• . , •

TREES

NORTHERN UNITED STATES;

THEIR STUDY, DESCRIPTION AND
DETERMINATION

FOR THE

USE OF SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS A

BY

AUSTIN C. APGAR

PBOFESSOE OF BOTANY IN THE NEW JERSEY STATE NORMAL SCHOOL

"Trees ore God's Architecture."— Anonymmu.
"A Student who has learned to observe and describe so simple a
matter as the form of a leaf has gained a power which will be
of lifetime value, whatever may be his sphere of professional
employment"— Wm. Korth Sice.

NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

Copyright, 1892, by the
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.

PREFACE.

THIS book has been prepared with the idea that teachers
generally would be glad to introduce into their classes
work dealing with the real objects of nature, provided the
work chosen were of a character that would admit of its being
studied at all seasons and in all localities, and that the subject
were one of general interest, and one that could be taught suc-
cessfully by those who have had no regular scientific instruction.

The trees of our forests, lawns, yards, orchards, streets, bor-
ders, and parks give us just such a department. Though many
consider a large part of the vegetable kingdom of little impor-
tance, and unworthy of any serious study, there are few who
do not admire, and fewer still who do not desire to know, our
trees, the monarchs of all living things.

The difficulty in tree study by the aid of the usual botanies
lies mainly in the fact that in using them the first essential
parts to be examined are the blossoms and their organs.
These remain on the trees a very short time, are often entirely
unnoticed on account of their small size or obscure color, and
are usually inaccessible even if seen. In this book the leaves,
the wood, the bark, and, in an elementary way, the fruit are
the parts to which the attention is directed; these all can be
found and studied throughout the greater part of the year, and
are just the parts that must be thoroughly known by all who
wish to learn to recognize trees.

Though every teacher is at liberty to use the book as he
thinks best, the author, who has been a class teacher for over
twenty years, is of the opinion that but little of Part I. need be

4 PREFACE

thoroughly studied and recited, with the exception of Chapter
III. on leaves. The object of this chapter is not to have the
definitions recited (the recitation of definitions in school work
is often useless or worse than useless), but to teach the pupil to
use the terms properly and to make them a portion of his
vocabulary. The figures on pages 38-43 are designed for
class description, and for the application of botanical words.
The first time the chapter is studied the figure illustrating the
term should be pointed out by the pupil ; then, as a review of
the whole chapter, the student should be required to give a
full description of each leaf.

After this work with Chapter III., and the careful reading
of the whole of Part I., the pupils can begin the description of
trees, and, as the botanical words are needed, search can be
made for them under the proper heads or in the Glossary.

The Keys are for the use of those who know nothing of scien-
tific botany. The advanced botanist may think them too arti-
ficial and easy; but let him remember that this work was
written for the average teacher who has had no strictly scien-
tific training. We can hardly expect that the great majority
of people will ever become scientific in any line, but it is pos-
sible for nearly every one to become interested in and fully
acquainted with the trees of his neighborhood.

The attainment of such botanical knowledge by the plan given
in this volume will not only accomplish this useful purpose, but
will do what is worth far more to the student, i. e., teach him to
employ his own senses in the investigation of natural objects,
and to use his own powers of language in their description.

With hardly an exception, the illustrations in the work are
taken from original drawings from nature by the author. A
few of the scales of pine-cones were copied from Loudon's " En-
cyclopaedia of Trees" ; some of the Eetinospora cones were taken
from the "Gardener's Chronicle"; and three of the illustrations
in Part I. are from Professor Gray's works.

PREFACE 5

The size of the illustration as compared with the specimen of
plant is indicated by a fraction near it ; i indicates that the
drawing is one fourth as long as the original, I that it is nat-
ural size, etc. The notching of the margin is reduced to the
same extent ; so a margin which in the engraving looks about
entire, might in the leaf be quite distinctly serrate. The only
cases in which the scale is not given are in the cross-sections
of the leaves among the figures of coniferous plants. These
are uniformly three times the natural size, except the section
of Araucaria imbricata, which is not increased in scale.

The author has drawn from every available source of infor-
mation, and in the description of many of the species no attempt
whatever has been made to change the excellent wording of
such authors as Gray, London, etc.

The ground covered by the book is that of the wild and cul-
tivated trees found east of the Rocky Mountains, and north of
the southern boundary of Virginia and Missouri. It contains
not only the native species, but all those that are successfully
cultivated in the whole region ; thus including all the species
of Ontario, Quebec, etc., on the north, and many species, both
wild and cultivated, of the Southern States and the Pacific
coast. In fact, the work will be found to contain so large a
proportion of the trees of the Southern States as to make it
very useful in the schools of that section.

Many shrubby plants are introduced ; some because they oc-
casionally grow quite tree-like, others because they can readily
be trimmed into tree-forms, others because they grow very tall,
and still others because they are trees in the Southern States.

In nomenclature a conservative course has been adopted.
The most extensively used text-book on the subject of Botany,
" Gray's Manual," has recently been rewritten. That work in-
cludes every species, native and naturalized, of the region
covered by this book, and the names as given in that edition
have been used in all cases.

6 PREFACE

Scientific names are marked so as to indicate the pronuncia-
tion. The vowel of the accented syllable is marked by the grave
accent (') if long, and by the acute (') if short.

In the preparation of this book the author has received much
valuable aid. His thanks are especially due to the authorities
of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, and of the
Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, for information in regard
to the hardiness of species; to Mr. John H. Redfield, of the
Botanical Department of the Philadelphia Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, for books, specimens from which to make illus-
trations, etc. ; and to Dr. A. C. Stokes, of Trenton, New Jersey,
for assistance in many ways, but especially for the accurate
manner in which he has inked the illustrations from the au-
thor's pencil-drawings.

The author also wishes to acknowledge the help received
from many nurserymen in gathering specimens for illustra-
tion and in giving information of great value. Among these,
special thanks are due to Mr. Samuel C. Moon, of Morrisville
Nurseries, who placed his large collection of living specimens
at the author's disposal, and in many other ways gave him
much intelligent aid.

CONTENTS.

PART I. ESSENTIAL ORGANS, AND TERMS NEEDED

FOR THEIR DESCRIPTION 9-43

CHAPTER I. . . Roots 9

CHAPTER II. . Stems and Branches 11

CHAPTER III. . Leaves 17

CHAPTER IV. . Flowers and Fruit 24

CHAPTER V. . . Winter Study of Trees 29

CHAPTER VI. . The Preparation of a Collection . . 35
CHAPTER VII. Figures to be used in Botanical De-
scription 38

PART II. PLAN AND MODELS FOR TREE DESCRIPTION ' 44-50
PART III. KEY, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

OF THE SPECIES 51-201

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS, AND INDEX TO PART I 203 - 212
INDEX TO PART III . . 213-224

.TREES.

PAET I.

THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS, AND THE TERMS
NEEDED FOR THEIR DESCRIPTION.

CHAPTER I.
Boots.

rpHOUGH but little study of the roots of trees is prac-
-L ticable, some knowledge of their forms, varieties,
and parts is important.

The great office of the roots of all plants is the taking
in of food from the soil. Thick or fleshy roots, such as
the radish, are stocks of food prepared for the future
growth of the plant, or for the production of flowers and
fruit. The thick roots of trees are designed mainly for
their secure fastening in the soil. The real mouths by
which the food is taken in are the minute tips of the hair-
like roots found over the surface of the smaller branches.
As trees especially need a strong support, they all have
either a tap-root — one large root extending from the
lower end of the trunk deep down into the ground; or
multiple roots — a number of large roots mainly extend-
ing outward from the base of the trunk.

Trees with large tap-roots are very hard to transplant,
and cannot with safety be transferred after they have at-
tained any real size. The Hickories and Oaks belong to
this class.

10 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Trees having multiple roots are readily transplanted,
even when large. The Maples and Elms are of this class.

Boots that grow from the root-end of the embryo of
the seed are called primary roots ; those growing from
slips or from stems anywhere are secondary roots.

Some trees grow luxuriantly with only secondary roots ;
such trees can readily be raised from stems placed in the
ground. The Willows and Poplars are good examples
of this group. Other trees need all the strength that
primary roots can give them ; these have to be raised
from seed. Peach-trees are specially good examples,
but practically most trees are best raised from seed.

A few trees can be easily raised from root-cuttings or
from suckers which grow up from roots. The Ailanthus,
or " Tree of Heaven," is best raised in this way. Of this
tree there are three kinds, two of which have disagree-
able odors when in bloom, but the other is nearly odor-
less. By using the roots or the suckers of the third kind,
only those which would be pleasant to have in a neighbor-
hood would be obtained. One of the large cities of the
United States has in its streets thousands of the most
displeasing of these varieties and but few of the right
sort, all because the nurseryman who originally supplied
the city used root-cuttings from the disagreeable kind.

If such trees were raised from the seed, only about one
third would be desirable, and their character could be
determined only when they had reached such a size as to
produce fruit, when it would be too late to transplant
them. Fruit-trees, when raised from the seed, have to be
grafted with the desired variety in order to secure good
fruit when they reach the bearing age.

CHAPTER II.
Stems and Branches.

THE stem is the distinguishing characteristic of trees,
separating them from all other groups of plants. Although
in the region covered by this book the trees include all
the very large plants, size alone does not make a tree.

A plant with a single trunk of woody structure that
does not branch for some distance above the ground, is
called a tree. Woody plants that branch directly above
the soil, even though they grow to the height of twenty
feet or more, are called shrubs, or, in popular language,
bushes. Many plants which have a tendency to grow into
the form of shrubs may, by pruning, be forced to grow
tree-like; some that are shrubs in the northern States are
trees further south.

All the trees that grow wild, or can be cultivated out of
doors, in the northern States belong to one class, the stems
having a separable bark on the outside, a minute stem of
pith in the center, and, between these, wood in annual
layers. Such a stem is called exogenous (outside-growing),
because a new layer forms on the outside of the wood
each year.

Another kind of tree-stem is found abundantly in the
tropics; one, the Palmetto, grows from South Carolina to
Florida. While in our region there are no trees of this
character, there are plants having this kind of stem, the
best illustration being the corn-stalk. In this case there
is no separable bark, and the woody substance is in threads
within the pithy material. In the corn-stalk the woody
threads are not very numerous, and the pith is very abun-
dant; in most of the tropical trees belonging to this group
the threads of wood are so numerous as to make the ma-

12

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

terial very durable and fit for furniture. A stem of this
kind is called endogenous (inside-growing). Fig. 1 repre-
sents a longitudinal and a cross section of an exogenous

stem, and Fig. 2 of

an endogenous one.
Since all the stems

with which we have

to deal are exogens, a

particular description

of that class will here

be given. Fig. 1 shows

the appearance of a

section of an Ash

stem six years old.

The central portion,
which is about as thick as wrapping-twine, is the pith}
from this outward toward the bark can be seen the six
annual layers of the wood; and then comes the bark, con-
sisting of two portions. First there is an inside layer of
greenish material, the fresh-growing portion, and lastly
the outer or dead matter. This outer portion must crack
open, peel off, or in some way give a chance for the con-
stant growth of the trunk. The different kinds of trees
are readily known by the appearance of the bark of the
trunk, due to the many varieties of surface caused by the
allowance for growth. None of the characteristics of
trees afford a better opportunity for careful observation
and study than the outer bark.

The Birches have bark that peels off in thin horizontal
layers — the color, thinness, and toughness differing in«the
different species; the Ashes have bark which opens in
many irregular, netted cracks moderately near each other;
the bark of the Chestnut opens in large longitudinal
cracks quite distant from one another. The color of the
bark and the character of the scales are quite different
in the White and the Black Oaks.
In the woody portion radiating lines may be seen;

STEMS AND BRANCHES 13

these are the silver grain ; they are called by the botanist
medullary rays.

The central portion of the wood of many large stems is
darker in color than the rest. This darker portion is dead
wood, and is called heart-wood ; the outer portion, called
sap-wood, is used in carrying the sap during the growing
season. The heart- wood of the Walnut-tree is very dark
brown; that of the Cherry, light red; and that of the
Holly, white and ivory-like. The heart-wood is the valu-
able part for lumber.

If examined under a magnifying glass, the annual layers
will be seen to consist of minute tubes or cells. In most
trees these tubes are much larger in the portion that grew
early in the season, while the wood seems almost solid
near the close of the annual layer; this is especially true
in the Ashes and the Chestnut ; some trees, however, show
but little change in the size of the cells, the Beech being
a good example. In a cross- section, the age of such trees
as the Chestnut can readily be estimated, while in the
Beech it is quite difficult to do this. Boxwood, changing
least in the character of its structure, is the one always
used for first-grade wood-engravings.

When wood is cut in the direction of the silver grain,
or cut " quartering" as it is called by the lumbermen, the
surface shows this cellular material spread out in strange
blotches characteristic of the different kinds of wood.
Fig. 16 shows an Oak where the blotches of medullary
rays are large. In the Beech the blotches are smaller;
in the Elm quite small. Lumber cut carefully in this
way is said to be " quartered," and with most species its
beauty is thereby much increased.

Any one who studies the matter carefully can become
acquainted with all the useful and ornamental woods
used in a region; the differences in the color of the heart-
wood, the character of the annual layers, and the size and
the distribution of the medullary rays, afford enough
peculiarities to distinguish any one from all others.

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

r

BRANCHING. — The regular place from which a branch
grows is the axilot a leaf, from what is called an axillary
bud ; but branches cannot grow in the axils of all leaves.
A tree with opposite leaves occasionally has opposite
branches ; while a tree with alternate leaves has all its
branches alternate.

Most branches continue their growth year after year
by the development of a bud at the end, called a terminal

bud. Many trees form this
bud for the next year's
growth so early in the
year that it is seldom or
never killed by the winter
weather ; such trees grow
very regularly and are
symmetrical in form. Most
evergreens are good ex-
amples. Fig. 3 represents
a good specimen. The age
of such trees, if not too
great, can be readily ascer-
tained by the regularity of
each year's growth. The
tree represented is sixteen
years old. The branches

Fig. 3.

that started the fifth year, about the age at which regular
growth begins, are shown by their scars on the trunk.

The terminal buds of many trees are frequently killed
by the frosts of winter; such trees continue their growth
by the development of axillary buds ; but as growth from
an axillary bud instead of a terminal one will make a
branch crooked, such trees are irregular in their branch-
ing and outline. Just which axillary buds are most apt to
grow depends upon the kind of tree, but trees of the same
variety are nearly uniform in this respect. Most trees are
therefore readily recognized by the form of outline and
the characteristic branching. A good example of a tree

STEMS AND BRANCHES

<*m

of very irregular growth is the Catalpa (Indian Bean),
shown in Fig. 4. The tendency to grow irregularly
usually increases with age. The Buttonwood, for ex-
ample, grows quite regu-
larly until it reaches the
age of thirty to forty
years; then its new
branches grow in pecu-
liarly irregular ways.
The twigs of a very old
and a young Apple-tree
illustrate this change
which age produces.

There are great differ-
ences in the color and
surface of the bark of
the twigs of different
species of trees; some
are green (Sassafras),
some red (Peach, on the sunny side), some purple (Cherry).
Some are smooth and dotless, some marked with dots
(Birch), some roughened with corky ridges (Sweet
Gum), etc.

The taste and odor of the bark are characteristics
worthy of notice : the strong, fragrant odor of the Spice-
bush ; the fetid odor of the Papaw ; the aromatic taste of
the Sweet Birch ; the bitter taste of the Peach ; the mu-
cilaginous Slippery Elm; the strong-scented, resinous,
aromatic Walnut, etc.

The branches of trees vary greatly in the thickness
of their tips and in their tendency to grow erect, hori-
zontal, or drooping. Thus the delicate spray of the
Birches contrasted with the stout twigs of the Ailanthus,
or the drooping twigs of the Weeping Willow with the
erect growth of the Lombardy Poplar, give contrasts of
the strongest character. In the same way, the direc-
tions the main branches take in their growth from the

Fig. 4.

16 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

truok form another distinctive feature. Thus the up-
ward sloping branches of the Elm form a striking con-
trast to the horizontal or downward sloping branches of
the Sour Gum, or, better still, to certain varieties of Oaks.
When the main trunk of a tree extends upward
through the head to the tip, as in Fig. 3, it is said to be
excurrent. When it is soon lost in the division, as in
Fig. 4, it is said to be deliquescent.

CHAPTER III.
Leaves.

LEAVES are the lungs of plants. The food taken in by
the roots has to pass through the stem to the leaves to be
acted upon by the air, before it becomes sap and is fit to
be used for the growth of the plant. No portion of a
plant is more varied in parts, forms, surface, and dura-
tion than the leaf.

No one can become familiar with leaves, and appreciate
their beauty and variety, who does not study them upon
the plants themselves. This chapter therefore will be
devoted mainly to the words needed for leaf description,
together with their application.

THE LEAF. — In the axil of the whole leaf the bud
forms for the growth of a new branch. So by noting the
position of the buds, all the parts included in a single leaf
can be determined. As a general thing the leaf has but
one blade, as in the Chestnut, Apple, Elm, etc.; yet the
Horse-chestnut has 7 blades, the Common Locust often has
21, and a single leaf of the Honey-locust occasionally has
as many as 300. Figs. 17-58 (Chapter VII.) are all illus-
trations of single leaves, except Fig. 43, where there are
two leaves on a twig. A number of them show the bud
by which the fact is determined (Figs. 25, 26, 31, 33, 34, 36,
40, etc.); others show branches which grew from the ax-
illary buds, many of them fruiting branches (Figs. 37, 42,
43, 50, and 54), one (Fig. 51) a thorn}*- branch.

The cone-bearing plants (Figs. 59-67) have only sim-
ple leaves. Each piece, no matter how small and scale-
like, may have a branch growing from its axil, and so
may form a whole leaf. A study of these figures, together
2 "

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

with the observation of trees, will soon teach the student
what constitutes a leaf.

ARRANGEMENT. — There are several different ways in
which leaves are arranged on trees; the most common
plan is the alternate ; ^^ in this only one leaf occurs
at a joint or node on the stem. The next in frequency is
the opposite, ^ fa § where two leaves opposite each other
are found at nW the node. A very rare arrangement
among trees, though common in other plants, is the
whorled, §tyA where more than two leaves, regularly ar-
ranged Wffi around the stem, are found at the node.
When a number of leaves are bundled together, — a plan
not rare among evergreens, — they are said to be fascicu-
lated or in fascicles. ^^^^^^ The term scattered is used
where alternate leaves are crowded on the stem. This
plan is also common among evergreens.

CAUTION. — In some plants the leaves on the side
shoots or spurs of a twig are so close together, the inter-
nodes being so short, that at first sight
they seem opposite. In such cases,
the leaf-scars of the preceding years,
or the arrangement of the branches,
is a better test
of the true ar-
rangement of
the leaves. The
Fig. 5. twig of Birch

shown in Fig. 5 has alternate leaves.
There is one variety of alterna-
tion, called two-ranked, which is
quite characteristic of certain trees >
that is, the leaves are so flattened
out as to be in one plane on the
opposite sides of the twig (Fig. 6).
The Elm-trees form good examples Fig. e.

LEAVES

19

of two-ranked alternate leaves, while the Apple leaves
are alternate without being two-ranked. Most leaves
spread from the stem, but some are appressed, as in the
Arbor-vitae (Fig. 7). In this spe-
cies the branches are two-ranked.

PARTS OF LEAVES. — A complete
leaf^^^ consists of three parts :
the blade, the thin expanded por-
tion ; the petiole, the leafstalk ;
and the stipules, a pair of small
blades at the base of the petiole.
The petiole is often very short
and sometimes wanting. The Fig. 7.

stipules are often absent, and, even when present, they
frequently fall off as soon as the leaves expand; some-
times they are conspicuous. Most Willows show the
stipules on the young luxuriant growths.

VEILING. — The leaves of most
trees have a distinct framework,
the central line of which is called
a midrib ; sometimes the leaf has
several other lines about as thick
as the midrib, which are called
ribs ; the lines next in size, includ-
ing all that are especially distinct,
are called veins, the most minute
ones being called veinlets (Fig. 8).

KINDS. — Leaves are simple when they have but one
blade ; ~{fjjfjj^\compound when they have more than one.
Compound — leaves are palmate when all the blades come
from one point, as in the Horse-chestnut ; Mjjg& and pin-
nate when they are arranged along the*"""*!^ sides, as
in the Hickory. Pinnate leaves are of two kinds : odd-

20 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

pinnate^ 4* when there is an odd leaflet at the end, as in
the Ash, W^ and abruptly pinnate Jh AA* when there is
no end leaflet. ~<W^

Many trees have the leaves twice pinnate; they are either
twice odd-pinnate ^^or twice abruptly pinnate. The

separate blades /TJCrof a compound leaf are J^frff called
leaflets. Leaves or leaflets are sessile when $fnffi they
have no stems, and petiolate when they have stems.

When there are several ribs starting together from the
base of a blade, it is said to be radiate-^,
veined or palmate-veined. When the
great veins all branch from the
midrib, the leaf is feather-veined or pinnate-veined.
If these veins are straight, distinct, and reg-
ularly placed, the leaf is said to be straight-'
veined. The Chestnut is _^^^^^>^ a good example.
Leaves having veinlets join-^^^S^^ ing each other
like a net are said to be netted-veined. All the trees with
broad leaves in the northern United States, with one ex-
ception, have netted-veined foliage. A leaf having its
veinlets parallel to one another is said to be parallel-
veined or -nerved. The Ginkgo-tree, the Indian Corn,
and the Calla Lily have parallel- veined leaves.
The narrow leaves of the cone-bearing trees are
also parallel-veined.

FORMS. — Leaves can readily be divided into the three
following groups with regard to their general outline:

1. Broadest at the middle. Orbicular, 6T&. about as broad
as long and rounded. OmZ,^^^ about j}^ twice as long
as wide, and regularly "^52^curved. Ellip tical,- <^^^
more than twice as long as wide, and evenly curved.
Oblong, ^2^^ two or three times as long as wide, with the
sides "^ ^parallel. Linear, ^ elongated oblong,
more than three times as ^^ l°ng as wide. Acerose.
^^•^C^ needle-shaped, like the leaf of the Pine-tree.

LEAVES 21

2. Broadest near the base. Deltoid, ^Abroad and tri-
angular. Ovate, rffffi evenly curved, ^j$ with a broad,
rounded base. ^^^ Heart-shaped or cordate, ^j^l similar
to ovate, but with a notch at the base. ^^ Lan-
ceolate, /-^ shaped like the head of a lance. Awl-
shaped, J*=^ ^g^g. shaped like the shoemaker's curved
awl. Scale- *^^ ^ shaped, ^ short, rounded, and ap-
pressed to the stem. The jfe? Arbor-vitaB has both
awl-shaped and scale- ££? shaped leaves.

3. Broadest near the apex. Obovate, /7g\ same as ovate,
but with the stem at the narrow end. J/E^S Obcordate,

a reversed heart-shape. Oblanceolate,

versed lanceolate. Wedge-shaped or cuneate,

having a somewhat square end and straight sides like a

wedge.

These words are often united to form compound ones
when the form of the leaf is somewhat intermediate. The
term which most nearly suits the general form is placed
at the end; thus lance-ovate indicates a leaf between
lanceolate and ovate, but nearer ovate than lanceolate;
while ovate-lanceolate indicates one nearer lanceolate.

BASES. — Oftentimes leaves are of some general form,
but have a peculiar base, one that would not be expected
from the statement of shape. An ovate leaf which should
have a rounded base might have a tapering one ; it would
then be described as ovate with a tapering 6ase."-«^c
A lanceolate leaf should naturally have a tapering base,
but might have an abrupt one. /zjfe Many leaves, no
matter what their general form ^~^£>> may be, have
more or less notched bases ; such bases are called cor-
date,_(3^ deeply or slightly, as the case may be; and
if the <&££ lobes at base are elongated, auriculate.
If the basal lobes project outward, the term halberd-
shaped A is used. Any form of leaf may
have <^\H a base more or less oblique.

22

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

POINTS. — The points as well as the bases of leaves
are often peculiar, and need to be described by appro-
priate terms. Truncate ^\ indicates an end that

is square ; retuse , /TR\ ^^//^ oue with a sli£ht notcl1 '>
emarginate, one Q^x") v^ with a decided notch ; ob-
conlate, with a still deeper notch ; obtuse, ^>>. angular but
abrupt; acute, ^^.^somewhat sharp- tS^Xeued ; acumi-
nate, 7-^de- ^X^cidedly sharp-pointed ; bristle-pointed
and C^^"" awned, .^ with a bristle-like tip ; spiny-
pointed, with the ^jvjL point sharp and stiff (Holly) ;
mucronate, ^> H^with a short, abrupt point.

MARGINS.— Entire, ^8f;Ke<^e ^^out notches ; re-

slightly wavy ; sinuate,

de- - ^7* cidedly wavy ; dentate j
tooth-like notches ; serrate,
notches like those of a saw ; ^9 crenate,
with the teeth rounded; twice ser-
when there are coarse serrations finely ser- >^r< rated,
as on most Birch leaves; serrulate, with minute serra-
tions ; crenulate, with minute crenations. Leaves can be
twice crenate or sinuate-crenate. Revolute indicates that
the edges are rolled over.

When a leaf has a few great teeth, the projecting parts
are called lobes, and the general form of the leaf is what
it would be with the notches filled in. In the description
of such leaves, certain terms are needed in describing the
plan of the notches, and their depth and form.

Leaves with palmate veining arepalmately lobedl
or notched ; those with pinnate veining are pin-'
nately lobed ^oJ/^^L or notched. While the term
lobe is apptied^SPto all great teeth of a leaf, whether
rounded or pointed, long or short, still there are four
terms sometimes used having special signification with
reference to the depth of the notches. Lobed indicates
that the notches extend about one fourth the distance to
the base or midrib ; cleft, that they extend one half the

LEAVES 23

way ; parted, about three fourths of the way ; and divided,
that the notches are nearly deep enough to make a com-
pound leaf of separate leaflets.

So leaves may be palmately lobed, cleft, parted or di-
vided, and pinnately lobed, cleft, parted or divided. The
term pinnatiftd x%^%^, is often applied to pinnately
cleft leaves. The W^W* terms entire, serrate, crenate,
acute-pointed, etc., are applied to the lobes as well as to
the general margins of leaves.

SURFACE. — The following terms are needed in describ-
ing the surface of leaves and fruit.

Glabrous, smooth; glaucous, covered with a whitish
bloom which can be rubbed off (Plum) ; rugous, wrin-
kled ; canescent, so covered with minute hairs as to appear
silvery; pubescent, covered with fine, soft, plainly seen
hairs ; tomentose, densely covered with matted hairs ;
hairy, having longer hairs ; scabrous, covered with stiff,
scratching points ; spiny, having stiff, sharp spines ; glan-
dular-Tiairy, having the hairs ending in glands (usually
needing a magnifying glass to be seen).

TEXTURE. — Succulent, fleshy; scarious, dry and chaffy;
punctate, having translucent glands, so that the leaf ap-
pears, when held toward the light, as though full of
holes; membranous, thin, soft, and rather translucent;
thick, thin, etc.

DURATION. — Evergreen, nanging on the tree from year
to year. By noticing the color of the different leaves
and their position on the twigs, all evergreen foliage
can readily be determined at any time during the year.
Deciduous, falling off at the end of the season. Fuga-
cious, falling early, as the stipules of many leaves.

CHAPTER IV.
Flowers and Fruit.

THE author hopes that those who use this work in
studying trees will become so much interested in the
subject of Botany as to desire more information concern-
ing the growth and reproduction of plants than can here
be given. In Professor Asa Gray's numerous works the
additional information desired may be obtained : " How
Plants Grow " contains an outline for the use of begin-
ners; "The Elements of Botany" is a more advanced
work ; while the " Botanical Text Book," in several vol-
umes, will enable the student to pursue the subject as far
as he may wish. In this small book the barest outline of
the parts of flowers and fruit and of their uses can be
given.

FLOWERS. — Parts. The flowers of the Cherry or Apple
Trill show the four kinds of organs that belong to a com-
plete flower. Fig. 9 represents an Apple-blossom. The ca-
lyx is the outer row of leaves,
more or less united into one
piece. The corolla is the row
of leaves within the calyx ; it
is usually the brightest and
most conspicuous part of the
flower. The stamens ,;.:J5 are
the next organs; they are
usually, as in this case, small
two-lobed bodies on slender,
thread-like stalks. The en-
larged parts contain a dust-
Fig. 9. like material called pollen.

FLOWERS AND FRUIT 25

The last of the four kinds of parts is found in the center
of the flower, and is called the pistil. It is this part which
forms the fruit and incloses the seed.

The stamens and the pistil are the essential organs of a
flower, because they, and they only, are needed in the for-
mation of seeds. The pollen from the stamen, acting on
the pistil, causes the ovules which are in the pistil to grow
into seeds.

The calyx and corolla are called enveloping organs, since
they surround and protect the essential parts.

The pieces of which the calyx is composed are called
sepals. The Apple-blossom has five sepals.

The pieces that compose the corolla are called petals.

KINDS OF FLOWERS.— When the petals are entirely
separate from each other, as in the
Apple-blossom, the flower is said to be
polypetalous ; when they grow together
more or less, as in the Catalpa (Fig. 10),
monopetalous ; and when the corolla is ~ Fig. 10.
wanting, as in the flowers of the Oak, apetalous.

When all sides of a flower are alike, as in the Apple-
blossom, the flower is regular; when one side of the
corolla differs from the other in color, form, or size, as in
the Common Locust, or Catalpa, the flower is irregular.

In trees the stamens and pistils are often found in
separate flowers; in that case the blossoms containing
stamens are called staminate, and those containing pistils
pistillate; those that contain both are called perfect.
Staminate and pistillate flowers are usually found on the
same tree, as in the Oaks, Birches, Chestnut, etc.; in that
case the plant is said to be monoecious, and all trees of
this kind produce fruit. Sometimes, however, the stam-
inate and pistillate flowers are on separate trees, as in
the Willows, which are dioecious; and then only a por-
tion of the trees — those with pistillate flowers — produce
fruit.

26 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

ARRANGEMENT OP FLOWERS. — Flowers, either solitary
or clustered, grow in one of two waysj either at the end
of the branches, being then called terminal, or in the axils
of the leaves, then called axillary. The stem of a solitary
flower or the main stem of a cluster is called a peduncle ;
the stems of the separate blossoms of a cluster are called
pedicels. When either the flowers or the clusters are
without stems, they are said to be sessile.

Clusters with Pedicellate Flowers.

Raceme, **^go& flowers on pedicels of about equal
length, scattered along the entire stem. Locust-tree.

Corymb, _xj~|j| like a raceme except that the lower
flowers have^^^ longer stems, making the cluster some-
what flat-topped ; the outer flowers bloom first. Hawthorn.

Cyme, "^H^ in appearance much like a corymb, but it
differs in /the fact that the central flower blooms first.
Alternate-leaved Cornel.

Umbel, ^ <g^h stems of the separate flowers about equal
in length, ^^ and starting from the same point. Gar-
den-cherry.

Panicle, -^J*yf a compound raceme. Catalpa.

Thyrsus, flpr^6^5- a compact panicle. Horse-chestnut.

Clusters with Sessile or Nearly Sessile Flowers.

Catkin, j»<* bracted flowers situated along a slender
and usual-$$/ 1 ly drooping stem. This variety of clus-
ter is very ^ I common on trees. The Willows, Birches,
Chestnuts, Oaks, Pines, and many others have their flow-
ers in catkins.

Head, A the flowers in a close, usually rounded
cluster. / Flowering Dogwood.

FRUIT. — In this book a single fruit will include all the
parts that grow together and contain seeds, whether from

FLOWERS AND FRUIT 27

a single blossom or a cluster ; there will be no rigorous
adherence to an exact classification ; no attempt made to
distinguish between fruits formed from a simple pistil
and those from a compound one ; nor generally between
those formed from a single and those formed from a clus-
ter of flowers. The fruit and its general classification,
determined by the parts easily seen, is all that will be
attempted.

As stated before, it is hoped that this volume will not
end the student's work in the investigation of natural
objects, but that the amount of information here given
will lead to the desire for much more.

Berry will be the term applied to all fleshy fruits with
more than one seed buried in the mass. Persimmon, Mul-
berry, Holly. The pome or Apple-pome differs from the
berry in the fact that the seeds are situated in cells formed
of hardened material. Apple, Mountain-ash. The Plum
or Cherry drupe includes all fleshy fruits with a single
stony-coated part, even if it contains more than one seed.
Peach, Viburnum, China-tree. In some cases, when there
is but one seed in the flesh and that not stony-coated, it
will be called a drupe-like berry.

The dry drupe is like the Cherry drupe except that the
flesh is much harder. The fruit of the Walnut, Hickory,
and Sumac.

The inner hard-coated parts of
these and some others will be
called nuts. If the nut has a par-
tial scaly covering, as in the Oaks,
the whole forms an acorn.
If the coating has spiny
hairs, as in the Chestnut and
Beechnut, the whole is a bur. The
coating in these cases is an in-
volucre. If the coating or any
part of the fruit has a regular
place for splitting open, it is de- Fig. 11.

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

hiscent (Chestnut, Hickory-nut) j if uot,indehiscent (Black
Walnut).

Dry fruits with spreading, wing-like appendages, as in
the Ash (Fig. 11), Maple (Fig. 12), Elm
(Fig. 13), and Ailanthus, are called sa-
maras or keys.

Dry fruits, usually elongated, contain-
ing generally several seeds, are called
P°ds- If there is but one cell and the
seeds are fastened along one side, Pea-
like pods, or legumes. Locust. The term
Fig. 12. capsule indicates that there is more than

one cell. Catalpa, Hibiscus.

All the dry, scaly fruits, usually formed by the ripening
of some sort of catkin of flowers, will be included under
the term cone. Pine, Alder, A Magnolia. If the appear-
ance of the fruit is not much different from that of
the cluster of flowers, as I in the Hornbeams, Wil-
lows, and Birches, the term catkin will be retained for the
fruit also. The scales of a cone
may lap over each other ; they are
then said to be imbricated or over-
lapping, gjjj&JPuie) ; or they may
merely ^j$$P touch at their
edges, when they are valrate
(Cypress). When cones or
catkins hang do wnward,they
are pendent. If the scales have
projecting points, these points are
spines if strong, and prickles if
weak. The parts back of the scales
are bracts; these often project
beyond the scales, when they are said to be exserted.
Sometimes the exserted bracts are bent backward;
they are then said to be recurved or reflexed.

CHAPTEE V.
Winter Study of Trees.

MANY of the peculiarities of trees can be studied much
better during the winter and early spring than at any
other time of the year. The plan of branching, the posi-
tion, number, size, form, color, and surface of buds, as
well as the arrangement of the leaves within the bud and
the peculiarities of the scales that cover them, are points
for winter investigation,.

GENERAL PLAN OF BRANCHING. — There are two dis-
tinct and readily recognized systems of branching. 1. The
main stem is excurrent (Fig. 3) when the trunk extends as
an undivided stem throughout the tree to the tip; this
causes the spire-like or conical trees so common among
narrow-leaved evergreens. 2. The main stem is deliques-
cent (Fig. 4) when the trunk divides into many, more or
less equal divisions, forming the broad-topped, spreading
trees. This plan is the usual one among deciduous trees.
A few species, however, such as the Sweet Gum and the
Sugar-maple, show the excurrent stem while young, yet
even these have a deliquescent stem later in life. The
English Maple and the Apple both have a deliquescent
stem very early.

All the narrow-leaved evergreens, and many of the
broad-leaved trees as well, show what is called definite
annual growths ; that is, a certain amount of leaf and
stem, packed up in the winter bud, spreads out and hard-
ens with woody tissue early in the year, and then, no
matter how long the season remains warm, no additional
leaves or stem will grow. The buds for the next year's

30 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

growth then form and often become quite large before
autumn.

There are many examples among the smaller plants,
but rarely one among the trees, of indefinite anmial
growth; that is, the plant puts forth leaves and forms
stems throughout the whole growing-season. The' com-
mon Locust, the Honey-locust, and the Sumacs are illus-
trations.

BUDS. — Buds are either undeveloped branches or un-
developed flowers. They contain within the scales, which
usually cover them, closely packed leaves ; these leaves
are folded and wrinkled in a number of different ways
that will be denned at the end of this chapter.

POSITION AND NUMBER. — While the axils of
the leaves and the ends of the stems are the
ordinary places for the buds, there are many
peculiarities in regard to their exact position,
number, etc., that render them very interesting
for winter study. Sometimes there are several
to the single leaf. In the Silver Maple there are
buds on each side of the true axillary one ; these
are flower-buds, and during the winter they are
larger than the one which produces the branch.
The Butternut (Fig. 14) and the Walnut have
several above each other, the upper one being
the largest and at quite a distance from the
true axil. In these cases the uppermost is apt
to grow, and then the branch is said to be extra-
axillary. In the Sycamore the bud does not
show while the leaf remains on the tree, as it is
in the hollow of the leafstalk. In the winter
the bud has a ring-like scar entirely around
it, instead of the moon-shaped scar below as
in most trees. The Common Locust has several
Fig.u. buds under the leafstalk and one above it in

WINTER STUDY OF TREES 31

the axil. This axillary bud may grow during the time
the leaf remains on the tree, and afterward the growth
of the strongest one of the others may give the tree two
branches almost together.

Some plants form extra buds especially when they are
bruised or injured; those which have the greatest ten-
dency to do so are the Willows, Poplars, and Elms. Such
buds and growths are called adventitious. By cutting
off the tops or pollarding such trees, a very great number
of adventitious branches can be made to grow. In this
way the Willow-twigs used for baskets are formed. Ad-
ventitious buds form the clusters of curious thorns on the
Honey -locust and the tufts of whip-like branches on the
trunks and large limbs of the Elms.

In trees the terminal bud and certain axillary ones,
differing according to the species or variety of tree, are,
during the winter, much larger than the rest. These are
the ones which naturally form the new growth, and upon
their arrangement the character of branching and thus
the form of the tree depend. Each species has some pe-
culiarity in this regard, and thus there are differences
in the branching of all trees. In opposite-leaved plants
the terminal bud may be small and weak, while the two
buds at its side may be strong and apt to grow. This
causes a forking of the branches each year. This plan is
not rare among shrubs, the Lilac being a good example.

BUD-SCALES. — The coverings of buds are exceedingly
varied, and are well worthy of study and investigation.
The large terminal buds of the Horse-chestnut, with their
numerous scales, gummy on the outside to keep out the
dampness, and hairy within to protect them from sudden
changes of temperature, represent one extreme of a long
line j while the small, naked, and partly buried buds of
the Honey-locust or the Sumac represent the other end.

The scales of many buds are merely extra parts formed
for their protection, and fall immediately after the burst-

32

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

ing of the buds; while other buds have the stipules of
the leaves as bud-scales j these remain on the twigs for
a time in the Tulip-tree, and drop immediately in the
Magnolia.

FORMS OF BUDS. — The size of buds varies greatly, as
before stated, but this difference in size is no more marked
than the difference in form. There is no better way to rec-

ognize a Beech at
any time of the
year than by its
very long, slen-
der, and sharp-
pom ted buds. The
obovate and al-
most stalked buds
of the Alders are
also very conspic-
uous and pecu-
liar. IntheBalsam
Poplar the buds
are large, sharp-
pointed, and gum-
my ; in the Ailan-
thus they cannot
be seen.

All the things
that might be
learned from a
small winter twig cannot be shown in an engraving, but
the figures here given illustrate some of the facts easily
determined from such specimens. The first twig (Ash)
had opposite leaves and is 3 years old (the end of each
year's growth is marked by dotted lines on all the figures) 5
the year before last it had 6 leaves on the middle portion ;
last year it had 8 leaves on the end portion and 12 on the
side shoots of the middle portion. The buds near the

Fig. 15.

WINTER STUDY OF TREES 33

end of the annual growth are strongest and are most apt
to grow. The specimen illustrated was probably taken
from the end of a branch of a rather young and luxuri-
antly growing tree. Thus the Ash must have quite a
regular growth and form a regularly outlined tree.

The second twig (Sweet Gum) shows 7 years' growth
and is probably a side shoot from more or less within
the tree-top. It is stunted in its growth by the want of
light and room. The leaves were alternate.

The third twig (Sycamore) also had alternate leaves;
the pointed buds must have been under the leafstalks, as
the leaf -scars show as rings around the buds. The larger
branch grew three years ago. From the specimen one
judges that the Sycamore is quite an irregularly formed
tree. The twig had 11 leaves last year.

The fourth twig (Silver Maple) shows that the plant
had opposite leaves, and supernumerary buds at the sides
of the true axillary ones; the true axillary buds are
smaller than those at the sides. It would, in such cases, be
reasonable to suppose that the supernumerary buds were
floral ones, and that the plant blooms before the leaves
expand. The annual growths are quite extended; two
years and a part of the third make up the entire twig.
If it was cut during the winter of 1891-92, it must
have had leaves on the lower part in 1889 and 12 leaves
on the middle portion in 1890, as well as probably 4 on
the lower portion on the side shoots. Last year it had
14 leaves on the end portion, two at least on each side
shoot below, making 24 in all.

Folding of Leaves in the Bud.

There are some peculiarities in the arrangement of
leaves in the bud which can be investigated only in the
early spring. The common plans among trees are — In-
flexed: blade folded crosswise, thus bringing it upon the
footstalk. Tulip-tree. Conduplicate : blade folded along
3

34 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

the midrib, bringing the two halves together. Peach.
Plicate : folded several times length wise,like a fan. Birch.
Convolute: rolled edgewise from one edge to the other.
Plum. Involute : both edges rolled in toward the midrib
on the upper side. Apple. Revolute : both edges rolled
backward. Willow. Obvolute : folded together, but the
opposite leaves half inclosing each other. Dogwood

CHAPTEK VI.

The Preparation of a Collection.

THREE specimens are needed of each kind of tree: one,
a branch showing the flowers j another, showing the fruit
— one of these, and in many cases both, will show the
leaves. The third specimen, cut from a large limb or
trunk, shows the bark and the wood. This should be a
specimen with a
surface so cut as
to show the wood A
in the direction of
the silver grain,
radial section ;
with another sur-
face cut in the
direction of the H
annual layers,
tangential section;
and with a third
cut across the
grain, cross-sec- ~
tlon. It should
be a specimen old
enough to show
the change of
color in the heart-
wood. By taking **e- 16-
a limb or trunk 8 inches in diameter, all these points can
be secured. A specimen cut as shown in the figure will
illustrate all the desired points. Side E F G shows sap-
and heart-wood in tangential section ; side A B D C shows
the same in radial section ; end A B F E, in cross-section j

36

36 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

and B F G D shows the bark. The central pith is at I;
the heart-wood extends from C to J; the sap-wood from
J to D. The silver grain is well shown at the end, and
the blotches formed by it on the radial section.

By having the piece made smooth, and the upper part
down to the center (H) varnished, the appearance of the
wood in furniture or inside finish will be illustrated.

The specimens should be as nearly uniform in size as
possible. If a limb 8 inches in diameter be taken and a
length of 6 inches be cut off, the section A B D C should
pass through the line of pith ; the section E F G should
be parallel with this at a distance from it of two inches ;
and two inches from the line of pith, the section A E C
should be made. The whole specimen will then be 6
inches wide and long, and 2 inches thick.

The twigs containing leaves, flowers and fruit need to
be pressed while drying in order that they may be kept
in good form and made tough enough to be retained as
specimens. The plants should be placed between a large
supply of newspapers, or, better still, untarred building-
felt, while drying. A weight of from 40 to 80 pounds is
needed to produce the requisite pressure. The weight is
placed upon a board covering the pile of plants and paper.
On account of the size of many leaves and flower-clusters,
these pressed specimens of trees should not be shorter than
from 12 to 15 inches, and even a length of 18 inches is an
advantage. The pads or newspapers should be about 12
by 18 inches. A transfer of the plants into dry pads each
day for a few days will hasten the drying and increase
the beauty of the specimens. The specimens of twigs can
be mounted on cardboard by being partly pasted and
partly secured by narrow strips of gummed cloth placed
across the heavier portions. The cardboard should be
uniform in size. One of the regular sizes of Bristol-board
is 22 by 28 inches ; this will cut into four pieces 11 by 14.
Specimens not -over 15 inches in length can readily be
mounted on these, and for most collectors this might be

THE PREPARATION OP A COLLECTION 37

a very convenient size. Another regular size is 22 by 32
inches, cutting well into pieces 11 by 16. Specimens 15
to 18 inches long can be mounted on these.

Some kinds of Evergreens, the Spruces especially, tend
to shed their leaves after pressing. Such kinds can in
most cases be made to form good specimens without
pressing. Fasten the fresh specimens on pillars of plas-
ter in boxes or frames 2 to 3 inches deep, so that they touch
nothing but the column of plaster. Mix calcined plaster
in water (as plasterers do), and build up a column high
enough to support the branch. Place the specimen on the
top of the pillar already formed, and pour over the whole
some quite thin plaster till a rounded top is formed com-
pletely fastening the specimen. If the leaves are not
touched at all, after they are dry, they will hang on for a
long time, making specimens that will show the tree char-
acteristics better than pressed specimens possibly could.

CHAPTEK VII.
Figures to be used in Botanical Description.

Fig. 23. Fig. 24.

Fig. 25.

FIGURES FOR BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION 39

Fig. 26.

Fig. 27.

Fig. 28.

Fig. 32

Fig. 33.

Fig. 34.

40 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Fig. 43.

FIGURES FOR BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION 41

Fig. 50,

42 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Fig. 53.

Fig. 54.

Fig. 58.

Fig. 59.

Fig. 60.

FIGURES FOR BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION 43

Fig. 65.

Fig. 66.

Fig. 67.

PART II.
PLAN AND MODELS FOR TEEE DESCRIPTION

LL pupils should be required to write some form of
composition on the trees of the region. As far as
possible, these compositions should be the result of per-
sonal investigation. It is not what a pupil can read and
redescribe in more or less his own words, but how ac-
curately he can see and, from the information conveyed
by his own senses, describe in his own way the things
he has observed, that makes the use of such a book as
this important as an educational aid. Some informa-
tion in regard to trees, in a finished description, must
be obtained from books, such as hardiness, geographical
distribution, etc. Pupils generally should be required
to include only those things which they can give from
actual observation.

There are four distinct forms of tree descriptions that
might be recognized by the teacher and occasionally
called for as work from the pupil. 1st. A bare skeleton
description, written by aid of a topical outline, from the
observation of a single tree and its parts. 2d. A con-
nected description, conveying as many facts given in the
outline as can well be brought into good English sen-
tences. This again is the description of a single tree.
3d. A connected, readable description of a certain kind
of tree, made up from the observation of many trees
of the same species to be found in the neighborhood.
4th. The third description including information to be
obtained from outside sources in regard to the origin,
geographical distribution, hardiness, character of wood,
habits, durability, etc. These four plans of description

MODELS FOR TREE DESCRIPTION 45

are more or less successive methods to be introduced as
the work of a class. Pupils should be induced to carry
on their own investigations as far as possible before
going to printed sources for information. A good part
of class work should be devoted to the first three of the
methods given, but the work might finally include the
fourth form of composition. The first two methods
should follow each other with each of the trees studied;
that is, one week let a mere outline be written, to be
followed the next week with as clear and connected a
description as the ability of the pupil will allow, and
containing as much of the information given in the out-
line as possible.

OUTLINE FOR TREE DESCRIPTION.

The tree as a whole: size, general form, trunk, branch-
ing, twigs, character of bark, color of bark on trunk,
branches, and fine spray.

Leaves : parts, arrangement, kinds, size, thickness, form,
edges, veining, color, surface, duration.

Buds : position, size, form, covering, number, color.

Sap and. juice.

Floivers : size, shape, color, parts, odor, position, time
of blooming, duration.

Fruit : size, kind, form, color when young and when
ripe, time of ripening, substance, seeds, duration, useful-
ness.

Wood (often necessarily omitted) : hardness, weight,
color, grain, markings, durability.

Remarks : the peculiarities not brought out by the above
outline.

NOTES ON THE FOREGOING OUTLINE.

The height of a tree can be readily determined by the
following plan. Measure the height you can easily reach
from the ground in feet and inches. Step to the trunk

46 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

of the tree you wish to measure and, reaching up to
this height, pin a piece of white paper on the tree. Step
back a distance equal to three or four times the height
of the tree ; hold a lead-pencil upright between the
thumb and forefinger at arm's-length. Fix it so that
the end of the pencil shall be in line with the paper on
the trunk ; move the thumb down the pencil till it is in
line with the ground at the base of the tree ; move the
arm and pencil upward till the thumb is in line with
the paper, and note where the end of the pencil comes on
the tree. Again move the pencil till the thumb is in line
with the new position, and so continue the process till the
top of the tree is reached. The number of the measures
multiplied by the height you can reach will give quite
accurately the height of the tree.

The width of the tree can be determined in the same
manner, the pencil, however, being held horizontally.

In giving the forms of trees, it is well to accompany the
description with a penciled outline.

The distance from the ground at which the trunk be-
gins to branch and the extent of the branching should
be noted. The direction taken by the branches, as well
as the regularity and the irregularity of their position,
should also be observed and described.

Although most twigs are cylindrical, still there are
enough exceptions to make it necessary to examine them
with reference to their form.

Under leaves, it will be well to make drawings, both of
the outline and of the veining.

Crushed leaves will give the odor, and the sap can best
be noticed at the bases of young leaves. The differences
in sap and juice need the following words for their
description : watery, milky, mucilaginous, aromatic, spicy,
sweet, gummy, resinous.

Pupils should not always be expected to find out much
about the flowers of a tree, as they are frequently very
evanescent, and usually difficult to reach.

MODELS FOR TREE DESCRIPTION 47

The fruit lasts a greater length of time and, usually
dropping spontaneously, gives a much better chance for
investigation.

Specimens of most of the common woods may be ob-
tained from cabinet-makers and carpenters. In cases
where these specimens are at hand, description of the
wood should be required. If the school has such speci-
mens as are described in Chapter VI., Part I., the wood
in all its peculiarities can be described.

EXAMPLES OF TREE DESCRIPTION.

Taxodium distichum (Bald Cypress}.

(Atterbury's Meadow .)

No. I.

Tree eighty-four feet tall, thirty feet wide near base,
ovate, conical, pointed ; trunk seven feet in circumfer-
ence near base and ridged lengthwise,
but only four feet at the height of six
feet from the ground, where it becomes
round or nearly so, then gradually taper-
ing to the top-, branches small, very
numerous, beginning six feet from the
ground, sloping upward from the trunk
at an angle of nearly forty -five degrees ;
twigs very slender, numerous, pendu-
lous, two, three or even more growing to-
gether from supernumerary buds around
the old scars ; bark brownish, quite
rough, thick and soft on the trunk,
smoother on the branches, greenish on
the young spray.

Leaves about sessile, without stipules,
alternate, crowded, two-ranked, thin, linear, entire, par-
allel-veined, with midrib, dark green, smooth, deciduous^

48 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Buds show in the axils of only a few of the leaves, and
are very small j but there are several supernumerary buds
around many of the clusters of the shoots of the year.
Sap clear and slightly sticky with resin.

Flowers looked for, but not seen ;
must have been small, or have
bloomed before my examination in
the spring.

Fruit one inch in diameter, cone
globular, brown in the autumn ;
did not notice it before ; fifteen
six-sided scales, two seeds under
each, still hanging on, though the
' ^%Jp^ leaves have dropped j only to pro-

r "*'• duce seeds, I think.

The wood I do not know about.

Remarks. Around the base, at some distance from the
trunk, there are four peculiar knobs, seemingly coming
from the roots, one being nearly a foot high and nine
inches through.

No. 2,

The Bald Cypress standing near a small ditch in Atter-
bury's meadow is a very beautiful, tall, conical tree, over
80 feet high, with an excurrent trunk which is very large
and ridged near the ground. It tapers rapidly upward, so
that the circumference is only about half as great at the
height of 6 feet, where the branches begin. The branches
art, very numerous and, considering the size of the trunk,
very small; the largest of them being only about 2 inches
through. They all slope upward rapidly, but the tip and
fine spray show a tendency to droop; the fine thread-like
branchlets, bearing the leaves of the year, are almost all
pendulous.

The bark is very rough, thick and soft, as I found in
pinning on the bit of paper to measure the height of the
tree, when I could easily press the pin in to its head.

MODELS FOR TREE DESCRIPTION 49

The leaves are very small and delicate, and as they ex-
tend out in two ranks from the thread-like twigs, look
much like fine ferns. The small linear leaves and the
spray drop off together in the autumn, as I can find much
of last year's foliage on the ground still fastened to the
twigs. I could not see any flowers, though I looked from
early in the spring till the middle of the summer; then I
saw a few of the globular green cones, almost an inch in
diameter, showing that it had bloomed. Next spring I
shall begin to look for the blossoms before the leaves
come out.

On the ground, about 6 feet from the tree, there are four
very strange knobs which I did not notice till I stumbled
over one of them. They seem to grow from the roots, and
are quite soft and reddish in color.

No. 3.

I have found twenty -two Bald Cypresses in Trenton;
they are all beautiful conical trees, and seem to grow well
in almost any soil, as I have found some in very wet
places and some in dry, sandy soil. They look from their
position as though they had been planted out, and as I
have found none in the woods around the town, they are
probably not native in this region. They are from 50 to
nearly 100 feet tall. I found one 96 feet high. They are
all of a very symmetrical, conical form, and pointed at the
top; in no case has the trunk divided into branches, and
on the old trees the trunk enlarges curiously near the
ground, the lower portion being very rough with ridges.
The bark is very thick and rough, and is so soft that a
pin can readily be pushed through it to the wood. The
branches are very numerous and small, and are not regu-
larly arranged in whorls like most of the narrow-leaved
trees. These branches all slope upward from the trunk,
the ends having a tendency to bend downward and make
delicate drooping spray, with very small, linear, entire

50 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

leaves only £ inch long. Four of the largest trees show
fruit, and each of these has only about a half-dozen of
the globular cones. Only a few of the trees — those in the
wettest places — have the knobs on the ground near the

No. 4.

The Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) is a common
tree, a native of the Gulf States, growing very abundantly
in the wettest swamps of that region. The northern
limit of the tree in its wild state is said to be central
Delaware and southern Illinois, but it can be successfully
cultivated in the region around Boston. There are several
named varieties, one with the leaves but slightly spread-
ing from the spray, and the whole of the branches show-
ing a decided weeping tendency, so that it is called the
Weeping Cypress. The knobs from the roots, called Cy-
press-knees, grow very abundantly around all the trees in
the southern swamps. These grow to the height of from
2 to 4 feet, and are very thick, sometimes as much as 5
feet. They are hollow, and are occasionally used for bee-
hives.

It is said to be a broad, flat-topped tree, spreading its
top over other trees. This seems very strange, as none of
those in Trenton, N. J., show such a tendency, but are
quite spire-shaped. The wood is light, soft, straight-
grained, and is said to "be excellent for shingles and for
other purposes. It generally has a dark reddish or
brownish hue. It is a large tree, growing to the height
of 140 feet. The trunk is sometimes 12 feet through near
the ground. The flowers of the tree are in small catkins,
blooming before the leaves expand in the early spring ; in
February, in South Carolina.

PAET III.

KEY, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION
OF THE SPECIES.

Method of Using the Key.

FRST read all the statements following the stars (*)
at the beginning of the Key; decide which one of
the statements "best suits the specimen you have. At the
end of the chosen one there is a letter in parenthesis ( ).
Somewhere below, this letter is used two or more times.
Read carefully all the statements following this letter;
at the end of the one which most nearly states the facts
about your specimen, you will again be directed by a let-
ter to another part of the Key. Continue this process till,
instead of a letter, there is a number and name. The
name is that of the genus, and forms the first part of the
scientific name of the plant. Turn to the descriptive part
of the book, where this number, in regular order, is found.
Here descriptions of the species of the genus are given.
If there are many species, another Key will lead to the
species. While the illustrations are intended to represent
characteristic specimens, too much dependence must not
be placed upon them ; the leaves even of the same plant
vary considerably, and the different varieties, especially
of a cultivated plant, vary widely. Read the whole de-
scription before deciding.

The fractions beside the figures indicate the scale of the
drawing as compared with the natural size of the part :
| indicates natural size ; f , that the drawing is twice the
length of the object ; £, that the drawing is one fourth the
length of the object, etc.

52 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

In the description of leaves the dimensions given refer
to the blade.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES.

* Leaves narrow linear, needle, scale or awl shaped, usually but

not always evergreen. (GG. ) page 60.

* Leaves broad, flat, usually deciduous, occasionally evergreen,

rarely over 5 times as long as wide. (A.)
A. Leaves alternate,1 simple. (B.)
A. Leaves alternate, compound, (m.) page 57.
A. Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem, (u.) page 58.
B. Leaves with a midrib, netted-veined. (C.)

B. Leaves without a midrib, parallel-veined 109. Salisburia.

C. With radiating ribs, and including those which have the
lower ribs longer and more branching than those above
them. (f. ) page 56.

C. With distinct and definite feather- veining. (D.)
D. Margin entire, or so nearly so as to appear entire, sometimes

slightly angulated but not lobed. (V.)
D. Once or twice serrate or crenate or wavy-edged, but not lobed.

(E.)
D. Distinctly lobed. (S.) (If the notches are over 10 on a side,

look under E. )
E. Straight-veined. (M.)

E. Not distinctly and evenly straight-veined. (F. )
F. Leaves evergreen with either revolute or spiny-tipped mar-
gins 18. Ilex.

F. Leaves evergreen, lanceolate-oblong, minutely serrate ; flowers

white, 4 in. in diameter 8. Gordonia.

F. Leaves deciduous. (G.)
G. Fruit with fleshy and often edible pulp. (K.)
G. Fruit a dry and more or less rounded pod. (H.)
G. Fruit and flowers in dry catkins; leaves, in most species. 3
or more times as long as wide, finely serrate to entire, with
free stipules, in many species remaining on the young twigs,
in others shown by a rounded scar on the sides of the stem ;

wood soft ; the Willows 91. Salix.

G. Fruit dry akenes with silky pappus, in small heads ; whole
plant whitened with scurf ; leaves broadened and coarsely
notched near tip ; a broad spreading bush. . . .49. BaccJiaris.

1 Look on the elongated branches for the arrangement of the leaves ; they
are too closely clustered on the short side shoots. See page 18.

KEY TO THE GENERA OP TREES 53

H. Flowers conspicuous, 1 in. or more in size, white. (J.)
H. Flowers quite small. (I. )

I. Flowers and fruit in large panicles ; leaves elongated, peach-
like in shape, sour 50. Oxydendron.

I. Flowers iu terminal, erect racemes; fruit small, three-celled
pods: leaves oval, 3-7 in. long, pointed, thin, finely serrate;

plant hardly a tree 53. Clethra.

I. Fruit rounded, small, with calyx adhering to the lower part,

one-seeded, in clusters of 3-many ; leaves 1-3 in. long

56. Styrax.

I. Fruit hairy, in long, hanging panicles, tipped with long,

persistent style, one-seeded 57. Pterostyrax.

J. Flowers bell-shaped, 1 in. long ; leaves widest below the mid-
dle ; fruit winged pods 58. Halesia.

J. Flowers spreading, 2 in. broad ; leaves about twice as long as

wide, widest near the center 7. Stuartia.

J. Flowers spreading, 3 in. broad ; leaves about 3 times as long as

wide, widest near tip 8. Gordonia.

K. Fruit a plum-like drupe with a single bony stone ; plant

sometimes thorny 36. Prunus.

K. Fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous spreading calyx ;

plant generally quite thorny 38. Cratsegiis.

K. Fruit berry-like, black when ripe, small, without calyx, with

usually 3 cartilaginous coated seeds 20. Bhamnus.

K. Fruit berry-like, red when ripe, with small calyx at base, and

usually 4-6 hard-coated, grooved nutlets 18. Hex.

X. Fruit a small or large apple-like pome, with the seeds in

horny cells. (L.)
L. Fruit about J^ in. in diameter, sweet, in drooping racemes

'. 39. Amelanchier.

L. Fruit either sour or much larger, and not in elongated racemes

37. Pyrus.

M. Leaves harsh to the touch ; somewhat oblique at base ; quite

distinctly two-ranked ; large trees 74. Vlmus.

M. Leaves decidedly oblique at base ; margin wavy ; small tree,

usually a shrub 40. Hamamelis.

M. Fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous spreading calyx;

plant generally quite thorny 38. Cratsernis.

M. Leaves not regularly oblique at base ; plant not thorny. (N.)
N. Leaves thin and light, not harsh to the touch; spray light;
bark smooth, in two species somewhat rough on the trunk,
(ft.)

N. Leaves thick ; edge wavy, almost lobed ; fruit an acorn

88. Quercw.

54 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

N. Leaves broad for the length, generally doubly serrate or
wavy and serrate ; shrubs, rarely tall enough for trees. (P. )
N. Not included in the above. (O.)

O. Leaves 3 or more times as long as wide, widest near the
center; fruit a round, prickly bur with 1-3 horny-coated

nuts 89. Castanea.

O. Leaves widest near the sharply serrate tip, narrow and en-
tire near the base ; fruit small pods in terminal racemes ;

small tree or shrub 53. Cleihra.

O. Leaves widest near the base, usually small ; bark scaling off
like the Buttonwood; fruit axillary, solitary, small (i in.)
roundish, dry drupes. A cultivated species, has rather large

leaves, widest near the center 75. Planera.

P. Fruit an open oval woody catkin or cone, remaining on the

plant through the winter 84. Alnus.

P. Fruit a rounded stony nut, in green leafy edged bracts ; shrubs

or small trees 85. Corylus.

Q,. Usually aromatic ; bark dotted on the spray and with hori-
zontal marks on the trunk, peeling off in thin, often papery

layers 83. Betula.

Q,. Bark not peeling off in thin layers. (R. )
R. Leaf -buds long and slender ; fruit a small prickly bur with two

triangular, horny-coated nuts ; large trees 90. Fagus.

R. Fruit an elongated catkin with large leaf -like bracts; bark

close, gray, on a grooved trunk 87. Carpinus.

R. Fruit a hop-like catkin ; bark brownish, finely furrowed

86. Ostrya.

S. Plant more or less thorny ; shrub or small tree ; fruit rounded

berries ending in persistent calyx-lobes 38. Cratsegus.

S. Plant not thorny. (T.)
T. Leaf deeply pinnatifid, usually with the basal lobes completely

separated ; cultivated 37. Pyrus.

T. End of leaf as though cut off; sides with one large lobe ; mar-
gin entire ; large tree 2. Liriodendron.

T. Lower leaves three-lobed, heart-shaped at base, upper merely

ovate, margin entire ; small tree or shrub 66. Clerodendron.

T. Not as above ; leaves usually many-lobed. (U. )
TT. Leaves thin; bark of trunk peeling off in thin horizontal

strips 83. Betula.

U. Leaves thin ; leaf -buds long, slender, sharp-pointed ; bark

smooth, not peeling ; cultivated 90. Fagus.

U. Leaves thickish ; bark roughish ; fruit an oval woody cone,

remaining on through the year 84. Alnus.

TJ. Leaves thick ; fruit an acorn 88. Quercus.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES 55

V. Leaves evergreen, small, 2-3 in. long, thick, with re volute mar-
gins. Fruit an acorn . 88. Quercus.

Fruit red berries 18. Ilex.

V. Leaves evergreen, oval to lance-oval, usually large ; small trees,

almost shrubs, (d.) page 56.

V. Leaves deciduous (some are evergreen in Southern States). (W.)
W. Plant more or less spiny, (c.)
W. Plant not at all spiny. (X.)
X. Leaf-blade thin, long pointed, with curved parallel veins or

ribs 45. Cornus.

X. Leaf -blade thin, circular or broadly oval in outline, with blunt,
almost rounded apex; veins not regularly parallel . .27. Rhus.
X. Leaf quite elongated, 5 or more times as long as wide, (b.)
X. Leaves with none of the above peculiarities. (Y.)
Y. Deciduous bud-scales (stipules), leaving a scar or mark com-
pletely around the stem at the base of the leaves. 1. Magnolia.

Y. Leaves covered on one or both sides with silvery scales

71. Elseagnus.

Y. No such ring around the stem, or silvery scales on the leaves.
(Z.)

Z. Leaves distinctly straight-veined, thin 90. Fagus.

Z. Leaves thick, obtuse ; fruit an acorn 88. Quercus.

Z. Leaves 6 in. or more long ; crushed leaves with a rank, fetid

odor 5. Asimina.

Z. Leaves 3-5 in. long; twigs and leaves very spicy ; shrub rather

than tree 70. Lindera.

Z. Leaves about 2 in. long, oval, on twigs which have ridges extend-
ing down from the sides of the leafstalk ; small tree, almost

a shrub, with beautiful flowers 43. Lagerstroemia.

Z. Leaves not as above, (a.)
a. Fruit a large (^ -1^ in.) rounded pulpy berry with a heavy

calyx at the base 55. Diospyros.

a. Fruit small (^ in.), fleshy, drupe-like, with a striate stone;

limbs branching horizontally, often descending . . .46. Nyssa.

a. Fruit a black, juicy berry (V<j-j£ in.), with about 3 seeds

20. Rhamnus.

a. Fruit an ovoid dry drupe (j£ in.) ; leaves sweet-tasting

59. Symplocos.

a. Fruit an apple-like pome (Quince) 37. Pyrus.

b. Wood soft ; both kinds of flowers in catkins in spring ; with

either stipules or stipular scars 91. Salix.

b. Wood hard ; leaves thick ; fruit an acorn 88. Quercus.

c. Fruit a 2 -4-seeded small berry ; juice not milky

20. Rhamnus.

56 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

c. Fruit large, orange-like in size and color when ripe ; juice

milky 77. Madura.

c. Fruit small, black when ripe, cherry-like ; juice milky .. .

54. Bumelia.

d. Aromatic ; berries dark blue on red stalks 68. Persea.

d. Not aromatic ; leaves nearly 1 ft. long ; flowers large and soli-
tary 1. Magnolia.

d. Not aromatic; leaves 1-4 in. long; flowers very small; fruit

small dark-colored berries, with 2-4 seeds 20. Bhamnus.

d. Not aromatic; flowers large, in showy clusters, (e.)

e. Leaves 5 in. or more long 52. Rhododendron.

e. Leaves less than 4 in. long 51. Kalmia.

f. Leaves decidedly aromatic, usually somewhat irregularly lobed,

margin entire, base tapering 69. Sassafras.

f. Leaves usually deltoid, sometimes heart-shaped with serrate
margin and gummy buds, rarely palmately lobed. All have
either the petiole flattened sidewise, the leaf-blade densely
silvery-white beneath, or gummy aromatic buds. . . .92. Populus.
f. Leaves broadly heart-shaped ; margin entire ; small tree with
abundance of red flowers in early spring; fruit a pea-like pod

32. Cercis.

f. Leaves not as above given, (g. )

g. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, with a serrate margin and a
petiole about as long as the blade, sometimes longer ; base

of leaf not oblique 4. Idesia.

g. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, those on the suckers much
lobed ; base not oblique ; margin serrate ; juice milky; bark
very tough. (1. )
g. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, with an oblique base ; margin

regularly serrate ; juice not milky 11. Tilia.

g. Leaves slightly if at all heart-shaped at base, usually some-
what oblique, with neither milky juice nor lobes, (j.)
g. Leaves decidedly and quite regularly lobed. (h.)
h. Leaves with 3-5 large lobes, the margin entire or slightly an-

gulated 10. Sterculia.

h. Leaves star-shaped, with 5-9 pointed, serrate lobes, (i.)

h. Leaves large, irregularly margined; leaf -stem covering the

bud ; large tree 80. Platanus.

h. Plant quite thorny; fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous
spreading calyx ; small trees or shrubs with apple-like blos-
soms. 38. Cratsegus.

h. Leaves with a tapering base; small tree, almost a shrub,

with large Hollyhock-like flowers ; plant not thorny

. . 9. Hibiscus.

KEY TO THE GENERA OP TREES 57

i. Large tree, with fruit 1 in. in diameter, dry, rough, hanging

on a long stem " 41. Liquidambar.

i. Small tree with few branches and the trunk usually quite

prickly ; fruit berry-like in large clusters 44. Aralia.

j. Fruit small berries, with 3 flattened seeds, in clusters in the axils

of the leaves, which are decidedly 3-ribbed from the base

'. 21. Hovenia.

j. Fruit small drupes, with 1 seed, either solitary or in pairs in
the axils of the leaves, (k.)

k. Plant without prickles; leaves decidedly oblique at base

76. Celtis.

k. Plant with prickles ; leaves narrow, decidedly 3-ribbed, and

2-ranked on green twigs 22. Zizyphm.

1. Fruit not very edible ; leaves rough above, very hairy below, on

some of the twigs opposite 79. Broussonetia.

1. Fruit edible; leaves not very hairy, never opposite. .78. Morus.

m. Leaves of 3 entire-edged leaflets ; fruit a pea-like pod

28. Laburnum.

m. Leaves of 3 quite regularly serrate, transparent-dotted

leaflets 13. Ptelea.

m. Leaves once or twice pinnate ; the leaflets entire, (s. )
m. Leaves once or twice pinnate ; the leaflets with margins more

or less serrate or notched, (n.)

n. Leaves irregularly once to twice, in one case three times, pin-
nate, (r.)

n. Leaves regularly once pinnate, (o.)
o. Leaves less than 1 ft. long, on a small, quite prickly plant ;

fruit very small pods (% in. long) 12. Xantlioxylum.

o. Leaves less than 1 ft. long; leaflets 3 in. or less long; fruit
bright-colored, berry -like pomes in clusters, persistent through
the autumn ; plant not thorny ; branches not heavy-tipped .

37. Pyrus.

o. Leaves usually larger on the small tree or almost a shrub ;

juice in most cases milky ; branches heavy-tipped . 27. Rims.

o. Leaves 1-2 ft. long; leaflets 3 in. or more long; fruit a bony

nut with green fleshy coat; large trees, (q.)
o. Leaves very large, 2 ft. or more long on the rapid-growing
branches; branches he a vy -tipped ; odor of bruised leaves
quite strong; leaflets 15 or more in number; large trees;
juice not milky, (p. )

p. Leaflets with 1-3 glandular notches at the base

17. Ailanthus.

p. Leaflets entire at base, but very slightly sen-ate near the tip
18. Cedrcla.

58 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

q. Coat of fruit more or less dehiscent into 4 valves; nut
smoothish ; leaflets, except in one species, not over 11 in

number, usually 5-7 82. Carya.

q. Coat of fruit not regularly dehiscent ; nut, in the wild species,
rough-coated ; leaflets, except in a cultivated species, over 11

in number 81. Juglans.

r. Leaves quite regularly twice odd-pinnate ; leaflets about 1 in.
long; juice not milky; fruit rounded berries in large clusters;

plant not prickly ; branchlets not heavy-tipped 15. Melia.

r. Leaves once to twice irregularly odd-pinnate ; the leaflets very
irregularly and coarsely toothed ; a small, round-headed tree

with bladdery pods 24. Kcelreuteria.

r. Leaves irregularly about twice odd-pinnate ; the leaflets lanceo-
late ; quite a low plant with few heavy-tipped branches ; plant

without prickles 27. Ehiis.

r. Leaves 2 (sometimes 3) times odd-pinnate ; tree-stem with

prickles; small tree or shrub, with few branches

44. Aralia.

r. Leaves once to twice abruptly pinnate ; large tree with slender-
tipped branches, usually very thorny 34. Gleditschia.

s. Leaves very large (2 ft. or more long), about twice abruptly
pinnate ; leaflets broad and often 2 in. long ; branches blunt ;

no thorns 33. Gymnocladus.

8. Leaves and leaflets much smaller, leaves quite irregularly
once or twice abruptly pinnate ; branches slender-tipped ;

large tree, usually very thorny 34. Gleditschia.

6. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate; leaflets over 400 in number,

with midrib near the upper edge 35. Albizzia.

s. Leaves regularly once pinnate, not over 2 ft. long, (t.)
t. Leaves abruptly pinnate, not over 5 in. long; leaflets 8-12,

small, mucronate-pointed 29. Caragana.

t. Leaves odd-pinnate ; shrub or small tree, with few, heavy-tipped

branches ; no spines or prickles 27. Ehus.

t. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets large (3-5 in. long), not usually

over 11 in number 30. Cladrasfis, or 81. Juglans

t. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets less than 3 in. long, frequently
11-21 in number ; often with spines at the bases of the leaves

in the place of stipules 12. Xanthoxylum or 31. Eobinia.

u. Leaves palmately compound. (CO.)
u. Leaves pinnately compound. (BB.)
u. Leaves simple, evergreen, sessile, in whorls around the stem,

which they completely cover (98». Araucaria.)

u. Leaves simple, opposite, evergreen, entire, over 2 in. long
61. Osmanthtis.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES 59

u. Leaves simple, opposite, evergreen, entire, tinder 1 in. long

73. Buxus.

u. Leaves simple, deciduous, (v.)

v. Branches ending in thorns; small trees, or shrubs. (AA.)
v. Plants not thorny, (w.)

w. Leaves palmately lobed (one variety, rarely cultivated, lacks
lobes, but is heart-shaped with a serrate margin), the lobes
over 3 in number, or with notches or serrations ; fruit dry,

winged 25. Acer.

w. Lower leaves palmately 3-lobed, and heart-shaped at base,
upper ones ovate, all with entire margin ; fruit with juicy

pulp covering the 4 seeds 66. Clerodendron.

w. Leaves palmately lobed ; fruit small, one-seeded, berry-like
drupes in large clusters, with flattened stones, or large
rounded clusters of flowers without stamens or pistils;

shrubs rather than trees 47. Viburnum.

w. Leaves heart-shaped, entire or slightly angulated ; not lobed.

(DD.)
w. Leaves irregularly serrate, somewhat straight-veined ; fruit

single-winged ; large cultivated tree 60. Fraxinus.

w. Leaves neither heart-shaped nor lobed ; small trees, almost

shrubs, (x.)
x. Leaves entire, (z.)

x. Leaves serrate or dentate, ovate or oval, (y.)
y. Fruit rounded drupes in large clusters, with single flattened

stones . . 47. Viburnum.

y. Fruit lobed pods, which burst open in the autumn ; branch-
lets somewhat 4-sided 19. Euonymus.

z. Leaves small, lanceolate ; flowers and fruit large and beautiful

42. Punica.

z. Leaves broad, thin, with curved parallel veins or ribs. 45. Cornus.
z. Leaves large, broad, oval, without either curved or straight par-
allel ribs 62. Syringa or 63. Chionanthus.

AA. Leaves entire and covered on both sides with silvery, pel-
tate scales 72. Shepherdia.

AA. Leaves ovate, small, minutely serrate 20. Rhamnus.

BB. Leaves large, 18 in. or more long; leaflets 11 or more, very

finely serrated or entire 14. Phellodendron.

BB. Leaves smaller ; leaflets entire or quite evenly toothed, usu-
ally over 5 in number 60. Fraxinus.

BB. Leaflets coarsely and quite irregularly toothed, 3-5 (rarely 7)

in number 26. Negundo.

CO. Leaflets slender-lanceolate ; shrub or small tree with aro-
matic leaves and somewhat 4-sided branches 67. Vitex.

0 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

CO. Leaflets broader and serrate ; usually large trees. 23. JEsculus.
DD. Leaves with radiating ribs. (FF.)
DD. Leaves with feather-veining. (EE.)

EE. Leaves 2-6 in. long; flowers small, in large, dense, ter-
minal clusters 62. Syringa.

EE. Leaves 1-4 in. long; flowers in pairs 48. Lonicera.

FF. Leaves large, 6 in. or more long; two almost hidden buds,
one above the other, in the axils of the leaves on the rapid-
gro-wing branches; flowers large, purple, blooming in early

spring ; fruit rounded pods .64. Paulownia.

FF. Leaves large, 6 in. or more long; flowers large, white, bloom-
ing in June ; fruit long pods 65. Catalpa.

FF. Leaves 2-4 in. long, with red stems 3. Cerddiphyllum.

GG. Leaves scattered singly over the stem, not in bundles or

clusters. (JJ.)

GG. Leaves in large or small clusters. (HH. )
HH. Clusters in whorls of many leaves around the stem like an

umbrella 100. Sciadopitys.

HH. Leaves clustered in bundles of 2-6 93. Pinus.

HH. Leaves clustered in bundles of over 8. (II.)

II. Leaves deciduous, soft 97. Larix.

II. Leaves evergreen, rigid 98. Cedrus.

JJ. Leaves hardly evergreen; spray quite slender. (ZZ.)
JJ. Leaves fully evergreen. (KK.)
KK. Leaves awl or scale shaped, and mainly appressed to the

stem. (WW.)

KK. Leaves linear or needle shaped, and decidedly spreading
from the stem, though sometimes with a decurrent base.
(LL.)

LL. Leaves narrowed to a distinct though short stem. (RR.)
LL. Leaves sessile ; if narrowed, not so abruptly as to form a

petiole. (MM.)

MM. Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (PP.)
MM. Leaves rather spirally arranged around the stem, not just

opposite. (NN.)
NX. Leaves linear to lanceolate, flattened, spreading quite

squarely from the stem. (OO.)

NN. Leaves not flattened but 4-sided, curved, gradually enlarging
from the tips to the bases, which are decurrent, and on the
young twigs completely cover the stem ; cones rounded ; the

scales not lapping 105. Cryptomeria.

OO. Leaves aboxit linear in form, of nearly the same width
throughout, and usually fastened to the cylindrical stem by a
distinct disk-like base; cones erect ; scales lapping. 96. Abies.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES 61

OO. Leaves about 2 in. long and gradually widening from the
acute tips to the broad (% in.) bases, which are deeurrent

on the stem 99. Qunninghamia.

OO. Leaves }£-l in. long, sharp-pointed, very flat, two-ranked,
somewhat lanceolate in form ; base narrowed almost to a

petiole 102. Sequoia.

PP. Leaves not deeurrent, usually in whorls of three around the
stem, sometimes opposite, acute-pointed; fruit small (l/z in.),

rounded, dark-colored berries 106. Juniperus.

PP. Leaves deeurrent on the stem, less than yz in. long. (0,0,.)

0,0,. Fruit small, globular cones ; the scales not lapping

104. Chamsecyparis.

0,0,. Fruit small, elongated cones of few, lapping scales

.103. Tlmya.

RR. Leaves usually but little flattened, but jointed to a short,
brown petiole which is attached to a somewhat grooved

twig ; cones pendent, of lapping scales 94. Ficea.

B-R. Leaves decidedly flattened, not jointed, but narrowed to a

petiole which is usually green or greenish in color. (SS.)
SS. Leaves rounded or obtuse at the tip, .distinctly two-ranked,
usually less than 1 in. long; cones oval, 1 in. or less long,

of lapping scales 95. Tsuga.

SS. Leaves acute at the tip ; fruit (found only on a portion of
the plants, as the flowers are dioecious) drupe-like, with a
single nut-like seed. (TT. )

TT. Leaves not two-ranked, over 2 in. long 108. Podocarpus.

TT. Leaves quite regularly two-ranked. (UTT.)
UU. Leaves marked by two longitudinal lines; bruised or

burned leaves with a very disagreeable odor

(107». Torreya.)

UU. Leaves with the midrib forming a distinct ridge, odor not
disagreeable. (VV.)

W. Leaves usually less than an inch long 107. Taxus.

VV. Leaves usually more than an inch long

(107i>. CepJialotaxus.)

WW. Spray decidedly two-ranked, fan-like. (YY.)
WW. Spray branching in an irregular way, not two-ranked.
(XX.)

XX. Fruit a purplish berry; bark shreddy 106. Juniperus.

XX. Fruit a cone of thick, pointed, not lapping scales

102. Sequoia.

YY. Cones elongated, of lapping scales 103. Thuya.

YY. Cones globular, of peltate, valvate scales

104. Chamsecyparis.

62 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

ZZ. Leaves very broad at base, half clasping the stem and rapidly
narrowed to an acute tip ; hardly at all spreading from the

threadrlike twigs ; flowers pinkish, in spike-like clusters

6. Tamarix.

ZZ. Leaves more elongated, quite even in width, not clasping the
stem 101. Taxodium.

CLASS I. ANGIOSPfiRMJE.

Plants with a pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which
contains the ovules and forms the fruit.

ORDER I. MAGNOLlACE-ffi. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, mainly of tropical regions, including,
in our section, the three following genera:

GENUS 1. MAGNOLIA.

Trees and tall shrubs with alternate, thick, smooth, en-
tire leaves with deciduous stipules which form the bud-
scales, and are attached entirely around the stem, leaving
a ridge, as in Liriodendron.

Flowers very large (3 to 10 in. in diameter), usually
white, solitary.

Fruit a large cone from which the seeds, drupe-like,
usually red, hang out on long threads during the autumn.

* Blooming with or before the opening of the leaves. (A.)

A. Flowers entirely white 9, 10.

A. Flowers dark purple 11.

A. Flowers mixed purple and white. A large number of
hybrids from China and Japan.

* Blooming after the leaves expand. (B. )

B. Leaves evergreen, more than 8 in. long 1.

B. Leaves evergreen, not 6 in. long . . .2.

B. Leaves deciduous. (C.)

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

C. Leaves decidedly auriculate or cordate at the base. (D.)
D. Leaves very large (1 to 3 ft. long) 5.

D. Leaves smaller and much clustered at the tips of the
flowering branches 6.

C. Leaves not conspicuously cordate at base. (E.)

E. Leaves clustered at the tips of the flowering branches 7.
E. Leaves scattered along the branches. (F.)

F. Base of leaf abrupt 3, 4.

F. Base of leaf tapering. (G.)
G. Leaves quite large, about 1 ft. long; a very erect

growing tree 8.

G. Leaves smaller, medium thick, glossy above 2.

medium thin (5 to 10 in. long) . . .3.

1. Magnolia grandiflora, L. (LARGE-

FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. SOUTHE RN EVER-

GREEN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves evergreen,
thick, oval-oblong ; upper surface glossy,
under surface somewhat rusty. Flowers
large, 6 to 10 in. wide, white, fragrant.
In spring. Fruit oval, 3 to 4 in. long,
ripe in October. Seeds scarlet Splendid
evergreen tree (50 to 80 ft.) in the South-
ern States ; half hardy, and reduced to
a shrub (10 to 20 ft.) when cultivated in
the Middle States.

2. Magnolia glauca, L. (SWEET-BAY.
SWAMP-MAGNOLIA.) Leaves quite thick,

oblong-oval, obtuse, smooth and glossy
above, white or rusty pubescent beneath ;
evergreen in the Southern States. Leaf-
buds silky. Flowers globular, white, and
very fragrant. June to August. Fruit
about \VZ in. long, ripe in autumn. Shrub,
4 to 20 ft. high, in the swamps of the At-
lantic States from Massachusetts south-
id, giadca. ward. Slender tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, when
cultivated in good damp soil.

3. Magnolia acuminata, L. (CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves thin,
green above, paler beneath, oblong, usually pointed at both ends, 5
to 10 in. long. Leaf-buds silky. Flowers pale yellowish-green, 3 in.
wide, late in spring, Fruit irregular-oblong (2 to 3 in. long), rose-

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

acuminata.

colored when ripe, with a few hard,
bony, black seeds, coated with red
pulp, ripe in autumn. Large (50 to
90 ft.) noble forest tree, wild in west-
ern New York and southward. Wood
rather soft, yellowish-white, quite du-
rable, and extensively used for pump
logs. Occasionally cultivated ; fine
for avenues.

4. Magnolia cordata, Michx. (YEL-
LOW CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves broadly
ovate or oval, rarely cordate at base,
smooth above, white-downy beneath,
4 to 6 in. long. Flowers lemon-yellow
slightly streaked with red. June. Fruit nearly
3 in. long, red when ripe in autumn. A rather
small, broad-headed tree (20 to 50 ft.), wild in
the Southern States, but hardy as far north as
Boston ; not often cultivated. Probably an up-
land variety of the preceding.

5. Magnolia macrophylla, Michx. (GREAT-
LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) Leaves very large, some-
times 3 ft. long, crowded at the summit of the
branches, obovate-oblong, cordate at the nar-
rowed base, glaucous-white beneath,
green above ; twigs whitish pubescent.
Flowers very large (12 in. broad),
white with a purple spot near the
base ; fragrant. Fruit cylindrical, 4
in. long, deep rose-colored when ripe
in autumn. A medium-sized (30 to 40
ft.), spreading tree ; wild from Ken-
tucky south, hardy and cultivated as
far north as New York City.

6. Magnolia Fraseri, Walt. (EAE-
LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves
crowded at the ends of the flowering
branches, obovate or spatulate, au-
ra, macrophtfiia, riculate at base, smooth (1 ft. long).
Leaf-buds smooth. Flowers (6 in. wide) white, slightly scented.
April to May. Fruit 3 to 4 in. long, rose-colored, ripe in autumn.

G.I]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

65

Medium-sized, rather slender tree (30 to
50 ft.), with soft yellowish-white wood.
Virginia and southward. Hardy and ex-
tensively cultivated as far north as New
York City.

7. Magnolia umbr611a, Lam. (UM-
BRELLA TREE.) Leaves clustered at the
ends of the branches, obovate-lanceo-
late, pointed at both ends, 1 to 2 ft. long ;
downy beneath when young, but soon be-
coming smooth. Flowers white, 6 to 8
in. broad. May. Fruit oblong, 4 to 6 in.

loug,rather rose- I

colored when

ripe in autumn.

A small, rather

straggling tree,

20 to 40 ft. high ; common in the Southern

States, and wild as far north as New York

State ; cultivated throughout.

M. Fr&serl.

M. umbrella.

8. Magnolia
hypoleuca, S. &
Z. (JAPAN MAG-
NOLIA.) Leaves
large (1ft. long),
somewhat pur-
ple-tinted above,
white and glaucous beneath. Midrib and
leafstalk often red. Flowers cream-white,
fragrant, appearing after the leaves in
June. Twigs stout
and polished. A
medium-sized, very

erectly growing tree ; from Japan.

9. Magnolia conspicua, Salisb. (YuLAN OK
CHINESE WHITE MAGNOLIA.) Leaves decid-
uous, obovate, abruptly acuminate, pubescent
when young. Flowers large (4 in.), cream-
white, very fragrant, appearing very early
(May), before any of the leaves. Fruit rarely
formed, with few (1 to 3, rarely more) seeds

66

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

to a cone. Bark dark brown on the young branches ; terminal winter
buds over yz in. long. Small tree ( 10 to 30 ft. ) with spreading habit
and stout branches; very extensively cultivated for its abundant
early bloom ; from China.

10. Magnolia Kobus. (THURBER'S JA-
PAN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves similar to the pre-
ceding, but smaller. Flowers also similar,
but pure white. Fruit abundantly formed,
with several (2 to 12) seeds to the cone.
Bark green on the young growth ; terminal
winter-buds under yz in. long. Small tree
(15 to 40 ft.) with erect habit and slender
branches. A beautiful tree of recent intro-
duction from Japan.

11. Magnolia pu~-
purea, Sims. (PuR-

M. K6bus. PLE JAPAN MAGNO-

LIA.) Leaves obovate, pointed at both ends,
dark green. Flowers erect, of 3 sepals and 6
obovate, purple petals ; blooming about as the
leaves expand. A low tree, or usually merely
a shrub, from Japan ; often cultivated.

Besides the Magnolias here given, there are
quite a number of varieties and hybrids in cul-
tivation, from China and Japan, most of them blooming before the
leaves expand in spring.

GENUS 2. LIBIOD^NDBON.

Trees with alternate, deciduous, smooth, stipulate, 4-
lobed leaves, the stipules large, at-
tached entirely around the stein,
and leaving a ridge when they
drop off, as in the genus Magnolia.
Flowers tulip-shaped, large (3 in.),
greenish -yellow. May to June.
Fruit a pointed cone, 3 in. long,
hanging on the tree till autumn.

M. purpilrea.

I., tulipttera.

Liriod6ndron tulipifera, L. (TULIP-
TREE.) Leaves large, smooth on both

G.4] CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION 67

sides, somewhat 3-lobed, the end one seemingly cut off, leaving a
shallow notch ; stipules light-colored, large, oblong, attached all
around the stem, often remaining on through half the season. A
very large (80 to 150 ft. high), beautiful, rapidly growing tree, with
soft, straight-grained, greenish wood, of great use for inside work.
Southern New England and southward. Especially abundant and
large in the Western States. Also cultivated.

GENUS 3. CEBCIDIPHYLLUM.

Shrubs or trees with opposite, rarely subalternate,
simple, deciduous leaves. Fruit short-stemmed, with di-
vergent pods, 2-4 in number, splitting open on the outer
edges ; each one-celled, with one row of lapping, pendulous
seeds with membranous wings.

Cercidiphyllum Japonicum. (KAT-
SURA-TREE.) Leaves broadly heart-shaped,
palmately veined with 5- 7 ribs, and with
an apparently entire margin, dark green
above, somewhat glaucous beneath. Un-
der a magnifying glass the margin will
be found to have pellucid crenulations.
Leafstalk dark red and jointed above the
base, the veins somewhat red-tinted. A " a JaP6nicum.
beautiful, upright tree with birch-like, dotted, brown bark ; of recent
introduction from Japan, and probably completely hardy through-
out the region.

ORDER II.

A rather small order of mostly tropical trees or shrubs,
with alternate, simple leaves.

GENUS 4. IDilSIA.

Large trees with terminal and axillary panicles of very
small flowers and berries.

Idesia polyc&rpa, Hook. Leaves large, heart-shaped, serrate,
palmately veined with 5 ribs ; leafstalk very long, red, with two

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

glands near the base ; twigs also glandu-
lar ; berries very small ( J- inch), with many
seeds. A large tree recently introduced
from Japan, which may prove hardy from
Pennsylvania south, but is killed by the
climate of Massachusetts.

ORDER III. ANONACEJE.

(CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)
I. polycdrpa.

An order of tropical trees and shrubs except the fol-
lowing genus:

GENUS 5. ASfMINA.

Small trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, alternate,
entire, pinnately-veined leaves. Flowers large, dull pur-
plish, solitary in the axils of last year's leaves. Fruit a
large, oblong, several-seeded, pulpy berry.

Asimina triloba, Dunal. (COMMON
PAPAW.) Leaves large (8 to 12 in. long),
oblong-obovate, acuminate, thin, lapping
over each other in such a manner as to
give the plant a peculiar imbricated ap-
pearance. Flowers 1 in. broad, appear-
ing before the leaves. Fruit 3 in. long,
1}£ in. thick, yellowish, fragrant, about
8-seeded, ripe in the autumn. Small (10
to 20 ft. high), beautiful tree with dark-
brown twigs. All parts have a rank, fetid
smell. Wild in New York and southward
along streams ; cultivated.

ORDER IV. TAMABISClNE^.

A small order, consisting mostly of shrubs (from the
Old World) with minute leaves.

0.7]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

09

GENUS 6. TAMARIX.

Leaves simple, very small, alternate, clasping ; old ones
almost transparent at the apex. Flowers in spike-like pan-
icles, small, red, or pink, rarely white.

Tamarix Gallica, L. (FRENCH TAMA-
RISK.) Leaves very small, acute; spray
very slender, abundant. A sub-evergreen
shrub or small tree, 5 to 20 ft. high ; with
very small pinkish flowers, in spike-like
clusters, blooming from May to October. A
very beautiful and strange-looking plant,
which, rather sheltered by other trees, can
be successfully grown throughout.

ORDER V. TERNSTRCEMlACE^J.

(TEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY.)

An order of showy-flowered trees and shrubs of tropical
and subtropical regions, here represented by the following
genera :

GENUS 7. STUARTIA.

Shrubs or low trees with alternate, simple, exstipulate,
ovate, serrulate leaves, soft downy beneath. Flowers
large (2 in.), white to cream-color,
solitary and nearly sessile in the
axils of the leaves; blooming in
early summer. Fruit a 5-celled cap-
sule with few seeds j ripe in autumn.

1. Stuartia pentagyna, L'Her. (STU-
ARTIA.) Leaves thick, ovate, acuminate,
acute at base, obscurely mucronate, ser-
rate, finely pubescent, 3 to 4 in. long, one
half as wide. Flowers whitish cream-col-
ored, one petal much the smallest; sta-
s. pentfigyna. mens of the same color. Pod 5-angled.

70

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Handsome shrub or small tree (10 to 15 ft.), wild south in the moun-
tains, and hardy and cultivated as far north as New York City with-
out protection. In Massachusetts it needs some sheltered position.

2. Stuartia Virginica, Cav. (VIR-
GINIA STUARTIA.) Leaves elliptic-ovate,
acuminate at both ends, 2 in. long, 1 in.
wide, thin, serrate, silky pubescent be-
neath. Flowers white with purple fila-
ments and blue anthers. Pod globular
and blunt ; ripe in October. A beautiful
shrub rather than tree (8 to 12 ft.), wild
in Virginia and south ; hardy as far
north as Washington.

GENUS 8. GORDONIA.

Shrubs or small trees with alter-
s. virginica. nate, simple, feather- vein ed leaves.

Flowers large (3 to 4 in. wide), white, showy, solitary in
the axils of the leaves. Blooming in summer. Fruit a
dry, dehiscent, conical-pointed, 5-celled capsule with 10
to 30 seeds, ripe in the autumn.

1. Gordonia Lasianthus, L. (LOBLOLLY
BAY. ) Leaves thick, evergreen, lanceolate-ob-
long, minutely serrate, nearly sessile, smooth
and shining on both sides. The large, soli-
tary, sweet-scent-
ed, axillary flow-
ers on peduncles i
half as long as the

leaves. A large tree (30 to 70 ft. high)
in the south (wild in southern Virginia),
and cultivated as far north as central
Pennsylvania, without protection ; at St.
Louis and Boston it needs protection.
Wood of a reddish color, light and brittle.

2. Gordonia pubescens, L'Her. Leaves
thin, deciduous, obovate-oblong, sharply
serrate, white beneath. Flowers nearly
o. putescens. sessile. A small tree or shrub of the

G. Lasidnthus.

G. 10]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

71

south (30 ft. high in Georgia), hardy, and rarely cultivated as far
north as Philadelphia, or still farther north if slightly sheltered.

ORDER VI. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

A large family, mainly of herbs, found in tropical and
temperate regions. One cultivated species, almost a tree,
is included in this work.

GENUS 9. HIBf SOUS.

Herbs or shrubs ; one sometimes tree-like, with simple,
deciduous, alternate, stipulate, usually lobed leaves. Flow-
ers large, showy, 5-parted (Hollyhock-shaped), in late sum-
mer. Fruit a 5-celled, many-seeded
pod, ripe in autumn.

Hibiscus Syrlacus, L. (TREE HIBISCUS.)
The only woody and sometimes tree-like
species; has ovate, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed,
toothed leaves, and large (3 in.) white, purple,
red, or variegated flowers. Usually a shrub,
6 to 15 ft. high, often cultivated throughout ;
introduced from Syria. H. Syriacus.

ORDER VII. STERCULJACEJE.

Trees or shrubs (a fewareherbs),
with alternate leaves, and the sta-
mens united into a tube. A large
order of tropical plants.

GENUS 10. STERCtTLIA.

Leaves alternate, simple, usually
lobed ; ovaries more or less divided
into 5 carpels, each 2- to many-
lobed ; fruit when ripe forming a
star of 5 distinct pods.

8. platanifolia.

72

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

StercMia platanifolia, L. (CHINESE PARASOL.) Leaves large,
deciduous, alternate, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, deeply heart-shaped at
base, the margin entire, the lobes acute; smooth or slightly hairy;
leafstalk about as long as the blade. Flowers green, in axillary
panicles ; fruit star-shaped. A small, beautiful tree from China ;
probably not hardy north of Washington.

ORDER VIII. TILJACE-ZE. (LINDEN FAMILY.)

An order, mainly of trees, abundant in the tropics;
here represented by a single genus :

GENUS 11. TfLIA.

Trees with alternate, deciduous, obliquely heart-shaped,
serrate leaves, about as broad as long. Leaves two-ranked
on the stem. Flowers small, cream-colored, fragrant, in
clusters on a peculiar, oblong, leaf -like bract. Fruit small
($ in.), globular, woody, in clusters from the same bract.
Wood white and soft ; inner bark very fibrous and tough.

* Flowers with petal-like scales among the stamens ; American

species. (A.)

A. Leaves very large, 6 to 8 in 3.

A. Leaves medium, 4 to 6 in 1.

A. Leaves small, 2 to 3 in 2.

* Flowers with no petal-like scales among the stamens 4.

1. Tilia Americana, L. (BASSWOOD.
WHITEWOOD. LINDEN.) Leaves large,
4 to 6 in. long, green and smooth, or very
nearly so, thickish. Fruit ovoid, some-
what ribbed, % in. broad, greenish when
ripe in October, on a bract which is usu-
ally tapering to the
base. Tall tree, 60
to 80 ft. high, wild in
rich woods and often
^( cultivated.

T. AniericAua. V

2. Tilia pub6scens, Ait. (SMALL-LEAVED
BASSWOOD.) Leaves smaller, 2 to 3 in. long,

0. 12]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

73

thinner and rather pubescent beneath. Fruit globose, £ in. broad,
on a bract usually quite rounded at base.

This is usually considered as a variety of the last-named species.
It is found from New York south and west.

3. Tilia heteroph^lla, Vent. (WHITE
BASSWOOD.) Leaves large, often 8 in.
broad, smooth and bright green above,
silvery white and downy beneath, with
darker, purplish veins. A large tree ;
wild in Pennsylvania, west and south, and
often cultivated.

T. heteroph^lla,

4. Tilia Europe&a, Mill. (EUROPEAN LINDEN.)
Leaves twice as long as the petioles, and smooth ex-
cept a woolly tuft in the axils of the veins beneath.
Small and large leaved varieties are in ciiltivation.
The flowers have no petal-like scales among the
stamens, while the American species have. An orna-
mental tree with dense foliage; often cultivated from
Europe. The twigs are more numerous and more slender than
those of the American species. Nearly a score of named varieties
are in cultivation. Var. ladniata has deeply cut and twisted leaves.

ORDER IX. RTJTACE^J. (Rus FAMILY.)

Shrubs and trees, rarely herbs, in most cases with
transparent -dotted, heavy- scented foliage. A rather
large order in warm climates.

GENUS 12. XANTHOXYLUM.

Shrubs or trees with mostly odd-
pinnate, alternate leaves. The stem
and often the leaflets prickly j flow-
ers small, greenish or whitish ; fruit
dry, thick pods, with 1 to 2 seeds.

1. Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill.
(NORTHERN PRICKLY-ASH. TOOTHACHE-
TREE.) Leaves and flowers in sessile,
axillary, umbellate clusters ; leaflets 5 to

74

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

X. Cliva Hercules.

9, ovate-oblong, downy when young.
Flowers appear before the leaves. Shrub,
scarcely at all tree-like, with bark, leaves,
and pods very pungent and aromatic.
Common north, and sometimes culti-
vated.

2. Xanthoxylum Clava H6rcules, L.
(SOUTHERN PRICKLY-ASH.) Leaflets 7
to 17, ovate to ovate-oblong, oblique at
base, shining above. Flowers appear
after the leaves. A small tree with very
sharp prickles. Sandy coast of Virginia
and southward; occasionally cultivated
in the north.

GENUS 13. PTELEA.

Shrub with compound leaves of three leaflets, greenish,
white flowers in terminal cymes,
and 2-seeded fruit with a broad-
winged margin, somewhat like the
Elm, only larger.

Ptelea trifoliata, L. (HOP-TREE.
SHRUBBY TREFOIL.) Leaflets ovate,
pointed, downy when young. Flowers
with a disagreeable odor; fruit bitter,
somewhat like hops. A tall shrub, often,
when cultivated, trimmed into a tree-like
form. Wild, in rocky places, in southern
New York and southward.

GENUS 14. PHELLODENDRON.

Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate. Flowers dioscious; so
only a portion of the trees bear the small, odoriferous,
5-seeded, drupe-like fruit.

Phellod6ndron Amur6nse. (CHINESE CORK-TREE.) Leaves op-
posite, odd-pinnate, l!o to 3ft. long; leaflets 9 to many, lanceolate,

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

75

sharply serrate, long-acuminate. Flow-
ers inconspicuous, dioecious, in loose-
spreading clusters at the ends' of the
branches. The pistillate flowers form
small, black, pea-shaped fruit, in loose,
grape-like clusters, thickly covered with
glands containing a bitter, aromatic oil,
and remaining on the tree in winter. Me-
dium-sized tree (20 to 40 ft.), with Aflan-
thus-like leaves which turn bright red in
autumn, and remain long on the tree.
Hardy as far north as central Massa-
chusetts.

P. Amur£nse.

ORDER X. MELlACE-ffi. (MELIA FAMILY.)

.Tropical trees, including the Mahogany; represented
in the south by the following :

GENUS 15. M^LIA.

Trees with alternate, bipinnate leaves. The flowers
are conspicuous and beautiful, in large panicles, in the
spring. Fruit in large clusters of berry-like drupes, with
a 5-celled stone.

Melia Az6darach, L. (CHINA-TREE.
PRIDE OP INDIA.) Leaves very large,
doubly pinnate, with many obliquely
lance-ovate, acuminate, smooth, serrate
leaflets. Flowers small, lilac-colored, de-
liciously fragrant, in large axillary clus-
ters. Fruit globular, as large as cherries,
yellow when ripe in autumn ; hanging on
through the winter. A rather small (20
to 40 ft. high), rapidly growing, round-
headed, popular shade-tree in the south,
and hardy as far north as Virginia. In-
troduced from Persia.

M. Az6darach.

76 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

GENUS 16. CEDRELA.

Leaves large, altern'ate, deciduous, odd-pinnate. Flow-
ers with separate petals, fragrant, white, in large clusters.
Fruit 5-celled dehiscent pods, with
many pendulous, winged seeds.

Cedr61a Sin6nsis. (CHINESE CEDRE-
LA.) Leaves large, odd-pinnate, alter-
nate, appearing much like those of the
Ailanthus, but with slight serrations near
the tips of the leaflets, and no glands near
the base. Bruised leaves with a strong
odor; footstalk and stout-tipped branches
with glands. Large tree, seemingly hardy
in New Jersey, but dies to the ground in
winter in Massachusetts. Recently in-
troduced from China.

ORDER XI. SIMARUBACE-ffi. (QUASSIA FAMILY.)

Eastern trees and shrubs, here represented by a single
tree:

GENUS 17. AILANTHUS.

Large trees to shrubs, with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves.
Flowers small, greenish, in large
terminal panicles. Fruit broadly'
winged, like the Ash, but with the
seed in the center.

Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. (TREE
OF HEAVEN.) Leaves very large, 2 to 5
ft. long on the younger growths ; leaflets
obliquely lanceolate, coarsely toothed at
the base, with a gland on the lower side
at the point of each tooth ; point of leaf-
lets entire. Young twigs thick, rusty
brown ; buds very small in the axils.
Only some of the trees have fruit, as

G. 18]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

77

some have only staminate flowers. The statninate flowers are very
ill-scented. A rapid-growing tree, with useful hard wood ; cultivated
and naturalized ; hardy throughout. See page 10.

ORDER XII.

. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

A small order of trees and shrubs, including for our
purpose only one genus:

GENUS 18. ILEX.

Trees oj* shrubs with simple, alternate, thick, mostly
evergreen leaves. Flowers rather inconspicuous, mostly
in clusters. Fruit berry-like, small (J to \ in.), with 4 to
6 nutlets ; hanging on the plants late in the autumn or
through the winter.

Leaves evergreen. (A. )
A. Leaves with spiny teeth .

A. No spiny teeth

Leaves deciduous . .

1. ilex opaca, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.)
Leaves evergreen, oval, acute, thick, smooth,
with scattered spiny teeth. Flowers white ;
May. The bright-red berries, found only on some
of the trees, remain on through the greater part
of the winter. Small
tree, 15 to 40 ft. high,

f 1 1 i i y., i with very hard white wood ; wild in south-

I-USB? ^r/t ern New England and southward. A beau-

tiful broad-leaved, evergreen tree which
should be more extensively cultivated.
North of latitude 41° it needs a protected
situation.

2. Ilex Dahoon, Walt. (DAHOON HOL-
LY.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, evergreen,
oblanceolate or oblong, entii'e or sharply
serrate toward the apex, with revolute
margins, not spiny. Young branches and

78

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

lower surface of the leaves, especially on the midrib, pubescent.
Small tree, 10 to 30 ft. high ; Virginia and south, with very hard,
white, close-grained wood. Karely cultivated.

3. Ilex monticola, Gray. Leaves de-
ciduous, ovate to lance-oblong, 3 to 5 in.
long, taper-pointed, thin, smooth, sharply
serrate. Fruit red, on short stems, with
the seeds many-ribbed on the back. Usu-
ally a shrub but sometimes tree-like;
damp woods in the Catskills and in the
Alleghany Mountains.

ORDER XIII. CELASTRACE^E.

Shrubs with simple leaves and small, regular flowers,
forming a fruit with ariled seeds.

GENUS 19. EUONYMUS.

Shrubs somewhat tree-like, with 4-sided branchlets, op-
posite, serrate leaves, and loose cymes of angular fruit
which bursts open in the autumn.

1. Eu6nymus atropurpureus, Jacq.
(BURNING-BUSH. WAHOO.) Leaves peti-
oled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the
dark-purple flowers commonly in fours;
pods smooth, deeply lobed, when ripe, cin-
namon in color and very ornamental. Tall
shrub, 6 to 20 ft. high ; wild in Wiscon-
sin to New York,
and southward ;
often cultivated.

E. atropurpureus.

E. Europteus.

2. Eu6nymus Europs&us, L. (EURO-
PEAN SPINDLE-TREE OR BURNING-BUSH.)
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth;
flowers and fruit commonly in threes on
compressed stems ; fruit usually 4-lobed, the
lobes acute; flowers greenish- white ; May;
fruit abundant, scarlet, ripe in September.

G20]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

79

Generally a shrub, though sometimes tall enough (4 to 20 ft.) and
trimmed so as to appear tree-like ; twigs smooth, green or reddish-
green. Extensively cultivated; from Europe. Euonymous Japonica
(Chinese Box) with evergreen leaves 2 in. long is often cultivated.

ORDER XIV. RHAMNACE-ffi.

(BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

An order mainly of shrubs, but including in the north-
eastern United States two or three small trees.

GENUS 20. RHAMNTJS.

Shrubs or small trees with deciduous (rarely evergreen),
usually alternate (rarely opposite),pinnately veined leaves.
Flowers small, 4-parted, inconspicuous, in clusters in the
axils of the leaves. Fruit berry-like, with 2 to 4 seed-
like nuts.

* Branches terminating in thorns 1.

* Plant without thorns. (A.)

A. Leaves deciduous 2.

A. Leaves evergreen 3.

1. Rh&mnus cathartica, L. (COMMON
BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovate, minutely ser-
rate, alternate or many of them oppo-
site; branchlets
terminating in
thorns. Flowers
greenish. Fruit
globular, ^ in. in
diameter, black
with a green
juice, and 3 or

4 seeds ; ripe in September. A shrub or
small tree, 10 to 15 ft. high, from Europe ;
cultivated for hedges, and found wild in
a few places, where it forms a small tree.

R. cathartica.

B. Carolini&n£

2. Rhamnus Caroliniana,Walt. (CAR-
OLINA BUCKTHORN.) Leaves 3' to 5 in.

80

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

long, alternate, oblong, wavy and obscurely serrulate, nearly'smooth,
on slender pubescent petioles. Flowers greenish, 5-parted, solitary
or in umbellate clusters in the axils. Fruit berry-like, globular,
the size of peas, 3-seeded, black when ripe in September. A thorn-
less shrub or small tree, 5 to 20 ft. high. New Jersey, south and

west. Usually a shrub except in the

Southern States.

3. Rh£innus Californicus,Esch. (CAL-
IFORNIA BUCKTHORN.) Leaves evergreen,
oval-oblong to elliptical, 1 to 4 in. long,
rather obtuse, sometimes acute, generally
rounded at base, serrulate or entire. Fruit
blackish purple, with thin pulp, % in., 2-
to 3-seeded. A spreading shrub, 5 to 18 ft.
B. Caiii&rnicus. high> without thorns ; from California.

GENUS 21. HOViJNIA.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, oblique at base.
Fruit an obscurely 3-lobed, 3 -celled, 3-seeded pod in
dichotomous clusters, both axillary and terminal.

HovSnia dtilcis, Thunb. Leaves long-
petioled, more or less ovate to cordate,
serrate, palmately 3-ribbed, much darker
on the upper surface ; both sides slightly
roughened with scattered hairs. Fruit
sweet, edible, in clusters in the axils of
the leaves ; seeds lens-shaped, with a ridge
on the inner side. Flowers white ; in July.
A large, broad-topped tree, introduced
from Japan. Hardy at Washington, but dies to the ground in the
Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts.

GENUS 22. ZIZYPHTJft.

Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, 3-ribbed. Flowers
axillary, 5-petaled. Fruit fleshy, drupe-like, containing
a 1- to 2-celled nut.

Zlzyphus vulgaris, Lam. ( JUJUBE.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, serrate, smooth, and glossy green on both sides, upper side

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

81

quite dark ; slightly hairy beneath on
the veins ; prickles twin, one recurved,
sometimes none. New growth of the
year green, and resembling a once-pin-
nate compound leaf and usually drop-
ping off in the autumn like one. Leaves
10 to 20 on a twig, 2-ranked; flowers
and drupes nearly sessile in the axils;
fruit small (V± in.), blood-red when ripe.
A small tree (10 to 30 ft. high), of recent
introduction from Syria ; hardy at Phila-
delphia, but needing some protection at
the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts.

ORDER XV. SAPINDACE-ffi. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

A large order represented in all countries, and so
varied in its characteristics as to form several sub-orders.

GENUS 23. JESCULUS.

Deciduous trees or sometimes shrubs, with opposite,
palmately compound leaves with serrated, straight- veined
leaflets. Flowers usually conspicuous in dense terminal
panicles. Fruit large, leathery-coated, often rough, with
one or few large Chestnut-like but bitter seeds. Fruit
large in midsummer, hanging on the tree until frost.

* Fruit prickly. (A.)

A. Leaflets usually 7 ; flowers widely spreading 1.

A. Leaflets 5-7, red-spotted and rough ; flowers rosy red

Msculus rubicunda (1).

A. Leaflets usually 5 ; flowers not much spreading 2.

* Fruit smooth or nearly so. (B.)

B. Flowers bright red 3.

B. Flowers yellow, purplish or pinkish 4.

B. Flowers white, in long, slender, erect clusters 5.

1. JEsculus Hippoc&stanum. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.)
Leaves of 7 obovate, abruptly pointed, serrated leaflets. Flowers

fi

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

JE. Hippocdstanum.

very showy in large clusters, with 5 white,
purple and yellow spotted, broadly spread-
ing petals. A variety with double flowers
is in cultivation. May or June. Fruit
large, covered with prickles. Seeds large,
chestnut-colored. Tree of large size, with
brown twigs ; cultivated everywhere ;
from Asia.

^Esculus rubicunda (Red-flowering
Horse-chestnut) is frequent in cultiva-
tion; leaflets 5 to 7, red-spotted and rough;
flowers rosy red. It is probably a hybrid
between the common Horse-chestnut and
one of the Buckeyes.

2. <ffisculus glabra, Willd. (Onio
BUCKEYE. ) Leaves with 5 oval-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, smooth leaflets.
Flowers not showy, yellowish-white,
with 4 somewhat irregular, slightly
spreading petals. June. Fruit small,
1 in. in diame-
ter, covered with
prickles, at least
when young ; ripe
• in autumn. Small
to large tree, wild
in the basin of the
Ohio River, along
river-banks. Some-
times cultivated.

JE. rubicunda.

3. JEsculus Pavia, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Leaves of 5 to 7 oblong-
lanceolate, finely serrate, generally smooth leaflets, of a shining

green color, with purple veins and petioles.
Flowers (corolla and calyx) bright red, with
included stamens ; corolla of 4 petals, not
spreading ; calyx tubular. Fruit smooth, ob-
long-obovate, 1 in. long. Small tree or shrub,
10 to 20 ft. high, with purple twigs. Virginia
west and south, and occasionally cultivated
throughout.

4. JEsculus flava, Ait. ( SWEET BUCKEYE.) Leaves with 5 to 7
serrulate, elliptical, acuminate leaflets, usually smooth, sometimes

G.24]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

83

minutely pubescent beneath ; the pubes-
cent petiole flattish toward the base.
Flowers yellow, not spreading. Spring.
Fruit globose, uneven but not prickly,
2 in. in diameter. Seeds large (1 in.), 1 or
2 in number, mahogany-colored ; ripe in
autumn. Often a large tree, sometimes
only a shrub, 6 to 70 ft. high, in rich woods ;
Virginia to Indiana, and southward. Cul-
tivated oc-
casionally
throughout.

JE. parviflora.

Var. purpurascens of this species has
flesh-colored or dull-purple flowers, and
leaflets quite downy beneath.

5. -2E.scu.lus parviflora, Walt.
(LoNG-EACEMED BUCKEYE.) Leaflets
5 to 7, ovate, acuminate, serrate, vel-
vety with hairs beneath. Flowers
white, in long, slender, erect clusters ;
July; petals 4, spreading; stamens very
long. A beautiful, widely spreading
shrub, 5 to 18 ft. high ; from the South-
ern States ; often cultivated. Probably
hardy throughout.

GENUS 24. KCELREUTijRIA.

A small tree with alternate, once to twice irregularly
pinnate leaves with many coarsely toothed leaflets. Flow-
ers conspicuous, yellow, in terminal panicles. In summer.
Fruit rounded, bladdery, 3-celled,
few-deeded pods ; ripe in autumn.

KoelreutSria paniculata, Laxm. Leaf-
lets thin and very irregularly toothed.
Clusters 6 to 12 in. long, of many ir-
regular flowers, yz in. wide ; through
the summer. Fruit an ovate, bladdery
capsule, ripening in autumn. A fine,
small, round-headed tree, 20 to 40 ft.
high ; from China. Probably hardy
throughout. K. paniculata.

84 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

•j GENUS 25. ACER.

Trees, or rarely shrubs, with simple, opposite, and almost
always palmately lobed leaves, which, in our species, are
always deciduous. Flowers small and usually dull-colored,
in clusters. Fruit double-winged and 2-seeded, in some
species hanging on the tree till the leaves have fallen ;
in others dropping off early in the spring. The species
differ much in the spreading of. the wings of the fruit.
Wood light-colored and medium hard ; bark rather
smoothish, but in large trees with longitudinal cracks.

* Leaves slightly or not lobed 13.

* Leaves about 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed); shrubs or small trees.
(A.)

A. Leaves serrate 1,2.

A. Leaves somewhat sinuate, not at all serrate; juice milky. 10.

* Leaves 5-, rarely 3-lobed. (B.)

B. The lobes acute, irregularly but quite fully serrate; juice not
milky. (C.)

C. The fruit in corymbs, dropping early; American species.

(D.)
D. Leaf -notches somewhat rounded; tree large; limbs

drooping on old trees 3.

D. Leaf -notches acute ; tree small . 4.

C. Fruit in hanging racemes, remaining on the tree till au-
tumn ; leaves thickish 5.

B. The lobes acute ; sparingly or not at all serrate. (E.)

E. Juice not milky 6.

E. Juice milky at the bases of the leaves 8, 9.

B. The lobes obtuse and sinuate 10.

* Leaves 5- to 7-lobed. (F.)

F. Lobes fully serrate ..11.

F. Lobes sparingly serrate. (G.)

G. Juice milky 8, 9.

G. Juice not milky ; leaves 8 to 10 in. broad 7.

F. Lobes somewhat sinuate, not serrate ; juice milky 10.

* Leaves with 7 or more lobes 11, 12.

1. Acer spic&tum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) Leaves with 3
(rarely 5) coarsely serrated, taper-pointed lobes, with slightly cor-
date base; downy beneath. Flowers greenish-yellow, in erect,

0.25]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

85

slender racemes or panicles, blooming in
June. Wings of the small fruit at about
a right angle . Small tree, 6 to 10 ft. high,
or usually a shrub, with brown twigs.
Native ; growing in moist woods ; rarely
cultivated.

2. AcerPennsylv&nicum,L. (STRIPED
MAPLE.) Leaves large, thin, 3-lobed at
the end, cordate at base, finely and
sharply doubly serrate. Flowers green-
ish, in drooping, elongated, loose racemes
appearing after the leaves in spring.

\ Fruit with large diverging wings. A

small, slender tree, with light green bark
striped with dark red. Wild throughout
and cultivated.

A. Pennsylvfinioum.

3. Acer dasyc&rpum, Ehrh. (SILVER
OK WHITE MAPLE.) Leaves large, trun-
cated at ' base, 5-lobed, with blunt
notches, the lobes irregularly serrated
and notched, silvery white, and, when
young, downy beneath. Flowers light
yellowish-purple, preceding the leaves,
in crowded umbels along the branches.
Wings of fruit large and forming about a
right angle ; ripe early in June. A rather
large, rapidly growing, and usually some-
what weeping tree, with soft white wood.
Special cut-leaved and weeping varie-
ties are sold at the nurseries. Wild along
river-banks, and extensively cultivated in
the streets of cities.

4. Acer rubrum,
L. (RED MAPLE.)
Leaves cordate at
base and cleft into
3 to 5 acute-notched, irregularly toothed lobes,
whitish beneath, turning a bright crimson in
early autumn. Flowers usually scarlet, rarely
yellowish, in close clusters along the branches,
appearing before the leaves in the spring.

A. dasycarpum.

86

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Fruit often reddish, small, with the wings at about. a right angle.
A rather small, somewhat spreading tree with reddish branches;
wild in wet places and often cultivated.

5. Acer Pseudoplatanus, L. (SYCA-
MORE-MAPLE.) Leaves thiekish, cordate,
downy beneath, with 5 rather crenately
toothed lobes, on long, often reddish
petioles. Flowers in long pendulous
racemes, appearing after the leaves.
Fruit hanging on the tree till after the
leaves fall in the autumn, the wings
forming about a right angle. A rather
large, spreading tree, 30 to 80 ft. high,
with reddish-brown twigs. Cultivated ;
from Europe. Many varieties of this
species are sold by the nurserymen ;
among them may be mentioned the Pur-

A. Pseudopl&tanus.

pie-leaved, Golden-leaved, Silver-leaved, Tricolored, etc.

6. Acer saccharinum, Wang. (Str-
GAR OR ROCK MAPLE.) Leaves deeply
3- to 5-lobed, with rounded notches;
lobes acute, few-toothed ; base heart-
shaped, smooth above, glaucous be-
neath. Flowers hanging in umbel-like
clusters at the time the leaves are ex-
panding in the spring. Fruit with wings
not quite forming a right angle. A
large (50 to 100 ft. high), very symmet-
rical tree, ovate in form ,with whitish-
brown twigs. Wild throughout, and
extensively cultivated in the streets of

Cities. *• saccharinum.

Var. nigrum, Torr. and Gray. (Black Sugar-maple. ) Leaves scarcely
paler beneath, but often minutely downy ; lobes wider, often shorter
and entire; notch at the base often closed (the under leaf in the
figure). Found with the-other Sugar-maple, and quite variable.

7. Acer macroph^llum, Ph. (LARGE-LEAVED OR CALIFORNIA
MAPLE.) Leaves very large, 8 to 10 in. broad ; 5-, sometimes 7-lobed,
with deep, rounded notches ; lobes themselves somewhat 3-lobed and
repand-notched ; pubescentbeneath. Flowers yellow, in erect panicles,
fragrant, blooming after the leaves are expanded. Fruit large, with

G.25]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

87

the seeded portion hairy; wings at
about a right angle. Tree very large
(100ft. high) ; wood soft, whitish, beau-
tifully veined. Twigs brown ; buds
green. Cultivated ; from the Pacific
coast, but not hardy north of 40° N.
latitude.

8. Acer platanoides, L. (NORWAY

MAPLE.) Leaves large, smooth, 5-,

rarely 7-cleft,with cordate base ; lobes

acute, with few coarse, sharp teeth,

bright green both sides. The leaves A. macrophf num.

resemble those of the Sycamore (Plata-
nus). Flowers a little later than the
leaves in spring, in stalked corymbs, less
drooping than the Sugar-maple (No. 6).
Fruit with wings diverging in a straight
line. A medium-sized, broad, rounded
tree with brown twigs and milky juice,
best seen at the bases of the young leaves.
Cultivated throughout.

9. AcerLs&tum. (COLCHICUM-LEAVED
MAPLE.) Leaves 5- to 7-lobed. scarcely
heart-shaped at base, smooth and green
on both sides; juice milky; the lobes
A. platanoides. usually without any notches or irregu-

larities, sometimes with about three
winding sinuations. Flowers in erect
corymbs. Differs from Acer platanoides
in having the lobes of the leaves more
nearly entire, and the fruitmuch smaller
with wings not so broadly spreading.

10. Acer camp6stre, L. (ENGLISH
OR CORK-BARK MAPLE.) Leaves cor-
date, with usually 5
roundish lobes, spar-
ingly crenate or ra-
ther undulated ; juice
milky. Racemes of
flowers erect, appear-
A. camp^stre. ing after the leaves in

spring.

A. L&etum.

Wings of the fruit

88

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

broadly spreading; fruit ripening very late. Alow (15 to 30 ft. high),
round-headed tree, with the twigs and smaller branches covered
with corky bark. Occasionally cultivated ; from Europe.
Var. variegatum has white blotched leaves.

11. Acer palmatum, Thunb. (PALMATE-LEAVED
JAPAN MAPLE.) Leaves small, smooth, palmately
parted into 5 to 9 quite regularly serrated lobes.
Flowers in small umbels. A very low tree, almost
a shrub ; cultivated ; from Japan ; probably hardy
( throughout. There are a great number of Japan
A. paim&tum. 'Maples, many of them probably varieties of this
species, others hybrids. The leaves of some are so divided and dis-
sected as to form merely a fringe or feather. In color they range
from pure green to the richest reds.

12. Acer circinatum, Pursh. (ROUND-LEAVED
OR VINE MAPLE.) Leaves orbicular, with 7 to ,
11 serrated, acute lobes, a heart-shaped base,
reddish-green color, and both surfaces smooth.
Corymbs of pui-plish flowers, small and hanging
on long peduncles ; appearing after the leaves.
Wings of the fruit diverging in a straight line.
A small tree or tall shrub, 10 to 30 ft. high, of
spreading habit, with smooth bark, and pale brown twigs; cultivated;
from the Pacific coast of North America.

13. Acer Tartaricum, L. (TARTARIAN
MAPLE.) Leaves ovate, slightly cordate,
rarely lobed, serrated, light-colored, expand-
ing very early in the spring. Panicle of
greenish -yellow flowers erect, blooming
after the leaves have expanded. Wings of
the fruit parallel or sometimes touching. A
small tree, sometimes shrubby in growth, of
irregular form, with brown twigs ; rarely cul-
tivated ; from Europe.

GENUS 26. NEGtJNDO.

A. Tartdricum.

Leaves pinnate, of 3 to 5 leaflets. Flowers rather
inconspicuous. Fruit a two-winged key as in Acer, in
drooping racemes.

G.27] CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION 89

Negundo aceroldes, Moench. (ASH-
LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER.) Leaves
pinnate, of 3 to 5 (rai'ely 7) coarsely and
sparingly toothed leaflets. Flowers stam-
inate and pistillate on separate trees, in
drooping clusters rather earlier than the
leaves. Fruit on only a portion of the
trees; wings forming less than a right
angle. A rather small (30 to 60 ft. high),
rapidly growing tree, with light pea-green
twigs ; wild from Pennsylvania and south,
and cultivated throughout.

Var. CaUfornicum, Torr. and Gray (the N- aoenddes.

under drawing in the figure), has leaflets more deeply cut, thicker,
and quite hairy; it is occasionally cultivated.

ORDER XVI. ANACAK.DlACE.a3.

(CASHEW FAMILY.)

Trees and shrubs, mainly of the tropical regions, here
represented by only one genus :

GENUS 27. RHfJS.

Low trees or shrubs with acrid, often poisonous, usu-
ally milky juice, and dotless, alternate, usually pinnately
compound leaves. Flowers greenish -white or yellowish,
in large terminal panicles. Fruit small (}fa in.), indehis-
cent, dry drupes in large clusters, generally remaining
on through the autumn.

* Leaves simple, rounded, entire 6, 7.

* Leaves once-pinnate. (A. )

A. Twigs very hairy; rachis not winged; leaflets 11 to 31. . . .1.
A. Twigs downy; rachis wing-margined; leaflets entire or

nearly so 3.

A. Twigs smooth. (B.)

B. Rachis of leaf broadly winged; leaflets serrate 5.

B. Raehis not winged. (0.)

C. Leaflets 11 to 31, serrate ; fruit hairy 2.

C. Leaflets 7 to 13, entire; fruit smooth; poisonous 4.

* Leaves twice-pinnate ; variety under 2.

90

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

R. ttfphina.

1. Rhtis typhina, L. (STAG-HORN SU-
MAC.) Leaflets 11 to 31, oblong-lanceo-
late, pointed, serrate (rarely laciniate),
pale beneath. Branches and footstalks
densely hairy. Fruit globular, in large,
dense, erect panicles, covered with crim-
son hairs. Shrub or tree, 10 to 30 ft.
high. It is very common along fences
and on hillsides. The wood is orange-
colored and brittle.

2. Rhus glabra, L. (SMOOTH SU-
MAC.) Leaflets 11 to 31, lanceolate-
oblong, pointed, serrate, smooth, glau-
cous white beneath. Branches not
hairy. Fruit globular, in a rather open,
spreading cluster, covered densely with
crimson hairs. A shrubby plant, 2 to
12 ft. high, found quite abundantly in
rocky or barren soil throughout.

Var. laciniata is frequently planted
for ornament. It has very irregularly
twice-pinnate leaves drooping grace-
fully from the branches.

3. B-htis copallina, L. (DWARF MOUN-
TAIN SUMAC.) Branches and stalks downy ;
leafstalk wing-margined between the 9 to
21 oblong-lanceolate, usually entire leaf-
lets, which are oblique at base and smooth
and shining above. Wild in rocky hills
throughout; often cultivated. North, a
beautiful shrub ;
south, a tree. 2
to 25 ft. high.

4. Rhtis ve-
nenata, DC.

(POISON-SUMAC.
B-lacinlita. PoiSON-DOG-

WOOD. POISON-ELDER.) Leaflets 7 to 13,
obovate-oblong, entire, abruptly pointed,
smooth or nearly so. Fruit small, globu-
lar, smooth, dun-colored, in loose axillary

R, copalli

G. 27]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

91

panicles hanging on late in winter; the
stone striate. This is a very poisonous
species (to the touch), 6 to 18 ft. high,
growing in swamps. Rarely at all tree-
like.

5. Bhtis Osb6ckii, DC. (CHINESE SU-
MAC.) Leaves very large, pinnate, assum-
ing in autumn a rich reddish-fawn or
orange color ; the leafstalk broadly winged
between the leaflets ; leaflets serrate. A
small ornamental tree, 10 to 25 ft. high ;
cultivated ; from China ; quite hardy in
the Northern States.

R. C6tinus.

6. Bhus C6tinus, L. (SMOKE-TREE.
VENETIAN SUMAC.) Leaves smooth, obo-
vate, entire, on slender petioles. Flowers
greenish, minute,
in terminal or
axillary pani-
cles. Fruit sel-
dom found. Usu-
ally most of the
flowers are abor-
tive, while their
pedicels lengthen,

branch, and form long feather-like hairs,
making large cloud-like branches that
look somewhat like smoke (whence the

name). A shrub or small tree, 6 to 10

ft. high, often planted for ornament ;

from Europe.

7. Rhus cotinoldes, Nutt. (AMERI-
CAN SMOKE-TREE.) Leaves thin, oval,
obtuse, entire, acute at base, 3 to 6 in.
long, smooth or nearly so. Flowers and
fruit like those of the cultivated species
(Rhus Cotitms). A tree 20 to 40 ft. high ;
stem sometimes a foot or more in diame-
ter in the Southern States ; wild in Ten-
nessee, west and south. Rare in culti-
vation. R. cotinoides.

K. Osteckii.

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

ORDER XVII. LEGUMINOS-ffi. (PULSE FAMILY.)

A very large order of plants, mainly herbaceous ; found
in all climates. A few are shrubby, and others are from
small to large trees.

GENUS 28. LABURNUM.

Low trees or shrubs with alternate, palmate leaves of
three leaflets. Flowers conspicuous, pea-blossom-shaped,
in long hanging racemes, in late spring. Fruit pea-pod-
shaped, dark brown, and many-seeded ; ripe in autumn.

Laburnum vulgare. (LABURNUM.
GOLDEN -CHAIN. BEAN-TREFOIL TREE.)
Leaves petiolate, with 3 ovate-lanceolate
leaflets, pubescent beneath. Flowers
bright yellow, nearly 1 in. long, in long
(1 ft.), pendulous, simple racemes ; in late
spring. Pods 2 in. long, linear, many-
seeded, covered with closely appressed
pubescence ; one edge thick ; ripe in au-
tumn. A low, very ornamental tree, 10
to 20 ft. high, often cultivated ; from Swit-
zerland. Varieties with reddish, purple,
and white flowers are also in cultivation.

Var. alpinus has smooth pods.

GENUS 29. CARAGANA.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, abruptly once-pinnate;
leaflets mucronate; stipules usually spinescent. Flowers
pea-flower-shaped, mostly yellow. Trees or shrubs of Asia.

Caragana arbor&scens, Larn. (PEA-TREE.)
Leaves with 4 to 6 pairs of oval-oblong,
mucronate-pointed, hairy leaflets ; petioles
unarmed ; stipules spinescent. Flowers yel-
low, blooming in May. Pods brown, ripe in
August. A low, stiff, erect tree, 10 to 15 ft.
high ; in poor soil a bush. From Siberia; fre-
quent in cultivation.

C. arbor^scens.

O. 31]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

93

GENUS 30. CLADBASTIS.

Small tree with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, the base
of the petiole hollow, and inclosing the leaf -buds of the
next year. Flowers large, pea-blossom-like in shape, in
large clusters. Fruit pea-pod-like
in shape and size. Wood light
yellow, firm and hard.

Cladrastis tinctoria, Raf. (YELLOW-
WOOD.) Leaflets 7 to 11, oval to ovate,
3 to 4 in. long, beautiful light green in
color. Flowers 1 in. long, white, not so
fragrant as the common Locust, in hang-
ing panicles 10 to 20 in. long ; blooming
in June. Pods 2 in. long, ripe in August.
Wild but rare in Kentucky and south. A
beautiful tree, 20 to 50 ft. high, with
very smooth grayish bark; rarely cul-
tivated.

C. tinctdria.

GENUS 31. BOBfNIA.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, odd -pinnate leaves,
having spines on each side of the stalk in place of stip-
ules. Leafstalk thickened near the base, and covering
2 to 3 buds for the growth of a branch for the next year.
An axillary bud also found that may produce a branch
the same year as the leaf. Flowers large, pea-blossom-
shaped, in large clusters. Fruit
a pea-shaped pod.

* Branchlets and leafstalks not sticky. 1.
*Branchlets and leafstalks sticky . . 2.

1. Bobinia Pseudacacia, L. (COM-
MON LOCUST.) Leaflets 9 to 19, small,
oblong-ovate, entire, thin. Twigs
purplish-brown, slender, smooth, not
sticky. Flowers white, fragrant, in
hanging racemes, 3 to 6 in. long.
June. Pods flat, smooth, purplish-
B. Fseudacacia, brown, ripe in September. An irregu-

94 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

larly growing, slender tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, with white or greenish-
yellow, very durable wood, and on old trees very rough bark with
long, deep furrows. Native ; Pennsylvania, west and south, and
extensively planted and naturalized throughout. A number of va-
rieties, some of which are thornless, are in cultivation.

2. Bobinia viscosa, Vent. (CLAM-
MY LOCUST.) Leaflets 11 to 25, ovate-
oblong, sometimes slightly heart-
shaped at base, tipped with a short
bristle. Twigs and leafstalks sticky
to the touch. Flowers in a short,
rather compact, upright raceme, rose-
colored and inodorous. A small tree,
30 to 40 ft. high ; native south, and
has been quite extensively cultivated
north.

3. Bobinia hispida, L. (BRISTLY
LOCUST. ROSE-ACACIA), with bristly

B. viso6sa. leafstalks and branchlets, and large

rose-colored flowers, is only a bush. Often cultivated. Wild from
Virginia and south.

GENUS 32. ClSBCIS.

Small trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, heart-
shaped leaves. Flowers in umbel-like clusters along the
branches, appearing before the leaves, and shaped like
pea-blossoms. Fruit pea-like pods, remaining on the tree
throughout the year. Wood hard, heavy, and beautifully
blotched or waved with black, green, and yellow, on a
gray ground.

1. C6rcis Canad6nsis, L. (JUDAS-TREE. REDBUD.)
Leaves acutely pointed, smooth, dark green, glossy.
Flowers bright red-purple. Pods nearly sessile, 3 to
4 in. long, brown when ripe in August. A small
ornamental tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, with smooth bark

and hard apple-tree-like wood ; wild from Central New York south-
ward, and often cultivated.

2. C6rcis siliquastrum (EUROPEAN JUDAS-TREE), from Europe,
with obtusely pointed, somewhat kidney-shaped leaves, and white to
purple flowers, is sometimes cultivated. It is not so tall or tree-like
as the American species.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

95

GENUS 33. GYMNOCLADTJS.

Tall trees with alternate, very large (2 to 4 ft. long), un-
equally twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers white, conspicu-
ous, in racemes at the ends of the branches. Fruit a large
pea-like pod. Some trees are without fruit through the
abortion of the pistils.

Gymnocladus Canad6nsis, Lam.
(KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE.) Leaves 2 to
3 ft. long, often with the lower pinnae
simple and the upper pinnate. Leaflets
ovate, of a dull bluish-green color. Shoots
cane-like, blunt and stubby, quite erect.
Bark exceedingly rough. Pod large, 6 to
10 in. long, 2 in. broad, with seeds over £
in. across. A large (50 to 80 ft. high) tree
with compact, tough, reddish wood. Wild
from western New York southwestward,
and occasionally cultivated as an orna-
mental tree.

a. Canadensis.

GENUS 34. GLEDITSCHIA.

Usually thorny trees with alternate, once to twice ab-
ruptly pinnate leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish,
in small spikes. Summer. Fruit a small or large pea-
like pod, with one to many seeds ; ripe in autumn, but
often hanging on the trees through the winter.

1. Gleditschia triac£nthos, L. (HONEY-
LOCUST.) Leaflets lanceolate-oblong, some-
what serrate. Pods linear, 1 to 1£ ft. long,
often twisted, filled with sweet pulp be-
tween the seeds. A large, handsome, clean
tree, with usually many stout, much-
branched thorns, especially abundant on
bruised portions of the trunk and large
branches ; thorns compressed at base.
Wild from Pennsylvania southward and

westward, and extensively cultivated throughout.
A variety without thorns is frequently met with (var. inermis), also

one with drooping foliage (var. Bujotii pendula).

Or. triacanthos.

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

2. Gleditschia aquatica, Marsh. (WA-
TER-LOCUST.) Leaflets ovate or oblong.
Pods oval, 1 to 4 in. long, 1- to few-seeded,
without pulp. A small tree with few slen-
der, usually simple thorns; in swamps
in southern Dlinois and south. Occa-
sionally planted for ornament. This spe-
cies is quite similar to the preceding one,
but the leaves are somewhat smaller, the
thorns, though occasionally branching,
do not branch
so extensively,
and the pod is
very short and
rounded.

3. G-leditschia sinensis,Lam. (CHINESE
HONEY-LOCUST. ) A tree with stouter and
more conical thorns, broader and more oval
leaflets. A medium-sized or small tree,
often cultivated. This species, like the
others, has a thornless variety.

GENUS 35. ALBIZZIA.

Trees or shrubs with abruptly pinnate leaves. Fruit
a broad-linear straight pod.

Albizzia julibrissin,Boivin. (SILK-
TREE. ) Leaves twice abruptly pinnate,
of many (over 400) leaflets; leaflets
semi-oblong, curved, entire, acute,
with the midrib near the upper edge.
Flowers in globose heads forming pan-
icles. Fruit plain pods on short stems.
A very beautiful small tree, introduced
from Japan ; probably not hardy north
of Washington. The figure shows only
one of the lowest and shortest side
divisions (pinnte) of the leaf. The
pinna increase in length and number of leaflets to the end of the
leaf.

A. julibrissin.

G.36J CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION 97

ORDER XVIII. ROSACES. (Ross FAMILY.)

A large and very useful order of trees, shrubs, and
herbs of temperate regions.

GENUS 36. PRUNUS.

Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, deciduous,
usually serrate, stipulate leaves, without lobes. The
stems produce gum when injured. Foliage and nuts
have flavor of peach-leaves. Flowers conspicuous, usually
white, or light pink, often in clusters, peach-blossom-
shaped ; in early spring. Fruit in size from pea to peach,
a rounded drupe with one stony-coated seed.

* Drupe large, soft velvety on the surface ; stone rough (Peach,
Apricot) 1.

* Drupe medium, covered with a bloom; stone smooth, flattened

(Plums). (A.)

A. Usually thorny ; wild, rarely cultivated. (B. )

B. Leaves acuminate 2, 3.

B. Leaves not acuminate 4, 5.

A. Not thorny ; cultivated 6.

* Drupe medium to small, smooth, without bloom (Cherries). (C.)

C. Drupes clustered in umbels, J^-l in. in diameter. (D.)
D. Small cultivated tree ; drupe globose, rather large, very

sour 9.

D. Large cultivated tree ; drupe large, somewhat pitted at the
stem 8.

D. Bather small, native tree ; drupe small, flesh thin 7.

C. Drupes clustered in racemes, ^-^ in. in diameter. (E.)

E. Tall shrubs rather than trees ; racemes short 11.

E. Trees; racemes quite elongated. (F.)

F. Stone of fruit somewhat roughened . . 12.
F. Stone smooth 10.

1. Prunus P6rsica, L. (COMMON PEACH.)
Leaves lanceolate, serrate. Flowers rose-col-
ored, nearly sessile, very early in bloom. Fruit
clothed with velvety down, large ; stone rough-
wrinkled. A small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, culti-
vated in numberless varieties for its fruit. Var.
Isevis (Nectarine) has smooth-skinned fruit.
7

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

P. Alleghani<*nsis.

2. Prunus Americana, Marsh. (WILD
YELLOW OR RED PLUM.) Leaves ovate or
somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed,
coarsely or doubly serrate, very veiny,
smooth when mature. Fruit with little or
no bloom, yz to 1 in. in diameter, yellow,
orange, or red ; skin tough and bitter. Stone
with two sharp edges. A small, thorny tree,
8 to 20 ft. high, common in woodlands and
on river-banks. Many improved varieties,
some thornless, are in cultivation.
Wood reddish color.

3. Primus Alleghani6nsis, Porter. (ALLE-
GHANY PLUM.) Leaves lanceolate to oblong-
ovate, often long-acuminate, finely and sharply
serrate, softly pubescent when young, smooth
when old; fruit globose-ovoid, under yz in.,
very dark purple, with a bloom ; stone turgid,
a shallow groove on one side and a broad, flat ridge on the other.
A low, straggling bush, occasionally a tree, 3 to 15 ft. high.
Mountains of Pennsylvania.

4. Prunus Chicasa, Michx. (CmcASAW
PLUM.) Leaves long, narrow, almost lanceo-
late, acute, finely serrate, thin. Flowers on
short stalks. Fruit globular, yz to % in. in di>
ameter, thin-skinned, without bloom, yellowish-
red, pleasant to taste. Stone globular, without
sharp edges. A thorny shrub or small tree, 6 to
15 ft. high ; wild in New Jersey, west and south, and often cultivated.

5. Prunus spinosa, L. (SLOE. BLACKTHORN.

BULLACE PLUM.) Leaves obovate-oblong to

lance-oblong, sharply serrate, soon smooth ;

leafstalk smooth; fruit small, globular, black,
with a bloom ; the stone
rounded, acute at one
edge ; flesh greenish,
astringent. A low tree

with thorny branches; it is becoming natu-
ralized along roadsides and waste places;
from Europe. Var. instititia (Bullace Plum)
is less thorny, and has the leafstalk and
f dom^stica. lower side of the leaves pubescent.

G.36]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

99

6. Prunus dom6stica, L. (COMMON GARDEN PLUM.) Leaves 1
to 3 in. long, oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute to obtuse. Flowers
white, nearly solitary. Drupe globular, obovoid to ovoid, of many
colors (black, white, etc.), covered with a rich glaucous bloom. A
small tree, 10 to 20 ft. high, in cultivation everywhere for its fruit.
Over a hundred varieties are named in the catalogues.

7. Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f . (WILD
RED CHERRY. ) Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shin-
ing green, smooth on both sides. Flow-
ers many in an umbel on long stems. Fruit
round, light red, quite small, J^ in. in di-
ameter, sour. A small tree, 20 to 30 ft.
high, in rocky woods ; common north and
extending southward along the Allegha-
nies to North Carolina.

P. Pennsylvfinica.

8. Prunus avium, L. (BIRD-CHERRY OR
ENGLISH CHERRY.) Leaves oval-lanceolate,
sharp-pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate.
Flowers in sessile umbels, opening when the
leaves appear. Fruit of various colors, some-
what heart-shaped. This is the Cherry tree,
30 to 50 ft. high, of which there are many
named varieties usually cultivated for the
fruit.

9. Prunus C6rasus, L. (GARDEN BED
CHERRY. MORELLO CHERRY. ) Leaves obo-

vate and lance-ovate, serrate, on slender spreading branches. Flow-
ers rather large. Fruit globular, bright
red to dark purple, very sour ; in sessile
umbels. A small, round-headed tree, 10
to 30 ft. high, often cultivated. The pre-
ceding species and this one are the
parents of most of the Cherry trees in
cultivation.

10. Prunus ser6tina, Ehrh. (WILD
BLACK CHERRY.) Leaves oblong or lance-
oblong, thickish, smooth, usually taper-
pointed, serrate, with incurved, short, thick
teeth. Flowers in long racemes. June.

100

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Fruit as large as peas, purple-black, bitter ;
ripe in autumn. A fine tree, 15 to 60 ft.
high, with reddish-brown branches. Wood
reddish and valuable for cabinet-work. Com-
mon in woodlands and along fences.

11. Prunus Virginians, L. (CHOKE-
CHEEKY.) Leaves thin, oval-oblong or obo-
vate, abruptly pointed, very sharply, often
doubly serrate, with slender teeth. Ra-
cemes of flowers and fruit short and close.
Fruit dark crimson, stone smooth. Flowers
in May ; fruit ripe in August ; not edible
till fully ripe. A tall shrub, sometimes a
tree, with gray-
ish bark. River-
banks, common
especially north-
ward.

P. VlrginiAna.

12. Primus Padus, L. (SMALL BIRD-
CHEERY.) Like Prunus Virginiana, ex-
cepting that the racemes are longer and
drooping, and the stone is roughened.
Occasionally planted for ornament.

P. F&dus.

GENUS 37. PYBT7S.

Trees and shrubs, with alternate, stipulate, simple, or
pinnately compound leaves. Flowers conspicuous, white
to pink, apple -blossom -shaped (5 petals); in spring.
Fruit a fleshy pome, with the cells formed by papery or
cartilaginous membranes within juicy flesh.

* Leaves deeply pinnatifid or fully pinnate (Mountain Ashes) . . ( A. )
A. Leaf deeply pinnatifid, sometimes fully divided at the base . 6.
A. Leaf once-pinnate throughout. (B.)

B. Leaf-buds pointed, smooth and somewhat glutinous 7.

B. Leaf -buds more or less hairy 8, 9.

* Leaves simple and not pinnatifid. (C.)

C. Leaves entire; fruit solitary (Quinces) 5.

C. Leaves serrate ; fruit clustered. (D.)

D. Fruit large, sunken at both ends ( Apples) 1.

G. 37J

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

101

D. Fruit small (3^-1 in.), sour, much sunken at the stem end
and but little at the other (Crab-apples). (E.)

E. Leaves very narrow ; fruit Vz in 2.

E. Leaves broad ; fruit 1 in 3.

D. Fruit usually obovate, not sunken at the stem end (Pears). 4.

1. Pyrus Malus, L. (COMMON APPLE-
TREE.) Leaves simple, ovate, evenly cre-
nate or serrate, smooth on the upper
surface and woolly on the lower. Flowers
large (1 in.), white, tinged with pink, in
small corymbs. May. Fruit large, sunken
at both ends, especially at base ; ripe from
August to October, according to variety. A
flat-topped tree, 20
to40ft.high,culti-
vated in hundreds
of named varie-
ties ; from Europe.

XY 2. Pyrus angustifolia, Ait. (NARROW-
LEAVED CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves simple, lance-
olate or oblong, often acute at base, mostly
serrate, smooth. Flowers large (% in.), rose-
colored, fragrant, in small, simple, umbel-
like clusters. Fruit very sour, small (^ in.).
Twigs lead-colored and speckled. A small
tree, 12 to 20 ft. high. Pennsylvania and
southward.

P. angustif&lii

3. Pyrus coronaria, L. (AMERICAN OR
GARLAND CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves simple,
ovate, often rather heart-shaped, cut-ser-
rate, often 3-lobed, soon smooth. Flowers
large (% in.), few, in a cluster, rose-colored,
very fragrant. Fruit very sour and astrin-
gent, flattened, broad, 1 in. or more in di-
ameter, yellowish green. Small tree, 10 to
25 ft. high ; New-York, west and south, also
frequently cultivated.

P. coron&ria.

4. Pyrus communis, L. (COMMON PEAR-TREE.) Leaves simple,
ovate, serrate, smooth on both sides, at least when mature. Flowers
large (over 1 in.), white, with AGRttBti^AMB^ftr-
UNIVLKSITY OF CALIFORNIA

CITRUS RFfFAPPW PCMTCD «

P. cydonia.

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Fruit large, usually obovate and mainly
sunken at the large end ; ripe July to Octo-
ber, according to the variety. A pyram-
idal-shaped tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, with
smooth bark and often somewhat thorny
branches. Of several hundred named va-
rieties, native to Europe. Cultivated for its
fruit. Wood slightly tinged with red; strong,
and of fine grain.

P. communis.

5. Pyrus cyd&nia, L. (QuiNCE. COMMON
QUINCE-TREE.) Leaves ovate, obtuse at base,
entire, hairy beneath. Flowers solitary, large,
1 in., white or pale rose-color. Fruit large,
hard, orange-yellow, of peculiar sour flavor :
seeds mucilaginous ; ripens in October. A low
tree, 10 to 20 ft. high, with a crooked stem and
rambling branches ; from Europe. Several varieties in cultivation.

6. Pyrus pinnatifida, Ehrh. (OAK-
LEAVED MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Leaves pinnately
cleft and often fully pinnate at base, hairy
beneath. Pome globose, ^4 in., scarlet,
ripe in autumn. A cultivated tree, 20 to
30 ft. high ; from Europe.

7. Pyrus Americana, DC'. (AMERICAN
MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Leaflets 13 to 15, lance-
olate, bright green, nearly smooth, taper-

P. pinnatfflda. pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth.

Leaf-buds pointed, glabrous and some-
what glutinous. Flowers white, ^ in.,
in large, flat, compound cymes. In June.
Fruit berry-like pomes, the size of small
peas, bright scarlet when ripe in Sep-
tember, and hanging on the tree till win-
ter. A tall shrub or tree, 15 to 30 ft.
high, in swamps and mountain woods;
more abundant northward. Often culti-
vated for the showy clusters of berries in

autumn. P. Americana.

8. Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. (ELDER -LEAVED
MOUNTAIN -ASH.) Leaflets oblong, oval or lance-ovate, obtuse

G.38]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

103

(sometimes abruptly sharp-pointed), usually
doubly serrate with rather spreading teeth,
generally pale beneath. Leaf-buds some-
what hairy. Flowers and berries larger, but
in smaller clusters, than the preceding spe-
cies. The berries globose when ripe, ^ in.
broad, bright red. This species, much like
Pyrus Americana, is found wild in northern
New England and westward.

P. sambucifdlia.

P. aucup&ria.

9. P^TUS aucuparia, Gaertn. (EURO-
PEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH, OR EOWAN-TREE.)
Much like Pyrus Americana, but the leaf-
lets are paler and more obtuse, with their
lower surface downy. Leaf-buds blunter
and densely covered with hairs. Flowers
larger, }£ in. or more in diameter. Fruit
also much larger, sometimes nearly j£ in.
in diameter. Beautiful tree, 20 to 30 ft.
high, often cultivated.

GENUS 38. CRAT^GTJS.

Thorny shrubs or small trees with simple, alternate,
serrate, doubly serrate or lobed leaves. Flowers cherry-
like blossoms, usually white in color and growing in
corymbs, generally on the ends of side shoots ; in spring.
Fruit a berry or drupe with 1 to 5 bony stones, tipped
with the 5 persistent calyx-teeth ; ripe in autumn.

* Calyx, stipules, bracts, etc., often glandular. (A.)
A. Flowers and fruit often over 6 in a cluster. (B. )

B. Leaves usually abrupt at base 1.

B. Leaves usually attenuate at base 2.

A. Flowers and fruit few, 1 to 6 in a cluster 10.

* Calyx, etc., without glands (No. 4 has glandular teeth to the

calyx); flowers many in a cluster. (0.)
0. Leaves more or less tapering at base. (D.)

D. Leaves generally lobed ; cultivated, rarely escaped 3.

D. Leaves rarely lobed ; native. (E.)

E. Leaves small, shining, crenate at the end .5.

E. Leaves villous or pubescent, at least when young . . .9.
E. Leaves smooth or only downy at the axils, acutely ser-
rate. South... ...7.

104

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

C. Leaves usually abrupt at base, sometimes cordate. (F.)
F. Leaves downy when young. (G.)

G. Leaves usually lobed 4.

G. Leaves rarely lobed ; veins very prominent 8.

F. Leaves quite smooth 6.

1. Crateegus coccinea, L. (SCARLET-
FRUITED THORN.) Leaves bright green,
smooth, thin, roundish-ovate, sharply cut-
toothed or lobed, on slender petioles.
Branches reddish, villous - pubescent ;
spines stout, chestnut-brown. Flowers
large, ^ to % in., many in a corymb, on
glandular peduncles. May to June. Fruit
scarlet, round or pear-shaped, \^ in. ; ripe
C. coccinea. in September, with from 1 to 5 cells and

seeds. Tall shrub or low tree, 10 to 25 ft. high, in hedges and woods ;
common from Canada to Florida.

Var. mollis has the shoots densely pubescent ; leaves large, slen-
der-petioled, cuneate, cordate or truncate at base, usually with acute
narrow lobes, often rough above, and more or less densely pubescent
beneath. Flowers large, 1 in.; fruit light scarlet with a light bloom,
1 in. broad.

2. Cratslgus Crus-galli, L. (COCKSPUR

THORN. ) Leaves smooth, thick, shining above,

wedge-obovate, finely serrate above the mid-
dle, with a short
petiole. There are
broad and narrow-
leaved varieties.
Flowers large and
numerous,inlateral

corymbs. May to June. Fruit globular,
% in. broad, dull red ; ripe in September
and October. A small tree with a flat,
bushy head, horizontal branches, and long,
sharp thorns. Wild and common through-
out, and often planted.

3. Crats&gus oxyacantha. (ENGLISH
HAWTHORN.) Leaves obovate, smooth,
c. oxyac^ntba. wedge-shaped at base, cut-lobed and

G. 38]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

105

toothed above. No glands. Flowers medium-sized, yz in., single or
double, white, rose, or pink-red, numerous in corymbs. In spring.
Fruit coral-red, \/z in. ; ripe in autumn. A small tree or shrub, fine for
lawn ; from Europe ; also escaped in some places.

4. Crat&gus apiifolia, Michx. (PARSLEY-
LEAVED THORN.) Leaves small, ovate, with a
broad truncate or heart-shaped base, pinnatifid
into 5 to 7 crowded, irregularly toothed lobes ;
white and soft-downy when young, smoothish
when grown ; petioles slender. Flowers me-
dium-sized, yz in., many in a corymb, white. C.apiif&Ua.
May to June. Fruit small, % in., coral-red, ripe in autumn. A hand-
some, low (10 to 20 ft. high), spreading tree, with flexible branches
and white-downy twigs. Virginia and south, in moist woods.

5. Crats&gus spathulata, Michx. (SPATU-
LATE-LEAVED THORN.) Leaves almost ever-
green, thick, shining, spatulate, crenate to-
ward the apex and nearly sessile, those on the
young downy branches somewhat cut or lobed.
Flowers small, yz in., in large clusters. May.
Fruit small, J^ in., bright red; ripe in Octo-
ber. A small tree, 12 to 25 ft. high ; Virginia
and south.

C. spathulata.

6. Cratsegus cordata, Ait. (WASHING-
TON THORN.) Leaves broadly triangular-
ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, thin, deep
shining green, smooth, often 3- to 5-lobed
and serrate, on slender petioles. Flowers
small, \ in.,
many in termi-
nal corymbs,

white. May, c- cord&ta-

June. Fruit scarlet, about the size of
peas ; ripe in September. A compact,
close-headed, small tree, 15 to 25 ft. high,
with many slender thorns. Virginia,
Kentucky, and southward. Sometimes
planted in the North for hedges.

7. Cratsegus viridis, L. (TALL HAW-
THORN.) Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong,

106

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

or lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, mostly acute at both ends, on
slender petioles ; acutely serrate, often somewhat lobed and often
downy in the axils. Flowers numerous, in large clusters. Fruit
bright red, or orange, ovoid, small, J^ in. broad. A small tree, 20 to
30 ft. high, with few large thorns or without thorns. Southern Illi-
nois and Missouri, along the Mississippi and in the Southern States.

C. tomentdsa.

8. Crateegus tomentosa, L. (BLACK
OR PEAK HAWTHORN.) Leaves downy-
pubescent on the lower side (at least
when young), thickish, rather large, oval
or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and
often cut-lobed below, abruptly nar-
rowed into a margined petiole, the upper
surface impressed along the main veins
or ribs. Branches gray. Flowers ill-
scented, many in a corymb. Fruit j£ in.
long, obovate to globose, dull red. Shrub
or tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, wild in western
New York, west and south.

9. Cratsegus punctata. (DOTTED-FRUITED
HAWTHORN.) Leaves rather small, mostly
wedge-obovate, attenuate and entire below,
unequally toothed above, rarely lobed, villous-
pubescent, becoming smooth but dull, the
veins prominent beneath and impressed above.
Fruit globose, large, 1 in. broad, red to bright
yellow; peduncles not glandular. Shrub to
tree, 10 to 20 ft. high, with horizontal branches; Canada to Georgia.

10. Cratsegus flava, Ait. (YELLOW OR
SUMMER HAW.) Leaves small, wedge-obo-
vate, unequally toothed and cut above the
middle ; on short petioles ; the teeth, stipules
and petioles glandular. Flowers mostly sol-
itary, white, large (% in). May. Fruit usu-
ally pear-shaped, quite large (\ in. long),
yellow or greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged
or spotted with red, pleasant-flavored. Eipe
in autumn. A low spreading tree, 15 to 20 ft.
high. Virginia, south aud west, in sandy soil.
Var. pulescens is downy- or villous-pubes-
oent when young, and has thicker leaves and larger and redder fruit.

G.40]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

107

GENUS 39. AMELANCHIER.

Small trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, alternate,
sharply serrate leaves ; cherry-blossom-like, white flow-
ers, in racemes at the end of the branches, before the
leaves are fully expanded. Fruit a small apple-like pome ;
seeds 10 or less, in separate cartilaginous-coated cells.

Amel&nchier Canad6nsis, Torr. & Gray.
(SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BEERY.) A very vari-
able species with many named varieties. The
leaves, 1 to 3j£ in. long, vary from narrow-
oblong to roundish or cordate ; bracts and
stipules silky-ciliate. Flowers large, in droop-
ing racemes, in early spring, with petals from
2 to 5 times as long as wide. Fruit globular,
% in. broad, purplish, sweet, edible; ripe in
June. It varies from a low shrub to a middle-sized tree, 5 to 30 ft.
high.

ORDER XIX. HAMAMELJDEJE.

(WlTCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

A. Canadensia.

A small family of trees and shrubs represented in most
countries.

GENUS 40. HAMAMELIS.

Tall shrubs, rarely tree-like, with alternate, straight-
veined, 2-ranked, oval, wavy-margined leaves. Flowers
conspicuous, yellow, 4-parted; blooming in the autumn
while the leaves are dropping, and continuing in bloom
through part of the winter. Fruit rounded capsules
which do not ripen till the next summer.

Hamam&lis Virginiana, L. (WITCH-HAZEL.)
The only species ; 10 to 30 ft. high ; rarely grows
with a single trunk, but usually forms a slender,
crooked-branched shrub. Flowers sessile, in small
clusters of 3 to 4, in an involucre in the axils of the

108

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

GENUS 41. LIQUID AMB AH.

Trees with alternate, simple, palmately cleft leaves.
Flowers inconspicuous; in spring. Fruit a large (1 in.),
globular, long-stalked, dry, open,
rough catkin, hanging on the tree
through the winter.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. (SWEET
GUM. BILSTED.) Leaves rounded, deep-
ly 5- to 7- cleft, star-shaped, dark green,
smooth and shining, glandular-serrate.
Twigs often covered with corky ridges.
A large, beautiful tree, 30 to 70 ft. high,
with deeply furrowed bark. Connecticut,
west and south ; abundant south of 40°
N. Lat. Well worthy of more extensive
L. styracjflua, cultivation than it has yet received.

ORDER XX. L

(LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

A small order of shrubs, herbs, or trees; mainly tropical.

GENUS 42. PTJNICA.

Leaves simple, usually opposite, deciduous; flowers
scarlet, with 5 petals and numerous stamens; fruit a many-
seeded berry.

Punica granatum, L. (POMEGRANATE-
TREE.) Leaves opposite, lanceolate,
smooth, entire ; flowers large, both calyx
and corolla scarlet and very ornamental ;
the fruit as large as an orange, fine-fla-
vored. A tree-shaped plant, growing to
the height of 20 ft. in the Southern States.
If given some protection, it can be grown
as far north as Washington. It has been
cultivated from the earliest times, and is
probably "a native of western Asia. p. grand:

G.44J CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

GENUS 43. LAGERSTROSMIA.

109

Flowers with 6 long-clawed petals inserted on the
broadly spreading calyx; fruit 3-
to 6-celled pods with many winged
seeds.

Lagerstrcemia Indica, L. (CRAPE-
MYRTLE.) Leaves roundish-ovate, thick,
smooth, short-petiolate ; branches winged ;
flowers in terminal clusters with large, de-
licately crisped, long-stemmed petals of
pink, purple, and other colors. A beau-
tiful small tree, or usually a shrub, from
India ; often cultivated in the North in
conservatories ; hardy as far north as
Washington.

•L,. fodica.

ORDER XXI. ARALlACE-ffi. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

A small order of herbs, shrubs, and trees, here repre-
sented by the following genus :

GENUS 44. ARALIA.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with pinnately or palmately
compound leaves ; here including Acanthopanax with
palmately cleft leaves. Flowers
whitish or greenish, in umbels,
often forming large panicles.
Fruit small, berry-like, several-
celled, several-seeded.

* Leaves 2 to 3 times odd-pinnate

(Aralia proper) 1, 2.

* Leaves simple, palmately cleft

(Acanthopanax) .... 3.

1 1. Aralia spinosa, L. (ANGELICA-

TREE. HERCULES '-CLUB.) Leaves large,
A. spiraea, crowded at the summit of the stem,

110

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

twice or sometimes thrice odd-pinnate,
usually prickly, with stalked, ovate,
acuminate, deeply serrate leaflets, glau-
cous beneath. Large panicles of small
whitish flowers in umbels, with invo-
lucres of few leaves. Berry small, ^
in., 5-ribbed, crowned with the remains
of the calyx. A tree-like plant, 8 to 20
ft. high, or in the Gulf States 40 ft.
high, with the stem covered with nu-
merous prickles. Usually dies to the
ground after flowering. Wild in damp
woods, Pennsylvania and south, and
cultivated in the North.

2. Ar&lia Chin6nsis. Leaves more or
less fully twice-pinnate ; leaflets ovate-
oblong, oblique at base, acuminate,
sharply serrate, hairy. Flowers and
fruit in large, branching, hairy panicles ;
thorns few, straight. A small tree, 10 to
15 ft. high ; occasionally cultivated ; from
China.

3. Aralia (Acanthopanax) Maxi-
mowiczii. Leaves long-petioled, simple,
thick, palmately cleft, with 7 serrate
lobes ; old leaves smooth, the young with
woolly bases. Panicles of flowers and
fruit terminal; the berries striated. Tree-
trunk usually quite prickly. This species is said to grow 50 ft. high
in Japan. It has been recently introduced, and proves perfectly
hardy in Massachusetts.

ORDER XXII. CORNACEJE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

A small order of shrubs and trees (rarely herbs) of tem-
perate regions.

GENUS 45. COBNUS.

Small trees or shrubs (one species an herb) with sim-
ple, entire, curved-veined, and (except in one species) op-

A. Maximowfczil.

Q. 45]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

111

posite leaves. The curved parallel ribs of the leaves in
all the species are quite peculiar and readily recognized.
Flowers small, of 4 petals, in some species rendered very
conspicuous by large bracts. Fruit small, usually bright-
colored drupes in clusters j ripe from August to October.
There are but 3 species that grow at all tree-like.

Leaves opposite. (A.)

A. Fruit in close head-like clusters, red when ripe.

A. Fruit in open clusters. (B. )

B. Branches bright red ; fruit white

B. Branches brownish ; fruit bright red

Leaves alternate ; fruit blue

1. C6rnus fl6rida, L. (FLOWERING
DOGWOOD. ) Leaves ovate, pointed, acut-
ish at base. Flowers in a head sur-
rounded by 4 white bracts, making the
whole cluster look like a single large
flower 3 in. broad. Abundant in May
and June. Fruit a small, bright red
drupe with a single 2-seeded nut. Eipe
in August. A large shrub or low tree
15 to 40 ft. high, with broad, roundish
head. Common on high ground through-
out, and one of the finest small trees in
cultivation. A variety with the bracts quite red is also cultivated.

2. C6rnus alba, L. (SIBERIAN BED-
STEMMED CORNEL.) Leaves broadly ovate,
acute, densely pubescent beneath ; drupes
white ; branches recurved, bright red, ren-
dering the plant a conspicuous object in
the winter. A shrub rather than a tree,
cultivated from Siberia ; hardy throughout.

3. C6rnus mascula, Dur. (CORNELIA*
CHERRY.) Leaves opposite, oval-acumi-
nate, rather pubescent on both surfaces.

C- dlba~ Flowers small, yellow, in umbels from a

4-leaved involucre, blooming before the leaves are out in spring.
Fruit oval, yz in. long, cornelian-colored, ripe in autumn, rather
sweet, used in confectionery. A large shrub or low tree, 8 to 15

112

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

ft. high, with hard, tough, flexible wood,
sometimes cultivated for its early flow-
ers and late, beautiful fruit.

4. C6rnus alternifolia, L. f. (AL-
TERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL. ) Leaves al-
ternate, clustered at the ends of the
branches,
ovate or
oval-acu-
hitish with

minate, tapering at base,
minute pubescence beneath. Cymes
of flowers and fruit broad and open.
Fruit deep blue on reddish stalks.
Shrub, though occasionally tree-like, 8
to 25 ft. high ; on hillsides throughout ;
rarely cultivated.

GENUS 46. NYSSA.

Trees with deciduous, alternate, exstipulate, usually en-
tire leaves, mostly acute at both ends. Flowers somewhat
dioecious, i. e. staminate and pistillate flowers on separate
trees. The staminate flowers are quite conspicuous be-
cause so densely clustered. April and May. Fruit on
but a portion of the trees, consisting of one or two small
(4 to £ in.), drupes in the axils of the leaves. Stone
roughened with grooves. Ripe in autumn.

* Fruit usually clustered .

* Fruit solitary

1. Nyssa sylv&tica, Marsh. (PEPPER-
IDGE. BLACK OR .SOUR GUM.) Leaves
oval to obovate, pointed, entire (some-
times angulate-toothed beyond the mid-
dle), rather thick, shining above when
old, 2 to 5 in. long. The leaves are
crowded near the ends of the branches
and flattened 'so as to appear 2-ranked,
like the Beech; turning bright crimson
in the autumn. Fruit ovoid, bluish-black,
about yz in. long, sour. Medium-sized

0.47] CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION 113

tree with mainly an exeurrent trunk and .horizontal branches. Wood
firm, close-grained and hard to split. Eich soil, latitude of Albany
and southward. Difficult to transplant, so it is rarely cultivated.

2. Nyssa biflora, Walt. (SouR GUM.) Leaves 1 to 3 in. long,
smaller than in N. sylvatica; fertile flowers and fruit 1 to 3, in the
axils ; stone decidedly flattened and more strongly furrowed. New
Jersey to Tennessee and southward. Too nearly like the last to need
a drawing. All the species of Nyssa may

have the margin of the leaves somewhat
angulated, as shown in the next.

3. N^ssa uniflora, Wang. (LARGE
TUPELO.) Leaves much larger, 4 to 12 in.
long, sometimes slightly cordate at base,
entire or angularly toothed, downy be-
neath. Fruit solitary, oblong, blue, 1 in.
or more in length. Wood soft, that of
the roots light and spongy and used for
eorks. In water or wet swamps; Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, and southward.

ORDER XXIII. CAPRIFOL.lACE.ffi.

(HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Shrubs (rarely herb or tree-like plants) of temperate
regions.

GENUS 47. VIBfTRNUM.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite, simple, petioled
leaves. Flowers light-colored, small but in large, con-
spicuous, flat-topped clusters at the ends of the branches ;
blooming iii early summer. Fruit small, 1-seeded drupes
with flattened stones; ripe in autumn.

* Leaves distinctly palmately lobed 1.

* Leaves pinnately veined and not lobed. (A.)

A. Coarsely dentated 2.

A. Finely serrated. (B.)

B. Leaves long-acuminated 3.

B. Obtuse or slightly pointed 4.

8

114

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

1. Viburnum 6pulus, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Leaves palmately
veined and strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at

base, the spreading lobes mostly toothed
on the sides and entire in the notches ;
petiole with 2 glands at the apex. Fruit
in peduncled clusters, light red and quite
sour (whence the name "Cranberry-tree").
A nearly smooth, small tree or shrub, 4 to
12 ft. high; wild along streams, and culti-
vated under the name of Snowball-tree or
Guelder Eose. In this variety the flowers
have all become sterile and enlarged. Vi-
burnum acerifolium (ARROW-WOOD) has
also lobed leaves, and is much more com-
mon. This species never forms a tree, and
v. Opuius. has dark-colored berries.

2. Viburnum dentatum, L. (ARROW-
WOOD.) Leaves, pale green, broadly ovate,
somewhat heart-shaped at base, coarsely and
sharply dentated, strongly veined and of-
ten with hairy tufts in the axils ; petioles
rather. long and slender. Fruit J^ in. long,
in peduncled clusters, blue or purple ; a cross-
section of the stone between kidney- and

horseshoe-shaped.

V. dent&tum.

A shrub or small tree, 5 to 15 ft. high,
with ash-colored bark ; in wet places.

3. Viburnum Lentago, L. (SWEET
VIBURNUM OR SHEEP-BERRY.) Leaves
broad, ovate, long-pointed, 2 to 3 in. long,
closely and sharply serrated ; petioles
long and with narrow, curled margins;

entire plant smooth. Fruit in sessile

clusters of 3 to 5 rays, oval, large, yz in.

long, blue-black, edible, sweet; ripe in

autumn. A small tree, 10 to 30 ft. high ;

found wild throughout, in woods and

along streams.

4. Viburnum prunifolium, L. (BLACK
HAW.) Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly v.

pointed, 1 to 2 in. long, finely and sharply serrated. Blooming early,

G.49]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

115

May to June. Fruit oval, large (J^ in. long), in sessile clusters of 3
to 5 rays, black or blue-black, sweet. A tall shrub or small tree, 6 to
12 ft. high ; in dry soil or along streams ; New York, south and west.

GENUS 48. LONICERA.

Leaves entire, opposite; corolla 5-lobed; berry several-
seeded.

Lonicera Tartarica. (TARTARIAN HONEY-
SUCKLE.) Leaves deciduous, oval, heart-shaped;
flowers in pairs, showy, pink to rose-red ; in spring;
berries formed of the two ovaries, bright red ; ripe
in summer. A shrub, often planted and occasion-
ally trimmed to a tree-like form, and growing to
the height of nearly 20 ft.

L. Tartdrica.

ORDER XXIV. COMPOSITE.

This, the largest order of flowering plants, is made up
almost exclusively of herbaceous plants, but contains one
shrub or low tree which is hardy from Boston southward
near the Atlantic coast.

GENUS 49. BACCHABIS.

Leaves simple, deciduous ; heads of flowers small, many-
flowered; receptacle naked; pappus of hairs.

Baccharis halimifolia, L. (GROUND-
SEL-TREE.) Leaves obovate, wedge-
shaped, crenately notched at end, light
grayish in color, with whitish powder;
branches angled; flowers white with a
tint of purple, blooming in the autumn.
A broad, loose-headed, light-colored
bush rather than a tree, 8 to 15 ft. high ;
wild on sea-beaches, Massachusetts and
south, and occasionally cultivated. The
plant is dioecious; the fertile specimens
are rendered quite conspicuous in autumn
by their very long, white pappus.

B. halimifolia.

116

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

ORDER XXV. ERICACE-SJ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

A large order, mainly of shrubs, though a few species
are herbs, and fewer still are tall enough to be considered
trees.

GENUS 50. OXYDENDRUM.

Trees with deciduous, alternate, oblong -lanceolate,
pointed, serrate, sour-tasting leaves. Flowers small, in
large panicles at the ends of the branches. In summer.
Fruit small, dry capsules, with 5 cells and many seeds.

Oxyd6ndrum arboreum, DC. (SOR-
REL-TREE. SOURWOOD.) Leaves in size
and shape much like those of Peach trees.
Flowers small, urn-shaped. Small-sized
tree, 15 to 50 ft. high ; wild in rich woods,
Pennsylvania and southward, mainly in
O. arbdreum. ^e mountains. Bare in cultivation, but

very beautiful, especially in autumn, when its leaves are brilliantly
colored, and the panicles of fruit still remain on the trees. It is
perfectly hardy both at the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, and the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

GENUS 51.

Evergreen shrubs with alternate, entire, thick, smooth
leaves. Flowers large, beautiful, cup-shaped, in showy
clusters. Fruit a small, 5-celled, many-seeded capsule.

Kalmia latifolia, L. (MOUNTAIN-
LAUREL. CALICO-BUSH.) The only spe-
cies which grows at all tree-like has
ovate-lanceolate or elliptical, smooth,
petioled leaves, tapering at both ends
and green on both sides. Flowers in
terminal corymbs, clammy-pubescent,
white to pink. June. Pod depressed,
glandular. Shrub or small tree, 4 to 25 ft.
high, with reddish twigs ; wild in rocky hills and damp soils through
out; occasionally planted. Wood very hard and close-grained-

Q.5S] CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

GENUS 52. RHODODENDRON.

117

Shrubs or low trees with usually alternate, entire leaves
and showy flowers in umbel-like clusters from large, scaly -
bracted, terminal buds. Fruit a dry 5-ceDed pod with
many seeds.

Rhododendron maximum, L. (GREAT
LAUREL.) Leaves thick, 4 to 10 in. long,
elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute,
narrowed toward the base, very smooth,
with somewhat revolute margins. Flowers
large (1 in.), with an irregular bell-shaped
corolla and sticky stems, in large clusters,
white or slightly pinkish with yellowish
dots. July. Evergreen shrub or tree, 6 to 20
ft. high, throughout the region, especially
in damp swamps in the Alleghany Moun-
tains ; occasionally cultivated.

GENUS 53. CIiijTHRA.

R. m&ximum.

Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, deciduous, ex-
stipulate, serrate leaves. Flowers (July and August) con-
spicuous, white, in elongated terminal racemes which are
covered with a whitish powder. Fruit 3-celled pods with
many seeds, covered by the calyx.

* Leaves thin, large, 3 to 7 in. long, pale beneath 1.

* Leaves thickish, smaller, green both sides 2.

1 . CISthra acuminata, Michx. (ACU-
MINATE-LEAVED CLETHRA. SWEET PEP-
PER-BUSH.) Leaves 3 to 7 in. long, oval
to oblong, pointed, thin, abruptly acute
at base, finely serrate, on slender petioles,
smooth above and glaucous below. Ra-
cemes drooping, of sweet-scented flowers,
with the bracts longer than the flowers.
Filaments and pod hairy. A small tree
or shrub, 10 to 20 ft. high, in the Alle-
ghanies, Virginia, and south. Not often
in cultivation, but well worthy of it.

0. acuminata.

118

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

2. Clfcthra alnifolia, L. (COMMON SWEET PEPPER-BUSH.) Leaves
wedge-obovate, sharply serrate near the apex, entire near the base,
straight-veined, smooth, green on both sides. Racemes
erect, often compound, with bracts shorter than the
flowers and with smooth filaments. This is a shrnb
rather than a tree ; abundant in wet places east of the
Alleghanies. Occasionally cultivated for its sweet-
scented flowers.

ORDER XXVI. SAPOTACE-ffi.

(SAPODILLA FAMILY.)

A small order, mainly of tropical plants, here including
one genus found only in the southern part of our range.

GENUS 54. BTJM±LIA.

Leaves simple, alternate, entire, sub-evergreen, exstipu-
late ; branches often spiny. Flowers small, whitish, usu-
ally crowded in fascicles. Fruit a black cherry-like drupe
with a 2- to 3-celled nut. Shrubs and trees of the South-
ern States. Two species (although hardly trees) are
found far enough north to be included in this work.

* Leaves rusty-woolly beneath 1.

* Leaves smooth or slightly silky be-

neath 2.

1. Bumfclia lanuginosa, Pers. (WOOLLY-
LEAVED BUCKTHORN. ) Leaves obloug-obo-
vate, obtuse, entire, smooth above and
rusty- woolly beneath, but not silky; spiny,
with downy branchlets. Clusters 6- to 12-
flowered, pubescent ; flowers greenish-yel-
low. Fruit globular and quite large (\^
in. ), black, edible. A small tree, 10 to 40 ft.
high, of the woods of southern Illinois and
southward. With slight protection it can
be cultivated in Massachusetts.

B. lanugindsa.

G.55]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

119

2. Bumelia lycioides, Pers. (SOUTHERN
BUCKTHORN.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, oval-
lanceolate, usually bluntish with a tapering
base and entire margin, deciduous, a lit-
tle silky beneath when young. Clusters
densely many-flowered (20 to 30) ; flowers
small (£ in.), smooth, greenish-white. May,
June. A spiny shrub or tree, 10 to 25 ft.
high, in moist ground, Virginia, west and
south. About as hardy as the preceding
species.

B. lycioides.

ORDER XXVII. EBENACE-SJ. (EBONY FAMILY.)
A small order of mostly tropical trees and shrubs.

GENUS 55. DIOSPYBOS.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, entire, feather-
veined leaves. Flowers small, inconspicuous, mostly di-
oecious. Fruit a globose berry with the 5-lobed thick
calyx at the base, and with 8 to 12, occasionally 1 to 5,
rather large seeds ; ripe after frost.

Diospyros Virginiana, L. (COMMON-
PERSIMMON. ) Leaves 4 to 6 in . long, ovate--
oblong, acuminate, rather thick, smooth,
dark, shining above, a little pale beneath.
Bark dark-colored and deeply furrowed in
a netted manner with rather small meshes.
Flowers yellowish, rather small, somewhat
dioecious; the stamiuate ones urn-shaped
with mouth nearly closed; the pistillate
ones more open. June. Fruit large, 1 in. ;
very astringent when young, yellow and
pleasant-tasting after frost. A handsome,
ornamental tree, 20 to 60ft. high, with
very hard, dark-colored wood and bright
foliage. Southern New England to Illinois

D. Virgini&na.

120

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

and south ; also cultivated. Diospyros
Lotus (DATE-PLUM), with leaves very
dark green above, much paler and
downy beneath, and fruit much smaller
(% in.), and Diospyros Kaki (JAPAN
PERSIMMON), with large, leathery, shin-
ing leaves and very large fruit (2 in.),
are successfully cultivated from Wash-
ington, D. C., southward. The under
leaf represents D. Lotus, the upper one
a small specimen of D. Kaki.

D. .L&tus and D. Kaki.

ORDER XXVIII. STYRACACEJE.

(STORAX FAMILY.)

A small order of shrubs and trees, mostly of warm
countries.

GENUS 56. STYRAX.

Shrubs or small trees with commonly deciduous leaves,
and axillary, or racemed, white, showy flowers on droop-
ing stems. Pubescence scurfy or stellate ; fruit a glo-
bular dry drupe, its base covered with the persistent
calyx, forming a 1- to 3-seeded nut.

l.Styrax Americana, Lam. (AMERICAN
STORAX.) Shrub or small tree (4 to 10 ft.),
with oblong, alternate leaves acute at both
ends, 1 to 3 inches long, smooth or very
nearly so; fruit % in. long, in racemes
of 3-4. Wild along streams, Virginia
and south ; occa-
sionally cultivat-
ed, and probably
hardy through-
out.

8. Americana.

2. Sty-rax Jap6nica, Sieb. (JAPAN STO-
RAX.) Leaves alternate, membranaceous,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate or cre-
nate, J^ to 3 in. long, smooth or with short

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

121

stellate hairs; flowers and fruit in long racemes. A beautiful low
tree, 6 to 12 ft. high ; from Japan. Hardy as far north as Philadel-
phia, but needing a little protection in Massachusetts and Missouri.

GENUS 57. PTEROSTYRAX.

Similar to Styrax, but with the fruit in panicles, 5-
winged, conical, and crowned with
the persistent base of the style.

Pterostyrax corymbosum, Sieb.
Leaves deciduous, 2 to 5 in. long, feather-
veined, petioled. ovate, rarely cordate
at base, sharply serrate, with stellate
hairs. Shrub or small tree, 10 to 12 ft.
high, cultivated from Japan ; with ashy-
gray bark, and white flowers turning
yellowish or purplish with age; blooming
in May, fruit ripe in August. Not per-
fectly hardy in Massachusetts.

P. corymbfcsum.

GENUS 58. HALESIA.

Small trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, deciduous,
serrate leaves. Flowers large, 1 in. long, conspicuous,
white, hanging, bell-shaped, monopetalous,4-lobed; bloom-
ing in spring. Fruit with a single, rough, elongated, bony
nut surrounded by a 2- to 4- winged coat ; ripe in autumn.

Wood light-colored, very hard and fine-grained.

1. Hatesia diptera, L ( TWO-WINGED Sn>
VERBELL TKEE.) Leaves large (4 to 5 in.
long), ovate, acute, serrate, softly pubescent.
Fruit with 2 conspicuous, broad wings, some-
times with 2 intermediate narrow ridges. A
small tree or a large shrub,
wild in the south, and cul-
tivated as far north as
New York City.

H. diptera.

2. Halesia tetraptera, L. (FOUR-WINGED
SILVERBELL TREE.) Leaves smaller (2 to 4 in.),
oblong-ovate, finely serrate. Fruit smaller, with H. tetraptera.

122

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

4 nearly equal wings. A small, beautiful tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, more
hardy than Halesia diptera, and therefore cultivated occasionally
throughout. Wild in Virginia and south.

GENUS 59. SYMPLOCOS.

Shrubs or small trees, with leaves
furnishing a yellow dye.

S^mplocos tinctoria, L'Her. (HORSE-
SUGAR. SWEKTLEAF.) Leaves simple, alter-
nate, thick, 3 to 5 in. long, elongate-oblong,
acuminate, nearly entire, almost persistent,
pale beneath , with minute pubescence, sweet-
tasting. Flowers 6 to 14, in close-bracted,
axillary clusters, 5-parted, sweet-scented,
yellow ; in early spring. Fruit a dry drupe,
ovoid, yz in. long. A shrub or small tree,
s. tinct&ria. 10 to 20 ft. high. Delaware and south.

ORDER XXIX. OLEACEJE. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

An order of trees and shrubs, mainly of temperate re-
gions.

GENUS 60. FRAXINTJS.

Trees with petioled, opposite, odd-pinnate leaves (one
cultivated variety has simple leaves). Flowers often in-
conspicuous, in large panicles before the leaves in spring.
Fruit single-winged at one end (samara or key-fruit), in
large clusters; ripe in autumn. Some trees, owing to the
flowers being staminate, produce no fruit. Wood light-
colored, tough, very distinctly marked by the annual
layers. The leaves appear late in the spring, and fall
early in the autumn.

* Flowers with white corolla ; a cultivated small tree 8.

* Flowers with no corolla. ^A.)

A. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets petiolate ; calyx small, persistent on
the fruit. (B.)

B. Fruit broad-winged, \ in. wide. South 5.

B. Wings much narrower. (C.)

0.60]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

123

C. Branchlets round and pubescent 2.

C. Branchlets round and smooth. (D.)
D. Leaflets nearly entire 1.

D. Leaflets serrate near tip, entire below .... 3.

C. Branchlets, on vigorous growths, square 4.

A. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets sessile ; no calyx. (E.)

E. Native ; wing of fruit rounded at tip 6.

E. Cultivated from Europe ; wing notched at tip 7.

A. Leaves simple ; variety under 7.

1. Fraxinus Americana, L.
(WHITE ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 9 (usu-
ally 7), stalked, ovate or lance-ob-
long, pointed, shining above, pale
and either smooth or pubescent be-
neath, somewhat toothed or entire.
Flowers almost always diracious
(May), thus the fruit is found on
but a portion of the trees. The fruit
(August to September) terete and
inarginless below, abruptly dilated
into the wing, which is 2 to 3 times
as long as the terete portion ; entire
fruit about 1J^ in. long. A common
large forest-tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, F- Americana,

with gray, furrowed bark, smooth, grayish-green branchlets, and
rusty-colored buds. Extensively cultivated.

2. Fr£xinus pub6scens, Lam. (RED
ASH.) Like the White Ash, but to be dis-
tinguished from it by the down on the
young, green or olive-green twigs, and on
the footstalks and lower surface of the
leaves. Fruit acute, 2-edged at base, grad-
ually dilated into the wings as in Frax-
inus viridis. A smaller and more slender
tree than the White Ash ; growing in about
the same localities, but rare west of the
Alleghanies; heart-wood darker-colored.

3. Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. (GREEN
F. putescens. ASH.) Smooth throughout; leaflets 5 to

9, bright green on both sides, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-
shaped at base and serrate above. Fruit acute and 2-edged or mar-

124

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

gined at base and gradually spreading
into an oblanceolate or linear-spa tul ate
wing as in the Red Ash. Small to mid-
dle-sized trees (like the Bed Ash), found
throughout, but common westward.

4. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx.
(BLUE ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 9,- short-
stalked, ob-
long - ovate
or lanceo-
late, point-
F.vfridis. ed, sharply

serrate, green on both sides. Fruit nar- I

rowly oblong, blunt, of the same width

at both ends, or slightly narrowed at

the base. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high,

with smooth square twigs on the vig-
orous growths. Wisconsin to Ohio and

Kentucky.

F. quaclrang-ulata.

5. Fraxinus platycarpa, Michx. (WA-
TER-ASH.) Leaflets 5 to 7, 3 to 5 in. long,
ovate or oblong, acute at both ends? short-
stalked, slightly serrate. Branchlets te-
rete, smooth to pubescent. Fruit broadly
winged, •% in. wide, often 3-winged, ta-
pering to the base. A medium-sized tree
in deep river-swamps, Virginia and south.

6. Fraxinus
sambucifolia,

F. platycfirpa. Lam. (BLACK

ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 11, sessile, oblong-
lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate,
obiase or rounded at base, green and
smooth on both sides ; when young, with
some rusty hairs along the midrib. Fruit
without calyx at base and with wing all
around the seed-bearing part, blunt at
both ends. A slender tree, 40 to 70 ft.
high, with dark-blue or black buds.

7. Fraxinus excelsior, L. (EUROPEAN
ASH.) Leaflets 11 to 13 (in some culti-

F. sambucifdlia.

G.61]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

125

vated varieties reduced to 1 to 5), almost

sessile, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate,

serrate, wedge-shaped at base. Flowers

naked, somewhat dicecious, and so the
fruit does not
form on all the
trees. Keys
linear-oblong,
obtuse, ob-
liquely notch-
ed at apex.
This species
in its very nu-
Var. monophf lla. merous vari- F. excelsior.

eties is common in cultivation. One of the most interesting is

the Weeping Ash (var. pendula). The most remarkable is the one

with simple, from pinnatifid to entire

leaves (var. monophylla).

8. Fr&xinus ornus. (FLOWERING
ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate or ellip-
tical, attenuated, serrated, entire at the
stalked bases, villous or downy beneath.
Flowers fringe-like, white, in large ter-
minal drooping clusters, of 4 or 2 petals.
May to June. Fruit small, lance-linear,
obtuse, attenuate at each end. A small
tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, planted in parks.
Not hardy north of New York City with-
out some protection.

GENUS 61. OSMANTHUS.

Shrub or small tree with opposite,
thick, evergreen, nearly entire leaves.
Flowers small, white, in panicles or
corymbs in late spring. Fruit a spher-
ical drupe, y^ in. long, with a 2-seeded
stone ; hanging on during the winter.

Osmanthus Americanus, L. (DEVIL-
WOOD. ) Leaves thick, evergreen, oblon<r-lanceo-
late,entire,acute,narro\ved to a petiole,4 Io5 in.

O- American us.

126

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

long. Flowers dkscious, very small. May. Fruit globular, about
yz in. in diameter, violet-purplish ; ripe in autumn, and remaining
on the tree through the winter. A small tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, from
southern Virginia southward, in moist woods.

GENUS 62. SYBf NGA.

Leaves simple, entire, opposite ; flowers ornamental, in
large, dense clusters. The Lilacs 'are all beautiful, but
form mere shrubs, except the following :

Syringa Japonica. (JAPAN LILAC.
GIANT TREE LILAC.) Leaves deciduous,
opposite, oval to cordate, thick, dai-k
green, glossy; flowers white, 4-parted,
odorless, in very large, dense, erect, ter-
minal clusters, blooming in summer;
fruit dry 2-celled pods with 2 to 4
seeds. A magnificent small tree, 20 to
30 ft. high ; from Japan ; probably hardy
throughout.

S. Jap6nlca.

GENUS 63. CHIONANTHUS.

Low trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, opposite,
entire, thick, smooth, petioled leaves. Flowers 4-parted,
with long, slender, delicate white lobes, drooping in clus-
ters from the lower side of the branches and forming a
fringe ; in early summer. Fruit a purple drupe.

Chionanthus Virginica, L. (FRINGE-
TREE). Leaves smooth, thickish, large
(3 to 6 in. long), oval or obovate, entire.
The leaves are occasionally somewhat
alternate and thin ; they resemble those
of the Magnolia. Drupe ovoid, •% in. long,
covered with a bloom. A beautiful small
tree or shrub, 8 to 30 ft. high, wild along
streams, southern Pennsylvania andsouth-
ward, and generally cultivated north for
its delicate fringe-like flowers. Hardy.

A variety (var. angustifolia) with long,
narrow leaves is occasionally cultivated.

C. Vlrgtoica.

G.64]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

127

ORDER XXX. SCROPHULARlACE-ZE.

(FIGWORT FAMILY.)

A large order of plants, almost entirely herbaceous;
found in all climates ; it includes one cultivated tree in
this region.

GENUS 64. PAULOWNIA.

Tree with opposite (sometimes in whorls of three), large,
deciduous, palmately veined, heart-shaped leaves. Leaf-
stem often hollow ; minute cup-shaped glands, separated
from one another, situated on many portions of the leaf,
but quite abundant on the upper side at the branching of
the veins. Flowers large, in immense panicles; in spring,
before the leaves expand. Fruit a dry, ovate, pointed
capsule, 1^ in. long, with innumerable flat- winged seeds ;
hanging on the tree throughout the winter.

Paulownia imperialis. (IMPERIAL
PAULOWNIA.) Leaves 7 to 14 in. long,
sometimes somewhat lobed, usually very
hairy beneath; 2 buds, almost hidden
under the bark, above each other in the
axil. Flowers purple, nearly 2 in. long,
with a peculiar, thick, leather-like calyx.
A broad flat-headed tree, of rapid growth
when young. Cultivated ; from Japan ;
and hardy throughout, but the flower-buds
are winter-killed quite frequently north of
New York City.

P. imperialis.

ORDER XXXI. BIGNONlACEJE.

(BiGNONiA FAMILY.)

An order of woody plants abundant in South America;
here including one genus of trees :

128 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES
GENUS 65. CATALPA.

Trees or shrubs with large, simple, opposite (or whorled
in threes), heart-shaped, pointed leaves. Flowers irreg-
ular, showy, in large panicles ; blooming in June. Fruit
long pods with many, winged seeds, hanging on till
spring. Branches coarse and stiff. Wood light and
close-grained.

* Flowers bright-spotted ; wings of seeds narrowed 1.

* Flowers nearly pure white ; wings of seeds broad 2.

1. Cat&lpa bignonioldes,
Walt. (INDIAN BEAN. SOUTH-
ERN CATALPA.) The large
heart-shaped leaf has con-
nected scaly glands in the
axils of the large veins on
the lower side ; usually entire
though sometimes angulat
ed, generally opposite though
sometimes in whorls of threes,
very downy beneath when
young, 6 to 12 in. long. Flow-
ers much spotted with yellow
and purple, and with the

lower lobe entiae. Pod thin, 10 in. or

more in length. A medium-sized, wide-
spreading tree, 20 to 40 ft. high, of rapid

growth, with soft, light wood and thin

bark ; wild in the Southern States, and

extensively cultivated as far north as

Albany.

2. Cat&lpa speci6sa, Warder. (IN-
DIAN BEAN. WESTERN CATALPA.) Leaves
large (5 to 12 in. long), heart-shaped,
long-pointed. Flowers 2 in. long, nearly
white, faintly spotted, the lower lobes
somewhat notched. Pod thick. A large,
tall tree, 40 to 60 ft. high, with thick
bark ; wild in low, rich woodlands,
southern Indiana, south and west. ^. sped

C. bignonioidea.

G. 67]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

Catalpa Keempf eri and Cat&lpa Btin-
gei are dwarf forms from Japan, the
latter growing to the height of from 4
to 8 ft., and the former rarely reaching
the height of 18 ft. The leaf of C.
Ksempferi is figured. It is more apt to
have its margin angulated, though all
the species occasionally have angulated
leaves.

C. KfempferL

ORDER XXXII. VERBENACE^E.

Herbs, shrubs, rarely small trees, with opposite leaves,
irregular flowers and dry 2- to 4-celled fruits.

GENUS 66. CLERODENDRON.

Shrubby trees or climbing shrubs with opposite or
whorled, usually entire leaves ; flowers with an almost
regular, 5-parted corolla surrounded by a bell-shaped
calyx ; fruit drupe-like, with 4 seeds.

Clerod6ndron trich6tomum, Thunb.
(FATE-TREE.) Leaves opposite, long-peti-
oled, cordate, thin, entire, glandular-dotted
above, very veiny ; lower leaves largest and
three-lobed. the upper ovate, long-pointed,
all 3-ribbed. Flowers in large, terminal clus-
ters; fruit with juicy pulp covering the 4
seeds. A small tree from Japan ; hardy at
Washington and south. The figure repre-
sents one of the upper leaves.

C. trlch6tomum.

GENUS 67. Vf TEX.

Shrubs or low trees with opposite, usually palmate
leaves, panicled clusters of flowers and drupe-like fruit.

130

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

V. Ag-nus-cdstus.

Vitex Agnus-castus, L. (CHASTE-
TREE.) Leaves long-petioled, pal-
mate, with 5 to 7 lanceolate, acute,
nearly entire leaflets, whitened be-
neath; with an aromatic though un-
pleasant odor. Branches obtusely
4-sided, hairy; flowers pale lilac,
in interrupted panicles, agreeably
sweet-scented in late summer. Shrub
or small tree, 5 to 10 ft. high, culti-
vated from southern Europe ; hardy
at Washington and south. If culti-
vated further noi-th, it needs protec-
tion, at least when young.

ORDER XXXIII. LAURACE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.)
An order of aromatic trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical.

GENUS 68. PERSEA.

Aromatic, evergreen trees with alternate, entire, feather-
veined leaves. Flowers small, in small close panicles. Fruit
small (Yi in.) 1-seeded drupes.

P6rsea Carolin6nsis, Nees. (RED
BAY.) Leaves 2 to 5 in. long, oblong,
entire, covered with a fine down when
young, soon smooth above. Flowers
silky, in small rounded clusters on short
stems. May. Fruit an ovate, pointed,
1-seeded, deep-blue drupe, j£ in. long,
on a red stalk ; ripe in autumn. Usually
a small tree, 15 to 70 ft. high, wild in
swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and south.
Wood reddish, beautiful, hard, strong,
durable.

GENUS 69.

Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, de-
ciduous, often lobed leaves. Juice of bark and leaves

p. Carolln^nsis.

0.71]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

131

mucilaginous. Flowers yellowish-green, in clusters;
blooming in early spring. Fruit a small bluish drupe
on a thick reddish stem. Ripe in
September. Twigs greenish-yellow.

Sassafras officinale, Nees.
FRAS.) Leaves very variable in form,
ovate, entire, or some of them 2- to 3-
lobed, soon smooth. Flowering as the
leaves are putting forth. Tree 15 to 100
ft. high, common in rich woods. The aro-
matic fragrance is strongest in the bark
of the roots. Wood reddish, rather hard
and durable.

GENUS 70. LfNDERA.

Shrubs with deciduous, alternate, aromatic leaves and
small, yellow flowers in close clus-
ters along the branches. Fruit a
drupe on a not-thickened stalk.

Lindera Benzoin, Blume. (SPICE-BUSH.
BENJAMIN-BUSH.) Leaves alternate, ob-
long-ovate, entire, pale beneath, very
spicy in odor and taste ; twigs green ; leaf-
buds scaly; drupes red, ripe in autumn.
Flowers 4 to 5 together in sessile umbels ;
in early spring, before the leaves expand.
Common in damp woods throughout.

ORDER XXXIV. EUEAGNACEJE.

(OLEASTER FAMILY.)

A small order of shrubs or small trees, with the leaves
covered with silvery scurf.

GENUS 71. EUEAGNTJS.

Leaves alternate, entire; flowers axillary, stemmed;
fruit drupe-like with an 8-grooved stone.

132

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Elaeagnus 16ngipes. (SILVER -LEAVED
EL^EAGNUS.) Leaves almost evergreen,
rather thick, ovate-oblong, rather blunt,
entire, smooth and dark green above, but
silvery below. Flowers inconspicuous.
Fruit about Vz in. long, bright red, with
silvery scales, very abundant and beautiful;
ripe in July ; juicy and edible, with a pun-
gent flavor. Shrub from Japan ; hardy throughout.

GENUS 72. SHEPHERDIA.

Small trees or shrubs with opposite, deciduous, entire,
silvery-scaled leaves. Flowers very small, dioecious. Fruit
small, berry-like, translucent, 1-seeded.

Sheph6rdia arg6ntea, Nutt. (BUF-
FALO-BERRY. BABBIT-BERRY.) Leaves
opposite, oblong-ovate, tapering at base,
silvery on both sides, with small peltate
scales. Branches often ending in sharp
thorns. Fruit, scarlet berries the size of
currants, forming continuous clusters on
every branch and twig, but found only
on the pistillate plants. They are juicy,
somewhat sour, pleasant-tasting, and make
excellent jelly; ripe in September. A
small handsome tree, 5 to 20 ft. high, s. argentea.

wild in the Eocky Mountains, and sometimes cultivated east. Its
thorny-tipped branches make it a good hedge-plant. Hardy.

ORDER XXXV. ETJPHORBlACEJE.

(SPURGE FAMILY.)

A large order of mainly herbaceous and shrubby plants
of warm countries, with usually milky juice.

GENUS 73. BfJXUS.

Shrubs or trees with opposite, evergreen, entire leaves
and small flowers. The fruit 3-celled, 6-seeded pods.

a. 74]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

133

Biixus semp6rvirens, L. (BOXWOOD.)
Leaves ovate, smooth, dark green ; leaf-
stems hairy at edge. This plant is a native
of Europe, and in its tree form furnishes
the white wood used for wood-engraving.

Var. subfruticosa (dwarf boxwood) grows
only a foot or two high, and is exten-
sively used for edgings in gardens.
The tree form is more rare in cultivation,
and is of slow growth, but forms a round-
topped tree.

B. sempervirens.

ORDER XXXVI. TTRTICACE-ffi. (NETTLE FAMILY.)
A large order of herbs, shrubs and trees, mainly tropical.

GENUS 74.

Tall umbrella-shaped trees with watery juice and alter-
nate, 2-ranked, simple, deciduous, obliquely ovate to
obliquely heart-shaped, strongly straight-veined, serrate
leaves, harsh to the touch, often rough. Flowers insig-
nificant, appearing before the leaves. Fruit a flattened,
round-winged samara; ripe in the spring and dropping
early from the trees. Bark rough with longitudinal ridges.

* Leaves very rough on the upper side. (A.)

A. Leaves 4 to 8 in. long ; buds rusty-downy ; inner bark very
mucilaginous ................................ ......... 1.

A. Leaves smaller; buds not downy ; cultivated. (B.)
B. Wide-spreading tree; twigs drooping; fruit slightly
notched ........................................... 2.

B. Tree rather pyramidal; twigs not usually drooping; fruit
deeply notched .................................. . . .3.

* Leaves not very rough on the upper side. (O.)

C. Buds and branchlets pubescent; twigs often with corky
ridges ....................................... ...... 4.

C. Buds and branchlets free from hairs, or very nearly so. (D.)

D. Twigs with corky wings ............................... 5.

D. Twigs often with corky ridges; cultivated ........... 2, 3.

D. Branchlets never corky ............ .................... 6.

134

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

1. fhmus fdlva, Michx. (SLIPPERY OR
BED ELM.) Leaves large, 4 to 8 in., very
rough above, ovate-oblong, taper-point-
ed, doubly serrate, soft-downy beneath ;
branehlets downy ; inner bark very mu-
cilaginous; leaves sweet-scented in dry-
ing ; buds in spring soft and downy with
rusty hairs. Fruit with a shallow notch
in the wing not nearly reaching the
rounded nut. A medium-sized tree, 45 to 60
ft. high, with tough and very durable red-
dish wood ; wild in rich soils throughout.

2. fJlmus montana, Banh. (SCOTCH
OR WITCH ELM.) Leaves broad, obovate,
abruptly pointed and doubly serrated.

Fruit rounded, with a slightly notched
wing, naked. Branches drooping at
their extremity, their bark smooth
and even. A medium-sized tree, 50
to 60 ft. high, with spreading or often
drooping branches ; extensively culti-
vated under a dozen different names,
among the most peculiar being the
White-margined (var. alba marginata),
the Crisped-leaved (var. crispa), and
the Weeping (var. pendula) Elms.

3. fjlmus camp6stris, L. (ENG-
LISH OR FIELD ELM.) Leaves much
smaller and of a darker color than the
American Elm, obovate-oblong, ab-

ruptly sharp-pointed, doubly serrated, rough.
Fruit smooth, with the wing deeply notched.
A tall and beautiful cultivated tree, with the
branches growing out from the trunk more
abruptly than those of the American Elm,
and thus forming a more pyramidal tree. A
score of named varieties are in cultivation in
this country, some with very corky bark,
others with curled leaves, and still others with weeping branches.

4. tJlmus racemosa, Thomas. (CORK OR ROCK ELM.) Leaves
2 to 4 in. long, obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed, often doubly ser-

0.75]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

135

rated, with very straight veins ; twigs and
bud-scales downy-ciliate ; branches often
with corky ridges. Fruit large (yz in. or
more long), with a deep notch ; hairy. A
large tree with fine-grained, heavy and
very tough wood. Southwest Vermont,
west and south, southwestward to Mis-
souri, on river-banks.

5. thmus alata, Michx. (WAHOO OR
WINGED ELM.) Leaves small, 1 to 2 in.
long, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, thickish, downy beneath and nearly

smooth above, sharply serrate. Bud-
scales and branchlets nearly smooth.
Notch in the wing of the fruit deep.
A small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, the

1 yE^^\M branches having corky wings. Wild,

f- ^^T^-50 V \ f Virginia, west and south j rarely cul-

tivated.

6. fhmus Americana,

L. (AMERICAN OR WHITE

ELM.) Leaves 2 to 4 in.

long, obovate-oblong or

oval, abruptly sharp-
pointed, sharply and often doubly
serrated, soft -pubescent beneath when
young, soon quite smooth; buds and,
branchlets smooth. Fruit j£ in. long, its
sharp points incurved and closing the
deep notch; hairy only on the edges.
A large ornamental tree, usually with
spreading branches and drooping branch-
lets, forming a very wide-spreading top.
Wild throughout in rich, moist soil ; common in cultivation.

TJ. Americana.

GENUS 75.

Trees or tall shrubs with alternate, simple, pointed,
2-ranked, feather-veined, toothed leaves. Flowers incon-
spicuous, with the leaves in spring. Fruit a small, nut-

136

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

like, scaly, globular drupe, ripe in autumn. Bark scaling
off like that of the Sycamore.

1. Pl&nera aqu&tica, Gmel. (AMERICAN
PLANER-TREE.) Leaves ovate-oblong, small, 1
to 1J^ in. long, on short stems, sharp-pointed,
serrate with equal teeth, smooth, green above
and gray below, not oblique at base. Flowers
minute, in small heads, appearing before the
leaves. Fruit a scaly, roughened nut, % in.,
raised on a stalk in the calyx ; ripe in Sep-
tember. A small tree, 20 to 50 ft. high ; wet
banks, Kentucky and southward ; hardy as far
north as Philadelphia.

2. Pl&nera acuminata. (KiAKA ELM
OR JAPAN PLANER-TREE.) Leaves large,
glossy, smooth, deeply notched, on red
strms ; young shoots also red. This is a
larger, more hardy, and finer tree than the
Amorican Planer-tree, and should be more
extensively cultivated.

The Caucasian Planer-tree (Planera par-
vifolia), with very small leaves, is also oc-
casionally cultivated.

GENUS 76. ClSLTIS.

P. acuminata.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, 2-ranked, ob-
lique, serrate leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish,
axillary. Fruit berry-like, sweet, edible drupes, about
the size of a currant, with one seed ; color dark ; ripe in
autumn.

* Leaves usually sharply serrate 1-

* Leaves almost entire 2.

1. C61tis occidentalis, L. (SUGARBERRY.
HACKBERRY.) Leaves ovate, obliquely sub-
cordate to truncate at base, long-acuminate,
serrate (at least near the apex), rough above
and hairy beneath. Fruit a single-seeded,
% in., globular drupe, solitary on a peduncle,
1 in. long, in the axils of the leaves; purple when ripe in aiitumn.

C. occidentalis.

0.78]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

137

Shrub (var. pumila) to large tree, 6 to 50 ft. high ; throughout ;
rare north, abundant south. Sometimes cultivated. The branches
are numerous, slender, horizontal, giving the tree a wide-spreading,
dense top.

2. C61tis Mississippi6nsis, Bosc. Leaves
almost entire, with a very long, tapering point,
a rounded and mostly oblique base, thin and
smooth. Fruit smaller than that of the pre-
ceding species. A small tree with rough,
warty bark. Illinois and southward.

0. Mississipptensis.

GENUS 77. MACLtTRA.

Trees or shrubs with milky juice and simple, alternate,
entire, deciduous leaves, generally having a sharp spine
by the side of the bud in the axils. Flowers inconspicu-
ous j in summer. Fruit large, glob-
ular, orange-like in appearance.

Madura aurantiaca, Nutt. (OSAGE
ORANGE. Bow- WOOD.) Leaves rather
thick, ovate to ovate-oblong, almost en-
tire, smooth and shining above, strong-
veined and paler beneath, 4 in. long by 2
in. wide ; spines simple, about 1 in. long.
Fruit as large as an orange, golden-yellow
when ripe. A medium-sized tree, 20 to
50 ft. high; native west of the Missis-
sippi. Extensively cultivated for hedges,
and also for ornament, throughout.

GENUS 78. MORTIS.

Trees with milky juice and alternate, deciduous, ex-
stipulate, broad, heart-shaped, usually rough leaves.
Flowers inconspicuous; in spring. Fruit blackberry-
like in shape and size; in summer.

* Leaves rough ; fruit dark-colored : . .1.

* Leaves smooth and shining ; fruit white to black 2.

138

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

1. Morus rubra, L. (RED MULBERRY.) Leaves
broad, heart-shaped, 4 to 6 in. long, serrate,
rough above and downy beneath, pointed; on
the young shoots irregularly lobed. Fruit dark
red, almost purple when ripe, cylindrical; not
found on all the trees, as the flowers are some-
what dioecious ; ripe in July. Wood yellow, heavy
and durable. Usually a small tree, 15 to 60 ft.
high; wild throughout, also cultivated.

2. Morus dlba, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.)
Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, pointed, ser-
rate, smooth and shining ; lobed on the
younger growths; 2 to 7 in. long. Fruit
whitish, oval to oblong; ripe in July. A
small tree from China, planted for feeding
silkworms, but now naturalized throughout.

Var. multicaulis has large leaves, and is
considered better for silkworm food than M.aiba.

the usual form. It is not very hardy, as it is frequently winter-
killed in the latitude of New York City.

Var. Downingii (Downing's everbearing Mulberry) has large leaves
and very large, dark red or black fruit, of excellent flavor, which
does not ripen all at once as most Mulberries do.

GENUS 79. BBOUSSONETIA.

Trees with milky juice and alternate, deciduous, stipu-
late, broad, very hairy leaves. Flowers dioecious. Fruit
(only on a portion of the plants) similar to the common
Mulberry.

Broussonetia papyrifera, L. (PAPER-
MULBERRY. ) Leaves ovate to heart-shaped,
variously lobed, deeply so on the young
suckers, serrate, very rough above and
quite soft-downy beneath; leaves on the
^<_ji^^- °ld trees almost without lobes ; bark tough

J and fibrous. Flowers in catkins, greenish ;

B. papyrifera. ^ spring Fruit dub-shaped, dark scarlet,

sweet and insipid ; ripe in August. Small cultivated tree, 10 to 35 ft.
high, hardy north to New York ; remarkable for the great variety
in the forms of its leaves on the young trees.

G.80]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

139

ORDER XXXVII. PLATANACE-ffi.

(PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)

A very small order, containing but one genus :

GENUS 80. PLATANUS.

Trees with alternate, simple, large, palmately lobed
leaves. The base of the petiole is hollowed to cover the
bud. Flowers inconspicuous; in early spring. Fruit a
large, dry ball, hanging on a long peduncle, and remain-
ing on the tree through the winter. Large tree with
white bark separating into thin, brittle plates.

1. Pl&tanusoccident&lis, L. (AMERI-
CAN SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD.) Leaves
large (6 to 10 in. broad), roundish heart-
shaped, angularly sinuate-lobed, the
short lobes sharp-pointed, scurfy-downy
till old. Fruit globular, solitary, 1 in.
in diameter, hanging on long, 4-in. pe-
duncles ; remaining on the tree through
the winter. A large, well-known tree,
80 to 100 ft. high ; found on river-banks
throughout ; also cultivated. Wood
brownish, coarse-grained ; it cannot be
split, and is very difficult to smooth. The

P. occidentd-lis.

marking of the grain on the quar-
tered lumber is very beautiful.

2. Pl&tanus orientdlis, L. (ORI-
ENTAL PLANE.) Leaves more deeply
cut, smaller, and sooner smooth than
those of the American Sycamore.
Fruit frequently clustered on the pe-
duncles. This tree is similar to the
American -Sycamore, and in many
ways better for cultivation.

140 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

ORDER XXXVIII. JTTGLANDACE-ffi.

(WALNUT FAMILY.)

A small order of useful nut- and timber-trees.

GENUS 81.

Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, of 5 to 17
leaflets, with 2 to 4 axillary buds, the uppermost the
largest. Flowers inconspicuous, the sterile ones in catkins.
May. Fruit a large, bony, edible nut surrounded by a
husk that has no regular dehisceiice. The nut, as in the
genus Carya,' has a bony partition between the halves of
the kernel.

* Leaflets 13 to 17, strongly serrate ; husk of the fruit not sepa-

rating from the very rough, bony nut; native. (A.)
A. Upper axillary bud cylindrical, whitish with hairs; nut

elongated 1.

A. Upper axillary bud ovate, pointed; nut globular 2.

* Leaflets 5 to 9 ; husk of the fruit separating when dry from the

smoothish, thin-shelled nut; cultivated 3.

1. Juglans cin&rea, L. (BUTTER-
NUT. WHITE WALNUT.) Leaflets 11
to 17, lanceolate, rounded at base,
serrate with shallow teeth ; downy,
especially beneath ; leafstalk sticky
or gummy. Buds oblong, white-to-
mentose. Fruit oblong, clammy,
pointed. A thick-shelled nut, deeply
sculptured and rough with ragged
ridges ; ripe in September. A widely
spreading, flat-topped tree, 30 to 70
ft. high, with gray bark and much
lighter-colored wood than that of the
Juglans nigra.

G.82]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

141

2. Juglans nigra, L. (BLACK WAL-
NUT.) Leaflets 13 to 21,lanceolate-ovate,
taper-pointed, somewhat heart-shaped
and oblique at base, smooth above and
very slightly downy beneath. Fruit
globular, roughly dotted; the thick-
shelled nut very rough ; ripe in Octo-
ber. A large handsome tree, 50 to 120 ft.
high, with brown bark; more common
west than east of the Alleghanies ;
ofteo planted. Wood dark purplish-
brown.

3. Juglans regia, L.
NUT. ENGLISH WALNUT.)

J. nigra.

(MADEIRA

Leaflets 5

to 9, oval, smooth, obscurely serrate.
Fruit oval, with a thin-shelled oval
nut not nearly so rough as that of
Juglans cinerea, or of Juglans nigra.
When ripe the husk becomes very
brittle and breaks open to let out
the nut. Tree intermediate in size,
40 to 60 ft. high, hardy as far north as
Boston in the East, but needs protec-
tion at St. Louis. It should be more
extensively cultivated. Introduced
from Persia.

GENUS 82.

Hard-wooded trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves
having straight-veined leaflets. The leaflets are opposite
each other, and the terminal pair and end leaflet are
usually much the largest. The sterile flowers are in hang-
ing catkins, the fertile ones minute, forming a large,
rounded, green-coated, dry drupe, with a roughened nut
having a bony partition. The drupes hang on till frost,
when they open more or less and usually allow the nut
to drop out. Wood hard and tough.

142

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

*Bark shaggy and scaly; kernel very good. (A.)
A. Leaflets usually 5 (5 to 7) 1.

A. Leaflets 7 to 9 2.

* Bark rough, deeply furrowed but not shaggy; kernel edible. (B. )

B. Leaflets 7 to 9, usually 7 3.

B. Leaflets 5 to 7, usually 5 4.

* Bark smooth ; kernel bitter. (C. )

C. Leaflets 5 to 7, usually 7, smooth 5.

C. Leaflets 7 to 11, serrate with deep teeth 6.

* Bark smooth ; nut thin-shelled ; kernel sweet ; leaflets 13 to 15 . .7.

1. C&rya &lba, Nutt. ( SHELLBARK OR
SHAGBARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 5, the
lower pair much smaller, all oblong-lan-
ceolate, taper-pointed, finely serrate,
downy beneath when young. Fruit glob-
ular, depressed at the top, splitting read-
ily into 4 wholly separate valves. Nut
white, sweet, compressed, 4 -angled.
Husk quite thin for the Hickories. Tree
70 to 90 ft. high, with very shaggy bark,
even on quite small trees. Wild through-
out, and cultivated.

2. Carya sulcata, Nutt. (BiG
SHELLBARK. KINGNUT.) Leaflets
7 to 9, obovate-acuminate, sharply
serrate, the odd one attenuate at base
and nearly sessile ; downy beneath
(more so than Carya alba). Fruit
large, oval, 4-ribbed above the mid-
dle, with 4 intervening depressions.
Husk very thick, entirely separating
into 4 valves. Nut large, li£ to 2
in. long, dull-whitish, thick-shelled,
usually strongly pointed at both
ends. Kernel sweet and good. Tree
60 to 90 ft. high, with a shaggy bark
of loose, narrow strips on large
trees. Quite common west of the
Alleghanies.

3. Cdrya tomentdsa, Nutt. (MOCKERNTTT. WHITE-HEART HICK-
ORY.) Leaflets 7 to 9 (mostly 7), lance-obovate, pointed, obscurely

9.82]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

143

serrate or almost entire, the lower surface
as well as the twigs and the catkins to-
mentose when young. Fruit globular or
ovoid, usually with a, very hard, thick husk
slightly united at base. Nut somewhat
hexagonal, with a very thick shell and
well-flavored kernel. A tall, slender tree, 60
to 100 ft. high, with a rough deeply furrow-
ed, but not
shaggy bark.
Common on
dry hillsides
throughout.

C. microcarpa.

4. Carya

microcarpa, C.tomentbsa.

Nutt. (SMALL MOCKERNUT.) Leaflets
about 5 (5 to 7), oblong-lanceolate,
long-pointed, finely serrate, smooth,
glandular beneath ; buds small, ovate.
Fruit small, subglobose, with a thin
husk; nut not sharply angled, with a
thin shell ; edible. A large tree, 70 to

90 ft. high ; New- York, Pennsylvania, and westward.

5. C&rya porcina, Nutt. (PIGNUT.
BROOM-HICKORY.) Leaflets 5 to 7 (usu-
ally 7), oblong-ovate, acuminate, ser-
rate, smooth. Fruit pear-shaped to
oval, somewhat rough, splitting regu-
larly only about half-way. Nut large

(iy2 to 2

in. long),

brownish,

somewhat

obcordate,

with a thick, hard shell, and poor,

bitter kernel. Tall tree, 70 to 80 ft.

high, with dark-colored heart-wood,

and rather smooth bark. Common on

ridges.

6. C&rya amara, Nutt. (BITTERNUT.
SWAMP-HICKORY.) Leaflets 7 to 11, lan-

C. porcina.

144

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

eeolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate with deep teeth. Fruit round-
ish-ovate, regularly separable only half-way, but friable at maturity.
Nut small, white, subglobose, with a very thin shell and an ex-
tremely bitter kernel. Large tree with
orange-yellow winter buds, and firm, not
scaly, bark. Wild throughout, and some-
times cultivated.

7. C&rya olivsefdrmis, Nutt. (PECAN-
NUT.) Leaflets 13 to 15, ovate-lanceolate,
serrate ; lateral ones nearly sessile and
decidedly curved. Fruit oblong, widest
above the middle, with 4 distinct valves.
Nut oblong, li^ in.', nearer smooth than
the other edible Hickory-nuts, the shell
thin, but rather too hard to be broken
bythe fingers. The kernel is full, sweet,

O. oliv»f6rmis. &nd gQod A tall fcree> SQ t() 90 f t high

Indiana and south ; also cultivated, but not very successfully, as
far north as New York City.

ORDER XXXIX. CUPULIFEBJE. (OAK FAMILY.)

This order contains more species of trees and shrubs in
temperate regions than any other, except the Coniferse.
The genus Quercus (Oak) alone contains about 20 species
of trees in the region covered by this work.

GENUS 83. BlSTTJLA.

Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, mostly straight-
veined, thin, usually serrate leaves. Flowers in catkins,
opening in eai'ly spring, in most cases before the leaves.
Fruit a leafy-scaled catkin or cone, hanging on till
autumn. Twists usually slender, the bark peeling off
in thin, tough layers, and having peculiar horizontal
marks. Many species have aromatic leaves and twigs.

G.83]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

145

* Trunks with chalky white bark. (A.)
A. Native. (B.)

B. Small tree with leafstalks about j£ as long as the blades. 1.

B. Large tree; leafstalks about ^ as long as the blades 2.

A. Cultivated ; from Europe ; many varieties 3.

* Bark not chalky white, usually dark. (C.)
C. Leaves and bark very aromatic. (D.)

D. Bark of trunk yellowish and splitting into filmy layers. .5.

D. Bark not splitting into filmy layers 4.

C. Leaves not very aromatic ; bark brownish and loose and
shaggy on the main trunk; growing in or near the water. .6.

1. B6tula populifolia, Ait. (AMERI-
CAN WHITE OR GRAY BIRCH.) Leaves tri-
angular, very taper-pointed, and usually
truncate or nearly so at the broad base,
irregularly twice-serrate; both sides
smooth and shining, when young glutin-
ous with resinous glands ; leafstalks half
as long as the blades and slender, so as
to make the leaves tremulous, like those
of the Aspen. Fruit brown, cylindrical,
more or less pendulous on slender pe-
duncles. A small (15 to 30 ft. high),
slender tree with an ascending rather
than an erect trunk. Bark chalky or

grayish white, with triangular dusky B. popuiiToiia.

spaces below the branches; recent shoots brown, closely covered
with round dots.

2. B6tula papyrif era, Marsh. (PAPER OR CANOE BIRCH.) Leaves
2 to 4 in. long, ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped, abrupt or some-
times wedge-shaped at the base, sharply and doubly serrate, smooth

and green above, roughly reticulated, glan-
dular-dotted and slightly hairy 'beneath ;
footstalk not over ^ the length of the blade.
Fruit long-stalked and drooping. A large
tree, 60 to 75 ft. high, with white bark
splitting freely into very thin, tough layers.
A variety, 5 to 10 ft. high (var. minor), oc-
curs only in the White Mountains. Young
shoots reddish or purplish olive-green deep-
ening to a dark copper bronze. New En£
B a ifera. land and westward, also cultivated.

146

TKEES OP THE NOKTHEKN UNITED STATES

3. B6tula alba, L. (EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH.)
Leaves ovate, acute, somewhat deltoid, unequally
serrate, often deeply cut, nearly smooth ; in var.
pubescens covered with white hairs. Fruit brown,
cylindric, drooping. A tree, 30 to 60 ft. high,
with a chalky-white bark ; from Europe, exten-
sively cultivated in this country, under many
names, which indicate the character of growth or
foliage ; among them may be mentioned pendula (weeping), laciniata
(cut-leaved), fastigiata (pyramidal), atropurpurea (purple-leaved),
and pubescens (hairy-leaved).

4. B6tula 16nta, L. (SWEET, BLACK or
CHERRY BIRCH.) Leaves and bark very
sweet, aromatic. Leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, with more or less heart-shaped base,
very acute apex, and doubly and finely ser-
rate margin, bright shining green above,
smooth beneath, except the veins, which are
hairy. Fruit 1 to li^ in. long, cylindric,
with spreading lobes to the scales. A rather
large tree, 50 to 70 ft. high, with bark of
trunk and twigs in appearance much like
that of the garden Cherry, and not splitting
into as thin layers as most of the Birches. Wood rose-colored, fine-
grained. Moist woods, rather common throughout ; also cultivated.

5. B6tula lutea, Michx. f . (YELLOW
OR GRAY BIRCH.) A species so like the
preceding (Betula lenta) as to be best
described by stating the differences.
Leaves and bark are much less aro-
matic. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, not so
often nor so plainly heart-shaped at
base, usually narrowed ; less bright
green above, and more downy beneath ;
more coarsely serrate. Fruit not so
long, and more ovate, with much larger
and thinner scales, the lobes hardly
spreading. A large tree, 50 to 90 ft.
B. lutea. high, with yellowish or silvery-gray

bark peeling off into very thin, filmy layers from the trunk. Wood
whiter, and not so useful. Rich, moist woodlands, especially north-
ward ; also cultivated.

0.84]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

147

6. B6tula nlgra, L. (RIVER OR RED
BIRCH.) Leaves 2i-2 to 3i£ in. long,
rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends, dis-
tinctly doubly serrate, bright green
above ; glaucous beneath when young ;
on petioles only ^ their length. Twigs
brown to cinnamon-color, and downy
when young. A medium-sized tree,
30 to 50 ft. high, usually growing on
the edges of streams, the old trunks
having a very shaggy, loose, torn, red-
dish-brown bark. Wild in Massachu-
setts, south and west ; often cultivated.

GENUS 84. ALNTJS.

B. nlgra.

Shrubs or small trees with deciduous, alternate, simple,
straight-veined leaves with large stipules that remain
most of the season. Flowers in catkins. Fruit a small,
scaly, open, woody cone, remaining on the plant through-
out the year.

Native species ; growing in wet places. (A. )

A. Leaves rounded at base ; whitened beneath ; found north of

41° N. Lat 1.

A. Leaves acute or tapering at base; southward. (B.)

B. Flowering in the spring 2.

B. Flowering in the autumn 3.

Cultivated species; from Europe; will grow in dry places . .4, 5.

1. Alnus incana, Willd. (SPECKLED
OR HOARY ALDER.) Leaves 3 to 5 in.
long, broadly oval or ovate, rounded at
base, sharply serrate, often coarsely
toothed, whitened and mostly downy
beneath; stipules lanceolate and soon
falling. Fruit orbicular or nearly so.
A shrub or small tree, 8 to 20 ft. high,
with the bark of the trunk a polished
reddish greeii ; common along water-
courses north of 41° N. Lat.; sometimes
cultivated.

148

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

2. Alnus serrulata, Willd. (SMOOTH
ALDER.) Leaves 2 to 4J^ in. long, thick-
ish, obovate, acute at base, sharply and
finely serrate, green both sides, smooth or
often downy beneath; stipules yellowish
green, oval, and falling after 2 or 3 leaves
have expanded above them. Fruit ovate.
Bather a shrub than a tree, 6 to 12 ft. high,
common along streams south of 41° N. Lat.
In the Southern
States it some-
times forms a

A. serruiata.

tree 30 ft. high.

3. Alnus maritima, Muhl. (SEASIDE

ALDER.) Smooth ; leaves oblong-ovate to

obovate, with a tapering base, sharply ser-
rulate ; petiole slender; color bright green,

somewhat rusty beneath. Flowering in

the autumn. Fruiting catkin large, % to

1 in. long, j£ in. thick, usually solitary,

ovoid to oblong. A small tree, 15 to 25 ft. A. maritima.

high. Southern Delaware and eastern
Maryland, near the coast.

4. Alnus glutinosa, L. (EUROPEAN
ALDER.) Leaves roundish, wedge-
shaped, wavy-serrated, usually abrupt
at tip, glutinous; sharply and deeply
incised in some varieties. Fruit oval,
yz in. long. A medium-sized tree, 25
to 60 ft. high, of rapid growth, often
cultivated under several names; the
most important being vars. laciniata
(cut-leaved), quercifolia (oak-leaved),
and rubrinervis (red-leaved).
5. Alnus cordifolia, Ten. (HEART-LEAVED

ALDER.) Leaves heart-shaped, dark green

and shining. Flowers greenish-brown, bloom-
ing in March and April, before the leaves

expand. A large and very handsome Alder,

15 to 20 ft. high, growing in much dryer soil

than the American species. Cultivated from

southern Europe. Hardy after it gets a good

start, but often winter-killed when young.

A. erlutln6sa.

0.86] CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

GENUS 85. COBYLTJS.

149

Low trees and large shrubs with simple, alternate, de-
ciduous, doubly serrate, straight-veined leaves. Flowers
insignificant, in catkins in early spring. Fruit an ovoid-
oblong bony nut, inclosed in a thickish involucre of two
leaves with a lacerated frilled border; ripe in autumn.

* Leafy bracts of fruit forming a bottle-shaped involucre 2.

* Leafy bracts not bottle-shaped. (A.)

A. Involucre much longer than the nut 1.

A. Involucre but little longer than the nut 3.

1. C6rylus Americana, Walt. (WiLD
HAZELNUT.) Leaves roundish heart-
shaped, pointed, doubly serrate ; stipules
broad at base, acute, and sometimes cut-
toothed; twigs and shoots often hairy.
Involucre of the fruit open to the glo-
bose nut, the two leaf-like bracts very
much cut-toothed at the margin and
thick and leathery at the base. Merely
a shrub, 5 to 6 ft. high; quite common
throughout.

C. Americana.

2. C6rylus rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-
NUT.) Leaves but little or not at all heart-
shaped ; stipules linear-lanceolate. The in-
volucre, extending beyond the nut in a bract
like a bottle, is covered with stiff, short hairs.
Shrub, 4 to 5 ft. high. Wild in the same re-
gion as Corylus Americana, but not so abun-
dant.

3. C6rylus Avellana, L. (EUROPEAN HA-
ZEL. FILBERT.) Leaves roundish-cordate,
pointed, doubly serrate, nearly sessile, with
ovate-oblong, obtuse stipules ; shoots bristly.
Involucre of the fruit not much larger than
the large nut (1 in.), and deeply cleft. A small
tree or shrub, 6 to 12 ft. high, from Europe ;
several varieties in cultivation.

150 TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

GENUS 86. OSTBYA.

Slender trees with very hard wood, brownish, furrowed
bark, and deciduous, alternate, simple, exstipulate, straight-
veined leaves. Flowers incon-
spicuous, in catkins. Fruit hop-
like in appearance, at the ends of
side shoots of the season, hang-
ing on through the autumn.

1. Ostrya Virginica, Willd. (IRON-
WOOD. AMERICAN HOP -HORNBEAM.)
Leaves oblong -ovate, taper -pointed,
very sharply doubly serrate, downy be-
neath, with 11 to 15 straight veins on
each side of the midrib ; buds acute.
The hop-like fruit 2 to 3 times as long
O. Virgfnica. &g wide . ful] grQwn ftnd pendulous> : to

3 in . long, in August, when it adds
greatly to the beauty of the tree. A
small, rather slender tree, 30 to 50 ft.
high, with the bark on old trees some-
what furrowed; wood white and very
hard and heavy ; common in rich woods,
and occasionally cultivated.

2. 6strya vulgaris, Willd. (EURO-
PEAN HOP-HORNBEAM.) This species
from Europe is much like the American
one, but has longer, more slender, more
pendulous fruit-clusters. Occasionally
cultivated.

O. vulgaris.

GENUS 87. CABPINUS.

Trees or tall shrubs with alternate, simple, straight-
veined leaves, and smooth and close gray bark. Flowers
in drooping catkins, the sterile flowers in dense cylindric
ones, and the fertile flowers in a loose terminal one form-
ing an elongated, leafy-bracted cluster with many, sev-
eral-grooved, small nuts, hanging on the tree till late in
the autumn.

G.88]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

151

1. CarplnusCaroliniana,Walt. (AMER-

ICANHOBNBEAM. BLUE OR WATER BEECH.)

Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply
doubly serrate, soon nearly smooth. Fruit
with the scales obliquely halberd-shaped
and cut-toothed, % in. long, nuts ^ in.
long. A tree or tall shrub, 10 to 25 ft.
high, with a peculiarly ridged trunk; the
close, smooth gray bark and the leaves
are much like those of the Beech. The
wood is very hard and whitish. Common
along streams ;
sometimes cul-
tivated.

C. CaroliniAna.

2. Carplnus B6tulus, L. (EUROPEAN
HORNBEAM.) This cultivated species is
quite similar to the American, but can be
distinguished by the scales of the fruit,
which are wholly halberd-shaped, having
the basal lobes nearly equal in size, as
shown in the cut ; while the American spe-
cies has scales only half halberd-shaped.

GENUS 88. QUlSRCUS.

Large trees to shrubs, with simple, alternate, deciduous
or evergreen, entire to deeply lobed leaves. The leaves
are rather thick and woody, and remain on the tree either
all winter or at least until nearly all other deciduous
leaves have fallen. Flowers insignificant ; the staminate
ones in catkins; blooming in spring. Fruit an acorn,
which in the White, Chestnut, and Live Oaks matures the
same year the blossoms appear ; while in the Red, Black,
and Willow Oaks the acorns mature the second year.
They remain on the tree until late in autumn. The Oaks,
because of their large tap-roots, can be transplanted only
when small. Most of the species are in cultivation. The
species are very closely related, and a number of them quite
readily hybridize ; this is especially true of those of a
particular group, as the White Oaks, Black Oaks; etc.

152 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

There is no attempt in the Key to characterize the hy-
brids, of which some are quite extensively distributed.
Quercus heterophylla, Michx. (Bartram's Oak), supposed to
be a hybrid between Quercus Pkellos and Quercus rubra,
is found quite frequently from Staten Island southward
to North Carolina.

* Cultivated Oaks from the Old World; bark rough ; leaves more or

less sinuated or lobed. (A. )
A. Acorn cup not bristly 20.

A. Acorn cup more or less bristly 21.

* Wild species, occasionally cultivated. (B. )

B. Leaves entire or almost entire, or merely 3- (rarely 5-) lobed
at the enlarged summit. (0.)

. C. Ends about equal, petioles very short. (D.)

D. Leaves small (2 to 4 in. long), evergreen, bark smooth,

black (Live-oaks) 10.

D. Leaves not evergreen in the North, somewhat awned
when young, bark very smooth, black and never cracked
(Willow-oaks). (E.)

E. Down on the under side quite persistent 18.

E. Under side soon smooth 19.

C. Widened near the tip, somewhat obovate and the end usu-
ally 3-lobed ; bark quite black, smooth or furrowed, but
never scaly (Black-oaks). (F.)

P. Leaves acute at base 16.

F. Leaves abrupt or cordate at base 17.

B. Leaves distinctly straight-veined, sinuate rather than lobed,
the teeth generally rounded and never awned ; bark white,
rough and scaling (Chestnut-oaks). (G-.)
G. Lobes rounded 5, 6, 7.

0. Lobes rather acute 8, 9.

B. Leaves coarsely lobed, the lobes usually rounded, never

awned; bark white or whitish-brown, cracking and scaling

off in thin laminae (White Oaks). (H.)

H. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branchlets 4.

H. Leaves not crowded ], 2, 3.

B. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes and teeth acute and

bristle-pointed; petiole slender; base rather abrupt; bark

dark-colored, smooth or furrowed, but never scaly (Red

Oaks). (I.)

1. Leaves smooth both sides, at least when mature. .11, 12. 13.
J. Leaves soft-downy beneath 14, 15.

0.88]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

153

1. Q,u6rcusalba, L. (AMERICAN WHITE
OAK.) Leaves short- stemmed, acute at
base, with 3 to 9 oblong, obtuse, usually
entire, oblique lobes, very persistent,
mauy remaining on the tree through the
winter; pubescent when young, soon
smooth, bright green above. Acorns in
the axils of the leaves of the year, ovoid-
oblong, 1 in., in a shallow, rough cup,
often sweet and edible. A large tree,
60 to 80 ft. high, with stem often 6 ft.
in diameter; wood light-colored, hard,
tough and very useful. Common throughout

Q. fUba.

2. Q,u6rcus stellata, Wang.
( POST-OAK. BOUGH OR Box
WHITE OAK.) Leaves 4 to 6
in. long, sinuately cut into 5
to 7 roundish, divergent lobes,
the upper ones much larger and
often 1- to 3-notched, grayish-
or yellowish-downy beneath,
and pale and rough above.
Acorn ovoid, about yz in. long,

one third to one half inclosed in a deep, saucer-shaped cup ; in the

axils of the leaves of the year. A medium-sized tree, 40 to 50 ft.

high, with very hard, durable wood, resembling that of the White

Oak. Massachusetts, south and west.

3. Q,u6rcus macrocarpa, Michx.
(BUR-OAK. MOSSY-CUP.) Leaves
obovate or oblong, lyrately pin-
natifid or deeply sinuate-lobed or
nearly parted, the lobes sparingly
and obtusely toothed or entire.
Acorn broadly ovoid, 1 in. or more
long, one half to almost entirely
inclosed in a thick and woody cup
with usually a mossy fringed bor-
der formed of the upper awned
scales ; cup very variable in size, %
to 2 in. across. A handsome, mid-
dle-sized tree, 40 to 60 ft. high.
Western New England to Wisconsin, and southwestward,

154

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

4. Q,u6rcus lyr&ta, Walt. (SWAMP POST-
OAK.) Leaves crowded at the ends of the
branchlets, very variable, obovate-oblong,
more or less deeply 7- to 9-lobed, white-to-
mentose beneath when young, becoming
smoothish; the lobes triangular to oblong,
acute or obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed.
Acorn about % in. long, nearly covered by
Q. lyrata. ^he j-Qumj^ ovate, thin, rugged, scaly cup.

A large tree with pale flaky bark. River-swamps in southern In-
diana to Wisconsin, and southward.

5. Qu6rcus bicolor, Willd. (SWAMP

WHITE OAK. ) Leaves obovate or oblong-

obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely

sinuate-crenate, and often rather pin-

natifid than toothed, whitish, soft-downy

beneath. Main primary veins 6 to 8 pairs.

Acorns, nearly 1 in., oblong-ovoid, set in

a shallow cup often mossy fringed at the

margin, on a peduncle about as long as

the acorn, much longer than the petioles

of the leaves ; in the axils of the leaves

of the year. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft.

high, stem 5 to 8 ft. in diameter. Most

common in the Northern and Western
States, in swamps, but found in moist
soil in the mountains of the South.

6. Quercus Michauxii, Nutt. (BAS-
KET-OAK or COW-OAK. ) Leaves 5 to 6
in. long, oval to obovate, acute, obtuse,
or even cordate at base, regularly but
usually not deeply sinuate, rather rigid,
usually very tomentose beneath. Acorn
large, 1^ in. long, sweet and edible ;
cup shallow and roughened with coarse,
acute scales ; no fringe. A large and
valuable Oak with gray and flaky bark.

O. Michauxii.

7. Q,u6rcus Prlnus, L. (CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves obovate or
oblong, coarsely undulately toothed, with 10 to 16 pairs of straight,
prominent ribs beneath ; surface minutely downy beneath, and
smooth above. Acorn ovoid, 1 in. long, covered nearly half-way

G.88]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

155

with a thick, mostly tuberculated cup ; in
the axils of the leaves of the year ; kernel
sweetish and edible. A middle-sized or
small tree, with reddish, coarse-grained
wood. Found throughout, but common
only southward.

8. Q,u6rcus Muhlenb6rgii, Engelm.
(YELLOW CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves usu-
ally thin, 5 to 7 in. long, 1^ to 2 in.
broad, oblong-lanceolate, rather sharply
notched, mostly obtuse or roundish at
base, sometimes broadly ovate or obo-

vate, and two thirds as wide as long. <a.Prinus.

The leaves are usually more like those of
the Chestnut than any other Oak ; the
primary veins very straight, impressed
above, prominent beneath. Acorn % to
% in. long, inclosed in a thin, hemi-
spherical cup with small, appressed
scales. A middle-sized tree with flaky,
pale, thin, ash-colored bark, and tough,
very durable, yellowish or brownish
wood. Western New England, westward

O. Muhlenb^nrii. &nd SOUth'

9. Q,u6rcus prinoldes, Willd. (DWARF CHESTNUT-
OAK.) Much like the last, but generally grows only
2 to 4 ft. high in the Eastern States. The leaves are
more wavy-toothed, on shorter stems. It seems to be
only a variety of Quercus Muhlenbergii, especially in

the West, where it grows much taller and
runs into that species.

10. Qaiercus virens, Ait. (LIVE-OAK.)
Leaves thick, evergreen, 2 to 4 in. long,
oblong, obtuse, and somewhat wrinkled ;
smooth and shining above, hairy beneath,
the margin revolute, usually quite entire,
rarely spiny-toothed. Acorns pedunculate,
1 to 3 in a cluster, oblong-ovate, with top-
shaped nut. A mere shrub to a large tree,
with yellowish wood of excellent grain and
durability. Virginia and south.

156

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

11. Qu6rcus rubra, L. (RED OAK.)
Leaves rather thin, smooth, oblong,
moderately pinnatifid, sometimes deep-
ly so, into 8 to 12 entire or sharply
toothed lobes, turning dark red after
frost. Acorn oblong-ovoid, 1 in. or less
long, set in a shallow cup of fine scales,
with a narrow raised border, •% to 1 in.
in diameter; sessile or nearly so. A
O. rubra. large tree, 60 to 90 ft. high, with red-

dish, very coarse-grained wood. Common throughout.

12. Q,u6rcus coccinea,Wang. (SCAR-
LET OAK.) Leaves, in the ordinary form
on large trees, bright green, shining
above, turning red in autumn, oval or
oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the 6 to 8
lobes divergent and sparingly cut-
toothed, notches rounded. Acorn V2 to
% in. long, roundish,depressed, one half
or a little more inclosed in a top-shaped,
coarsely scaled cup ; in the axils of the
leaf-scars of the preceding year. A
large handsome tree, 60 to 80 ft. high,
with grayish bark not deeply furrowed, a <=occinea.

interior reddish ; coarse-grained reddish
wood. Moist or dry soil. Common.

Var. tinctoria. (Quercitron. Yellow-
barked or Black Oak.) Leaves, espe-
cially on young trees, often less deeply
pinnatifid, sometimes barely sinuate.
Foliage much like that of Quercus rubra.
Acorn nearly round, yz to % in. long,
set in a rather deep, conspicuously scaly
cup. Bark of trunk thicker, rougher,
darker-colored and with the inner color
orange. Rich and
poor soil. Abundant
east, but rare west.

Var. tinctdria.

13. Qu6rcus palfistris, Du Roi. (SWAMP,
SPANISH, OR PIN OAK.) Leaves oblong, deeply
pinnatifid, with divergent, sharply toothed,
bristle-tipped lobes and rounded notches,

ft. palustrls.

0.88]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

157

and with both sides bright green. Acorn globular, hardly J^ in.
long, cup shallow and saucer-shaped, almost sessile, in the axils of
last year's leaf -scars. A handsome, medium-sized tree; wood red-
dish, coarse-grained. In low ground. Common throughout.

14. Q,u6rcus falcata, Michx. (SPAN-
ISH OAK.) Leaves obtuse or roundish
at base, 3- to 5-lobed above, the lobes
prolonged, mostly narrow, and the end
ones more or less scythe-shaped, bristle-
tipped, entire or sparingly cut-toothed,
soft-downy beneath. Foliage very vari-
able. Acorn ^ to J$ in. long, globose,
half inclosed in the hemispherical cup ;
nearly sessile. A tree, 30 to 70 ft. high,
large and abundant in the South ; bark
thick and excellent for tanning ; wood coarse-grained, dark brown
or reddish. New Jersey, south and west.

15. Qu6rcus ilicifolia, Wang. (BEAR OK
BLACK SCRUB-OAK.) Leaves obovate, wedge-
shaped at base, angularly about 5-lobed (3
to 7), white-downy beneath, 2 to 4 in. long,
thickish, with short, triangular bristle-tipped
lobes. Acorn ovoid, globular, yz in. long.
A dwarfed, straggling bush, 3 to 10 ft. high.
Sandy barrens and rocky hills. New Eng-
land to Ohio, and south.

16. Q,u6rcus aquatica, Walt. (WATER-
OAK.) Leaves thick, subevergreen, obo-
vate-wedge-shaped, smooth, tapering at
the base, sometimes obscurely 3-lobed at
the tip ; on the seedlings and the young
rapid-growing shoots often incised or sin-
uate-pinnatifid, and then bristle-pointed.
Acorn small, globular-ovoid, downy, in a
saucer-shaped cup, very bitter ; in the axils
of leaf -scars of the previous year. A very
variable tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, with
smooth bark. Wet ground. Maryland,
west and south.

G. aau&tica.

158

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Q. imbricaria.

17. Qu&rcus nlgra, L. (BLACK OAK OR
BARREN OAK.) Leaves large, 5 to 10 in.
long, thick, wedge-shaped, broadly dilated
above, and truncate or slightly 3-lobed at
the end, bristle-awned, smooth above, rusty-
downy beneath. Acorn oblong-ovate, j£ to
% in. long, in the axils of the leaves of the
preceding year, one third or one half in-
closed in the top-shaped, coarse-scaled cup.
A small tree, 10 to 25 ft. high, with rough,
very dark-colored bark. New York, south
and west, in dry, sandy barrens.

18. Qu6rcus imbricaria, Michx. (LAU-
REL- OR SHINGLE-OAK. ) Leaves lanceolate-
oblong, entire, tipped with an abrupt,
sharp point, pale-downy beneath. Acorn
globular, 5/& in. long, cup with broad,whit-
ish, close-pressed scales, covering about
one third of the nut. A stout tree, 30 to
50 ft. high, found in barrens and open
woodlands. Wood extensively used in
the West for shingles. New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward.

19. Qu6rcus Ph611os, L. ( WILLOW-OAK.)
Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, thick, linear-lanceo-
late, narrowed at both ends, entire or very
nearly so, soon smooth, light green, bristle-
tipped, willow -like, scurfy when young.
Acorns about sessile, globular, small (^ in.),

in a shallow sau-
Q. p&euos.

cer shaped cup ;

on the old wood. Tree 30 to 50 ft. high,
with smooth, thick bark, and reddish,
coarse-grained wood, of little value.
Borders of swamps, New Jei-sey, south
and west; also cultivated.

20. Q,u6rcus Robur, L. (ENGLISH
OAK.) Leaves on short footstalks, ob-
long, smooth, dilated upward, sinuately
lobed, hardly pinnatifid. Acorns in the
axils of the leaves of the year, ovate-ob-
long, over 1 in., about one third inclosed
in the hemispherical cup ; sessile in var.

G.89] CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION 159

sessiliflora ; clustered and long-peduncled in var. pedunculate Trees
50 to 100 ft. high, extensively cultivated ; from Europe ; the nursery
catalogues name as many as a score or more varieties.

One var., fastiyiata (Pyramidal Oak), is a peculiar upright tree like
the Lombardy Poplar ; var. pendula (Weeping Oak) has long, slender,
drooping branches.

21. Q,u6rcus C6rris, L. (TURKEY OAK.) Leaves on very short
stalks, oblong, deeply and unequally pinnatifid, hairy beneath; lobes-
lanceolate, acute, somewhat angular. Acorns in the axils of the
leaves of the year, ovate, with a hemispherical, bristly or mossy cup.
Several varieties of this species, from Europe, are cultivated in this
country. They form tall, round-headed, symmetrical trees.

GENUS 89. CASTANEA.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, straight- veined,
elongated, pointed leaves. Sterile flowers in long, droop-
ing, conspicuous catkins, blooming in June or July; the
fertile ones rather inconspicuous, but forming prickly-
coated burs which hang on till the frost, when they split
open and let out the brown, horny-coated nuts. Wood
light, coarse-grained.

* Large tree with burs having 1 to 3 nuts 1.

* Small tree with burs having 1 rounded nut 2.

160

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

1. Castanea satlva, Mill. (CHEST-
NUT.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
coarsely serrate, with usually awned teeth ;
smooth on both sides, 6 to 9 in. long, lj£ to
2}^ in. wide. Burs large, very prickly, in-
closing 1 to 3 large, ovoid, brown nuts, ripe
after frost, which opens the bur into 4
valves. A common large tree, with light,
coarse-grained wood, and bark having
^jjjjjy!^ coarse longitudinal ridges on the old trees.

Many varieties of this species are in cul-
tivation, varying in the size and sweet-
o. sativa. ness of the nuts, the size of the trees, and

the size and the margins of the leaves, some of which are almost

entire. The wild species is var. Americana.

2. Castanea pumila, Mill. (CHINQUAPIN.)
Leaves lance-oblong, strongly straight-
veined, coarsely serrate, usually with
awned tips ; whitish-downy beneath, 3 to 5
in. long, li^ to 2 in. wide. Bur small, prickly,
with a single small, rounded, sweet, chest-
nut-colored nut. A handsome small tree,
or in the wild state usually a shrub, 6 to
40 ft. high. Central New Jersey, southern

0. ptimila.

Ohio and southward, and cultivated successfully as far north as
New York City.

GENUS 90.

Trees with alternate, strongly straight-veined, almost
entire to deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers inconspicuous.
appearing with the leaves. Fruit a prickly bur, inclosing
2 triangular, sharp-ridged nuts, the bur hanging on the
trees during the greater part of the winter. Leaf -buds
very elongated, slender, sharp-pointed.

* The straight veins all ending in the teeth ; native 1.

* Margin varying from entire to deeply pinnatifid, the straight

veins occasionally ending in the notches 2.

a. 91]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

161

1. Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (AMER-
ICAN BEECH.) Leaves thin, oblong-
ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and
often coarsely toothed; petioles and
midrib ciliate with soft silky hairs
when young, soon almost naked. The
very straight veins run into the teeth.
Prickles of the fruit mostly recurved
or spreading. Large tree, 60 to 100 ft.
high, with grayish-white, very smooth
bark, and firm, light-colored, close-
grained wood. Wild throughout, and
frequently cultivated.

2. Fagus sylv£tica, L. (EURO-
PEAN BEECH.) Leaves often similar to
those of the American Beech, but usu-
ally shorter and broader; the border,
often nearly entire, is wavy in some
varieties, and in others deeply pin-
natifid. The bark in most varieties is
darker than in the American. This
Beech, with its numerous varieties, is
the one usually cultivated. Among the
most useful varieties are atropurpurea
(Purple Beech), with the darkest foli-
age of any deciduous tree, and almost
entire-margined leaves ; laciniata (Cut-
leaved Beech), with very deeply cut leaves ; and argentea variegata
(Silver Variegated Beech), having in the spring quite distinctly va-
riegated leaves.

F. sylvatlca.

ORDER XL. SALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

A small order of soft-wooded trees and shrubs, abun-
dantly distributed in the northern temperate and frigid
zones.

GENUS 91. SALIX.

Soft-wooded trees or shrubs growing in damp places,
with alternate, usually quite elongated, pointed, deciduous

162 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

leaves, without lobes. Stipules often large, leaf -like, and
more or less persistent through the summer ; sometimes
scale-like and dropping early. The stipules are always
free from the leafstalk and attached to the twig at small
spots just below the leafstalk. Even if the stipules have
dropped off, the small scars remain. Flowers staminate
and pistillate on separate trees (dioecious), in elongated
catkins in early spring. Fruit consists of catkins of small
pods with numerous seeds having silky down at one end.
The seeds usually drop early. Among the Willows there
are so many hybrids and peculiar varieties as to render
their study difficult, and their classification, in some cases,
impossible. The following Key will probably enable the
student to determine most specimens. No attempt has
been made to include all the cultivated forms.

* Spray decidedly weeping

* Spray not decidedly weeping. (A.)

A. Rather small Willows, 10 to 30 ft. high, with broad leaves,

usually not over twice as long as wide ; cultivated. (B.)
B. Leaves glossy dark green on the upper side, taper-pointed. 7.
B. Leaves with white cottony hairs beneath 10.

B. Leaves rough-veiny beneath 13.

A. Rather large Willows, 12 to 80 ft. high, with the bark of the

trunk very rough ; leaves more elongated. (0. )

C. Petioles of the leaves not glandular ; tree 10 to 40 ft. high.
CD.)

D. Leaves green on both sides when mature 1.

D. Leaves glaucous beneath 2.

C. Petioles of the leaves usually glandular ; tree 50 to 80 It.

high. (E.)

E. Young leaves green above and glaucous beneath 3.

E. Young leaves ashy gray or silvery white on both sides. 4-.

A. Small trees or almost shrubs, under 18 ft. high; bark of

trunk rather smooth. (F. )
F. Leaves ovate rather than lanceolate, sometimes truncate

or even cordate at base. (G.)
O. Leaves quite broad, shining on both sides. (H.)

H. Leaves bright green ; twigs polished green 6.

H. Leaves very dark green, strongly fragrant when
bruised. . . . . . : 7.

0.91]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

163

G. Leaves pale-downy beneath, often cordate at base. . . .8.
F. Leaves usually wider near the acute or acuminate tip,

glaucous beneath. (I.)
I. Branches very twiggy ; leaves often opposite ; twigs

olive-color or reddish 9.

I. Branches not very twiggy ; leaves all alternate ...11,12.
F. Leaves very long and slender, almost linear 14.

1. Salix nlgra, Marsh. (BLACK WIL-
LOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, ta-
pering at the ends, serrate, smooth except
on the petiole and midrib, green on both
sides; stipules small (large in var. fal-
cata), dentate, dropping early. Branches
very brittle at base. A small tree, 15 to
35 ft. high, with rough black bark. Com-
mon along streams, southward, but rare
in the northern range of States.

2. Salix amygdaloides, Anderson.
(WESTERN BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves 2

to 4 in. long, lan-
ceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, at- s- nl8Ta"
tenuate-cuspidate, pale or glaucous beneath,
with long slender petioles; stipules minute
and soon falling. A small tree, 10 to 40 ft.
high, from central New York westward. It
is the common Black Willow of the streams
S. amygdaloides. of OMo to Missouri.

3. Salix fragilis, L. (BRITTLE WILLOW.
CRACK- WILLOW. ) Leaves lanceolate, taper-
pointed, smooth, glaucous beneath (slightly
silky when young), serrate throughout;
stipules half heart-shaped, usually large.
Branches smooth and polished, very brittle
at base. A tall (50 to 80 ft. high) handsome
Willow, with a bushy head and salmon-
colored wood ; cultivated from Europe for
basket-work, and extensively naturalized.
Many varieties, hybrids between this spe- \ i
cies and the next, are very common. Among \'
them may be mentioned the following :

8. frig-ills.

164

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATED

Var. decipiens, with dark-brown buds ; var. EusseUiana, with more
slender, brighter, and more sharply serrate leaves, the annual shoots
silky-downy toward autumn; var. virulis, with tough, pendulous
branchlets, and firmer, bright green leaves.

4. Salix alba, L. (WHITE WILLOW.)
Leaves lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate,
pointed, serrate, covered more or less with
white silky hairs, especially beneath ; var.
ccerulea has nearly smooth leaves, at ma-
turity of a bluish tint; stipules small and
quite early deciduous. Catkins of flowers
long and loose, on a peduncle ; stamens
usually 2; stigmas nearly sessile, thick,
and recurved. May, June. A quite large
tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, with thick, rough
bark, usually having yellow twigs (var.
vitellina); introduced from Eiirope and now
quite common throughout. Branches very brittle at base.

5. Salix Babyl6nica, Tourn. (WEEP-
ING WILLOW.) Leaves linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, finely seiTate, smooth, glau-
cous beneath ; stipules small, roundish,
oblique, acuminate ; branches pendulous.

A large, gracefully drooping tree, so
extensively cultivated for ornament as to
seem native ; from Europe.

Var. annularis (Ring-leaved Willow.
Curled Willow) has the leaves coiled
round into rings and spirals.

8. Babyianic

6. Salix lucida, Miihl. (SHINING OR
AMERICAN BAY WILLOW.) Leaves thick-
ish, ovate-lanceolate, with a rounded
base, a very long acuminate point, and a
glandular petiole ; when mature, smooth
and shining on both sides. Twigs rather
stout, polished, and dark green. Bark of
trunk smooth. Fruiting catkins quite
persistent. A beautiful small tree or
shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, of bushy form.
New Jersey, north and westward.

S. lucida.

0.91]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTIpN

165

7. Salix pent&ndra, L. (LAUREL-
LEAVED OR BAY WILLOW.) Leaves
ovate, taper-pointed, erenate, glandu-
lar, smooth, glossy, bright deep green
on both sides, strongly fragrant when
bruised. Catkins large, fragrant, gol-
den-yellow, with 4 to 12 (commonly
5) stamens to each flower. June, af-
ter the leaves are expanded. A small
handsome tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, from
Europe, which should be more ex- .
tensively cultivated in damp soils, as
its form, flowers, and foliage are all
beautiful.

B. pentandra.

8. Salix cordata, Miihl. (HEART-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, heart-shaped, truncate or sometimes
acute at base, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, smooth above, pale-
downy beneath; stipules often large, kidney-shaped, and toothed,

8. cordata. Var. rufescens.

sometimes small and entire. Catkins appearing with or before the
leaves along the sides of the stem; stamens 2; scales dark or black,
hairy, persistent. Shrub or small tree, 8 to 20 ft. high, very common
in low and wet places. Many named varieties are found.

Var. rigida has large, thick, coarse-toothed
leaves; vars. myricoides and angustata have
narrower, finely serrate leaves, almost or fully
acute at base.

9. Salix purpurea, L. (PURPLE WILLOW.)
Leaves lanceolate, pointed, partly opposite,
B. purpilrea. minutely serrate, smooth. Twigs olive-color

166

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

or reddish. Catkins cylindric, with leafy bracts at base, and ap-
parently 1 stamen to each flower (the filaments are united). A
shrub or small tree, 3 to 12 ft. high ; from Europe. In low ground ;
often cultivated for the twigs, which are used in basket-making.

10. Salix caprea, L. (GOAT- WILLOW. )
Leaves large, roundish, ovate, pointed, ser-
rate, wavy, deep green above, pale and
downy with soft, white-cottony hairs be-
neath; stipules somewhat crescent-shaped.
Catkins large, oval, numerous, almost ses-
sile, blooming much before the leaves appear,
and of a showy yellow color. A moderate-
sized tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, with spreading,
brown or purplish branches. Frequent in cultivation; from Europe ;
growing well in dry places. The Goat-willow is the one generally used
for the stock of the artificial umbrella-formed " Kilmarnock Willow."
The growth of shoots from these stoeks is rendering the Goat-wil-
low quite common.

11. Salix rostrata, Richards. (BEAKED
WILLOW.) Leaves oblong to obovate-lan-
ceolate, acute, usually obscurely toothed,
sometimes crenate or serrate, downy
above, prominently veined, soft-hairy
and somewhat glaucous beneath. Twigs
downy. Catkins appearing with the
leaves. Fruit-capsules tapering to a long
slender beak, pedicels long and slender. 8- ^strata.

A small, tree-shaped shrub, 4 to 15 ft. high, common in both moist
and dry ground. New England, west and north.

12. Salix discolor, Mtihl. (GLAUCOUS
OR BOG WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, remotely serrate
at the base, finely serrate along the middle,
and almost entire near the tip ; smooth
and bright green above, soon smooth and
somewhat glaucous beneath ; stipules, on
the vigorous shoots, equaling the petiole,
more frequently small and inconspicuous.
Catkins sessile, 1 in. long, appearing before
the leaves in the spring; scales dark red
or brown, becoming black, covered with
long glossy hairs. Fruit in catkins, 2J<£ in.

\Y

G.92]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

167

long, the capsules very hairy, with short
but distinct style. A very variable spe-
cies, common in low meadows and on river-
banks; usually a shrub, but occasionally
15 ft. high.

13. Salix cindrea, L. (GRAY OR ASH-
COLORED WILLOW. ) Leaves obovate-lan-
ceolate, entire to serrate ; glaucous-downy
and reticulated with veins beneath; sti-

pules half heart-shaped, serrate. Flow-
ers yellow; ovary silky, on a stalk half as
long as the bracts. A shrub to middle-
sized tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, with an
erect trunk; occasionally cultivated ; from
Europe.

14. Salix longifolia, Miihl. (LONG-
LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, very long, tapering at each end,
nearly sessile, remotely notched with pro-
jecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when
young; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed.
Branches brittle at base. A shrub or
small tree, 2 to 20 ft. high, common, es-
pecially westward, along river-banks.

8. longifolia.

GENUS 92. POPTJLUS.

Trees with alternate, deciduous, broad-based leaves.
Flowers in long and drooping catkins, appearing before
the leaves are expanded in the spring. Fruit small, dry
pods in catkins, having seeds, coated with cottony down,
which early in the season escape and float in the wind.
On this account the trees are called Cottonwoods in the
West. Trees with light-colored, rather soft wood.

* Leaves always white-hairy underneath ; more or less deeply

lobed ; buds not gummy 1.

* Leaves smooth beneath, at least when old. (A.)
A. Leafstalk decidedly flattened laterally. (B.)

B, Buds not covered with sticky gum. (C.)

168

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

C. Leaves roundish heart-shaped ; bark on trunk greenish-
white 2.

C. Leaves large, ovate, with large, irregular, sinuate
teeth 3.

B. Buds covered with aromatic, glutinous resin. (D.)

D. Tree tall, spire-shaped 5.

D. Not very spire-shaped ; young twigs sharply angled or

winged, leaves 6 to 10 in. long, broadly deltoid, serrate

with incurved teeth 6.

D. Not spire-shaped ; young twigs not angular 7.

A. Leafstalk not decidedly flattened; leaf-margin crenate. (E.)
E. Buds not glutinous ; leaves white-woolly beneath when

young 4.

E. Buds very glutinous ; leaves large, shining green on both
sides ...8.

1. P6pulus &lba, L. (WHITE POPLAR OK
ABELE TREE.) Leaves roundish, slightly
heart-shaped, wavy toothed or lobed, soon
green above, very white-cottony beneath
even when old ; buds without the sticky
coating common in the genus. Branches
very white with down when young. Boot
creeping and producing numerous suckers.
A large tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, of rapid growth,
often cultivated ; from Europe. Leaves and
branches very variable, forming several
named varieties in the catalogues of the nurseries.

2. P6pulustremuloldes,Michx. (QUAK-
ING-ASP. AMERICAN ASPEN.) Leaves round-
ish heart-shaped, with a short sharp point,
and small, quite regular teeth ; downy when
young, but soon smooth qn both sides;
margins downy. Leafstalk long, slender,
compressed, causing the leaves to tremble continually in the slight-
est breeze. Leaf with 2 glands at the base on the upper surface ; buds
varnished. A medium-sized tree, 30 to GO ft. high; bark greenish-
white outside, yellow within, quite brittle. Common both in forests
and in cultivation.

P. tremuloldes.

3. Pdpulus grandidentata, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.)
Leaves large, 3 to 5 in. long, roundish-ovate, with large, irregular, sinu-

G.92]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

169

ate teeth ; and when young densely cov-
ered with white, silky wool, but soon be-
coming smooth on both sides ; leaf, when
young, reddish-yellow ; petiole com-
pressed. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high,
with rather smoothish gray bark. Woods ;
common northward, rare southward, ex-
cept in the Alleghanies. Wood soft and
extensively used for paper-making.

P. erandident&ta.

4. P6pulus heteroph^lla, L. (DOWNY-
LEAVED POPLAR.) Leaves heart-shaped
or roundish-ovate with small, obtuse, in-
curved teeth ; white-woolly when young,
but soon becoming smooth on both sides
except on the veins beneath. Leafstalk
slightly compressed. Shoots round, to-
mentose. Buds not glutinous. A large
tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, not very common;
found from western New England to Illinois, and southward.

P. heterophylla.

5. Populus dilatata, L. (LOMBARDY
POPLAR.) Leaves deltoid, wider than
long, crenulated all round, both sides
smooth from the first; leafstalk com-
pressed ; buds glutinous. A tall tree, 80
to 120 ft. high ; spire-like,of rapid growth,
with all the branches erect; the trunk
twisted and deeply furrowed. Frequently
planted a century ago, but now quite rare
in the eastern United States. From Eu-
rope. It is thought to be a variety of
Populus nigra (No. 7).

P. dilatata.

P. monilifera,

6. Populus monilifera, Ait. (COT-
TONWOOD. CAROLINA POPLAR. NECK-
LACE-POPLAR.) Leaves large, broadly
heart-shaped or deltoid, serrate with car-
tilaginous, incurved, slightly hairy teeth.
The rapid-growing young twigs very an-
gular and bearing very large (6 to 9 in.
long) leaves. A very large (80 to 100 ft.
high) tree, common in the Mississippi val-
ley, but found in western New England
and often planted.

170

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

7. P6pulus nlgra, L. (BLACK POPLAR. ) Leaves
rather large, deltoid, pointed, serrate with glan-
dular teeth, smooth on both sides even when young.
Leafstalk somewhat compressed. Buds very
sticky. A very variable, large (50 to 80 ft. high),
rapidly growing tree with spreading branches.
Occasionally planted.
From Europe.

8. P6pulus balsamifera, L. (BALSAM-
POPLAR. TACAMAHAC. BALMOFGILEAD.)
Leaves very large, ovate, gradually acu-
minate, sometimes heart-shaped, finely
serrate, smooth, bright green above,
whitened beneath; leafstalk nearly round;
leaves in spring rich yellow. Branches
ridged below the leaves ; buds large and
covered with very fragrant resin. A me-
dium-sized tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, py-
ramidal in form. Wild in the North and
often cultivated.

Var. candicans, or Balm of Gilead, has
larger and more or less heart-shaped
leaves (the larger figure in the cut).

P. balsamifera.

CLASS II.

Plants in which the pistil is represented by an open
scale instead of a body with a closed ovary, as in Class I.

ORDER XLJ. CONlFER-ffi. (PINE FAMILY.)

As far as the number of species is concerned, this is
the largest order of trees and shrubs of temperate and
cold-temperate regions. The order is of the greatest im-
portance, both on account of the valuable timber it fur-
nishes and for its resinous secretions, turpentine and resin.

«.98] CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION 171

GENUS 93. PtNUS. (THE PINES.)

Leaves needle-shaped, 1 to 15 in. long, almost cylindric,
2, 3, or 5 together in clusters, with a sheath, more or
less persistent, at the base. Flowers monoecious, both
staminate and pistillate in catkins, usually insignificant
and uunoticeable. In spring. Fruit a cone, persistent
and formed of more or less woody, overlapping scales.

* Leaves usually 5 together in bundles. (A.)

A. Leaves 6 in. or more long, glaucous green and very pendu-
lous 1.

A. Leaves under 4 in. long. (B.)

B. Cones over 10 in. long, on stalks 3 in. long, pendulous when

ripe 2.

B. Cones 4 to 10 in. long. (C. )

C. Scales of cones thin, unarmed 3, 4.

C. Scales of cones thick and woody, obtuse, 1 in. broad

5.

B. Cones under 4 in. long; scales slightly hooked but point-
less , 6.

* Leaves usually in threes, rarely in twos; scales of cones with

spines or prickles. (D.)
D. Scales of cones with short, rigid, straight spines; leaves 6 to

10 in. long 7.

D. Scales with sharp, bent prickles. (E.)

E. Leaves over 5 in. long, sometimes 15 in. long 8, 9.

E. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, rigid and flattened, from short
sheaths 10.

* Leaves usually in twos; cones rarely over 3 in. long. (F.)
F. Leaves over 3 in. long. (G-. )

G. Cone-scales with dull spines 11.

G. With small or minute, persistent prickles 12, 13, 14.

G. With no prickles, or small ones, early deciduous ... 15, 16.
F. Leaves 3 in. or less long. (H.)
H. Cone-scales with straight or slightly curved, rigid spines

17.

H. Cone-scales with stout, recurved spines 18, 19.

H. Cone-scales with small prickles which are early deciduous

20.

H. Cone-scales without spines or prickles 21, 22.

172

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

1. Plnus exc61sa, Wallich. (BnoTAN
PINE.) Leaves in fives, from short, fu-
gacious, overlapping, membranaeeous
sheaths, 6 to 7 in. long, very slender, of a
glaucous-green color, and very pendu-
lous. Cones 6 to 9 in. long, and 2 in.
in diameter, drooping and clustered,
with broad, thick, wedge-shaped scales.
A large beautiful tree from southern
Asia, much subject to blight when
planted in this country. Owing to its
peculiar drooping branches it has been
called the Weeping Fir.

2. Plnus Lambertiana, Douglas.
(LAMBERT'S or SUGAR PINE.) Leaves
in fives, 3 to 4 in. long, from short, de-
ciduous sheaths. Cones 12 to 18 in.
long and 3 to 4 in. in diameter, gradu-
ally tapering to a point, on stalks 3 in.
long, brown and pendulous when ripe,
without resin ; seeds large, oval, nearly
1 in. longN edible. A very large tree
(100 to 300 ft. high in California and
northward), and seemingly hardy and
well worth cultivation in the East.
Wood white and soft like that of the
White Pine.

P. Lamberti&na.

3. Plnus Str6bus, L. (WHITE PINE.
WEYMOUTH PINE.) Leaves in fives, 3
to 4 in. long, from a loose, deciduous
sheath; slender, soft, and whitish on
the under side. Cones 4 to 6 in.
long, cylindric, usually curved, with
smooth, thin, unarmed scales. Tall (100
to 150 ft. high), very useful tree, of
white, soft wood nearly free from resin
and more extensively used for lumber
than any other American tree. Has
been common throughout, but is get-
ting scarce on account of its consump-
tion for lumber,

0.03]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

173

4. Plnus monticola, Dough (MOUN-
TAIN-PINE.) Leaves in fives, 3 to 4
in. long, from short, overlapping, very
deciduous sheaths; smooth, glaucous
green. Cones 7 in. long and 1% in.
in diameter, cylindric, smooth, ob-
tuse, short-peduncled, resinous, with
loosely overlapping, pointless scales. A
large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, resembling
the White Pine, and often considered
a variety of it, but the foliage is denser ;
Pacific coast.

Pine,
color,

5. Plnus fl6xilis, James. (WESTERN
WHITE PINE.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long,
rigid, entire, acute, densely crowded,
sharp-pointed, of a rich dark green
color, 5 together in lanceolate, decid-
uous sheaths. Cones 4 to 6 in. long
and half as wide, subcylindric, tapering
to the end, semipendulous, clustered.
Scales thick, woody, obtuse, loose,
1J^ in. broad, yellowish brown. Seeds
rather large, with rigid margins instead
of wings. A handsome hardy tree from
the Pacific Highlands, occasionally cul-
tivated. It resembles the eastern White
but is more compact and of a darker

6. Plnus C6mbra, L. (CEMBRA PINE.
Swiss STONE-PINE.) Leaves 3 to 4 in. long,
from a medium-sized deciduous sheath ; tri-
angular, rigid, slender, straight, crowded,
dark green with a glaucous surface ; 5 to-
gether. Cones 2% in. by 2 in., ovate, erect,
with obtuse, slightly hooked, but pointless
scales. Seeds as large as peas and destitute
of wings. A slow-growing, cultivated tree,
40 to 80 ft. high. Forms a regular cone;
branches to the ground ; Europe ; hardy
throughout.

174

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

7. Plnus Tseda, L. (LOBLOLLY OR
OLD-FIELD PINE.) Leaves in twos and
threes, 6 to 10 in. long, with elongated,
close sheaths ; slender and of a light
green color. Cones in pairs or soli-
tary, lateral, 3 to 4 in. long, oblong,
conical; the scales having short, rigid,
straight spines. A large tree, 50 to
130 ft. high, wild from Delaware, south
and west, in swamps and old fields.

8. Plnus ponderosa, Dougl. (WEST-
ERN YELLOW OR HEAVY- WOODED PINE.)

p- Tteda- Leaves in threes, 5 to 10 in. long, from

short sheaths ; broad, coarse, twisted,
flexible, of a deep green color; branch-
lets thick, reddish brown. Cones 3 to
4 in. long, ovate, reflexed, clustered on
short stems. Scales long, flattened,
with small, sharp, recurved prickles.
A large Pacific coast species, 100 to
300ft. high, with rather coarse-grained,
hai-d and heavy, whitish wood, and
thick, deeply furrowed bark; begin-
ning to be cultivated east.

P. ponderosa.

9. Plnus palustris, Mill. (LONG-
LEAVED OR SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE.)

Leaves

3 together in bundles, 10 to 15 in.
long, from a long, lacerated, light-
colored sheath, of a bright green color,
and crowded in dense clusters at the
ends of the branches. Cones 6 to 10 in.
long, usually cylindric, of a beautiful
brown color, with thick scales, armed
with very small, slightly recurved
prickles. A rather tall pine, 75 ft.
high, wild in the Southern States, and
cultivated as far north as New Jersey,
in sheltered situations.
P. palustris.

10. Plnus rigida, Mill. (PITCH-PINE.) Leaves in threes, 3 to 5
in. long, from short sheaths ; rigid and flattened. Cones ovate, 1 in.

G. 93]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

to nearly 4 in. long, sometimes in clus-
ters ; scales with a short, recurved
prickle. A medium-sized tree, 40 to
70 ft. high, with hard, coarse-grained,
very resinous wood ; found east of
the Allegha-
nies through-
out ; more
abundant in

P. rlgrida.

11. Pinus Austrlaca, Hoss. (AUS-
TRIAN OR BLACK PINE.) Leaves long, 3
to 5 in., rigid, slender, incurved, sharply
mucronate, of a dark green color ; from
short sheaths; 2 together. Cones 2j£
to 3 in. long, regularly conical, slightly
p. Austriaca. recurved, of a light brown color ; scales

smooth, shining, with a dull spine in

the center. A large cultivated tree,

60 to 80 ft. high, hardy throughout.

Europe.-

12. Pinus Laricio, Poir. (CoRSi-
CAN PINE.) Leaves 4 to 6 in. long,
slender, very wavy, dark green ; 2
together in a sheath. Cones 2 to 3
in. long, conical, somewhat curved,
often in pairs. Scales
with very small
prickles. Seeds rath-
er large with broad
wings. A tall, open, P. Laricio.

pyramidal, rapid-growing tree, 60 to 100
ft. high, with the branches in regular
whorls, spreading and very resinous.
Often cultivated. Europe.

13. Pinus Massoniana, Sieb. (MAS-
SON'S PINE.) Leaves in twos, 4 to 6 in.
long, rather stiff, concave on one side
and convex on the other, twisted but
not curved, sharp-pointed, of a fresh,

176

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

bright green color. Cones 1 to 1^ in. long,
conical, incurved, solitary but numerous,
with closely overlapping scales terminat-
ing in slender prickles. An upright, com-
pact tree, 40 to 50 ft. high, from Japan;
sometimes cultivated. Hardy at Boston.

14. Plnus mltis, Michx. (COMMON YEL-
LOW PINE.) Leaves sometimes in threes,
usually in twos, from long sheaths ; slender,
3 to 5 in. long, dark green, rather soft.
Cones ovate to oblong-conical, hardly 2 in.
long ; the scales with minute weak prickles.
A large tree with an erect trunk, 50 to 100
ft. high. Staten Island, south and west.

The western form has more rigid leaves,

and more spiny cones.

15. Plnus densiflora, Siebold. (JA-
PAN PINE.) Leaves about 4 in. long,
from short, fringed, scale-like sheaths ;
rigid, convex above, concave beneath
and somewhat serrulate on the mar-
gin, very smooth, sharp-pointed and
crowded, shining green and somewhat
glaucous ; falling when one to two years
old; 2 in a sheath. Cones abundant;
\yz in. long, short-peduncled, conical, \

obtuse, terminal, somewhat pendent;
scales linear-oblong, woody, with a P. densiflora.

small prickle which soon falls off. A
beautiful small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high ;
from Japan ; hardy throughout.

16. Pinus resindsa, Ait. (RED PINE.)
Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, in twos, from
long sheaths ; rigid, straight, dark green.
Cones 2 in. long, ovate-conical, smooth,
their scales without points, slightly
thickened, usually growing In clusters.
A tall tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with rather
smooth, reddish bark and hard light-
colored wood ; branchlets also having
smooth reddish bark. Pennsylvania,
north and west.

G. 93]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

177

17. Pinus inops, Ait. (JERSEY OR SCRUB
PINE.) Leaves short, 1% to 3 in. long,
rigid ; usually 2, rarely 3, in a short
sheath. Cones solitary, 2 to 3 in. long,
ovate-oblong, curved, on a short stalk.
Scales tipped with a straight, rigid spine.
A small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, growing
wild in sections where the soil is poor and
sandy ; having straggling flexible branches
with rough, dark
bark ; New Jer-
sey, south and
west. Barely cul-
tivated.

P. inops.

P. pfingens.

18. Plnus pung-ens, Michx. f. (TABLE-
MOUKTAIN PINE.) Leaves in twos, some-
times in threes, stout, short, 1% to 2j£ in.
long, crowded, bluish ; the sheath short
(very short on old foliage). Cones 3 in. or
more long, hanging on for a long time ; the
scales armed with a stout, hooked spine,
% in. long. A rather small tree, 20 to 60

ft. high. New Jersey and southwestward,
along the mountains.

19. Pinus sylv6stris, L. (SCOTCH PINE,
wrongly called SCOTCH FIR.) Leaves in twos,
\yz to 2}£ in. long, from short, lacerated
sheaths, twisted, rigid, of a grayish or a
glaucous-green color. Cones 2 to 3 in. long,
ovate-conical, of
a grayish-brown
color, ripening
the second year,
the scales having
4-sided, recurved
points. A large

P. sylvSstris.

and very valuable tree of central Europe.
Many varieties are in cultivation in this
country. It forms the Eed andYellovv Deal
so extensively used for lumber in Europe.

20. Pinus cont6rta, Dougl. (TWISTED-
BRANCHED PINE.) Leaves 2 in. long, nu-

178

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

merous, rigid, sharply mucronate, from a short, dark, overlapping
sheath; 2 to a sheath. Cones from 2 to 2^ in. long, ovate, smooth,
clustered. Scales furnished with a point which is soon shed. A
small cultivated tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, from the Pacific coast of the
United States. As it has an irregular shape, and crooked branches,
it is not often planted.

21. Plnus Banksiana, Lambert.
(GRAY OR NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.)
Leaves in twos, short, 1 in. long, ob-
lique, divergent from a close sheath.
Cones lateral, conical, oblong, usually
curved, \yz to 2 in. long, the scales
thickened at the end and without
points. A straggling shrub, sometimes
a low tree, found wild in the extreme
Northern States.

22. Plnus 6dulis, Engelm. (PiNON OR

NUT-PINE.) Leaves mostly in pairs, rarely

in threes, 1 to \VZ in. long, from short

sheaths, light-colored, rigid, curved or

straightish, spreading; cones sessile, glo-
bose or nearly so, 2 in. long; tips of scales

thick, conical-truncate, no awns or prickles ;

seeds large, nut-like, wingless, edible. A

low, round-topped tree, branching from

near the base, 10 to 25 ft. high ; from the

Rocky Mountains. A fine small pine ; cul-
tivated in the East. It needs some
protection at Boston. The figure shows
the seed. Plnus monophy'lla, Torr.
and Frem., from the mountain regions
farther west, has its leaves in ones
and twos ; when in ones, round and
very rigid ; when in pairs, flat on the
inner side ; leaves on the young shoots
bluish, glaucous green, or silvery. This
is probably only a variety of P. edulis.
The seeds of both are so large and nu-
tritious that they are extensively used
for food by the Indians.

P. monophtflJa,

0.94]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

179

GENUS 94. PICE A. (THE SPRUCES.)

Leaves evergreen, scattered (pointing in every direc-
tion), needle-shaped, keeled above and below, thus mak-
ing them somewhat 4-sided. Fertile catkins and cones
terminal ; cones maturing the first year, pendulous ;
scales thin, without prickles, persistent, the cone coming
off the tree whole.

* Leaves very short, usually % to % in. long, obtuse 7, 8.

* Leaves usually % in. or more long, acute. (A. )
A. Cones over 3 in. long ; cultivated. (B.)

B. Leaves dark green ; large tree, common 3.

B. Leaves bright or pale green 4, 5, 6.

A. Cones 2 in. or less long ; large native trees 1, 2.

1. Plcea nigra, Link. (BLACK OB
DOUBLE SPRUCE.) Leaves about yz in.
long, erect, stiff, somewhat 4-sided, very
dark green or whitish-gray ; branchlets
pubescent. Cones persistent, 1 to \yz
in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, changing
from dark purple to dull reddish-brown ;
scales very thin, roundish, with toothed
or uneven edges. A conical - shaped
tree, 40 to 80 ft. high ; wild in the North
and along the Alleghanies; often culti-
vated. Bark dark brown ; branches
horizontal; wood light reddish.

<•>
P.mgra.

Var.rwZ>ra has larger, darker leaves,
and larger, brighter-colored cones.

2. Plcea £lba, Link. (WHITE OR
SINGLE SPRUCE.) Leaves yz to % in.
long, rather slender, needle-shaped,
sharp-pointed, incurved, pale- or
glaucous-green; branchlets smooth.
Cones deciduous, 2 in. long, oblong-
cylindrical, with entire, thin-edged
scales. Tree 25 to 100 ft. high,
of beautiful, compact, symmetrical
growth when young, and such light-
colored foliage as to make it a fine

180

TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

species for cultivation. Wild in the North, and cultivated through-
out. There are varieties with bluish-green (var. ccerulea) and with
golden (var. aurea) foliage in cultivation.

3. Plcea exc61sa, Link. (NOKWAY SPRUCE.) Leaves % to 1 in.
long, rigid, curved, dark green. Cones 5 to 7 in. long, and pendent
at maturity, with the scales slightly incurved. A large tree, 70 to
120 ft. high, of vigorous growth, with numerous, stout, drooping
branches ; abundant in cultivation. A score of named varieties are
sold at the nurseries, some quite dwarf, others so very irregular in
shape as to be grotesque.

4. Picea polita, Carr. (TI-
GER'S-TAIL SPRUCE.) Leaves
^ to •% in. long, strong, ri-
gid, sharp-pointed, somewhat
curved, glabrous, bright
green, on stout branches with
prominent buds. Leaves per-
sistent for 7 years; not 2-
ranked. Cones 4 to 5 in.
long, spindle-shaped ellipti-
cal, rounded at the ends.
Tree of slow growth, with
horizontal, yellowish-barked
branches. As it is a tree
of recent introduction (1865)
from Japan, there are no large specimens. Hardy at Boston.

P. polita.

G.94]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

P. pungena.

5. Picea pungens, Eng. (SILVER
SPRUCE.) Leaves j£ to 1 in. long,
broad, rigid, stout, sharply acute, usu-
ally curved, pale green above, silvery-
glaucous beneath, on smooth and shin-
ing branchlets. Cones very abundant,
3 to 5 in. long, cylindric, with elon-
gated, undulated, retuse scales. A
strictly conical tree with spreading
branches and thick, smooth, gray bark.
Sometimes cultivated ; from the Rocky
Moun-
tains.
Hardy.

6. Picea Morinda, Link. (HIMALA-
YAN SPRUCE.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long,
very sharply acute, pale green color,
spreading, 4-sided, straight, rigid,
slightly glaucous beneath ; branches
horizontal ; branchlets remotely ver-
ticillate, numerous, drooping, with
light-colored bark. Cones 6 to 7
in. long, ovate -oblong ; scales light
brown, oblong, entire, smooth, loosely
imbricated. A tall
tree, cultivated
from eastern Asia
and not hardy
north of Washington except in sheltered positions.

7. Plcea Alc6quina,Lindl.
( ALCOCK'S SPRUCE. ) Leaves J^
to % in. long, crowded, some-
what 4-sided, flattish, recurv-
ed, obtusely rounded at tip,
deep green above, whitish or
yellowish below. Cones 2 to
3 in. long, 1 in. in diameter,
reddish fawn-color, with very
persistent scales ; scales p-
wedge-shaped at base, rounded at tip. A large
treefrom Japan; fully hardy as far north as Mass.

8. Picea orientalis, L. (EASTERN OR ORI-
ENTAL SPRUCE.) Leaves very short, % in. long,

P. Morinda.

182

.TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

4-sided, rigid, stout, rather obtuse, dark shining green, entirely sur-
rounding the branches. Cones 2j£ to 3 in. long, cylindrical, with
soft, thin, loose, rounded scales, uneven on the edges. A beautiful,
conical, slow-growing, compact tree, reaching the height of 75 ft. ;
often cultivated ; from the Plack Sea. Hardy.

GENUS 95. TStTGA. (HEMLOCKS.)

Leaves evergreen, scattered, flat, narrowed to a green
petiole, appearing 2-ranked by the direction they take,
whitened beneath. Fertile catkins and cones on the end
of last year's branchlets. Cones
pendulous, maturing the first year;
scales thin, persistent.

1. Tsuga Canad6nsis, Carr. (COMMON
HEMLOCK.) Leaves short-petioled, linear,
yz in. long, obtuse, dark green above and
white beneath ; the young leaves in the
spring a very light green. Cones oval,
yz to % in. long, pendent, of few (20 to
40) scales. A large, very beautiful tree,
50 to 80 ft. high, abundant in rocky woods,
and cultivated throughout; spray light
and delicate.

2. Tsuga Caroliniana, Engelm. (MOUN-
TAIN-HEMLOCK.) This is similar to the last;
its leaves are larger, glossier, more crowd-
ed; its cones
are larger, and
have wider and
more spreading
scales ; the tree
is smaller, rare-
ly growing 40
ft. high. Wild,
but scarce, in
the higher Al-

T. Caroliniana.

leghanies, south; beginning to be cultivat-
ed north, and probably hardy throughout.

3. Tsuga Sieboldii. (JAPAN HEM-
LOCK.) Leaves Vz to % in. long, linear,

0.96]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

183

obtuse to notched at the tip, smooth, thick, dark green above,
with two white lines below. Cones scarcely 1 in. long, elliptical,
solitary, terminal, obtuse, quite persistent; scales pale brown. A
beautiful small tree, 20 to 30 ft. high, with an erect trunk, dark-
brown bark, and numerous, pale, slender branchlets. Introduced
from Japan, and probably hardy throughout.

GENUS 96. ABIES. (THE FIRS.)

Leaves evergreen, flat, scattered, generally whitened
beneath, appearing somewhat 2-ranked by the directions
they take. Fertile catkins and cones erect on the iipper
side of the spreading branches. Cones ripening the first
year; their scales thin and smooth, and the bracts gener-
ally exserted; scales and bracts breaking off at maturity
and falling away, leaving the axis on the tree. A great
number of species and varieties have been planted in this
country, but few if any besides those here given do at all
well in our dry and hot climate.

* Cones 6 to 8 in. long; leaves blunt at tip. (A.)

A. Leaves over an inch long 10, 11.

A. Leaves an inch or less long 12.

* Cones "&/» to 6 in. long. (B.)

B. Leaves 2 in. or more long, 2-ranked 9.

B. Leaves 1 in. or less long. (C.)

C. Leaves acute at tip 7, 8.

C. Leaves blunt or notched at tip. (D. )

D. Two-ranked 4.

D. Not 2-ranked 3.

* Cones 1 to 3}4 in. long. (E.)

E. Leaves an inch or more long. .5, 6.
E. Leaves less than an inch long . 1, 2.

1. Abies bal&amea, Mill. (COMMON
BALSAM-FIR.) Leaves narrow, linear, V*
to % in. long, and much crowded, silvery
beneath ; those on the horizontal branches
spreading into 2 ranks. Bark yielding
Canada balsam from blisters. Cones
erect, on spreading branches, 2 to 4 in.
long and 1 in. thick, cylindric, violet-col-

184

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

ored, with mucronate-pointed bracts
extending beyond the scales and not
reflexed. Wild in cold, wet grounds ;
20 to 45 ft. high, with numerous hori-
zontal branches. Has been cultivated
quite extensively, although there are
better Firs for ornamental purposes.

2. Abies Fraseri, Lindl. (ERASER'S
OR SOUTHERN BALSAM-FIR.) Leaves yz
to % in. long, somewhat 2-ranked, lin-
ear, flattened, obtuse, emarginate,
whitish beneath, the lower 6nes curved
and the upper ones erect. Cones ob-
long, 1 to 2 in. long, with sharp-pointed
bracts half exserted and reflexed. A
rare, small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, grow-
ing wild in the mountains, from Vir-
ginia south. A hardy tree and hand-
some when young.

3. Abies Nordmanniana, Link.

(NORDMANN'S SILVER FIR.) Leaves

very numerous, crowded, broad, lin-
ear, blunt or erose-dentate at the

ends, somewhat curved, of unequal

length, 1 in. or less long, deep green

above and whitened beneath. Cones

large, 5 in. long, ovate, erect, with very

obtuse scales ; bracts exserted and re- A. Nordmanni&na.

curved. A beautiful Jarge
tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, occa-
sionally cultivated ; with nu-
merous horizontal brunches
and smooth bark.

4. Abies firma, S. and
Z. (JAPAN SILVER FIR.)
Leaves % to 1 in. long, very
closely 2-ranked, slightly
twisted, linear, somewhat
notched at the end, smooth
and dark above, somewhat
silvery below. Cones 3 to
4j£ in. long, 1 to \\ in.

G.96]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

in diameter, straight, cylindrie, with
broad, downy, leathery, crenulated
scales ; bracts exserted, with acute,
slightly recurved points. A beautiful
tall tree with somewhat the habit of
the common Silver Fir ; recently intro-
duced from Japan, and hardy as far
north as central New York.

5. Abies gr&ndis, Lindl. (GREAT
SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1 to \yz in. long,
mostly curved, deep green above and
silvery below, not 2-ranked. Cones 3
in. long and about 2 in. broad, obtuse,

A, pichta.

and dense compact growth. It is
peculiar in its very dark foliage;
very hardy.

7. Abies Cephalonica,Loud. (CE-
PHALONIAN SILVER FIR.) Leaves
% in. long, very stiff, sharp-pointed,
spreadingbroadlyfrom the branches
in all directions, dark green above
and white beneath; petioles very
short, dilated lengthwise at the
point of attachment of the branches.
Cones very erect, 4 to 6 in. long, 1^
in. in diameter; projecting scales
unequally toothed and reflexed at
the point. A beautiful, cultivated

A-grandls.

solitary, chestnut-brown in color. A
very large (200 to 300 ft. high), hand-
some tree from the Pacific coast. Hardy
at Washington; needs protection north.

6. Abies Pichta, Fisch. (SIBERIAN
SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1 in. long, linear,
flat, obtuse, incurved at the apex,
mostly scattered, very dark green
above, paler beneath. Cones 3 in.
long, ovate, cylindrie, obtuse, with
rounded, entire scales and hidden
bracts. A small to medium-sized cul-
tivated tree, 25 to 50 ft, high, with hori-
zontal, somewhat pendulous branches

A Cephalonica.

186

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

tree, 30 to 60 ft. high, with bright brown bark
and resinous buds.

8. Abies Pinsapo, Bois. (PiNSAPO FIR.)
Leaves less than 1 in. long (usually }£ in.),
rigid, straight, scattered regularly around the
branches, and pointing in all directions ; disk-
like bases large; branches in whorls, and
branchlets very numerous. Cones 4 to 5 in.
long, oval, sessile ; scales rounded, broad, en-
tire ; bracts short. A very handsome tree
from Spain, and reported hardy at the Arnold
Arboretum.

9. Abies c6ncolor, Lindl. (WHITE
FIR.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, mostly
obtuse, but on young trees often long-
pointed, 2-ranked, not crowded on the
stem, pale green or silvery. Cones
oblong-cylindric, 3 to 5 in. long, 1 j£ in.
in diameter ; scales twice as broad as
long; bracts short, not projecting. A
large tree, 75 to 150 ft. high ; bark
rough, grayish. Native in the Rocky
Mountains; hardy at the Arnold Ar-
boretum, Massachusetts, but needs
some protection at St. Louis.

10. Abies Cilicica, Carr. (CILICIAN
SILVER FIR.) Leaves flat, linear, 1 to
!•% in. long and ^ in. broad, some-
what 2-ranked but rather irregularly
scattered around the young shoots;
shining dark green above and whitish
beneath. Cones 7 to 8 in. long, nearly
2 in. in diameter, cylindric, obtuse,
erect, with thin and entire scales, and
short and hidden bracts. A very coni-
cal tree, 50 ft. high, with branches in
whorls, and numerous, small, slender
branchlets. Bark light gray ; recently
cultivated from Asia.

0.97]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

187

11. Abies n6bilis, Lindl. (NOBLE
SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long,
linear, much curved, the base extend-
ing a short distance upward along the
branch, then spreading squarely from it,
crowded, compressed, deep green above,
glaucous below ; base of the leaf much
less disk-like than in most of the Firs ;
branches horizontal, spreading, numer-
ous. Cones 6 to 7 in. long and nearly
2 in. in diameter, cylindric, sessile, with
large, entire, incurved scales ; bracts
large, exserted, reflexed, spatulate, with
terminal, awl-shaped points. A very
large, beautiful tree, from the Pacific A.n6t>iiis.

coast, where it grows 200 ft. high. Hardy in Pennsylvania, but needs
some protection in Massachusetts.

12. Abies pectinata, DC. (EUROPEAN
OR COMMON SILVER FIR.) Leaves yz to 1
in. long, linear, obtuse, occasionally with
an incurved point, polished green above,
two white lines below, rigid, straight;
branches horizontal and in whorls. Cones
6 to 8 in. long, cylindric, brown when ripe ;
scales broad, thin, rounded ; bracts long,
exserted, with an acute reflexed tip. In-
troduced from Europe. Good speciinens
can be found as far north as Massachu-
setts, though our climate is not fitted to
give them either long life or perfect form.

A. pectinata.

GENUS 97. LARIX. (THE LARCHES.)

Leaves deciduous, all foliaceous, the primary ones scat-
tered, but most of them in bundles of numerous leaves
from lateral globular buds. Cones usually small (in one cul-
tivated species 3 in. long), ovpid, erect, with smooth scales.

* Cones less than 1 in. long, of not more than 25 scales 1.

* Cones 1 to 2 in. long, of from 40 to 60 scales 2, 3.

* Cones 2 to 3 in. long, with thick, woody, somewhat divergent

deciduous scales. (Pseudolarix) 4.

188

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

Ij. Americana.

2. Larix Europsea, DC. (EU-
ROPEAN LARCH.) Leaves 1 in.
long, linear, obtuse, flat, soft, nu-
merous, and bright green in color.
Cones sometimes more than 1 in.
long, with oval, erect, very per-
sistent scales. A beautiful tree
with horizontal branches and
drooping branchlets ; abundant in
cultivation.

Var. pendula has long, pendent
branches, and forms a very fine
weeping tree.

1. Larix Americana, Michx.
(AMERICAN LARCH. TAMARACK
OR HACKMATACK.) Leaves less
than 1 in. long, thread-like, lin-
ear, slender, light bluish-green.
Cones yz to •% in. long, ovoid, of
a reddish color. A tree of large
size, 50 to 100 ft. high, growing
wild in all the northern portion
of our region, and frequent in
cultivation, although not quite so
fine a tree as Larix Europsea.

L. Leptol6psis.

L. EuropSea.

3. Larix Leptol6psis, Gor-
don. (JAPAN LARCH.) Leaves
1 to 1}^ in. long, slender, pale
green. Cones 1^ in- l°ng>
and half as wide, of about 60
scales, reflexed at the margin,
pale brown in color ; bracts
lanceolate, acute, entire, thin,
one half the length of the scales;
seeds obovate, compressed, with
long, obtuse, thin wings. A small
tree from northern Japan, where
it grows 40 ft. high. It is a
handsome, erect-growing tree,
with slender, smooth, ash-col-
ored branches, and rather rigid,
spreading branchlets.

0.98]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

189

4. Larix Ks&mpferi, Lamb. (GoLD-
EN LARCH.) Leaves from 1 to 2^ in.
long, flat, linear, sword-shaped, some-
what soft, pale pea -green in the
spring, golden-yellow in the autumn.
Cones 2 to 3 in. long, with flattish, di-
vergent scales which are very decid-
uous. A beautiful large tree, over 100
ft. high, from China, which proves
hardy as far north as central New
York. It is often placed in a new
genus (Pseudolarix) because of the
deciduous scales to the cones.

GENUS 98. C±DBTJS. (THE LEBANON CEDARS.)

Leaves linear, simple, evergreen, in large, alternate
clusters. Cones large, erect, solitary, with closely ap-
pressed scales ; seeds adhering to the base of their lacer-
ated, membranous wings. Large, spreading -branched
trees from southern Asia and northern Africa. Occasion-
ally successfully grown from New York City southward.

Leaves 1 in. or less long

Leaves over 1 in. long, light glaucous-green.

1, 2.

..3.

1. CSdrus Libani, Barr. (CEDAR
OF LEBANON.) Leaves % to 1 in.
long, acuminate, needle-form, rigid,
few in a fascicle, deep green in color.
Cones 3 to 5 in. long, oval, obtuse,
very persistent, grayish-brown in
color; scales thin, truncate, slightly
denticulate ; seeds quite large and
irregular in form. A cultivated tree
with wide-spreading, whorled, hori-
zontal branches covered with rough
bark. Somewhat tender when young
in the Middle States, but forming a
grand tree in proper positions.

190 TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

2. C&drus Atlantica, Manetti. (M-r.
ATLAS, SILVER, OR AFRICAN CEDAR.)
Leaves j£ to •% in. long, mostly
cylindric, straight, rigid, mucronate,
crowded, and of a beautiful glaucous-
green color. Cones 2}£ to 3 in. long,
ovate, glossy. Tins beautiful tree has
been considered a silvery variety of
Cedrus Libani. They are about alike
in hardiness and in general form.
Cedrus Atlantica has more slender
branches, denser and more silvery
foliage. From Africa.

O. Atlfintica.

3. Cedrus Deodara, Lindl. (DEO-
DAR OR INDIAN CEDAR.) Leaves 1 to
2 in. in length, 3- or usually 4-sided,
rigid, acute, very numerous (about 20
in a fascicle), bright green, covered
with a glaucous bloom. Cones 4 to 5
in. long, ovate, obtuse, very resinous,
rich purple when young, and brown
when old ; the scales separating from
the axis at maturity. Seeds wedge-
shaped, with large, bright brown
wings. A beautiful pyramidal tree,
with graceful drooping branches and

light silvery foliage. Not hardy
north of Philadelphia ; from India.

GENUS 98a. ARATJCARIA.

Araucaria imbricata, Pavon.
(CHILE PINE.) Leaves 1 to 2 in.
long, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, ri-
gid, acute, very persistent, closely
overlapping, completely covering
the thick stems, in whorls of 6
to 8, deep glossy green ; branches
horizontal, in whorls of 6 to 8,
with ascending tips, covered with
resinous, corky bark. Flowers dioe-
A. imbricata. cious ; cones (on only a portion of

G.1001

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

191

the trees) large, roundish, about 7 in. in diameter, erect, solitary ;
seeds wedge-shaped, 1 to 2 in. long. A large, peculiar, beautiful,
conical tree, with much the appearance of a cactus ; not fitted to our
climate, although a few specimens may be found growing quite well
near the coast south of Philadelphia. From the mountains of Chile.

GENUS 99. CUNNINGHAMIA.

A genus of but one species. The cone-scales are very
small, but the bracts are large, thick, and serrate.

Cunninghamia Sin6nsis, E. Br.
(CUNNINGHAMIA.) Leaves \y2 to 2^
in. long, flat, rigid, numerous, alter-
nate, somewhat serrulate; the leaf
gradually increases in width from
the acute tip to the base, which is
decurrent on the stem and about
j£ in. wide. Cones 1 to 1^£ in. long,
nearly globular, erect, very persis-
tent, mostly clustered, sessile; the
scale is a mere transverse ridge, but
the bract is large and prominent, like
a triangular-hastate, dilated leaf. A
very handsome tree, from China,
which does not succeed very well in this region except in protected
situations.

GENUS 100. SCIADOPITYS.

Cones elliptical or cylindrical, large, obtuse. Leaves
evergreen, somewhat flattened, arranged in distant whorls
around the stems, and spreading in all directions.

Sciadopitys verticillata, S. and Z.
(UMBRELLA-PINE.) Leaves 2 to 4 in.
long, \ in. wide, linear, obtuse, smooth,
persistent, sessile, entire, in whorls of 30
to 40 at the nodes and extremity of the
branches. Cones 3 by \l/2 in- Scales
wedge-shaped, corrugated, overlapping,
coriaceous, persistent; bracts adherent,
a. verticillata. broad, and smooth. A beautiful, tall,

conical, slow-growing tree, with the branches whorled. Eecently in-
troduced ; hardy in the New England States.

192

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

GENUS 101. TAXODIUM.

Leaves deciduous, spreading, in 2 ranks. Flowers mo-
noacious on the same branch, the staminate ones in
spikes, and the pistillate ones in pairs below. Cones
globular; the scales peltate, angular, thick, firmly closed
till ripe, with 2 angular seeds under each.

Taxodium distichum, Richard.
(SOUTHERN OR BALD CYPRESS.) Leaves
deciduous, flat, linear, }£ to % in. long, in
2 rows on the slender branchlets, forming
feather-like spray of a light green color.
This whole spray usually falls off in the
autumn as though a single leaf. Cones
round, closed, hard, 1 in. in diameter. A
fine, tall (100 to 125 ft. high), slender,
spire-shaped tree with a large, spread-
ing, rigid trunk, 6 to 9 ft. thick, and
T. distichum. peculiar conical excrescences (called

knees) growing up from the roots. j_

Wild from Maryland south, and u

cultivated and hardy in the Middle

and many of the Northern States.
Var. pendulum, with horizontal

branches and drooping branchlets,

has the leaves but slightly spread-
ing from the stems, especially

when young. Very beautiful; hardy

as far north as Massachusetts.

Var. pendulum.

GENUS 1O2. SEQUOIA.

Flowers monoecious, terminal,
solitary, catkins nearly globular.
Seeds winged, 3 to 5 under each
scale.

1. Sequ6ia gigantea, Torr. (BiGOR
GREAT TREE OF CALIFORNIA.) Leaves
on the young shoots spreading, needle-
shaped, sharp-pointed, scattered spi-
rally around the branchlets ; finally

8. gier&ntea.

Q. 103]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIFHON

193

scale-shaped, overlapping, mostly appressed, with generally an acute
apex, light green in color. Cones oval, 2 to 3 in. long, of about 25
scales. The largest tree known, 300 ft. high, with a trunk nearly
30 ft. through, found in California and occasionally planted east,
though with no great success, as it is
almost certain to die after a few years.

2. Sequ6ia semp6rvirens, Endl.
(REDWOOD.) Leaves from % to I in.
long, linear, smooth, 2-ranked, flat,
acute, dark shining green, glaucous be-
neath; branches numerous, horizontal,
spreading. Cones 1 in. long, roundish,
solitary, terminal; scales numerous,
thick, rough, furnished with an obtuse
point. A magnificent tree from Cali-
fornia, where it grows 200 to 300 ft.
high. In the East it can be kept alive
but a few years even at Washington.

GENUS 103. THtTYA. ( ARBOR- VIT.E.)

Small, evergreen trees with flat, 2-ranked, fan-like spray
and closely overlapping, small, appressed leaves of two
shapes on different brauchlets, one awl-shaped and acute,
the other scale-like, usually blunt and close to the branch.
Fertile catkins of few, overlapping scales fixed by the
base; at maturity, dry and spreading. There are scores
of named varieties of Arbor-vitaB sold by the nurserymen
under 3 different generic names, Thuya, Biota, and Thu-
yopsis. There are but slight differences in these groups,
and they will in this work be placed together under
Thuya. Some that in popular language might well be
called Arbor-vitae (the Retinosporas) will, because of the
character of the fruit, be included in the next genus.

* Scales of the cones pointless, thin, straight. (Thuya) 1, 2.

* Scales reflexed and wedge-shaped. (Thuyopsis) 3.

*• Scales thick, with horn-like tips. (Biota) 4.

UK

194

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

T. occidentalis.

1. Thuya occidentalis, L. (AMERICAN
ARBOR-VITJE. WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves
in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets, hav-
ing a strong aromatic odor when bruised.
Cones oblong, % in. long, with few (6 to
10) pointless scales. A small tree, 20 to
50 ft. high, or in cultivation 1 to 50 ft.
high, with pale, shreddy bark, and light,
soft, but very durable wood. Wild north,
and extensively cultivated throughout
under more than a score of named vari-
eties. Their names — alba, aurea, glauca,

conica, globosa, pyramidalis, pendula, etc. —
will give some idea of the variations in
color, form, etc.

2. Thuya gigantea, Nutt. (GIANT AR-
BOR-VIT^E.) Leaves scale-shaped, some-
what 4-sided, closely overlapping, sharp-
pointed, slightly tuberculate on the back ;
cones more or less clustered and nearly yz
in. long. A very large and graceful tree,
200 ft. high, with reddish, soft wood ; from
the Pacific coast; introduced but not very
successfully grown in the Atlantic States.

T. gigantda.

T. dolabrata.

3. Thuya dolabrata, L. (HATCHET-
LEAVED ARBOR -VIT.E.) Leaves large,
sometimes \^ in. long, very blunt, in 4
rows on the flattened spray. Cones quite
small, ovate, sessile, with jagged edges ;
scales reflexed and wedge-form. A small
conical tree with horizontal branches and
drooping branchlets ; which, because of
its large leaves (for an Arbor-vitae) and
flexible branchlets, is quite unique and
interesting. In shaded and moist places
it has done quite well as far north as
New York.

4. Thuya orientalis, L. (EASTERN OR CHINESE ARBOR-VIT^:.)
Leaves small, in 4 opposite rows, appressed. actite, on the numer-
ous 2-edged branchlets. Cones large, roundish, with thick leathery

G. 104]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

195

scales having recurving, horn-like tips.
Of this species there are as many vari-
eties sold as of number one, and nearly
the same varietal names are used; but
it is not so good a species for general
cultivation in this country.

Var. flagelliformis, Jacq. (Weeping
Arbor-vitse), has very slender, elon-
gated, weeping branches, curving
gracefully to the ground. It is a beau-
tiful variety, often cultivated (a single
stem is shown in the figure).

GENUS 104. CHAHLSJCYPARIS. (THE CYPRESSES.)

Strong-scented, evergreen trees with very small, scale-
like or somewhat awl-shaped, closely appressed (except
in some cultivated varieties), overlapping leaves and 2-
ranked branchlets, almost as in Thuya. Cones globular,
with peltate, valvate scales, firmly closed till ripe; the
scales thick and pointed at the center.

* Native trees ; leaves light glaucous-green 1.

* Cultivated trees from Western America; leaves dark green. (A.)

A. No tubercle on the backs of the leaves 2.

A. Usually a tubercle on the back 3.

* Cultivated small trees and shrubs from Japan (called Betinos-

pora) 4.

1. Cb.ameecy'paris sphseroidea, Spach. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves
very small, triangular, awl-shaped, regularly
and closely appressed in 4 rows, of a light
glaucous-green color, often with a small
gland on the back. Cones very small, % in.
in diameter, of about 6 scales, clustered.
Tree 30 to 90 ft. high, wild in low grounds
throughout; abundant in Middle States.
With reddish- white wood and slender, spread-
ing and drooping sprays ; bark fibrous, shred-
c. sphseroidea. dv ; sometimes cultivated.

2. Chameecjrparis Nutksfensis, Lambert. (NOOTKA SOUND CY-
PRESS. ) Leaves only Ifi in. long, sharp-pointed, and closely ap-

196

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

pressed, of a very dark, rich green color ;
very slightly glaucous, without tubercles
on the back. Cones small, globular, soli-
tary, with a fine, whitish bloom ; scales 4,
rough and terminating in a sharp straight
point. Tree 100 ft. high in Alaska, and
would make a fine cultivated tree for
this region if it could stand our hot, dry
summers.

3. Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Park.
(LAWSON'S CYPRESS.) Leaves small, deep
green, with a whitish margin when young,
forming with the twigs feathery-like, flat spray of a bluish-green
color ; leaves usually with a gland on the back. Cones scarcely %
in. in diameter, of 8 to 10 scales. A mag-
nificent tree in California, and where it
is hardy (in rather moist soil, New-York
and south) it forms one of our best cul-
tivated evergreens. The leading shoot
when young is pendulous.

C. Nutkffinsls.

C. LawsoniiUaa.

4. Chamsecyparis (B.etin6spora) ob-

tusa, Endl. (JAPANESE ARBOR- VIT^E.)

Leaves scale-formed, obtuse, closely ap-

pressed and very persistent. Cones of

8 or 10 hard, light brown, wedge-shaped

scales. Beautiful small trees or generally

shrubs (in this country), of a score of

named varieties of many colors and forms of plant and foliage.
There are probably a number of species of Japanese and Chinese
Chamsecyparis (Retinospora), but till
their size, hardiness, and origin have
been more fully determined, it would
be impossible to make an entirely
satisfactory list for such a work
as this. Figures are given of the
common, so-called, species cultivat-
ed in this country; under each of
these, several varieties are sold by
the nurserymen. The three twigs
of Retinospora squarrosa were all
taken from a single branch ; this
K. obtusa. . shows how impossible it is to deter-

a. 104J

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

197

mine the varieties or species : the twig at the left represents the
true squarrosa ; the others, the partial return to the original. Most
of the forms shown in the figures have purple, golden, silvery, and
other colored varieties.

Betinospora piatfbra.

Retinospora Lycopoldes.

Betinospora plumo

198

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

C. Jap6nlca.

GENUS 105. CRYPTOMERIA.

A genus of evergreens containing only the following
species :

Vv **^7L~

Cryptomeria Jap6nica, Don. (JA-
PAN CEDAR. ) Leaves about % in. long,
not flattened, but about equally 4-sided,
curved and tapering quite gradually
from the tip to the large, sessile base ;
branches spreading, mostly horizontal,
with numerous branchlets. Cones j£
to % in. in diameter, globular, termi-
nal, sessile, very persistent, with nu-
merous, loose, not overlapping scales.
A beautiful tree from Japan, 50 to 100
ft. high. Not very successfully grown
in our climate. North of Washington,

D. C., it needs a sheltered position, and should have a deep, but not

very rich soil.

GENUS 106. JTJNIPERUS.

Leaves evergreen, awl-shaped or scale-like, rigid, often
of two shapes on the same plant. Spray not 2-ranked.
Flowers usually dioecious. Fertile catkins rounded, of 3 to
6 fleshy, coalescent scales, forming in fruit a bluish-black
berry with a whitish bloom, but found on only a portion
of the plants.

* Leaves rather long, \f, in., in whorls of threes

* Leaves smaller ; on the old branches mostly opposite

1 . Juniperus communis, L. (CoM-
MON JUNIPER.) Leaves rather long,
% in., linear, awl-shaped, in whorls
of threes, prickly-pointed, upper sur-
face glaucous-white, under surface
bright green. Fruit globular, % in.
or more in diameter, dark purple
when ripe, covered with light-colored
bloom. A shrub or small tree with
spreading or pendulous branches ;
common in dry, sterile soils. There

G. 107]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

199

are a great many varieties of this species in cultivation, but few of
them grow tall enough to be considered trees.

Var. Hibernica (Irish Juniper) grows erect like a column. Var.
Alpina is a low creeping plant. Var. hemisplwrica is almost like a
half-sphere lying on the ground.

2. Juniperus Virginiana, L. (BED CEDAR.)
Leaves very small and numerous, scale-like on
the older branches, but awl-shaped and some-
what spreading on the young shoots ; dark
green. Fruit small, £ in., abundant on the
pistillate plants, dark purple and covered with
fine, glaucous bloom. Trees from 20 to 80 ft.
high (sometimes only shrubs), with mostly
horizontal branches, thin, scaling bark, dense
habit of growth, and dark foliage. Wood
light, fine-grained, durable ; the heart-wood of a handsome dark red
color. Wild throughout ; several varieties are found in* cultivation.
Many other species from China, Japan, California, etc., are occasion-
ally cultivated, but few are large enough to be called trees, and
those that are large enough are not of sufficient importance to need
specific notice.

GENUS 107. TAXTJS.

Leaves evergreen, flat, linear, mucronate, rigid, scat-
tered, appearing more or less 2-ranked. Fertile flowers
and the fruit solitary ; the fruit, a nut-like seed in a cup-
shaped, fleshy portion formed from a disk ; red.

T£xus baccata, L. (COMMON EU-
ROPEAN YEW.) Leaves evergreen, 2-
ranked, crowded, linear, flat, curved,
acute. Fruit a nut-like seed within a
cup yz in. in diameter ; red when ripe
in the autumn. As this species is
somewhat dioecious, a portion of the
plants will be without fruit. A widely
spreading shrub rather than a tree,
extensively cultivated under nearly a
score of named varieties. We have
a closely related wild species, Taxus
Canad6nsis (THE GROUND-HEMLOCK),
which is merely a low straggling bush.

200

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES

GENUS 107a. TORBJ&YA.

The Torreyas are much like
the Yews, but their leaves have
two longitudinal lines, and a re-
markably disagreeable odor when
burned or bruised. Torr^ya
taxifolia, Arn.,from Florida, and
Torrdya Californica, Torr., from
California, have been often plant-
ed. They form small trees, but
probably cannot be grown suc-
cessfully in the region. The fig-
ure shows a twig of T. taxifolia.

T. taxifolia.

GENUS 107b. CEPHALOTAXUS.

Cephalot&xus Forturni, Hook.,
does not form a tree in this section,
but a wide-spreading bush growing
sometimes to the height of 10 ft., and
spreading over a spot 15 ft. wide.
Leaves flat, with the midrib forming
a distinct ridge on both sides, linear,
sometimes over 2 in. long, glossy green
on the upper side, slightly whitened
beneath. Fruit very large, 1 in. or
more long, elliptical, with a single,
thin-shelled nut-like seed covered with
purplish, pulpy, thin flesh. Branches
spreading, drooping, long, slender ;
buds small, covered with many sharp-
pointed, overlapping scales ; twigs
green, somewhat grooved. From
Japan ; about hardy in New Jersey.

GENUS 108. PODOCARPUS.

Leaves one-nerved, opposite, alternate, or scattered,
linear or oblong. Flowers axillary and mostly dioecious;
fruit drupe-like, with a bony-coated stone.

G. 109]

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

201

Podoc&rpus Jap6nica, Sieb.
(JAPAN PODOCARPUS.) Leaves
alternate, crowded, flat, linear-
lanceolate, elongated, quite
sharp-pointed, narrowed to a
short though distinct petiole, and
continued down the stem by two
ridges ; leaves not 2-ranked,
large, 4 to 8 in. long and yz in.
wide when growing in perfec-
tion ; in specimens grown in this
region, 2 to 5 in. long and % in. p- Ja*6nlca-

wide; midrib forms a ridge on both sides; upper side dark glossy
green ; lower side with two broad whitish lines. A beautiful, erect-
growing, small tree ; from Japan ; about hardy in central New Jer-
sey; needs some protection in Massachusetts.

GENUS 109. SALISBtTRIA.

Leaves broad, simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous,
deeply cut or lobed at the apex, alike on both surfaces,
with long petioles. Flowers dioecious; staminate ones
in catkins, pistillate ones either
solitary or in clusters of a few
each. Fruit a nut with a drupa-
ceous covering.

Salisburia adiantifolia, Sm. (GiNK-
GO TREE.) Leaves parallel-veined, fan-
shaped, with irregular lobes at the end,
thick, leathery, with no midrib. Fruit
globular or ovate, 1 in. long, on long,
slender stems. A very peculiar and
beautiful large tree, 50 to 100 ft. high ;
from Japan. Hardy throughout, and
should be more extensively cultivated
than it is.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

AND

INDEX TO PART I.

The numbers refer to the pages where the illustrations appear or where
fuller definitions of the words are given.

Abortive. Defective or barren ; not producing seeds.

Abrupt base of leaf, 21.

Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate, without an odd leaflet at the end ; even-
pinnate, 20.

Acerose. Slender; needle-shaped, 20.

Acorn, 27.

Acuminate. Taper-pointed, 22.

Acute. Terminating in a well-defined angle, usually less than a
right angle, 22.

Adventitious buds, 31.

Alternate. Not opposite each other ; as the leaves of a stem when
arranged one after the other along the branch, 18.

Angulated. Edge with such sudden bends as to form angles.

Annual layer of wood, 13.

Anther. The essential part of a stamen of a flower ; the part which
contains the pollen, 24.

Apetalous. Said of a flower which has no corolla, 25.

Apex. The point or summit, as the point of a leaf.

Apple-pome. A fruit like the apple, with seeds in horny cells, 27.

Appressed. Pressed close to the stem or other part, 19.

Ariled. Seed with a somewhat membranous appendage, sometimes
surrounding it, and attached to one end.

Aromatic. With an agreeable odor.

Arrangement of flowers, 26 ; of leaves, 18.

Astringent. That which contracts or draws together muscular
fiber; the opposite of laxative.

Auriculate. Furnished with ear-shaped appendages, 21.

Awl-shaped. Like a shoemaker's curved awl ; subulate, 21.

Awned. Furnished with a bristle-shaped appendage, 22.

Axil. The angle between the leafstalk and the twig, 14.

Axillary. Situated in the axil ; as a bud, branch, or flower-cluster
when in the axil of a leaf, 14, 26, 30.

204 GLOSSARY OF TEEMS AND INDEX TO PART I

Bark, 12.

Bases of leaves, 21.

Berry. Used in this work to include any soft, juicy fruit with sev-
eral (at least more than one), readily separated seeds buried in the
mass, 27.

Blpinnate. Twice-pinnate, 20.

Bladdery. Swollen out and filled with air.

Blade. The thin, spreading portion, as of a leaf, 19.

Bract. A more or less modified leaf belonging to a flower or fruit ;
usually a small leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a
cluster grows, 28.

Branch. A shoot or stem of a plant, 11.

Branching, general plan of, 29.

Branchlet. A small branch.

Bristle-pointed. Ending in a stiff, roundish hair, 22.

Bud. Undeveloped branch or flower, 30 ; forms of, 32 ; bud-scales, 31.

Bur. Rough-prickly covering of the seeds or fruit, 27.

Bush. A shrub, 11.

Calyx. The outer leafy part of a flower, 24.

Cancscent. With a silvery appearance, 23.

Capsule. A dry, pod-like fruit which has either more than one
cell, or, if of one cell, not such a pod as that of the pea with the
seeds fastened on one side on a single line, 28.

Carpel. That part of a fruit which is formed of a simple pistil, or
one member of a compound pistil ; often shown by a single seed-
bearing line or part. A fruit has as many carpels as it has seed-
bearing lines on its outer walls, or as it had stigmas when it was a
pistil, or as it had leaves at its origin.

Catkin. A scaly, usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers,
26, 28.

Ciliate. Fringed with hairs along its edge.
. Cleft. Cut to about the middle, 22.

Cluster. Any grouping of flowers or fruit on a plant, so that more
than one is found in the axil of a leaf, or at the end of a stem, 26.

Complete. Having all the parts belonging to an organ ; a complete
leaf has blade, leafstalk, and stipules, 19; a complete flower has
calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil, 24.

Compound. Composed of more than one similar part united into a
whole ; a compound tea/ has more than one blade, 19.

Conduplicate. Folded on itself lengthwise, 33.

Cone. A hard, scaly fruit, as that of a pine-ti-ee, 28.

Conical. With a circular base and sloping sides gradually tapering
to a point ; more slender than pyramidal.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND INDEX TO PART I 205

Convolute. In a leaf, the complete rolling from edge to edge, 34.

Cordate. Heart-shaped, the stem and point at opposite ends, 21.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture or substance.

Corolla. The inner, usually the bright-colored, row of floral
leaves, often grown together, 24.

Corymb. A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster; in a strict use
it is applied only to such clusters when the central flower does not
bloom first. See cyme, 26.

Crenate. Edge notched with rounded teeth, 22.

Crenulate. Finely crenated, 22.

Crisped. Having an undulated or curled edge.

Cross-section of wood, 35.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped, 21.

CyUndric. With an elongated, rounded body of uniform diameter.

Cyme. A flat-topped flower-cluster, the central flower blooming
first, 26.

Deciduous. Falling off; said of leaves when they fall in autumn,
and of floral leaves when they fall before the fruit forms, 23.

Decurrent leaf. A leaf which extends down the stem below the
point of fastening.

Definite annual growth, 29.

Dehiscence. The regular splitting open of fruits, anthers, etc.

Dehiscent. Opening in a regular way, 27, 28.

Deliquescent, 16, 29.

Deltoid. Triangular, 21.

Dentate. Edge notched, with the teeth angular and pointing out-
ward, 22.

Denticulate. Minutely dentate.

Dichotomous. Forking regularly by twos, as the branches of the
Lilac.

Dilated. Spreading out ; expanding in all directions.

Dioecious. With stamens and pistils on different plants, 25.

Distichous. Two-ranked ; spreading on opposite sides in one plane ;
as leaves, 18 ; or branches, 19.

Divergent. Spreading apart.

Divided. Separated almost to the base or midrib, 23.

Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a single bony stone. In this book
applied to all fruits which, usually juicy, have a single seed,
even if not bony, or a bony stone, even if the stone has several
seeds, 27.

Dry drupe. Used when the material surrounding the stone is but
slightly fleshy, 27.

Duration of leaves, 23.

206 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND INDEX TO PART I

Elliptical. Having the form of an elongated oval, 20.

Emarginate. With a notched tip, 22.

Endogenous. Inside-growing; growing throughout the substance
of the stem, 12.

Entire. With an even edge ; not notched, 22.

Enveloping organs. In a flower, the calyx and corolla which cover
the stamens and pistil, 25.

Essential organs. In a flower, the organs needed to produce seeds;
the stamens and pistil, 25.

Evergreen. Retaining the leaves (in a more or less green condition)
through the winter and till new ones appear, 23.

Excurrent. With the trunk continued to the top of the tree, 16, 29.

Exogenous. Outside-growing; growing by annual layers near the
surface, 11.

Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as the stamens from a
corolla, or the bracts beyond the scales of a cone, 28.

Exstipulate. Without stipules, 19.

Extra-axillary buds, 30.

Fasciculated. In clusters or fascicles, 18.

Feather-veined. With the veins of a leaf all springing from the
sides of the midrib, 20.

Fibrous. Composed of fine threads or fibers.

Filament. The stalk of a stamen, 24 ; any thread-like body.

Flowering. Having flowers.

Flowers, 24 ; clusters of, 26 ; kinds of, 25.

Folding of leaves in the bud, 33.

Foliaceous. Like a leaf in texture or appearance.

Footstalk. The stem of a leaf (petiole), or the stem of a flower
(peduncle).

Forms of leaves, 20.

Fruit, 24, 26.

Gamopetalous. Same as monopetalous, 25.

Glabrous. Having a smooth surface; free from hairs, bristles, or
any pubescence, 23.

Glands. Small cellular organs which secrete oily, aromatic, or
other products. They are sometimes sunk in the leaves, etc., as on
the Prickly-ash ; sometimes on the surface as small projections :
sometimes on the ends of hairs. The word is also used to indicate
small swellings, whether there is a secretion or not.

Glandular. Having glands. Glandular-hairy. With glandular-
tipped hairs, 23.

Glaucous. Covered with a fine white powder that rubs off, 23.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND INDEX TO PART I 207

Globose. Spherical in form. Globular. Nearly globose.
Glutinous. Covered with a sticky gum.

Hairy. Having rather long hairs, 23.

Halberd-shaped, 21.

Head. A compact, rounded cluster of flowers or fruit, 26.

Heart-shaped. Ovate, with a notched base ; cordate, 21.

Heart-wood, 13, 35.

Herbaceous. Without woody substance in the stem ; like an herb ;
soft and leaf -like.

Hybrid. An intermediate form of plant between two nearly related
species; formed by the action of the pollen of one upon the pistil of
the other.

Imbricated. Overlapping one another like the shingles on a roof,
28.

Incised. Irregularly and deeply cut, as the edge of a leaf.

Incurved. Gradually curving inward.

Indefinite annual growth, 30.

Indehiscent. Not splitting open.

Inflexed. Bent inward, 33.

Involucre. A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, a cluster of
flowers, or fruit, 27.

Involute. Boiled inward from the edges, 34.

Irregular. Said of a flower which has its corolla of different sized,
shaped, or colored pieces, 25.

Kernel. The substance contained within the shell of a nut or the
stone of a fruit.

Key. A fruit furnished with a wing, or leaf-like expansion, 28.

Kidney-shaped. Broadly heart-shaped, with the apex and basal
notch somewhat rounded.

Lacerated. With a margin irregularly notched or apparently torn.

Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes ; slashed.

Lance-shaped. Lanceolate. Like a lance-head in shape, 21.

Leaf, 17 ; arrangement of leaves, 18 ; bases of, 21 ; forms of, 20 ;
kinds of, 19 ; margins of, 22 ; parts of, 19 ; points of, 22 ; veining, 19.

Leaflet. A separate blade of a compound leaf, 20.

Leafstalk. The stem of a leaf ; petiole, 19.

Legume. A pea-like pod, 28.

Lensform. Lenticular. Thickest in the center, with the edges some-
what sharp ; like a double-convex lens.

Linear. Long and narrow, with the edges about parallel, 20.

208 GLOSSARY OF TEEMS AND INDEX TO PART I

Lobe. The separate, projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf
if few in number, 22.
Lobed. Having lobes along the margin, 22.

Margin of leaves, 22.

Medullary rays, 13.

Membranous. Thin and rather soft, and more or less translucent, 23.

Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf, 19.

Monoecious. With both pistillate and staminate flowers on the
same plant, 25.

Monopetalous. With the corolla more or less grown together at the
base ; gamopetalous, 25.

Mucronate. Tipped with a short abrupt point, 22.

Multiple roots, 9.

Nerved. Parallel-veined, as the leaves of some trees, 20.
Netted-veined. With branching veins, forming a network as in the
leaves of most of our trees, 20.

Node. The part of a stem to which a leaf is attached, 18.
Nut. A hard, unsplitting, usually one-seeded fruit, 27.
Nutlet. A small nut.

Obcordate. Heart-shaped, with the stem at the pointed end, 21, 22.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, with the stem at the more pointed end, 21.

Oblong. Two to four times as long as wide, with the sides some-
what parallel, 20.

Oblique. Applied to leaves when the sides are unequal, 21.

Obovate. A reversed ovate, 21.

Obovoid. A reversed ovoid; an egg form, with stem at the smaller
end.

Obscurely. Not distinctly ; usually needing a magnifying-glass to
determine.

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at tip, 22.

Obvolute, 34.

Odd-pinnate. Pinnate, with an end leaflet, 20.

Once-pinnate. A compound leaf, with but a single series of leaflets
along the central stem, 19.

Opposite. With two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node, 18.

Orbicular. Circular in outline, 20.

Oval. Broadly elliptical, 20.

Ovary. The part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or
future seeds.

Ovate. Shaped like a section of an egg, with the broader end near
the stem, 21.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND INDEX TO PART I 209

Overlapping. One piece spreading over another.

Ovoid. Ovate or oval in a solid form, like an egg.

Ovules. The parts within the ovary which may form see.ds, 25.

Palmate. A compound leaf, with the leaflets all starting from the
end of the petiole, 19.

Palmately lobed, 22.

Palmately veined. With three or more main ribs, or veins of a leaf,
starting from the base, 20.

Panicle. An open, much branched cluster of flowers or fruit, 26.

Pappus. The down, hairs, or teeth on the end of the fruit in Com-
positse, as the thistle-down.

Parallel-veined. With the veins of the leaf parallel; nerved, 20.

Parted. Edge of a blade separated three fourths of the distance
to the base or midrib, 23.

Pedicel. The stem of each flower of a cluster, 26.

Peduncle. The stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem of a
cluster, 26.

Pellucid. Almost or quite transparent.

Peltate. Applied to a leaf or other part when the stem or stalk ia
attached within the margin on the side.

Pendent. Hanging downward, 28.

Pendulous. Hanging or drooping.

Perfect. Said of a flower with both stamen and pistil, 25.

Fetal. A leaf of the corolla of a flower, 25.

Petiole. The stalk or stem of a leaf, 19.

Petiolate. Said of a leaf which has a stem, 20.

Pinnae. The first divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.

Pinnate leaf. A compound leaf with the leaflets arranged along the
sides of the stem, 19.

Pinnately lobed, 22 ; Pinnate-veined, 20.

Pinnatifid. A leaf deeply notched along the sides in a pinnate
manner, 23.

Pistil. The central essential organ of a flower, 25.

Pistillate. A flower with pistil but no stamens, 25.

Pith, 12.

Plicate. Folded like a fan, 34.

Pod. A dry dehiscent fruit like that of the pea, 28.

Points of leaves, 22.

Pollarding trees, 31.

Pollen. The dust or fertilizing material contained in the anther, 24.

Polypetalous. Having a corolla of separate petals, 25.

Pome. An apple-like fruit with the seeds in horny cells, 27.

Preparation of a collection, 35.

14

210 GLOSSARY OP TERMS AND INDEX TO PART I

Pressing plants, 36.

Prickles. Sharp, spine-like elevations on the bark, leaf or fruit, 28.

Primary, root, 10.

Pubescent. Hairy or downy, especially with fine soft hairs or
pubescence, 23.

Pulp. The soft flesh of such fruits as the apple or cherry.

Punctate. With translucent glands, 23.

Pyramidal. With sloping sides like a pyramid, but with a circular
base ; broad-conical.

Raceme. A flower-cluster with one-flowered stems arranged along
the peduncle, 26.

Radial section of wood, 35.

Radiating ribs. The ribs of a leaf when several start together at or
near the base. A leaf having such ribs is said to be radiately or
palmately veined, 20.

Rapier-shaped. Narrow, pointed, and curved like a sword.

Recurved or reflexed. Bent backward, 28.

Regular. Said of a flower which has its enveloping organs alike on
all sides, 25.

Rcpand. Wavy-margined, 22.

Refuse. With a slightly notched tip, 22.

Revolute. Boiled backward, as the edges of many leaves, 22, 34.

Ribbed. With prominent ribs, often somewhat parallel.

Ribs. The strong veins of a leaf, 19.

Root, 9.

Rugous. Having an irregularly ridged surface, 23.

Samara. A winged fruit ; a key fruit, 28.
Sap-wood, 13.

Scabrous. Rough or harsh to the touch, 23.
Scale-shaped, 21.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and membranous, 23.
Scattered leaves, 18.
Secondary roots, 10.
Section of wood, 35.

Seedling. A young plant raised from a seed.
Seeds, 25.

Sepal. A division of a calyx, 25.

Serrate. Having a notched edge, with the teeth pointing for-
ward, 22.

Serration. A tooth of a serrated edge.
Serrulate. Finely serrate, 22.
Sessile. Without stem ; sessile leaf, 20 ; sessile flower, 26.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND INDEX TO PART I 211

Sheath. A tubular envelope.

Shoot. A branch.

Shrub. A bush-like plant ; one branching from near the base, 11.

Silver grain. Medullary rays, 13, 36.

Simple leaf. One with but a single blade, 19.

Sinuate. With a margin strongly wavy, 22.

Sinuation. One of the waves of a sinuate edge.

Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded tip.

Spike. An elongated cluster of flowers with the separate blossoms
about sessile.

Spine. A sharp, rigid outgrowth from the wood of a stem ; some-
times applied to sharp points not so deeply seated which should be
considered as prickles, 28.

Spinescent or spiny. Having spines, 22, 23.

Spray. A collection of small shoots or branches of a plant. \

Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing parts of a
flower, 24.

Staminate. Said of flowers which have stamens but no pistil, 25.

Stellate. Branching, star-like.

Stems and branches, 11.

Stipules. Small blades at the base of a leafstalk, 19.

Straight-veined. Feather-veined with the veins straight and
parallel, 20.

Striatc. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.

Sub. A prefix applied to many botanical terms, and indicating
nearly.

Subulate. Awl-shaped, 21.

Succulent. Thick and fleshy, 23.

Suckers. Shoots from a subterranean part of a plant.

Surface of leaves and fruit, 23. •

Tangential section of wood, 35.

Tapering. Gradually pointed ; gradually narrowed, 21.

Tap-root. A simple root with a stout tapering body, 9.

Terete. Cylindric, but tapering as the twigs of a tree.

Terminal. Belonging to the extremity of a branch, as a terminal
bud, 14 ; or terminal flower-cluster, 26.

Texture of leaves, 23.

Thyrsus. A compact, much-branched flower- or fruit-cluster, 26.

Tomentose. Covered with matted, woolly hairs, 23.

Toothed. With teeth or short projections.

Tree. A plant with a woody trunk which does not branch near the
ground, 11.

Truncate. With a square end as though cut off, 22.

212 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND INDEX TO PART I

Twice-pinnate. Applied to a leaf which is twice divided in a pin-
nate manner, 20.

Twice-serrate, 22. Ticice-crenate, 22.

Two-ranked. Applied to leaves when they are flattened out in two
ranks on opposite sides of a stem, 18; also applied to spray when it
branches out in one plane, 19.

Umbel. A cluster of flowers or fruit having stems of about equal
length, and starting from the same point, 26.
Umbellate. Like an umbel.

Valvate. Touching edge to edge, 28.

Veining of leaves, 19.

Veirilets. The most minute framework of a leaf, 19.

Veins. The smaller lines of the framework of a leaf, 19.

Wedge-shaped. Shaped like a wedge ; cuneate, 21.
Whorl. In a circle around the stem, as the leaves of a plant, 18.
Wings. A blade or leaf -like expansion bordering a part, as a fruit
or stem, 28.

Winged. With wing-like membranes.
Winter study of trees, 29.
Wood, 12.

INDEX TO PART III.

Abele-tree, 168.
Abies, 183-187.
Acanthopanax, 110.
Acer, 84-88.

Acuminate-leaved Clethra, 117.
^Eseulus, 81-83.
African Cedar, 190.
Ailanthus, 76.
Albizzia, 96.
Aleock's Spruce, 181.
Alder, 147, 148.
Alleghany Plum, 98.
Alnus, 147, 148.
Alternate-leaved Cornel, 112.
Amelanchier, 107.
Anacardiacere, 89.
Angelica-tree, 109.
Angiospermse, 62.
Anonacese, 68.
Apple, 101.
Aralia, 109, 110.
Araliaceee, 109.
Araucaria, 190.
Arbor-vitse, American, 194.

Chinese, 194.

Eastern, 194.

Giant, 194.

Hatchet-leaved, 194.

Japanese, 196.

Weeping, 195.
Arrow-wood, 114.
Ash, Black, 124.

Blue, 124.

European, 124.

Flowering, 125.

Green, 123.

Red, 123.

Ash, Water, 124.

Weeping, 125.

White, 123.

Ash-colored Willow, 167.
Ash-leaved Maple, 89.
Asimina, 68.
Aspen, 168.
Austrian Pine, 175.

Baccharis, 115.
Bald Cypress, 192.
Balm of Gilead, 170.
Balsam-fir, 183, 184.
Balsam-poplar, 170.
Barren Oak, 158.
Bartram's Oak, 152.
Basket-oak, 154.
Basswood, 72, 73.
Bay, Bed, 130.
Bay Willow, 164, 165.
Beaked Hazelnut, 149.
Beaked Willow, 166.
Bean-trefoil Tree, 92.
Bear Scrub Oak, 157.
Beech, American, 161.

Blue, 151.

Cut-leaved, 161.

European, 161.

Purple, 161.

Silver Variegated, 161.

Water, 151.
Benjamin-bush, 131.
Betula, 144-147.
Bhotan Pine, 172.
Bignoniacese, 127.
Bignonia Family, 127.
Big Shellbark, 142.

213

214

INDEX TO PART HI

Big Tree of California, 192.

Bristly Locust, 94.

Bilsted, 108.

Brittle Willow, 163.

Biota, 193.

Broom-hickory, 143.

Birch, American White, 145.

Buckeye, 82, 83.

Black, 146.

Buckthorn, California, 80.

Canoe, 145.

Carolina, 79.

Cherry, 146.

Common, 79.

Cut-leaved, 146.

Southern, 119.

European White, 146.

Woolly-leaved, 118.

Gray, 145, 146.

Buckthorn Family, 79.

Hairy-leaved, 146.

Buffalo-berry, 132.

Paper, 145.

Bullace Plum, 98.

Purple-leaved, 146.

Bumelia, 118, 119.

Pyramidal, 146.

Burning-bush, 78.

Eed, 147.

Bur-oak, 153.

River, 147.

Butternut, 140.

Sweet, 146.

Buttonwood, 139.

Weeping, 146.

Buxus, 132, 133.

Yellow, 146.

Bird-cherry, 99, 100.

Calico-bush, 116.

Bitternut, 143.

California Buckthorn, 80.

Bixinese, 67.

Maple, 86.

Black Ash, 124.

Camellia Family, 69.

Birch, 146.

Canoe Birch, 145.

Cherry, 99.

Caprifoliacete, 113.

Gum, 112.

Caragana, 92.

Haw, 114.

Carolina Buckthorn, 79.

Hawthorn, 106.

Poplar, 169.

Oak, 156, 158.

Carpinus, 150, 151.

Pine, 175.

Carya, 141-144.

Poplar, 170.

Cashew Family, 89.

Scrub Oak, 157.

Castanea, 159, 160.

Spruce, 179.

Catalpa, 128, 129.

Sugar-maple, 86.

Caucasian Planer-tree, 136.

Walnut, 141.

Cedar, African, 190.

Willow, 163.

Deodar, 190.

Blackthorn, 98.

Indian, 190.

Blue Ash, 124.

Japan, 198.

Beech, 151.

Lebanon, 189.

Bog Willow, 166.

Mt. Atlas, 190.

Bow-wood, 137.

Eed, 199.

Box Elder, 89.

Silver, 190.

White Oak, 153.

White, 194, 195.

Boxwood, 133.

Cedrela, 76.

INDEX TO PART III

215

Cedrus, 189, 190.
Celastraceee, 78.
Celtis, 136, 137.
Cembra Pine, 173.
Cephalonian Silver Fir, 185.
Cephalotaxus, 200.
Cercidiphyllum, 67.
Cercis, 94.
Chaste-tree, 130.
Cherry, 99, 100.
Cherry Birch, 146.
Cherry, Cornelian, 111.
Chestnut, 160. .
Chestnut-oak, 154, 155.
Chickasaw Plum, 98.
Chile Pine, 190.
China-tree, 75.
Chinese Arbor-vitee, 194.

Cedrela, 76.

Cork-tree, 74.

Honey-locust, 96.

Parasol, 72.

Sumac, 91.

White Magnolia, 65.
Chinquapin, 160.
Chionanthes, 126.
Choke-cherry, 100.
Cilician Silver Fir, 186.
Cladrastis, 93.
Clammy Locust, 94.
Clerodendron, 129.
Clethra, 117, 118.
Club, Hercules', 109.
Cockspur Thorn, 104.
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 95.
Colchieum-leaved Maple, 87.
Composite, 115.
Coniferse, 170.
Cork-bark Maple, 87.
Cork Elm, 134.
Cork-tree, Chinese, 74.
Cornacese, 110.
Cornel, 111, 112.
Cornelian Cherry, 111.

Cornus, 110-112.
Corsican Pine, 175.
Corylus, 149.
Cottonwood, 169.
Cow-oak, 154.
Crab -apple, 101.
Crack-willow, 163.
Cranberry-tree, 114.
Crape-myrtle, 109.
Cratsegus, 103-106.
Crisped-leaved Elm, 134.
Cryptomeria, 198.
Cucumber-tree, 63, 64.
Cunninghamia, 191.
Cupuliferae, 144.
Custard-apple Family, 68.
Cut-leaved Birch, 146.

Alder, 148.
Cypress, Bald, 192.

Lawson's, 196.

Nootka Sound, 195.

Southern, 192.

Dahoon Holly, 77.
Date-plum, 120.
Deodar Cedar, 190.
Devil-wood, 125.
Diospyros, 119, 120.
Dogwood, Flowering, 111.

Poison, 90.

Dotted-fruited Hawthorn, 106.
Double Spruce, 179.
Downy-leaved Poplar, 169.
Dwarf Chestnut-oak, 155.
Dwarf Mountain Sumac, 90.

Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree, 64.
Eastern Spruce, 181.
Ebenacese, 119.
Ebony Family, 119.
Elseagnacese, 131.
Elseagnus, 131, 132.
Elder-leaved Mountain Ash, 102.
Elder, Poison, 90.

216

INDEX TO PAET HI

Elm, American, 135.

Cork, 134.

Crisped-leaved, 134.

English, 134.

Field, 134.

Kiaka, 136.

Bed, 134.

Rock, 134.

Scotch, 134.

Slippery, 134.

Wahoo, 135.

Weeping, 134.

White, 135.

White-margined, 134.

Winged, 135.

Witch, 134.
English Elm, 134.

Cherry, 99.

Hawthorn, 104.

Maple, 87.

Oak, 158.

Walnut, 141.
Ericaceae, 116.
Euonymus, 78.
Euphorbiacese, 132.

Fagus, 160, 161.
Fate-tree, 129.
Field Elm, 134.
Figwort Family, 127.
Filbert, 149.
Fir, Balsam, 183, 184.

Cephalonian Silver, 185.

Cilician Silver, 186.

European Silver, 187.

Eraser's Balsam, 184.

Great Silver, 185.

Japan Silver, 184.

Noble Silver, 187.

Nordmann's Silver, 184.

Pinsapo, 186.

Scotch, 177.

Siberian Silver, 185.

Silver, 184-187.

Fir, Southern Balsam, 184.

White, 186.
Flowering Ash, 125.

Dogwood, 111.
Four-winged Silverbell Tree,

121.

Eraser's Balsam-fir, 184.
Fraxinus, 122-125.
French Tamarisk, 69.
Fringe-tree, 126.

Garden Plum, 99.

Eed Cherry, 99.
Garland Crab-apple, 101.
Giant Arbor-vitse, 194.

Tree Lilac, 126.
Ginkgo-tree, 201.
Gleditschia, 95, 96.
Goat-willow, 166.
Golden-chain, 92.
Golden Larch, 189.
Gordonia, 70.
Gray Birch, 145, 146.

Pine, 178.

Willow, 167.
Great Laurel, 117.
Great-leaved Magnolia, 64.
Great Silver Fir, 185.

Tree of California, 192.
Green Ash, 123.
Groundsel-tree, 115.
Gum, Black, 112.

Sour, 112, 113.

Sweet, 108.
Gymnocladus, 95.
Gymnospermse, 170.

Hackberry, 136.
Hackmatack, 188.
Halesia, 121.
Hamamelidese, 107.
Hamamelis, 107.
Hatchet-leaved Arbor-vitas, 194.
Haw, Black, 114.

INDEX TO PART in

217

Haw, Summer, 106.

Irish Juniper, 199.

Yellow, 106.

Iron-wood, 150.

Hawthorn, Black, 106.

Dotted-fruited, 106.

Japan Arbor-vit89, 196.

English, 104.

Cedar, 198.

Pear, 106.

Hemlock, 182.

Tall, 105.

Larch, 188.

Hazel, 149.

Lilac, 126.

Hazel nut, 149.

Magnolia, 65.

Heart-leaved Alder, 148.

Maple, 88.

Willow, 165.

Persimmon, 120.

Heath Family, 116.

Planer-tree, 136.

Heavy-wooded Pine, 174.

Pine, 176.

Hemlock, Common, 182.

Podocarpus, 20L

Ground, 199.

Silver Fir, 184.

Japan, 182.

Storax, 120.

Mountain, 182.

Jersey Pine, 177.

Hercules'-Club, 109.

Judas-tree, 94.

Hibiscus, 71.

Juglandacete, 140.

Hickory, Big Shellbark, 142.

Juglans, 140, 141.

Broom, 143.

Jujube, 80.

Shagbark, 142.

Juniper, 198, 199.

Shellbark, 142.

Juniperus, 198, 199.

Swamp, 143.

White-heart, 142.

Kalmia, 116.

Himalayan Spruce, 181.

Katsura-tree, 67.

Hoary Alder, 147.

Kentucky Coffee-tree, 95.

Holly, 77.

Kiaka Elm, 136.

Holly Family, 77.

Kilmarnock Willow, 166.

Honey-locust, 95, 96.

Kingnut, 142.

Honeysuckle Family, 113.

Koalreuteria, 83.

Hop-hornbeam, 150.

Hop-tree, 74.

Laburnum, 92.

Hornbeam, 151.

Lagerstroemia, 109.

Horse-chestnut, 81, 82.

Lambert's Pine, 172.

Horse-sugar, 122.

Larch, American, 188.

Hovenia, 80.

European, 188.

Idesia, 67.
Hex, 77, 78.
Ilicineae, 77.

Imperial Paulownia, 127.
Indian Bean, 128.
Cedar, 190.

Golden, 189.

Japan, 188.

Large-flowered Magnolia, 6
Large-leaved Maple, 86.
Large-toothed Aspen, 168.
Large Tupelo, 113.
Larix, 187-189.

218

INDEX TO PART III

Lauraceee, 130.
Laurel, 116, 117.
Laurel Family, 130.
Laurel-leaved Willow, 165.
Laurel-oak, 158.
Lawson's Cypress, 196.
Lebanon Cedar, .189.
Leguminosw, 92.
Lilac, 126.
Linden, 72, 73.
Linden Family, 72.
Lindera, 131.
Liquidambar, 108.
Liriodendron, 66.
Live-oak, 155.
Loblolly Bay, 70.

Pine, 174.
Locust, Bristly, 94.

Clammy, 94.

Common, 93.

Honey, 95, 96.
Lombardy Poplar, 169.
Long-leaved Pine, 174.

Willow, 167.

Long-racemed Buckeye, 83.
Lonicera, 115.
Loosestrife Family, 108.
Lytbraceee, 108.

Madura, 137.
Madeira Nut, 141.
Magnolia, Chinese White, 65.

Great-leaved, 64.

Japan, 65.

Large-flowered, 63.

Purple Japan, 66.

Southern Evergreen, 63.

Swamp, 63.

Thurber's Japan, 66.
Magnoliacese, 62.
Magnolia Family, 62.
Mallow Family, 71.
Malvaceae, 71.
Maple, Ash-leaved, 89.

Maple, California, 86.

Colchicum-leaved, 87.

Cork-bark, 87.

English, 87.

Japan, 88.

Large-leaved, 86.

Mountain, 84.

Norway, 87.

Palmate-leaved, 88.

Bed, 85.

Eock, 86.

Bound-leaved, 88.

Silver, 85.

Striped, 85.

Sugar, 86.

Sycamore, 86.

Tartarian, 88.

Vine, 88.

White, 85.
Masson's Pine, 175.
Melia, 75.
Meliacese, 75.
Melia Family, 75.
Mockernut, 142, 143.
Morella Cherry, 99.
Morus, 137, 138.
Mossy-cup Oak, 153.
Mountain Ash, 102, 103.

Hemlock, 182.

Laurel, 116.

Maple, 84.

Pine, 173, 177.

Sumac, 90.

Mount Atlas Cedar, 190.
Mulberry, 138.

Paper, 138.
Myrtle, Crape, 109.

Narrow-leaved Crab-apple, 101.
Necklace-poplar, 169.
Negundo, 88, 89.
Noble Silver Fir, 187.
Nootka Sound Cypress, 195.
Nordmann's Silver Fir, 184.

INDEX TO PART III

219

Northern Prickly Ash, 73.

Oak, Yellow, 155, 156.

Scrub Pine, 178.

Oak Family, 144.

Norway Maple, 87.

Oak-leaved Alder, 148.

Spruce, 180.

Mountain-ash, 102.

Nut, Bitter, 143.

Ohio Buckeye, 82.

Hickory, 142, 143.

Old-field Pine, 174.

King, 142.

Oleaceffl, 122.

Mocker, 142, 143.

Oleaster Family, 131.

Pecan, 144.

Olive Family, 122.

Pig, 143.

Orange, Osage, 137.

Nut-pine, 178.

Oriental Plane, 139.

Nyssa, 112, 113.

Spruce, 181.

Osage Orange, 137.

Oak, American White, 153.

Osmanthus, 125.

Barren, 158.

Ostrya, 150.

Bartram's, 152.

Oxydendron, 116.

Basket, 154.

Bear Scrub, 157.

Palmate-leaved Japan Maple, 88.

Black, 156, 158.

Papaw, 68.

Black Scrub, 157.

Paper Birch, 145.

Box White, 153.

Mulberry, 138.

Bur, 153.

Parsley-leaved Thorn, 105.

Chestnut, 154, 155.

Paulownia, 127.

Cow, 154.

Peach, 97.

English, 158.

Pear Hawthorn, 106.

Laurel, 158.

Pear-tree, 101.

Live, 155.

Pea-tree, 92.

Mossy-cup, 153.

Pecan-nut, 144.

Pin, 156.

Pepperbush, 117, 118.

Post, 153, 154.

Pepperidge, 112.

Pyramidal, 159.

Persea, 130.

Quercitron, 156.

Persimmon, 119, 120.

Eed, 156.

Phellodendron, 74.

Bough, 153.

Picea, 179-181.

Scarlet, 156.

Pignut, 143.

Scrub, 157.

Pine, Austrian, 175. _

Shingle, 158.

Bhotan, 172.

Spanish, 156, 157.

Black, 175.

Swamp, 154, 156.

Cembra, 173.

Turkey, 159.

Chile, 190.

Water, 157.

Corsican, 175.

Weeping, 159.

Gray, 178.

White, 153, 154.

Heavy-wooded, 174.

Willow, 158.

Japan, 176.

220

INDEX TO PART III

Pine, Jersey, 177.

Lambert's, 172.

Loblolly, 174.

Long-leaved, 174.

Masson's, 175.

Mountain, 173, 177.

Nut, 178.

Old-field, 174.

Pifion, 178.

Pitch, 174.

Red, 176.

Scotch, 177.

Scrub, 177, 178.

Stone, 173.

Sugar, 172.

Swiss Stone, 173.

Table-Mountain, 177.

Twisted-branched, 177.

Umbrella, 191.

Weymouth, 172.

White, 172, 173.

Yellow, 174, 176.
Pine Family, 170.
Pin-oak, 156.
Pifion Pine, 178.
Pinsapo Fir, 186.
Pitch-pine, 174.
Pinus Austriaca, 175.

Banksiana, 178.

Cembra, 173.

contorta, 177.

densiflora, 176.

edulis, 178.

excelsa, 172.

flexilis, 173.

inops, 177.

Lambertiana, 172.

Laricio, 175.

Massoniana, 175.

mitis, 176.

monophylla, 178.

montieola, 173.

palustris, 174.

ponderosa, 174.

Pinus pungens, 177.

resinosa, 176.

rigida, 174.

strobus, 172.

sylvestris, 177.

Tseda, 174.
Plane, Oriental, 139.
Planera, 135, 136.
Planer-tree, 136.
Plane-tree Family, 139.
Platanacese, 139.
Platanus, 139.
Plum, 98, 99.
Plum, Date, 120.
Podocarpus, 200, 201.
Poison Dogwood, 90.

Elder, 90.

Sumac, 90.

Pomegranate-tree, 108.
Populus, 167-170.
Poplar, Balsam, 170.

Black, 170.

Carolina, 169.

Downy-leaved, 169.

Lombardy, 169.

Necklace, 169.

White, 168.
Post-oak, 153, 154.
Prickly Ash, 73, 74.
Pride of India, 75.
Prunus, 97-100.
Ptelea, 74.
Pterostyrax, 121.
Pulse Family, 92.
Punica, 108.

Purple Japan Magnolia, (
Purple-leaved Birch, 146.
Purple Willow, 165.
Pyramidal Birch, 146.

Oak, 159.
Pyrus, 100-103.

Quaking-asp, 168.
Quassia Family, 76.

INDEX TO PART III

221

Quercitron Oak, 156.
Quercus alba, 153.

aquatica, 157.

bicolor, 154.

Cerris, 159.

coccinea. 156.

falcata, i57.

fastigiata, 159.

heterophylla, 152.

ilicifolia, 157.

imbricaria, 158.

lyrata, 154.

macrocarpa, 153.

Michauxii, 154.

Muhlenbergii, 155.

nigra, 158.

palustris, 156.

pedunculata, 159.

pendula, 159.

Phellos, 152, 158.

prinoides, 155.

Prinus, 154.

Robur, 158.

rubra, 152, 156. •

sessiliflora, 159.

stellata, 153.

tinetoria, 156.

virens, 155.
Quince-tree, 102.

Rabbit-berry, 132.
Red Ash, 123.

Bay, 130.

Birch, 147.

Buckeye, 82.

Cedar, 199.

Cherry, 99.

Elm, 134.

Horse-chestnut, 82.

Maple, 85.

Mulberry, 138.

Oak, 156.

Pine, 176.

Plum, 98.

Redbud, 94.
Red-leaved Alder, 148.
Redwood, 193.
Retinospora, 193, 196, 197.
RhamnacesB, 79.
Rhamnus, 79, 80.
Rhododendron, 117.
Rhus, 89-91.
River Birch, 147.
Robinia, 93, 94.
Rock Elm, 134.

Maple, 86.
Rosacese, 97.
Rose-acacia, 94.
Rose Family, 97.
Rough Oak, 153.
Round-leaved Maple, 88.
Rowan-tree, 103.
Rue Family, 73.
Rutacese, 73.

Salicaceee, 161.
Salisburia, 201.
Salix Alba, 164.

amygdaloides, 163.

angustata, 165.

annularis, 164.

Babylonica, 164.

caprea, 166.

cinerea, 167.

cordata, 165.

decipiens, 164.

discolor, 166.

falcata, 163.

fragilis, 163.

longifolia, 167.

lucida, 164.

myricoides, 165.

nigra, 163.

pentandra, 165.

purpurea, 165.

rigida, 165.

rostrata, 166.

rufescens, 165.

222

INDEX TO PART III

Salix Russelliana, 164.

viridis, 164.

vitellina, 164.
Sapindacese, 81.
Sapodilla Family, 118.
Sapotaceee, 118.
Sassafras, 130, 131.
Scarlet-fruited Thorn, 104.
Scarlet Oak, 156.
Sciadopitys, 191.
Scotch Elm, 134.

Fir, 177.

Pine, 177.

Scrophulariacese, 127.
Scrub Oak, 157.

Pine, 177, 178.
Seaside Alder, 148.
Sequoia, 192, 193.
Service-berry, 107.
Shad-bush, 107.
Shagbark Hickory, 142.
Sheep-berry, 114.
Shellbark Hickory, 142.
Shepherdia, 132.
Shingle Oak, 158.
Shining Willow, 164.
Shrubby Trefoil, 74.
Siberian Cornel, 111.

Silver Fir, 185.
Silk-tree, 96.
Silverbell-tree, 121.
Silver Cedar, 190.

Fir, 184-187.

Maple, 85.

Spruce, 181.

Silver-leaved Elseagnus, 132.
Simarubacese, 76.
Single Spruce, 179.
Slippery Elm, 134.
Sloe, 98.
Smoke-tree, 91.
Smooth Alder, 148.

Sumac, 90.
Soapberry Family, 81.

Sorrel-tree, 116.
Sour Gum, 112, 113.
Sourwood, 116.
Southern Cypress, 192.
Spanish Oak, 156, 157.
Speckled Alder, 147.
Spice-bush, 131.
Spindle-tree, 78.
Spruce, Alcock's, 181.

Black, 179.

Double, 179.

Eastern, 181.

Himalayan, 181.

Norway, 180.

Oriental, 181.

Silver, 181.

•Single, 179.

Tiger's-tail, 180.

White, 179.
Spurge Family, 132.
Stag-horn Sumac, 900
Sterculia, 71.
Sterculiacete, 71.
Stone-pine, 173.
Storax, 120.
Storax Family, 120.
Striped Maple, 85.
Stuartia, 69, 70.
Styracacere, 120.
Styrax, 120.
Sugarberry, 136.
Sugar Maple, 86.

Pine, 172.
Sumac, 90, 91.
Summer Haw, 106.
Swamp Hickory, 14a

Magnolia, 63.

Oak, 156.

Post-oak, 154.

White Oak, 154.
Sweet Bay, 63.

Birch, 146.

Buckeye, 82.

Gum, 108.

INDEX TO PART IH

223

Sweet Pepper-bush, 117, 118.

Viburnum, 114.
Sweetleaf, 122.
Swiss Stone-pine, 173.
Sycamore, American, 139.
Sycamore-maple, 86.
Symplocos, 122.
Syringa, 126.

Table-Mountain Pine, 177.

Tacamahac, 170.

Tamarack, 188.

Tamariscinese, 68.

Tamarisk, 69.

Tamarix, 69.

Tartarian Honeysuckle, 115.

Maple, 88.
Taxodium, 192.
Tea Family, 69.
Ternstrcemiacese, 69.
Thorn, 104, 105.
Thurber's Japan Magnolia, (
Thuya, 193, 194.
Thuyopsis, 193.
Tiger's-tail Spruce, 180.
Tilia, 72, 73.
Tiliaceee, 72.
Toothache-tree, 73.
Torreya, 200.
Tree Hibiscus, 71.
Tree of Heaven, 76.
Trefoil, 74.
Tsuga, 182.
Tulip-tree, 66.
Tupelo, 113.
Turkey Oak, 159.

Ulmus, 133-135.
Umbrella-piue, 191.
Umbrella-tree, 65.
Urticacese, 133.

Venetian Sumac, 91.
Verbenacese, 129.

Viburnum, 113, 114.
Vine Maple, 88.
Vitex, 129, 130.

Wahoo, 78, 135.
Walnut, 140, 141. •

Walnut Family, 140.
Washington Thorn, 105.
Water Ash, 124.

Beech, 151.

Locust, 96.

Oak, 157.
Weeping Ash, 125.

Birch, 146.

Elm, 134.

Oak, 159.

Willow, 164.
White Ash, 123.

Basswood, 73.

Birch, 145, 146.

Cedar, 194, 195.

Elm, 134, 135.

Fir, 186.

Maple, 85.

Mulberry, 138.

Oak, 153, 154.

Poplar, 168.

Spruce, 179.

Willow, 164.

White-heart Hickory, 142.
Whitewood, 72.
Willow, American Bay, 164.

Ash-colored, 167.

Bay, 164, 165.

Beaked, 166.

Black, 163.

Bog, 166.

Brittle, 163.

Crack, 163.

Glaucous, 166.

Goat, 166.

Gray, 167.

Heart-leaved, 165.

Kilmarnock, 166.

224 INDEX TO PART III

Willow, Laurel-leaved, 165. Xanthoxylum, 73.

Long-leaved, 167.

Purple, 165. Yellow-barked Oak, 156.

Shining, 164. Yellow Birch, 146.

Weeping, 164. Cucumber-tree, 64.

White, 164. Haw, 106.

Willow Family, 161. Plum, 98.

Willow-oak, 158. Yellow-wood, 93.

Winged Elm, 135. Yew, 199.

Witch-elm, 134. Yulan, 65.
Witch-hazel, 107.

Witch-hazel Family, 107. Zizyphus, 80.

DATE DUE

DEMCO 38-297

L

Apgar, Austin Craig

Trees of the northern
United States: their study,
description and determinS-'
tion for the use of schools
and private students.

UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY

A 000550710 8

AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY

UNIVLRSITY OF CALIFOA.xlA

CITRUS RESEARCH CENTER AND

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA