SHRUBS
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TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE BRITISH ISLES
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USEFUL INSECTS,
1. Lace-wing Fly (Chrysopa (Nothochrysa) VULGARIS), ia. Eggs. ib. Larva.
2. Two-spot Lady-bird Beetle (COCCINELLA Bll’UNCTATA). 2A. Larva;, with one enlarged.
3. Seven-spot Lady-bird Beetle (COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA).
4. Spiny Fly (TACIIINA (ECHINOMYIA) GROSSA).
5. Spiny Fly (TACHINA (FABRICIA) FEROX). 5 A. Larva.
6. Hover Fly (Syrpiius (Catabo.mba) PYRASTRl). 6a. Larva;.
7. Hover Fly (Syrphus RIBESII).
8. Hornet (Vespa crabro).
9. Sun Beetle (PTEROSTICHUS VULGARIS).
10. Green Tiger Beetle (ClCINDELA CAMPESTRIS). ioa. Larva, in burrow.
1 1. Devil’s Coach-horse Beetle (OCYPUS OLENS).
12. Glow-worm Beetle (Male) (LAMPYRIS NOCTILUCA). I2A. Female.
13. Violet Ground Beetle (Carabus VIOLACEUS).
14. Bracon Fly (MlCROGASTER GLOMERATUS. 14A. Cocoons, spun by larvae emerged from
Caterpillar of Common Cabbage White Butterfly, with enlarged cocoon below, showing lid.
15. Ichneumon Fly (PlMPLA INSTIGATOR).
TREES & SHRUBS
OF THE
BRITISH ISLES
NATIVE & ACCLIMATISED
BY
C. S. COOPER, F.R.H.S.
AND
W. PERCIVAL WESTELL, F.L.S.
SIXTEEN FULL-PAGE COLOURED PLATES
AND
70 FULL-PAGE BLACK AND WHITE PLATES DRAWN DIRECT FROM NATURE
BY
C. F. NEWALL
VOL. II
LONDON
J. M. DENT & CO.
NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO.
MCMIX
“goo 5^
SCIENCE
q'QK
5 H-88 CL Z
CONTENTS
NATURAL ORDERS— PAGE
Rosaceae ( continued ) ............ 1
Saxifragaceas .............. 34
Hamamelideae ............. 42
Myrtaceae .............. 45
Passifloreae .............. 46
Araliaceae .............. 47
Cornaceae .............. 49
Caprifoliaceae .............. 53
Rubiaceae ............. 69
Oompositae .............. 70
Ericaceae ............. 73
Sfcyraceae .............. 97
Jasmineae .............. 99
Oleaceae ............... 101
Apocynaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Loganiaceae .............. 1 14
Solanaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Scrophularinere . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Bignoniaceae .............. 120
Yerbenaceae .............. 123
Labiatae . .............. 124
Laurineae .............. 126
Thymelaeaceae .............. 127
Elaeagnaceae .............. 130
Loranthaceae .............. 133
Euphorbiaceae . ............ 134
Urticaceae .............. 136
Platanaceae .............. 142
Juglandeae .............. 146
Myricaceae .............. 148
Cupuliferae .............. 149
Salicineae .............. 169
V
CONTENTS
NATURAL ORDERS ( continued ) — page
Empetraceae .............. 190
Liliacese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Gramineae .............. 195
Coniferae .............. 196
INDICES
INDEX OF NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES 241
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 246
INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES 251
COLOUR INDEX 259
vi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
COLOURED PLATES
USEFUL INSECTS ............ Frontispiece
JAPANESE ROSE (Rosa rugosa) ........ To face page 6
DOUBLE-FLOWERED JAPANESE APPLE or QUINCE (Cydonia
japonica, v. flore pleno) . . . . . . . . . j( 26
LILAC (Syringa vulgaris) „ 102
DWARF SALLOW (Salix repens) 170
ASPEN (Populus tremula) ^ 180
BUTCHER’S BROOM (Ruscus aculeatus) ^ ^ 192
YEW (Taxus baccata) .......... 200
BLACK AND WHITE PLATES
PLATE
XIX. DOG ROSE (Rosa canina) „ 3
XX. SWEET BRIAR (Rosa rubiginosa) 5
XXI. WHITE BEAM (Pyrus Aria) „ 8
XXII. ROWAN TREE or MOUNTAIN ASH (Pyrus Aucuparia) . ., „ 10
XXIII. MEDLAR (Pyrus germanica) 17
XXIV. HAWTHORN (Crataegus Oxyacantka) 20
XXV. SMALL-LEAVED COTONEASTER (Cotoneaster microphylla) ,, ,, 29
XXVI. MOCK ORANGE (SYRINGA) (Philadelphus coronarius) . „ ,, 32
XXVII. FLOWERING CURRANT (Ribes sanguineum) . 41
XXVIII. IVY (Hedera Helix) 44
XXIX. DOGWOOD (Cornus sanguinea) 49
XXX. VARIEGATED LAUREL (Aucuba japonica) . 50
XXXI. ELDER (Sambucus nigra) ....... M n 53
XXXII. WAYFARING TREE (Viburnum Lantana) ....„„ 56
XXXIII. GUELDER ROSE (Viburnum Opulus) „ 59
XXXIV. SNOWBALL TREE (Viburnum Opulu^ var. sterile) 60
XXXV. LAURUSTINUS (Viburnum Tinus) „ 6.3
vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE
XXXVI. SNOWBERRY (Sympkoricarpus racemosus) . . . .To face page
XXXVII. HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera Periclymenum)
XXXVIII. STRAWBERRY TREE (Arbutus Unedo) ....„„ XXXIX. BILBERRY ok WHORTLEBERRY (Vaccinium Myrtillus) . „ ,,
XL. LING or HEATHER (Calluna vulgaris)
XLI. PONTIC RHODODENDRON (Rhododendron ponticum) . ,, „
XLII. SNOWDROP TREE (Halesia tetraptera)
XLIII. WHITE JASMINE (Jasminum officinale)
XLIV. LILAC (Syringa vulgaris)
XLV. ASH (Fraxinus excelsior)
XLVI. PRIVET (Ligustrum vulgare)
XLVII. TEA TREE (Lycium halimifolium)
XLVIII. SWEET BAY (Laurus nobilis) „
XLIX. COMMON BOX (Buxus sempervirens)
L. COMMON ELM (Ulmus campestris)
LI. BLACK MULBERRY (Morus nigra) . . . „
LII. FIG (Ficus Carica) ...........
LIII. ORIENTAL PLANE (Platanus orientalis)
LIV. WHITE BIRCH (Betula alba) .... „ „
LV. ALDER (Alnus glutinosa)
LVI. HORNBEAM (Carpinus Betulus) „
LVII. HAZEL (Corylus Avellana) ....... }J „
LVIII. HOLM OAK or EVERGREEN OAK (Quercus Ilex) „ „
LIX. BRITISH OAK (Quercus robur, var. pedunculata) . . . „
LX. SWEET CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa) „
LXI. GREAT SALLOW (Salix Caprea)
LXII. CRACK WILLOW (Salix fragilis) „
LXIII. BLACK POPLAR (Populus nigra) „
LXIV. ADAM’S NEEDLE (Yucca gloriosa) „ „
LXV. YELLOW CYPRESS (Cypressus nootkatensis) .
LXVI. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR (Picea excelsa) ....„„ LXVII. LARCH (Larix eui’opaja)
LXVIII. SCOTCH PINE (Pinus sylvestris)
LXIX. TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 1)
LXX. TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 2)
viii
64
67
74
77
80
85
96
101
104
107
112
123
130
135
138
141
142
145
148
151
154
159
160
165
168
175
182
187
194
211
218
223
230
235
238
TREES AND SHRUBS
ROCKY MOUNTAIN BRAMBLE, Rubus deliciosus.
Gardens, lawns, walls. May, June. This very distinct and most beautiful Bramble has well been called the Queen of the genus. It delights in sunshine, making a handsome shrub in the open, but producing its handsome blossoms in greater profusion when on a wall. It is propagated by layers in late summer.
Flowers white, resembling Dog Rose, 2f ins. diam., solitary; Sepals ovate- oblong, with dilated acumination ; tomentose, shorter than petals ; Petals ovate, margins wavy ; Stamens numerous ; Ovary superior, carpels numerous ; Fruit an etserio of drupels, delicious flavour.
Leaves alternate, reniform-orbicular, resembling Currant, 3-5-lobed, wrinkled, finely serrated, acute, tomentose when young, If in. long, 1^ in. broad ; stipules persistent.
A deciduous shrub, 3-6 ft. erect, or 8 ft. against a wall ; Branches without prickles, tomentose.
Native of Rocky Mountains; discovered by Dr. James in 1822; introduced to Britain, 1870, by Mr. Anderson-Henry of Edinburgh.
BLACKBERRY, Rubus fruticosus.
Woods, hedges. July — September. A well-known fruiting shrub of the country-side, of which many varieties and hybrids are in cultivation. Pro- pagated by suckers and layers in October or November ; seeds sown in shady border as soon as ripe, or in shallow pans filled with sandy peat and leaf- mould in a cold frame
Flowers white or pink in terminal racemes ; lateral branches corymbose ; Calyx reflexed, 5-lobed, persistent ; Fruit an etierio of drupels, black or reddish-purple, without bloom, not readily separating from receptacle, sweet
or acid-sweet.
VOL. II.
A
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, 3-5 foliate, pinnate, very variable, leaflets ovate or obo- vate, petiolate, coarsely irregularly serrated, acute, glabrous and dark green above, white and downy beneath, midribs and petioles with small hooked prickles ; stipules subulate or linear, inserted short way up stalk ; leaves sub- persistent.
A deciduous shrub; Stems prickly, bristly, glandularly hirsute, or downy, sometimes sub-erect, often rooting from a callus at extremity, straggling, or prostrate, furrowed, aculeate; flowering stems biennial, or a few years old; Buds long, pointed ; scales imbricated, hairy.
Native of Britain. Irregular, spindle-shaped swellings on stems, 1-7 ins. long, produced by larvae of a Gall-fly ( Diastrophus rubi).
RASPBERRY, Rubus Idceus.
Woods, cultivated in gardens. Propagated by suckers and seeds. June — August.
Flozvers white, honeyed, in long pendulous panicled cymes, axillary and terminal, few-flowered ; Calyx somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed, inferior, per- sistent, lobes ovate-lanceolate, tips long ; Petals 5, short, linear-obovate ; Stamens indefinite ; Ovary superior, carpels several, distinct, styles many ; Fruit an etaerio of succulent 1 -seeded drupels, on a dry conical receptacle, forming a kind of granulated berry, usually separating from the receptacle when ripe ; red.
Leaves alternate, 3-5 foliate, often 3 in upper, 5 in lower, leaflets ovate or oblong, 3-5 ins. long, coarsely serrated, acute, light green above, downy beneath ; stipules small, subulate, often adnate half-way up stalk.
A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Stem shrubby, erect, terete, downy, sterile first year, bearing flowers and fruit in second, then dying; prickles straight and slender ; flowering shoots with curved prickles ; Suckei's freely produced.
Native of Britain.
Injurious Insects: — Blossoms, Buds, and Fruit — Raspberry Beetle (By turns tomentosus ); Leaves — Weevils (Otiorhynchus) ; Roots — Weevils (Otiorhynchus) ;
Garden Swift Moth ( Hepialus lupulinus).
2
■ -f.
DOG ROSE ( Rosa canina )
A. Flowering branch. B. Flower, with petals removed. C. Seed. I). Section of flower. E. Section of fruit. F. Fruit.
Plate XIX.
ROSACEA
NOOTKA SOUND RASPBERRY, Rubus nutkanus.
Gardens. Prefers a moist soil and partial shade. May — August.
Flowers white, large, 1-2 ins. diam., in a terminal corymbose cluster, few- flowered, 1-2 ins. broad ; Sepals cuspidate, appendage long and slender ; Fruit an etserio of drupels, red, hemispherical.
Leaves alternate, 3-5-lobed, resembling Vine, 3 lobes nearly equal, broad, coarsely and unequally serrated, acute.
A deciduous shrub, 1-10 ft. ; Stems flexuous, glandularly hirsute ; sends up annual shoots like Raspberry.
Introduced from N.W. America, 1826 ; discovered by Douglas growing wild from North California to Nootka Sound. Known in America as Salmon Berry.
PURPLE-FLOWERED RASPBERRY, Rubus odoratus.
Gardens and shrubberies. June — August. Thrives best in partial shade. A handsome shrub of very robust growth. Old flowering stems should be cut away in December. Propagate by layers and seeds.
Flowers purple-red, showy, 2 ins. diam., in a corymbose cluster ; peduncles many-flowered, bracts membranous ; Calyx lobes with narrow appendage ; Petals 5, rounded, broad ; Fruit an etserio of drupels, reddish-yellow or amber, flat, broad, velvety, seldom ripening in England.
Leaves alternate, palmately 3-5-lobed, sometimes 6 ins. diam., lobes minutely serrated, acute, glabrous above, viscid beneath, sweet scented ; larger ones on long viscid petioles, those near ends of shoots nearly sessile and 3-lobed.
A deciduous shrub, 3-8 ft. ; Stem glandularly hirsute, without prickles, erect ; suckers freely produced ; Buds ovoid, scales hirsute.
Introduced from N. America, 1739. Called Flowering Raspberry in U.S.A. ; in England also known as Virginian Raspberry and Scented Bramble.
3
A 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
JAPANESE WINEBERRY, Rubiis phcenicolasius.
Gardens, rockeries. A handsome straggling Bramble of vigorous growth, well suited for low fences or bold rockwork. It has large handsome foliage, and its somewhat unique blossoms are followed by large scarlet fruits, which are very sweet and juicy. June, July.
Flowers pale pink or whitish, inconspicuous in a terminal raceme ; Calyx l|-2 ins. diam., covered with reddish glandular hairs ; Petals minute, erect ; Fruit an etaerio of some forty ellipsoid drupels ; scarlet, ovoid-oblong, f in. long, edible.
Leaves alternate, 5-7 ins. long, upper ones simple, others pinnately trifoliate, leaflets crenate, white tomentum beneath, glandularly hirsute.
A deciduous shrub , 10 ft. ; sub-scandent ; Stems covered with stiff, long, red- purple glandular hairs and prickles.
Introduced from Japan, 1877.
SALMON BERRY, Rubus spectabilis.
Gardens. April, May.
Flowers purple, large, fragrant, peduncles solitary or in pairs, 1-2 flowered, drooping ; Sepals hairy at base, shorter than petals ; Fruit an eta^rio of drupels, yellow or red, ovoid, acid, ripe in June or July.
Leaves alternate, trifoliate, lateral leaflets distant from terminal, often deeply 2-lobed, ovate, serrate, acuminate, membranous, nearly glabrous, downy when young.
A deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft. ; Stems erect, terete, unarmed or with deciduous prickles, flexuose, thin ; Suckers freely produced.
Native of California; introduced from N. America by Douglas, 1827.
SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL, Potentilla fruticosci.
Rocky banks, gardens. June — August. Thrives in fairly light, loamy soil,
with plenty of moisture at roots. A charming small shrub, bearing a profusion
of bright golden-yellow blossoms. Seeds are sown in shallow pans or boxes
4
Plate XX.
ROSACEA
of light sandy soil in gentle heat in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May or June, or in partially shaded border outdoors in April.
Flcnvei's golden-yellow, 1-1£ in. diam., in a few flowered terminal sub- corymbose cyme ; Calyx inferior, 5-lobed, lobes ovate-lanceolate, valvate in bud, persistent ; Epicalyx of 5 lanceolate bracteoles, longer than sepals ; Petals 5, orbicular ; Stamens numerous, perigynous ; Ovary superior, carpels many ; Fruit an etasrio of achenes, hairy, on hispid receptacle.
Leaves alternate, petiolate, sub-digitately pinnate, leaflets 3-5, oblong or lanceolate, in. long, entire, revolute, glabrous above, silky when young ; stipules narrow, thin, entire, adnate to petiole.
A deciduous erect shrub , 2-4 ft. ; or spreading undershrub, much branched ; Bark flaking.
Native of N. England, and Clare and Galway in Ireland. Generic name from L. potens, entis, powerful, from the medicinal effects ascribed to some of the genus; specific name fruticosa — shrubby ; L. f rut ex, -icis, a shrub or bush.
FIELD ROSE, Rosa arvensis.
Hedges and thickets ; gardens. June, July. The Ayrshire Roses of gardens are the offspring of this native species. They are extremely hardy, of rapid growth, useful for poor soils, and of great value for covering rough buildings, ugly fences, trunks of trees, banks and mounds. They require but little pruning or training, but should have all dead wood cut out in February or March.
Flowers white, scentless, in a 1-6 flowered corymb, or rarely solitary, peduncle setose ; Calyx-tube globoid, glabrous, sepals purple, short, broad, naked at back, slightly pinnate, reflexed, deciduous ; Styles glabrous, united into an exserted column ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, sub-globose, small, naked, sessile, or stalked ; disk convex, much thickened.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, eglandular, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, glaucous beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 2-6 ft. ; Stem arched or trailing ; Branches purple,
glaucous ; prickles strong, often large, equal, hooked ; Buds ovoid, glabrous.
5
TREES AND SHRUBS
Native of England and Ireland, rare in Scotland. Known as Ayrshire Rose. Syn. R. repens .
DOG ROSE, Rosa canina.
Hedges, thickets, gardens. Useful for covering unsightly fences or walls. It is a valuable stock for grafting purposes. June, July.
Flowers pink or white, usually fragrant, solitary or 3-4 in a corymb ; Sepals 5, pinnate, reflexed, tube persistent, lobes imbricate in bud ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous, inserted on the disk ; Carpels many, sunk in calyx- tube, styles distinct, hirsute, stigma thickened ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, ovoid or sub-globose, scarlet-crimson, polished, cavity hairy, containing 20-25 achenes (“stones”), each angular, yellowish, hairy, flesh-orange, sepals deciduous, bracts persistent.
Reaves alternate, leaflets 5-7, ovate, acute, serrate or biserrate, eglandular, glabrous beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 3-6 ft. ; Branches arching, prickles falcate or equal, hooked ; Rootstock woody, suckers often produced ; Buds flattened, scales green, tipped with red.
Native of Britain. Hooker says, “ In its common form this is the largest and freest growing of British roses, and may be distinguished from R. spinosis- sima by the hooked prickles and habit, from R. pilosa by being more glabrous, from R. rubiginosa by being eglandular, and from R. arvensis by the free styles.”
Insects injurious to Roses, wild and cultivated : — Flower's — Rosechafer ( Centonia aurata ), Garden Chafer ( Phyllopertha horticola), Brown Weevil ( Otiorhynchus sulcatus ); Leaves and Shoots — Green Fly ( Siphonophora rosce). Leaf-cutter Bee ( Megachile centuncularis), Banded Saw-fly ( Emphytus cinctus ), Leaf-rolling Saw-fly ( Lyda inanita), many other Saw-fly larvae, including the Genera Friocarnpa, Blemnocampa, and Hylotoma ; among Moth larvae are the Lackey Moth (Bornbyw ncustria ), Vapour Moth ( Orgyia antiqua ), Winter
Moth ( Cheimatobia brumata), and several Tortricina and Tineina.
6
JAPANESE ROSE.
(Rosa rittpsa )
ROSACEA
The most common Gall is the Rose Bedeguar or Robin’s pin-cushion, produced by the larva? of a Gall-gnat ( Rhodites 7'osce) ; other species of the same genus produce Pea-like Galls on the foliage, especially of wild roses.
MUSK ROSE, Rosa moschata.
Gardens. July, August. A fine climbing species with clusters of large single flowers having a very characteristic scent. Shoots should be shortened in April.
Flowers yellowish-white, very fragrant, 1^-2 ins. diam., in a compound terminal corymb, pubescent ; Calyx hoary pubescent, tube small, obovoid, lobes 2-3 times length of tube, glandularly serrate, often pinnatifid ; Petals orbicular-obovate ; Styles united into a hairy clavate column ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, globose or ovoid, ^ in. diam., dark-brown, crowned by base of deciduous calyx-lobes.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 2-6 ins. long, leaflets 3-9, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, acutely serrated, puberulous beneath.
A deciduous climbing shrub, 18-20 ft. ; Prickles scattered, stout, recurved.
Native of S. Europe, N. India, Afghanistan, and China; introduced 1590. Specific name from L. moschus, musk.
SWEET BRIAR, Rosa rubiginosa.
Chalky hills, gardens. A native Rose, justly prized for the delightful fragrance exhaled from the glands of its leaves. It is a good hedge plant. June, July.
Flowers pink, small, solitary or corymbose, 1-3 flowers, peduncles setose; Calyx pinnate, sub-persistent, densely glandular ; Styles free, hairy ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, sub-globose or oblong, glabrescent, or with few small prickles, disk small.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-7, small, oval or sub-orbicular,
round at base, acute or obtuse, biserrate, shining and glabrous or slightly
7
TREES AND SHRUBS
hairy above, glandular-pubescent beneath, fragrant, petiole glandular. Autumn tint purplish-brown.
A deciduous shrub , 5-6 ft. ; Branches sub-erect, slender ; prickles stout at base, curved or hooked, slender, scattered, mixed with glandular hairs and bristles, giving rusty appearance ; Buds ovoid, glabrous.
Native of Britain. Hooker says, “Best distinguished by its sub-erect habit and copious glandular pubescence, which gives out the strong sweet- briar odour.” Specific name = rusty-leaved (L. robigo or rubigo, - inis , rust). Known also as Eglantine. Syn. R. Eglanteria.
Leaves and shoots attacked by Green Fly ( Siphonophora ), Pea-like Galls produced by Rhodites cglantericc.
JAPANESE ROSE, Rosa rugosa.
Gardens. June. A very robust shrub, noteworthy for its handsome foliage, large single flowers, and fine orange-red, apple-like fruits. It makes a good hedge plant. Thin out shoots in April.
Flowers rosy-red, large, solitary, ebracteate ; peduncles with straight, short, scattered prickles ; Sepals lanceolate, entire, reflexed, hairy ; Petals emarginate ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, large and showy, 1 in. or more in diam., resembling apples, orange-red to deep red, depressed-globose, glabrous, pendulous ; persistent sepals, erect, foliaceous, lj in. long.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-9, obtuse, ovate, serrate, wrinkled.
A deciduous shrub, 4-6 ft. ; Branches slender, prickles very dense, straight, nearly equal.
Introduced from Japan, 1845.
SCOTCH ROSE, Rosa spinosissima.
Open places, especially sandy seashores ; gardens. May, June. A small- leaved, prickly little bush-rose, bearing a profusion of white blossoms. Thin out shoots in November.
8
WHITE BEAM (Pyrus Aria )
A. Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Flower, with petals removed. D. Flower. E. Transverse section of fruit. F. Longitudinal section of fruit.
Plate XXI.
ROSACEA
Flowers white or pink, 1-1^ in. diam., solitary or in corymbs of rarely more than 3 ; Calyx-tube usually glabrous, globoid, sepals simple, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, eglandular ; Styles free; Fruit a cynarrhodium, globose, glabrous, purple to black, disk very small.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 7-9, small, rounded, serrate, glabrous above, eglandular.
A deciduous shrub, 1-4 ft. ; Branches short, erect ; Twigs rounded, setigerous ; prickles crowded, unequal, subulate, expanded at base.
Native of Britain. Also called Burnet Rose. Red galls in leaves and other young parts formed by a mite ( Rhodites spinosissimce).
DOWNY ROSE, Rosa villosa.
Hedges and thickets. June, July.
Flowers rose, solitary or in small terminal corymbs ; Calyx-tube globose, sepals copiously pinnate, long, persistent, glandular hairs black ; Corolla often ciliate and glandular ; Styles free, slightly protruding from the mouth of calyx in a dense tuft ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, globoid, bright red, sepals erect, prickles small.
Leaves alternate, leaflets 5-7, oblong or elliptical, biserrate, downy above, eglandular, or nearly so beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 3-6 ft. ; Branches erect, or elongate and arching, rigid, slender, prickles scattered, nearly straight.
Native of Britain. Hooker says, “Chiefly distinguished from R. spinosissima by its larger size, equal prickles, fewer very downy leaflets, which are more constantly doubly serrate, and the more glandular fruit ; and from R. canina by the straight prickles, and globose, glandular fruit.”
WILLOW-LEAVED PEAR, Pyrus amygdaliformis.
Gardens, plantations. May.
Flowers white, in a lax corymb ; Fruit a pome, oval, small, woody, yellowish- green, pedicel short.
9
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, linear, acute, hoary on underside with silky, silvery hairs.
A deciduous tree, 15-20 ft. ; inclined to be pendulous.
Native of the Levant and Siberia. Syn. P. salicifolia.
WILD PEAR, Py rus communis.
Woods, hedgerows. The parent of our cultivated Pears, of which there are nearly 700 varieties. April, May.
Flowers white, 1-1 1 in. diam., in corymboid or racemose cymes of 6-10 on wood of previous year ; proterogynous, attracting flies ; Calyx-tube (receptacle) adhering to ovary, becoming fleshy in fruit, limb 5-lobed, persistent ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous ; anthers purple, then black ; Ovary 5-celled, spuriously in- ferior by up-growth of receptacle, 3-5 styles, distinct ; Fruit a pome, pyriform, 2 ins. long, 5-celled, gritty, walls cartilaginous ; green till November, then turning yellow.
Leaves alternate, on shoots, fascicled on previous year’s wood, ovate or obovate, petiolate, obtusely serrated, acute, glabrous, slightly downy in young stage, 1-1^ in. long. Autumn tint yellow, dead leaves black.
A deciduous tree, 20-60 ft. ; somewhat pyramidal ; Twigs drooping, some- times ending in a spine ; Bark rough ; Divarf shoots sometimes thorny ; Buds glabrous, brown ; Wood fine-grained, strong, reddish tinge ; used for instruments and small cabinet and turnery work.
Native of Britain.
Name Pear from A.S. peru, pere ; L. pirum , a pear.
Insects injurious to Pears : — Bark — American Blight ( Schizoneura lanigera), Fruit-tree Bark Beetle ( Scolytus rugulosus ), Mussel Scale ( Mitilaspis pom- orum) ; Blossom and Fruit — Pear Gnat Midge ( Diplosis pyrivora), Apple Blossom Weevil ( Anthonomus pomorum) ; Leaves — Apple Aphis ( Aphis mall). Pear Leaf-blister Mite ( Phytoptus pyri), Leaf Weevils ( Phyllobius ), Cherry and Pear Saw-fly ( Selandria atra), Lackey Moth ( Bombyx neustria), Mottled
Umber Moth ( Hybernia dcfoliaria), Winter Moth ( Cheimatobia brumata);
10
Plate XXII.
ROWAN-TREE, or MOUNTAIN ASH (Pyrus Aucuparia )
A. Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Single flower, enlarged. D. Flower, after removal of petals.
E. Transverse section of fruit.
ROSACEA
Wood, — Goat Moth ( Cossus ligniperda, Trypanus cossus ), Wood Leopard Moth (Zeuzera cesculi, Z. pryina).
Fungoid Pests: — Pear-leaf Cluster-cups ( Roestelia cancellatia), Pear-leaf Blister ( Exoascus bullatus), Apricot Brown Rot ( Monilia fructigcna).
SIBERIAN CRAB, Pyrus baccata.
Gardens, lawns. April, May. A handsome tree when in flower, which few can surpass for beauty, and conspicuous in autumn when laden with its cherry- like fruits. It does best when grafted on the apple or pear.
Flowers white, in a sessile umbellate corymb ; pedicels long and slender ; Calyx lobes spreading, deciduous, lanceolate, equal to or longer than tube, cottony inside ; Petals with dark veins ; Styles 3-5, nearly free, woolly at base ; Fruit a pome, globose, sometimes pyriform, bright red or yellow tinged with red, about size of cherry ; used for jelly.
Leaves alternate, ovate, acute, serrated, glabrous, petioles of same length.
A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft.; dense, round-headed.
Native of Siberia, China, Japan, and Himalayas; introduced 1781.
SWEET-SCENTED AMERICAN CRAB, Py rus coronaria.
Gardens. May, June. A very beautiful and ornamental tree. The flowering species of Pyrus are propagated by cuttings 8-12 ins. long, inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in autumn ; layers in autumn ; budding on Pear or Quince in July ; grafting in March ; seeds sown in sandy soil in a sunny position outdoors in March.
Flowei's rosy, fragrant with the scent of Violets, 1-2 ins. diam., in lax corymbs, pedicels glabrous ; Calyx slightly pubescent, lobes acute ; Petals obovate, often serrate or dentate ; Styles woolly or tufted at base ; Fruit a pome, round, flat, 1-1 ^ in. diam. ; fragrant, grass-green, glossy, very acid.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate at base, angularly-lobed or serrated, glabrous,
appearing late in spring, more or less sub-evergreen in mild seasons, 13 ins.
11
TREES AND SHRUBS
long, 1-^-2^ ins. wide ; petioles slender, sometimes glandular ; stipules acumi- nate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft. ; Twigs tomentose, pubescent or glabrous, spiny, red-brown ; Bark red-brown, fissured ; Buds minute, obtuse ; scales red, scarious, ciliate ; TV iod soft, reddish.
Introduced from N. America, 1724. Syns. Crataegus coronaria, Malus cor on aria.
CORAL-BUD APPLE, Pijrus floribunda.
Gardens, lawns. April, May. This is one of the most ornamental of hardy flowering shrubs, its slender, green, arching branches being almost hidden beneath a wealth of crimson buds or soft rosy-white blossoms. It makes a handsome specimen when planted singly on a lawn. It is usually grafted on
Pyrus communis.
Flowers white, suffused with rose, in the bud stage a deep rich crimson, borne in cymose clusters, completely covering the shoots ; Calyx 5-lobed ; Petals 5, tapering and widely separated at base ; Stamens numerous, perigynous ; Ovary inferior, carpels 5 ; Fruit a pome, yellow, nearly spherical, about size of a pea, pedicel long.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, petiolate, stipulate, serrated, acumi- nate, 1-1^ in. long.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10-15 ft. ; Shoots long and flexible. Native of Japan. Considered by some to be a variety of P. spectabilis. Syn. Malus floribunda.
CRAB APPLE, Pyrus Malus.
Woods and hedges. May, June.
Flowers white, streaked with pink, 1^ in. diam., proterogynous, entomo-
philous, few, in a sessile umbel, 5-6 flowered ; Calyx-lobes broad, downy ; Styles
shortly united at base; Fruit a pome, 1 in. diam., sub-globose, indented at
base and apex, smooth, very acid, yellow or red, 5-celled. *
12
ROSACEA
Leaves alternate, and tufted on dwarf shoots, ovate-oblong, shortly petiolate, serrated, acuminate or cuspidate, glabrous above, generally downy beneath when young, 1-2 ins. long ; stipules subulate, downy, deciduous. Autumn tint brown.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches spreading when young, more drooping later, giving a rounded head ; trunk unsymmetrical ; Bark rugged ; Twigs round, shining, red-brown; Buds small, somewhat triangular; Wood hard, heavy, fine-grained, slightly brown, taking high polish.
Native of Britain. Syn. Mains communis. Name Apple from A.S. appel, apl.
Chief insects injurious to cultivated Apple : — Bark — American Blight (Schizoneura lanigera), Fruit-tree Bark Beetle ( Scolytus rugulosus ), Mussel Scale ( Mytilaspis pomorum ); Blossom and Fruit — Codlin Moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella), Apple Weevil ( Anthonomus pomorum ), Apple Sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea), Apple Chermes ( Psylla mali) ; Leaves — Apple Aphis ( Aphis mail). Garden Chafer ( Phyllopertha horticola), Lackey Moth ( Bombyx neustria). Winter Moth ( Cheimatobia hrumata), Small Ermine Moth ( Hyponomeuta padella) ; Wood — Goat Moth ( Cossus 'ligniperda, Trypanus cossus), Wood Leopard Moth ( Zeuzera cesculi, Z. pyrina).
Fungoid Pests: — Apple -leaf Spot (Sep tor ia pyricola), Apple-tree White Mould (Oidium farinosum), Apple-tree Canker ( Nectria ditissima), Apricot Brown Rot ( Monilia fructigena).
CHERRY CRAB, Pyrus prunifolia.
Gardens. April, May. When laden with its pinkish flower buds in spring this makes an ornamental tree, but is chiefly grown for the sake of its hand- some fruits, which are yellowish flushed with red, and of an agreeable flavour.
Flowers white, resembling Common Pear, in cymose clusters; peduncles pubescent ; Calyx-lobes persistent ; Styles woolly at base ; Fruit a pome, globose, yellowish and red, decaying like Medlar.
Leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, petioles long.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft.
Native of Siberia; introduced 1758. Syn. Malus prunifolia.
VOL. II. 13
IS
TREES AND SHRUBS
SHOWY CHINESE CRAB, Pyrus spectabilis.
Gardens, lawns, shrubberies. April, May. Pruning should be done December to February, cutting back previous year’s shoots to within 2 ins. of base, and leading shoots to 8-12 ins.
Flowers pale rose, semi-double, 2 ins. or more in diam., in a many- flowered, terminal, sessile umbel , buds deep red ; Calyx-tube glabrous ; Petals ovate, unguiculate ; Stamens numerous, sometimes over 40 ; Styles woolly at base; Fruit a pome, irregularly globose, greenish-yellow, pedicels long.
Leaves alternate, oval-oblong, acute, serrated, glabrous.
A deciduous tree , 20-30 ft. ; Branches crowded, erect when young, after- wards spreading and slender.
Native of China and Japan; introduced 1780. Specific name from L. spectabilis, worth seeing — specto, I look at.
WHITE BEAM, Pyrus Aria.
Woods, borders of forests, gardens. Common on chalky soils. May, June. The group Aria, which includes the present species and the Wild Service, is distinguished by broadly ovate or oval leaves, and flattened corymbs of white blossoms.
Flowei's white, ^ in. diam., in a loose corymb at the ends of short leafy branches ; inflorescence covered with soft, white cotton ; Calyx-tube adhering to carpels, becoming fleshy in fruit, lobes 5 ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous, anthers white ; Ovary becoming spuriously syncarpous and inferior ; Styles usually 3, sometimes 4, hairy at base ; Fruit a pome, sub-globose, in. diam., bright red dotted with brown points, ripe in September, orange flesh sharp and rough to taste, usually 3-celled, 2 seeds in each cell.
Leaves ovate or obovate, very variable, sometimes pinnately lobed, petiolate, coarsely and irregularly serrated, glabrous and shining green above, white and flocculent beneath, 2-6 ins. long. Autumn tints yellow, brown, orange- scarlet.
14
ROSACE7E
A deciduous pyramidal tree, 20-40 ft. ; or a low bush ; Branches slender, having an upward tendency, young shoots cottony ; Bark smooth, reddish- brown ; Twigs shining, red-olive-brown to grey ; Buds ovoid, scales green, margins brown, pubescent; Wood fine-grained, hard, white, inclining to yellow ; used for small cabinet and turnery work.
Indigenous throughout Britain ; several more or less cut-leaved forms are found in various parts of the British Isles, and are considered by some botanists to be species or sub-species.
WILD SERVICE, Pyrus Torminalis.
Woods, hedges ; will grow in dry situations ; prefers strong clay soil. April, May.
Flowers white, more numerous and smaller than P. Aria, in. diam., in a corymbose cyme, at ends of short leafy branches ; young inflorescence clothed with loose down ; Calyx pubescent, tube hemispherical, teeth triangular ; Anthers white ; Styles usually 2, united to above middle ; Fruit a pome, pyriform or sub-globose, greenish-brown, ^ in. diam., dotted with lenticels, juiceless, usually 2-celled, ripe in November, flesh becomes brown and almost friable after bletting by frost.
Leaves oblong-ovate or cordate, G-10 lobed, lobes triangular, acuminate, lower ones spreading, serrated, glabrous on both surfaces, 2-4 ins. long, 3 ins. broad, young leaves downy, underside bluish or grey, petioles slender. Autumn tint yellowish-brown.
A deciduous tree, 40-50 ft. ; growth slow ; Branches spreading, forming
large head ; Twigs sub-angular, reddish-brown, polished ; Bark smooth, grey ;
Buds globoid, obtuse ; scales broad, scalloped, bifid ; JFood fine-grained, red-
tinted, susceptible of high polish ; used for small cabinet and turnery work.
A native of Southern and Central England. Some specimens said to
be 1000 years old. Skeat says name Service is corruption of serves -
M.E. plural of serf or serve, the name of the fruit; A.S. syrf = fruit of
service tree — syrf-trcow, a service-tree — E. sorbus, the tree ; sorbum, its fruit.
15 B 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
NEPAL WHITE BEAM, Pyrus vestita.
Gardens. A handsome Indian species with long, silvery leaves. May, June.
Flotvers white, in a branched terminal corymb, woolly ; Calyx tomentose ; Petals woolly inside ; Styles 3-5, woolly at base ; Fruit a pome, globose, tubercled, glossy, ^ in. diam., greenish-brown, ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, ovate or elliptical, acutely crenated or coarsely serrated towards point, very woolly in young stage, glabrous when older, glossy green, sometimes 10-12 ins. long, petioles long. Autumn tint pale yellow.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches tomentose when young, glabrous later.
Native of Nepal; introduced 1820. Syns. P. erenata, lanata, nepalensis.
AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH, Pyrus amerieana
Gardens. June. The group, including the Mountain Ash and True Service, is characterised by pinnate foliage, flat corymbs of white blossoms, and showy fruits.
Flowers white, in a large terminal corymbose cyme, 3-6 ins. broad ; bracts and bracteoles minute ; Calyx 5-lobed ; Petals 5, spreading, short clawed, Stamens indefinite ; Ovary inferior, styles usually 3, distinct, stigma truncate ; Fruit a pome, globose, red, not larger than peas, very numerous, in large terminal corymbs.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 6-8 ins. long, leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, tapering at apex, sharply serrated with acute teeth, glabrous, shining above, slightly paler beneath, 1|~4 ins. long; petioles grooved, green or red; stipules nearly triangular, caducous. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 15-20 ft. ; erect, fastigiate ; Bark smooth ; Buds acute, scales vinous red, acuminate; JFood soft, light brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1782; native of Canada, Newfoundland,
and sub-Alpine prairies of northern United States
16
MEDLAR ( Pyrus germanica )
A. Flowering branch. B, Two of the stamens. C. Fruit. D. Section of flower.
Plate XXIII.
ROSACEA
MOUNTAIN ASH, Pyrus Aucuparia.
Woods, hillsides, gardens. May, June. This tree is especially handsome in early autumn when laden with its orange-scarlet berries. It is not parti- cular as to soil or aspect, and is therefore specially suitable for town gardens. Any necessary thinning of branches should be done December to February. Propagated by cuttings, layers, budding and grafting ; seeds sown in ordinary soil outdoors October or November.
Flowers cream-white, numerous, ^ in. diameter, proterogynous, in a corymbose cyme, 4-6 in. diam., at ends of short leafy branches, peduncles downy, dense-flowered ; Calyx downy ; Styles short, usually 8, almost glabrous and free from base ; Fi'uit a pome, small, i in. diameter, globose, orange- scarlet, flesh orange-yellow, ripe in September, usually 3-celled ; a favourite with Finches and Thrushes.
Leaves imparipinnate, petiolate, 5-8 ins. long, leaflets 11-19, linear-oblong, serrate, sub-acute, glabrous or nearly so above, pale beneath, hairy along midrib and nerves, glabrous when old or nearly so, 1-1* in. long. Autumn tints yellow, red, brown.
A deciduous tree, 30-50 ft. ; rapid in growth ; Branches with an upward tendency ; Bai'k smooth, grey, scarred horizontally ; Buds violet-black or grey, and downy ; Wood tough, elastic ; used for small cabinet and turnery work.
A native of Britain. Also known as Rowan Tree.
TRUE SERVICE TREE, Pyrus Sorbus.
Parks, Gardens. Requires deep, dry soil and shelter. May.
Flowers cream-white, larger than P. Aucuparia, in a corymb ; Calyx-lobes reflexed ; Ovary of 5 carpels, styles 5, often woolly ; Fruit a pome, apple- shaped or pyriform, 1 in. long ; greenish-brown, with rust-red spots ; very austere when unripe, somewhat resembling a medlar when mellowed by age.
17
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves imparipinnate, petiolate, leaflets 13-17, oblong, acuminate, serrated towards point, downy when young, becoming glabrous, paler beneath. Autumn tints yellow to purple-brown.
A deciduous tree, 30-60 ft ; Branches with an upward tendency ; Bark rugged ; Buds green and smooth, viscous, scales olive-green with brown border; Twigs stout, round, glabrous, olive-green to brown or grey; IFood reddish, close-grained, takes high polish ; said to be hardest and heaviest of European woods ; used for wright- work.
Not an indigenous species; thought by some to be a product of cultivation; Synonymous with P. domestica and Sorhus domestica.
RED CHOKE- BERRY, Pyrus arbutif olia.
Gardens. May, June.
Flowers white, or tinged with purple, in a few-flowered corymbose cyme, woolly ; Calyx tomentose ; Fruit a pome, pyriform or globular, small, dark red or purple, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, ovate or obovate, 1-3 ins. long, acute, finely serrated, petiolate, downy beneath. Autumn tints deep red and purple.
A deciduous shrub, 2-10 ft., twiggy.
Introduced from N. America, 1700 ; found throughout Canada and New- foundland. Also known as Arbutus-leaved Aronia. Syns. Aronia arbuti folia, Sorb us arbutif olia.
MEDLAR, Pyrus germanica.
Hedges, thickets, gardens. May, June.
Flowers white, 1J in. diam., solitary, sessile on short leafy branches, peduncle \ in. ; Calyx 5-lobed, divisions foliaceous, woolly, persistent ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous ; Ovary spuriously syncarpous and inferior ; styles usually
5, distinct, glabrous ; Fruit a pome, 1 in. diam. ; nearly globular or pyriform,
18
ROSACEA
large depressed area at top, surrounded by a hairy disk formed of persistent calyx lobes ; 5 bony cells slightly protruding, and readily separable ; ripe in October and November.
Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate or oblong, nearly sessile, finely serrated, sub-acute and slightly downy, especially beneath. Autumn tints yellow, orange, russet, and red.
A deciduous shrub, or small tree, 10-20 ft. ; Branches more or less thorny when wild, but losing thorns in cultivation.
Apparently wild in several localities in southern England, but probably only escapes from cultivation. “Fruit called medics ; M.E. medler, the tree, also called medle-tree ; O.F. mesle, a medlar (whence mcslier, the tree) ; L. mespilum ; Gr. mespilon, a medlar ” (Skeat). Syn. Mespilus germanica.
JAPANESE QUINCE, Cydonia japonica.
Gardens, walls, fences. March, onwards through greater part of year. This handsome shrub is easy of culture, doing well in good garden soil, but thriving best in that of a rich, moist, loamy character. It does well on a south wall, and makes one of the loveliest hedges. The fruit should be gathered in October, and stored in a cool room till yellow. Propagated by cuttings of the year’s shoots with portion of old wood attached ; inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in October; layering of shoots in October or November; seeds sown outdoors in November. It may be transplanted in early autumn, and the suckers used for propagation.
Blowers deep scarlet, solitary, or cymosc clusters of 2-3 ; Calyx glabrous ; lobes short, obtuse, entire; Fruit a pome, 5-celled, 1£ in. long, 1} in. diam. ; yellow, spotted, about GO seeds ; an excellent preserve.
Leaves alternate, simple, oval, somewhat cuneate, crenated, glabrous both surfaces ; stipules reniform, serrated.
A deciduous shrub, 5-8 ft. ; Twigs brown.
Introduced from Japan, 1815. Syns. Malus japonica, Pyrus japonica.
Specimen at Aldenham, Herts, 22 ft. through, 8 ft. high, 60-70 years old.
19
TREES AND SHRUBS
MAULE’S QUINCE, Cydonici Maulei.
Gardens, walls. April.
Flowers bright red, 1 in. diam., in dense cymose clusters ; Fruit a pome, about size of small Apples, bright gold, suffused with red, very abundant, fragrant, very acid ; an excellent conserve.
Leaves resembling P. japonica, but smaller ; crenate-dentate, petioles long.
A deciduous shrub, 3-4 ft. ; Branches slender, spreading ; Twigs brown. Introduced from Japan, 1874. Syn. Pyrus Maulei.
COMMON QUINCE, Cydonia vulgaris.
Gardens, orchards. May, June.
Flowers white or pale red, in a few-flowered umbellate cyme; pedicels downy ; Calyx downy, lobes leafy, glandular-serrate, longer than tube ; Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, connate at base, woolly ; Fruit a pome, varying in shape, oblong, ovate or obovate, 2 ins. long, l-£- in. diam., fragrant, acid, astringent, 5-celled, cells cartilaginous, many seeded ; ripe in October ; used for preserves.
Leaves alternate, ovate, blunt at base, entire, acute, tomentose beneath ; petioles short ; stipules oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate.
A deciduous tree, 20 ft. ; Branches spreading, contorted ; branchlets tomentose.
Native of Asia; naturalised in S. Europe. Specific name from Kydon, in Crete, where tree has long been plentiful. Syn. Pyrus Cydonia.
Injurious Insects: — Bark — Fruit-tree Bark Beetle ( Scolytus rugulosus)'. Fruit — Codlin Moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella) ; Leaves — Large Tortoiseshell Butterfly ( Vanessa polychloros).
SCARLET THORN, Cratcegus coccinea.
Parks, gardens. April, May. This fine oramental species does best in
good loamy soil, and then forms a vigorous growing tree amply furnished
with bright green foliage and large flattened corymbs of white blossoms.
20
HAWTHORN ( Cratcegus Oxyacantlia)
A. Flowering branch. D. Flower, with petals removed. C. Fruit. D. Section of fruit.
Plate XXIV.
ROSACEA
The various species of Crataegus , popularly known as Thorns, are pro- pagated by grafting on the Hawthorn in March, or budding in July ; seeds (berries) are stored in sand for a year before sowing, being then put in the open garden in November, transplanting largest seedlings in the following October, and the remainder the next year.
Flowers white, f in. diam. ; in a many-flowered loose corymb; pedicels slender ; villose or tomentose ; Calyx-tube hairy, lobes acute, glandular serrate ; Petals orbicular ; Stamens 10, anthers pale yellow ; Ovary inserted at bottom of calyx-tube ; styles 3-4 ; Fruit a pome, sub-globose, ^ in. diam. ; scarlet, dark dots, calyx enlarged, lobes bright red ; flesh yellow, dry ; nutlets 3-4.
Leaves alternate, elliptical or obovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate and entire at base, finely serrate and glandular above, several acute lateral lobes, coriaceous, dark green, smooth and lustrous upper surface, paler below, 1^—2 ins. long, 1-1^ in. wide; petioles glandular. Autumn tints yellow and yellowish-scarlet .
A deciduous bushy-headed tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches stout, ascending ; branchlets slender, glabrous; spines stout, straight or curved, 1-1 ^ in. long; Bark red-brown, scaly; JFood hard, reddish-brown.
Introduced from U.S.A., 1G83. Syn. Mespilus coccinca (Marsh).
WASHINGTON THORN, Crataegus cordata.
Parks, gardens. This, the latest flowering of the Thorns, makes a small tree, rather compact and regular in outline, well clothed with dark shining green leaves, and bearing dense clusters of white blossoms. May, June.
Flowers white, in a compact many-flowered terminal corymb, glabrous, pedicels slender ; Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes short, nearly triangular, ciliate, pubescent inner surface ; Stamens 20, anthers rose ; Styles 2-5, tufts of hairs at base ; F ruit a pome, small, depressed globose, scarlet ; calyx deciduous, nutlets 3-5 ; ripe in September or October, persisting through winter.
Leaves alternate, broadly ovate or triangular, truncate, rounded or cordate
and entire at base, acute or acuminate at apex, coarsely glandular serrate, 3-lobed
21
TREES AND SHRUBS
or more, thin, dark shining green above, pale below, li_2 ins. long, 1-1J in. wide ; petioles |-1£ in. long, terete. Autumn tints bright scarlet and orange.
A deciduous tree, 10-30 ft.; or bushy shrub; Branches slender; branchlets glabrous, grey, or red-brown ; spines 1^—2 ins. long ; Wood hard, reddish-brown. Introduced from U.S.A., 1738.
COCKSPUR THORN, Crataegus Crus -gall i.
Parks, gardens, lawns. May, June. Given sufficient space, as on a lawn, this forms a shapely tree with wide spreading branches, well armed with sharp spines, and clothed with shining foliage. The autumn tints are brilliant, and the large red fruits hang on the branches throughout the winter without diminution of brightness.
Flowers white, tinged with red, in a many-flowered glabrous corymb ; pedicels slender ; Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or glan- dular serrate; Stamens 10, anthers rose; Styles usually 2, tufts of pale hairs at base. Fruit a pome, oblong to sub-globose, in. long, deep red, flesh dry and mealy ; nutlets usually 2 ; ripe in October, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, obovate, cuneate and entire at base, acute or rounded at apex, serrate, usually glandular teeth, thick, coriaceous, glabrous, dark shining green above, pale below, 1-4 ins. long, 1 in. wide, nearly sessile. Autumn tints bright orange, scarlet, red and bronze.
A deciduous tree, 10-30 ft. ; Branches stout, spreading, rigid ; branchlets light grey or brown ; spines sharp, 3-4 ins. long, on trunks and large branches 6-8 ins., with lateral spines ; JFood hard, satiny, reddish-brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1691. Also called Newcastle Thorn. There are several varieties in cultivation.
DOUGLAS’S THORN, Crataegus Douglasii.
Parks, gardens. May.
Flowers white in. diam., in a broad many-flowered corymb, glabrous;
Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes acute or acuminate, glandular serrate, hairy on inner
22
ROSACEA
surface; Stamens 20, anthers yellow; Styles 2-5, tufts of hair at base; Fruit a pome, oblong, truncate at apex, £ in. long, black or dark purple; calyx deciduous ; flesh thick, yellow ; nutlets 3-5 ; ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, ovate to obovate, cuneate and entire at base, glandular serrate, acute, lobed, subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler beneath, 1-2 ins. long, ^-1^ ins. wide ; petioles glandular.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. or shrub ; Branches ascending, spreading ; branchlets slender, rigid, glabrous, bright red, shining; spines bright red or brown to grey, f-1 in. long, rigid.
Introduced from Western N. America, 1827.
RED HAW, Crataegus mollis.
Parks, gardens. May. “ The large flowers and brilliant scarlet fruits of this tree make it very ornamental in spring and early autumn, and when young the intricate branches, covered with lustrous chestnut-brown bark, render it interesting in winter.”
Flowers white, 1 in. diam., in a many-flowered compound corymb, tomentose, bracteate and bracteolate ; pedicels stout ; Calyx-tube hoary-tomentose, lobes narrow, acuminate, glandular-serrate ; Petals with small red mark at base ; Stamens 20, anthers large, yellow ; Styles 4-5, hoary-tomentose at base ; Fruit a pome, oblong to sub-globose, pubescent, f-1 in. diam. ; scarlet with black dots ; flesh thick, yellow, mealy ; nutlets 4-5 ; ripe August- September.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate or rounded at base, acute, glandular- serrate, 4-5-lobed, thick, Arm, dark yellow-green, paler and pubescent on lower surface ; 3-4 ins. long and broad ; petioles terete, often glandular ; stipules lunate, serrate. Autumn tints yellow, orange and scarlet.
A deciduous tree, 15 ft., spreading head; Branches smooth; Twigs pubescent; Bark ashy grey; Spines straight, 1-2 ins. long; JCood hard, light reddish-brown.
Native of U.S.A. Syn. Mespilus coccinea (Schmidt).
23
TREES AND SHRUBS
EASTERN THORN, Crataegus orientalis.
Parks, gardens. May, June.
Flowers white, fragrant, corymbose; Fruit a pome, globose, yellowish- red or purple, 5-cornered.
Leaves alternate, 3-lobed, lobes ovate, deeply toothed at apex, middle lobe trifid, pubescent, stipules broad.
A deciduous tree , 15 ft. ; flat-headed ; Branches with hoary tomentum.
Introduced from the Levant, 1810. Syn. Mespilus Aronia (Willd).
HAWTHORN, Crataegus Oxyacantha .
Woods, hedges, gardens. May, June. “Our hedges in May can boast no ornament at all comparable to the Hawthorn, whose blossoms, by their exquisite fragrance, their snowy beauty, and their early blooming, render it the universal favourite among our wild shrubs ; while poets have long sung the praises of the sweet May-blossom, identifying it even in name with the fair month of its birth.” The Glastonbury Thorn, which blossoms at mid- winter, is the variety prcecox, of the sub-genus monogyna.
Flowers white or pink, f in. diam., sweet-scented, attracting flies, protero- gynous, in a sessile corymbose cyme, on short leafy branches, pedicels glabrous, many-flowered ; Calyx glabrous or slightly downy, tube urceolate, segments acute ; Petals broad ; Stamens numerous, anthers pinkish-brown ; Ovary 1-3 carpels, styles 1-3 ; Fruit a small pome, globular or ovoid, crowned by small divisions of persistent calyx, dark red or sometimes yellow, mealy, insipid, containing a hard, bony 1-2-celled nut, each cell with a single seed.
Leaves obovate cuneiform, very variable, 3-5 segments, petiolate, obtuse, glabrous, shining, lobes serrated or entire, stipules leafy, \ sagittate, toothed. Autumn tints brown, orange, yellow, crimson.
A deciduous thorny shrub or small tree, 10-40 ft. ; Twigs red or brown,
forming a dense network ; Bark dull grey, smooth, tendency to flaking in
old trees ; Buds short, ovoid-pointed or conic, scales red-brown, smooth ; W ood
24
ROSACEA
hard and tough, used as a substitute for Box- wood in engraving, and for small turnery and cabinet-work.
Indigenous throughout British Isles ; makes a good hedge plant ; said to live perhaps 200 years. English name from A.S. hcege, a hedge, and thorn; Generic name from Gr. kratos , strength; specific name from Gr. oxys, sharp, and acantha, a thorn.
Injurious Insects: — Thorn Fly ( Aphis Cratcegi), Lackey Moth ( Bombyx neustria), Mottled Umber Moth ( Hybernia defoliaria), March Moth ( Anisop - teryoc cescularia ), Brown-tail Moth ( Porthesia chrysorrhcea), Ermine Moths ( Hyponomeutidce).
Fungoid Pests: — Hawthorn Powdery Mildew ( Podosphcera Oxyacanthce).
Gall consisting of a tuft of leaves at the summit of a shoot is produced by a Gall-gnat ( Cecidomyia cratcegi) allied to the Hessian-fly (C. destructor).
LARGE-FRUITED THORN, Crataegus punctata.
Parks, gardens. May.
Flowers white, f in. diam., in a many-flowered compound corymb, tomentose or villose ; Calyx-tube villose or tomentose, lobes narrow, acute, entire or glandular serrate ; Stamens 20, anthers rose or yellow ; Styles 5, tufts of white hairs at base ; Fruit a pome, oblong or sub-globose, ^—1 in. long, red, or sometimes yellow dotted, flesh thin and dry ; nutlets 5.
Leaves alternate, obovate, cuneate and entire at base, rounded or acute at apex, serrate, glabrous, thick, firm, grey-green, villose beneath, 2-3 ins. long, f— 1^ in. wide ; petioles stout, winged. Autumn tints orange and scarlet.
A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft. ; Branches stout, spreading, nearly at right angles ; Twigs light orange-brown or ashy-grey ; Spines slender, 2-3 ins. long.
Introduced from U.S.A., 1746.
VOL. II.
25
c
TREES AND SHRUBS
EVERGREEN THORN, Cratcegus Pyracantha.
Walls, gardens. May. This is one of the most showy of all evergreens in winter, and when covered with its large clusters of brilliant orange-scarlet berries, so beloved of birds, is well deserving of its name “Fire Thorn,” or the “ Buisson-ardent ” of our Gallic neighbours. Pruning should be done in February, cutting awray those shoots that have borne berries.
Floxvei'S white, in a dense corymbose cyme; Fruit a pome, globose, size of pea, orange-scarlet, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate, petiolate, stipulate, glabrous.
An evergreen wall-shrub , 20 ft. ; or dense bush, 10 ft.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1629. Syns. Mespilus Pyracantha, Cotoneaster Pyracantha, Pyracantha coccinea.
TANSY-LEAVED THORN, Cratcegus tanacetifolia.
Gardens. May, June. The large, much-divided leaves and the densely hairy twigs and fruits give this tree a character of its own.
Flowers white, fragrant, in a corymbose cyme ; Calyx-lobes acute, reflexed, hairy, much divided, epicalyx glandular ; Stamens small, brown ; Fruit a pome, § in. diam., globose, often 5-ribbed, greenish-yellow, hairy, 5 bony seeds.
Leaves alternate, deeply pinnatifid, lobes oblong, acute, glandular, serrate, downy on both surfaces, dark green above, lighter below, 2^ ins. long, li in. broad, petioles downy.
A deciduous tree, 12-30 ft. ; Twigs densely hairy ; Bark corky and flaking.
Introduced from the Levant, 1789.
SMALL-FRUITED COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster affinis.
Gardens. April, May. The Cotoneasters vary from large shrubs or small
trees to dwarf or prostrate bushes. All are useful for the shrubbery, and some
26
DOUBLE-FLOWERED JAPANESE APPLE OR QUINCE.
( Cydonia japonica , v, jlore pleno. )
ROSACEiE
are well adapted for covering walls or fences, or trailing over tree roots, rocks, or bare ground under trees. They are propagated by cuttings inserted in sandy soil outdoors in October ; layering of shoots in October ; grafting on the common species, or Quince or Hawthorn in March ; seeds sown outdoors in March.
Flowers white, in lateral corymbose cymes ; Calyx woolly, 5-lobed, persistent ; Petals 5 ; Stamens indefinite ; Ovaries 2-5, adnate at back to calyx-tube ; Fruit a drupe, small, spherical, bright red, 2-5 bony 1 -seeded stones ; ripe in September, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, ovate or obovate, attenuated at base, mucronate, ciliate, bright green above, woolly beneath, 3^-4 ins. long, 1^ in. broad, petioles woolly.
A sub-evergreen tree, 10-15 ft. ; Branches somewhat horizontal ; Twigs terete, red-brown ; lenticels well shown ; Buds acute.
Native of Lower Nepaul; introduced 1828. Specific name said to be given from close affinity to C. frigida, of which some regard it as a variety.
ROD COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster bacillaris.
Gardens. April, May.
Flowers white, ^ in. diam. ; in a short, many flowered, divaricate cyme, pilose ; Calyx segments 5, short, persistent ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous, Ovary inferior, carpels 2-5 ; Fruit a drupe, ^ in. long, in axillary cymes , on long slender pedicels, smooth, purplish-red, black or brown; 2-5 bony 1 -seeded stones.
Leaves alternate, ovate, obovate or oblong, lanceolate, tapering towards base, mucronate or obtuse, entire, ciliate, coriaceous, glabrous above, woolly or glabrescent beneath, 2^ ins. long, If in. broad ; petioles red, long, and slender ; stipules subulate, caducous.
A deciduous shrub, or small tree, sub-evergreen in mild seasons, 8-10 ft., spreading head ; Branchlets slender, twig-like, glabrous, red ; fCood white, strong, elastic.
Native of Nepaul ; known as Twig-branched Cotoneaster.
27 c 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
BOX-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotoneastcr buxifolia.
Gardens, walls. April, May. This is a vigorous and free-growing species, doing well in any garden soil, useful for the rock garden or for covering walls. Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in gentle heat, or outdoors in the following spring.
Flowers white ; in a compact, short, terminal cyme , at ends of short lateral shoots, 2-6 flowered, usually 5 ; tomentose ; Calyx tomentose ; Fruit a drupe, usually in fives, globular, smooth, deep crimson, ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, ovate or elliptical, entire, ciliated, acute, tapering towards base, downy on underside when young, glabrous when mature, l-£ in. long, f in. broad, petioles long. )
An evergreen shrub, 4-12 ft. ; twiggy, straggling.
Native of Neilgherry Mountains ; introduced 1824. Also called Box-leaved Rose-box.
ALPINE COTONEASTER, Cotoneastcr frigida.
Gardens. April, May. A very ornamental hardy shrub of robust growth.
Flowers snow-white, in a small, terminal, corymbose cyme, woolly ; Calyx woolly ; Fruit a drupe, small, spherical, bright red, borne in great profusion, ripe in September, persisting through great part of winter.
Leaves alternate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, tapering towards base, slightly crenulated, mucronate, coriaceous, glabrous above when mature, silvery tomentose beneath, 4-5 ins. long, 1| in. broad, dark shining green above, lighter below.
A sub-evergreen shrub or tree 15-20 ft., or more ; Brauchlets woolly when young, smooth later.
Native of Nepaul; introduced 1824.
28
SMALL-LEAVED COTONE ASTER ( Cotoneaster microphylla)
A. Flowering branch. B. Transverse section of fruit. C. Flower (longitudinal section). D. Flower. E. Fruit. P. Longitudinal section of fruit.
Plate XXV.
ROSACEA
Cotoneaster horizontalis.
Gardens, walls, rockeries. May, June. A very attractive and decorative species with dense branches growing in a horizontal position. It is almost sub-evergreen, the leaves being retained well on to winter. They are at first suffused with bronze, and then take on varying shades of red, those at the end of the shoots lasting the longest.
Flowers white or rose; Fruit a drupe, ovoid, scarlet, \ in. diam., 2-seeded.
Leaves alternate, or fascicled on dwarf shoots, ovate-oblong, acuminate, points recurved, entire, ciliate, glabrous and dark glossy green above, hoary beneath, ^ in. long ; petioles short. Autumn tint bright red.
A deciduous shrub, 2 ft., or 12 ft. on wall; Branches stout, very dense, horizontal, somewhat frond-like ; Twigs brown ; Bark scaly.
Native of Himalayas; introduced 1879.
COMMON COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster integerrima.
Great Orme’s Head. It is the only native species. May, June.
Flowers pink, small, ^ in. diam., solitary, on short downy peduncles, or 4-5-in short lateral cymes, on very short leafy branches, bracts minute ; Calyx gamo- sepalous, turbinate, 5-lobed, persistent, lobes obtuse, margins woolly ; Petals 5, small, persistent ; Stamens numerous, inserted in mouth of calyx ; Ovary inferior, carpels 2-5, styles usually 3, stigma truncate ; Fruit a false drupe, i in. diam., globose, shining red, pubescent, pendulous, 2-5 bony 1-seeded stones cohering only to sides of fleshy receptacle of calyx-tube ( hypanthium ).
Leaves alternate, broadly elliptical-oblong, ovate or orbicular, 1-2 ins. long, shortly petiolate, entire, rounded or acute, coriaceous, glabrous upper side ; short, dense, white cottony down beneath ; stipules scarious, deciduous, minute. Autumn tint brown.
A deciduous shrub, 1-2 ft. ; or 3-5 ft. under cultivation ; Branchlets ruddy, pubescent, tortuous.
29
TREES AND SHRUBS
Confined in wild state to Great Orme’s Head. U sualiy known as C. vulgaris. Used as a stock for grafting the dwarf species. Dr. Lindley says, Generic name signifies quince-like ; in Latin Quince was Cotonea ; and aster is a corruption of ad instcir or instar, “ according to the likeness of.”
LOOSE-FLOWERED COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster laxiflora. Gardens. April — June.
Flowers pink, in a loose forked many flowered panicled-cyme, pilose ; Calyx glabrous; Fruit a drupe, oblong, glabrous, black, with bluish tint; ripe in September. ^
Leaves alternate, oblong or ovate-elliptic, obtuse at both ends, or mucronate at apex, glabrous above, woolly beneath, 2 ins. long, li in. broad.
A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; straggling.
Native of N. Asia; found among rocks in Soungarian desert; introduced 1826.
SMALL-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster microphylla.
Gardens, walls. May, June. This is probably the best known species, and is well suited for rockwork, or as a standard on a Thorn, and will even do well on a north-east wall. Rambling over rocks, fences, or hanging over walls, it is particularly attractive in early summer, when its small white flowers are put forth in abundance, and in autumn it is made equally interesting by its brilliant red berries.
Flowers white, resembling Hawthorn, \ in. diam., solitary or 2-3 together, terminal on short lateral branches ; Fruit a drupe, globular, rather large, bright red, ripe in August, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, very variable, ovate, obovate, or oblong, cuneated, acute, obtuse, or retuse, margins recurved, coriaceous, glossy green and smooth on upper surface, pubescent or tomentose beneath, persistent, rigid, ^ in. long, i in. broad.
30
ROSACEA
An evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft., or 8-10 ft. on a wall, dense, spreading, some- what trailing ; Steins wiry.
Native of Nepaul; introduced 1824. Specific name from Gr. micros , little, and phyllon, a leaf.
MONEYWORT-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster Num-
mularia.
Gardens. April, May.
Flowers white, in an axillary cyme, 2-5 flowered, very short, woolly ; Calyx white, woolly ; Fruit a drupe, small, numerous, black, ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, orbicular or obovate, entire, flat, mucronate, somewhat emarginate, tomentose in young state, glabrous on upper side when older, distantly placed, If in. diam., petioles hairy when young.
A sub-evergreen shrub, or small tree, 10-15 ft. ; round-headed, spreading ; Branchlets slender, twiggy, hairy when young; Buds hairy.
Native of Kashmir, Nepaul, and Thibet; introduced 1824.
ROUND-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster rotundifolia.
Gardens. April, May.
Flowers white, solitary and terminal, on short lateral branches, subsessile ; backs of Petals often pinkish ; Fruit a drupe, oblong, glabrous, bright scarlet ; ripe in August, frequently persistent till March.
Leaves alternate, orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse or slightly mucronate, coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely hairy, and deep glossy green above, pilose beneath, somewhat sparse, in. long, \ in. diam.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft., dense ; Shoots spreading, rigid, distichous.
Introduced from Nepaul, 1825.
31
TREES AND SHRUBS
SIMON’S COTONE ASTER, Cotoneaster Simonsii.
Gardens. April — June. This is one of the most effective and charming shrubs in the autumn when the long slender branches are wreathed with orange-scarlet berries and the foliage is a glowing crimson. The plants are inclined to become “leggy” and bare at the base, but if cut down to the ground vigorous shoots will quickly spring up, and will be laden with berries in the second year.
Flowers white, deeply tinted with pink when young and in bud ; solitary and terminal, or in cymes of 2-4, on short lateral branches, nearly sessile ; Fruit a drupe, turbinate, abundant, orange-scarlet, ripe in September, per- sistent all winter.
Leaves alternate, ovate or rhombic-orbicular, acuminate, mucronate, ciliated, glabrous and dark green upper surface, silky beneath, f in. long. Autumn tint crimson.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 5-8 ft. as a standard, or 12 ft. on a wall ; young shoots hairy.
Native of Himalaya; introduced 1850.
SERVICE BERRY, Amelanchier alnifolia.
Gardens. This deciduous shrub is distinguished from the next species by its denser racemes of white blossoms, its larger fruits, and its dark green, broader and shorter leaves, the blades of which are toothed on the terminal half only. April, May.
Flowers white, in an erect, rather dense raceme, 1-1^ in. long, pedicels short, villose, bracteoles acute ; Calyx 5-partite, cup-shaped, persistent, tomentose to glabrous, lobes linear, acute ; Petals 5, oblong to obovate, rounded or acute, glabrous, i-l in. long ; Stamens about 20, in 3 rows, filaments subulate, anthers oblong ; Ovary inferior, adnate to calyx-tube, 5-celled ; Fruit a pome, sub- globose, 1 in. diam. ; dark blue to nearly black, glaucous bloom, sweet, juicy ; seeds 5-10, red-brown.
32
>
X
X
<1
S-
MOCK ORANGE (SYRINGA) ( Philadelphus coronarius)
Flowering branch. B. Flower with petals removed. C. Section of ovary (transverse). D. Pistil and part of calyx.
ROSACEA
Leaves alternate, resembling Alder, ovate or orbicular, usually obtuse, rounded or sub-cordate at base, entire below, coarsely serrated above, tomen- tose when young, afterwards glabrous, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, dark green above, paler beneath, 1-1| in. long; petioles slender; stipules linear, acute, red-brown.
A deciduous shrub, 8-15 ft. ; Branches spreading, slender, glabrous ; Bark light brown, tinged red ; Buds acute, chestnut-brown, glabrous.
Native of western parts of N. America (tree 20-40 ft.). Fruit largely eaten by Indians of S.W. America. Discovered in 1804; introduced from Oregon by David Douglas, 1826.
GRAPE PEAR, A melanchier canadensis.
Gardens. April. The nodding racemes of snow-white flowers, borne in profusion by even young specimens, make this one of the most beautiful and showy of spring-flowering trees. It may be grafted on the Quince or Hawthorn in March.
Blowers snow-white, appearing when leaves are one-third grown, in an erect or nodding raceme, 3-4 ins. long ; pedicels slender ; Calyx campanulate, lobes lanceolate, acute, villous inner surface ; Petals 5, ligulate or obovate, rounded or acute, thin, |-1 in. long, in. wide ; Fruit a pome, globose,
in. diam. ; bright red, becoming dark purple with glaucous bloom.
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, cordate at base, acute, serrated, thick, glabrous, dark green above, pale beneath, pilose when young, 3-4 ins. long, 1-1 £ in. wide, midrib prominent, petiole slender ; autumn tints deep golden yellow and brilliant crimson.
A deciduous tree, 40 ft. ; with bushy head ; Branches spreading ; Twigs slender, light green to dark red, becoming dark brown or reddish brown ; Bark red brown, longitudinal fissures, scaly ; Buds small, acute, scales chest- nut-brown, pubescent, ciliate ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown, tinged red.
Introduced from eastern parts of N. America, 1746; known also as June- Berry and Shad Bush.
33
TREES AND SHRUBS
Class 1 Dicotyledons
Division II Calyciflorce
Natural Order . . . Saxifragaceoe
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate or opposite leaves, usually exstipu- late ; Flowers regular ; Calyx of 4-5 sepals, free, or more or less adnate to the ovary ; Petals 4-5, perigynous or epigynous, sometimes wanting ; Stamens usually as many, or twice as many as sepals, perigynous or epigynous, anthers dorsifixed ; Ovary 1-4 celled, superior, or inferior, usually of 2 carpels, more or less connate at base, but diverging at the apex ; Fruit a capsule or berry.
All European plants with polypetalous flowers, and 2 divaricating many- seeded carpels belong to this Order.
COMMON HYDRANGEA, Hydrangea hortensis.
Gardens. April — September. Best in rich loamy soil ; requires protection during winter, except in warmer counties ; partial shade is beneficial. Cut out old wood in winter. Cuttings may be taken at almost any time with the aid of a little bottom heat.
Floxvers varying in colour according to soil. Fertile flowers few ; Inflorescence a large corymbose cyme ; sterile flowers consisting of much enlarged calyces ; Fruit a membranaceous capsule.
Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, acuminate, serrate, shining green.
A deciduous shrub, 2-5 ft.
Native of China, introduced 1790; Generic name from Gr. hydor, water, and aggeion, a vessel, a capsule, in allusion to the cup-shaped fruit ; Specific name from L. hortus, a garden.
Hydrangea paniculata.
Gardens. September, October. Prune rather severely in winter, and mulch with well-rotted manure.
Flowei's greenish white, nearly all perfect, in a terminal corymbose panicle ;
34
SAXIFRAGACEiE
sterile flowers few, on long pedicels ; peduncles white, downy ; Calyx superior, 5-toothed, white ; Petals 5, ovate, rose-tinted outside, especially in bud ; Stamens 10, perigynous ; Ovary half-inferior, styles 3, connate ; Fruit capsular.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acute, glandular-serrate, glabrous, paler on underside, veins prominent, pubescent.
A deciduous shrub, 4-6 ft. ; Branches terete, brown.
Introduced from Japan, 1874.
PLUMED HYDRANGEA, Hydrangea paniculata v. grandiflora.
Gardens. July — September. This magnificent variety is the finest form in cultivation. The flowers, after lasting for several weeks, die off* a rich reddish hue.
Flowers white. Fertile flowers small, star-shaped; Inflorescence a terminal, corymbose panicle, 1 ft. long ; small flowers intermixed with sterile ones, 1 in. or more in diam. ; Calyx superior, 5-toothed, white, teeth rose-coloured ; Petals 5, valvate, rose on outside ; Stamens 10, perigynous ; Ovary half-inferior, styles 3, stigmas sessile ; Fruit capsular.
Leaves opposite or in threes, ovate-oblong, acute, serrate, pubescent, 5-G ins. long, midrib prominent.
A deciduous shrub, 4-6 ft. ; Branches terete, brown ; old stems with scaly bark.
Introduced from Japan, 1874; there forms a tree 25 ft. high; discovered by Dr. Von Siebold.
HIMALAYAN SNOW-FLOWER, Dcutzia corymbosa.
Gardens. May. Best in a warm and sheltered position. All the Deut-
zias prefer a well-drained, rich and rather sandy soil, and respond to a
mulch of manure at times. They are propagated by cuttings of young shoots
3 ins. long inserted in sandy soil under a bell-glass in a cold frame in June
or July, or of firm shoots 10-12 ins. long in ordinary soil outdoors, November-
35
TREES AND SHRUBS
January; also by layers and division. Old wood should be cut out in June; but do not shorten young shoots.
Flowers white, in a trichotomous, corymbose 'panicle ; Calyx 5-partite, teeth ovate, shorter than tube, dotted ; Petals 5, obovate, nearly glabrous, imbri- cate, a in. long ; Stamens 10, filaments broadly winged ; Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled, placentation axile, styles 3-5, filiform; Fruit a capsule, separating into 3-5 cocci.
Leaves opposite, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, scabrous with stellate hairs, underside green.
A deciduous shi'ub, 5 ft. ; Branches opposite ; Bark peeling in long thin shining rolls.
Native of Himalayas, introduced 1830 ; Genus named in honour of Johann Deutz, a Dutch naturalist, a friend and patron of Thunberg.
JAPANESE SNOW-FLOWER, Deutzia crenata.
Gardens. May, June. This is one of the hardiest of dwarf white-flowering shrubs, and looks well as a single specimen on the grass, in a sheltered position.
Flowers white, in a terminal panicle, pedicels scabrous ; Calyx 5-toothed, scabrous with stellate hairs; Petals 5, ovate, obtuse; Stamens 10, peri- gynous, filaments white, broad, horned ; Disk pink ; Ovary inferior, 3-celled, styles 3, white, stigmas recurved ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, crenate- dentate, obtuse, scabrous, lighter green underside.
A deciduous shrub 4-10 ft. ; Stems slender ; Bark peeling.
Native of Japan, introduced 1833 ; known in gardens as D. scabrci, the Rough-leaved Deutzia ; leaves used for polishing ivory.
SLENDER DEUTZIA, Deutzia gracilis.
Gardens. April, May. Being somewhat tender, this is most frequently seen under glass, but will grow luxuriantly outdoors in a warm, sheltered position.
36
SAXIFRAGACE^
Flowers pure white, in dense axillary panicles ; Calyx small, sepals triangular ; Petals ovate ; Disk yellow ; Styles 3 ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite, small, ovate, acuminate, serrated.
A deciduous shrub , 2-3 ft. ; Branches erect ; Buds small, scales tinged
with red.
Introduced from Japan, 1843.
MOCK ORANGE, OR SYRINGA, Philadelphus coronarius.
Gardens. June. This is a favourite garden shrub, very floriferous and fragrant, of easy culture in any ordinary soil. Careful pruning after flower- ing will encourage new growth, which will flower in the next year. It may be propagated by cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil in gentle heat in April, or in a close cold frame in May ; suckers or layers may be taken in spring.
Flowers white, fragrant, orange-like odour, 1-1^ in. diam., axillary, or in small cymes at the ends of branchlets; Calyx 4-partite, lobes ovate, acute, tube turbinate, adnate to ovary ; Petals 4, obovate, convolute, \ in. long ; Stamens 20-40, epigynous, filaments subulate ; Ovary inferior, 4-celled, 4 placentas protruding into the cell from the inner angle, styles 4, stigmas capitate ; Fruit a capsule, top-shaped, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves opposite, exstipulate, ovate, acuminate, distantly serrate, glabrous, dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath, 2-4 ins. long, odour and taste of cucumber, when crushed.
A deciduous shrub, 10-12 ft. ; Stems erect, rigid ; Bark light grey, peeling in narrow longitudinal strips.
Native of S. Europe and Asia; introduced 1590.
CALIFORNIAN MOCK ORANGE, Carpenteria californica.
Gardens. June, July. The pure white flowers, resembling those of the
Japanese Anemone, render this a shrub of great beauty. It is best when
sheltered by a south or south-west wall, and in a well-drained loamy soil. Prune VOL. ii. 37 u
TREES AND SHRUBS
away shoots that have flowered as soon as blossoms fade. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots in cold frame in April ; tongued layers with moss and damp sand pressed into cut and kept moist in September ; suckers removed in autumn.
Flowers white, fragrant, ins. diam., axillary, panicled, usually in fives, pedicels long; Calyx inferior, 5-lobed ; Petals 5, obovate ; Stamens very numerous, perigynous, anthers golden ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite, broadly lanceolate, entire or serrated, recurved, acute, petiolate, exstipulate, pinnately veined, pale green, whitened beneath with dense pubescence, 2-4 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 6-15 ft. ; Branches slender.
Native of Sierra Nevada, California; introduced 1880; said to have first flowered here in 1885. Named after Professor Carpenter of Louisiana.
MOUNTAIN CURRANT, Ribes alp mum.
Woods. April, May.
Flowers yellowish-green, dioecious ; Male racemes erect, 1-2| ins. long, 20-30 flowered, pedicels slender, shorter than bracts ; Females shorter, often nearly sessile, 8-10 flowered, more green; bracts linear; Calyx glabrous; Petals much shorter than calyx-lobes ; Styles very short, cleft ; Fruit a berry, globose, £ in. diam., scarlet, tasteless, racemes erect.
Leaves alternate, broadly ovate, 3-5-lobed, lobes acute, serrate, nearly glabrous, 1|— 2 ins. diam. ; petiole slender.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Branches slender.
Probably indigenous in North of England.
MISSOURI CURRANT, Ribes aureum.
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May. Best in an open, sunny situation. The
flowering species of Ribes should be pruned only directly after the blossoms have
withered. They may be propagated by cuttings 6-8 ins. long inserted in ordinary
soil outdoors, October to February; layering in autumn; suckers November to
February; seeds in ordinary fine soil outdoors in September or October.
38
SAXIFRAGACEi£
Flowers golden-yellow, fragrant, in a many-flowered drooping raceme ; Petals much shorter than calyx segments, bordered with red ; Stamens bright red ; Fruit a berry, yellow, seldom black, glabrous.
Leaves alternate, 3-lobed, lobes divaricate, pale green, glabrous, shining ; petioles long, ciliated at base. Autumn tints bright purple to brilliant vermilion. A deciduous shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Twigs straw-coloured, slender, straggling. Introduced from N. America, 1812. Known also as Buffalo Currant and Golden-flowered Currant. Specific name = golden (L. aurum, gold).
GOOSEBERRY, Ribes Grossularia.
Hedges, copses, gardens. April, May. Prune weak shoots of current year’s growth to within 1 in. of base in June or July; thin out remaining shoots in winter, shortening those left to 4 or 6 ins.
Flowers greenish-white, £ in. diam. ; proterandrous, in racemose groups of 1-3 flowers on laterals and dwarf shoots, pedicels short, 2-3 ovate bracts ; Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-toothed, erect or spreading, then reflexed, epigynous, violet glandular hairs ; Corolla small, erect, pale greenish-white ; Stamens epigynous; Ovary inferior, style 1, stigma bifid, 2 parietal placentas; Fruit a berry, ellipsoid or globoid, i-li in. long, glabrous, pubescent or glandular, juicy pulp; seeds several, small.
Leaves alternate, fascicled on dwarf shoots, f— 1£ in. diam., sub-orbicular or ovate, 3-5-lobed, crenated, pubescent, nearly glabrous above, paler beneath. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous sh?'ub, 3-4 ft. ; Branches spiny, grey to brown ; spines single or triple, both at leaf-scars and scattered along internodes ; Twigs slender, grey ; Buds pointed, scales brown, ciliate.
Native of Britain.
Chief insects injurious to cultivated Gooseberries: — Bark — Gooseberry and
Currant Scale ( Lecanium ribis) ; Leaves — Currant Aphis ( Aphis ribis), Magpie
Moth (Abraxas grosmlariata), Winter Moth ( Cheimatobia brumata), V-Moth
(Thamnonoma wauaria, Halia vauaria ). Gooseberry and Currant Saw-fly
(Xematus ribesii) ; Shoots — Currant Clearwing Moth ( Scsia tipuliformis).
39 D 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
Fungoid Pests : — Gooseberry Mildew ( Microsphcera Grossularice), American Gooseberry Mildew ( Sphcerotheca Mors-uvce), Gooseberry Polypore (Forties Ribis).
BLACK CURRANT, Ribes nigrum.
Woods, gardens. April, May. Prune November — February, thinning out old shoots only.
Flowers yellowish -green, ^ in. diam., in a lax pendulous raceme, few flowered, tomentose, pedicels glandular, bracts subulate ; Calyx campanulate, 4-5-fid, glandular pubescent ; Petals 4-5, minute ; Stamens 4-5 ; Ovary inferior, 1 -celled, 2 parietal placentas, styles terete, capitate; Fruit a berry, globose, black, gland-dotted, odorous glandular hairs.
Leaves alternate, pentagonal, cordate, 3-7-lobed, serrate or biserrate, acute, dark green, glabrous, shining, or slightly pubescent, coarse and rough above, paler and yellow glandular hairs beneath, aromatic when bruised, 1|— 2| ins. long, 31-4^ ins. broad ; petiole slender, pubescent. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Twigs grey tawny, yellow glandular hairs, odorous ; Buds greenish, tinged red, scales loosely imbricated, golden glan- dular hairs.
Native of Britain.
Chief insects injurious to Currants: — Bark — Gooseberry and Currant Scale (Lecanium ribis), Mussel Scale (Mytilaspis pomorum) ; Buds — Currant Gall Mite (Phytoptus ribis) ; Leaves — Currant Aphis ( Rhopalosiphum ribis). Comma Butterfly ( Vanessa c-album), Gooseberry and Currant Moth (Abraxas gros- sulariata), Gooseberry and Currant Sawfly (Nematus ribesii) ; Shoots — Currant Clear whig Moth (Sesia tipuliformis).
RED CURRANT, Ribes rubrum.
Woods, thickets, gardens. April, May. Pruning: — Select strong shoots
for forming new branches, and shorten others to within 1 in. of base
40
Plate XXVII.
SAXIFRAGACEiE
in June or July; cut back selected shoots to within 4-8 ins. November — February, and cut out old and distorted branches.
Flowers greenish-white, \ in. diam., in a pendent axillary raceme , 1-3 ins. long, many-flowered, glabrous or pubescent, never glandular, bracts ovate ; Calyx cup-shaped, 4-5-fid, spreading, lobes obovate or rounded, twice length of petals ; Petals 4-5, minute, inserted at base of calyx-segments ; Stamens 4-5, perigynous, filaments short; Ovary inferior, 1-celled, styles 2, stigmas divided, spreading; Fruit a berry, globose, in. diam., thin skinned, red, acid, 1-celled.
Leaves alternate, 2-4 ins. long, 2-3f ins. broad, palmately 3-5-lobed, cordate at base, obtuse, irregularly and coarsely serrated, usually glabrous above, paler beneath, tomentose, inodorous, young leaves pubescent, especially beneath, eglandular; petiole pubescent or setose. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Branches grey ; Twigs brown or grey ; Buds pale brown, scales densely imbricated.
Native of Britain. The name Currant is a corruption of Corinth, a small grape at one time principally produced near Corinth, the fruit being formerly known as Uvce Corinthiacece. Leaves attacked by an Aphis (Myzus ribes).
FLOWERING CURRANT, Ribes sanguineum.
Gardens, shrubberies. April. Best in a sunny position.
Flowers rose, fragrant, in a drooping raceme, twice length of leaves ; Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-fid, bright rosy-red, glandular pubescent ; Petals 5, white, inserted at throat of calyx; Stamens 5, inserted with petals, alternate; Ovary inferior, 1-celled, styles 2 ; Fruit a berry, turbinate, purplish, glaucous bloom, bitter ; seeds numerous.
Leaves alternate, cordate, 5-lobed, serrate, glabrous above, villous tomentum beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 4-8 ft. ; Twigs orange-brown ; Buds pointed, scales red. Native of North-west America; discovered by Menzies ; introduced by
Douglas, 182G. Specific name is Latin for “blood-red.”
41
TREES AND SHRUBS
FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY, Ribes spedosum.
Gardens, shrubberies, walls. April — June. A rather hairy shrub with
small clusters of Fuchsia-like blossoms. Best on a wall in cold districts.
Flowers deep red, 1-3 on axillary peduncle, which is longer than leaves ; Calyx cylindrical, lobes often 4, linear-lanceolate, acute, glandularly pubescent, hairs red ; Petals red, linear-lanceolate, as long as sepals ; Stamens protruding beyond calyx for 1 in. or more, filaments red, anthers purplish-black ; Fruit a berry, red, rather dry, few-seeded.
Leaves fascicled, indistinctly 3-lobed, cuneate at base, acute, crenate, glabrous, shining, petioles short.
A deciduous shrub , 6-8 ft. ; much higher on walls, 15-20 ft. ; Branches glandular hispid, spines triple, infra-axillary.
Introduced from California, 1829. Syns. R. stamineum (long stamens), R. fuchsioides (resembling Fuchsia).
Class I Dicotyledons
Division II. . . . Calyciftorce
Natural Order . . . Hamamelidece
Trees or shrubs with watery juice, alternate, petiolate leaves, and deciduous stipules ; Flowers perfect or unisexual ; Calyx 4-partite or 0, more or less adnate to ovary ; Petals usually 4 or 0 ; Stamens 4-8, anthers basifixed, introrse ; Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; Fruit a woody capsule opening at summit, usually 1 -seeded.
Corylopsis spicata.
Shrubberies. February, March. Best in sandy loam, and warm, sheltered situations. Propagated by cuttings of well-ripened shoots in summer in heat ; also by layers.
Floivers pale yellow, fragrant, appearing before leaves, resembling Cowslips
42
HAMAMELIDE/E
in odour, in a pendulous raceme, 2-3 ins. long, 8-12 flowered, bracts greenish- yellow ; Petals 5 ; Stamens 5, exserted, anthers red ; Fruit a capsule, woody ; seeds ellipsoid, shining black.
Leaves alternate, orbicular, cordate, resembling Hazel, mucronately serrated, hoary beneath, petioles long.
A deciduous shrub, 3-4 ft. ; Buds large, ovate, green, young scales red, brown later.
Introduced from Japan by Fortune, 1864. Generic name from Gr. Korylos, the Hazel tree, and apsis, like.
ARBORESCENT WITCH HAZEL, Hamamelis arbor ea.
Gardens. January — March. In the early part of the year this shrub
presents a striking appearance, its curious blossoms looking like rolls of ribbon before they expand, and when fully open resembling twisted strips of gold leaf. The species are propagated by layering of branches in October or November.
Flowers yellow, on the bare branches, in axils of leaves of previous year ; Calyx 4-partite, adnate to ovary, deep claret-coloured ; Petals 5, re- sembling short twisted threads, clear, rich primrose-yellow.
Leaves alternate, sub-rotund, unequal at base, crenate, penni-nerved, petiolate, stipules deciduous.
A deciduous tree, 15-20 ft.
Introduced from Japan, 1862; there called “ Mansak.”
AMERICAN WITCH HAZEL, Hamamelis virginiea.
Gardens. October — February. Does well in bold groups planted in
rich loam. “ During autumn and winter the plant is profusely covered with
its fine rich yellow flowers, which begin to expand before the leaves of
the previous summer drop off, and continue on the bush throughout the
winter ; after the petals drop off, in spring, the persistent calyces remain
on till the leaves reappear in April or May.” — Dictionary of Gardening.
43
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers yellow, in axillary clusters ; Calyx 4-partite, adnate to lower part of ovary, lobes spreading or recurved, oval, ciliate, pubescent ; Petals 4, linear, persistent ; Stamens 4, alternating with 4 scale-like staminodes, filaments short, anthers dehiscing by a valve ; Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, subulate, spreading, persistent ; Fruit a capsule, woody, 2-valved, beaked with the 2 persistent styles, densely pubescent, orange-brown, 1 -seeded.
Leaves alternate, obovate, acuminate or rounded, acutely serrated, entire or dentate at base, dark green and usually glabrous above, lighter beneath, pubescent on midribs and principal veins, 4-6 ins. long, 2-2^ ins. broad ; petioles short ; stipules deciduous. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 6-12 ft.; or small tree, 20-30 ft.; Branches spreading; Tzvigs flexible, orange-brown to reddish-brown, rusty stellate hairs when young ; Bark brown, smooth, scaly ; Buds acute, orange-brown, pubescent ; IVood hard, light brown, heavy, cross-grained.
Introduced from N. America, 1736. Generic name from Gr. hama, together, and melon, a fruit ; the fruit accompanies the flower.
SWEET GUM, Liquidambar styracijlua.
Parks, gardens, plantations. April. Best in moist loamy soil in sheltered position. Propagated by layering of shoots, September — November; seeds sown in sandy soil outdoors October, November, March or April, transplanting 2-3 years afterwards.
Flozvers greenish-yellow, inconspicuous, monoecious ; Males in terminal racemes, conical or sub-globose, surrounded by 4 deciduous bracts ; Females in solitary and axillary sub-globose heads on long pedicels ; Males without calyx and corolla; Stamens indefinite, interspersed with minute scales, fila- ments shorter than anthers ; Females without sepals, calyx-limb nearly obsolete; Stamens usually 4, and abortive; Ovary partly inferior, 2 united carpels ; styles subulate, recurved, persistent ; Fruit a woody capsule, 1-1^ in. diam., crowned by hard curved styles, consolidated into globose head ; seed winged.
44
IVY ( Hedera Helix)
|
\ I'm ^<7 |
Jill |
||
|
mi |
A . Flowering shoot. B. Fruit. C. Flower, enlarged. D. Transverse section of ovary. E. Longitudinal section of flower.
Plate XXVIII
MYRTACE^
Leaves alternate, palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrous, villose in axils of principal veins, bright shining green, resinous fragrance when bruised, 6-7 ins. wide ; petioles slender, 5-6 ins. long ; stipules entire, glabrous. Autumn tint deep crimson, after sunless summer a dull purple.
A deciduous tree, 30-50 ft. ; Branches slender ; Twigs angled, hairy at first, light orange to reddish-brown, corky ; Buds acute, scales ovate, acute, orange-brown ; Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, not strong, brown tinged red.
Introduced from N. America, 1681 ; there reaches 140-160 ft. Generic name from L. liquidus, flowing, liquid, and Arabic ambar ; a terebinthine gum exudes from members of the genus, smelling like Balsam of Tolu. Specific name from Gr. styrax, the tree yielding storax, a resin, and L. Jiua, jtuo, I flow.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division II. . . . Calycijlorce
Natural Order . . . Myrtacece
Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate, usually entire and exstipulate, leaves, often dotted with pellucid glands ; Calyx superior, 4-5-lobed, valvate ; Petals 4-5, imbricate, sometimes obsolete ; Stamens 8-10, or indefinite, rarely 4-5, filaments free or united in bundles ; Ovary inferior, 1-6 celled, style and stigma simple, placentation axile, or rarely parietal ; Fruits various, dry or succulent.
MYRTLE, Myrtus communis.
Gardens, shrubberies. July. Hardy in the south of England, but needs
shelter from cold winds. Best in sandy loam and leaf soil, and requires
water in summer. Propagated by cuttings of young shoots 2 ins. long
inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in a little heat, in spring or summer ;
45
TREES AND SHRUBS
cuttings of firm shoots 2-3 ins. long in sandy soil in cool greenhouse, June or July; seeds sown in sandy soil in little heat, autumn or spring.
Flowers white, fragrant, solitary, pedicels about as long as leaves, bracteoles linear ; Calyx 4-5-lobed, tube turbinate ; Petals 4-5, ovate, spreading ; Stamens numerous ; Ovary inferior, style long, placentation axile ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, exstipulate, ovate or lanceolate, sub-sessile, acute or obtuse, entire, glabrous, dark glossy green above, paler beneath, full of pellucid dots, fragrant.
An evergreen shrub, 3-10 ft. ; Twigs angled.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1597. Generic name from Myrtos, the old Greek for Myrtle.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division II. . . . Calyciflorce
Natural Order . . . Passiflorece
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice, usually climbing or twining by means of tendrils ; Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, simple or com- pound, sometimes glandular ; Calyx tubular below, lobed, usually with a corona at throat, simple, duplex, tubular, or cut into radiating filaments ; Petals as many as calyx-lobes, usually 5, inserted outside corona ; Stamens usually 5, and the filaments united around the gynophore ; Ovary superior, supported on a long gynophore, 1 -celled, 3 parietal placentas, 3 clavate, spreading styles ; Fruit a many-seeded, dehiscent or indehiscent, berry or capsule.
BLUE PASSION-FLOWER, Passiflora ccerulea.
Walls. June — October. Best in turfy loam and peat. Propagated by
cuttings in cold frame in summer; layering young shoots in summer.
Flowers blue, faintly scented, lasting but one day, solitary, bracts 3, ovate,
entire ; Calyx-tube short, urceolate, lobes 5, linear-oblong, pale greenish-
4G
ARALIACE/E
white ; Rays of corona in two series, purple at bottom, white in middle, blue at ends ; Petals 5, resembling the sepals ; Stamens 5, filaments adnate to gynophore, anthers large, 1-lobed, spreading horizontally ; Ovary supported on gynophore, styles purplish ; Fruit a berry, egg-shaped, yellow.
Leaves alternate, 5 -partite, lobes oblong, entire, glabrous ; petioles with 4 glands at apex ; stipules falcate.
A climbing shrub.
Native of Brazil, Uruguay, and Peru; introduced 1G99. Generic name from L. passio, passion, pattior, passus, to suffer, and flos, floris, a flower ; specific name from L. cceruleus , sky-blue, caelum, the sky. Common name given by missionaries in S. America from fancied resemblance to a halo and crown of thorns, the emblem of Christ’s Passion.
|
Class I. |
. Dicotyledons |
|
Division II. |
. CalycifLorce |
|
Natural Order . |
. Araliacece |
Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing, rarely herbs ; Leaves alternate, usually exstipulate ; Flowers in simple umbels, sometimes paniculate ; Calyx- limb superior, very short, entire, toothed or lobed ; Petals 5, deciduous, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud, inserted under an epigynous disk ; Stamens 5, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, 2 or more celled ; Fruit a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as there are carpels.
CHINESE PAPER-PLANT, Aralia chinensis.
Gardens. July, August. The pinnate leaves, often 3 ft. long, with
their prickly petioles, give a beautiful fern-like aspect to the plant. It is
best in a well-drained loamy soil, and requires water in summer, and some
protection in winter. Propagated by cuttings and root-cuttings.
Flowers creamy-white, inconspicuous, in a terminal umbellate panicle ;
Petals 5, inserted on margin of disk ; Fruit a berry, black.
47
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, bipinnate, 2-3 ft. long, pinnee imparipinnate, leaflets 15, ovate, acute, serrated at apex, coriaceous, woolly both surfaces when young ; petioles spiny ; leaf scars 3 ins. in circumference.
A deciduous shrub, 5-1 2 ft. ; Tzvigs purple.
Introduced from N. China. Syn. Dimorphanthus mandschuricus.
HERCULES’ CLUB, Aralia spinosa.
Gardens. Best in sheltered spots. September, October.
Flowers white, perfect or unisexual, in a terminal compound umbellate panicle ; pedicels pubescent ; Calyx gamosepalous, tube coherent with ovary ; Petals 5, acute, indexed at apex ; Stamens 5, inserted on margin of disk, alternate with petals, filaments filiform, anthers introrse ; Ovary inferior,
2- 5-celled ; styles 2-5, connivent ; stigmas capitate ; Fruit a berry, globose,
3- 5-angled, £ in. diam., crowned with blackened styles, purple, juicy; seeds 2-5, small.
Leaves alternate, tripinnate, 3-4 ft. long, 2^ ft. wide, pinnae imparipinnate, leaflets 11-13, ovate, acute, dentate or crenate, rounded at base, membranous, dark green above, pale beneath, 2-3 ins. long, 1^ in. wide ; petioles stout, 18-20 ins. long, usually with slender prickles; leaf-scars 3 ins. in circum- ference ; stipules acute, 1 in. long, ciliate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 30-35 ft. ; or shrub, 6-20 ft. ; Branches stout, spreading, armed with stout prickles ; Twigs orange to light brown ; Bark dark brown, fissured ; Suckers freely produced ; Buds triangular, flattened ; scales brown ; Wood light, soft, brittle, close-grained, brown streaked with yellow.
Native of N. America; introduced 1688. Also called Angelica Tree.
IVY, Hedera Helix.
Hedgerows, trees, walls. October, November. Propagate by cuttings of
firm shoots in ordinary soil outdoors, September — November; in well-drained
pots in cold frame in October, or in little heat, September — November.
48
Plate XXIX.
DOGWOOD ( Cornus sanguinea)
A . Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Section of fruit (transverse). D. Flower.
E. One of the stamens. F. Flower with stamens removed. O. Part of the cyme, showing branching.
CORNACEA;
Flowei's yellowish-green, with unpleasant odour, attractive to flies ; pro- terandrous; Umbels often grouped into sub-racemose panicles, sub-globose, stellate hairs; bracts small, concave ; Calyx 5-toothed, minute ; Petals 5, broad, short, triangular ovate, epigynous, not cohering at top, valvate in bud ; Stamens 5, epigynous, anthers yellow; Ovary inferior, 5-10-celled, styles united into one, very short; Fruit a berry-like drupe, | in. diam., blue-black, pruinose, flesh green, 2-5 seeds.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, very variable, palmately 3-5-lobed, ovate or angular, cordate at base, acute or obtuse, entire or sinuate, thick, coriaceous, upper side deep green, polished, paler beneath ; dying leaves brown.
An evergreen shrub, climbing by small root-like excrescences, main stems woody ; Branches spreading along ground ; Buds conical, pointed, naked, sessile, green.
Native of Britain.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division II. . . . Calyciftoros
Natural Order . . . Cornacece
Shrubs, trees, or rarely herbs, with usually opposite, exstipulate leaves, and small, regular flowers ; Calyx-limb minute, superior, 4-5-toothed ; Petals 4-5, valvate ; Stamens 4-5, alternating with petals ; Ovary inferior, usually 2-celled ; Fruit a drupe.
Distinguished from Caprifoliaceas by the distinct petals, and from Araliacea? by the usually opposite leaves.
WHITE FLOWERING DOGWOOD, Comus jlorida.
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May. Requires a warm and sheltered
situation. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil outdoors in
November; layering of shoots in October; suckers in November. vol. ii. 49
E
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers greenish-yellow, appearing after leaves, very small, in centre of large white involucre, in a dense cymose head surrounded by a corolla- like involucre of 4 white bracts, each 1-1£ in. wide, the whole measuring
3- 4 ins. diam. ; bracts round, retuse, or nearly obcordate ; Calyx light green,
4- lobed, urceolate ; Corolla ; 4 petals, valvate in bud, lobes strap-shaped, green tipped with yellow ; Stamens 4, alternate ; Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; stigma truncate ; Fruit a drupe, ovoid, ^ in. long, bright scarlet, thin, mealy flesh, 1-2-seeded ; ripe in October.
Leaves opposite, ovate to elliptical, acuminate, narrowed at base, slightly crenulate, thick, firm, bright green above, pale and pubescent beneath, 3-6 ins. long, 1^—2 ins. wide ; petioles grooved. Autumn tints yellow, scarlet, purple.
A deciduous shrub , or bushy tree, 20-30 ft., of slow growth ; Branches slender, spreading or erect ; Twigs yellow-green, or red to brown or grey ; Bark red-brown, scaly, very bitter; Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brown shaded green and red ; takes good polish.
Introduced from U.S.A., 1731.
LARGE-LEAVED DOGWOOD, Cornus macrophylla.
Gardens. July. Likes deep, fairly moist soil.
Flowei's white, in a terminal dichotomous cyme, 4-5 ins. diam., peduncles short, pedicels white tomentose ; Calyx urceolate, teeth minute, white adpressed hairs ; Petals white tomentose, valvate ; Stamens alternating with petals, anthers oblong ; Ovary 2-celled ; Fruit a drupe, globose, ^ in. diam., 2-celled, 2-seeded.
Leaves opposite or alternate, ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale glaucous beneath, 4-6 ins. long, 3| ins. broad, or larger. Autumn tint orange-red.
A deciduous tree, 40 ft. ; Branches nearly horizontal ; Twigs purplish ; Bark smooth.
Native of Asia, N. India to Japan ; introduced 1827. Syn. C. brachypoda.
50
Plate XXX.
CORNACE/E
CORNELIAN CHERRY, Cornus Mas.
Shrubberies. A very beautiful early-flowering shrub, made especially attractive by having a background of dark evergreens. February — April.
Flowers bright yellow, small, appearing before leaves, in an umbel , involucre 4 -leaved ; Fruit a drupe, cornelian-red, oval, | in. long ; used for marmalade and jelly.
Leaves oval, acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces.
A deciduous shrub, 15-20 ft. ; Branches smooth.
Introduced from Europe (Austria), 1596.
CORNEL OR DOGWOOD, Cornus sanguinea.
Woods and hedgerows. June, July. The red bark makes this an attractive shrub in winter.
Flowers greenish-white, small, regular, having an unpleasant odour, in a dense-flowered terminal corymbose cyme, without bracts, pedicels long ; Calyx 4-toothed, covered with down ; Petals 4, lanceolate, downy, valvate ; Stamens 4, subulate, alternating with petals, inserted under yellow epigynous disk ; Ovary inferior, 2-celled, style simple, terete ; Fruit a drupe, globular, almost black, with whitish dots, very bitter, stone 2-celled.
Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, shortly petiolate, entire or waved, acute, hoary or silky when young, glabrous later, green, turning to red in autumn, 2-3 ins. long, petiole short.
A deciduous shrub, 5-8 ft. ; Branches opposite, straight, dark-red when old ; young shoots bright red, pubescent ; Buds sessile, slender, pubescent ; Bark scaly, fetid odour when bruised ; JF ood used for skewers, and in manufacture of gunpowder.
Native of Britain.
51
E 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
RED OSIER DOGWOOD, Comas stolonifera.
Shrubberies. May. Likes damp spots, and makes a good cover plant for game.
Flowers white, inconspicuous, in a small flat cyme , pubescent, 1-2 ins. diam. ; Petals ovate-oblong ; Fruit a drupe, white, globose.
Leaves ovate, acute, pubescent, light green above, hoary beneath, 1-5 ins. long, petioles slender.
A deciduous shrub, 5-10 ft. ; usually stoloniferous ; Branchlets glabrous, bright red-purple, youngest pubescent ; Bark red-purple.
Introduced from N. America, 1741. Syn. C. alba (Wangenh).
VARIEGATED LAUREL, Aucuba japonica.
Shrubberies. May. To develop the full beauty of its variegated foliage, this attractive shrub should be planted in an open space where it may obtain plenty of light and air. In order to ensure a plentiful supply of the scarlet berries it is necessary to have the male plants in close proximity to the females, or artificial pollination may be resorted to, placing among the pistillate flowers some branches bearing staminate blossoms. If left to Nature, it will be sufficient to have one male plant in the vicinity of several females. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil in sheltered border or cold frame, September to N ovember ; layering in autumn ; seeds in cold frame in October.
Flowers white, small, inconspicuous, dioecious, visited by pollen-eating flies ; Inflorescence a branched dichasial cyme, terminal and axillary ; Males, Calyx gamosepalous, 4 minute teeth ; Corolla of 4 petals, epigynous, ovate to lanceo- late, valvate ; Stamens 4, alternate with petals, filaments subulate ; Disk 4-angled and fleshy ; Females, Calyx with 4 minute teeth, tube ovoid or nearly cylindrical ; Petals 4 ; Ovary inferior, 1-celled, style short, stigma slightly bifid ; Fruit an oblong, scarlet drupe, ^ in. long, 1-seeded.
Leaves decussate, ovate lanceolate or elliptical, petiolate, exstipulate, entire or slightly toothed, acuminate or obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous, green mottled
with yellow, midrib prominent ; dead leaves brown.
52
. Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Transverse section of fruit. D. Pistil and calyx of flower. E. Flower. F. Stamen. G. Longitudinal section of fruit.
CAPRIFOLIACE^E
An evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft. ; Branches green, terete, smooth ; Buds large ; young wood tender, easily destroyed when exposed to strong winds.
A native of Japan. Female introduced in 1783, male in 1850 (by Fortune).
Grarrya el/iptica.
Shrubberies, walls. October — March. The male plant is more usually grown, and is by far the more handsome. In most districts it is best against a south or west wall. Prune after flowering. Propagated by cuttings of half-ripe wood in sandy soil under hand-light or cold frame, August or September ; layering of shoots, September or October ; seeds in well-drained pans of sandy soil in cold frame, September — October.
Flovcers greenish-white or yellowish, dioecious ; Males in slender pendulous catkins, 6-10 ins. long, persistent through summer, bracts densely hairy ; Females in dense catkins, 3-4 ins. long ; Bracts connate ; Fruit, a drupe, black, pulp purple, 2 bony seeds.
Leaves opposite, oblong or elliptical, acute, entire, wavy when young, thick, coriaceous, shortly petiolate, dark shining green above, hoary beneath, 3 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 8-10 ft. ; head dense, spreading ; shoots slender, downy when young, glabrous when mature.
Native of N.W. America; males discovered by Douglas, 1828; females by Hartweg, 1848; first fruited in 1850. Genus named in honour of Michael Garry, Secretary to the Hudson’s Pay Company.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Caprijoliacece
Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite, usually exstipulate leaves,
and regular or irregular cymose flowers, terminal or rarely axillary ; Calyx
superior, 2-5-lobed or toothed ; Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, 4-5-lobed,
53
TREES AND SHRUBS
imbricate in bud ; Stamens 4-5, or rarely double the number, epipetalous, alternate with lobes, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, 1-5-celled ; Fruit a berry or drupe.
CANADIAN ELDER, Sambucus canadensis.
Gardens. July, August. A moist soil being most favourable to luxuriant growth, this shrub is useful for growing in groups near ponds and streams. The shrubby species of Elder may be propagated by cuttings of branches or shoots in moist soil outdoors, October — March.
Flowers dull white, almost scentless, in a terminal panicled cyme , 5 main branches ; Fruit a berry-like drupe, deep bluish-black.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-11, mostly 7, oblong-elliptical, acuminate, sometimes appendiculated at base, pubescent beneath, rigid, ser- rate, 2-5 ins. long ; heavy scented when crushed.
A deciduous shrub, 6-10 ft. ; usually glabrous.
Native of Canada and eastern U.S.A. ; introduced 1761.
GLAUCOUS ELDER, Sambucus glauca.
Gardens. June. The distinctive character of this species is the glaucous covering of the fruits. The plant will stand severe pruning.
Flowers yellowish-white, in a cyme, 4-6 ins. wide, glaucous, bracts and bractlets linear, caducous ; Calyx 5-cleft, ovoid, lobes acute, red-brown ; Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, lobes oblong, rounded at apex, as long as stamens ; Fruit a drupe, sub-globose, % in. diam., blue-black, with mealy, glaucous bloom, juicy.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, 5-7 ins. long, leaflets 5-9, ovate or oblong, cuneate or rounded at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate, glabrous, thin, firm, bright green above, pale below, 2-6 ins. long, 1^ in. wide ; petioles stout, grooved.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 6-18 ft. ; Branches spreading, glabrous ;
Twigs red-brown ; Bark fissured, brown ; Buds axillary, scales ovate, brown ;
Wood light, soft, weak, yellow tinged with brown.
54
CAPRI FOLIACEAi
Native of N. America; there a tree 30-50 ft. Discovered early in the nineteenth century in Oregon by a party under the leadership of Lewis and Clark.
COMMON ELDER, Sambucus nigra.
Woods, coppices, hedgerows, gardens, waste places. June. Thrives best in good loamy soil, with moisture.
Flowers cream-white, in a flat corymbose cyme, 0 ins. or more in diam., much branched, 5 primary branches ; Calyx1 5-cleft, with small teeth ; Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, ^ in. diam., tube very short ; Stamens 5, inserted at base of corolla, filaments slender ; Ovary 3-celled, inferior, stigma sessile, 3-lobed ; Fruit a berry-like drupe, small, globular, succulent, aromatic, purplish -black, usually 3 stone-like seeds.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, petiolate, exstipulate, leaflets 5-9, ovate- oblong, 1-3 ins. long, serrate, acute or acuminate, nearly glabrous, having an unpleasant odour, stipules small or absent. Autumn leaves yellow-green.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 20-25 ft. ; growth very rapid when young ; Stem and branches full of pith ; branchlets angular, grass-green, show- ing lenticels well, juicy ; Bark grey, rough, corky ; Bud-scales olive or greenish- brown, membranous; Lenticels conspicuous; Wood hard, heavy, used for small turnery and cabinet work.
Indigenous in England and Ireland. Specific name from Gr. sambyke, a musical instrument, probably a harp ; L. sambuca, a triangular stringed instrument with a sharp, shrill note ; English name from A.S. ellcern, the hollow tree.
SCARLET-BERRIED ELDER, Sa m b ucus racemosa .
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May. The bunches of scarlet berries make this a very attractive shrub in late summer. Moisture at the roots is essential for its perfect development, and when in such positions, as on river-banks or at
pond-heads, the running roots help to bind the soil.
55
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers greenish-white, in a terminal panicled cyme , ovate, racemose in appearance; Calyx 5-cleft ; Corolla 5-lobed ; Stamens 5; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry-like drupe, globular, large, resembling bunch of Grapes, 4-6 ins. in length, scarlet, ripe in August.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-7, oblong-elliptic, serrated, acute, unequal at base, bluish-green above, light glaucous green beneath, glabrous, membranous ; petioles glabrous.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10-20 ft.; Branches numerous, arching; Bark dark, smooth, few fissures.
Native of S. Europe and Siberia; introduced 1596. Known also as Hart's Elder.
WAYFARING TREE, Viburnum Lantana.
Woods, hedges, gardens. May, June. This is plentifully met with on chalky or limestone soils. It may be distinguished by its pliant mealy branches and its ovate, cordate leaves covered with mealy down. It is most conspicuous when the berries are partially ripe, for they are then seen in all stages of transition from coral red to purplish-black. Old wood should be cut out occasionally. The species of Viburnum are propagated by cuttings of half- ripened shoots, inserted in sandy soil, under handlights, in a somewhat shady position, September or October ; layering of shoots, September or October.
Flowers white, all small and perfect, ^ in. diam., 2-bracteolate, in a dense corymboid cyme, 2-3 ins. diam., flat-topped, pedicels scurfy ; Calyx 5-toothed ; Corolla 5-lobed ; Stamens 5, shortly exserted ; Ovary inferior, 1-celled, stigmas 3, sessile; Fruit a drupe, ^ in. diam., somewhat oblong, turning from coral-red to purple-black, flesh dryish, friable ; seeds grooved ventrally.
Leaves ovate, cordate at base, petiolate, exstipulate, toothed or entire, obtuse, rugose, soft and velvety on upper side, dull yellow-green, very downy beneath with stellate hairs ; 3-5 ins. long, veins prominent beneath. Autumn tint deep red.
56
WAYFARING TREE ( Viburnum Lantana )
. Single flower, enlarged. B. Natural cluster of flowers. C. Flowers, showing calyx, &c. D. Fruit and leaves. E. Longitudinal section of fruit. F. Transverse section of fruit.
CAPRIFOLIACEiE
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10-20 ft. ; Branches opposite, pliant, young shoots brown, covered with down ; Bark grey-brown, fissured ; Buds long, narrow, naked ; Leaf -scars crescent.
A native of Britain.
SHEEP BERRY, Viburnum Lentago.
Gardens. May — July. This is a fast-growing and attractive shrub, having a great tendency to assume a tree-like form, and well suited for the lawn or the margin of a wood.
Flowers pale cream or white, all perfect, \ in. diam., in a flat terminal umbellate cyme, 3-5 ins. diam. , bracteate and bracteolate ; Calyx-tube slender, ovoid, lobes triangular acute ; Corolla lobes ovate, acute, toothed ; Stamens 5 ; Ovary inferior, 1-celled, style thick, light green, stigma broad ; Fruit a drupe, oval, black or dark blue, glaucous bloom, sweet, juicy, ripe in September.
Leaves opposite, ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, deep shining green above, yellow-green with black dots beneath, 2^—5 ins. long, 1-1^ in. wide ; petioles grooved, wing margined. Autumn tints purple, red, yellow.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10-20 ft.; Branches slender; Twigs green to red, scurfy, sometimes with glaucous bloom ; Bark red-brown ; Buds long-pointed, scurfy pubescent ; JVood heavy, hard, close-grained, bad- smelling, dark orange-brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1761.
LARGE-HEADED GUELDER ROSE, Viburnum macrocephalum.
Gardens, shrubberies, walls. May, June. The large rounded or pyramidal trusses make this unequalled among the Viburnums. It comes to greatest perfection against a wall. It is a sterile form of V. Ketcleeri, a species in cultivation.
57
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers pure white, all neuter, If in. diam., in a terminal compound, sub-globose or pyramidal cyme, 8 ins. diam. ; peduncles with stellate scales.
Leaves opposite, 3 ins. long, ovate, obtuse, denticulate, flat, slightly scabrous, stellate furfuraceous pubescent beneath, and on short petioles.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 20 ft. ; Branches spreading, terete, stellate furfuraceous ; Buds elongated, flattened, scaleless.
Native of China and Japan; introduced from former by Fortune in 1844. Specific name from Gr. makros, long or great, and kephale, a head.
GUELDER ROSE, Viburnum Opulus.
Copses, hedges, gardens. June, July. In its native haunts it brightens the countryside by its fine autumn foliage and blackish-red berries.
Flowers creamy-white, in a dense corymbose cyme, sub-globose, 2-4 ins. diam. ; outer flowers large, neuter ; inner ones perfect, J in. diam. ; Calyx superior, 5-toothed ; Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, epipetalous, alter- nate with lobes, exserted, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, 1-celled, stigmas 3, sessile ; Fruit a drupe, globular, blackish-red ; seed compressed, keeled on faces.
Leaves opposite, 3-5-lobed, coarsely toothed, acute or acuminate, glabrous, 2-3 ins. broad ; petiole glandular, stipules small, glandular, adnate to petioles. Autumn tint crimson.
A deciduous shrub, 6-15 ft., in cultivation growing to a small tree; always glabrous in all parts ; Bark brown ; Branches slender, lenticellate ; Twigs brown or grey, glabrous, angular ; Buds small, oval, apparently only one scale, red, coriaceous.
Native of Britain. English name said to be corruption of Dutch “ Gheldersche Rose,” a name applied to a sterile variety first cultivated at Gueldres, in Holland ; also called Cranberry Tree, Dog Elder, Dog Rowan Tree, Marsh or Water Elder, and Snowball Tree.
58
GUELDER ROSE ( Viburnum Opulus )
A. Flowering branch. B. Frail. C. One of the m»er Bowers. D. Portion of the cj me. E. Transverse of trait.
F. Longitudinal section of fruit.
Plate XXXIII.
CAPRIFOLIACEiE
SNOWBALL TREE, Viburnum Opulus, v. sterile.
Gardens, shrubberies. It loves a good soil and abundant moisture. June. Flowers white, all neuter, in a globular corymbose cyme.
Leaves opposite, 3-lobed, coarsely and unevenly serrated, veins prominent on underside.
A deciduous shrub, 10-15 ft. ; young twigs green, brown when older.
Origin unknown.
LAURUSTINUS, Viburnum Tinus.
Gardens and shrubberies. October — March. The bright glossy evergreen foliage and pinkish-white flowers place this in the first position among the winter-flowering shrubs. A rather light warm soil brings it to the greatest perfection.
Flowers white, rose-coloured before expansion, in a flat corymbose cyme; Calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed, superior; Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, rotate, 5-lobed ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, alternate with lobes, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, 1 -celled, stigma sessile; Fruit a drupe, dark blue.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, petiolate, entire, acute, bright glossy green, glabrous, exstipulate, veins glandular, hairy, 2^ ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft.; Branches erect; Txcigs red; Bark smooth ; Lenticels conspicuous.
Native of S. Europe; introduced 1596. It was the “Wild Baie " of Gerarde.
PLAITED GUELDER ROSE, Viburnum tomentosum, v. plicatum.
Gardens, shrubberies. This is commonly considered the best of the
Viburnums. May, June.
Flowers snow-white, turning purplish when fading, all neuter, in a
59
TREES AND SHRUBS
globular terminal corymbose cyme , 3 ins. diam., arranged in a double row along the branches.
Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-orbicular, cuspidate, obtuse, coarsely serrated, somewhat plicate, scabrous, dark green above, veiny and tomentose beneath, 3 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub , 4-6 ft. ; Branches glabrous, red-brown ; Buds brown.
Native of N. China and Japan; introduced 1844. Also called Chinese Guelder Rose.
SNOWBERRY, Sym ph oricarpus racemosus.
Gardens and shrubberies. August, September. This is a general favourite, well able to adapt itself to circumstances. It will grow in town or country, in rich soil or poor, in the open or under trees. Old and decayed wood should be cut out, October — February. Propagated by cuttings, 6-8 ins., of firm wood in ordinary soil in shady position outdoors, October — February; suckers, October — F ebruary.
Flowers pink, small, in a loose and somewhat leafy, interrupted spike at ends of branches, each flower with 2 or more minute bracteoles ; Calyx 4-5-toothed, sub-globose ; Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed, bearded within ; Stamens 4-5, epipetalous, filaments short ; Ovary 4-celled, ovoid ; style glabrous, stigma dilated ; Fruit a drupe, baccate, globose, white, 2-celled, 2-seeded, persistent through winter.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, shortly petiolate, acute, entire, glaucous or downy beneath, 2 ins. by 1 \ in. Autumn tint brown.
A deciduous shrub, 4-7 ft. ; much branched ; Suckers in abundance ; Twigs pale grey to brown, glabrous, terete, hollow at internodes ; Buds minute.
Introduced from N. America, 1817. Flowers much visited by bees ; fruits form excellent food for game.
60
SNOWBALL TREE ( Viburnum Opulu*, var. sterile)
A. Flowering branch. B. Single flower, from below.
Plate XXXIV,
CAPRIFOLIACEiE
COPIOUS-FLOWERING ABELIA, Abelici Jloribunda.
Gardens, walls. March. Hardy only in favoured situations ; best as a greenhouse plant. Outdoors requires sheltered position, and best in equal parts of loam and peat with some sharp sand. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in cold frame in July; layers in March.
Flowers rosy-purple, in axillary cymose clusters of 2-3 flowers ; Calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed, persistent, lobes nearly equal, oblong, fringed ; Corolla gamopetalous, infundibuliform, 5-lobed, tube about 2 ins. long, slender ; Stamens 5, epipetalous ; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, petiolate, acute, crenated, small, glabrous.
An evergreen shrub, 3 ft., sub-erect ; Branches straggling.
Native of Mexico; introduced to Europe by Belgian nurserymen; reached England about 1847. Genus named after Dr. Clarke Abel, Physician to Lord Amherst’s Embassy to China, 1817 ; died 1826.
PERFOLIATE HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera Caprifolium.
Hedges, copses, gardens. May, June. This is a robust deciduous twiner, which favours chalky districts. All the Honeysuckles like a light good soil and sunny position, seldom flowering in the shade. Thinning out old wood after flowering encourages growth, but as the flowers are borne on the young wood which has ripened in the previous year, little pruning should be done. The species are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots, 8 ins. long, in sandy soil in sheltered position outdoors, October or November; layering of shoots, August — November.
Flowers yellowish and red, fragrant, pollinated by moths, sessile in terminal whorls in axils of upper connate leaves ; Calyx-limb short, 5-toothed, persistent ; Corolla irregular, 1£ in. long, tubular, ringent, curved, limb
bilabiated, upper lip 4-lobed ; Stamens 5, exserted ; Ovary 3-cellcd, style green ; Fruit a berry, globoid, red, 1-celled, 1-seeded, mass of berries sessile in axils of connate leaves.
VOL. II.
61
F
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves opposite, elliptic to obovate, hardly acute, entire, glabrous, white or glaucous beneath, upper ones connate, 1|— 2^ ins. long. Autumn leaves brown.
A deciduous twining shrub, 15-20 ft. ; glabrous.
Naturalised in some English counties, and in the south of Scotland.
ITALIAN HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera etrusca.
Walls. May, June.
Flowers purplish outside when expanding, yellowish-white inside, finally becoming yellow, fragrant, in verticillate heads, usually 3 heads at top of each branch ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, obovate, entire ; upper ones connately-perfoliate, cup- shaped, acute, hairy ; lower ones shortly petiolate, obtuse.
A deciduous twining shrub, 15 ft. ; Stems reddish-purple.
Native of S. Europe. Known in gardens as L. gigantea.
YELLOW TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera flava.
Arbours. A strong grower in warm situations, as against a south wall. June, July.
Flowers bright yellow, fading to orange, very fragrant, in an interrupted spike of large terminal verticillate heads ; Corolla ringent, tube 1-1^ in. long, lobes oblong-obtuse, about half as long as tube ; Filaments and style glabrous, exserted ; Fi'uit a berry, \ in. diam.
Leaves opposite, obovate or oval, entire, obtuse, thin, pale and glaucous, upper ones connately-perfoliate, sometimes cup-shaped.
A deciduous twining shrub.
Native of N. America; discovered by John Fraser on Paris Mountain, South Carolina; introduced 1810. Specific name from L . flavus, yellow.
62
A. Flowering shoot. B. Fruit. C. Flower, from above. B. Longitudinal section of flower.
Plate XXXV.
CAPRIFOLIACE^E
VERY FRAGRANT HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera fragrantissima.
Walls. January — March. This may be pruned a little after flowering.
Flowers white, appearing before leaves are developed, in axillary pairs on long peduncles, enclosed at base by two long, narrow bracts ; Corolla nearly 1 in. across, tube short, tinged with pink towards base, mouth expanded ; Fruit a berry, glabrous, 2 united at base.
Leaves opposite, oblong-obovate, entire, petiolate, acute, rounded at base, glabrous, deep shining green on upper surface, pale or slightly glaucous beneath.
A sub-evergreen climbing shrub, 6 ft. ; or small bush, 3 ft. ; leading shoots brown, slender.
Native of N. China; discovered by Fortune; introduced 1845. Specific name from L. fragrans, antis, sweet-scented, — fragro, to smell, to be fragrant.
JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera japonica.
Arbours. July — September. This is a very valuable species, being a strong grower, retaining its leaves through most winters.
Flowers white at first, changing to yellow, very fragrant, in terminal axillary pairs, sessile ; Corolla tubular, 1 in. long, white inside, villous outside ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, ovate, petiolate, entire, acute, bright green, villous, pale beneath, 1-3 ins. long, upper ones small, larger leaves having a tendency to become pinnatifid.
An evergreen climbing shrub, 6-15 ft. ; Branches opposite, flexuous, twining, very hairy.
Native of China and Japan; introduced 1806. Synonymous with L. chinensis.
63
F 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
SHORT -STALKED HONEYSUCKLE, Lonkera japonica, v. jlexuosa.
Arbours. This is one of the best for pillars and archways. June, July.
Flowers pale red outside, white within, few, usually in axillary pairs, almost sessile, very fragrant ; Calyx inferior, 5-toothed ; Corolla gamopetalous, tubular, 5-lobed ; Stamens 4, epipetalous ; Ovary inferior, 2-3-celled, style long, stigma capitate ; Fruit a berry, globose, glabrous, acute, black when ripe.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acute, entire, shortly petiolate, glabrous, villous and purplish below when young, dark green when older.
A deciduous twining shrub, 4-5 ft. ; Stems flexuous, slender, villous at apex, dark red.
Native of Japan; introduced 1806. Genus named after Adam Lonicer, or Lonitzer, a German botanist (1528-1586). Specific name from L. Jlexilis, bent, curved. Synonym, Lonicera brachypoda — short-stalked, from Gr. brachys, short, pous, podos, a foot.
BLACK-BERRIED HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera nigra.
Gardens. March — May.
Flowers reddish and pubescent outside, white within, in axillary pairs, peduncles shorter than leaves ; Fruit a berry, black, globose, pairs connate at base.
Leaves opposite, oval-oblong or elliptic.
An erect, dwarf, deciduous shrub, 8-4 ft.
Native of Europe, in sub-alpine woods.
WOODBINE or COMMON HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera Peri-
clymenum.
Hedges, copses, gardens. June — September. This is one of the most
beautiful and most exquisitely fragrant of our native climbers. It is a great
favourite for covering arbours or trellises.
64
SNOWBERRY (S ymphorica rjrus racemorng)
A. Branch, in full flower. B. Flower. C. Flower, with corolla opened to show stamens. It. Transverse section of fruit. E. Seed. F. Fruit-bearing branch.
Plate XXXVI
CAPRIFOLIACEiE
Flowers fragrant, in a terminal stalked ovate head, flowers sessile, bracts persistent ; Calyx 5-toothed ; Corolla tubular, ringent, 1-1| in. long, glandular pubescent, red outside, yellow within, limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed ; Stamens 5, exserted ; Ovary 3-celled, style filiform, stigma capitate ; Fruit a berry, globose, 1-celled, 1-seeded, fleshy, crimson, bitter and nauseous, mass of berries pedunculate.
Leaves opposite, ovate to oblong, entire, obtuse, attenuated at base, glabrous above, glaucous beneath, 1-3 ins. long, upper leaves sessile, lower ones shortly petiolate, all distinct at base.
A deciduous twining shrub, 10-20 ft. ; glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Native of Britain.
Flowers sometimes stunted and distorted by an Aphis ( Siphocoryne xylostei).
EVERGREEN TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera semper- virens.
Gardens, walls. Requires light rich soil and open sunny situations, dis- liking clay and the smoke of towns. It is one of the best for lawns. May — August.
Flowers scarlet outside, yellow within, inodorous, in a series of whorls on long axillary peduncles ; Corolla tube ventricose on upper side, 1 in. long, narrow, limb short, nearly regular ; Stamens and Style scarcely exserted ; Fruit a berry, reddish-yellow, ^ in. diam., ripe in September.
Leaves opposite, ovate or obovate, petiolate, entire, obtuse, glabrous, and deep green above, glaucous beneath, upper ones connately-perfoliate, 2 ins. long, 1 in. broad.
A sub-evergreen shrub ; Branches slender, twining, brown, glabrous.
Introduced from N. America, 1G56. Specific name from L. semper, always, virens, green ; but not strictly evergreen in this country.
65
TREES AND SHRUBS
TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera tartarica.
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May. Its freedom of growth, early leafing habit, abundant blossoms, showy fruit, and perfect hardiness, all tend to make this the most popular of the Bush Honeysuckles. Old and weak wood may be thinned out in winter.
Flowers rose, in axillary pairs, peduncles shorter than leaves; Corolla infundibuliform, short, slightly gibbous at base ; Anthers yellow ; Fruit a berry, red, nearly globose when young, pairs connate at base when ripe.
Leaves opposite, cordate-ovate, slightly acute.
An erect deciduous shrub, 4-8 ft. ; glabrous.
Native of Tartary and Siberia ; introduced 1752.
FLY HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera Xylosteum.
Copses, gardens. May, June.
Flowers white to yellow, dashed with red, inodorous, pollinated by bees, sessile in axillary pairs, 2 small linear bracts, bracteoles minute ; Calyx-limb deciduous, 5-toothed ; Corolla infundibuliform, slightly 2-lipped, saccate at base, pubescent, f- in. long ; Stamens 5, exserted, curved, downy, anthers yellow ; Ovaries connate, 3-celled, style downy ; Fruit a berry, globoid, size of pea, purple-red, fused below in pairs, bitter, 2-celled, 2-6 seeds, ripe in September or October.
Leaves opposite, elliptic or ovate to obovate, base rounded, apex acute or sub- mucronate, entire or serrate, dark green above, paler grey-green beneath, velvety pubescent, 1^ in. long, shortly petiolate. Autumn leaves browm.
An erect deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; much branched ; Twigs grey, slender, glabrous or slightly hairy ; Bud-scales numerous, triangular, downy.
Naturalised in England.
66
A
A. Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Transverse section of fruit.
D. Flower with corolla opened to show stamens. E. Flower. F. Vertical section of fruit.
Plate XXXVII.
CAPRIFOLIACEA;
HIMALAYAN HONEYSUCKLE, Leycesteria for mom.
Gardens, shrubberies. May — August. The peculiar disposition of the
blossoms and the leaf-like purplish bracts make this an attractive shrub in summer, whilst in winter attention is still drawn to it by the bright green bark. It makes a good covert plant, increasing itself rapidly from self-sown seed. It is easily propagated from cuttings of side shoots in light soil in temperature of 45°-50° in April, or of half-ripe shoots in sandy soil under handlight in autumn ; layers in autumn ; seed may be sown in light soil in temperature as above in March or April.
Flowers white with tinge of purple, in a short, leafy, drooping raceme, flowers sessile, in fascicles, disposed in approximate whorls of 5-6, subtended by foliaceous purple bracts, pubescent, usually 6 under each whorl ; Calyx 5-toothed, superior, persistent ; Corolla infundibuliform, |~1 in. long, tube gibbous at base, limb campanulate, 5 ovate lobes ; Stamens 5, epipetalous ; Ovary inferior, 5-celled, style slender, stigma capitate ; Fruit a berry, 5-celled, many-seeded, i in. long, glandular-hairy, purplish ; said to be sought after by pheasants.
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, acuminate, entire, smooth, flaccid, pale green underneath, 3-5 ins. long ; petioles connate at base.
A deciduous shrub, with rambling habit, 4-10 ft. ; Stems woody, hollow, green ; Branches slender, fistular, young shoots pubescent ; Growth rapid.
Native of N. India; introduced by Dr. Rayle, 1824; named after William Leycester, Chief Judge of the principal native Court in Bengal. Also called Flowering Nutmeg.
ROSY WEIGELA, Diervilla Jlorida.
Gardens. April — June. This free-growing and profuse-flowering shrub
forms a graceful and well-furnished bush in almost any soil. The Weigelas
or Bush Honeysuckles may be pruned after flowering. They are propagated
by cuttings of young shoots in pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in cool
67
TREES AND SHRUBS
greenhouse in spring, or of firm shoots 6 ins. long inserted 3 ins. deep in north border under handlight in October or November ; suckers in autumn.
Floivers rose, or white, pinkish in interior shading into rose, in dense axillary and terminal cymes ; buds deep rose ; Calyx 5-toothed ; Corolla funnel- shaped, 5-lobed ; Stamens 5; Ovary inferior; Fruit a 1 -celled, 1-seeded berry.
Leaves opposite, sessile or shortly petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, acute.
A deciduous shrub , 6-10 ft.
Native of China; introduced by Robert Fortune, 1844. Synonymous with Weigela rosea (Lindl.), JD. rosea (Walp.), JFeigela amabilis of gardens.
LARGE-FLOWERED WEIGELA, Diervilla grandiflora.
Gardens. May, June.
Flowers pink-rose, regular, in axillary and terminal cymes, extremely floriferous ; Calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed, superior ; Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, 5-lobed ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, large nectary at side of style easily mistaken for a superior ovary ; Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded berry.
Leaves opposite, serrated, strongly reticulated, veins very prominent on underside, under- surface white.
A deciduous shrub, 8-10 ft., often assuming a climbing habit.
Native of Japan. Synonymous with D. amabilis (Carr). Generic name in honour of M. Dierville, a French surgeon.
MIDDENDORF’S WEIGELA, Diervilla middendorfiana.
Gardens.
Flowers yellowish-white, in a terminal panicled cyme ; Lower petal dotted with pink, or darker yellow ; Stigma large, inverted cup-shaped ; Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded berry.
68
RUBIACE^
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, finely reticulated, hairy on nerves.
A deciduous shrub.
Native of Siberia. Syn. Weigela middendorjiana.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs ; Leaves opposite, with interpetiolar stipules, or apparently whorled, usually entire, the stipules sometimes resembling the leaves ; Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, usually regular ; Calyx; 3-6-lobed or toothed or obsolete, tube adnate to ovary ; Corolla 3-6-lobed ; Stamens usually as many as corolla lobes, inserted in the throat or tube ; Ovary inferior, 2 or more celled ; Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe.
BUTTON BUSH, Cephalantkus occidentalis.
Gardens, shrubbery borders, or woods. July. Best in peaty soil. Propa- gated by layers in early autumn.
Flowers yellowish-white, small, very fragrant, in dense terminal globose panicled heads, 1-1^ in. diam., bracts glandular ; Calyx 4-5-lobed, lobes rounded, villose at base ; Corolla tubular, infundibuliform, 4-5-lobed, glandular or eglandular ; Stamens 4-5, inserted on throat of corolla, anthers sub-sessile, included, dehiscing before flower opens ; Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma clavate, entire ; Fruit a capsule, coriaceous, dark red-brown ; seeds 2, with white spongy arillus.
Leaves opposite, or verticillate in threes, ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rounded or cuneate at base, membranaceous, dark green above, paler below, 4-7 ins. long, 1-3^ ins. wide ; petioles stout, grooved ; stipules minute, nearly triangular.
Class I.
Division III. Natural Order.
. Dicotyledons . Gamopetalce . Rubiacece
69
TREES AND SHRUBS
A deciduous shrub, 2-7 ft. ; Branches ascending, spreading ; Bark grey- brown, scaly ; Buds minute.
Introduced from N. America, 1785. Generic name from Gr. kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower. Also called Globe-bush, Little Snow-balls, and Snowy Globe-flowers.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Composites
Herbs or shrubs, with usually alternate, exstipulate leaves, and flowers mostly white or yellow, usually small, crowded in dense capitula surrounded by involucral bracts ; Calyx superior, completely united with the ovary, and undistinguishable from it, its limb wanting, or consisting of a border of minute teeth, scales, or pappus of hairs, simple or feathery ; Corolla gamo- petalous, epigynous, either all tabular and 5 -toothed, or all ligulate, or with a central disk of tubular florets and a ray of ligulate ; Stamens 5, or rarely 4, epipetalous, anthers syngenesious and basifixed, sometimes tailed ; Ovary inferior, 2 carpels, 1 -celled, stigmas 2 ; Fruit a cypsela, often crowned by a pappus.
The most extensive Order in the vegetable kingdom, containing over 10,000 species. Distinguished from Valerianeae and Dipsaceas by the syn- genesious anthers.
NEW ZEALAND DAISY-BUSH, Olearia Haastii.
Gardens, shrubberies, rockeries. July — September. This is the hardiest
of the Olearias, and will do well as far north as the Midland counties. In
smoky districts it does better than most evergreens, and is also an excellent
seaside shrub. It makes a dense Box-like bush, well suited for forming a
hedge, and may then be pruned in early spring or after flowering. In late
summer it is almost completely covered with little Aster-like blossoms.
70
COMPOSITE
The Olearias may be propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil under handlight in a warm sheltered spot or cold frame, September — October ; layers in autumn.
Flowers white, in a lax or dense, sub-terminal, corymbose , hoary cyme of capitula ; cymes 1|— 3 ins. diam. ; pedicels short, hoary ; peduncles hoary, longer than leaves, involucre campanulate ; Ray florets 4-5 ; Fruit a cypsela.
Leaves alternate, crowded, elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse or sub-acute, entire, wrinkled, coriaceous, dull green above, white beneath, f-1^ in. long.
An evergreen shrub , 5 ft. ; Branches woody, thick ; branchlets hoary.
Native of New Zealand ; introduced 1858.
NEW ZEALAND DAISY-TREE, Olearia macrodonta.
Gardens. July, August. This is one of the most handsome of all shrubs, happiest in the Southern counties, especially when against a south or west wall. It makes a good hedge plant.
Flowers white, Daisy-like, 1^ in. diam. ; Capitula in large terminal hemi- spherical corymbs; Fruit a cypsela.
Leaves alternate, very variable, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-ovate, or cordate- ovate, obtuse, crenate or coarsely toothed, undulate, Holly-like, l£-2 ins. long, silvery-green above, almost white beneath, smelling faintly of Musk.
An evergreen shrub, 3-5 ft. ; or small tree, 20 ft. ; Hat-topped ; Branches stout.
Native of New Zealand; introduced 1886. Syn. O. dentata.
TASMANIAN DAISY-BUSH, Olearia stellulata.
Gardens. Best when sheltered by wall. June — September.
Flowers white, f-1 in. diam. ; Ray florets about 12, in a capitulum, borne in great profusion ; involucral bracts scabrous, persistent, forming a silvery star ^ in. diam. ; Fruit a cypsela, with pappus.
Leaves alternate, oblanceolate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, upper side dark green
71
TREES AND SHRUBS
and with stellate hairs, underside hoary with stellate hairs ; leaf |-2 ins. long, T3g in. wide, petiole short.
An evergreen shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Branches hoary.
Native of Tasmania and Australia. Syn. Eurybia gunniana. Also called Victorian Snow Bush.
SNOW IN SUMMER, Helichrysum rosmarinifolium.
Gardens. June, July. Requires shelter; hardy in South and West of England. It does best in a light loamy soil and plenty of air. If the flowers are hung up and dried they will last for many months, forming a charming winter decoration. Any necessary pruning may be done in April. Propagate by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil under handlight in shady position in summer.
Flowers white, small, like Daisies ; flower heads ( capitula ) in dense corymbs, usually terminating small leafy branches, forming a large leafy panicle ; Fruit an achene (cypsela).
Leaves alternate, Rosemary-like, lanceolate, obtuse, revolute, 1-| in- l°ng- A deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft. ; Branches long, arching.
Native of S. Australia and Tasmania ; introduced 1827. Also known as Rosemary Everlasting Flower. Syn. Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius. Generic name from Gr. ozein, to smell, and thamnos, a shrub.
SOUTHERNWOOD, A rtemisia A brotanum.
Gardens. August — October. This is one of our oldest garden favourites,
doing well in any dry soil. Propagated by cuttings in shady border, July —
September ; seeds in light soil in cold frame in March.
Flowers yellowish, small, in small capitula, racemose-paniculate, involucral
bracts with slightly scarious margins, outer lanceolate, acute, inner obovate ;
Florets all tubular, anemophilous, central flowers fertile, marginal ones
pistillate ; Fruit an achene (cypsela), narrow at top, pappus 0.
72
ERICACE/E
Leaves alternate, lower ones bipinnate or tripinnate, upper pinnate, seg- ments hair-like, fragrant, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, deep green.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Stem straight, puberulent or glabrous, much branched ; Branches short, erect or ascending.
Native of S. Europe; introduced about 1548. Also called Lad’s-love and Old Man. Generic name Artemisia derived from Artemis, one of the names of Diana.
SAGE BUSH, Artemisia tridcntata.
Gardens. A small erect bushy shrub covered with a dense silvery-grey tomentum, and exhaling a strong and agreeable odour. August.
Flowers yellowish, all perfect and fertile, in a dense panicle of capitula, 5-8-flowered ; sessile or nearly so ; involucre oblong, tomentose ; inner bracts oblong; outer short, ovate, obtuse; Anthers obtuse, entire at base; Fruit a cypsela.
Leaves alternate, 3-7-toothed, apex truncate, narrowly cuneate at base, in. long, in. wide, silvery tomentose.
An evergreen shrub, 4-5 ft. ; much branched, silvery canescent.
Native of Western U.S.A.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Ericaceae
Mostly evergreen shrubs, occasionally growing into small trees, with simple, exstipulate leaves and hermaphrodite flowers, regular or nearly so, mostly white or red ; Calyx gamosepalous, 4-5-toothed or lobed, superior or inferior ; Corolla usually gamopetalous, 4-5-cleft or toothed, sometimes per- sistent ; Stamens usually twice as many as corolla lobes, hypogynous or epigynous, anthers dehiscing by pores or slits, often appendiculate ; Ovary
superior or inferior, 4-5-celled, placentation axile ; Fruit a capsule or berry. VOL. II. 73 G
TREES AND SHRUBS
An Order of about 13,000 species, often favouring peaty soils, and having mycorhiza on their roots. Distinguished from Campanulacea? by the apical pores or slits of the anthers. The Ericacece and Campanulaceae are the only gamopetalous orders in which the stamens are not inserted on the corolla.
BILBERRY or WHORTLEBERRY, F accinum Myrtillus.
Heaths, moorlands, rockeries. April — June. A pretty little shrub, admired in spring for its rosy waxen flowers and fresh green foliage, and in autumn for its refreshing fruit. No pruning is necessary. The species are propagated by cuttings of shoots in sandy moist peat under handlight in shade in summer ; layers in autumn ; division in September or March ; seeds in shallow boxes or pans filled with moist sandy peat in temperature 55°-65° in spring, transplanting outdoors in summer.
Flowers rose tinged with green, solitary and axillary, pedicels i in. ; Calyx turbinate, 5-lobed ; Corolla urceolate-globoid, 2^-2f ins. long, epigy- nous, 5 small teeth; Stamens 10, epigynous, anthers awned, dehiscing by pores ; Ovary inferior, 4-5-celled, style filiform, stigma obtuse ; Fruit a berry, globoid, 4-5-celled, blue-black, pruinose, size of pea, many-seeded, edible ; used as preserve.
Leaves alternate, ovate or elliptical, acute, serrulate, thin, pale green, glabrous, in. long, petiole short. Autumn tints cherry-red, scarlet, crimson, brown.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins.; Stem erect, rigid, angular; Branches ascending, angular, glabrous ; Buds scaly ; Rootstock creeping.
Native of Britain. Also called Blueberry.
BOG WHORTLEBERRY, Faccinum uliginosum.
Mountain heaths and bogs. A useful trailing shrub for the rock-garden. May, June.
Flowers pale pink, solitary, on axillary peduncles, 1-3 together ; Calyx tube
74
STRAWBERRY TREE ( Arlmtm Unedo)
A. Branch, with cluster of fruit. R. Single flower. C. Flower, with front part of corolla and two front stamens removed, D. Flower showing calyx. E. One of the stamens. P. Section of flower (two stamens in position). G. Pistil.
//. Longitudinal section of fruit. /. Transverse section of fruit.
Plate XXXVIII.
ERICACEAE
hemispheric, 4-5-toothed, obtuse; Corolla sub-globose, 1 in. long; Stamens 8-10, epigynous, dorsal awns ; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry, dark blue, with glaucous bloom.
Leaves alternate, obovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, entire, thin, coriaceous, glaucous beneath, J-l in. long.
A deciduous shrub, 6-10 ins.; Stem procumbent, woody, rigid, glabrous ; Branches cylindrical or slightly angled, ascending ; Buds scaly.
Native of Britain. Specific name = swamp-loving ( L. utiginosus ; uligo ; uvere, to be wet). Also known as Great Bilberry and Bleaberry.
COWBERRY, Vaccinum Vitis-ideea.
Woods, heaths, rocky moors, gardens. May — August. A native of the peaty moorland, good for the rock-garden.
Flowers red, in a short, dense, terminal, drooping raceme, pedicels 2, bracteolate ; Calyx tube hemispheric, 4-lobed, lobes ovate, ciliate ; Corolla campanulate, 4-lobed, spreading ; Stamens awnless ; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry, globose, coral-red, ^ in. diam. ; acid ; ripe August — October.
Leaves alternate, resembling Box, obovate or oblong, margin thickened, entire or serrulate, revolute, coriaceous, glossy green above, pale beneath, 1^ in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins. ; Stem procumbent, much branched, wiry, tortuous ; Branches pubescent, trailing or ascending.
Native of British Isles. Known also as Mount Ida Whortleberry, Flowering Box, and Brawlins. Specific name = Vine of Mt. Ida (L. vitis, a vine).
CRANBERRY, Oxycoccus palustris.
Peaty bogs. .Tune — August.
Floxcers red, solitary and axillary, drooping; peduncles 1-3, slender, 1 in.
long, puberulous, bracteate; Calyx limb minute; Corolla rotate, j in. diam.,
4-lobed, lobes linear-oblong, re flexed ; Stamens epigynous, exserted, filaments
purple, pubescent, anthers yellow ; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry, globular, red,
{ in. diam. ; very acid ; used for jam and tart making.
75
c; 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, ovate or lanceolate, cordate at base, entire, revolute, deep green above, glaucous beneath, ^ in. long, petiole short.
An evergreen shrub, 3-4 ins. ; Stem creeping, filiform, wiry, puberulous ; Buds scaly.
Native of Britain. Syns. O. vulgaris and Faccinium Oxycoccus. Known also as Marsh Whortleberry.
STRAWBERRY TREE, Arbutus Unedo.
Parks, gardens, lawns. September — November. Unlike most of the
Heath family this will grow in a soil containing a little chalk or lime, but it does best in sandy peat. When laden with its waxy blossoms and the Strawberry-like fruits of the previous year, this forms one of our most striking shrubs. Propagated by seeds in well-drained pots of sandy peat in cold frame in March ; it is used as a stock.
Flozvers cream-white, often flushed with pink, in a drooping terminal panicle, glabrous, lax ; pedicels short, bracts deciduous ; Calyx inferior, sepals 5, small ; Corolla 5-fid, ovately campanulate, hypogynous ; Stamens 10, hypogynous, filaments short, villous at base, anthers with 2 pores at tip, awned ; Ovary superior, 5-celled, style simple, stigma obtuse, viscid ; fertilised by bees ; Fruit a berry, globular, granulated, 5-celled, and many-seeded,
resembling a strawberry, but rather dry, friable and flavourless, red, takes about 14 months to reach maturity, edible, § in. diam. ; seeds angled, testa coriaceous.
Leaves alternate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, shortly petiolate, acute, bluntly serrated, glabrous on upper side, 2-3 ins. long ; coriaceous, dark glossy green, petioles glandular ; dying leaves reddish.
An evergreen shrub, 10-15 ft., or small tree; branchlets clothed with glandular hairs ; Bark rough, twisted, scaly, tinged with red ; Tzvigs red.
Indigenous in S.W. Ireland, there a tree of 40 ft. Generic name possibly from I,, arbor, a tree. Specific name a contraction of unum edo ; unum , one, edo, I eat, i.e. one is sufficient at a time.
Leaves sometimes attacked by Arbutus Purple Spot ( Septoria TJnedonis ).
76
Plate XXXIX.
BILBERRY, or WHORTLEBERRY ( Vaccinium Myrtillus)
A. Flowering branch. B. Leaf. C . Pistil and calyx. D. Corolla.
E. Flower after removal of corolla (showing stamens with appendages).
ERICACEAE
BLACK BEARBERRY, Arctostaphylos alpina.
Dry barren Scotch mountains, rockeries. May — August. The species
are propagated by seeds and layers.
Flowers white or flesh-coloured, resembling Arbutus, in a small terminal reflexed raceme, 2-3-flowered, appearing with the young leaves ; pedicels short, rather hairy ; bracts ciliated ; Calyx gamosepalous, inferior, 5 minute sepals ; Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, 4-5-lobed, \ in. diam., pubescent within ; Stamens 10, hypogynous, filaments subulate, anthers brown, awns very short ; Ovary superior, 5-10-celled ; disk of 3 fleshy scales ; Fruit a berry (drupe), i in. diam., black, 5-10 stones ; berries eaten by Grouse ; ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, obovate, or spathulate, shortly petiolate, exstipulate, narrowed towards base, wrinkled and coarsely serrated above middle, ciliated, acute, thin, prominently veined, ^-1^ in. long. Autumn tint fiery red.
A deciduous shrub, 3-4 ins. ; procumbent ; Branches short, stout, inter- laced ; Bark scaly.
Native of central and northern mountains of Scotland, Radge of the Clan Ross. Synonymous with Arbutus alpina. Generic name from Gr. arktos, a bear, and staphy/e, a grape, the fruit of some species being eaten by bears.
POINTED-LEAVED BEARBERRY, Arctostaphylos pungens.
Rockeries. F ebruary.
Flowers white, tinged with rose, in a drooping raceme of 8-10 flowers; pedicels short; Fruit a drupe, smooth, glabrous.
Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, entire, acute, mucronate, coriaceous, downy when young both surfaces, glabrous later, greyish, rather pungent, 1-1.1 in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 1 ft. ; much branched, erect ; Branchlets angular, downy.
Introduced from Mexico, 1839.
TREES AND SHRUBS
COMMON BEARBERRY, Arctostapliylos Uva-ursi.
Dry, heathy, rocky hills, or mountains ; rockeries. Best in sandy peat. April — June.
Flowers pink, or flesh-coloured with red mouth, in a very short, few- flowered, crowded, terminal raceme ; Sepals short and broad; Corolla urceolate, § in. diam., teeth 4-5, hairy within; Stamens 10, anthers with long awns; Ovary superior ; Fruit a drupe, globular, smooth, shining, insipid, pulpy, mealy, red, a in. diam. ; ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, Box-like, obovate, spathulate, or oblong, entire, ciliate, obtuse, coriaceous, glossy deep green, reticulately nerved both surfaces, £-1 in. long, petiole and margin finely woolly. Autumn tints bright red to purplish- brown.
An evergreen shrub , 4-G ins. ; procumbent ; Branches scandent.
Native of N. England, Scotland, and Ireland ; leaves and branches used for dye. Syn. Arbutus Uva-ursi. Specific name from L. uva, a bunch or cluster of grapes, and ursa, a bear. Known as Red Bearberry.
SHOWY ZENOBIA, Zenobia speciosa.
Gardens. June, July. Thrives in peaty soil, and warm but open situation, liking plenty of moisture at the roots. Propagate by layers September or October.
Flowers white, waxy in texture, resembling Lily of the Valley, in an umbellate axillary cluster ; pedicels drooping; Calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed, lobes short, triangular ; Corolla gamopetalous, campanulate, 5-lobed, ^ in. diam. ; Stamens 10, anthers with awns; Ovary 5-celled ; Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, obtusely 5-lobed, 5-celled.
Leaves alternate, oval or oblong, crenulated or slightly serrulated, coriaceous, silvery, glabrous, 1-2 ins. long.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft. ; glabrous, often glaucous.
Introduced from Southern U.S.A., 1800. Syn. Andromeda speciosa Also called Silvery Andromeda.
78
ERICACEAE
MARSH ROSEMARY, Andromeda polifolia.
Peaty bogs, gardens. May — August. Requires peaty soil. It is a lovely dwarf rock plant, best in the South of England, where it flowers as early as April. Propagated by layers of shoots pegged down till rooted, detached after 12-18 months; seeds in peaty soil in autumn or spring.
Flowers pink, drooping, in a short terminal raceme or cluster, pedicels -Jj—1 in., slender, red ; Calyx small, deeply 5-lobed, obtuse ; Corolla hypogynous, ovoid, ^ in. long, 5-lobed, reflexed ; Stamens 10, hypogynous, included, filaments bearded, awned ; Ovary 5-celled, superior, stigma simple ; Fruit a capsule, erect, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, sub-globose.
Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, revolute, coriaceous, dark glossy green above, glaucous beneath, 1^ in. long, petiole short.
An evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins.; glabrous; Stem ascending, rooting at base; Branches sub-erect, twiggy ; Bark smooth, brown ; Buds scaly.
Native of Britain. Known also as Moorwort. Generic name is mythical, referring to Andromeda, the daughter of an Ethiopian king, rescued from a sea-monster by Perseus, who married her. Syn. Andromeda rosmarim folia.
AMERICAN ANDROMEDA, Pier is jloribunda.
Gardens. April — June. This handsome evergreen spring-flowering shrub
is best in a fairly rich loam or moist peat, and sheltered from cutting winds.
It may be propagated by seed, layers, or cuttings, but the last two methods
are slow, layers usually requiring 12 months before transplanting.
Flowers pure white, resembling Lily of the Valley, formed in autumn,
expanding in April, in an axillary and terminal panicle of dense secund racemes ;
Corolla urceolate, 5-angled ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, finely serrulated,
adpressedly ciliated, glabrous, coriaceous, deep glossy green, li-2 ins. long.
79
TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen shrub, 2-6 ft. ; much branched.
Native of N. America; introduced by Lyon, 1811. Known also as Lily of the Valley Tree. Syns. Andromeda floribunda and Zenobia jioribunda.
JAPAN ANDROMEDA, Pieris japonica.
Gardens, March — June. Thrives in sandy peat. During the growing
season this ornamental evergreen is made especially attractive by the beautiful crimson tint of its shoots, bark, and leaves. Cuttings of young shoots strike readily.
Flowers waxy-white, in a pendulous panicle of dense racemes, shortly pedicellate, bracteate and bracteolate ; Calyx 5-fid, persistent, segments ovate acute ; Corolla urceolate, 5-toothed, lobes recurved ; Stamens 10, included ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, narrowed at base, serrated, rather thick, dark green, 2 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 3-10 ft. ; much branched ; glabrous ; growth slow.
Native of Japan (tree 30 ft.); introduced 1882. Syn. Andromeda japonica ; described under this name by Thunberg in 1784.
LING, Calluna vulgaris.
Heaths, moors, gardens. July — September. Thrives in peaty soil. It
may be propagated by division in October or April. Cut out straggling shoots after flowering.
Flowers rose or white, small, numerous, slightly proterandrous, in a terminal and lateral leafy raceme ; pedicels short, drooping ; 2 pairs of opposite bracts, outer foliaceous, inner scarious ; Calyx 4 partite, rosy, longer than corolla, embracing it, scarious, lobes obtuse ; Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft, hypogynous, persistent, enclosing capsule, lobes triangular ; Stamens 8, inserted on disk, anthers short, dorsal, awned ; Ovary 4-celled, superior, pubescent, style exserted, stigma dilated ; Fruit a capsule, 4-celled, 4-valved ; seeds 1-2 in each cell.
80
B CUB
LING oil HEATHER ( CaJluna vulgari .-•)
A. Flowering branch. D Flower, enlarged. C. The same, from below. D. Section of flower, showing two oi the stamens in position. E. A stamen.
Plate XL.
ERICACE^
Leaves opposite, decussate, small, sessile, slightly auricled or spurred at base, linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, revolute, convex above, slightly grooved beneath, shining green or glabrous, or sometimes pubescent or hoary. An evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Branches elongate, red-brown.
Native of Britain. Generic name from Gr. kallino, the twigs being used for sweeping.
WINTER HEATH, Erica cornea.
Gardens. January — April. This compact little shrub is one of the brightest ornaments of rockeries and gardens in winter and early spring. It is best in peat, but will grow in sandy loam. The hardy species of Erica are propagated by cuttings in sandy peat under bell-glass or handligbt outdoors in September or October ; layering shoots September — November ; division in October.
Floxvers pale pink or reddish, axillary, drooping, forming leafy secund racemes either terminal or below the ends of the branches ; Sepals 4, linear- lanceolate, red, glandularly hairy ; Corolla 4-lobed, narrow-ovoid, \ in. long, persistent, lobes broad ; Stamens 8, anthers slightly protruding, oblong, inserted by their lower ends on flattened filaments, 2-fid at top, without appendages ; Ovary superior, 4-celled, style long ; Fruit a capsule, 4-celled, many-seeded.
Leaves 3-4 in a whorl, linear, obtuse, revolute to midrib, glabrous.
An evergreen shrub, 6 ins. ; Stem erect, glabrous or glandularly-hairy.
A native of Europe; introduced 17G3. Also known as Alpine Forest Heath. Syn. E. herbacea.
CILIATE HEATH, Erica ciliaris.
Sandy heaths, gardens. This has the largest blossoms of all our native
heaths. It will thrive in a loamy soil as well as in peat. June — September.
Flowers rose, dying off a russet-brown, in a terminal unilateral raceme;
pedicels short; Sepals small, ciliate, pubescent; Corolla ovoid, nearly \ in.
81
TREES AND SHRUBS
long, oblique at mouth, 4-lobed ; Stamens included, anthers awnless ; Ovary globose, style exserted ; Fruit a 4-valved capsule.
Leaves 3-4 in a whorl, ovate, sub-sessile, ciliate, recurved, pubescent above, glaucous beneath.
An evergreen shrub, 12-18 ins.; Stem slender; branchlets many, erect, pubescent.
Native of S.W. England (Cornwall and Dorset) and parts of Ireland. Called Dorset Heath and Fringed Heath.
FINE-LEAVED HEATH, Erica cinerea.
Heaths, commons, gardens, duly — September. When planted in masses it makes an attractive shrub in early autumn.
Floxvers reddish-purple, fading to bluish-lilac, drooping, in a dense elongated or oblong terminal whorled raceme ; pedicels short, puberulous ; bracteoles under calyx ; Calyx deeply 4-partite, segments linear-lanceolate ; Corolla ovate-urceolate, slightly 4-lobed, straight at mouth, % in. long, per- sistent ; Stamens 8, hypogynous, enclosed in corolla, anthers small, toothed appendages ; Ovary superior, 4-celled, glabrous, style long, exserted, stigma capitate ; Fruit a 4-celled capsule.
Leaves crowded in whorls of 3, minute, ins. long, linear, acute, minutely serrated, margins revolute, cartilaginous, whitish, dark shining green above, glabrous and furrowed beneath.
An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft. ; much branched ; Branches slender, red- brown, pubescent ; shoots glabrous.
Native of Britain. Known also as Scotch Heather, Bell Heath, and Grey Heath.
MEDITERRANEAN HEATH, Erica mediterranea.
Boggy heaths of Mayo and Galway ; cultivated in English gardens. March — May.
Flowers pink, axillary, in dense secund, nodding racemes, pedicels solitary
82
ERICACEAE
or in pairs, short, 2-bracteolate in the middle ; Sepals ovate-lanceolate ; Corolla cylindric-campanulate, £ in. long, lobes broad ; Stamens 8, anthers dark, half-exserted, 2-fid at tip, awnless ; Ovary superior, 4-celled ; Fruit a capsule, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves 3-5 in a whorl, crowded, linear, margins revolute to midrib and connate to the under-surface, shortly petiolate, glabrous, ’ in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 2-6 ft. ; bushy, glabrous.
Native of Western Europe. Considered by some as a variety of E. carnea. Syn. E. hibernica.
CORSICAN HEATH, Erica stricta.
Gardens. A wiry-looking shrub of compact habit. August — November. Flowers purple-red, in a terminal umbellate cluster ; Corolla urceolate, ^ in. long, segments reflexed ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves 4 in a whorl, linear, obtuse, glabrous, warm green, \ in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 3-6 ft.
Native of S. Europe (Corsica) ; introduced 1765.
CROSS-LEAVED HEATH, Erica Tetralix.
Heaths, gardens. This likes an open situation, and will thrive in moist or boggy places. July — September.
Flowers rose-red, in a terminal sub-umbellate cluster, flowers drooping ; pedicels short ; Sepals oblong-lanceolate, downy ; Corolla ovoid-globose, ^ in. long; Anthers included, awns long, subulate; Ovary pubescent, glandular hairs; Fruit a 4-valved capsule.
Leaves cruciate, 4 in a whorl, acicular or linear-oblong, revolute to mid- rib, ciliate, stiff glandular hairs, downy, dark green above, blue glaucous beneath.
An evergreen shrub, 12-18 ins.; Stems wiry; Branches rarely glabrous; shoots downy.
Native of Britain.
83
TREES AND SHRUBS
CORNISH HEATH, Erica vagans.
Heaths, gardens. This makes a vigorous bush, and thrives in almost any soil. July — September.
Flowers pink, in a dense terminal axillary leafy raceme, flowers erect ; pedicels long, usually twin, slender, bracteolate ; Sepals ovate, ciliate, obtuse ; Corolla campanulate, £ in. long, lobes short ; Anthers exserted, filaments slender, awnless ; Ovary globose, style exserted, stigma capitate ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves 3-5 in a whorl, linear, recurved, revolute to midrib, obtuse, glabrous, 3. in. long.
An evergreen shrub , 1-3 ft. ; Stem stout, woody ; Branches stiff’, erect, fascicled, densely leafy.
Indigenous in Cornwall and parts of Ireland.
CREEPING AZALEA, Loisc/eurea procumbens.
Scotch mountains ; rock gardens. May — August. Being a natural bog plant,
it does best in deep sandy peat. It may be propagated by layering shoots,
September — November; or slowly by seed.
Flowers rose-pink, proterogynous, in a sub-corymbose terminal cluster of
2-3 flowers ; peduncle red, ebracteolate ; Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, red ;
Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, hypogynous, obtuse, deciduous ; Stamens 5,
hypogynous, slightly adnate to corolla ; Ovary superior, 2-3-celled, sub-
globose, style short, stigma capitate ; Fruit a capsule, minute, 2-3-celled,
2-3-valved, valves 2-fid ; seeds several, ovoid, pitted.
Leaves opposite, crowded, petiolate, ovate to linear-oblong, entire,
revolute, coriaceous, thick, obtuse, convex and grooved, midrib prominent,
glabrous, shining deep green above, and channelled, pubescent beneath.
An evergreen Alpine sub-shrub, 2-3 ins. ; Stem glabrous, woody ; Branches
spreading, procumbent, red-brown ; Buds scaly.
84
PONTIC RHODODENDRON ( Rhododendron ponticum)
A. Flowering branch. B- Longitudinal section of fruit. C. Flower, with petals removed. 1). Fruit. E. Transverse section of fruit.
Plate XLI.
ERICACEAE
Indigenous in Scotch Highlands. Known also as Alpine Azalea. Generic name after Loiseleur Deslongchamps, a French botanist. Syn. Azalea procumbens.
SCOTTISH MENZIESIA, Bryanthus taxifolius.
Mountainous heaths in Scotland; gardens. May- — July. Propagated by layers in autumn.
Floivers lilac, drooping, in terminal umbellate corymbs of 3-4 flowers, pedicels 1^ in- l°ng> bracteate and bibracteolate ; Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, glandular-pubescent ; Corolla l in. long, ovoid, urceolate, deciduous, 5-cleft, lobes short; Stamens 10, hypogynous, filaments slender, anthers purple, truncate, open by pores, awnless ; Ovary 5-celled, glandular, pubescent, style slender, stigma capitate ; Fruit a capsule, erect, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, seeds shining.
Leaves alternate, crowded, spreading, linear-obtuse, glandularly serrate, rigid, coriaceous, glabrous, margins reflexed to midrib, glossy green both surfaces, i-?5 in. long ; petioles short.
An evergreen shrub, 5-10 ins.; much branched; Branches tubercled ; Buds scaly.
Native of Scotland ; found in Perthshire. Known also as Blue Menziesia. Syns. Andromeda ccerulea, A. taxi folia, Menziesia ccerulea, Phyllodoce taxifolia, P. ccerulea.
ST. DABEOC’S HEATH, Daboecia polifolia.
Moist heaths in Ireland ; gardens in England. May — September. Needs
peaty soil. Cut away old flowering stems in early winter.
Floiccrs crimson, purple, or white, in a lax, terminal, drooping raceme
of 5-10 flowers; pedicels short, stout, curved; bracts leafy; Calyx 4-partite, '
lobes ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; Corolla urceolate, ventricose, deciduous, shortly
4-cleft, lobes broad, slit, reflexed, 5 in. long; Stamens 8, included, anthers VOL. II. 85 H
TREES AND SHRUBS
purple, awnless ; Ovary superior, 4-celled, villous and glandular, style simple, stigma dilated ; Fruit a capsule, 4-celled, 4-valved.
Leaves alternate, oval, shortly petiolate, ciliate, revolute, bright glossy green above, downy beneath, | in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft.; decumbent; Branches erect, slender, glan- dularly hairy ; Bark flaking ; Buds scaly.
Native of Ireland; found in Connemara and Mayo. Syn. Andromeda Daboecia.
SHEEP LAUREL, Ka l m i a a n gust if oil a .
Gardens, shrubberies. May — July. Best in cool damp soil, especially of peaty nature. The species are propagated by cuttings of young shoots in pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in shady cold frame, April — August ; seeds in well-drained shallow pans of sandy peat in cold frame, April or October.
Flowers purple or rose, in lateral corymbs, usually 3-fiowered ; Calyx gamosepalous, 5-partite, persistent; Corolla gamopetalous, saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, tube short, 10 pouches just below limb; Stamens 5, hypogynous, deshiscing by pores; Ovary superior, sub-globose, 5-celled; style filiform, exserted ; stigma capitate; Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-lobed, woody, valves crustaceous ; seeds minute.
Leaves alternate, mostly in twos or threes, oblong, entire, revolute, obtuse, exstipulate, petiolate, light green above, dull, pale or rusty beneath, 1-2 ins. long, coriaceous.
An evergreen shrub, 1^-3 ft. ; Branches often in threes, ascending, terete ; Bark brown, scaly ; Buds minute.
Introduced from Canada, 1736. Also known as Lambkill. Generic name in honour of Peter Kalm (1715-1799), an eminent botanist of Finland, who became Professor at Abo.
86
ERICACE-d
GLAUCOUS AMERICAN LAUREL, Kalmia glauca.
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May.
Flowers purplish-pink, |— | in. diam., in a terminal umbellate corymb, 1-13 flowers, pedicels filiform ; Calyx 5-partite, lobes ovate, scarious-coriaceous, much imbricated, persistent ; Corolla 5-lobed, with cavities for anthers ; Stamens 10, anthers brown; Ovary 5-celled ; Fruit a capsule, 5-valved. depressed-globose, glabrous.
Leaves opposite, or rarely in threes, 1 in. long, oblong or linear-oblong, nearly sessile, obtuse or acute, margins entire, strongly revolute, dark green above, glaucous white beneath, 1-2 ins. long, in. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Stem straggling ; Branches opposite, or whorls of three ; Bark greenish-brown, smooth.
Introduced from N. America, 1767.
CALICO BUSH, Kalmia lat i folia.
Gardens, shrubberies. May — July. “ Few flowering shrubs can surpass this Kalmia for beauty when at the zenith of its loveliness. Each delicately fashioned, cupped blossom, of which Ruskin wrote so appreciatively, is a marvel of perfect form, and the large clusters, ranging in colour from white to soft pink, almost hide the shining, lance-shaped leafage in their profusion. — The Garden. Rest in sandy peat, or light, friable loam and leaf soil.
Floxcers white, tinted with pink, nearly 1 in. diam., in a many-flowered
compound terminal corymb; pedicels red or green, covered with dark scurfy
scales ; glandularly hirsute ; bracts persistent, acute ; 2 minute bracteoles ;
Calyx 5-partite, rose-coloured, segments linear, acute, viscid-pubescent ;
Corolla sub-hypocrateriform, 5-lobed, each lobe with 2 small pockets for
anthers, viscid-pubescent; Stamens 10, epipetalous, filaments white, anthers
rose, pores at apex, immature anthers held down in pockets ; Ovary 5-celled
87 n 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
superior, style long, stigma rose ; Fruit a 5-valved capsule, crowned with persistent style, depressed-globose, glandular.
Leaves in twos or threes, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, narrowed at base, entire, thick, coriaceous, rigid, bright green, glandular white tomentose when young, 3-4 ins. long, l-li in. wide, petioles stout, red.
An evergreen shrub, 3-10 ft. ; forming large, round-headed bush, resembling Rhododendron ; Branches stiff ; Twigs terete ; Bark brown, tinged red, scaly ; Buds ovate, acute, glandular.
Introduced from N. America, 1734 ; there forms tree 30-40 ft. high, trunk 18-20 ins. diam. Known also as Spoonwood and Mountain Laurel; called by Indians “ Clamoun.”
LABRADOR TEA, Ledum latifoliuvi.
Gardens, shrubberies. April — June. Best in peaty soils, cool and moist. Propagated by layers in September ; division of roots, September or October ; seeds in well-drained pans of sandy peat in cold frame in March.
Flowers white, f in. diam., in a many-flowered terminal umbellate cluster ; pedicels bracteate at base, tomentose ; Calgoc 5-fid ; Petals 5, obovate, obtuse, spreading ; Stamens 5-7, as long as petals, exserted ; Ovary 5-celled ; Fruit a capsule, dry, oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening from base.
Leaves alternate, linear-oblong, exstipulate, shortly petiolate, entire, revolute, coriaceous, upper side with globules of odoriferous gum, under side covered with thick brownish or rust-coloured down, slightly fragrant when bruised, pale dull green, 1-2^ ins. long, f in. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 2-3 ft. ; young stems downy.
Native of Northern U.S.A. ; introduced 1763. Leaves used as substitute for tea. Generic name from Gr. ledon, a species of Cistus which produced the ledonon, a resinous substance. Specific name from L. latus, broad, wide, and folium, a leaf. Known also as Wild Rosemary.
88
ERICACEAE
MARSH LEDUM, Ledum palustre.
Gardens. A compact shrub, succeeding best in cool, damp, peaty soil, but will grow in sandy loam with a little leaf-mould. April — June.
Flowers white, tinged with pink, smaller than L. latifolium , in a terminal umbel, pedicels pubescent; Calyx teeth ovate, obtuse; Stamens 10, longer than corolla ; Fruit a capsule, oblong or oval, scurfy, nodding, 5-celled, 5-valved ; seed ripened freely.
Leaves alternate, linear, distant, exstipulate, petiolate, entire, revolute, coriaceous, under side with rusty brown tomentum, in. long, in. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 2-3 ft. ; Twigs rusty tomentose.
Native of northern part of Eastern hemisphere; introduced 170*2.
FLAME-COLOURED AZALEA, Rhododendron calendulaceum.
Gardens, shrubberies. May — June. This is perhaps the most beautiful of any of the American types of Azalea. The various species of Azalea are propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass in temperature of G0°-70° in March ; by grafting in same temperature in March.
Floivcrs yellow, red, orange, or copper-coloured, not clammy, appearing before leaves, in a terminal umbel; pedicels short, pilose or glandular; Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, 5-fid ; Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, tube shorter than segments, hairy ; Stamens 5, long exserted ; Ovary superior, 5-celled ; Fruit a capsule, linear-oblong, erect, pubescent, § in. long.
Leaves alternate, oblong, exstipulate, petiolate, entire, pubescent both surfaces, at length hairy.
A deciduous shrid), 4-8 ft. ; Twigs mostly glabrous.
Native of Alleghany forests; said to be handsomest shrub in N. America.
Discovered by Bertram in Georgia in 1774 ; introduced by Lyon in 180G.
Generic name from Gr. rhododendron , the Rose Bay or Oleander —
rhodon, a rose, dendron, a tree, in allusion to rose-red flowers of many
species. Specific name = Marigold-like, from L. calendula, the marigold, —
89
TREES AND SHRUBS
L. kalendce, the first day of each month ; Gr. kalein, to call, because beginning of month was proclaimed ; name of flower ( calendula ) in allusion to almost perpetual flowering. Common name Azalea, from Gr. azaleos, dry, — aza, dryness, in allusion to habitat.
PONTIC AZALEA, Rhododendron jlavum.
Gardens, shrubberies. May. This is the only Azalea indigenous to Europe, and is probably the commonest of the recognised species. It is of free growth in good light peaty or sandy soil.
Flowers yellow, fragrant and clammy, proterandrous, in terminal umbellate clusters, pedicels clammy ; Calyx 5-lobed, glandular-viscid ; Corolla infundibuli- form, tube long, narrow, hairy outside, viscid ; limb spreading, 5 segments, ovate-lanceolate ; Stamens 5, very long exserted, anthers orange ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, ciliated, shining, pilose, clammy.
A deciduous shrub, G-10 ft.
Native of the Caucasus ; introduced by J. Bell, 1793. Synonymous with Azalea pontica. Honey collected by bees is said to have narcotic properties.
PINXTER FLOWER, Rhododendron nudiflorum.
Gardens, shrubberies. April — June.
Flowers pink, red, or white, appearing before or with the leaves, rather naked, not clammy, l|-2 ins. diam., in a terminal umbel ; Calyx lobes short, rather rounded ; Corolla slightly glandular, hirsute, tube scarcely longer than lobes ; Stamens much exserted ; Fruit a capsule, linear-oblong, erect, hairy.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate-oblong, acute at both ends, nearly smooth and green both surfaces, entire, ciliated, midrib bristly above, downy be- neath, 2-4 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 6 ft. ; spreading ; Branehlets hairy or glabrous.
90
ERICACE^
Native of hilly districts of Canada and U.S.A. ; introduced by Collinson, 1734. Specific name from L. nudus, naked; jiorum , of flowers. Also called Naked-flowered Azalea.
JAPANESE AZALEA, Rhododendron sinense .
Gardens, shrubberies. May. This is a general favourite, and of all the species of Azalea it is perhaps the most showy to the eye. Its seed is pro- duced freely, and is most satisfactory for raising fresh stock, but the process is a long one.
FI oncers orange, suffused with red, appearing before or with leaves, almost scentless, in a terminal cluster, pedicels pilose ; Corolla campanulate, downy ; Stamens equal in length to petals ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves clustered, elliptic, entire, acute, ciliated, pinnately nerved, pilosely pubescent, greyish beneath, slowly deciduous.
A deciduous shrub, 4-5 ft. ; young branches hairy.
Native of China and Japan; introduced by Loddiges, 1823, and by Fortune, 1845. Synonymous with Azalea japonica. Fetter known in gardens as Azalea mollis.
VASEY’S AZALEA, Rhododendi 'on Vaseyi.
Gardens, shrubberies. April — May. This is one of the prettiest and most distinct species, of robust growth, flowering freely even in the young state, and well suited for the rock garden.
Flowers pale pink, becoming white, in lax umbellate clusters, appearing- before leaves ; Corolla 1 4 in. diam. ; three upper petals spotted with reddish- brown ; Stamens long exserted ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves clustered, oblong-lanceolate, acute, cuneate at base, entire, sparsely hairy, thin, 1J-3 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 2-3 ft.
Native of North Carolina, growing 15-18 ft. Discovered by G. 11. Vasey
near Webster, in Jackson County, 1878; introduced 1888.
91
TREES AND SHRUBS
CLAMMY AZALEA, Rhododendron viscosum.
Gardens, shrubberies. July — August. This is the latest flowering of the deciduous Azaleas, one of the hardiest, most floriferous, and easily managed. It is best in rather moist peat.
Flowers white, sometimes pink, fragrant, appearing after leaves, in a terminal umbellate cluster; pedicels glandular ; Calyx small; Corolla l\-2 ins. long, viscid, tube densely glandular, longer than lobes, limb 1-2 ins. broad, 2-lipped ; Fruit a capsule, glandular-bristly, \ in. long.
Leaves oblong-ovate, entire, acute, or obtuse, ciliated, glabrous, green both surfaces, midrib bristly, 2-4 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; shoots bristly.
Introduced from N. America by Peter Collinson, 1734. Known in U.S.A. as Swamp Honeysuckle. Syn. Azalea viscosa.
CALIFORNIAN RHODODENDRON, Rhododendron calif ornicum.
Gardens, shrubberies. June. Rhododendrons are better for a mulch of well-decayed manure in May ; even decayed leaves or grass cuttings are beneficial if covered with soil. All seed-pods should be removed directly the flowers fade. The species are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots, 3 ins. long, in sandy peat under bell-glass in temperature of 45°-55°, ultimately raising this to G5° ; layering in September or March ; grafting on common species in close frame in March ; seeds sown on the surface of finely prepared sandy peat under bell-glass in cold frame.
Flowers rose-purple, 2^-3 ins. diam., in a terminal umbel; Calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed, small, slightly pilose ; Corolla broadly campanulate, 5-lobed, upper petal spotted greenish-yellow, tube very short ; Stamens 10, shorter than corolla ; Fruit a capsule, woody.
Leaves alternate, obovate-elliptical, entire, acute, coriaceous, glabrous, shortly petiolate, dark-green, paler beneath.
An evergreen shrub, 6-8 ft.
Native of California.
92
ERICACEi^
CATAWBAN RHODODENDRON, Rhododendron catawbiense.
Gardens, shrubberies. May— July. This is extremely hardy, and is used as a stock.
Flowers lilac-purple, in a corymbose cluster, pedicels rusty pubescent, be- coming glabrous ; Calyx lobes small, triangular-ovate, acute ; Corolla broadly campanulate, 5-lobed, 1^-2 ins. long, 2-2| ins. broad ; Fruit a capsule, linear- oblong, rusty pubescent, f in. long.
Leaves oval or oblong, rounded both ends, entire, mucronate, incurved, glabrous, deflexed, pale beneath, 3-5 ins. long, \\-2 ins. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 4—12 ft. ; Branches stout.
Introduced from river Catawba, in mountainous regions of Southern United States, 1809.
ALPINE ROSE, R/tododaidron ferrugincum.
Rock gardens. May — July. This does best in light sandy peat or leaf-mould.
F lowas rose or scarlet, small, less than 1 in. diam., in a terminal umbel; Calyx lobes 5, short, obtuse ; Corolla infundibuliform, marked with ash-coloured or yellow dots ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves small, oblong, attenuated both ends, Box-like, glabrous and shining above, ferruginous spots beneath, ciliated and slightly hairy beneath when young.
An evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft. ; compact, forming a low spreading bush.
Native of European Alps; introduced 1752. Leaves subject to Rhododendron Galls, caused by a fungus ( FJxobasidium Rhododcndri).
93
TREES AND SHRUBS
FORTUNE’S RHODODENDRON, Rhododendron Fortunei.
Gardens, shrubberies. May.
Flowers pale rose, fragrant, 3-5| ins. diam., in a loose, pendulous cluster of 8-10 flowers; Calyx discoid, small; Corolla shortly campanulate, lobes 7, rounded; Stamens 14; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, entire, acute, rounded or cordate at base, bright green above, glaucous below, 5-7 ins. long ; petioles red-brown, -|-1 in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 10-12 ft. ; Branches very stout, terete.
Introduced from China, 1859.
PONTIC RHODODENDRON, Rhododendron ponticum.
Woods, gardens, shrubberies. May, June. This is the most largely grown and most popular of Rhododendrons. It is the hardiest and least exacting of the large-flowered species, and is used as a stock for the less hardy.
Flowers purple, proterandrous, in a short terminal corymb; Calyx lobes 5, sub-acute, very short ; Corolla campanulate-rotate, 2 ins. diam., 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate and acute or obtuse, upper lobe often spotted ; Stamens 10, filamentous, pink, anthers red ; Ovary cylindroid, 5-celled ; style filamentous, red ; stigma capitate, pink ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves clustered, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire, attenuated both ends, glabrous, pale or slightly ferruginous beneath, coriaceous ; petiole short, thick ; dying leaves yellow.
An evergreen shrub, 6-20 ft. ; spreading ; Shoots rigid, brittle ; Buds ovoid-conic, pointed, viscid, ferruginous ; scales spirally imbricate, triangular- ovate, acuminate.
Native of Spain, Portugal, and Asia Minor; introduced 1763. Known as Rose Bay.
94
ERICACEAE
Rhododendron raccmosu m .
Rock gardens. April, May. A species of dwarf and compact habit, flowering when only a few inches high ; very suitable for rockwork or the Alpine garden.
Flowers pinkish-white, edged with deeper pink, 1 in. diam., slightly fragrant, in axillary and terminal clusters ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, small, oval, entire, acute, or obtuse, coriaceous, bright green, tomentose beneath, 1 in. long.
An evergreen shrub , 1-2 ft. ; Stems erect, brown.
Native of Western China; introduced by Messrs. Veitch, 1880; first exhibited, 1892.
Rhododendron yunnanense.
Gardens, shrubberies. May. This makes a freely-branched, yet some- what loose-growing bush.
Flowers white or pale lilac, in a loose cluster of 4-6 ; pedicels 1 in. long ; Calyx small, lobes almost obsolete ; Corolla spreading, 2 ins. diam. ; lobes deep, upper petal with blood-red spots ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves lanceolate, dark glossy green, hairy above, glaucous beneath, glandularly dotted, l£-4 ins. long, 2-2| ins. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 2^-4 ft. ; erect, shoots slender.
Native of China. Discovered by the Abbe Delavay at Houanglipin in Yunnan; introduced 1894; first flowered at Kew, 1897.
GLOBE-FLOWERED MENZIESIA, Menziesia globularis.
Gardens. May, June. Moist peaty soil. Propagate by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass in summer ; layers in autumn ; division of plants in autumn.
Flowci's pink, solitary, axillary, pendulous; Corolla globose, lobes rounded; Fruit a capsule.
95
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves fascicled at ends of branches, ovate, pale beneath.
An evergreen shrub, 3-5 ft.
Introduced from N. America, 1806. Named after Archibald Menzies (1754- 1842), surgeon and naturalist to the expedition under Vancouver.
WHITE ALDER-BUSH, Clethra acuminata.
Gardens, shrubberies. July — October. Thrives best in loam and sandy peat, and is invaluable for the lake-side. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass in October ; layering in October ; seeds sown outdoors in March, or in boxes of light soil in temperature of 55° in February.
Flowers white, fragrant, in a terminal, drooping raceme, 2 8 ins. long, almost solitary, bracts longer than flowers, tomentose, caducous ; Calyx 5-fid ; Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, so deeply cut as to appear like 5 separate petals ; Stamens 10, filaments hirsute; Ovary superior, 3-celled, style long; Fruit a capsule, 3-celled, 3-valved. .
Leaves alternate, oval or oblong, acuminate, bluntish at base, serrated, thin, glabrous both surfaces, glaucous beneath, 5-7 ins. long, 3-3^ ins. wide.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 12-15 ft.
Native of Eastern U.S.A. ; introduced by Lyon, 1806. The common name is that used in America.
SWEET PEPPER-BUSH, Clethra alnifolia.
Gardens, shrubberies. July — September. A rather stiff-growing shrub, with leaves resembling our Common Alder, and thriving in damp swampy ground.
Flowers white, fragrant, in a terminal erect raceme ; bracts shorter than flowers, tomentose, deciduous ; Calyx deeply 5-fid, hoary, lobes oblong, obtuse ; Petals 5, ovate; Stamens 10, filaments glabrous, anthers appendiculate, de- hiscing by pores ; Style longer than Stamens ; Fruit a capsule, sub-globose, 3-celled, 3-valved.
Leaves alternate, cuneate-obovate, entire near base, coarsely serrated above,
96
a
H
-4
a
SNOWDROP TREE ( Halesia tet rapt era)
. Flowering shoot. B. Flower. C. Flower from below. D. Leaf.
STYRACEiE
jjrominently straight - veined, glabrous and green both surfaces, 1-3 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 3-4 ft.
Native of Eastern U.S.A. ; introduced 1731.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves ; Flowers regular, usually hermaphrodite; Calyx gamosepalous, 4 5 teeth or lobes; Corolla 4-5 petals; Stamens as many, or twice as many, as corolla lobes, sometimes indefinite and polyadelphous ; Ovary superior or inferior ; Fruit baccate or drupaceous, 1-seeded.
Gardens. April, May. Best in rich, moist, loamy or peaty soil, and liking
moisture at the roots. Well adapted for a sheltered lawn. Prune into shape
in November. Propagated by root-cuttings in sandy soil outdoors in March
or October; layering of shoots in October or November.
Flowers white, resembling common Snowdrop, 9 or 10 in a lateral fascicle,
drooping, racemose ; Corolla monopetalous, ventricosely campanulate, deep
4-lobed border ; Stamens 8 ; Ovary superior, 4-celled ; Fruit a drupe, dry,
corticate, oblong, 4 winged angles, 1-2 ins. long, cells 1-seeded.
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrated, acuminate, glabrous,
2-0 ins. long, 1-3 ins. wide, petioles glandular.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; round-headed ; Bark corky, furrowed ; Twigs
brown ; Buds pointed, scales rosy-purple.
A native of N. Carolina; introduced 1750. Also called Silver-Bell Tree.
Genus named after Dr. Stephen Hales. Specific name from Gr. tetra, four, and
ptcron, wings, referring to the four-winged fruit.
vol. ii. 97 i
Class I.
Division III. Natural Order .
. Dicotyledons . Gamopetalce . Styracece
SNOWDROP TREE, Halesia tetraptera.
TREES AND SHRUBS
JAPANESE STORAX, Styrax japonicum.
Gardens. June — August. Best in moist light loam. With its tiny
Snowdrop-like bells hanging abundantly on slender stalks, this makes one of the most beautiful of summer -flowering shrubs, and in autumn, its branches laden with clusters of seed-pods present a charming appearance scarcely equalled by any other shrub. The species are propagated by cuttings of half-ripe shoots in spring; layering of shoots in autumn.
Flowers white, Snowdrop-like, f in. diam., depending from the undersides of the shoots, in a many-flowered axillary raceme , buds pinkish ; Calyx glabrescent ; Corolla 5-6-lobed, pubescent ; Stamens yellow ; Fruit a drupe, 1-seeded, rarely ripening.
Leaves alternate, oblong, or ovate, acuminate, acute at base, usually widest below middle, serrulated or entire, glabrous and bright green above, paler and powdery beneath, 2-3 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 8-12 ft.; or small tree, 20-25 ft.; Branches slender; branchlets flattened and spreading.
Introduced from Japan, 1868.
Styrax Obassia.
Gardens. June — July. This makes charming masses for beds or borders. Flowers white, fragrant, l-li in. diam., in a nodding raceme, 6-9 ins. long ; Fruit a drupe, ovoid-oblong, size of Hazel-nut.
Leaves alternate, elliptical to orbicular, cuspidate, denticulate, hoary- tomentose beneath, 3-8 ins. by 3-8 ins. Autumn tint yellow blotched with red. A deciduous shrub or small tree, 4-6 ft.
Introduced from Japan by Maries, 1888.
MEDICINAL STORAX, Styrax officinale.
Gardens. June — July. Requires rich soil ; best on south wall.
Flowers white, resembling Orange-blossom, in an axillary raceme,
3-5-flowered, shorter than leaves ; Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; Corolla
98
JASMINES
5-lobed, often 6-7-partite, segments erecto-patent ; Stamens 10; Fruit a drupe, globose, 1 -celled, generally 3-sided, green, ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, oval-obovate, entire or serrated, often rounded at apex, sub-acute at base, bright shining green above, hoary-tomentose beneath, 1-^—2 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 4-10 ft. ; roots very fine.
Native of Levant; naturalised in S.W. Europe; introduced 1597.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Jasminece
Mostly twining shrubs, with opposite or alternate, exstipulate leaves, ternate, imparipinnate, or simple ; Flowers regular, often fragrant; Calyx 5-8-fid; Corolla 5-8-lobed, often hypocrateriform or infundibuliform, imbricate in bud ; Stamens 2, epipetalous ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit baccate or capsular.
Closely related to, and often included in, the Order Oleaceie, differing from them only by the imbricated aestivation of the corolla, and the ovules being erect instead of pendulous.
SHRUBBY JASMINE, Jasmi num fruti ca ns.
Gardens, walls. June — August. Prefers sunny situation, and shelter in cold districts. The species are propagated by cuttings in well-drained pots of sandy soil in cold frame or in sheltered border September — December ; layering of shoots in summer.
Floiccrs golden-yellow, in a terminal corymb ; Petals oblong, obtuse ; Fruit a berry, blackish-purple.
Leaves alternate, ternate, leaflets obovate or cuniform, obtuse.
An evergreen shrub, 10-12 ft.; Branches angular; Suckers numerous.
Native of S. Europe; introduced 1570.
99 i 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
YELLOW JASMINE, Jasminum nudiflorum.
Shrubberies, walls. December — March. Prefers sunny situations. During the winter months this charming species has its branches wreathed with star-shaped golden blossoms. It is not particular as to soil, but likes ample supplies of water during summer. Being practically surface rooting, it should not be disturbed by digging. It may be pruned moderately after flowering, removing only shoots that have flowered.
Flowers yellow, fragrant, solitary, opposite throughout length of branches ; Calyx gamosepalous, 6-fid, inferior ; Corolla gamopetalous, hypocrateriform, 1 in. diam., 6-lobed, imbricate in bud ; Stamens 2, epipetalous ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a berry, 2-celled.
Leaves very small, numerous, resembling bracts, ternate, leaflets bluntly ovate, deep glossy green.
A sub-evergreen shrub with rambling habit ; Stems 10-20 ft. long, slender, numerous, flexible, green, small twiggy branches ; growth rapid.
Native of China; introduced 1844. “Jasminum” is the Arabic name, — Persian, “yasmin.” Known also as Chinese Winter Jasmine.
WHITE JASMINE, Jasminum ojjicinale.
Walls, bowers, verandahs. June — September. Best in a dry soil and sunny aspect. It will stand hard pruning.
Flowers waxy-white, fragrant, in a terminal corymbose cyme at ends of young shoots, pedicels longer than calyx ; Calyx gamosepalous, deeply 4-5-fid, inferior ; Corolla gamopetalous, 4-5-cleft, hypocrateriform, lobes acuminate ; Stamens 2, epipetalous ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-9, ovate, entire, acuminate, terminal the largest, bright green.
A sub-evergreen climbing shrub , 20-30 ft. ; Branches flexible, angular, shoots slightly pubescent, deep green ; growth rapid.
Native of S. Asia; introduced 1548.
100
Plate XLIII.
OLEACEiE
CURLED-LEAVED JASMINE, Jasminum revolutum.
Walls, arbours. May— October. Requires warm, sunny aspect.
Flowers bright yellow, fragrant, in a compound terminal corymbose panicle, pedicels longer than calyx ; Calyx teeth 5, shorter than tube ; Corolla salver-shaped, lobes 5, obtuse, ovate, shorter than tube ; Fruit a berry, globose, didjmious.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, shortly petiolate, coriaceous, glabrous, dark glossy green, ^-2 ins. long.
A sub-evergreen climbing shrub, 10-20 ft. ; Branches angled.
Native of N. India; introduced 1812. A form of J. humile.
WALLICH’S JASMINE, Jasminum wallichianum.
Walls, arbours. .Tune— October. Best in sunny situation.
Flowers bright yellow, smaller than J. revolutum ; Inflorescence terminal, sub-corymbose ; peduncles elongated, one-flowered ; Corolla lobes 5 or 6, obtuse ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 7-9, ovate-lanceolate or oblong- acuminate, sessile, pubescent when young, dark green.
An evergreen climbing shrub, 10-20 ft. ; dense, softly tomentose.
Native of N. India; introduced 1827. Named in honour of Dr. Wallich. A form of ./. humile. Synonymous with ./. pubigerum (L. pubes, eris, downy pubescent).
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Oleaceoe
Shrubs or trees with usually opposite, exstipulate, simple, or pinnate leaves, and regular flowers, mostly hermaphrodite, rarely dioecious or polygamous ;
Calyx inferior, 4, or many, toothed or lobed, sometimes wanting ; Corolla
101
TREES AND SHRUBS
hypogynous, 4-6-partite, or of free petals ; Stamens usually 2, epipetalous or hypogynous ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit 1 -2-celled, indehiscent, or a capsule, berry, or drupe.
GOLDEN BELL, Forsythia suspensa.
Gardens, shrubberies, walls, fences. March — -April. This is one of the most charming of early flowering shrubs, its exceedingly graceful and slender shoots being wreathed with blossoms, so closely set as to look like a stream of gold. It is a delightful plant when trained on a wall, and gives a fine effect when planted in a mass in a sunny position where it can ripen its young wood. Old wood should be cut out after flowering, and shoots cut back where necessary. Propagated by cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass or handlight in autumn ; layering in autumn ; grafting on Privet in March or April.
Flowers yellow, appearing before leaves, solitary, drooping, scattered, in axils of previous year’s leaves, peduncle slender ; Calyx 4-partite, segments linear-oblong ; Corolla 4-partite, 1 in. long, lobes linear-oblong, orange lines at base inside ; Stamens 2, hypogynous ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, stigma lobed.
Leaves opposite, simple and trifoliate on same branch, central leaflet largest, serrate, acute, glabrous.
A deciduous shrub, 8-12 ft.; rambling; Branches long, slender, pendulous, easily rooting when meeting the ground ; Twigs brown ; Buds pointed, scales brown ; Suckers freely produced.
Native of China and Japan. Said to have been introduced into Holland from China 1833, and to England 1850; also to have been sent home from Japan by Fortune, 1861. Generic name in honour of William Forsyth (1737-1804), the King’s gardener at Kensington. Syns. F. Fortunei and F. Sieboldi.
102
LILAC.
(Syrniga vulgaris.)
OLEACEiE
GOLDEN BELL, Forsythia viridissima.
Gardens, shrubberies. March— April. This is a species of more compact, erect, and bushy growth than the former. It likes full sun and air, and does well either in masses or on a wall or trellis.
Flowers greenish-yellow, resembling F. suspensa , appearing before leaves, solitary, numerous, peduncles much shorter than flowers, bracteolate.
Leaves opposite, simple, linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, acute, dark green.
A deciduous shrub, 4-10 ft.; erect; Branches erect, very green, terete.
Introduced from China, 1845. Specific name = very green (L. viridis, green).
HIMALAYAN LILAC, Syringa Ernodi.
Gardens. July — August. Its spotted shoots make this a very distinctive species of Lilac. It is the last to flower. The various species should be kept free from suckers. They may be pruned moderately after flowering, removing or shortening only shoots that have flowered. They are propagated by layering of shoots in September; suckers planted October — February; choice varieties by budding on common species in July; seeds sown in sunny position outdoors in spring or autumn.
Flowers white, small, Js in. diam., very fragrant, in a rather large terminal thyrsoid panicle, 3-5 ins. long, pubescent ; Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; Corolla tube \ in. long ; Fruit a 2-valved capsule, coriaceous, almost cylindrical, often curved, f in. long.
Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptical, acute, tapering towards base, entire, deep green above, glaucous beneath, glabrous, 4 ins. or more in length, secondary nerves prominently reticulated beneath, petioles f in. long.
A deciduous shrub, 6-10 ft., or small tree; Shoots bronze-green, spotted with white ; Buds acute.
Introduced from the Himalayas, 1840. Seeds first sent home by Dr. Hoyle.
Syns. S. Bret schneider i and S. vi/losa.
103
TREES AND SHRUBS
JAPANESE LILAC, Syringa japonica.
Gardens. July. This is the most robust species, being almost indifferent as to soil, but preferring a sunny position. In appearance and scent it somewhat resembles the Privet.
Flowers creamy-white, very small, J in. diam., in a large, dense-flowered thyrsus, 12 ins. or more long; Corolla tube included in calyx ; Stamens exserted ; Fruit a capsule, oblong, obtuse, smooth.
Leaves broad ovate, with a round or sub-cuneate base, obtuse or acuminate, glabrous above, dark green, thick, coriaceous, 5-8 ins. long, 3-3^ ins. wide, midrib and veins pubescent beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 15-25 ft. ; Branches slender ; Bark light red, occasionally scaly ; Trunk and Branches marked with raised, white, oblong dots (lenticels) ; Buds very small.
Synonymous with Ligustnna amurensis v. japonica. Native of China, Japan, Manchuria; introduced 1885.
LILAC, Syringa vulgaris.
Gardens. May. “No flowering shrub, either native or foreign, except the Rose, has become more closely identified with English gardens and English country scenes.” — The Garden.
Flowers lilac or white, very fragrant, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle ; Calyx campanulate, irregularly 4-toothed, persistent ; Corolla regular, 4-partite, limb slightly concave ; Stamens 2, inserted near apex of tube ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, stigma bifid ; Fruit a woody capsule, ovate-oblong, much compressed, 2-valved ; seeds about 4, with membranous wing.
Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-cordate, petiolate, exstipulate, entire, acute, glabrous, thin, paler beneath, 2-4 ins. by 2-3 ins. Autumn tint brown.
A deciduous shrub, 8-20 ft. or more ; Branches grey to brown ; Twigs smooth, round, yellowish-grey to olive or brown ; Bark scaly ; Buds ovoid,
quadrangular, glabrous; JFood used for small turnery.
104
LILAC ( Syrinrja vulgaris)
A. Fruit. B. Longitudinal section of fruit. C. Longitudinal section of flower. D. Single fruit capsule E. Fruit capsule dehiscing. E. Transverse section of fruit.
Plate XLIV.
OLEACE/E
Native of Persia ; introduced from S. Europe, 1597, under name of Pipe-tree Name Lilac is Spanish, — Arab. “lilak,”a lilac; Persian, — “ lilaj, lilanj, lilang ” = indigo plant. The Arab. “ lilak (nilak) ” = bluish ; named from bluish tinge of flowers (Skeat).
MANNA ASH, Fraxinus Ornus.
Gardens, lawns. May, June. The dense waving plumes of greenish-white blossoms make this one of the most ornamental and desirable of hardy deciduous trees. It is propagated by layering in autumn, and grafting on the common species in March.
Flowers greenish-white, very sweet-scented, in a dense pendulous panicle of axillary clusters, peduncles shorter than leaves ; Calyx gamosepalous, 4-partite, inferior ; Corolla 4 free petals, only slightly united at base, linear, hypogynous ; Stamens 2, hypogynous ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, stigmas 2 ; Fruit a samara, brown.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate ; leaflets lanceolate or elliptic, attenuated, serrate, entire at base, petiolate, villous or downy beneath. Autumn tint bronze.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; round-headed ; Branches when young purplish or livid, with yellow dots; growth slow.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1730. Synonymous with Ornus europcea and F. paniculata.
ASH, Fraxinus excelsior.
W oods, hedges, parks, and gardens. March — May. “ While the oak has been
justly called the Hercules of the forest, the Ash has equally merited the title of
the Sylvan Venus, from the elegance of its form, the feathery lightness of its
foliage, and the graceful waving of its branches — qualities especially to be
appreciated when it is grouped with other trees of more massive character, or, as
we have frequently seen and admired it, growing, as it loves to do, by brook or
105
TREES AND SHRUBS
river side.” It prefers cool and damp situations. Propagated by seed, which should be mixed with sand and laid in an open pit till February, being occasionally turned over to prevent heating ; sow in sandy soil, and transplant after two years ; after another two years permanently plant in mild weather of autumn or early spring.
Flowers greenish-yellow, polygamous or dioecious, proterogynous, without perianth, appearing before leaves, in a short, dense, axillary panicle, arising from sides of leaf-buds near tips of young shoots ; Stamens 2, opposite, hypogynous, purple ; Ovary 2-celled, stigmas sub-sessile, bifid, purple ; Fruit a samara (key), in drooping bunches, compressed, linear-oblong, winged upwards, slightly notched at tip, 1-H in- l°ng, gl°ssy green streaked with black ; produced after forty years ; ripe in October, often persisting through winter.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, 12 ins. long or more, petiolate, exstipulate, leaflets 7-13 or more, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, almost sessile, 3 ins. long, thin, glabrous ; petiole and midrib grooved. Autumn tints brown and yellow ; leaflets disarticulating as they fall.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches often turning downwards and then upwards at extremities ; Tivigs somewhat dichotomous, compressed, usually only one shoot in each pair coming to maturity, often the lower one, giving rise to pendent boughs ; Buds large, quadrangular, protected by very dark olive-green scales, which are modified petioles ; Bark, pale grey, grooved ; JFood hard, light, strong ; toughest and most elastic of British timber ; used for coach and wheel- wrights’ work, agricultural implements, domestic arts, and turnery ; in young state (ground Ash) for walking-sticks, hoops, and hop poles.
A native of Britain ; lives to about 200 years. Common name from A.S. cesc, the Ash-tree.
Timber bored by larvas of Goat Moth ( Cossus Ugniperda) and Wood Leopard Moth ( Zeuzera cesculi).
Fungoid Pests: — Ash-leaf Spot ( Septoria Fraocini ), Heartwood-rot (Poly- porus hispidus ).
106
ASH ( Fraxinus excelsior)
A Branch with fruit at early stage. B. Flowers at early stage. C. Hcrm.phrodh. Sower, ft Flower cluster. A. Brancn, wun Staminate flower. F. Mature flowers, ft Fruit (keys).
Plate XLV.
OLEACEAi
NARROW-LEAVED JASMINE BOX, Phillyrcea angustifolia.
Gardens, shrubberies. April — May. Requires shelter in north of England. The species of Phillyrcea are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil in cold frame in September ; by grafting on the Common Privet in March.
Flowers white, inconspicuous, fragrant, in an axillary cluster ; Calyx inferior, 4-lobed ; Corolla 4-lobed, lobes obtuse, imbricate ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a drupe, 1-2 seeds.
Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, obsoletely veined, deep green, 1^-2 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 8-12 ft. ; Branches with elevated dots (lenticels).
Native of Italy and Spain; introduced 1597. Sometimes known as Mock Privet. Generic name from Philyra , the old Greek name used by Theophrastus for the Privet.
VILMORIN’S MOCK PRIVET, Phillyrcea decora.
Gardens, shrubberies. May, June. This is a beautiful free-growing shrub of somewhat spreading habit. The small white flowers usually commence at about G inches from the end of the shoot, and from that point extend for about a foot in dense axillary clusters, forming a perfect wreath of blossom. It is the best of the species, well withstanding frost, and does well in smoky districts, but will not thrive in cold, heavy soil. It is sometimes grafted on the Privet, but is better on its own roots.
Flowers white, small, fragrant, numerous, in axillary clusters ; Fruit a drupe, oblong, reddish-purple to black, f in. long, ripe in September.
Leaves opposite, resembling Portugal Laurel, ovate, acuminate, entire, slightly revolute, stiff, coriaceous, glabrous, dark green, 4-6 ins. long, If in. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 3-10 ft. ; much-branched.
Introduced 1885. Discovered by Balansa in mountain valleys of Lazistan.
Known in gardens as P. vilmoriniana and P. laurij'olicu
107
TREES AND SHRUBS
BROAD-LEAVED JASMINE BOX, Phillyrcea latifolia.
Gardens, shrubberies. May. A species of somewhat bushy habit, well adapted for the seaside garden.
Floicers white, inconspicuous, in axillary clusters ; Fruit a drupe.
Leaves opposite, ovate, rounded at base, acute or obtuse, obsoletely serrated, glabrous, dark green above, lighter below, veiny, 1 in. long ; young leaves orbicular, sub-cordate at base ; petioles cano-pubescent.
An evergreen shrub, 20-30 ft. ; Tivigs pubescent, beset with elevated dots (lenticels) ; Buds minute, scales violet.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1597. Subject to Phillyrcea Leaf-spot ( Phyllosticta Phillyrcea).
MOCK PRIVET, Phillyrcea media.
Gardens, shrubberies. May.
Flowers white, inconspicuous, in axillary clusters ; Fruit a drupe.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, or slightly serrated in middle, veiny.
An evergreen shrub, forming a dense bush, 10-18 ft. high.
Introduced from S. Europe about 1597. Most common species in English gardens ; several varieties of all three species are grown, often grafted on the Privet. Leaves subject to Phillynea Leaf-spot ( Phyllosticta Phillyrcea) and Phillyraea Rust ( Urcclo Phillyrcea).
HOLLY-LEAVED OLIVE, Osmanthus Aquifolium.
Gardens, shrubberies. August, September. A rich loamy soil and warm position is desirable. It is a beautiful, free-growing shrub, rather like a Holly, and often mistaken for such. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil under handlight outdoors, or in frame in summer ; seeds in sandy peat in cold frame in spring or autumn.
108
OLEACEiE
Flowers greenish-white, small, very fragrant, axillary ; Calyx 4-lobed ; Corolla 4-lobed, imbricate ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a drupe.
Leaves opposite, oval or oblong, prickly-toothed, resembling Holly, coriaceous, glabrous, shining deep green, 3-4 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 6 ft. ; Bark of young shoots almost black.
Native of Japan. Generic name from Gr. os me, perfume, and anthos, a flower.
WHITE FRINGE TREE, Ch ionanthus vii %gi nica.
Gardens, shrubberies. May — July. Will flourish in moist, sandy peat or loam, in somewhat shady position. Propagated by grafting on Ash in March ; budding on Ash in July ; seeds in sandy soil in cold frame in April.
Flowers white, fragrant, perfect and andro-dicecious, in a drooping panicle of 3-flowered clusters, pubescent, 4-6 ins. long, bracteate and bracteolate ; Calyx minute, 4-partite, inferior ; Petals 4, long and narrow, fringe-like, hypogynous ; Stamens 2-4, inserted on base of corolla, anthers yellow, connective green ; Ovary ovate, style short, stigma fleshy, 2-lobed ; Fruit a drupe, purple, glaucous, oval or oblong, 1 in. long, flesh thin and dry, stone thick-walled, crustaceous, foliaceous bracts 2 ins. long ; ripe in September.
Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate, entire, ciliate, acute or obtuse, glabrous, petiolate, exstipulate, dark shining green above, pubescent on veins below, 4-8 ins. long, |-4 ins. wide. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10-15 ft. ; Branchlets angled, compressed at top ; Bark smooth, light-coloured ; Buds ovate, acute ; scales brown, ciliate ; W ood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1796 ; there reaches 30 ft. Generic name from Gr. chion, snow, and anthos, a flower, referring to snow-white flowers.
IBOTA PRIVET, Ligustrum Ibota.
Gardens. August. The Privets are most suitable for growing in town
gardens, and make good hedges. The deciduous kinds may be pruned in
autumn, and evergreens in April. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots VOL. II. 109 K
TREES AND SHRUBS
2-4 ins. long in shady position outdoors or under handliglit in summer ; cuttings of firm shoots 8-12 ins. long in shady position outdoors, September — November; layering of shoots, September or October; seeds (berries) in open ground in November, transplanting largest seedlings in following October, and remainder next year.
Flowers white, in a large thyrsoid panicle ; Calyx 4-toothed ; Corolla salver- shaped, 4-lobed ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a berry, round, shining, black.
Leaves ovate or elliptical, rarely lanceolate, obtuse, thick, fleshy, glabrous, principal vein hairy beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches long, slender, arching ; Twigs terete.
A native of Japan and China; introduced 1861.
JAPANESE PRIVET, Ligustrum japonicum.
Gardens, shrubberies. June, July. Prefers dry soil and shelter. It makes a good hedge.
Flowers white, slightly fragrant, in a large, lax, thyrsoid panicle ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, dark glossy green, glabrous, coriaceous, 2-3 ins. long, young leaves tinged with purple.
An evergreen shrub, 5-10 ft. ; or tree, 30 ft.
Introduced from Japan by Siebold, 1845.
SHINING PRIVET, Ligustrum lucidum.
Gardens, shrubberies. September — October. The large glossy evergreen
leaves and Lilac-like panicles of sweet-smelling flowers make this perhaps the handsomest and most striking of the Privets. Best in rich soil, well drained, near sunny wall.
Flowers white or cream, fragrant, in a much-spreading terminal thyrsoid
panicle, 6-8 ins. long and broad ; Fruit a berry.
110
OLEACEiE
Leaves oval, oval-lanceolate, elliptical or nearly rotundate, acute, dark glossy green above, paler below, veins prominent, coriaceous, 6 ins. long, 2 ins. wide.
An evergreen shrub , 8-12 ft. ; or a tree, 20 ft. ; erect, twiggy ; Branches specked with lenticels.
Introduced from China by Sir Joseph Banks, 1794. Known as the Woa Tree. Specific name, L. lucidum = shining.
OVAL-LEAVED PRIVET, Ligustrum ovalifolium.
Gardens, hedges. June, July. A vigorous town shrub of somewhat erect and stiff habit, very valuable as a hedge plant.
Flowers yellow- white, as in L. vulgar e, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle, small, dense, odour heavy, somewhat unpleasant ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves oval, oval-elliptical, or obovate, shortly petiolate, reticulately veined, dark green above, lighter beneath, almost persistent.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft.
A native of Japan; introduced 1877.
CHINESE PRIVET, Ligustrum sinense.
Gardens. July, August. Needs a well-drained soil. Thrives best when sheltered by other trees.
Flowers white or cream, small, very abundant, in a feathery panicle, com- pressed ; Fruit a berry, black-purple.
Leaves decussate, ovate-lanceolate, shining above, hairy beneath, light green, petioles twisted so as to give the appearance of a distichous arrangement.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 12 ft.; or tree, 20 ft.; Branches arching, smaller branchlets frond-like, pubescent.
Introduced from China by Fortune, 1874.
Ill
K 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
COMMON PRIVET, Ligustrum vulgar e.
Thickets, hedgerows, gardens. June, July. Best in a moist and strong loamy soil.
Flowers white, changing to reddish-brown, fragrant, in a panicled, thyrsoid cyme , 1-3 ins. long ; Calyx slightly 4-toothed ; Corolla 4-lobed, short tube ; Stamens 2, short, within tube ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, ovoid, stigma bifid, obtuse ; Fi'uit a berry, purple-black, globular, 2-celled, ^ in. diam., flesh oily ; seeds ovoid ; ripe in November, persistent through winter.
Leaves nearly evergreen, opposite, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire, glabrous, shortly stalked, 1-2| ins. Autumn tint purplish.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft. ; Branches slender, wiry ; Twigs smooth.
Common in S. England ; especially favours chalk districts and coast cliffs ; also indigenous in S. Ireland.
Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, usually with milky juice ; Leaves opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, entire, exstipulate ; Calyx 4-5-fid, salver-shaped or campanulate ; Corolla hypogynous, 4-5-lobed, twisted in bud ; Stamens 5, rarely 4, included within corolla tube, anthers sometimes adhering to the stigma ; Ovary superior, 2-, or rarely 1 -celled, of 2 carpels, sometimes distinct below, but united in the style and stigma ; stigma often swollen above or below, constricted in middle ; Fruit of 1 or 2 follicles, or a capsule, berry, or drupe.
Distinguished from Gentianaceee chiefly by the ovary completely divided into 2 cells, or more frequently into 2 distinct carpels, with the style, or at least the stigma, entire.
Class 1.
Division III. Natural Order .
. Dicotyledons . Gamopetalce
Apocynacece
112
PRIVET (Lijunt rum vulgare)
A. Flowering branch. D. Fruit. C. Flower. T>. Stamen, opening along sides. E. Section of drupe. P. Flower opened to show stamens and pistil.
Plate XLVI.
APOCYNACEAi
GREATER PERIWINKLE, Vinca major.
Woods, shady banks, gardens. April, May. This makes a useful trailer for rough banks or stumps. Propagate by division in March or April.
Floivers blue-purple, solitary and axillary, pedicels shorter than leaves ; Calyx 5-partite, segments narrow, equalling corolla tube, ciliate on margins, glandular at base inside ; Corolla 5-lobed, tube almost campanulate, slightly contracted at mouth, hairy inside, limb flat, spreading, lobes broad, almost angular ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, enclosed in tube, filaments short, anthers inflexed, tipped with membrane, bearded ; Ovary of 2 carpels, distinct at base, connate at apex, style 1, stigma oblong; Disk of 2 glands alternating with the carpels ; Fruit of 2 follicles, oblong, terete, each of 1 cell, greenish ; seeds several, seldom ripened.
Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, or cordate at base, entire, ciliate, shining green.
An evergreen under-shrub ; Barren shoots long, trailing, not tough ; flowering stems nearly erect in flower, afterwards elongating, rooting at tip only ; Root-stock creeping.
A native of Britain. Known also as Rand-plant and Cut-finger.
LESSER PERIWINKLE, Vinca minor.
Woods, copses, hedge banks, gardens. April, May.
Flowers blue-purple, solitary and axillary, peduncles short ; Calyx 5-partite, segments broad, length of corolla tube, glabrous ; Corolla 5-lobed, tube more open than in V. major ; Fruit of 2 follicles, rare.
Leaves opposite, elliptic-ovate or oblong, narrow, glabrous, 1-1^ in. long, petioles short.
An evergreen under-shrub ; Barren shoots trailing, tough, 1-2 ft. long, rooting ; flowering stems short, erect.
A native of Britain.
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TREES AND SHRUBS
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Loganiacece
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, mostly with a very bitter juice ; Leaves opposite, entire, and usually stipulate ; petioles sometimes dilated and connate at base, with the stipules reduced to an obsolete border ; Calyx 4-5-partite, sepals sometimes distinct ; Corolla 4-5 or 10-cleft ; Staviens epipetalous, equal in number to lobes of corolla, alternate with lobes when 4-5, opposite when 10; Ovary superior, usually 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ; Fruit drupaceous, capsular, or baccate.
COLVILLE’S BUDDLEIA, Buddleia Colvillei.
Gardens. June — -August. Hardy in West of England. Best against a south- west wall, or as a bush in a warm corner in well-drained soil. Sir J. Hooker calls this the handsomest of Himalayan shrubs. Prune away dead or straggling shoots. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots with heel in sandy soil in cold frame in September ; seeds in light soil in temperature of 60° in March.
Flowers rosy-purple or crimson, resembling a small Pentstemon, in a thyrsiform panicle, 1-1^ ft. long, drooping pedicels J in. long, bracteoles small, setaceous ; Calyx broad-campanulate, i in. long, lobes hairy ; Corolla in- fundibuliform, 4-lobed, 1 in. long, f in. diam., white ring round mouth ; Stamens 4, anthers on short filaments ; Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, lanceolate, tomentose, hi in. long.
Leaves opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous and dark green, stellate-rusty tomentose or nearly glabrous beneath, 5-7 ins. long, petiole short.
A deciduous shrub, or small tree, 10-12 ft.
Native of Sikkim, there grows to 30 ft. Raised from seed by Messrs. Veitch and Sons ; probably flowered for first time in Europe at Queenstown, Ireland, 1892 ; first flowered at Kew, 1900.
114
LOGANIACEAi
ORANGE-BALL TREE, Buddleia globosa.
Gardens. May, June. Warm soils in S. England, on south or south- west walls in colder districts. In the neighbourhood of London it is the handsomest and most useful of the Buddleias. It prefers a rich, moist soil.
Flowers orange-yellow, in a terminal, globose, cymose cluster , 1 in. diam., pedunculate ; Calyx equally 4-toothed ; Corolla tubular-eampanulate, 4-cleft, limb spreading ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, 6 ins. long, upper side dark green and wrinkled, under side pale brown hoary tomentose, reticulately veined, petioles short.
A deciduous shrub, 10-20 ft. ; Branches sub-tetragonal, hoary tomentose ; growth rapid.
Native of Chili and Peru ; introduced by Messrs. Lee h Kennedy, 1774. Genus named in honour of Rev. Adam Buddie, at one time Vicar of Farnbridge, in Essex (died 1715).
Buddleia paniculata.
Gardens. May, June. Thrives in loamy soil.
Flowers lilac, fragrant, in a dense terminal panicle, flowers nearly sessile, bracts lanceolate ; Calyx 4-partite, persistent, tomentose, lobes short, obtuse ; Corolla 4-cleft, tube ^ in. long, tomentose, imbricate ; Stamens 4, inserted on corolla tube, anthers nearly sessile ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, style clavate ; Fruit a 2-valved capsule.
Leaves opposite, very variable, oblong-lanceolate, entire, or hastate and
deeply sinuate-dentate, greyish-tomentose, petiole sometimes winged.
A deciduous shrub, G-8 ft. ; Branchlets tomentose ; Bark peeling.
Native of Afghanistan, Baluchistan, N. India, and China. Discovered by
Dr. Wallich in Kumaon ; seeds sent to Great Britain by Major Maddon.
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TREES AND SHRUBS
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . Solanacece
Herbs, erect or climbing shrubs, or rarely trees, with alternate, exstipulate leaves, sometimes with a smaller leaf below ; Flowers regular or slightly irregular, hermaphrodite, solitary or in cymes, either axillary or extra-axillary ; Calyx usually 5-partite, inferior, persistent ; Corolla usually 5-lobed, regular or slightly irregular, hypogynous ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, alternating with corolla lobes ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, placentation axile ; Fruit a berry or capsule.
Distinguished by the regular flowers with epipetalous stamens equal in number to the corolla lobes, and the superior many-seeded ovary with axil placentae. The epipetalous stamens mark them off from the Ericaceae, the axile placentation and leaves without ribs from the Gentianaceae, the regular symmetrical flowers from the Scrophularineae, and the axile placentation and stamens alternating with petals from the Primulaceae.
TEA TREE, Lydum halimifolium.
Walls, trellis-work. May — August. “ Though not a very showy flowering shrub, it is not without value, as there are few others that are so rapid in growth, so graceful, and so indifferent to the nature of the soil ; it will, in fact, grow anywhere, and there is not a better shrub for clothing an ugly steep bank, where little else in the way of shrubs would thrive. It is also a capital shrub for covering porches, pergolas, arbours, verandahs, and such like, and in late summer and autumn, when every long, drooping branch is thickly hung with small orange-scarlet berries, it has an extremely pretty appearance.” — The Garden .
Flowers purple or lilac, changing to greenish-yellow at base inside, twin, extra-axillary, pedicels long, slender ; Calyx 5-lobed, 2-lipped ; Corolla infundi- buliform, tube as long as limb, ^ in. diam., lobes ovate-oblong, hairy at margin, honey guides ; Stamens 5, exserted, spreading, filaments long and slender ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, style filiform, stigma dilated ; Fruit a berry, orange-
scarlet, ovoid-oblong, persistent cup-like calyx below, seeds numerous.
116
SOLANACE/E
Leaves alternate, sub-sessile, lanceolate or elliptical lanceolate, acute, at- tenuated both ends, entire, flat, glabrous, 2-4^ ins. long, 1-H in. wide. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous climbing shrub, 6-12 ft. ; Branches angular, long, slender, arched, sometimes axillary thorns ; Twigs grey ; Buds naked.
Sometimes called Barbary Box Thorn. Generic name from Gr. Lukion, name given to the Rhamnus by Dioscorides, as coming from Lycia, in Asia Minor. Syns. L. barbarum (Aiton), L. europceum (Gouan).
CHINESE BOX THORN, Lycium chinense.
Gardens. May — July. A hardy, straggling climber, good for the wild parts of the garden or old walls. Pruning may be done, October — February, remov- ing weak shoots, and shortening vigorous ones. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots 6-8 ins. long in shady position, September or October ; layering of shoots, September — November; suckers, October — February.
Flowers purple, solitary or twin ; Corolla tube short, constricted in middle ; Stamens with filaments fringed at base, closing tube ; Fruit a berry, orange- scarlet.
Leaves alternate or in threes, 1 large and 2 much smaller, ovate, acute, attenuated at base, entire, glabrous, paler green beneath.
A deciduous climbing shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches pendulous, prostrate, striated,
grey.
Native of China.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Scrophulavinece
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, with various exstipulate leaves, and usually
irregular flowers ; Calyx 4-5-toothed or lobed, inferior, persistent ; Corolla
usually 4-5-lobed, often bilabiate, sometimes personate, saccate and spurred ;
Stamens often 4, didynamons, rarely 5, or 2 alternating with corolla lobes,
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TREES AND SHRUBS
inserted in the corolla tube ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, many-seeded ; Fruit a 2-celled, usually many-seeded capsule.
An Order of about 1900 species divided into 12 tribes; distinguished from Labiatse by the 2-celled ovary, and from Verbenacas by the ovules being more than one in each cell.
VANILLA TREE, Paulownia imperialis.
Shrubberies, lawns. June. A fine deciduous tree with the habit of a Catalpa. The blossoms are borne only in the warmer counties, being formed in autumn, and usually injured by frost. Propagated by cuttings of firm young shoots in sandy soil in cold frame in summer; seeds in sandy loam in cold frame in spring or autumn.
Flowers pale violet, with dark purple spots inside resembling Gloxinia, in a many-flowered terminal panicle; Calyx 5-lobed ; Corolla 1^-2 ins. long, tube elongated, limb 5-lobed, irregular, spreading ; Stamens inserted in corolla tube ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, 2-celled, 1 in. long, ovoid, acuminate, rarely produced.
Leaves opposite, ovate-cordate or 3-lobed, entire, wavy with a few acute points, villous or pubescent, 6-12 ins. long, petioles downy ; when kept to one stem and cut down annually leaves may be formed 2-3 ft. long, and broad in proportion.
A deciduous tree, 30-40 ft. ; round-headed ; Branches few, horizontal, tortuous, velvety, lenticels conspicuous ; Bark on old stems rough.
Introduced from Japan, 1840. Named in honour of Anna Paulowna, Princess of the Netherlands, daughter of Paul I., Emperor of Russia.
BOX-LEAVED SPEEDWELL, Veronica buxifolia .
Gardens. June, July. Requires partial shade. The New Zealand Speed- wells form a large group of very attractive evergreen shrubs. The hardy species are suitable for sunny rockeries or borders and beds near the sea coast,
and in somewhat sheltered positions inland. They are easily propagated by
118
SCROPHULARINE/E
cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass in spring, or under handlight or in cold frame in summer.
Flowers white, slightly odorous, in short, dense racemes , sub-capitate at ends of branches, puberulous or glabrous, pedicels short, bracts nearly equal to sepals ; Calyx 4-5-cleft ; Corolla 4-5-lobed, tube short, limb A— i in. diam. ; Stamens 2, exserted ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves Box-like, oblong-obovate, obtuse at apex, cordate at base, entire, thick, coriaceous, concave, midrib prominent beneath, A-^ in. long, in. wide, vivid green ; petiole short, thick.
An evergreen shrub, 2-3 ft. ; stout, glabrous, erect.
Native of New Zealand.
Veronica cupressoides.
Gardens. July. Best in a shady, peaty spot, or on rock work. It is fairly hardy, and easily propagated by cuttings.
Flowers violet, 3-4 at extremities of branchlets, bracts larger than sepals ; Sepals oblong, obtuse ; Corolla in. diam. ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary 2-celled ; F7'uit a capsule.
Leaves in opposite pairs, ovate-oblong, obtuse, scale-like, adpressed to branches, glabrous, fleshy, yellowish-green, in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 6 ins.-4 ft. ; much branched.
Native of New Zealand; introduced 1876. Specific name from resemblance to a dwarf prostrate Cypress. Known in gardens as V. salicornoides, from resemblance to Salicornia, the Glass-wort or Marsh Samphire.
Veronica pinguifolia.
Gardens, rockeries. June, July. This forms a compact little bush, so
full of blossom as to give the appearance of a fall of snow.
Flowers white, in a short, dense-flowered, erect spike at tips of branches,
pilose and pubescent, 50-100 blossoms; Sepals obtuse, ciliated ; Capsule hairy.
Leaves oval or obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, very thick, coriaceous,
glaucous, light green, sessile, imbricated, ^ in. long.
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TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins. ; erect or decumbent, much branched ; Branches pubescent, scarred transversely.
Introduced from New Zealand, 1870. Syn. V. carnosula. Specific name from Latin pinguis, fat, referring to the thickness of the leaves.
TRAVERS’ SPEEDWELL, V eronica Traversii.
Gardens, shrubberies. June — August. One of the best and hardiest of the shrubby Speedwells, and the one most frequently planted. It is of rapid growth in almost any soil, and will thrive even in barren sandy spots. It may be propagated by cuttings in spring, summer, and autumn, and by seed in light soil outdoors in April. In favourable situations the ground round old bushes becomes carpeted by self-sown seedlings.
Flowers white or pale lilac, in a many-flowered sub-terminal raceme , 1-2 ins. long, puberulous ; Calyx 4-5-partite ; Corolla 4-5-iobed, lobes ^ in. across ; Stamens 2, exserted, anthers purplish ; Ovary superior, 2- celled ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves spreading, arranged cross-wise, sessile, obovate or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire, coriaceous, flat, deep green, glossy.
An evergreen shrub, 2-6 ft. ; Branches terete.
Introduced from New Zealand, 1873.
Class I. . . . . Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Bignoniacece
Trees or shrubs, often twining or climbing. Leaves usually opposite, ex-
stipulate ; Flozvers large, handsome, irregular, usually trumpet-shaped, mostly
in terminal or axillary panicles ; Corolla 5-lobed ; Ovary superior, usually
2-celled, placentation axile or parietal ; Fruit a capsule.
An exotic Order, mostly tropical, furnishing several greenhouse climbers.
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BIGNONIACEiE
INDIAN BEAN, Catalpa bignonioides.
Parks, gardens, lawns. July— August. This is perhaps the most beautiful flowering tree to be met with in British gardens, and one of the latest to blossom. Good loamy soil is most suitable, and it does best on a sheltered lawn. Being smoke-resisting, it is a good town tree. The species of Catalpa are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil under bell-glass in temperature of 55°-65° in summer ; seeds in spring ; layers in autumn.
Flowers white speckled with purple and yellow, in a terminal compound, many-flowered, trichotomous panicle 8-10 ins. long and broad, bracts and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, deciduous ; Calyx 2-lobed, ^ in. long, glabrous, green or light purple ; Corolla campanulate, tube broad, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, 2 ins. long, 1-| in. wide, edges of lobes recurved and slightly frilled ; Stamens 2, staminodes 3, inserted near base of corolla ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lobed, exserted above anthers ; Fruit a pod-like capsule, 2-valved, 6-20 ins. long, somewhat flattened, valves meeting at an angle, usually light brown ; seeds 1-1| in. long, i in. broad ; wings pointed, ending with tuft of hairs.
Leaves opposite, or 3 in a whorl, ovate, cordate at base, entire, waved, acuminate, thin and firm, green and glabrous on upper surface, pale and pubescent beneath, glandular in axils of veins, disagreeable, almost foetid odour when touched, 5-10 ins. long, 4-7 ins. wide; petioles terete, stout, 5-6 ins. long. Autumn tint yellow
A deciduous tree, 20-40 ft. ; massive head, growth rapid ; Branches long, heavy, brittle ; Twigs thickened at nodes, slightly puberulous, glaucous, purplish to orange and brown ; Bark light brown, peeling ; Bud-scales ovate, brown ; IFood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, durable, light brown.
Discovered by Catesby in S. Carolina; introduced 1726. Syn. C. syringce folia. “ Catalpa ” is an Indian name for the tree.
VOL. II.
121
L
TREES AND SHRUBS
WESTERN CATALPA, Catalpa con'difolia.
Parks, gardens. May, June.
Flowers white, in a few-flowered terminal panicle, 5-6 ins. long, pedicels purple, glabrous, bracteoles 1-3 ; Calyx purple, pubescent ; Corolla 2 ins. long, 2\ ins. wide, 2-lipped, throat marked yellow and purple; Stamens and stami- nodes as long as tube of corolla, filaments with purple spots at base ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a pod-like, 2-valved capsule, 8-20 ins. long, ^-f in. broad, usually dark brown, with parallel grooves ; seeds 1-lf in. long, ^ in. wide, winged and fringed both ends, wings and seeds about equal in length.
Leaves opposite, oval, cordate at base, slenderly acuminate, entire, thick, firm, dark green above, pubescent below, glandular in axils of principal veins, inodorous, 10-12 ins. long, 7-8 ins. wide ; petioles terete, stout, 4-6 ins. long. Black in autumn.
A deciduous tree, 20-40 ft. ; erect, broad round head ; Branches slender ; Tzvigs purplish and pilose at first, afterwards orange to brown ; Bark brown tinged red, thick scales ; Bud-scales brown, keeled ; JVood like C. bignonioides.
Introduced from U.S.A., 1879; in forests grows 120 ft. high; planted in streets. Syn. C. speciosa.
JAPAN CATALPA, Catalpa Kcempferi.
Gardens. July.
Flowers yellow, spotted with reddish-brown and purple, small, 1 in. diam., sweet-scented, in a much-branched terminal panicle ; Corolla lobes toothed ; Fruit a pod-like capsule, more slender and more numerous than in C. bignoni- oides and C. cordifolia.
Leaves ovate, cordate at base, acuminate, sometimes with one or more acute lobes, darker green, 6 ins. long and broad, petioles 2-5 ins.
A deciduous tree, 10-12 ft.
Discovered by Engelbert Krempfer in Japan, 1693 ; seed introduced to Belgium by Siebold, 1849.
122
>
«
H
<1
Ph
TEA TREE ( Lycium halimifolium)
Flowering branch. A. Fruiting branch. C. Longitudinal section of flower. D. Longitudinal section of berry.
VERBENACE/E
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetaloe
Natural Order . . . Verbenacece
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with generally opposite or whorled, exstipulate leaves, and irregular or nearly regular flowers ; Calyx' inferior, tubular, and persistent ; Corolla 4-5-fid, usually more or less bilabiate ; Stamens usually 4, didynamous ; Ovary 2-4-celled, cells with 1 ovule, style terminal ; Fruit usually a carcerulus of 4 nutlets, but sometimes drupaceous.
Distinguished from Labiatse by the entire ovary and terminal style, and from Scrophularineae by the single ovule in each cell.
STINKING CLERODENDRON, Clerodendronfcetidum.
Gardens. August, September. Requires rich warm loam. This is easily recognised by its downy heart-shaped leaves, which emit a peculiarly foetid odour when bruised. It is sometimes cut down in severe winters, but will shoot forth again in the following spring.
FJovcers lilac-rose, fragrant at a distance, unpleasant when nearer, in a dense terminal corymb ; Calyx tubular, 5-fid ; Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed ; Stamens 4 ; Ovary superior, style terminal ; Fruit a carcerulus of four 1 -seeded nutlets.
Leaves opposite, cordate, acuminate, serrated, dark green, pubescent, exsti- pulate, petioles slender.
A deciduous shrub, 5 ft. ; with short rigid prickles.
Introduced from China, 1820. Generic name from Gr. kleros, chance, dendron, a tree, said to be owing to uncertainty of medicinal qualities. Specific name from L. fcetidus, fetid, stinking. Syn. C. Bungei.
KUSAGI, Clerodendron trichotomum .
Gardens. August, September. Requires rich warm loam. The reddish- purple calyx and white petals make this one of the most beautiful and distinc- tive of hardy shrubs.
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L 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers white, in a loose, terminal, trichotomous cyme, peduncles long ; Calyx inflated, 5-lobed, lobes reddish-purple ; Corolla hypocrateriform, 5-lobed, tube purple, 1 in. long ; Stamens 4, inserted at throat of corolla tube, filaments white, 1 in. long ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 nutlets, purple.
Leaves opposite, ovate, tapering at both ends, acuminate, petioles purplish, exstipulate, serrated, downy beneath, foetid.
A deciduous shrub, 6-12 ft.; or small tree, 20 ft.; Branches terete, hairy; Suckers freely produced ; Bark rough, furrowed ; Buds black, small.
Native of China and Japan ; introduced 1800.
MOUSTACHE PLANT, Caryopteris Mastacanthus.
Gardens. October. Best if sheltered by a wall; requires plenty of water during summer. Propagated by cuttings of young shoots or division of roots in March or April ; seeds in light soil in temperature of 55° in spring.
Flowers light blue, in axillary clusters ; Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; Corolla bilabiate, tube short, middle lobe of lower lip larger, crisped or fimbriate ; Stamens 4; Ovary superior; Fruit a carcerulus of four 1 -seeded nutlets, winged.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, coarsely serrated, obtuse or acute, petiolate, exstipulate, downy, fragrant, minute glandularly dotted.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft. ; young shoots with a Sage-like fragrance.
Introduced from China, 1844. Generic name from Gr. karuon, a nut, pteron, a wing. Specific name from mastax, mastakos, the upper lip.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Labiatoe
Trees, shrubs, or sub-shrubs, with usually square stems and opposite,
decussate, exstipulate leaves ; Floxvers in axils of leaves or bracts, solitary or
geminate, or in cymose clusters forming verticillasters ; Calyx tubular, of 5
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LABIAT/E
sepals, 2-lipped or 5-toothed, persistent ; Corolla hypogynous, imbricate, some- times bilabiate, ringent, upper lip entire or bifid, lower 3-fid ; Stamens usually 4, didynamous, outer anterior stamens usually the longest, inserted on corolla tube ; Ovary superior, of 2 carpels, becoming deeply 4-lobed and 4-celled, style gynobasic, stigma bifid ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 nutlets.
Distinguished from all other Orders by the square stems, opposite, decussate leaves, verticillaster inflorescence, and bilabiate ringent corolla.
LAVENDER, Lavandula vera.
Gardens. June — August. This is one of the oldest favourites of English gardens, and makes a charming hedge. Propagated by cuttings of old stems in sunny position outdoors in August or September.
Flowers blue, rarely white, fragrant, in a verticillaster , 6-10-flowered, spike somewhat interrupted ; Calyx tubular ; Corolla bilabiate, tube exserted, dilated at throat, limb oblique ; Stamens 4 ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 glabrous nutlets.
Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated at base, entire, somewhat revo- lute, hoary grey both surfaces.
An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1568.
COMMON ROSEMARY, Rosmarinus officinalis.
Gardens, shrubberies. February. Best in dry border near wall; flourishes on the coast. Propagated by cuttings in shady border in spring or summer ; layering of strong shoots in summer ; seeds in sunny border outdoors in April.
Flowers pale bluish-purple, in short, few-flowered racemes, approximating, opposite, sub-sessile ; Calyx ovoid-campanulate, bilabiate, 5-toothed, purplish ; Corolla bilabiate, tube shortly exserted ; Stamens 4 ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a carcerulus.
125
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves opposite, linear, entire, revolnte, canescent beneath, sessile, fragrant, grey-green.
An evergreen shrub, 3-8 ft. ; dense growth.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1548. Generic name from Gr. ros, dew, and marinus , the sea.
JERUSALEM SAGE, Phlomis fruticosa.
Gardens. June, July. This will grow in dry soil, and does well on wild banks. Propagated by cuttings in cold frame in August.
Flowers yellow or dusky yellow, very showy, whorls twin, terminal, 20-30-flowered ; Calyx 5-toothed, as long as corolla tube, acuminate, thick, coriaceous, scabrous, densely hairy ; Corolla bilabiate, velvety, tube inclosed, upper lip compressed, notched, lower lip large, 3-cleft, spreading ; Ovary superior, style gynobasic, curved, stigma bifid ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 nutlets, ovoid-triquetrous.
Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, acute, roundly cuneate at base, entire, wrinkled, green above, white tomentose beneath, 2^ ins. long, f-1 in. wide.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Branches clothed with tomentum, usually yellow.
Native of Mediterranean region ; introduced 1596.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce
Natural Order . . . Laurinece
Trees or shrubs, aromatic or sometimes foetid ; Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, exstipulate, usually coriaceous and evergreen, often with pellucid dots ; Flowei's 2-sexual, or imperfectly 1-sexual ; Sepals 4-6, in 2 whorls, coloured, imbricate in bud ; Stamens definite, perigynous, some barren, filaments often glandular at base, anthers opening by valves ; Ovary superior, 1-celled ; Fruit a berry or drupe.
126
LAURINE^
SWEET BAY, Lciurus nobilis.
Shrubberies, gardens. April, May. Needs shelter. Any necessary pruning should be done in April. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under handlight in shady position outdoors, August — October ; layering of shoots in September or October.
Flowers yellowish-white, inconspicuous, dioecious, in axillary clusters ; Calyx 4-partite, imbricate ; Stamens opposite segments of calyx ; Ovary single, superior, 1 -celled, style simple, stigma obtuse; Fruit a berry, oval, dark purple, ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, wavy, acute, pinnately veined, coriaceous, aromatic, shortly petiolate.
An evergreen tree or shrub, 30-60 ft. ; Branches arching ; Twigs smooth ; Bark smooth.
Native of S. Europe ; introduced about 1562. It is the Bay tree, or true Laurel, used in ancient times to form wreaths for poets and conquerors. Name Bay = a berry tree ; M.E. bay, a berry ; F. bciie ; L. baca, a berry.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce
Natural Order . . . Thymeloeacece
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with acrid juice, and tough inner bark ; Leaves opposite, alternate or scattered, exstipulate, entire ; Floivers usually hermaphrodite, sometimes polygamous or dioecious ; Perianth inferior, green or petaloid, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud ; Stamens usually twice as many as calyx lobes, in two series, adnate to and included in perianth tube, often an annular disk of hypogynous scales or glands ; Ovary superior, usually 1 -celled ; Fruit usually a berry or drupe.
Chief characteristics acridity and toughness of bark. Distinguished from
Elaeagnacea? chiefly by the one suspended ovule.
127
TREES AND SHRUBS
BLAGAY’S DAPHNE, Daphne blagayana.
Rockeries. March, April. Loves shade and rocky places ; requires stones laid on branches. Propagated by cuttings of side shoots in well-drained pots or pans of sandy peat under bell-glass in temperature of 50°-55°, October or November ; layers in March or April.
Flowers ivory-white, fragrant, in a dense terminal umbellate cluster ; Perianth 4-lobed, tubular ; Fruit a drupe.
Leaves whorled, oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, entire, obtuse, glabrous.
A dwarf evergreen shrub, 1 ft.
Discovered by Count Blagayana in Carniola, 1837; introduced 1872.
GARLAND FLOWER, Daphne Cneorum.
Gardens, rockeries. April, May ; again in September.
Flowers reddish-pink, sweet-scented, small, in a terminal, sessile, flattened bead or umbelliferous cyme, closely surrounded by leaves ; Perianth of 4 ovate lobes, smooth on upper surface, tube thickly covered externally with short, silky, white hairs ; Fruit a drupe, white, globose.
Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire, mucronate, glabrous, \ in. long, £ in. broad, thickly set upon young shoots.
An evergreen trailing shrub, 6-12 ins.
Native of Europe ; introduced 1752.
SPURGE LAUREL, Daphne Laureola.
Copses and hedge banks in stiff soils. January — April. It is useful for growing under trees.
Floivers yellow-green, faintly fragrant, honeyed, entomophilous, in sub-sessile
axillary clusters or very short drooping racemes of 3-5 flowers, both bisexual
and staminate ; bracts conspicuous, oblong, deciduous ; Perianth lobes half the
length of tube ; Fruit a drupe, oval, bluish-black, ^ in. long.
128
THYMEL^EACEiE
Leaves in tufts at ends of shoots, oblong or lanceolate, acute, very coriaceous, glossy, shining, dark green above, paler below, 1^-3^ ins. long, f-1^ in. wide ; dying leaves brown.
An evergreen shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Branches few, erect, glabrous, leafless below, pliant, tough.
Native of Britain. Berries poisonous to man, favourites with small birds.
MEZEREON, Daphne Mezereum.
Copses and woods in hilly districts, gardens. February — April.
Floivers purplish-red, odorous, honeyed, appearing before leaves are fully out, in a few-flowered cyme below leaves on shoot of preceding year, flowers usually in threes, sometimes pairs or fours, bracts small ; Perianth deciduous, tubular, i-i in. long, 4-cleft, slightly hairy, lobes spreading, as long as tube ; Stamens 8, sub-sessile, at top of tube, in 2 series ; Ovary superior, 1 -celled, style short, stigma capitate ; Fruit a drupe, bright red, ovoid, \ in. long, 1-seeded, very acrid and poisonous, ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate, exstipulate, shortly petiolate, entire, obtuse or acute, membranous, glabrous, 2-3 ins. long, glaucous or pale green above, bluish beneath. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Branches few, erect, glabrous ; Twigs slender, flexible ; Bark acid, smooth, yellowish-grey.
Native of Britain ; somewhat rare. Berries poisonous to man, but favourites with finches and robin. Bark and branches yield yellow dye. Daphne was Greek name of the Bay-tree, Laurus nobilis, and originally of the nymph who was changed into a laurel-tree when fleeing from Apollo.
PONTIC SPURGE LAUREL, Daphne pontica.
Gardens. April — May. This and the previous two species are used as stocks for grafting.
Floxvers yellowish-green, very fragrant in evening, bractless, glabrous, in
129
TREES AND SHRUBS
a many-flowered upright cluster, flowers in pairs ; Perianth lobes long, reflexed. Fruit a drupe.
Leaves alternate, obovate-lanceolate, petiolate, entire, glabrous, glossy, light green.
An evergreen shrub, 4-5 ft. ; Branches spreading.
Native of E. Europe; introduced 1759. First discovered by Tournefort on coast of Black Sea.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce
Natural Order . . . Elceagnacece
Trees or shrubs with alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves, entire, with silvery or brown scurfy scales; Flowers 1-2-sexual, white or yellow, regular, axillary, fascicled or cymose ; Calyx 2-4-lobed, or 2-4 distinct sepals ; Stamens adnate to calyx tube, in males twice as many as lobes, in 2-sexual flowers as many as lobes and opposite to them ; Ovary superior, enclosed in thickened base of calyx tube, 1-celled ; Fruit indehiscent, enclosed in tube, 1 -seeded.
In Europe, the only Order containing shrubby plants with scurfy leaves. They differ from Thymelseacea? chiefly in having 1 erect ovule.
OLEASTER, or WILD OLIVE, Elceagnus angustifolia.
Parks, gardens, shrubberies. May. Prefers a rather dry soil. The species of Ekeagnus are very ornamental shrubs or small trees, with conspicuous silvery foliage. Useless growth may be cut away in late summer. They are propa- gated by cuttings in sandy soil in cold frame in September ; layering in October ; seeds sown in boxes of light soil in temperature of 55° in March.
Flowers yellow within, silvery scales outside, fragrant, usually bisexual, in solitary or axillary clusters of 1-3 ; Perianth campanulate, 4-lobed ; Stamens 4, alternating with perianth lobes ; Ovary superior, 1-celled, style linear, long ;
Fruit a fleshy drupe, ovid-oblong, red, sweet, mealy.
130
A. Flowering branch.
SWEET BAY (. Laurus nubilis)
B. Fruit. C. One of the stamens (anthers dehiscing).
D. Flower, enlarged.
Plate XLVIII.
'Vvw
EL/EAGNACE.E
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, often ovate on young trees and vigorous shoots, acute, serrate, upper surface dull greyish-green, scattered stellate scales, under- side silvery-grey, densely covered with stellate scales, blade 2-3 ins. long.
A deciduous tree , 15-20 ft. ; Branches glabrous, thorny, shining reddish- brown ; branchlets silvery-grey.
Native of Asia; naturalised in S. Europe; introduced 1633. Syn. E. hortensis.
SILVER BERRY, Elceagnus argent ea.
Gardens, shrubberies. July, August.
Flowers yellow, small, fragrant, silvery, |-f in. long, in an axillary cluster , nodding; Perianth lobes ovate, in. long; Fruit a drupe, roundish-ovate, in. long, ribbed, silvery scales, stone 8-striate.
Leaves alternate, oval-oblong, acute or obtuse, waved, glabrous both surfaces, silvery scales, shortly petiolate, 3 in. long, 1^ in. wide.
A deciduous shntb, 8-12 ft.; Branches spreading, rusty-brown, becoming silvery.
Introduced from N. America, 1813.
LARGE-LEAVED OLEASTER, Elceagnus macrophylla.
Gardens, shrubberies. October. This is a distinctive species, with large roundish silvery leaves having a tendency to curl at the edges, and silvery- white blossoms emitting a perfume like Gardenia. It makes a good specimen for a west wall, and does well in sandy peat.
Flowers silvery- white, fragrant, in. long, densely clothed with silvery scales, axillary, solitary or forming clusters, pedicels silvery-white ; Perianth campanu- late, 4-lobed, lobes ovate, as long as tube ; Stamens 4, alternate with lobes, filaments very short ; Ovary superior, style curved ; Fruit a drupe, scarlet.
Leaves alternate, roundish-ovate, obtuse or acute, margin wavy, glabrous, dark glossy green above, bright silvery scales beneath, ins. long, 1.} in. wide, petioles silvery.
131
TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches erect, spreading, angled ; Twigs covered with silvery and ferruginous scales ; Buds small, scales ferruginous.
Native of China and Japan. Known in Japan as “Fon Gumi.”
LONG-STALKED OLEASTER, Elceagnus multiflora.
Gardens, shrubberies. May. The silvery leaves are in striking contrast with the dark reddish-brown twigs, and make this a very desirable species ; indeed, it is one of the best.
Flowers whitish, in axillary clusters, pedicels long ; Fruit a drupe, oblong, orange-red, transparent, small ferruginous scales, pedicels long ; used for jelly.
Leaves alternate, ovate, acute or obtuse, entire, green above, silvery-white beneath, dotted with ferruginous scales, 2 ins. long, 1 in. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 8-15 ft.; Branches erect; Twigs reddish-brown, scurfy with ferruginous scales ; Buds ovoid, reddish-brown with similar scales.
Native of China and Japan; introduced 1878. Syns. E. edulis and E. longipes.
SEA BUCKTHORN, Hippophce rhamnoidcs.
Sandy shores and sea cliffs. May, June. A handsome berry-bearing shrub, which grows remarkably well in rich damp soil near ponds, lakes, or rivers. Propagated by cuttings of roots in ordinary soil outdoors in February or March ; layering of shoots in autumn ; suckers in autumn ; seeds sown outdoors when ripe, November or December.
Elowe?'s yellow, dioecious, appearing with young leaves on erect dwarf shoots, small and inconspicuous. Male flowers in small catkin-like spikes in axils of lowest scale-like bracts, perianth of 2 ligulate lobes ; Stamens 4, filaments short, anthers yellow. Females, crowded, solitary in each axil, perianth tubular, minutely 2-lobed, beset with speltate scales ; Ovary superior, 1-celled, style shortly protruding, stigma erect; Fruit a drupe, berry-like, a membranous utricle enclosed in succulent calyx tube, globose or oblong, ^ in. diam., orange- yellow, spotted.
132
LORANTHACEiE
Leaves alternate, linear to oblong-lanceolate, entire, obtuse, sub-coriaceous, dull green above and nearly glabrous, or white scattered stellate hairs above, silvery-grey, with scaly scurf beneath, midrib with rusty scales, shortly petiolate, ins. long, lengthening after flowering to 3 ins., \ in. wide. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 1-8 ft. ; or Willow-like tree, 10 ft. ; Branches slender, sub-pendulous, or short and spinescent ; Shoots with rusty bronze scales ; Buds rusty-brown.
Native of East and South England; naturalised in Scotland and Ireland. Hippophaes was old Greek name used by Hippocrates for a prickly spurge. Specific name from Rhamnus, the Buckthorn, from resemblance of spinous branches. Known also as Sallow-thorn.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce
Natural Order . . Loranthacece
Evergreen shrubs, with jointed stems, parasitic on the branches of trees ; Leaves usually opposite, exstipulate, thick and coriaceous ; Flowers usually dioecious ; Calyx 4-8-lobed, valvate in bud ; Stamens 4-8, adnate to calyx lobes ; Ovary inferior, 1 -celled; Fruit a 1 -seeded berry.
MISTLETOE, Viscum album.
Parasitic on trees, especially apple. March — May.
Flowers yellowish-green, dioecious or rarely monoecious, entomophilous,
small, in a dense cymose cluster between the forks, or at the apex of, dichasial
shoots; Males 3-5, in a cup-shaped fleshy bract; Females solitary, or 2-3 in bract;
Males, perianth of 4-6 triangular segments on margin of hollow receptacle ;
Stamens 4-6, anthers sessile, cells adnate to the inner faces of sepals, dehiscing
by pores ; Females, 4 segments, sunk in receptacle, crowning the ovary, stigma VOL. II. 133 M
TREES AND SHRUBS
sessile, thick ; Fruit a 1 -seeded pseudo-berry, ovoid or globose, greenish-white, semi-transparent, pulp viscid.
Leaves opposite, or 3 in a whorl, exstipulate, oblong to nearly ovate, entire, obtuse, narrowed at base, thick, fleshy or coriaceous, green or yellow-green, 1-3 ins. long, in. wide ; dead leaves yellow.
A deciduous parasitic shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Stem becoming woody when old ; Branches dichotomous, smooth, green, terete, knotted ; Buds small, green.
Native of Britain. Generic name from L. viscum, bird-lime, mistletoe ; cog. with Gr. iocos or biskos, mistletoe; English name from A.S. mist el-tan ; mistel, mistletoe; tan , a twig; mistel is dim. of mist, darkness = any thing which darkens the sight or judgment.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce
Natural Order . . Euphorbiacece
Herbs, shrubs, or trees with entire leaves, usually alternate, often stipulate, stems often with lactiferous vessels ; Flowers usually 1 -sexual, monoecious or dioecious, bracteate, sometimes with a calyx-like involucre, occasionally without a perianth ; Calyx 3-5-lobed or wanting ; Corolla usually absent, sometimes represented by scales or petals ; Stamens 1 or more, distinct or united, sometimes branched ; Ovary superior, 2-3-celled, 2-3-lobed, styles 2-3, often branched ; Fruit a schizocarp, separating elastically into 3 cocci, or succulent.
Distinguished from other Orders by the unisexual flowers and tri-coccous fruit.
MINORCA BOX, Buxus balearica.
Gardens. July. Requires dry porous soil, and does best in well-sheltered situations. The species are propagated by cuttings of young shoots 3 ins. long in shady border, August or September ; division of old plants, October or March ; layers in September or October.
134
BOX ( Buxus sempervirens)
A. Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Single male flower. D. Single female flower. E. Section of female flower.
G. Capsules partly and fully open, showing seeds. H. Section of male flower, showing nectaries.
F. Seed.
Plate XLIX.
EUPHORBIACEAl
Flowers light yellow, small, inconspicuous, monoecious, in a glomerule ; Males, Sepals 4 ; Stamens 4 ; Females, Ovary 3-celled ; Fruit a 3-valved capsule.
Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptical, emarginate, coriaceous, cartilaginous margin, yellowish-green, 1^-2 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub or small tree, 15-20 ft.
Native of Balearic Islands and other parts of S. Europe ; introduced
1780.
COMMON BOX, Buxus sempervirens.
Parks, gardens, chalk hills. April — June.
Flowers greenish-white, monoecious, usually entomophilous, small, incon- spicuous, in an axillary cluster {glomerule), several unibracteate male flowers, and 1-2 females with 3 bracteoles ; Males, Perianth small, 4 segments ; Stamens 4, opposite perianth lobes, hypogynous, around a rudimentary ovary, anthers didy- mous, introrse, filaments stout; Females, Perianth 6-12 segments in whorls of 3 ; Ovary globose, superior, 3-celled, styles 3, stigmas 3, obtuse, proterogynous ; Fruit a 3-valved capsule, ovoid, sessile, hard, coriaceous, ^ in. long, ending in 3 stiff’ short beaks, 1-2 black shiny seeds in each cell.
Leaves sub-opposite, ovate or oblong, sub-sessile, obtuse or retuse, convex, coriaceous, shining, exstipulate, £-1 in. long ; petioles slightly hairy at edges.
An evergreen shrub, or small tree, 15-20 ft. ; slow of growth ; Branches slender, glabrous, downy when young, erect or drooping ; Twigs more or less 4-angled ; Bark rough, grey ; Old Stems often twisted ; Buds very small ; Groivth very slow; JFood yellow, with very fine grain, hard, heavy, will not float, susceptible of high polish ; used for engraving, tools, and carving.
Indigenous in chalky districts of Southern and Central England.
Name is A.S. box = Box-tree ; L. buxus; Gr. pyxas.
Leaves sometimes sprinkled with Box Leaf-rust {Puccinia Buxi ).
135
M 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
SIOUMI, Daphniphyllum macropodum.
Gardens. September. The compact growth and large foliage give this shrub a striking resemblance to a Rhododendron. Propagated by layers or cuttings of ripe shoots.
Flowei's small, dioecious, apetalous, in a short axillary raceme ; Sepals small, 3-8, connate; Stamens 5-18, anthers large, basifixed ; Ovary superior, imperfectly 2-celled, stigmas short, thick, recurved ; Fruit a drupe, ellipsoid, in. long, black.
Leaves alternate, elliptic, or lanceolate, obtuse, base acute, entire, dark green above, pale and glaucous beneath, 3-8 ins. long, 2 ins. wide, petiole long, reddish- purple.
An evergreen shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Bark reddish.
Native of India, Ceylon, China, and Japan. Known in gardens as L). glaucescens. Generic name from Gr. Daphne, the Bay-tree ( Laurus nobilis), and phyllon, a leaf = resembling the Laurel. “ Sioumi ” is the Oriental name.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce
Natural Order . . . Uyticaceoe
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with usually alternate and stipulate leaves, often with stinging hairs ; Flowers usually small, unisexual or rarely polygamous, monoecious or dioecious ; Perianth in the males equally lobed or partite ; in the females often unequally lobed, or consisting of a scale-like sepal ; Stamens usually equal in number to perianth segments, and opposite to them ; Ovary superior, or in a few genera more or less inferior, 1 or 2-celled ; Fruit in- dehiscent, 1 -seeded.
Distinguished from Euphorbiaceas by the 1-seeded fruit, and from Cupuli- ferae by the regular perianth of the male flowers. The Nettles (Urticeae) are distinguished from Chenopodiaceae by their stipulate and rough leaves with
stinging hairs ; the Elms (Ulmeae) often form a separate Order.
136
URTICACEiE
WINGED ELM, Ulmus alcita.
Parks, gardens. March, April. The curious ridge-like corky excres- cence on the branches makes this one of the most distinct and conspicuous of hard-wooded trees. The species of Ulmus are propagated by suckers, October or N ovember ; layering of shoots, September or October ; seeds gathered as soon as ripe and sown in light soil in shady position outdoors.
Flowers reddish, in a few-flowered fascicle, pedicels drooping ; Perianth 5-lobed, lobes obovate, glabrous ; Ovary hoary tomentose, raised on short slender stipe ; Fruit a samara, oblong, ^ in. long, hirsute, tipped with in- curved awns, wing narrow.
Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, unequal at base, acute or acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, firm or sub-coriaceous, glabrous and dark green above, pale and soft pubescent below, 1^—2^ ins. long ; petioles pubescent, stipules linear-obovate, thin, scarious.
A deciduous tree, 30-40 ft. ; Branches erect ; branchlets glabrous or puberulous, often with 2 thin corky wings, reddish-brown to ashy-grey ; Bark with shallow fissures, light brown tinged with red ; Buds slender, acute, scales glabrous or slightly puberulous; Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, not easily split, light brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1820. Specific name from L. ala, a wing. Known in America as the Wahoo.
AMERICAN OR WHITE ELM, Ulmus americana.
Parks, gardens. March, April. Best in moist loamy soil.
Flowers greenish-red, appearing before leaves, in a 3-4-flowered cymose fascicle, pedicels slender, drooping; Perianth 7-9-lobed, ciliate; Stamens 5-G, anthers bright red ; Ovary light green, ciliate with white hairs, styles light green ; Fruit a samara, ovate to obovate-oblong, ciliate, \ in. long, wing broad.
137
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, obovate-oblong to oval, unequal at base, acute, coarsely doubly serrate, dark green and glabrous or scabrate above, usually pale and pubescent below, 2-4 ins. long, petioles stout, stipules linear-lanceolate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 80-100 ft.; Branches spreading, not corky; branchlets glabrous, destitute of corky wings, reddish-brown to ashy-grey ; Bark fissured, ashy-grey ; Buds ovate, acute, flattened, scales glabrous, brown ; W ood heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split, coarse-grained, light brown ; used for coach-making, turnery, and boat-building.
Introduced from N. America, 1752. Known as Canada Rock Elm.
COMMON ELM, Ulvms campestris.
Woods, fields, hedgerows, gardens. March, April.
Flowers reddish-brown, in dense clusters, appearing before leaves, anemo- philous, proterogynous, often males only by abortion ; Perianth small, 4-8-lobed ; Stamens often 4, sometimes 5-8, opposite lobes, anthers rusty ; Ovary 1-celled, stigmas 2 ; Fruit a samara, winged all round, obovate, notched ; seeds above centre, rarely ripening.
Leaves alternate, ovate, variable, unequal at base, narrow, 2|— 4 ins. by 1-2 ins., serrated, acute, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, or nearly glabrous, hairs with irritating properties, petiole short, stipules caducous. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 125 ft., shedding leaves very early; usually taller and straighter than U. montana ; Suckers abundant; Bark rough, corky, with vertical furrows ; Branches mostly projecting upwards ; Tivigs given off alternately at acute angles, smooth ; Buds smooth, reddish-brown, scales are stipules ; Wood brown, heavy, hard, tough, porous, twisted in grain ; used for piles, pipes, pumps, blocks, ships’ keels and planks, carpentry, wright- work, turnery, and cabinet-making.
Not indigenous in Britain ; the most frequent in fields and hedgerows ;
lives to about 500-600 years. Also called Small-leaved Elm.
138
ELM ( Ulmus campestris)
A. Leaf. B. Flowering branch. C. Flower (enlarged). D. Fruit (samaras).
Plate L.
URTICACE./E
Insects injurious to Elms: — Bark — Elm Tree Destroyer ( Scolytus destructor) ; Foliage — Comma Butterfly ( Vanessa c-albuni), Large Tortoise-shell Butterfly ( Vanessa polychlorus), Mottled Umber ( Hybernia defoliaria), March Moth (. Anisopteryx cescularia ), Tree Lackey ( Bombyx neu stria) ; Wood — Wood Leopard Moth ( Zeuzera cesculi).
Fungoid Pests: — Elm-leaf Phlceospore ( Phleospora Ulmi), Elm-leaf Blotch (. Phyllachora Ulmi).
WYCH ELM, Ulmus montana.
Woods, parks, gardens. Best in good fertile soils and good light. March, April.
Flowers reddish-brown, appearing before leaves, borne in dense clusters on sides of branches, surrounded by brownish bracts ; Perianth campanulate, 4-7-toothed, lobes obtuse; Stamens as many as lobes of perianth, and opposite, anthers purple ; Ovary flat, ‘2-celled, styles 2, diverging ; Fruit a thin, flat 1 -seeded samara, broadly ovate or orbicular, glabrous, small notch at top ; seed in centre or below, produced after thirty years.
Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, broadly ovate, doubly and trebly serrated, unequal at base, rough on upper side, downy beneath, 3-6 ins. long, 3 ins. diam. Autumn tint golden-yellow.
A deciduous tree, 80-120 ft. ; Branches long, diverging like letter Y, ascend- ing and pendulous; Twigs pubescent; Bark rough, often corky; Trunk often having excrescences ; Buds brown, with rusty hairs ; Wood hard, straight- grained, flexible when steamed, stands alternate wetting and drying ; inferior to that of Common Elm, and more liable to split ; used in boat-building.
The common wild Elm of North and West England, Scotland, and Ireland ; rare in South-east England. Known also as Scotch Elm, Mountain Elm, and Broad-leaved Elm. Several varieties in cultivation. Name from A.S. elm, the Elm-tree.
Leaves often rolled, blistered, and thickened by an Aphis ( Schizoneura Ulmi).
139
TREES AND SHRUBS
PAPER MULBERRY, Broussonetia papyrifera.
Gardens. May. An ornamental tree which thrives best in well-drained, rather open ground. Propagated by cuttings of ripe wood in sandy soil in cold frame in October; suckers in October or November; seeds when ripe or in the following spring.
Flowers greenish, dioecious ; Males in pendulous, cylindrical catkins, each flower in the axil of a bract ; Females in peduncled, axillary, erect globular heads ; Fruit an etaerio of spurious drupes (sorosis).
Leaves alternate, ovate or deeply lobed, margin entire, acute, hairy.
A deciduous tree, 10-20 ft.
Native of India, China, and Japan; introduced 1751. Genus named after Broussonet, a French naturalist. Inner bark used for paper-making.
BLACK OR COMMON MULBERRY, Morus nigra.
Gardens. June, July. Prefers deep, light, somewhat moist soil in sunny position sheltered from north winds. In the young state it makes a fine speci- men shrub, and later grows into an imposing and ornamental tree. Straggling branches may be shortened, or crowded ones thinned in February. Pro- pagated by cuttings 6-8 ins. long, partly current growth and partly two years old, from upper part of tree, inserted half their depth in light soil in sheltered position outdoors, September, October, or March ; layering of shoots in September ; seeds in light sandy soil in temperature of 55°-65° in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in June or July ; or seeds sown outdoors in May.
Flowers greenish-white, monoecious, sometimes dioecious, anemophilous,
inconspicuous, in short thick catkin-like spikes of cymes on receptacle, becoming
succulent when fruit ripens ; Males, Calyx 4-partite, yellowish-green ; Stamens
4 ; Females, Sepals 8-4, greenish, persistent ; Ovary 2-celled, styles short,
stigmas 2, spreading ; Fruit an oblong mass of spurious drupes (sorosis), corn-
140
a
<5
Ph
BLACK MULBERRY ( Moi-us nigra)
Branch with young fruit. B. Single male flower. C. Vertical section of fruit. D. Part of young fruit, formed from one flower. E. Cluster of male flowers. F. Single female flower. O. Ripe fruit.
URTICACE.E
posed of the receptacle, calyces, and utriculi, all succulent and consolidated, very juicy, sub-acid, turning from green to crimson, then red, finally reddish- black ; ripe in August.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate, or 3-5-lobed, petiolate, irregularly serrate, acute, dark green, upper surface hispid, 4 ins. by 4 ins., young leaves pilose beneath ; stipules lateral, small, linear, caducous. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft., with large round head ; Branches horizontal ; Bark rough, reddish-brown ; Buds seldom open before May ; tree slow of growth, but long lived ; W ood used for cabinet-work.
Native of Persia and Armenia; introduced 1548. First planted at Syon House.
FIG, Ficus Carica.
Gardens, walls. May. In mild districts of the south this will grow as a standard, but generally is best against a south or south-west wall. The best crops of fruit are usually secured from trees planted in a compost of fibry loam, brick rubbish, and old mortar by the side of a hard walk into which the roots cannot easily ramify. Deformed, dead, or weak branches should be removed in April or July, and the points of vigorous young shoots pinched in July. Any fruits sufficiently advanced in early autumn to show the shape of the Fig should be pinched off. Propagated by cuttings of previous year’s growth, 6-9 ins. long, in sandy soil under bell-glass in temperature of 65°-75° in spring ; layering of shoots, October or November ; suckers in autumn ; seeds carefully cleaned from pulp and kept till early spring, then sown in light soil in temperature of 75°.
Flowers monoecious, entomophilous, proterogynous, minute, appearing with the leaves, enclosed, and hidden, in a pyriform hollow fleshy receptacle (hypanthodium) formed of the swollen floral axis, the sides of which have grown up around it, meeting at the top, forming an inverted flask-like spike with sessile flowers, in which the outside bearing the flowers has become introverted ; Male
flowers mostly in upper part ; Perianth 3-5 -fid ; Stamens 3-5 ; Females in lower
141
TREES AND SHRUBS
part ; Perianth 5-partite ; Ovary superior, 1-celled, style lateral, stigma bifid ; Fruit a syconus, consisting of achenes immersed in pulpy receptacle, greenish- yellow to violet-brown, 2-3J ins. long, one or two together in axils of leaves, orifice at tip closed by small scales ; seeds very numerous.
Leaves alternate, very variable, 3-6 ins. by 2^-7^ ins., palmately 3-7-lobed, 5-partite, or entire, lobes variously cut, base cordate, thick, dark green and scabrous above, paler and pubescent beneath, petiole 1-2 ins. long, stout. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft.; Branches spreading; Buds large; Suckers abundant.
Native of Mediterranean regions, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan ; re-introduced to Britain by Cardinal Pole, 1525. In Italy fertilisation is brought about through the agency of a small wasp ( Blastophaga grossorum ), which lays its eggs in the ovules of the abortive female flowers, producing galls, and afterwards carries pollen to other female flowers. Ficus is the old Latin name for a fig-tree, and is akin to the Greek sukon, a fig.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce
Natural Order . . Platanacece
Trees, usually tall, with flaking bark, and without milky juice; Leaves alternate, palmately nerved and lobed, petiolate, with sheathing stipules ; Flowers small, monoecious, in globose, densely-crowded heads, the male and female heads on separate pendulous peduncles, usually 3 heads on each ; Perianth 0, or replaced by scales or bristles ; Ovary 1-celled, style persistent ; Fruit a head of 1-seeded nuts.
Readily distinguished from the Sycamores or False Planes by the alternate leaves.
142
A Leaf. B. Section of hypanthodinm. C. Portion of inner surface of same, show in? pistillate (lowers (enlarged). 1). Siaoiinate, or male flower (enlarged). E. Fruit (green fig).
Plate 1 .II.
PLATANACEiE
LONDON PLANE, Platanus acerifolia.
Parks, gardens, avenues. April. This is one of the most suitable of trees for town planting, having the property of resisting fumes in a high degree. The species of Platanus thrive best when their roots have access to water. They may be pruned into shape, October — February. Propagated by cuttings of shoots 6-8 ins. long in moist soil in sheltered position in November; layering of shoots in autumn or spring ; seeds merely pressed into surface of soil, and kept moist and shaded, in November.
Flowers greenish, as P. orientalis, in globular heads on axillary peduncles, generally in threes, sometimes two or four, regular distances wide apart ; Fruit a globular head, bristly.
Leaves alternate, resembling those of Common Maple, broadly and acutely 3-5-lobed or angled, a few remote coarse serratures, nearly straight at base, petiole long and slender, leaves 6f ins. long, 8 ins. broad, stipules auricled, lobes acuminate, deciduous.
A deciduous tree, 50-60 ft. ; Branches mostly straight, not very stout, uniform in size, lower ones horizontal or declining, upper ones more or less erect ; Twigs slender ; Stems of young trees smooth, dark greenish-brown ; Bark in old stems scaling in small, thin pieces.
Native of Asia; introduced 1724. This is the Maple-leaved Plane; the P. orientalis var. acerifolia of Loudon, and the P. vulgaris var. acerifolia of gardens.
WEDGE-LEAVED PLANE, Platanus cuneata.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers greenish, resembling P. orientalis ; Fruit a globular head of small nuts.
Leaves palmately wedge-shaped, very variable ; on old or stunted plants
often 3-lobed, lobes angular, few small teeth ; on young and vigorous plants deeply
5-lobed, few small serratures, terminated by hard points, all tapering towards
143
TREES AND SHRUBS
base, covered with down when young, glabrous when old, ins. long, 3| ins. broad; petiole very short.
A deciduous bush or low tree ; Branches tortuous, somewhat ascending. Native of Levant; introduced 1739. Sometimes called P. undulata, and considered by some as a stunted variety of P. orientalis.
WESTERN PLANE, Platanus occidentalis.
Parks, gardens, avenues. May. This is usually larger and more rapid in growth than its relative of the East. Its leaves are larger and less deeply lobed, and its seed-balls are larger, and usually hang singly on the slender peduncles.
Flowers as in P. orientalis, in globular heads, 2-4, more commonly only 1, on long slender peduncles, larger than P. orientalis ; 3Iales axillary, dark red ; Females terminal, light green, tinged red ; Fruit a globular head of 1 -seeded nuts ; balls large, smoother than P. orientalis, brownish, ripe in October or November, persistent through winter ; seed-fibres said to cause irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, nostrils, mouth, and probably the lungs.
Leaves alternate, broadly 5-lobed or angled, a few large acute serratures, cordate or truncate at base, when young scurfy with rusty-coloured tomentum or silky down, glabrous when older, bright green above, paler beneath, slightly hairy in axils of veins and on principal ribs, petiole purplish-red, leaves up to 8 ins. by 8 ins., stipules brown, woolly, caducous. Autumn tints yellow to red- brown.
A deciduous tree, 70-80 ft. ; Bark smooth, light ash-colour, flaking off in small pieces ; Branches tortuous, axillary buds concealed within hollowed base of petioles, conical, pubescent, pale brown or olive ; Twigs rounded, olive-green ; Wood used for cabinet-work.
Introduced from N. America about 1636 ; there called Button-wood ; reaches height of 140-170 ft. Probably lives more than 600 years.
144
ORIENTAL PLANE ( Platanus orientalu)
A. Female flower clusters. B. Fruit cluster. C. Male flower cluster.
Plate LIII.
PLATANACEAL
ORIENTAL OR COMMON PLANE, Platanus orieiitalis.
Parks, gardens, avenues. April. The Plane-tree has been employed for giving shade since the days of the Greeks, and few trees are better adapted for planting as specimens upon the lawn or elsewhere when the site is moderately sheltered.
Floicei's greenish-yellow, small, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing before leaves, in a globular head, males and females on separate peduncles, 2-5, usually 3, heads on each axillary peduncle ; Stamens in male flowers mixed, without definite order, with scales, which may be bracts, perianth segments, or stami- nodes ; Females, Ovary 1-celled, style persistent ; Perianth replaced with scales, which may be bracts, segments, or abortive ovaries ; Fruit a globular head of small 1 -seeded nuts, ball covered with bristly points, ripe in October, brown, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, palmately 5-lobed, wedge-shaped at base, divisions lanceo- late, sinuated, upper surface glabrous, shining green, 7\ ins. long, 7\ ins. broad ; petiole green ; stipules sheathing, nearly entire. Autumn tints yellow to orange-brown.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches widely-spreading, lower ones horizontal ; Bark flaking in larger pieces, whitish-grey, on young branches more persistent, brown, sometimes tinted with purple ; Buds concealed by petioles ; Wood pale-brown, fine-grained, tough, hard ; soon perishes if exposed to sun and atmosphere.
Introduced from the Levant some time previous to 1548; possibly lives 2000 years. Generic name is from old Greek for the Plane ( Platanos ) — platys, broad, probably referring to foliage. Specific name is Latin for Eastern.
VOI„ II.
145
N
TREES AND SHRUBS
Class I.
Division IV. Natural Order .
. Dicotyledons . Incompletoe • Juglandece
Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulate leaves ; Flowers uni-sexual, inconspicuous ; Males in catkins ; Calyx irregular, 2-6-partite, or a single scale ; Stamens 3 or many ; Females solitary or a terminal cluster ; Calyx regular, 8-5-lobed ; Ovary inferior, imperfectly 2-4-celled, with a single ovule; Fruit a kind of drupe, 2-valved, 1 seed with large oily cotyledons, divided into 2 or 4 lobes.
Distinguished from Cupuliferee chiefly by the solitary ovule, and in the absence of a cupule.
Parks, gardens. May. Needs good loamy soil; very impatient of removal. Propagated by nuts sown where trees are intended to remain.
Flowers greenish ; Males in threes at base of shoots of same year, peduncled, glabrous ; Perianth adnate to bracts, 2-3-lobed, middle lobe linear, much longer than laterals ; Stamens 3-10, filaments short ; Females 2-6 on terminal peduncles ; Perianth 4-toothed, petals 0, styles 2-4 ; Fruit a nut, globose or depressed, 1| in. long, husk thick, freely splitting at base into four valves ; nut greyish-white, angled, barely mucronate, 4-celled, sweet, shell somewhat thin.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, exstipulate, leaflets 5-9, lower ones oblong- lanceolate, upper obovate-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, narrow or rounded at base, finely serrate, pubescent, fragrant. Autumn tint golden-yellow.
A deciduous shrub or tree, 50-80 ft. ; Twigs tomentose-pubescent, fragrant when crushed; Bark rough; Bud-scales very large; Wood hard, close-grained, elastic ; used in carriage-building.
Native of U.S.A. and Canada; introduced 1629. Syn. Hicoria ovata. Aboriginal name Hicori.
SHELL-BARK HICKORY, Carya alba.
146
JUGLANDE^
WALNUT, Juglans regia.
Parks, gardens. March. Propagated by nuts sown in light soil outdoors in November, transplanting seedlings following October.
Flowers greenish, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins cylindrical, slender, 3 ins. long, drooping, on shoot of previous year ; Calyx of 2-5 greenish scales ; Stamens numerous, 5-20 ; 1 bract, 2 bracteoles ; Females solitary, or in clusters at end of shoot of the year ; Calyx 4-5-lobed ; Ovary inferior, 2-4 carpels, 1 -celled, stigmas 2-3, purplish, fleshy ; Fruit a drupe, sub-globose, epicarp fleshy, fibrous, bursting irregularly, endocarp woody, furrowed, 2-valved ; ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, exstipulate, petiolate, 8-10 ins. long; leaflets, 5-9, oval, obscurely serrated, acute, glabrous, odorous, shining dark green above, paler beneath, fragrant. Autumn tint brown.
A deciduous tree, 40-60 ft. ; large spreading head ; Branches twisted, upward tendency ; Twigs glabrous, shining, lenticels long ; Bark grey, smooth when young, rugged when older, deep longitudinal furrows ; Wood white when young, brown when older, coarse grained, beautifully marked, light, tough, takes a high polish ; much used for cabinet-work and gun-stocks ; burrs or excrescences valuable.
Native of Persia, the Himalayas, and Western Asia; introduced about fifteenth century. Name a contraction of Walsh-nut = foreign-nut. Latin name Juglans is probably a contraction of Jovis Gians, the Nut of Jupiter. Timber bored by larva of Wood Leopard Moth ( Zeuzera cesculi) ; Leaves subject to attacks of Walnut Anthracnose {Marsonia Juglandis).
CAUCASIAN WALNUT, Pterocarya caucasica.
Gardens. May. Its grand symmetrical proportions, fine foliage, and unique fruit make this one of the most beautiful of exotic trees. Being one of the first of deciduous trees to burst into leaf, it is apt to be damaged by late frosts, and should, therefore, be in a sheltered position. It may be propagated by layers, suckers, or seed.
N 2
147
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers greenish, unisexual, monoecious ; Males in a pendulous catkin 5-6 ins. long ; Female catkins 10-12 ins. long, sometimes as much as 20 ins. ; Fruit drupaceous, dry, angled, 2-winged, much tapered at tip, seldom ripening in this country.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets about 19, ovate-oblong, acuminate, acutely serrate, glabrous, sessile, bright green above, paler or glaucous beneath, 12-18 ins. long, sometimes more than 2 ft., width 18 ins.
A deciduous tree, 20-50 ft. ; Branches widely spreading ; Trunk with large excrescences ; Roots extending to great distance ; Suckers abundant when near water ; JVt iod used for veneering and cabinet-making.
Introduced from the Caucasus about 1800. Generic name from Gr. pteron, a wing, and caryon, a nut, referring to winged fruit. Syn. P. fraocinifolia. Specific name from L. Fraxinus, the Ash, and folius, a leaf, from resemblance of foliage.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . . Incomplete^
Natural Order . . . Myricacece
Trees or shrubs, with alternate, usually exstipulate, resinous leaves ; Flowers in catkins or catkin-like spikes, monoecious or dioecious; Male flowers of 2-16 stamens, inserted on base of a bract, sometimes with 2 lateral bracteoles ; anthers basifixed, extrorse ; Females, Ovary 1-celled, sessile at base of the bract, usually 2-4 bracteoles ; Fruit drupaceous.
BOG MYRTLE, Myrica Gale.
Bogs and wet moors, gardens. May — July. Thrives well in moist peaty
soil in shaded parts of the rockery or border. Propagated by cuttings in sandy
soil in sheltered position outdoors, September or October ; layers of shoots,
September or October ; division of plants, October to March ; seeds sown as
soon as ripe in ordinary soil in sheltered position outdoors.
148
\ C .V
2 c D
WHITE BIRCH ( Betula alba )
A. Twigs with male and female catkins. B. Male flower. C. Bract scale with three female flowers. D. Seed.
Plate LIV.
MYRICACE^
Flowers brownish-green, dioecious, anemophilous, appearing before the leaves ; Male catkins, |-1 in. long, ovoid, dense, sessile, erect ; Stamens 4, free, filaments adnate to base of bracts, anthers red, basifixed, extrorse, scales broad-ovate, concave, entire, shining ; Females ^ in. long ; Ovary ovoid, sessile at base of bract, 1-celled, styles 2, red, filamentous, divaricating ; Fruit an indehiscent nutlet, drupaceous, in. long, adnate to persistent fleshy bracteoles, densely sprinkled with golden glands, stone 1 -seeded.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, variable, lanceolate or cuneate-oblong, entire or minutely toothed at apex, slightly revolute, obtuse or acute, coriaceous, shortly petiolate, matt green above, paler and often pubescent beneath, dotted with golden, resinous, aromatic glands, 2-3 ins. long, lj in. broad. Autumn tints fawn or purplish-brown.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; twiggy, sub-erect, resinous, fragrant.
Native of Britain. Generic name from Gr. Myrike, used by Homer for the Tamarisk. Also called Sweet Gale.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletoe
Natural Order . . . Cupuliferce
Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves and deciduous stipules ; Flowers monoecious, bracteate and bracteolate, usually in catkins or small heads ; Males with or without a perianth of 1-5 or more segments or distinct sepals ; Sta?ne?is few or several, on a disk, or adnate to bases of sepals, anthers 2-celled ; Females with or without a minutely-toothed perianth adnate to the ovary, which is superior or inferior, and usually 2-3-celled, styles 2 or 3 ; Fruit a nut (glans), 1-celled, 1-seeded, inclosed in a cupular involucre formed of the hardened accrescent bracts and bracteoles (Oak, Beech, Chestnut), or enclosed in large leafy bracts (Hazel and Hornbeam), or a winged samara (Birch), or a nut without wings (Alder).
149
TREES AND SHRUBS
SILVER BIRCH, Betula alba.
Woods, commons, parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers sandy and loamy soils in cold situations. The “Lady of the Woods” is perhaps the most picturesque of British trees. It makes a good hedge or screen. The species of Betula are propagated by layers in October ; seeds sown in pans or boxes of sandy soil in cold frame in autumn or spring, simply pressing seeds into soil, and not covering ; or in sheltered borders in March.
Flowers whitish, monoecious, appearing before leaves are fully out ; Male catkins at ends of shoots of previous year, no winter buds-scales, cylindrical, lax, with broad, short-stalked peltate bracts, catkins 1-2 ins. long ; Stamens 6 to each bract, in 3 pairs (flowers), with a scale-like sepal opposite each pair, filaments forked, each branch bearing a single anther lobe ; Female catkins terminating lateral dwarf shoots, enclosed by winter bud-scales, cylindrical and compact, ^ in. long, shortly stalked, erect at first, bracts usually 3-lobed and 3-flowered, without perianth ; Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, stigmas 2, purple ; Fruit a small, flat, broad-winged samara, with spreading side lobes, 1-celled, 1-seeded, ripe in September — October. Bears usually after the twenty-fifth year.
Leaves rhomboid-triangular, small, deeply serrated, glossy, coriaceous, petioles long and slender, causing leaves to droop ; young leaves emit balsamic odour ; stipules broad.
A deciduous tree, 50-60 ft. ; Branches slender ; Twigs numerous, small ; Lenticels on trunk 4 ins. ; Bark smooth, silvery- white, peeling in horizontal bands, reddish-brown in young trees, corky on old trunks ; Wood light brown, hard, even-grained, easily worked ; used for turnery, chair-making, cabinet-work, hoops, barrels ; twigs for brooms ; bark for tanning.
Native of Britain; very hardy; last to disappear in high latitudes or high mountains. Name Birch from A.S. birce, berc, beorc, the Birch-tree.
“ Witch Knots,” confused clusters of short twigs resembling a rook’s nest,
are produced by the fungus Exoascus turgidus ; a somewhat similar growth,
starting in axillary buds, is the work of a Gall-mite ( Phytoptus rudis ) ; Foliage
destroyed by Winter Moth ( Cheimatobia brumata ), Mottled Umber Moth
150
ALDER ( Alnus glutinosa)
A. Immature male catkins. B. Mature male catkins. C. Female flowers. D. Female clusters of last year, after shedding seeds. E. Female clusters of present year. F. Scale with two female flowers. G. Male flowers.
H. Section of cone, showing insertion of seeds. I. Seed.
Plate LV.
CUPULIFER./E
( Hybernia defoliaria ), and Oak Beauty ( Amphidasys strataria)\ Timber by Goat-moth ( Cossus ligniperda) and Wood Leopard IS loth ( Zeuzera cesculi).
Fungoid Pests: — Birch-leaf Rust ( Melamspora betulina ), Birch-leaf Blotch ( Dothidella betulina), Birch Polypore (. Polyporus betulinus ).
CHERRY BIRCH, Betula lent a.
Parks, gardens. May, June. Best on a dry soil and in a moderately sheltered situation.
Flowers monoecious, aromatic ; Male catkins 3-4 ins. long, scales ovate, reddish-brown ; Females |-f in. long, scales ovate, pale green, smooth, styles light pink, stigmas persistent ; Fruiting cone oblong-ovoid, sessile, erect, glabrous, 1-1^ in. long, samara obovate, pointed at base.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate or rounded at base, 2^—6 ins. long, 11-3 ins. wide, serrated, acute or acuminate, silky pubescence when young, thin, membranaceous, aromatic, dark dull green above, paler beneath, 9-11 pairs of prominent veins, petiolate ; stipules ovate, acute, scarious, ciliate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, GO -80 ft.; Branches slender, spreading, pendulous at extremities ; Ticigs viscid, pilose, light green to orange-brown, afterwards brown tinged red ; Bark dark reddish-brown, furrowed, thick irregular plates ; young stems and branches smooth, aromatic, sweet ; Buds ovate, acute, scales brown, loosely imbricated ; JFood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, dark brown tinged red ; sometimes called Mountain Mahogany and American Birchwood ; used for furniture and turnery.
Introduced from N. America, 1759. Known as Black Birch.
YELLOW BIRCH, Betula lutea.
Parks, gardens. May. Best in cold latitudes and moist position ; thrives well near London.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins 8-3.1 ins. long, scales ovate, brown,
151 N 3
TREES AND SHRUBS
ciliate ; Females § in. long, scales acute, pilose, green below, red above ; Fruiting cone erect, sessile, pubescent, 1-1^ in. long, nut slightly broader than wing.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cuneate or cordate at base, usually oblique, acute or acuminate, doubly serrated, teeth glandular, pilose, dark green above, yellow- green below, aromatic, 3-4^ ins. long, l|-2 ins. wide; petioles slender, hairy, yellow ; stipules ovate, acute, green tinged with pink. Autumn tint bright yellow.
A deciduous tree, 70-80 ft. ; Branches spreading, pendulous ; Twigs pilose when young, becoming glabrous, green to orange-brown ; Bark reddish-brown, large thin plates ; on young stems and branches silvery-grey or orange, thin loose scales, aromatic, bitter ; Buds acute, brown, viscid, hairy ; JV ood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, taking fine polish.
Introduced from N. America, 1767.
DWARF BIRCH, Betula nana.
Mountainous districts, rockeries, and shrubberies. April, May. In a wild state it affects "wet situations, and will grow well in fairly moist ground.
Flowers whitish-green ; Male catkins small, \ in. long, sessile ; Males erect, lateral, axillary, oblong or shortly cylindrical ; Females terminal, very small, bracts 3-lobed, 3-flowered ; Fruit a samara, narrowly winged, bracts broadly obcuneate, 3-lobed.
Leaves orbicular, very shortly petiolate, crenated, smooth, dark green, reticulate, k in. long ; stipules lanceolate, brown.
A deciduous shrub, 2-5 ft. ; sometimes up to 20 ft. ; Stem creeping ; Branches numerous, slightly downy when young ; Bark reddish when young, silvery when old.
Native of Britain; confined to mountains of Northumberland and Scotland. Also called Marsh Birch.
152
CUPULIFERi^
RED BIRCH, Betula nigra.
Parks, gardens. May. This is a water-loving tree of singular beauty, the thin broad flakes of red bark producing a wild and very picturesque effect during the winter months.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins clustered, 2-3 ins. long, scales ovate, brown ; Females ^ in. long, scales green, ovate, rounded or acute, pubescent, ciliate ; Fruiting cone cylindrical, 1 — 1^ in. long, pubescent, erect, peduncles tomentose, samara puberulous, nut ovate or oval, as broad as wing, ripe in May or June.
Leaves alternate, rhombic-ovate, cuneate, acute, doubly serrated, on young branches often lobed, thin, tough, tomentose when young, 1^-3 ins. long, 1-2 ins. wide, dark shining green ; petioles slender, flattened, tomentose ; stipules ovate, rounded or acute, pilose. Autumn tint dull yellow.
A deciduous tree, 60-70 ft. ; Branches slender ; Twigs tomentose, red-brown ; Trunk often dividing not far from ground into several erect limbs ; Bark red- brown, deeply furrowed, scaly ; young stems and branches reddish-brown or silvery-grey, large thin papery scales, peeling, remaining on tree for several years; Buds ovate, acute, brown, glabrous or slightly puberulous ; Wood light, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown.
Introduced from N. America by Peter Collinson, 1736. Also called River Birch.
CANOE BIRCH, Betula papyrifera.
Parks, gardens. April, May.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins clustered, bright yellow, 3f-4 ins. long, scales ovate, acute, brown ; Females 1-1 1 in. long, scales lanceolate, light green, styles bright red ; Fruiting cone cylindrical, 1| in. long, glabrous, nut oval, narrower than wing.
Leaves alternate, ovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate or cordate at base,
serrated, entire at base, glandular and pubescent when young, later usually
153
TREES AND SHRUBS
glandular on lower surface, dark green above, light yellow-green below, 2-3 ins. long, l|-2 ins. wide ; petioles yellow, glandular, glabrous or pubescent ; stipules ovate, acute, ciliate. Autumn tint light yellow.
A deciduous tree, 60-70 ft. ; Branches short, pendulous ; Twigs viscid and pubescent when young, orange -brown ; Bark brown or nearly black, separating into thin layers ; on young trunks and branches creamy-white to brown, orange on inner surface, thin papery layers ; Buds ovate, acute, resinous, pubescent to glabrous ; Wood light, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, light brown tinged red ; used in turnery ; Bark used for Indian canoes.
Native of North America. Known also as Paper Birch. Said to have been introduced by the Duke of Argyll, 1750.
NEAPOLITAN ALDER, Alnus cor difolia.
Parks. March, April. Thrives in dry soil, but also very suitable for plant- ing by water or in damp situations. The species are propagated by suckers in November ; seeds sown in damp soil in March, transplanting the seedlings when one year old.
Flowers greenish-brown, appearing before leaves ; Fruit a small woody cone.
Leaves alternate, cordate, acuminate, serrated, glabrous, dark glossy green.
A deciduous tree, 15-50 ft. ; round-headed, pyramidal, growth rapid; Bark light-coloured.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1820.
ALDER, Alnus glutinosa.
Wet woods, borders of streams, wet pastures. March, April. Best in good
soil little above level of water ; useful for the sides of ponds or streams.
Flowers greenish, monoecious, appearing before leaves fully out ; Male
catkins autumnal, lasting through winter, opening in spring, cylindrical,
drooping, 2-4 ins. long, peltate reddish bracts 3-flowered, perianth 4-cleft ;
Stamens 4 to 6 each flower ; Feinale catkins in spring, short, ovoid, closely
154
HORNBEAM ( Carpinus 11 etui us)
A. Leaves. B. Flowers of pistillate catkin. C. Flower of staminate catkin. 1). Staminate catkin. E. Fruit. F. Pistillate catkin,
CUPULIFER/E
imbricated, resembling fir-cone in shape, red-brown bracts or scales, smaller inner scales or bracteoles with 2 ovaries (flowers) in each ; Ovary 2-celled, styles 2 ; Fruit a small 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, without wings ; fruiting catkin erect, woody, resembling miniature fir-cone, black, \ in. long, ripe in October or November; seed not produced till twenty years old; seed-vessels often persisting after escape of seed, and then black in colour.
Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, cuneate, sharply serrated, shortly petiolate, stipulate, 2-4 ins. long, glutinous in young stage, shining above, underside having tufts of whitish down in angles of veins ; stipules ovate to lanceolate, glandular hairs. Autumn tints deep brown to black.
A deciduous tree, 30-60 ft. ; Bark rough, black, full of clefts ; Buds stalked, large, obtuse, triangular in section, brown, with tinge of violet; Lenticels reddish ; Wood soft, light, very lasting under water, white when alive, red when freshly exposed, pinkish when dry; sometimes called Scottish mahogany; used for carpentry, poles, packing-cases, turnery. In Scotland dyes obtained from tree, — green from flowers, pale brown from twigs, dark red from bark.
Native of Britain. Common name from A.S. alor, a/er, air, the Alder-tree.
Pimple-like galls on leaves produced by a Mite ( Eriophyes Icevis).
OREGON ALDER, Alnus oregona.
Parks. Moist soil. March.
Flowers monoecious, opening before unfolding of leaves ; Male catkins 2-3 ins. long, becoming 4-6 ins. long, perianth lobes ovate; Stamens 4, scales dark red-brown ; Females in. long, styles bright red, scales dark red, acute ; Fruit a cone of small 1-seeded nuts, ovate or oblong, |-1 in. long, peduncles stout, orange, nuts surrounded by membranaceous wing.
Leaves alternate, ovate to elliptical, acute, narrowed towards base, crenately lobed, teeth glandular, tomentose when young, glabrous or pilose above, rusty pubescence beneath, 3-5 ins. long, lf-3 ins. broad, sometimes 8-10 ins. long, stipules ovate, acute, tomentose.
A deciduous tree, 20 ft. ; Branches slender, somewhat pendulous ; Twigs
155
TREES AND SHRUBS
green to bright red, ultimately ashy-grey ; Bark rough, pale grey or nearly white ; Buds dark red, pale scurfy pubescence ; W ood light, soft, brittle, not strong, close-grained, brown tinged red.
Native of Western North America (40-80 ft.).
SEASIDE ALDER, A Inus maritima.
Parks. Moist soil. September.
Flowers monoecious, appearing in summer ; Male catkins 1|-2| ins. long, in axils of upper leaves, scurfy pubescent, glandular pitted, peduncles slender, scales orange-brown, stamens bright orange ; Females solitary, in axils of lower leaves, bright red at apex, light green below before opening, scales ovate, acute, ciliate, peduncles stout, pubescent ; Fruit a cone of small 1 -seeded nuts, ovate, f in. long, \ in. diam., scales thin, dark reddish-brown to nearly black, persistent.
Leaves alternate, very variable, oblong to obovate, acute, acuminate, or obtuse, narrowed at base, glandularly serrate, scurfy pubescence above, dark green, 3-4 ins. long, 1^-2 ins. broad, midrib, veins and petiole hairy and glandular ; stipules oblong, acute, caducous.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft.; or shrub, 15-20 ft. ; Branches spreading, slender ; Ttvigs yellowish-green, becoming orange or reddish-brown in winter, afterwards ashy-grey; Buds acute, dark red, scurfy pubescence; Bark smooth, brown; Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown.
Native of N. America.
WHITE ALDER, A Inus rhombi folia.
Parks. Moist soil. March.
Flowers monoecious, opening before leaves ; Male catkins 4-6 ins. long ;
Perianth 4-lobed ; Stamens 2-3, scales orange-brown ; Females, scales ovate or
rounded ; Fruit a cone, *n* long, scales lobed, nuts ovate, margin thin.
Leaves alternate, ovate to orbicular, rounded or acute, narrowed towards
156
CUPULIFERj^E
base, serrated, margins slightly thickened and reflexed, tomentose when young, dark green and glandular above, paler and puberulous beneath, 2-3 ins. long, l|-2 ins. broad; petioles slender, hairy, flattened and grooved; stipules ovate, acute, scarious, puberulous.
A deciduous tree , 20 ft. ; Branches slender, pendulous at extremities ; Tivigs pubescent when young, becoming dark orange-red and glabrous ; Buds dark red, pale scurfy pubescence ; Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown.
Native of N. America.
HORNBEAM, Carpinus Betulus.
Woods and hedges. May. Best on strong porous soil ; grows well in partial light ; makes a good hedge. Propagated by seeds sown in ordinary soil outdoors in autumn, transplanting when one year old.
Flowers yellowish, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing as leaves come out ; Male catkins sessile, pendulous, 1^ in. long, bracts ovate, acute, imbricate, ciliated, each containing 5-14 stamens, forked anthers with tufts of hairs ; Female catkins 2-4 ins. long, lax, terminal, cylindrical, flowers in pairs, each in a 3-lobed bracteole, entire or toothed ; Ovary 2-celled, stigmas 2, styles long ; Fruit a small ovoid, brown nut, 7-11 -nerved, within a large leafy 3-lobed, entire or serrated bracteole, 1-1| in. long, catkins several inches long, ripe in October — November.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-ovate, acute or acuminate, doubly serrated, shortly petiolate, pubescent beneath, 2-3 ins. long, stipules large, linear-oblong, withered leaves persistent through winter.
A deciduous tree , 30-70 ft.; Trunk usually flattened; Branches twiggy ; Bark smooth, light grey ; Buds short, adpressed, scales brown, ciliate, pubescent at tips ; Wood yellowish-white, hard, tough, close-grained, strong, light, flexible ; used for cogs, agricultural tools and implements, parts of pianos, also for gun- powder charcoal.
Native of England and Wales.
157
TREES AND SHRUBS
“ Witch Knots ” produced by Exoascus Carpini ; Leaves subject to Hornbeam anthracnose {Gloeosporium Carpini) and Hornbeam-leaf Blotch ( Griiomoniella fimbriata).
AMERICAN HORNBEAM, Carpinus caroliniana.
Parks, gardens. May.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins 1^ in. long, scales ovate, acute, boat- shaped, lower half green, upper bright red ; Females in. long, scales green, ovate, acute, hairy, styles scarlet ; Fruit a nut, bracteole, 2-3-lobed, serrated, 1-1^ in. long, 1 in. wide, catkin 5-6 ins. long.
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, doubly serrated, glandular, entire at base, thin, firm, dull blue-green above, light yellow-green below, tomentose in axils of veins, 2-4 ins. long, 1-lf in. wide ; petioles slender, terete, hairy ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent, ciliate. Autumn tints scarlet and orange.
A deciduous tree, 30-40 ft. ; Branches long, slender, spreading, pendulous at extremities ; Twigs silky when young, orange-brown to dark red, finally grey tinged red ; Bark grey-brown ; Buds ovate, acute ; scales brown, scarious margins ; Wood light brown.
Native of N. America.
COMMON HAZEL, Corplus Avellana.
Woods, copses, hedges. February — April. Propagated by layering of
strong shoots in November, removed and planted in following autumn; suckers in October; seeds (nuts) sown 2 ins. deep in open ground in October or Nov- ember, transplanting seedlings two years afterwards.
Flowers grey-green, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing before leaves are out ; Male catkins cylindrical, drooping, 1^-2 ins. long, without perianth ; Stamens 8, filaments short, anther- cells separate, tips hairy, bracts sessile, broad,
cuneate, with 2 scale-like bracteoles ; Female catkins small, bud-like, crimson ;
158
HAZEL ( Corylus avellana )
A. Male catkins. B, B. Female flowers. C. Female flowers enlarged. D. Enlarged apex of female flower clusters.
E. Fruit. F. Enlarged male flower.
Plate LVII,
CUPULIFER^
sub-sessile, outer scale-bracts empty, inner upper 3-lobed bracteoles each con- taining 2 flowers ; Perianth with a minute filiform toothed border ; Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, stigmas red ; Fruit a hard brown nut enclosed in a leafy, campanulate bract (cupule), which is unequally lobed and jagged, ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, orbicular, obliquely cordate, acuminate, doubly serrated, 2-4 ins. long ; petiole short, pubescent when young, coarse and glabrous after- wards ; stipules oblong, obtuse, petioles and stipules with reddish glandular hairs. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub or small tree , 20-30 ft. ; Shoots flexible and tough, brown, hairy, glandular ; Bark split, ash-grey on stem ; Buds compressed, scales ciliate, reddish glandular hairs ; fPood whitish-red, close-grained, soft, very elastic.
Native of Britain ; seldom allowed to develop into tree of any size. Name from A.S. haesel.
Injurious Insects : — Bud Galls — Hazel and Filbert Bud Mite ( Phytoptus avcllana) ; Fruit — Nut Weevil ( Balaninus nucuin ) ; Leaves — Garden Chafer ( Phyllopcrtha horticola), Cockchafer {JMelolontha vulgaris), Mottled Umber Moth (Hybernia defoliaria), Nut-tree Tussock Moth ( Dcmas coryli) ; l Pood — Wood Leopard Moth ( Zcuzera cesculi).
CONSTANTINOPLE HAZEL, Corylus Column.
Gardens, plantations. March, April. This is one of the strongest-growing of all the Hazels, and seedlings are used as standards for grafting varieties in March.
Flowers green, longer and larger than Corylus Avcllana ; Fruit a small nut, involucre double, exterior bract many-partite, interior 3-partite, divisions pal- mate ; seeds insipid.
Leaves alternate, roundish ovate, cordate, serrated, stipules lanceolate, acuminate.
A deciduous tree, 40-60 ft. ; with broad spreading head ; Branches horizontal.
Introduced from Asia Minor, 1665. Also called Turkish Hazel.
159
TREES AND SHRUBS
TURKEY OAK, Quercm Cerris.
Parks, gardens, plantations. April, May. A tree with handsome foliage and peculiar mossy-cupped acorns. The species of Oak are propagated by seed (acorns) gathered in autumn, stored in sand till March, and then sown, trans- planting seedlings when one year old ; choice kinds are grafted on the common species in March.
Flowers greenish-white ; Male catkins pubescent, 1-3 ins. long, flowers distant ; F emales sessile, at sides of short peduncle, single or groups 2-4 ; Perianth usually 4- partite ; Stamens 4, hairy ; Ovary grey-tomentose, stigma lobes often 4, sessile, reflexed, linear, pointed ; Fruit a glans (acorn;, solitary or twin, sessile, cylindrical, brown, f-lj in. long, cup hemispherical, with bristly or moss-like scales, rarely ripening till second year, acorn long ovoid, dark brown, tomentose at apex.
Leaves oblong or obovate, variable, shortly petiolate, 2-3 ins. long, sinuate or pinnatifld, lobes lanceolate, unequal, acute, angular, slightly pilose both surfaces, stipules narrow-linear, pilose, persistent on leaf-bases. Autumn tints russet- brown to dull grey.
A deciduous tree , 50-00 ft. ; pyramidal outline; Branches erect, generally in long straight lines, spray small, young branches pubescent ; Buds with few ciliate, pubescent scales ; Wood coarser and straighter in grain than English Oak ; used for all kinds of constructive work.
Native of S. Europe and Levant; introduced 1735. Also called Mossy- cupped Oak.
SCARLET OAK, Quei'cus coccinea.
Parks. May. In the early days of autumn there is perhaps no more beautiful tree.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins 3-4 ins. long, slender ; Perianth
4-5-partite, lobes acute, shorter than stamens, red ; Females on pubescent
peduncles, perianth lobes acute, scales red, ovate, acute, stigmatic arms
160
HOLM OAK, oh EVERGREEN OAK ( Quercus ilej )
A. Branch with male catkins (to right) and small female flowers (at apex). B. Shoot, wiih miniature acorns. C. Fruit.
Plate LVIII.
CUPULIFER^
elongated, linear ; Fruit a glans (acorn), turbinate or hemispherical, i— | in. long, projecting its length from cupule.
Leaves alternate, 5-8 ins. long, 4-5 ins. broad, broad oval to obovate, deeply pinnatifid, sinuses deep, rounded, lobes divergent, sparingly toothed, teeth prolonged into subulate filament, thin, glabrous, bright green, or somewhat yellowish-green beneath, young leaves tomentose in angles of veins, petiole 1-2J ins. Autumn tints brilliant scarlet and crimson.
A deciduous tree, 50 ft. ; Tivigs olive-green or brown ; Bud-scales glabrous, ciliate, red-brown; Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown used for window-sills, door frames, mallets, he.
Introduced from N. America, 1691.
EVERGREEN OAK, Quercus Ilex.
Parks, gardens. April, Majr. Best in good deep sandy loam. This is the best known of the Evergreen Oaks, and a very handsome tree for landscape purposes, greatly resembling the Olive trees of the Italian coast and of the French Riviera.
Floivers monoecious ; Male catkins 1-2^ ins. long, flowers distant, few on a peduncle ; Perianth 6-partite, tomentose ; Stamens 6, anthers tipped with a short point ; Females in racemose groups of 4-8, peduncles tomentose, as long as leaves ; Stigmas short, broad, reflexed ; Fruit a glans (acorn), twice as long as calyx, sessile, ripening in second year, cup hemispherical, velvety, erect, scales slightly adpressed, tomentose.
Leaves very variable, elliptical, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, serrated or entire, acute, lower ones coriaceous, glabrous, sometimes spiny, deep glossy grey-green, hoary beneath, 1^-5 ins. long, persisting nearly three years, stipules linear, purplish, dying leaves dirty brown.
An evergreen shrub or small tree, 20-40 ft. ; seldom single-stemmed in England, but when so may reach 70-85 ft. ; Twigs ash-grey; Bark ash-grey to black, thin, not corky ; Tap-roots very long, lateral roots few ; Wood hard,
close-grained, heavy, brown, taking high polish, liable to split in drying.
VOL. II. 161
r
TREES AND SHRUBS
Native of S. Europe and N. Africa; introduced about middle of sixteenth century. Also called Holm or Holly Oak, from its leaves sometimes resembling the Holly; a corruption of M.E. ho tin, a holly; A.S. holen, holegn.
BLACK JACK, Quercus marilandica.
Parks, gardens. May.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins 2-4 ins. long, hoary ; Perianth 4-5-partite, thin, scarious, pale-pubescent, lobes ovate ; Females on short rusty-tomentose peduncles ; Stigmas dark red, scales rusty ; Fruit a glans, solitary or in pairs, usually pedunculate ; acorn oblong, f in. long, enclosed for nearly f its length in cup, scales reddish-brown, often ciliate and tomentose, upper rows forming a thick rim.
Leaves alternate, broadly obovate, rounded or cordate at base, 3-5-lobed, pink and tomentose when young, afterwards firm, thick, or sub-coriaceous, dark lustrous yellow-green above, yellow, orange, or brown below, 6-7 ins. long and broad, petioles stout, yellow. Autumn tints brown and yellow.
A deciduous tree , 30-50 ft. ; Branches short, spreading, often contorted ; Twigs tomentose, with stellate hairs when young, becoming glabrous or puberulous, brown or grey ; Bark deeply divided into quadrangular plates ; Buds ovate or oval, angled, red-brown, hairy ; JV lod heavy, hard, strong, dark brown.
Native of U.S.A.
SWAMP OAK, Quercus palustris.
Parks, plantations. May. Though most at home in swamp and low ground, it will thrive in any good rich soil.
Flowers monoecious ; Catkins pilose ; Fruit a glans (acorn), ovoid or globose, solitary or pairs, ^ in. long, cups sub-sessile, flat, shallow, saucer-shaped, scales closely packed, 5 in number.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-oblong, deeply and widely sinuated, cuneate at
162
CUPULIFERiE
base, thin, deep green above, pale shining green beneath, glabrous both surfaces, small tufts of tomentum in axils of prominent veins underside, lobes ovate- acute, sinuses deep, round, few very acuminate bristly-pointed serratures, 6 ins. long, 4 ins. broad; petioles long, slender. Autumn tints bright purplish-red, purplish underneath.
A deciduous tree, 80 ft. ; dense-headed, pyramidal when young ; Branches when older spreading and drooping, secondary branches numerous, smooth, slender, densely intermingled, giving the appearance of many pins ; Bark smooth when young, scarcely corked when old ; JFood used for furniture.
Native of N. America, in marshy places; introduced 1800. Known as Pin Oak.
BRITISH OAK, Quercus pedunculata.
Woods on clay soils. April, May. Thrives best in deep fresh soil and abundance of light. The British Oak is the emblem of majesty, strength, and durability.
Flowers monoecious, anemophilous, proterogynous, appearing as leaf-buds open ; Male catkins pendant, 2-3 ins. long ; Flowers isolated, sessile ; Perianth 4-7-lobed, yellowish -green, ciliate ; Stamens 4-12, sulphur-yellow; Females inserted singly or in groups on long stalks, in axils of uppermost leaves ; Involucre of small reddish bracts ; Perianth 3-8-toothed ; Ovary 3-celled, stigmas 3, short, spreading, red ; Fruit a glans (acorn), oblong, cupule imbri- cated, scales triangular-ovate, very numerous, small, peduncle 1-6 ins. long ; acorns seldom produced till after sixty years.
Leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, shortly petiolate or sub-sessile, auricled at base, sinuses rather acute, lobes obtuse, downy beneath when young, glabrous when old, coriaceous, 3-6 ins. long, l-2f ins. broad ; withered leaves frequently retained till spring, especially young trees. Autumn tints golden, russet, bronze or red.
A deciduous tree, 60-130 ft. ; Branches spreading, tortuous, running hori- zontally, breaking out at right angles ; Shoots glabrous ; Buds brown, crowded,
163 p 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
ovoid-conoid, slightly 5-angled, scales are stipules ; Bark thick, rough, dark, deeply furrowed, net-like ; Wi lod hard and durable.
Native of Britain; common over greater part of England, Ireland, and Scottish Lowlands ; by many regarded as a distinct species. English name Oak from A.S. ac, the oak. Probable age of some specimens is 2000 years. Bark used for tanning, and “ Oak-wood extract ” obtained from sawdust and waste pieces.
Insects injurious to Oak: — 1500 species of insects have been described as subsisting on the Oak. The following are some of the most common : — Sap — Plant Bugs ; Bark — Bark-mining Beetles ( Scolytidce ), Death-watch Beetles ( Anobiidce ); Fruit— Acorn Weevil (Balaninus glandium) ; Leaves — Cockchafer ( Melolontha vulgaris), Leaf Roller Moth ( Tortrix viridana ), Oak Eggar Moth (Bombyx quercus ), Mottled Umber ( Hybernia defoliaria), Winter Moth ( Cheimatobia brumata), Vapourer Moth ( Orgyia antiqua), Oak Beauty ( Amphy - dasis strataria ), Peppered Moth ( A . betulciria ); Wood — Stag Beetle ( Lucanus cervus), Lesser Stag Beetle ( Dorcus parallelopipedus), Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda), Wood Leopard Moth ( Zeuzera cesculi). All parts of Oak attacked by Gall Flies, giving rise to Oak Galls of various forms, most common being : — Oak Apples produced by Teras terminalis, Marble Gall ( Cynips kollari), Artichoke Gall {Aphilothrix fecundatrix). Currant Gall (Spathegaster baccarum), Oak Spangles ( Neuroterus lenticularis ), and Silky Button Gall ( Neuroterus numismatis).
Fungoid Pests : — Vegetable Beef Steak ( Fistulina hepatica) always found on dead parts of tree, Sulphury Wood-rot ( Polyporus sulfureus), Sooty Mould ( Fumago vagans).
RED OAK, Quercus rubra.
Parks. April, May.
Flowers monoecious ; Females, lobes of stigma elongated, linear and style- like, at least as long as the rest of the flower and its cupule ; Fruit a glans
(acorn), long ovoid, cylindrical above, 1 in. long, sessile or very shortly
164
BRITISH OAK ( Quercus robur, var. pedunculata)
A. Flowering branch, with male and female flowers. B. Fruit. C. Single male flower. D. Single female flower, longitudinal section. E. Cups or cupules of acorn. F. Half-grown acorns. G. Longitudinal section of mature acorn.
H. Transverse section of young acorn.
Plate LIX.
CUPULIFERiE
pedunculate, in axils of fallen leaves, cupule hemispherical, |— 1 in. diam., shallow, scales small, triangular-ovate, closely adpressed.
Leaves alternate, elliptic or oblong, 3f-4^ ins. long, 2-2J ins. broad, coarsely sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, sinuses broad and shallow, lobes triangular- acuminate, coarsely toothed, acute or obtuse at base, glabrous, shining green, thin, petiole length of midrib. Autumn tints orange, scarlet, brown, dull red.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Twigs olive-brown ; Bark dark grey, smooth ; Bud-scales pubescent ; Wood reddish, coarse-grained.
Introduced from N. America, 1769. Known as Champion Oak.
SESSILE-FLOWERED OAK, Quercus sessiliflora.
Woods and parks. April, May. Prefers high ground with southern or western aspect.
Flowers monoecious ; Females crowded on short stalks in uppermost leaf-axils ; Fruit a glans (acorn), 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, peduncle very short.
Leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, petiole the length of midrib, tapering below without forming auricles, sinuses opposite, lobes more triangular and acute, somewhat pubescent beneath, coriaceous, 3-6 ins. long, pale green.
A deciduous tree, 60-130 ft.; Branches and spray less tortuous; Twigs downy ; Buds large, crowded, scales ciliate ; Bark light in colour ; Wood darker, heavier, more elastic than Q. pedunculata.
Native of Britain ; common in Forest of Dean ; plentiful in N. Wales and N. England.
CORK OAK, Quercus Saber.
Parks. April, May. This makes a handsome tree, and does well on chalky soil.
Flowers monoecious; Male catkins 1£ in. long, lax; Perianth 6-partite,
reddish-tomentose, pedicels long ; Stamens short, anthers ovoid-acute ; Females
165
TREES AND SHRUBS
white-tomentose, single or grouped, sessile, stigmatic arms 3-4, broad, linear, sessile, reflexed ; Fruit a glans (acorn), cylindric-oblong, f-lf in. long, sub- sessile, cupule hemispherical or turbinate, scales loose, grey-tomentose, nut 2-3 times as long as cupule, acute, polished pale brown.
Leaves alternate, 1-2 ins. long, |—1|- in. broad, ovate, oval, or oblong, toothed or entire, acute, glabrous, grey-green above, stellate-velvety-hoary beneath, coriaceous, petiole \ in. long.
An evergreen tree , 25-70 ft. ; Branches much contorted ; branchlets hoary ; Bark rough, thick and corky, cream-coloured.
Native of S. Europe; introduced 1581.
YELLOW-BARK OAK, Quercus velutina.
Parks. April, May.
Flowers monoecious; Male catkins 4 6 ins. long; Perumth covered with pale hairs, lobes ovate, acute ; Females on short peduncles ; Perianth lobes acute ; Stigmas red, scales ovate ; Fruit a glans, sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs, acorn ovate-oblong to hemispherical, light red-brown, in. long, enclosed for half its length in a thin red-brown cup.
Leaves alternate, ovate or oblong, cuneate or truncate at base, usually 7-lobed, sinuses wide, rounded, thick, firm, or sub-coriaceous, tomentose when young, dark shining green above, yellow-green or brown below, usually 5-6 ins. long, 3-4 ins. wide, sometimes much larger, petioles stout, yellow, 3-6 ins. long. Autumn tints dull red, orange, and brown.
A deciduous tree , 60-80 ft. ; Branches slender, spreading ; Tivigs red or reddish-brown ; Bark on young stems and branches smooth, dark brown, on old trunks deeply divided into broad rounded ridges ; Buds ovate, angled, tomentose; Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, brown tinged with red.
Native of N. America.
166
CUPULIFER^
GOLDEN-LEAVED CHESTNUT, Castanopsis chrysophylla.
Parks, gardens. May. Prefers a rather deep, loamy, but well-drained soil.
Flowers monoecious, densely bristly, maturing in the second year ; Catkins 2 2| ins. long; Males, Perianth campanulate, tomentose, 5-6-lobed, lobes ovate, shorter than stamens; Stamens 10-12, filaments filiform, exserted, anthers oblong ; Females, Calyx oblong-campanulate, 6-lobed, free from ovary, lobes short, rounded, hoary tomentose ; Ovary sessile on disk, 3-celled, styles 3, stigmas 3, spreading ; Fruit a 4-valved cupule, globose, sessile, solitary or clustered, tomentose, spiny, 1-1^ in. diam., nuts 1-2, ovate, acute, 3-angled, yellow-brown, lustrous.
Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, acute at base, entire, slightly revolute, thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, golden-yellow scales below, scattered white scales above, 2-0 ins. long, 2 ins. broad, petiolate, stipules ovate, acute or obtuse, brown, scarious, puberulous, leaves persistent 2-3 years.
An evergreen shrub, or small tree ; Branches stout, spreading ; Twigs with golden-yellow scurfy scales, brown and scurfy later ; Bark scaly, red- brown ; Buds ovate or sub-globose, scales brown, puberulous, ciliate ; IF ood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown tinged red.
Native of Western N. America, sometimes growing to height of 150 ft. ; introduced through William Lobb, 1848. Syn. Castanea chrysophylla.
SWEET CHESTNUT, Castanea sativa.
Parks, plantations. May — July. Prefers deep, porous soils and good light ;
best in sandy loam. Propagated by nuts sown in open ground in November or
February; transplant when one year old.
Flowers greenish-yellow, with a powerful and disagreeable odour ; Catkins
cylindrical, erect, 5-G ins. long, males in upper part, females in lower ; Perianth
of males 5-G lobed, yellowish ; Stamens 5-20 ; Females green, 2-3 enclosed in a
1G7
TREES AND SHRUBS
4- lobed involucre ; Perianth investing a tapering 6-celled inferior Ovary, stigmas
5- 8, reddish ; Fruit 1-celled, greenish, containing 1-8 brown nuts enclosed in a spiny involucre or cupule, ripe in October ; bears after about twenty-five years.
Leaves simple, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate serratures, glabrous on both surfaces, veins running straight from midrib to margin, 9-10 ins. long. Autumn tints yellow, orange, brown.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches growing horizontally and downwards, thickened towards side spray ; Bark of young wood smooth and brown, becoming grey later, splitting into longitudinal fissures, which later on have a spiral twist; Buds with 2 scales, yellowish-green; IFood durable; useful for beams, posts, fences, &c. ; more durable when young, sap-wood soon changing into heart-wood.
Supposed to have come from Asia Minor ; probably introduced during Roman occupation ; average age about 500 years ; specimens on Mount Etna 2000-2500 years old.
Name Chestnut is short for chesten-nut — nut of the chest en = M.E. chest ein, — O.F. chastaigne, — L. castanea, the Chestnut-tree, — Gr. kastanon, chestnut. Sometimes said to be derived from Kastanum, in Thessaly ; more probably from Armenian kaskeni, a chestnut-tree, — hash, a chestnut.
BEECH, Fagus sylvatiea.
Woods, parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers limy soils, or clays con- taining lime ; requires deep soil to do well. Propagated by seeds in March or April ; transplant when two years old.
Flowers greenish-yellow, monoecious, anemophilous ; Males on slender, drooping, globose catkins, 1-1^ in. long, usually 4 in a bud, each with about a dozen flowers; Perianth campanulate, 4-7-lobed; Stamens 8-12, filaments long, anthers yellow, small ; Females in erect catkins with short peduncles, 2-4 in a cupule of imbricated bracts ; Perianth 4-5-toothed ; Ovary 3-celled, styles 3 ; Fruit 2-3 triangular, 1-seeded nuts (masts) enclosed in a 4-valved bristly,
woody, tough, reddish-brown capsule, ripe in October.
168
SWEET CHESTNUT ( Castanea satira)
A. Female flowers. B. Male catkins. C. Leaf. D. Male flower. E. Fruifc (3 nuts enclosed in prickly involucre or cupulo). P. Nuts removed from cupule. G. Section of cluster of female flowers. II. female flowers.
Plate LX.
SALICINE^
Leaves ovate-oblong, 1|-3| ins. long, entire or slightly toothed, ciliate, shortly petiolate, acuminate, glossy, silky and yellowish-green when young, deep green when older. Autumn tints yellow, orange, gold, purple, finally a fiery brown.
A deciduous tree, 60-130 ft.; Branches with an upward tendency, side spray at acute angles ; Tivigs smooth, polished ; Bark smooth, leaden-grev ; Buds long, cone shaped, sharp pointed, 18-20 brown, slightly fringed scales which are modified stipules; Wood light brown, hard, close-grained, rather brittle ; used for tools, cabinet- and chair-making, piles, wedges, turnery, carpentry, and fuel.
Indigenous in England ; extensively planted throughout Britain ; lives 200-300 years. The English name is derived from the A.S. bece, boece, the Beech-tree, so called from the fact that the nuts were eaten (formerly by men, now only by pigs). The Latin name Fagus has somewhat the same meaning, being derived from the Greek phegos — phago, to eat.
Injurious Insects: — Foliage — Cockchafer ( Melolontha vulgaris), Silvery Weevil ( Phijllobius argentatus). Tree Lackey Moth ( Bombyx neustria). Mottled Umber Moth ( Hifbernia defoliaria); Timber — Wood Leopard Moth (Zeuzera lesculi).
Fungoid Pests: — Beech Agaric ( Ar miliaria mucida), Apple Tree Canker ( Xectria di tissi ma ) .
Galls on leaves produced by a Gall-gnat ( Hormomyia piligera).
Class I. . . . . Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce
Natural Order . . . Salicinece
Trees or shrubs with watery juice, and alternate, petiolate, and stipulate
leaves, stipules scaly and deciduous or foliaceous ; Flowers dioecious, appearing
before leaves, borne in catkins in axils of leaves of previous year; Perianth 0;
169
TREES AND SHRUBS
Stamens 2 or many ; Styles usually short or obsolete, stigmas 2-4, often 2-lobed ; Fruit a capsule, 1 -celled, 2-4-valved ; seeds furnished with an arillus of silky hairs.
WHITE WILLOW, Salix alba.
Marshes, moist woods and meadows, and banks of streams. April, May. The Willows are propagated by cuttings, 9-15 ins. long, inserted for two-thirds their length in moist soil, October — March ; choice kinds may be budded on the Goat Willow in July, or grafted on the same in March.
Flowers dioecious, appearing with leaves ; Catkins erect, sub-sessile, on short, leafy laterals of preceding year’s shoots ; Males l-|-2 ins. long, in* diam., cylindrical, lax, often curved ; Stamens 2, free, hairy, anthers yellow, scales greenish-yellow, white-silky above, glands 2 ; Females 2-2 \ ins. long, in. diam. ; Ovary almost sessile, smooth, style short, stigmas short, deeply bifid, recurved, glands 1 or 2 ; Fruit a capsule, ovoid-conic, sessile or sub-sessile, glabrous, pedicel shorter than gland.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, finely serrated, lower serratures glandular, acuminate, tapering at base, densely silky when young, glabrous when old, ashy-grey or whitish, never bright green, 2-4 ins. long ; petioles short, glandular ; stipules minute, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, caducous. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Trunk up to 20 ft. girth ; Bark thick, deeply fissured ; Young twigs slender, supple, not easily detached, silky pubescence at tips, polished, olive-brown, purplish, or yellow ; older twigs orange ; Buds silky, flattened, small ; Wood light, tough, easily worked ; much used for cricket- bats ; well adapted for a variety of wright- work ; used especially for poles ; much attacked by larva of Goat Moth.
Native of Britain; one form called Huntingdon Willow; specimen at Haverholme Priory probably 1000 years old. Name Willow from A.S. welig, wilig, pliancy, willingness.
“ Rosette ” Galls (found on several species of Willow), consisting of 30-60
aborted leaves, produced by larva of Cecidomyia rosaria.
170
DWARF SALLOW.
( Salix rtpetn )
A Branch with young Catkins, Male. B. Branch with adult Male Catkins. C. Branch with adult Female Catkins. D. Branch with foliage. E. Male flowers. F. Female flower.
SALICINEAL
GOLDEN OSIER, Sali.v alba, v. vitellina.
Osier grounds, lakes-sides. April, May. The yellow and red bark makes this a very effective shrub in winter, especially when planted in masses. To obtain the brightest colours the plants should be cut back in February, thus encouraging a growth of vigorous shoots.
Flowers dioecious ; Scales linear-lanceolate, acute, fringed at base, longer than pistil ; Ovary sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth.
Leaves lanceolate, acute, cartilaginous, serrate, smooth above, glaucous and somewhat silky beneath ; stipules minute, lanceolate, smooth, deciduous.
A deciduous shrub, cultivated as an Osier ; or tree, 30-40 ft. ; Twigs pliable, smooth, polished, bright golden-yellow or reddish ; older branches orange ; Buds small, elongated, flat, silky.
Considered by some to be a distinct species. Specific name from L. vitellus, yolk of an egg, in reference to yellow bark.
BUSHY WILLOW, Salix Arbuscula.
Scotch mountains. June, July.
Flowers dioecious, not specially fragrant, appearing before or just after leaves open, lateral, sessile, or on leafy peduncles ; Male catkins ^—1 in. long, -£— § in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers orange, scales obtuse, spathulate, yellowish to rusty-red, ciliate ; Females, Ovary ovoid-conic, tomentose, pedicel shorter than gland, style long, stigmas often divided, filiform ; Fruit a capsule, sessile, conical, reddish, tomentose, style long, deeply cleft, stigmas thick, notched.
Leaves alternate, very variable, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, finely
glandular-serrated, acute or acuminate, glabrous, dark green and shining above,
pale and glaucous beneath, silky when young, veins prominent, midrib yellow,
f-1!, in. long, f in. broad, petiole short. Autumn tint yellow.
171
TREES AND SHRUBS
A deciduous shrub , 1-2 ft. ; Stem procumbent and rooting, sending up erect, rigid branches ; Twigs downy, yellow at first, reddish-brown later.
Native of Scotland ; rare.
ROUND-EARED SALLOW, Salix aurita.
Damp copses, moist thickets, and moist places on heaths. April, May. Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins f in. long, sessile, ovoid, dense, silky; Stamens 2, free, pubescent below, scales velvety both surfaces ; Females ^— § in. long, cylindrical, shortly stalked, peduncle villous, stigmas sessile ; Fruit a capsule, in. long, oval to oblong, conic, tomentose or pubescent, pedicel 3-5 times as long as gland, style short, stigmas short, emarginate, divaricate.
Leaves alternate, variable, obovate, oblong-obovate to sub-rotund, crenate or nearly entire, wavy, slightly revolute, cuneiform below, acute, obliquely cuspidate or obtuse, wrinkled, grey-green and downy above, tomentose beneath, reticulate, 1-2 ins. long, in. broad ; stipules large, half cordate, persistent.
Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub , 2-4 ft. ; Twigs slender, caducous, pubescent at tips, brown, passing to greenish-grey ; Buds red-brown.
Common in Britain. Attacked by Goat Willow Bust ( Melampsora farinosa ).
WEEPING WILLOW, Salix babylonica.
River-side lawns. May. This graceful tree shows to best advantage on the river-bank or beside some glassy pool, where its pendent boughs may be seen “ stooping as if to drink.”
Flowers unisexual, appearing with leaves or just after, on lateral leafy
peduncles ; Male catkins rarely seen, 1-H in. long, l in. diam. ; Stamens 2,
scales ovate-lanceolate, glabrous ; Females greenish-yellow, slender, compact,
shortly curved ; Ovary sessile, ovate, glabrous, style short, stigmas forked, gland
broad, rounded ; catkins with males and females mixed occur ; Fruit a capsule,
172
SALICINEiE
small, sessile, glabrous, oblong, pale green, style short, stigmas emarginate, seldom, if ever, produced in this country.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, finely and sharply serrated, rather obliquely acuminate, glabrous and dark green above, glaucous beneath, 3-6 ins. long, £-1 in. broad ; petiole short, ^ in., hairy above ; stipules minute, semi-lunar, serratulate, caducous.
A deciduous tree, 40-70 ft. ; Branches long and slender, hanging down almost perpendicularly, slightly twisted at nodes, pale green ; Twigs brittle ; Buds very acute.
Native of Japan and other parts of Asia; introduced from Levant.
COMMON SALLOW or GOAT WILLOW, Salix Caprea.
Woods, thickets, hedges, dry pastures, banks of streams. April, May. Grows well by the sea.
Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; the earliest to flower ; Male catkins sessile, oblong-cylindrical, very stout, 1-H in. long, golden, very silky, few spathulate scale-like bracts ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous ; Female catkins nodding, lengthening to 3 ins., bracts more leaf-like, hairy, tips black, silvery ; Ovary stalked, stigmas bifid, nearly sessile ; often fertilised by insects ; pedicel 3 times as long as gland ; Fruit a capsule, in. long, downy-white, tapering to long beak ; pedicels slender, as long as scale.
Leaves alternate, ovate-elliptical, very variable, entire or crenated, narrowly recurved, acute or acuminate, wrinkled, rough, greyish-green above, cottony beneath, 2-4 ins. long, stipules half-reniform or absent.
A deciduous tree, 30 ft. ; or bushy shrub ; Stem erect ; Branches purplish- brown ; Twigs and Buds downy ; IVood tough and elastic, taking fine polish.
Native of Britain. Commonly called Saugh. Name Sallow from M.E. salwe, — O. Mer. salh (A.S. sealh), willow. Bloom called Palm — great favourite of bees and moths.
Insects injurious to l Vi llows :■ — The larva? of innumerable Moths feed on vol. ii. 173 q
TREES AND SHRUBS
foliage, but not often in such numbers as to be a pest ; larvae of more than fifty species of Saw-flies (chiefly of genus Nematus ) also attack foliage, many being Gall-makers. Stems of Sallows bored by larvae of Osier Hornet Clearwing ( Trochilium crabroniforme). Wood bored by Goat Moth ( Cossus ligniperda).
Galls. — Large swellings on twigs caused by larva of a Gall-gnat ( Cecidomyia saliciperda) ; Leaves distorted by larvae of Hormomyia caprea (C. caprea ), also galled by a Mite ( Eriophyes tetanothrioc) ; Pea Galls formed by Nematus pedunculi and others.
Fungoid Pests: — Sulphury Wood Rot ( Polyporus sulfureus), Sooty Mould ( Fumago vagans ), Goat Willow Rust ( Melampsora farinosa), Willow Leaf Blotch ( Rkytisma salicinum).
GRAY SALLOW, Salix cinerea.
Moist situations. April, May, and again in September.
Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Catkins less thick and silky than Common Sallow, opening later ; Males, Stamens 2, pubescent at base, anthers pale yellow, scales velvety ; Females, peduncle densely velvety ; Ovary silky, style half as long as scales, stigma short ; Fruit a capsule, small, narrow.
Leaves alternate, variable, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, undulate, serratulate, acute or shortly acuminate, pubescent above, glaucous, with reddish- brown hairs beneath, venation prominent both surfaces ; petiole pubescent, dilated below, 2-5 ins. long, 1-2 ins. broad ; stipules large, half-reniform, serrated .
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Stem erect ; Twigs tomentose, passing to smooth, tawny ; Buds large, ovoid, pilose.
Native of Britain. Foliage attacked by Willow Leaf-spot ( Septoria salicicola ) and Goat Willow Rust ( Melampsora farinosa). Twigs distorted by larva of Gall-gnats ( Cecidomyia salicis and Agromyza schineri).
174
GREAT SALLOW (Salix Caprea)
A. Branch with female catkins. B. Branch with male catkins. C. Female flower. D. Male flower.
Plate LXI.
SALICINEiE
CRACK WILLOW, Salix fragilis.
Marshes. April, May.
Flowers yellow, dioecious, lateral, appearing with leaves ; Male catkins 1-2 ins. long, stout, spreading, stalked, scales glabrous, or hairy on upper side, linear-lanceolate, yellowish-green, entire, deciduous; Stamens usually 2, distinct, hairy below ; Female catkins 1|— 2£ ins. long, slender ; Ovary ovate, smooth, style short, stigma bifid, curved, longer than style, glands 2 ; mixed catkins sometimes occur; Fruit a capsule, pedicelled, tapering at top, glabrous, or slightly hairy, scales caducous.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, glandularly serrated, acuminate or acute, glossy, glabrous, pale or glaucous beneath, slightly silky when young, 3-6 ins. long ; petioles glandular at top ; stipules slightly cordate, very deciduous. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous tree, 80-90 ft. ; Trunk sometimes 20 ft. in girth ; Branches spreading obliquely, liable to become “ stag-headed,” i.e. dead in top shoots ; Shoots yellow-brown, smooth, polished, frequently crossing, tough and pliant, but easily broken off at base ; Bark rough, thick, deeply scored, on small twigs very bitter — containing salicine ; Buds pointed, smooth, reddish to deep brown or nearly black ; Wood light, tough, elastic, durable.
Indigenous in England, doubtfully so in Ireland and Scotland. Called Red- wood Willow. Specific name from L. fragilis, brittle, referred to in common name of Crack Willow.
“ Horse-bean galls ” found on this and other species, produced by larva? of a Gall- wasp ( Nematus gallicola).
DWARF WILLOW, Salix herbacea.
High mountains. June.
Flowers dioecious; Male catkins Li in* long, ovoid, few-flowered, nearly
sessile or on short sub-terminal leafless and pubescent peduncles, appearing after
175 (12
TREES AND SHRUBS
leaves, scales obovate, obtuse, glabrous ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers yellow-brown or purple ; Females in. long ; Ovary ovoid-conic, sub-sessile, style short, stigma bifid ; Fruit a capsule, sub-sessile, nearly globose, £ in. long, glabrous or rarely pubescent, style short.
Leaves in terminal tufts, very variable, obovate or orbicular, obtuse, finely erenate, curled, reticulation prominent beneath, shining green both sides, glabrous, sometimes silky when young, J-f in. long, f in. wide ; petiole very short ; stipules minute, ovate, or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 2-6 ins. ; Stems seldom above 2 ins., creeping under ground, rooting ; Twigs scantily-leaved ; Bud-scales brown, persistent.
The smallest of British shrubs, common at high elevations (2000-4500 ft.) throughout British Isles.
WOOLLY BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW, Salioc lanata.
Rocky alpine glens in Scotland. May, June.
Floxvers dioecious, appearing before leaves, terminal, sessile, stout, dense ; Scales obtuse, discolour, with long silky golden-yellow hairs ; Stamens 2, glabrous, free ; Ovary sessile, stigmas slender, bifid, divaricate, 1 gland ; Fruit a capsule, tapering, shortly pedicelled, cottony, style very slender, stigmas filiform, notched or bifid.
Leaves broadly ovate or obovate, acute, entire, sub-coriaceous, silky wool on both surfaces, golden shimmer, 2-3 ins. long, shortly petiolate, veins prominent, reticulate beneath ; stipules large, half-cordate, entire or glandular serrate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub ; Branches twisted, twigs silky ; Buds large, black, hirsute.
A rare species ; conspicuous in spring by its golden catkins. Specific name from L. lanatus — lana, wool.
176
SALICINEiE
DOWNY MOUNTAIN WILLOW, Salix Lapponum.
Scotch mountains. June, July.
Flowers dioecious, fragrant, appearing before or with foliage ; Male catkins lateral, dense-flowered, sessile or sub-sessile, tomentose, 1-lJ in. long, \ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers yellow, becoming violet and brown ; scales spathulate, hairy, deciduous ; gland linear-oblong ; Females stalked, few basal leaves ; Ovary sessile, woolly, style long, stigma divided ; Fruit a capsule, sub-sessile, conical, cottony, * in. long, style long, stigma filiform, cleft, catkins 1|— 3 ins. long.
Leaves alternate, 1-3 ins. long, ^-1 in. broad, very variable, elliptical to lanceolate, margins recurved, entire or sinuate, rugose, silky when young, white cottony beneath when old, nearly glabrous and bright green above, reticulation prominent beneath, veins straight, stipules minute or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 2-3 ft., or low and scrubby ; Branches stout, brown ; Buds woolly.
Native of Scotland ; rare.
WHORTLE-LEAVED WILLOW, Salix Myrsinites.
Scotch and Irish mountains. .Tune, July.
Flowers dioecious ; Catkins terminal, on stout leafy peduncles, appearing with the leaves or after ; Males loosely cylindrical, ^-1 in. long, ^ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers globose, purple, turning black, scales spathulate, pilose, blackish-purple, disk large ; Females, Ovary shortly pedicellate, elongated, reddish or claret-coloured, pubescent, style split, purple-red, stigmas divided ; Fruit a capsule, nearly sessile, hairy or pubescent, £ in. long, catkins 1 1~2 ins., stigma thick.
Leaves alternate, very variable, lanceolate to ovate, attenuate below, acute
or obtuse, entire or finely serrated, glandular, firm, rigid, shining green, veins
prominent, reticulate, long silky hairs when young, glabrous when old, £-1 in.
177
TREES AND SHRUBS
long, i— § in. broad ; petiole short ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, serrated, or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, much branched, closely procumbent, or sometimes rising, 1^-2 ins., young shoots with silky pubescence.
Native of Britain ; restricted to higher parts of mid-Scotland, and Sligo in Ireland.
DARK-LEAVED SALLOW, Salim nigricans.
River-banks. April — June.
Flowers dioecious, appearing before or after leaves ; Male catkins ^-1 in. long, ovate-cylindrical, erect, sub-sessile ; Stamens 2, free, 3 times as long as scales, scales linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, pilose, red below, brown tips ; Females lax, slender, style long ; Fruit a capsule, narrowly conical, glabrous or tomentose, pedicel and style slender, stigma bifid, spreading.
Leaves alternate, very variable, ovate-elliptical to obovate, entire or crenate- serratulate, acute or shortly acuminate, attenuate, rounded or cordate below, pubescent when young, afterwards glabrous above, glabrous or glaucous beneath, reticulate, blackening when dried, thin, 1^-4 ins. long, ^-2 ins. broad ; petiole velvety pubescent ; stipules half-cordate or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, or small tree, 10 ft. ; Twigs velvety, purple-black or olive when young, afterwards smooth, shining, purple-black ; Buds convex, velvety.
Native of Britain. Closely allied to S. phylicifolia, perhaps only a form of it. Also called Black Willow.
BAY WILLOW, Salioc pentandra.
Banks of rivers and streams, damp open woods, especially in hilly districts.
May, June. A valuable tree, with broad shining foliage resembling that of the
Portugal Laurel ; well suited for planting in masses by lake or pond.
Flowers dioecious, appearing with foliage, fragrant ; Male catkins 1 2 ins.
long, Lf in* diam., cylindrical, dense, erect, shortly pedunculate ; Stamens usually
178
SALICINE^E
5, may be 4-12, hairy below, anthers large, yellow, glands 2, scales oblong, yellowish-green, ciliate, caducous ; Females 1-2^ ins. long, in. diam. ; Ovary sub-sessile or shortly pedicellate, cylindroid-conic, glabrous, style short, divided, stigma bifid, yellow, glands 2-6 ; Fruit a capsule, ovoid-conic, pedicelled, glabrous, yellowish-green, in. long, style short.
Leaves alternate, very variable, 1-4 ins. long, 1-2 ins. broad, elliptic-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, acuminate, thick, glabrous, dark shining green, paler and reticulate beneath, viscid when young, fragrant with Laurel-like odour, midrib yellow ; petiole short, glandular at summit ; stipules ovate-oblong, glandular, caducous, or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub , 6-8 ft. ; or small tree, 8-20 ft., erect ; Twigs glabrous, polished, greenish-brown ; Buds erect, ovoid, polished brown, base greenish.
Native of North Wales, the Midlands, and North England ; planted in South Scotland ; rare in Ireland ; the latest flowering. Known as Five-stamened Willow (Gr. pente , five ; aner, aiulros, a male).
TEA-LEAVED WILLOW, Salix phyliei folia.
Woods, thickets, waste places near mountain streams. April, May.
Flowers dioecious, appearing with the leaves ; Male catkins sessile or sub- sessile, ovoid to cylindrical, ^—1 in. long, |-f in. broad ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers yellow, changing to rosy, scales linear-oblong, acute, black, hairy ; Females §-l| in. long, in. broad ; Ovary ovoid-conic, tomentose, style long, stigmas thick, bifid, pedicel shorter than gland ; Fruit a capsule, shortly pedicellate, £ in. long, glabrous, silky or cottony, valves revolute, catkins 1-2 ins. long.
Leaves alternate, very variable, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate or obovate, acute or acuminate, entire or crenate, often downy when young, glabrous when old, not wrinkled, shining green above, bluish-glaucous beneath, venation prominent on upper surface, not turning black when dried, 1-21 ins. long, J-lf in. broad;
petiole short, villous ; stipules small, lanceolate, or absent.
179
TREES AND SHRUBS
A deciduous shrub, 6-10 ft. ; Branches twiggy, glabrous, shining, olive-green, chestnut, or reddish ; Buds convex, obtuse, silky pubescent, greenish-orange or yellow.
Native of Britain ; found in Scotland, North England, and North Ireland ; many varieties are found, and are sometimes considered as distinct species.
PURPLE OSIER, Salix purpurea.
Marshy places, river-banks, osier beds. March — May.
Flozvers dioecious, lateral on branches of preceding year, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins sub-sessile, erect, then spreading or recurved, cylindrical, dense, seldom 1 in. long ; Stamens united into an entire filament, or filament forked, with a purple-red anther on each branch, scales short, obtuse, green at base, reddish in middle, tipped with purple, brown, or black, hairy or woolly both surfaces ; Females, Ovary sessile, or on pedicel shorter than gland, ovoid, blunt, tomentose, style short or absent, stigmas slender, ovate, purple-red, becoming black; mixed catkins occur; Fruit a capsule, T]Y in. long, broadly ovoid, obtuse, sessile or on pedicel not longer than gland, valves spreading, style short, stigmas entire or cleft.
Leaves sub-opposite, variable, oblong to linear-lanceolate, or oblong-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, entire at base, upper part eglandular serratulate, glabrous, shining green above, usually somewhat glaucous with bluish bloom beneath, few silky hairs, especially when young, 3-6 ins. long, petioles short, stipules half- ovate or absent. Autumn tints brown to black.
A deciduous shrub, 5-10 ft. ; Twigs erect, long, slender, tough, glabrous, yellow, green, red, or purple ; Buds sub-opposite, long, narrow, flat, red-violet or shining red to purple-black, one scale, easily detached.
A doubtful native ; fairly common over England, Ireland, and South Scotland. “ American ” Weeping Willow is a form of this.
180
ASPEN.
( Populus t remit /a.)
SALICINE/E
DWARF SILKY WILLOW, Salioo repens.
Heaths and commons. April, May.
Flowers dioecious, appearing with leaves ; Male catkins cylindrical-oblong or ovate, in. long, in. diam., erect, sessile or sub-sessile, with foliaceous
bracts ; Stamens 2, free, filament long, glabrous, anther ovoid, yellow, turning to black after dehiscence, scales spathulate or obovate, yellowish-green or purple, with dark tips, dense long velvety hairs ; Females in. long, i in. diam. ; Ovary pedicellate, conoid, silky or glabrous, style short, stigmas yellow, rosy or purple, entire or split, diverging or not ; Fruit a capsule, 3^ times as large as gland, pedicelled, usually silky, catkins 1 in. long.
Leaves alternate, very variable, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, or elliptic to ovate, 1-1^ in. long, ^ in. broad, margins entire or serratulate, recurved, obtuse or acute, glabrous and dark green above, silky beneath, or sometimes both sides ; petiole short ; stipules minute, lanceolate, or obsolete. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous shrub ; Stems ascending 1-3 ft., or procumbent, creeping under ground and rooting at base ; Young shoots and leaf-buds densely silky white.
Common in all parts of British Isles. Some botanists make many varieties, each with minor characteristics.
OSIER, Salix viminalis.
Wet places, osier beds. April, June.
Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins f-1 in. long, f in. broad, sessile, cylindrical ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers golden-yellow, scales obovate, silky, brown, gland slender ; Females \ in. broad, sub-sessile ; Ovary sub-sessile, ovoid-conic, silky, style linear, stigma yellow, deeply bifid ; Fruit a capsule, sessile or shortly pedicelled, tapering, base broad, downy, stigmas rarely bifid, valves widely divaricate.
181
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, tapering both ends, acuminate, entire or obscurely serrated, wavy, revolute, glabrous and grey-green above, silvery silky or grey tomentose beneath, venation prominent above, midrid often orange ; petiole very short, 4-10 ins. long, \ in. broad ; stipules lanceolate, sometimes glandular serrated, caducous. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, or small tree, 30 ft. ; Branches long, straight, twiggy, velvety when young, afterwards polished, greenish -yellow, olive, and brown ; Buds small, thin, narrow.
Native of Britain; the most commonly cultivated Osier. Specific name = twiggy (L. vimen, a twig, an osier, a pliant twig for plaiting or binding). Attacked by Willow Leaf-spot ( Septoria salicicola) and Crack Willow Rust (Metampsora epitea).
Margins of leaves rolled by larvae of a Gall-gnat ( Cecidomyia marginem- torquens).
RETICULATE WILLOW, Salix reticulata.
Scotch mountains. June — August.
Flowers dioecious, appearing after leaves ; Male catkins cylindrical, lax- flowered, on rather long, leafless peduncles at ends of short branches opposite to last leaf, downy, in. long, ^ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers red-violet or purplish ; glands disk-like and slit, or bifid ; scales small, obovate, purple or brown, villous inside, ciliate ; Females § in. long, | in. diam. ; Ovary sessile, ovoid, obtuse, white tomentose, style very short, often split, stigmas short, thick, purple-red, often bifid ; Fruit a capsule, sessile, obtuse, purple, cottony, i in. long, stigma notched.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, ^-1^ in. long, i— 1 in. broad, very variable, obovate to orbicular, firm, entire or waved, obtuse or slightly retuse, glabrous, shining green, and rugose above, glaucous beneath, reticulation prominent both surfaces, young leaves silky ; petiole long and slender, channelled, pubescent at base, reddish. Autumn tint vellow.
A deciduous shrub ; Stem woody, much branched, prostrate, often spreading,
182
CRACK WILLOW ( Sulix fragilis)
A. Branch, with female catkins. B. Single female flower. C. Single male flower, D. Male catkin. E. Capsule open, liberating one of seeds.
Plate LXII.
SALICINE/E
rising only a few inches above ground ; Branches 2-8 ins. long, tortuous, sparingly leafy, glabrous or hairy when young ; Buds few, 2-4, terminal.
Native of Britain ; confined to loftiest Scotch mountains. Attacked by Goat Willow Rust (Melampsora farinosa). Specific name refers to the prominent netted veins on the leaf (L. reticulum , diminutive of rete, a net).
ALMOND-LEAVED WILLOW, Salix triandra.
Banks of rivers and streams, and osier beds. April — June.
Flowers yellow, dioecious, on lateral, short shoots appearing with leaves ; Male catkins oblong-ovate, slender, 1-3 ins. long, shortly pedunculate, scales glabrous, ciliate, persistent, disk 2 glands ; Stamens 3, long, anthers golden, filaments hairy ; Females lj-2f ins. long, \ in. diam. ; Ovary pedicellate, oblong, smooth, stigmas sessile, thick, diverging, 1 gland ; Fruit a 2-valved capsule, glabrous, pedicelled, style thick, short.
Leaves alternate, linear or oblong-lanceolate, serrated, acuminate, glabrous, tough, sub-coriaceous, green above, glaucous beneath, midrib prominent, 2-4 ins. long ; petiole short, glabrous, grooved ; stipules large, slightly cordate, pointed, toothed, persistent. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Bark in flakes ; Twigs glabrous, terete, easily snapped above articulation ; produces long stout shoots when stumps cut down, much used for wicker-work ; Buds elongated, flat at apex, smooth.
Of frequent occurrence in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Known as French Willow and Three-stamened Osier (Gr. treis, tria, three ; aner, andros, a male).
BEDFORD WILLOW, Salix viridis.
Woods. May, June. Grows well in cold upland situations.
Flowers dioecious ; Catkins on short, leafy, lateral branches, spreading or
recurved, cylindrical, dense in flower, lax in fruit; Ovary tapering, stalked,
longer than scales, style as long as stigmas.
Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, petioles sometimes glandular, attenuated at base.
183
TREES AND SHRUBS
acuminate, or equally attenuated at each end, glandular-serrated, glabrous, glaucous beneath, young ones silky, 4 ins. long, f in. broad.
A deciduous tree , 30-50 ft. ; Brandies long, straight, slender, young branches downy ; Twigs green, flexible, glabrous ; growth very rapid ; salicine abundant ; Bark used for tanning ; W iod said to be more valuable than any other species, light, tough, elastic, unlikely to crack or split, uninflammable.
Called Bedford Willow after Francis, Duke of Bedford, who first brought it into notice. Synonymous with S. Russelliana. By some considered a hybrid between S.fragilis and S. alba.
GREAT WHITE POPLAR, Populus alba.
Moist woods, borders of streams. March, April. Prefers open soil, well exposed to air and sunlight. Does well in smoky towns, and in poor sandy soil. The Poplars are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots, 8 ins. long, in ordinary soil outdoors, October or November; layering of shoots in October; suckers, October — February ; seeds in ordinary soil in moist border in autumn.
Flowers dioecious, anemophilous, terminal on dwarf shoots ; Male catkins 2-4 ins. long, drooping, membranous, very deciduous, scales jagged, hairy ; Perianth (or inner united scales) a small, flat, oblique cup; Stamens about 8, anthers purple ; Females shorter, dense ; Ovary 1 -celled, placentation parietal, styles 0, stigmas 2, bipartite, segments linear, yellow ; Fruit a small oval, glabrous, recurved capsule, opening in 2 reflexed valves ; seeds small, black, oval, with a tuft of long silky hairs, ripe in June.
Leaves alternate, very variable, roundish cordate, those of young shoots 5-lobed, acute, margin sinuate, upper surface smooth, underside white and cottony, 1-3 ins. long, 2| ins. broad, shed early ; petioles slender, flattened from sides. Autumn tints dark brown.
A deciduous tree , 60-100 ft. ; Branches spreading, slender, rod-like, with
upward tendency ; growth rapid ; Bark smooth, light grey or ash-coloured,
young shoots hairy ; Buds cottony, not viscid ; suckers freely produced, bearing
lobed and toothed leaves, 2-4 ins. broad; Wood white, soft, light, not easily
184
SALICINEiE
splitting when nailed ; does not easily burn ; used for utensils and trays, paling rails, and general carpentry.
Very generally planted, and probably indigenous.
Name Poplar from O.F. poplier, F. peuplier ; L. populum, acc. of populus , a poplar. Also known as Abele; said to be derived from Abeel, the Dutch name of the tree ; said by some to take its name from Arbela, in plains of Nineveh.
Injurious Insects: — Foliage — Red Spider ( Acarus telarius ); Wood — Goat Moth ( Cossus ligniperda ) ; innumerable moth-larvae feed on leaves.
Fungoid Pest : — Sulphury Wood Rot ( Polyporus sulfureus).
BALSAM POPLAR, Populus balsamifera.
River banks, moist places. March, April. Best not exposed, owing to brittle character of the branches.
Flowers dioecious ; Male catkins, disk oblique ; Stamens 20-30, filaments short, anthers red; Females lengthening to 4-5 ins., disk cup-shaped; Ovary ovate, 2-lobed, stigmas 2, sub-sessile, lobes broad ; Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, ovate-oblong, acute, often curved, light brown, shortly pedicelled.
Leaves alternate, oval, approaching lanceolate, acuminate or acute, finely crenately serrated, revolute, upper side yellow-green, smooth, underside whitish, 3-5 ins. long, H-3 ins. broad, very fragrant, expand very early ; petioles terete.
A deciduous tree, 40-70 ft. ; Branches round, stout, erect, contorted at extremities, very brittle ; Twigs red-brown and orange to grey tinged yellow- green ; Buds large, ovate, covered with fragrant resin, scales brown, shining ; Wood comparatively worthless, light brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1092. Leaves attacked by Black Poplar Rust (M clam psora populina).
VOL. II.
185
It
TREES AND SHRUBS
ONTARIO POPLAR, Populus balsamifera , v. candicans.
Parks, gardens. March, April. Best in moist situations, as on margins of lakes.
Flowers dioecious ; Stamens 20-30, red ; Fruit a 2-valved capsule.
Leaves alternate, more or less cordate, broader than P. balsamifera, acute, coarsely glandularly serrate, ciliate, pubescent when young, and later along principal veins, underside pale, 7 ins. long, 5 ins. wide ; petioles usually hairy.
A deciduous tree, 50-70 ft. ; broad and open head ; Branches spreading, some- what brittle ; Buds pointed, viscid, scales red-brown ; growth rapid ; Bark greyish ; Wood heavier than the type.
Naturalised in some parts of Northern U.S.A. and Canada; very commonly planted in Britain. Also called Balm of Gilead. Name candicans presumably refers to the hoary appearance of the under surface of the leaves.
GREY POPLAR, Populus canescens.
Moist woods in S. England, parks, gardens. March, April. Propagated by suckers.
Flowers dioecious ; Male catkins dense, scales obovate-cuneate, incised, ciliate, bright brown ; Stamens 4-12 ; Females, Styles 2, stigmas purple or greenish, 2-8 lobed, wedge-shaped ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, roundish cordate, thin, toothed, waved, grey-cottony or glabrous beneath, leaves of young shoots entire, those of young suckers cut into angles and teeth.
A deciduous tree, 80-90 ft.; Shoots and buds cottony; Wood not liable to split.
Indigenous in S. England. A supposed hybrid between P. alba and P. tremula. Possible age one hundred years.
Shoots distorted by silvery-white galls, the work of Hedya aceriana.
186
BLACK POPLAR (Pop ulus nigra)
A. Foliage. B. Male catkin. C. Young female catkin. D. Mature female catkin. E. Male flower.
F. Female flower (longitudinal section).
Plate LXIII.
SALICINEiE
COTTONWOOD, Populus deltoidea.
March, April.
Flowers dioecious ; Male catkins dense, 3-4 ins. long, \ in. diam., disk oblique, revolute ; Stamens 60 or more, filaments short, anthers dark red ; Females lax, lengthening to 12 ins., disk cup-shaped; Ovary sub-globose, stigmas 3-4, sub-sessile, dilated or lobed ; scales scarious, light brown, glabrous, filiform lobes ; Fruit a capsule, 3-4-valved, oblong-ovate, pitted.
Leaves alternate, broadly deltoid-ovate, acuminate, truncate, slightly cordate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenately serrate, teeth glandular, thick, firm, pubescent when young, fragrant, 3-5 ins. long and broad, bright shining green, paler beneath ; petioles slender, laterally compressed, 2|-3^ ins. long, stout.
A deciduous tree, 150 ft. ; Branches large, pendulous at extremities, on young trees nearly erect above, spreading almost at right angles below ; branchlets terete or angled ; Bark on old trunks somewhat rough, ashy-grey or yellow tinged with green on young stems ; Buds ovate, acute, resinous, scales brown.
Native of North America.
CANADIAN POPLAR, Populus monilifera.
River banks, moist places. March, April. Resists smoke and chemical fumes. The wood is short grained, and the tree liable to be damaged in stormy weather. “ The male displays a vigour and attains to a size which the female never equals, and is for this reason frequently looked upon as belonging to a different species, and has become known as the Virginian or the Swiss Poplar.” — The Garden.
Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins sessile, glabrous, 5 ins. long, £ in. diam. ; Stamens 20-30, anthers red ; scales triangular, yellow, incised, ciliate ; Females 2-3 ins. long ; Ovary stalked, globose, stigmas usually 4, sessile, deeply lobed, reflexed ; scales very caducous ; Fruit a capsule, globoid,
naked, 3-4-valved. catkins up to 10 ins. long.
187 R 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, on young plants and suckers cordate, 7-8 ins. long and wide ; those on older trees about £ the size, commonly without sinuses, crenate, with obtuse teeth.
A deciduous tree, 120-150 ft. ; very erect, rapid in growth ; Branches acutely angled or winged.
Native of N. America; introduced to Europe 1769, and to England from the Continent 1772. Probably a variety of P. nigra ; given in Kew Hand-list as synonymous with P. canadensis and P. deltoidea. Called Necklace Poplar from the fact that the female catkins resemble a string of beads ; also sometimes called Black Italian Poplar.
BLACK POPLAR, Populus nigra.
River banks and moist places. March, April. Will grow in damp, boggy soil and on exposed sites.
Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins lax, pendulous, dark red, 2-8 ins. long, drooping, scales hairy at tips; Stamens 12-30, usually 8, anthers purple ; Female catkins shorter, not drooping, greenish, cylindrical, 4 ins. long ; Ovary ovoid-conic, stigmas 2, sessile, 2-3-lobed at apex, lobes short and broad, yellow ; Fruit a capsule, ovoid, J in. long, glabrous, pedicelled, 2 valves, recurved, widely divaricating ; seeds cottony, ripe in May.
Leaves alternate, nearly triangular, crenated, teeth small, acuminate, thick, tough, green on both sides, glabrous beneath, rhombic, silky and ciliate in young state, 1-4 ins. long, 2 ins. broad ; petioles slender, compressed, 1^-2 ins. long.
A deciduous tree, erect, 50-80 ft. ; Branches large, massive, ascending, smaller ones ramifying, greenish-white, young shoots smooth, shining yellow or light bronze ; Bark dark ash-grey, with large swellings, yellowish on young trees; Buds very viscid, sharp-pointed, thick, yellowish ; Suckers rarely produced ; rapid in growth; Wood white, soft, tough, not easily split; used for carving and charcoal ; bark for tanning.
Not indigenous, but long naturalised.
188
SALICINE^
Leaves attached by Black Poplar Rust ( Melampsora populina) and Poplar- leaf Blister ( Taphrina aurea). Large green and pinkish galls on petioles produced by an Aphis ( Pemphigus bursarius ).
LOMBARDY POPLAR, Populus nigra, v. pyramidalis.
Parks, gardens, hedges. March, April. It is characterised by rapid growth and early decay.
Trees in England almost invariably bear male catkins only ; Stamens 12-20.
Leaves resembling P. nigra ; young leaves glabrous.
A deciduous tree, 100-150 ft. ; Branches growing straight upwards, giving a spire-like shape, young shoots smooth ; growth very rapid ; Bark rough, deeply furrowed ; Buds viscid ; Wood tough and light, of little value ; trees often unsound, though apparently healthy, and liable to fall without warning.
Native of Asia ; thought to be a variety of P. nigra ; introduced to England from Italy by Lord Rochford in 1758, and planted near the priory of St. Osyth, not far from Clacton-on-Sea. Syn. P. fastigiata, from L. fastigiatus, sloping up to a point, — -fastigo, to make pointed.
ASPEN, Populus tremula.
Moist woods, gardens. March, April.
Flowers dioecious ; Catkins sub-sessile, curved, dense, cylindrical, 2-8 ins. long, scales ciliate, with jagged edges; Stamens 6-12, anthers purple-red; Stigmas 2, deeply bifid, purple-red, arms radiating crosswise ; Fruit a capsule, stalked, greenish-brown, valves recurved, catkin 5 ins. long.
Leaves scarcely cordate, nearly orbicular or rhomboidal, small, often not 1 in. broad, 1-4 ins. long, irregularly and rather coarsely sinuate, with incurved teeth, acute, thin in texture, underside glabrous and sometimes pale, but not cottony ; petiole slender, causing constant trembling ; leaves on suckers cordate, entire, acute.
A deciduous tree, 40-80 ft. ; Branches slender, spreading, compressed ; shoots
189
TREES AND SHRUBS
downy, generally reddish ; Bark grey, smooth ; Buds pubescent, not j viscid ; Suckers numerous, pubescent ; Wood white, soft, not very useful ; employed for paper-pulp. Heartwood begins to decay after about 50 years, often hastened by larvae of Goat Moth and Wood Leopard Moth.
Indigenous throughout British Isles ; somewhat slow of growth. Galls on petioles produced by larvae of Diplosis tremulce , a Gall-gnat. Name Aspen from A.S. cespe, ceps, the Aspen-tree.
AMERICAN ASPEN, Populus tremuloides.
March, April.
Flowers dioecious; Male catkins 1^-2^ ins. long; Stamens 6-12, inserted on disk, disk oblique, entire, scales acute, 3-5-lobed, hairy ; Females lengthening to 4 ins. ; Ovary conical, nearly sessile in bottom of crenate disk, style short, thick, stigmas 2, erect, club-shaped, each 2 linear diverging lobes ; Fruit a 1 -celled, 2-valved capsule, oblong-conical, green.
Leaves alternate, ovate or nearly orbicular, acute, glandular, serrate, thin, firm, glabrous, dark shining green above, pale yellow-green below, l|-2 ins. long and broad ; petioles slender, laterally compressed.
A deciduous tree, 20-50 ft. ; Branches slender, often contorted, pendulous at extremities, glabrous ; 7'wigs red-brown to grey ; Bark thin, pale, roughened ; Buds conical, acute, resinous, scales red-brown, glabrous ; Wood light brown.
Native of North America.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce
Natural Order . . . Empetracece
Heath-like evergreen shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and small,
regular, unisexual axillary flowers ; Perianth of 4-6 persistent scales, in 2
whorls, often considered as sepals and petals ; Stamens 2-3, alternate with petals,
hypogynous ; Ovary 2-9-celled ; Fruit a drupe, with 2-9 bony, 1 -seeded stones.
190
EMPETRACE^
CROW BERRY, Empetrum nigrum .
Mountain heaths, bogs, gardens. May, June. Thrives in damp peaty soil. Propagated by cuttings in sandy peat under bell-glass, June — August.
Flowers purple, dioecious, minute, sessile, in the axils of the upper leaves ; Perianth of 6 segments, in 2 whorls, scale-like ; Sepals (the outer whorl) rounded, concave, entire ; Petals sub-spathulate, scarious, reflexed, hypogynous ; Stamens 3, alternate with petals, hypogynous, exserted, filaments long, anthers red ; Ovary superior, on fleshy hypogynous disk, 6-9-celled, globose, style short, stigma with 6-9 radiating arms ; Fruit a fleshy drupe, globose, £ in. long, brownish-black or purple, edible, 2-9 bony, 1-seeded stones.
Leaves in whorls of 3-4, or crowded and alternate at the tips of shoots, linear, linear-oblong or acicular, in. long, sub-sessile, semi-terete, revolute, margins recurved to midrib, glabrous or slightly ciliate and coriaceous, shining green above, paler beneath, with whitish midrib.
An evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins. ; Stem procumbent, much branched, glabrous; Branches slender, wiry, spreading, trailing, red-brown.
Native of British Isles. Generic name from Gr. enpetron ; en, upon , petros, a rock, from growing in stony places. Also called Crakeberry. It is the badge of the clan M‘Lean in Scotland.
Usually herbs, sometimes frutescent and arborescent ; Leaves usually narrow, flowers showy ; Perianth usually 6-partite in two series, rarely 4, 8, or 10 segments; Stamens 6, hypogynous or epiphyllous, anthers usually introrse; Ovary superior, 3-celled, placentation axile ; Fruit a capsule or berry, usually 3-celled.
Class II. . Division I. . Natural Order .
. Monocotyledons . Petaloidce . Liliacece
191
R 3
TREES AND SHRUBS
An Order of nearly 200 genera and about 2500 species.
Distinguished by the 3-celled, superior ovary and the 6 stamens with introrse anthers.
COMMON BUTCHER’S BROOM, Ruscus aculeatus.
Copses, woods, gardens. February — April. The bright red berries make this an ornamental shrub in autumn. It will thrive under the shade of trees where little else will flourish. Pruning should be done in April. Propagated by suckers, September or October ; division of roots in October.
Flowers greenish, dioecious, 1-2, borne on a pedicel arising from axils of minute scales — the true leaves, but apparently sessile on the middle or margin of broad, flat, leaf-like branches ( cladodes ). The true upper surface on which the flowers rest is usually turned downwards by a twist at base. Perianth 1 in. diam., of 6 segments, spreading, inner ones smaller ; Males on narrower cladodes ; Stamens 3, filaments connate in a short column, anthers sessile ; Females, stamens sterile ; Ovary 3-celled, superior, style short, stigma capitate ; Fruit a globose, succulent berry, bright red or rarely yellow, | in. diam., usually 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled, 2 seeds in each cell.
Leaves ( cladodes ) alternate, ovate, acuminate, mucronate (spinescent), rigid, parallel- veined, 1^- in. long, coriaceous, pungent.
An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft. ; Stem much branched, tufted, erect, stout, rigid, angled, green, young shoots scaly.
Native of England and S. Wales; naturalised in Scotland and Ireland; the only woody Monocotyledon indigenous in Britain. Specific name L. aculeatus = prickly, pointed, sharp, — aculeus, a prickle, — acus, a needle, — acies, a sharp point.
DOUBLE TONGUE, Ruscus Hypophyllum.
Gardens. May, June. A valuable shrub for shady spots.
Floivers 5-6, in an umbel, in middle of under surface of lower cladodes ; Fruit a berry.
192
BUTCHER’S BROOM.
( A’ ii setts aculeatus. )
LILIACE^
Leaves ( cladodes ) oblong or oblong-lanceolate, upper ones alternate, lower ones opposite, ternate or verticillate, distinctly ribbed, 3-5 ins. long, rigidly coriaceous.
An evergreen shrub, 1-1^ ft.
Native of Mediterranean region; introduced 1G40. R. Hypoglossum is thought to be a form of this species, having the flowers on the upper side of the cladode.
ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL, Dancea Lauras.
Gardens. May. This does well in sheltered gardens near the sea. The graceful leafy stems will last several weeks if cut and placed in water indoors.
Flowers greenish-yellow, hermaphrodite, in a terminal raceme ; Fruit a berry, red.
Leaves ( cladodes ) alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, rounded at base, glabrous, lucid green, sessile, rigidly coriaceous, 2 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 4 ft.
Native of Portugal; introduced 1739. Syn. Ruscus racemosus.
NARROW-LEAVED YUCCA, Yucca angustifolia.
Gardens. July, August. This is well suited for sunny nooks and rock- work. The Yuccas are all hardy, but do best in sunshine and loamy soil. They are propagated by cuttings of roots in sand in bottom heat in spring ; offsets or suckers in March or April ; division in March.
Flowers white, greenish outside, campanulate, in a terminal panicle or simple raceme, 3-5 ft. long, branches ascending, pedicels 1—1 in. long, stout, erect ; Perianth segments oblong, acute, 2-2| ins. long, f-ly in. broad ; Style short, stigmas shorter than ovary ; Fruit a capsule, 2-3 ins. long, 1 in. diam., G-sided ; seeds very flat, \ in. broad.
Leaves 100 or more, in a dense rosette, linear, pungent, pointed, channelled
193
TREES AND SHRUBS
above, rigid, thick, smooth, pale green, 1^-8 ft., long, ^-f in. wide, margins pale reddish-brown, copiously filamentose, threads 4 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub , nearly stemless, 3 ft.
Introduced from Western N. America, 1811.
SILK GRASS, Yucca jilamentosa.
Gardens. June — August. A very distinctive and attractive species, with a rosette habit.
Floivers white tinged with green ; Panicle rhomboid, much branched, 4-8 ft. long, branches flexuous, ascending, 6 ins. long, pedicels drooping, | in. long ; Perianth segments oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1^- 2| ins. long ; Stigmas slender, shorter than ovary ; Fruit a capsule, oblong, 1^-2 ins. long, | in. diam.
Leaves 30-50, in a dense rosette, outer ones spreading, central ones erect or slightly curved, ensiform, acuminate, firm, apple-green, slightly glaucous, 1^-2| ft. long, 1-|— 2 ins. broad, margins whitish with grey filaments 2-3 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, stemless or nearly so, 2 ft. ; Suckers freely prod uced. Introduced from N. America, 1675.
ADAM’S NEEDLE, Yucca gloriosa.
Gardens, lawns. July, August. The hardiest and most popular of the
Yuccas ; it sometimes bears blossoms in mild winters.
Flowers white, tinged with red, green, or purple, campanulate, l|-2|ins.
long, 3}-4 ins. diam., entomophilous, in a panicle, 4-9 ft. long, of perhaps 250
blossoms, branches l-l£ ft. long, glabrous or pubescent, pedicels 4-12 ins.
long, bracts small ; Perianth of 6 segments, in two series, slightly united
at base, thin, ovate, acute ; Stamens 6, in two series, as long as ovary, filaments
fleshy, hispid or papillose, slightly 3-lobed, anthers deeply emarginate, attached
at back ; Ova?'y superior, 3-celled, 6-sided, nectar-glands between partitions,
narrowed towards apex, stigma 3-lobed ; Fruit baccate, seldom produced.
194
ADAM’S NEEDLE ( Yucca yloriosa)
ji t Tree, with flower spikes in bud. li. Flower, ojjen. C\ 1* lower in usual hall-closed state. If. hruit dehiscing.
Plate LXIV.
GRAMINEiE
Leaves 100 or more, in a dense rosette, 1^-3 ft. long, 2-3 ins. broad, gradually narrowed above the broad clasping base, widest near middle, thin, flat, or concave towards apex, rigid, erect, pungent pointed, serrulate towards base, teeth deciduous, scabrous at back, dull green, often glaucous, margins red-brown.
An evergreen shrub, or small tree, 4-6 ft. ; few branches ; Bark smooth, light grey.
First plants said to have been received by Gerarde from the West Indies, 1593. Also called Mound Lily.
Class II Monocotyledons
Division II Nudifloroe
Natural Order . . . Graminece
Usually herbaceous plants, rarely suffrutescent or arborescent ; Stems fistular, septated at nodes ; Leaves alternate, narrow, with a ligule at base of blade, and a sheath forming a tube enclosing the stem ; Flowers usually hermaphrodite, seldom monoecious (as in Maize), mostly arranged in a panicle or spike, bearing spikelets enclosed by bracts or glumes ; Perianth absent or represented by scales ; Stamens 1-6 or more, usually 3, anthers versatile ; Ovary superior, 1-celled stigmas 1-3 ; Fruit a caryopsis.
GREAT REED, Arundo Donax.
Gardens. September, October. Requires protection during winter in colder counties.
Flowers reddish, ultimately whitish, in a compact panicle, 12-16 ins. long, of numerous spikelets enveloped in silky hairs and containing 2 or more perfect florets, florets awned, lower palea entire ; Fruit a caryopsis, free from palea.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, entire, glaucous green, arching.
A hardy ornamental grass, 10-12 ft.
Native of S. Europe, Egypt, and Asia; introduced 1648.
195
TREES AND SHRUBS
Group Gymnospermce
Natural Order . . . Conifer ce
Trees or shrubs, usually resinous, with rigid, linear, subulate or scale-like leaves ; Flowers monoecious or dioecious, without perianth ; Males (in catkins) of numerous closely-packed scales, bearing two or more anther-cells ; Females (cones) of ovuliferous scales and bract-scales ; ovules and seeds naked, either concealed by scales or solitary and exposed.
MAIDEN-HAIR TREE, Ginkgo biloba.
Parks, gardens. April, May. The glossy green fan-shaped leaves, cut up like some of the species of Adiantum Ferns, make this a very distinctive tree. It does well in smoky towns. Propagated by seeds sown in pans of light sandy soil in cold frame, October or March.
Flowers dioecious ; Male catkins axillary, slender, sessile, yellow, 1 \ in. long ; Females solitary or terminal clusters, foot-stalks long ; Fruit drupaceous, globular or ovate, 1 in. diam. , light green or yellowish fleshy pulp, edible, sweet ; seed globular, hard bony shell.
Leaves clustered on branchlets, distinct and alternate on young shoots, broadly fan-shaped, cuneate at base, 2-4-lobed, lobes toothed or irregularly notched, resembling Maiden-hair Fern, flat, coriaceous, glabrous, margins thickened, numerous parallel nerves ; foot-stalk as long as blade, yellowish-green, glabrous, glossy.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches alternate, mostly ascending or hori- zontal ; branchlets terete, very short, spur-like ; Bark rough, furrowed, scaly, greyish.
Native of China and Japan ; introduced 1754. Chinese name Ginkgo = full of leafless buds in winter. Also named Salisburia adiantifolia, in honour of R. A. Salisbury, F.R.S., an eminent English botanist; adiantifolia = leaf like Maiden- hair Fern, the specific name of which is Adiantum.
196
CONIFERS
PLUM-FRUITED CEPHALOTAXUS, Cephalotaxus drupaeea.
Shrubberies, . gardens, sheltered borders or lawns. April. The curious purplish, plum-like fruits render this both distinctive and interesting. It is best in equal parts of loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings of shoots 3 ins. long in sandy soil in shady cold frame or under bell-glass or handlight outdoors in autumn ; seeds in light soil in cold frame, September or March, transplanting outdoors a year after.
Flowers dioecious ; Males 6-11, in axillary globose heads (compound catkins), with involucre of small bract scales, flowers in axils of membranous bracts; Stamens 7-12, each with 2-3 anther cells; Females, small pedunculate cones in axils of bracts at base of terminal shoots, scales 6-20, on fleshy axis of cone ; Fruit drupaceous, fleshy, purplish, elliptical, 2-3 in a head, 1^ in. long, | in. diam. ; seeds solitary, nut-like, shell hard, bony.
Leaves linear, crowded, in 2 rows, opposite, stiff, falcate, twisted, coria- ceous, yellowish glossy green above, nerved along middle, glaucous green below, with 2 silvery bands, 1-2 ins. long, much resemble the Yew.
An evergreen tree, 6-8 ft. ; Branches horizontal, whorled, spreading, flat, stiff ; Buds small, scales acute, imbricate.
Native of China and Japan ; introduced 1844. In Japan called Kaja. Generic name from Gr. kephale, a head ; taxis, arrangement.
FORTUNE’S CLUSTER-FLOWERED YEW, Cephalotaxus Fortuni.
Shrubberies, gardens. April. Best in light, peaty soil, and sheltered.
Flowers dioecious ; Males in axillary globular heads, shortly pedunculate ; Fruit a drupe, fleshy, purplish, elliptical, tapering both ends, l£ in. long, f in. diam. ; seeds solitary, shell thin, brittle.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, on principal branches mostly alternate, scattered, on laterals and branchlets in two rows, mostly opposite, acute, straight, flat, deep glossy green above, ribbed, glaucous white below, margins bright green, 3 ins. long.
197
TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen tree, 6-8 ft. ; Branches horizontal, whorled, slender, spreading, pendent, laterals and branchlets in 2 rows, frequently in opposite pairs, filiform. Introduced from N. China by Fortune, 1848.
LORD HARRINGTON’S YEW, Cephalotaxus pedunculata.
Shrubberies, gardens. April.
Flowers dioecious ; Males pedunculate, oval, in globular heads shorter than bracts ; Females in axillary heads, peduncles 4-angled ; Fruit drupaceous 2-3 in a head, peduncles long ; seeds solitary, erect, shell smooth, hard, thin.
Leaves linear, in 2 rows, mostly opposite on branchlets, spiral and alter- nate on principal branches, slightly falcate, thick, coriaceous, revolute, bright glossy green above, raised straight nerve, 2 broad glaucous white bands below, 1^-2^ ins. long.
An evergreen tree, 6-8 ft. ; Branches numerous, spreading, mostly in whorls, branchlets in 2 rows, horizontal, mostly opposite ; Buds with persistent imbri- cated scales.
Cultivated in Japan under name of Inukaja ; introduced to Britain, 1837. Syn. Taxus Harringtoniana.
YEW, Taxus baccata.
Mountainous woods, parks, gardens. February, March. Prefers limy soils.
Valuable for forming hedges or planting under the shade and drip of larger trees.
Very attractive when laden with its bright red fruits. Hedges may be trimmed
in April or September. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil in cold frame or
under handlight, September ; layering in September ; seeds in light soil
outdoors in March, or in pans or boxes of light soil in cold frame or greenhouse
in March, transplanting to nursery bed when large enough to handle.
Flowers dioecious, very occasionally monoecious ; Male flowers almost
spherical, ^ in. diam., clustered in axils of leaves, bending backwards so as to
appear on under side of branch, scales dry, imbricated, about 6 stamens, each
198
CONIFERS
with 3-8 anther-cells, yellow ; Females solitary, on sides of branches, 1 ovule, surrounded by fleshy disk enclosed by small scales ; Fruit a hard seed, olive- green, ovoid, with bony testa imbedded in a red wax-like cup, mucilaginous and sweet.
Leaves in 2 rows, lying in 1 plane, linear, flat, thin, in. long, coriaceous, acute, convex and shining above, pale and unpolished below ; petiole very short, with half twist.
An evergreen tree, 15-50 ft. ; Trunk massive by coalescence of numerous shoots ; Branches spreading, nearly horizontal ; Twigs numerous ; Bark red, thin, flaking; growth very slow; Wood hard, close-grained, elastic, heartwood red.
Native of Britain. Latin name baccata from bacca, a berry ; English name from A.S. eoiv , the Yew. Reputed to be the longest-lived tree. Leaves poisonous.
PLUM FIR, Prumnopitys elegans.
Parks, gardens. May. Will thrive satisfactorily in smoky and dusty localities. Its Yew-like appearance has earned for it the name of the Plum- fruited Yew. Propagated by cuttings in pots of sandy loam under bell-glass in 60°-70° in summer.
Flowers in an axillary spike, peduncle 2-3 flowered, 1 -fruited by abortion, antheriferous scales numerous, imbricate, 2 cells on the under side, bract scales small, sessile, receptacle oval, on end of long neck, slightly 3-lobed, smooth, purple, persistent ; Fruit drupaceous, globular, smooth, fleshy, succulent, dark purple, without foot-stalk, size of Cherry ; seed with hard bony shell.
Leaves scattered or in 2 rows, linear, tapering both ends, appressed, coriaceous, rigid, glabrous, deep glossy green above, edges rusty, glaucous beneath, in. long.
An evergreen tree, 40-50 ft. ; pyramidal ; Branches numerous, erect, spreading, lower ones drooping and often sweeping the ground ; branchlets
short, stout, spreading ; Bark brown ; Wood hard, yellow, beautifully veined.
199
TREES AND SHRUBS
Native of Southern Chile ; introduced by Messrs. Veitch, 1860. Generic name from Gr. pons, podos, a foot ; karpos , a fruit, the fruits in most species having a foot-stalk. Syn. Podocarpus andina.
CHINESE JUNIPER, Juniperus chinensis.
Parks, gardens. April. The most beautiful of the Junipers, the male plants growing erect, and the female specimens being more spreading in habit. The Junipers are propagated by cuttings of young branches in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight in September or October; seeds in light soil in cold frame in April, transplanting into pots when 2 inches high, planting out a year afterwards.
Flowers usually dioecious ; Male catkins very numerous, bright orange- yellow ; Females axillary, bracteate ; Fruit baccate, very small, variable in shape, glaucous, violet-brown, 1-2-seeded.
Leaves in male form in whorls of 3, lanceolate, acute, stiff, channelled upper side, convex below, glaucous or bright green, without foot-stalks; on female plants in twos, opposite, four-rowed, scale-like, ovate, acute, oblong sunken gland on back, closely imbricated ; the leaves are often much alike on both sexes when young, and when mature exhibit transition from one form to another.
An evergreen tree, 20 ft. ; Branches in males numerous, irregularly alternate, spreading, higher ones nearly erect ; in females scattered, spreading, smaller ones quadrangular, seldom forked, often pointing downwards.
Introduced from China and Japan in 1804.
SAVIN, Juniperus Sabina.
Gardens, rockwork. April. Thrives best in light soil and dry situations.
Flowers dioecious ; Fruit a berry (galbule), oval, smooth, generally
1-seeded, blackish-purple, somewhat glaucous, about size of small currant,
l in. diam. borne on recurved peduncle-like branchlets.
200
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YEW.
( Tax us baccata. )
CONIFERS
Leaves in opposite pairs, scale-like, imbricated, oval, acute, keeled, or subulate and minute, disagreeable odour, bitter to taste.
An evergreen shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches trailing.
Native of S. Europe; introduced 1548.
RED CEDAR, Juniperus virginiana.
Parks, gardens. April. The largest of the Junipers grown in this country. Flowers dioecious, or rarely monoecious, in minute axillary cones ; Males solitary, oblong-ovate, stamens 10-12, each with 4-6 anther cells ; Females ovoid, seminiferous scales violet, acute, spreading, 1-2 ovules, bract scales 2-6 ; Fruit a cone, baccate, sub-globose, in. diam., greyish-brown, glaucous bloom, sweet, resinous, usually 1-2 seeds.
Leaves in opposite pairs, united at bases, usually subulate and spreading in young plants, minute, scale-like, closely imbricated, glandular or eglandular at back, usually acute or acuminate, in. long, dark blue-green or glaucous, persistent for several years, on young plants and branches |-f in. long, linear- lanceolate.
An evergreen shrub or tree, 30-50 ft. ; usually somewhat pyramidal outline ; Branches at first erect, ultimately decumbent ; branchlets numerous, crowded, 4-angled ; Trunk erect, varying shades of brown and red, scaly ; W ood bright red, close, firm, easily splitting, aromatic ; much used for cedar pencils.
Native of N. America, West Indies, and Japan, reaching 60-90 ft. in U.S.A. ; introduced 1664. Known as Virginian Juniper.
COMMON JUNIPER, Juniperus communis.
Downs, and rather dry, barren hills. May. Very variable as regards height, shape, and foliage.
Flowers dioecious ; Male flowers axillary, solitary or crowded ; Stamens
numerous, about 15, anthers 3-6-celled, pollen pale yellow ; Females in axils, 3-6
scales, fleshy, 1-2 ovules under each, several empty scales at base ; Fruit a cone VOL. II. 201 s
TREES AND SHRUBS
of false drupes (each a galbulus), baccate, globose, sub-sessile, very fleshy, 4-6 rudimentary, scarious, empty scales at base, blue-black, glaucous bloom, pun- gent, ripe in second year, 3 angular, hard seeds, each with several resin blisters.
Leaves opposite or whorls of 3, subulate, rigid, concave, margins thickened, sharply pointed, glaucous above, green below, ^-1 in., fragrant when bruised.
An evergreen shrub , much branched, 2-5 ft. ; or small tree, 10-25 ft. ; Bark fibrous, red-brown, flaking; Wood finely- veined, yellowish-brown, aromatic.
Native of Britain. Name Juniper a corruption of Fr. genevrier ; L. juniperus , — -juvenis, young, and parere, to bring forth, because it brings forth younger berries while those of previous year are ripening.
MONTEREY CYPRESS, Cupressus macrocarpa.
Parks, gardens. February, March. Grows exceptionally well near sea; suitable for damp or marshy ground. The species are propagated by cuttings of young branchlets 2 ins. long in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight, September or October ; seeds in pans of light soil in cold frame in April, trans- planting into small pots in following spring, planting out a year afterwards.
Flowers monoecious, minute, terminal, yellow, on separate branchlets ; Males with 6-8 stamens, connectives bearing 4-5 anther cells ; Females oblong, scales 6-10, thick, decussate, seminiferous scales bearing numerous ovules in several rows ; Fruit a cone, 1^-2 ins. long, 1 in. diam., light brown, clusters of 3-4, bosses of scales prominent, scales 8-12, ovate; seeds about 20 under each scale, angled, chestnut-brown.
Leaves closely imbricated, very dark grass-green, ^ in. long, on young plants in. long, ovate, thickened, rounded, glandular on back.
An evergreen tree, 50-60 ft. ; Branches reddish, close set, numerous, hori- zontal, extremities ascending ; branchlets generally lateral, opposite, long ; growth very rapid ; Bark dark red-brown on young stems and branches, white on old trunks; Wood heavy, hard, strong, durable, close-grained, yellow, takes fine polish.
202
CONIFERS
Native of California; seeds first sent to Europe, 1838; said to grow better here than in its native home on Pacific Coast. Syn. C. Lambertiana. Specific name from Gr. makros, long, karpos , fruit.
EVERGREEN CYPRESS, Cupressus sempervirens.
Parks, gardens. May. Thrives best in warm, sandy, or gravelly soil.
Flowers monoecious; Males numerous, yellow, £ in. long, stamens 10-12, decussate, bearing 3 pollen-sacs; Females fewer, 2-5 polyhedral, about 12 poly- gonal scales in decussate pairs, ovules several ; Fruit a cone, globular, 1-1^ in. diam., light brown, scales angular, peltate, corky outside, woody within, arranged in whorls separating at maturity ; seeds several under each scale, yellowish- brown, angular, \ in. long, covered with thin membranous skin.
Leaves small, closely imbricated, in opposite pairs, smooth, shining, yellowish-green, persistent 5-6 years, acicular on main stem.
An evergreen tree, 50-60 ft. ; usually flame-shaped, tapering, stem below branches very short ; Branches erect, close to trunk, much divided, in one plane, forming frond-like sprays ; branchlets quadrangular ; Bark scaly, reddish- brown ; Wood hard, close-grained, resinously fragrant, reddish-brown, practically indestructible.
Native of S. Europe, Asia Minor, and Persia. Believed to have been brought from Italy by Turner and planted at Syon House sometime before 1548 ; in Italy reaches 120 ft. ; two specimens still living planted by Michael Angelo (1475-1563).
LAWSON CYPRESS, Cupressus lawsoniana.
Parks, gardens, plantations. April, May.
Flozvers minute, monoecious, terminal, on separate branchlets ; Male flowers
numerous, at tips of short branchlets of previous year, cylindrical, bright crimson,
stamens with 2-6 anther cells, usually produced when tree is young ; Females of
few alternating whorls of small dark, ovate, acute bract scales, ovules several
203 s 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
(2-4) ; Fruit a cone, about size of large pea, clustered on upper lateral branchlets, 8 peltate, angular scales, very numerous, persistent ; seeds slightly winged, 3 or more to each scale.
Leaves very minute, closely imbricated, in alternate opposite pairs, obtuse or acute, usually an obscure tubercle towards apex, dark glossy green tinged with glaucous hue, persistent for 3-4 years.
An evergreen tree, 75-100 ft. ; Branches short, spreading, horizontal, much divided at extremities, curved, feathery, drooping; Bark brown, thick, round scaly ridges ; Trunk comparatively slender. Wt ood yellow, light, close-grained ; much used in N. America.
Native of N. America, where it reaches height of 120-200 ft. Believed to have been first discovered by Jeffrey, 1852-53. Named after Charles Lawson of Edinburgh, who first raised trees from seed. Synonymous with Chamcecyparis lawsoniana (Gr. chamai, the ground, i.e. dwarf, and kuparissos, the Cypress).
YELLOW CYPRESS, Cupressus nootkatensis.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers monoecious, minute ; Males on lateral branchlets of previous year, 8-10 stamens, sulphur-yellow; Females clustered near ends of upper branchlets, dark reddish-brown, scales bearing 2-4 ovules ; Fruit a cone, sub-globose, \ in. diam., nearly sessile, red-brown, scales 4-6, peltate, angular bosses erect, prominent ; seeds 2-4 under each scale, ^ in. long, red-brown, wings broad.
Leaves opposite in pairs, rounded, closely appressed, dark blue-green, some- times glandular-pitted on back, J in. long, on leading branchlets elongated, acute, begin to die end of second year, fall in third, pungent when crushed.
An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; with narrow pyramidal head ; Branches
horizontal, spreading, ramifying, distichous, terete or flattened ; branchlets
drooping, light yellow tinged red at first, afterwards red-brown, very aromatic
resinous exudation ; Bark light grey tinged brown, fissured, scaly ; JFood
204
CONIFERS
hard, brittle, close-grained, durable, yellow, fragrant with resinous odour, takes good polish.
Native of N. America, 120 ft. high. Named from Nootka Sound. Introduced in 1851 from Botanical Gardens, St. Petersburg.
OBTUSE-LEAVED JAPAN CYPRESS, Cupressus obtusa.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers monoecious ; Males terminal, cylindrical ; Females solitary at ends of same branchlets ; Fruit a cone, globular, about size of a grape, scales 8-10, cuneate at base, brown; seeds short winged, 2 at base of each scale, in sunken grooves.
Leaves mostly in whorls of 4, decussate, ovate-rhomboid, blunt, seldom pointed, closely adpressed, adhering nearly to points, only lower part visible, light green, persistent on young plants for several years.
An evergreen tree, 30 ft. ; Branches spreading, laterals fan-like, shining green ; Wood heavy, line-grained, white, taking high polish.
Introduced from Japan, 1850; there 70-100 ft. Called by Japanese “ Fu- si-no-ki,” tree of the Sun, and dedicated to God of the Sun. Syn. Chamcecyparis obtusci. Generic name from Gr. cfiamai, on the ground, and kuparissos, the Cypress. Known in gardens as Retinospora obtusci.
PEA-FRUITED RETINOSPORA, Cupressus pisifera.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers monoecious ; Males terminal on upper branchlets, cylindrical, obtuse ; Females terminal ; Fc'uit a cone, ovate-globose, about size of large pea, scales 10-12, in opposite cross pairs, imbricated, ovate-rhomboid, acute, crenulated, cuneate, resinous, woody, smooth, yellowish- brown ; seeds, 2 at base of each scale, wings membranous, brown.
Leaves in 4 rows, decussate, upper and lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering
to hard point, keeled on back, smooth, lateral ones falcate, acute, 2 white
glaucous bands beneath, all scale-like, imbricated.
205
TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen tree , somewhat pyramidal ; Branches numerous, thickly covered with slender, feathery, light-green branchlets.
Introduced from Japan, 1850. Name Retinospora from Gr. rhetine, resin, and sporos, seed, speiro, to sow, the seeds being coated with resin. Generic name from L. pisum, a pea, and fcro, to bear. Syn. Chamcecyparis pisifera.
AMERICAN ARBOR-VITiE, Thuya occidentalis.
Parks, gardens. April, May. Will thrive in damp soils. Pruning may be done in April or September. The species are propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass or in cold frame in September ; seeds in sandy soil in temperature of 55° in spring, transplanting to open ground when large enough to handle.
Flowers monoecious, minute, terminal, solitary, on different branchlets ; Males ovoid, stamens 4-6, sub-orbicular, peltate, anther cells 2-4 ; Females oblong, scales 8-12, oblong, acute, in opposite pairs, seminiferous scales bearing 2 ovules ; Fruit a cone, ovoid-oblong, | in. long, pale cinnamon- brown, scales oblong, acute, thin, coriaceous ; seeds ^ in. long, wings thin.
Leaves scale-like, decussate, acute, yellowish-green, in. long, on leading shoots appressed or spreading, rounded or keeled on back, acuminate, usually glandular, on laterals compressed, prominently keeled, brownish-green in growing season, brownish-purple in winter.
An evergreen shrub or tree, 40-60 ft. ; Branches stout, distant, horizontal ; branchlets spreading, lateral short and pendulous, yellow-green to cinnamon- red, then dark orange-brown, smooth, lustrous ; Bark red-brown tinged orange, fissured, scaly ; Wood light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, durable, fragrant, pale yellow-brown ; sometimes called White Cedar.
Native of N. America; introduced 1596. Thuia is old Greek name used by Theophrastus.
206
CONIFERS
GIGANTIC ARBOR-VITJE, Thuya plicata.
Parks, gardens. April. A fine graceful tree, which does well on exposed ground.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins oval ; Females solitary and terminal Fruit a cone, solitary at extremities of small branchlets, f- in. long, oval, tapering both ends, scales tapering, rounded or obtuse at apex ; seeds in twos at base of scales, little shorter than wings.
Leaves in alternate opposite pairs, scale-like, closely imbricated, without gland on back, those on branches distant, decurrent, acute, on branchlets very flat, in 4 rows, short, rounded, spiny pointed, glossy green above, silvery beneath.
An evergreen tree, 50-150 ft. ; Branches spreading, flat, horizontal, scattered, slender, deep brown; branchlets crowded, flattened, 2 rowed, slender, flexible, straight, undivided ; JVood fine-grained, yellow, soft, easily worked, moderately durable.
Introduced from N.W. America, 1851. Syns. T. gigantea (Nutt.), T. Lobbi, and T. Menziesii of gardens.
HATCHET-LEAVED ARBOR-VITiE, Thuya dolabrata.
Parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers cool, moist soil and shade ; hardy in south of England ; must be sheltered from cold winds.
Flowers monoecious, solitary and terminal ; Fruit a cone, sessile and terminal, ovate, squarrose, small, f in. diam., scales 8-10, woody.
Leaves in 4 rows, decussate, scale-like, broad, thick, ovate, rounded at point, hatchet-shaped, adpressed, imbricated, flat, furrowed along middle, margins concave, deep shining green above, silvery-white beneath.
An evergreen tree, 40-50 ft. ; pyramidal ; Branches vertical, pendulous at ends ; branchlets 2-rowed, 2-edged, alternate, flattened.
Introduced from Japan, 1861. Syn. Thuyopsis dolabrata.
207
TREES AND SHRUBS
CHINESE ARBOR-VITiE, Thuya orientalis.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers monoecious, terminal and solitary ; Fruit a cone, solitary at ends of branchlets, ovate-elliptic, 6-valved, in. long, light brown, scales 6, 2 central and 4 around sides.
Leaves in 4 rows, ovate-rhomboid, scale-like, imbricated, adpressed, decurrent, acute, shining green and glaucous when young, afterwards dull green, glandless.
An evergreen tree , 1 8-20 ft. ; or pyramidal bush ; Branches at first horizontal, afterwards fastigiate ; branchlets in 2 rows, flat.
Native of China and Japan. Many varieties in cultivation. Known in nurseries and gardens as Biota orientalis.
INCENSE CEDAR, Libocedrus decurrens.
Parks. January. Best on deep moist loam. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots or branchlets in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight, August or September ; seeds in pans of sandy soil in cold frame or greenhouse, October— April.
Flowers monoecious, solitary, terminal, on different branchlets ; Males ovate, nearly ^ in. long, stamens 12-16, connectives with 4 anther cells ; Females oblong, 6 seminiferous scales, bearing 2 ovules, bract scales 2-6 pairs, ovate, acute, yellow-green ; Fruit a cone, oblong, 1 in. long, erect, light red-brown, scales 2-3 pairs, sub-coriaceous ; seeds oblong-lanceolate, J in. long, ripening in 1 year.
Leaves in 4 ranks, oblong-obovate, scale-like, small, decurrent, adnate to branches except at apex, deep glossy green, ^ in. long on leading shoots, those of lateral ranks keeled and glandular on back.
An evergreen tree, 35-40 ft. ; columnar ; Branches slender, erect, lower ones
curved ; branchlets flattened, laterals 4-6 ins. long ; Bark cinnamon-red, scaly ;
208
CONIFERS
Wood light, soft, close-grained, durable in contact with soil, light reddish- brown.
Native of N. America, reaching 150 ft. in height. Discovered by Colonel Fremont; seeds sent home by Jeffrey, 1853. Generic name from Gr. libanos , incense, and cedrus, a Cedar, in reference to the resinous character of the wood. Specific name from L. decurro, I run down, referring to leaves. Known in nurseries as Thuja gigantea.
UMBRELLA PINE, Sciadopitys verticillata.
Parks, gardens. May. Requires leaf-soil or peat and moisture. Propagated by imported seeds sown in pots of moist sandy loam in cold frame or greenhouse, transplanting outdoors in following spring ; or sown outdoors in moist sandy loam in April, transplanting one year afterwards.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins terminal, somewhat globular, anther lobes 2 ; Females solitary, bract scales arranged spirally, seminiferous scales growing out from them and exceeding them in length, ovules 6-9 ; Fruit a cone, elliptical or cylindrical, obtuse, 2^-3 ins. long, 1^ in. diam., scales regularly imbricated, thin, bracts shorter than scales, cones produced after about 20 years ; seeds seldom ripening in England.
Leaves alternate, 30-40 at extremities of shoots, forming a sort of whorl like an open parasol, linear, 2-4 ins. long, ^ in. broad, sessile, slightly falcate, blunt or slightly notched, glabrous, coriaceous, double ribbed channel underside, yellow- green when young, afterwards deep green, persistent about 3 years.
An evergreen tree, 70-80 ft. ; conical ; Stem straight ; Branches horizontal, spreading, mostly in whorls, stiff, twiggy, young shoots cylindrical, leaves only at top, growth very slow.
Native of Japan; seeds first sent to England by Mr. J. G. Veitch, 1861 ; attains height of 120-150 ft. in native country. Name from Gr. scias, sciados, a shade, an umbrella ; pitys, pityos, a Pine-tree ; Low Latin verticillatus — verticillus, dim. of vertex, a whirl.
209
TREES AND SHRUBS
WELLINGTON! A, Sequoia gigantea.
Parks. April, May. A very ornamental tree in the early stages of growth. Propagated by cuttings of shoots in sandy loam under bell-glass, handlight, or cold frame, September or October ; seeds in well-drained pans of sandy loam in cold frame in spring, transplanting to nursery bed when large enough to handle.
Flowers monoecious ; Males terminal, in great profusion all over tree ; Females with 25-40 pale yellow scales, keeled, slender points ; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong, 2-3| ins. long, 1|— 2J ins. diam., dark reddish-brown, 25-30 scales with long reflexed tip ; seeds linear-lanceolate, J in. long, light brown, wings broad, solitary at ends of branchlets, maturing in second year.
Leaves spirally arranged, lanceolate or ovate and acuminate, rounded and thickened on lower surface, concave on upper surface, midrib obscure, rigid, acute, decurrent below, in. long, light bluish-green on young plants,
on leading shoots becoming dull grass-green, \ in. long.
An evergreen tree , 100 ft. or more ; conical ; Branches short, thick, horizontal ; branchlets slender, slightly drooping, reddish-brown tinged purple ; Bark red, scaly ; Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; some from trees grown in England has proved to be Arm and tough, not easily cut with a chisel.
Native of California, 270-320 ft. ; introduced by William Lobb, 1853. Known as Big rJ free or Mammoth Tree. Synonyms S. Wellingtonia, Well- ingtonia gigantea.
RED WOOD, Sequoia sempervirens.
Parks. April. Best in deep, rich soil, and sheltered.
Flowers monoecious, minute ; Males terminal, in axils of upper leaves, ovate,
obtuse, numerous filaments bearing 2-5 globose 2-valved anther cells, bracts
imbricated, ovate, acute ; Females terminal, ovoid or oblong, seminiferous scales
bearing in 2 rows 5-7 pendulous ovules, bract scales about 20, ovate-acute
with incurved points ; Fruit a cone, oblong, solitary, terminal, 1 in. long, 15-20
scales, cuneiform ; seeds in. long, light brown.
210
YELLOW CYPRESS ( Cupressus nootkatensis)
A. Frond, showing cones. B. Longitudinal section of cone. C. Transverse section of cone.
Plate LXY.
CONIFERS
Leaves linear, falcate, resembling Yew, spirally alternate, spreading in 2 ranks by half-turn at base, acute or acuminate, slightly thickened on revolute margins, obscurely keeled, midrib conspicuous, decurrent at base, in. long, on leading shoots in many ranks, ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded and thickened on lower surface, concave, dying and turning brown at least two years before falling.
An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches slender, horizontal, much divided, frequently pendulous ; Bark thick, spongy, scaly, inner bark cinnamon- red ; Bud-scales ovate-acute, imbricated; Suckers produced; Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, easily split, durable in contact with soil, light red.
Native of California, there reaching height of 200-340 ft. ; free of branches for 75-100 ft., 90-100 ft. circumference, bark 18 ins. thick; some probably 1300 years old. Specimens brought home by Menzies, 1795 ; seeds first sent to Europe by William Lobb in 1853. Generic name in honour of Seequayah, a Cherokee Indian chief (1770-1843).
JAPAN CEDAR, Cryptomeria japonica.
Parks, gardens. May. Best in deep, rich soil with abundant moisture, and sheltered from cold winds. Propagated by cuttings of side shoots 2-3 ins. long in sandy soil under handlight or cold frame, September or October ; seeds in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April.
Blowers monoecious; Males in axillary spikes at ends of branchlets, mixed with young cones, oval or oblong, anther cells 3-5 at base of scales ; Females mostly solitary, some in clusters at extremities of branchlets, sessile, erect, globular, about size of a cherry; Fi'uit a cone, globular, §• in. diam., erect, singly or in clusters, scales cuneate, loose, brownish-red, margins rough and fringed ; seeds 3-5 under each scale, crustaceous, ripe in September, October.
Leaves spirally arranged in 5 rows, linear, 4-angled, falcate, rigid, sessile, decurrent at base, glabrous, bright bluish-green in summer and spring, bronzy- green in winter, \ in. long.
An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; Branches erect or horizontal, spreading,
211
TREES AND SHRUBS
frondose, brittle ; branchlets usually alternate, bright green ; Bark brownish- red ; IV ood heavy, soft, yellowish-white, easily worked, fragrant.
Introduced from Japan, 1844; there called “ Suga ” = evergreen, or “ Suga- mats ” = evergreen fir.
DECIDUOUS CYPRESS, Taxodium distichum.
Parks and gardens by banks of streams or marshy ground. May. A tree of great beauty, distinct among Conifers by reason of its red autumn foliage and peculiar root protuberances. Propagated by cuttings of shoots in sandy soil under handlight or in cold frame in September ; layering in September ; seeds in light soil outdoors in March, or pans or boxes of light soil in cold frame or greenhouse in March, transplanting to nursery bed when large enough to handle.
Floivers monoecious ; Males in long, flexible, pendulous panicles, 4-5 ins. long, pyramidal ; Stamens 6-8 ; Females 2-3 together near males, semini- ferous scales formed by an outgrowth from the upper side of the bract scale, each bearing 2 erect ovules ; Fruit a cone, ovate, about as large as pigeon’s egg, pendent at ends of branches, scales thick, dull brown ; seeds in. long, 2 at base of each scale.
Leaves deciduous, in 2 opposite rows (distichous), linear-lanceolate, flat, rather distant, pectinate, horizontally spreading, twisting at base, linear, sharply pointed, somewhat arching, convex outwards, bright yellow-green, \ in. long,
in. broad. Autumn tint dull red.
A deciduous tree, 80-90 ft. ; Branches stout, stiff, horizontal, ascending at ends, laterals rather pendulous ; branchlets short, very slender, feathery ; Stem usually hollow at base, deep longitudinal furrows ; Roots with conical excrescences H-2 ft. high, 4-5 ft. thickness, always hollow (cypress knees), smooth, soft, reddish bark, produced in greatest abundance in situations subject to inundations ; Heartvoood of reddish colour, light, not strong, soft, durable, little resin.
Native of N. America, in swampy regions, hence name of Swamp Cypress;
212
CONIFERS
introduced 1640. Name from Tawus, the Yew; eidos, appearance or re- semblance, from similarity of leaves ; distichos, arranged in 2 rows ; dis, twice ; stichos, a line.
CHILI PINE, A raucaria imbrieata .
Parks, lawns, shrubberies. June. Requires sun, moisture, and drainage. Propagated by seeds sown in light soil in temperature of 65°, February — April.
Flowers usually dioecious ; Male flowers cylindrical, 4-5 ins., pedunculate, singly or clusters of 6-7, yellow, scales numerous, long, imbricate, recurved, sometimes persistent for several years ; Females at ends of branches, 4 ins., almost spherical, broader at base, scales wedge-shaped, narrow, imbricate, brittle points; Fruit a cone, 6 ins. diam., globular, dark brown, scales easily detached, falling to pieces when ripe, 1-seeded, 200-300 seeds, 1^ in. long, thin, hard shell, winged, inverted, partly attached to scales.
Leaves verticillate, 7-8 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, 1| in. long, imbricate, closely encircling branches, thickened at base, coriaceous, stiff, keel- shaped below, sharp-pointed ends turned towards branches, concave, glabrous, shining, marked with longitudinal lines, dotted on both surfaces, persisting 15 years.
An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches in whorls, curved, with upward ten- dency, entirely covered by leaves, lower branches often dying off, general outline pyramidal; Bark thick, corky; JFood white, hard, heartwood bright yellow.
Native of S. Chili; discovered by Don F. Dendariarena, 1780; introduced by Arch. Menzies, 1796. Generic name from Arauco, in Chili.
INDIAN HEMLOCK FIR, Tsuga brunoiiiana.
Parks, gardens. April. Requires a sheltered position. Propagated by
seeds in sandy loam in temperature of 55 in March, or outdoors in April.
Flowers monoecious ; Males lateral ; Females terminal ; Fruit a cone,
solitary and terminal, sessile, pendent, ovoid, pale brown, £-£ in. long, scales VOL. ii. 213 T
TREES AND SHRUBS
broadly elliptic, obtuse, loosely imbricated, persistent ; seeds small, angular, wing obovate.
Leaves solitary, somewhat distichous or scattered, linear, flat, spreading, obtuse or slightly acute, minutely toothed towards apex, margins reflexed, glossy green above, silvery white-mealy beneath, £-1 in. long, easily detached by winter winds.
An evergreen tree, 70-80 ft.; pyramidal, with round head; Branches numerous, slender, pendent.
Native of Bhotan ; introduced 1838. Syns. Abies ( Pinus ) brunoniana , A. (Pinus) dumosa.
HEMLOCK SPRUCE, Tsuga canadensis.
Parks, gardens. April. Best in rather strong, damp loam ; good by a lake side. “Few evergreen trees can surpass the Hemlock Spruce for beauty and richness of foliage, or distinct and pleasing outline ; and during spring and early summer the young drooping shoots, of a lively yellowish-green, contrast nicely with the dark and sombre hue of the older foliage, and form a com- bination that for beauty of effect is certainly hard to match.” — Webster.
Flowers monoecious ; Males sub-sessile, solitary, in axils of upper leaves, globose, light yellow ; Stamens numerous, anther cells sub-globose with short gland-like tips ; Females solitary, terminal, erect, globose, pale green, scales nearly circular, stipitate, bracts shorter than scales, lacinate ; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong, acute, in. long, pendulous, stalks puberulous, scales about 25, orbicular-oblong, obtuse, minutely lacerate or entire ; seeds very small.
Leaves spirally disposed, irregularly distichous, oblong, rounded at apex, rough at margins, obscurely grooved on upper surface, dark green above, silvery stripes beneath, downy when young, in. long, deciduous in third year, woody bases persistent.
An evergreen tree, 60-70 ft.; pyramidal, with rounded or flattened head;
Branches slender, horizontal or pendulous, rather flat, downy when young ;
branchlets light yellow-brown, becoming glabrous and dark red-brown tinged
214
CONIFERS
purple ; Bark cinnamon-red to grey, tinged purple, narrow rounded ridges, scaly ; Buds obtuse, puberulous, chestnut-brown ; IV ood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable when exposed to air, light brown tinged red ; astringent inner bark much used in U.S.A. and Canada for tanning.
Introduced from N. America, 1736. Tsuga is the Japanese name.
MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK, Tsuga mertensiana.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers monoecious ; Males on slender, pubescent, drooping stems, violet- purple ; Females erect, bracts larger than scales, dark purple or yellow-green, tips slender, reflexed ; Fruit a cone, sessile, oblong-cylindrical, ^-3 ins. long, scales thin, cuneate, puberulous, margins erose, 4-5 times as long as bracts ; seeds light brown, wings ^ in. long.
Leaves spiral, 2-ranked, remote on leading shoots, crowded on laterals, sometimes grooved on upper surface, slightly ribbed on lower, bluntly pointed, bluish-green, ^ in. long, persistent 3-4 years.
An evergreen tree, 70-150 ft. ; Branches slender, pendant ; branchlets thin and flexible, or stout and rigid, light reddish-brown, pubescent, becoming greyish-brown and scaly ; Bark with rounded ridges, scaly, dark cinnamon-red tinged blue or purple ; Buds acute, slender, deciduous subulate tips ; growth rapid ; W ood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, pale brown or red.
Introduced from N. America, 1851.
JAPAN HEMLOCK SPRUCE, Tsuga Sic bold/.
Parks, gardens. April. A species of neat and elegant habit, suitable for planting in confined spaces.
Flowers monoecious ; Fruit a cone, terminal and solitary, elliptic, blunt,
1 in. long, in. diam., scales 20-30, imbricated, coriaceous, slender at base,
215 T 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
obtuse at apex, thin, shining pale brown, bract scales narrow, truncate, irregularly bifid ; seeds small, wings thin, membranous.
Leaves solitary, somewhat distichous, frequently alternate, slightly linear, flat, obtuse, rarely acute, entire, smooth, dark shining green above, 2 white glaucous bands beneath, short round foot-stalks.
An evergreen tree , 80-100 ft. ; Branches numerous, irregularly spreading, drooping at extremities ; branchlets slender, recurved ; Buds minute ; growth slow.
Native of Japan; introduced 1853. Syn. Abies Tsuga. Japanese name Tsuga = Yew-leaved.
ALCOCK SPRUCE, Picea alcocfdana.
Parks, gardens. May. The species of Picea are propagated by cuttings in sandy soil in cold frame, or in pots under bell-glass or handlight outdoors, August or September ; layering of shoots or branches in autumn ; grafting on Norway Spruce in March ; seeds sown in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April.
Flowers monoecious ; Fruit a cone, solitary or sub-aggregate, oblong-cylindri- cal, obtuse both ends, 2 ins. long, scales oblong-ovate, loosely imbricated, cartilaginous, margins denticulate, shining ; seeds small, cinnamon-coloured, wing obovate, ^ in. long.
Leaves spirally arranged, linear-oblong, 4-sided, falcate, rigid, mucronate, concave and deep green above, glaucous bands below, twisted at base, \ in. long. An evergreen tree, 90-120 ft. ; pyramidal.
Native of Japan ; introduced by Messrs. Yeitch, 1861. Named in compliment to Sir Rutherford Alcock, British Minister at the Court of Yeddo, Japan.
NORWAY SPRUCE FIR, Picea excels a.
Woods, parks, plantations. May. Prefers moist soil and cold situation.
Flowers monoecious ; Males on long stalks, isolated in leaf axils, f in. long,
divoo or sub-globose when young ; Stamens red, pollen-sacs yellow, scales thin,
216
CONIFERS
notched, striate, loosely imbricated ; Females sessile at tips of preceding year’s shoots, l-|—2 ins. long, cylindrical, erect at first, scales thin, emarginate or toothed, purplish-red ; Fruit a cone, terminal, cylindrical, pendent, 5-7 ins. long, H— 2 ins. broad, brown, scales 1 GO-1 80, persistent, thin, flat, naked, truncate at summit, 1-lJ in. long, \ in. broad ; seeds small, 2 at base of each scale, wing five times as long, brown.
Leaves acicular, spirally scattered, quadrangular, persistent, needles f-1 in. long, very sharp, persisting 6-7 years ; petiole short.
An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches in regular tiers, ascending towards extremities when young, drooping when older, spray drooping, giving feathery appearance, leading shoot in young trees very prominent ; Bark thin, smooth, brown in young stage, warty and shed in irregular scales later ; Buds conical, not resinous ; Roots given off horizontally very near surface; Wood light, even- grained, elastic, durable ; used for masts, ladders, scaffolding, telegraph poles, deals, wood-pulp, &c. &c. ; also furnishes Burgundy pitch ; young plants often used for Christmas trees.
Native of mountainous parts of Europe and Asia; introduced about 1548.
Name Spruce Fir possibly of German (Prussian) origin, meaning the Fir- tree whose shoots were most used for making spruce-beer (Ger. sprossen-bier — sprossen, young shoots of trees — spriessen, to sprout).
Pine-apple Galls resembling imperfect cones, bearing shoot at summit, produced by Spruce Cone Aphis Adelges ( Chernies ) abictis ; shoots often dis- torted, sometimes killed; most frequent on young trees; galls said to be eaten by Laplanders.
HIMALAYAN SPRUCE, Picea Morinda.
Parks, gardens. April. Best on cold soils.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins usually solitary, cylindrical, sessile, 1 in.
long; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong to nearly cylindric, 4-G ins. long, If in. diam.,
pendulous, scales obovate, rounded, coriaceous, margin thin, dark brown,
217
TREES AND SHRUBS
glaucous when young ; seeds small, nearly black, wing obliquely spathulate, ripening in February of second year.
Leaves spirally arranged round branches, 4-sided, stiff, acutely pointed, scattered, 1-1^ in. long, dark green.
An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft.; pyramidal; Branches horizontal; hranchlets pendulous, tassel-like ; Bark greyish-brown, divided into small rounded or quadrangular scales.
Native of the Himalayas from Bhutan to Kafiristan; introduced 1818. Syns. Abies Smithiana and Pinus Smithiana.
BLACK SPRUCE, Picea nigra.
Parks, gardens. May. Succeeds best in cool, moist loam.
Flowers monoecious, axillary ; Males sub-globose ; Stamens numerous, anthers dark red ; Females oblong-cylindrical, scales obovate, purple, bracts oblong, purple, glaucous, rounded at apex ; Fruit a cone, 1-lf in. long, ovate, scales puberulous, rounded, toothed, purple when young, sometimes persistent 20-80 years ; seeds oblong, ^ in. long, dark brown, wings \ in. by i in.
Leaves spirally disposed round branches, linear, slightly incurved above middle, quadrangular, pale blue-green, glaucous, in. long, hoary on upper surface.
An evergreen tree, 50-80 ft. ; Branches short, drooping, lower tier often resting on ground ; hranchlets light green, pale pubescence, scaly ; Bark grey- brown, scaly; Buds ovate, acute, reddish-brown; JFood light, soft, not strong, pale yellow-white.
Introduced from N. America, 1700.
EASTERN SPRUCE, Picea orientalis.
Parks, gardens. May. Thrives on sandy soil ; well suited for exposed situations.
Flowers monoecious ; Fruit a cone, sub-cylindrical, tapering towards apex,
3 ins. long, £ in. diam., scales loosely imbricated, broad at base, rounded at
218
NORWAY SPRUCE FIR {Pirea excelsa )
Branch with mature cone. B. Female flowers. C. Male flowers. D. Scale of cone with 2 winged seeds. E. Gall of Chermes abietes on young shoot. F. Loaf (enlarged).
CONIFERS
apex, sub-entire, bracts shorter than scales ; seeds very small, nearly black, wing short and broad.
Leaves solitary, covering branches on all sides, sub-quadrangular, acute, deep green both sides, \ in. long.
An evergreen tree, 70-80 ft. ; Branches straight, slender, stiff.
Native of the Caucasus; introduced 1825.
TIGER’S-TAIL SPRUCE, Picea polita.
Parks, gardens. May. This is one of the handsomest and hardiest of the Japanese Conifers, admirably suited for the lawn or park.
Flowers monoecious ; Fruit a cone, solitary and terminal at ends of branchlets, ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at both ends, glabrous, 3-4 ins. long, 2 ins. diam., erect at first, pendent later, scales numerous, persistent, closely imbricated, coriaceous, obovate, cuneate at base, entire, chestnut- brown ; seeds small, nearly black, wings thin.
Leaves arranged round branchlets, straight or slightly falcate, stiff, somewhat quadrangular, acute or acuminate, entire, glabrous, glossy dark green, f-1 in. long.
An evergreen tree, 40 ft. ; Branches horizontal, stiff ; branchlets pendulous ; Bark yellowish ; Buds large, globose, reddish-brown ; Wood almost white.
Native of Japan; there 80-100 ft.; introduced 1861. Japanese call it “ Torano-wo-momi ” (the Tiger’ s-tail Fir), because long pendulous branches on old trees bear resemblance to a tiger’s tail.
BLUE SPRUCE, Picea pungens.
Parks, gardens. May.
Flowers monoecious ; Males yellow tinged red ; Females, scales oblong or
obovate, pale green, apex denticulate, truncate or emarginate, bracts acute ;
Fruit a cone, oblong-cylindrical, 3 ins. long, sessile or short-stalked ; seeds J in.
long, wings £ in. long, rounded at apex.
219
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves stout, rigid, strongly incurved, acuminate, 1-1^ ins. long on sterile branches, on fertile branches about half as long, bluish-green or steel-blue, changing to blue-green after 3-4 years.
An evergreen tree, 50-80 ft. ; Branches horizontal ; branchlets short, stout, glabrous, bright orange-brown to light greyish-brown ; Bark grey tinged cinnamon-red ; Buds stout, obtuse or acute, in. long, scales chestnut-
brown ; Wood light, soft, close-grained, weak, pale brown or nearly white.
Native of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Syn. P. parry ana. It is the Abies (Picea) Engelmanni of gardens.
MOUNT ATLAS CEDAR, Cedrus atlantica.
Parks, gardens. September, October. Suitable for limestone soils, doing well on bleak and exposed ground, and thriving in seaside towns. In its early stage it is much like the Cedar of Lebanon, but later is to be recognised by its more erect habit and rigid branches. The species are propagated by seeds sown in well-drained pans of light soil in cold frame in April, transplanting outdoors in following spring.
Flowers monoecious ; Males solitary and terminal, cylindric, erect ; Females solitary, erect, oval, obtuse ; Fruit a cone, chocolate-brown when ripe, ovate, flattened or depressed at ends, erect on upper sides of branches, light brown, resinous, 2}-3 ins. long, scales closely appressed, smooth, broad, coriaceous, thin edges ; seeds in twos under each scale, irregular or angular, wing thin, 1 in. or more long.
Leaves in tufts or singly on young shoots, cylindrical or flattened, acute, furrowed, rigid, straight, glaucous green or silvery hue, in. long.
An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft. ; erect, pyramidal ; Branches slender, ascending to horizontal, mostly opposite, terminal shoots not pendulous, growth rapid ;
Wood compact, fine-grained, durable.
Native of Atlas Mountains, Algeria; introduced 1843.
220
CONIFERS
DEODAR or INDIAN CEDAR, Cedrus Deodar a.
Parks, gardens, shrubberies. September, October. This is a handsome tree at all times, but in the young stage it is made especially ornamental by reason of its pendulous leader and gracefully drooping branch-tips. It is not particular as to soil, but will not thrive in cold and exposed situations.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, resembling C. Libani, at ends of arrested branchlets ; Males erect, 2-3 ins. long ; Fruit a cone, narrower and more lax than C. Libani, ovoid-cylindrical, shortly stalked, often in pairs, usually on upper sides of top branches, 3-5 ins. long, bluish when young, pale reddish- brown when mature, scales closely imbricate, deciduous ; seeds ^~§ in., wing triangular, § in. long.
Leaves fascicled, triquetrous, rigid, larger than C. Libani, dark bluish-green, light glaucous bloom.
An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. ; elongated pyramidal or conical outline ; terminal shoots of branches slender, pendulous ; Branches of young trees slender, very flexible, drooping.
Native of Western Himalayas, where it attains a height of 150 ft. or more, its timber being very durable, lasting for hundreds of years ; used for railway- sleepers, bridges, &c. ; owing to fragrance, Hindus burn wood as incense ; seeds first introduced to England by Hon. W. L. Melville, 1831.
CEDAR OF LEBANON, Cedrus Libani.
Parks, gardens. May. Best in deep soil where roots have access to water.
Flowers monoecious, not usually produced under 25-30 years ; Males
isolated, § in. long, erect, ovoid, yellowish, mostly near apex of tree, scales
broad, thin, closely imbricated ; Females 31-4 ins. long, ellipsoid-oblong, purple
when young ; Fruit a cone, erect, oblong, oval, pedunculate, purplish-brown,
resinous, 3-4} ins. long, 1|— 2f ins. diameter, scales woody, thin, margin
somewhat membranous, very compact, in young stage grey ish -green tinged
221
TREES AND SHRUBS
with pink ; seeds angular, wing cuneate, at least two years to ripen, persistent for several, \ in. long, wings lj in. long, rounded cuneate.
Leaves singly on elongated branches, or fascicled on dwarf shoots, arranged spirally, but mostly on upper side, short, rigid, nearly cylindrical, acute, 1 in. long, dark green, persistent for 2 years, very slow in decaying.
An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. or more under favourable conditions ; Branches horizontal, large, rigid, in distinct layers or stages, forming a broadly pyramidal head or flattened top ; hranchlets flat, fan-like, numerous, thickly set ; Bark on branches greyish-brown, smooth, peeling in thin flakes, on trunk thick, rough, deeply fissured ; Wood in this country reddish-white with streaks, soft, apt to shrink and warp, not durable, sweet-scented for only first year after being felled.
Native of Lebanon and Taurus in Syria ; introduced about 1860. Name from O.F. cedre ; L. cedrus ; Gr. kedros, cedar-tree.
COMMON LARCH, Larix europcea.
Woods, plantations, gardens. April, May. Best in elevated open situa- tions, preferring alluvial sandy loam. Propagated by seeds sown in sandy soil in November, transplanting when two years old.
Flowers monoecious ; Males isolated, sessile, ovoid-globose to shortly cylindrical, pale green passing to yellow, in. long, scales thin, stamens
almost peltate ; Females cylindrical, blunt, solitary, §— § in. long, crimson- purple when young, pale brown later, scales thin, pointed ; Fruit a cone, lax, ovate, erect, brown, red when young, 1 in. long, ripe in late autumn, persisting for a long time, scales persistent, roundish, reddish-brown; seeds ovate, winged ; cones along twigs in rows, numerous.
Leaves fascicled, 30-60 in a bundle, linear, soft, blunt, or rounded at point, spreading, slightly recurved, bright green, deciduous.
A deciduous tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches spreading, horizontal, lower ones
with a downward tendency, turning upwards at tips ; Twigs mostly pendulous ;
Bark brown, separable into thin layers, deep longitudinal fissures ; quick in
growth ; Wood reddish-brown or yellowish-white, durable, tough, with but
222
Plate LXVII.
CONIFERS
few knots, withstanding alternation of wet and dry, susceptible of high polish ; used in carpentry and joinery, and for poles ; trunk furnishes Venice tur- pentine ; bark used in tanning.
Native of Europe; introduced somewhere about 1629. Name Larch from Old French larice ; L. laricem, ace. of lariv ; Gr. larioc, a larch.
Bark attacked by a beetle known as Larch Blight ( Bostrichus laricis) ; Foliage — Larch Aphis ( Chernies laricis ), Larch Miner ( Coleophora laricclla ) ; Timber — Giant Sirex (Sir ex gigas ).
Fungoid Pests: — Sulphury Wood Rot ( Polyporus sulfureus), Larch Canker (Dasyscypha calycina), probably caused by Peziza Willkommii.
GOLDEN LARCH, Pseudolarix Kcempferi.
Gardens, plantations. May. “ This is a distinctly ornamental Conifer, and that at three different periods of the year — early spring, when the tender green leaves are unfolding ; autumn, when they put on the lovely golden colour ; and during the leafless period, when the yellowish-green or golden- brown bark of the younger branches shows off to perfection, and renders the tree distinct from almost every other species in cultivation.” — Webster. Propagated by seeds sown in well-drained pots of sandy loam in cold greenhouse or frame in April, transplanting outdoors in following spring ; or sown outdoors in moist sandy soil in April, transplanting in following year.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins shortly stalked, 20 or more, clustered in umbellate pendulous tufts at extremities of side shoots ; Fruit a cone, pendulous, 3 ins. long, ins. diam., scales 50-60, triangular, deciduous, diverging, cordate, woody ; seeds as large as scales ; cones break up at the least touch.
Leaves slender, linear-lanceolate, clustered on the adult branches, singly on leading shoots and young plants, 1^— 2| ins. long, pale green when young, golden-yellow in autumn, deciduous.
A deciduous tree, 120 ft.; Branches resembling />. europcca ; Bark dark grey, young shoots yellowish-green or golden-brown.
Native of China ; introduced 1846. First discovered by Kaimpfer (1651-1716),
223
TREES AND SHRUBS
and subsequently by Fortune. Name from Gr. pseudo , false, and Larix , a larch. Chinese call it Kara-viats (Pine full of buds) and Kin-le-sung (Com- mon Golden Pine) ; Japanese name is Seosa-mats (deciduous Fir).
SHORT-LEAVED SILVER FIR, Abies brachypliylla.
Parks, gardens. May. The species of Abies are propagated by seeds sown in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April.
Flowers monoecious ; Males axillary or terminal ; Females solitary on short branchlets, cylindrical ; Fruit a cone, solitary, purplish, oblong-cylin- drical, obtuse at apex, sessile, erect, 3^ ins. long, lj in. diam., scales reniform, resinous, margins entire, bracts cuneate, dentate ; seeds cuneate, angular, full of turpentine, wings broad at top.
Leaves crowded, linear, straight or curved, flat, enlarged at base, obtuse or sub- emarginate, furrowed upper side, white glaucous stripes beneath, | in. long.
An evergreen tree, 40 ft. ; pyramidal ; Branches horizontal, whorled.
Native of Japan (120 ft.); introduced 1870.
MOUNT ENOS FIR, Abies cephalonica.
Parks, lawns. May. Grows well in exposed situations ; best in good clayey loam. A handsome tree, well adapted for the woodland, or as a specimen on a lawn.
Flowers monoecious; Fruit a cone, erect, cylindrical, green when young, reddish when maturing, brown when ripe, 5-6 ins. long, 1^ in. diam., scales broad, thin, rounded, shorter than bracts, bracts linear-oblong, attenuated below, unequally toothed, point sharp, reflexed.
Leaves regularly disposed, like stiff bottle-brush, around branches, subulate, flat, acute, dark olive-green above, two silvery lines beneath.
An evergreen tree, 50-80 ft. ; Branches numerous, whorled ; Buds quad- rangular, acute, resinous ; JVood hard, very durable, extremely resinous.
Introduced from Greece, 1824. Found on Mount Enos, or the Black
Mountain, Cephalonia. Seeds first sent home by General Sir Charles Napier.
224
CONIFERS
CILICIAN SILVER FIR, Abies cilicica.
Parks. May. A tree resembling the Common Silver Fir (A. pectinate), but with branches and foliage less plentifully produced ; it is not very hardy.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins pedunculate, cylindrical, rounded at ends ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, 6-8 ins. long, scales broad, entire, thin, coriaceous, bracts ligulate, crenated, hidden by scales ; seeds three-cornered, full of turpen- tine, wings cuneate.
Leaves crowded in 2 ranks, linear, slightly curved or straight, dark green above, glaucous beneath, 1-1 f in. long.
An evergreen tree, 40-60 ft. ; Branches mostly in whorls, lower ones hori- zontal ; branchlets slender, short, flat, spreading, in 2 horizontal rows.
Introduced from Mount Taurus, in Asia Minor.
COLORADO WHITE FIR, Abies conco/or.
Parks, gardens. May. The yellow bark on the young branches makes this a very attractive tree. It is distinguished by its leaves being nearly of the same colour on both surfaces. It thrives wrell in exposed situations.
Flowers monoecious ; Males red or rose ; Females, scales broad, rounded ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, produced singly, obtuse both ends, 3-5 ins. long, 2-2) ins. diam., scales numerous, imbricated, larger than short-pointed bracts; seeds TT in. long, dark dull brown, wings rose.
Leaves distichously arranged in double rows, those in lower rows 2-3 ins. long, upper ones shorter, channelled above, linear, flat, obtuse or emarginate on vege- tative shoots, acute on shoots bearing cones, glaucous green, those on fertile branches often falcate.
An evergreen tree, 80-150 ft. ; Bark on young branches yellow or orange, turning reddish-brown, then grey or greyish-brown, on old trunks thick, furrowed, irregular plate-like scales; Buds globose; Wood very light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong, pale brown, sometimes nearly white.
Native of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona; introduced 1851. Syn. Picea
lasiocarpa (Balfour). In California reaches height of 200-250 ft. vol. ii. 225
u
TREES AND SHRUBS
JAPAN SILVER FIR, Abies fir via.
Parks, gardens. May. Thrives best in light, rich loam, and sheltered from cold winds.
Flowers monoecious ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, stalked, blunt, slightly curved, 3-5 ins. long, 1 in. diam., scales cuneate at base, rounded and crenulate, membranaceous, deciduous, bracts acute ; seeds triangular, wings broad.
Leaves solitary, somewhat 2-rowed, linear, flat, blunt at apex or bifid, slightly falcate, smooth, coriaceous, rich green above, silver lines below, 1 in. or more long, sometimes cleft at tips in young stage of growth.
An evergreen tree, 40-50 ft. ; Branches whorled, horizontal, spreading, flat ; branchlets opposite ; Buds oval, smooth, in threes, scales imbricate, membranaceous.
Native of Japan; there called “Uro-Siro” (leaves white beneath) and “Sjura-Momi” (White or Silver Fir); introduced 1861. Syn. A. bifida.
GREAT SILVER FIR, Abies grandis.
Parks, gardens. May. A handsome Conifer, well adapted for ornamental planting, and growing well on poor soils.
Flowers monoecious, usually on upper branches of tree ; Males pale yellow, sometimes tinged purple ; Females light yellow-green, scales semicircular, bracts short, oblong, apex broad, obcordate, emarginate, reflexed tip ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, bronzy-green, 2-4 ins. long, usually in pairs, 1^ in. diam., scales broad at apex, 3-4 times length of bracts ; seeds § in. long, light brown, wings -J— | in. long, nearly as broad at apex.
Leaves thin, flexible, deeply grooved, dark green above, silvery-white beneath ; on sterile branches remote, terete, emarginate ; on fertile branches crowded, nearly erect, obtuse or notched at apex ; on young trees acute or acuminate.
An evergreen tree, 70-100 ft. ; Branches in flat horizontal tiers, somewhat
pendulous ; branchlets glabrous, pale yellow-green to brown ; Bark smooth,
226
CONIFERS
grey-brown or yellow-brown, broken into oblong plates ; Buds globose ; W ood light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong nor durable, light brown, very resinous, taking good polish.
Native of N. America, there attaining height of 250-300 ft. ; seeds sent home by Douglas, 1831.
BALSAM FIR, Abies balsamea.
Parks. June. Does well in cool, rather moist soil.
Flowers monoecious ; Males dark indigo-blue, turning violet ; Females, scales obovate, dark violet-purple, bracts long, reflexed, tips slender ; Fruit a cone, oblong-cylindrical, truncate or depressed at apex, dark purple, 2|-4 ins. long, 1—1^ in. diam., scales rounded and broad at apex, 3 times length of bracts, bracts obovate, red-brown, lacinate, long slender tips ; seeds ^ in. long, wings nearly covering scales.
Leaves crowded, nearly erect by twist at base, on lower branches 1-lf in. long, sometimes emarginate at rounded apex, on upper branches shorter, thickened, usually acute, pale blue-green.
An evergreen tree, 40-70 ft., with dense spire-like head; Branches crowded, short, tough, somewhat pendulous ; Bark fissured, roughened with red scales, resin known as Canada Balsam ; Buds sub-globose, scales orange-brown ; growth slow ; Wt iod light, soft, not strong, pale brown or nearly white.
Native of Canada and North-East U.S.A. ; introduced 1696. Known also as Balm of Gilead.
RED FIR, Abies nobilis.
Parks. May. The deep silvery glaucous foliage and regular branches make
this perhaps the most beautiful of the Silver Firs.
Flowers monoecious; Males reddish-purple; Females scattered over upper part
of tree, scales shorter than bracts, toothed, slender reflexed tips, bracts nearly
orbicular ; Fruit a cone, oblong-cylindrical, obtuse both ends, 4-6 ins. long,
227 u 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
purple or olive-brown, pubescent, scales narrowed towards base, bracts spathulate, recurved, pale green; seeds | in. long, pale red-brown, wings about as long as seeds.
Leaves crowded in several rows, two ranked on lower side of branches, others incurved ; on sterile branches 1-1^ in. long, flat, rounded, notched at apex ; on fertile branches usually 4-sided, acuminate, two glaucous bands beneath.
An evergreen tree, 80-90 ft. ; Branches short, rigid, laterals at right angles ; branchlets slender, reddish-brown ; Bark 1-2 ins. thick, fissured, scaly, red- brown ; Buds ovoid-oblong, red-brown; Wood hard, light, strong, close-grained, pale brown streaked red ; sapwood darker.
Native of N. America, where it attains height of 150-250 ft.; intro- duced 1831.
NORDMANN’S SILVER FIR, A hies n ordmanniana .
Parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers deep, heavy, rich loam on clay or rock. It is one of the finest and most valuable of the genus, scarcely to be surpassed as a park or lawn tree.
Flowers monoecious ; Males in groups or clusters, generally pendent, abundant on old trees ; Females generally solitary, erect, produced on young trees some years before males appear ; Fruit a cone, erect, slightly ovoid, pedunculate, 4-6 ins. long, 2j-2f ins. diam., scales obtuse, recurved, smooth, entire, deciduous, bracts large, coriaceous, 3-lobed, greatly exceeding scales ; seeds triangular, about 160, 2 under each scale, wings membranous.
Leaves single, arranged spirally on shoots, on young trees spreading in 2 rows, with half-twist at base, linear, rigid, flat, minutely bifid at apex, dark shining green above, silvery beneath, 1 in. long.
An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; resembling Silver Fir ; Branches whorled, lower ones horizontal, upper erect ; Wood hard, closed-grained, durable.
Named after Professor Nordmann, who discovered the species in the Crimea,
1848.
228
CONIFERS
SILVER FIR, A hies pectinata.
Parks, plantations. May. Best in moist, open soil ; will grow beneath the shade and drip of other trees.
Floivers monoecious ; Males crowded in leaf axils of shoots of preceding year, especially at tip of tree, f- in. long, *2-3 whorls of overlapping pale green scales, enclosing greenish-yellow stamens ; Females cylindrical, erect, on upper side of apex of last year’s shoots of top branches (August), 1-lJ in. long, numerous pale green bracts, scales pale green, obovate, toothed, tip prolonged beyond seminiferous scales ; Fruit a cone, axillary, erect, cylindrical, 6-8 ins. long, 1^-2 ins. broad, brown, seminiferous scales falling with seeds, bract scales |-1|- in. long, l£ in. broad ; seeds triangular, abounding in balsam.
Leaves linear, solitary, flat, twisted at base so as to lie in two horizontal rows, obtuse, stiff, turned up at points, shining green above, two silvery-white lines for 6-9 years, one on each side of midrib beneath, ^-1 in. long, persistent, brown scale-like leaves on buds, persisting at base of each year’s growth.
An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft. ; Branches horizontal, lower ones shed after 40-50 years ; Bark smooth, greyish-brown, in old trees rugged, fissured longitudi- nally, silvery-grey ; slow growth when young ; W ood yellowish-white, strong, not warping, does not withstand weather ; used for masts and in building, also for wood-pulp in paper-making ; Strasburg turpentine obtained from resin cavities under bark.
Native of Central and S. Europe; introduced about 1603; lives about 400 years ; specimens on Continent nearly 200 ft. high. Specific name from L. pecten , inis, a comb ; pecto, I comb.
Bark and Buds attacked by Fir Weevil ( Hylobius ahictis). Typographer Bark Beetle ( Bostrichus typographies).
Fungoid Pest: — Spruce Nectria ( Nectria cucurbitula).
SPANISH SILVER FIR, Abies Pinsapo.
Parks, lawns. May. Well adapted for planting on chalk or limestone, doing well on exposed ground.
229
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers monoecious ; Fruit a cone, sessile, oval or oblong, 4-5^ ins. long, 2 ins. diam., purplish-green, scales rounded, entire, cuneate at base, bracts short, concealed by broad rounded scales ; seeds angular, wings membranaceous.
Leaves disposed around branches, linear, rigid, thick, almost fleshy, nearly terete, entire at apex, prickly, bright green, faint silvery lines on inner side,
in. long.
An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; regular and symmetrical; Branches whorled, densely clothed with laterals ; Bark darker and more scaly than Common Silver Fir; Wood hard, close-grained.
Introduced from S. Spain, 1839.
DOUGLAS FIR, Pseudotsuga Douglasii.
Parks and plantations, gardens. May. Propagated by seeds sown in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April.
Flowers monoecious ; Males long-ovoid, orange-red, clustered at intervals on underside of previous year’s shoots, anthers numerous, globose ; Females small, at tips of lateral branches, pendulous, isolated or grouped, bracts acute, 2-lobed, midrib prolonged ; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong, pendulous, terminal, 2|-4 ins. long, l|-lf in. broad, reddish-brown, scales broad, rounded, bracts large, 3-clawed, middle awn long ; bears after about 25 years ; seeds reddish-brown, wings dark brown, rounded at apex, § in. long.
Leaves flat, linear, falcate, blunt, entire, pectinate, 2-rowed, rich green above, two silvery lines beneath, 1-lJ in. long, persisting 6-7 years.
An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft.; pyramidal outline; Branches at lowest part bending downwards, those higher spreading horizontally, uppermost slightly ascending ; branchlcts mostly in opposite pairs ; Bark thick, scaling, reddish-brown, deep irregular fissures ; W ood hard, durable, susceptible of fine polish ; heartwood yellow, fine-grained, light weight, or red, coarse-grained, and heavier ; sapwood yellowish ; used in shipbuilding ; timber known as Oregon Pine.
Native of N. America; seeds first sent to England by Douglas, 1826;
230
SCOTCH PINE ( Pinus sylvestris)
A. Branch with female flowers. B. Branch with male flowers. C. A stamen. D. Female flowers, enlarged.
E. Scale of cone, showing the 2 winged seeds.
Plate LXVIII.
CONIFERS
in America reaches height of 300 ft.; mast in Kew Gardens 159 ft. long; the tree probably lives 750 years; most widely distributed of American trees. Originally called Abies taxi folia', afterwards named by Dr. Lindley as Abies Douglasii, in memory of Douglas, still often described under that name ; more recently changed to P. Douglasii (Gr. pseudes, false, and Tsuga, a genus of Coniferse).
COULTER’S PINE, Pi nus Coulteri.
Parks. June. Best in deep sandy loam, and sheltered from south-westerly winds. The Pines are propagated by seeds sown in well-drained pots of sandy loam in cold greenhouse or frame in April, transplanting outdoors in following spring ; or in moist sandy soil outdoors in April, transplanting one year afterwards.
Flowers monoecious ; Males yellow ; Females dark reddish-brown ; Fruit a cone, oval, acute, pendant, 10-14 ins. long, 6 ins. diam., weight 4-5 lbs., yellow-brown, scales thick, woody, broad, ending in flattened knobs, armed with incurved spines in. long ; seeds oval, ^ in. long, chestnut-brown,
thick shell, wings about 1 in. longer than seed, ^ in. wide.
Leaves in tufts, usually 3, sometimes 4 or 5, terminal, stout, rigid, triangular, flattened, incurved, 9-12 ins. long, dark blue-green, persistent for 3-4 years.
An evergreen tree, 50-70 ft. ; Branches wide apart, long and pendulous below, short and ascending above ; branchlets stout, few, orange-brown, becoming nearly black ; Bark dark brown, fissured, scaly ; growth rapid ; IFood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light red.
Native of N. America; introduced 1832; seeds sent home by Douglas. Named in honour of Dr. Coulter. Also called P. macrocaipa (Large-coned Pine).
CORSICAN PINE, Pinus Laricio.
Parks, gardens. May. Suited for deep, rich soils. This handsome species may be recognised by the straight and finely-rounded trunk and the narrow spread of the branches.
u 3
231
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers monoecious; Male catkins at extremities of shoots, 6-15 in a cluster, 1-1^ in. long, yellow ; Females solitary or 2-3 in cluster, ovoid, reddish, scales with blunt triangular point, bract scales scarious ; Fruit a cone, solitary, or in pairs, or sometimes 3-4, pointing horizontally or slightly downwards, conical, straight or curved, yellowish-brown or tawny, 2-4 ins. long, 1|- in. diam. at base, bosses on young cones reddish-purple, scales elliptic, convex, short point ; seeds oval, greyish, with black spots, ripe in third year, wing 3-4 times length of seed.
Leaves 2-5 in a sheath, slender, ascending, spreading, curved or wavy, often twisted, finely striated, finely serrated, obtuse at apex, flat on one side, convex on other, dark green, glaucous, 4-8 ins. long, persistent 3-4 years.
An evergreen tree, 80-140 ft.; erect, pyramidal; Branches not numerous, in whorls of 5-6, often twisted at extremities, with tendency to curve round tree and upwards ; Bark reddish-grey, large plates ; Buds ovate, acute, resinous ; JF ood white, becoming brownish-yellow when seasoned, coarse- grained, elastic, resinous, easily worked, durable, takes high polish.
Native of S. Europe; said to have been introduced in 1814, but probably first planted at Kew in 1759 ; said to live 600 years.
Bark and leading shoots attacked by Pine Beetle (Hylesinus piniper da).
AUSTRIAN PINE, Finns Laricio, v. nigricans.
Parks, plantations. May. Does well on poor soils and in bleak and exposed situations, making an excellent seaside tree ; best on chalky soil. This is distinguished from the Corsican Pine by the much greater spread of the branches, the shaggy dark green foliage, and the light grey buds.
Flowers monoecious ; Male flowers f— 1 in. long, brilliant yellow, cylindrical, sub-sessiie in axils of scale-leaves ; Stamens shortly stalked ; Female cones on sides of shoots, sub-terminal, 1-3, sub-sessile, bright red ; Fruit a cone, 2-3 ins. long, sessile, erect, with rounded base, lying almost horizontal, scales smooth and shining, bosses strong, yellowish-brown ; seeds ripened in about H year.
Leaves in pairs, dense, rigid, erect, straight, rounded on one side, slightly
232
CONIFERS
channelled on the other, sharp-pointed, rich, dark glossy brownish-green, 2J-5 ins. long, toothed margins, sheaths persistent.
An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. ; somewhat pyramidal ; Branches long, stout, lower ones horizontal or slightly pendulous ; Bark dark, coarse ; Buds light grey ; JPood coarse-grained, very resinous, knotty, durable.
Native of Austria; introduced by Messrs. Lawson, 1835. A variety of the Corsican or Larch Pine ( Pinus Laricio). Sometimes called the Black Pine.
Bark and shoots attacked by Pine Beetle (Hylesinus piniper da).
CLUSTER PINE, Pi nus Pi n aster.
Parks, gardens. April, May. Grows well near the sea, and will grow on shingly gravel inland.
Flowers monoecious ; Males crowded, ovoid, | in. long ; Stamens golden- yellow, much rounded, irregularly toothed anther processes ; Females small, lateral, in pseudo whorls of 4-8 at tips of shoots, red-violet, seminiferous scales slightly longer than bracts ; Fruit a cone, nearly sessile in lateral clusters of 2-4, or whorls of 5-8, cylindric-ovoid, tapering at apex, base oblique, purplish to green to shining yellowish-brown, 4-6 ins. long, 2^ ins. diam. at broadest part, bosses prominent, scales pyramidal, l-l£ in. long, f in. broad, umbo ash- grey, ending in sharp spine ; seeds oblong, wings 1^ in. long, nearly 1 in. broad.
Leaves in twos, stiff, broad, fleshy, acute, slightly serrated, dark green, white lines beneath, 6-12 ins. long, sheaths £ in. long, pale yellow, turning nearly black.
An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. ; round-headed ; Stem with tendency to grow crooked ; Branches slender, in whorls, turning upwards at extremities ; Bark purplish, deeply fissured, plates 4-6 ins. long, 2 ins. wide ; Buds whitish-brown, woolly, non-resinous, £ in. long; IFood soft, reddish, not very durable; used in Naval work and carpentry.
Native of S. Europe; introduced about 1596. Called Cluster Pine from whorled clusters of cones. Specific name of Pin-aster or Star Pine said to have been given for same reason. Known in France as Maritime Pine, from extensive planting on coast.
233
TREES AND SHRUBS
STONE PINE, Pinus Pinea.
Parks, plantations. May, June. Best in sandy soil near sea, sheltered.
Floivers monoecious ; Male flowers in axils of lower scale-leaves, forming a cylindrical, spicate cone, in. long, each flower consisting of several
yellow stamens ; Female floivers solitary, or two together at top of lateral shoots, erect at first, pendulous afterwards, f in. long, scales pale green ; Fruit, a cone, solitary, orbicular, 4-6 ins. long, 3 ins. diam., red-brown, ripening in third year, scales stout, ligneous, hard, 2 ins. long, 1-1^ in. wide, cuneate, with a rhomboid boss and broad blunt prickle ; seeds § in. long, very short wing, enclosed in bony shell, ripening in fourth year.
Leaves on young trees single, short, later on in pairs, united at base by a pale sheath, semi-cylindrical, apex sub-acute, rigid, edges slightly scabrous, 6-8 ins. long, bright green, persisting 2-3 years.
An evergreen tree, 30-35 ft. ; with rounded umbrella-like head ; Branches spreading, mostly at top, stumps left as laterals decay ; branchlets generally ascending ; Bark red-grey, thick, rough, fissured longitudinally, often deeply peeling in patches; Wood soft, light, fine-grained, not durable; used in carpentry.
Native of Mediterranean, reaching 80 ft. in height. Often called Umbrella Pine. In Italy seeds eaten at dessert, and preserved as sweetmeats.
YELLOW PINE, Pinus ponderosa.
Parks. May.
Flowers monoecious ; Males yellow, persistent 4-5 years ; Females clustered or in pairs, dark red ; Cones 3-6 ins. long, ovoid, sub-terminal, singly or clusters 2-4, generally at extremities of smaller branches ; bosses of scales with small recurved triangular subulate spines ; seeds ovate, acute, £ in. long, wings 1-1^ in. by 1 in.
Leaves in twos or threes, 6-12 ins. long, sometimes twisted at base, rather rigid, 3-angled, compressed, edges rough, deep glaucous green, persistent
sheaths 1 in. long, shrivelled on older ones, mostly deciduous in third season.
234
TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 1)
A. Elm. B. Plane. C. Laburnum. C1. Section of bud. D. Sycamore. Z)>. Section of bud. E. Ash. EK Section of bud. F. Aspen. FK Section of bud. G. Oak. G\ Section of bud. H. Lilac. Hl. Section of bud. I. Lime. J. Elder. Plate LXIX.
CONIFERS
An evergreen tree, 100-150 ft., with tendency to twist ; Bark light yellowish- brown (cork colour), large plates, 4-8 ins. broad, flat, smooth ; Branches few, stout, in regular whorls, drooping when old ; smaller branches widely spreading or somewhat drooping, marked with scales of fallen leaves ; young trees of rapid growth ; Buds bluntly domed, prominent point, very resinous, brown ; Wood highly resinous, heavy, brittle, close-grained, said to sink in water.
Native of N. America, where it reaches 100-250 ft. ; introduced by Douglas from California, 1827.
SCOTS PINE, Pinus sylvestris.
Parks, gardens, plantations. May, June. Best in peaty soils.
Flowers monoecious ; Males in spikes, ^ in. long, ovoid, shortly stalked, at base of young shoots, pollen pale yellow ; Females egg-shaped, \ in. long, reddish, tapering, at first erect and stalkless, usually 2-3, scales few ; Fruit a cone, solitary, or 2-3 together, 2 ins. long, ovoid, conical, acute, recurved when young, shortly stalked, scales few, ends thickened into a quadrangular boss, small shield with deciduous point, persistent, ripe in about 18 months ; seeds ^ in. long, wing cuneate, 2-3 times as long as seed, scales disarticulating from axis of cone.
Leaves in pairs, dense, 2-3 ins. long, shorter on old trees, acicular, acute, grooved above, convex beneath, glaucous in first year, dark green in second, shed in third, sheaths small, fimbriate, persistent, nearly black.
An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; flat topped, rapid in growth ; Branches short, spreading, lower soon dying; Bark rough, red-brown, scaling; JVood in this country not very durable, red or white ; tree yields pitch, tar, resin, turpentine.
Naturalised all over Britain, indigenous in Scotland. Often called Scots Fir. Name Pine from A.S. pin-treo, a Pine-tree ; L. pinus, a pine.
Bark and leading shoots attacked by Pine Beetle ( Hylesinus piniperda ), shoots by species of Pine Shoot Moths ( Retinia ), which live in terminal buds and in resinous exudations from young branches ; Foliage — Pine Beauty ( Panolis piniperda). Pine Saw-fly ( Lophyrus pini).
Fungoid Pest: — Pine Cluster Cups ( Peridcrmium Pini).
235
TREES AND SHRUBS
SWISS STONE PINE, Pinus Cembra .
Parks, gardens. May. Best in a deep, rich loam on a porous subsoil.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins sessile, ellipsoid, § in. long ; Stamens bright yellow, anthers reddish-violet ; Females long-ovoid, violet, ovuliferous scales ovate, closely imbricated ; Fruit a cone, ovate, obtuse, erect, violet when young, brown when old, 3-4 ins. long, 2-2 1 ins. diam., scales smooth, broad obtuse spine ; seeds nut-like, edible, wingless, \ in. long, ripening in November of second year.
Leaves usually in clusters of 5, sometimes 4 or 6, slender, flexible, triquetrous, 3-ribbed, one rib shining green, the other 2 white opaque, edges rough, sharp- pointed, 2-5 ins. long, sheaths small, deciduous.
An evergreen tree, 50 ft. ; erect, blunt, pyramidal, slow of growth ; Branches from base to summit, short, erect, shoots pubescent ; Bark grey-brown, fissured, scaly ; Buds globose, long narrow point, whitish, within resin ; IFood soft, fine- grained, fragrant, resinous ; much used in manufacture of Swiss toys.
Native of mountains of S. Europe. Known also as Arolla. First planted by Duke of Argyll, 1746; seeds introduced by Lawson, 1828.
BHOTAN PINE, Pinus excels a.
Parks, gardens. M ay. Best on light gravelly loam, well drained.
Flowers monoecious ; Male catkins narrow-cylindrical, § in. long, dense clusters ; Fruit a cone, in pairs, or whorls of 4, rarely solitary, conoid-cylindrical, obtuse, curved, smooth, erect at first, purple or violet-rose, afterwards pendulous and dull green, foot-stalk nearly 1 in. long, cone 6-9 ins. long, 2| ins. broad at base, slightly recurved, rich bronze when ripe, unripe cones glaucous, full of turpen- tine and resin, scales wedge-shaped, loosely imbricated, thin, 1-2| ins. long ; seeds small, ovate, wing obliquely truncate, in. long, ripe in October or November of second year.
Leaves in fives, slender, flexible, drooping, triquetrous, rough edges, glaucous
on inner side, bluish-green and convex on outer, 4-8 ins. long.
236
CONIFERS
An evergreen tree, 60-150 ft. ; Branches whorled, spreading, upper ascending, lower somewhat pendulous ; Bark grey-brown, rough, scaly, on young stems smooth and nearly black, somewhat shiny, rapid of growth.
Native of the Himalayas. Discovered by Dr. Hamilton, 1802; and intro- duced by Dr. Wallich, 1827.
WEYMOUTH PINE, Pinus Strobus.
Parks. June. Best in a gravelly loam, and sheltered.
Flowers monoecious ; Males in pseudo whorls of 5-G at base of young shoots, cylindrical, i— | in. long, stalked, stamens numerous, yellow, scale bracts 3-6 ; Females singly or in pairs, slightly longer than males, scales thick, margins purple-red ; Fruit a cone, 4-6 ins. long, loose, stalked, pendulous, cylindrical, acute, slightly curved, dark violet to brown, scales smooth, thickened at apex ; seeds £ in. long, narrowed at ends, red-brown mottled black, wings long and narrow.
Leaves in fives, acicular, 3-5 ins. long, slender, soft, bluish-green, silvery lines, glaucous, turning yellow, sheaths loose, deciduous.
An evergreen tree, 1 20 ft. ; Branches horizontal or slightly ascending in regular whorls ; branchlets slender, glabrous ; Bark at first thin and smooth, at length rugged, ash-grey-slaty ; Wood light, not strong, straight-grained, easily worked, light-brown tinged red ; much used for masts and spars.
Native of N. America, 100-250 ft. ; introduced by Lord Weymouth, 1705.
Bark and shoots attacked by Pine Beetle (Hylesinus piniperda).
237
BOOKS OF REFERENCE
British Flora. Bentham & Hooker.
British Oak Galls. E. T. Connold.
British Vegetable Galls. E. T. Connold.
Diseases of Plants. H. Marshall Ward.
Encyclopaedia of Gardening. T. W. Sanders.
Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants. Dr. M. C. Cooke.
Handbook of Orchard and Bush Fruit Insects. E. A Orraerod.
Hardy Coniferous Trees. A. D. Webster.
Indian Trees. D. Brandis.
Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening. G. Nicholson.
Illustrated Flora of the U.S.A., Canada and British Possessions. Britton & Brown. Manual of the Trees of N. America. C. S. Sargent.
Practical Forestry. A. D. Webster.
Students' Flora of the British Isles. Sir J. D. Hooker.
The Garden. Vols. 1-70.
The Gardener's Assistant. B. Thompson.
The Pinetum. G. Gordon.
Timber and Timber Trees. Laslett.
Trees. H. Marshall Ward.
Trees and Shrubs for English Gardens. E. T. Cook.
238
TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 2)
A. Sweet Chestnut. B. Mezereon. C. Black Poplar. D. Tree of Heaven. E. Birch. P. Mountain Ash.
0. Beech. H. Alder. I. Hawthorn.
Plate LXX.
INDEX OF NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES
Ranunculacese
Clematis Vitalba „ Flammula „ montana „ Viticella Magnoliacese
Magnolia acuminata .
,, conspicua
,, Fraseri
, , glauca
,, grandifolia .
,, macrophylla „ obovata
,, parviflora
,, stellata
„ tripetala
Liriodendron tulipifera Calycanthacese .
Calycanthus floridus .
, , glaucus .
,, occidentalis Chimonanthus fragrans Berberidere
Berberidopsis corallina Berberis vulgaris
,, Aquifolium .
,, buxifolia
, , Darwinii
,, empetrifolia
,, japonica
,, nepalensis ,, wallichiana .
Cistinere
Cistus corbariensis „ crispus „ ladaniferus „ laurifolius „ lusitanicus „ monspeliensis „ purpureus Helianthemum formosum Tamariscinese
Tamarix gallica .
„ Palasii . Hypericinete
Hypericum Androsiemum ,, calycinum
,, hookerianum ,, moserianurn
,, pat ulnm .
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10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
15
15
16 16 16 17
17
18 18 19 19
19
20 20 21 21
22 !
23
24 24
25
25
26 |
Vol.
Ternstroemiacefe ..... I.
Stuartia pentagyna .... I.
,, Pseudo-camellia ... I.
,, virginica .... I.
Malvaceae . . . . . I.
Abutilon vitifolium .... I.
Hibiscus syriacus .... I.
Sterculiaceae ...... I.
Fremontia ealifornica ... I.
Tiliaceae I.
Tilia americana ..... I.
„ cordata I.
,, platyphyllos . . . I.
,, vulgaris ..... I.
Rutacere I.
Ptelea trifoliata .... I.
Skimmia fragrans .... I.
,, japonica . . . . I.
,, Laureola .... I.
„ oblata I.
,, rubella .... I.
Simarubese ...... I.
Ailanthus glandulosa .... I.
Aquifoliaceae ...... I.
Ilex Aquifolium ..... I.
,, crenata ..... I.
,, dipyre na ..... I.
,, opaca ...... I.
Celastrinese I.
Euonymus americanus ... I.
,, atropurpureus ... I.
,, europseus .... I.
japonicus .... I.
.. latifolius .... I.
Rhamnese ....... I.
Rbamnus Alaternus .... I.
,, cathartica .... I.
,, Frangula .... I.
Ceanothus americanus ... I.
,, azureus ... . I.
,, dentatus .... I.
,, divaricatus ... I.
„ papillosus .... I.
,, rigidus .... I.
,, thyrsiflorus ... I.
,, veitchianus ... I.
Ampelidese ...... I.
Vitis quinquefolia .... I.
,, vinifera ..... I.
,, inconstans . . . . I.
239
Page
26
27
27
28 28 29
29
30
30
31
31
32
33
33
34
34
35
36 36
36
37 37
37
38
39
40 40
40
41
41
42
43
43
44 44
44
45
46
46
47 47
47
48 48
48
49
49
50
50
51
INDEX
|
Vol. |
Page |
Vol. |
Page |
|||||||
|
Sapindacese |
I. |
52 |
Gleditschia triacantlios |
I. |
89 |
|||||
|
iEseulus carnea . |
I. |
52 |
Cercis canadensis |
f. |
90 |
|||||
|
,, glabra . |
I. |
53 |
„ Siliquastrum |
I. |
91 |
|||||
|
,, Hippocastanum |
I. |
53 |
Rosaceae .... |
I. |
91 |
|||||
|
,, parviflora |
I. |
54 |
Prunus Amygdalus |
I. |
92 |
|||||
|
Xanthoceras sorbifolia |
t. |
55 |
„ communis |
I. |
93 |
|||||
|
Acer campestre . |
I. |
56 |
„ insititia . |
I. |
93 |
|||||
|
,, circinatum . |
T . x. |
57 |
,, spinosa . |
I. |
94 |
|||||
|
,, dasycarpum |
I. |
57 |
„ Avium . |
I. |
95 |
|||||
|
„ japonicum . |
i. |
58 |
„ Cerasus . |
I. |
95 |
|||||
|
,, macrophyllum |
i. |
58 |
„ Padus |
I. |
96 |
|||||
|
„ monspessulanum |
i. |
59 |
„ Laurocerasus . |
I. |
97 |
|||||
|
,, Negundo |
T |
59 |
„ lusitanica |
I. |
98 |
|||||
|
,, opulifolium |
i. |
60 |
Nuttalia cerasiformis . |
I. |
98 |
|||||
|
„ palmatum . |
T. |
60 |
Spiraja bella |
I. |
99 |
|||||
|
,, pennsylvanicum . |
I. |
61 |
„ bullata |
I. |
99 |
|||||
|
,, platanoides |
. I. |
61 |
,, canescens |
I. |
100 |
|||||
|
„ Pseudo-platanus |
f |
62 |
„ chamaedrifolia . |
I. |
100 |
|||||
|
„ rubrum |
I. |
63 |
„ discolor . |
I. |
100 |
|||||
|
„ saccharinum |
I. |
63 |
,, Douglasi . |
I. |
101 |
|||||
|
„ tartaricum Staphyleacese |
I. |
64 |
„ japonica . |
I. |
101 |
|||||
|
I. |
64 |
„ lindleyana |
I. |
102 |
||||||
|
Staphylea colchica |
I. |
65 |
„ media |
I. |
102 |
|||||
|
„ pinnata |
I. |
65 |
„ prunifolia flore-pleno |
I. |
103 |
|||||
|
Anacardiaceae |
1. |
66 |
„ salicifolia |
1. |
103 |
|||||
|
Rhus copallina . |
I. |
66 |
„ sorbifolia |
I. |
103 |
|||||
|
,, cotinoides . |
1. |
67 |
„ Thunbergi |
I. |
104 |
|||||
|
„ Cotinus |
I. |
68 |
Neillia opulifolia |
I. |
104 |
|||||
|
» glabra |
I. |
68 |
Stephanandra Tanaka} |
I. |
105 |
|||||
|
„ Toxicodendron . |
I. |
69 |
Kerria japonica . |
I. |
105 |
|||||
|
„ typhina |
I. |
69 |
Rhodotypos kerrioides |
I. |
106 |
|||||
|
,, venenata . |
1. |
70 |
Neviusia alabamensis . |
I. |
106 |
|||||
|
Leguminosaj |
I. |
71 |
Eucryphia pinnatifolia |
I. |
107 |
|||||
|
Laburnum alpinum |
. I. |
71 |
Rubus bifloi’us |
I. |
107 |
|||||
|
„ vulgare |
I. |
72 |
„ csesius |
I. |
107 |
|||||
|
Genista sethnensis |
I. |
72 |
„ deliciosus |
II. |
1 |
|||||
|
,, anglica . |
I. |
73 |
„ fruticosus |
II. |
1 |
|||||
|
„ hispanica |
1. |
73 |
„ Idmus |
II. |
2 |
|||||
|
„ pilosa |
I. |
74 |
,, nutkanus . |
II. |
3 |
|||||
|
„ sagittalis |
I. |
74 |
„ odoratus . |
II. |
3 |
|||||
|
„ tinctoria |
I |
74 |
„ phcenicolasius . |
II. |
4 |
|||||
|
. » virgata . |
I. |
75 |
„ spectabilis |
II. |
4 |
|||||
|
Spartium junceum |
I. |
75 |
Potentilla fruticosa |
II. |
4 |
|||||
|
Ulex europseus |
I. |
76 |
Rosa arvensis |
II. |
5 |
|||||
|
„ nanus |
I. |
77 |
„ canina |
II. |
6 |
|||||
|
Cytisus albus |
I. |
77 |
„ moschata |
II. |
7 |
|||||
|
,, Ardoini . |
I. |
78 |
,, rubiginosa . |
II. |
7 |
|||||
|
„ scoparius |
I. |
78 |
„ rugosa |
II. |
8 |
|||||
|
Amorpha canescens |
I. |
79 |
„ spinosissima |
II. |
8 |
|||||
|
„ fruticosa |
I. |
79 |
„ villosa |
n. |
9 |
|||||
|
Indigofera gerardiana |
I. |
80 |
Pyrus amygdaliformis . |
ii. |
9 |
|||||
|
Wistaria chinensis |
I. |
80 |
,, communis . |
ii. |
10 |
|||||
|
„ multijuga . |
I. |
81 |
„ baecata |
ii. |
11 |
|||||
|
Robinia hispida |
I. |
81 |
„ coronaria . |
ii. |
11 |
|||||
|
„ neomexicana . |
I. |
82 |
„ floribuuda . |
ii. |
12 |
|||||
|
„ Pseudacacia . |
I. |
82 |
„ Malus |
ii. |
12 |
|||||
|
,, viscosa . |
I. |
83 |
„ prunifolia . |
ii. |
13 |
|||||
|
Colutea arborescens . |
I. |
84 |
„ spectabilis . |
ii. |
14 |
|||||
|
,, cruenta . |
I. |
84 |
„ Aria |
ii. |
14 |
|||||
|
Caragana arborescens . |
I. |
85 |
„ Torminalis |
ii. |
15 |
|||||
|
Coronilla Emerus |
I. |
85 |
,, vestita |
n. |
16 |
|||||
|
Hedysarum multijugum |
I. |
86 |
„ americana . |
ii. |
16 |
|||||
|
Cladrastis amurensis . |
I. |
86 |
„ Aucuparia . |
ii. |
17 |
|||||
|
„ tinctoria |
I. |
86 |
„ Sorbus |
ii. |
17 |
|||||
|
Sophora japonica |
I. |
87 |
„ arbutifolia . |
ii. |
18 |
|||||
|
Csesalpinia japonica . |
I. |
88 |
,, germanica . |
ii. |
18 |
|||||
|
Gymnocladus canadensis |
I. |
88 2 |
Cydonia japonica 40 |
n. |
19 |
NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES
Vol.
Rosacese — continued
Cydonia Maulei II.
,, vulgaris . . . .II.
Crataegus coceinea . . . .II.
„ cordata . . . .II.
,, Crus-galli . . . .II.
,, Douglasii . . . .II.
,, mollis U.
,, orientalis . . .II.
,, Oxyacantha . . .II.
,, punctata . . . .II.
,, Pyracantha . . . .II.
,, tanacetifolia . . .II.
Cotoneaster affinis . . . .II.
,, bacillaris . . . .II.
,, buxifolia . . . .II.
,, frigida . . . .II.
,, liorizontalis . . . II.
,, integerrima . . .II.
„ laxiflora . . . .II.
,, microphylla . . .II.
„ Nummularia . . .II.
,, rotundifolia . . .II.
,, Simonsii . . . .It.
Amelanchier alnifolia . . .II.
,, canadensis . . .II.
Saxifragaceae II.
Hydrangea hortensis . . . .II.
,, paniculata . . .II.
,, „ v. grandiflora . II.
Deutzia corymbosa . . . .II.
,, crenata II.
,, gracilis II.
Philadelphia coronarius . . .II.
Carpenteria californica . . .II.
Ribes alpinum II.
„ aureum II.
„ Grossularia . . . .II.
,, nigrum II.
„ rubrum II.
,, sanguineum . . . .II.
,, speciosum II.
Hamamelidese . . . . . .II.
Corylopsis spicata . . . .II.
Hamamelis arborea . . . .II.
,, virginica . . . .II.
Liquidambar styraciflua . . .II.
Myrtaceae II.
Myrtus communis . . . .II.
Passiflorene ....... II.
Passiflora caerulea . . . .II.
Araliaceae II.
Aralia chinensis II.
,, spinosa II.
Hedera Helix II.
Comaceae II.
Cornus florida II.
,, macrophylla . . . .II.
„ Mas II.
,, sanguinea . . . .II.
,, stolonifera . . . .II.
Aucuba japonica II.
Garry a elliptica II.
Capri foliaceae II.
Sambucus canadensis . . . .II.
,, glauca II.
„ nigra II.
|
Pago 20 |
Caprifoliaceae — continued Sambucus racemosa |
Vol. II. |
Page 55 |
||
|
20 |
Viburnum Lantana |
II. |
56 |
||
|
20 |
,, Lentago |
II. |
57 |
||
|
21 |
,, macrocephalum . |
II. |
57 |
||
|
22 |
,, Opulus |
II. |
58 |
||
|
22 |
,, ,, v. sterile |
II. |
59 |
||
|
23 |
,, Tinus |
II. |
59 |
||
|
24 |
„ tomentosum v. plicatum |
11. |
59 |
||
|
24 |
Symphoricarpus racemosus . |
II. |
60 |
||
|
25 |
Abelia floribunda |
-II. |
61 |
||
|
26 |
Lonicera Caprifolium . |
II. |
61 |
||
|
26 |
,, etrusca . |
II. |
62 |
||
|
26 |
,, flava |
II. |
62 |
||
|
27 |
,, fragrantissima |
II. |
63 |
||
|
28 |
,, japonica |
II. |
63 |
||
|
28 |
„ ,, v. flexuosa |
II. |
64 |
||
|
29 |
, , nigra |
II. |
64 |
||
|
29 |
,, Periclymenum |
II. |
64 |
||
|
30 |
,, sempervirens |
II. |
65 |
||
|
30 |
,, tartarica |
II. |
66 |
||
|
31 |
,, Xylosteum . |
II. |
66 |
||
|
31 |
Leycesteria formosa |
II. |
67 |
||
|
32 |
Diervilla florida . |
II. |
67 |
||
|
32 |
,, grandiflora . |
II. |
68 |
||
|
33 |
,, middendorfiana |
II. |
68 |
||
|
34 |
Rubiaceae ..... |
II. |
69 |
||
|
34 |
Cephalanthus occidentals . |
II. |
69 |
||
|
34 |
Composite .... |
II. |
70 |
||
|
35 |
Olearia Haastii . |
II. |
70 |
||
|
35 |
„ macrodonta |
II. |
71 |
||
|
36 |
„ stellulata |
II. |
71 |
||
|
36 |
Helichrysum rosmarinifolium |
II. |
72 |
||
|
37 |
Artemisia Abrotanum |
II. |
72 |
||
|
37 |
,, tridentata . |
II. |
73 |
||
|
38 |
Ericaceae ..... |
II. |
73 |
||
|
38 |
Vaceinum Myrtillus . |
II. |
74 |
||
|
39 |
,, uliginosum . |
II. |
74 |
||
|
40 |
„ Vit.is-idaea . |
II. |
75 |
||
|
40 |
Oxycoccus palustris |
II. |
75 |
||
|
41 |
Arbutus Unedo . |
II. |
76 |
||
|
42 |
Arctostaphylos alpina . |
II. |
77 |
||
|
42 |
„ pungens |
II. |
77 |
||
|
42 |
„ Uva-msi |
II. |
78 |
||
|
43 |
Zenobia speciosa . |
II. |
78 |
||
|
43 |
Andromeda polifolia . |
II. |
79 |
||
|
44 |
Pieris floribunda |
II. |
79 |
||
|
45 |
„ japonica . |
H. |
80 |
||
|
45 |
Calluna vulgaris . |
II. |
80 |
||
|
46 |
Erica carnea |
II. |
81 |
||
|
46 |
„ ciliaris |
II. |
81 |
||
|
47 |
„ cinerea |
II. |
82 |
||
|
47 |
„ mediterranea |
II. |
82 |
||
|
48 |
„ stricta |
II. |
83 |
||
|
48 |
„ Tetralix |
II. |
83 |
||
|
49 |
„ vagans |
II. |
84 |
||
|
49 |
Loiseleuria procumbens |
II. |
84 |
||
|
50 |
Bryanthus taxifolius . |
II. |
85 |
||
|
51 |
Daboecia polifolia |
11. |
85 |
||
|
51 |
Kalmia angustifolia |
II. |
86 |
||
|
52 |
„ glauca . |
II. |
87 |
||
|
52 |
„ latifolia . |
II. |
87 |
||
|
53 |
Ledum latifolium |
II. |
88 |
||
|
53 |
„ palustre . |
II. |
89 |
||
|
54 |
Rhododendron calondulacenm |
II. |
89 |
||
|
54 |
„ flavum . |
II. |
90 |
||
|
55 |
„ nudiflorum . |
II. |
90 |
241
x
INDEX
E r icacese — continued
Rhododendron sinense „ Vaseyi.
„ viscosum
„ californicum
„ catawbiense
„ ferrugineum
„ Fortunei
„ ponticum
„ racemosum
„ yunnanense
Menziesia globularis Clethra acuminata „ alnifolia .
Styrace®
Halesia tetraptera Styrax japonicum „ Obassia „ officinale .
Jasmine® .
Jasminum fruticans „ nudiflorum „ officinale „ revolutum „ wallichianum
Oleace®
Forsytliia suspensa ,, viridissima Syringa Emodi .
„ japonica .
„ vulgaris .
Fraxinus Ornus .
„ excelsior Phillynea angustifolia „ decora „ latifolia „ media . Osmanthus Aquifolium Chionanthus virginica Ligustrum Ibota .
„ japonicum
„ lucidum
„ ovalifolium
„ sinense
„ vulgare
Apocynace®
Vinca major „ minor Loganiace®
Buddleia Colvillei „ globosa
„ paniculata
Solanace® .
Lycium chinense .
„ halimifolium
Scrophularine® .
Paulownia imperialis Veronica buxifolia „ cupressoides „ pinguifolia
„ Traversii Bignoniace®
Catalpa bignonioides „ cordifolia K®mpferi
Verbenace®
Clerodendron foetidum
|
Vol. n. |
Page 91 |
V erbenace® — continued Clerodendron trichotomum |
Vol. II. |
Page 123 |
||
|
ii. |
91 |
Caryopteris Mastacanthus . |
II. |
124 |
||
|
ii. |
92 |
Labiat® |
II. |
124 |
||
|
ii. |
92 |
Lavandula vera . |
II. |
125 |
||
|
ii. |
93 |
Rosmarinus officinalis . |
II. |
125 |
||
|
ii. |
93 |
Phlomis fruticosa |
II. |
126 |
||
|
ii. |
94 |
Laurine® ..... |
II. |
126 |
||
|
ii. |
94 |
Laurus nobilis |
II. |
127 |
||
|
ii. |
95 |
Thymel®ace® .... |
II. |
127 |
||
|
ii. |
95 |
Daphne blagayana |
II. |
128 |
||
|
H. |
95 |
„ Cneorum |
II. |
128 |
||
|
ii. |
96 |
„ Laureola |
II. |
128 |
||
|
ii. |
96 |
„ Mezereum |
II. |
129 |
||
|
ii. |
97 |
„ pontica . |
11. |
129 |
||
|
ii. |
97 |
El®agnace® .... |
II. |
130 |
||
|
ii. |
98 |
El®agnus angustifolia |
II. |
130 |
||
|
ii. |
98 |
„ argentea |
II. |
131 |
||
|
ii. |
98 |
„ macrophylla |
II. |
131 |
||
|
ii. |
99 |
„ multiflora . |
II. |
132 |
||
|
ii. |
99 |
Hippophae rhamnoides |
II. |
132 |
||
|
ii. |
ICO |
Loranthace® .... |
II. |
133 |
||
|
ii. |
100 |
Viscum album |
II. |
133 |
||
|
ii. |
101 |
Euphorbiace® .... |
n. |
134 |
||
|
ii. |
101 |
Buxus balearica . |
H. |
134 |
||
|
ii. |
101 |
„ sempervirens . |
ii. |
135 |
||
|
ii. |
102 |
Daphniphyllum macropodum |
ii. |
136 |
||
|
ii. |
103 |
Urticace® ..... |
ii. |
136 |
||
|
ii. |
103 |
Ulmus alata |
ii. |
137 |
||
|
ii. |
104 |
„ americana |
ii. |
137 |
||
|
ii. |
104 |
„ campestris |
ii. |
138 |
||
|
ii. |
105 |
„ montana . |
ii. |
139 |
||
|
ii. |
105 |
Broussonetia papyrifera |
H. |
140 |
||
|
ii. |
107 |
Morus nigra |
II. |
140 |
||
|
ii. |
107 |
Ficus Carica |
II. |
141 |
||
|
ii. |
108 |
Platanace® .... |
II. |
142 |
||
|
ii. |
108 |
Platanus acerifolia |
n. |
143 |
||
|
ii. |
108 |
,, cuneata |
ii. |
143 |
||
|
ii. |
109 |
,, occidentalis . |
H. |
144 |
||
|
ii. |
109 |
,, orientalis |
ii. |
145 |
||
|
ii. |
110 |
Juglande® ..... |
ii. |
146 |
||
|
ii. |
110 |
Carya alba .... |
H. |
146 |
||
|
ii. |
111 |
Juglans regia |
II. |
147 |
||
|
ii. |
111 |
Pterocarya caucasica . |
II. |
147 |
||
|
ii. |
112 |
Mvricace® |
II. |
148 |
||
|
ii. |
112 |
Myrica Gale |
H. |
148 |
||
|
ii. |
113 |
Cupulifer® .... |
II. |
149 |
||
|
ii. |
113 |
Betula alba |
II. |
150 |
||
|
ii. |
114 |
„ lenta |
II. |
151 |
||
|
ii. |
114 |
,, lutea |
II. |
151 |
||
|
ii. |
115 |
„ nana |
H. |
152 |
||
|
ii. |
115 |
„ nigra |
II. |
153 |
||
|
ii. |
116 |
„ papyrifera |
II. |
153 |
||
|
ii. |
117 |
Alnus cordifolia . |
II. |
154 |
||
|
ii. |
116 |
,, glutinosa . |
II. |
154 |
||
|
ii. |
117 |
„ oregona |
H. |
155 |
||
|
ii. |
118 |
,, maritima . |
II. |
156 |
||
|
ii. |
118 |
„ rhombifolia Carpinus Betulus |
II. |
156 |
||
|
ii. |
119 |
II. |
157 |
|||
|
ii. |
119 |
,, caroliniana . |
II. |
158 |
||
|
ii. |
120 |
Corylus Avellana |
II. |
158 |
||
|
ii. |
120 |
„ Colurna |
II. |
159 |
||
|
ii. |
121 |
Quercus Cerris |
II. |
160 |
||
|
ii. |
122 |
,, coccinea |
H. |
160 |
||
|
ii. |
122 |
„ Ilex |
II. |
161 |
||
|
ii. |
123 |
„ marilandica . |
n. |
162 |
||
|
ii. |
123 |
„ palustris |
ii. |
162 |
242
NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES
|
Vol. |
Page |
Vol. |
Page |
||||||||
|
Cupulifer® — continued |
Conifer® — continued |
||||||||||
|
Quercus pedunculata . |
H. |
163 |
Juniperus Sabina |
II. |
200 |
||||||
|
„ rubra |
II. |
164 |
,, virginiana . |
II. |
201 |
||||||
|
„ sessiliflora |
II. |
165 |
„ communis . |
II. |
201 |
||||||
|
„ Suber . |
II. |
165 |
Cupressus macrocarpa . |
II. |
202 |
||||||
|
„ velutina |
II. |
166 |
„ sempervirens |
II. |
203 |
||||||
|
Castanopsis chrysophylla |
II. |
167 |
,, lawsoniana . |
II. |
203 |
||||||
|
Castanea sativa . |
II. |
167 |
„ nootkatensis |
II. |
204 |
||||||
|
Fagus sylvatica . |
II. |
168 |
„ obtusa |
II. |
205 |
||||||
|
Salicine® .... |
II. |
169 |
„ pisifera |
II. |
205 |
||||||
|
Salix alba . |
II. |
170 |
Thuya occidentalis |
II. |
206 |
||||||
|
„ „ v. vitellina . |
H. |
171 |
„ plicata |
II. |
207 |
||||||
|
„ Arbuscula . |
II. |
171 |
„ dolabrata . |
11. |
207 |
||||||
|
,, aurita |
II. |
172 |
„ oriental® . |
II. |
208 |
||||||
|
„ babylonica . |
II. |
172 |
Libocedrus decurrens . |
II. |
208 |
||||||
|
„ Caprea |
II. |
173 |
Sciadopitys verticillata |
II. |
209 |
||||||
|
„ cinerea |
II. |
174 |
Sequoia gigantea . |
II. |
210 |
||||||
|
„ fragilis |
II. |
175 |
„ sempervirens . |
II. |
210 |
||||||
|
„ herbacea |
II. |
175 |
Cryptomeria japonica . |
II. |
211 |
||||||
|
„ lanata |
H. |
176 |
Taxodium distichum . |
II. |
212 |
||||||
|
„ Lapponum . |
II. |
177 |
Araucaria imbricata |
II. |
213 |
||||||
|
„ Myx-sinites |
H. |
177 |
Tsuga brunoniana |
II. |
213 |
||||||
|
,, nigricans . |
II. |
178 |
„ canadensis |
II. |
214 |
||||||
|
„ pentandra . |
II. |
178 |
„ mertensiana |
11. |
215 |
||||||
|
,, phylicifolia |
II. |
179 |
„ Sieboldi |
II. |
215 |
||||||
|
„ purpurea . |
II. |
180 |
Picea alcockiana . |
II. |
216 |
||||||
|
„ repens |
II. |
181 |
„ excelsa |
11. |
216 |
||||||
|
,, viminalis . |
II. |
181 |
„ Morinda |
11. |
217 |
||||||
|
„ reticulata . |
II. |
182 |
„ nigra |
II. |
218 |
||||||
|
,, triandra |
II. |
183 |
„ oriental® . |
II. |
218 |
||||||
|
„ viridis |
II. |
183 |
„ polita . |
II. |
219 |
||||||
|
Populus alba |
II. |
184 |
„ pungens |
II. |
219 |
||||||
|
,. balsamifera . |
II. |
185 |
Cedrus atlantica . |
II. |
220 |
||||||
|
„ „ v. candicans |
n. |
186 |
„ Deodara . |
II. |
221 |
||||||
|
,, canescens |
ii. |
186 |
„ Libani |
II. |
221 |
||||||
|
,, deltoidea |
ii. |
187 |
Larix europ®a |
II. |
222 |
||||||
|
„ monilifera |
ii. |
187 |
Pseudolarix K®mpferi |
II. |
223 |
||||||
|
,, nigra . |
ii. |
188 |
Abies balsamea . |
II. |
227 |
||||||
|
„ „ v. pyramidalis |
ii. |
189 |
„ brachyphylla |
II. |
224 |
||||||
|
„ tremula . |
ii. |
189 |
„ cephalonica |
II. |
224 |
||||||
|
„ tremuloides . |
ii. |
190 |
„ cilicica |
II. |
225 |
||||||
|
Empetrace® |
ii. |
190 |
„ concolor |
II. |
225 |
||||||
|
Empetrum nigrum |
n. |
191 |
„ firma . |
II. |
226 |
||||||
|
Liliace® .... |
ii. |
191 |
„ grand® |
II. |
226 |
||||||
|
Ruscus aculeatus |
ii. |
192 |
„ nobilis |
II. |
227 |
||||||
|
„ Hypophyllum . |
ii. |
192 |
„ nordmanniana . |
II. |
228 |
||||||
|
Dansea Laurus |
ii. |
193 |
„ pectinata . |
II. |
229 |
||||||
|
Yucca angustifolia |
ii. |
193 |
„ Pinsapo |
II. |
229 |
||||||
|
„ filamentosa |
ii. |
194 |
Pseudotsuga Douglasii |
II. |
230 |
||||||
|
„ gloriosa |
ii. |
194 |
Pinus Coulteri |
II. |
231 |
||||||
|
Gramine® .... |
ii. |
195 |
„ Laricio |
II. |
231 |
||||||
|
Arundo Donax |
ii. |
195 |
„ „ v. nigricans |
II. |
232 |
||||||
|
Conifer® .... |
ii. |
196 |
„ Pinaster |
II. |
233 |
||||||
|
Ginkgo biloba |
ii. |
196 |
„ Pinea . |
II. |
234 |
||||||
|
Cephalotaxus drupacea |
ii. |
197 |
„ ponderosa . |
II. |
234 |
||||||
|
„ Fortuni . |
ii. |
197 |
„ sylvestris . |
II. |
235 |
||||||
|
„ pedunculata |
ii. |
198 |
„ Cembra |
II. |
236 |
||||||
|
Taxus baccata |
ii. |
198 |
„ excelsa |
II. |
236 |
||||||
|
Prumnopitys elegans . |
ii. |
199 |
„ Strobus |
II. |
237 |
||||||
|
Juniperus chinensis |
ii. |
200 |
x 2
243
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES
Abelia floribunda Abies balsamea .
„ brachyphylla ,, cephalonica „ cilicica „ concolor .
„ firma „ grandis „ nobilis „ nordmanniana .
„ pectinata .
„ Pinsapo Abutilon vitifolium . Acer campestre .
„ circinatum .
„ dasycarpum „ japonicum .
„ macrophyllum „ monspessulanum „ Negundo „ opulifolium „ palmatum .
„ pennsylvanicum .
„ platanoides „ Pseudo-platanus ,, rubrum „ saccharinum „ tartaricum . iEsculus carnea .
„ glabra .
„ Hippocastanum „ parviflora
Ailanthus glandulosa . Alnus cordifolia .
,, glutinosa .
„ maritima .
„ oregona „ rhombifolia Amelanchier alnifolia
,, canadensis Amorpba canescens .
,, fruticosa
Andromeda polifolia . Aralia chinensis .
„ spinosa Araucaria imbricata . Arbutus Unedo . Arctostaphylos alpina
„ pungens
„ Uva-ursi
Artemisia Abrotanum „ tridentata . Arundo Donax . Aucuba japonica . Berberidopsis corallina Berberis Aquifolium .
|
Yol. Page |
|
|
. II. 61 |
Berberis buxifolia ..... |
|
. II. 227 |
„ Darwinii ..... |
|
. II. 224 |
„ empetrifolia . |
|
. II. 224 |
„ japonica ..... |
|
. II. 225 |
„ nepalensis |
|
. II. 225 |
., vulgaris |
|
. II. 226 |
,, wallichiana . |
|
. II. 226 |
Betula alba ...... |
|
. II. 227 |
„ lenta ....•• |
|
. II. 228 |
„ lutea |
|
. II. 229 |
„ nana ...... |
|
. II. 229 |
„ nigra ...... |
|
I. 29 |
„ papyrifera |
|
I. 56 |
Broussonetia papyrifera .... |
|
. I. 57 |
Bryanthus taxifolius ..... |
|
. I. 57 |
Buddleia Colvillei ..... |
|
I. 58 |
„ globosa |
|
I. 58 |
„ paniculata . . . . • |
|
I. 59 |
Buxus balearica ...... |
|
I. 59 |
„ sempervirens |
|
I. 60 |
Caesalpinia japonica |
|
I. 60 |
Calluna vulgaris |
|
. I. 61 |
Calycanthus floridus . |
|
I. 61 |
,, glaucus ..... |
|
I. 62 |
„ occidentalis .... |
|
I. 63 |
Caragana arborescens .... |
|
. I. 63 |
Carpenteria californica .... |
|
I. 64 |
Carpinus Betulus ..... |
|
I. 52 |
,, caroliniana . |
|
I. 53 |
Carya alba ....... |
|
I. 53 |
Caryopteris Mastacanthus . |
|
I. 54 |
Castanea sativa ...... |
|
I. 37 |
Castanopsis chrysophylla .... |
|
. II. 154 |
Catalpa bignonioides . |
|
. II. 154 |
„ cordifolia |
|
. II. 156 |
„ Ksempferi |
|
. II. 155 |
Ceanothus americanus .... |
|
. II. 156 |
,, azureus ..... |
|
. II. 32 |
„ dentatus ..... |
|
. II. 33 |
„ divaricatus . . . . |
|
I. 79 |
„ papillosus |
|
I. 79 |
„ rigidus |
|
. II. 79 |
„ thyrsiflorus .... |
|
. II. 47 |
„ veitchianus . |
|
. II. 48 |
Gedrus atlantica |
|
. II. 213 |
„ Deodara ...... |
|
. II. 76 |
,, Libani ...... |
|
. II. 77 |
Cephalanthus occidentalis . . . . |
|
. II. 77 |
Cephalotaxus drupacea . . . . |
|
. II. 78 |
„ Fortuni . . . . |
|
. II. 72 |
„ pedunculata . |
|
. II. 73 |
Cercis canadensis . |
|
. II. 195 |
„ Siliquastrum |
|
. II. 52 |
Chimonanthus fragrans .... |
|
I. 13 |
Chionanthus virginica . . . . |
|
. I. 15 |
Cistus corbariensis . . . . . |
244
|
Vol. |
Page |
|
I. |
15 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
17 |
|
I. |
14 |
|
I. |
17 |
|
II. |
150 |
|
II. |
151 |
|
II. |
151 |
|
II. |
152 |
|
II. |
153 |
|
II. |
154 |
|
II. |
140 |
|
II. |
85 |
|
II. |
114 |
|
II |
115 |
|
II. |
115 |
|
II. |
134 |
|
II. |
135 |
|
I. |
88 |
|
II. |
80 |
|
I. |
11 |
|
I. |
11 |
|
I. |
12 |
|
I. |
85 |
|
II. |
37 |
|
II. |
157 |
|
II. |
158 |
|
II. |
146 |
|
II. |
124 |
|
II. |
167 |
|
II. |
167 |
|
II. |
121 |
|
II. |
122 |
|
II. |
122 |
|
I. |
46 |
|
I. |
47 |
|
I. |
47 |
|
I. |
47 |
|
I. |
48 |
|
I. |
48 |
|
I. |
48 |
|
I. |
49 |
|
II. |
220 |
|
II. |
221 |
|
II. |
221 |
|
II. |
69 |
|
II. |
197 |
|
II. |
197 |
|
II. |
198 |
|
I. |
90 |
|
I. |
91 |
|
I. |
12 |
|
II. |
109 |
|
I. |
18 |
LATIN NAMES
Cistus crispus ,, ladaniferus „ laurifolius „ lusitanicus ,, monspeliensis „ purpureus Cladrastis amurensis „ tinctoria Clematis Flammula ,, montana ,, Vitalba Viticella
Clerodendron foetidum
„ trichotomum
Clethra acuminata „ alnifolia Colutea arborescens „ cruenta .
Cornus florida .
„ macropbylla „ Mas „ sanguinea ,, stolonifera Coronilla Emerus Corylopsis spicata Corylus Avellana „ Colurna . Cotoneaster affinis
bacillaris buxifolia frigida . horizontalis integerrima laxiflora . microphylla Nummularia rotundifolia Simonsii
Cratregus coccinea „ cordata
„ Crus-galli
„ Douglasii
„ mollis
„ orientalis
„ Oxyacantha
„ punctata
„ Pyracantha
„ tanacetifolia
Cryptomeria japonica Cupressus lawsoniana „ macrocarpa
„ nootkatensis
„ obtusa
„ pisifera
„ sempervirens
Cydonia japonica „ Maulei .
„ vulgaris
Cytisus albus „ Ardoini .
„ scoparius Daboceia polifolia Dansea Laurus .
Daphne blagayana „ Cneorum „ Laureola ,, Mezereum
|
Vol. |
Page |
Vol. |
Page |
||||
|
L |
19 |
Daphne pontica |
II. |
129 |
|||
|
I. |
19 |
Daphniphyllum maeropodum |
II. |
136 |
|||
|
I. |
19 |
Deutzia corymbosa |
II. |
35 |
|||
|
I. |
20 |
,, crenata . |
II. |
36 |
|||
|
I. |
20 |
„ gracilis . |
II. |
36 |
|||
|
I. |
21 |
Diervilla florida . |
II. |
67 |
|||
|
I. |
86 |
„ grandiflora . |
H. |
68 |
|||
|
I. |
86 |
„ middendorfiana . |
II. |
68 |
|||
|
I. |
3 |
Elmagnus angustifolia |
II. |
130 |
|||
|
I. |
3 |
„ argentea |
II. |
131 |
|||
|
I. |
1 |
„ macrophylla |
II. |
131 |
|||
|
I. |
3 |
„ multiflora . |
II. |
132 |
|||
|
II. |
123 |
Empetrum nigrum |
II. |
191 |
|||
|
II. |
123 |
Erica carnea |
II. |
81 |
|||
|
II. |
96 |
„ ciliaris |
II. |
81 |
|||
|
II. |
96 |
„ cinerea |
II. |
82 |
|||
|
I. |
84 |
„ mediterranoa |
II. |
82 |
|||
|
I. |
84 |
„ stricta |
H. |
83 |
|||
|
II. |
49 |
„ Tetralix |
II. |
83 |
|||
|
II. |
50 |
„ vagans |
II. |
84 |
|||
|
II. |
51 |
Eucryphia pinnatifolia |
I. |
107 |
|||
|
II. |
51 |
Euonymus americanus |
I. |
41 |
|||
|
II. |
52 |
„ atropurpureus . |
I. |
42 |
|||
|
I. |
85 |
„ europseus . |
L |
43 |
|||
|
II. |
42 |
„ japonicus . |
I. |
43 |
|||
|
II. |
158 |
„ latifolius . |
I. |
44 |
|||
|
II. |
159 |
Fagus sylvatica . |
II. |
168 |
|||
|
II. |
26 |
Ficus Carica |
II. |
141 |
|||
|
II. |
27 |
Forsythia suspensa |
II. |
102 |
|||
|
II. |
28 |
„ viridissima . |
II. |
103 |
|||
|
n. |
28 |
Fraxinus excelsior |
II. |
105 |
|||
|
ii. |
29 |
„ Ornus . |
II. |
105 |
|||
|
ii. |
29 |
Fremontia californica |
I. |
30 |
|||
|
ii. |
30 |
Garrya elliptica . |
II. |
53 |
|||
|
ii. |
30 |
Genista rethnensis |
I. |
72 |
|||
|
ii. |
31 |
„ angliea . |
I. |
73 |
|||
|
ii. |
31 |
,, hispanica |
I. |
73 |
|||
|
ii. |
32 |
„ pilosa |
I. |
74 |
|||
|
n. |
20 |
„ sagittalis |
I. |
74 |
|||
|
ii. |
21 |
„ tinctoria |
I. |
74 |
|||
|
H. |
22 |
„ virgata . |
I. |
75 |
|||
|
II. |
22 |
Ginkgo biloba |
H. |
196 |
|||
|
II. |
23 |
Gleditschia triacanthos |
I. |
89 |
|||
|
II. |
24 |
Gymnocladus canadensis |
I. |
88 |
|||
|
II. |
24 |
Halesia tetraptera |
II. |
97 |
|||
|
II. |
25 |
Hamamelis arborea |
II. |
43 |
|||
|
II. |
26 |
,, virginica . |
II. |
43 |
|||
|
II. |
26 |
Hedera Helix |
II. |
48 |
|||
|
II. |
211 |
Hedysarum multijugum . |
I. |
86 |
|||
|
II. |
203 |
Helianthemum formosum . |
I. |
21 |
|||
|
II. |
202 |
Helichrysum rosmarinifolium |
II. |
72 |
|||
|
II. |
204 |
Hibiscus syriacus |
I. |
29 |
|||
|
II. |
205 |
Hippophae rhamnoides |
II. |
132 |
|||
|
II. |
205 |
Hydrangea hortensis . |
II. |
34 |
|||
|
II. |
203 |
„ paniculata |
II. |
34 |
|||
|
II. |
19 |
„ „ v. grandiflora . |
II. |
35 |
|||
|
II. |
20 |
Hypericum Androssemum . |
I. |
24 |
|||
|
H. |
20 |
,, calycinum |
I. |
24 |
|||
|
I. |
77 |
„ hookerianum . |
I. |
25 |
|||
|
I. |
78 |
„ moserianum |
I. |
25 |
|||
|
I. |
78 |
„ patulum . |
I. |
26 |
|||
|
II. |
85 |
Ilex Aquifolium |
I. |
39 |
|||
|
II. |
193 |
„ crenata |
I. |
40 |
|||
|
II. |
128 |
„ dipyrena |
I. |
40 |
|||
|
II. |
128 |
„ opaca |
I. |
40 |
|||
|
II. |
128 |
Indigofera gerardiana |
I. |
80 |
|||
|
II. |
129 2 |
Jasminum fruticans . 45 |
II. |
99 |
INDEX
Jasminum nudiflorum „ officinale .
„ revolutum ,, wallichianum Juglans regia Juniperus chinensis „ communis „ Sabina „ virginiana Kalmia angustifolia „ glauca „ latifolia .
Kerria japonica .
Laburnum alpinum „ vulgare Larix europsea .
Lavandula vera .
Laurus nobilis .
Ledum latifolium „ palustre . Leycesteria formosa Libocedrus decurrens Ligustrum Ibota
„ japonicum „ lucidum „ ovalifolium „ sinense „ vulgare Liquidambar styraciflua Liriodendron tulipifera Loiseleuria procumbens Lonicera Caprifolium „ etrusca „ flava .
„ fragrantissima „ japonica „ „ v. flexuosa
„ nigra .
„ Periclymenum „ sempervirens
„ tartarica ,, Xylosteum Lycium chinense „ halimifolium
Magnolia acuminata „ conspicua
„ Fraseri
„ glauca
„ grandifolia
,, macrophylla
„ obovata
„ parviflora
„ stellata
„ tripetala
Menziesia globularis Morus nigra Myrica Gale Myrtus communis Neillia opulifolia Neviusia alabamensis Nuttalia cerasiformis Olearia Haastii „ macrodonta ,, stellulata Osmanthus Aquifolium Oxycoccus palustris Passiflora eaerulea
|
Yol. |
Pag® |
Vol. |
Page |
|||||
|
II. |
100 |
Paulownia imperialis |
II. |
118 |
||||
|
II. |
100 |
Philadelphus coronarius |
II. |
37 |
||||
|
II. |
101 |
Phillyrosa angustifolia |
II. |
107 |
||||
|
n. |
101 |
„ decora |
II. |
107 |
||||
|
ii |
147 |
„ latifolia |
II. |
108 |
||||
|
ii. |
200 |
„ media |
II. |
108 |
||||
|
ii. |
201 |
Phlomis fruticosa |
II. |
126 |
||||
|
ii. |
200 |
Picea alcockiana |
II. |
216 |
||||
|
ii. |
201 |
„ excelsa |
II. |
216 |
||||
|
ii. |
86 |
„ Morinda . |
II. |
217 |
||||
|
H. |
87 |
„ nigra _ . |
n. |
218 |
||||
|
II. |
87 |
„ orientalis . |
ii. |
218 |
||||
|
I. |
105 |
„ polita |
ii. |
219 |
||||
|
I. |
71 |
„ pungens . |
ii. |
219 |
||||
|
I. |
72 |
Pieris floribunda |
ii. |
79 |
||||
|
II. |
222 |
„ japonica . |
ii. |
80 |
||||
|
II. |
125 |
Pinus Cembra . |
ii. |
236 |
||||
|
II. |
127 |
„ Coulteri . |
ii. |
231 |
||||
|
II. |
88 |
„ excelsa |
ii. |
236 |
||||
|
H. |
89 |
,, Laricio |
ii. |
231 |
||||
|
II. |
67 |
,, ,, v. nigricans . |
H. |
232 |
||||
|
II. |
208 |
„ Pinaster . |
II. |
233 |
||||
|
II. |
109 |
„ Pinea |
II. |
234 |
||||
|
II. |
110 |
„ pondorosa |
11. |
234 |
||||
|
II. |
110 |
„ Strobus |
II. |
237 |
||||
|
II. |
111 |
„ sylvestris . |
II. |
235 |
||||
|
II. |
111 |
Platanus acerifolia |
II. |
143 |
||||
|
II. |
112 |
„ cuneata |
II. |
143 |
||||
|
II. |
44 |
„ occidentalis |
II. |
144 |
||||
|
I. |
10 |
„ orientalis |
II. |
145 |
||||
|
II. |
84 |
Populus alba |
II. |
184 |
||||
|
II. |
61 |
,, balsamifera . |
II. |
185 |
||||
|
H. |
62 |
,, „ v. candicans |
II. |
186 |
||||
|
II. |
62 |
,, canescens |
II. |
186 |
||||
|
II. |
63 |
„ deltoidea |
II. |
187 |
||||
|
II. |
63 |
„ monilifera . |
II. |
187 |
||||
|
n. |
64 |
„ nigra . |
II. |
188 |
||||
|
n. |
64 |
„ ,, v. pyramidalis |
II. |
189 |
||||
|
ii. |
64 |
„ tremula |
II. |
189 |
||||
|
ii. |
65 |
„ tremuloides . |
II. |
190 |
||||
|
ii. |
66 |
Potentilla fruticosa . |
II. |
4 |
||||
|
ii. |
66 |
Prumnopitys elegans |
II. |
199 |
||||
|
ii. |
117 |
Prunus Amygdalus |
I. |
92 |
||||
|
ii. |
116 |
,, Avium . |
I. |
95 |
||||
|
i. |
4 |
„ Cerasus . |
I. |
95 |
||||
|
i. |
5 |
„ communis |
I. |
93 |
||||
|
i. |
6 |
„ insititia |
I. |
93 |
||||
|
i. |
6 |
„ Laurocerasus |
I. |
97 |
||||
|
i. |
7 |
,, lusitanica |
I. |
98 |
||||
|
i. |
7 |
„ Padus . |
I. |
96 |
||||
|
i. |
8 |
„ spinosa . |
I. |
94 |
||||
|
i. |
8 |
Pseudolarix Ktempferi |
II. |
223 |
||||
|
i. |
9 |
Pseudotsuga Douglasii |
II. |
230 |
||||
|
i. |
9 |
Ptelea trifoliata . |
I. |
34 |
||||
|
ii. |
95 |
Pteroearya caucasica . |
II. |
147 |
||||
|
ii. |
140 |
Pyrus americana |
II. |
16 |
||||
|
ii. |
148 |
,, amygdaliformis |
II. |
9 |
||||
|
ii. |
45 |
„ arbutifolia |
II. |
18 |
||||
|
i. |
104 |
„ Aria |
II. |
14 |
||||
|
i. |
106 |
„ Aucuparia |
II. |
17 |
||||
|
i. |
98 |
„ baccata |
II. |
11 |
||||
|
ii. |
70 |
„ communis |
II. |
10 |
||||
|
ii. |
71 |
„ coronaria . |
II. |
11 |
||||
|
n. |
71 |
„ floribunda |
II. |
12 |
||||
|
ii. |
108 |
,, germanica |
II. |
18 |
||||
|
ii. |
75 |
„ Malus |
II. |
12 |
||||
|
ii. |
46 „ prunifolia 246 |
II. |
13 |
LATIN NAMES
Pyrus Sorbus „ spectabilis „ Torminalis „ vestita Quercus Cerris .
„ coccinea
„ Ilex
„ marilandica
„ palustris
„ pedunculata
„ rubra .
„ sessiliflora
„ Suber .
„ velutina
Rhamnus Alaternus „ cathartica
„ Frangula
Rhodendron calendulaceum californicum catawbiense ferrugineum flavum . Fortunei nudiflorum ponticum raceraosum sinense . Vaseyi . viscosum yunnanense Rhodotypos kerrioides Rhus copallina .
„ cotinoides .
„ Cotinus „ glabra „ Toxicodendron „ typhina „ venenata .
Ribes alpinum .
„ aureum „ Grossularia „ nigrum .
„ rubrum „ sanguineum „ speciosum Robinia hispida .
„ neo-mexicana „ Pseudacacia „ viscosa .
Rosa arvensis „ canina „ moschata .
„ rubiginosa .
„ rugosa .
„ spinosissima „ villosa
Rosmarinus officinalis Rubus biflorus .
„ cmsius „ deliciosus „ fruticosus „ Idseus „ nutkanus „ odoratus .
„ phrenicolasius „ spectabilis Ruscus aculeatus
Vol.
n.
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
H.
I. I.
I.
II. II. H. II. II. II. II.
II. II. II. II. II. II.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I. I. I.
II.
II. II. II. II. II. II.
I.
I.
I. I.
II. II. II. II. H. II. II. H.
I.
I.
II.
II.
II.
II. II. II. II. II.
Page
17 Ruscus Hypophyllum ] 4 Salix alba .
15 „ „ v. vitellina
16 „ Arbuscula
160 „ aurita
160 ,, babylonica
161 „ Caprea
162 „ cinerea
162 „ fragilis
163 „ herbacea
164 „ lanata
165 „ Lapponum
165 „ Myrsinites
166 „ nigricans .
44 „ pentandra .
45 „ phylicifolia
46 „ purpurea .
89 „ repens
92 „ reticulata .
93 „ triandra
93 „ viminalis .
90 „ viridis
94 Sambucus canadensi
90 „ glauca
94 „ nigra .
95 „ racemosa
91 Sciadopitys verticillata
91 Sequoia gigantea
92 „ sempervirens
95 Skimmia fragrans
106 „ japonica
66 „ Laureola
67 „ oblata .
68 „ rubella .
68 Sophora japonica
69 Spartium junceum
69 Spirrna bella
70 „ bullata .
38 ,, canescens
38 „ chamsedrifolia
39 „ discolor .
40 „ Douglasi
40 „ japonica .
41 „ lindleyana
42 ,, media
81 „ pr unifolia flore-pleno
82 „ salicifolia
82 „ sorbifolia
83 „ Thunbergi
5 Staphylea colchica
6 „ pinnata
7 Stephanandra Tanak
7 Stuartia pentagyna
8 „ Pseudo-camellia
8 ,, virginica
9 Styrax japonicum
125 „ Obassia .
107 „ officinale .
107 Symphoricarpus racem
1 Syringa Emodi .
1 „ japonica
2 „ vulgaris
3 Tamar ix gallica .
3 „ Pallasii
4 Taxodium distichum
4 Taxus baccata
192 Thuya dolabrata
247
|
Vol. |
Page |
|
II. |
192 |
|
II. |
170 |
|
II. |
171 |
|
II. |
171 |
|
II. |
172 |
|
II. |
172 |
|
II. |
173 |
|
II. |
174 |
|
H. |
175 |
|
II. |
175 |
|
II. |
176 |
|
II. |
177 |
|
II. |
177 |
|
II. |
178 |
|
II. |
178 |
|
II. |
179 |
|
II. |
180 |
|
II. |
181 |
|
II. |
182 |
|
II. |
183 |
|
II. |
181 |
|
II. |
183 |
|
II. |
54 |
|
II. |
54 |
|
II. |
55 |
|
II. |
55 |
|
II. |
209 |
|
II. |
210 |
|
II. |
210 |
|
I. |
35 |
|
I. |
36 |
|
I. |
36 |
|
I. |
36 |
|
I. |
37 |
|
I. |
87 |
|
I. |
75 |
|
I. |
99 |
|
I. |
99 |
|
I. |
100 |
|
I. |
100 |
|
I. |
100 |
|
I. |
101 |
|
I. |
101 |
|
I. |
102 |
|
I. |
102 |
|
I. |
103 |
|
I. |
103 |
|
I. |
103 |
|
I. |
104 |
|
I. |
65 |
|
I. |
65 |
|
I. |
105 |
|
I. |
27 |
|
I. |
27 |
|
I. |
28 |
|
II. |
98 |
|
II. |
98 |
|
II. |
98 |
|
II. |
60 |
|
II. |
103 |
|
II. |
104 |
|
II. |
104 |
|
I. |
22 |
|
I. |
23 |
|
II. |
212 |
|
II. |
198 |
|
II. |
207 |
INDEX
Vol.
Thuya occidentalis II.
,, orientalis ..... II.
,, plicata ...... II.
Tilia americana . . . . . . J .
„ cordata ...... I.
,, platyphyllos ..... I.
„ vulgaris ...... I.
Tsuga brunoniana ..... II.
,, canadensis ..... II.
,, mertensiana ..... II.
,, Sieboldi ...... II.
Ulex europaeus ...... I.
„ nanus ...... I.
Ulmus alata ...... II.
„ americana ..... II.
„ campestris ..... II.
„ montana ..... II.
Vaccinum Myrtillus ..... II.
,, uliginosum . . . .II.
,, Vitis-idsea . . . .II.
V eronica buxifolia ..... II.
„ cupressoides . . . .II.
|
Vol. |
rasrc |
|
|
Veronica pinguifolia .... |
. II. |
119 |
|
„ Traversii .... |
. II. |
120 |
|
Viburnum Lantana .... |
. II. |
56 |
|
,, Lentago .... |
. II. |
57 |
|
,, macrocephalum |
. II. |
57 |
|
,, Opulus .... |
. II. |
58 |
|
,, ,, v. sterile |
. II. |
59 |
|
,, Tinus .... |
. H. |
59 |
|
,, tomentosum v. plicatum . |
. II. |
59 |
|
Vinca major ..... |
. II. |
113 |
|
„ minor ..... |
. II. |
113 |
|
Viscum album ..... |
. II. |
133 |
|
Vitis inconstans .... |
I. |
51 |
|
„ quinquefolia .... |
I. |
50 |
|
„ vinifera ..... |
I. |
50 |
|
Wistaria cbinensis .... |
I. |
80 |
|
„ multi juga .... |
I. |
81 |
|
Xanthoceras sorbifolia |
I. |
55 |
|
Yucca angustifolia .... |
. II. |
193 |
|
,, filamentosa .... |
. II. |
194 |
|
„ gloriosa |
. II. |
194 |
|
Zenobia speciosum .... |
. II. |
78 |
Pa"e
206
208
207
31
32
33
33
213
214
215
215
76
77
137
137
138
139
74
74
75
118
119
248
INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES
Abele ....
Abelia, Copious-flowering Abntilon, Vine-leaved „ Rose .
Adam’s Needle .
Alabama Snow Wreath Alaternus .
Alcoek Spruce .
Alder .
„ Buckthorn Alder-bush, White Alder-leaved Clethra Alder, Neapolitan „ Oregon .
„ Seaside .
„ White Alexandrian Laurel Allspice, Carolina
„ Glaucous-leaved „ Western Almond
Almond-leaved Willow Alpine Cotoneaster „ Rose
American Andromeda Arbor-vitse Aspen
Burning Bush Crab, Sweet-scented Elm .
Holly Hornbeam Laurel, Glaucous Lime .
Mountain Ash Witch Hazel Amur Yellow Wood . Andromeda, American „ Japan .
Apple, Coral-bud „ Crab
Arborescent Witch Hazel Arbor-vitae, American „ Chinese .
,, Gigantic .
„ Hatchet-leaved Ardoino’s Broom Arrow-jointed Genista Ash ....
„ Barberry „ Manna .
„ Mountain „ American Mountain Aspen
„ American Austrian Pine .
Vol.
H. II.
I.
I.
II.
I.
I.
II.
II.
I.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
I.
I.
I.
I.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
I.
II.
II.
I.
II.
II.
I.
II.
II.
I.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
I.
I.
II.
I.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
Page
184
61
29
81
194
106
44
216
154
46
96
96
154
155
156 156 193
11
11
12
92 183
28
93 79
206
190
41
11
137
40
158
87
31
16
43
86
79
80 12 12 43
206
208
207
207
78
74
105
17
105
17
16
189
190 232
Azalea, Clammy „ Creeping „ Flame-coloured „ Japanese „ Pontic .
,, Vasey’s .
Balsam Fir
„ Poplar .
Barberry, Ash .
„ Box-leaved
„ Common
„ Crowberry-leaved ,, Darwin’s
„ Holly-leaved
,, Japanese
„ Wallich’s .
Bastard Indigo .
Bay, Sweet „ Willow
Beam, Nepaul White .
„ White .
Bean, Indian Bearberry, Black
„ Common .
„ Pointed-leaved
Beautiful Nepal Spiraea Bedford Willow .
Beech ..... Bell, Golden
...
Bhotan Pine
Bilberry .... Birch, Canoe „ Cherry .
„ Dwarf „ Red „ Silver „ Yellow Bird Cherry Black Bearberry Black-berried Honeysuckle Blackberry .... Black Currant .
„ Jack „ Mulberry „ Poplar „ Spruce Blackthorn Bladder Nut
,, „ Colchican
„ Senna .
„ „ Oriental
Blagay’s Daphne Blue Bush .... » ». Straggling
„ „ V eitch’s .
249
|
vol. |
Page |
|
II. |
92 |
|
II. |
84 |
|
II. |
89 |
|
II. |
91 |
|
II. |
90 |
|
II. |
91 |
|
II. |
227 |
|
II. |
185 |
|
I. |
17 |
|
I. |
15 |
|
I. |
14 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
15 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
17 |
|
I. |
79 |
|
II. |
127 |
|
II. |
178 |
|
II. |
16 |
|
II. |
14 |
|
II. |
121 |
|
II. |
77 |
|
II. |
78 |
|
II. |
77 |
|
I. |
99 |
|
II. |
183 |
|
II. |
168 |
|
II. |
102 |
|
II. |
103 |
|
II. |
236 |
|
II. |
74 |
|
II. |
153 |
|
II. |
151 |
|
II. |
152 |
|
11. |
153 |
|
II. |
150 |
|
II. |
151 |
|
I. |
96 |
|
II. |
77 |
|
II. |
64 |
|
II. |
1 |
|
II. |
40 |
|
II. |
162 |
|
II. |
140 |
|
II. |
188 |
|
II. |
218 |
|
I. |
94 |
|
I. |
65 |
|
I. |
65 |
|
I. |
84 |
|
I. |
84 |
|
II. |
128 |
|
T |
47 |
|
T. |
47 |
|
I. |
49 |
INDEX
Vol. Page
Vol. Page
Blue Passion Flower .
„ Spruce Bog Myrtle „ Whortleberry Bower, Vine
„ Virgin’s . . _ .
Box, Broad-leaved Jasmine „ Common .
„ Elder
Box-leaved Barberry .
„ „ Cotoneaster
„ „ Speedwell
Box, Minorca
„ Narrow -leaved Jasmine „ Thorn, Chinese . Bramble, Rocky Mountain „ White-stemmed . Brasiletto .... Briar, Sweet British Oak
Broad-leaved Jasmine Box „ „ Lime .
„ „ Spindle Tree
Broom, Ardoino’s „ Common „ White Spanish „ Yellow .
Brush Bush Buckeye, Fetid .
Buckthorn, Alder
„ Purging .
„ Sea Buddleia, Colville’s Bullace ....
Burning Bush .
„ „ American .
Bushy Willow Butcher’s Broom Button Bush
Calico „ . . .
Californian Lilac „ Maple „ Mock Orange . „ Rhododendron Camellia, False .
Canadian Elder .
„ Poplar Canoe Birch Carolina Allspice Catalpa, Japan .
„ Western
Catawhan Rhododendron . Caucasian Walnut Cedar, Incense .
„ Indian
,, Japan ... ,, of Lebanon „ Mount Atlas .
„ Red
Ceplialotaxus, Plum-fruited Cherry, Bird „ Birch „ Crab „ Cornelian ,, Dwarf or Wild
„ Laurel .
Chestnut, Golden-leaved .
|
II. |
46 |
Chestnut, Horse |
i. |
53 |
||
|
II. |
219 |
„ Scarlet Horse |
i. |
52 |
||
|
II. |
148 |
„ Smooth-fruited Horse |
i. |
54 |
||
|
11. |
74 |
„ Sweet |
ii. |
167 |
||
|
I. |
3 |
Chili Pine |
ii. |
213 |
||
|
I. |
3 |
Chinese Arbor-vitae . |
ii. |
208 |
||
|
II. |
108 |
„ Box Thorn |
ii. |
117 |
||
|
II. |
135 |
„ Crab, Showy . |
ii. |
14 |
||
|
I. |
59 |
„ Juniper |
ii. |
200 |
||
|
I. |
15 |
„ Kidney-bean Tree |
i. |
80 |
||
|
II. |
28 |
„ Paper-plant . |
ii. |
47 |
||
|
II. |
118 |
„ Privet .... |
ii. |
111 |
||
|
II. |
134 |
Chittam Wood .... |
i. |
67 |
||
|
II. |
107 |
Choke-berry, Red |
ii. |
18 |
||
|
II. |
117 |
Ciliate Heath .... |
ii. |
81 |
||
|
II. |
1 |
Cilician Silver Fir |
ii. |
225 |
||
|
I. |
107 |
Cinquefoil, Shrubby . |
ii. |
4 |
||
|
I. |
88 |
Cistus, Corbiere’s Gum |
i. |
18 |
||
|
II. |
7 |
„ Cretan Gum . |
i. |
19 |
||
|
II. |
163 |
„ Gum .... |
i. |
19 |
||
|
II. |
108 |
„ Laurel-leaved Gum |
i. |
19 |
||
|
I. |
33 |
,, Montpelier Gum |
i. |
20 |
||
|
I. |
44 |
„ Portuguese Gum . |
i. |
20 |
||
|
I. |
78 |
„ Purple-flowered Gum |
i. |
21 |
||
|
I. |
78 |
Clammy Azalea .... |
ii. |
92 |
||
|
I. |
77 |
,, Locust .... |
i. |
83 |
||
|
I. |
75 |
Clematis, Mountain . |
i. |
3 |
||
|
I. |
107 |
Clerodendron, Stinking |
ii. |
123 |
||
|
I. |
53 |
Club, Hercules’ .... |
ii. |
48 |
||
|
I. |
46 |
Cluster-flowered Yew, Fortune’s |
ii. |
197 |
||
|
I. |
45 |
Cluster Pine .... |
ii. |
233 |
||
|
II. |
132 |
Cockspur Thorn .... |
ii. |
22 |
||
|
II. |
114 |
Coffee Bush .... |
i. |
27 |
||
|
I. |
93 |
„ „ Virginian |
i. |
28 |
||
|
I. |
42 |
Coffee-tree, Kentucky |
i. |
88 |
||
|
I. |
41 |
Colchican Bladder Nut |
i. |
65 |
||
|
II. |
171 |
Colorado White Fir . |
ii. |
225 |
||
|
II. |
192 |
Colville’s Buddleia |
ii |
114 |
||
|
II. |
69 |
Constantinople Hazel |
ii. |
159 |
||
|
II. |
87 |
Copious-flowering Abelia . |
ii. |
61 |
||
|
I. |
48 |
Coral Berry .... |
i. |
13 |
||
|
I. |
58 |
Coral-bud Apple |
ii. |
12 |
||
|
II. |
37 |
Corbiere’s Gum Cistus |
T. |
18 |
||
|
II. |
92 |
Cork Oak |
II. |
165 |
||
|
I. |
27 |
Cornel ..... |
II. |
51 |
||
|
II. |
54 |
Cornelian Cherry |
II. |
51 |
||
|
II. |
187 |
Cornish Heath .... |
II. |
84 |
||
|
II. |
153 |
Corsican Heath .... |
II. |
83 |
||
|
I. |
11 |
,, Pine .... |
II. |
231 |
||
|
II. |
122 |
Cotoneaster, Alpine . |
II. |
28 |
||
|
II. |
122 |
,, Box-leaved . |
II. |
28 |
||
|
II. |
93 |
,, Common |
II. |
29 |
||
|
II. |
147 |
,, Loose-flowered |
II. |
30 |
||
|
II. |
208 |
,, Moneywort-leaved |
II. |
31 |
||
|
II. |
221 |
„ Rod |
II. |
27 |
||
|
II. |
211 |
„ Round-leaved |
II. |
31 |
||
|
II. |
221 |
,, Simon’s . |
II. |
32 |
||
|
II. |
220 |
„ Small-fruited . |
II. |
26 |
||
|
II. |
201 |
„ Small-leaved . |
II. |
30 |
||
|
II. |
197 |
Cottonwood .... |
II. |
187 |
||
|
I. |
96 |
Coulter’s Pine .... |
II. |
231 |
||
|
II. |
151 |
Cowberry |
II. |
75 |
||
|
II. |
13 |
Crab Apple, American |
II. |
12 |
||
|
II. |
51 |
„ Cherry .... |
II. |
13 |
||
|
I. |
95 |
„ Showy Chinese . |
II. |
14 |
||
|
I. |
97 |
,, Siberian .... |
II. |
11 |
||
|
II. |
167 |
„ Sweet-scented . |
y |
II. |
11 |
250
POPULAR NAMES
Crack Willow Cranberry .
Creeper, Japanese „ Virginian Creeping Azalea Cretan Gum Cistus Cross-leaved Heath Crowberry .
Crowberry-leaved Barberry Cucumber Tree
„ „ Long-leaved
Curled-leaved Jasmine Currant, Black .
Flowering . Missouri Mountain Red
Cypress, Deciduous .
Evergreen .
Lawson Montery
Obtuse-leaved Japan Yellow
Daisy-bush, New Zealand „ ,, Tasmanian
„ Tree, New Zealand Daphne, Blagay’s Dark-leaved Sallow Darwin’s Barberry Deciduous Cypress Deodar
Deutzia, Slender Dewberry .
Dog Rose .
Dogwood
„ Large-leaved
„ Red Osier
„ White-flowering
Double Tongue .
Douglas Fir Douglas’s Spiraea „ Thorn
Downy Mountain Wi]
„ Rose Dwarf Birch „ Cherry „ Furze „ Silky Willow „ Sumach .
„ Willow Dyer’s Green Weed Eastern Spruce .
„ Thorn .
Elder, Box
„ Canadian .
„ Common .
„ Glaucous „ Scarlet-berried Elm, American „ Common „ Slippery „ White „ Winged „ Wych
Evergreen Cypress „ Oak
„ Thorn
|
Vol. |
Paste |
Vol. |
Pane |
||||
|
H. |
175 |
Evergreen Trumpet Honeysuckle |
II. |
65 |
|||
|
II. |
75 |
False Camellia . |
I. |
27 |
|||
|
I. |
51 |
Fetid Buckeye . |
I. |
53 |
|||
|
I. |
50 |
Field Rose |
II. |
5 |
|||
|
II. |
84 |
Fig ..... |
II. |
141 |
|||
|
I. |
19 |
Fine-leaved Heath |
II. |
82 |
|||
|
II. |
83 |
Fir, Balsam |
II. |
227 |
|||
|
II. |
191 |
„ Cilician Silver |
II. |
225 |
|||
|
I. |
16 |
„ Colorado-White . |
II. |
225 |
|||
|
I. |
4 |
„ Douglas |
II. |
230 |
|||
|
I. |
6 |
„ Great Silver |
II. |
226 |
|||
|
11. |
101 |
,, Hemlock Indian . |
H. |
213 |
|||
|
H. |
40 |
,, Japan Silver |
II. |
226 |
|||
|
II. |
41 |
„ Mount Enos |
II. |
224 |
|||
|
II. |
38 |
„ Nordmann’s Silver |
II. |
228 |
|||
|
II. |
38 |
„ Norway Spruce . |
II. |
216 |
|||
|
II. |
40 |
„ Plum .... |
II. |
199 |
|||
|
II. |
212 |
„ Red . |
II. |
227 |
|||
|
H. |
203 |
„ Short-leaved Silver |
II. |
224 |
|||
|
II. |
203 |
,, Silver .... |
II. |
229 |
|||
|
II. |
202 |
„ Spanish Silver |
II. |
229 |
|||
|
II. |
205 |
Flame-coloured Azalea |
II. |
89 |
|||
|
II. |
204 |
Flowering Currant |
II. |
41 |
|||
|
II. |
70 |
„ Dogwood, White |
II. |
49 |
|||
|
11. |
71 |
Fly Honeysuckle |
II. |
66 |
|||
|
II. |
71 |
Fortune’s Cluster-flowered Yew |
II. |
197 |
|||
|
11. |
128 |
,, Rhododendron . |
II. |
94 |
|||
|
II. |
178 |
Fragrant Skimmia |
I. |
35 |
|||
|
I. |
16 |
Fringe Tree, White . |
II. |
109 |
|||
|
II. |
212 |
F uchsia-flowered Gooseberry |
II. |
42 |
|||
|
II. |
221 |
Furze |
I. |
76 |
|||
|
II. |
36 |
„ Dwarf |
I. |
77 |
|||
|
I. |
10S |
Garland Flower . |
II. |
128 |
|||
|
II. |
6 |
Gean ..... |
I. |
95 |
|||
|
II. |
51 |
Genista, Arrow-jointed |
I. |
74 |
|||
|
II. |
50 |
„ Mount Etna . |
I. |
72 |
|||
|
H. |
52 |
» Twiggy- |
I. |
75 |
|||
|
II. |
49 |
„ Gerard’s Indigo . |
1. |
80 |
|||
|
II. |
192 |
Germander-leaved Spiraea . |
I. |
100 |
|||
|
II. |
230 |
Gigantic Arbor-vitm . |
II. |
207 |
|||
|
I. |
101 |
Glaucous American Laurel . |
II. |
87 |
|||
|
II. |
22 |
,, Elder . |
II. |
54 |
|||
|
II. |
177 |
Glaucous-leaved Allspice . |
I. |
11 |
|||
|
II. |
9 |
Globe-flowered Menziesia . |
H. |
95 |
|||
|
II. |
152 |
Goat Willow |
II. |
173 |
|||
|
I. |
95 |
Golden Bell |
II. |
102 |
|||
|
I. |
77 |
M » ... |
II. |
103 |
|||
|
II. |
181 |
,, Larch |
II. |
223 |
|||
|
I. |
66 |
Golden-leaved Chestnut |
11. |
167 |
|||
|
II. |
175 |
Golden Osier |
II. |
171 |
|||
|
I. |
74 |
Gorse ..... |
I. |
76 |
|||
|
II. |
218 |
„ Spanish . |
I. |
73 |
|||
|
II. |
24 |
Gooseberry .... |
II. |
39 |
|||
|
I. |
59 |
„ Fuchsia-flowered |
II. |
42 |
|||
|
II. |
54 |
Grape Pear .... |
II. |
33 |
|||
|
II. |
55 |
„ Vine |
I. |
50 |
|||
|
II. |
54 |
Gray Sallow |
II. |
174 |
|||
|
II. |
55 |
Greater Periwinkle |
II. |
113 |
|||
|
II. |
137 |
Great Laurel Magnolia |
I. |
7 |
|||
|
II. |
138 |
Great-leaved „ |
I. |
7 |
|||
|
I. |
30 |
Great Reed |
II. |
195 |
|||
|
II. |
137 |
„ Silver Fir . |
II. |
226 |
|||
|
II. |
137 |
Green Weed, Dyer’s . |
I. |
74 |
|||
|
II. |
139 |
„ „ Hairy |
I. |
74 |
|||
|
II. |
203 |
Guelder Rose |
n. |
58 |
|||
|
II. |
161 |
„ „ Large-headed |
ii. |
57 |
|||
|
II. |
26 1 „ „ Plaited . 251 |
ii. |
59 |
INDEX
Gum Cistus .
„ „ Corbiere’s
„ „ Cretan
„ ,, Laurel-leaved .
„ „ Montpelier
„ „ Portuguese
„ „ Purple-flowered
„ „ Sweet
Hairy Green Weed Hatchet-leaved Arbor-vitse
Haw, Red
Hawthorn ..... Hazel, American Witch „ Arborescent „
„ Common ....
„ Constantinople Heath, St. Dabeoc’s .
„ Ciliate ....
„ Cornish ....
„ Corsican ....
„ Cross-leaved .
„ Fine-leaved „ Mediterranean „ Winter .... Hemlock, Mountain .
„ Fir, Indian .
„ Spruce „ „ Japan
Hercule’s Club .... Hibiscus, Syrian .... Hickory, Shell-bark .
Himalayan Honeysuckle .
„ Holly
„ Lilac
„ Snow-flower
„ Spruce
Hoary Spiraea ....
Holly ......
„ American ....
„ Himalayan ....
Holly-leaved Barberry „ „ Olive
Honey Locust ....
Honeysuckle, Black-berried „ Common
„ Evergreen Trumpet
Fly . • •
„ Italian .
„ Japanese
„ Himalayan .
„ Perfoliate
„ Short-stalked
„ Tartarian
„ Very Fragrant
„ Yellow Trumpet .
Hooker’s St. John’s Wort . Honey Locust ....
Hop Tree
Hornbeam
„ American .
Horse Chestnut ....
„ „ Scarlet
„ „ Smooth-fruited
Hydrangea, Common „ Plumed .
Ibota Privet .... Incense Cedar ....
|
Vol. Page |
|
|
I. 19 |
Indian Bean .... |
|
I. 18 |
„ Cedar .... |
|
I. 19 |
,, Hemlock Fir . |
|
I. 19 |
Indigo, Bastard .... |
|
I. 20 |
„ Gerard’s |
|
I. 20 |
Intermediate Spirsea . |
|
I. 21 |
Italian Honeysuckle . |
|
. II. 44 |
„ Maple .... |
|
I. 74 |
Ivy |
|
. II. 207 |
Japan Andromeda |
|
. II. 23 |
„ Catalpa .... |
|
. H. 24 |
„ Cedar . . ' . |
|
. II. 43 |
„ Cypress, Obtuse-leaved . |
|
. II. 43 |
„ Silver Fir |
|
. II. 158 |
Japanese Azalea |
|
. II. 159 |
„ Barberry |
|
. II. 85 |
„ Creeper |
|
. II. 81 |
„ Honeysuckle |
|
. II. 84 |
„ Lilac .... |
|
. II. 83 |
„ Maple |
|
. II. 83 |
„ Pagoda Tree |
|
. II. 82 |
„ Privet |
|
. II. 82 |
,, Quince |
|
. II. 81 |
,, Rose .... |
|
. II. 215 |
,, Skimmia |
|
. II. 213 |
,, Snow-flower |
|
. II. 214 |
,, Spindle Tree |
|
. II. 215 |
,, Spiraea |
|
. II. 48 |
,, Storax |
|
I. 29 |
,, Wine-berry |
|
. II. 146 |
Jasmine Box, Broad-leaved |
|
. II. 67 |
„ ,, Narrow-leaved |
|
I. 40 |
,, Curled-leaved |
|
. II. 103 |
,, Shrubby |
|
. II. 35 |
,, Wallich’s |
|
. II. 217 |
„ White .... |
|
I. 100 |
,, Yellow |
|
I. 39 |
Jerusalem Sage .... |
|
I. 40 |
Jew’s Mallow .... |
|
I. 40 |
Judas Tree .... |
|
I. 15 |
Juniper, Chinese |
|
. II. 108 |
,, Common |
|
I. 89 |
Kentucky Coffee-tree |
|
. II. 64 |
Kerria, White .... |
|
. II. 64 |
Kidney-bean Tree, Chinese |
|
. II. 65 |
Kusagi ..... |
|
. II. 66 |
Labrador Tree . |
|
. II. 62 |
Laburnum ..... |
|
. II. 63 |
„ Scotch |
|
. II. 67 |
Larch |
|
. II. 61 |
„ Golden .... |
|
. II. 64 |
Large-flowered St. John’s Wort |
|
. II. 66 |
„ „ Weigela . |
|
. II. 63 |
„ „ Wistaria |
|
. II. 62 |
Large-fruited Thorn . |
|
I. 25 |
Large-headed Guelder Rose |
|
. I. 89 |
Large-leaved Dogwood |
|
I. 34 |
„ Oleaster |
|
. II. 157 |
Laurel, Alexandrian . |
|
. II. 158 |
„ Cherry . ... |
|
I. 53 |
„ Glaucous American |
|
I. 52 |
Laurel-leaved Gum Cistus |
|
I. 54 |
„ Magnolia |
|
. II. 34 |
„ „ Great |
|
. II. 35 |
„ Pontic Spurge |
|
. II. 109 |
„ Portugal |
|
. II. 208 |
„ Sheep . |
252
|
Vol. |
Page |
|
II. |
121 |
|
II. |
221 |
|
II. |
213 |
|
I. |
79 |
|
I. |
80 |
|
I. |
102 |
|
II. |
62 |
|
I. |
60 |
|
II. |
48 |
|
II. |
80 |
|
II. |
122 |
|
II. |
211 |
|
II. |
205 |
|
II. |
226 |
|
H. |
91 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
51 |
|
II. |
63 |
|
II. |
104 |
|
I. 58-60 |
|
|
I. |
87 |
|
II. |
110 |
|
II. |
19 |
|
II. |
8 |
|
I. |
36 |
|
11. |
36 |
|
I. |
43 |
|
I. |
101 |
|
II. |
98 |
|
II. |
4 |
|
n. |
108 |
|
ii. |
107 |
|
ii. |
101 |
|
ii. |
99 |
|
ii. |
101 |
|
ii. |
100 |
|
ii. |
100 |
|
ii. |
126 |
|
i. |
105 |
|
i. |
91 |
|
ii. |
200 |
|
ii. |
201 |
|
i. |
88 |
|
i. |
106 |
|
i. |
80 |
|
ii. |
123 |
|
H. |
88 |
|
1. |
72 |
|
I. |
71 |
|
II. |
222 |
|
H. |
223 |
|
I. |
24 |
|
II. |
68 |
|
I. |
81 |
|
II. |
25 |
|
II. |
57 |
|
II. |
50 |
|
II. |
131 |
|
II. |
193 |
|
I. |
97 |
|
II. |
87 |
|
I. |
19 |
|
I. |
6 |
|
I. |
7 |
|
II. |
129 |
|
I. |
98 |
|
II. |
86 |
POPULAR NAMES
Laurel Spurge .
„ Variegated Laurustinus Lavender Lawson Cypress . Lead Plant Ledum, Marsh . Lesser Periwinkle Lilac .
„ Californian „ Himalayan ,, Japanese . Lime, American .
„ Broad-leaved „ Common .
„ Small-leaved Lindley’s Spirsea Ling .
Locust
„ Clammy .
„ Honey .
„ Tree London Plane
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree Long-stalked Oleaster Loose-flowered Cotoneaster Lord Harrington’s Yew Magnolia, Great Laurel ,, Great-leaved
„ Laurel
„ Purple-flowered
„ Small-leaved
„ Starry
Maidenhair Tree Mallow, Jew’s Manna Ash Maple, Californian
„ Common
„ Italian .
„ Japanese
„ Montpelier
„ Norway .
„ Red
„ Round-leaved „ Silver-leaved
„ Striped .
„ Sugar .
„ Tartarian
Marsh Ledum .
„ Rosemary Maule’s Quince .
Medicinal Storax Mediterranean Heath Medlar Menziesia, Glohe-flowered „ Scottish Mezereon .
Middendorf’s Weigela Minorca Box Missouri Currant Mistletoe .
Mock Orange „ „ Californian
„ Privet
„ „ Vilmorin’s
Moneywort-leaved Cotoneaster Monterey Cypress
|
Vol. H. |
Page 1 128 |
Montpelier Gum Cistus |
Vol. I. |
Page 20 |
|||
|
II. |
52 ! |
„ Maple |
I. |
59 |
|||
|
II. |
59 |
Moose Wood |
I. |
61 |
|||
|
H. |
125 |
Moser’s St. John’s Wort . |
I. |
25 |
|||
|
H. |
203 |
Mountain Ash . |
* |
II. |
17 |
||
|
I. |
79 |
„ „ American . |
II. |
16 |
|||
|
H. |
89 |
„ Clematis |
I. |
3 |
|||
|
II |
113 |
„ Currant |
II. |
38 |
|||
|
II. |
104 |
„ Hemlock |
II. |
215 |
|||
|
I. |
48 |
Mount Atlas Cedar . |
II. |
220 |
|||
|
II. |
103 |
„ Enos Fir |
II. |
224 |
|||
|
II. |
104 |
„ Etna Genista . |
I. |
72 |
|||
|
I. |
31 |
Moustache Plant |
II. |
124 |
|||
|
I. |
33 |
Mulberry, Black |
II. |
140 |
|||
|
I. |
33 |
,, Paper |
II. |
140 |
|||
|
I. |
32 |
Musk Rose |
II. |
7 |
|||
|
I. |
102 |
Myrtle .... |
II. |
45 |
|||
|
11. |
80 |
„ Bog |
II. |
148 |
|||
|
I. |
82 |
Narrow-leaved Jasmine Box |
H. |
107 |
|||
|
I. |
83 |
„ Yucca |
II. |
193 |
|||
|
I. |
89 |
Neapolitan Alder |
II. |
154 |
|||
|
I. |
82 |
Needle, Adam’s . |
II. |
194 |
|||
|
II. |
143 |
Nepal White Beam . |
II. |
16 |
|||
|
I. |
6 |
„ Spirsea, Beautiful . |
I. |
99 |
|||
|
II. |
132 |
New Jersey Tea |
I. |
46 |
|||
|
II. |
30 |
„ Zealand Daisy Bush . |
II. |
70 |
|||
|
II. |
198 |
„ „ „ Tree . |
II. |
71 |
|||
|
I. |
7 |
Nine-bark .... |
I. |
104 |
|||
|
I. |
7 |
Nootka Sound Raspberry . |
II. |
3 |
|||
|
I. |
6 |
Nordmann’s Silver Fir |
II. |
228 |
|||
|
I. |
8 |
Norway Maple . |
I. |
61 |
|||
|
I. |
8 |
„ Spruce Fir |
II. |
216 |
|||
|
I. |
9 |
Oak, British |
II. |
163 |
|||
|
II. |
196 |
,, Cork .... |
II. |
165 |
|||
|
I. |
105 |
,, Evergreen . |
II. |
161 |
|||
|
II. |
105 |
„ Red .... |
II. |
164 |
|||
|
I. |
58 |
„ Scarlet |
II. |
160 |
|||
|
I. |
56 |
„ Sessile-flowered . |
II. |
165 |
|||
|
I. |
60 |
„ Swamp |
II. |
162 |
|||
|
1. 58-60 |
„ Turkey |
II. |
160 |
||||
|
I. |
59 |
„ Yellow-bark |
II. |
166 |
|||
|
I. |
61 |
Oblate-berried Skimmia |
I. |
36 |
|||
|
I. |
63 |
Obtuse-leaved Japan Cypress |
II. |
205 |
|||
|
I. |
57 |
Oleaster .... |
II. |
130 |
|||
|
I. |
57 |
„ Large-leaved |
II. |
131 |
|||
|
I. |
61 |
,, Long-stalked |
II. |
132 |
|||
|
L |
63 |
Olive, Holly-leaved |
II. |
108 |
|||
|
I. |
64 |
„ Wild |
II. |
130 |
|||
|
II. |
89 |
Ontario Poplar . |
II. |
186 |
|||
|
H. |
79 |
Orange-ball Tree |
II. |
115 |
|||
|
II. |
20 |
Orange, Mock |
H. |
37 |
|||
|
II. |
98 |
„ Californian Mock . |
II. |
37 |
|||
|
II. |
82 |
Oregon Alder |
II. |
155 |
|||
|
II. |
18 |
Oriental Bladder Senna |
I. |
84 |
|||
|
II. |
95 |
„ Plane . |
II. |
145 |
|||
|
II. |
85 |
Osier ..... |
II. |
181 |
|||
|
II. |
129 |
„ Dogwood, Red . |
II. |
52 |
|||
|
II. |
68 |
„ Golden |
II. |
171 |
|||
|
II. |
134 |
„ Purple |
11. |
180 |
|||
|
II. |
38 |
Oso Berry .... |
I. |
98 |
|||
|
H. |
133 |
Oval-leaved Privet |
II. |
111 |
|||
|
II. |
37 |
Pagoda Tree, Japanese |
I. |
87 |
|||
|
H. |
37 |
Pallas’s Tamarisk |
I. |
23 |
|||
|
II. |
108 |
Paper Mulberry . |
II. |
140 |
|||
|
II. |
107 |
Paper-plant, Chinese . |
11. |
47 |
|||
|
II. |
31 |
Passion Flower, Blue . |
11. |
46 |
|||
|
11. |
202 |
Pea-fruited Retinospera |
11. |
205 |
|||
|
253 |
Y |
INDEX
Pea Tree, Siberian Pear, Grape „ Wild
„ Willow-leaved Pepper-bush, Sweet Perfoliate Honeysuckle Periwinkle, Greater „ Lesser Petty Whin Pine, Austrian .
„ Bhotan „ Cluster „ Corsican „ Coulter’s .
„ Scots .
„ Stone „ Swiss Stone „ Umbrella .
„ Weymouth „ Yellow Pinxter Flower .
Plaited Guelder Rose Plane, London .
„ Oriental .
„ Wedge-leaved „ Western .
Plumed Hydrangea Plum Fir .
Plum-fruited Cephalo Plum, Wild Pointed-leaved Bearberry Poison Ivy .
„ Sumach .
Pontic Azalea
„ Rhododendron „ Spurge Laurel Poplar, Balsam .
„ Black
„ Canadian
„ Grey .
„ Great White „ Lombardy „ Ontario .
Portugal Laurel Portuguese Gum Cistus Prunus-leaved Spiraea Purging Buckthorn Purple-flowered Gum Cisti „ ,, Magnolia
„ „ Raspberry
Purple Osier Privet, Chinese .
„ Common „ Ibota „ J apanese
„ Mock „ Oval-leaved .
„ Shining .
„ Yilmorin’s Mock Quince, Common „ Japanese „ Maule’s . Raspberry .
„ Nootka Sound
,, Purple-flowered
Red Birch .
Redbud
|
Vol. I. |
Page 85 |
Red Cedar . |
Vol. II. |
Page 201 |
|||||||
|
H. |
33 |
„ Choke Borry |
II. |
18 |
|||||||
|
n. |
10 |
„ Currant |
II. |
40 |
|||||||
|
H. |
9 |
„ Fir .... |
II. |
227 |
|||||||
|
II. |
96 |
„ Haw . |
II. |
23 |
|||||||
|
II. |
61 |
„ Maple .... |
I. |
63 |
|||||||
|
II. |
113 |
„ Oak .... |
II. |
164 |
|||||||
|
II. |
113 |
„ Osier Dogwood . |
II. |
52 |
|||||||
|
I. |
73 |
Reddish Skimmia |
I. |
36 |
|||||||
|
II. |
232 |
Redwood |
II. |
210 |
|||||||
|
II. |
236 |
Reed, Great |
II. |
195 |
|||||||
|
II. |
233 |
Reticulate Willow |
II. |
182 |
|||||||
|
II. |
231 |
Retinospera, Pea-fruited |
II. |
205 |
|||||||
|
II. |
231 |
Rhododendron, Californian |
II. |
92 |
|||||||
|
II. |
235 |
„ Catawban . |
II. |
93 |
|||||||
|
II. |
234 |
„ Fortune’s . |
II. |
94 |
|||||||
|
II. |
236 |
„ Pontic |
II. |
94 |
|||||||
|
II. |
209 |
Rocky Mountain Bramble . |
II. |
1 |
|||||||
|
II. |
237 |
Rod Cotoneaster . |
II. |
27 |
|||||||
|
II. |
234 |
Rose, Acacia |
I. |
81 |
|||||||
|
II. |
90 |
„ Alpine |
II. |
93 |
|||||||
|
II. |
59 |
„ Dog .... |
II. |
6 |
|||||||
|
II. |
143 |
„ Downy |
II. |
9 |
|||||||
|
II. |
145 |
„ Field |
II. |
5 |
|||||||
|
II. |
143 |
„ Guelder |
II. |
58 |
|||||||
|
II. |
144 |
,, Japanese . |
II. |
8 |
|||||||
|
II. |
35 |
„ Musk. |
II. |
7 |
|||||||
|
II. |
199 |
„ Scotch |
II. |
8 |
|||||||
|
s |
II. |
197 |
„ Showy Sun |
I. |
21 |
||||||
|
I. |
93 |
Rosemary, Common . |
II. |
125 |
|||||||
|
II. |
77 |
„ Marsh |
II. |
79 |
|||||||
|
I. |
69 |
Rosy Weigela |
II. |
67 |
|||||||
|
I. |
70 |
Round-eared Sallow . |
II. |
172 |
|||||||
|
II. |
90 |
Round-leaved Cotoneaster . |
II. |
31 |
|||||||
|
II. |
94 |
„ Maple . |
I. |
57 |
|||||||
|
II. |
129 |
Sage Bush .... |
H. |
73 |
|||||||
|
II. |
185 |
„ Jerusalem . |
II. |
126 |
|||||||
|
II. |
188 |
St. Dabeoc’s Heath |
II. |
85 |
|||||||
|
II. |
187 |
St. John’s Wort, Hooker’s . |
I. |
25 |
|||||||
|
II. |
186 |
„ „ Large-flowered |
I. |
24 |
|||||||
|
II. |
184 |
„ „ Moser’s |
I. |
25 |
|||||||
|
II. |
189 |
„ „ Spreading |
I. |
26 |
|||||||
|
II. |
186 |
Sallow, Common |
II. |
173 |
|||||||
|
I. |
98 |
„ Dark-leaved . |
II. |
178 |
|||||||
|
I. |
20 |
„ Gray |
II. |
174 |
|||||||
|
I. |
103 |
„ Round-eared . |
II. |
172 |
|||||||
|
I. |
45 |
Salmon Berry |
II. |
4 |
|||||||
|
IS |
I. |
21 |
Satin Flower |
I. |
86 |
||||||
|
I. |
8 |
Savin |
II. |
200 |
|||||||
|
II. |
3 |
Scarlet-berried Elder |
II. |
55 |
|||||||
|
II. |
180 |
Scarlet Horse Chestnut |
I. |
52 |
|||||||
|
II. |
111 |
„ Oak |
H. |
160 |
|||||||
|
II. |
112 |
„ Thorn |
H. |
20 |
|||||||
|
II. |
109 |
Scorpion Senna . |
I. |
85 |
|||||||
|
II. |
110 |
Scotch Laburnum |
I. |
71 |
|||||||
|
II. |
108 |
„ Rose |
II. |
8 |
|||||||
|
II. |
111 |
Scots Pine .... |
H. |
235 |
|||||||
|
II. |
110 |
Scottish Menziesia |
II. |
85 |
|||||||
|
II. |
107 |
Sea Buckthorn . |
H. |
132 |
|||||||
|
II. |
20 |
Seaside Alder |
II. |
156 |
|||||||
|
II. |
19 |
Senna, Bladder . |
I. |
84 |
|||||||
|
II. |
20 |
„ Oriental Bladder |
I. |
84 |
|||||||
|
H. |
2 |
„ Scorpion . |
I. |
85 |
|||||||
|
II. |
3 |
Service Berry |
II. |
32 |
|||||||
|
II. |
3 |
„ Tree, True |
H. |
17 |
|||||||
|
II. |
153 |
„ Wild . |
H. |
15 |
|||||||
|
I. |
90 |
Sessile-flowered Oak . |
II. |
165 |
254
POPULAR NAMES
Sheep Berry „ Laurel Shell-bark Hickory Shiniug Privet .
Short-leaved Silver Fir Short-stalked Honeysuckle Showy Chinese Crab „ Sun Rose .
„ Zenobia .
Shrubby Cinquefoil „ Jasmine Siberian Crab „ Pea Tree Silk Grass .
Silky Willow, Dwarf Silver Beiry Birch Fir .
Cilician Great .
Japan .
Nordmann’s Short-leaved Spanish
Silver-leaved Maple Simon’s Cotoneaster Sioumi
Skimmia, Fragrant „ J apanese
„ Oblate-berried
„ Reddish
Slender Deutzia .
Slippery Elm Sloe
Small-fruited Cotoneaster Small-leaved „
„ „ Lime
„ „ Magnolia
Smoke Plant Smooth-fruited Horse Chestnut Smooth Sumach .
Snowball Tree Snowberry .
Snowdrop Tree .
Snow-flower, Himalayan „ „ Japanese
Snow-in-Summer Snow Wreath, Alabama Sorbus-leaved Spiraea . Southernwood Spanish Broom, White „ „ Yellow
„ Gorse „ Silver Fir Speedwell, Box-leaved „ Traver’s .
Spindle Tree
, Broad-leaved ., Japanese
Spiraea, Beautiful Nepal Douglas’s Germander-leaved Hoary
Intermediate . Japanese.
Lindley’s Prunus-leaved
Vol. Page
II. 57 Spiraea, Sorbus-leaved II. 86 „ Thunberg’s
II. 146 „ White-beam-leaved
II. 110 „ Willow-leaved
II. 224 Spreading St. John’s Wort II. 64 Spruce, Alcock .
II. 14 „ Black
I. 21 „ Blue
II. 78 „ Eastern .
II. 4 „ Hemlock
II. 99 „ Himalayan
II. 11 „ Japan Hemlock
I. 85 „ Tiger’s Tail
II. 194 Spurge Laurel .
II. 181 „ „ Pontic
II. 131 Staghorn Sumach II. 150 Starry Magnolia II. 229 Stinking Clerodendron II. 225 Stone Pine .
II. 226 „ „ Swiss
II. 226 Storax, Japanese II. 228 „ Medicinal
II. 224 Straggling Blue Bush II. 229 Strawberry Tree I. 57 Striped Maple .
II. 32 Sugar „
II. 136 Sumach, Dwarf .
I. 35 „ Poison .
I. 36 „ Smooth
I. 36 „ Staghorn
I. 37 Sun Rose, Showy II. 36 Swamp Oak I. 30 Sweet Bay .
I. 94 „ Briar
II. 26 „ Chestnut
II. 30 „ Gum
I. 32 „ Pepper-bush
I. 8 Sweet-scented American Crab I. 68 Swiss Stone Pine I. 54 Sycamore .
I. 68 Syrian Hibiscus II. 59 Syringa II. 60 Tamarisk .
II. 97 „ Pallas’s
II. 35 Tansy-leaved Thorn II. 36 Tartarian Maple .
II. 72 „ Honeysuckle
I. 106 Tasmanian Daisy Bush I. 103 Tea, Labrador .
II. 72 Tea-leaved Willow I. 77 Tea, New Jersey I. 75 „ Tree .
I. 73 Thorn, Chinese Box
II. 229 „ Cockspur
II. 118 „ Douglas’s
II. 120 „ Eastern .
I. 43 „ Evergreen
I. 44 „ Large-fruited
I. 43 „ Scarlet .
I. 99 „ Tansy-leaved
I. 101 „ Washington
I. 100 Thunberg’s Spiraea I. 100 Tiger’s Tail Spruce I. 102 Traveller’s Joy .
I. 101 Traver’s Speedwell
I. 102 Tree of Heaven .
I. 103 True Service Tree
|
Vol. |
Page |
|
I. |
103 |
|
I. |
104 |
|
I. |
100 |
|
I. |
103 |
|
I. |
26 |
|
II. |
216 |
|
II. |
218 |
|
II. |
219 |
|
II. |
218 |
|
II. |
214 |
|
II. |
217 |
|
II. |
215 |
|
II. |
219 |
|
11. |
128 |
|
II. |
129 |
|
I. |
69 |
|
I. |
9 |
|
II. |
123 |
|
II. |
234 |
|
II. |
236 |
|
II. |
98 |
|
II. |
98 |
|
I. |
47 |
|
II. |
76 |
|
I. |
61 |
|
I. |
63 |
|
L |
66 |
|
I. |
70 |
|
I. |
68 |
|
I. |
69 |
|
I. |
21 |
|
II. |
162 |
|
H. |
127 |
|
II. |
7 |
|
II. |
167 |
|
II. |
44 |
|
II. |
96 |
|
II. |
11 |
|
II. |
236 |
|
I. |
62 |
|
I. |
29 |
|
II. |
37 |
|
I. |
22 |
|
I. |
23 |
|
II. |
26 |
|
I. |
64 |
|
II. |
66 |
|
II. |
71 |
|
II. |
88 |
|
II. |
179 |
|
I. |
46 |
|
II. |
116 |
|
II. |
117 |
|
II. |
22 |
|
II. |
22 |
|
II. |
24 |
|
II. |
26 |
|
II. |
25 |
|
II. |
20 |
|
II. |
26 |
|
II. |
21 |
|
I. |
104 |
|
II. |
219 |
|
I. |
1 |
|
II. |
120 |
|
I. |
37 |
|
II. |
17 |
255
v 2
INDEX
Trumpet Honeysuckle, Evergreen „ „ Yellow .
Tulip Tree
Turkey Oak ....
Tutsan
Twiggy Genista .... Umbrella Pine ....
,, Tree .... Vanilla Tree .... Variegated Laurel Vasey’s Azalea .... Veitch’s Blue Bush Very Fragrant Honeysuckle Vilruorin’s Mock Privet Vine, Bower ....
„ Grape .... Vine-leaved Abutilon .
Virginian Coffee Bush „ Creeper
„ Yellow Wood
Virgin’s Bower .... Wallich’s Barberry „ Jasmine
Walnut .....
„ Caucasian Washington Thorn Wayfaring Tree . Wedge-leaved Plane . Weeping Willow .
Weigel a, Large-flowered „ Rosy
„ Middendorf’s
Wellingtonia Western Allspice ,, Catalpa „ Plane . Weymouth Pine .
White Alder
Alder-bush Beam
Beam-leaved Spiraea Beam N epal Birch Elm .
Fir, Colorado Flowering Dogwood Fringe-Tree Jasmine .
Kerria
Poplar, Great . Spanish Broom Stemmed Bramble
9f
ff
If
9)
ff
1)
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
|
Vol. |
Page |
Vol. |
Page |
||||
|
II. |
65 |
White Willow . |
II. |
170 |
|||
|
II. |
62 |
Whortleberry |
II. |
74 |
|||
|
I. |
10 |
„ Bog |
II. |
74 |
|||
|
II. |
160 |
Wliortle-leaved Willow |
II. |
177 |
|||
|
I. |
24 |
Wild Cherry |
I. |
95 |
|||
|
I. |
75 |
„ Olive .... |
II. |
130 |
|||
|
II. |
209 |
„ Pear .... |
II. |
10 |
|||
|
I. |
9 |
„ Plum |
I. |
93 |
|||
|
II. |
118 |
„ Service |
II. |
15 |
|||
|
II. |
52 |
Willow, Almond-leaved |
II. |
183 |
|||
|
II. |
91 |
„ Bay |
II. |
178 |
|||
|
I. |
49 |
„ Bedford . |
II. |
183 |
|||
|
II. |
63 |
„ Bushy . |
II. |
171 |
|||
|
II. |
107 |
„ Crack . |
II. |
175 |
|||
|
I. |
3 |
„ Dwarf . |
II. |
175 |
|||
|
I. |
50 |
„ „ Silky . |
II. |
181 |
|||
|
I. |
29 |
„ Downy Mountain . |
II. |
177 |
|||
|
I. |
28 |
„ Goat |
II. |
173 |
|||
|
I. |
50 |
Willow-leaved Pear . |
II |
9 |
|||
|
I. |
86 |
„ „ Spiraea |
I. |
103 |
|||
|
I. |
3 |
Willow, Reticulate |
II. |
182 |
|||
|
I. |
17 |
,, Tea-leaved |
II. |
179 |
|||
|
II. |
101 |
„ Weeping |
II. |
172 |
|||
|
II. |
147 |
„ White . |
H. |
170 |
|||
|
II. |
147 |
„ Whortle-leaved |
II. |
177 |
|||
|
II. |
21 |
„ Woolly Broad-leaved |
II. |
176 |
|||
|
II. |
56 |
Wine-berry, Japanese . |
II. |
4 |
|||
|
II. |
143 |
Winged Elm |
II. |
137 |
|||
|
II. |
172 |
Winter Flower . |
I. |
12 |
|||
|
II. |
68 |
,, Heath |
II. |
81 |
|||
|
II. |
67 |
Wistaria, Large-flowered . |
I. |
81 |
|||
|
II. |
68 |
Witch Hazel, American |
II. |
43 |
|||
|
II. |
210 |
„ „ Arborescent . |
II. |
43 |
|||
|
I. |
12 |
Woodbine .... |
II. |
64 |
|||
|
II. |
122 |
Woolly Broad-leaved Willow |
H. |
176 |
|||
|
II. |
144 |
Wych Elm .... |
II. |
139 |
|||
|
II. |
237 |
Yellow Bark Oak |
II. |
166 |
|||
|
II. |
156 |
„ Birch |
II. |
151 |
|||
|
II. |
96 |
„ Cypress . |
II. |
204 |
|||
|
II. |
14 |
„ Horn |
I. |
55 |
|||
|
I. |
100 |
„ Jasmine . |
II. |
100 |
|||
|
II. |
16 |
„ Pine |
II. |
234 |
|||
|
II. |
150 |
,, Spanish Broom |
I. |
75 |
|||
|
II. |
137 |
„ Trumpet Honeysuckle |
II. |
62 |
|||
|
II. |
225 |
„ Wood, Amur . |
I. |
86 |
|||
|
II. |
49 |
„ „ Virginian . |
I. |
86 |
|||
|
II. |
109 |
Yew |
II. |
198 |
|||
|
II. |
100 |
,, Fortune’s Cluster-flowered |
II. |
197 |
|||
|
I. |
106 |
,, Lord Harrington’s . |
II. |
198 |
|||
|
II. |
184 |
Yulan |
I. |
5 |
|||
|
I. |
77 |
Zenobia, Showy . |
II. |
78 |
|||
|
I. |
107 |
256
COLOUR INDEX
BLUE.
Abutilon vitifolium . Araorpha cserulea Caryopteris Mastacanthus Ceanothus azureus „ dentatus .
„ divaricatus
„ papillosus .
„ rigidus
„ thyrsiflorus
„ veitchianus
Clematis Yiticella Lavandula vera . Passiflora cserulea
BROWN.
Ulmus campestris
„ montana ....
CARMINE. Spiraea bullata ....
CRIMSON.
Acer rubrum .... Berberidopsis corallina Buddleia Colvillei Daboecia polifolia
GREEN.
Acer campestre .... „ dasycarpum
„ Negundo .... „ tartaricum .... jEsculus glabra .... Ailantbus glandulosa Broussonetia papyrifera
Carya alba
Daphne Laureola
„ pontica . . . .
Gleditschia triacanthos Hedera Helix .... Juglans regia .... Magnolia acuminata .
Myrica Gale .... Platanus acerifolia „ cuneata ,, occidentalis .
Pterocarya caucasia Rhamnus Alaternus .
„ catliartica .
Rhus venenata ....
|
Vol. |
Page |
|||
|
Vol. |
Page |
Ribes alpinum |
. II. |
38 |
|
I. |
29 |
„ nigrum |
. II. |
40 |
|
I. |
79 |
Ruscus aculeatus .... |
. II. |
192 |
|
II. |
124 |
Viscuin album |
. II. |
133 |
|
I. |
47 |
Yitis vinifera |
I. |
50 |
|
I. |
47 |
„ inconstans |
I. |
51 |
|
I. |
47 |
|||
|
T. I. |
48 48 |
LILAC. |
||
|
I. |
48 |
Bryanthus taxifolius .... |
. II. |
85 |
|
I. |
49 |
Buddleia paniculata .... |
. 11. |
115 |
|
I. |
3 |
Lycium halimifolium |
. II. |
116 |
|
II. |
125 |
Rhododendron yunnanense |
. II. |
95 |
|
II. |
46 |
Syringa vulgaris .... |
. II. |
104 |
|
Yeronica Traversii .... |
. II. |
120 |
||
|
Wistaria chinensis .... |
I. |
80 |
||
|
„ multijuga .... |
I. |
81 |
||
|
II. |
138 |
|||
|
II. |
139 |
ORANGE. |
||
|
Rhododendron calendulaceum . |
. II. |
89 |
||
|
„ sinense |
. II. |
91 |
||
|
I. |
99 |
I. 63 I. 13 II. 114 II. 85
I. 56 I. 57 I. 59 I. 64 I. 53 I. 37 H. 140 II. 146 II. 128 II. 129 I. 89 II. 48 II. 147 I. 4 II. 148 II. 143 II. 143 II. 144 II. 147 I. 44 I. 45 I. 70
Andromeda polifolia . Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Cotoneaster integerrima „ laxiflora . Crataegus Oxyacantha . Daphne Cneorum Erica carnea „ mediterranea .
„ vagans Kalmia glauca . Loiseleuria procumbens Menziesia globularis . Rhododendron nudiflorum „ Vaseyi
„ viscosum
Rosa canina „ rubiginosa .
„ spinosissima Rubus fruticosus „ phoenicolasius . Spiraea canescens „ salicifolia Symphoricarpus racemosus Tamarix gallica . Vaccinum uliginosum
PURPLE.
Abelia floribunda Amorplia fruticosa Buddleia Colvillei
|
II. |
79 |
|
II. |
78 |
|
II. |
29 |
|
II. |
30 |
|
II. |
24 |
|
II. |
128 |
|
II. |
81 |
|
II. |
82 |
|
II. |
84 |
|
II. |
87 |
|
II. |
84 |
|
II. |
95 |
|
II. |
90 |
|
IF. |
91 |
|
II. |
92 |
|
II. |
6 |
|
II. |
7 |
|
II. |
8 |
|
11. |
1 |
|
II. |
4 |
|
I. |
100 |
|
I. |
103 |
|
II. |
60 |
|
I. |
22 |
|
IT. |
74 |
|
II. |
61 |
|
I. |
79 |
|
II. |
114 |
257
INDEX
Calycanthus floridus .
„ glaucus . Cercis Siliquastrum . Cistus crisp us „ purpureus Clematis Viticella Daboecia polifolia Empetrum nigrum Erica cinerea Euonymus americanus
„ atropurpureus . Hedysarum multijugum Indigofera gerardiana . Kalmia angustifolia . Lycium chinense
„ halimifolium . Magnolia obovata Neillia opulifolia Rhododendron californicum „ catawbiense
„ ponticum .
Rosmarinus officinalis Rubus spectabilis Vinca major „ minor Vitis quinquefolia
RED.
Acer japonicum .
Calycanthus occidentalis Cercis canadensis Colutea cruenta .
Cydonia Maulei .
„ vulgaris
Daphne Mezereum Erica stricta „ Tetralix Lonicera Caprifolium
„ japonica v. flexuosa
„ nigra .
,, Periclymenum
Oxycoccus palustris . Rhododendron calendulaceum „ nudiflorum
Ribes speciosum .
Rosa rugosa Rubus odoratus .
Spir;ea bella „ Douglasi „ japonica .
Ulmus alata
„ americana Vaccinum Vitis-idsea .
ROSE.
Calluna vulgaris Clematis Viticella Clerodendron foetidum Cotoneaster horizontalis Diervilla florida .
„ grandiflora .
Erica ciliaris Kalmia angustifolia . Lonicera tartarica Prunus Amygdalus
|
Vol. |
Page |
Vol. |
Page |
|
|
I. |
11 |
Pyrus coronaria |
. II. |
11 |
|
I. |
11 |
„ spectabilis .... |
. II. |
14 |
|
I. |
91 |
Rhododendron ferrugineum |
. II. |
93 |
|
I. |
19 |
„ Fortunei |
. II. |
94 |
|
I. |
21 |
Ribes sanguineum .... |
. II. |
41 |
|
I. |
3 |
Robinia hispida ..... |
I. |
81 |
|
II. |
85 |
„ neo-mexicana |
I. |
82 |
|
II. |
191 |
„ viscosa |
I. |
83 |
|
H. |
82 |
Rosa villosa ..... |
II. |
9 |
|
I. |
41 |
Spiraea salicifolia .... |
I. |
103 |
|
I. |
42 |
Vaccinum Myrtillus .... |
II. |
74 |
|
I. |
86 |
|||
|
I. |
80 |
SCARLET. |
||
|
II. |
86 |
|||
|
II. |
117 |
Acer rubrum |
I. |
63 |
|
H. |
116 |
zEsculus carnea |
I. |
52 |
|
I. |
8 |
Cydonia japonica .... |
. II. |
19 |
|
I. |
104 |
Lonicera sempervirens |
. II. |
65 |
|
II. |
92 |
Rhododendron ferrugineum |
. II. |
93 |
II.
II.
93
94
II. 125 II. 4 II. 113 II. 113 I. 50
VIOLET.
Amorpha canescens Paulownia imperialis . Veronica cupressoides
I. 79 II. 118 II. 119
WHITE.
|
Acer circinatum . |
I. |
57 |
|||||
|
I. |
58 |
ACsculus Hippocastanum . |
I. |
53 |
|||
|
I. |
12 |
„ parviflora |
I. |
54 |
|||
|
I. |
90 |
Amelanchier alnifolia . |
II. |
32 |
|||
|
I. |
84 |
„ canadensis |
II. |
33 |
|||
|
II. |
20 |
Aralia chinensis . |
II. |
47 |
|||
|
II. |
20 |
„ spinosa |
II. |
48 |
|||
|
II. |
129 |
Arhutus Unedo . |
II. |
76 |
|||
|
II. |
83 |
Arctostapliylos alpina . |
II. |
77 |
|||
|
II. |
83 |
„ pungens |
II. |
77 |
|||
|
II. |
61 |
Buxus sempervirens . |
II. |
135 |
|||
|
II. |
64 |
Carpenteria californica |
II. |
37 |
|||
|
II. |
64 |
Calluna vulgaris . |
II. |
80 |
|||
|
II. |
64 |
Catalpa bignonioides . |
H |
121 |
|||
|
II. |
75 |
„ cordifolia |
II. |
122 |
|||
|
II. |
89 |
Ceanothus americanus |
I. |
46 |
|||
|
II. |
90 |
Cephalanthus occidentalis . |
II. |
69 |
|||
|
II. |
42 |
Chionanthus virginica |
II. |
109 |
|||
|
II. |
8 |
Cistus corbariensis |
I. |
18 |
|||
|
II. |
3 |
„ ladaniferus |
I. |
19 |
|||
|
I. |
99 |
„ laurifolius |
I. |
19 |
|||
|
I. |
101 |
„ lusitanicus |
I. |
20 |
|||
|
I. |
101 |
„ monspeliensis . |
I. |
20 |
|||
|
II. |
137 |
Cladrastis amurensis . |
I. |
86 |
|||
|
II. |
137 |
„ tinctoria |
I. |
86 |
|||
|
II. |
75 |
Clematis Flammula . |
I. |
3 |
|||
|
,, montana |
I. |
3 |
|||||
|
„ Vitalba |
I. |
1 |
|||||
|
Clerodendron trichotomum |
II. |
123 |
|||||
|
II. |
80 |
Clethra acuminata |
II. |
96 |
|||
|
I. |
3 |
„ alnifolia . |
II. |
96 |
|||
|
II. |
123 |
Cornus macropliylla . |
H. |
50 |
|||
|
II. |
29 |
„ sanguinea |
II. |
51 |
|||
|
H. |
67 |
„ stolonifera |
II. |
52 |
|||
|
H. |
68 |
Cotoneaster affinis |
II. |
26 |
|||
|
II. |
81 |
„ bacillaris . |
II. |
27 |
|||
|
II |
86 |
„ buxifolia . |
II. |
28 |
|||
|
II. |
66 |
„ frigida . |
II. |
28 |
|||
|
I. |
92 |
„ horizontalis |
II. |
29 |
258
COLOUR INDEX
Cotoneaster micropliylla „ Nummularia
„ rotund i folia
„ Simonsii
Crataegus coccinea „ cordata
„ Crus-galli
„ Douglasii
„ mollis .
„ orientalis
„ Oxvacantha
„ punctata
,, Pyracantha
„ tanacetifolia
Cydonia vulgaris Cystisus albus Daboeeia polifolia Daphne blagayana Deutzia corymbosa ,, crenata .
„ gracilis .
Diervilla florida .
„ middendorfiana Elaeagnus macrophylla „ multiflora .
Eucryphia pinnatifolia Euonymus europaeus .
„ japonicus .
„ latifolius .
Fraxinus Ornus .
Garrya elliptica .
Gymnocladus canadensis Halesia tetraptera Helichrysum rosmarinifolh Hibiscus syriacus Hydrangea paniculata
„ „ v. grandi
Ilex Aquifolium .
„ crenata „ dipyrena „ opaca .
Jasminum oflicinale Kalmia latifolia .
Laurus nobilis Ledum latifolium „ palustre .
Leycesteria formosa Ligustrum Ibota
,, japonicum „ lucidum „ ovalifolium „ sinense „ vulgare Lonicera fragrantissim Magnolia conspicua „ Fraseri
„ glauca .
„ grandifolia
„ macrophylla
„ parviflora
„ stellata
„ tripetala
Morus nigra Myrtus communis Neillia opulifolium Neviusia alabamensis Nuttalia cerasiformis
Vol.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
I.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
I. I. I. I.
II.
II.
I.
II.
II.
I.
II.
II.
I.
I.
I.
I.
II.
II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II.
II.
II. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I.
II.
II.
I.
I.
I.
Page
30
31
31
32 20 21 22 22
23
24
24
25
26 26 20 77 85
128
35
36 36
67
68
131
132 107
43
43
44
105 53 88
97 72 29
34
35
39
40 40 40
100
87 127
88 89 67
109
110 110 111 111 112
63
5
6 6 7
7
8 9 9
140
45 104
106
98
Olearia Haastii .
„ macrodonta .
„ stellulata Osmanthus Aquifolium Philadelphus coronarius Phillynea angustifolia „ decora
„ latifolia
„ media
Pieris floribunda „ japonica .
Prunus Amygdalus „ Avium „ Cerasus .
„ communis „ insititia .
„ Laurocerasus ,, lusitanica „ Padus „ spinosa .
Pyrus americana ,, amygdaliformis „ arbutifolia „ Aria .
„ Aucuparia ,, baccata ,, communis „ floribunda ., germanica „ Malus „ prunifolia .
„ Sorbus „ Torminalis „ vestita Rhamnus Frangula Rhododendron nudiflorum „ racemosum
„ Yaseyi
„ viscosum
„ yunnanense
Rhodotypos kerrioides Ribes Grossularia „ rubrum Robinia Pseudacacia Rosa arvensis „ canina „ moschata „ spinosissima Rubus biflorus „ caesius „ deliciosus „ fruticosus „ Idseus „ nutkanus „ plioenicolasius Sambucus canadensis „ glauca
„ nigra
„ racemosa
Skimmia fragrans „ japonica „ oblata .
„ rubella Sophora japonica Spiraea canescens „ cliamaedrifolia „ discolor .
259
|
Vol. |
Page |
|
II. |
70 |
|
II. |
71 |
|
II. |
71 |
|
11. |
108 |
|
II. |
37 |
|
II. |
107 |
|
II. |
107 |
|
II. |
108 |
|
II. |
108 |
|
II. |
79 |
|
II. |
80 |
|
I. |
92 |
|
I. |
9E |
|
I. |
95 |
|
I. |
9c |
|
I. |
93 |
|
I. |
97 |
|
I. |
98 |
|
I. |
96 |
|
I. |
94 |
|
II. |
16 |
|
II. |
9 |
|
II. |
18 |
|
II. |
14 |
|
II. |
17 |
|
II. |
11 |
|
II. |
10 |
|
II. |
12 |
|
II. |
18 |
|
II. |
12 |
|
II. |
13 |
|
II. |
17 |
|
II. |
15 |
|
II. |
16 |
|
I. |
46 |
|
II. |
90 |
|
II. |
95 |
|
II. |
91 |
|
II. |
92 |
|
II. |
95 |
|
I. |
106 |
|
II. |
39 |
|
II. |
40 |
|
I. |
82 |
|
II. |
5 |
|
II. |
6 |
|
II. |
7 |
|
II. |
8 |
|
I. |
107 |
|
I. |
107 |
|
II. |
1 |
|
II. |
1 |
|
II. |
2 |
|
II. |
3 |
|
II. |
4 |
|
II. |
54 |
|
II. |
54 |
|
II. |
55 |
|
II. |
55 |
|
I. |
35 |
|
I. |
36 |
|
I. |
36 |
|
I. |
37 |
|
I. |
87 |
|
I. |
100 |
|
I. |
100 |
|
I. |
too |
INDEX
Spiraea lindleyana „ media
„ prunifolia flore-pleno „ sorbifolia „ Thunbergi Stapliylea eolchica „ pinnata Stephanandra Tanakre Stuartia pentagvna
„ Pseudo- camellia „ virginica Stvrax japonicum „ Obassia .
„ officinale .
Syringa Emodi .
„ japonica „ vulgaris.
Tamarix gallica .
„ Palasii .
Tilia americaua .
„ cordata „ platyphyllos „ vulgaris Veronica buxifolia „ piuguifolia .
„ 'J’raversii
Viburnum Lantana ,, Lentago
„ macrocephalum
„ Opulus
„ „ v. sterile
„ Tinus
„ tomentosum v. plicate
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Y ucca angustifolia ,, filamentosa „ gloriosa Zenobia speciosa
YELLOW
Acer macropliyllum ,, monspessulanum ,, opulifolium ,, pennsylvanicum ,, platinoides „ Pseudo-platanus ,, saccbarinum Artemisia Abrotanum ,, tridentata Berberis Aquifolium ,, buxifolia ,, Darwinii ,, empetrifolia
,, japonica ,, nepalensis ,, vulgaris ,, wallichiana
Buddleia globosa Buxus balearica Caesalpinia japonica Caragana arborescens Catalpa Kaunpferi
|
Vol. |
Page |
|
I. |
102 |
|
I. |
102 |
|
I. |
103 |
|
I. |
103 |
|
I. |
104 |
|
I. |
65 |
|
I. |
65 |
|
I. |
105 |
|
L |
27 |
|
L |
27 |
|
I. |
28 |
|
II. |
98 |
|
II. |
98 |
|
II. |
98 |
|
II. |
103 |
|
II. |
104 |
|
II. |
104 |
|
I. |
22 |
|
I. |
23 |
|
I. |
31 |
|
I. |
32 |
|
I. |
33 |
|
I. |
33 |
|
II. |
118 |
|
II. |
119 |
|
II. |
120 |
|
II. |
56 |
|
II. |
57 |
|
II. |
57 |
|
II. |
58 |
|
II. |
59 |
|
II. |
59 |
|
II. |
59 |
|
I. |
55 |
|
II. |
193 |
|
II. |
194 |
|
II. |
194 |
|
II. |
78 |
|
I. |
58 |
|
I. |
59 |
|
I. |
60 |
|
I. |
61 |
|
I. |
61 |
|
I. |
62 |
|
I. |
63 |
|
II. |
72 |
|
II. |
73 |
|
I. |
15 |
|
I. |
15 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
16 |
|
I. |
17 |
|
I. |
14 |
|
I. |
17 |
|
II. |
115 |
|
II. |
134 |
|
I. |
88 |
|
I. |
85 |
|
II. |
122 |
Chimonanthus fragrans Colutea arborescens . Cornus florida ,, Mas Coronilla Emerus Corylopsis spicata Cytisus Ardoini .
„ scoparius Danrea Laurus Elseagnus angustifolia ,, argentea
Fagus sylvatica . Forsythia suspensa ,, viridissima .
Fraxinus excelsior Fremontia californica . Garrya elliptica . Genista rethnensis ,, anglica .
,, hispanica ,, pilosa ,, sagittalis ,, tinctoria ,, virgata .
Hamamelis arborea „ virginica .
Helianthemum formosum Hippophae rliamnoides Hypericum Androssemum „ calycinum
„ hookerianum
„ patulum . Jasminum fruticosns .
„ nudiflorum
„ revolutum .
„ wallichianum
Kerria japonica .
Laburnum alpinum . vulgare
Liquidambar styracifiua Liriodendron tulipifera Lonicera Oaprifolium „ etrusca .
„ flava „ japonica „ Xylosteum Plilomis fruticosa Platanus orientalis Potentilla fruticosa Ptelea trifoliata . Rhododendron calendulaceum „ flavum
Rhus copallina .
„ cotinoides .
„ Cotinus „ glabra „ Toxicodendron „ typhina Ribes aureum Skimmia Laureola Spartium junceum Ulex europseus .
„ nanus .
|
Vol. |
Page |
|
I. |
12 |
|
I. |
84 |
|
II. |
49 |
|
II. |
51 |
|
I. |
85 |
|
II. |
42 |
|
I. |
78 |
|
I. |
78 |
|
II. |
193 |
|
II. |
130 |
|
II. |
131 |
|
II. |
168 |
|
II. |
102 |
|
II. |
103 |
|
II. |
105 |
|
I. |
30 |
|
II. |
53 |
|
I. |
72 |
|
I. |
73 |
|
I. |
73 |
|
I. |
74 |
|
I. |
74 |
|
I. |
74 |
|
I. |
75 |
|
II. |
43 |
|
II. |
43 |
|
I. |
21 |
|
II. |
132 |
|
I. |
24 |
|
I. |
24 |
|
I. |
25 |
|
I. |
26 |
|
II. |
99 |
|
II. |
100 |
|
II. |
101 |
|
II. |
101 |
|
I. |
105 |
|
I. |
71 |
|
I. |
72 |
|
II. |
44 |
|
I. |
10 |
|
II. |
61 |
|
II. |
62 |
|
II. |
62 |
|
II. |
63 |
|
II. |
66 |
|
II. |
126 |
|
II. |
145 |
|
II. |
4 |
|
I. |
34 |
|
II. |
89 |
|
II. |
90 |
|
I. |
66 |
|
L |
67 |
|
L |
68 |
|
I. |
68 |
|
I. |
69 |
|
I. |
69 |
|
II. |
38 |
|
I. |
36 |
|
I. |
75 |
|
I. |
76 |
|
I. |
77 |
260
ERRATA
|
Plate |
VIII. for Euonymous |
read |
Euonymus |
|
5) |
XI. ,, Artichoko |
>> |
Artichoke |
|
»> |
XXX. „ Acuba |
n |
Aucuba |
|
Page |
xxix, ,, Melolantlia |
>> |
Melolontha |
|
>> |
68, ,, globra |
>> |
glabra |
•2G1
Printed by Ballantyne, Hansoh &* Co. Edinburgh dr* London
|
Date Due |
|||
|
Library Bureau Cat. No. 1137 |
WELLESLEY COLLEGE LIBRARY
3 5002 03060 5559
i
Science qQK 488 . C6 2
Cooper, C. S.
Trees & shrubs of the British Isles