when

young Swamp Shad-bush (86)

Fruit an acorn.

Leaves broadest at the ends.

Two or three inches long Water Oak (61)

Four to six inches long Black Jack Oak (60)

Leaves broadest in the middle.
Leaves usually without lobes.
Leaves evergreen.

Leaves white-tomentose beneath,

leathery Live Oak (51)

Leaves smooth beneath Laurel Oak (63)

Leaves not evergreen.

Smooth and shining on both

sides Willow Oak (62)

Tomentose beneath, averaging

over an inch wide Shingle Oak (64)

White tomentose beneath, rarely

an inch wide Upland Willow Oak (65)

Leaves with lobes.

Lobes not bristle tipped.
Lobes less than ten.

JMorth Csrolr 1*6 WSf&fy

Teees of Nofei^ (Carolina 17

Lobes rounded, cup of acorn
low.

Leaves with seven or nine
regular lobes, whitish be-
neath.

Acorns on short stalks. . .White Oak (43)
Acorns on long stalks. . . .Swamp White Oak (49)
Leaves with five to seven
deep, irregular, rounded
lobes, gray-green beneath.
Leaves averaging under 3

inches long Scrubby Post Oak (45)

Leaves averaging over 3

inches long Post Oak (44)

Lobes pointed, cup almost cov-
ering acorn Overcup Oak (46)

More than 15 shallow lobes.
Acorn an inch or more long.

Upland tree Rock Chestnut Oak (48)

Low-ground tree Swamp Chestnut Oak (47)

Acorn less than % inch long. .Yellow Chestnut Oak (50)
Lobes bristle tipped.

Mature leaves green on both
sides.
Cup of acorn very low.

Lobes of leaf shallow,, acorn

large Red Oak (52)

Lobes of leaf deep ; acorn

about y2 inch long Pin Oak (55)

Lobes of leaf deep ; acorn

more than % inch long. . Siva mp Red Oak (54)
Cup of acorn deep, about half
the length of the acorn.
Leaf-stalk less than an inch

long Turkey Oak (59)

Leaf-stalk more than an
inch long.

Edge of cup usually in-
rolled, scales tightly
pressed together ; leaves
smooth and shining on

both sides Scarlet Oak (53)

Edge of cup not inrolled,
scales loosely pressed
together ; leaves dark-
green, under side yel-
low-scurfy when young,
but becoming smooth .. Black Oak (56)

18 Key to the Species

Mature leaves densely tomentose
beneath.

Upland tree ; leaf usually with
a long central lobe, base of

leaf rounded Spanish Oak (57)

Low-ground tree ; base of leaf

pointed Swamp Spanish Oak (58)

D. Leaves simple, opposite on the twig,
a Edges of leaf not toothed or lobed.
Leaves heart-shaped, large.

Fruit a short, ovate pod Paulownia (p. 97)

Fruit a long, slender pod Catalpa (162)

Leaves not heart-shaped.

Leaves with minute white hairs on both
sides ; each group of small, yellow
flowers surrounded by four white,

petal-like leaves Dogwood (141)

Leaves without hairs on the upper side ;

flowers in loose, drooping clusters,

fragrant, petals long and narrow. . . . Fringe Tree (160)

Leaves without hairs on the upper

side ; flowers in broad, erect clusters,

petals short Withe Rod (165)

Leaves without hairs, evergreen ; flow-
ers in axillary clusters, fragrant. . . . Devil-wood (161)
b Edges of leaves with teeth or lobes.
Leaves not lobed, toothed.

Peduncles (common stalks of the fruit
and flower clusters) y2 inch or more

long Withe Rod (165)

Peduncles less than % inch long.

Twigs and leaf-stalks smooth Black Haw (163)

Twigs and leaf-stalks sparingly red-
hairy or scurfy (scaly), mountain

tree Nanny Berry (166)

Twigs and leaf-stalks covered with

red plush, middle and eastern tree Blue Haw (164)
Leaves lobed and strongly toothed.

Small trees of the high mountains ;
fruit in terminal racemes.

Bark striped with whitish lines Striped Maple (130)

Bark not striped with whitish lines. . Mountain Maple (131)
Small shrub or tree of the Piedmont ;
bark very white ; leaves not whitish

beneath White-barked Sugar Maple (128)

Larger trees ; fruits in lateral clusters.
Leaves deeply lobed more than half
way to the middle, coarsely tooth-
ed, silvery white below Silver Maple (123)

Trees of North Carolina 19

Leaves with 3-5 lobes which extend

less than half way to the middle,

many teeth, whitish below ; fruit

red.

Leaves small, three-lobed, tomen-

tose below Carolina Red Maple (125)

Leaves larger, 3-5 lobed, smooth

below Red Maple (124)

Leaves with 3-5 strong lobes, which

have only 2-4 teeth or none.

Leaves whitish, smooth beneath. . Sugar Maple (126)

Leaves whitish, tomentose beneath Southern Sugar Maple (127)

Leaves green beneath, lobes scarce-
ly toothed Black Maple (129)

GYMNOSPERMS

PINE FAMILY

(CONIFERAE)

1. Pinus echinata Mill. Rosemary Pine, Short-leaf

Pine, Yellow Pine.

Needles short, 3-5 inches long, not twisted; cones
very small, 2 inches long or less. The largest North
Carolina pine and an important timber tree; abun-
dant in the middle district where it covers old fields,
and is often known as Old Field Pine ; much rarer in
the coastal plain where it descends to the neighbor-
hood of streams or damp flats ; in the mountains it is
found only at low elevations. Old trees grown in
thick woods are free of limbs and knots to near the
top, and such trees are commonly called Forest Pines.
"Lone Pine," the very large tree on Lone Pine Hill,
destroyed by lightning about 1908, was probably the
largest pine tree in Orange County; from the rings
it was about 203 years old. Dates of flowering:
April 15, 1903; April 22, 1909; April 4, 1910.

2. Pinus Taeda L. Loblolly Pine, Old Field Pine,

North Carolina Pine.

A large tree with needles about six inches long,
and cones 3-5 inches long. Abundant in the coastal
plain and eastern part of the middle region, where it
covers old fields and is replacing the Long Leaf Pine
in good land, then decreasing rapidly and disappear-

Trees of North Carolina 21

ing at the foot of the mountains. Mr. J. S. Holmes,*
State Forester, estimates that the Loblolly comprises
about 20% of our pines in the neighborhood of
Chapel Hill, but that even at Hillsboro it drops to
15%. "Queen of Pines," the large tree near the
Meeting of the Waters branch, belongs to this species.
Dates of flowering: April 2, 1903; April 4, 1908;
April 6, 1909; April 2, 1913; April 23, 1915;
April 14, 1916.

3. Pinus virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine, Jersey Pine,

Spruce Pine.

A small tree with almost smooth bark, drooping
branches, short, twisted needles, about l%-2%
inches long, and very small and abundant cones about
11/2-2 inches long. Abundant on dry hills and bluffs
from Orange County westward to the lower mountain
ridges. In the neighborhood of Chapel Hill it is
found only on very poor or hilly places, as near
King's Mill, where it forms groves on both sides
of Morgan's Creek, on bluffs of Castleberry's farm,
on Rocky Ridge Farm, etc. It is found sparingly in
such places as far east as Wilmington. Dates of
flowering: about April 2, 1903; April 22, 1914;
April 16, 1916.

4. Pinus pungens Michx. Table Mountain Pine, Burr

Pine.

Leaves two in a bundle, strong, about l%-2%
inches long; cones heavy, about 3 inches long, re-

* Holmes, J. S., Timber Resources of Orange County, N. C. Geo-
logical and Economic Survey, Press Bulletin 116, 1914.

22 Trees of North Carolina

markable for the very broad and strong spines with
bent tips. Thomas Meehan reports that trees of this
pine grow well from old cones and that even clean
seeds survive for as much as six years (Bot. Gaz.
5 :75. 1880). A small or medium sized tree of irreg-
ular growth, found only in poor soil in the Blue Ridge
mountains and on ridges east of them, as on Pilot
Mountain.

5. Pinus rigida Mill. Black Pine, Pitch Pine, Moun-

tain Pine.

Leaves usually in threes, rarely in fours, 3-4%
inches long ; cones resembling those of the Short-leaf
Pine but larger, about 2-2% inches long. A rather
small tree that is common in the mountains, extend-
ing into the adjacent Piedmont, as far east as Lin-
coln and Yadkin Counties; usually knotty and not
of much commercial importance.

6. Pinus serotina Michx. Pond Pine.

A good sized tree with exactly the appearance of
P. Taeda, except for the cones which are broadly top-
shaped, solid, about 2-2% inches long and of the
same width when open. They remain closed usually
for several years and sometimes for as much as 12
years, and in these closed cones the seeds remain
capable of germination. (See Coker, Jour. Elisha
Mitchell Soc. 26:43. 1910). Common in swamps
of the coastal plain and occasional in the eastern part
of the middle district to the eastern part of Alamance
County. It is not known to occur in Orange County.

Trees of North Carolina 23

7. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaf Pine.

This well known and very valuable timber and
turpentine pine has been in great measure destroyed
in our state. Leaves in threes, ten to fifteen inches
long; cones very large, six to nine inches long, ap-
pearing in abundance only at intervals of several
years. It is confined to the coastal plain and adja-
cent areas as far west as Cary in Wake, and Troy in
Montgomery Counties. The young trees stand fire
well, and with slight protection would soon recover
a large part of their original habitat. The Loblolly
Pine (Pinus Taeda) is now largely taking its place.

8. Pinus Strobus L. White Pine.

Needles delicate bluish-green, borne in groups of
five or rarely more ; branches smooth, cones long and
slender, with thin scales. This beautiful and valu-
able pine is found principally in the mountains, but
occurs as far east as Davie County. In addition to
its great importance as a timber pine, it is much
used as an ornamental tree in cultivation.

9. Picea mariana (Mill.) B S P. Black Spruce.

This is a fine, large tree of the mountains, making
up a large part of the Balsam groves of Grandfather,
Mitchell, Clingman, the Black Mountains, etc., and
often called "He Balsam." It is usually mixed with
the true Balsam or Eraser's Fir, from which it can
be easily distinguished by its squarish leaves extend-
ing in all directions around the twigs, and by the

24 Trees of North Carolina

smaller pendant cones, which are about %-l*4 inches
long, and persist for several or many years. The
Black Spruce is now being extensively lumbered and
shipped out over railroads that have recently been
extended up the mountain sides.

10. Picea rubens Sargent. Red Spruce.

This tree is very rare and small in our state and
is reported only from a few mountain swamps. It is
distinguished from the Black Spruce by the larger
cones, l3/16-2 inches long, which fall early, and by
the leaves not being glaucous.

11. Abies Fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Balsam, Frasers' Fir.

This is the true Balsam of the highest mountains.
Leaves fragrant, narrow, flattish, white below at least
when young; cones 2-3 inches long, standing up-
right on the branches near the top of the tree. Here
and there in the bark are large blisters filled with
clear liquid resin, which may be used as a healing
lotion to cuts and for other uses to which Canada
Balsam (obtained from A. balsamea) is put. This
species does better in cultivation in the Southern
States than A. balsamea, and retains its beauty
longer.

12. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock.

Needles short, flat, about % inch long, with two
white streaks beneath ; cones small, about %-l
inch long. This fine Hemlock is plentiful in good
moist soil in the mountains, and is important for

Trees of North Carolina 25

timber and for tan-hark. It is supposed to be con-
fined to the mountains, but was reported over thirty
years ago by Dr. J. A. Holmes from one place in
Wake County on a northward-facing bluff of Swift
Creek at an elevation of not more than 350 feet
(Jour. Mitchell !Soc. 1:86. 1883-84). We have re-
cently visited this mountain-like bluff known as
"Spruce Pine Hill," about ten miles southwest of
Ealeigh and one mile west of the Holly Springs road,
and found there six or seven rather large trees, also
several young plants, and all in good health.

13. Tsuga caroliniana Englm. Carolina Hemlock.

This is a smaller tree than the Canada Hemlock,
and is less abundant and with different habitat, being
found only on dry slopes at moderate elevations, as
on Pinnacle Mtn. (near Kanuga), Banner's Elk,
Linville Gorge, etc., extending north a little way into
Virginia. It also differs from the above in having
the leaves pointing in all directions around the twig,
in the somewhat larger cones, about 1% inches
long, with longer scales, and in the less spreading
growth. It is fine in cultivation.

14. Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard. Swamp Cy-

press.

A large and important timber tree of the coastal
plain swamps, with very durable wood which is high-
ly valued for shingles and other exposed construction.
The leaves are flat, narrow, and spreading in one
plane on slender short branches that fall with the

26 Trees of North Carolina

leaves in autumn. The cones are spherical, about
% inch in diameter, and with thick scales which
bear two seeds each. Though confined to the swamps,
this cypress and the next will do well in any good
upland soil, and are very ornamental.

15. Taxodium ascendens Brongniart. Pond Cypress.

This tree inhabits savannas and poorly drained
bogs, and is usually smaller than the preceding, from
which it may be distinguished by the leaves being
shorter and pressed against the twigs, although strong
sprouts often have the leaves spreading. The bark
is also more coarsely ridged and thicker in this
species.

16. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B S P. Juniper.

This is the Juniper of the coastal plain swamps,
with scale-like leaves and very small dry cones about
the size of (a pea. It has great value for telephone
and telegraph poles.

17. Thuja occidentalis L. Arbor-vitae.

This is about the rarest tree in North Carolina,,
and is scarcely more than a shrub here. It is said
to occur in only a few places, as on Cripple Creek
and Linville River, on limestone soil. The leaves
are minute and scale like, and the cones small and
elongated, about %-% inch long.

18. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar.

The only cedar of tree size in our state; in shape
usually narrowly pyramidal, but in Chapel Hill usu-

Teees of North Carolina 27

ally open and spreading. The color is also quite vari-
able, some being decidedly bluish-green. The cedar
is common in the middle district, but rare on the
coastal plain except near the sea, and is absent in the
mountains except at low elevations. Dates of flow-
ering of the male trees : about March 1, 1903 ; March
2, 1908; March 15, 1912; January 25, 1913; Feb-
ruary 2, 1914; February 12, 1915; January 29,
1916. The male trees begin flowering first, and
sometimes the flowering of the female tree is delayed
by the return of cold weather, e. g., March 16, 1914;
March 25, 1915. For the years 1915 and 10*6 prac-
tically all of the pollen was shed before the female
trees bloomed, and although they formed the normal-
looking blue berries with seeds of usual size, the
seeds were empty and worthless.

ANGIOSPERMS

MONOCOTYLEDONS

PALM FAMILY
(PALMAE)

19. Sabal Palmetto (Walt.) R.&S. Palmetto.

The semi-tropical palmetto with large fan-like
leaves at the top of the thick stems, is found on
Smith's Island at the mouth of the Cape Fear River
where it is said to reach a height of thirty feet. This
is its northern limit.

28 Teees of North Carolina

DICOTYLEDONS

WILLOW FAMILY

(SALICACEAE)

20. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow.

The common small tree along branches and creeks
with dark bark and light green delicate foliage ; leaves
long, narrow, and somewhat curved, finely toothed
on the margin, smooth and shining on both sides.
The delicate light green foliage of this willow can be
used to fine effect in landscape work. Dates of
flowering: April 14, 1903; April 3, 1908; April 7,
1909; April 5, 1910; April 15, 1913; April 22,
1915; April 14, 1916.

21. Salix Wardii Bebb. Ward's Willow.*

A small tree or shrub much like the Black Willow,
but the leaves are light bluish green beneath, some-
times hairy beneath ; found along rocky and gravelly
banks of streams. Its distribution has not been prop-
erly worked out in this state as it has usually been
confused with the Black Willow. 'Small reports it
as growing at the Falls of the Yadkin River as an
almost prostrate shrub, forming large tangled mats,
seldom rising more than six inches above the ground.
(Bull. T. B. C. 24:61. 1897).

* The well known weeping willow {Salix babylonica L.) is occa-
sionally spontaneous where the branches happen to be thrown, and
Dr. Britton reports the White Willow (8. alba L.) as naturalized
in North Carolina. The latter can be recognized by its tree size and
whitish, silky leaves.

Teees of North Carolina 29

22. Populus deltoides Marsh. Carolina Poplar or

Cotton-wood.

Leaves heart-shaped, large 4-7 inches long, and
nearly or quite as broad, smooth and shining on both
sides, with many rounded teeth, drooping and tremb-
ling, on long leaf-stalks; bark rather smooth and
light; fruit a small, pointed pod with silky-hairy
seeds. The Carolina Poplar is given by Pinchot and
Ashe as appearing in the Piedmont Plateau and they
do not refer it to any other section of the state, but
Curtis says it is abundant in the lower sections of the
Southern States. According to our observations it
is most common in the coastal plain, and enters spar-
ingly into the Piedmont. It is wild in swamps near
Charlotte (Brier Creek), but has not been found in
Orange County. This is the poplar that is so much
planted for quick effect in streets and lawns. It is
short-lived and easily broken, and should give place
to better kinds.

23. Populus heterophylla L. Cotton-wood.

A tall, fine tree of the deep swamps in the coast
region, at present certainly known only from the
lower Cape Fear, and from Pender County, but prob-
ably present in similar swamps in many other
places in the eastern half of the state. Leaves ovate
with long points, 6-8 inches long, and about 4-5
inches wide, heart-shaped at the base, regularly tooth-
ed, densely coated below with long tawny down when
young, becoming less downy in age.

30 Trees of North Carolina

24. Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed

Poplar.*

A medium sized tree of cool rich soil in the upper
part of the Piedmont section; not common. Leaves
about 3-4 inches long and 2-3 inches wide, with dis-
tant, blunt teeth, very deep green above, light green
below, smooth after maturity and not shining. When
unfolding the leaves are white tomentose below. The
very deep green foliage and thrifty appearance of
this poplar make it valuable to give variety in decor-
ative plantings.

WALNUT FAMILY
(JUGLANDACEAE)

25. Juglans cinerea L. White Walnut, Butternut.

Usually a small tree, rarely of good size, scattered
in damp bottoms and by streams in the mountains at
lower elevations, and in the upper Piedmont. Curtis
says that he has not met with it east of Wilkes, but
that he was informed that it was occasionally found
as far down as Orange and Randolph. We have not
seen or heard of it in Orange. The large leaves are
compound with 11-17 leaflets, and the leaf-stalks and
twigs are very sticky. The edible nut is about twice
as long as wide, and when the hull is removed, is
seen to be covered with thin, sharp plates.

* The European White Poplar (Populus alba L.), with whitish
bark, and leaves with dense white tomentum beneath, has the habit
of forming suckers freely and often establishes itself along road-
sides and in old fields, sometimes forming dense patches. It should
not be planted as it may quickly become a nuisance. Examples :
along Rosemary Street, near Prof. T. J. Wilson's house.

Trees of North Carolina 31

26. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut.

A large, well known, and very valuable timber tree,
with a spherical, rough nut enclosed in a thick, war-
ty, unopening hull. Sparsely scattered through old
fields and rich woods throughout the state except in
the high mountains, and is most common in the mid-
dle section. Handsome in cultivation, but the leaves
appear very late and drop very early. Dates of
flowering: May 13, 1903; May 3, 1913; May 3,
1916.

27. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton. Scaly-bark or

Shell-bark Hickory.

A well known and valuable timber tree of low
grounds that is scattered over the whole state except
in the higher mountains; most plentiful in the mid-
dle section. It is easily recognized by its flaky bark,
very large, hairy leaves, with usually five leaflets, and
four-sided, sweet nuts with thin shells and thick hulls.
Examples : trees in swamp of Bowlin's Creek below
Handcock's bridge.

28. Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. North

Carolina Scaly-bark or Southern Shell-bark
Hickory.

A tree with flaky bark found in low grounds and
sparingly on hills from Orange County to the foot
of the mountains. It differs from H. ovata in its
small, smooth leaves and thinner hull of nut. The
nut may be like that of H. ovata or less ridged. Ex-
amples : Tree by Morgan's Creek at Scott's Hole and

32 Trees of North Carolina

trees on top of hill, edge of woods north of King's
Mill dam.

29. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Small-fruit-

ed Hickory.

A tall and rather narrow tree that is sparingly
scattered in upland woods from Orange to Caldwell
Counties so far as now known; bark usually flaky,
sometimes hardly flaky in lower half of tree; nuts
flattened-ovate, thin-shelled, sweet, a large per cent
wormy with a hole in the side; hull thin, tardily
dehiscing. In the spring this species is easily dis-
tinguished from all others by the late swelling of the
buds, which are just breaking when H. ovata is in
flower. 'Main terminal buds small and ridged by 3-5
thickened scales that fall off during the winter. Dates
of flowering: April 8, 1911; April 18, 1912; April
23, 1916. Examples: tree by street at end of Dr.
Lawson's tennis court; tree in southwest corner of
lawn at "The Kocks."

30. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pig-nut Hickory.

A small or good sized upland tree of poor soil, oc-
curring plentifully in the middle section, frequently
in the coastal plain, and occasionally in the moun-
tains. It has low-ridged bark and a nearly ovate,
thick-shelled nut with a hull that does not open at
all or only partially, and is usually furnished with a
neck at the base ; leaves broader and more noticeably
toothed than in H. microcarpa; buds like those of
H. microcarpa. In Chapel Hill we have a form of

Trees of North Carolina 33

this tree with flaky bark, as the one by path to the
Country Club house. Dates of flowering: May 5,
1903; April 25, 1909; April 13, 1910. Example:
tree near Dr. Battle's office.

31. Hicoria pallida Ashe. Pale Hickory.

A scattered tree of upland woods in the Piedmont
section and of valleys in the coastal plain, with open
spreading crown and pale, delicate foliage; leaflets
5-7, narrow, the lower much smaller, covered below
with minute peltate scales which give them a silvery
appearance when young. The small, smooth buds
and the hull of the globular or ovate nut are conspicu-
ously yellow with minute granular scales. The deli-
cate foliage and widely spreading crown of this tree
make it one of the most decorative of all our hickor-
ies. Its shape is in strong contrast to the shaft-like
habit of most of the other species. In Chapel Hill
it reaches a height of about 60 feet and a circum-
ference of 8 feet, 7 inches, two feet from the ground.
Dates of flowering: May 8, 1911; April 18, 1912;
April 25, 1916. Examples: tree on west side of
President's yard ; tree near the Law building.

32. Hicoria alba (L.) Britton. White-heart Hickory.

Our most common hickory, occurring plentifully
throughout the state, and highly valued for its strong,
tough wood. A tall, short-limbed tree with light,
ridged bark, and large, hairy, strong-scented leaves
that turn a beautiful yellow in the fall; bud large

34 Trees of North Carolina

with thickened outer bud-scales which fall during
the winter, leaving it smooth and velvety. Hull
moderately thick, splitting away from the nut which
is thick-shelled and very variable in size and shape.
Dates of flowering: about April 5, 1903; April 16,
1909; April 7, 1910; April 7, 1913; April 18,
1916. Example: tree on campus in front of the
Alumni Building.

33. Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britton. Bitter-nut

Hickory.

A tree of low grounds, named for its very bitter
nut; bark low-ridged; leaves small and slightly
hairy; buds and young fruits covered with small
yellow scales, not noticeable on the mature fruit;
nut globose to ovate with a rather long beak at the
stigma end, hull and shell very thin. In this state
it is common in the mountain valleys and Piedmont
swamps, but is rare in the coastal plain, and seems to
be absent in the sand hill region. Date of flowering :
May 19, 1914. Example: tree by Morgan's Creek at
northeast end of Scott's Hole.

34. Hicoria aquatica (Michx. f.) Britton. Water

Hickory.

A large fine tree confined to deep swamps in the
eastern part of the coastal plain. Leaflets 7-18,
narrow, smooth ; ' nut flattened, reddish, very rough,
shell thin, kernel very bitter. Distinguish from
the Bitter-nut by the more numerous leaflets and
very different nut.

Trees of North Carolina 35

BIRCH FAMILY
(BETULACEAE)

35. Ostrya virginica (Mill.) K. Koch. Hop Hornbeam.

A small tree found along the edges of low grounds
and on rocky river hanks in the Piedmont from
Orange County westward, and in good soil in the
mountains to an elevation of 5200 feet. ~Not nearly
so plentiful as the next. Bark scurfy-scaly; leaves
elm-like; fruit a hop-like cluster of bracts each en-
closing a little nut; wood very hard and tough, use-
ful for mallets, wedges, cogs, levers, etc. Dates of
flowering: March 25, 1903; April 1, 1909; April
16, 1916. Examples: small trees at edge of low
grounds, by road to Scott's Hole.

36. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Hornbeam or Iron-

wood.

A small crooked tree with ridged trunk and close,
hard bark, common along streams and in rich woods
in the middle and western parts of the state, less com-
mon and retiring to deeper swamps in the coastal
plain. Leaves elm-like, doubly toothed ; fruit a small
nut at the base of a leaf-like bract; wood very hard
and used for the same purposes as the above. Dates
of flowering: March 20, 1903; March 28, 1910;
April 2, 1912; April 15, 1915; April 5, 1916. Ex-
amples: trees along Battle's branch.

37. Betula nigra L. River Birch, Black Birch.

A common tree along creeks and rivers in the Pied-
mont and along larger rivers in the coastal plain and

36 Trees of 1\torth Carolina

in the mountains. It is easily recognized by its
habitat, by the reddish bark which peels off in thin
papery layers, and by the pale and tomentose under-
surface of the leaves. Dates of flowering: about
April 5, 1903; April 2, 1908; April 17, 1915; April
15, 1916. Examples: trees by Scott's Hole.

38. Betula lenta L. Cherry Birch, Black Birch.

A fine tall tree confined in this state to cool rich
soil in the mountains. It may be easily distinguished
from the River Birch by its place of growth, the
smooth cherry-like bark, and by the strong odor of
wintergreen. The leaves are bright green above,
usually heart shaped at base and slightly downy on
the veins beneath. The wood is strong, hard, dark
in color and takes a fine polish.

39. Betula lutea F. A. Michx. Yellow Birch.*

This birch is confined to the high mountains. It
may be distinguished from the Cherry Birch by the
silvery or yellowish bark, which scales off in large and
very thin papery sheets. The leaves are dull green
above and downy on the veins beneath, the base not
heart-shaped or slightly so. The wood, like that of
the Cherry Birch is highly valued for the manufac-
ture of furniture.

* There is a tree somewhat intermediate between the Cherry Birch
and the Yellow Birch, that is considered distinct by Dr. Britton,
and given the name of Betula alleghanensis by him. The leaves
are mostly cordate like those of the Cherry Birch, but the scales
of the fruit are hairy while those of the latter are smooth. It
resembles the Yellow Birch in the hairy scales, but differs in the
cordate leaves. The bark is said to be either close and furrowed
or to peel off in thin yellowish layers. If really distinct, it is
difficult to determine with certainty by the beginner.

Trees of North Carolina 37

BEECH FAMILY

(FAGACEAE)

40. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech.

A tree of rich low woods, mostly along brooks and
creeks, with the light, smooth bark usually marked
with initials, hearts and dates; buds slender, sharp
pointed; fruit nearly globular, with short slender
prickles, containing one or two small, angular, shin-
ing nuts. It extends from the coast to the tops of
the high mountains, reaching its greatest size in the
rich mountain valleys. It is practically absent in the
Sand Hill region. The coastal form is separated in
Gray's Manual, 7th ed., as var. caroliniana (Land.)
Fernald & Render. Date of flowering: April 31,
1903. Examples : trees along Battle's branch.

41. Castanea dentata (Marsh) Borkh; Chestnut.

A large forest tree of the mountains and hills with
the large nuts borne two or three together in a prickly
burr; leaves smooth beneath. The chestnut is
common in the mountains and is scattered over the
western half of the middle section as far east as
Guilford and Eandloph. Flowers in summer. The
wood is durable and is used for cross-ties, posts,
and for inferior furniture. The chestnut blight, a
virulent disease that has practically destroyed the
chestnuts of the northern states, has not yet reached
us, but is apt to do so at any time as it is reported
from southern Virginia.

38 Trees of North Carolina

42. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin.

A small tree or shrub of upland hillsides from near
the coast to an elevation of about 3000 feet in the
mountains. Only one nut is borne in the burr and
the leaves are whitish-velvety beneath. Dates of
flowering: July 3, 1884; about July 1, 1908; May
25, 1909 ; May 28, 1916. Examples: trees at top of
Lone Pine Hill.

In sandy woods of the lower coastal plain there is
a smaller species of Chinquapin (C. nana Muhl.),
which springs from underground runners. We have
found it at La Grange, Lenoir County. It is included
in Curtis' list, but is not extended north of Georgia in
Small's Flora.

43. Quercus alba L. White Oak.

One of our most common and finest oaks; a large
spreading tree with light bark and foliage, light green
glabrous leaves with regular rounded lobes, and long
ovate acorns of varying size in a shallow cup. In the
Piedmont and lower mountains it is very common
and is our finest oak, magnificent in cultivation; in
the coastal plain it is confined to the neighborhood of
creeks and rivers. The wood is very strong and
tough and is highly valued for many purposes. In
Chapel Hill the white oak reaches a circumference of
18 feet at 5 feet from the ground (Prof. Howell's
yard: around the buttressed base, one foot from
the ground, this oak measures 29 feet). We have
measured the Old Wilson oak at Smith's Grove,

Trees of North Carolina 39

Davie County, and find it to be 21 feet in circumfer-
ence at five feet from the ground, with a spread of
120 feet. Dates of flowering: April 6, 1903; April
6, 1909; April 1, 1910; April 21, 1915; April 16,
1916.

44. Quercus stellata Wang. Post Oak.

A small, medium sized, or sometimes large tree
with a rounded crown; leaves coarse with five large
truncate or blunt main lobes, which are usually
broadest at the ends, the under side light green and
minutely scurfy tomentose, the upper roughish;
acorns smaller than those of the White Oak. Abun-
dant in poor soil. The tough and durable wood is
used for ties, posts, rails, etc. In Chapel Hill the
Post Oak reaches a circumference of 13 ft. 6 inches
at 5 feet from the ground (tree southeast of New
East Building). Dates of flowering: April 1, 1903;
April 16, 1909 ; April 4, 1910 ; April 20, 1915 ; April
15, 1916. Examples: trees near the east gate of
campus.

45. Quercus Margaretta Ashe. Scrubby Post Oak.

This is a small tree or often only a shrub occurring
in dry, sandy soil in the coastal plain. The leaves are
also smaller than in the Post Oak, but the acorns and
acorn cups are often larger. Britton gives distin-
guishing characters as smaller cup than Post Oak
and leaves with rounded lobes, but these do not hold
in our specimens. The acorns and cups are larger
than in our Chapel Hill Post Oaks and the cups are

40 Trees of North Carolina

somewhat more pubescent on both surfaces. The
species is very near the ordinary Post Oak, and per-
haps should be considered only a sand hill form of
that species.

46. Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup Oak.

An uncommon tree of the low grounds with the
acorn almost or entirely covered by the cup; leaves
smooth and green or whitish-tomentose on the under
side, usually long and narrow with distant, deep,
pointed lobes. The Overcup Oak is confined to river
bottoms and rich low grounds in the coastal plain and
eastern Piedmont, but is absent over large areas. It
extends westward to Anson, Chatham, Orange, and
Nash Counties, and is plentiful at Chapel Hill. Ex-
amples: trees at edge of swamp of Bowlin's Creek,
near Handcock's bridge.

47. Quercus Michauxii Nutt. Swamp Chestnut Oak*

A fine large tree of the low grounds of the coastal
plain and extending westward through the middle
Piedmont. Leaves downy beneath and with many
shallow, rounded lobes; acorns large, in a cup with
separate scales. Examples: trees at edge of swamp
of Bowlin's Creek near Handcock's bridge, also in
swamp of New Hope Creek, near Chapel Hill-Dur-
ham road bridge where they reach 15 feet in circum-
ference 5 feet from the ground. The wood is valu-
able for many purposes.

Trees of North Carolina 41

48. Quercus Prinus L.* Rock Chestnut Oak.

Much like the 'Swamp Chestnut Oak, but differs
from it in that it is found only on rocky uplands,
and in that the leaves are smoother and the scales of
the cup are more or less fused together. It is a
much smaller tree than the Swamp Chestnut Oak,
and occurs from the high mountains east to Orange,
growing scarcer as it descends in the Piedmont. At
Chapel Hill it is rare except on the north slope of
bluffs. The bark is of value in tanning and the trees
are being felled in great numbers to secure it. Date
of flowering: April 10, 1903. Examples: tree by
tennis court, grove in front of Dr. Battle's, and trees
on Laurel Hill.

49. Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak.

A large tree of swamps and low grounds in the
upper Piedmont and lower mountains ; not frequent.
The leaves are intermediate in appearance between
the White Oak and the Swamp Chestnut Oak, with
round shallow lobes, the under surface whitish to-
mentose. Acorns much like those of the White Oak,
but borne on a long stalk, often more than an inch

* The closely related Chinquapin Oak (Q. prinoides Willd.) is
only a shrub in this state and is rare, occurring in dry soil
in the Piedmont and, according to Curtis, also sparingly in the
lower district. We have it from Gaston County, near Cherryville.
It is much like the Rock Chestnut Oak, but is smaller in every part,
the leaf blades averaging only about 2-2% inches long, and the
acorns about % inch long.

In sandy flats around Wilmington and from there southward is
found a curious and interesting little shrub called White Oak Run-
ners, or Dwarf Oak (Quercus pumila Walt.), which is the smallest
species of oak known. It spreads by underground runners and
sends up short stems which are from one to two feet high, and
which bear acorns abundantly. The leaves and acorns are much
like those of the Live Oak.

42 Trees of North Carolina

long, and thus easily distinguished from our other
oaks when in fruit.

50. Quercus Muhlenbergii Englm. Yellow Chestnut

Oak.

A rare tree that is said to occur in limestone soil
along the larger mountain streams of the southern
Appalachian mountains (Ajres and Ashe), and
Michaux reports a single tree found by him on the
Cape Fear River a mile from Fayetteville. It has
been collected at Biltmore and at Farmington, Davie
County (Biltmore Herbarium). The leaves are
lanceolate or obovate, usually narrower than others
of this group, with many shallow lobes or teeth, the
under side whitish pubescent. The acorns are nearly
or quite sessile, only about 2/3 inch long, the cups
covering about half of their length.

51. Quercus virginiana Mill. Live Oak.

This beautiful evergreen tree almost reaches its
northern limit in North Carolina, passing into Vir-
ginia only up to Norfolk, where it is of small
size. In this state it occupies a narrow strip of coun-
try along the coast and is plentiful only south of Cape
Hatteras. The small, evergreen, thick leaves are usu-
ally without teeth or lobes, occasionally toothed near
the end ; acorns oblong, borne on short or long stalks.
The Live Oak makes a fine ornamental tree in culti-
vation, and is hardy and thrifty at least as far west
as Chapel Hill. The wood is very tough and is valued
in ship building.

Trees of North Carolina 43

52. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak.

A fine tree found abundantly in good soil in the
mountains, not rarely near the edges of low grounds
and along branches in the Piedmont and very spar-
ingly in similar situations in the coastal plain.
Leaves large, broad, smooth, dull, deep green on
both sides, with lobes which cut 1/3 to 2/3 the way to
the mid rib ; acorns very large, at least 1 inch long,
in nearly flat cups. A very beautiful tree for the
home grounds. This is easily confused by beginners
with the Scarlet Oak, but they grow in different
places, the acorns are very unlike and the leaves are
dull beneath in the Red and shining in the Scarlet
Oak. Date of flowering: April 16, 1916. Exam-
ples: trees at northwest foot of Lone Pine Hill.

53. Quercus coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak.

Named from the scarlet color of the leaves in the
fall. This is the commonest oak of the mountains
and is plentiful on poor rocky hills in the Piedmont.
In the coastal plain it is mostly found in the valleys.
Leaves deeply cut and shining ; acorns varying in
size and shape, in a fairly low cup, but not flat like
the cups of the Red, Swamp Red, and Pin Oaks, and
never reaching the size of Red Oak acorns. Dates
of flowering: about April 5, 1903; April 17, 1915;
April 16, 1916. Example: tree by field at top of
Lone Pine Hill.

44 Trees of North Carolina

^*** P*iiP f ** ^* Quercus Schneckii Britton. Swamp Red Oak.

A large tree of the low grounds with leaves most
like those of the Pin Oak, and resembling the Pin
Oak in having conspicuous bunches of hairs in the
axils of the veins below. The acorns are larger than
in the Pin Oak, usually about % inch long, and
smaller than in the Red Oak. The Swamp Red Oak
is found sparingly from Lincoln to Person Counties
and (Southward. It occurs on Brier Creek near
Charlotte, and near Mebane.

55. Quercus palustris Muench. Pin Oak.

A tree of the low grounds with slender branches,
the lower ones drooping; leaves small, cut nearly to
the mid rib, with conspicuous tufts of hairs in the
angles of the larger veins ; acorns small, about %
inch long, nattish, in nearly flat cups. This tree is
common farther north, but is very rare in North
Carolina, having been reported from this state only
from Handcock's bridge and 'iSpftrrnw'n Mill, both on
Bowlin's Creek, near Chapel Hill (see Jour. Elisha
Mitchell Soc. 30:66. 1914). It is one of the best
oaks for use on streets and lawns.

56. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak.

A large upland tree with dark bark and dark-green
foliage that turns brown in the fall. Leaves broad
with shallow or deep lobes, with bristle tips, the
under side yellowish scurfy when young, becoming
smooth in age; acorn large, about half covered by

Trees of North Carolina 45

the cup. Easily distinguished from others by the
reddish inner bark. It is common in the mountains
under 2500 feet, abundant in the Piedmont and in
the upper half of the coastal plain. It is usually
called the Red Oak in this state. While handsome
enough, the Black Oak is more subject to breakage
and decay than others of like stature, and should not
be selected for planting. In Chapel Hill it reaches a
circumference of 11 ft., 4 in. at 5 feet from the
ground (Prof. Howell's yard) and in Raleigh 16
feet, 1 inch at the same height from the ground (Mr.
William Andrew's yard). Dates of flowering:
April 5, 1903; April 14, 1909; April 19, 1915;
April 16, 1916.

57. Quercus falcata Michx. Spanish Oak.

A large and very common upland tree with gray
bark and deep green foliage ; the under side of the 3-5
lobed, rather narrow leaf is covered permanently with
a yellowish-gray tomentum, and the central lobe is
much longer and narrower than in the other species.
In young trees and on sprouts the leaves are wedge
shaped and three-lobed at the end. The acorns are
small with a red scar. The Spanish Oak, usually
called Red Oak, extends from the coast to an eleva-
tion of something over 2000 feet in the mountains.
It is long-lived, durable, and not easily subject to
decay, and in Chapel Hill reaches a circumference
of 16 ft, 9 in. at 5 feet from the ground. (Tree near
west gate of campus.) Dates of flowering: April 5,

46 Trees of North Carolina

1903; April 29, 1910; April 7, 1913; April 13,
1914; April 19, 1915; April 13, 1916.

58. Quercus pagodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe. Swamp Span-

ish Oak.

A large tree of the lowlands and swamps the dis-
tribution of which is not yet well known. The leaves,
especially those from the upper parts of old trees,
are much like the leaves of the Spanish Oak, but
whiter beneath, and with a pointed rather than a
rounded base ; leaves of young trees are much broader
and not so tomentose beneath; acorns small. This
species is amply distinct from Q. falcata in Durham
and Orange Counties. Only in old trees do the leaves
resemble those of the latter in shape and for at least
fifteen or twenty years the leaves are shaped much
like those of the Black Oak. Examples: trees in
swamp of New Hope Creek, about % mile below
Durham-Chapel Hill bridge, reaching 16 feet in cir-
cumference, 5 feet from the ground, 20% feet, 3
feet from the ground.

59. Quercus Catesbaei Michx.* Turkey Oak.

A very abundant and characteristic small tree of
the sand hills, and other poor sandy soil, in the
southeastern part of the state from the coast to
Richmond and Moore Counties. Leaves rigid, with

* On poor dry soil on Crowder's and King's Mountain and in a
few other similar situations, there is a dwarf scrub oak usually
about 3-5 feet high, that is easily recognized b# its short, broad
leaves, with a few shallow, distant notches and a whitish tomen-
tose under surface. The acorns are about % inch long and are
seated in a shallow cup. This is the Bear Oak (Q. ilicifolia-Q.
nana) .

Trees of North Carolina 47

two or four long pointed, distant lobes on each side,
and a long narrow central lobe, smooth on both sides,
the stalks very short; acorns of medium size, tomen-
tose, more than half enclosed in the cup.

60. Quercus marilandica Muench. Black Jack Oak.

The common, knotty scrub oak with drooping
branches and large leaves that are broadest at the
outer end and brownish scurfy on the under surface ;
acorns medium sized, black, with a deep cup. Tt is
plentiful in dry or poor soil from the coast to moder-
ate elevations in the mountains. Dates of flowering:
April 10, 1903; April 16, 1909; April 5, 1910;
April 8, 1913; April 20, 1915; April 16, 1916.
Example: tree in front of Dr. Battle's, by walk to
campus.

61. Quercus nigra L. Water Oak.

A tree that grows plentifully along streams and in
low grounds in the coastal plain, and extends along
streams into the central part of the Piedmont.
Branches drooping; leaves small, smooth, without
teeth, broadest at the outer end; acorns small, in a
shallow cup, abundant. Dates of flowering: April
10, 1903; April 29, 1910; April 20, 1915. Ex-
amples: trees near the branch south of the Pen body
building.

48 Trees of North Carolina

62. Quercus Phellos L. Willow Oak.*

A common tree of the low grounds and flats of the
coastal plain and extending more sparingly into the
Piedmont. Leaves small, narrow, willow-like, point-
ed at both ends; acorns small, not abundant. It is
related to the Water Oak, but is of larger size and of
longer life. As an ornamental tree, it has no su-
perior, and reaches in Chapel Hill a circumference
of 12 feet at 5 feet from the ground, and a spread of
72 feet (Episcopal Manse). Dates of flowering:
March 25, 1903; April 6, 1909; March 28, 1910;
April 19, 1915; April 13, 1916.

63. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel Oak.

This is a beautiful, nearly evergreen oak occurring
in moist woods and along streams in a rather narrow
strip along the coast. It is intermediate in appear-
ance between the Willow Oak and the Water Oak.
Leaves thick, usually without lobes, sometimes with a
few notches, evergreen in large part, some falling
from the periphery of the tree during the winter;
acorns much like those of the Water Oak, borne
very abundantly and almost all viable.

The Laurel Oak is becoming very popular as an

* Hybrid Oaks are often met with and it is sometimes hard to
recognize the parents. In Chapel Hill there is a tree across the
road from the cemetery that seems to be a hybrid of the Willow
Oak and Spanish Oak, and another, by the rock wall east of the
class athletic field that seems a hybrid of the Willow Oak and
Black Jack Oak. A tree similar to the last stands by the road
leading from the Raleigh Road to the Mason farm. Some of its
leaves are over 9 inches long. In the herbarium we have collections
that appear to be hybrids of Willow Oak and Black Jack Oak from
Davie County, and of Willow Oak and Water Oak from Chatham
County.

Trees of North Carolina 49

ornamental tree and is much used as a street tree in
our eastern villages. In middle South Carolina it
is called the Darlington Oak, and is sold by some nur-
series under that name (see Coker in Journal Elisha
Mitchell Soc. 32 :38. 1916 for further details).

64. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak.

This is a rather small oak occurring along streams
and in good soil in the mountains and east to Burke
and Wilkes Counties. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, en-
tire, deep green and shining above, pale green and
pubescent below, larger and broader than those of the
Willow Oak or Water Oak; acorns of medium size,
about half enclosed by the cup.

65. Quercus cinerea Michx. Upland Willow Oak.

This is a common small tree of the sand hills and
dryer pine flats of the coastal plain, that can be easily
recognized by the small, oblong, entire leaves that
are decidedly whitish tomentose beneath. The acorns
are small and set in a shallow cup. This and the
Turkey Oak make up most of the smaller tree growth
of the sand hills.

ELM FAMILY
(URTICACEAE)

66. Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery Elm.

A tree not at all common with us, named from the
slick mucilage in the inner bark. The young twigs
and leaves are very hairy, the upper side of the
leaf harshly tomentose and the under side densely

50 Teees of North Carolina

velvety; edge of the flat fruit wings smooth. It is
mostly found in the low grounds or near the foot of
hills in the Piedmont, and sparingly in the lower
mountains and coastal plain. Date of flowering:
March 18, 1912. Examples: trees near foot of Mt.
Bolus and by Morgan's Creek. The large elm in
the old Alexander yard is of this species.

67. Ulmus americana L. White Elm.

A large and beautiful tree that is plentiful in low
grounds of the coastal plain and in the Piedmont to
Guilford and Mecklenburg Counties. Leaves not so
fuzzy as those of the Slippery Elm, slightly roughish
above, minutely soft velvety or smooth below; twigs
smooth, edge of fruit wings hairy. The Elm-leaf
beetle that has injured or destroyed so many of the
fine elms in the north is present in North Carolina,
but does very little damage except to the few English
Elms that are cultivated. Occasionally an individual
White Elm seems unusually susceptible and suf-
fers considerably every year. Such a tree is the one
in Prof. Patterson's yard. Dates of flowering:
March 1, 1903; January 12, 1909; February 22,
1910; March 16, 1912; January 28, 1913; Febru-
ary 2, 1914; February 16, 1915; January 31, 1916.
Example: The large elm at the northeast corner of
the Old West Building.

68. Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm.

The most common elm of the Piedmont and found
throughout the state except in the higher mountains.

Trees of North Carolina 51

It is named from the corky wings along many of the
branches. Leaves small and nearly or quite smooth
above, minutely velvety below on the veins ; edge of
the fruit wings hairy. This elm is much inferior
to the other two as an ornamental, as it is smaller
and shorter lived. It propogates quite readily from
the seeds and must constantly be removed from bor-
ders, fences and rock walls. It is one of the few
trees that lightning does not kill. Dates of flower-
ing: March 1, 1903; February 26, 1908; January
12, 1909; February 28, 1910; March 17, 1912;
January 28, 1913; February 4, 1914; February 15,
1915; January 30, 1916. Examples: trees between
Davie Hall and the Chemistry building.

69. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry.

A large tree preferring streams and low grounds,
but also found to some extent in uplands. Bark rough
with corky warts; leaves 2-4 inches long, decidedly
one-sided, in our state usually smoothish, but some-
times with decidedly rough leaves on the same tree,
mostly ovate-lanceolate and with a long point, edges
usually toothed upward and entire below ; fruit small,
toothed upward and entire below; fruit small,
about 3-4 sixteenths of an inch in diameter, nearly
globular, purplish-black, dry, sweet, but mostly stone.
The Hackberry is found over the entire state
except in a few of the most mountainous counties,
but is most abundant in the swamps of the coastal
plain. The variable character of this tree has led to

52 Trees of North Carolina

the description of several forms that are treated as
species by most botanists. Our North Carolina tree
that we know is the form described as C. Smallii by
Beadle, but we cannot find differences that will hold
constant between this and C. crassifolia and C. occi-
dentalis. (A very distinct species is C. georgiana
Small, which is a shrub of dry rocks and hills. The
leaves are small with few or no teeth and the fruits
are dun or black colored, on short stalks. It occurs
rather plentifully around Chapel Hill). Date of
flowering of C. occidentalis: April 18, 1915.

70. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry.*

A rather scarce small tree of the low grounds
found throughout the state but most abundant in the
middle section. Leaves ovate, hairy, rough above
and soft tomentose below (the leaves on young plants
may be very large and variously lobed) ; fruits red or
black, edible. Dates of flowering: April 4, 1903;

* White Mulberry (Morns alba L.), a small tree with smooth
and shining leaves and whitish fruits, a native of the Old World,
is imperfectly naturalized at Ohapel Hill. Example : tree by tennis
court in grove east of Arboretum. This is an attractive small tree
that is quite desirable for narrow streets and lawns, but only male
trees should be planted in such places, as the abundant fruits are
a nuisance under foot. It is well to plant a female tree in the
border for the use of the birds. Dates of flowering : March 27,
1903 ; March 28, 1909 ; March 27, 1916.

Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.), sprouts
freely from the roots, and has commonly escaped as a troublesome
weed. It is a small tree with greenish bark, hairy twigs, and leaves
that are rough above and velvety beneath. Our trees are all male
and do not bear fruit. Examples : trees in low place on Rosemary
Street, near the old Mangum Place. Dates of flowering : April 6,
1903; April 19, 1909; April 4, 1910.

Osage Orange (Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider), though
not native east of the Mississippi, has been much cultivated and
is occasionally found spontaneous at Chapel Hill. A thorny tree
with shiny ovate leaves, and large yellowish fruits on the female
trees. Examples : trees in hedge along north wall of the campus and
a voung tree in meadow of Bowlin's Creek southwest of Mt. Bolus.
Date of flowering: May 10, 1916.

Trees of North Carolina 53

April 19, 1909; April 5, 1910; April 15, 1913;
April 23, 1915; May 4, 1916. Example: tree near
barn, Glenn Burnie Farm.

MAGNOLIA FAMILY

(MAGNOLIACEAE)

71. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella Tree.

A small tree named from the clusters of large
leaves at the ends of the branches. Bark light, smooth ;
flowers very large, white, bad smelling; fruits ob-
long, reddish at maturity, less than 5 inches long.
Found near streams and in damp rich soil throughout
the state, but absent in considerable areas, as in the
sand hills. Examples: trees along Battle's branch.
Dates of flowering: April 28, 1903 ; April 21, 1909 ;
April 15, 1910; April 22, 1913; April 25, 1915;
May 3, 1916.

72. Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Long-leaved Cucumber

Tree, Mountain Magnolia.

A small tree with smooth bark and large leaves
which are clustered at the ends of the branches as in
the Umbrella Tree ; but the leaves are obovate-spatu-
late and are auricled at the base, and the flowers are
cream colored and fragrant. The fruit is red at
maturity and shaped like a cucumber. It occurs, in
cool soil throughout the mountains, and extends at
places into the upper Piedmont.

54 Teees of Noeth Carolina

73. Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Large-leaved Cu-

cumber Tree.

A rare tree with very large leaves, 20-30 inches
long, narrowed and heart-shaped at the base, white
and pubescent beneath; flowers large and fragrant;
fruit nearly globular, 2-6 inches long. In this state
it has been found in Lincoln County and on the
French Broad River, near Asheville.

74. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber Tree.*

A large tree of the mountains and, according to
Pinchot and Ashe, extending down to Stanley, Stokes
and Gaston Counties. The narrow red fruit some-
what resembles a cucumber; leaves smaller than in
the other mountain magnolias, about 6-8 inches long
and 3-4 inches broad, whitish pubescent beneath;
flowers yellowish green; fruits 2%-3 inches long.
Handsome in cultivation.

75. Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnolia or Bull Bay.

A large tree with thick, evergreen leaves, 5-8 inches
long, shiny dark green above and rusty pubescent be-
neath; flowers large, white, fragrant; fruits 3-4%
inches long. Found within this state only sparingly
in the swamps of Brunswick County. Common as
a cultivated tree, and near Chapel Hill young seed-
lings are occasionally found in woods.

* Magnolia cordata Michx. is a cultivated magnolia similar to
the Cucumber Tree, and usually considered a variety of it. The
leaves are broader, more heart-shaped at the base, and more per-
sistent, and the flowers are smaller and brighter yellow than those
of our Cucumber Tree. Wild forms, at least approaching tne cul-
tivated ones, are said to occur in the mountain woods of the lower
Appalachians in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Trees of North Carolina 55

76. Magnolia virginiana L. [Magnolia glauca L.]

Sweet Bay.

A small tree found in swamps or near the water in
the coastal plain, and according to Curtis, in the mid-
dle district though rare there. Leaves small, aver-
aging less than 5 inches long, white beneath, ever-
green or partly so ; flowers white and very fragrant ;
fruits small, 1^-2 inches long, red.

77. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Tulip-tree, "Poplar".

Our largest tree, and one of the most important
for lumber. It is common in rich soil in the Moun-
tains, where it occasionally reaches a height of 150
feet and a diameter of ten feet. It is also abundant
in valleys and cool woods in the Piedmont, and oc-
curs less commonly in valleys on the coastal plain.
The Tulip Tree is straight and quick growing, with
light, close-ridged bark and smooth leaves, which are
truncate and shallowly notched at the ends, and turn
a beautiful yellow in the fall; flowers tulip-shaped.
A very fine tree in cultivation, but very susceptible
to decay, and nearly all our trees are hollow. Dates
of flowering: April 3, 1903; April 17, 1909; April
6, 1910 ; April 15, 1916. Example : "Davie Poplar."

CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY

(ANONACEAE)

78. Asimina triloba Dunal. Pawpaw.

A small tree or shrub of the low grounds of the
whole state, but uncommon in the mountains and the

56 Trees of North Carolina

sandy southeastern part. Rarely over 15 feet high
or three inches in diameter; with somewhat the ap-
pearance of the Umbrella Tree, but the leaves are
smaller, 4-8 inches long, and are alternate along the
branches instead of clustered at the ends. Fruit yel-
lowish-brown, short, thick, sausage-shaped, edible.
Dates of flowering: April 11, 1903; May 7, 1909;
April 12, 1910 ; April 8, 1913 ; April 16, 1916. Ex-
amples: trees in swamp of Bowlin's Creek, below
Handcock's bridge.

LAUREL FAMILY
(LAURACEAE)

79. Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. Sassafras.

A small aromatic tree of dry soil, very common
over the whole state except the higher slopes of the
mountains. Bark roughly furrowed ; leaves thin, va-
riously shaped ; fruits blue with red stalks, borne
only on female trees. Dates of flowering : March 20,
1903; April 9, 1908; March 20, 1909; March 21,
1910; March 16, 1913; April 13, 1915; March
27, 1916. Examples: trees below peach orchard,
Glenn Burnie Farm.

80. Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Smooth Red Bay.

A small, evergreen, aromatic tree inhabiting
swamps near the sea. Leaves thick, rather narrow,
2-4 inches long, pointed at both ends, shiny green
above, pale and nearly smooth beneath ; twigs smooth
or sparsely hairy ; flowers small, creamy, two or three

Teees of North Carolina 57

together on a common peduncle which is less than an
inch long; fruits dark blue, about % inch long, one
seeded.

81. Persea pubescens (Pursh.) Sarg. Red Bay.

A small tree of the eastern swamps similar to the
last, but with the new twigs and leaf stalks rusty vel-
vety, and the leaves velvety beneath ; leaves 4-6 inches
long ; peduncles 2-3 inches long ; fruits about % inch
long. This is the common Red Bay through most of
the coastal plain. The smooth species (P. borbonia)
seems to prefer the proximity of the sea.

WITCH HAZEL FAMILY
(HAMAMELIDACEAE)

82. Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch Hazel.

Usually a shrub, but becoming a small tree to-
wards the mountains. Common along streams and
in moist woods through the Piedmont and in the
mountains to an elevation of 4000 feet, descending
sparingly along shady bluifs into the coastal plain.
Leaves oval to elliptic, with a wavy, barely toothed
edge ; flowers yellowish with long slender petals, ap-
pearing in the fall; fruit a scurfy, blunt pod con-
taining two polished seeds which ripen in summer
and are shot for some distance by the sudden popping
of the pod. Date of flowering : November 9, 1913.

83. Liquidamber Styraciflua L. Sweet Gum.

A common large tree with fragrant, five-pointed
leaves, winged branchlets, and round, prickly, polish-

58 Trees of North Carolina

ed fruits. This is one of our finest trees and is com-
mon in the low grounds of the whole state ex-
cept in the mountain section, where it is found only
along the larger streams at low elevations. In the
Piedmont it is also found in upland woods. It
reaches a very large size, sometimes a height of 140
feet and a diameter of 4 feet. Dates of flowering:
April 1,-1903; April 5, 1908; April 6, 1909; April
3, 1913 ; April 23, 1915 ; April 14, 1916. Examples :
trees in the swamp of New Hope Creek below the
bridge on the Durham-Chapel Hill road, where they
reach 12% feet in circumference 5 feet from the
ground.

PLANE TREE FAMILY
(PLATINACEAE)

84. Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore.

A large tree with white branches and round, pen-
dant fruits that hold their seeds until spring. Bark
scaling off in thin plates; leaves large and broad,
4-8 inches across, with many irregular lobes and
teeth, very wooly-pubescent when young, the enlarged
base of the leaf stalk enclosing the bud. Common
along the streams of the whole state, often spontane-
ous in uplands and much cultivated. It is one of
our largest trees and in this state often reaches a
height of 110 feet and a diameter of 5 or 6 feet. It
reaches a much larger size in the middle west, some-
times with a diameter of 15 feet. Many of our trees
are being killed by the Sycamore Mildew (Micros-

Trees of North Carolina 59

phaera Platani Howe), that attacks the leaves at the
top of the tree and gradually works down: for
this reason the planting of this tree is not advised.
Dates of flowering: April 27, 1903 ; April 22, 1909 ;
April 1, 1910; April 10, 1916.

ROSE FAMILY

(ROSACEAE)

85. Sorbus americana Marsh. Mountain Ash.

A small tree or shrub with smooth bark; leaves
compound with 9-17 leaflets which are toothed, re-
sembling the leaves of the Sumach ; flowers small, dull
white, in Elder-like clusters 3-5 inches across. The
bright red fruits are small, less than % inch in diam-
eter, and hang on through the winter. In Canada
the Mountain Ash grows in moist and rocky woods
and is much cultivated, but in this state it is found
only along the summits of the higher mountains and
does poorly in cultivation.

86. Amelanchier Botryapium (L. f.) DC. Swamp

Shad-bush.

A slender shrub or small tree growing usually in
the low grounds, and rare at Chapel Hill. Leaves
obovate, with us usually slightly cordate at base,
apex acute, margin with numerous, small, close-set,
acute teeth, lower surface densely white tomentose
until maturity or later, whitish green from the first,
not purplish. Flowers in nodding racemes, usually
about 6-12, both peduncles and pedicels closely pu-
besent; calyx lobes pubescent, reflexed at base when

60 Trees of North Carolina

the petals fall, broad and abruptly long pointed; pe-
tals white, oblong. Fruit purplish red, scarcely edi-
ble, often diseased by the attack of a fungus. There
is much confusion as to the correct name for this tree.
In Britton's trees it is called A. intermedia Spach;
in Gray's Manual, 7th ed., A. canadensis, var. Botry-
apium; and Wiegand (Dull. T. D. C. 14:150. 1912)
calls it A. canadensis. itViGrtLd^xx-

87. Amelanchier canadensis (L.). Medic. [A. laevis
Wiegand.] Shad-bush, Service-Berry.

A shrub or small tree, much like the preceding
but distinguished by the leaves being purplish brown
until full maturity, and by the much more scanty
pubescence on the leaves and inflorescence. By ma-
turity the leaves are nearly or quite glabrous, but in
youth there are hairs on both surfaces, the difference
between our two species in this respect being only a
matter of degree. Calyx lobes narrower and more
lanceolate than in the above, and the fruit more
abundant and of better quality. Dates of flowering :
March 8, 1903; March 15, 1908; March 1, 1909;
March 23, 1910; March 26, 1912; March 23, 1916.
The time of flowering varies considerably in differ-
ent plants. In 1916 some were in bloom March 23,
others not until April 17th.

This is a rather common plant of dry woods, hill-
sides and creek bluffs and banks, usually a shrub, but
reaching at times in the mountains, a height of 45
feet and a diameter of 20 inches, even in Chapel Hill

Trees of North Carolina 61

reaching a height of 20 feet and diameter of 6 inches.
A tree of this size stands on the south hank of Bow-
lines creek about 100 yards northwest of the cow
barn on Glenn Burnie Farm. The fruit was fully
ripe on this tree on May 28, 1916.

88. Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple.

A low, broadly rounded, thorny tree, most common
in the flat woods of the lower coastal plain, and ex-
tending up along the large rivers into the lower part
of the mountain district. Leaves narrow, l%-3
inches long, V-r^-V^ inches wide, toothed, sometimes
slightly lobed, thick, shining above with an ever-
green appearance ; flowers large, about 1 inch across,
pink, and very fragrant ; fruit a small, fragrant, sour,
yellowish-green apple, about 1 inch in diameter.

89. Pyrus coronaria L. Crab Apple.

Leaves ovate to triangular, often three lobed, tooth-
ed, thin; flowers l%-2 inches across, pink to white,
calyx lobes velvety on the inner surface, very frag-
rant; fruits l%-2 inches in diameter, yellowish-
green, fragrant, and sour. In this state found only
in the mountains, where it is common in old fields
and open woods.

90. Crataegus Crus-galli L. Cock-spur Thorn, Hog-

apple.

A small thorny tree that is said to occur throughout
the state. Leaves small, mostly l%-2 inches long, ob-

62 Trees of North Carolina

ovate or spatulate, thick, smooth, upper side shiny,
the broad end toothed and usually rounded; thorns
very long, usually two inches or more ; fruits dull red
or greenish red, about % inch in diameter, with
one to three, usually two, large nutlets. Dates
of flowering: May 19, 1914. Examples: trees in
meadow 200 yards above Chapel Hill-Durham road
bridge on New Hope Creek. In Orange County
this tree with smooth leaves is found only in the low
grounds.

91. Crataegus berherifolia T. & G. Barberry-leaved
Haw, He Hog-apple.

A low broad-topped tree with many stout thorns,
1-2 inches long. This tree reaches its northern limit
in North Carolina and is not rare on the hills around
Chapel Hill. Leaves ovate-spatulate, %-2*/2 inches
long, V3-l inch wide, thick, shiny and rough pubes-
cent above, softly and rather sparcely pubescent be-
neath, toothed above, the lower half or third even;
flowers in clusters of five to nine, the flower-stalk and
ovary very hairy ; fruit oblong, dull orange or red or
greenish-red, 5/i6-% inch thick, the surface slightly
short hairy under a lens at maturity. This Haw is
called the He Hog-apple around Chapel Hill on ac-
count of the usual lack of fruit, and this year (1916)
for the first time we have found a little fruit on
them.* Dates of flowering: May 20, 1901; May 7,

* It has recently been shown that many of the supposed species
of Crataegus are probably hybrids, with a large part of the pollen
aborted (Journal of Heredity 7:266. 1916).

Trees of North Carolina 63

1916. Examples: Trees on Glenn Burnie Farm, by
road to Sparrow's Mill.

92. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted Thorn.

A low, broad-topped, very thorny tree; widely dis-
tributed farther north, but in this state confined to
the western part, where it is common along the cold
streams and around the summits of the high moun-
tains, ascending to an elevation of 6000 feet. Leaves
obovate, 1^2-3 inches long, %-2 inches wide, jagged
toothed, hairy when young, dull grayish-green above,
thin ; flowers many in a cluster, hairy ; calyx minute-
ly glandular serrate; anthers pink; fruits short-ob-
long, %-l inch in length, red or yellow, white dotted.

93. Crataegus collina Chapm. Chapman's Hill Thorn.

Closely related to the Dotted Thorn, but found in
the foot hills, ascending to an elevation of 2500 ft.
The anthers are yellow and the fruits are globose,
V3 to % inch in diameter, red, and pale dotted. Fre-
quent in fields and open dry woods to the south of
Asheville.

94. Crataegus viridis L. Green Haw.

A larger, sparsely thorny Haw, reaching a height
of 35 feet and a diameter of 20 inches; found in low
moist soil along the streams and swamps of the eas-
tern part of the state and extending up the larger
streams into the mountain section to an elevation of
1500 feet. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, broadest
about the middle, jagged toothed, often three lobed,

64 Trees of North Carolina

1-3 inches long. %-l% inches wide, dark green and
shiny above ; flowers many in a cluster ; fruits many
in a cluster on a long drooping stalk, bright red, glo-
bose, % inch or less in diameter.

95. Crataegus Boyntoni Beadle. BoyntorTs Thorn.

Leaves broadly ovate or oval, 1-2% inches long,
1-2 inches wide, jagged toothed, sometimes shallowly
lobed, yellow green on the upper surface at maturity,
thick, leaf stalks glandular ; flowers 4-10 in a cluster,
stamens 10, calyx lobes sometimes glandular toothed
toward the end; fruits nearly globose, angled, %
inch in diameter, yellow-green with red, and marked
with small dark dots. A shrub or small tree, rarely
20 feet high, of the foot hill region where it is found
along the banks of streams, borders of fields and up-
land woods, sometimes ascending to an elevation of
3,000 feet. It is common in the valley of the French
Broad River. The range of this thorn is evidently
wider than is at present known, as we have a collec-
tion from a valley at Hartsville, S. C, in the coastal
plain.

96. Crataegus flava Ait. Summer Haw.

A small broad tree of sandy woods, commonly cul-
tivated in Europe. Leaves bronze and hairy when
unfolding, yellow green and smooth or nearly so at
maturity, oval to obovate, sometimes lobed, 1-3 inches
long, %-2 inches wide, toothed, the teeth gland tip-
ped, stalks gland tipped ; flowers in clusters of 3-7, the
calyx lobes usually cut and very glandular, bracts

Trees of North Carolina 65

glandular, flower stalks pubescent; fruits pear-shap-
ed, about y2 inch long and 1/3 inch wide, dark
orange-brown.

97. Crataegus senta Beadle. Rough Thorn.

Closely related to C. flava; fruit globose, bright
red. Abandoned fields and open pine woods near
Asheville at an elevation of about 2,200 feet.

98. Crataegus aprica Beadle. Sunny Thorn.

Closely related to Crataegus flava; found in sunny
exposures on the mountains. The fruits are globose,
%-% inch in diameter, red or orange red, and
marked with many small dark dots. There are 10
stamens instead of 20 as in C. flava, and the anthers
are yellow rather than purple or pink.

99. Crataegus spathulata Michx. Spatulate Thorn.

Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, %-l% inches
long, %-% inch wide, toothed, often three lobed at
the end, dark green, slightly hairy when young, but
smooth at maturity ; flowers many in a cluster ; fruits
globose, small, y^ inch or less in diameter, red. Usu-
ally near the banks of streams or swamps or low de-
pressions in pine woods.

100. Crataegus Marshallii Eggl. [C. apiifolia Michx.]

Parsley Haw.

Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, %-l% inches
in diameter, jagged toothed, and with 5-7 deep nar-
row clefts, leaves and twigs softly tomentose when

66 Trees of North Carolina

young, the upper side of the leaves usually becoming
smooth and shiny green ; flowers in clusters of 10-12 ;
fruit small, oblong, 1/3 inch long, bright, shining,
red. The Parsley Haw is found along the borders of
streams and swamps or hammocks in pine barrens
through the coast region, and in both low and upland
woods of the Piedmont region. At Chapel Hill it is
our finnest ornamental Haw. Examples: trees in
woods by Durham-Chapel Hill near the county line,
and in woods near Meeting of the Waters. In full
flower April 30, 1916.

101. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) Koch.* Waxy
Thorn.

A shrub or small tree of upland woods and rocky
hills of the Piedmont and mountain sections of the
state. Branches and thorns gray; leaves ovate, jag-
ged toothed, or shallowly lobed, 1-2% inches long,
%-2% inches wide, sometimes with short hairs on
the upper surface when young, but smooth at ma-
turity, the under side always smooth, leaf stalk wing
margined and glandular; flowers few in a cluster,
stamens 10-20, a bunch of hairs at the base of the
styles, calyx lobes glandular toothed, bracts very
glandular; fruits globose to pear shaped, about %
inch in diameter, red, with small darker dots, more
or less pruinose. Examples : trees in woods by Dur-
ham-Chapel Hill road near the county line. Dates

* Several other forms accepted as species by some authors, but
ignored by others, are so closely related to C. pruinosa, and so
difficult to distinguish clearly that we are of the opinion that they
belong to one variable species, or are a lot of hybrids.

Trees of North Carolina 67

of flowering: May 13, 1889; April 19, 1909; April
24, 1916.

102. Crataegus phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medic. [C. cor-

data Ait.] Washington Thorn.

Leaves l%-2 inches long and about the same width,
usually distinctly three-lobed and somewhat resemb-
ling a maple leaf, toothed, smooth except for a few
white hairs along the veins of the upper surface
when young; flowers several together near the ends
of long peduncles ; fruits scarlet, globose, small, less
than Y^ inch in diameter. Rich damp soil of the
Piedmont section, extending up the streams into the
mountains ; not very common ; much cultivated and
very handsome. Flowers about the middle of June.
Examples : trees, among other species, in woods sev-
eral hundred yards beyond the Durham County line
on the Durham road.

103. Crataegus Chapmani (Beadle) Ashe. Chapman

Thorn.

Leaves ovate to obovate, l%-4 inches long, 1^-3
inches wide, jagged toothed and sometimes slightly
lobed, upper surface hairy when young, hairy below ;
flowers many in a cluster; stalks hairy, calyx lobes
glandular-serrate and hairy; fruits in many fruited,
drooping clusters, bright red, subglobose to globose,
about 1/3 inch in diameter; seeds with hollows on
their inner faces. It occurs along the streams in the
mountain region.

68 Trees of North Carolina

104. Crataegus tomentosa L. (In the sense of Sar-

gent)*. Pear Thorn.

This is very closely related to Chapman's Thorn,
but the fruits are more pear-shaped, duller red, and
are borne in erect clusters.

105. Primus serotina Ehrh. Choke Cherry, Wild

Black Cherry.

Usually a small tree with smooth bark when young,
rough when old. Leaves oval to lanceolate, 2-6 inches
long, rather coarsely toothed, dark-green, thickish,
smooth except for a conspicuous patch of reddish
down which usually borders the mid rib near the
base ; fruits small, about 1/3 inch in diameter, black
not edible, on short stalks scattered along a common
terminal fruiting axis ( a raceme) . Common through
the middle and western parts of the state, not so com-
mon in the eastern part. In the mountains it be-
comes a large tree 100 feet high and 3 feet in dia-
meter. It would be a very important timber tree if
large trees were more abundant. Dates of flowering :
April 18, 1903; April 9, 1908; April 28, 1909;
April 7, 1910; April 16, 1916. Example: Trees on
Glenn Burnie Farm.

106. Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry.f

A small tree, in this state found only in the
mountains. The bark is smooth and red; leaves ob-

* This is not the G. tomentosa of Gray's Manual, a synonym of
C. uniflora Muench., which is only a shrub.

f The small Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana L.) is a shrub or
rarely a small tree that is very rare in this state and so far as we
know hs been collected only on Cedar Cliff Mountain, Buncombe

Trees of North Carolina 69

long-lanceolate, 2-5 inches long, Y^-l1/^ inch wide,
finely toothed, thinnish, pubescent usually along
most of the length of the mid rib below; fruits red,
sour, about % inch in diameter, fruit stalks in clus-
ters from lateral buds (umbels or corymbs).

107. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum.

A somewhat thorny tree reaching 20-30 feet in
height, common along streams in the Piedmont and
lower mountains and along large rivers in the coastal
plain. Leaves ovate to obovate, 2i4_41/2 inches long,
1-2 inches wide, closely toothed, smooth or tomentose
below ; flowers borne in umbels, nearly white to pink,
very abundant, and rivalling the Japanese cherry in
its delicacy and beauty; fruits reddish, glaucous, %
inch in diameter, bitterish and scarcely edible, but
making a good preserve. They begin to ripen in
August and some trees still have ripening fruit in
early October. Several of the best cultivated plums,
such as Wild Goose, Wayland and Golden Beauty
are supposed to be hybrids between this and the fol-
lowing species. Dates of flowering: March 27, 1903 ;
March 27, 1908; March 31, 1909; March 26, 1910;
March 14, 1915. Example: tree on bank of Bowlin's
Creek, below Glenn Burnie Farm.

County (Biltmore Herbarium). It occurs both north and south of
us, and is much like P. serotina.

Prunus cuneata Raf. is a small shrub that has been reported
from Henderson County by Memminger. The fruit is borne in
small clusters along the twigs.

The Sweet or Mazzard Cherry (Prunus avium L.), the common
sweet cherry of the orchard and a native of the Old World, is spon-
taneous in Chapel Bill and no doubt in many other places in the
state. The Sour or Morello Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is probably
also spontaneous in some parts of the state.

70 Trees of North Carolina

108. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw Plum.

A small low tree with a dense spreading top, form-
ing the "plum thickets" so common on the edges of
fields and in waste places throughout the state. Ac-
cording to an old Indian tradition it was brought
from beyond the Mississippi. The leaves are small
and narrow, 1-2 inches long, 1/3-2/8 inch wide, the
teeth fine and close. The fruits ripen in early sum-
mer and are either red or yellow, about a/s inch in
diameter, sweet and edible. This species has given
rise to several cultivated plums such as the Newman
and Lone Star. Dates of flowering: about March
10, 1903; March 15, 1908; February 16, 1909;
March 20, 1910; March 25, 1912; March 14, 1915;
March 5, 1916. Examples: trees in pasture, west side
of Glenn Burnie Farm, where they reach a height of
11 feet and a diameter of 3 inches.

109. Laurocerasus caroliniana (Mill.) Roem. Caroli-

na Laurel Cherry.

A small evergreen tree found wild only in the
southeast corner of the state near the coast, but much
used throughout the coastal plain as an ornamental
and as a screen. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-4%
inches long, %-l% inches wide, with a few teeth
or the edges entire, thick, shiny above ; flowers small,
in dense racemes; fruits black, oblong, about %
inch long, hanging on the tree through the winter ; not
edible. The wilting leaves contain a deadly poison.

Teees of Noeth Carolina 71

LEGUME FAMILY
(LEGUMINOSAE)

110. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey Locust.*

A thorny tree of waste places, ditch banks, etc.,
throughout the state. It is said to he an introduced
tree from west of the Alleghanies, but has now be-
come thoroughly naturalized. The fruits are long,
flat, black, edible pods, that are one of the principal
ingredients of Persimmon beer. Dates of flowering :
April 30, 1903; April 29, 1909; April 20, 1910;
April 30, 1913; 'May 9, 1916. Example: tree at
west end of the Arboretum, above spring.

111. Cercis canadensis L. Redbud.

A small tree of hillsides and valleys, common in
the Piedmont and rarer in the coastal plain, with
light smooth bark. Leaves heart-shaped ; flowers
magenta-colored, pea-shaped; pods small, flat, num-
erous. Dates of flowering: March 16, 1903; in
1908 the flower buds were killed by the snow of
March 20, would have bloomed in three days ; March
20, 1909; March 23, 1910; March 26, 1916. Ex-
amples : trees near barn on Glenn Burnie Farm.

* The "Mimosa" {Albizzia Julibrissin Durazzini) is a very at-
tractive small tree of the legume family introduced originally from
Asia, but now escaped and well established in parts of the Pied-
mont, as in Orange County. Bark light, smooth ; leaves divided
into 40-50 small, sensitive leaflets, not casting a deep shade ;
flowers large, clustered, pink, thready, sweet scented ; fruit a flat
pod about 2-3 inches long. Dates of flowering : June 12, 1910 ;
June 15, 1915 ; June 11, 1916. Examples : escaped trees in woods
west of athletic field and in woods south of Dr. Battle's house.

Oymnocladus canadensis Lam., the Kentucky Coffee Tree, is also
occasionally spontaneous in neighborhoods where it is cultivated.
Trees cultivated in Chapel Hill are all male and bear no seeds.
The tree is a native of the middle west and does not quite reach
North Carolina.

72 Trees of North Carolina

112. Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) Koch. Yellow-wood.

A beautiful tree with pinnately compound leaves,
white, wistaria-like flowers in drooping panicles, and
pods about 3-4 inches long. The wood is yellow and
yields a dye, and the branches are thornless, by which
it is easily distinguished from the Black Locust as
well as others. The Yellow-wood is one of the rarest
trees in North Carloina, being known only from
Swain, Clay, Macon, and Cherokee Counties (Pin-
chot and Ashe, p. 56). It is fine in cultivation.

113. Robinia Pseudacacia L. Black Locust.

A tree with small thorns and with dark, rough or
ridged bark. When in bloom a mass of white, pea-
shaped, fragrant flowers that hang in clusters like
Wisteria; fruit a flat pod. It is a native of the
mountains, ascending to 4000 feet, but in the Pied-
mont where it is cultivated, it is often seen around
deserted homesteads where it retains possession and
multiplies extensively by shoots from the roots. Dates
of flowering: April 20, 1903; April 29, 1909; April
14, 1910; April 25, 1916. Examples: cultivated trees
on the campus south of the Smith building.

114. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy locust.*

A small tree or shrub, mostly confined to the south-
ern part of the mountains, and easily recognized by
the sticky twigs and leaf stems, and the rose colored

* Several other species of shrubby locusts occur in this state, all
with rosy or rosy-purple flowers.

Trees of North Carolina 73

flowers. It is often cultivated and multiplies by
suckers.

115. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis L. Toothache

Tree, Prickly Ash^.*

A peculiar small tree with strong, short thorns on
the main stem and branches, large pinnately com-
pound leaves and large clusters of small greenish-
white flowers terminating the branches. The Tooth-
ache Tree is so named because the pungent bark and
other parts act as a counter irritant and help to re-
lieve toothache. It is confined to a narrow strip
along the sea coast. Ayres and Ashe in error, credit
this to the mountains.

SUMACH FAMILY
(ANACARDIACEAE)

116. Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumach.f

This is a small tree or shrub, sometimes 30 feet
high, which is confined to moderate elevations in the
mountains. It is easily recognized by the compound

* AAfanthus glandulosa Desf. (Tree of Heaven, Copal) is a culti-
vated tree from China and Japan which is frequently spontaneous
in waste places. The large, pinnate taraae-compound, smooth leaves
are bad smelling when crushed, and so are the male flowers. The
female flowers are only slightly unpleasant, and only trees bearing
these should be planted, especially as the conspicuous clusters of red-
dish-green fruits are quite decorative. Date of flowering : May 25,
1916. Quassia Family (Slmaroubaceae) .

Melia Azedurach L. (China-berry Tree), a native of Persia and
India, is also frequently spontaneous. The leaves are large, doubly
pinnately-compound, and with cut leaflets ; the flowers purplish and
with a heavy fragrance ; fruit a light-colored berry with a ridged
stone containing several seeds. As a rule all of the seeds in a
berry do not come up the same year. A low spreading variety, called
the Umbrella Tree, which originated in Texas, is now very popular.
Mahogany Family (Meliaceae).

t Rhus vernix L. (Poison Sumach), and B. copallina (Dwarf
Sumach) occasionally reach the height of small trees, but are es-
sentially so shrub-like in character that they are not here included.

74 Trees of North Carolina

leaves, stout, naked branches and thick, densely fuzzy
twigs. The red berries are acrid and borne in large
panicles at the ends of the branches. The wood is
yellow and aromatic. Date of flowering: May 29,
1916, in cultivation at (Chapel Hill.

CYRILLA FAMILY
(CYRILLACEAE)

117. Cyrilla racemiflora Walt. He Huckleberry.

A shrub or small tree confined to borders of
streams, bays and swamps in the coastal plain from
the coast to Halifax, Wake, and Anson Counties. It
is sometimes 15 feet high and 4 feet in circumfer-
ence, and is very decorative with the narrow, droop-
ing racemes of small white flowers. The leaves are
small, oblong, entire, shining, turning a fine red or
mottled red and green in fall, and persisting through
most of the winter. The plants can grow in water
over a foot deep, and in such situations the bark un-
der the water does not decay and becomes so thick
as to enlarge the circumference of the tree to 5%
feet at times.

HOLLY FAMILY
(AQUIFOLIACEAE)

118. Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly.

A well known tree with thick, spiny, evergreen
leaves and red berries. It is common in the coastal
plain and most of the Piedmont in damp, well-drained
woods, and extends to some extent into the lower

Trees of North Carolina 75

mountains. At Chapel Hill small seedlings are com-
mon in the woods near town, but large ones are rare
except at a distance of several miles. This scarcity
near town is probably the result of over a century
of Christmas decorating. Dates of flowering : May 1,
1903; April 27, 1909; April 16, 1910; April 29,
1913; May 7, 1915. Examples: trees in woods near
The Caves, and cultivated trees on the campus.

119. Ilex vomitoria Ait. Yopon.

This slender, small, evergreen tree is confined to a
narrow strip along the coast, and forms a conspicu-
ous part of the tangled growth behind the sand dunes.
The leaves are small, about %-l inch long, oval, even-
ly crenated, smooth; fruit a very small, bright-red
berry formed abundantly on the female trees, and very
ornamental. This holly does well in cultivation even
as far inland as Chapel Hill, but suckers freely and
is apt to be straggling in shape. In the region of the
Dismal Swamp the dried leaves are said by Curtis
to be used as a substitute for tea. and it is known that
they contain a considerable amount of caffeine, about
.27% of the dry weight (Venable, Jour. Mitchell Soc.
2:39. 1884-85). As the name indicates, the leaves
are generally supposed to have an emetic effect, and
the Indians certainly used a decoction containing
them to produce vomiting. It seems, however, that
this effect was the result of other herbs that were
added and not of the Yopon leaves (Havard, Bull.
Tor. B. C. 23:41. 1896).

76 Trees of North Carolina

120. Ilex Cassine L. Dahoon Holly.*

This is a small evergreen tTee of swamp margins
near the coast. Leaves about 2-4 inches long, thick
and leathery, the margin usually smooth, but some-
times strongly prickly; berries red, persistent, about
!/4 inch thick. This species is quite ornamental and
worthy of cultivation. It is easily distinguished
from its relatives by its long narrow leaves.

121. Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly.

A large shrub or small tree, usually with several
stems, that is common on river banks, flats and hill-
sides in the Piedmont, extending into the mountains
to an elevation of 1500 feet. In the low country it
is abundant in the deep swamps of the large rivers.
Leaves small, thin, narrow, not evergreetn. The
branches of the female tree are loaded with small
red fruits that hang on most of the winter. Dates
of flowering: April 14, 1903; April 19, 1908; April
13, 1910; April 27, 1916. Example: the large clump
by upper road to Scott's Hole.

122. Ilex montieola A. Gray. Mountain Holly, f

A shrub or small tree, rarely 25 feet high, found
from Orange County to the high mountains. The
leaves are thin, deciduous, finely toothed, ovate-

* Further inland on the wet pine barrens there is found a little
holly with very small, myrtle-like, evergreen leaves and red ber-
ries, that rarely becomes a very small straggling tree, but is essen-
tially a shrub and is best not included among the trees. It is Ilea;
myrtijolia Walt.

fThe two shrubs, Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray, and /. laevigata
(Pursh.) A. Gray, rarely reach up into slender trees. The two
shrubby Gallberries of the coastal plain are also hollys.

Trees of JSTorth Carolina 77

lanceolate with a long point, smooth on both sides,
about 21/2-3% inches long, and 1-2 inches broad;
berries red, on short stems, about % inch in diame-
ter. In Chapel Hill this is only a shrub, reaching
a height of about 8 feet, and is not rare in the woods
and sometimes in open pastures, as at top of Lone
Pine Hill. A tomentose form of this from the moun-
tains has been called Ilex Beadlei Ashe.

MAPLE FAMILY
(ACERACEAE)

123. Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple.

A good sized tree of rare occurrence in rich woods
at moderate elevations in the mountains. Leaves
deeply cut and toothed, white and smooth beneath;
flowers without petals, appearing before the leaves.
This maple is of very rapid growth and is often
planted for this reason, but its brittleness and sus-
ceptibility to scale makes it undesirable for cultiva-
tion.

124. Acer rubrum L. Red Maple.

A common tree in North Carolina, inhabiting
swamps and low grounds in the upper coastal plain
and valleys and hillsides in the Piedmont and moun-
tains. Leaves with 3-5 deep lobes which are strongly
and irregularly toothed, pale and usually smooth be-
neath; flowers bright red, appearing very early;
fruits red, usually, but sometimes yellowish, ripening

78 Trees of North Carolina

in early summer. The twigs and leaf-stalks are also
red, and in autumn, the foliage turns a fine scarlet.
This maple is a more desirable shade tree than the
above, but is more subject to scale than the Sugar
Maple. There are two kinds of flowers, male and fe-
male, which are borne on the same tree or different
trees. Sometimes a single branch or a few twigs of a
tree will bear fruit, the remainder being barren. Dates
of flowering: March 2, 1908; March 3, 1910; March
16, 1912; February 20, 1913; Febrnary 21, 1915;
April 7, 1916.

125. Acer carolinianum Walt. Carolina Red Maple.

This is a near relative of the Red Maple and is so
similar to it that with the exception of extreme forms
they are not always easy to distinguish. The leaves
are usually smaller than those of the Red Maple, and
are thicker and less lacerated, both lobes and teeth
being less prominent and usually fewer. The lower
side is typically covered with a white or rusty tomen-
tum, but this may almost disappear in age. The
fruits are like those of the Red Maple. The Caro-
lina Maple is the only species of Maple over the
greater part of the coastal plain. In Chapel Hill we
have almost the typical form of this tree growing in
marshes, as in the north west corner of Rocky Ridge
Farm, but many intermediate forms also occur that
cannot confidently be referred to either this or the
Red Maple.

Trees of North Carolina 79

126. Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple.

This is the finest of all our maples and very de-
sirable in cultivation. Leaves large, about 41/2-6 %
inches long and at least as wide, some very small ones,
typically with three large lobes above, each with two
or four distant teeth, and two narrow, tooth-like lobes
at the base, deep green above, whitish and somewhat
glaucous below, smooth except for a few small tufts
of hairs in the axils of the veins below. The 'Sugar
Maple is plentiful in our mountain valleys and slopes,
and reaches a height of over 100 feet. Ayres and
Ashe remark that it is "Common north of the Cowee
mountains, above an elevation of 2,000 feet on cold
moist soil." The Florida Maple (see below) is
much like this and is usually confused with it. Their
areas approach each other closely if they do not over-
lap, and observations should be made to find out if
the two forms intergrade as they approach each other.

127. Acer floridanum (Chapm.) Pax. Southern Sugar

Maple.

This is the close relative of the Sugar Maple that
takes its place in the Piedmont and coastal plain re-
gions of this state and from thence southward; just
how far it extends towards the mountains has not
been worked out, or Whether it intergrades there with
the Sugar Maple. We have it as far west as Chapel
Hill, where it is common along creeks and toward
the bases of rocky hills, and is often planted in lawns.
It reaches here a circumference of 5 feet, 3 inches.

80 Trees of North Carolina

The appearance and habit is like that of the Sugar
Maple, but it is smaller and more spreading, and
otherwise differs in preferring lowlands, and in the
mostly smaller leaves which are whitish or tawny
pubescent beneath, with the lobes usually only undu-
late or scarcely toothed. The fruits also are smaller
and usually somewhat hairy. Dates of flowering:
March 28, 1909; April 1, 1912. Examples: Trees
along Morgan's Creek on the Mason Farm.

128. Acer leucoderme Small. White-barked Sugar

Maple.

This is a small tree or only a shrub, belonging to
the Sugar Maple group, and mostly resembling the
next species. The bark is very white, the leaves
small, green and hairy below, not whitish, with three
or five narrow lobes with few or no teeth ; fruit quite
small, the wings broadly spreading. At present we
know of this in North. Carolina only from Stanley
County where it grows along the falls of the Yadkin
at an elevation of about 1000 feet.

129. Acer nigrum F. A. Michx. Black Maple.

This tree resembles the 'Sugar Maple in size and
habit, but differs in the narrow, untoothed lobes, and
the green, not whitish, under surface of the leaves.
It is a very rare and local tree in North Carolina,
known at present only from the mountains of Ashe
and Mitchell Counties.

Trees of North Carolina 81

130. Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple.

A small tree of the higher mountains, inhabiting
cool damp soil at elevations above 3000 feet. It is
easily distinguished by its reddish-green bark which
is striped with light lines, by the large three-lobed
leaves with very many small teeth and by the long
terminal panicles of drooping fruits.

131. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple.

A very small tree or shrub growing only at high
altitudes in the mountains. It is most like the Strip-
ed Maple, but is easily distinguished by the pubescent
twigs, the upright panicles of flowers and fruits and
the lack of stripes on the bark.

132. Acer Negundo L. Ash-leaved Maple, Box Elder.

A rather small, dioecious tree of sandy river banks
and bottoms, rather common in the Piedmont, ex-
tending into the lower mountain valleys, and along
the larger rivers in the coastal plain. The leaves
have three leaflets, which somewhat resemble those
of an ash ; fruits hanging in elongated clusters. This
maple is wide-spreading and of very rapid growth,
and for quick shade in lawns is much better than
the more often-used Silver Maple or Carolina Poplar.
Dates of flowering: March 15, 1903; March 25,
1909; March 28, 1910; April 15, 1915; April 7,
1916. Examples: trees at Scott's Hole.

82 Trees of North Carolina

SOAPBERRY FAMILY
(SAPINDACEAE)

133. Aesculus octandra Marsh. Buckeye.

A large tree in the mountains, sometimes reach-
ing a height of 120 feet and a diameter of 4 feet,
and extending as far east as Raleigh, but usually
only a shrub in the eastern part of its range. At
Chapel Hill it reaches tree size only in cool ravines.
The leaves are palmately compound, of 5-7 leaflets at
the end of a long leaf-stalk, the leaflets 4-10 inches
long, toothed, hairy on the lower surface when young ;
flowers greenish-yellow, sometimes red, 1-1% inches
long, in clusters 5-7 inches long; most of the flowers
with rudimentary pistils and therefore sterile ; fruits
ovoid, l%-21/4 inches in diameter, smooth, yellow-
ish brown, the hulls inclosing large, dark-brown,
polished seeds. Dates of flowering: March 27, 1903 ;
March 3, 1908; April 27, 1909; April 3, 1910;
April 23, 1915; April 14, 1916. Examples: trees
below Lone Pine Spring.

BUCKTHORN FAMILY
(RHAMNACEAE)

134. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Buckthorn.

Usually a shrub, but sometimes a small tree, found
most abundantly along the swamps and river banks
in the upper Piedmont region. Leaves 2-6 inches
long, 1-2 inches wide, obscurely toothed, tomentose
when young, but shining green above and smooth or
nearly so when mature, prominently veined beneath ;

Trees of North Carolina 83

fruits globose, 1/3 inch, in diameter, black, sweet,
containing 2-4 nutlets. Date of flowering: June 1,
1916, in cultivation at Chapel Hill.

LINDEN FAMILY
(TILIACEAE)

135. Tilia americana L. American Linden or Bass-

wood.

A large tree reaching a height of 130 feet and a
diameter of 4 feet, that is said by Pinchot and Ashe
(1897), and by Curtis to occur in the mountains and
Piedmont and by the former to be sparsely distri-
buted through the lower Piedmont and coastal plain.
However, according to Ayres and Ashe (1905), this
tree occurs in the lower Appalachians only on the
western slope of the Great Smoky Mountains. Leaves
broadly ovate, 3-6 inches long, 3-4 inches broad,
toothed, green and smooth on both sides except for
axillary tufts of hairs on the under side ; fruits oval,
about V3 inch long, hard, nut-like, tomentose, with
short stalks on a common peduncle fastened to a light
green leaf -like bract 4-5 inches long, 1-1% inches
broad.

136. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Linden or Bass-

wood.

Usually a smaller tree than the American Linden
and much more common in our state. In the moun-
tains it is plentiful and is sparingly found near
streams in the Piedmont and coastal plain. Leaves
2y2-7 inches long, 2-5 inches broad and minutely

84 Trees of North Carolina

gray-tomentose with stellate hairs, with very small
and inconspicuous tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of
the veins beneath; fruit bract 2-3 inches long, about
%-% inch broad, thinly stellate tomentose beneath,
almost sessile and quickly contracted at base, at-
tached to the peduncle for only %-l% inch, the free
portion of the peduncle being about %-l% mcn
long ; fruit densely gray tomentose. It is beautiful in
cultivation and like the other Lindens is a favorite
with the bees. The form of lower elevations is pro-
bably what has been described by Ashe as T. eburnea
from foot hills of the Blue Ridge. It is said to differ
in having the under side of the leaves white-woolly
with longer hairs than in T. heterophylla.

137. Tilia Michauxii Nutt. Michaux's Linden, White
Linden.

This species is one of our rarest trees, and we
know of it certainly only from the mountains of Hay-
wood County. It differs from T. heterophylla, its
nearest relative, in the denser and whiter tomentum
on the under surface of the leaves, and the longer,
more stalked and more gradually rounded floral
bracts which are densely white-tomentose beneath;
the leaves are also furnished with more conspicuous,
though small, axillary tufts of tawny hairs than in
the latter species. In our collection of T. Michauxii
the floral bracts are 2*4-5% inches long, mostly over
4 inches long and gradually narrowed to the basal
stalk, which is %-% incn long.

Trees of TnTorth Carolina 85

This and the preceding species are very close to
each other, and descriptions of the two by different
authors do not agree either with each other or with
our plants. We have described our plants as they ap-
pear in this state, where so far as we know they can
be distinguished as indicated.

138. Tilia pubescens Ait. Southern or Downy Lin-

den or Basswood.

A small tree found in deep, sandy fertile soil along
the margins of swamps and streams near the coast,
and extending little farther west than Wilmington,
]STewbern and Washington. Leaves 3-7 inehes long,
rusty downy beneath; twigs pubescent or smooth;
fruits about % inch in diameter.

TEA FAMILY

(TERNSTROEMIACEAE)

139. Gordonia Lasianthus Ellis. Loblolly Bay.

A medium sized evergreen tree with a narrow,
compact head and broadly ridged bark, found in the
low grounds and edges of swamps near the coast.
Leaves thick and leathery, narrowly elliptic, 2-6
inches long, shallowly toothed along the edges;
flowers white, fragrant, about 2 inches across, both
sepals and petals silky; fruit a dry, woody, ovoid
pod, about 2/3 inch long and silky on the surface.
This is a beautiful tree at all seasons, but particularly
so when in flower. Unfortunately it does not do well

86 Trees of North Carolina

in cultivation unless its natural habitat is closely
duplicated.

GINSENG FAMILY
(ARALIACEAE)

140. Aralia spinosa L. Hercules Club, Angelica Tree,

Prickly Ash.

A small prickly tree or shrub with few or no
branches, but with very large, twice or thrice com-
pound leaves, 2-4 feet long, near the top. The leaflets
are broadly ovate and toothed; flowers small but
very numerous, forming large panicles in the top
of the tree ; fruit a very small, juicy, black berry. In
this state said to occur in rich woods or along streams
from the coast to Cherokee (Curtis), but evidently
local in distribution, and entirely absent over large
areas; rather abundant in some localities, as along
Swift Creek in Wake County.

DOGWOOD FAMILY
(CORNACEAE)

141. Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood.

A low tree, very conspicuous in flower, that is
scattered plentifully through all our woods. The
floral display is due to the large white, or sometimes
decidedly pinkish bracts that surround each group of
small yellow flowers. Swollen places containing in-
sect larvae are very common along the twigs. Leaves
ovate, opposite; fruits red. The Dogwood is highly
decorative in cultivation and should be much more

Trees of North Carolina 87

used on lawns. Dates of flowering : March 24, 1903 ;
April 3, 1908; April 6, 1909; March 30, 1910;
April 3, 1913; April 20, 1915; April 14, 1916.

142. Cornus alternifolia L. Blue Dogwood.

A low tree, in this state found only near streams in
the mountains. It differs from the more common
Dogwood in that the leaves are borne alternately along
the twig as a rule and sometimes have a few obscure,
low rounded teeth, though usually with the edges en-
tire ; also there are no conspicuous bracts around the
small creamy white flowers that are borne in loose
clusters ; and the berries are blue.

143. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum, Sour Gum.

A tree common over the whole state, growing both
in swamps and on the dry hills. Usually a narrow
cylindrical tree with short branches ; bark deeply
furrowed; leaves ovate or obovate, 2-6 inches long,
smooth and shining when mature, turning bright
red in late summer or early fall; fruits usually
three on a common stem, dark blue, about % inch
long, sour and bitter, the stone indistinctly ribbed.
The robins are very fond of the fruits. Dates of
flowering: April 19, 1903; April 27, 1909; April
14, 1910; April 26, 1916. Examples: trees back
of the Chemistry building.

144. Nyssa biflora Walt. Water Gum, Sour Gum,

Black Gum.

A small or good sized tree on the edges of ponds

88 Trees of North Carolina

and streams in the eastern half of the coastal plain.
Very similar to the Black Gum, but the fruits usu-
ally are only two on a stem, and the stones have promi-
nent rounded ridges ; base of the tree usually swollen,
and when growing in the water, with erect roots that
rise to the surface.

145. Nyssa aquatica L. Tupelo Gum.

A large tree of the deep swamps near the coast.
Base much enlarged, leaves 4-12 inches long, ovate,
long pointed, edges entire or with a few large teeth,
smooth or nearly so and dark green above, pale and
hairy beneath; fruits large, dark purple, about 1
inch long, one to the stem, stones with sharp promi-
nent ridges.

HEATH FAMILY
(ERICACEAE)

146. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Sour Wood.

A small tree with shiny, pointed, elliptic leaves
which have a decidedly sour taste. The small, white,
sweetHsmelling flowers are formed on finger like race-
mes which are grouped at the ends of branches in
summer. They remind one of Lily of the Valley
and make a very attractive centerpiece with ferns.
Bees seek them and from them make the esteemed
sour-wood honey. The tree is scattered plentifully
through most of our woods from the mountains (un-
der 4000 feet) through the Piedmont, then retiring
to bluffs of streams and descending to the coast

Trees of North Carolina 89

(Wilmington). Examples: trees along Battle's
brook.

147. Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Sparkleberry.

A small tree found from the lower mountains to
the coast, and most plentiful in the coastal plain. In
Chapel Hill it occurs on sandy banks and rocky
bluffs along the creeks, or as a rare shrub on the
uplands. Leaves small, shiny, obovate; fruits small,
black, dry, sweetish, scarcely edible. Date of flow-
ering: May 23, 1909. Examples: trees on both
sides of Morgan's Creek from King's Mill to Scott's
Hole, also in woods east of cemetery, etc.

148. Rhododendron maximum L. Great Laurel.

The Great Laurel is a shrub or small tree, some-
times 25 feet high with a trunk 10 inches in diame-
ter, that is one of the most abundant, conspicuous,
and well known plants of the mountains. It des-
cends rather abundantly as far down as Hickory,
and is rare and local as far east as Davidson County,
where is it known to occur on a bluff about 2 miles
northeast of Yadkin College. Curtis, in his Woody
Plants, says that this species extends as far east as
Orange, but the plant he had in mind is not this
species but the Purple or Eose Bay, Rhododendron
catawbiense Michx., a large shrub which has one of
the most singular distributions of any of our plants.
Replacing the R. maximum on the tops of the highest
mountains, it extends in a very scattering way down
their eastern sides, and thence on bluffs of rivers

90 Trees of North Carolina

eastward as far as the middle coastal plain. Its eas-
tern limit as far as we know is Selma, where we
have found it at an elevation of less than 100 feet.

149. Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain Laurel, Ivy.

A shrub or small tree With smaller, narrower
leaves than Rhododendron, and with smaller, saucer-
shaped flowers which are provided with curious pock-
ets for the anthers. It is extremely abundant in the
mountains and ex-tends along the bluffs of rivers all
the way down to the coast (Wilmington) . The leaves
are poisonous when eaten and will kill cattle. The
Indians are said to have sometimes committed sui-
cide with them (Bull. T. B. C. 12:53. 1885).
In cultivation this is fine and should be more used
along shaded banks. Examples : Plentiful along Mor-
gan's Creek above Pittsboro road crossing. Dates of
flowering: May 10, 1903; May 10, 1909; May 16,
1910 ; May 11, 1915 ; May 14, 1916. Our two other
species of Kalmia, K. angustifolia and K. cuneata,
are small shrubs.

EBONY FAMILY
(EBENACEAE)

150. Diospyros virginiana L. Persimmon.

This very common tree is too well known to need
description. It extends from the lower mountains to
the sea, but is most plentiful in the upper coastal
plain and lower Piedmont. The flowers are of two
sorts, male and female, and are borne on different
trees. The male trees are barren, the females bear

Trees of North Carolina 91

the well known fruits, which are quite variable in
nearly all characters. Contrary to popular belief,
some trees ripen their fruit well before frost, and in
some the fruit is nearly or quite seedless, as in the
tree on the north side of Battle's Grove. Dates of
flowering: May 17, 1903; 'May 12, 1909; May 16,
1915; May 16, 1916.

STORAX FAMILY
(STYRACACEAE)

151. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) I/Her. Sweet Leaf,

Horse Sugar.

This small tree or shrub is abundant around bays
and flats in the coastal plain, rare and mostly along
bluffs in the Piedmont, and less rare, but not common
in the lower mountains. Leaves thick, long-ovate,
pointed, edges slightly toothed, taste sweet; flowers
light yellow, fragrant, borne in bunches along the
twigs; fruits small, dry, cylindric, containing one
seed. The leaves are greedily eaten by cattle and
horses, and are noticeably sweet and partly evergreen.
The leaves and bark are the source of a fine yellow
dye, and from this the plant is often called Yellow-
wood. Near Chapel Hill it is found only on the bluffs
of New Hope Creek at "The Caves."

152. Halesia tetraptera L. Snowdrop Tree.

A tree found along streams from Surry, Mecklen-
burg and Davidson Counties west into the mountains.
It is usually small, but is said by Ayres and Ashe to

92 Trees of North Carolina

occasionally reach a height of 100 feet in the rich,
clamp hollows of the Smoky Mountains. Leaves ob-
long or ovate, about 3-5 inches long, tomentose be-
neath, very finely toothed ; flowers white, pinkish to-
ward the base, bell-shaped, drooping, very pretty;
fruit a dry pod with four broad wings. This tree is
a fine object When in bloom and does well in cultiva-
tion. Date of flowering in Davidson County: April
23, 1916.

OLIVE FAMILY

(OLEACEAE)
153. Fraxinus americana L. White Ash.

This is the largest, most useful, and most widely
distributed ash in the state, occurring abundantly
in the mountains and Piedmont in rich moist soil,
and extending down the valleys into the coastal plain.
Leaflets 5-9, usually 7, decidedly whitish (silvery)
below, smooth on both sides, or occasionally tomen-
tose below, margins even or finely toothed; fruits
short and plump, the wing long, varying from lanceo-
late and pointed to broader, oblong and notched at
the end, about 2-4% sixteenths inch broad, not ex-
tending down the sides of the seed. Twigs and leaf-
stalks smooth. Examples: tree by road below apple
orchard, Glenn Burnie Farm, and trees on street
corner opposite Episcopal Church.

Trees of North Carolina

154. Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle. Biltmore Ash.

This ash has been separated from the American
Ash on account of the even more plump seeds and the
permanently hairy twigs, leaf-stalks, mid-rib and
under side of leaflets. Its distribution so far as
known at present is along the larger streams of the
lower mountains.

155. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash,

Green Ash.

This tree is distinguished from the other ashes by
the very long and very narrow seed which is pointed
below, by the spatulate wing, 4-5 sixteenths inch
wide, which suddenly narrows at the seed and ex-
tends at least half way down its sides, and by the
leaves being green, not whitish, and more or less
velvety beneath. The leaf stalks and twigs vary from
quite velvety to smooth and the margins of the leaf-
lets are even or obscurely toothed. It is a common
tree along rivers and low grounds in the Piedmont
and lower mountains. The form with smooth twigs
and leaf-stalks has been separated by some botanists
as a variety or even as a distinct species (F. pennsyl-
vanica var. lanceolata Sarg., or F. lanceolata Bork.),
and has the common name of Green Ash. In Chapel
Hill we have both extremes and also intermediates,
all growing in low grounds and otherwise indistin-
guishable, so that we are inclined to consider them as
variations of one species, as does Dr. Britton. Ex-
amples: tree in front of Swain Hall (pubescent

94 Trees of North Carolina

form), trees by Morgan's Creek, near Scott's Hole
(smooth form).

156. Fraxinus profunda Bush. Pumpkin Ash.

The Pumpkin Ash is a tall tree of our coastal
swamps as at Wilmington (Biltmore Herbarium),
on Smith's Island and at Elmwood, Iredell County,
(U. N". C. Herbarium). It is most like the Red
Ash, but differs in the longer fruits, 2-3 inches long,
and the stouter, shorter, and somewhat flattened seed
part. The wing is broadly lanceolate and narrowed
gradually to near the base of the seed. The twigs
and leaf -stalks are pubescent and the leaves sparingly
tomentose beneath, their margins entire or obscurely
toothed. The trunk is tall and usually much swollen
at the base.

157. Fraxinus Darlingtoniana Britton. Darlington's

Ash.

This is also considered by some a form of the
Red Ash which it closely resembles in most respects.
The distinguishing point is the fruit, which is very
narrow, the wing only about 2-2% sixteenths inch
wide, notched or pointed at the end, and extending
about half way down the long and very narrow seed.
The leaves and twigs are usually smooth, but occa-
sionally velvety. The distribution of this form is so
far imperfectly known. It occurs at Chapel Hill
along smaller creeks and at Yadkin College, David-
son County, on the Yadkin River. Examples : tree on

Trees of North Carolina 95

north side of Bowlin's creek, opposite Glenn. Burnie
Farm.

158. Fraxinus Smallii Britton. Small's Ash.

Small's Ash is very common along larger streams
and in low grounds in Orange and Mecklenburg
Counties, and no doubt in most of the Piedmont sec-
tion. Its distribution has not as yet been well work-
ed out. It is distinguished from the others by the
rather plump seed with a broad wing, which is 3-4
sixteenths inch wide and descends at least half way
down its side. The twigs are smooth and so are the
leaves, except along the veins beneath. The fruit is
like that of the White Ash, but differs in the dis-
tinctly decurrent wing, and in the leaves being green
beneath as in the Bed Ash, not silvery as in the
White Ash. Examples : trees along New Hope Creek
at Durham road crossing, and on Morgan's Creek at
Pittsboro road crossing.

159. Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. Water Ash.

This tree inhabits, in this state, only the deeper
swamps of the lower half of the coastal plain, where,
except for the rare Pumpkin Ash, it is the only
species of the genus. It is easily distinguished from
all the others by the very wide, veined wing which ex-
tends all around the slender seed; not rarely there
are three wings extending out from the side of the
fruit. The Water Ash is a rather small tree and the
wood is inferior to most other ashes.

96 Trees of North Carolina

160. Chionanthus virginica L. Fringe-tree, Flower-

ing Ash, or Old Man's Beard.

A small tree or shrub scattered through our woods,
especially in moist soil along 'the streams, most abun-
dant in the Piedmont section, but extending into the
lower mountains, and sparingly along streams in
parts of the coastal plain. It is very showy in the
spring with drooping clusters of white, fragrant
flowers, the linear petals about 1 inch long. Leaves
oval to obovate, pointed or rounded at the end, thin
and pubescent beneath and along the margins when
young, but at maturity thick, dark green above, light-
er and nearly smooth below, 3-8 inches long; fruit
resembling a small olive, to which family the tree be-
longs, %-% inch long, dark blue or nearly black,
often with a glaucous bloom, flesh thin and stone
large. Often cultivated for ornament. Thomas
Median* notes that in reality there are male and
female plants of this tree, although the distinc-
tion has not gone so far as to suppress either the
stamens or pistils. Dates of flowering: April 15,
1903; April 19, 1908; April 22, 1909; April 11,
1910; April 27, 1916.

161. Osmanthus americanus (L.) B. & H. Devil-

wood, Wild Olive.

A small evergreen tree or shrub found behind the
sand dunes and on the hammocks near the coast.
The appearance of the tree is something like the

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., June 21, 1887.

Trees of North Carolina 97

Dahoon Holly, but the leaves are opposite and the
fruits are bluish-purple, V3-% inch long, resembling
a small olive. The flowers are small but abundant
and fragrant. The wood is "devilishly" hard to
split, hence the common name. A very attractive
tree in cultivation.

BIGNONIA FAMILY
(BIGNONIACEAE)

162. Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst. Catalpa.*

A quick growing tree with durable wood that is
excellent for fence posts. The large heart-shaped
leaves are 4-12 inches long, hairy beneath; flowers
about 1% inches long, white with purple dots and two
rows of yellow dots within, fragrant; fruit a long,
slender, cylindrical pod, 10-12 inches long. The
Catalpa is a native of the Gulf 'States, but has become
thoroughly naturalized along streams and gullies in
many places throughout the state.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
(CAPRIFOLIACEAE)

163. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw.

A low tree common in damp woods and along
streams throughout the western and Piedmont sec-

* The Paulowlonia or Princess Tree (Paulownia tomentosa
(Thumb.) Baillon), introduced from China or Japan, is a quick-
growing, coarse tree with large, heart-shaped leaves, 6-12 inches
long, or on young shoots much larger, very hairy beneath ; flowers
fragrant, about 2 inches long, bluish, in large clusters about 1 foot
long. In winter the tree is loaded with smooth, pointed, ovate pods,
1-1 y2 inches long, and has conspicuous clusters of velvety buds.
Though inferior to many of our native trees, it has been planted
extensively in yards and has now sparingly escaped in waste places.
Dates of flowering : April 17, 1903 ; April 12, 1908 ; April 15, 1909 ;
April 5, 1910 ; April 16, 1916.

98 Trees of North Carolina

tions of the state. The bark is very rough, resembl-
ing the bark of the Dogwood; the leaves small, 1-3
inches long, y2-2 inches broad, finely toothed, a dark,
but rather dull green, leaves and leaf-stalks smooth ;
buds long, gray, the lower part enlarged; flowers
small, white, borne at the ends of the branches in
clusters 2-4 inches across; fruits bluish-black with
a glaucous bloom, not so blue as in the next species,
%-1/3 inch long, flesh thin, sweetish, stone nearly
disc-shaped, flat. In some parts of the state most of
the plants have been dug up for the bark of the roots,
which is used in medicine. Dates of flowering:
April 4, 1903; April 5, 1909; April 1, 1910; April
22, 1915 ; April 13, 1916. Examples: trees in woods
west of athletic field.

164. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Blue Haw.

A small tree of either damp or dry woods of the
coastal plain and part of the Piedmont, extending
at least as far west as Davidson County. At Chapel
Hill it is much more common than the Black Haw.
Bark rough with much the appearance of the Black
Haw, but the leaves are larger and broader, 2-4
inches long, 1-2 % inches broad, thicker, a lighter
green, shiny above, and when young covered below
and on the leaf stalks with a red tomentum. Some
of this tomentum wears off during the season, but it is
always to be detected at least on the veins beneath,
on the leaf-stalks of the smaller basal leaves and
covering the buds which are not so large as in the

Trees of North Carolina 99

Black Haw; flowers white, in clusters 3-6 inches
across; fruits deep blue with a glaucous bloom, 1/3-
% inch long, larger, fleshier, and juicier than in
the Black Haw, the stone elliptic and flat. In
Chapel Hill where both the Blue and Black Haws are
common, the former can be distinguished easily by
the larger, shining leaves with reddish tomentum,
the red buds, and by the larger, bluer fruits. Ex-
amples: trees along Battle's Branch and in low
places below Mr. Tom Ellis' home.

165. Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe-rod, Possum

Haw.

A small tree or shrub along streams throughout the
mountains, and probably also along branches and
bogs in the upper part of the coastal plain as it oc-
curs in such situations in South Carolina. Leaves
ovate to oblong, 1-4 inches long, % to 214 inches
broad, edges toothed, entire or inrolled, thick, dull
above, and usually with many minute red dots be-
low; flowers white, in clusters 2-4 inches across;
fruits elongated or spherical, about 14 inch long,
yellowish and pink when young, blue-black with a
bloom when mature, not edible, stones flattened.

166. Viburnum Lentago L. Nanny-berry, Sheep-ber-

ry, Sweet Viburnum.

A small tree or shrub found along streams, low
grounds, and moist hillsides of the mountain region.
Leaves ovate to oval, 2%-5 inches long, 1-1 % inches
broad, closely toothed, hairy when young, bright

100 Trees of North Carolina

shiny green above, lighter and with many black dots
beneath at maturity, winter buds long pointed, red,
and covered with a scurfy pubescence; fruits black
or dark blue, with a glaucous bloom, about % inch
long, sweet and juicy; stones flat. The bark of the
root is used as the Black Haw in medicine.

Trees of North Carolina 101

ADDENDUM

Quercus Schneckii Britton. Swamp Red Oak.

A large tree of rich low grounds near streams
with a general appearance that is much like that of
the Pin Oak, but with less drooping branches, and
in Chapel Hill with deeper green and more glisten-
ing foliage than in that species, and a more hand-
some tree. Leaves almost exactly like those of the
Pin Oak in shape and texture, and with the same
conspicuous tufts of down in the axils of the large
veins, but averaging larger, the blade running 12-14
cm. (43/ 4-5 V2 inches) wide and long on large trees.
Acorns much larger and of different shape than the
Pin Oak and the stalks usually much longer, varying
from 1/5-2/3 of an inch long. Acorn ovate, about one
inch long counting the point, and nearly 3/4 inch
thick, nearly smooth above, slightly scurfy below;
cup 3/4 inch wide, only about V4 inch deep, embrac-
ing about y4 of the acorn ; inside of cup shining and
nearly or quite smooth. Taste of acorn flesh mildly
bitterish. Buds much larger than in Pin Odak, V4
inch long, pointed and narrowly ovate, bluntly angu-
lar, grayish brown. Bark very smooth on branches,
very little roughened even on the main trunk below,
the central region showing a striped appearance from
the cracking 0^ the thin bark. Examples : trees near
Morgan's Creek on Mason Farm; at Scott's Hole;
near Handcock's bridge on Bowlin's Creek, and one
tree near Sparrow's Mill.

GLOSSARY AND INDEX'

Abies Fraseri 11

Acer carolinianum 125

floridanum 127

leucoderma 128

Negundo 132

nigrum 129

pennsylvanicum 130

rubrum 124

saccharinum 123

saccharum 126

spicatum 131

Aesculus octandra 133

Albizzia Julibrissin p. 71

Aftlanthus glandulosa p. 73

Amelanchier Botryapium ... 86

canadensis 87

intermedia 86

laevis 87

Angelica Tree 140

Anther, the pollen sac.

Apple, Crab 89

Hog 90

He Hog 91

Narrow-leaved Crab 88

Aralia spinosa 140

Arbor-vitae 17

Ash, Biltmore 154

Darlington's 157

Flowering 160

Green 155

Mountain 85

Pumpkin 156

Red 155

Small's 158

Water 159

White 153

Asimina triloba 78

Auricle, an ear-shaped lobe.

Balsam 11

He 9

Basswood 135-138

Bay, Bull 75

Loblolly 139

Red 81

Smooth Red 80

Sweet 76

Beech 40

Betula alleghanensis p. 36

lenta 38

lutea 39

nigra 37

Birch, Black 37, 38

Cherry 38

River 37

Yellow 39

Box Elder 132

Bract, a small or rudimentary

leaf beneath a flower.
Broussonetia papyrifera ..p. 52

Buckeye 133

Buckthorn 134

Butternut 25

Calyx, the outer group of the
flower leaves, usually green.

Carpinus caroliniana 36

Castanea dentata 41

nana p. 38

pumila 42

Catalpa 162

Cedar 18

Celtis crassi folia 69 ^ o

georgiana p. $©• ■» 9U

occidentalis 69

Smallii 69

Cercis canadensis Ill

Chamaecyparis thyoides ... 16

Cherry, Choke 105, p. 69

Laurel 109

Mazzard p. 69

Morello p. 69

Sour p. 69

Sweet p. 69

Wild Black 105

Wild Red 106

Chestnut 41

China-berry Tree p. 73

Chinquapin 42

Chionanthus virginica 160

Cladrastis lutea 112

Compound, said of a leaf when
it is composed of quite dis-
tinct parts (leaflets).

Copal p. 73

Cornus alternifolia 141

florida 140

Corymb, a convex or nearly flat
flower cluster.

Cottonwood 22, 23

Crab Apple 89

Narrow-leaved 88

Crataegus apii folia 100

aprica 98

berberifolia 91

Boyntoni 95

Chapmani 103

collina 93

cordata 102

Crus-galli 90

flava 96

Marshallii 100

phaenopyrum 102

pruinosa 101

* Numbers preceded by the letter p. indicate the page, all others
refer to the plant number. Names in italics are of shrubs or of
introduced trees or of synonyms.

Trees of North Carolina

103

Crataegus punctata 92

senta 97

spathulata 99

tomentosa 104

uniflora p. 68

viridis 94

Crenate, with shallow, rounded
teeth.

Cucumber Tree 74

Long-leaved 72

Large-leaved 73

Cypress, Pond 15

Swamp 14

Cyrilla racemiflora 117

Deciduous, not evergreen, fall-
ing off.

Decurrent, continued down the
stem.

Dehisce, to open.

Devil-wood 161

Dicotyledon, a plant containing
two primary leaves in the
seed.

Dioecious, with male and female
flowers on separate plants.

Diospyros virginiana 150

Dogwood, Blue 141

Flowering M#

Elm, Slippery 66

White 67

Winged 68

Fagus grandifolia 40

var. caroliniana 40

Fir, Fraser's 11

Fraxinus americana 153

biltmoreana 154

caroliniana 159

Darlingtoniana 157

lanceolata p. 93

Pennsylvania 155

profunda 156

Smallii 158

Fringe-tree 160

Germinate, to sprout.

Glabrous, smooth, i. e., without
pubescence, hairs, or wool, etc.

Gland, a small, hair-like projec-
tion with a swollen tip.

Glaucous, a bluish-white sheen
as on the surface of a cab-
bage leaf.

Gleditsia triacanthos 110

Gordonia Lasianthus 139

Gum, Black 142, 143

Sour 142, 143

Tupelo 144

Water 143

Gymnocladus canadensis . . p. 71

Habitat, natural locality of a
plant.

Hackberry 69

Halesia tetraptera 152

Hamamelis virginiana 82

Haw, Barberry-leaved 91

Black 163

Blue 164

Green 94

Parsley 100

Possum 165

Red 90-104

Summer 96

Hawthorn, (see Haw or Thorn,
90-104).

He Balsam 9

He Hog-apple 91

He Huckleberry 117

Hemlock 12

Carolina 13

Hercules Club 140

Hicoria alba 32

aquatica 34

carolinae-septentrionalis . 28

cordiformis 33

glabra 30

microcarpa 29

ovata 27

pallida 31

Hickory, Bitter-nut 33

North Carolina Scaly-bark 28

itiJL Scaly-bark 27

Jl Shell-Dark 27

'▼' Small-fruited 29

Southern Shell-bark 28

Pale 31

Pig-nut 30

Water 34

White-heart 32

Hog-apple 90

He 91

Holly, American 118

Dahoon 120

Deciduous 121

Mountain 122

Yopon 119

Hop Hornbeam 35

Hornbeam 36

Horse Sugar 151

Huckleberry, He 117

Ilex, Beadlei p. 77

Cassine 120

decidua 121

laevigata p. 76

monticola 122

myrtifolia p. 76

opaca 118

verticillata p. 76

vomitoria 119

Inflorescence, the flower group.

Iron-wood 36

Ivy 149

Juglans cinerea 25

nigra 26

Juniper 16

Tuniperus virginiana 18

Kalmia angustifolia p. 90

cvneata p. 90

latifolia 149

104

Trees of North Carolina

Kentucky Coffee Tree p. 71

Lanceolate, lance-head shaped,
broadest above the base and
long pointed.
Lauracerasus caroliniana . . 109

Laurel, Great 148

Mountain 149

Laurel Cherry 109

Leaflet, a leaf-like division of a
compound leaf.

Linden, American 135

Downy 138

Michaux's 137

Southern 138

White 136, 137

Liquidambar Styraciflua ... 83
Liriodendron Tulipifera .... 77

Loblolly Bay 139

Locust, Black 113

Clammy 114

Honey 110

Madura pomifera p. 52

Magnolia 75

acuminata 74

cordata p. 54

Praseri 72

glauca p. 76

grandiflora 75

macrophylla 73

Mountain 72

tripetala 71

virginiana 76

Maple, Ash-leaved 132

Black 129

Mountain 131

Red 124

Carolina 125

Silver 123

Striped 130

Sugar 126

Southern 127

White-barked 128

Melia Azedarach, p. 73

"Mimosa" p. 71

Monocotyledon, a plant contain-
ing only one primary leaf in
the seed.

Morus aloa p. 52

rubra 70

Mountain Ash 85

Mulberry, Paper p. 52

Red 70

White p. 52

Nanny-berry 166

Nyssa aquatica 144

biflora 143

sylvatica 142

Oak, Bear p. 46

Black 56

Black Jack 60

Chestnut, Rock 48

Swamp 47

Yellow 50

Chinquapin p. 41

Oak, Cow 47

Dicarf p. 41

Laurel 63

Live 51

Overcup 46

Pin 55

Post 44

Scrubby 45

Red 52, 56, 51

Swamp 54, p. 101

Rock Chestnut 48

Scarlet 53

Scrubby Post 45

Shingle 64

Spanish 57

Swamp 58

Swamp Chestnut 47

Swamp Red 54, p. 101

Swamp Spanish 58

Swamp White 49

Turkey 59

Upland Willow 65

Water 61

White 43

Oak Runners p. 41

Swamp 49

Willow 62

Upland 65

Yellow Chestnut 50

Ob — , inversely, e. g., obovate,
oblanceolate, etc.

Old Man's Beard 160

Olive, Wild 161

Osage Orange p. 52

Osmanthus americanus .... 161

Ostrya virginica 35

Ovate, egg-shaped.
Oxydendrum arboreum .... 146
Palmately compound, the leaf-
lets attached at about the
same point.

Palmetto 19

Panicle, a compound raceme.

Paulownia tomentosa p 97

Pawpaw 78

Pedicel, the stalk of a single

flower of a group.
Peduncle, a larger flower stalk
from which the pedicels
spring.
Peltate, shield-shaped, with the
stem attached to the lower
surface.
Periphery, outer edge.

Persea borbonia 80

pubescens 81

Persimmon 150

Petal, one of the colored leaves
of a flower that make up the
corolla.

Picea mariana 9

rubens 10

Pine, Black 5

Burr 4

Forest 1

Trees of North Carolina

105

Pine, Jersey 3

Loblolly 2

Long-leaf 7

Mountain 5

North Carolina 2

Old Field 1, 2

Pitch 5

Pond 6

Rosemary 1

Scrub 3

Short-leaf 1

Spruce 3, 12

Table Mountain 4

White 8

Yellow 1

Pinnately compound, the leaflets
arranged along a lengthened
axis.

Pinus echinata 1

palustris 7

pungens 4

rigida 5

serotina 6

Strobus 8

Taeda 2

virginiana 3

Pistil, the seed-bearing part of
the flower, consisting of the
ovary, style, and stigma.

Platanus occidentalis 84

Plum, Chickasaw 108

Wild 107

Poplar 77

Carolina 22

Davie p. 55

large-toothed 24

White p. 30

Populus alba p. 30

deltoides 22

grandidentata 24

heterophylla 23

Prickly Ash 115, 140

Princess Tree p. 97

Pruinose, covered with minute
frost-like particles.

Prunus americana 107

angustifolia 108

avium p. 69

cerasus p. 69

cuneata p. 69

Pennsylvania 106

serotina 105

virginiana p. 68

Pubescence, downy, the hairs
very short.

Pubescent, with pubescence.

Pyrus angustifolia 88

coronaria 89

Ouercus alba 43

bicolor 49

Cataesbaei 59

cinerea 65

coccinea 53

falcata 57

ilicifolia p. 46

Quercus imbricaria 64

laurif olia 63

lyrata 46

Margaretta 45

marilandica 60

Michauxii 47

Muhlenbergii 50

nana p. 46

nigra 61

pagodaefolia 58

palustris 55

Phellos 62

prinoides p. 41

Prinus 48

pumila p. 41

rubra 52

Schneckii 54, p. 101

stellata 44

velutina 56

virginiana 51

Raceme, a cluster of flowers in
which each flower has an in-
dividual stalk, and all the
stalks are attached along a
lengthened axis.

Redbud Ill

Rhamnus caroliniana 134

Rhododendron catawbiense p. 89

maximum : 148

Rhus copallina p. 73

typhina 116

vernix p. 73

Robinia Pseudacacia 113

viscosa 114

Sabal Palmetto 19

Salix alba p. 28

babylonica p. 28

nigra 20

Wardii 21

Sassafras variifolium 79

Scurfy, covered with small scale-
like particles.

Service-Berry 87

Sessile, without a stem.

Shad-bush 87

Swamp 86

Sheep-berry 166

Shrub, a small woody plant, us-
ually with several stems.

Snowdrop Tree 152

Sorbus americana 85

Sour Wood 146

Sparkleberry | 147

Spatulate, spatula-shaped, flat
and broadening toward the
end.
Spontaneous, springing up with-
out attention as if wild.

Spruce, Black 9

Red 10

Stamen, the pollen bearing part
of the flower consisting of the
filament and anther.
Stellate, star-shaped.

106

Trees of North Carolina

Stigma, the part of the pistil
that receives the pollen, usu-
ally a knob at the tip.

Sumach, Dwarf p. 73

Poison p. 73

Staghorn 116

Sweet Gum 83

Sweet Leaf 151

Sycamore 84

Symplocos tinctoria 151

Taxodium ascendens 15

distichum 14

Thorn, Boynton's 95

Chapman 103

Chapman's Hill 93

Cock-spur 90

Dotted 92

Pear 104

Rough 97

Spatulate 99

Sunny 98

Waxy 101

Washington 102

Thuja occidentalis 17

Tilia americana 135

eournea p. 84

heterophylla 136

Michauxii 137

pubescens 138

Tomentose, soft hairy.

Toothache Tree 115

Tree, a large, woody plant, at
least 15 feet high, and usu-
ally with a single stem.
Tree of Heaven p. 73

Truncate, ending abruptly as if
cut across.

Tsuga canadensis 12

caroliniana . . . 13

Tulip Tree 77

Ulmus alata 68

americana 67

f ulva . : 66

Umbel, a fiat-topped flower group
in which the flower stalks
spring from near the same
point.

Umbrella Tree p. 73

Vaccinium arboreum 147

Viable, alive, capable of sprout-
ing.

Viburnum cassinoides 165

Lentago 166

prunifolium 163

rufidulum 164

Sweet 166

Walnut, Black 26

White 25

Willow, Black 20

Ward's 21

Weeping p. 28

White .p. 28

Witch Hazel 82

Withe-rod 165

Xanthoxylum Clava-

Herculis 115

Yellow-wood 112

Yopon 119

North Carol/na State Utaa*

GC 582.16 C682t

Coker, William Chambers, 1872-1953.
The trees of North Carolina,

3 3091 00255 9011

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Coker

The trees of North Carolina

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