~ UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/treesofohiosurro00scha LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume V, Part III. Special Paper No. 15 Trees of Ohio and Surrounding Territory Including the Area Westward to the Limits of the Prairie and South to the Thirty- Seventh Parallel. By JOHN H. SCHAFFNER Ohio State University PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. C. Hambleton E. L. Rice Bruce Fink ye y? V \ 8 fa Published by the Academy Vv Columbus, Ohio Date of Publication, April 30, 1909 QK H gy 0383 NOTE. The expense of publication of this paper is covered by a special grant from the Emerson McMillin Research Fund. WILLIAM R. LAzENpY, ET. SRE; FRANK CARNEY, Trustees. PREFACE. This manual is intended to aid the amateur botanist and na- ture student in identifying the trees of Ohio and surrounding territory. There are many books which treat entertainingly of the trees of our region, and these may be of great profit to such as know the plants described. Without such knowledge the read- ing of popular or scientific descriptions can not be of very much value. The real student desires more especially a first hand ac- quaintance, and it is hoped that the present volume will be of service to those who wish a direct contact with nature. The keys have been made very complete so that no difficulty should be encountered in identification except in the case of closely related species. No elaborate technical descriptions have been given but a few brief notes are added in connection with each species, calling attention to economic, ecological, or other data of general interest. Characters given in the keys are usually not repeated in the descriptions. A single English name is given for each species. These names have been taken mainly from Sudworth’s “Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States,” which on the whole seems to be a very satisfactory basis for an appropriate list. Synonyms will be found in the index. The nomenclature used is essentially ihat of Britton’s Manual. Most of our common, cultivated, exotic trees have been in- cluded, since these form an integral part of the landscape, in many places more conspicuous than the native species. No at- tention has been paid to the recent effusive treatment of Cratae- gus. All the trees known to occur in Ohio have been especially mentioned as such. The study of trees may be made a pleasant and profitable pastime at any season of the year for all who have an interest in nature. When the tree has once been identified its peculiarities should be learned by direct observation until its individuality be- Ko io 74 Preface. comes perfectly familiar. In winter one can usually find dry leaves or fruit on the trees, which will make it possible to tell most of the species at a time when many think botanical study out of season. THs, INTRODUCTION. A tree many be defined as—a woody plant of any size which produces naturally one main, erect stem with a definite crown of branches. A shrub is a woody plant which produces small irregular or slanting stems usually in tufts. In attempt- ing to separate “‘trees’’ from the larger “‘shrubs,’’ one must neces- sarily be somewhat arbitrary as nature draws no definite division line. A tree has three main parts, the root system, the stem or trunk, and the crown of branches. The root system is for sup- port in the soil and for taking up water and various mineral sub- stances. This is accomplished by delicate organs called root hairs developed near the root tips. Although largely dependent on their environment the roots still have considerable selective power in taking up the salts dissolved in the soil water. The root system may have a main or tap-root extending deep into the ground with smaller lateral roots; or the tap-root may be only slightly developed or entirely absent, in which case a number of larger branch roots may extend downward from the base of the trunk. The roots which extend laterally near the surface some- times run to a great distance. Such roots are called tracing roots. The trunk or bole is a supporting and conducting organ. The water with dissolved mineral substances taken up by the roots passes up through the young wood or xylem while the food material from the young twigs and leaves passes up or down through the phioem cells of the inner bark. There are no real vessels for carrying food and water like the blood vessels of ani- mals, but the sap passes through by osmosis from one cell to an- other or from one set of cells to another as it frequently hap- pens when some of the cross walls are broken down in a vertical series of cells. The large cells in the wood, however, are called wood vessels. Just how the water is able to pass up to the tops 75 76 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science of high trees is not fully understood. In early spring, as in the sugar maple, the water accumulates in the sap wood since there are no leaves from which it can be thrown off above. The crown is a system of branches on which the leaves are developed and exposed to the light. In the leaves most of the food is manufactured which the tree uses for its growth and nourishment. This production of organic food is carried on through the agency of sunlight and chlorophyll, as the green col- oring matter is called. Another important function of the leaves is the transpiration of the surplus water brought up from below. The water transpired by a large tree in a single day is often very great in amount. ‘The leaves are also important breathing or- gans, although not exclusively so; for all the living cells in the entire plant carry on the process of respiration. The system of branching in the crown may be of various types. If the main trunk of a tree extends upward through the crown to the tip it is said to be excurrent, as in the larch and Austrian pine. When the terminal bud has no pre-eminence over others and the main trunk is soon lost, the tree is round-topped or spreading and is said to be deliquescent, as in the apple. [Ex- current trees are often spire-shaped like the Norway spruce; while deliquescent stems commonly give rise to dome-shaped crowns, as in the white elm. If the terminal bud withers or is self-pruned, as in the linden, the branching is sympodial. If the leaves are Opposite and the two lateral end buds develop, the ter- minal bud being self-pruned, the result is a sympodial dichotomy, as in the bladdernut. Trees in which the terminal buds are per- sistent and functional are said to have a monopodial system of branching. The trunk or any branch of a coniferous or dicotylous tree consists of four main parts, the pith, the wood, the cambium or growing layer, and the bark. The wood consists of a series of annual rings, since if normal growth takes place only a single ring is produced each year. Each ring usually consists of two layers called early wood and late wood. During special seasons or if growth is checked at times during the growing period more than one ring may be produced, although this is never perfect and Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 77 can usually be detected by careful examination. In most trees the inner part of the wood and the pith are dead and this is called the heart wood or duramen, while the outer wood is lighter in color with living cells next the cambium layer, and is called the sap-wood or alburnum. Sometimes there is a striking difference in the color of the two parts. Strands of cells pass from the pith or annual rings through the wood to the bark. These are called medullary rays. The peculiar qualities of wood are due to the character of its cells which have their walls lignified or thickened by a deposit of a chemical substance called lignin. The bark usually consists of two main layers called inner bark and outer bark. The inner bark is often in very thin lay- ers and is hence called liber. The outer bark is very diverse in character. Usually it consists mainly of layers of cork cells which are very impervious to water. Since the outer bark usually does not increase in diameter as rapidly as the wood it is finally torn into strips and peels off on the outside. Trees have many interesting ways of developing and getting rid of their outer bark. More commonly the outer bark is developed as follows: In a young main stem or twig there is a tissue between the outer layer of cells or epidermis and the circle of vascular bundles which is called the cortex. While the stem is developing and hardening, the outermost layer of cortical cells just below the epidermis is modified and begins to grow. This layer is the cork cambium or phellogen. The layer of tissue thus formed by the repeated divisions of the cells of the phellogen is called the peri- derm or cork. On the inner side of the phellogen another layer of tissue is produced which is called the phelloderm or secondary cortex. The phellogen may continue to produce periderm until the outer bark becomes very thick; and finally new cork cam- biums may develop farther in in the cortex or even in the phloem of the inner bark. In some: plants the cork cambium originates from the epidermis and in some from the deeper layers of the cortex. Some trees have no special means of shedding their leaves while others shed them only after a year or more. Most of our indigenous species are “deciduous,” that is they cast their leaves 78 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science at the end of each growing season by the formation of a cleavage plane or separation layer through the base of the petiole. They also prepare for winter by developing elaborate winter buds. The function of the winter buds is mainly to check evaporation from the delicate stem tips during the periods of freezing and thawing. Many of the smaller branches and twigs of a tree especially when growing in a dense forest are continually dying off. But the tree rids itself of these dead branches by forming a collar of tissue from the cambium layer around the base of the dead branch, which finally covers over the wound when the dead mem- ber falls off. This process is known as natural pruning. By the formation of a similar callus other wounds are covered up. There is still a more remarkable process present in many trees by which surplus living branches are cut off in one way or an- other. Terminal and lateral buds are also commonly cut off. This process is known as self-pruning. The most common method is by the formation of a cleavage plane in a basal joint or in the annual nodes of growth. In some genera brittle zones are produced. The self-pruning process is very highly devel- oped in the cottonwood, white oak, white elm, and silver maple. Trees grow in height only at the tips of the main stem or branches. Some trees are naturally shortlived; others attain an enormous size and age, but from the very nature of their up- right development their life must sooner or later come to an end. In some cases the individual organism may continue by a new development from sprouts growing out of the stump or the roots. All of our trees bear flowers and seeds. After arriving at a certain age depending on the species, the tips of some twigs or the axillary buds will develop flowers. In the more highly de- veloped and typical flowers four sets of organs are present; the calyx composed of sepals, the corolla composed of petals, the androecium composed of stamens, and the gynoecium composed of carpels. The two essential sets of organs in the flower are the stamens and the carpels. These may both be in the same flower, when the flower is said to be bisporangiate or in separate flowers, when the flower is monosporangiate. If the two kinds of flowers are on one individual the plant is monoecious, if on Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 719 two distinct individuals the plant is dioecious. The stamens pro- duce microsporangia and the carpels megasporangia or ovules. In the angiosperms the carpel usually has three parts called stigma, style, and ovulary, the ovules being completely inclosed in the ovulary. Commonly all the carpels of the gynoecium are grown together and in such cases a compound ovulary is pro- duced with one or more cavities. Following a peculiar process known as reduction, which takes place in the cells inside of the microsporangium, a consid- erable number of microspores are developed, four for each origi- nal cell. In nearly the same way, four megaspores one of which survives, are usually produced in each ovule. The flowers are thus modified spore-bearing branches or shoots producing two kinds of nonsexual spores. The flowers are nonsexual organs and the tree itself is always a nonsexual plant called the sporo- phyte. The microspores germinate and develop into the pollen grains and the megaspores into the so-called embryo sacs, or min- ute, parasitic, male and female gametophytes respectively. After pollination has taken place, which is simply the transfer of the pollen to the ovules or the stigmas, a tube grows from the pollen grain into the embryo sac. The two sperm cells produced in the pollen grain or in the pollen tube pass down the tube and one unites with the egg cell of the female gametophyte. This union of sperm and egg is called fertilization. The resulting cell which is the oospore germinates and gives rise to an embryo inside of the ovule, the whole finally constituting the body called the seed. This embryo in the seed is the sporophyte and after sprouting develops into the tree. The seed is produced inside of or in con- nection with the modified carpels and other contiguous parts, the whole being called the fruit. The fruits of our trees are of many types usually with some adaptation for seed distribution, so that the seed with its little embryonic tree inside may be carried away from the parent plants to some other and perhaps more favor- able environment. flere, if conditions are proper, it sprouts and begins its life as an independent individual. The whole pro- cess of flower, seed, and fruit production is exceedingly complex anc requires close study and observation if one would know the more obscure activities going on during the life cycle of a tree. 80 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE SUMMER CONDITION. Based mainly on leaf and twig characters. The number following the generic name refers to the list number. 1. Foliage leaves with expanded blades, netted-veined. 8. 1. Foliage leaves needle-shaped, narrowly linear, subulate, or scale-like; conifers. 2. 1. Foliage leaves fan-shaped with dichotomous venation, a number on thick, wart-like, persistent dwarf branches. Ginkgo. (1). 2. With typical dwarf branches, persistent for more than Te yeag. 3 | 2. With feather-like dwarf branches, deciduous each year, the linear leaves spreading into 2 ranks. Taxodium. (7). 2. Without dwarf branches. 4. 3. Dwarf branches small, self-pruned, with 2-5 foliage leaves.) Pinas)© (2); 3. Dwarf branches thick, wart-like, persistent, with nu- merous deciduous leaves. Larix. (3). 4. Leaf buds scaly; leaves scattered. 5. 4. Leaf buds not scaly, naked; leaves opposite or whorled. 7. 5. Leaf scar on a sterigma, the twigs covered with scales representing the leaf bases. 6. 5. Leaf scar on the bark; twigs without scales; leaves flat. Abies. (6). 6. Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig much shorter than the lateral ones; trees. Tsuga. (5). 6. Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all directions. Picea. (4). 7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4- ranked, closely covering the twigs which are decidedly flattened and fan-like; leaves of two shapes, the dorsal and ventral broader and less acute than the lateral ones: scales of the carpellate cone not peltate. Thuja. (8). 14. 99:00 ~ Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 81 Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4- ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened twigs which are not very fan-like; leaves nearly or quite similar; scales of the carpellate cone peltate. Chamaecyparis. (9). Foliage leaves of two types, scale-like and subulate, opposite or in threes; the scale-like leaves 4-ranked, appressed, causing the twigs to appear quadrangular, the subulate leaves spreading; one or both types of leaves on a plant; carpellate cone developing into a bluish-black berry-like fruit. Juniperus. (10). i Leaves alternate. 9. Leaves opposite or whorled. 74. Leaves simple. Io. Leaves compound. 62. Leaves pinnately veined or with a simple midrib. 11. Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 or more prominent side ribs coming from near the base of the blade. 53. Leaves truncate or broadly emarginate; with complete stipular rings at the nodes. Lirodendron. (33). Leaves entire.” 12. Leaves serrate, dentate, crenate, pinnatifid, or variously lobed: 25. With stipular rings at each leaf node; leaves large. Magnolia. (32). Not with stipular rings. 13. With thorns and milky sap. 14. Without thorns; sap not milky. 15. With thorns beside the axillary buds; leaves not taper- ing at the base, acute or even _ heart-shaped. Toxylon. (27). With terminal thorns and some axillary thorns; leaves tapering to the base; narrow or _ slender-cuneate. Bumelia. (65). 16. 21. 21. 22. 22. “ zai Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, some on wood of the previous season. 16. No leaves on wood of the previous season. 17. Leaves green on both sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong to oblanceolate, 5-10 in. long; winter buds very scaly. Rhododendron. (62). Leaves green on both sides, or glaucous’ beneath, coriaceous, 2-5 in. long: oval or oval-lanceolate, winter buds naked. Kalmia. (63). Pith with prominent diaphragms but solid; vascular bundles in base of petiole 3-7. 18. Pith not both diaphragmed and solid, but sometimes with lenticular cavities. 19. Leaves 2-ranked; bark with fetid odor; vascular bundles in base of petiole 5-7. Asimina. (31). Leaves not 2-ranked: vascular bundles in base of petiole 3. Nyssa. (76). Leaves resin-dotted, waxy-dotted or punctate, oblong- lanceolate, spatulate, or oblanceolate, short-pointed, narrowed at the base. Myrica. (13). Leaves not dotted nor punctate. 20. Pith prominently 5-angled; leaves with deciduous stipules and with bristle tips. Quercus. (22 Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves not bristle- tipped... 2. Leaves with the upper 2 lateral veins more or less parallel with the midrib. Cornus. (75). Leaves pinnatelv veined to the tip. 22 Bundle scar central; pith sometimes diaphragmed with lenticular cavities. 23. Bundle scars 2 or more; pith without lenticular cavities. 24. Leaves truncate or short-pointed at the base, usually widest below the middle or somewhat oblong, glabrous when mature; fruit a large pulpy berry, very astringent when green. Diospyros. (66). 23° 24. 20. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 83 Leaves pointed at the base, widest above the middle, lower surface pubescent; fruit a nut-like drupe. Symplocos. (67). With prominent deciduous stipules; bark not resinous. Cydonia. (39). Without stipules; bark resinous, aromatic. Cotinus. (53). Lateral veins from the midrib straight and parallel or nearly so; some or all lateral veins usually ending in the serrations, teeth or lobes. 26. Lateral veins not straight and parallel. 37. Leaves not 2-ranked. 27. Leaves quite regularly 2-ranked, that is with the third leaf over the first. 30. Pith 3-angled, buds stalked. Alnus. (19). Pith 5-angled, buds not stalked. 28. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 20. Leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, or if not bristle- tipped then the teeth or lobes not sharply acuminate; buds clustered at the tip of the twig; nut in a cup- like involucre of numerous scales. Quercus. (22). Leaves with sharply acuminate teeth; buds _ not clustered at the tip; nuts with a prickly or spiny involucre. Castanea. (21). Usually with prominent and typical lateral thorns; carpels of the pome bony. Crataegus. (41). Without thorns but sometimes with thorn-like stunted branches; leaves irregularly dentate, serrate, or crenate-dentate; sometimes lobed; pome fleshy with- out grit cells; carpels papery or leathery. Malus. (38). Without thorns; leaves serrate or serrate-dentate; pome berry-like, carpels not bony. Amelanchier. (40). Leaves decidedly inequilateral at the base. 31. Leaves not inequilateral or only very slightly so. 32. Axillary buds prominently stalked: leaves repand- dentate. Hamamelis. (29). Cx to Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 3uds sessile; leaves doubly serrate; bark not scaling off in plates. Ulmus. (23). Buds sessile; leaves serrate: bark scaling off in plates like in the Sycamore. Planera. (24). Lateral veins ending in the large dentations or serra- tions which are always simple (a vein for each). 33. Leaves doubly serrate or sometimes simply serrate, the lateral veins ending in the main serrations or teeth but not in the smaller ones, or the veins not ending in the serrations. 34. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, short acuminate; teeth not with slender points; bark smooth, light-gray. Fagus. (20). Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with slender often inwardly curved points on the serrations; bark rough. Castanea. (21). Lateral veins rot ending in the serrations or teeth. Amelanchier. (40). Lateral veins ending in some oi the serrations, teeth or lobess..35: Bark smooth, the trunk and larger branches with fluted or projecting ridges; leaves acute or acuminate, sharply doubly serrate; nuts small, in a large-bracted catkin. Carpinus. (16). Trunk and larger branches not with fluted or projecting ridges. 36. Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into papery or leathery sheets; trees or shrubs with glabrous, pubescent, or glandular-warty twigs. Betula. (18). Bark of trunk scaly, fine furrowed; twigs pubescent; carpellate catkin in fruit appearing like that of the hop. Osttya:: (17). Bark scaling off in plates like in the Sycamore; fruit coriaceous, nut-like. Planera. (24). Leaves 2-ranked. 38. Leaves not 2-ranked. 39. 40. Al. 4i. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 85 Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into papery or leathery sheets; leaves doubly serrate, the lateral veins ending in the main serrations, teeth or lobes. Betula. (18). Bark not in papery or leathery sheets; leaves not doubly serrate, the lateral veins not ending directly in the serrations or teeth. Amelanchier. (40). Leaves not with spines. 40. Leaves evergreen, with spine-tipped lobes. Ilex. (54). Pith not solid, diaphragmed, with lenticular cavities. 41. Pith solid but with prominent diaphragms; vascular bundles 3 in the base of the petiole. Nyssa. (76). Pith solid, without diaphragms. 42. Leaves oval or obovate, serrate or denticulate, abruptly acuminate, wedge-shaped at the base, more or less stellate pubescent beneath; bark of twigs peeling off in slender shreds; fruit 4-winged. Mohrodendron. (68). Leaves oblong or slightly obovate, acute or acuminate at both ends, crenate-serrate or repand, short petioled ; twigs of the season and lower surface of leaves pubescent, not stellate; fruit a nut-like drupe. Symplocos. (67). Leaves with peltate scales, or resin-dotted, oblanceolate or wedge-lanceolate. Myrica. (13). Leaves not peltate scaly, nor resin-dotted. 43. Outer bud scales of winter buds more than I. 44. Outer bud scale 1; twigs with brittle zones, hence easily detached and leaving peculiar self-pruning scars: terminal bud of ripe branches absent; bundle scars or vascular bundles in base of petiole. 3. Salix. (12). Pith decidedly 5-angled. 45. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 46. Bundle scars 3; leaves with gland-tipped teeth, usually broad-based, usually with 2 prominent glands at the base of the blade. Populus. (11). Bundle scars several, scattered; leaves without glands; buds clustered at the tip of the twig. Quercus. (22 49. 49. 50. ets 52. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science With stipules or stipular scars. 47. Without stipules or stipular scars; leaves sour, with prominent scattered hairs on the midrib beneath; trees; fruit a capsule. Oxydendrum. (64). With typical lateral thorns; fruit a drupe-like pome with bony ripe carpels. Crataegus. (41). Not with typical lateral thorns, but some may have thorn- like stunted branches. 48. Leaves with I or more disc-like, wart-like, or tooth-like glands on the petiole or at the base of the blade. 409. Leaves not with distinct glands on the top of the petiole nor at the base of the blade, but they may be glandular- hairy. 50. Twigs green, red, or red and green; nectar glands disc- like, usually 2-4 near the base at the edge of the blade; terminal bud present; fruit a velvety drupe. Amygdalus. (43). Glands various; twigs not red and green, some with cleavage planes in basal joints; terminal bud present or absent, fruit a smooth drupe. Prunus. (42). Axillary buds usually superposed; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering towards the short petiole; fruit a berry-like drupe. Ilex. (54). Axillary buds not superposed. 51. Leaves with gland-tipped serrations; terminal bud absent on ripe twigs or if present then the lateral veins promi- nent and nearly parallel and curving upward at the margin of the leaf; fruit a berry-like drupe. Rhamnus. (60). Leaves not with gland-tipped serrations, or if so then not as above; terminal bud present; fruit a pome. 52. Leaves sharply and regularly serrate, glabrous when mature, petioles long; pome with grit cells. Pyrus. (37). Leaves irregularly dentate or serrate, or more or less lobed; pome without grit cells. Malus. (38). 59- 60. 62. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 87 Base of petiole covering the axillary bud; twigs with stipular rings. Platanus. (31). Axillary buds usually evident; twigs without stipular rings. 54. Leaves 2-ranked. 55. Leaves not 2-ranked. 60. Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped. Cercis. (44). Leaves serrate, dentate, orilobed. 56. Pith usually in transverse plates: leaves ovate-lanceolate, inequilateral, taper-pointed. Celtis. (25). Pith solid, not diaphragmed. 57. With milky sap. 58. Without milky sap. 509. Twigs gray or brown, glabrous or nearly so; leaves pubescent or glabrous beneath. Morus. (26). Twigs grayish-green, downy: leaves tomentose be- _ neath. Broussonetia. (28). Leaves not inequilateral; vascular bundles in base of petiole 3. Betula. (18). Leaves inequilateral at the base; vascular bundles in base of petiole several, scattered. Tilia. (61). Leaves more or less star-shaped, with 3-7 long pointed serrate lobes, strongly aromatic when crushed; pith 5-angled. Liquidambar. (30). Leaves entire or three-lobed, bark spicy-aromatic; in- ternodes very unequal. Sassafras. (35). Leaves crenate, serrate, dentate, or lobed, not star- shaped and not spicy-aromatic. 61. Pith 5-angled; trees usually with resinous buds; leaves usually broad based. Populus. (11). Pith cylindrical or nearly so; usually with prominent typical thorns. Crataegus. (41). == $= Pith diaphragmed, with cavities; large trees with pin- nate leaves. Juglans. (14). Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Pith not diaphragmed. 63. Leaves trifoliate or odd-pinnate. 64. Leaves evenly pinnate or bipinnate; axillary buds super- posed. 73. Leaves odd-bipinnate, serrate: twigs and leaves usually prickly. Aralia. (74). Lobes or teeth at the base of the leaflets with prominent green glands beneath; leaves pinnate, very large with disagreeable odor. Ailanthus. (51). Lobes or teeth if present without green glands. 65. With stipular spines a pair for each leaf; leaflets mostly entire. 66. Without stipular spines, but some may have thorns or prickles. 67. Leaflets oval or ovate, not pointed, usually mucronate, not punctate. Robinia. (48). Leaflets ovate, pointed, glandular-punctate. Xanthoxylum. (49). Base of petiole covering the axillary buds; not prickly. 68. Base of petiole not covering the axillary buds. 70. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets crenulate, glandular punctate; . bark with disagreeable odor; axillary buds super- posed. Ptelea. (50). Leaves pinnate, not punctate. 60. Leaflets serrate; pith very large; bark resinous or milky. Rhus. (52). Leaflets entire; pith small, bark not resinous or milky. Cladrastis. (47). Leaflets entire or if occasionally few-toothed then the rachis prominently winged. 71. Leaflets serrate or dentate, the rachis not winged. 72. Leaflets decidedly inequilateral, obliquely lanceolate or faleate, acuminate. Sapindus. (59). Leaflets not inequilateral or only slightly so, not slender falcate, sometimes poisonous to the touch. Rhus. (52). 72. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 89 Pith 5-angled; stipules none, base of petiole with nu- merous vascular bundles, scattered or in 3 areas. Hicoria. (15). Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves with stipules; vascular bundles in base of petiole 3-5. Sorbus. (36). Pith small; base of petiole covering the axillary buds; usually with prominent thorns. Gleditsia. (45). Pith very large, base of petiole not covering the axillary buds; without thorns. Gymnocladus. (46). Leaves simple. 78. Leaves compound. 75. Leaves digitate with 5 or more leaflets. Aesculus. (58). Leaves trifoliate or pinnate. 76. Base of petiole covering the axillary buds; leaflets dentate, lobed, or nearly entire. Acer. (57). Base of petiole not covering the axillary buds. 77. Leaves trifoliate; bark with strong odor; terminal bud self-pruned. Staphylea. (56). Leaflets 5-13; terminal bud present. Fraxinus. (69). Leaves pinnately veined. 82. Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 prominent side ribs from the base. 79. Leaves entire or if somewhat 3-lobed with entire margin. 80. Leaves serrate, crenate, dentate or variously lobed. 81. Pith diaphragmed, or with large cavities; petioles usually hollow; axillary buds superposed. Paulownia. (72). Pith and petioles solid; axillary buds not superposed; under side of leaves with glands in the axils of the larger veins. Catalpa. (73). Leaves more or less lobed; fruit a 2-winged samara. Acet...(57): Leaves not lobed; fruit a drupe. Rhamnus. (60). Leaves serrate, dentate, crenate, or variously lobed. 83. Leaves entire. 85. 90 83. 83. 84. 84. 84. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Bark of ripe twigs green, bundles scar or vascular bundle in base of petiole 1; pith rhombic. Euonymus. (55). Bark of ripe twigs gray, brown, or red; pith cylindrical or nearly so. 84. Axillary buds sometimes superposed ; leaves finely dentic- ulate; twigs light brown, sometimes thorny; drupe narrowly oblong. Adelia. (70). Axillary buds not superposed ; twigs not 4-angled, brown; flowers epigynous; fruit a fleshy drupe; vascular bundles in the base of the petiole 3. Viburnum. (77). Axillary buds not superposed; leaves serrate with stipules, small; bundle scar central; twigs brown, sometimes with thorns; shrub-like trees with drupe- like berries. Rhamnus. (60). Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, hence on wood of the previous season. Kalmia. (63). Leaves deciduous each year. 86. Leaves with the two outer lateral veins more or less parallel with the midrib; fruit drupe. Cornus. (75). Leaves pinnately veined to the tip, 3-6 in. long, fruit an oblong drupe. Chionanthus. (71). Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 91 KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE WINTER CONDITION. Based mainly on twig and stem characters. The num- ber following the genric name refers to the list number. ie i 2. Sie eae a Foliage leaves persistent and usually evergreen. 2. Foliage leaves deciduous each year. 11. Foliage leaves needle-shaped, subulate, narrowly linear, or scale-like; conifers. 3. Foliage leaves with expanded blades, netted veined. 8. With dwarf branches, each bearing 2-5 foliage ieaves. Pinus. (2): Without true dwarf branches. 4. Leaf buds scaly. 5. Leaf buds not scaly, naked. 7. Leaf scar not on a sterigma, prominent, circular; leaves flat: “Abies:.. (6): Leaf scar on a sterigma, the base of the leaf remaining as a scale on the twig. 6. Leaves flat, those on the upper side of-the twig much shorter than the lateral ones. Tsuga. (5). Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all directions. Picéa..-" (4): Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4- ranked, closely covering the twigs which are decidedly flattened and fan-like; leaves of two shapes, the dorsal and ventral broader and less acute than the lateral ones; scales of the carpellate cone not peltate. Thuja. (8). Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4- ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened twigs which are not very fan-like; leaves nearly or quite similar; scales of the carpellate cone peltate. Chamecyparis. (9). Foliage leaves of two types, scale-like and subulate, op- posite or in threes; the scale-like leaves 4-ranked, ap- pressed, causing the twigs to appear quadrangular, the 92 00 90 10. Io. DE: 1 Ks [2. 12. 13: 13. 14. 14. 15. 15. 16. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science subulate leaves spreading; one or both types of leaves on a plant; carpellate cone developing into a bluish- black berry-like fruit. Juniperus. (10). Leaves with spine-tipped lobes or teeth. Ilex. (54). Leaves without spines. 9. Leaves pubescent at least below, lanceolate, mucronate, not evergreen; buds clustered at the tip of the twig; trees with 5-angled pith. Quercus. (22). Leaves glabrous. 10. Leaves green on both sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong to oblanceolate, 5-10 in. long; winter buds very scaly. Rhododendron. (62). Leaves green on both sides or glaucous beneath, coriaceous, 2-5 in. long, oval to oval-lanceolate; winter buds naked; erect shrubs. Kalmia. (63). Twigs with thick wart-like dwarf branches; conifers. 12. Twigs without true dwarf branches. 13. Young twigs covered with scales. Larix. (3). Twigs without scales. Ginkgo. (1). Twigs with numerous small scattered self-pruning scars, without apparent leaf scars but with minute dry scale leaves, with feather-like dwarf branches, some usually remaining in winter; foliage leaves spreading into two ranks; roots often with knees; a conifer. Taxodium. (7). Twigs with evident leaf scars and lateral winter buds. 14. Leaf scars alternate. I5. Leaf scars opposite or whorled. 72. Twigs with distinct and complete stipular ridges or rings at the leaf nodes. 16, Twigs without complete stipular rings. 18. Leaf scar surrounding the axillary bud, terminal bud self-pruned; wood with prominent medullary rays. Platanus. (31). 16. 10. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 93 Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary bud, terminal bud not self-pruned; buds enclosed in the large con- mate istipiules. 7. Buds glabrous; twigs brown; pith diaphragmed; leaf scars oval or circular; bark spicy-aromatic. Liriodendron. (33). Buds downy, or if glabrous then the twigs red; pith with or without diaphragms; leaf scars U-shaped, oval, or circular; bark usually aromatic. Magnolia. (32). With thorns, prickles, or spines; or with spur-like branches ending in thorns. 109. Without thorns, prickles or spines, but some may have thorn-like stunted branches. 26. With stipular spines, a pair for each leaf scar. 20. Twigs with typical lateral thorns, without terminal thorns. 21. With thorns at the ends of branches or with spur-like branches ending in thorns, and in addition axillary thorns may be present. 22. Stems or twigs with prickles: leaf scar extending nearly around the stem, with about 20 bundle scars; pith farcey PAralia. (74): Leaf scar covering the two or more superposed axillary buds. Robinia. (48). lLeaf scar below the axillary buds: buds reddish, pubes- cent. XKanthoxylum. (49). With thorns beside the axillary buds; normally one for -ach leaf axil, becoming gradually smaller toward the tip of the twig, terminal bud absent. Toxylon. (27). Thorns axillary, large, rarely branched except on the main trunk; usually with two lateral buds at the base which may develop as twigs; numerous axils without thorns. Crategus. (41). Thorns commonly branched, situated above the axil of the leaf; leaf scar covering the two or more super- posed axillary buds: twigs polished, often zigzag. Gleditsia. (45). to 1 30. 30. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Not with three distinct bundle scars. 23. With three bundle scars. 24. Buds and twigs glabrous or nearly so; with few thorns. Rhamnus. (60). Buds and sometimes twigs pubescent or downy; thorns prominent. Bumelia. (65). Terminal bud self-pruned; twigs some shade of black, brown, or reddish. Prunus. (42). Terminal bud present. 25. Buds conical, pungent, pubescent, twigs glabrous or nearly so, mostly yellow-olive; trees with erect growth, the branches not spreading as in most of the apples. Pyrus:.> (37). Buds downy or pubescent, twigs usually pubescent, if glabrous then dark reddish-brown; trees with rounded crowns and spreading branches. Malus. (38). —20— Leaf scars quite regularly 2-ranked, that is with the third scar overt the first. 27: Leaf scars not 2-ranked. 38. Bundle scar 1; visible bud scales 2; twigs brown; pith sometimes with cavities. Diospyros. (66). 3undle scars 3. 32. ; Bundle scars more than 3, usually scattered. 28. Pith diaphragmed, solid; bundle sears 5-7; bark with fetid odor: terminal bud elongated, naked, silky; stipular scars none. Asimina. (31). Pith not diaphragmed; bark not with fetid odor. 29. Buds very long-pointed, with 10-20 visible — scales; medullary rays very prominent; stipular scars narrow, extending some distance around the twig. Fagus. (20). Visible bud scales less than 10; terminal bud_ self- pruned. 30. Visible bud scales 1-3. 31. Visible bud scales more than 3; pith white, rather large. Morus. (26). 3%. 33: 34. 34. 37: Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 95 Twigs grayish-brown or reddish, usually zigzag; bark mucilaginous fibrous; buds rather fleshy, usually bright red; medullary rays prominent when the bark is removed; the winged fruiting panicle often per- sistent. 9 Tilia. -(61)- Twigs glabrous or pubescent, reddish or yellowish- brown; pith 5-angled. Castanea. (21). Twigs downy, grayish-green; pith white, cylindrical, large; bark very fibrous. Broussonetia. (28). Pith interruptedly diaphragmed, with cavities, small, greenish-white. Celtis. (25). Pith: solid: +33: Terminal bud naked, elongated, tomentose; buds promi- nently stalked, light gray; twigs zigzag. Hamamelis. (29). Terminal bud absent, the twig showing a terminal self- pruning scar at the morphological tip; or if present then with scales; buds not stalked. 34. Terminal bud present, long pointed; leaf scar narrow contracted between the bundle scars. ; Amelanchier. (40). Terminal bud absent, or if present then the leaf scar oval or semicircular. 35. Twigs dark reddish-brown, speckled, often zigzag; buds reddish-violet, often superposed or clustered; leaf scars not oblique but below the lateral bud. Cercis. (44). Twigs dark brown, not speckled; buds not superposed; leaf scars oblique. 36. Bark smooth, trunk and large branches with peculiar fluted or projecting ridges; bud scales brown, finely pubescent; staminate catkins in the bud in winter. Carpinus. (16). Trunk not with fluted or projecting ridges. 37. Bark of trunk scaling off like in the Sycamore; twigs very slender; no catkins. Planera. (24). Bark in rough ridges; no catkins; twigs and buds in 96 37: 4I. 43. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science most cases pubescent; some species with characteristic transverse self-pruning scars on the twigs, others with corky ridges. Ulmus. (23). Bark scaly, fine-furrowed, the furrows usually somewhat spiral; bud scales green with brown tips, nearly glabrous; staminate catkins exposed in winter. Ostrya. (17). Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into papery or leathery sheets; catkins in winter. Betula. (18). With 2 or more superposed axillary buds; all except I may be very small. 309. Axillary buds single or 2 or more side by side; not superposed. 40. Pith diaphragmed, with air cavities. 40. Pith diaphragmed but solid; bundle scars 3; stipular scars none. Nyssa. (76). Pith not diaphragmed, solid. 41. Pith large. brown; twigs thick, with large leaf scars and 3 prominent bundle scars. Juglans. (14). Pith rather small, white or greenish; leaf scars semi- circular; outer bud scales about 2. Mohrodendron. (68). Buds partly sunken, hardly projecting beyond the sur- face; terminal bud self-pruned or tips of branches withering. 42. Buds not sunken in the epidermis. 43. Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary buds; pith large, chocolate-colored; twigs robust, polished, mottled white and purplish-brown. Gymnocladus. (46). Leaf scar surrounding the Axillary buds, quadrangular U-shaped: bark with pungent odor; pith white. Ptelea. (50). Leaf scar covering the axillary buds; pith small; twigs brown, polished, often zigzag. Gleditsia. (45). Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 44. Ag 45. Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 97 Pith more or less 5-angled, yellowish or brownish; terminal bud large; bundle scars scattered; trees with tough twigs. Hicoria. (15). Leaf scar surrounding the hairy axillary buds; bundle scars 5-9; terminal bud self-pruned. Cladrastis. (47). Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary buds. 45. Bundle scars 3; buds spherical, bark light gray; leaf scars heart-shaped; stipular scars none. Sapindus. (59). Bundle scar usually 1; buds rounded or somewhat pointed; stipular scars or minute stipules present. tex: (54). Terminal and lateral buds stalked; pith 3-angled; both staminate and carpellate catkins present all winter. Alnus. (19). Buds sessile or nearly so; pith not 3-angled. 47. Leaf scars surrounding the axillary buds which are usually sunken; terminal bud _ self-pruned; bark resinous; pith large. Rhus. (52). Leaf scars not surrounding the axillary buds. 48. Bundle scar 1, or if several then closely crowded and confluent, appearing as I. 49. Bundle scars more than I. 54. Stipular scars and stipules present. 50. Stipular scars and stipules none. 51. Terminal bud absent; bud scales dark brown or black. Rhamnus. (60). Terminal bud present; stipules minute, usually per- sistent flex. (54). Terminal bud present. 52. Terminal bud absent. 53. Pith diaphragmed, with cavities; bark reddish; outer bud scales several, short. Symplocos. (67). Pith not diaphragmed; bark green, very spicy aromatic ; internodes very unequal. Sassafras. (35). 98 54 54. 59: Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science With polished, greenish-brown, grayish-yellow, or red twigs; bark sour; leaf scar prominent, semi-oval, with a dark central scar usually in the form of a ring; buds small, not projecting much beyond the epidermis; the large terminal panicled raceme with capsules per- sisting all winter. Oxydendrum. (64). With 2 visible scales in the triangular flattened bud; pith sometimes with lenticular cavities; twigs pubes- cent, zigzag at the tip. Diospyros. (66). Outer bud scales more than I. 55. Outer bud scale 1; twigs usually with brittle zones and hence very easily detached; stipular scars present; bundle scars 3. Salix. (12). Pith diaphragmed but solid; bundle scars 3; no stipular scars. Nyssa. (76). Pith not diaphragmed. 56. Pith more or less 5-angled. 57. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 61. Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; bundle scars numerous, scattered. Quercus. (22). Buds not clustered at the tip. 58. Bundle scars numerous usually scattered. 59. Bundle scars 3. 60. Buds small with about 3 outer scales; twigs reddish or yellowish-brown, glabrous or pubescent; terminal bud present or absent; stipular scars prominent. Castanea. (21). Terminal bud large with 4 or more visible scales, hairy or peltate pubescent; lateral buds usually superposed ; twigs tough. Hicoria. (15). Without stipular or self-pruning scars; crushed buds fragrant, aromatic, not resinous, glabrous. Liquidambar. (30). Stipular and self-pruning scars present; crushed buds not fragrant though they may have a resinous odor, 61. GI: 62. 63. 68. 68. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 99 -resinous or if only slightly so then the twigs pubescent or tomentose. Populus. (11). Pith very large, light brown, bark not resinous, ill- smelling; buds spherical or flattened at the apex, often clustered at the tip of the twig, brown and pubes- cent; bundle scars about 9 along the lower edge of the very large leaf scar; large trees. Ailanthus. (51). Pith small, or if large and brown then the bark resinous. 62. Bark with a resinous or sticky milky sap; pith usually large, if rather small then the bark aromatic. 63. Bark not resinous. 64. Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; bark spicy-fragrant to the smell; base of petiole prominent with several bundle scars; fruiting panicles plumose. Cotinus. (53). Buds not clustered at the tip; bark sometimes aromatic, often very poisonous to the touch; leaf scar partly surrounding the bud or the bud covered; small trees or shrubs. Rhus. (52). Terminal bud absent. 65. Terminal bud present. 68. Stipules or stipular scars absent or indistinct. 66. Stipules or stipular scars present. 67. Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; young twigs glandular dotted. Myrica. (13). Buds not clustered at the tip; twigs not glandular. Prunus. (42). Buds and twigs very downy, twigs dark brown or black. Cydonia. (39). Buds downy or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubescent, gray or brown. Rhamnus. (60). Twigs green or yellowish-green, glabrous; internodes very unequal; lateral buds minute; small trees. Cornus. (75). Twigs normally red above and green beneath, glabrous; 100 =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 68. 7 nin 71. 72. VED 72. bark very bitter; some axils with 2 or 3 hairy buds of nearly equal size; trees. Amygdalus. (43). Twigs not green or red and green unless the plants are low shrubs, but gray, brown, black, or reddish. 69. Bundle sears 5 or more in the broad U-shaped leaf scar; tips of the buds quite downy; small trees. Sorbus. (36). Bundle scats 3. 70. Buds rounded at the apex, often clustered at the tip of the twig; twigs glandular dotted. Myrica. . (13). Buds rounded at the apex; scales thick; twigs often zigzag; plant usually with some thorns, not glandular dotted. Crategus. (41). Buds pointed; plants sometimes with thorn-like stunted branches, not glandular dotted. 71. Buds glabrous or slightly pubescent; twigs usually glabrous and slender, some shade of black, brown, or reddish, often with 2 or 3 axillary buds; some with self-pruning scars. Prunus. (42). Buds downy or strongly pubescent, conical, pungent; twigs glabrous, mostly yellow-olive; trees with erect growth, the branches not spreading as in most of the apples:;* Pyrus? .(37): Buds downy or strongly pubescent; twigs strongly pubescent or if glabrous then dark reddish-brown; trees with rounded or spreading crowns. Malus. (38). Buds and twigs very pubescent; terminal bud with long spreading scales; shrubs or small trees with globose berry-like drupes containing 2-4 stones. Rhamnus. (60). 3undle scars 1, or several closely united in a curved line, appearing as I. 74. Bundle scars more than t but not in an ellipse or ring. 78. 3undle scars numerous, in an ellipse or ring; buds small and flat or superposed. 73. 73: 73: NI Ni 79- 79: So. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 101 Pith with cavities or more or less diaphragmed; axillary buds superposed. Paulowina. (72). Pith solid; axillary buds small and flat, not superposed, leaf scars often in trees. Catalpa. (73). Twigs very green, more or less 4-angled; pith diamond- shaped or rhomboidal. Euonymus. (55). Twigs not green when ripe but gray, brown or red, some- times 4-angled; pith cylindrical or nearly so. 75. Terminal bud absent, the twig usually ending in a thorn. Rhamnus. (60). Terminal bud present. 76. Axillary buds often superposed; twigs often with thorns; leaf scars small. Adelia. (70). Axillary buds not superposed; no thorns on the twigs; leat scars rather large.” °77. Twigs and buds pubescent; lateral buds cylindrical or hem'spherical; bud scales dry; leaf scar concave, on the short petiole base; lenticels large and conspicuous ; fruit a drupe. Chionanthus. (71). Buds rough or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubescent, sometimes 4-angled; lateral buds somewhat flattened, obtuse; bud scales rather dry; leaf-scar close to the bark; lenticels not large; fruit a samana. Fraxinus. (69). With 4 distinct stipular scars; terminal bud seli-pruned; twigs green with strong odor. Staphylea. (56). Without definite stipular scars; twigs not green or if so then the terminal bud present. 79. Trees or shrubs with numerous bundle scars, sometimes in 3 areas, ina large heart-shaped leaf scar; pith rather large; terminal bud large, with numerous scales. 7Esculus. (58). sundle scars 3 or sometimes 5. 8o. Terminal bud with 2 long acuminate pubescent outer scales; line connecting the uppermost leaf scars notched. Cornus. (75). 102. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Terminal bud with one main pair of visible scales and a smaller pair at the base. Viburnum. (77). 8o. Terminal bud with several pairs of visible scales; bundle scars 3-5; twigs sometimes green. Acer. (57). 8o. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 103 GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA. Based on the flower and other characters. The number fol- lowing the generic name refers to the list number. SPERMATOPHYTA. 1. Ovules naked on an open carpel; pollen falling directly on the ovule; trees or shrubs; ours usually evergreen with nar- row leaves, or with fan-shaped leaves and dichotomous venation; monoecious, rarely dioecious. 2. 1. Ovules in a closed carpel or set of carpels; provided witha stigma for the reception of the pollen; flowers more com- monly showy. 4. 2. GYMNOSPERMAE. 2. Carpellate flowers developing as woody cones, the carpels ar- ranged in spirals or opposite, each usually with 1-2 ovules; or by coalescence forming a black or blue berry- likes fruit. 3. 2. Carpellate flowers developing large plum-like fleshy seeds; dioecious trees with fan-shaped leaves dichotomously veined. GIN KGOACEAE. a. Ginkgo. (1). 3. Leaf-buds scaly; carpels usually numerous; leaves spirally arranged, the foliage leaves often situated on dwarf branches. PINACEAE. a. Ovuliferous scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 on a dwarf branch. Pinus. (2). a. Ovuliferous scales thin; leaves linear or filiform, scat- tered or on thick wart-like dwarf branches. b. b. Leaves deciduous on wart-like dwarf branches. Larix. (3). b. Leaves scattered, persistent. c. c. Cones pendulous. d. 104 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science c. Cones erect. Abies. (6). d. Leaves more or less 4-angled or tetragonal, sessile. Picea; 4h): d. Leaves flat, short-petioled. Tsuga. (5). Leaf buds naked; carpels few, spiral; leaves on feather-like dwarf branches which are deciduous. TAXODIACEAE. a. Taxodium. (7). Leaf-buds naked; carpels few, opposite, sometimes forming a black or blue berry-like fruit; leaves opposite or whorled, rarely scattered, persistent. JUNIPERACEAE. a. Cones oblong, ovuliferous scales not _ peltate. Thuja. (8). a. Cones globose, ovuliferous scales peltate. Chamae- cyparis. (9). a. Cones becoming fleshy, berry-like. Juniperus. (10). 4. ANGIOSPERMAE. Leaves mostly parallel-veined, sometimes netted-veined ; parts of the flower very often in threes (trimerous) ; cotyledon 1; vascular bundles scattered through the pith, usually not in a circle; no annual rings of growth. No trees in our region. MONOCOTYLAE. Leaves usually netted-veined ; parts of the flower more com- monly in fives (pentamerous) or fours (tetramerous) ; cotyledons usually 2; vascular bundles usually in a circle around a central pith, forming annual rings of growth in perennial stems, with bark on the outside. _ 5. s, DICOTYLAE. Perianth none or of similar segments or divided into calyx and corolla; corolla when present choripetalous (petals distinct). 6. Perianth composed of calyx and corolla, calyx may be min- ute or suppressed; corolla sympetalous (petals more or less united). 36. 6. 6. Steet 8. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 105 Perianth none; sometimes a minute border, cup, or gland may represent the calyx. 7. Only the calyx present, sepals distinct or united, green or colored. 9. Calyx and corolla both present, calyx may be minute. 16. Leaves alternate, simple. 8. Leaves opposite, compound ; flowers in crowded panicles or racemes. OLEACEAE. a. Fraxinus. (69). Both staminate and carpellate flowers in aments; ovulary uni-locular many-seeded; seeds with a tuft of cottony hairs. SALICACEAE. a. Stamens numerous, bracts fimbriate or incised; buds with several scales; pith 5-angled. Populus. (11). a. Stamens 2-10, bracts entire; buds with one outer Scale isalise.< (12): 30th staminate and carpellate flowers in aments, ovulary uni-locular with 1 erect ovule: carpellate flowers single in each bract of the ament. MyrIcAcEAE. a. Myrica. (13). Both staminate and carpellate flowers in aments, ovulary bi-locular; carpellate flowers 2 or more in each bract of the ament, or capitate. BETULACEAE. See 11 below. Flowers monoecious in dense heads; base of petiole cover- ing the axillary bud. PLATANACEAE. a.) Platamas. {31 )e Flowers imperfectly bisporangiate or monoecious, crowded into catkin-like heads; ovules 1-several in each cavity; stamens 4-many. HAMAMELIDACEAE. a. Liquidambar. (30). Flowers, at least the staminate ones in aments or ament-like spikes. 10. 106 9. IO. 10. LD. ele 1 ig! Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Flowers not in aments but variously clustered, sometimes solitary. 12. Leaves simple. 11. Leaves odd-pinnate; fruit a nut inclosed in a husk. JuG- LANDACEAE. a. Pith of twigs in transverse plates; husk indehiscent; nut rugose. Juglans. (14). a. Pith solid; husk at length splitting into segments, nut smooth or angled. Hicoria. (15). Both staminate and carpellate flowers in aments; sap not milky. BETULACEAE. a. Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx; carpellate flowers with a calyx. Db. a. Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract, with a calyx; carpellate flowers without a calyx. c. b. Fruiting bractlet flat, 3-cleft and incised; nut small. Carpinus. (16). b. Fruiting bractlet bladder-like, closed, membranous; nut small. Ostrya. (17). c. Stamens 2; fruiting bracts 3-lobed or entire, decidu- ous. Betula. (18). c. Stamens 4; fruiting bracts woody, persistent; pith 3-angled. Alnus. (19). Carpellate flowers subtended by an involucre which becomes a bur or cup in fruit; staminate flowers in aments, or capi- tate. HAGACEAE. a. Staminate flowers capitate; nut triangular. Fagus. (20). a. Staminate flowers in slender aments; nut rounded. _ b. b. Carpellate flowers 2-5 in each involucre, which be- comes prickly in fruit. Castanea. (21). b. Carpellate flower 1 in each involucre, which consists of numerous scales. Quercus. (22). Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap; ovules pendulous. MORACEAE. See 15 below. 12. rz: ae 14. Proceedings of the Oix.o State Academy of Science 107 Leaves opposite or whorled. 13. Leaves alternate. 14. Trees or shrubs with pinnate leaves and fruit a samara with 1 wing; or leaves simple and fruit a drupe. OLEa- CEAE. a. Leaves compound; fruit a samara; flowers mostly dioecious. Fraxinus. (69). a. Leaves simple; fruit a drupe: flowers dioecious, from catkin-like scaly buds. Adelia. (70). Fruit a 2-winged, 2-seeded samara; leaves palmately veined or if pinnately compound then the petioles covering the axillary buds. ACERACEAE. a Acer. ) (57). Base of petiole covering the axillary bud; the flowers in dense spherical heads, the carpellate on a long slender peduncle; twigs with stipular rings. PLATANACEAE. ae Platanus:;, 9437). Base of petiole not covering the axillary bud, and inflores- cence and twigs not as above. 15. Trees or shrubs with compound punctate leaves. RUTACEAE. a. Kanthoxylum. (49). Trees usually with serrate pinnately-veined sometimes palm- ately-veined leaves with fugaceous stipules; ovulary uni- locular, t-2-ovuled ; fruit a samara, drupe or nut. ULMa- CEAE. a. Flowers in clusters on twigs of the previous season; fruit a samara or nut-like. _ b. a. Flowers on twigs of the season, fruit a drupe. Selire. (25). b. Flowers expanding before the leaves; fruit a samara. Ulmus. (23). b. Flowers expanding with the leaves; fruit nut-like. Planera. (24). Trees with milky sap; stipules fugaceous; fruit aggregate. MORACEAE. 108 15. 15. 15. _— on Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science a. Staminate flowers racemose or spicate, the carpellate capitate. b. a. Staminate and carpellate flowers in ament-like spikes. Morus. (20). b. Carpellate perianth deeply 4-cleft; twigs with thorns. Toxylon. (27). b. Carpellate perianth 3-4 toothed; twigs not thorny. Broussonetia. (28). Trees with alternate, palmately lobed, fragrant leaves; the flowers in dense heads, the carpellate ones long-peduncled. HAMAMELIDACEAE. a. Liquidambar. (30). Shrubs or trees with 9g or 12 stamens in 3 or 4 cycles; anthers opening by valves; aromatic; fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry. LAURACEAE. a. Sassafras. (35). Shrubs or trees with simple leaves, with 4-5 perigynous sta- mens alternate with the sepals; ovulary 2-5-locular, ovules solitary in each cavity, stigmas 2-5; fruit a drupe. RHAMNACEAE. a. Rhamnus. (60). Trees with simple alternate leaves and diaphragmed but solid pith: stamens 5-15, flowers epigynous; ovulary uni- locular with rt pendulous ovule. Some CoRNACEAE. a. Nyssa. (76). —16— Flowers hypogynous or perigynous; ovulary free from. the calyx or adherent to the perigynous disc. 17. Flowers epigynous: calyx above the ovulary. 33. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 and more than twice the petals. 18. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just the number as the petals then alternate with them. 21. i ‘NI . 18. 18. 18. 10. 10. 20. 20. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 109 Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them; ovulary 2-5-locular, calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate in the bud; petals involute; fruit a drupe or capsule; shrubs, small trees, or vines with simple leaves. RHAMNACEAE, a. Rhamnus. (60). Carpels I or more, united, but styles and stigmas may be several. 10. Carpels more than 1, distinct; filaments shorter than the anthers; perianth trimerous; leaves 2-ranked. ANON- ACEAE. a. . Asimina. - (34). Carpels numerous spirally arranged and cohering over each other, forming an aggregate cone-like fruit; trees; sepals and petals in threes; twigs with stipular rings. MAGNOL- IACEAE. a. Anthers introrse; leaves not truncate. Magnolia (32). a. Anthers extrorse; leaves truncate. Liriodendron. (33). Ovulary compound, plurilocular. 20. Ovulary 1-locular, 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe with 1 seed. ROSACEAE. (DRUPATAE). a. Drupe glabrous, stone smooth or _ nearly so. Prunus. (42). a. Drupe velvety, stone deeply pitted. Amygdalus (43). Calyx deciduous; flower cluster subtended by a large mem- branous bract; trees with alternate, 2-ranked leaves and mucilaginous sap. TILIACEAE. ai Pali Cro). Leaves alternate with deciduous stipules; ovulary composed of 2-5 wholly or partly united carpels; fruit a more or less fleshy pome. ROSACEAE. (POMATAE). a. Ripe carpels papery or leathery. b. a. Ripe carpels bony. Cratzgus. (41). b. Leaves pinnate. Sorbus. (36). Leaves simple. c. c. Cavities of the ovulary as many as the styles. d. 110 21. zis 22. 22. 2a: 23: 24. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science c. Cavities of the ovulary becoming twice as many as the styles. Amelanchier. (40). d. Cavities of the ovulary with 1-3 seeds. e. d. Cavities of the ovulary with many seeds. Cydonia. (39). e. Flesh of the pome with grit-cells. Pyrus. (37). e. Flesh of the pome without grit-cells. Malus. (38). Ovulary only 1, carpels 1 to many, united. 24. Carpels 2 or more, distinct, or somewhat united at the base: .22: Leaves compound. 23. Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves. HAMAMELID- ACEAE. a. Ovules 1 in each cavity, fruit a woody capsule. Hamamelis. (29). a. Ovules several in each cavity, fruit globular, spiny. Liquidambar. (30). Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, alternate. RUTACEAE. a. Carpels 2-5, distinct. Kanthoxylum. (49). a;, Ovulary-1, 2-locular., *Pteleas. (50). Leaves large, pinnate, alternate, not punctate but with disc- like glands under the teeth or lobes. SIMARUBACEAE. a. Ailanthus. (51). Carpel 1, ovulary with J parietal placenta; leaves alternate, usually with stipules, usually compound. FABACEAE, A. Fruit a legume; upper petal inclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; leaves simple or compound mostly with stipules. CASSIATAE. a. Leaves simple, flowers bisporangiate. Cercis. (44). a. Leaves compound, flowers dioecious or imperfectly dioecious. —b. b. Stamens 3-5; pod flat. Gleditsia. (45). b. Stamens 10; pod thick, woody. Gymnocladus. (40). 24. 25. 206. 26. 27: 28. 28. 20. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 111 B. Fruit a legume or loment, upper petal inclosing the lat- eral ones in the bud; leaves compound (sometimes with 1 leaflet) with stipules. PAPILIONATAE. a. Without stipular spines; leaflets large, 3-6 in. long; base of petiole covering the axillary buds like a cap. Cladrastis. (47). a. With stipular spines; leaflets small, 1-2 in. long; base of petiole not covering the axillary ‘buds like a cap, but solid. Robinia. (48). Carpels more than 1 as shown by the compound ovulary, cavities, placentae, styles, or stigmas. 25. Ovulary 2-locular to plurilocular. 26. Ovulary t-locular, ovules solitary, stigmas 3; shrubs or trees with resinous or milky sap and alternate leaves without stipules. ANACARDIACEAE. a. Leaves compound, styles terminal. Rhus. (52). a. Leaves simple, styles lateral. Cotinus. (53). Flowers regular or nearly so. 27. Flowers irregular; shrubs or trees with opposite digitate leaves; ovulary 3-locular. H1PPOCASTANACEAE. a. Aesculus. (58). Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals... 28. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. 29. Stamens distinct and fewer than the 4 petals; trees or shrubs with opposite pinnate or simple leaves. OLEACEAE. a. Flowers dioecious, from catkin-like scaly buds. Adelia. (70). a. Flowers bisporangiate, petals linear. Chionanthus. Ae 3 Stamens more numerous than the petals; leaves palmately veined, opposite; fruit 2-winged. Some ACERACEAE. acer. £57). Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. 30. 112 30. 30. ERE aie 31. ao 32. 33: ae, 34. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Ovules several or many in each cavity; stipules between the opposite and pinnately compound leaves, caducous ; shrubs or small trees. STAPHYLEACEAE. a. Staphylea. (56). Leaves palmately veined, or compound. 31. Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. 32. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; climbing herbaceous vines with fruit an inflated 3-lobed capsule; or trees with a globose or lobed berry. SAPINDACEAE. a. Sapindus. (59). Leaves palmately veined or pinnately compound; fruit 2- winged; trees or shrubs with opposite leaves and no stip- ules. ACERACEAE. ds SACErs Hh). Leaves 3-foliate, pellucid-punctate, without stipules. Some RUTACEAE. a: ~ Ptelea... <(5o). Calyx minute, fruit a berry-like drupe; trees or shrubs with simple mostly alternate leaves. [LICACEAE. an (Slee (54): Calyx not minute; pod colored, dehiscent; seeds inclosed in a pulpy aril; shrubs or woody climbers with alternate or opposite leaves and with minute fugaceous stipules. CELASTRACEAE, a. Euonymus. (55). Leaves simple. 34. Leaves compound. 35. Perfect stamens 4, styles 2; leaves alternate, palmately veined and lobed, or if pinnately veined then 2-ranked. HAMAMELIDACEAE, See 22 above. 34. 34. 34- 35- 35- 30. 37- 37: Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 113 Stamens 5, 10, or many; styles 2-5; leaves alternate. with stipules. ROSACEAE (POMATAE). See 20 above. Stamens 4 or 5, style and stigma 1; leaves opposite or al- ternate; fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe. CORNACEAE. a. QOvulary 2-locular, flowers bisporangiate. Cornus. (75). a. Ovulary t-locular, flowers dioecious or imperfectly dioecious. Nyssa. (76). Stamens 4 or 5 on a flat disc which covers the 3-5-locular ovulary; fruit a somewhat fleshy capsule; shrubs, trees or woody climbers with opposite leaves and minute fuga- ceous stipules. CELASTRACEAE. See 32 above. Stamens many; leaves odd-pinnate, fruit a berry-like pome. Some — RosacEAE (POMATAE). a. Sorbus. (36). Stamens 5, styles usually 2-5; fruit a fleshy berry or drupe; 3 leaves bipinnate. ARALIACEAE. a. Aralia. (74). Flowers hypogynous (ovulary superior). 37. Flowers epigynous (ovulary inferior) ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla; leaves opposite, usually without stipules, not blackening in drying. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. a. Viburnum. (77). Stamens, free from the corolla (or only slightly united at the base) as many as the petals (flowers tetracyclic) and alternate with them, or twice as many (pentacyclic) or more. 38. Stamens united with the corolla, as many as the petals and opposite them or twice as many or more. 39. 114 37: 30. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Stamens united with the corolla or only united at the base, as many as the petals or fewer and alternate with them. 4O. Ovulary 2-5-locular; shrubs often with evergreen leaves; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. ERICACEAE. a. Fruit a septicidal capsule; leaves remaining green throughout the year. Db. a. Fruit a loculicidal capsule; leaves deciduous in autumn. Oxydendrum. (64). b. Corolla somewhat irregular, seeds flat and winged. Rhododendron. (62). b. Corolla regular, seeds angled or rounded. Kalmia. (63). Choripetalous plants in which the petals are sometimes partly or completely united. a. QOvulary t-locular (1 carpel) with 1 parietal placenta. FABACEAE. See 24 above. b. Ovulary 4-8-locular, with a solitary seed in each cavity ; fruit a berry-like drupe. ILICACEAE. See 33 above. Stamens as many as the lobes of the small white corolla; leaves entire, simple and alternate, with thorns. SApo- TACEAE. a. Bumelia. (65). Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the greenish-yellow corolla or more; styles 2-8; plants mostly monoecious or dioecious; leaves alternate, simple, and entire. ERENA- CEAE. a. Diospyros. (66). Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the yellow corolla or more; style 1; stamens in several series; flowers most- ly bisporangiate; leaves alternate and simple. SYMPLO- CACEAE. 39: 40. 40. 40. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 115 a. Symplocos. (67). Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the white corolla or more; style 1; stamens in I series, flowers mostly bisporangiate, leaves alternate and simple. STYRACACEAE. a. Mohrodendron. (68). Flowers regular; seeds 1-4; fruit a samara, drupe, or berry. OLEACEAE. a. Fruit a samara; leaves pinnate. Fraxinus. (69). a. Fruit a drupe or berry; leaves simple. b. b. Flowers dioecious. Adelia. (70). b. Flowers bisporangiate, lobes of the corolla linear. Chionanthus. (71). Flowers irregular, zygomorphic; seeds numerous, capsule ovoid, acute; stamens 4, didynamous; pith with cavities. Some — SCROPULARTACEAE. a. Paulownia. (72). Flowers irregular, zygomorphic; seeds numerous, capsule long, terete; fertile stamens usually 2; pith solid. Bric- NONIACEAE. a. . Catalpa. (73). 116 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES. SERIES JIL. SPERMATOPHY TAs SEED PEeANTS: Subkingdom, GYMNOSPERMAE. Gymnosperms. Class, GINKGOEAE. Order, GINKGOALES. Ginkgoaceae. Ginkgo Family. 1. Ginkgo Kaempf. Ginkgo. Trees with deciduous, fan-shaped, dichotomously veined leaves on wart-like dwarf branches. * Ginkgo biloba. L. Maiden-hair-tree. A large, beauti- ful and hardy tree with dioecious flowers. Seed large, drupe- like. Autumn leaves orange. Introduced from China and Japan; should be commonly cultivated for ornament. Class, CONIFERAE. Conifers. Order, PINALES. Pinaceae. Pine Family. 2.. Pinus: L. - Pine: Resinous evergreen trees with small dwarf branches bearing 2-5 narrow foliage leaves; dwarf branches and ordinary twigs covered with scale leaves. Dwarf branches self-pruned after a number of years. Carpellate cones woody, with numerous car- pels. Our most important lumber trees. 1. Dwarf branches with 5 foliage leaves; ovuliferous scales little thick- ened at the tip. P. strobus. 1. Dwarf branches with 2-3 foliage leaves; ovuliferous scales much thickened at the tip. 2. Dwarf branches with 3 foliage leaves, rarely 2 or 4. _ 3. to to Dwarf branches mostly with 2 foliage leaves some of them may be with 3. 4. 3. Leaves 6-10 in. long; carpellate cone oblong-conic. P. taeda. 3. Leaves 3-5 in. long; carpellate cones ovoid. P. rigida. 4. Twigs glaucous; resin-ducts parenchymatous; carpellate cones 14-3 in. long; ovuliferous scales tipped with a prickle or small spine. 5. 1. Twigs not glaucous. 6. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 117 5. Leaves slender, 23-5 in. long; buds not very resinous; prickles of the ovuliferous scales short and small. P. echinata. 5. Leaves stout, 14-24 in. long; buds very resinous; prickles of the ovuliferous scales long and stout. P. virginiana. 6. Leaves 1-4 in. long, grayish-green or light green; ovuliferous scales without or with a small prickle, or with a thick point or spine. 7. Leaves 4-6 in. long, dark-green; ovuliferous scale without a spine or prickle, or sometimes with a very small prickle. 9. 7. Ovuliferous scale without a spine or prickle when mature but with a minute central point; leaves 4-14 in. long, curved; resin ducts parenchymatous. P. divaricata. for) 7. Ovuliferous scale with a thick point or spine. 8. 8. Leaves 23-4 in. long, light green; twigs orange or orange brown; resin ducts parenchymatous; carpellate cones ovoid. 3-5 in. long. P. pungens. 8. Leaves 13-2} in. long, grayish-green; twigs dull greenish-yellow or greenish-brown; resin-ducts peripheral; carpellate cones ovate- conic, 2-3 in. long. P. silvestris. 9. Carpellate cones terminal or subterminal, oval-conic; ovuliferous scales pointless when mature. P. resinosa. Carpellate cones lateral, ovoid-conic; ovuliferous scale with a small prickle. P. laricio. ive) 1. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. A large tree with nearly smooth bark, except when oid; branches horizontal in whorls. Often forming dense forests. Wood-soft and straight- grained; used in enormous quantities for building purposes. One of the most valuable timber trees in the world. Has been more extensively used in America for lumber than any other tree. Newf. to Man., south along the Allegh. to Ga. and to Ohio, III. and Ja. 2. Pinus resindsa Ait. Red Pine. A tall tree with reddish bark. Wood rather hard but not very durable. Tur- pentine is obtained to a limited extent from this species. A tree of rapid growth. Newf. to Man., Mass., Penn., and Minn. 3. Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Gord. Jack Pine. A slender tree with spreading branches, the bark becoming flaky. Wood light and rather soft. In sandy soil. N. B. and N. W. Terr., south to Me.; N. Y., Ill., and Minn. 4. Pinus virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine. A _ slender, usually small tree with spreading or drooping branches; the old 118 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science bark flaky and dark-colored. Wood very resinous, soit and dur- able but of poor quality. In sandy soil. L. I. to S. C, Ala., Tenn., Ohio, and Ind. 5. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. A large tree with spreading branches; leaves sometimes in 3’s. Wood rather hard and very valuable; much used as lumber. Also furnishes some turpentine. Produces shoots from stumps. In sandy soil. N. Y. to*Pla ils Kar. cand Tex: 6. Pinus ptungens Mx. f. Table-mountain Pine. A tree with spreading branches, the old bark rough and in flakes, leaves sometimes in 3’s. Wood light and soft; much used for charcoal. N. J. to Ga. and Tenn. 7. Pinus taéda L. Loblolly Pine. A tree of very rapid growth with spreading branches and thick, rugged bark, flaky in age. Wood rather hard; much used for lumber in the south. Often growing in old fields. N. J. to Fla., Ark., and Tex. 8. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. Y., Ohio, Mo. and“ N; Mex. 4. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Wiliow. A tall shrub or small tree with smooth or slightly scaly bark, the twigs yellow- ish brown and shining. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, mostly long-acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply serrulate, green and glossy on both sides or with a few scattered hairs when young, 3-5 in. long, #-23 in. wide; capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, much longer than its pedicel. A very beautiful willow in swamps and along streams and lakes. Newt. to.N. Wo ‘Terr:, N. J.,-Ohio; Ky., and Neb: 5. Salix fragilis L. Crack Willow. A tall slender tree with roughish, gray bark and green branches. Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, glabrous on both sides, rather dark green above, paler beneth, 3-6 in. long, 3-1 in. wide; capsule long-conic. Twigs used for basket work. Native of Europe. Hybridizes with S. alba. Mass. to N. J. and Ohio. 6. Salix alba L. White Willow. A large tree with rough gray bark. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, ser- rulate, silky-pubescent on both sides when young, less so and pale and glaucous beneath when mature, 2-5 in. long, 4-3 in. wide; capsule ovoid, acute. In moist soil. Native of Europe. The subspecies S. alba vitellina (L.) Koch., has the mature leaves glabrous and the twigs yellowish-green. N. B. and Ont. to Ohio and Penn. 7. Salix babylonica L. Weeping Willow. A_ large graceful tree with weeping branches, often planted in yards and cemeteries. [eaves linear-lanceolate, serrulate, narrowed at the base, glabrous when mature, green above, paler beneath, 3-6 in. long, }-$ in. wide; capsule ovoid-conic. Native of Asia. 128 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 8. Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barr. Balsam Willow. Usually a shrub but sometimes arborescent with a slender erect stem. Leaves elliptic, ovate-oval, or obovate, thin, glabrous, acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, glaucous be- neath, 2-3 in. long, #-14 in. wide, slightly crenulate-serrulate ; cap- sule very narrow, acute. In swamps. Lab. to Man. south to Me., Mich., and Minn. g. Salix missouriénsis Bebb. Missouri Willow. A tree with small, appressed scales on the thin bark. Leaves lanceolate, or oblanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate with minute gland- tipped teeth, rounded or narrowed at the base, glabrous or nearly so when mature, pale and glaucous beneath, 23-5 in. long, 3-1 in. wide; capsule ovoid. Wood dark brown. On river banks and in moist places. The closely related S. cordata is a shrub with pale bracts and the leaves not whitish beneath. Mo., Kan., Neb., and lowa. 10. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. Sandbar Willow. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Inner bark orange; leaves sometimes lobed to beyond the middle; acorn ovoid, more or less longer than the cup. Q. velutina. Inner bark gray or reddish; leaves deeply lobed. 7. Leaves dull and paler beneath; acorn ovoid. Q. borealis. Leaves shining on both sides, lobed to near the mid-rib; acorn ovoid; cup 4 in. wide, more or less. QO. ellipsoidalis. Leaf-lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long; large trees. 9. Leaf-lobes triangular-ovate, short; shrubs or low trees. Q. nana. Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base, 3-5 lobed; lobes linear or lanceolate, often falcate. Q. digitata. Leaves cuneate or acute at the base, 5-ll-lobed; lobes triangular. QO. pagodaefolia. Leaves obovate-cuneate, brown-floccose beneath; cup deep, acorn ovoid. Q. marylandica. Leaves spatulate, glabrous on both sides; cup saucer-shaped, acorn globose-ovoid. Q. nigra. Leaves linear-oblong, green and glabrous on both sides. Q. phellos. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, tomentulose beneath. Q. imbricaria. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 13. Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed. 17. Mature leaves pale, or glaucous and glabrous below. 14. Mature leaves pubescent or tomentose below, lyrate-pinnatifid. 15. Bark separating in thin scales, light gray or light brown; cup shal- low; bracts thick and warty. OQ. alba. Bark furrowed and ridged, not scaly, dark gray or dark brown; cup hemispherical, with imbricated, appressed scales; cultivated in many varieties. Q. robur. Upper scales of the cup not awned. 16. Upper scales awned, forming a fringe around the acorn. QO. macro- carpa. Leaves yellowish-brown, tomentulose beneath; acorn ovoid. Q. minor. Leaves white-tomentulose beneath; acorn depressed-globose. QO lyrata. Fruit peduncled; teeth or shallow lobes of the leaves rounded. 18. Fruit sessile or nearly so; teeth or shallow lobes of the leaves acute. 20. Peduncle much longer than the petioles; leaves white-tomentulose beneath. Q. platanoides. Peduncle as long or shorter than the petioles; leaves gray-tomen- tulose beneath. 19. Bark white, flaky; seed sweet and edible; fruit short peduncled or sessile. Q. michauxii. Bark close; seed edible; petioles slender; peduncles equalling or shorter than the petioles. Q. prinus. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 139 20. Shrub or low tree, leaves obovate or oval; seed edible. Q. prinoides. DOae clballntieesauecile 21. Leaves mostly oblong to lanceolate; cup deep; bark close; seed edible. QO. acuminata. 21. Leaves obovate; cup shallow; bark more or less flaky. Q. alex- andert I. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. A large tree with dark gray bark, somewhat roughened. Leaves oval or somewhat obo- vate, 4-8 in. long, dull green above, paler beneath, lobes triangu- lar-lanceolate, tapering from a broad base to an acuminate apex; cup saucer-shaped, its base flat or slightly convex $-1 in. broad; acorn ovoid, 2-4 times as long as the cup. Autumn leaves pur- plish red. Wood very coarse-grained, reddish in color, porous, and not very durable; used in carpentry, cooperage, and for clapboards. The most rapid grower of all the oaks. An im- portant tree for tan-bark. Sprouts readily from stumps. N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Kan., Tex., and Ohiio. 2. Quercus palustris DuRoi. Pin Oak. A medium- sized tree with brown bark, rough when old, the lower branches deflexed. Leaves broadly oblong or obovate, deeply pinnatifid, brighter green and shining above, duller beneath, 23-5 in. long, the lobes oblong, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, divergent ; cup saucer-shaped, {-} in. broad, base flat; acorn subglobose or ovoid, 2-3 times as long as the cup. Wood coarse-grained, reddish, and not durable. In moist ground. Mass. to Ohio and Wis., Del. and Ark. 3. Quercus schnéckii Britt. Schneck’s Red Oak. A medium-sized tree with reddish-brown bark with broad ridges broken into plates. Leaves mostly obovate, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, 2-6 in. long, truncate or broadly wedge-shaped at the base, deeply pinnatifid; lobes oblong or tri- angular; cup saucer-shaped, $ inch broad more or less, acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup. Ind. to Iowa, Mo., Fla., and Lex 4. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. A tree with pale reddish or gray inner bark. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, glab- rous, bright green above, paler beneath, 4-8 in. long; cup hem- 140 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science ispheric or top-shaped, acorn ovoid, about twice as long as the cup. Autumn leaves red. In dry soil. Me. to Minn., Fla., Mo., and Ohio. 5. Quercus ellipsoidalis Hill. Oval-leaf Oak. A tall tree with gray, close, fissured bark, the innermost layer yellowish ; lowest branches drooping. Leaves oval to obovate-orbicular, 24-6 in. long, deeply 5-7-lobed, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base; cup turbinate, short-peduncled, acorn ellipsoid to sub- globose, $-? in. long, 1-2 times as long as the cup. Il., Mich., and Minn. 6. Quercus borealis Mx. f. Gray Oak. A large tree with leaves like those of Q. rubra and acorns like those of Q. coccinea. Leaves 7-13-lobed to the middle or somewhat beyond; cup turbi- nate, peduncled; acorn ovoid, I-2 times as long as the cup. Quebec to Ont., N. Y. and Penn. 7. Quercus velutina Lam. Quercitron Oak. A _ large tree of rapid growth with very dark brown outer bark, rough in ridges, and bright orange inner bark. Leaves firm, sometimes lobed to beyond the middle, brown-pubescent or sometimes stel- late-pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, the lobes broad, oblong or triangular-lanceolate; cup hemispheric or top- shaped, commonly narrowed into a short stalk; acorn ovoid, as long or longer than the cup. The inner bark (quercitron) yields a valuable dye; rich also in tannin. Wood hard, heavy, and strong but not tough. Sparingly self-prunes small twigs by means of basal joints. Me. to Minn., Fla., Neb., Tex., and Ohio. 8. Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Spanish Oak. A tree growing in dry soil. Leaves glabrous above, gray-tomentu- lose beneath, deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 linear or lanceolate lobes ; cup saucer-shaped with a turbinate base, about $ in. broad; acorn subglobose or depressed, about twice as high as the cup. Wood very hard and strong; used for cooperage. An important tan- bark oak. N. J. to Fla., Mo., Neb., and Tex. 9. Quercus pagodaefolia (EIl.) Ashe. Swamp Spanish Oak. ile Awk: sand: Tex: 4. Ulmus filva Mx. Slippery Elm. A medium-sized tree with rough grayish-brown fragrant bark and rough-pu- bescent twigs. Samara oval-orbicular, pubescent over the seed. Inner bark mucilaginous and medicinal. Wood hard and strong but splitting easily when dry. Along streams, on flood plains and on hills. Quebec to N. Dak., Fla., Tex., and Ohio. 146 =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 24. Planera Gmel. Planertree. Trees similar to the elms but with a nut-like fruit and the flowers expanding with the leaves. Bark of the trunk scaling off in plates. 1. Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Planertree. A small tree with nearly glabrous leaves growing in swamps and on wet banks. Ind. to Mo., Ky., N: Car., La., and Fila. 25. Céltis L. - Hackberry. Trees or shrubs with 2-ranked leaves and the pith dia- phragmed. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe. 1. Leaves sharply serrate; smooth or scabrous above: twigs glabrous, especially the fruiting ones, or pubescent. C. occidentalis. 1. Leaves entire or few-toothed, small. C. mississippiensis. 1. Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry. A medium-sized tree with rough bark. Commonly much distorted with “witches brooms.” Drupe sweet and edible. Self-prunes the fruiting twigs in winter. \Vood heavy, hard, strong, quite tough, greenish-white. In dry soil and on flood plains. Quebec to Man., La, N. Car., Mo., Kan., and Ohio. 2. Celtis mississippiénsis Bosc. Southern Hackberry. A medium-sized tree with light gray, rough bark. Usually in dry soil. N. Car., to Iil.; Mo,’ Kan., Fla., and Tex: Moraceae. Mulberry Family. 26. Morus L. Mulberry. Shrubs or trees with 2-ranked leaves and milky sap. Fruit aggregate, berry-like. 1. Leaves scabrous above, pubescent beneath. J/. rubra. 1. Leaves smooth and glabrous on both sides, or nearly so. M. alba. 1. Morus ribra L. Red Mulberry. A small tree with rough gray bark. Fruit dark purple-red, edible, delicious. \Vood rather heavy, hard, strong, and rather tough; very durable in con- tact with the ground, very valuable for posts; used for farm im- plements, in cooperage, “acid wood,” and ship building. In rich soil. Vt. and Ont., to Ohio and Mich., S. Dak., Fla, and Tex. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 147 2. Morus alba L. White Mulberry. A small rapid- growing tree with rough light gray bark and spreading branches. Fruit edible but usually rather insipid. Leaves used for feeding silk-worms. \Vood suitable for posts. Although growing best in rich moist soil, it does well in quite dry regions and should be much planted on the dry prairies, especially varieties with the better grade of berries. Introduced from the Old World. Me. and Ont., to Fla., Kan., and Ohio. 27. Toxylon Raf. Osage-orange. A tree with milky sap, sharp thorns, and entire leaves. Fruit a large spherical, greenish or yellowish syncarp. 1. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage-orange. A small thorny tree much planted for hedges. Wood very heavy, ex- ceedingly hard, and strong, but not tough, brownish-yellow ; val- uable for fence posts and fire wood, also used for wagon making. The thorns produce painful wounds. Horses acquire a strong liking for the young shoots ard eat them in large quantities with- out apparent ill effects. Mo. and Kan. to Tex. Escaped in Ohio and other eastern states. 28. Broussonétia L’Her. Paper-mulberry. Trees with 2-ranked leaves and milky sap. Drupes in a globular head. 1. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper-mulberry. A small, low-branching, large-headed tree with dark scarlet fruit which is sweet but insipid. Native of eastern Asia. In Japan and China the bark is made into paper. Escaped from cultiva- tion. N. Y. to Ga., and Mo. Order, PLATANALES. Hamamelidaceae. Witch-hazel Family. 29. Hamamélis L. Witch-hazel. Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves and bisporan- giate or imperfectly bisporangiate flowers. Fruit a 2-locular woody or cartilaginous capsule. 148 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 1. Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel. A shrub or small tree with 2-ranked leaves and stalked buds. Blooms in late autumn. In low ground and on banks. N. B. and N. S. to Minn., Mo., Fla., Tex., and Ohio. 30. Liquidambar L. Sweet-gum. Large trees with resinous, aromatic sap. Capsules in a dense spinose globular head. 1. Liquidambar styracifluaa L. Sweet-gum. A _ fine large tree with wide spreading branches, the twigs often covered with corky ridges. Leaves with a peculiar sweet fragrance when crushed.” Autumn leaves red, yellow, and brown. Wood valu- able, of medium weight, rather soft, strong, tough, and of fine texture, difficult to season. Sometimes used as a substitute for black walnut. Used for furniture, veneer, wooden plates, plaques, baskets, hat blocks and wagon hubs. In low ground. Conn., N. Y. and Ohio. to Fla., Ill., Mo., and Mex. Platanaceae. Planetree Family. a3. -Platanus. i. Elanetree. Large trees, the twigs with complete stipular rings and the axillary buds covered by the base of the petiole. Fruit in a spherical head composed of numerous nutlets. 1. Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. A very large tree, the largest in the northeastern United States, with whitish or green bark which peels off freely in thin plates; the largest trunks usually hollow. Autumn leaves brown. Wood rather hard, compact, coarse-grained, difficult to split, tough, and of a light-brown color; used for tobacco boxes, cooperage, cabinet- work, and finishing lumber. Along the banks of streams and in moist ground but grows well in ordinary mesophytic conditions. Me. to Ont. and Minn., Fla., Kan., Tex., and Ohio. Sub-class, CHORTPETALAE. Order, RANALES. . Magnoliaceae. Magnolia Family. 32. Magnolia L. Magnolia. Trees or shrubs with bitter aromatic bark, the twigs showing Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 149 complete stipular rings. Flowers bisporangiate, large, solitary. Buds covered with conduplicate sheathing stipules. Pith usually diaphragmed but solid. Fruit aggregate, cone-like. Leaves auriculate, glabrous. Leaf buds glabrous. MW. fraseri. Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, thin. Leaf buds silky pubes- cent. M. acuminata. 1. -Leaves acute at the base. 2. 2. Leaves light green beneath, 1-2 ft. long. Leaf buds glabrous. M. tripetala. 2. Leaves glaucous beneath, 3-6 in. long. Leaf buds pubescent. M. virginiana. 1. Magnolia fraseri Walt. Fraser Magnolia. . Prunus avium L. Sweet Cherry. A medium-sized tree with globose, black or dark red, sweet, edible drupes. Leaves ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, abruptly short-acuminate, irregu- larly serrate. Native of Europe. Ont. to Mass., Ohio and Va. 8. Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Red Cherry. A small tree with sour globose, red drupes. Leaves oval or lanceolate, Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 159 acute or acuminate, mainly rounded at the base, glabrous, serru- late. Leaves poisonous; kernels probably poisonous. In rocky woods. Newf. to Ga., west to Rocky Mts. Ohio. g. Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb Cherry. A small tree with pale smooth bark. Leaves ovate, abruptly acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, denticulate, glabrous, fra- grant. Drupes with thin flesh and slightly flattened stone. From Europe. Conn. to Ont., N. Y., to Ohio and Kan. 10. Prunus virginiana L. Choke Cherry. A shrub or small tree with gray bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oval, abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, ser- rulate with slender teeth, glabrous or nearly so. Drupe red to nearly black, sometimes yellow, very astringent, not edible. Leaves poisonous; kernels probably poisonous. Self-prunes leafy fruiting branches. Along river banks and in rocky places. Newf. to Man., Br. Col., Ga., Neb., Tex., Colo., and Ohio. 11. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. Western Choke Cherry. A shrub or small tree; drupe dark purple or black, glo- bose, sweet or somewhat astringent. Leaves similar to those of the preceding, thicker, acute or often obtusish at the apex, with shorter teeth. Probably poisonous like the last. On bluffs, and dry ground. N. Dak. to Kan., N. Mex., Br. Col., and Cal. 12. Prunus serétina Ehrh. Black Cherry. A large tree with rough, black, flaky bark ; drupe globose, dark-purple or black, sweet but slightly astringent. Leaves oval, oval-lanceolate, or ovate, acuminate or acute, serrate with appressed teeth. Leaves very poisonous to cattle, especially when half-wilted. Kernels very poisonous. Wood rather heavy, hard, strong, of fine tex- ture, of a brown or reddish color; much used in cabinet-work and interior finish, especially in cars and boats, also used in turnery. Self-prunes twigs by means of cleavage planes in basal joints. Ont. to Fla., N. Dak., Kan., Tex., and Ohio. 43. Amygdalus L. Peach. Trees or shrubs. Drupe in our species velvety with a deeply pitted stone. 1. Amygdalus pérsica L. Peach. A small tree with 160 = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science beautiful pink or white flowers and a large edible drupe. Leaves with prominent nectar glands on the petiole or at the base of the blade. Leaves and kernels bitter, poisonous. Native of Asia; abundantly escaped. Ohio. Fabaceae. Pea Family. Cassiatae. Senna Subfamily. 44; Cércis L. Redbud. Small trees or shrubs with simple, palmately veined, 2-ranked leaves. Fruit a flat bean. 1. Cercis canadénsis L. Redbud. A small tree with bright red-purple flowers before the leaves; fine for ornamental purposes. Wood hard and heavy, beautifully variegated. In rich soil. Easily cultivated. Ont. to Minn., Neb., N. J., Fla., Tex., and Ohio. 45. Gleditsia L. Honey-locust. Large usually thorny trees with evenly once or twice pinnate leaves and superposed buds. Fruit a bean. 1. Pod linear-oblong, many seeded, pulpy within; leaflets short stalked, oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at both ends, inequilateral at the base. G. triacanthos. 1. Pod obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy; leaflets thicker, darker green, usually larger, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, the margin more crenulate. G. aquatica. 1. Gleditsia triacanthos |. Honey-locust. A large tree of rapid growth, usually with stout branching or simple thorns and with rough bark. Used as a hedge plant. Autumn leaves pure vellow. Wood heavy, hard, strong, and tough; used for fencing, fuel and wagon hubs. Sprouts freely from the roots if disturbed by plowing. Grows well in dry or sandy soil. Ont. to S. Dak., Ohio, Ga., Kan., and Tex. 2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water Honey-locust. A tree growing in swamps. Ind. to Mo., S. Car., Fla., and-La. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 161 46. Gymnocladus Lam. UCoffee-bean. Trees with large evenly bipinnate leaves, superposed buds sunken in the epidermis, and large chocolate-colored pith. Fruit a woody bean. 1. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Coffee-bean. A large, slow-growing tree with rough bark and few branches. Bean short and thick, the greenish pulp within poisonous. The bruised leaves are used as a fly poison, and the seeds have been used as a substitute for coffee. Wood compact, heavy, hard, strong, tough, reddish in color, of coarse texture, and taking a good polish; used to some extent in cabinet-work. In rich soil. Ont to Ohio and Penn., Tenn., S. Dak., and Ok1. Papilionatae. Pea Subfamily. 47. Cladrastis Raf. Yellow-wood. Trees with odd pinnate leaves and showy, fragrant, white flowers. Axillary buds superposed, covered by the base of the petiole. Fruit a slender bean. 1. Cladrastis lutea (Mx.) Koch. American Yellow-wood. Trees with smooth bark, close like in the beech. Wood light- yellow. In rich soil; much planted. Ky., Mo., Tenn., and N. (Car: 48. Robinia L. Locust. Trees or shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves and usually with spiny stipules. Fruit a bean. 1. Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous or nearly so; flowers white. P. pseudacacia. 1. Twigs and petioles glandular: pods hispid; flowers pinkish. P. ViSCOSA. 1. Robinia pseudacacia L. Common Locust. A large slender tree with very rough bark, of rapid growth. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, valuable, and very durable in contact with the ground; used for posts, railroad ties, wagon hubs, furni- ture, and in ship building. All parts of the plant very poisonous. 162 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science It is troublesome from sprouting from the roots. Penn. and Ohio to Ga., lowa, Kan., and Okl. 2. Robinia viscdsa Vent. Clammy Locust. A small tree with rough bark. Underground parts somewhat poisonous. Va. to Ga. Also escaped in Middle and Eastern States. Ohio. Order, GERANIALES. Rutaceae. Rue Family. 49. Xanthoxylum L. Prickly-ash. Trees or shrubs with punctate, odd-pinnate leaves and usually with stipular spines. Capsule with 1-2 seeds. 1. Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly-ash. A prickly shrub or small tree with small flowers in sessile axillary cymes. Quebec to Va., S. Dak., Neb., Kan., and Ohio. 50, Ptélea LL.’ ‘Hoptree: Shrubs or small trees with bitter bark. Fruit a samara with a membranous wing. 1. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hoptree. A shrub or small tree with sunken superposed axillary buds covered by the petiole base. Bark and flowers with a disagreeable odor. Conn. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Kan., Tex., and Ohio. Simarubaceae. Ailanthus Family. 51. Ailanthus Desf. Ailanthus. Large trees with odd-pinnate leaves; branches robust with large brown pith. Samara linear or oblong, usually twisted. 1. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree-of-heaven.